J, TORREND, S- J-
1C A DO CHI SEN A
A GRAMMAR
of fc]
LANGUAGE OF THE LOWER ZAMBEZI
PL
Typcg-aphia da MissSo d6 Cbi
l'a Cbinde,
quc 6 Chi-sena?
What IB Chi-sena?
Chi.sena e a lin^ui de Se-
na, isto t>, a que se falla nos
prasos das martens do Zim-
beze desda o nnr aU'> a Lu
ta.
Sendo umi lingua conqtii-:-
tadora, vae depressn supplan-
tando o Clu-kuama, ou Chi-
podzo, do praso Lual)o, c va-
rios dialectos do antigo Bo-
ror ou Malolo.
.para da com as suas
irmas, o Chi-manganja do
alto Chire e a lingua (U
crca a imprcssao de um
diaU-cto nni> pc^lido, rri'^s
mcnos priniiti vo.
!icr.te
, in'.ia dc < ^uclin,
Chisena is the ! in^iri^e O f
Sena, spoken throughout all
the prasos thai border the
/ imSezi from the sea up to
the Lnpata ^ r orge.
Conquering as it i>, thi.^
lanoftnjje bids fiir soon to
supplant entirely the C'i-
kuania, ir Cli'-podxo, ofthe
pri^o Tj-iaho, and various
dialects of the oldBoror, or
Malolo.
Compared with its bro-
thers, the Chi-maninnj-i of
the Upper Chire and the 1
;^e of Tcto, it v .
impression of a less primiti-
but more polite,
\ dif-
from the language of
3
do Borpr, principalmente por
guardaro* ,o ch, e ok, quese
deixam cair n'estas linguas,
e por terp, t, e zi, quando as
mesmas linguas teem v t rr, e
di\ mas em Quelimane mesmo
poucossaooshomens, e mais
raras ainda as donas e sinha-
ras que nao fallam corrente-
menteChisena. Detal forma
que esta lingua pode para in-
tentos practices considerar-
se como o passe-partout da
Zambezia.
Todas estas linguas perten-
cem a familia Bantu, e se-
guem os principios geraes
que se acham elucidados na
minha ^Comparative Gram-
mar of the South African
Bantu Languages*.
Quelimane and from Chi-lo-
lo , mostly becauseit keeps 5,
ch, and Jc , where these lan-
guages drop thtm, and hasjp
t, and zi t where the same lan-
guages have v, rr, and di\ but
in Quelimane itself few are
the men, and fewer still the
native donas and sinharas
that do not speak Chisena
fluently. Hence for practical
purposes this language may
well be considered as the
passe-partout of the Zam T
bezia.
All these languages be-
long to the Bantu family,
following all the general
principles that I tried to elu-
cidate a few years ago in my
Comparative Grammar of
the South African Bantu.
Languages.
GRAMMAT
POKTUGUEZ CHISENA
ENGLISH
ALPHABETO.
MALETRA.
ALPHABET.
j Quc differenca ha
entre Ictra, syllaba,
wgal, consoantc? Cha-
ma-se syllaba a todo o
:n qne se p6de ouvir
tinetamente so por
como a, e, i, o, tt t
ba t be, bi, bo, bu, etc.
I c trot sio OB signaes
in qua se represen-
-i os sons. Chamam-
vogau as qae podcm
mar syUaba so por
isto 6. a, e, i, o, u, o
sotntcs at que for-
in syllaba so com o
;;lio d'uma vogal,
'uo 6, c, d , < '
2 Quanta! Ictras torn
o alphabcto da lingua
de Sena? Tern viato e
>, a sabor:
As oinco rogaat
'a ia syllaba na
na consoante a-
nasiana knpi? Sz/J-
?a6a ndi chint'u chi-
nabveka pache peno,
ninga a, e, i, o, u, la,
te, W, bo, bu, etc.
Mahtra ndi pint'u
pia kulcmbua pinapa-
ngiza pia kuloagua*
Enango, akubveka o-
kcno, ninpa a, <
w, anatulua rttv
nango, a kucl
bvcka okene, ninga 6,
. anatulua
accnscante.
Maletra a Chiiena
mangasi ? Makumi
mawiri na mazanu.
Mbawa:
Maiauu a kubvcka
okene
i, o, u
What is the differen-
ce between a syllable,
a It-tier, a
sonant? We call sylla-
ble every sound perfect-
ly distinct by itself, as
a, e, i, o, u, ba, be, bi,
bo, 2m .
are the characters that
represent the *
Those that i
by tli-
f,i,o, u, are called vow-
which
can be pro!i
tinctly only with tho
1, arc
calledconjowm/s.
How many letters
arc there In the Bena
alphabet? Th.ro are
ve. via. :
The five vowels
a, c, i, o, u
3
do Rorpr, prineipalmente por
guardar o s ,o ch, e ok, quese
deixam cair n'estas linguas,
e por terp, t, e zi, quando as
mesmas linguas teem v, rr, e
di; mas em Quelimane mesmo
poucossaooshomens, e mais
raras ainda as donas e sinha-
ras que nao fallam corrente-
inente Chisena. De tal forma
que esta lingua pode para in-
tentos practices considenir-
se como o passe-partout da
Zambezia.
Todas estas linguas perten-
cem a famjlia Bantu, e se-
guem os principios geraes
que se acham elucidados na
minha ^Comparative Gram-
mar of the South African
Bantu Languages*.
Quelimane and from Chi-lo-
lo , mostly becauseit keeps s,
ch, and k, where these lan-
guages drop them, and hasjp
t, and zi, where the same lan-
guages have v, rr, and di\ but
in Quelimane itself few are
the men, and fewer still the
native donas and sinharas
that do not speak Chisena
fluently. Hence for practical
purposes this language may
well be considered as the
passe-partout of the Zam-
bezia.
All these languages be-
long to the I^antu family,
following all the general
principles that I tried to elu-
cidate a few years ago in my
Comparative Grammar of
the South African Banttj.
Languages,
GRAM MAT.
PORTUGUEZ CHISENA
ENGLISH
ALPHABETO.
MALETRA.
ALPHABET.
j Quc different a ha
entre Icira, syllaba,
consoantc?Cb&-
ma-se tyllaba a todo o
:;i que se p!de ouvir
tinetamente s6 por
como a, c, i, o, u,
ba t be, bi, bo, bu, etc.
I c trot Bio os signaos
com que so represen-
n os sons. Chamam-
mar syllaba 6 por
into 6, a, t, , o, ti, o
-.toentcs as que for-
in tyllaba s6 com o
::lio d'uma vogal,
'uo 6, c, d,
ram& syllaba na
vogal na consoante a-
nasiana knpi? Syl-
laba ndi chint'u chi-
nabveka pache pcnc,
ninga a, r, t, o, u, la,
be, bi, bo, bu, etc.
Maletra ndi pint'u
pia kulcmbua pinapa-
ngiza pia kulonpua.
Enango, akubveka o-
kcnc, ning'a a, e, i, o,
it, ivnatulu;
nango, a kucl
bvcka okene, ninga b,
c, d, etc., anatulua
;nte.
What is the differen-
ce between a syllable,
a letter, a
sorwinr We call sj///a-
6k every sound T
ly distinct by itself, as
a, r, t, o, , ba, be, bi,
bo, bu.
characters thab
;it thi-
Those that form syllable
by tbemsolvtfs.
/, arc called vow-
els', the others, which
can be pronoun <
tincth -h tlio
f a vov
cnlledccmouin/s.
Quantaslctras torn
o alphabcto da lingua
de Sena? Tom vinto o
a sabor:
As oinco vogaes
<', i, o, u
Maletra a Chlsena
mangasi ? Makumi
mawiri na maxanu.
Mbawa:
Maxanu a kubveka
oknt
G, f, t, 0, U
How many letters
arc there In the Bcna
alphabet? Th.ro are
twenty five. vis. :
The five vowels
a, e, i, o, u
As viute consoantes Makumi mawiri a The twenty conson.
kuchimua bveka oke- ants that follow;
ne:
&> d,f,g,j, k, I,
m, n, p, r, s, t, v t
w, x, y t z, c, h.
A lingua de Sena Chisena chas6a letra In Sena we do no
uuo laz uso da letra 2 2 a chizuugu. make use of the letter j/,
jdo portuguez.
; Como se pronunci- A, e, i, o, u, analo- How do you pro-
iattia,e, i t o,u,( Gonio nda nji? Anaionda nouce a, e, ^, o, ul
iem portuguei:. chiportugeze. As in Portuguese, not
Como se pronunciam Ch n&j analonda
ck e j'l Gomo em iii- nji. 1 Aiialouaa chi-
glez, apenas uru pouco ingleze. Ex.
iiiolhados.
maos many a
que e? Ninji?
chapeu ckapeu
How do you pro-
nounce cii and j .'
IS early as in English,
just a little solfcer.
hands
What is it?
hat
) Como se pronunciam
\nha, nhe, nhi, nho,
inhu,? Como em por-
ituguez.
j Alguns representam
iestes sons por nya,
Inye, nyi, nyo, nyu.
cantiga
nao quero
buffalo
Nha, nhe, nhi, nho, How do you pro-
nhu, analonda nji? nounce nha, nhe, nki,
Analonda cLiportu- nho, nhu, L Aa in por-
tugeze. tuguese.
Malemboro ache e- Its nearest equiva-
nango ndi nya, nye, lent in English is ni hi
nyi, nyo, nyu. onion. Ex.
rihimbo, nyimbo a song
nhonho, n jonyo I won't
nhati, nyati buffalo
t ; Que valem gt e gil
Valem gue e gui do
'portuguez. Ex.
bunbna
uin guisado
7
Chisena gc na gi a-
analandana na nji?
Na gue na giu a
chi portugose. Ex.
mascngcrc
gizado
How are ?* and >
prononced?
and gift, not as in gin,
angel. Ex.
bamboos
a st
7 Que differen-.-a ha L naranasianaku-
entre / e r? Formal- pi? L na r mbubali ua-
.ie sAoa mesmalu- wo. Augatowera anao
.rialmonte o na u, aualandaaa na I
iue dio 6 mais pa- a chizuugu; angatowo-
lo coin / quando ratna , analaudana
rcccdidos por a, o, na r a chizungu. Ex.
uu u, mas < mais parcel-
com r quando se-
u t ou e. Ex.
/aso?u'a mu-lambe
d(-
baobabs
.ar,dcixa-inc.
ini-rambe
ku-l rekt
ltrrr ua caipor-
poriuguoM.
i Sena dividir-se
h to como era Portu-
guez as palavras em
que entra 't ou m na-
sal? -Ndo, SOlli:
"i ajun-
c com a vogal
Ionic, como em
'a-mcn-to. Pelo
contrario em Sen* n e
8) llaba que a oontoao*
^guiut. i
tatfoasM.
iVnam angapereka
consoante, anapata-
ua na nji? Chirungu
anapataua na vogai ua
nduli, ninga
', chisona
patana na consoanto
ua kusogolo, ninga;
What isthcdiffcr
ence between I and rf
Formally they arj
the same letter,
rially they differ, / ba-
ing used after a, o, and
u, waile r \
and i. Ex.
baobab
to let, let rn
is a stroo^
led souLd.
In Sena do you di-
vide as in English the
words that com
or m nasal? No, in
Kn^li.-.h i !i:nl m i-r.i -:
o pro-
ceding vowel at in com-
mand-mtnt. In Sena, on
(ha contrary, they be-
long to the same sylla-
bloas: .; cou.
sonant
pessoa
recebe
Deus
enganaste-me
10 Que valor se da ao
it/;? valor que esta le-
tra tern no hollandez
'water, isto 6, o som que
ise produz soprando. Ex.
responde
duas pessoas
foge
amarga
Que vale o y em
I Sena? Vale o i congo-
iante do portuguez leia,
receio, etc. Ex.
deita fora
aia
8
mu-nt'u
ta-mbi-ra
Mu-lu-ngu
mua-ndi-nhe-nga
a person
take
God
you deceived-me
W anabYeka tani? What is the value
Ninga cha kuptikusa.
tawira
ant'u awiri
t'aiva
chawawa
Y anabveka tani ?
Ninga i a chiportu-
geze leio na y a chiin-
gleze yes. Ex.
taya
yaya
of w ? That of the sa-
me letter in Dutch. In
Sena the equivalent of
the english w is not
iv, but u. Ex.
answer
two people
flee
it is bitter
How do you pro-
nounce y ? As in the
english you, yes, yore*
etc. Ex.
throw away
nurse
SIGNAES
PIDZINDIKIRO
OTHER SIGNS
12 Diz-rae os s'gniea
que se unirn na es-
crlpta Alem das le-
trai. Sio os seguin-
Ndipango pidzindi-
kiro piaatimizua pa
malctra. - Mp'ipi:
Tell-mc the signs
that are used in writ-
ing besides the letters,
follow
ing:
)
os sio signaos Chidzindikiro cha
4>Ara.encerrar outro sig- kmfungira f;>.la lik'alo
:nal ou jalavra, que se pache pene. China-
chama parenthesis. tulua iwenthesis.
o are the aign
used to enclose r.
sign or word. They arc
called brackets.
\ Sio 01 signaes usa-
dos para enccrrar pa-
l a rras de outra pessoa
quo a que escrtve. Cha-
mam-Ro ox/xu c
. dobrada. Ex.
Di8se:Va-teem-
a.
Pidzindikiro pia ku-
fungira fala la munt'u
uinaugo. Ex.
nro qu--tati )
marks, abo called
He said:
away*.
c)
\ Sio of signaea usadoa
. marcar uma pau-
Pidzindikiro piaku-
dromesa. Cha kutoina
These are the sign 4
used to mark a ;
I
is a niais ou monos pro-
'K-ngada.O primeiro ()
jchama-se ponto, o se-
igundo (:) douspontos, o
i terceiro (;) ponto e virgu-
\la, o quarto (,) virgula.
;Ex.
Disse: Varre;
j se nao queres, vae-
!te embora.
10
(.) ncha kudromesera
tu, chinatulua ponto.
Cha chipiri (:) china-
tulua ponto ziiviri.Gh&
chitatu (;) chiuatulua
ponto na virgula. Cba
chinai ndi virgula. Ex.
Ndacliita((Ps'a-
ira; ungak'onda,
ndokopiako.
more or less prolonged
The first ( .) is called a
dot, the second (:) colon,
the third (;) semicolon,
and the fourth (,) a
comma. J}x.
I said: Sweep,
if you refuse, go
away.
16!
Estes suo signaes pro-
ipriosda lingua de Sena.
primeiro () urn ponto
jsobreposto, emarcauma
jletra desom fraco. S6 se
iemprega com g, s, e x.
p segundo (') euma vir-
igula invertida, e mar-
lea aspira^ao. Asconso-
jantes com que se p6de
jcombinar sao p, k, t,f t
ie ch. Posto antes de u-
itna vogal, prohibe a
;sua contrac9ao com ou-
jtra. Ex,
boi,vacca
pequenas cousas
cousa nova
mfio esquerda
. J descer
d) '
Pidzindikiro pia chi-
sena, Cha kutoma ()
ncha kufewesa letra,
cha cbipiri (') ncha
kuwangisa letra. Chi-
ngaimira pa vogal chi-
nank'onbesa kuvunga-
dzua ca nzache, Ex,
nyombe
ping'ono
chips' a
dzanja la Iz'cre
Jcuch'it'a
These are signs propo?
to the Sena language.
, The first(-) is an upside
down dot, sometimes
used with g, s, and z, to
show that their sound is
weakened. The second
(') is an inverted com-
ma, and marks aspira-
tion. It may combine
with the consonants
P> k, ,/,and ch. Placed
before a vowel, it pre-
vents its contraction with
another. Ex,
COW
small things
new t ling
left hand
to come down
11
p'aza
bos
dez
k'urni
hyena
:ia
,'CCO
it i
recadar
A-.- \ i
i keep
ku'ona
to B
" e o iniciacs
U na o akutoma fa- U an 1 o initial bein j
sendo seuipro a.spira- la aoahveka nin^a l u r '
o se Ihes notaa
;jkspiravao para tuaior
. licidade. Ex-
rue O
este
not mark
lion for the sake of
= *tj
*o/t i
V(4
'01 al>
Este signal BO chama
ropho, e inaro* o
logar d'uina letra sup- to. Ex.
Afogou-se no rio
Ncha kubrunX letra
ia kuk'onda brka dire-
Alobreka'nha-
nza (= alobz-eka
inunhttnza)
This is c
trophe, ad markthe
place of a suppressed
He wa
i Sena o Ckisena cMnaapos-
apOHtropho HO KO trofo ua kuhvuna mu
rzdo mu ok'a'ok'a pa n oa w.
.
In ^ -M i 'T x p'.i'.
apostroph-
inttead of mu )
201
12
O primeiro d'estes
isignaes marca interro-
igacao, o segundo excla-
imaQao. Ex.
Oh ! que dizes?
21!
! primeiro d'estes
jtracos 6 de uniao, e
ichama-se hyphen. se-
igtmdo e de separacao.
Cha kutoma ncha
kubvunza, cha chipi-
ri ncha kudzuma. Ex.
Wa! V along a
nji?
9) -
Cha kutoma ncha
kut'iola fala ibodzi,
cba chipiri ncha ku'ika
pache pache mafala
inawiri.
22
The first of these
signs marks a query,
the second exclamation
or admiration. Ex.
What! What da
you say?
The smaller of these
signs marks union, and
is termed hyphen; the
second marks a break be-
tween two ientencea or
parts of a sentence.
\
Cb amam-se estes pon-
! tcs de EUKpensao, e mar-
i cam intcrrup^ao n'uma
jsentenca. Ex.
Eu te deveria
Ibater, deveria te...,
I mas perdoo.
70
Ipi mpia kudromesa
Cala la kuk'onda mala.
Ex.
Inendafuna'ku-
kumenha, ndafu-
na ku... Tayu,
ndinalekera.
These dots are used
together as a sign of
suspension. Ex.
I should beat
you, I should...,
but D0 ; I forgive.
23!
Este signal em por- Uno ndi acccnto ua TLis is used in Sena
iugucz marca acccnto
ag^udo e accento tonico.
Em Sena marca so o
accento tonico oas
palavras em quo pode-
ria haver duvida. Ex.
boccado
descascar
quebrar
13
kukulisa fala. Er.
nsua
'nsua
k ut' u a
only to mark the tonic
accent where there is
room for doubt. Ex.
island
mouthful
to peel, to pare
off, to 1.
to break
- * accento tonico cm
Sena, quaado oto 6
marcado, acha-se sem-
pre na penultima syl-
laba. Ex.
beber
re, pau
ribeiro
i N. B. Os sonsuo,
, in, if, to,
nosyllabioos
do o t*, ou o ,
nao tern accento.
Accento a chisena,
angak'onda leinberua
anakulisa syllaba ia
kufuua mala. Kx.
=kt<
To, ut, to, no, ia, if,
to, anga*6a accento pa
u na t, mba syllaba i-
bodzi.
The tonic accent in
Sera, when not marked
in writing, is always laid
on the penultimate.
Ex.
to drink
", stick
rivulet
The sounds va, \u, to",
no, ia, ie, to, form nt-
poctiTelr only one yl-
lablo when the u, or t,
LM no accent.
MUDANfAS
PHONETICAS
MALETRA
A KUSANDUKA
PHONETIC CHANGES
Quaesssioasmudan- Ndfpange rcasa- Which are the prin-
jcas phoneticas mais ndukiro a maletra a cipal phonetic chan-
iordicarias da lingua CMsena. ges in Sena? _
;de
20 i 1. A-a muda-sc em a A-a ar.asandukana a A-a is cVan^ed it, to
a-e as vezes
\a-ku
ee a-e
o a-ku
[Ex.
crean^as
e foi
cousas lindas
ce a-e sometimes
o a-ku i
Ex.
Ex.
ana=a~ana children
mbeendamba-enda and he went
pioJcoma=pia-Jcu fine things
"koma
27 i 2 - O * cJos prefixes Letra i la ndi, ti, Zt, The t of the prefixes
, rdi, ti, ti, cJii, e zi, eli- c7zi, na , linagua pa ndi, ti li chi, and zi
ide-se antes das vogaes, avogal. Ex. falls before vowels. Ex.
| Ex.
ouvi ndapibvandi-apilva I have heard
nmito obrigy.do talc'utafi-ak'uta thanks
caiu chagva chi-a-gua it has fallen
28 : 8. I nmcla-se em r
d'-pois de t, e parcial-
inicnte depois de c. Ex.
deixa-me
deixa-o
Letra I linasanduka The letter Z is chart-
na r pa kumala i na ped to r after i, and par-
e. Ex. tially after .Ex,
ndi-rehe let me..,
mu-leke let him,,.
dcixa-nos
i -OS
1.)
ti-reke
let n?...
K't them.
9 4. 3/w s6 apparece
: antes de ', <i,,t, /, tr,
icaesmcno-
labiccs. Fora d'cstes
os muda-se em m an-
tes de o, v, fc, ] .
cm 'n antes das n ais
as. Substitue-se por
um apostropho antes
de in c n. Ex.
Nu anabvekapa'.a,
na pa ma-
fala a mbcu ia syllaba
ibodzi. Pa 6, p, /, r,
anasanduka na >
ccnpcante zinango a-
nasanduka na 'n. Paw
na n anasanduka na
apostrofo.Ex.
; comprimentei-o nda-mu-lovj*>ra
fiz-lbc passar o rio <? m u-a mbusa
matei-o
;-<>
disse-lhe
\ creei-o
substitui-o
do comer
perei-o
aiiL'i-o
H-^tH
nda-')i-<f
inla-'n-k'til'mi
Mu is heard only bcfora
s. /, '. /. I
foremcno?vllnl)iv
Out cf these en
c> aitged to ;/ b
it, 6, ;-. /. r, an ;
before tho^
It is replaced by an ajxi-
strophe before tn and n.
Ex.
I paid him my
I helped him to
cross th< riv
I killed him
him
1 t<ld him
I brought him up
i stituted Liai
I saw him
I fed him
litedforhim
I d
ESPECIES
DE PALAYRAS
MBEUZAMAFALA
DIFFERENT KIKD3
F WORDS
Como se dividem as
palavras em Sena?
Em palavras forma-
\ das, que so p6dem a-
:nalysar, e palavras in-
formes ou indecompo-
viveis. Estas sao pela
imaior parte onomato-
ipoeticas. Ex,
Mafala a chisena a-
nagawika tani? Ena-
ngo mla Jcubvala, ena-
ngo mla chipezipezi,
Ex.
cortar
espreita*
sonhar
What is In Sena the
first distinction to be
made in words? Wo
must distinguish tl.o
formal words that can
be analysed, and the
informal words, most of
them onomatopoetie,
that cannot be analy-
sed. Ex.
A kubYala Achipezipezi
kuguanda gud to cut through
kusuzumira suzi to spy
Jculotera lote to dream
31
de toda a parte a muonsene p6p6p6
em linha recta imirani dzololo
from all parts
in a straight line
alto tukulani tuku higher up
cheio ia hudzala fa full
cortou atema gd he felled, cut down
esta picante chatapira tdpi,je it is pleasing to
the taste
guirri abundant
kupu complete
mbue he arrived
em abundancia a Jcuinjipa
inteiro ua mump'u
chegou afiJca
Porque so faz eita Ku'Ikir* nji pawo Why must we make
listlnccao era pala- ptne mafala aJcubva- this distinction bet-
vrai formadas e p*la- la na mafala a chfyesi- ween/oriwa/ and in/of.
inform**'! Potr
quo, emquanto as /or*
:mo^<u 8e*u*m rcgraa
iceriiBsimaa, M .
jne* nto scguci;
nonhuoia di*ccrnivcl.
17
T'angui la ku-
londa malongero etia-
ngo na auango.
trtnt mottot Booau,->
while the formal words
i'ject to well fix.-.l
the in-
words do not follow
any law vi.siyel.
Dia-me ai princi-
paes regrai que sc-
gueraajpalayra
/ :.;.^;;eque palavrat
' no tcgueni.
. ! \msformadas
:upre teem o accento
;ico na ponultiina;
amui infarnus po-
>U-LO tOr eui qual-
or gyllaba, couio so
i ve aoa eicmplo* tttpra.
Ndipange panaaiana Which arc the prin-
mafaia <i f.-ub-nui na cipal difftraucei be-
tweeB/'TvuJ and m-
rord*?
1. Mafala a kubvala
anakulisua onstne pa
syllaba ia kufuna mali-
sa, mafala a chipttipt-
n anakulisua pa pylla-
ba inan^o na mango.
1. Formal words al-
ways have tho tonic ac.
cttitou the ptnultimatr;
informal words uay lay
tho actvdt on a-
lablo, as may be seen
in the examples above.
Jala a *
II. Formal words
olo podem wr monos % 1 -
nk'anakuana naeyllaba
cnnnot be monosylla.
UbicM (principio de
ibo^zi Uyu
bic (vry important
muita conaequenoia) a
prinr-.-
aaoaerque tujan.
tu'litio
cliticM ou cuclitic&sco.
mo aio aj proj oci^oea
positions n;
! -' j> .'. s 1'af U-)
i f.Ht is, T. g.
einSeaadiz-Mdi
lament* por exemplo;
why in Sena they say
plain!} :
olho
di-so
cje
ore
-ti
tree
moftquito
im-bu,
mosquito
novo
p$*a
new
mate-o
inu-jrc
kill I
drink
Ora, em vez d'iaso, se
ios radicaes d'estas pa-
ilavras uao fossern mo-
jnosyllabicos, dir-se-ia:
i Muitas palavras in-
iformes, polo contrario,
isao monosyllabicas.
. 18
Mbadak'onda k'ala
mafala a mbeu ia syl-
laba ibodzi, mbadak'a-
la:
so,nti,ml>u, mps'ct,
mp'e, mua, etc.,
Mafala a chipezipezi
mazinji mba syllaba
ib. d :i ene.
i III. Em quanto as pa- III. Mafala a chipe-
lavras inform.es sao in- zipeei as6a ma^ome-
jvariaveis, e sem influ-
jeucia na forma das on-
zero onsene, akubvala
a na inagcmezero awo
jtr AS palavras, as pala- a kuapatanisa. Ex.
ivras formadas ou causam
|ou teem variances que
jmarcam a correlavao que
jteem entresi. Ex.
Eu me levanto
'Isozinho.
Nosnoslevanta-
Imos sozinhos.
Tu queestasfor-
Ite, levanta-te so^i-
inho.
Vos que estais
ifortes, levantac-
I vos sozinhos.
Estaminhacre-
que caiu Ic-
G-ha sczi-
Inendinalamu-
ka udek'a.
Itetinalamuka
tck'a.
Ivpeudawanga,
lamuka ueka.
Jmue rtmdawa-
lamukaui
Muananganyn
flagua pjia lamu-
a ek'a.
w!,ile, if t" 1 * stems of
these words \v>i'o
not monosyllabic, wo
should tear:
On the contrary, a
large number of infor-
mal words are mono-
syllabic.
III. Wt He informal
words are invariable
and have no influence
on the form of other
words, formal words
cause or are subject to
variations t! at mark
t;.c correlation existing
between them. Ex.
I get up by my-
self.
We get up by
ourselves.
Thou, who art
strong, get up by
thyself.
You, who aro
strong, get up by
yourselves.
This child of
mine tlmt fell
down will got up
in i nh as
< que cai-
:ir-sc-
i >s6ziuhas.
Esta minha ar-
'vore quc caia Ic-
vantar-ac-lia sozi-
nhaa
arvores que
-.r-sc-
. sozinhas.
Este mea c;
#) quc caiu 1
-ba sozinho.
* que c;
,e bao s6-
zinhos.
|caco que caia le-
r-se-ba so-
.
icacos uc cairain
19
Ana &nga
kdagua Sinalamu-
J:a ok'a.
\\anga u-
'u udagua una-
lamuka ok'a.
ii iavga i'i
\dagua \nalamu-
ka it
i'i idd'jun \nala~
muka iok'a.
Mbuzi ?.anga i-
::t7;'a.
i Iok'a.
nga
au-a vidar
by itself.
These children
of mine that fell
down will pet up
by themscv.
This tree of
mine that fell
down will stand
up by itself.
These trees of
mine fell
down will B1
up 1-y thcnisr'
This goat ol
down
will
by tl
d
fell
jlevantar - se - h&o
'sozinhos.
Este ineu arco
;que caiu levantar-
jee-ha sozinho.
:
Estes meus ar-
! cos que cairam le-
jvantar-se-hao so-
jzinhos,
Eata mi nb a pa-
inella que caiule-
ivantar-se-ha sozi-
Inha.
Estas minims
ipanellas qne cai
|ram levantar-se-
ihao sozinhas.
Este meu passa-
jnnho que caiu
;levantar-se-ha so-
izinho.
Aqqj no chao,
londe homens ca-
liram, hao de appa-
irecer espiritos,
20
lamuka ok' a.
\Jtfiucinga u'u
udagua wiala-
mulca uo/c'a.
M&'uta &nga
at6'a ndagua ana-
la mulca ok' a.
Cbikalango cha-
nga ichi chidagua
chinalamuJta cho-
ka.
Pikalango pia-
nga ipi -pidagua
pinalamuka pio-
k'a.
"K&mbalame ka-
nga aka karfa-
gua kewalamuka
kok'a.
P&nsi pa??o pa-
dagua a?it e u pa-
nalamuka azimu.
down will get up
by themselves.
This bow of mi-
ne that fell down
will stand up by
itself.
These bows of
mine that fell
down will stand
up by themselves.
This cooking-
pot of mine that
fell down will
stand up by it-
self.
These cooking-
pots of mine
that fell down
will stand up by
themselves.
This small bird
of mine that fell
down will stand
up by itself.
Here on the
ground, where
men fell, there
come up spirits,
21
Aqni dcntro da
jminha lingua, don-
de corre sangue,
hu. QH
< Hide
ini caiu,
uita.
mu-
nm-
iu\i n. i '/ichichi.
Kim j a kule ku-
day mi muulu, ku
Halamuka an fit.
Here in my
JIO, \vi.
blood comes i ii r,
is u vein.
Outside tl.
\vliore a stone
fell down, people
are sUtiuliug up.
E5PECIE3
Dfi PALAYRAS
FOfcMADAS
35 Quaatas especles
de paJ&vras furmadas
ten* a lingua de 8e>ia>
[Tern s6 oito, a sabor: o
\substantivo, o adjecti-
]vo forte, o adjectivo fra-
\co, o >roaome, o vcrbo,
, B,postpo-
o a tnterjccc.do.
A lingua de boiia
do tetn a^tigo.
As preposi v Oes e post-
M3EU ZA MAFALA
A KUBYALA
ZingasI mbcu sa
mafaia a kubvala ia
Chisen*. 1 Zisere ba-
si. Nsizi: substantive,
adjectivo a kvwunga,
adjectivo a kufetoa,
pronvma, verbo, prepo-
81 V I
IIND3
OF FOSSJAL WORDS
How many kinds ot
formal wordj are there
in Se<ia/ Only eig ,t,
viz.: tbe substantive, the
strong adjective, tho
w;3.-^ adjective,
noun, tue ucr6, tuc
'\ O substantivo deig-
"* ^na uma possoa oa cou-
jsa por um doss scuts no-
ililOS, COJUO
Pedro
arvore
amizade
gg! adjectivo forte,
; quo em Cafrcal segue
jdifforeutcs regras que
joaJjoctivofraco, niar-
; i<ribuir coino eua portu-
guez em adveiuios, voibio,
: pu3pcsi V Gtis e conjuuc-
.V"-^, mas esta diviaoe
idapoucacouaoquoaciA.
aud tu
c asoa aati- i u
go o, os, urn, uns, a article,
ctiizungu.
^o raa-
anatuiua
enango aa-
Seua tucie is no
The prepositions and
postpositions niignL bo
oititnouted as ui^ngiisti
iuto aa verbs,
tiori, at
bat to iittio p
Substantivo anapan-
iiuu'u La azi u&
uiiiga
Pedro
mid i
uxamuali
Adjectivo a kuwanga
o auaicn^csa
pint'u piualo-
aua-
The substantive distin-
guishes a thing ln,i:i
otners by cue oi its uu<
Hies, as
Peter
tree
friendship
The strong adjective
which in its construe-
tiou rather differentiates
itself iroj;i tue v/cak ad-
j
nho, ou de que
AO, saoas oous&s de
la, como
oito
ides
:ido se diz:
irvo-
s."
- - raar-
ca como, qual, ou de
i ea cousa deque
i jao
fcaa
inca
me
so se d
:?. i
p
uinga
m-
ml-kulu
risi
sere mifaUu mi-
.
ago, or
. of the tb::
ken of, as
J.it
big
green
"Cut
big
greci
uinango anapan^iea
nchanji, ulnati^oncha-
.t'uchiuaJ
ino
'.
pa Miti ino ia-
ra.i
marks how, wh.
whoBois tho thing spo-
ken of
these
mine
se red trees of mi-
prcmeme desig' wmo anapnngi- ^'pronoun narks a
possoa ou cot; ^ -.-. .ihoui
icdarum nome, nda i'ulua dinn, ni ; ' name, as
;como t)ga
I
>U
imue
;
41 j O vcrbo rrarca nm
iacto relative a uma
jpessoa ou oousa, como
correu
correi
corramos
42j Em Sena c) amaraos
'preporifdo a uma par-
jticula, eu palavra in-
jcompltta.qiie ititroduz
joutra ; alavra, como
de, nao, como
coin, e
iquando se diz:0
jfilho de Pedro
inorreu com
iforne, como Paulo
!e Maria.*
24
Vcrbo anapangiza
mak'aliro na machitiro
uinga
a ta manga
tamangani
titamange
Apreposis<lo ndi ma-
gomezero a kupereka
ma-fala, ninga
ua t nk'a, ninga
na
pa Mvana \ia
Pedro nl;' a da fa
na in jala tayu
niwga Paulo na
Maria.*
f -,. f ,.,. A-postposiqflo ndi
jf So a uma purticula magor/ ezero a kurna-
jque completa outra lisa mafala, ninga
jpalavra, como
inteirainente tu
jquandosediz:* A- pa amalira-tu.t
icttbou inteira-
imente.1
44; A interjeccSo 6 uma Intcrjccqflo ndi faTa
jparticula que marca lakuk'ondapatanana
|s6 por si uma impres- linango, ninga
JKao completa, como
Sim Indc
Ui! UH
The terl marks a fact
he ran
run
let us run
In Sena we call prepo*
sitions the particles, or
incomplete words, that
introduce otl.er words, as
of, not, as
from, and
when saying:* The
son of Peter did
not die from hun-
ger as Paul and
Mary.i
We call pottpositiont
the' particles tliat com-
plete ot'.er words, a8
altogether
when saying: He
finished altoge-
ther.
The interjection is a
particle tLet expresses
by itsc.f a whole im-
pres sion, as
Yes
Oh!
DD SUBSTAHmO
ONSUB3TANriYE3
.].", Em Sena comova- A-subjtantivo a
riamossubstantiYos' Chisena anaaandaka
Por prefixes, q.u tani' :* a-
vam niinr.ro e prefii3 awo, a 1:
.*se. n^i/.i 'ntenjo
46 Os n,.
.re pin- r. j . uinango
-omo Dguaw^rt/i, ninga
arvore ?/-//
arvores mi-tl
How do substantives
vary in Sena/- -
change t cir prv:
according to nu
and class.
Tiers are tw) mm-
il plur.il.
tree
trees
classes slo dez. Da- Maubali alipo kurai. There are ten c\
iAm-se ajuntando o Anapangizila naapre- b.st distinguished by
: ro do singular com tixo&ubodxi na utinji, t e singnl'ir a: 1 ;
o do plaral, couio ninga ral ] . -.toge-
ther.
1. MU-A
p. s p. s r.
-s mu-nt'u fi-nt'u person -3
J. I
-s mv-nga thorn -3
3. N
-8 M-{/UO (^l)n-(7MO (.
4. !
-s <?/-*5 ma-so eye -3
;arco -s 'u-ta bow -3
;cousa -s chi- 'i/'a thing
S.
oa
riho
)10
olho
' uliritinho -s
uo
ibocca (interior) -a
;ier
48 N. B. 1. As classes
:PA e MU sem plural
^uolccativas. A-classe
;KU e" locativa e infi-
Tiitiva.
49; 2. A maior parte dos
substantives locatives
u.i lingua de Sena
Liaduzca.-se e.n Por-
: ; tuguez por advcrbios
23
7. KA-PI
i pi-mbusi
8. PA
pa-nsi
9. MU
n-kanua
10. EU
3. Teem practica-
n. ft, to desapparecido
ido Chisena asantigas
LL -ZIN, L(J-
jMA e KU-MA (fora
jclos iniinitivps).
i
N.E.l.MaubaliPA
na MU ua kuboa uxi-
nji anapangiza mbuto
zok'a zok : a. Ubali ku
unapangiza mbuto na
machitxro.
2. A-substantivo a
maubaiionewa ungalo-
nga chizungu, a (1 atu-
*ua adverbio na a-pro-
posivao.
3. Chisena cba kala
chikali na mauba i e-
nango LU-Z1N, LU-
MA, na KU-MA.
kid
ground
mouth (inside)
N. B.I. The classes PJ\
and MU without plural
are locative. The c^lass
KU is both locative and
infinitive.
2. The larger number
of the locative substan-
tives of Sena are render.
ediu englisli by alvarbj
or prepositions.
3. The classes LU-
ZIN, LU-MA and KU.
MA (out of the infinibi-
vea) { avo practically
disappeared fro.u Sena.
Quaes sao. ossub-
jstiiatiYos que priaci-
ipiam sempre com ca-
pital?
;Os nomes proprios do
pessoa ou cousa
.particular, corno 1'e-
'dro, Africa.
Ndipange madzina
anakuiisua leLra iawj
ia kutoma.
Madzina a cliint'u chi-
bodzi chene, a kutulua.
nume pruprio, uiu^a 1'e-
dro, Afr.ca.
Which are the sub-
stafttives that al-
ways begin with a
capital letter?
Tiio nouns that are
proper to one particu-
lar [>orsou or thing,
a.s 1'eier, Africa.
Classe MU-1
UbaU KU-A
The MU-A C!as*
Que forraas teem os
prefixes clasif,cado-
rcs d esta ctat
: ; pre a.
;O do singular
cm muitas
.do se
a a for-
.mar-i
a, ,t, i, u-. y. '.-*
>.'!H7//l.
i''7'
: antes d.
>stro-
:'n antes n-
Qne Bubitantivog
penence-.n a clatse
MU-A
de possoaa
i cl&s-
Aprcf;xoaubali u-
bali uno mbanji? -
u/Jnji r.
.t)0lx.i 'mafalft
mazinji nk'an::
kawo,
tuli ;;w pa ', n, , i, /, tr t
j/. na miclucU iasylia-
< 'i i
I
o, u ,6, j), t, ca /. Ana-
bviinu* i a an
pa /* na n .
aconsoanto ona
Ndip&nge ma
aubali MU-A
>ia aant'u
ana r > uha
> no nbodei,
Which arc the forms
of t'c classifiers or
clascit'.nr* prefixes ox
this class
in ms\:
w acoor
r;il ru es on-y btl
monoey
',a,e, t, /, u>, t/,ox
m-a;n n >r tM-
i* po)
>y an a-
.
re tho
g
Which arc thoiuba-
tantives that belong
to the MU A class'
v.los with
.'
28
f S
P. S. P.
S. P.
ipessoa pessoa-s irm-nt'u- &-nt'u
person person - g
jespiritista
-s mu-laula a-
spiritist -s
jotirives ourives irm-livi a-
goldsmith -s
iDeus
-es blu-lunffu a-
God -3
imarido
-s m-nmuna amima
husband -s
If lib
-s mu-awa ana
child children
jmensageiro
-s am-axankali ana-...
messenger -s
icantor
-es niu-imbi a-
singer -s
jirnwo
-s 'm-bale a-
brother brethren
jsubstituto
-s 'm-bvuni a-
substitute -s
jfeiticeiro
-s 'm-fiti a-
^v itch -es
ipessoa livre
-B..-8 'm-fvlu a-
free person -s
jrapaz
-es 'm-pale a-
boy -$
Icolono
-s 'n-chikunda a-
tenant -s-
iescravo
-s 'n-dzakazi a-
slave -s
ibebado
-s 'n-dzimue a-
drunkard -s
ineto
-s 'n-dzuknln a-
grandson -s-
'conductor
-es 'n-kadamu a-
leader -s
jgnarda
-s 'n-kadzambo a-
guard -s
igen ro-
-s 'n-kamuene a-
son-in-la\r s..
ii nulher
-es 'n-kazi a-
woman, women
wife wives
adivinhao
-ttes 'n-fcum&aycrsa a-
witch-doctor -3.
aegociante
-s 'n-sambadzi a-
merchant -s
:infiel
-eis 'n-5c?m a-
infidel -s
Director d'uma
-es... 'n-tsadzoma a-
director of a -s.^
dian^a
dance
inenina
-s 'n-^5t^ana a-
girl ^
29
iro <-e
'n-z/c/w a-
bachelor -3
;ra -s
V IT
unmarried
woman women
ito ,s
'u-z/mz^ a-
spirit -s
alma -8
H If
soul -s
\o Jo -aos...
'u-ziwgu a-
a Christian or s...
raca
should-be chris- -s
tian
-oraes do pessoas
2. Madziua a ant'u,
3. Names of persons
cujo claHsif ieador uao .-u
a ku.soa ehrlziukiro
which have the clavi-
3 ular, couio:
c..a ubodzi, uingu:
fier understood in t^^
giuorular,
P.
P.
S 1 '
meupae, men
baba &-baba
jny fathi-r -s
tuu pae, tcus
babako a-
thy fatlier -3
. paca
bubachc a.
father -s
bubatii
our lather -s
.
babann, a-
yuiir f.iilier _s
pae d'elles, p
b aba wo a-
their fal: ' . g
i do '8
a-
servant
i. la -s
"
.ml girl
^/C/IM a-
rer -s
condition
.
demon io,diabo ft.
-s
-s
.4 /a a-
afro -s...
kamfuino a*
.
<jU
a-
:
-b
:'/o a-
30
Jiamae -3 _s maw a, 'ma,
a.
my mother
-^
mayi
:tua mae -s
-s mako
a-
thy mother
-s
; : niame -s -s viache
a-
his mother
-s
;nossainne .3 .s tnatu
a-
our mother
-s
:Vos?a nine -s
-s maim
a-
your mother
-a
mfte d' olles
-s... mawo
a-
their mother
-3
;avd
-s mbitya
a-
grandfather
-s
LIVO
-s
//
grandmother
-S
lantepassado
-s
^
forefather
-s
isenhor
-es
master
-S
pastor
-es makambuzi
ft-
shepherd
-a
piloto
-s malimu
a-
pilot
-s
sogra
-s mebzala
a-
mother-in-law
-s...
lavandeiro
-s meinate
a-
washer
-s
imestie
-s mfisiri a
a-
tradesman
-men
Icufula
cozinheiro
-s tncsiri a kupika a-
coofr
-s
carpinteiro
-s mcsiri a
a-
carpenter
-s
kuscma
companheiro
-s molvi
a-
companion
-s
mouro
-s mucnhe
a-
mu PPU] in an
-S
Iconhado
.S mulamu
a-
brother.in.law
-s...
(da mesma rara)
(of same race)
pequeno crcado
-s-s -mnlcke
a-
little black
preto
servant
s
.s mp'awi
a-
poor man
.men
..-s tta/ia
a-
eider brothex
-s
s...-s ng-ono
a- younger brother
31
:ro -8
ityanga a.
- ion
-3
velhoto -s
damba a.
old man
m
or woman
orffio -aos
nk'nngua a.
oleiro -s
nhaliumbira a.
pescador -s
nhachitopnla a-
.8
nkakiikokota a-
i
: cuincdza a.
1
nhtimawero a.
<
i
a.
1
i
rz/m; a.
i
':i prcta -s-8
rhiha a.
1.1;
dor -C9
ier
-3
a-
-
nhant'aka a-
-S
mull-. -es-a
a.
: minha rara
a-
f my
race
um da tua
'wz.i a-
thy
a-
l.is
; i nossa
a.
. <nr
'wzan/t
a-
-3
a.
-s
.
.s
ute a-
i
'
r
i
55 3 Fast antes ncmes
.de auinmes, coao
32
3 Madziua mazinji a
nban.a na pinhaina,
ninga
3 A gccd c any name*
t, as
s p
s p
s p
itao caes
wu-anamlitaya-na.
ipellicano -s
bi'obi'o a-
pellican
ie&quilo -s
cJianga a.
squiii el _s
PI a do .s
ji(juya a-
?
i.arca real .s-aes
kakca a-
her en -S
iiolla pequena -s-s
katunduly a-
small dove -s
ica^ao -oes
Jcaxao a-
9
macaco(especie) -g
icabritiuko do
I'olo a-
lumza a-
monkey(kind of) -s
small buck (kind) -a
matto *s...
jcabra do matto -s.
mlawala a-
bushbuck -s
; maiigucho s-
mbzcre a-
inongouste -s
9
ngondonga a-
hartebeest -9
i r * .s
nhachidue a-
frog .s
jca^ao (especie) -oes
nfiachipunde a.
9
igafanhoto -s
nliadztmbe a.
locust -s
jmcrcego .s
nhakalemalcma a.
bat -s
lagartixa -s
nhakaUbuinho a.
lizard -a
jcentopeia (especie) -s
nliakalizi a-
centipede (kind) -s
camele&o -Oes
nhakatendcwa a.
cameleon -s
iburro do matto -s.,.
nhakobz-e a-
waterbuck .3
centopeia (especie) -s
nhamasakala a-
centipedo .s
; toupeira -s
nhamfuko a-
mole _s
imonstrofobuloso .a
nliaiujumi a-
fabulous monster -s
[andorinha -s
nhantamba a a-
swallow -s
i
mibvi
jcanario (especie) -s
nhantambue a.
canary bird (kind)-s
ileopardo -s
nliaruijue a~
leopard -<j
-s likuttu a-
fish (largo kiud) -s
; .s nsimlu a-
monkey (kiud) -a
:o -s paJca a.
cat -s
nto ; -HC to. tt-
rhinoceros
> bravo .9 -8 wliri a.
1 duck -9
; ocic)
iaQ kind)
-s *w/o a.
rabbit, hare -s
:;ha .8 tandaitde a.
'lur -s
UUKJUC a.
rowhawk -s
!. M.i.l xir,\ Liiango,
1 A few sub.-'
de si ad:' I pint'u
\ii origin,
udza, na a kut'a-
or beginning with k&
. coin ka ngua na ka na tsa, ni-
or tsa, as:
ngo;
-C3 kabuli &
drum (kind) -s
-s kapundu a.
loth (kind) -3
.bo t a-
pipe
:10) .8
(fursmok
1 > a.
dance (kind) -d
iu:u:h.ilj -8 id a.
axe .s
A ^>t -a
5* IT* ttir* i" niirtf-d
[ ' t UUUivli
i
,
boo
Ciasse MU-MI Ubali MU-MI The MU-MI
&1 Que form as teem os
classificadores d'es-
la classe?
I O do plural 6 sem-
ipre mi-. do singular,
ique minca se subin-
itende do tudo, segue
:&s mesmas regras ge-
Iraes que o mu da da's-
|se MU-A. (n. 52.)
gi Que substantives
' pertenccm a classe
^MU-MI?-
l.Unspoucos comes
;de sores animados no-
jtaveis por seu comprl-
jinento ,ou rabo comprl-
jdo, on oufcra cousa que
jparece cresceff, 6omo
Idonzella -a
ipellicana -s
I (vae em fileiras)
igato bravo
ichacal -aes
Igazella (macho) -s
|cobra (espe- -s
| cie comprida
! delgada)
(especie) -g
A-prefixo a ubali
uno mbanji?
Uft uzinji ndi mi-
'mafala muonsenc. Ua
ubodg-i anasanduka na
w, n, ', ninga mu tia
ubali MU-A.
(n. 52,
Ndipangc hiftdirina
a ubali MU-Mf.
IMadzlnamang'brio
a pint'u piri maso, pi.
nachifca niwga kuuiera',
nhiga
m-
Whicl^ are the forma
of the classifiers of
this class?
That of the plural is al-
ways mi-. Thai of the
singular, never entirely
understood, follows tha
same general laws as the
mu of the class MU-A.
(o. 52.)
Which ai*e the iufr-
stantives that belong
to the MU-MI class?
1 A few names of ani-
mate beings to be rtotod
for the apparent growth
of their body, or one of
its parts, as
grown up girl -g
maiden
nw-kmbuewi-r... pellican (kind) -s
-s-8 nm-ftmta mi-r... wild cat
mn-rrurru mi-
'm-bimi mi-
'-mp'anda mi-
ui-bobo mi*
halcion .g
jackal -s
male-reedbuck -s
adder (kind, -s
long and thin)
iui. fish (kind)
35
torn. -S
' 11- (7^0^*0
mi-
large black ant
3
(preta, grande,
V
que vae em t'r
rato -s
'n-kuidzi
mi-
rat
-S
(grande, c^m
twitii long
bei^o coroprido)
tnon(li)
*, * s
'to-kupt
nii-
fish (kiii.l.
-cs
com beifocom-
with long lip)
prido)
gato bravo
'-nhcnga
mi-
\vild cat
s
(com rabo grandf)
.inboca -a
'nhoka
iin
ca ilb Wi'irn
-8
n-<rw
mi-
mangoustc
3
1 Qaaai todoa 08 oo<
2. Madzina maziftji a
' tl\o nn
mog
mes de arvore, plan-
-inga
rs, plants,
aad
DO
sticks, as
. ore .8
mu7i
mi-
-9
uta
plant
S
pau -s
stick
-S
arvorr * -as
IllU-fl&tH
mi-
poisonons tree
etie)
(kind)
-8
p. b 1-., ana
its bark
,nbo -s
mu '
mi -
thorn
S
pilao... -s
mi.
pestle
9
IIP.:'. -S
iru r...
baobab
9
Uvmbu (<
mu
bamboo (kind)
-8
-S
mu-/
i \\\\ r .
-8
rsjmibo -5
uiu /aso
mi /'...
thoui
-S
36
[ooneira orava
-s.s mu-lembe mi-r,
wild sop tree -s
[amoreira
jlimeira
itamarindo
jniandioca
-s mu-lera mi-r
-s mil- lima mi-r.
-s 'm-buemba mi-
mulberry-tree .s
1 line-tree -s
tamarind -s
*^/ ^* * ' * * * t a iixi
manioc -s
imangueira
ipau ferro
-s '-manga, mi-
"S... 'm-pangire mi-
mango-tree -s
iron wood -s
1
(kind)
ipapaieira
jarvore de
| burracha,
-s 'm-papaya m:-
papaw-tree -s
india rubber
j ,
Iburracha
// ^
tree, _ s
india-rubber
larroz
jinelancieira
'm-punga mi-
s 'm-vembe mi-
rice
water-melon _s
jpalinito _ s ' n _ Cy y w m i_
ifolha do mesmo s
; . " n
plant
small palm tree -s
its leaf -ves
iraiz
-es 'n-chichi mi-
root -s
itamareira
~s 'u-chindo mi-
w ild date
brava
-s
tree -3
jcoqueiro bravo
;lernoeiro
(especie)
"s 'n-dikita mi-
-s 'u-galego iui-
wild-coco tree .s
lemon-tree -s
(kind)
,,
'-ndimu mi-
iguiabeira
-s 'n-guyava mi-
guava- tree -s
; coqueiro
's '-wui mi-
coco- nut
tree .<g
lacacia (especie)
-s '.njerenjere mi-
acacia (kind) - s
inoneira
s '-nona rni-
sw^eet sop tree -s
:.bumauma
-s '-ncnigtra mi-
cot ton- tree ,g
n-sau
> gcrc
In
-s... 'n-sate
Liu -s
{lie -s
-
millio tt'nro
: ra -s
folha de golf So -s
pail] -s... 'n-tt}a
an.
Caiin' -8 'll-'
t. folha -s-s 'n-tama
dociro
nomcad ;
>bro-
funu.culo -s
-s
m-
uri-
uii-
m-
'n-tembca nhika ini-
mi-
m-
mi-
a a pia ma-
nungu pinacliitu uin-
-.ingr.
Mul
m
wild
.i'OO -S
for- -s
(ki:
clim-
leaf of water-lily
Btick for -s...
fisliing
reed
young I'-af
of palm-tree
cotton-plant -s
f ports
: ' '
to grow, oi come out of
boil >s
mi-
' mo
.ili
H
r>
s
'
f the
38
Teia -s
'n-cJiichi mi-
vein
: S
rabo -s
'n-cfhira mi-
tail
"8
umbigo -s
'n-chombo mi-
navel
o
-S
iteite
3 n-iaA;a
milk
-s
ifora9 -g
*n-konv toi-
arm
s
;bra9o direrfco -s -3
'n-konokono mi.
right ajni
'8
|cam,e sem .9
'MOtH/y, mi-
flesh
1 ossos
icostas
f a-*a mi.
back
.8
cabe9a -s
'n-sofo mi-
head
-8
jagrima - s
'n-so^i mi.
tear
icora9ao noes
'n-.tiyia mi.
heart
8
iurina
** jRi-fundo
urine
2| N. B. A pwiavra wt-
Mimba analonda mbo
Tke word
)ni>nba,
.mba, barriga, exnprega-
ise tambem como sub-
ubali ^ E^
fcelly, is also
substantive
used a 3
of ilia
^tantivo da clause N.
class N. Ex.
life.
: Asbarrigas qi'el-
Mi mba zawo
Their bellies
jles (Y. n. 71)
j(Cf. n. 71)
(Of. n.
71)
/)3; .4. Uos poucos no- 4. Madzina enango
;mefi d cousas da na- a pint'u pinachita ni-
ilureza brute, quo pa- nga kuioera, niugft
[recem crescer, ou so-
ibresabir, como
4. Names of things of
the brute nature, tliajfc
(ioem to grow, or to co-
&e owt of the ground
as
brocha, pedra -s
lua .3
-s
mi-
mi-
rock, stone
moon
lunar month
-s
88
sal
mu-n//?/
salt
ft-:..- -s
m-oto
mi-
fire
J9
-s
'n- 7
mi-
copper
jibciro -s
'n-JbUo
nii-
rivulet
.s
nuvi in
*n-/wto
nii-
cloud
-3
< ta, riba -s,-s
'n-/.
rui-
hi^h ground
ijbra -s
'u-fiffi^i
mi-
shadow, shade
-9
'Jl 5. Cm corto numero
5. Madziu
A enorDgo a
j6. A certain number
do artcfactos, QOUIO
plat'u pia kusftsauUua
, of names of works ut
bingft
mind or in&tinct,
as
estac&o -4.es
mu-aia (
v.chaka)
season, epoch
-S
>harca<;ao -oes
mu-
mi-
.canoe
-8
ha -s
UjU-^r'
mi-
nrrow
-8
povoa^ao .res
{jxil-cfci*
uii-
vilh^o, town
S
.-tno -ocs-s
mti
Uii- r...
law-
^8
juri
>7fio -5es
inu-^i/i'^t
mS-r...
pit
'8
j MTO .*
iiHl-'^J'/<'
mi-r...
jai
-S
I'lunta^fto -6es
rnu-ntfa
ini-
j^lnntation
-8
i iino -s
11,11 -W//I
idfai
.8
-0
DJ-C' '
mi-
>on
S
.eta .s
ni-o7?i6o
ini
IN to heat -s
m
u para .8..
'm-;
mi-
tick
-s
puuiar
liqi.
.8
-9
8
-f
mtnun
40
.Tassonra .s
'm-ps'airo
mi-
broom
J
icinto -s
'n-chelca
faii.
girdle
-s
ipo^o .s
'\\-cliera
mi-
\vclU.
-s
;limite -s
'n-gano
mi.
limit
-s
ibusseta do .s...
'ii-kolue
mi-
lip-ring
-S
jcorrente de
nfaju
mi-
small chain
.s
met a -s...
ipanno de -s...
'n-kungulu
mi-
cloth of -es..
guerreiro
warrior
itambor -es
'n-Jeupira
mi-
drum (kind)
s
(especie)
jtravesseiro .s
'n-sago
mi.
pillow
-s
lla^o .s
'n.samp'a
mi-
snare
s
iproverbio .s
'nrsanji
mi.
proverb
icesto (especie) .s
'n-sekete
mi-
basket (kind)
-S
jconversa^ao -oes
'n-seru
mi*
conversation
-s
jtributo -s
'n-sonk'o
mi.
tribute
-s
jboccado (de -s
'n-siia
mi-
mouthful
3
pao ou massa)
ifeixe -s
'n-sumbu
mi-
bundle
.s
iporta -s
'n.st'to
mi-
door
s
|rotim .ins
'n.tema
mi-
rattan
'S
imimero -s
'n-teitgo
mi-
number
-S
jcolher (especie) -s
'ly-t'epu
mi*
spoon (kind)
.s
ipaupara- -B
'n-tiko
mi-
stick to mix
-s
mcxer massa
up porridge
icabaz -es
'u-tohoma
mi.
rusk-basket
-S
icargo -s
'l\-t'jlo
mi-
load
-s
imedicamento -g
'wtcwout
mi-
medicine
-s
Que fcrmas teem cs
indices d'esta classe?
; do singular 6
j Im (por IH) antes
MHS pouer
mniiof>yllabicoR quc
'icipiam com b, ;
/, como em tn:
nito:
; Nh antes dog radi-
:o pri.ieipiam
:n uma vogal, como
cantiga.
N antes dos outros.
!ural o indice
; d'esta classe na pra-
a o mesmo que no
, qtiando
\rcza o exigc, pcr-
mittido prelixar-lhe .
Vi la nniita va-
ide de ani.
^, leocs, clc-
phantcs, passa-
ras goraoJ". o n no mu-
<la cm in antes de b,p,
umbomnumc-
tiros de
lido.
VLali N
Ndipange a-prcfixo
a ubali N.
\Va uhod/i mli
Im (-= in) pa
?a syllaha ibodzi za
kutangiia na b, p, v, /,
uinga im-bu.
Nh pa mbu za
kutangua na vogal, ni-
nga nh-imbo.
N pa mb6u zina.
Prcfixo ua urinji
ngubod/ibodzi. Anafu-
na kuptingiza diretn u-
ziuji rvnatimiza *i. Ex.
Nd ntpo
nliamfi eiziiij
' imit, t'u
N. B. 1.
na/, Ictran linasandu-
ka na m.
The XClasi
Which are the forms
of its classifiers?
That of tho singular is
Im (for tn) befor o
monosyllabic
stem* that
with 6, p, r, or /, as in
tm-6w, mosquito.
A r ;t before iho
ptcms that begin with
a vowel; as in nhimbo,
a song.
A" before the others.
In the plural the clas-
sifier of this class is
practically the ?nme as
in the singular. Some-
times, for clearness sa-
ke, n is prefixed to it.
Ex.
I saw there a
great variety of
elephant
1. According t
gen oral
> m before
v, ar
2. Alarp> nun
.
origin go v,
69 One
pertenccm a classed?
1. Nomes de semen -
jtes, plantas com mm-
jta semente, estrcllas,
jcomo
42
Ndipange madzina
a nbali N.
1. Madzina a mb<ju,
maudzu a kubaJa ana
azinji, etc,, ninga
iscmente
jpiroenta da terra
iherva (especies) -
jVenus (planeta)
s m.beu
jfeijao, planta de..
jestrella _ 8
(fruta) -s
70; 2. Um grande nu-
jmoro de uomee de aoi-
jinaes, como
iaiiinial -aes
icarne, peixe
: : mosquito -
iformiga alada >s
{ cobra (especie) -s
I passaro, ave .s
Irato (especie) -a
| zebra , s
Contra , s
icabra, cabrito .3
I sable antelope -s
Ipeixe pende -s
abestruz -g
n-chesi, n-$anzi
jn.bui
n-t'anda
n-t'anga
T&h-emba
manga
2. Madzinn maainji
ft nhama na pinhama,
ninga
im-bu
m-bewa
wbidzi
m-biti
Which substantives
belong to this class?
1. Names of gecde,
very seed plants, stars,
as
eeed j
native pepper
grass (kinds)
Venus (planet)
stone of fruit -s..,
bean, its plant -e
star . s
mango rS
2. A largo number of
names of animals, as
eatable animal -3
meat, fish
mosquito g
winged ant -s
snake (kind) . s
bird (in general) - S
field mouse,... j
m-P'alapafa
otter J
goat
sable antelope
fish (kind)
ostrich
arinho -s
na-tvm hippopotamus ..mi
inosca -s
n-ch'euch'e
fly
flics
.eobra (especie) -s
n-dala
snake (kind)
-3
peix-e (especie) -B
nsncfit
fish (kind)
-s
!/oruaiga (especie) -8
lolo
ant (kind)
kulu -a
n-goina
fcu'iu
I
-boi, vacca -8
H-g-r
' cow
-en, -s
:o preto -s
n- : /'c>w black alligator -s
Buffalo -s
l\{}-dtl
buffalo
-8
-S
f\t\-0T)'6
*mt
-8
'.. serpeute -s
nli-oia
snake
-s
Abel ha -s
vh-Mchi
beo
.g
gnu (antelope) -a
nh-umbu
gnu
-a
javali -s
n-jiri
wart hog
s
n-k'alamu,
lion
-8
caracol
i<1zi
snail
-3
galliolia do ai:it j
Mica -fo\vl
.8
^jo -s
\}~k\iiur,i
<iiab
8
peixo (esp-.cie)
fish (kir
-8
\\x -e
n-l^t
parti i !
8
aguia dos rios -s...
n-k l .
-lie
-f
. 'OJIO -8
n-&'u
fowl
-S
porcu
n-/f'um6<
pig
n-/:'?^^:
a
n-^ato
boa
-8
r.O
D-MM
DM
iicc
.
&-ftJp*M
-8
fOUJH
.<!e
s
i-Unii -
.. va
eland
-8
-33
y/t
ne
.s?
t-lrpb
.1
71 44
3. Um bom numoro 8. \la^h m inax
artes do corpo, co- a nianuugu, mm-a
jmo
icubollor branco -s-s im-ri
jcoKtella . s m-fot,
Icovanascostas-s... m-bmlia
jpartes privadas m-bolo
j sarna m-p<czi
iespora _ s 2
iarticula^ao -oes i
irimjonibo; rins,-s j]
^ coxa -s n-ch'aju
iponta, corno -s
junha -g n.^/^
| nuca -s ii-k'odolo
: tc^ta, cara -s ?<
i^obrancelha -g
n-Vomcra
cranoo
_i es
4. Madzina
ntcfactos, como a pinfu pia kusasa-
r.hua, ninga
jinachado . s 3
cafical _ a es
;pratodebarro,. s ... j
;ciia
s m-6^a
3. A g-ood immhri' ( ,<f
'hcpaits of i},,
s
while hair
lib . s
hollovr back
private parts
belly
itch
spur
articulation
loins
thigh
beard
horn
nail _ s
nape of the head -s...
forehead -g
eyebrow -g
dry skin -g
middle line of the
scull - s
wart .g
ran es of works i f
mind or instinct, as
native axe -s
-s
native dish
threshin-floor
-s
15
illo
in -j
(par
-
in-/"- 1 '
|UO -3
(P
m-ji
liadura
-3
-S
ii;-i-
''- '
oto
i
-
oafn 1 -aAOs
-s
'
-3
-es
cirtlrjii p.H -3
(foi
.) :
low
sloi'i-;
.3
I Oil)
I
3
16
ipanno da terra -3... n-gtio ia
Icantiga, hyrono rli-mJo
easa
-s
leaminho 1 -s
Igrande vaso -s-s
de barro
jcorda -s
irondela de pa- -s...
lha (para levar
cousafl! sobre
a eabeca ou os
ti\i-uud<>
v-jira
n-k'alt
n.k'ambal&
u-k'afat
bormbros)
lexercito -s
n-k'ondo
llenha
n.k'uni
;Campainha -s
u-$aiamba
lannel para -eaa-
u-sambo
maos e pes
isapato .9
n.sapafo
ipequeria &acco -s-s
n-sapo
cafreal
i sacrifieio
n-sembe
icnxo -s
n-semo
Icesto cafreaf
n-senyua
ipau para -s,,.
n-sika
:dia com noito -9...
imassa de farinha
agulba
cnme -s-s
n-siku
n-sinyano
n-songa
cloth Sf
(native make)
Bong .3
Loase -s
hammer
'oad, path -s
large earthenpot .
Siring, rope
grass ring
(for burdens
on head or
shoulders)
-S
9
War
fire- wood!
fcell -3
brass wire -3
(leglet, armlet)
shoe -3
bag (native) -
sacrifice .
addice
native Imskot
stick usexi to- .
tight fire
day with night -s,,,
porridge
needle -s
point -3
47
teate
.3 n.joyi
roof
r
reia
.3 n-t'em-a
lash, whip
9
s n-^an2ra
bird's nesb
.9
;quilha
3 n-zaro
koe!
-3
jampolheta
3 anyultti
powderflask
.3
para polvora
vaiandah
-s baranda,
verandah
-9
phosphoro
-3 /osco
matoh .es
gairali
.s garrafa
bottle
-g
^arfo
-s garfu,
fork
-8
janella
-s jafiela
Window
-S
'PO
-S ^0/)0
glass -63
chum bo do
milisdo
gunshot
mesa
-s we^
table
-S
-es
-es pirczi
saucer
-9
prato
-s 7>raJo
plate
-3
malga
-s piiseland
porringor
8
rna
-9 Sfl/'
anvil
S
ntc
-S sagnati
present
-S
tijolo
-8 ^f/'.
inick
8
urn
-S
scissors
-9 titniba-
hou
du escal-T
(of a bout)
Urn corto ndmoro 6. Maiandakf K> A ma-
5. A cert?
. >mcs do SOHM
S'dw, ouugu an clilfart, inuga
of nomoa of feeling**
,.!!
ira-/a
death
invrja
bihru
jralc
IQC
MM
IMA!
'
6. Um pequcno nu-
imero de nomes do logar
;e tempo, como
liogar -es
jlogar onde -es...
! uma cousa se
I divide em dous
| bra9os, forqui-
; lha, cruz
iterreno certo -s..
cultivafo
jcorrente de agua
ilogar de agua -es..
f unda, rio fun-
do, lago fundo
jdia -s
jcxtremidadc ^s
jilha , s
48
m-btri
honour, glory
m-birimi
pride
m-p'amvu
strength
Ta-p'epo
cold
nh-atua
pain, suffering
nh-ota
thirst
n-jala
hunger
n-sanje
jealousy of woman
n-sisi
compassion
n-zeru
good judgment
G. Madzina enango
6. A fe-w names of
a mbuto na tempo, ui-
places and times, aa
nga
IR-buto
place -s
m-p'anda
place where a -s..
thing is divided
into two, cross,
pitch-fork
n-dima
certain ground '3
cultivated
u-gnala
current
nh-anza
place of deep wa- -g
ter,deep river,
deep lake
n-siku
day - s
u-sindi
extremity ; end
u-stia,
island -s
.?e(DI)-MA Ubali (DI)-MA The (DT) -MA class
Que form as teem
os classificadores
d esta classe'
; O do singular 6 di,
, antes de uns
Ipoucos do radicaes mo-
llabicos, como
8 P
:iO -S
-8
-8
cm algumas
'palavras quo tinham
unenteoprefixo
omo
-8
Di anVe* do0 radi-
>caet quo prim
com uma vogal, como
-3
-8
uitcs do t cm
T antes do I, como
ft-/. -8
-S
8
i;o -S
Ndipange a-prefixo
a ubali uno.
dri, pa mbcu zn
ba ibodzi, uiuga
S P
di-so ma -so
\\-bitc 'ma-li-buc
dzi-?io ma-no
a mafala cnango
akak'tila ua prcfizo /,
ninga
. Which are the clas-
sifiers of this class?
That of the singular
is di, li, or dxi, before
a few monosyllabic
stems, as
P
-3
millstone -s
too;
::i a few '.
prefix In, as
tongue
D* pa mb/n za kut'a-
ngua na vogal, ninga
m.ana
/)* ' stems
that begin with a vowel,
hand
D before t in
T p* i, ninga
t-8 ...
, ma-5...
-3.,,
-a
"8
8
T before s, a
1. ,if
fig
WMp
50
iXtfr p-jr""^ *jrv
mBrfua cooking-stone -s
Uma aspiracao em Cha kuwano-i /\
|S5S
j'orelha o ?< /
-s A Kr#, tn&k.X^u ear q
iouteiro .s p'iri, m& . piri m
-s <'afto, mz-fako buttock
-s fe'?, ma-fsMi hair
-es eh'ikua, ma-c/tt... a post - a
(2 jr-.-sat jjtsf K
iMlesdosracUcaespo- ugamWuza syllaba zi- the poly^Uabfc sten
iSt;^ :i;^:;:c a6 ' th r^*^
in, ou m, como ^' ' r m> as
jovelha - s 6z>a, ina-fo'm sheej)
3SSO - s 9<>godo,m&-gogodo bone
peixe (especie) -s ^/^^, ma-tfa^ fish (kind)
jfola - /'/>*/.
-s ^^wa, msk-jiwa dove
jsardinba - s Wz 6cr e , ma-w^r^ sardin
3. Glas,ificador do Prefix ua uzinji ndi The plural classifier
plural e sempre ma. ma 'maf ala muonsene. is always ma .
'.', h, rfn, ou ,,na.sala B ayc pa uzinji. dl, n, fhl , , & . k it
emm-Do no Ai,a' U t.ya ndi m a --, in the pluuU after ,L,
'plUlY
exceptuando c>
ja citados ma-so,
'.ja.
Kotem-se OB pluraos
ndilhas
tres
2. Algumas palavras
i clas?e, como
"/, Rgua, BO se
MI no plural. Ou-
r-omo dongo, bar*
<> sc ouvem no
alar.
-w/a basi.
Kumbuka
2. Jlafula et
iiinga ma-dzi, ni
nji 'ok'a'ck'a. Ei
nitiga i ubo-
k'a'ok'a.
tionod
above ma-so, ma-no,
and m-nnja.
Kotc tie two plurals
traps
vultures
, like
ma-dz. i -.re tr
Fed O! i lurnl.
', clay,
iu the
singular.
Quact guo cs sub-
.ivoequcr
nomcs do
form ado
FSO -s
Jo
Ndipnngc ir.idz!na Wl.ich nre thr
a ubc.'i (DI)-MA. ttantives of the LI-
MA class?
w names of
i
ma- full
fool -.i
imaant'u,
ninga
87
N. B. UnR pcucoa do
f i no
ua
ngo a i
ui ua
m-/<
N, I'
: tlio
.e ma
1, as
bca
81. 2. Animacs incansa-
Iveis no gritar, picar
jroer, ou ajuntar-se, ou-
jtros com corpo chato,
;'ou liso, coino
jpato . s
;carneiro,ovelha -s
jbugio . s
imoscardo -s
ipellicano -s
jrato encarnado '
jpeixe (especie) -s
jrato _ s
javesinha - s
jpeixe (especie) -s
;peixe com tetas
|gallo . s
|abutre . s
jave marabuto
jpombo bravo -s
;pequenopende(70)
igralha, corvo -s
Isardinha. - s
ipeixe (especie) -s
ipeixe (especie) -s
|rato branco -s-s
ira iinportuna -s-s
pbyena . s
Ivespa s
ganso bravo -s-s
5.2
2,NhamazoliraIirn,
nazolii-a luma, na 'zo
patana, na zop'ap.'ati?
ka ' na . za mp'aJa, ni-
nga
bat'a mci-bat'a
him, msL-bira
bongue, ma-
buhila, ma-
bvuobvuo, ma-
bvumbe, ma-
ch'enka, ma-che...
ch'iru,
dande, m^~dande
dowe, ma-dowe
dzongue, ma-
d-m,
ffoti,
jiwa,
k'akana ma,--ka...
mbcre,
nip'uta, ma*
nzoria, ma,-nzoria
p'anha,
t'esi,
t'ika,
t-sango, um-sango
tsekue,
2. Animals that ma?<o
no end of screaming,
gnawing, stinging, or
keep compact, or with
smooth or fiat body, as
duck _ g
sheep sheep
baboon . a
stinging fly, flies
pellican
red rat
fish (kind)
rat
finch . ea
fish (kind) . 6 3
fish with teats -es
cock
vulture .g
marabout bird -s
dove _ s
young of pcndc
crow
"9
sardin . g
fish (kind) . s
fish (kind) . cs
white rat .g
frog (kind) -s
hyaena .s
wasp _ g
wild goose ...gces.e
fte (espec.
ie) -s
> nscngo
(sein pontas)
iciro -s
3. nomo do rei das
flore.stas da Zainb
mda
lolhas chatas, flo-
l, fructos rodondos,
-cs, on cylindricos,
ou 4
ica, como
ilia -s
,1 (' V
ft (' "
<<
-cs
dof
MC) -s
>es
-8
tsimbu, \i\n-tsimbu
t song a, ma-
tum.ri,
vururumc, ma-
3. Dzina la muti ua
kulapa inaka
gun da, mn-f/
na inasamba a kup'ap'a-
tik.i malua, maj
na a miti a kubulungi-
i i:x kuliuganira,
etc., ninga
t-sciftibd, iiiiQ,"Kn?)ib(i
boa bua
k'ologotua.ri
/> ft
bande, ma- j
fish (kinl) -GS
tr^Z (kind) -3
' : n-.-l buck
(wit bout horns)
rain -s
3. The name of tha
king of the for.
/.i, called
f f lat leaves, flow-
11 rounded, ovnl f
or cylindr.
. :id concen-
tric vegetation, as
ivcs
(kind)
nd)
nd)
s
kind)
pistia >
bung
-
nbu
(kind)
aloe -s
nd) -C8
:d) -3
jherva com semon-
i tes espinhosas
italo secco
imedulladeplantas
imelancia -s
jmilho miudo
icoco bravo -s-s
ibanana .s
;limaogalego -oes..
jtrigo de Guine
iguava
ipepino
jfruto do baobab
ilaranja .g
inona brava -s-s
juespera brava -s
[lirrwo -oes
ipera da terra -s...
jamendoim
ipapaia , s
jmijho (em geral)
imilho burro
marlcoJco
p'ombo, m&-po?nbo
Ivembe, ma-
ch'ewere, ma-c/i...
dilcua, ma-
figu,
galego,
-s guyava, ma.
lamba, m&-lamba
laranja, ma r
lenibe, ma-
mbz'iru, ma-
ndimu, ma-ndlmu
ms-ndui
papaya, ma-pa...
uia-pira
jmasa da terra-s...
:abobora ,
jfruto do 'ntondo
:figo Jbravo -s-s
t-samvu, ma-...
t-scio, ma-st7o
t'anga
t'ondo, mz-tondo
t'owe, ma-towe
plant with
thorny seeds
husk - s
dry stalk _s
marrow of plants
water-melon .g
small native corn
wild coco-nut -s
banana
large lemon
kafir corn
guava .s
cucumber .5
fruit of baobab
orange -g
wild sop -g
wild medlar .s
lemon . s
native pear -s
ground nut -s
papaw .3
kafir corn
maize
fi g -s
native apple .s
pumpkin , s
fruit of the 'ntondo
wild fig -g
3. V. ;nanu-
ngu a kuk'ala mawiri
mawiri, na cnango a
kup'ap'atika, na a kubu-
lungika, oinga
dz-anja, m-anja
bere, inn
londo, rn&-bondo
3. Osnomes d^
:tcs do corpo qu
tria, e do outras
ipoucas notarcis por sua
Iforma compacta, data,
redonda, coino
;iuao -s
;teta -s
Iho -s
-ticulo -s
ptilmuo -ocs
ido -s
aco -s
Iba -s
Iplanta do pc
:1KI -8
8
ibro -s
face -a
10 -s
'asmaos
e pos -s...
' -ga -s
jmassade gordura
so -s
8 /
JJCSC090 -s kosi
iado
-fa fa
k'ut l:utu
nhalo, m&-nkalo
p'ewa, i
nm-putii
iii;i .^>
t'abvu, m
mn
(70(70- / >jocZo
: MO names cf tho
aic ir. pairs, nml a few
notable for
c ompact, round,
flat, or smooth shape,
as
hand -3
-s
knee -s
-s
lung -3
-s
:pit -3
-S
it -S
s
-s
Uer .s
ok -s
-8
1 * *s..
ock -s
hnup of fat
-s
no,
tfente .s dzi-
jeorpo -s
ipello (de pessoa) -s dz-oya
jabscesso -s p'ute,
I lingua -s li-rimi,
icabello -3
jcrista - s
;ovo
56
t-sisi ma-t-sw
ts'ump'u, m&-tsu...
d-zai, m&-zai
tooth fe
body
hair (of people)
abscess
tongue
hair
crest
. a
. s
-s
84! 4 - Nomes de liqui-
jdos, e outras cousas da
inaturexa bruta qua to-
:mam forma mais chata
; : ou lisa, ou redonda,
jcoino
4. Madzina a madzi,
na piakup<ap'atika,na
pmango pia kubulu-
4. Names of liquids
and other things of inor-
ganic nature that have
a more regularj ^ ^
rounded shape, as
'arua
i O **
"*~ icnOi-dzi
water
jagua pouco funda
^agua incerta
iorvalho
T&&-guci'pc(nsi
m.&-jiriri
1 lime
little deep water:
uncertain water
flow
ilodo de barro
icinza
d-ot'a
vlO W
mud of clay
ashes
iterritorio, a terra
Ipbeira
y-fumbi
territory, earth
dust
Ipraia .
fjombe
Sn DTP
;barro
1
"O*--lv/XC b Cf
igordura, azeite
carvao -oes
tnsi-futa
clay
fatty substance
r*(\i\ I
:terreno limpado
com fogo
lupia, ntlupia
V \JV(t i ^ M
ground cleared by
Tll'A
|outeiro, monte
e^purna
p'iri, rna-^m
p'obvn, m^-pobvu
111 (,_>
hill, mountain
foam
iarea
i-seclia
sand
57
terra
< ma-la&a
earth, soil
firmamento
t'ambo
sky
>, lagoa -s
I'awala, mo.-taicala
lake, pool |
ilodo
m&-tope
mud
Az-iia
sun
. Urn grande numero
5. Madzina a mabasa
5. A Urge number of
de nomcs do artefactos,
mazinji, ninga
works of mind or art,
|m6rmento os do feitio
chiefly the more uni-
is uniforme, chato,
form in shape, flat,
I s ou redondo, como
round, or smooth, as
trabalho -s
b(lSa t TA8,-bciS(l
work -3
ljuraco, janella -s
bcnya, m&-bcn<ja
loophole -a
;travessas das
bidza, m*-bidza
canse-stretcher -s
embarcacoes
-cs
botc, mB,-botc
boat -a
mochita -s
budu t m&-budu
knapsack -a
'Ira democr -s...
\i-biie, ma-li-6Mfl
grinding stone -S
uta -a
buscta, ma-buscta
s ii3 all box
ipilar -es
ch'ikua, m&-chikua
hila
ch'ira, mo,-chira
hammock -a
a, popa .s
domo, n\o,-domo
: O SC6CO
d on<jolomuQ' i ma-d-
lump of dry clay
ou pedrinha
i<;a -8
dumpuci, ma-
fathom -s
huraco.covanochao
dz-enjc, ma
hole, pit
Ira do lar -s...
p-/, m&-fua
cooking stone -s
-s
ma-p/M/w
-
r -s...
f/okrjiondo, ma-
stick for beating.s...
a
grade, ma-
grate .g
ninho de rato -8...
gnlit, ma-
mouse nest -a
fcorda polida -a
ma-
smooth edge
piano cafreal
inome _s
jpequena panella
jpequeno sacco
Icaixinha de mulher
jfeixo de cani9o que
amarra os tectos
jcesto -s
[lancha -s
JcdHier _es
pneia bra9a -s-s
jhorta -s
jdivida -s
jzagaia .s
itelha -s
ienxada -s
jbra9a de palha a-
jmarrada para tecto
jfeixinho de palha
Icousa para venda
iteme
icemeterio
icoador -es
jcorral -aeg
|vela de navio -s
|rasao, principio
jrede
jcaril (especie)
58
mz-l-imba
dz-ina, msi-dz-ina
k'amvu, m^-kamvu
k'ande, m&-kand& small ba
k'ando, m&-kando
k'asa, ma-tea
native piano -9
name -3
small clay pot .s
k'obica, m&-kobua
lanxa, m&Janxa
hik'o, m&-luk'o
lupande, m&-lu...
di-mba, ma-di-w6a
ni&.ngaiva
di-pa, ma-di-pa
p'ali msi-pali
p'&za, ma-79$#
p'embo, nm-pembo
p'iso, msi-piso
mp'uli, m&-mp'uli
t.sigiro, m^-t.sigiro
t-sungtdo, ma-t-5W-
ngulo
VCMICJCL, niBi-t'cingct,
t'anga, m&-tanga
t'angui, m&.tanyui
ma,-tengatenga
t'id
casket for woman
rope of reeds for
roofs
basket -s
launch -g
native spoon -s
yard - s
garden ^
debt - s
javelin .3
tile ,s
hoe -g
fathom of grass rea-
dy tied for roofing
large cooking pot -s
handful of straw
thing for sale -s...
rudder, helm -g
cemetery
beer-strainer -s
stable
sail
origin, reason
large fish net
curry
a
-S
-s
ta catcgc-
ria de nomes pertcn-
cem algims sul)
losdcvcrbos
: priinitivos com oprc-
iixo ma- e o suffixo o,
: como
zumle,
N. B. Madzina ena-
ngo, niiikjn encwa, anu-
sasanliua na avcrbo, ni-
nga
-S
plantation -s
N. 15. To
ry of
< with
tlie p:
suffix-o, derived from
priuiiti.o \xiho, aa
amcnto
ma-//;-o
payment
rgonha
nia-K/'uftfeo
shame
\ dcrivados do
oL
from
^ar
ku-//^;a
to } .
-prezar
ku-nAodji
78 6. Alguns nomes do
6. ^fadziiia cnango a
6. A
tempo, cujos
kugaWa iibiku, niu^t
'
; cm Portuguez
M 1'iiflisli avo
.lo quasi todos advcr.
.bios ou exprossCee ad*
us, aa
:aes, como
todos os
ma-m&o r
dia
rna
<lo
ulo
noito
m&'Sikii
: ni^ht
knhi
. wj uana
to-morrow
na
formerly
88; 7. Urn ttumcBo ifli-
imitado de n.omes de
IposicSo ou maneira,
jderivados dos verbos
japplicativos em -ira ou
\cra, com o prefixo ma-
je o suf f ixo -o, como
|ooriente (lit. aon.
desae sol)
jo poente (lit. aonde
se deita o sol)
ar onde se do-
brou um ramo de
60
7. Madzitm
,
nasasanha na averbo a
kuinalisa na -ira, -era
ninga
7.
aku- ber of names of P o<i-
i- iro, -cro, a- tion cr manner, derived
from applicative verbs
in -ira, or -era, with tho
prefix ma- and the suf-
fix -o, as
east (lit. where the
Fun rises)
west (lit. where the
sun sets
mark made by
breaking a branch
^~ ma.-Jconhero
imaneira de dormir
icostumes, maneira
de estar
imaneira de fallar
) 8. Os numeros se-
quin tes, empregados
icomo fcubstantivos:
;dez, dezena
jcento, cem
DO O.fUhs poucos de 9. Mad^ina a ku kn-
ijhiraesaugmentativos lisua na ma-, ana pre-
.icm ma- scguido de ou- fixo uawo uinango, nin-
jtro prefixo plural, co- ga
[mo
plantacoes mb-mi-mla
extendiias (v.mi-nda u. 64)
Tn&Jcxgcro
8. Madzina a kule-
ngesa enewa:
k'umi,
manner of sleeping
habit, manner of
living
manner of speaking
8. The following num-
bers, used subs tan tivo-
ten, tens
hundred .g
9. A few nn.p;rnonf alive
plumls with ma follow-
ed by another plural
prefix, as
plantations
le'U-MA-'U Ubali T-MA-T
Quaess'oasformas
dus indices d'csta
classe?
: O classificador do
lar e
Bit antes do a em
cafreal
U( = 'u,n. 17) nos
outros casoa
I O do plural e ma se-
iguido do PR f ixo do sin-
gular, como eni
JO -S
oies
Ndipange aprefixo
a ubaliuao.
Ua ubodzi ndi
Bu pa a mu
bu-adua
bu-'
17 (= '^.n. 17)'mafa-
la enango.
Ua u^inji ndi m/i pa-
bodzi na prefixo ua u-
bodzi, uinga
u-ta, p. ma-'u-^a
The 'U-MA-'U
da
Which are the forms
of the prefixes of this
class?
The classifier of tho
singu!
Ihi before a in
Kafir I,
to\v
U f = ';<, n. 17) in tho
other cases.
Tliat of tho plural U
;,/- f.;ll"\\vd by tha
. of tho biagxdar,
as iu
-8
tow of
kinds
uido
tna-u-diu, hcrva, c in i-
u-ta , Missub-
se, sendo quasi todos
colltctivDS ou abstrac-
tos, emprogain-se pou-
:>. Ungaloka. ma- N. B. With the ex-
i diU,
othey
mno n
;i la kunh \
uUjhiuuU'
bua.
.
Que luhstantivoi
pertcnccm a esta
cla&se'
ns poucosdc no-
f races quo pulluUm,
NHpanga
ubali uno.
madzina
1. M:i.l/in.i n ]>'
; -pa pia ku-
.h arc the sub-
Btantlvcsot this class?
1. ' 108
weak aniuii\l<nilcti
Of
jformigas brancas
f fixe (cspecie)
jpiolhos de galli-
nba
labelhas pequenas
ipeixe miudo
9. ]. 2. Eulbos farinbosos,
e vegebav&o miuda mui-
;to densa, como
jherva
isatyriao
iplanta cheia de
pontas agudas
ipapyro pequeno
jgrao que nasce
ialga (especie)
62
ii-cJicnje
u-lawa
u-ngiii
wliito ants
fish (kind)
fowl's lice
\\-pum~biidzi
u-simbii
small kind of bees
small fish
2. Pia 1mm era pia ku-
pat'a, ninga
n-langa
u-liri
u-lulu
u-mcra
u-sekere
Q5 3.Partes do corpo
3. Pia manungu pi:
iilexiveis ou elasticas,
kufewa, ninga
icouio
la, pello
u-cya
Icerebro, miolos
u-ongo
it en da o
u-chingo
;crina do rabo do e-
u-kanga
lephante
rda
u-scwe
^iva
u-sinini
ipus
u-onza
u-t^si
trinas
u-tumbo
2. Farinaceous bulbs,
and small dense vege-
tation, as
weeds
orchis (kind)
prickly plaint
smalldenpe rush
corn just coming up
lake weed
3. Flexible and elas-
tic parts of the body,
as
wool, hair
brain, marrow
tendon, nerve
hair of elephant's
tail
hog's bristles
gums
pus
entrails
G3
nn ! Artefftctos floxi-
4. Pia kupasftnhua
4. Fie xible or plaKtic
ou plasticos, ou
pia kufcwa, na pia ku-
works, and others that
i'Ogamouf
pat'a, na pia kuwira,
stick together or fer-
::i, COmo
ninga
mest, as
veja cafreal
bu-adua
Kafir beer
iestopa, liuho
bu-azi
tow, hemp
u-chi
honey
fumo
u-ch'i
smoke
das para pel xc
u-cro
fence for fish
farinha
u-fa
flour
:iado levc -S-s
u-kano, ma-u-A;a;io
light axe
ora
u-nga
powder
:cera
u^nila
wax
linha
u-salu
thread
trapo, farrapo s-s-
u-siwa, mSi'U-sitva
rag
arco -8
u-ta, ma-'u-to
bow -s
iarco-Iris
'HI azimu
rainbow -s
.ro
u-tale
iron ore, iron
'). Nomcs de quali-
5. Madzina a uk'ali
5. Names of qualities,
dadcs, estados, novOos
uonscne, uioga
. abstract no-
iractas, como
tions, as
rilidade
u-atia
childhood
/a, hicvidado
U-6r
shortness
.ura
breadth
U-y?/;
nhi
*
ira
Jit
ura
imi
thinness
icia
ncy
fservi90 do governo
|servi90 de branco
G4
I
jengano
jviagem
jtrapaceria
iadulfcerio
iriqueza
jgrandeza
! amizado
u-re
public service
u-zungu
service of white
man
M-enlie,
deceit
n-lendo
journey
Vi-nV awatawa
fraud, deceit
a.-pombo
adultery
u-tenda
sickness
u-tende
riches
u-Jculu
greatness
\a-xamiiali
friendship
Classe CHI-PI Ubali CHI-PI The CHI-PIclass
Que formas teem os
classificadores cl'es-
ta classe?
; O do singular 6 clii
- das consoantes,
ch antes das vogaes.
plural pi em to-
dos os casos.
Aprefiroaubaliuno
mbanji.'
.bali ndi chi pa
aconsoanto, ch pa avo-
gal. Ua uzinji ndi pi.
Whlc^i are the
forms of the classifi-
ers of this class?
.:ular
re conson-
ants.. >wels.
That of the plural u
pi in all cases.
Quc nomes perten-
ccmu classc CHI-PI?
I Em geral os nomcs
;quo lembram de vao,
.alva, centro, angulo,
jsalto, peda^o, imper-
lo. D'ahi:
Ndip-.nge madzina
ft ubali CHI-PI.
Madzina mazinji a
pint'u pia kucli
pia kuk'onda kuaua, na
pia kunhenga, nin_, a
Which are the na-
mes that belong to
the CHI-PI class?
In ^eiu-i.xl names
.ind us of
dawn, void, centre, an-
:iou, part,
a.
100
vas, conio
-a (o que niio
e pcssoa)
no-
c\ri-nt'ii, \n-nt'u
>mlo, p. pi-
nbo
do
let*
1. T! r pri-
vat.
tiling iwlint is no
on)
us-K^s or L
ful tiling
.mesdtanimaos - a pinha- .imcgofar
baixo*. cuitop, como ma, nin^a tiiHt nro low, aa
r - -aro Ixiixo
chi.mbalame pi-
small bird s
tvsbrito gordo
cki-mbugi pi-
small fat goat or
mas pequeno
kid -s
icobra curta -s-s
chi.pjVi pi-
puff-adder -s
ifracos, como
wpalc, ns
psissuro pregnic;oso
chi-dob pi-
hizy bird -3
:com saltos, transi<,'Ges,
with jumps, transi-
ieomo
tions, as
ipul^a -s
ch-ado pi-
flea -s
icobra raiada -s
c\ii-bvalrt-miif ( o?nba
striped snake -s
ipassaroaquatico
cm-danJcuf pi-
aquatic bird -s
Ifcrillo .R
c}\i-mbirichocho pi-
cricket .s
ipoixe electrico .s-s
chi-;f/zm pi-
electric fish .es
ipyrilampo -s
chi-p'a^yni pi-
firefly -ies
inecivos, como
hurtful, as
janimalnocivo
chi-?zArt??m pi-
dangerous animal
icfio bravo (especic)
chi-^Sf?^ pi-
-wild dog (kind)
10 2i 3 - VcgotarSo
3. !\radzina a pimi-
3. Vegetation
iinicial, como
ti mi pirorubo, uinga
initial, as
Ipequena arvore
obi-mu-ti pi-
low tree -s
jmilho germinado
cbi-mera pi-
sprouting corn.
malt
no corac;5o, como
with soft heart, as
;if-r.O d( s r*l\\-
clii-fcyzrZ<5 pi-
heart of palm-
meira
tree
naz
clii^flwcf^i pi-
pine-apple -s
hfl, como
];>\v, as
ch-anjani
portulaca
; :i I.M'avn,
h'a pi-
M 'III pota.toe -g
i<i'- T-,do
clii-' '-v pi-
toi'toisc-'K I.
M-k'aladtmbepi-
' ik'umba
'jiri ]i- coiii'li {:
ar. (kind)
ule \i- l(j\v gra
:o pc- v\ii-ru ml i manga \ .iiul
'I'.TM pi-
.. as
I ;-
oea
chi-nfon^o
difforin, as
ionrjolt
iidu }:- ;
mo
clii-/<,
,
an
t
1 -r>
63
icintura .s
ch.unu
pi-
groin, waist
-s
Ipeito .s
chi-fua
pi-
breast, chest
ipoupa artificial
clri-goti
tuft of hair
icotovelo -s
chi-gunk'unu'pr
elbow
_ s
ibexigas
chi-kuku
small pox
igallico s-
chi- manga
pi-
syphilis
(pubis
cln.ncna
pi-
pubis
icrista .s
chi-nzercj'e
pi-
cock's comb
-s
icraneo secco de
chi-pata
dry scull of ani-
animal
mal -s
...
lestomago -s
chi-pfu
pi-
stomach
-8
iqueixo -s
chrrebvu
pi-
chin
-8
icha^a, cicatriz -s
chi.ronda
pi-
wound
-S
icalcanhar
chi- tends
pi-
heel
-s
irabo de passaro
c\\i-toto
pi-
bird's tail
-s
104: 5 - Nomes de artefac-
;tos por si incompletos,
isto e:
! Significacivos, conio
:marca
-s
Iembran9a
penhor
prova do muave
comedia, ficyao -s
-s
ihistoria ficticia -s
I Com vao para reco-
; ber outracousa, como
5. Madzina a pia ku-
sasanhua
Pia kukumbusa, ni-
nga
chi-dzindikiro pi-
cbi-panda pi-
chi-pcndo
chi-sango pi-
chi-se^o pi-
chi't'ankano pi-
Pia kufuna dzalisua,
5. Products of art in-
complete by themsel-
ves, that is:
Significative, as
mark, sign -g
memorial -s
badge
trial by muave
comedy, -ies
humour
story -ies
Hollow to receive
something else, as
69
rede quc fe(
.armazem -ens
vaso para iscas
cabaca para beber
panella -a
r-s..
que nao
gua
chiq-. -s
largo defrente de
casa -s
or (esp
colchao de canico
-6es...
inbeiro -s
-8
arraadillia
r f- ras
.
! ccie)
> pa-
r* fignrrar, cuino
-OCS
cli-uru
Q\\\-l:opola
c\\\-k\>ta
pl-
J.i-
1'-
pi-
pi-
pi-
(port.) pi-
pi-
c\\\-ntaro pi-
clii-rr pi-
c\\i-pataso pi-
;wrr pi-
raw bua
cbi-rimba \
i
[
era
cl;:
Pia kumtnga, ninga
.ind)
-el -3
store -s
ptacle for
baits
ponrd -s
cooking pot -s
:i net (kind)
ing
wai
CUp -3
native basket -s
.11 place in
front of house
dm in (kind) -s
1 cushion -8
Is'bouso -a
-a
.Id
beu
spoon (kind)
basket ikii.
: d^ -s
catch, M
:ig hook -3
"fomplementarios
chapeu
tecidos
:arma
70
Pi:i kutimizua.
cli-aue (port.) pj.
ch-apeu (port . )pf.
-s chi-da
icume d'um tecto
cinto decontas-s
pente _ g
icomida comple-
mantaria
porta
cl\i-p'ano pi-
chi-fulamtinda pi-
clii-wp'ofe pi_
chi-sopMfo pi-
capademedicina
dii-tumua pi-
itabua para Inn-
par a pelle
clii-xanibo pi-
Miurlos; parciaes,
limperfeitos, coino
Pia kuchepa, ninga
ichumbo grosso
;peda9o de casca -s
:t'raco golpe na ca-
ch-umbo (port.)
chi-bade pi-
cki-konde pi-
peda9o de panno
jcnxada diminutiva
ipequena bola de
burracha
c\n-/fopo pi-
ca'i-fudzo pi-
cki-?npira pi-
icerveja pouco fer-
nientada
c\i\-nanyana
iplbarestupido, -es-s
chi-riro pi-
chi-^o pi-
i Mitary, a*
material for
clothes
defensive weapon
top of a roof
belt of beads -s
comb _ 3
complementary
food -g
door - s
envelope for ma-
decine
washing stick
Small, partial, im-
perfect, a3
gun-shot -s
bit of bark - s ...
weak blow on
head
bit of cloth -s...
short he -g
small rubber ball -s
beer little fer-
mented
C1 T crioa
stupid look -3
einbarca<;fiu vaga-
o 1 -
71
pi- blow
-es
105 G - ^ ome * do divides
ju-, or-
dem, eoino
anno nov
lua nova
;ra de pessoa
pequenadist;
: re povoa^oes
.ncipio
la. divisao dos de-
,
mes de al-
gumas cousas da natu-
tivas ou to-
mo
luz dc:'
(como a da laa)
furrac&o
imoinhu
:;to
mau cli
ial
6. Mad/iua a kugawa
nsiku, muezi, ua a ku-
longe>:a, uinga
ch-aka
c\\-agala
chi-fupi
c\ii-mo
chi-sa
cbi-t'angui
clii-^osi
chi-piri
7. Madzina onowa a
pia
--:a
clu-dimct,
ch-o
chi-6
anes of divi-
o tiuie,
order, as
new year, season -3
new moon
short distance, near
height of person
biLiall space be-
tween villages
beginning
division oi
;ers
second *
third
T. T; o names of a
. in naturo
I
.;.oon)
darkness
hurrica
..id ~9
107 8. Os tres numeraes
iseguintes:
iquatro (index da
mao direita)
isete
jmil, um milhar
72
8. Madziua a
ngesa erewa
chi-na
clii-nomue
chi-kui
kule- 8. The following
numbers used as nouns
four (index of
right hand)
seven
a thousand
10 & 9. Muitos nomes qua
imarcam estylo, ou ma-
ineiras transitorias de
jfazer, andar, fallar,
rvestir, etc., e d'ahi os
inomes de linguas, co-
|mo
jnudeza
iestylo de homem
lestylo de mulher
iestylo de branco,
T j
Im^uagem de
branco
9. Madzinamazinji a
machitiro, ainga
cbi-pezipezi
chi-muna
chi-Jcazi
chi-zungu
9. A large number oi
substantives that mark
style, principally tran-
sitory, also langua-
ge, as
nakedness
manly style,
womanly style
white man's style
or language
jlingua de Sena
ilingua de Tete
slingua do alto
1 Chire
chi-sena
chi-nhungut
chi- manganja
Fun a language
Tete language
High Chire
language
Classe KA-PI
Ubali KA.PI The KA-PIclasg
109 Quando e corao so
usa on Sena o classi-
ficador KA?
1. Usa-separaformar
::iinutivos, c n'esse ca-
prefixa-se ao classifi-
cador normal.
; Querendo se usar no
plural, o mesinos no-
;nri( .mo clas-
I : .' I I a classe
oedcnte, quo n'um
itidod tambem di-
iminutiva.Ex.
n9a
passarinho
arco pequeno
2. Usa-so tambem
com 09 adjectives nu-
meraes no scntido rca-
trictitofa nossa pala-
vra t-, i**ft. coa.o
'rn
duas vczes
trcs vezcs
Asena anat'imlzali-
ni prefixo KA pa ma-
dzina?
1. Nsiku zinafunawo
kuchepesera ta chint'u
chinaloogawo.
Anpalonga uzinji a-
nat'imiza PI. Ex.
When and how !
naed in Sena the
classifier KA?
1. It is used to form
diminutives. In which
case it is prefixed to
the normal clasifier.
When it is necessary
to form a plural for the
same words, KA is re-
placed by PI of the pre-
ceding class. Ex.
, pi.ana small child
(=pi.a.ana) ...dren
pi. small bird
m-balame
small bow -s
2. It is als used
with a restrictive mea-
ning of timos (with
the stems ot numeral
.vcs, as in
nee
:ce
three tim
etc.
2. Ka anat'imifna
mbo pa adjective a ku-
: a,
k&.bodzi
ka.7/
itu
As classes
locativas
PA,MU,eKU.
A-prefixo
ambuto
PA, MU, KU.
Thelocativa
classes
PA, MU, KU.
Ill Sera bera correcto
considerar como sub-
stantives em Sena
palavraa como pansi,
no chao; 'nduli, por
iraz; pa-bodzi, Junta-
.mente, etc.?
Sem duvida, pois re-
jgem adjectives e ver-
\ bos, e podem ser repre-
;sentadosporpronomes,
jexactamente como os
iinais substantives. Ex.
Ha fogo ate de.
|baixodamesa, lit.
;0 debaixo mesmo
|da mesa tem fogo.
112: Quaea sao as varia-
cdes do locativowm?
As mesmas que as do
mu da classe MU-A (n.
52), a saber 'mu,'n,'.
i Qne difierenca de
;sentido ha entre PA,
MU e KU;
Kafa!a a rcbuto a
kut'anguR na pa, mu,
ku, ^ndi a-substantivo
ene?
Ndi a-substantivo,
nanji anaton^a aver bo
na adjective, mbabvu-
nua na apronome, ni-
nga njadzina enango.
Ex.
Pa-nsip.enep-a
meza pa-na moto.
Ndipange masandu-
kiro a prefixo mut.%
Mabodzibodzi ana
u ua ubali ML T -An.
52)
Is It correct to class
as substantives in Se-
na such words as pa,
nsi, down; 'nduli
behind; pa bod*i, toge..
tber, etc.?
No doubt about it, a g
they govern adjectives
and verbs, and can be
represented by pro-
nouns, exactly as t! e
other substantives. Ex.
There is fire
even under the
table, lit. The pla~
ce-under of the ta-
ble itself has fire.
Which are tha
phonetic changes of
the locative mu?
The same as those
of the classifier mu of
class MU-A(n.52), viz.
mu, 'n, '.
PA na MU na KU r What IB f e diffe-
.anaDhereierega rji?f rence of meaning be-
tween FA, KU, and
KU?
Pa oivr 4 /1i.-
. ; :i ..."
<
.
- tno
'mdc...oupam...i
Ku & i
:
: a
Mu a:, u'herezere.sa
pin, 'n
ATu >'
ku n^ uk->. An .
.
7'<; meant ",
flat on... "
Mt
in.
Kti moans on tha
A"/6
i "iorfor
ii.linitivcs. l^x.
'*i
/i( niu ,^a^')
inside of
1
ku-A'a^'
towards home,
from lioin-j
ku-/"a
lU'atli
Quo palavras rcr-
Ndipange raadtin^
Which are the sub-
teicein a e*tas cl&a-
a rnaubali enewa.
tantlvca that be-
long to these classes?
1. MuJzina a *n buto
1. A f.:w In:- |
quouuncaou
a kusoa ubali uinauyo,
that never or
OUl
nin^a
.u au-
outra cl<\
ot'tor class, ai
t . .iiil
p&~dxulu
>ve
in tlie air
a o ar
j'i
out.
'
ku
outsi :
out
on t! % p.
:a baixo
bin
.0 same ;
76
: para o mesrao lo-
gar
k-ont'o
em vao
p.eet
jdentro da bocca
'u-Jcanua
:por traz
'-nduli
;para traz, as cos-
ku-nduli
tas
;
;a porta
V&-daml)o
|para um logar a-
ku-dambo
berto
iadeante
p&-sogolo
ipara deante
ku-sogolo
jperto
pa-fupi
ilonge
p&-tali
ilonge para dentro
'ii-tali
ipara longe,delon-
ku-tali
ipor traz da casa
ku-sere
.0 dia depois d'ama-
'u-kucha
nha
;o terceiro dia depois
'n-tondo
d'este
). 2. Locatives forma-
2. Mad/ina a mbuto
;dos & vontade com sub-
a kusala nu prefixo ua
IfctaritivoBde outru, clas-
ubali uinaugo. Ex.
ise. Ex.
! A' tua vista
Pa maso pako
jN'atjuella hoiia
'Ij-di-mba mule
to the same place
in vain
inside of the mouth
behind, at the
back
from behind, on
the back
on open ground
to open ground
in front
to the front
near
far
far in
to, from a dut mce
back of the house
the day after to-
morrow
the third day after
this
2. Locatives formed
at will from substanti-
ves of other classes. Ex.
Before your eyes
lu that gardeu
asademeu pae '-nhumbamuababa
.Quoro ir vt-r a var-
gcin d'elle.
Dcbaixo da mesa
;Sobre o raino d'u-
ma arvoro
\t ku mu-
ndakua.
'N-k'ungusiri inua
m. za
Pa-nt'awi pa muti
In the house of my
father
Lot me go and sea
his plantation
Under the table
On the branch of a
a tree
116 3. Una poucos locati-
: ;uados com radi-
caes de adjectives, como
:co
juntarnente
> a o mesmo lo^ar
ladzina a mbuto
a kulandana na adjc-
ctivo, ninga
3. A f(;w locatives for
mod with steins of ad-
jectives, as
together
to one place
TheorJa do gonero
Oft lingua do Sena.
T17 Dos factos qne acabam de per
clucidados rcsulta qne o princiyio
;que preside a classificacao dos eub-
jstantivos na lingua de Sena, e, por
janalogia, nas ir.ais linpuas Eantu,
;nao6, como em nossas linguas, o de
jsexo masculine, feminine, ou neu-
itro. Qual sera elle 6 outra questao.
Nao e. o prineipio de vida. Pois
jvetnos animaes em cada uma das
Inossag classes.
KSo eo principio de tfcmanlwna-
\iural. Pois, exeeptuando a classe
idiminutiva KA-PI, encontrpmos em
i<ada classo cousas naturalrnnte
icrandes e outras naturalmente p-
iqucnas.
E'.scnao mo on.eano, nap classes
locativas a fosi^ito relatirct, e no
sir-t.ular das n aib clcsFes
MI (iffartncia (arftritr. Ko
<;'esttt:- elus-s-es s.-eii,'! n
qu ofc seres se multiplicain.
N'este pentode vista, originaria
Tbecry
in the Eona language.
From tbe facts just depcribcd cnc
n-py pee plainly enough tl r.t t 1 e
principle wl icfe presides to t 1 e
classification of substantives in Se-
na, and, by analogy, in the other
Pantu lanf.Bapes.is not, ae in our
languages, tl at of r asculinc, fomi-
nine, or neuter sex. What it may bo
is another questim.
It is not the principle cf liff^n vrs
see animals in every one of our
classes.
It is rot tbe principle of sire, RP. if
we except the dimi nutive claps KA,
we see in *veiy cl!3 t ! ings natu-
rally large and things naturally
small.
Mil fe.ra clr-s loe,it:vo, Iri! V r i ; ;-
.
If I nm no* miftrkcn, as in the
locative elates it is the relativt
i, EO in the singular of the
it is the sJwpt or exterior
appearance. In the plural of tin-fa
classes it wruld be the ji. aimer in
which beings are multiplied.
Looking frcm tbifi pcint cf Aitw,
originally:
3 r ?/cut of locatircs would re-
jn ind of r&Diiiicaticn rs in
iuu-nrn, a peisun, ?/.-//, i\ trt it; '
79
fonsa interior ou eecondiua em
\, comoem 'n-kanua, o interior
'dabocca. Cf. tnua, bt-ber.
Di ?6 parece se applicara consat
uniforim-s, m;>not<ma.-:,
i ro-
dondas, conio ili-so, olho. Cf. Jui,
icomer.
In the locatives it meaus a thing
hidden in another, as 'n-kanua, tha
inside of the mouth. Cf. inn,'
tit-ink.
Di seems to bo applied only to
tilings uniform, monotonous, regu-
lar, symiiu'f rii-, smooth, flat or
rouud, as di-so, eye. Cf . dia, to eat.
A" (in, ou nh) 6 o mais neutro doa
xos, inrluindo tudo o quo oa
:iam, principalmente
., di-
> rotjiun..
A T (tn, or nh) is the most neutral
of all prefixes, taking in all thnfc
the ol hers do not claim, principally
,umr, sr.'ittrred. diviM-sifi.-d,
nh-arni,
nha, to ease nature (pro-
uouucitl t.iu by many natives).
.. lembra do saltos, transi- Chi reminds of jumps, an
. co>a an^alarrs. violoni.is, t'-n'iMiion*. b;-.)kon or ini|)^rfeofc
:.i';ada>, M, f>in.) tilings, Mchi-ijunkunu, elbow. Cf.
.ikunu, Ov>u>-ollv>. Ci. cha, efcu,
n^> less di^tinrtlr rorr.ind of
i Ability, as 'wfu, b^w. Cf. (<j}ua
iaroo. Cf. ($-... to fall.
hninuti? - . &i ndi.in 1 .; 1 I t ' sit.
ts eontact. C'. j
loMI
80
I A marca, multiplicacSo porgera- A marks multiplication by bear-
jca. Of. bala, parir. in^ forth. Cf. bala, to bear (child-
ren, fruits)
! Mi marca multiplica9o por cres- Mi marks multiplication by
jeer. Cf. mera, crescer. sprouting. CLmera, to sprout.
I Zi marca rnultiplicasSo por en- fi marks multiplication by
jcher. Cf. dzala, encher. getting full.Cf . dzala, to get full.
Ma marca produccSo final, Cf. Ma marks final production. Cf,
mala, acabar. mala, to end.
Pi (Tete bzi, varias linguat bvi) Pi (Tete bzi, rarious dialects bvi)
juiarca inultiplicacao por repeti9ao. marks multiplicavao by repetition,
iCf. bvina, fTete 6nwa,)dan9ar. Cf.fTete bzina,) to dance.
Se esta theoriafdr correcta, nao If this theory is found to be oor-
jsera ella a cbave do problema rect, nre we net at last in pessess-
jmais embajcacadQ das linguas ion of the key to the most puzzling
(bantu? problem of the bantu lauguages?
ADJECTIY03
ADJECTIYO
A KUiufA
STRONG
ADJECTIVES
3 os adjec-
podcia
- dous adjectives
cho
:ea
ea
1. Awiri cucwa
-muna
iiyombe i-muna
nyombc i-l .
Which arc the ad-
jectives that can be
terme
1. The :
that disL.
sex
male
female
Ex.
OX
2. O.s adjectives se-
ide
Ipequ
eqneno
>, fraco
kukulisanaaku:
hi
I'onong'ono
pi a)
2. 1 -.% ad.
and intrinsic condition
old
,;ill
soft, weak
unripe, grc
.dcnaea
clous
8. A
-bo >
3. The cardinal nara-
six
;oito
nove
;com os tres segaintes:
quantos?
io mesmo identi-
camcnto
nauitos
121: N - B - 1- &umi, dez,
jpl. makitmi; dz-ana,
joem, pi. ma-ds-ana; e
\chikui, mil, so se eru-
jprogaiii como substau-
jtivos (uu. Si), 107.)
122; 2.0s immeros nar-
jdinaes de uin a nove te-
icui ta.i bom foiuaat; d)
jsubotaniivos. Tiatados
ico.no lacsos seguiuies
rpertenoem a classo
pIU-A:
mh
dous
tres
cinco
seis
oito
noie
; A' f ] ' : per-
item
82
-nomuc
-sere
-fcmba
na atatu cucwa:
ngasif
-bodzibodzi
N. B. 1. K'umi, dz-a-
na, clii-kui si adjective,
ndi asub-itautivo. (ua.
89, 107.)
2. Madzina a kule-
rgesa, angabveka pa wo
pone, analonda asubs-
ta tivo. Ej.a'igo at.alo-
Lda ubali MU-A, niuya
posi
piri
tatu
xanu
tant'atu
sere
feinba
: j.da ubali GUI
ndi
seven
eight
nine
wit the three follow-
ing:
how many?
the very same
many
N. 13. 1. K'-umi, ten,
pi. maliimi', dz-ana,
hundred, pi. ma-dzana;
and chi-kui, a thousand,
are used only as sub-
stantivos (on. 89, 107.)
f. Tlie cavdi-al
riut>-bers fro one to
n>nc can also be used
as substantives. In hid
case the following ho-
Ion* to ihu MCJ-A
class:
one
tv/o
three
five
six
eight
nine
TJ tlio GUI class
belong
qnatro
tctc
83
\a
chi-riemuc
fotir
1 23 -"V Vejain-eei rim-c
n. 25'.
4. DC facto o i;
. Zainbozu
iqnas i .njente
iii fal-
. jUO-
Ino t) .
imost. i Liexcia
e o
>.rn.
leno
Ida .- . baa
..*.
3tCS
vcs be cli&niam
fcrtcs?
v.ros
8. U'o^c ft
ku/oriuari pa
151.
? See (he ordinal
nuiuL
4. Practically tl, e
nath nn-bo-
MS on-
ly with tl
of the left hand. Tico
aiidsoool'
-mall finder o(
.lit liiind. Both
Lands arc .
Adfectivo erewa ana-
tulirua njiakuwanga?
T 4 xnui la kulandana
Wlsy are these
adjectives called
ng?
'
;l-o o-
I
of the
5 Q lir
06 acijoctivcs i
i Os :
aprcfio a What prcf'xes do
.ivoa kuwauga? t: *i\t%
;e i por tt n singular
Ida classe N. O prefixo
jdo singular da classe
;DI-MA e LI quo mui-
jtos mudam era i.
\ No singular da clas-
.se MU-A muitos indi-
igenas tratarn os adjec-
.'tivos de dimensao co-
;mo verdadeiros nomcs,
iunidoscom o seu sub-
stantive a maneira de
84
Prefixo ua ubodzi ua
ubali DI-MA ndi /f,
mulomo uiuango ndi i.
Adjective a kupima
nsiku zinango anama-
nghva na asubstantivo
a\vo na preposiyao -a.
Ex.
for nin the singular of
tlie class N. The prefix
of the singular in the
DI-MA class is 14,
which many natives
change to i.
In the singular of
the MU-A class many
natives treat the adjec-
tives of dimension as
true substantives, con-
struing them as poss-
essive expressions (n,
lexpressoes possessivas
146) Ex,
i(n. 146). Ex.
;uma pessoa
w u-7i t'u mtbodzi
one person
;duas pessoas
a-nt'u orwiri
two people
ihomein grande
m-amiuia 'n.kulu
great man
: (lit. homem do
m-anmna ua 'n-
(lit. a man of
grande)
kulu
great)
homens grand es
amuna &-kulu
great men
rCrcan^a nova
muana mu-j.wa
new child
: (lit. creai^a da
mil- ana ua mu-ps-a
,,(lit. child of
119W)
nova
crean9as novas
ana 0,-ps'a
new children
!
CL. MU-MI
*
iarvore grande
mu-ti u-kulu,
great treo
arvores grandes
mi-tl m\-kii,!u
great tr.
itravesseiro p^-i'i k
'n-sajo n nyoiio
small bjlotor
j no
jtravesseiros poqwe-
mi-sago-im-ng-ono
small bolstai'i
%
1 no*
CL
nrna semcnte
m-leii i-bc
one seed
jmuitas sementes
nji
many seeda
novo hymno
'nh-imbo i-ps'a
new song
novos hymnos
nh-imbo zi-ps'a
new songs
Cl. DI-MA
um olho
di-so (l)i-fcc .
one eye
dous olhoi
ma-so uw-u'iri
two eyes
pato
: i (l)i muna
ke
patas
ma-bata m&-kazi
ducks (females)
um arco
ntos arcos?
ja fresca
_as
bra : .
na
'quenas
ananaz que nao 4
luro
"nita crcanra
: :is crean-
Cl. U MA-'U
u-ta M-bodzi
ma-'u-ta ma-?i0af
bu-adua u-ps'a
u-chcnje u-iciri
ci. cm-pi
ch-ai'c cbi-nyono
pi -ore yi-nyono
chi-', \-tete
one bow
how many bows?
fresh beer
two white anti
Bmall key
small keys
unripe pine-apple
';ild
nong-ono
j-ono- very small child-
ng'ono
-cm cstes adje-
ciivosnaaclas es lo-
te ourem n'esUt
vcrda-
Adjectivo a kuwa- Are these adject-
nga alipo a ma'ubali ives used also in tke
a mbuto? locative classes?
a kulftndanirft In these classes they
tuna akuUtaniivo.n. IIS. *ra only used M Ui
ideiros substantiro*
in. '1C.
I Sendo arljectivos qua
rn uni ]'.c
jcoiicordaiu com elle no
jpivfixo que nao e loca-
jtivo. Ex.
Chegaram a uma
Ipovoaciio grande.
Entraram n ; u-
ia casa nova.
Puzeram-nospor
cima de duas me-
86
Adjective a
tivo na mb-j.to, anabva-
la prt'fixo uache ua ku-
k'onda longa mbuto.
Ex.
Afika Jcu mu-dzi
u-kulu.
Apita '-nhumba
127
A'ika pa mezazi-
wiri,.
n. 11(5.
tio acljrjct-
ives that follow B
liv:-, tlicy iitrroc \vith
it in tlio non-locative
class. Ex.
They camo to a
lar>;'e village.
They entered a
new house.
They put them
upon two tables.
Appeaclice Appendix
Kottrando a maae?ra bastante Showing the somewhat clumsy
oaravada ae cont&r em Sena. way cf counting in Sena.
30 arvores
31 arvores
33 arvores (lit.
;arvores dezenas
itres com (arvores)
jtres.)
335 arvores (lit.
iarvores centenas
itres com dezenas
tres coin ai'vores
eincoj
Miti mikumi ma-
tat n
Mlti makumi ma-
tatit na u lodzi (rnu-
ti)
Miti makttmi ma-
tatu na mi-tatu (mi-
Mitimadzanama-
tatu na makumi
matatu na mill mi-
xanu.
30 trees
31 trees
33 trees (lit. tress
(that arc) three
tens with throe
trees)
335 trees (lit.
trees that are three
hundred with three
tena with fivo trees.
ADJECTIY08
FIUCCS
ADJECTIYO
A KUFEWA
wriK
ADJECTi
qne e rue se chama ddjectivo
m Sena?
' .nnas dc-
itcr;:. :i o mesmo
> de concordaucia, a
(Jinco adjectives sim:
; jcctivos demonstratives,
ivas,
as.
mi-ti \-onscne
mi-ii i-'i
mi~ti rako
mi-ti i-namcla
as nrvores
:as arvorcs
ores
>re3 quo crcs-
) de concordat
jpctteni 60 quechamaremos c.'<
ico em algumas
-cs do que o elcmento do concor-
cia doaa-'.
traces,
Jem comparav&o com os outros.
What are weak adjectiTCB in
Eena?
are four kind<j of (
inative forms that require tu
clement of concord, vi/:
2. The demonstrative adjectivea
3. The possessive expre sions,
4. Tho rclutivo cxpresisions.
Ex.
all the trees
these trees
thy trees
trees which grow
Que formas teem os
B itosdc concor-
dancia qucECcnccn-
tram cm todos oa
:tiyos fracoe?
Ndipance aj-
anabvaia adje-
kafewa.
Mbc:
isoantes. as vezos con-
tra' tidas com aa vogact
(nn.^f.,27)
Tho olfmcnt of concord which
,,ich further
wo call i*ronomin,. . In so-
me cln than the e-
loment of concord of the strong ad'
the reason why
'
opp<
What are the forms
of the elements of con-
cord that are common
to all the weak adjo-
txs follows,
full b :
ntrao-
ted with vowels (nn.
I
Singular
88
Antes das cons. Antes das vog.
Before conson. Before vowels
iCLMU-A M(al.a) u
ICl. MU-MI u u
!C1. N i i
Plural
Antes das cons. Antes das vo,
Before ccnsou. IVfore vowels
a a (contr.)
z
iCl. DI-MA I
'i (al.i)
I (al. i)
a
a (contr.)
ICl. U-MA-U
u
u
a
a (contr.)
|C1. CHI-PI
clii
ch
pi
pi
Id. KA-PI
Ita
Jca (contr.)
pi
pi
ICL PA
pa
pa (contr.)
ICL MU IOG.
mu
mu
,
!C1. KU
Jcu
Jcu
___
,
130; Qnando nm adje-
Ictivo fraco vem de-
ipois d'um locativo
jque classe segue elle?
i Em geral segue a
iclasso locativa. Ex.
;era tua casa
I Corntudodepoisd'urn
jlocativo em pa que tem
itanibcm outro classifi-
icador, os possesslvos
jcostu-" am se^uiraclas-
jse que niio c locativa. Ex.
;8O pe da sua es-
pingarda
Se. uern-se varias
'obscrva^oes sobre as
iquatro especies de ad-
jectivoe f races.
Adjective akutows-
t*a dzina la mbuto a-
nabYalaprefixouarji?
Azinji anabvala mbo
prefixo ua mbuto. Ex.
'nhumba mu-ako
Nsiku zinango anga-
towcra pa, anabvala
prefixo ua kuk'onda
nherezerosa mbuto.
Ex.
pa mfuti i-acJie
Pia kusogolo rrpia
kufundisa pinabvalawo
adjective a kufcwa, qua-
lidadc na C[ualidade.
When a weak adjec-
tive follows a locat-
ive, in what class
does it agree with it?
Generally in the lo-
cative class. Ex.
in your house
After a locative in pa
however, the possessive
adjectives generally a-
gree with their substan-
tive in the non-locative
class, when it exists. Ex.
at the foot of his
gun
The folloving are a
few observations on
the four kinds of weak
adjectives,
131
' Adjectives fracos
Adjectivo
Simple weak
simples
a rnp'ala
adjectives
Quaes s;l o os adjecti-
Ndipange adjectivo
Which are the sim-
ves fracoa simples?
a rep'ala a kufewa.
ple weak adjectives?
: Saooci scguui.
Hbencwa:
They arc the follow.
ing:
Oq
-pi?
which?
outro
-ina, -inango
other
mo
-cue
same, self
so, sozinho
-ck'a, -oJt'a
alone, only
todoa
-onsene, -enscne
all
One tern de particu-
lar o adjective
I Nao torn uada de par-
"j pimples-
nte como prefixo o
. i en to dc concordan-
Er.
16 bomcm?
que homens?
que arv
>res
cm que
em o da
:0?
[ Os segulntos
jgAin-00 muitag vozet
Adjective -pi? ana-
bva'a tani?
Anabvala prefixo ua
kufewa anachemerua
na substantive uache.
Ex.
mu-nt'u u ;
a-nr
mn-ti i!
m~mud .1 in;
Analandana na a-
subaUmivo ndi
What is proper to
the adjective -pit
Nothing special. Ifc
just takes the element
of concord correspond-
ing to the classifier of
i.tivo. Ex.
which man?
which men?
wlm-h t.
whic-li tr<
in \\luit part of
in V ct of
re?
in what part of
TV ' ar
often usod su.
: substnntivarrent
Para onde?
Glide?
etc.
133 Qnc tern de particu-
lar o adjective -ina,
\-inango?
PortSrum radical que
iprincipia como uma vo-
igal apresenta as con-
jtraccoes ena, cnango,
linajnango, por a-ina, a-
inango, i-ina, i-inango.
JEx.
outras arvores
outras aboboras
90
"ku-pi?
pa-pi?
etc.
Adjective -ina, .ina-
ngo anabvala tani?
K'ala ua rab^'u ia
kut 'an.ua na vo^al,
cnabva ena, enango,
ina, inango ( = a-ina,
a-inango, i-ina, i-ina-
ngo)
tively:
whither?
where?
etc.
What is proper to
the adjective -ina,
-inango?
Ravin* a stem t' at
begins with a vowel, it
presents the eonirac-
tions ena, enango, ina,
inancjo. for a-ini, c-i.ia-
ngo, i-ina, i-itiango.Ex.
mi-ti ina (=i-ina) other trees
ma- tang a enango other pumpkins
134j Que tern departicu
;lar o adjective -cne,
jmesmo?
Tem a forma ene
ipora-eweno singular e
Iplural da classe MU-A,
jtambom no plural das
iclasses DI-MA e U-MA onsene. Ex.
i-U. No singular da clas-
jse N ouve-se tambem
\ene por i-ene. mais 6
Regular. Ex.
Adjective -vie ana-
bvala tani?
Unabva ene ( = a-rne,
nsiku zinango= i-enc).
Pinango anabvala ni-
nga adjective a kufewa
;Qaeu verdadeiro
pae
pela manhS
labanga ene
na machiles'ene
What is proper to
the adjective -enef
Ifc has tlie form-cne
for a-cne in both the
singular andpluial of
class MU-A, abo in
the plural of class DI-
MA and U-MA'U, even
Bometimes for i-enc in
the singular of the N
class. In all other cases
it is regular. Ex.
my tine father
early in the
morning
'oje mcsmo
> tempo
ipertt )
so vez
91
^ns
n'chl.'a u
jifi-tmi i'
kj-'wdzl Irene
the very liousc
; in 1 1 ic house
on tho vciy
ind
no ago
quite n
noo
. Ua-
mes-
nrias
a(ccusa) mcsma
; L-o ua
-
i-cnc-'i (;:
,iher
.auve
ouclitic. Kx.
tao)
^ vory (treo^)
very (thing)
! i'a ou-ofc'a. N'cst*
t
ou %
-
'
.
nab
>d as
I
-
'
:
.
'.!
.
92
todaa as arvorea mi-ti i-ons-ene all the trees
jtodos os buffalos nh*ati z-ens-ene all the buffalos
'/ nh-ati z-cnse z-enc
itoda? as cousas pi-ut'upi-ons-Que everything
n pi-nt'u pi-onse pi-
ene
isobre toda a mesa pa-meza p-ens-ene over the whole of
the table
pamezap-ensfpeue
i N. B. Na classe MA
jouve-se menosofc'ene do
ique 'ok'a l ene.
N. B. Enango ana-
chita'o/t'a'ene, enango
'ok'ene.
N. B.I nth e MA class
'ok'a'ene is more
common than 'ok'sne>
137 Que teem do parti-
cular cs adjectives -o-
\nw ou -cnse e -ck'a
cu -ek'a.
1. Os indigenas nao
concords m ent-re si
Iquando se deve usar o
^nicia!, quando o o.
2. Estos adjectives
'fr-.'i pregtun-.se t rnbom
piiiiioira c segrmda
oa, singular e
iplttraj.
! 3. Os sens prr-fixos
jKilo sujeitog as cor:t
B de costume, c por
, opor-o, etc. (n.l:G)
i 4. O adjective -onse
c an da
Adjectiyo -onse, -e-
nse, na -ok'a, -ek'a, a-
nabvala tani?
1. Asena enangro a-
nachita ek'a panaohita
enango ok'a.
2. Adjective ene\vo
anabvala mbo aprefixo
ndi, u t ti, mu.
3. Aprefixo axro ana-
panduka ninga crtango
pa avogal. E a-e, o =
a-o, etc. (n.26)
4. Adjective -onse,
-ense, anatimi/h via -cue.
Adjectivo -ok'a,
What is proper to
the adjectives -onse
cr -f.nw and -ek'a cr
1. The natives do not
a^ree as to wlic-n the
o initial must be cliun-
ged to e.
2, These adjectives,
besides all the classes,
have also the first
and second p.
singular and plural.
3. Thi-ir pivi'iv
subject to the regular
contractions, e Jor a-e t
o for a-n, etc. (n.2C)
4. he adjective -o-
n?e or -cr.rc nearly al-
is accompanied
;ou ek'c. ore ou
iaccompanhar de -ene.
ieu sozinho
tozioho
elle sozinho
uos sozinhoa
todos
;do3
B todos
irvores
93
nsiku zinango anabre-
:v-iku zini-
ng->auatimizirua -ene.
ine nd-ek'ene
iicc u-ck'ene
iije ek'ene (=a-
eka-cnc)
iyc ek'a
ife tek'a tek'a
ift t-ens-ene
imue mu-ens-ene
iwo onscne (=a-
onsene)
mi-ti i-ok'a i-ok'a
bj -ene. The
-ok'a or ek'a nearly
always is cither re-
duplicated or accom-
pnniod by -ens, Ex.
I alone
tbou alone, you
only
he alone
lone
\ve alone
you all
all of them
only trees
AdjeetiTos
deninstratiYOi
-135;
G
i Ila gur.tro, a ??br>r:
1. demons fcr&tivo
lf : cm f.ulfixo quo mos-
jtra um objccto pro-
ixiwo ua pesfcoa owe iul-
jla. Ex.
jestcs cabritos
.'-/as
ta arjna
le arco
139- 2 - demomtrativo
;com o bVuiixo -no, qua
:>ttra um obj<:cto
<iue & pe-ssoa qne fulJa Ex,
tern wa uixo, ou pcgado
ue qunlqiu.T
II
Adjective The
ahcpargiza trativeadjer: -
(a-dcn ion strati vo)
Zin^as'r-.fccuKc d- Er Binary k ; rds of
jectZTO ft Lupac^iza? cVir.cr.sfrrliYts MO
there in Sena?
Zh)6i i?;i: Pour, viz.
1. Ua kupangiza c ! i- 1. Th< ; . uffislrj-s r'e-
n j.i*.ii jnCj liti JLiiboQi ttioiistrfiitiv ^C^T^I^PI/
- z ' cut an object mm: tiie
pirs.ou i. v.eaking, us
izi
the goats near me
1 chiMren "
tins \veapon "
this bo\v u
2. T'a kupanciza cbi- 2. T
nit ine, ua with suffix -"o, th;i,t
-/iu. points out an i;bji.-ct in
the hands ..-f, or otiier-
wize joined to, the pc-r-
esta inai-^cm em 'ntunda u-no
que estou
ostn ti-can^a que kamita-no. ku-n
levo as cost.ts
; i - 1 ' 1 1 > s q ue in biui zi -ii o
rocomamao
1 < in (^.16; pa KM pa-no
<-' '
1 'ii i in f,. I a uiu-no
this bank of the
river
child on iuy
shoulders
itfi that I
hold
tliis ground m
feet
in
VflucL 1 LIU
^.onstratiro
icom o suffixo -o, que
injostra um objccto pro-
htimo da pessoa a quern
la, ou do quu juso
: Ulou. Ex.
;esse companheiro
;essa margein do
rio
95
3. Ua kupau iza chi-
na iwe, ua kubvala
suffixo -o. Ex.
'nzako uy-o
'ntu?ida u-'o
3. The demonstrat-
ive with suffix -o, that
points out an object
near the person spo-
ken to, or already
mentioned to him, as
that companion
of yours
that bank of the
river on which
you are
:Csse vaso
chombo ich-o
that vessel near
;esses cestoa
pitundu ipi-o
you
those baskets
n'essa casa
'nhumha urn-o
near you
in that house in
which you are
4. O demonstrative 4. Ua kup-
o suffixo -/, qua ri kutali, cha kubvulw
uffixo -It. \
.iioomo dY
i 'ntunda u-lo
do rio
-oa i'u, u-le
'iwdzi rcu-lc
nhc."
4. Tlio denionstrat.
ivowith suffix -If, that
out an object
be from b^
.king and
. upoLsu to,
H
yonder bar.!-.
(not
near you)
.lloge
! N. B. Pelag regras
igeraes o suffixo le mu-
ida-se em -re depois da
90
N. B. Pa li i sanduza
-le na -re.
N. B. According to
the general laws -l& is
clanged to -re after i.
\ Como se formam cs
jderaonstrativos?
142; 1. demon strati vo
jsem sufiixo, seiidoem-
jpregado como enclitico
;s6 differe do elemento
jpronominal n'isso que
iselhe prefixa y, iv, ou ',
jquando este elemento
i pronominal n$o tern
jconsoante.
I Mas, alem da forma
i enclitica tern uma for-
;ma isolavel que exige
jcomo prefixo a vogal
ipropria da sua classe,
;em virtude das leis es-
jpeciaes dos radicaes
jmouosyllabicos. Ex.
\ Forma enclitica
jeste mesmo (ho-
men)
jestes mesmos (ho-
mens)
jesta mesma cousa
iestasmesmascou-
I gag
Ndipange mabYali-
ro a adjectiYO akupa-
ngiza.
1. L r a kupangiza cbi-
ri pa li ine nsiku zina-
ngo ngua kup'atana
(enclitico). Angasoa
consoante, anatimizi-
rua y, w, ', kunduli.
Nsiku zinango n*ua
kubvala pache pene.
Anatimizirua kunduli
vogal uache mbodzibo-
dzi. Ex.
Ua kup ( atana
c/iene-chi
How are demons-*
tratiYes termed. 2
1. Tbc suflixlcss de-
monstrative is some-
times treated as an
enclitic. In tins case ?/,
IK, or ' is prefixed to it,
when it lias no conson-
ant of its own.
At other times ii has
its isolated foi-ra. In
this case by virtue of
the special laws of mo-
nosyllabic stems (33),
it is formed by prefix-
ing to the enclitic form
the proper vowel of its
class. Ex.
Enclitic form
this very person
these very people
this very thing
these very things
Forma isolavel
::onstrativo
i regular-
:03
a mesma cousa
..as
soa
a cousa
3. Os demonstratives
-no o -I i
Mcnte do
o do
i suffixo pro;
aquilL
Quando6qt:c
ol;t t-a*?
nadas com
.o s
97
Ua paclie pene
munt'u u-yu
ant'u a-
." i-chi
i i-pi
> ana-
londa ua kuoduli uyo.
-y-O
c;?o-w-o
!-0
2'fnc-
m uvl' u 11
C7^'tt a-v,
cld-nVu i
3. A kubvala -wo na
-le k'u. i.v ku-
kuina.. aa-^.
MC7IC ll-lc
A 'cmonstrrxtivo a-
l-.ui.'atana anabveka
Isolated form
these people
2. The demonstrat-
ive ia -o is rormed re-
gularly from t i
that very person
those very people
thu; 'ig
y thiugs
pie
3. The demor
uiid -le are
n the
uilix.
.
y person
ilur)
my
a arc the ab-
Bmu
1 >atirn
2. Depols dos sub-
'stantivos locativos. Ex.
idormi n'essa Cdsa
in'essa agua
iao d'essa arvore
98
2. Pa madziua a
rabuto. Ex.
gnnani 'nhumba-mo
'madzi-wo
2. After locatives. Ex.
144^ N. B 1. A's vezes a
: forma encliiica -po ac-
icompanlja iwe tu, as-
jsim como pano accom-
ipanha ine ieu. Ex.
t.u alii
|eu aqui
145! 2. Segue-se o qnadro
;dos demcnstrativos.
Ubali
sleep in that house
in that water
at the foot of that
tree
N. B. 1. Sometimes
the enclitic po accom-
panies iwe thou, as
pano accompanies inc
I. Ex.
you there
1 here
2. The following is a
table of the various de-
monstrative adjectives.
Nhumba ia a-demonstrativo
A ktisAa suffixo A suffixo -o -no A suffixo-fo
N. B. Nsiku zinango
po anatimizua pa iive,
ninga patio anatimi-
zua pa ine. Ex.
we-pano
i
enclitic.
isol.
enclitic.
isol.
iMU-nt'u
-yu
ii yu
-yo
uyo
uno
tile
jA-nt'u
-wa
awa
-wo
awo
ano
ale
JMU-U
'u
u'u
-'o, wo
U'O, UWO
uno
ule
biI4f
-'i
i'i
yo, 'o
iyo, i'o
ino
ire
[K-zott
'i
i'i
-yo, 'o
iyo, i'o
ino
ire
:('ZIjN-z6u
-zi
izi
-to
izo
zino
tire
iDI-SO
-li, -ri
iri
-lo, ro
iro
liro
lire
jMA-so
-wa
awa
-wo
awo
ano
ale
jU-ta
-'u
u'u
-100^0
u'o, uwo
'uno
'ule
JMA-'u-ta
-wa
awa
-wo
awo
ano
ale
X III-rtt'u
-chi
icUi
-cho
icho
chino
chire
JPI-nt'u
-pi
ipi
-pio
ipio
pi no
pirs
IK.A-mbuzi
-ka
aka
-ko
ako
kano
kale
jPA-dznlu
-pa
apa
-po
apo
pano
pale
jN-dzulu
-viu
wine
-mo
utno
niuno
inule
KL-dzulu
-ku
uku
-ko
uko
kv.no
kul
Expressoes
essivas
Q"al e a formula
dos adjectives posse-
ssivos em Sena?
niinal.
L' A prrposivfto -a =
: g.On^me do por-pes-
isor, ou um p.-
: que faz as vezes d'ellc.
.migo d'dle
rnigos d'olle
Ill
Adjcctivo
a kup'ai-
(apossessivo)
NG pange masasa-
nhiro a adjectivo a
kup'atana.
1. Pronomo ua mp'a-
la.
2. Prcposi{,5o -a.
3. Dzina la knp'ata-
nisxia, nsiku zinango
pranome.
Ex.
. >
;!c
uin- ssoa
de ti
Quaes E/IO as [rin-
cipats var.cdadcs dot
LlVCB pCb' g,.
Possessive)
expressions
Which is the for-
mula of possessive
expr< ssions in Sena?
1. Tho pronominal
element.
2. Ihe preposition -a
3. The name of the
possessor, &r a pro-
noun that takes its
place.
his friend, friend
a-a-che) of his
al. xamuali u-a-che
axamuali a-ohe his friends
(=:a-a-che)
u-a-che his tree
;;//// i-n-fhc 1 liis trees
liis beo
?cs
eye of person
. ie
under you
in y<>ur -arueil
nhuchi /,-a-clie
1-a niunl'u
a ant'u
nn<lu ku
/(/ n:ii-a-ko
pango mbeu ra
. za adjective &
V/hicharetheprln-
.siv
101.1/
\ presides era qua
o possessor 6 um pro-
noine. N'eates adjec-
; .tivos o pronoms da 3a.
Ipessoa costuina ser
\che wo singular, -:o
no plural, mesrao
iquancio de facto o poa-
isessor nao e da clause
iMLJ-A. da la. pessoa
.6 -nga no singular, -tu
jno plural. da 2a. 6
i-A;<5 no singular, -nu
iuo plural. O pronorne
lintcrrogativo 6 -ani pa-
Ira pesscas, -nji para
jcousas.Ex.
A rnulher de
;quem/ A minha.
As mulheres de
iquem/ As nii-
100
1. A kuk'ala na pro-
nome ua kup'ataniiua,
uinga -die, -too, -nga,
-tu, -ko, -nu, -ani?,
-nji? Ex.
Embarca^So de
;quem/ de que/
A tua de man-
igucira.
Para o seu po-
2. Expresses em
quo o possessor e uni
> -.tAotivo. Ez.
filho do rei
Nkazi u-ani (=
u-aani). ? U-a-nga.
Akazi ani (=a
-a-aui) / Anga (=
a-a-nga)
Muadia uani/
u-anji/ U-a-ko
u-a-'manga.
Ku 'nchera ku-a-
1. Expressions i
the possessor is R pr j-
noun. In these tho pro-
noun of the third per-
son is -che in the sin.
gular, -t6'o in the plural,
even for possessors that
arc not of the MT-A
class. That of the first
person is -nga in the
singular, -tn in ihe plu-
ral. That of the second
person is -ko in 1 ho sin-
gular, -nu in the plu-
ral. The interrogative
pronoun is -ani? for per-
sons, -nji for things. Ex.
Whose wife/
Mine.
Whose women'?
Mine.
Whose canoe/
What kind of
canoe / Thine,
of mango wood.
To their well.
\vo.
2. Akulrala
stantive ua k
UR. K.x.
na sub-
2. ''u in
which tho possessor is
a sii! K x.
'I'lio son of the
king
A tropa dos
macacos
Oarco-Iris, lit.
o arco do cbefe
dos cspiritos
No meio do rio
r cima)
No meio do rio
dentro da
costas
fo-
a por-
r/u( = dirci-
r ;a-se muito
a maneira-
.a -didi,
ibstau-
s. - :a con-
lor doa
E. Ex.
DQ ho-
OU
verde,
.tfeclcli-
101
mabongue
Uta u-a nhazi-
mu
Pakati p-a
nhanza
'Nkati mu-a
nhanza
Kuira pa 'n-
sana p-ang'ona.
Mak'& njala
N. B. Analandanft
na enewo ixdjoctivo -a
-diretu, -a-didi. i
Munt'u u-n
Madzi a-didi
Usalu u-a ma-
amba a 'iid
The troop of
monkeys
The rain-bow,
lit. the bow of the
chief of thespirits
In the middle
of the river (on
the water)
In the middle
of the river (in the
water)
Mount a croco-
dile on t lie back.
Time of famine
N. B. The portugne-
BO word diretu (=di-
is much i:
tho Bamemanm
diJi, good, Rufficient;
and many ub.tAiitivrs
which come thus to
have tho value of our
adject
A good .
Good water
thread
vesof lemon-tree
102
Contas de cor V sang a u-a sa-
ide a9afrao frao
Uma rnulher 'Nkazi
ivellia nk'alamba
u-a
150 3. Expressoes em quo 3. Akuk'ala na infi-
;o possessor e um infi- m'tivo ua kup'atanisua.
initivo, as quaes corres- Fx,
ipondem aos nossos par-
jticipios cu adjectives
iqualiiicativos. Ex,
Um chapeu
Chapeu ch-aku
jbranco
chena
Um pan no en-
A^zioi-akufuira
icarnaco
Uma arvore
Muti u-a kuko-
fbonita
ma
Cabritos ma-
Mbuzi z-a kuo-
Igros
nda
Um carneiro
Bira 1-a kune-
Igordo
nepa
Uma casa coia-
Nhumba i-a
iprida
kulap'a
Carne cozida
Nhama i-a ku-
p'ika
Agua quente a
Madzi a kuwi-
iferver
ra
Pedra quente
Muala u-a ku-
;(a queimar)
pisa
Lin ha roxa
Usalu u-a ku-
t'unduwira
Beads of saf-
fron color
Old woman
3. Expressions in
which the possessor is
an infinitive. These in
English are mostly
participles or qualifi-
cativc adjectives. Ex.
A \\Lite hat
A red cloth
A beautiful tree
Lean goats
A fat sheep
A long house
Cooked meat
Boiling water
Hot stone
Purple thread
. B, 1. A-ku se po-
4e con trahir em -c (26) .
A's duas ultimas
orias de acljccti-
ivos pertoncem tm Se- mbo. Ex.
os numeros ordi-
Ex.
O primeiro dia
O segundo dia
O teicciio dia
quarto dia
O decimo dia
O vi^esimo dia
152 Quaes suo as ex-
press- ts posseEsivas
que mais se empre-
tm substantivan.cn-
tt?
j Sao padidi, n'um
.bom loyar, e muitas
expresses quo princi-
piaiu com ch-a oupi-a.
I Dormiu suave-
Diga a verdade.
xa-me ir
ibora, lit. meus (ne-
Vae-te embora
Comida
Bebida
103
N. B. 1. Nsiku zina- N, B. 1. A-
ngo a-ku anasanduka contracted to -o (n. 26.)
na -o (n. 1C).
2. Adjectivo a knfor-
n:an n.ba kup'atanisa
2. To the last two ca-
tegories belong in Sena
the ordinal numbers.
Bx,
Nsiku i-a chi-piri
Ksiku i-achi-tatu
Nsiku i-& chi-nai
Nsiku'i-a,cbi-k'\i-
mi
Nsiku i-achi-ma-
kumi ma\viri
Ndipange adjccti-
TO a kup'atanisuae-
nango a.nalonda a-
Bubstantivo.
Pa-didi, pi-a-Jidi,
jn-a-nja, etc.. Ex.
Agona p-a-didi.
Longa pi.a-didi.
A nga.
' o pi-ako
Pi-a kudia
Pi-a kuiuua
The first day
The second day
The third day
The fourth day
T e tenth day
The twentieth
day
Which arc the pos-
sessive expression!
that are most used
substantive!)'?
Thry are padidi in
a good place*, and ma.
ny expressions begin-
ning with cha or pi-a.
Ex.
He slept comfor-
tably.
'1 the truth.
Let me po avay,
lit. my own bus-
iness.
Food
Drink
Expressoes
relatives cu
iadjectivos verbaes
IV
Adjective
ana verbo
(a-relativo)
Rektiye
expressions
(verbal adjectives)
153; Que tern de parti- Ndipange tnasaia- What JB particular
jcular a expressao re- nhiro a adjective ana to the relative ex-
na lingua de verbo. pression in Sena?
Anaperekua onsene In all cases it is in-
! Em todos os casos 6
;introduzida pelo ele-
imento proriomiral que
jcorresponde ao untece-
jdente expresso ou sub-
iintendido da mesma
jexpreBcuo. Ex.
hoinem que
imatou o seu
i
(proximo
O homem que
jmatei
homem com
que fallo
A casa em que
jdnrmo
154: Donde se v6 que toda
;a ezpressao relativa em
Sena se trata como um
iadjectivo fraco. Deve
;s6inente notar-se que
!no singular da classe
IMU-A o elemento pro-
jnominal 6 a em vez de
in, como nos primeiros
lexemplos supra, a no
ser que ^eja seguido de a.
na pronome ua nip'a-
la ua kuap'atanisana
dziua la ku nduli. Ex.
Munt'u adap'a
'nzache
Munt'u adap'a
ine
Munt'u ana-
long a na ine
Nhumba ina-
gonera ine
Adjective arm verbo
a chisena analandana
na adjectivo enjingo
a kufewa. Nsiku zina-
ngo pionome ua mp'a-
la a anabvuna u ua
ubali MU-A.
troduced by tlie pro-
nominal element of
the class of the ante-
cedent expressed or
understood. Ex.
The man who
killed his neigh-
bour
The man whom
I killed
The man with
whom I speak
The house in
which I sleep
YYherefrom it may
be seen that in Sena
all relative express-
ions are treated sim-
ply as weak adjectives,
as in the examples
above. Notice only a
for u in class MU-A
when the verb does
rot begin with a,.
Quantas varieiades
daexpresEao rolatiYa
BO podem distmguir
em Sena?
! Oihaudoparao sujcito
respondea qu
IQttem? e para o objocto
;das
'\ de que?
ja gtfcjw? aqu<:? etc., te-
jmos que distinguir om
iSenaexpresffio rolativa
pecicB, a
' >or:
156*'
diz a mesma cousa que
io sujeito d'ellas. >
tas nao se vd snjeitx)
nhum depots do ver-
KT.
ai Anteccdente ex-
presso
Lcvaram a pessoa
.=;inada,lit. que
tinha sido morta.
Quern tinha tilo
jmorto? A pssoa.
jsujeito qnt diz pois a
a a cousa que o
laateoedente pessoa.
Ficou o coelho
que nuo tinha
hastes.
Olha para a
dra que vem.
I
LOo
Zingasl mbeu za
adjectivo anaverbo?
Ziwiri, inango nja
kupcrekua na pronomo
ua kubvuna sujeito. i-
naugo nja kuperekua na
pronome ua kubvuna
objocto. Sujeito nchi-
tftwira Mbani? Ninji?,
objccto ncha kutawi-
ra -atii? -nji}
I. A kuperekua napro-
nome uakubvuna tujei-
to nk'ana pujeito uina-
ngo tayu. Ex.
Akuata rnuni'u
Adap'iwa mbani?-Si
vnnit'u? Sujeito ndi a
ua kubvuna munfu.
Asa la sulo u-
as6a nhanga.
'Ona muala u-
nadta.
How many kinds of
relative expressions
must we distinguish
in Sena?
Looking at the sub-
ject which answers to
the quesfions Who?
ft hat?, and to the ob-
ject which answer* to
the questions Wkomf
Whose* What} etc., we
must distinguish in Se-
na two kinds of relative
expressions, viz:
I. Those in which the
relative particle stands
forthes6;Vcf. In these
the 8 ibject is not ex.
pressed again after the
verb. Ex.
a) Antecedent expre-
ssed
They carried the
man who Lad been
killed.
Who had been kil-
led? The man? The
subject is who, which
stands for man.
There remained
the rabbit which
bad no horns.
Look at the
stona that is co-
ining dowu.
Quaes sfio o
jcabritos que pari-
fram?
Chegaram a u-
jtua povoayao on-
ide estava (lit. que
itinha) o marfiin
ide seu pae.
b) Antecedente sub-
Sntendido
Quern 6 que fal-
jlou? lit. que fal-
jlou quern e?
Quern 6 que me
jroubou aqui den-
jtro?
que foi feito
ipelo coelho.
Oqueequevem?
106
Mbuzi zi-da-
bala nsipi?
Afika 'mudzi
mu-na nhanga za,
babawo.
Adalonga mba~
ni?
Mbani VL-andibe-
ra ruuno?
(Pint'u) pi-achi-
tua na sulo.
Ckinadza ninjfi
157! H. Relativas expres-
jsSes cujo antecedente
jdiz a mesma cousa que
jo objecto. N'estas acha-
jse o sujeito depois do
jverbo, na forma d'um
jsubstantivo ou d'uin
Idos pronomes ine, eu,
liwe, tu, -ye, elle, etc.
|Ex.
158; a ^ Antecedente ex-
ipresso
l)a-me a minha
fazenda que tu
II. A kuperekua na
pronome ua kubvuna
objecto a na sujeito ua-
wo kusogolo, nsiku zi-
nangosubstantivo, nsi-
ku zinango pronome
ine, iwe, -ye, etc. Ex.
Ndipase chu-
ma changa chi-
Which are the
goats that have
kids.
They came to a
village in which
the ivory of their
father was.
bj Antecedent undo?
stood
Who is it that
spoke? lit. Who
spoke who is he?
Wi o is (the man)
t^at stole my own
herein?
(That) wi.-ioh was
done by t ; e rabbit.
What is (it) that
comes?
II. Relative express-
ions in which the relat-
ive particle stands for
the object. In these the
subject is always found
after the verb under
the form of a sub-
stantive, or one of the
pronouns ine, I, iwe t
tau, -ye, elle, etc. Ex.
B.) Antecedent ex-
pressed
Give me my
calico which you
ievaste, lit. que
levou tu.
: Quern k-vou. ? NSo
5foi &fazenda. Kntao o
:autuceaeuic nuo uu it
.acousa que o su-
uias sini a mej-
ima que o bjecto.
teu filho que
tei
Otneupannoque
ielle quer.
Osvasosquepro-
icuraram.
No curral em
ique dorinein ^as ca-
jbras).
Deixe ca ver es-
l&es denies coin que
: , *
a geute.
0^ a-nimaes qtie
jxnata esto meu ma-
irido s6 teem ires
as.
com cllo ao
imesino logar etu
por onde iam, la
e&tava o loao.
dahuata iice.
Ndakuata - n?i?
Chuma. Chi anabvuna
ofyecto.
p'a ine.
Ngilo ianga IIM-
funa iyc.
Piombo ipidasa-
kawo.
'Nt'anga mu;?a-
gotiazo (mbuzi).
Ndi'one mano ako
a laniala na iwe a-
nt-u.
Nhama zinap'a
mamunanga uyu
'iiicudu niita-
tu.
^/;u kwiak'ala iye.
vo \ripo nk'a-
Larnu .
took away, lit.
which took you.
Who took? Not the
calico. Therefore
tands for the object
not for the subject.
Thy son whom
I killed.
My clock w hich
he wants.
The vessels that
they lokedfor.
In the stable
wherein they sleep
(the goats).
Let me see those
teeth with which
yon finish the peo-
ple.
The game that
my husband kills
have only three legs.
IT } went with
him to the same pla-
\Vit; r they
went, t ere wag tk*
luo
15-9 *j Antecedeate Bub-
intendido
Encontrou o
;que podia comer.
Quandocbegou.
Dizei o que que-
ireis.
Em qualquer
jparte que elle for
ieetaremos junctoa.
Dizei-uie para
jonde foi.
Quero semear
jieto (no logar) em
jque Lei de fixar a
Iminba residencia.
Nao e" isto mes-
imo que dissestes?
(No meemo lo-
igar) em que tu
imataste OB DOSBOS
rinnaou hoje ma-
;tei-te
160; N. B. 1.
A'ona
(r= pinadia.ye)
Pidafikeye
pidafikayo)
Longani
na imue.
Kunend-eye tiri
palodai.
Ndipangcni ku-
dendeye,
Ndinafuna ku-
chita mbeu kuna.
k'ala ine.
Chidsilonya imue
/ f'..
'Kudamaki iwe
kup'a aiiza tit lero
n-daltup'a.
1; Antecedent under-
stood
He found "what
be could eat.
Wben be came
Say wbat you
want.
Wberever he
goes to tiiere wo
are too.
Tell- me wberebe
bas gone
I mean
these seeu
ghali lia. i
Trhbt
cli our bretl
N. B. 1. Adi
iu'estca exemplos, of en< wo i
ipronomeg peci.cn cs da
jpriir.^ apc-
!8oa &;'! ; -MoBdepoia
-do Ttbo toitana cmpr
&ua icrwa iselRvei -i-
a '
''*, n
k . | ;;.
.
V
(
109
" nto qu o da ter-
prrfoiPni
sempre as fonnas encli-
* * . -*o, -cho,
ko, -mo,
?. ^uando oantece-
te e da primeira ou
aegunda pessoa, uns
- m conoordar com
em ;%e8soa a pxprc-
tiva.outros i>3-
.1 terccira
'-a. E^-
> foste tu quo
a min ha
da?
>u Quern enfeitigou
ogar-
la, nfio foste tu?
Sou eu que ) ei-
:de amarrar o coe-
Hbo.
ion quom Ka-
le amarrar o ooe-
, bo.
?. Pronom* ua kupc-
reka aijeotivo enewa
angabvuna int, iwt, ife
imue, nsiku zinango ndi
r^u zinango ndi
ndi, ti, K, mw. Ex.
tfi e f i rst a-ai second per-
son, while iu th thir:l
they prefer the enclitic
forms -ye, -tfo, -o, -cho,
ko, -mo, etc.
2. When the antece-
dent is of Iho first or
Beccnd perron, Roma
put the relative expre-
ssion in the same per-
son, others always
in the third. Ex.
Udalodza mfuti I* it not you that
iangasiwe? bowitcbed my guo?
Adalodza
ianga siwe?
mfuti
*: ndina-
mantja sulo.
Ndin* anamanga
sulo.
I am (f e man)
wi o will fasten tie
rabbit.
PRONGHZft
1-FP.CKOMB
PRONOUNS
. Quantasespeclesda
pronomes tern a lin-
gua de Sena?
; Cinco, a saber:
162: 1. O pro name adjecti-
Ivo, ou adjectivo empre-
gado substantivamen-
te. Nao diftere do adje-
ctivo proprio. Ex.
A. A. forte
Que cabritos
queres? Os
grandes.
P. A. fraco simples
Que
Tudo.
queres.
P. A. demonstrative)
rste, ease (bo-
P. A possessivo
o men (ho mem)
o de Ped> o
P. A. relative
o morto
historia (lit. o
quo foi fcito)
incnte os local ivoe, que
i advcrbioa portu-
r.oa, cvmo
w a china mb6ti
zingasi za apron omeV
Zixanu izi:
1. Pronome ua adje-
ctivo, ua Uulaiidana na
substantive. Ngwbodzi-
bodxi uda'onua kundu-
li. Kx.
P. A. ua kuwanga
Unafuna inbu-
zi zip-it Zi-knlu.
P. A. ua kufawa ua
mp'ala
Unafuna nji?
Pi-onsene.
P. A ua kupanglza
Uyv, uyo, ule
P. A. ua kup'atana
U-anfja
U-a Pedro
P. A. ana verbo
A -da -fa
Pi-a-chitua
A kubvoka maka
ndi a-pronouiv- a nibu-
to, a kuknana a n.tl-
v-i-hioa
How many Wnds of
pronouns do we find
in Sena?
Five, viz.:
1. The adjective pro*
noun, or adjective used
substantively. It does
not differ from the ad-
jective proper. Fx.
Strong A. P.
Which goats do
yon want/ The
big ones.
Weak simple A. f,
What do you
\\ant? Ever y ^
thing.
Demonstrative A. P.
This, that (per-
son)
Possessive A. P.
Mine
That of Peter
Eelat/ve A. P.
The dead (man)
which was done.
To bo noted more
partk-ulary the locat-
ive pronouns, most of
rvhich have the value of
English adverbs, &&
MtU
iseparadamente
*
bndeexactamente
ijunctamente
UV. nn. 1K5, 132,
152, 156.
Ill
pano, kuno, muno
pathe pene
pairopcne
pachepapi? (132)
pabodzi
nn. 116, 132,152,
156.
here, herein
by himself
by themselves]
where exactly/
together
Cf. 116, 132, 152
156.
K54 2. Oprcnorre demons- 2. Fronome uaku- 2. The demon stra live
trativo tene-pa, tcnt-po, pangisa tene-pa, tene- pronoun tenr-pa, tene-
:assim, que na3 se em- po. Ex. jo, thus, which is not
jprega como adjectivo. used as adjective. Ex.
Faz assim (co-
!mo fa^o)
Faz assim (co-
j fazes)
165 3 - Ospronomes inde-
finitos ngana, fulano,
;kuti (n. 241), tal
[cousa. Empregam-se 4
.ncira dos bubotaati-
Vi fulano.
J in-
Chits tene-pa Do thus (as I
do)
Chita tene-po Do thus (as you
do)
3. Apronome a ku-
bisa, ngana, chakuti
.a.
3. The indefinite pro-
nouns nyana, So-nnd-
BO, and chakuti (n. 211)
such a thing.
I saw So-and-so
Anditikana cl. ' cull* <1 me
kuti... such a name.
166
Qu-
;ando/
Como
4. Apronome a ku-
bvuuza
n
(enclitico)
ten i.' (244)
4. Tho interrogative
pronouru
Whom/
.eu
How/
Sao todos pronomes
i porque vesponde -se-lhe
ipor noines. Ex.
A quern cha-
;maste / A Pedro .
Que fazes/ U-
|ma enxo.
Quando che-
;ou/ Hoje mes-
lino.
Comofallou/
JEm Chisena.
5. pronome chama-
ido pcssoal, o qual con-
iforme os cases e pro-
iclitico, inserivel, e'-
iclitico, inixto, ou isola-
|vel.
I O proclitico 6 o que
jparece ser o eleinanto
pronominal. Varia con-
iforraa e seguidj d'u-
ima vogal ou d'uma
jconsoante (26,^1)
\ O enclitico tern uma
iforma erpecial no imj e-
i.rativo, outras formaa
idepois da proposicao a,
:de, e outras depois do
,ndi o outras palavras,
112
Ndi protiome, tianji
anabvunua na madzi-
na. Ex.
Uachemera a-
ni? Pedro
Unachita-nji?
Nsemo.
Afika lini?
Lero lene.
Along a tani?
Chisena
5. Prsnome ua ku-
tn\u& pessoal, uinango
ua kut'angua, ninga
ndi-t M-, etc., uinango
ua kupitisua, ninga -leu
mu, 'n etc., uinango ua
kup'atana, ninga -ni,
-nu,-mue, etc., uinango
ua kuiniira pache pene,
ninga ine, iwe, imue, ife,
iwo, etc.
Tbey all are }.ro-
ncuns in Scaa, as they
are answered to by
substantives. Ex.
Whom did you
call /-Peter.
What do you
do. ? An addice.
When did he
come/ This ve-
ry day.
How did he
speak; -In Chi-
sena.
5. The so-called per-
sonal pronoun, which,
according to the cases,
is proclitic, insertable,
enclitic, mixed, or iso-
lable.
The proclitic scenig
to bo the true prono-
minal element. It has
one form before conson-
ants, anotner before vo-
wels. (26,27;
The enclitic has one
special form in the im-
perative, others after
the preposiou -a, of, and
others after -ma and
other words.
Hence;
Pronomes pessoaes Personal prononni
Proclit. inscr. enclit. Mix. Teol.
-(cons.) -(vo.) imper- -a- ndi-
ndi
ml
ndi
-nga
-tu
-ne
KIM
r/*
P "
u
ku
-ko
-wt
i I'.
-ni
-mue
ku....ni \imiu
IM
ti...ni
t...ni
Mu-nt'u
-ye
iy e
A-nf u
<i
a contr.
-wo
HMO
t/
-che
-wo
MM
-wo
yo
mbe
i
-che
yo
\iyo
>mbe
zi
-wo
10
li
I
-lo
liro
i
yo
Hyo
-wo
wo
viwo
u
wo
MOO
u-ta
a
wo
nt'n
chi
Chi
-che
cho
ncho
na
-che
'%o
Loc PA-rl/nlu
mu
nut.
pa
pio
-po
mo
ripio
1
Como se emprega Apronome ndi, u. How is the proclitic
o pronome procliti- <..mbaku- pronoun used?
CO?
weak
' 1
acabo
acabaim^
acabas
lacabais
apessoa acaba
ias pessoas acabam
la arvore acaba
;as arvores acabam
\o boi acaba
ios bois acabam
o olho acaba
ios olhos acabam
!o arco acaba
;os arcos acabam
|a cousa acaba
; as cousas acabam
114
ndi-na.mala
ti-na-mala
u-na-mala
mu-na-mala
mu-nt'u &-na-mala
a-nt'u &-na-mala
mu-ti u-na-mala
mi-ti \-na-mala
n-g-ombe i-na-mala
n-g-ombe z\-na-mala
di-so \\-na-mala
ma-so fL-na-mala
u-ta u-na-mala
ma-'u-ta a-na-mala
chi-nt'uchi-na-mala
pi-nt'u pi-na-mala
a crean9a acaba ka-muana k&-na-mala
as crean9as acabam pi-ana pi-na-mala
por cima acaba... pa-dzulu p&-na-mala
'n-dzulu mu-na-mala
. ku-dzuhl ku-na-mala
no ar acaba....
;para cima acaba.
acabei
iacabamos
acabaste
iacabastes
iacabou
iacabaram
etc.
172 Como se emprcga o
pronome inserivel?
1. Representa um 06-
jeeto determinado nas
nd-a-mala
t-a-mala
u-a-mala
mu-a-mala
}1 -mala
etc.
Pronome ua kupiti-
sua anabveka papi?
1. Pa averbo, pa-
nab vim a objecto.
I finish
we finish
thou finishest
you finisli
the man finishes
the men finish
the tree finishes
the trees finish
the ox finishes
the oxen finish
the eye finishes
the eyes finish
the bow finishes
the bows finish
the thing finishes
the things finish
the child finishes
the children finish
onthetopfinisl.es...
on high finishes...
towards the sky
there finishes...
I finished
we finished
thou finishedst
you finished
he finished
they finished
etc.
How is the inserta-
ble pronoun used?
1. It represents a de'
termined object in the
;UC uSo
;vas, e nas
Ian .o 6
ut.ru o pro-
ae proclitico ou au-
xiliar e o .
;ique
oar?
in. 183 pa-
iraas ^roado
;ral.
10 pronoun
. por nao
(OBUbjOC-
inso-
im
/o
115
E*. prepositions that have
a proclitic subject.
nsorted between
the proclitic pronoun
or auxiliary and the
verb
li-'o?< Did you see me?
I saw thcc.
Did
ii, the men
///w, the man
t called us.
Shall I teach him?
Shall I pursue him?
' ti-'ona?
nd-n-'&.nna a-nt'u
nd-a-imi-'ona, mu.
nt'u a.daii-kua.
\\-pfundise?
ndi-'n-tamangisc?
Ona 183.
2. Aimpt'ivkn aver-
bo a kutiima mbabvu-
na mbo chinayanga-
na ni'
the object-
M of the se-
cond nt.-rson of the plu-
183.
2. 1 n the imperative
pronoun ia
prorli; .'cident
subjective pronoun.
] \ us
t be-
/v-J/.J;
-ni
8. AterboauhaliKC
aim]>
mbodi Miiiduli
.itt- n.-v
locativa PA mas
nuo ex 1st i- para asclas-
lociUivusMUeKU,
ID. 182. Kx.
vi la
,injei la
176 Como se emprega
o pronome enclitico
-nil
;prega como
sujeito na segunda pes-
a do plural do impe-
rative, com on sem ou-
jtro enclitico. Kx.
dae
dizei-me
vincl
;i (269)
Como se empregam
os pronomes encliticos
-nga, -///, -tut, etc.?
S6 depnis da preposi-
dc, 11. ] 46. Ex.
o arco (i'ollt;
Como &e empregam
as formas encliticas
116
4. Alipo ua ubali PA
uene, asoeka ua mau-
baliMUnaKU, n.182.
Ex.
nda-pa-ona
nda-pa-sasanha
Pronome ua kuma-
lisa-7n anabveka pa-
pi?
Pa mafala a kutu-
ma ant'u awiri na azi-
nji. Ex.
famba-m
ndi-pange-ni
dza-kuno-m
dza-nazo-n\ (2(59)
Apronome a kuma-
lisa -nga, -tu, -ku, -nu,
-die, -wo, anabveka
papi?
Muadjectivo a kup'a-
tanisa, n. 146. Ex.
uta u-
1. Drp-)i> da copula
.
Apronome a kuma-
lisa -ne, -fe, -we, etc.,
anabvcKa papi?
1. Pa ndi nasi,nn.
256, 260. Ex.
4. It, is used even in
the locativ-
but does not exist for
tbe locative classes MU
and KU, n. 182. Ex.
I saw there
I arranged there
How is the enclitic
pronoun -wi used?
Only in the second
person of the plural of
the imperative, with or
without another em-li-
tic. Ex.
go ye
tell me
come here
bring them here
(2(59)
How are the encli-
tic pronouns -nga, -tu,
-ko, -nn, -clip, -T/-O, u-
sed?
Only after t\\-
position -a, of, 146. Ex.
his bow, lit bow of
his
How are the encli-
tic pronouns -ne, -./>,
-we, etc., used?
1. After the copula
n. 256, and tbe
negative si, 260. Ex.
1J7
sou - ju eu /> .ne
- nos, TWO so- ndi-ff, si-fe
es tu, nfio ndi-we, si-we
>ois ndi-mue, *i-muc
eelle, nao 6 elle ndi-yc, si-yc
saoeli i > ndi-wo, si-wo
o, m\o e isso ndi-ino, si-mo
etc. etc.
rccira
possoa emprcg.
ijeito
1 diz
L que
;ieti-
pri-
80* veja nn. 185, 18.
^.
c^o, etc. anabveka mbo
pa adjective a kupere-
kua na pronom
kubvunao6/ec/o, n. 1^7.
Ex.
Mu-da-dza
(mf)u:l) mint
.vo(,ant'u)
it is 1, it is not I
lotwe
it is thou, it is not
thou
it is you, it is not
you
it is ho, it is not he
iliey, it is not
they
it is it, it is not it
etc.
of the third
also used ai
verb in
es tbat
:m antecedent
which means the same
ir object, n.
When there ca-
;oats that
ught...
the firak
and ; >n sea
ana-
pcaeoa en 'KH pa nn, un.
DM
10 are used
them
4.-TrB*;-iKt n kti .4. to and-,
a ouvem- rinangoanabTekambo alFolum.,
>de. parm.napaaaibstan- ly aft, rcgu-
Sx. laiiy after vocatives.
Ex.
'.ie fta,
^ultirniuute depois dos
Devo ir contigo?
O' Pedro!
O' rapazes!
6. Asformaslocativas
wo, fco, ajuntam-
i bos corn o sen-
tido do nosso <la. Of.
Metteu la den-
tro inn bambu.
Saiu de la.
Ndende w-we/
Pe^ro-we!
^^a^e-mue!
5. Apronomea rnbu-
to po, mo, ko, anabve-
ka pa averbo. Cf. 175.
Ex.
Apitisa-mo 'n-
sengere.
Abuluka-po.
- lii mes- Uli-ko Jcuene-
Como se emprega o
pronome mixto?
l<S s i Ku...ni vale o nosso
.vos di)j( ctivo, ku sen-
do inserto, ni enclitico.
lit. Dei-
VOS.
Onviu-vos.
Apronome ku... n i
na ti...ni i*-ii,bYeka,
papi?
Ku...ni ndi objecto
ua kubvuna imue.
Ex.
T-a-ku-sia-ni.
A-ku-bva-m.
Must I go with
thee/
Peter!
Boys!
5. The locative farms
po, mo, ko, follow verbs
with the meaning of
our there, therein*.
Cf. n. 376. Ex.
He thrust a
bamboo therein.
He went out of
there.
Are you there
at that very place?
How is the mixed
pronoun used?
Ku...ni renders our
you objective, ku be-
ing inserted, ni encli-
tic. Ex.
Good-bye, lit.
We have left you.
He heard you.
134 < <fa-se
joito no irn
e vos. Ex.
ujeito
ua kubvuna iue na
iiiiue, ify na imuei.
T-endc-i\i.
e v<>
o
., pfnndise-ni y 173, ti ndi
udi sujeito.
to e ni sujeito.
Mba ti-:
111.
N. B. Ungachita
>u is used as
subject in the imper-
mwe and
you, or I and you.
Let us go (you
and 1, or we and
you).
Let us run (we
and you).
N. B. This is differ.
ent from ti... ni in ti-
pfundibcni, in which
object, and ni
subj,
Como se emprega o Apronorae a kuimira How is the isola-
pronome isolavel pawo pene anabveka ble pronoun used?
tani?
Nint; i utivo, As an ordinary sub-
raakamaka .ly
ipal-
ito das
lativas
1. 1 1 . In the first and
anabvoka pa -na, na pa second person after
;ivoa kuperckua na. an dau-
i.ubvu- s's in whirh the ante-
naobjecto, n. 157. 08 the sa-
me thing as t
n. ir.7. !
'ona tlu; tree that
1 1 me.
\ ,<'t OK
I\\'C
nilxi nn
na
cf,
187 2. Kmphftticamente.
;EX.
Bu sou forte,
fraco es tu.
Eu roubar as a-
120
2. Mpia kuvraugisa.
Ex.
Ine ndawanga,
uafewa ndiwe.
Ine ku'mbera
Emphatically. Ex.
I am strong,
you are weak.
I to steal his
iboboras d'elle! matanga aehel pumpkins!
1 88
jca-se ainda melhor pe-
ila copula -ndi com o
ipronomo enclitico, n.
J178. Ex.
Passa tu para ca.
\ Isso e que eu
quero.
N. B. Chiuawangisa
maka ndi ndi na pro-
nonie ua kumalisa -ns,
-fe, etc. 178. Ex.
Pitauku ndiwe.
Ndipiopinafuna
ine.
N. B. Emphasis is
better marked yet by
the copula ndi with en-
clitic pronouns, n. 178.
Ex.
Come here you.
That is what I
want.
DO YERBO
YERBO
ON YERB3
Quantas especies de
verbcs, ou conjuga-
cs, tern o Chisena?
A). A conjugacao
., ou verbos
jo indicativo acaba
em -a, como
fee 1
sacho
. ;lo cu-
jo inn \ba em
mo
Zingasi mbeu za a- How many kinds o
verbo a Chisena?
A), A verbo a kumali-
sa na -a pa indicativo,
ninga
)id
A verbo akumali-
sa na -/ pa iudi>
ninga
/'}...
uati ...
tinapagaii
verbs or conjugations
are there in Sena?
.4). The -a conju-
gation, or verbs which
have the indicative end-
ing in -a, as
I Shut
we are weeding
The conjugatiom
which 1ms the indicat-
:i'lmg in -<
il...
id...
we pay
VEB] M.I AVI'Ui
VTER]
Como varia o verbo Averbo a kumahsa How do attributive
attributive? na -a anasanduka ta- verbs vary*
nil
v,, classe, <li, na modo, ponon,
ice.
ulmli upi'oni' pa 1 ;nsofper-
de pcsBoa o classe, an. i lasalu sot\ un< aeon
in un. I her*
jin to be seon:
MOI>< E TEMPO
Quantas modos ha
em Sena?
o, a saber:
1. O indicativo, que
turn facto actual.
2. O imperativo, que
man da.
3. O subjunctive, que
marca urn facto como
jexistente na vontade.
! 4. infinitive, que e
i [jlesinente substan-
: .">. () parti cipio, que e
iparte verbo, parte adjec-
tive.
122
MODo NA TEMPO
Amodo a Chisena mba-
ngasi?
Axanu awa:
1. Ua kupanga, ninga
ndaKmci,
2. (Ja katuma, ninga
lima.
3. Ua kufuna, ninga
ndilime?
4. Infinitive, ninga ku-
lima.
5. Participio, ninga
u-a-ku-lima.
>[) AM) TENSE
ws many moods
here in Sena?
I- MODo INDICATIVO I. INDICATIVO
Quantos tempos tern
o indicative em Sena?
tun indefinite,
< ', c sote definitos
dliares insertos,
i O presente- future
impcrfcito com-ka,
lo com -a,
fcito com -df,,^
ue perfeito
-da,
1 com -nga,
Tempo za kupanga
zingasi?
Njibodzi ia tempo
zonsene, n. 260, na zi-
nomue za tempo na
tempo izi:
1. la kupitisa -na,
2. ia kupitisa -ka
3. la kupitisa -a,
4. la kupitisa -da,
it. I a kupitisa -ka-da,
r>. Ja kupitisa -nga,
L. Tljtj indicative
for an actual fact.
2. The imperative,
which orders.
3. The subjunctive,
which marks a fact as
existing in the will.
4. The infiniiivei
which is a true sub-
stantive.
5. The participle,
which is partly verb,
partly adjective.
I. INDICATIVE MOOD
How many tenses
has the indicative in
Sena?
One indefinite with
mba, n. 260, and seven
definite with inserted
auxiliaries, vix.:
The present-future
with-wa,
The imperfect with
-ka,
The past with -n,
The perfect with -da
The pluperfect with
-ka-da,
The eventual with -nga
I. Presentee future
cavr.
cava, cavard
cavaiu,
Porque f
1' <>que
' de
rjue os
la kn j
ndi-na,-lima
tt-na-Uma
u-n&-lima
'-nfi-lima
a, /, zi, etc. -na-Amm
U-ntfumangi-
rn HJi.' A-iui
tama
ICtl .
ii-irA-f/opaa-
i-Jcu-fin)
ndigo-
usiku
////-
rbo a
iativo
1. Present and fu-
ture
.all hoe
'0, shall hoe
.vilt
hoe
you hoe, will hoe
he !>o_'s, will hoe
tl:ey IKK-, will hoe,
\\ hy do you
run/ It is the
rabbit that
an.
Ti are
running
I fear my chil-
i will all ff-
it will crush
ota
\\~heli I I
belp
124
Je na antes dos radioaes syllaba ibodzi.
monosyllabicos. Ex.
Ex.
Venho.
11)4
2. Imperfeito
cavava
icavava
cavavas
cavavais
cavava
cavavani
Saiu agora uies-
Ndi-na kudza
= ndi-nadza.
2. -ka-
ti-kb-lima
mu-ka-lima
a, u, chi, etc. -kaJiraa
a, i, zi, etc.-ka-Ziraa,
A buluka chi-
mo quando comi- nchinopanoti-Jca-
amos com elle.
Nao sois vos
que dizieis hon-
tem que vos ieis
em bora?
195
:{. Passado absolute
cavei
nos
cavaste
cavastes
cavou
dia nayt pabo-
dzi.
Dzulu, mu-Jca-
bveka tinenda,
simue?
nd-a.lima
t-a,-lima
u-&-lima
(a) u, i, ch t etc. a,.lima
cavaram (a), i, z, eic.-&.lima
Ondedormistede U-B,gonakupi
noite/ Dormi em masiku ? Nd-&-
;casa. gona'mudzi.
before monosyllable
stems. Ex.
I am coming.
2. Imperfect
I was hoeing
we were hoeing
thou wert hoeing
you were hoeing
he was hoeing
they were hoeing
He went out
just now as we
were eating toge-
ther.
It is not you
that were saying
yesterday that
you would go?
Past absolute
I hoed
we hoed
thou hoedst
you hoed
he hoed
they hoed
Where did you
sleep last night/
I slept at home.
K mi hi ku-a,-
itfa .
N. B. Pa -a pronome
?*- ua ubali MU-A nk'a-
.yu. Mbapo-
dxo aniicliita u-a-fa t n-
a-liina, etc. Ex.
Afa t el.
da,
( nda
4. -da-
De "iu
fan>
.'>. O pronome u
da l)in-
- de a-. Al-
gunso cxpriinemqunn-
do o verbo nionosylla-
i ou principia com
uma
CQOl
196 4. Passado relative
<ou perfeito)
(eu que) cavei
(nosque) cavunios
(tu
' que) cir
(elle
la por
ka so
prono-
nt'v
.-lima
t-lima
in /-
i-lima
to/da-^tuki
6*-ka,
'k'a'ok'a na
i
In /',
From home has
coine flour.
N. B. The pronoun u
of ela mder-
stood before -a. A fe\*
natives
when the verbal stems
is monosyllabic or be-
gins with a vow
u-Q,-fa he died
al. 7/-a he went away
4. Relative past
(or perfect)
( I ) who ! oed
(we) who hoed
u) who hoedst
o hoed
(he) w< o hoed
bo hoed
. this
-da for i-eded
1
the
man .
ing?
mdo dormi-
;nmos i).
M) o vi.
c'sta morto.
1 ( .>7 5. Mais que perfeito
tinha cavado
tinharnos cavado
tinha cavadu
hais cavado
tinha cavado a, u,
tin ham cavado a, i
Para onde ti-
nhas ido/
Oudeequeafe-
sctinhaescon- '.
io/
6. Eventual
(jx'xlc ser que) cave
cavernos
*
cave
cavern
Jcu
a, u,
a>
O pae d'elle p6-
quaiqucr
to,
l">i;es
L26
Pi-da </(,n.~iro When they slept
fafoduka. we can ic a way.
Si-fa-mu-'o>w. I did not see him.
Nk'a-d'd-fa. He is not dead.
5. -ka-da- r> . Pi uperfect
I 1 ad hoed
we had hoed
thouhadsthoed
you had hoed
chi, etc.-ka-da./ma he had hoed
tt.ey i ad hoed
Where hadst
thou gone to. ?
Where was the
i-bisalahupi? wild beast hid-
den/
6. Eventual
("may be that) I hoe
> \\e hoe
t'.ou hoe
you hoe
1:6 I.Oe
they hoe
His father may
happen to come
at any moment.
No, you are ca-
Chi-nhama clii-
ti-ng&-lima
iu-nga,-lima
chi, etc. -nga- lima
i, zi, etc.-nga-Ziwia
Babache rt-nga
tur'o
Segura
gallinh.is ]
medo que fojam.
<-u ver ca9a,
hei-de te avi
ftzeresfugii
tie
:)'.
Quand<
mos. liein
lar.
N. B. Tome nota de
. por medo que,
qu..
ndi-
pregam kn
-.ga.
7. Continuativo
dacavo, cav.i
" cavamos, ca
" cavas,
1-27
dia
'atiscnink'u-
i-
'HI
ma, tut kn pangs.
U -iign-t'intin.-
nflisa nk'alamu,
tpagari.
T: ', ti-
N. B. Ant'u enango
ila ka par.
i.tima
cava
pabl rig jt
they
might rn 1
If I see gan
!l tell you.
If you get the
lion to run away,
we shall pay you.
When we have
finished, we shall
help you.
N. -nga
for e-
VrntU \\T iif,
Nvlu'I) tliat,
etc.. B
vi vritb
when."
7. Continuativc
tiqg
thou hoe-
quando a-
indacomiafolhas.
z eomixfio.
200 N. B. 1. So = sa(la)
ku t do verbosala, ficar.
De tal forma que ndi-
so-liina vale literal-
nente "fico cavando."
i>. Antes dos radicaes
monosyllabicos e dos
que prinoipiam por u-
ma vogal ouve-se o ku.
estou ja de caminho
tie caminho
202 3. So ouve-se tam-
bem junto com na e ka,
MU'lhor por assimi-
lacao no e ko. Ex.
i jii cavando
oontinuando
a cavar
r. MHO i.Mrj-:itATivo
Quantos tempos
tern o imperative em
Bena?
'lpr
1. < I
128
Ndamu'ona a-
so- tafunamasa-
mba.
Chi-Bo-ps'wa-
ps'wa.
N. B. 1. Ndi-so-lima
= ndisala kulima.
2. Pa inbeu za sylla-
ba ibodzi na za kut'a-
ngua na vogal ku ana-
bveka. Ex.
a-so-k-a-enda
3. Nsikuzinango u-
nabva mbo -no-so, -ko
-so. Ex.
a-ao-so-lima
a-ko-so-lima
II. IMI'KKATIVO
Tempo za kutuma
nzingasi?
Zi.xanu i/,i:
I. Ill kll'^UMlii
'2. la kulrmeza na-w{7rt
tvv him when
still eating leaves
It is itching.
N. B. 1. So = sa(la)
ku, from the verb-so/a,
remain. So that ndi-so-
lima = literally"! re.
main digging."
2. A'u is hoard befo-
re monosyllabic stems
and those that boijin
with a vowel. I
I am coining
he is going
3. So is also heard
together with na and
ka, or better through
assimilation, no and
ko. Ex.
he is digging yet,
already
he was still dig-
ging
II. IMPERATIVE MOOM
How many tenses
has the imperative in
Sena?
Five, vi/. ;
I. Thr short cut,
2. The respectful,
204 3. Tres tempos em
-e emprestados do
subjunctive. 1
206
1. Expeditivo
ae
129
Tempo zitatu
za kumala na -e za
kubuerekua na sub-
junctive.
1. la kuguandira
lima-ni
N. B i. Kxistendo N. B. i. Ungafuna
so a segunda propria matumiro enango,
do
imperative pro-
prio emprega-se para
as outras pessoas o
subjunctive em -e
precedido ounaoda
particula mba, n. 2j7 4
cave elle
2 O imperau
verbo anamala na -e
Ex.
t-endeni, mba-tcndc
t-cnde-ni. n . i
mbalimc
Imperative ua
ku-cnda ndi
nd-oko
koni
mo-
.innti
ii- mi/irua -j, nsiku zi-
o prefixo i ou u, nango i, u. Ana encli-
ouo suffixo a. Ten- co i/iru;>
3. Three tenses in
-e borrowed from
the subjunctive.
Ex.
1. Short cut
dig thou
dig (ye)
N. B. i. As the im-
perative proper has
only the second per-
son, the other per-
sons are borrowed
from the indefinite
subjunctive with or
without mba, n. 277.
Ex.
let us go
c
let him dig
The imperative
ofku-cndiT, to go, is
g
go ye
3. iiabic
stems that have no
enclitic require the
suffix -a or the pre-
ingan
do enclitico sao regu-
lares, n. 33. Ex.
Vcm
Morre
Come
Vinde
Vem ca
Tra-lo ca
130
chint'u tayu, n. 33. enclitic they are re-
gular, n. 33. i
^D^a-a, i-d\a, u- Come
Fa-a, if a, u-fa Die
^Dia-a. i-dia, u- Eat
dia
Come (ye)
Come here
r- Bring him, bring
it, etc.
208 2. Respeitoso
cava (se quize-
res)
cavae (se qui-
zerdes
201) 3. Tempos euipres-
tados do suhjiiiicti-
vo.
cava
cavae
vem cavar
vinde cavar
vae cavar
ide cavar
*D%a-kuno
nacho, etc.
2. nga-
nga-lima
nga-lima-ni
2. Respectful
kindly dig
kindly weed ye
3. Pia kuinala 3. Tenses borrowed
nae- from the subjun-
ctive.
u-lime dig
mu-lime dig ye
u-d%a-lime, d\a- come and dig
li-me
d^a-limc-ni come ye and dig
u-ka-lime, ka-lime come and dig
ka-lime-ni go ye and dig
v. nn. 2 1 0-2 1 3
:. 7 da segun-
i do singu-
lar pode exprimir-se
ou subintender-se d
von:
III. MO DO SUB-
JUNCTIVO
for mas
III. SUBJUNCTIVO
lM.\-I-UMRO)
N. B- The pronoun
n of the second per-
son of the singular is
expressed or under-
stood at will.
III. SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD.
Tern tres, a saber: Zitatu izi:
i. O immediato, i. la kui;uandira,
2.O aproximativo 2. la kupitisa d^a,
com
'3. O retrocessivo 3. la kupitisa ka.
com
Mafuuiro tnangasi? How many forum
lias the subj unctiYel
Three, viz.:
1. The immediate,
2. The aproximative
with djj,
3. The retrocessive
with -ka.
11 1. him, dialn 1 . la kiiu r n:ui(lir.i
eu ca- ndi-limc?
ti-lime?
in
'
mn-lunc
hi-,\c.-limc
hi-, etc. -lime
LUIC 1L\\1-
1. Immediate
(do you wish
that) I hoe?
o we i
1 \\ !>h that)
thou li
c you h
lioe
.
make
i in.
Da- me o teu
pequenoparaque
eu o coma.
Espera ate co-
zinharmosmassa.
Pica hoje para
guardar a agua.
Queria mata-lo.
Talvez o ele-
phanteoesconda.
Procurou de-
baixo d'uma ar-
vore um logar pa-
ra dormir.
212 2. Approximative
cnhopara)cavar
: emos para) ca-
var
pcra que eu
ven ha \er a fera.
Sac da casa
pa ra vir ver a
vua mac.
132
Ndi-pase niuanako
ndi-mu-die.
^Dikira tipike
nsima.
Sala lero uk-a-
lire mad\i.
A-funa a-mu-
p'e.
Peno a-m-bise
n^ou.
Asaka pa nniti
a-gone.
Give me thy
child to eat.
Wait till we
cook the porridge.
Remain here
to-day to watch
the water.
He wished to
kill him.
May be the ele-
phant conceal him
He looked un-
der a tree for a
place to sleep.
2.
ndi-d\a-lime
ti-d^a-lime
2. Approximative
(I am coming) to hoe
(we are coming)
to hoe
etc. etc.
'Dikira ndi-d\a
chi-'-one chinha-
ma.
Buluka
mba uc
mako.
'nhu-
Wait till I may
go and see the
beast.
Come out of the
hut to come and
see your mother.
ssivo
cavar
-imos
'cavar
r a
:panella.
.mos dormir
perto do poco.
133
;;.
ndi-ka-lime
ti-ka-litne
etc. etc.
Ndoko u-ka-kua-
te chikalangii.
Tendeku 'nche-
ra ti-kagone.
'*>. Ketrocessire
(that) I go and hoe
(that) we go and
hoe
Go and take the
cooking-pot.
Let us go to the
well and sleep
there.
IV. MODOINFINITIVO IV. INFINITIVO IV. INFINITIVE MOOD
;14
(Jnantas forma** torn
Lnflnito fin Sena?
Tres, como o sub-
junctivo, e com os
mesmos auxiliares.
ca\
var
: (I cad or ku
(\n iiilinitivo
parte dos
naturaes
o exprimem antes
formas monos .
Tempo za infl-
nito zingasi?
Zitatu, ninga za
subjunctivo. Ex.
ku-lima
ku-d~a-lima
kit-ka-limj.
Ku na influitiro
anabvcka
How many forms
has the infliiitlrein
Sena?
Three, like the
subjunctive, and
with the same auxi-
liaries,
to weed
to come to weed
to go to weed
I* (ho infinitive
class! HIT /.-//always
Pa avogal na pa
xa syllaba ibo-
dzi enr
itives
: only be-
To re \ ul mo-
nosyllabic stems. Ex.
Jeixarde
com
Tivemos medo
rmospisados
it> M' cniprega
u inlinitivo:
i. Como sujeito
ou objectode verbos,
a maneira do verda-
sub.st mtivoque
Morrer nao e
Tivemos rcceio
cair.
'J17 2. Com o valor
'urn indicativo ra-
ido. I
A arvore caiu
i ruido.
. a<.]uem
- (^ha-
eu filho
iza.
134
Vdafunakud^a.
Ndirekeku-dia?
Amala ku-a-fi-
nha .
Tagopafinhua
I wanted to co-
me.
Shall I leave
off eating?
He crushed
them all.
We feared to
be crushed.
I nlinitivo anabveka How is the infini-
tani?
i. Ninga sujeito na
objectoa. averbo. Ex.
Kufasinhatua?
Tagopci ku-
gua.
2. Ninga indicative
ua kuguandira. Ex.
Muti invuwu
kugua.
Zungu^awe!
Ndao, chemera
ani? Chemera
nwananga Zu-
ngu^a.
tivo used]
i. As subject or
object of verbs, as
the true substantive
it is. Kx.
To die is not
a punishment?
We were a-
fraid to fall.
2. With the value
of a rapid indicati-
ve. Ex.
The tree fell
down.
Zunguza! -Rea-
dy, whom do you
call? I called my
child Zunguza.
Quero jr.
135
ndcndc.
iom o valor do
nosso participio pre-
sente ou gerundio.
O leao matou
caca,
para o seu filho;
/.cllatambem
arrancou crvas
me die in a os, da)i-
loseufilho.
i djj]
lepois do ver-
ho A-M^f.i, vir, indi-
'> ou infinitivo.
lephante ve-
iooutra vex. comer
Qucria vi
mar banho.
o inllnitiviM ..
ou infin.
ra. V.\
kutimizi-
\lralamu mba-
p'a iihj.m.i p'era
miian.ichc, mba-
walambombague-
ditla mitombue
pasa muanache.
Infinitivo ua kndza
anabvt'ka \n\\n I
jrho ua kudza,
pinainala iye na -j.
Ex,
Ad^aphia n\<>u
.\\Lifnnci kn-
.i d^uamba.
I ntinili vo na kuc
M-l.i .1 i.ipi .'
verho ku<
pina:-. ,1 -a.
1 want to go.
3. With the value
of a present partici-
ple.
Lit. The lion
killed game, kill-
ing it for its child,
the bush-buck too
dug out medici-
nes giving them
to its child.
How is the infinit-
ive with -t/f.7 used.'
Only after the verb
/ft/L/f.7, to come, in-
dicative or infinitive.
The elephant
came a^ain/o eat
the pumpkins.
I wanted to co-
me and have a
bath.
\Vlieu :s (ho iulini-
tiv.' with ii-rd.'
or in fin i ;
186
Acnda ka-gona
Foi dormir.
sleep.
Queres ir dor- Unafuna kite- Do you w
ir? nda ka-gona? go to sleep?
mir?
\'. PARTICIPIOS
nda ka-gona'
V. PARTICIPIO
He went to
want to
g
V. PARTICIPLES
> >l Quantos participios
tem a lingua de Sena I
Ndipange nparti-
cipio a Chisenal
i. O participio que
,tem a forma de ex-
'pressao possessiva,
n. i5o Kx.
agua a ferver
caminho limpo
casa acabada
i. Adjective a ku-
p'atanisa anapitisa
infinitive, n. i5o. Ex.
mad\i a kupisa
njira ia kulimi-
rua
nhumba ia kuma-
lisika
What kinds of
participles do we
find in Sena?
i. The participle
that has the form of
a possessive express-
ion, n. i5o. Ex.
boiling water
clean path
house finished
2. Um participio
especial que se pode
chamar copulative
formado com o verbo
precedido do ele-
mento pronominal e
da pnrticula mba, n.
a cavando
2. Averho a kut ( a-
n^ua na rnba^ mb-,
n. 260.
Ex.
2. A special parti-
ciple, which can be
termed copulative,
formed with the
verb, and the particle
mba, n. 260. Ex.
Sala mb-u-lima Keep hoeing
137
INFLUFNCIA DA VOZ MASANOUKIRO A VOZ
pode
eh. mi >-nn
i referenda es-
pecial que alguns ver-
bos incluem, e que
se marca por um suf-
fixo.
As vozes sao oito, a
saber:
1. Passiva. Ex.
ser cavado
2. Intransitisv
tr-se
3. Causativa.
fazer cavar
4. Intensiva. 1
..ir bem
\ttractiva
ir para...
>roca. Ex.
ir um para o
outro
7- I
brir
8. M
Chinatula if roz ni
nji?
Masandukiro a a-
verbo, pinatimizi-
ruawo -hva, -ira -isa y
-ula, -ana, na zene-
zo.
Avoz mbasere awa:
i. Ua kutimiza i-
)rj, iu. Ex.
ku lim-ua
2. Ua kutimiza ka. Ex.
ku-lim ika
3. Ua kuchitisa. Ex.
ku-lim-isa
4.Uakukomesa. \ : .\.
ku-lim is a
5. Ua kutimiza -irj,
era-.
ku-lim-ira
I la kutimiza
-jthi
ku-liin-ir-jiia
fa kutimi/
fung-ula
8. Ua matimi/iro e-
nango na enango. Ex.
INFLUENCE OF
THE VOICE
What can bo tor-
ui <d voice in the
Sona verbs!
A special refer-
ence included by
some verbs and mar-
ked by the suffixes
-nr.7, -i'A\z, -ira, etc.
There are eight of
these voices, viz.
i. Passive. Ex.
to
2. Intransitive. Ex.
to get dug
3. Causative. Ex.
to cause to dig
4. Intensive. Ex.
to dig well
5. Attractive
to dig for...
'. Reciprocal. Ex.
to dig for each
other
to open
Ex.
1 HS
-ir um para kit-lim-is-ir-jnn
o outro.
'2'-!3<J;i:il *' o suttlvo Unatimixa papi -hra,
/JIM para os primi- hva anatimizirua
tivosmonosyllabicos, pa averbo a syllaba
-uj para os outros. ibodzi, it a pa averbo
enango. Ex.
roubar, ser rou- ku-ba, kn-b-in>a
bater, ser batido menha, menh-ua
mandar, ser man- tuma, titm-ua
dado
jepcao: Chinango ndi:
temer, ser temido gopa^ gop-S'ua
;al c <> sufllxo in-
tnuultirel
-A7.M para os pri-
mitivos monosylla-
S e os polysyl-
ija penulti-
ma c e on o;
kj tomando o
r de -la nos tran-
sitivos que acabam
em -ula ou -ola;
ika nos mais casos.
Ex.
to cause to dig one
for another
Which is the pas-
ivc suffix?
hva tor monosyl-
labic stems, -ua for
the others. Ex.
to steal, to be
stolen
to beat, to be
beaten
to send, to be
sent
Exception:
to fear, to be fear-
ed
Ndipange matimiziro
a -ka?
Averbo a mbeu ia
syllaba ibodzi, na e-
nango a kupitisa e na
o anafuna -eka
Akumala na -ula,
ola, anachisanduza
na -ukci, -oka;
Enango anafuna -i-
ka. i
Which is the in-
transitive suffixl
-Eka for monosyl-
labic stems and for
those polysyllabic
stems that have e ou
o as their penultima-
te;
-ka replacing -la
when the transitive
form ends in -ula
or -ola;
ika in the other ca-
ses. Kx.
kit-bra, ku-b
malar, tenr
bater, bate; - kumenha, kumc-
,.ir-sc
qucbrar, que-
bra;
encher, cnchcr-sc
(' - r ani
estri vrrhos intran-
nos-
so rcflcxo, quando
ncia
a u
A panclla
quebrou.
kn-pand-ula, kit-
pand-uka
ku-tyola,ku ty-oka
ku-d-jla, ku-d^al-
ika
Averbo on e wo ana-
bveka lini!
,1 zinak ; nda
iye kupaniiua munfu
uakuchiu pinalo-
n^ua. Ex.
a-
rueka.
<} .jiie te t'e- / 'amcnheka na
njif
itra- Munaambuki-
ka
pri-
kotoMi
n.tlisa liini .'
./i, na
to hear, to get
heard
to kill, to get hurt
to beat, to get
beaten
to tear, to get
torn
to break, to get
broken
to fill, to get full
How an- those in-
tran<itiv< verbs
used.'
ive verb,
but without referen-
ce to a conscient
agent
The pot
broken
re b
what were
you hurt:
.n the river
jd here:
os monosylla- a kupr
is the -au-
v;lti\r sulliv .'
ul for
140
cos, e os polysylla- mala na -esa\ those polysyllabic
bicos cuja penultima stems that have e or
u o; o as their penulti-
mate;
Za tomando o lo- A kutaya -la ana- Za replacing- la
t;ar de -la em mui- mala na -fa; in some verbs that
tos verbos que aca- have this ending,
bam com este som when transitive;
quando sao transiti-
sa tomando o logar Akutaya -uka ana- sa replacing ka
de ka nos verbos que mala na usa; where the transitive
acabam em uka\ form ends in uka\
ouvir, fazer ou- ku-bva, ku-bv-esa to hear, to make
vir one hear
comer, fazer co- ku-dia, ku-di-esa to eat, to make
men one eat
chamar, fazer ku-chemera, ku- to call, to send to
chamar cheme-resa call
cncher-se, en- ku-d\ala, ku-d\a- to get full, to fill
cher, ^a
gritar, desparar kit-lira, ku-li-\a to cry, to cause to
sound
dercter-se, dere- ku - nhugunluka, to melt (intr.), to
tcr ku-nhungul-iisa melt (trans.)
cair, fa/er cair ku-gua,ku-gu-isa to fall, make one
fall.
aqueccr-se, assar ku-of-a, ku-ocfta to warm oneself,
to roast
i bo inten-
<|u<- Millixo tcni .'
Chamam-se inten-
sivos uns poucos ver-
bos cujo sutlixo vale
Ubern, perfeitamente,
n for^a.- Este su-
\o em Sena e -esa
'ou -isa como nos
causativos de que se
distingue pelo con-
text'
;ber, saber mui-
to
ouvir,ouvirmuito
bem
gurar
-rn
pessoa muit'
227(^ual e e qnc >
Ittl
para os
primitives monosyl-
[^ara os po-
icos cuja
penultirna c e ou o;
141
Avcrboakukonie-
v.i anamala tani!
A syllaba ibodzi
anamala na -esu, ena-
ngo anamala na -isa,
-esa, ninga averbo a
kutuma. Ex.
What is an inten-
sive verb and what
ku-dywa, ku-d-i-
n'-isa
kit-bra, ku-br-cs.i
ku-p*ata, ku-p i at-
isa
tnunt'u na kud~i-
tv-tsa
\Ve term inten-
siveu a few verbs
which have a suffix
which means well,
perfectly, with stren-
gth^ This suffix in
Sena is -esa or -i'sj,
as in the causative
form, from which it
can be distinguished
only by the context.
Ex.
to know, to know
well
to hear, to hear
perfectly
with strength
a very wise man
Averbo a kulira ana- Wlmli is the at-
kuuna njinji .'
Anakuana na chi-
portiiL i, con-
Irai'litr ^ullix and
nhaf is its >alur'
It is cr\7 tor mo-
Doiyllabic stea
tra, sobre, por rasao for those ;
ciitro de, ctc.. 1 that have
e or penul-
ivhe-
142
Yale as nossas pre- quivalent is for, on,
posicoes para, so- against, in, etc. Ex.
bre, contra, dentro
de, etc.- KM.
Porque Ihe rou- Uamb-era-nji? Why did you rob
baste isso? him?
Muta-me caca. Ndip < --erenhama. Kill me some ga-
me.
Porque vieste ca? Uad\-era-nji? What did you co-
me fort
Vimbuscar agua. Ndad^-era ma- I have come to get
d\i. water.
Dormimos com 7 "agon-era njala. We slept with
fome, lit. sobre hunger, lit. on
tome. hunger.
Foi pregado na Ak'om-erua pa He was nailed to
cruz. kurusu. the cross.
_;ura-te contra Tsam-iramnti. Rest against the
a arvore. tree.
Fccha-o dentro 'Mfung-ire'nnhu- Shut him in the
da casa. wfoz. house.
A C,;S,L em que Nhumba inagon- The house in
dunno... era inc... which I sleep...
minhotodolim- Njiraiakulim-i- A. clean road.
po.. rua...
228Qnal o < siiflixo reci- Ndipangro map'a- Which is th ro-
pr<><-o.' taniziro? procal suffix 1
ou -anana. Ana, nsiku zina- 4mr or -anana. Ex.
ngo anana. Ex.
icrra
- um
ao outro
: ur uns com
os outi
rbos
Os verbos com o
sutfixo -i//j, mas
poucos sao os deri-
primitivos
ainda empre r
O sutfixo -M/ii quasi
que vale o nossn pre-
Srir
ajuntar terra, des-
interrar
gar
230 Que (' a vo/ mi-
iruna
ilas-ana
Matimi/iro-M/aana-
kuana nanji rhi/iiii-
LTII .'
chiportuguez
des-, na chiinglez un-
Ex.
.7,
fuka, fuk-ula
Li pjnd-
nla
Alipo avrrlto
''.n.iiiL'o na
pin..
Alipo. i
na.
The]
with each other,
-tand
each other.
To kill one an-
other.
What arc cxpnu-
>m VT
Those that have
the suffix -M/.7, hut
very few are those
derived from primi-
Our
prefix un- is nearly
the equivalent of the
. sutfix -ula.
to open, to shut
ither earth,
to unearth
. to tear
open
What Ntlu-mm'd
which
rivatr,
They order
ojx" r the
oth
231
Resume
ma is corrccto.
144
Unganherezera,
More exact
summary.
Distinguir-se-ha o Unaik'a pache pa- Distinguish the
verbo em:
che verbo:
-ALA, sem mudan- Ua ku k'-ALA
ca, co mo
nada,
Deus e o
-IKA, que e tirado
como do nada
e no transformar
1. -UA, passivo
2. -IRA, attractive
3. -ULA, depositivo
4. -ISA, mandativo
5. -ANA, connective
6. -UK A, reflectivo
e- UNA desaggre-
gativo
7. -UMA, do des-
canso
Ua ku
papezi
chit-IKA
na
1. Ua ku-chit-UA
2. Ua ku-chit-IRA
3. Uakut-ULA
4. Ua ku chit-ISA
5. Ua ku p'at-ANA
6. Ua ku kumb-U-
KA.
na ku f-UNA
7. Ua ku p-UMA
verb in:
-ALA, without
change, as Almighty
God and nothing-
ness,
-IKA, bringing out
as of nothing
and in transforming
1. UA, passive
2. -I^RA, attractive
3. ULA, unloading
4. -ISA, mandative
5. -ANA connec-
tive
6. -UKA, reflect-
ive
and- UNA, des-
aggregative
7. -C7M<4,ofrest
I -7
A VERBO -1
THE -7 CONJU
GATION
232 Quaes g&o os verbos
da conjugayfio em -if
i. Osquatro v
suspensivos
dizer
cstar comor
ex t ran bar
rbos quc
i costumes
pelos
port <>mo
paj
ganhar
embainhar
cheirar rape
fetada
Tcrbo -'/. . f
(. (ou
Ndipangre arerbo
a kuiuala na -i
i . Anal a\va:
-kuti...
ku-tani?
ku-tsamari
2. Averho a kubue-
rekua na chiportu-
guez, nin
kit-pagari
ku- ganhar i
ku-bainhari
ku-fiari
ku-bufttiari
i virbo li
1. \:\ Chilio
Which are the verbs
of the -i conjuga-
tion!
1. The four sus-
pensive verbs
to be ...
to say
to be how?
to be astonished
2. The verbs that
express costumes in-
troduced by the por-
tugueze, as
to pay
to earn
t-> hem
to borrow
to take snutV
-ivc a slap
on the face
h. MB the
v, ri> K...f
i. The present, or
[ ,im here
Estaes ahi?
Onde estamos...
2. Oimperfeito in-
dicative. Ex.
estava alii
estavamos alii
mesmo
235 Quamlo se einprega
o verbo -li?
1. Antes de locati-
;vos e infmitivos. Ex.
esta la
esta dentro
estd na casa
esta a vir
2. Antes da pre-
posicao na. Ex.
estava com fome
3. Antes de maso,
com vida, lit. o-
lhos ,e de palavras
informes. Ex.
esta com vida
estou miseravel
estds sujo
i 4. Raras vezes, em
imitacao do estylo
de Tete, depois dos
;pronomes locativos
rj, ku, mu. Ex.
146
mu-li apo?
ku-li ife. .
2. la kale. Ex.
ndikali-ko
ti-ka-li penepo
Verbo -li anabveka
papi?
1. Pa madzina a
mbuto na a-infini-
tivo. Ex.
a-li-po
a-li-mo
a-li 'nhumba
a-li kud^a
2. Pa -na. Ex.
a-ka-li nanjala
3. Pa maso, na ma-
fala a chipezipezi.
Ex.
a-li maso
ndi-ri dombe
n-li pi
4. Pabodzi na -pa
-ku, -mu, ninga chi-
nhungue. Ex.
Are you there?
Where we are...
2. The imperfect
indicative. Ex.
I was there
we were just
there
When is the verb
-li used?
1. Before locatives
and infinitives. Ex.
he is there
he is in
he is in the house
he is coming
2. Before the pre-
position na. Ex.
I was hungry
3. Before maso,
alive, lit. eyes,
and before informal
words. Ex.
he is alive
I am miserable
thou art dirty
4. Sometimes, in
imitation of the style
of Tete, after the lo-
cative pronouns pa,
ku, mu. Ex.
j Dentrodacasa
!ha um bicho.
236 i ; aduz es-
no-i tempo* quo
rbo H nio tern?
147
\\fiumbamn-lichi-
nhama, (mbuenhe)
mu-na chinhama.
Chisena cha kukna-
na na ehiportnguei
estar ninji. unga-
There is a wild
beast in the hou-
se.
How Is to bc ren-
dered when li can-
nut be used?
Pelo verbo ku-k*a-
Ndi verbo ku-k\i-
Seelleestiverla... anga-k'ala-ko..
237 (Jiial ' <> st-nlido pro-
"prio do vTl)n ku-tif
ii/er. Mas de
facto emprega-se
n'uns poucos senti-
.do-
i. Em proposi^oes
positivas com o au-
xili;ir cntido
ie deixar
is do
egar hoje.
ATu-/i anakuana
nanji chipurtu-
guez?
Na odizerw. Nsiku
zinungo ana malo-
ngero ache, ninga
i. Chizungu Nao
pode deixnr de...
Ich
: li u-roue Ic-
ro.
A ;M // jfikelero.
In some cases by a
copulative particle,
n. 252, in others by
kukaLi* Kx.
In the case that
he be there...
Which is the pro-
p.-r Mioaiiiiig of
ku-ti ?
In means to say.
But as a matter of
fact is is mostly used
idiomatically, viz.:
i. In positive clau-
ses with the auxiliar
-;KI to moan cannot
fail to...
You cannot fail to
ihcm to-day.
They cannot fail
to conic to-day.
Nao deixara de
;apparecer.
239 2. Em proposicoes
Inegativas juntamen-
;te com a negacao e
jo auxiliar -d$a, ou as
vezes -tf, no sentido
de ainda nao. Ex.
Ainda nao o vi-
mos.
Ainda
nao^che-
Ainda nao mor-
reu.
148
Chi-na-ti chi'-one-
ke.
2. Chizungu Ain-
da nao... Ex.
Nk'a-ti-d^a-ti ku-
mu i ona.
A-d^a-ti kufika
tayu.
Nk'ati kufa.
It cannot fail to
appear.
2. In negative clau-
ses together with a
negative particle and
the auxiliary d^a
sometimes -a-, to T
mean <-not yet.-> Ex.
We did not yet
see him.
He did not come
yet.
He did not die
yet.
240 3. Gomo infinhivo 3. Chizungu que 3. As an infinitive,
no sentido de que pabodzi na averboa to mean -that- after
depois dos verbos kulonga. Ex.
de dizer. Ex.
_Dissc-me que ia. Andipanga
anenda.
jDisse que vinha. Alonga kuti ana- He said that he
was coming
the verbs of saying,
Ex.
kuti He told me that
he was going.
241: 4- Ccmo pane do 4. Cha-ku-ti... (ku- 4. As one of the e-
pronome indefinite tikana chakuti), n. lements of the inde-
cha-ku-ti, tal cousa, i65. finite pronoun cha-
A-U-/I, such a thing,
n. i65.
r.iflti/. em
verbo
/.T
Chinakiinna nsiku
zinango na
chiziingu di/er ninji<
How i* tfonf rally
re n do red our ?erb
1 ay I
Por um dos verbos Averbo ku-chita, By one of the re-
ku-chita, lit. fazer, ou ku bveka, nsikuzina- t^ular verbs ku-chita
ku-bvekj, ser ouvido, ngo -a. E\.
> passado
^or -a
c: VinJ-
^7a (Achita, Abve-
ka) *
lit. to do, or A-U bveka,
lit. to be heard, and
often in the past ten-
se by -.;. K\
He said: tCome
here*.
1 ku-tanif)
vrrd:(.]-iraini'ntc um
?er na?
Tanif ua Chinena
ndi verbo ene?
sem duvida.
pode tomar o
iclassificador ku a
mancirados infiniti-
|vos, e podem-se Ihe
prefixar pronomes
:subjectivos e objec-
tivos.
Ndiverbo. Nanji a-
nabvala prefixo ku-
ninga averbo enango
na apronome.
Is Lin if (Tete ku
-tani) a true
verb in Sena!
No doubt about it,
since it can take the
classifier ku as the
infinitive, and vari-
ous subjective pro-
nouns.
*244 Qua sip aa'form.is
de Mm em uso 1
anabroka
papi?
Which aro th forms
Of /..";:' in use?
O com
o contim
so ou no -50, o
'>m -a, e o
: infmitivo
;.7,
50, no so, -j . 1
The present with
;KT, the continuative
NVltll -50 Of N')-50,the
p;ist with -a, and the
infinitive tani'
! Em que con-
idi^ao estou eu?
IQue possofazer?
Como esta elle
Gomo fazes is-
|so?
Como te tra-
itou?
Como vamos?
Como devemos
ifazer isto?
IVerbos notaveis por
I $eu empiTgo idio-
iu at i co
160
No-so-fani?=
(Ndi-no-so-tani?)
A-so-tani kue-
neko?
Unapitani?
A-ku-tani?
Tinenda tani?
Tipichitetani?
Averbo tower a, k'a-
la,funa, etc.
245
In what condi-
tion am I? What
can I do?
How is he there?
How do you do
that?
How did he treat
you?
How do we go?
How must we
do this?
A few verbs used
idiomatic ally
To follow
Seguir Towera, tewera^
Para que. Comei Diani magogodo In order to. Eat
ios ossos para ter- towera mmva- bones in order ta
; des dentes rijos. ngise mano.
strengthen
teeth.
the
U4<; Assentar-se= K'ala=
r.Sejahomem. K>ala mamuna.
Porque
K'ala mat uatu.
To Kit down
To be. Be a man.
Because. Becau-
se she is our mo-
ther.
Abre bem os Hukulani piadidi Whether. Open
je a nossa mae.
151
olhos paraverdes
se oferroestden-
rnado.
> quc. Caso
que seja uma ro-
la. cd.
1 -\ilta ndo pouco.
FaltunJo pouco
para acabar o
me
masu micom utali the eyes well to
w-;/i, r j-k*ala ua see whether the
fuira. iron is red hot.
k'ala ndiji- If. If it is a dove
. d^inayoni. bring it here.
Funa
Funa mala mue\i.
To wish
Nearly. The
month being
nearly at an
end. . .
248
B?eka
To bo hoard
Disse: Jd /1-bveka *ndina- To say. He said:
10. d^a* [ am coming.*
Chita
To do
>-. I)ij;a mui- Chita *tak'uta* To say. Say:
<" * Thank you.
igado.i
260Ki'oisar nao, -207
K fc onia, n. 'J<;7
LekA, n. -jr.s
To r.-fusc nt, 11. 267
To leave not, n. 268
PARTICULAS
PREPOSITIVYS E
POSTPOSITIVAS
251 Estando nuia palavra
jA completa, Terbo,
anbstantivo, adje-
ctivo ou pronome,
havera ein Sena al-
gumaparticnlaqne
se Uie possa accres-
eeatarl
Ha as seguintes:
i.Acopulavariavel
ndi, ngu, mba, etc.;
2. A particula con-
junctiva mba- antes
das consoantes, mb-
antes das vogaes;
3. As particulas ne-
Alipo uia^ome-
zero anatimi-
zirua pa ma-
falaainuinp'u?
tayu;
4. A preposicao
connectiva na.
A preposicao
comparativa ninga;
<) A preposicao
possessiva a, ua,ia,
(a, etc.;
7. As particulas en-
cliticas -mbo t -bve,
-tu, -mue;
8. As particulas
PREPOSITIVE
AND POSTPOSITIYE
PARTICLES
A word being gram-
uialically coniple-
te, verb, substan-
tive, adjective, or
pronoun, are there
in Sena any parti-
cles that can b
added to it!
Alipo awa: There are the fol-
lowing:
1. Chinatula azu- i. The variable co-
ngu copula, ninga pula ndi, ngu, mba,
ndi, ngu, mba, etc. etc
2. Gha kumanga 2. The conjunctive
averbo, ninga mba, particle mba before
mb-,
3. Pia ku tuna 51,
, ne, bi, tayu.
consonants, mb- be-
fore vowels;
3. The negative
particles si, nk f a, ne,
bi, tayu;
4. The connective
particle na;
5. The comparat-
ive particle ninga;
6. The possessive
preposition a, ua,
ia, ^a, etc.;
7. Matimiziro -mbo, 7. The enclitic
-bve,-tu, -mue, particles -mbo, bve,
tu, mue;
8. Mafala maka, 8. The superlative
4. Gha kumanga a-
substantivo, na.
5. Gha kulinganiza
ninga.
6. Pia kup'atanisa a,
ua, ia a etc.
superlativas maka e
makam
153
fnxkantaka.
particles maka e
kamt
1. Cop-ila THriarel A\//. ngu, mb.i, etc,
- varia a co-
pula positiva ?
Conforme a pala-
que a segue e
'substantive, adjecti-
vo forte, pronome
jtivo, pronome
interroi^ativo, ou
pronome pessoal.
Copula inananduka
Unit
I The rariabli
pula
How <lo>s the po-
siiivc copula rary!
Njinango pa asub- According as the
stantivo, inango pa word it introduces
adjective a kuwanga, is a substantive, an
inango pa adjective adjective pronoun,
akufewa, etc.
an nterrogatve pro-
noun, or a personal
pronoun.
1 if forma tern antes
do- Militant!
Pa
ninji!
What is its form i>r-
-ubstautivest
A forma ndi, o qual Ndi ndi, nsiku zi- It is ndi expressed
>de exprimir ou nango ne kubveka or understood at will,
subintender d vonta- tayu. M\. MX.
She is a girl.
It is a goat.
Who is it th
[tisa woman.
ima rapariga. (&di) mua-li.
to. (&Qli) nibu-{i.
Quc
iHilher. ni
lie c ^uc caiur
Chidagua ninji?
muala.
What is it that
fell !t is a
le.
254Qne forma tern an-
tes dos adjectives
fortes?
Regra geral, e ndi
expresso ou subin-
tendido na classe MU-
.4, em quanto nas ou-
tras classes varia co-
mo se fosse m prono-
mes adjectivos. Ex.
Esta creanca e
menino, ou meni-
na?
Esta gente sao
homens ou mu-
Iheres?
Kstessaopatos
ou patas?
Estes cabritos
sao machos.
Estas arvores
sao verdes.
265 fyie forma tern antes
<ios pronomes adje-
ct! vos?
Uma forma nasal
variavel que coales-
ce com o prefixo dos
mesmos com o resul-
tado seguinte:
154
Pa adjective a ku-
wanga ninji?
Adjective a kuwa-
nga a ubali MU-A
analonda asubstanti-
vo, enango analonda
apronome adjective.
Ex.
Mnana
uyu
mamuna
(ndi)
(ndi) nka^i?
/lnt i uawa
amuna? (ndi)aka-
p?
Mabata awa mba-
mnna? mba-ka^i?
Mbu^i t\t nsi-
muna.
Miti ino nji-
jvisi.
Pa apronome adje-
ct ivo riinjii
What i it before
strong adjectives!
As a rule ndi, ex-
pressed or unders-
tood in the MU-A
class, while in the o-
ther classes it varies
as before adjective
pronouns. Ex.
Is this child a
boy or a girl?
Are these peo-
ple men, or wo-
men?
Are these dra-
kes, or ducks?
These are he-
goats.
These trees are
green.
What is it before
adjective pronouns!
Anasanduka na u- A variable nasal
bali na ubali, ninga form which together
with the fin-t ele-
ment of these pro-
nouns coalesces into
forms like the follo-
wing:
155
a pessoa
e. . .
Ml'-nt 4 u, ngu-
the person is. . .
as pc
sao. . .
A-nt l u, mbj-
the persons are. . .
a arvore
Ml* ti, ngu- al. ndu
the tree is. . .
as arvores
sao . .
Ml-ti, nji-
the trees are. . .
o hoi
N-g ombe, nji-
the ox is . .
os hois
sao. . .
(ZI) N-g-ombe, nti-
the oxen are. . .
o olho
Di-so, ndi-, al. nji-
the eye is. ...
os olhos
sao. . .
MA-so, mba-
the eyes are. .
o arco
c . . .
U-ta, mbu-
the bow is. . .
os ai\
sao . . .
MA-'uta-, mbj-
the bows are ...
a couNa
CHI-nt'u, nch'i-
the thin:; is. . .
as C(/
Pl-nt'u, mp'i-
the things are. . .
a crc
KA-muana, n/c'j-
the little child is. . .
as cr
is sao. ..
Pl-ana, w/?*i-
the little children
are. . .
:.;1o d
que. .
on the ground it is
that
nud/i. fnp'u
in the village it is
que. . .
thai
para I
c que. . .
Kl.'-ns'i, nl-u-
underneath it is that...
nsipi' N\-c';/c--;.
;/s/;/. ;/s/--r), us-j
kuwanga, nsida-
Q
me
mes-
IV;
sao esses, sdo
; tes, sao
ico de L'/d nn<> nibuani't
^'hich are my
>i They arc
just these, they
arc these, they
J7v they
'/;Y the 51
; hose
which \
bt >w NV
quern e? K' meu,
e de Pedro.
Kstapovoacao
de quern e? E' de
Chiko.
Nito ha nada
dentro da casa.
E" verdade.
A minha em-
.barcacao e a que
temburacos.
257 Quo forma tem an-
tes dos pronornes
pessoaes?
Tem a forma ndi-,
seguido pelo prono-
me encliiico. Ex.
Sow eu.
Tu & minha mae.
Quern es tu?
/:' elle o superior.
A" o que eu que-
loe isso? "' isso
mcsmo.
ILa e que ha agua,
Mbu-driga, mbu-a
Pedro. l
Munomp^uaani?
'Mpua Chiko.
Mpu-a pc^i
'nhumba.
Mpi-adidi.
SMuadia ua-
nga ngu-na ma-
ben ga .
Pa apronouie a kn-
tulua pessoal ninjil
Ndi-, 169. Ex..
$Mama ndirve.
Ndi-ive a tii?
Ndiye 'nkulu
Ndi-piopinafuna
ine.
Simo? Ndi-mo
mucne.
Ndimo mima ma-
is it? It is mine,
it is Peter's.
Whose place is
this? It is Chi-
ko's.
It is all empty
in the house.
It is true.
My canoe f's that
which has got
holes.
What is it before
personal pronouns!
NJi-, followed by
enclitic forms. Ex.
Ins I.
Thou art my mo-
ther.
Who art thou?
He is the supe-
rior."
That is what I
want.
7s it not it? It is
just it.
There it is that
<)ar forma tern
prononies in-
tcrrogativos!
^Ib antes de jw?,
MI- antes de -nji? Ex.
Quern <?? Qucm e?
apronome a ku
brim/a ninji!
A/- pa j/itf, m- pa
n/i? Ex.
Mb-aniY mb-ani?
O qu
II. PAKTU.ULA CON-
JUNCT1VA
< ; a p:irlimla
qne proniiiiria
wr n-
soniilcs, mb- atut'S
Comparando-a
com certas particu-
las da liruua de Que-
ode
duvidar que seja u-
m i co-
pu
en,
ver!
De facto c<
vei
for
se^:
II. W/'tl,
Hpianji ipi:
Mpinabvcka pa a
>. un^afuna kua-
manu i .Ma-
mant^iro m;itatu.
there is water, is
it n
What N it before
intorroiratix'
pronouns!
Mb- before anil,
ni- before -njtf Ex.
Who is he?W r ho
is he?
What is it?
II. THK CONJUN-
CT1VK PARIICI.E
What is tht' par-
t-t-li* nhich is pro-
noiuuvil n. bj before
lauts, mi
fore vo
l-'r. .ilone
litllcult to say
what it is, but a com-
;i with its e-
quivalL-nts in the lan-
::nane
j,hows it !) be
'pula^
I'r.u -tic. illy with
. luces
the three following
260' *. A forma mba-ndi-
\lima, que copula dous
factos reaes, pres-
; cindindo de tempo
presente, future, ou
passado. Ex.
Tomou uma ro-
cha,moveu-a, eel-
la veiu e esmagou
o leao, e este ficou
.morto.
Dei-te uma pe-
ca ao lado do rio,
e tu acceitaste.
158
i. A kutoma, ni-
nga mba-ndi-lima,
anamanga pia kuchi-
tua. Ex.
Akuata mua-
la, mba-'-u-teke-
nha, mb-u-d\a
d^afinha nk'a-
lamu, mb-i-fa.
Ndakupasape-
sa pa 'nkulo, mb-
u-tambira hve.
Vae, e procura
fazenda.
Ficae sachan-
do.
2. A forma mba-
261 n ji da -lima, que co-
pula dous factos hy-
potheticos irrealisa-
dos. Ivv.
Ndoko mb-u-saka
chuma.
Salani mbamu-
-lima.
2. Enango, ninga
mba - ndi - da - lima,,
mba kumanga pia
kuk'onda chitua. Ex.
Se trouxesses pa- Mb-u-da-d^a na
tus hontcm, com- mabata d\ulo,
i. The form mbar
ndi lima, which con-
nects two real facts t
prescinding from all
notion of tense pre-
sent, future, or past.
Ex.
He took a big
stone, and rolled
it, and it came,
and crushed the li-
on, and this died.
I gave you a
piece (of cloth or
money) near the
brook, and you
accepted it.
Go, and look for
calico.
Keep on dig-
g in g-
2. The form mba-
ndi-da-lima, which
comrjcts two hypo-
thetic facts that have
not been realized.
Ex.
If you had brought
ducks yesterday,
pra
:nelhor seme
na barri-
B a -
Se a arvore tives-
ido, esmagar
Mbiicnhc-mb-u-da
-ndi-'ocha kn mi-
mba.
mu-
//', mb-it-da-kit-fi-
nha.
I should have
bought them.
It were better it
you would roast
my belly.
If the tree had
fallen down, it
would have cru-
shed you.
262 3. A forma mba- 3. Enanpo, ninga
3. The form mba-
ndi lime, que copula mba-ndi-lime^ mba ndi-lime, which con-
uma consequencia kumanga pia kufuna neas a logical con-
chitua na manhere-
zero a munt'u. K\.
nside-
sas ou
suhintendidas
sequence with con-
siderations expres-
sed or understood.
Quc o homem sa- A///;// 4 // mb-a-li- Then let theman
che | me. dii^.
inue pois a Mb-n-k'alc ubali
ni/ade. uat^n.
Hoje
outro L;
mba4i-rekt
nhagnardci uina-
Then let our
friendship con-
tin:
Then let us
*her
on in charge.
III. PARTICULAS
NEGATIVAS
263 Come se expriuie a
negacAo em Sena?
i. Por nk'abi, nao
ha (Tete pa-ribe,
mu-ri-be, ku-ri be}
264 2 - Pela particula si
antes dos substanti-
ves e pronomes, a
copula ficando entao
subintendida. Ex.
Nao sou eu.
Nao es tu a mi-
nha mac?
Nao e pessoa.
A agua nao e
boa.
Nao somos nos
que cozinhamos.
Nao sois vos ahi?
Os rncus cabritos
nao sao estcs?
3. N;<sproposic6es
: elativas do pre-
scnie com -nj, im-
160
III. Si, nfra, bi,
tayu,ne
Ndipange matuniro
a Ohiseua 1
i. Nk'abi.
2. Si anatuna a-
substantivo na adje-
ctivo na apronome.
Ex.
Sine (Tete si-ndi-
ne)
Mama siwe?
Si-munt'u.
Mad^i siadiretu.
Ap^ika si-fo?
Simite -po?
Mbu^i \anjra si-
V?
3. Si pa averbo a
kutaya n<#, ninga 51-
nalima; n/c< , nh'a pa
III. THE NEGA-
TIVE PARTICLES
How is thenega
tion expressed
in Sena?
1 . By nk ( a-bi, there
is none (Tete pa ri-
be, mu-ri be, ku-ri-be)
2. By means of
the particle si' before
substantives, and
pronouns, in which
cases the copula
remains understood.
Ex.
It is not I.
Are you not my
mother?
He is not a man.
The water is not
good.
It is not we who
cooked?
It is not you?
My goats are not
these?
3. In the non-rela-
tive clauses of the
present with na, the
perfeito com
perfeito com
jao exprime-se
na primeira pessoa
do 5.1 \) por
5i, que faz suhinten-
der ndi, B ) nas outras
pessoas por nfra an-
tes das consoantes,
ues das vogaes
161
averbo enango a ku-
k'onda k'ala arelati-
vo. Ex.
imperfect with ka,
and the perfect with
da, the negation is
marked A) in the first
person of the singu-
lar by si, which cau-
ses ndi to be under-
stood, B) in the other
persons by nk" a befo-
re consonants, A*
before vowels. Ex.
os cabritos nao
Imp* rf ito
la
si-na-lima i
ndi-na-lima)
n/ra ti-na lima
n/ra mit-n
Mbu\i nk\i ,/-;,
dia
po
I do not dig
we do not dig
thou >tdig
do not dig
the goats do not
eat
etc.
I v. iherc
thou v
the
we ' the-
re
162
Perfeito
-da-
Perfect
nao cavei
si-da-lima
I did not dig
nao cavamos
nfra-ti-da lima
we did not dig
nao cavou
nk'a-da-lima
he did not dig
etc.
etc.
etc.
266Como se exprime a
Un.it 11 in a tani pana-
How is the nega-
negacao qnando
chimuikawo si na
tion expressed
na"o se pode eui-
nfraf
when nk"a can-
pregariiou nha~?
not be used?
i. No indicative
i. Ndinatimiza W,
i. In the non-rela-
absolute pela post-
nsiku zinango tayu
tive indicative by
:posicao bi ou tayu.
pa indicativo. Ex.
the particle bi or ta-
!Ex.
yu. Ex.
Nao esta la
Gllipo bi, al. tayu
He is not there.
Nao o viste?
Uamu^ona tayul
Did you not see
him?
Nao o vi.
Ndamu l onabi,a\.
I did not see
tayu.
him.
267 N. B. Tayu ou bi
N. B. Nsiku zina-
N. B. Tayu and bi
pode sempre se ac-
ngo bi na tayu ana-
can always be added
crescentar as propo-
bveka pabodzi na si
to the propositions
sicoes que teem si' ou
na nk'a. Ex.
that have si or nk'a.
nk'a. Ex.
Ex.
Nao o vi.
Sidamu'ona tayu.
I did not see him.
Nao sou eu.
Sine tayu.
It is not I.
268 2. Nos adjectives re-
2. Ndinatimiza k'o-
2. In relative and
latives e possessivos
nda pa adjective a
possessive expressi-
e no tempo eventu-
kup'atana na a-rela-
ons, as also in the e-
al com nga, pelo au-
tivo. Ex.
ventual with nga, by
xiliar k'onda, recu-
the auxiliary k'onda^
sar. Ex.
to refuse. Ex.
Um caminho que
nao esta limpo
Se o caminho nao
r limpo. . .
369 3. No imperative e
subjunctive pelo au-
xiliar -/< J A\7, deixar.
Quero que nao
feci
270 ( Mi|riM?a
a iiartit nl.i
,los infini-
juntar
uma nocao n-.-
com um facto posi-
te um leao
O pne d'ellc
. was
mais
cam o
tern,
163
Njira idak^onda
limirua,
Njira ia kuk'o-
tfda limirua.
Njira ingak'onda
limirua . . .
3. Ndinatimiza le-
a imperative.
Ex.
iinafuna u-
leke fun
Tione maikiro a ne. .
Ua'ona nk'ala-
mw, we' kuip^-a ta-
ibache a/a-
muka, n
A road which is
not clean
If the road be
not clean. . .
3. In the imperati-
ve and subjunctive,
by means of the au-
xiliary -/eA-j, to lea-
ve. I
I wish you do
not shut.
How i*; flip par-
tide ne used!
1. Before infiniti-
connect a ne-
gative notion with a
positive fact. Ex.
\v a lion,
and did not kill
fat her stood
up, but did not
sec him.
2. He fore other
with
the i f but
he 1. :>ut he
Todos os ani-
:maes tinham has-
tes, so o coelho
nao as tinha.
IV. PREPOSIC^AO
CONNECT1VA
yi\ Oue tern de particu-
la a preposiyao nrt
i. Com o verbo li
iexpresso no imper-
: feito e subintendido
no presente, vale o
nosso verbo ter,es-
tar com. Ex.
Presents
tenho fome
estamos com fo-
me
luiperfeito
tinha fome
tinhamos fome
272 Notem-se as ex-
pressoes relativas
kuna,pa na,mu-na,
lit. onde ha. Ex.
cnta-te no
chao onde ha pa-
Iha.
; da casa que
Nham^onsene All the ammals
!inanhanga, S ulo had horns, but
lenhan/abi. the rabb.t had
none.
NA IV. THE PREPOSITION
na
Na anabveka papil
Howistheprepo-
gition na used!
asubstantivo
With the verb
ndi-na njala
ti-na njala
ndi-ka-li na njala
ti-ka-li na njala
N. B. Ku-na, pa-na
mit-na, anakuana na
chiportuguez onde
ha. Ex.
K'ala pans'i pa-
na
11AJ I'-*- 1 '
derstood in the pre-
sent it renders our
verb to be with, to
have. Ex.
Present
I am hungry
We are hungry
Imperfect
I was hungry
we were hungry
We must note the
relative expressions
ku-na, pa-na, mu-
na, lit. where is..
Sit down where
there is grass.
'Buluka 'nhumba Sae from the
tern fogo.
perto de
mim.
nprega-se
li na
nos casos que nao
admittem /i (n.236.)
' tcr verte-se
em Sena pelo ver-
ho regular ku-soa.
> tern espin-
o verbo
valeo nos-
165
mu-na moto.
^D^akuno kuna
inc.
'. Pana chimuika
//', chinabveka ndi k*ala
nakua-
na na chiportuguez
nao ter Ex.
A-soa mfuti.
2. Na pabodzi na
d\a anakuana na chi-
portuguez trazer. Ex.
no)
/.ei-o cd
mil-
ai\
house in which is
fire.
Gome here near
me.
N. B. A.\7/j is u-
sed before na in the
cases that do not
admit li (n. 236).
Not to have* is
rendered in Sena
by the regular verb
He has no gun.
2. Together with
c/7.7, ;KT is the equiv-
alent of our verb to
brin.
Bring him here
(the child),
(ye) him
(a
com todos os
com. I
i>na-cho
nl-
I)-j na 11 '
iportu-
guez com. 1
it here
<ur.
the
;s of
Veiu com Pe-
dro.
Matou-o com
uma espingarda.
166
na Pe-
dro.
(ylmup'a na
mfuti.
He came with
Peter.
He killed him
with a gun.
276 4. Com -n/V vale 4. Nanji chiportugez 4. Nanji is some-
os nossos porque? porque, porque?. Ex. times used with the
e porque. Ex. meaning of why?,
because." Ex.
Fugiste? Fugi.
-Porque?- Por-
!que tinha ibme.
Viemos atraza-
!dos porque tinha-
mos fome.
UaPawa ?
Ndat'awa. Na-
nji? K'ala na
njala.
Tadembuka na-
nji tikali na
njala.
You ran away?
I ran away.
Why ? Because
I was hungry.
We come late,
because we were
hungry.
277 5. Vale as nossas 5. Na pa asubstan- 5. Na means also
conjunccoes e, tan- tivo=chiportuguez e, and, as well as be-
to, como," antes dos tanto, como. Ex. fore substantives
substantives. Ex. Ex.
Compra tanto
as cabras como
as ovelhas.
Vi Pedro e Paulo.
Gula na mbu-
%i na mabira.
Nda'-ona ^Pedro
na Paulo.
Buy cabras as
well as ovelhas.
I saw
and Paul.
Peter
;V. PARTICULA COM-
RATIVA
regi
ninga ?
Antes dos verbos
n o valor de -co-
mo se ; antes dos
substantives com o
ie *como, a*
maneira de. Ex.
Anda como se
x-i.
Anda a manci-
ii m pou-
co melhor.
co-
mo a minha.
VI. ' <:AO
167
NINGA
annkuana
nanjil
Na chiportuguez
como, como se. Ex.
Anafamba ni-
nga Wtf/ re.
Anafamba ni-
nhoka.
Achita ninga
mbucnhc.
('.hit a ninga u-
n/yLHv/f wu ni-
-A an pache
prii
V. THE PARTI CLI
NINGA
How is ninga used!
Before verbs to
mean as if->. before
substanti to
mean as, like. Ex.
He walks as if
he were a king.
He goes like a
snafc
He seems to
be better.
Do as if you
eating.
This knife is
like mine.
VI. TH
i now
What i^ proper to
the preposition
<j com o Tayu, anap'atana na with
pronomi- a. i the p- ! ele-
introduzir nga a introduce
formas possessivas
o chapeu do rei
os chapeus dos reis
VII. POSTPOSICOES
ENCI.ITICAS
280Coino se empregaui?
i. -Mbn, primeiro
elemento de mbo-
dfi, urn, emprega-se
no sentido de tam-
bem tanto depois
dos verbos como pe-
pois dos substanti-
ves (Latim -que,
quoque.) Ex.
Lit. O leaotam-
bem levantou-se
tambem.
Lit. Vae tam-
bein.
281 2. $Mue apparece
so depois de -femba,
ve, quando se em-
prega como adjecti-
vo. i
DC/ e nove dias
168
ra, etc. possessive forms.
Ex.
chap6u ch-a re the hat of the king
piapc.ii pi-a are the hats of the
kings
-MBO, -5MUE,
, -TU
Ipi pinabveka papi?
VII. ENCLITIC
POSTPOSITIONS
How are they
used?
i. A/o=chiportu- i. -Mbo } which is
guez tambem/> ana- the first element of
bveka pa averbo na a- mbo-d^i, one. is used
substantive. Ex. to mean too, also*
both after verbs and
substantives (latin
-que, quoque.} Ex.
Nk'alamu-mbo
alamuka mbo.
Uende-mbo iwe-
mbo.
2' oMue anabveka
na adjectivo -femba.
Nsiku fcumi na
\ifcmba-mue
The lion too got
up (too).
Go (also) thou
also.
2. eMue only ap-
pears after -femba,
nine, when used as
an adjective. Ex.
Nineteen days
282 3. -*Bve vale ou-
tra vez nas proposi-
coes
> torno a fa-
lit, nao
outra \
283 ^ . q~u se emprega
no sentido de intei-
ramente- com ver-
bos applicativos
Come-o intcra-
mcnte.
; )do
169
3. Bve^chiportu-
guez outra vez.
Sinachita-bve.
4. -Tw= ainteira-
mente pabodzi na
averbo a kumala na
r'r.7, -'r.7 Ex.
'Ndiere-tu.
i'
3. - e Bve means a-
gain T but is used on-
ly in negative clau-
ses. 1
I do it no more
lit. I do not do it
in.
4. Tu is used with
the m >f al-
ier, all withap-
plicative \
him all.
I finished him al-
together.
II
VII. PA;
SUPERLATIY
284 () irra
;;:.:
>siva-
men:
VIII.
ZMAKAMAKA
r chipor-
tugue.
ment
A-ncncpj, nu!:a.
GMakamaka mor-
mente, prin
me i
Tinh
\'III. SlJI'KRIA-
TIVE PARTICLES
What nakaf
It ti ..-essi-
vely, too much
He is too i
What MI.-.
rn.i
It
pali
him-
170 1
iprincipalmente de la, makamaka na \ gry, principally
noite. masiku. at night.
286 Extern em Sena
adjei'tivos com-
p irativos e su-
perlativos 1
Nao existem.
Cbinatula azungu su-
perlativo na compa-
rative ninji?
Are there in Sena
co nip ira ives and
superlatives as the
english "better,
best2
Adjective akulinganiza. There are none.
En tff o co mo se ex-
priniem as Meias
de amelhnr, peior,
etc.
Mamaliro a compara-
tivo mbanji chizim-
gu?
Then how are such
notion ^ a* - better,
worse, fatter, etc.
expressed!
Empregando sim- Enango anamala Simply by using
plesmente o positi- na -or, enango ndi the positive form, or
vo, ou, se clareza o adjective a kutimi- when clearness ri-
exige, pondo em zirua mais. Ex. quires it, by a con-
contraste ambos os trast. Ex.
termos da compara-
cao. Ex
Soueuo superior. 'Nkulu ndine. I am superior (to
E' mais novo do
que eu.
jTu es mais gordo
do que eu, lit. tu
es gordo, eu sou
magro.
Ndiyc 'ng ono a-
nga.
Uanenepa ndiive,
ine ndaonda.
thee, to him.)
He is younger
than I.
You are fatter
than I, lit. you
are fat, I am
lean.
i ill (Mil
mo, nptimo, gordls-
Com a postposi-
:',\7 qiKindo a
favora-
:vel, e nos mais casos
com verhos intensi-
:vos, ou o enclitico
tu.
homem pes-
no.
homem mui-
opti-
171
Mamnliro A asnper-
lativo nibanji clii-
zungu?
Enango anamala
na -imo, issirao, ena-
ngo anatimizirua
muito.
ua kuipa
maka.
^huil^ii ua kud^i-
wisa.
Munt'it ua kuko-
i-tu.
' how are such
tuitions as -very
vrry bad,
etc.
means of the
postposition maka,
when the notion is
not favourable, and
in the otlur cases by
intensive verbs or
the enclitic tu
A very bad man
A very learned
man.
A very good
man.
288 I
l.l! O |M'i
, < incllior,oin.
Empregando o
And such rolnlire
Sllp(Tl:iti>r- ;is ..|lu
. I he >>orst, tin*
t the
verb .
to sin
rii of
Jos Munru ua ku-
homcns, lit. oho- pita otiscne ua kn . lit. the r
mem kuma.
all in good:
INIERJECCOES INTERJECglO INTERJECTIONS
39 Quaes ao as inter-
jec tics iisuacs da
Lingua de Sena?
Sao as seguintes:
Prompto!
Sim.
Nao.
De forma ne-
nhuma.
Nao quero.
Nao e verdade?
E' verdade!
Nao sei.
Com licenca.
O que e isso?
Impossivel!
(Admiracao) '
Podes dizertal
cousa?
(Grito da dor)
(Surprcza)
Ai de mim!
Ndipange inafala
aChisenaaku-
k'onda p'atana
na enango.
Nddo!
Indc. al. ande.
Tayu.
Bi.
Nhonho.
Ayi?
Kodi!
Peno.
K'openi.
Chipo!
Wai Oa!
J-il
Vit
la!
Ineine!
Which are the most
usual interje-
ctions in Sena?
They are the follo-
wing:
Here I am.
Yes.
No.
By no means.
No, I won't.
Is it not true?
Truly!
I do not know.
Allow me.
Impossible!
What's that!
(Astonishment)
(Horror)
(Pain)
(Taking by sur-
prise)
Alas for me!
VRAS INFOR
IBS
MAFAL\ A CHI.
FEZ 1 1' I' 71
INFORMAL WORDS
Mafala a cliipc/i-
anakuana
ii;.nji
podeii' as pala-
- <io
ChUrna redu/ir-
ge a al?iiiiia< das
dp pnla-
ida-
Podem, maspouco Enango ndi adjec-
importa, pois muitas fiVo, enango ndi ad-
saoonomatopoeticas verbio, enango ndi
e todas invariaveis. interjecgao. Ex.
cto em geral
empregam-se a ma-
;SOU
e umas
interj- \em-
Cannot iiit'orinal
words h' r<>d n crd
to one of tin- parts
of speech already
,i man:
sol
qit
aba
A\7 machibcsi
in be:
ju niasikiiri iri
. na n
;j.
They can, but to
little purpose, as
most of them are o-
nomatopoetic, and all
of them invariable.
Some of them can be
considered as adjec-
as ad-
verbsi others as intcr-
adjectives
In the morning
the sun is little
irarm. at noon it
the . ;i it is
mil.
Th<
<//.
A vegetacao e
densissima, sem
caminho.
Animaes an-
dam espalhados
no matto.
Opaoestd^er-
tical.
Esperou uma
hora inteira.
O caminho es-
direitinho.
Ficou um mez
\inteiro.
292 2. Valem ad?erbio
! Quando corres.
o coracao bate
rapidam.-nte.
As aboborasna
panclla) fazem
como se estiMSsem
a dancar por ci-
ma do fogo.
Sera preciso
linnpar (o arroz)
174
iri guirri,
ne njira bi.
Nhama
kuba- kuba ^ ma-
nga.
i uli cfri.
Adikira hora
nde.
Njira iri nde-
nde- nde.
QAk^ala mue^i
kupu.
Unga Vama-
nga, 'ntima una-
chita dididi.
cMatanga aso-
chita gudu gudu
pa moto.
The vegetation
is very dense, Avith
no room to go
through.
^Plenty q/"game
is to be found in
the bush.
The pole is fixed
upright.
He waited a
whole hour
The path is
quite straight.
He remained
a whole month.
2. Used as adverbs
When you run
the heart beats
rapidly.
The pumpkins
are as if dancing
on the fire.
Ndipale piadi- Shall I clean
di guiro? the rice so that is
a que
fique todo bran-
A ; der-
ramou de todo.
Acabamos de
todo.
Correuelle, as
folhas ouvindo-
na pas-
Ajida. em linha
Agallinhacho-
ar.
Deu urn snlto
A bala forou a
' c c/i- pjrtc
irte.
into
i l/o.
175
atayika
bo.
TamaLi guebe-
de.
C/fPamanga chwd
chwd ch:
d~ololo.
riiku ina-
k'alira kuata
kudta.
Anump'a chiti.
i la iap'ola
muti pop'p'n
fika mbi.
e koko-
be quite white?
The water has
all been spilt.
\Ve have fin-
ished altogether.
He ran in such
a manner that the
s con Li be
d on his pass-
age.
Go in a straight
line.
The hen is sit-
ting with great
He jumped /jr.
The bullet pier-
ced I he trc
through.
lli sud-
den
/r in the morning.
.'{. Valcm inter-
jec0es.
Mais alto!
Ja estamos de
repente nas plan-
> tacoes.
Adeante em li-
nha recta!
176
Tukul
Mbut, mmami-
nda.
D^ololo!
3. Used as inter-
jections.
Higher up!
Here we are
suddenly in the
fields.
Straighten!
INDICE
CONTENTS
TO
\S 22
.
; \\nvo
MI
CHI
nero
TES
mples
'.
lll|0
1!
Ill
Illflllfliri.i (|. k
41
65
A! 1MIA!
IANGES
OF
\\'(
KINDS OF \1 \I.
ass
\IT MI class
IA-U
clll V\ class
The
class
Theory of gender
8i TIVES
86
87 ' 1VES
rives
jtives
>ns
no
ii3 I pronouns
XiMid and t i
>od
i3i III ;ood
>od
137 iiiriiifu.
CONJUGAgAO EM -/ i 4 5
Verbos notaveis por seu i5o
emprego
PARTICULAS PREPOSITI-
VAS E POSTPOSITIVAS iSi
1. Copula variavel i53
2. Particula conjunctiva i52
3. Particulas negativas 160
4. Preposigao connectiva nq.
Particula comparativa it")/
6. Preposi9ao possessiva 166
7. Postposicoes encliticas 168
8. Particulas superlativas 169
INTERJEGgOES 172
PALAVRAS INFORMES 172
RETROGPEGTO 17-
THE -/ CONJUGATION
A few verbs used idiomati-
cally
PREPOSITIVE AND POST-
POSITIVE PARTI'
1. The variable copula
2. The conjunctive particle
3. The negative particles
4. The preposition M4
5. The particle ^IV^GA
6 The possessive preposi-
tion
7. Enclitic postpositions
8. Superlative particles
INTERJECTIONS
INFORMAL WORDS
RETROSPECT
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
Torrend, J.
8655 Graimnatica do Chisena
.1
T6
I
m
8R
IB
HHS
