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I
GRAY'S NEW MANUAL OF BOTANY:
(SEVENTH EDITION — II-Tir^^.TH A TED)
A HANDBOOK OF THE
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS
OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
AND ADJACENT CANADA
REARRANGED AND EXTENSIVELY REVISED BY
BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON
ASA 6BAY PKOFESSOK OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANT\ IN HARVARD UNIVBRSITy
AND
MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD
ASSISTANT FROFK3SOB OF BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVEBSITY
NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
Copyright, 1908, by
THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London
w. p. 6
Copy 3
il
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface ,...., o..->r,o,5
Analytical Key to the Families .. ,,»-«• 9
Tabular View of the Families .,,„-,.. 23
Summary by Divisions, Classes, etc. = , » . , _. 27
Summary by Minor Groups . . . . - o » 3 . 27
Explanation of Abbreviations of Authors' Names , , . .28
Other Abbreviations and Signs employed „ , = - o = 31
Descriptive Flora . . . . . « ■. - » o .33
IjrLOSSAtlY • e o e e o e o o r o o •OIlI
XNX)£X 00000000000 = 00 OOO
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PREFACE
In bringing Dr. Asa Gray's well-known Manual to date and inte
accord with, modern' views of classification and nomenclature, the
present editors have lound it necessary to rearrange it throughout,
rewrite considerable portions, modify at least slightly nearly all the
descriptions, and adopt certain principles of nomenclature (notably
the one relating to the first specific name) somewhat at variance with
Dr. Gray's practice. Although these changes have been numerous
and in some respects fundamental, it is believed that they are all in
thorough accord with the liberal spirit of progress which character-
ized his own successive publications. Wherever possible and in all
cases of doubt, the wording of the sixth edition, prepared by Dr.
Serexo Watson and Professor John Merle Coulter, and pub-
lished in January, 1890, has been retained.
In the arrangement of the plant-families and in grouping them
in orders, the admirable system of Eichler, in recent years much
elaborated and perfected by Engler and Prantl, has been followed
with a few deviations of minor importance.
The term order, used by Dr. Gray as synonymous with family, is
here employed, according to the recommendation of the International
Botanical Congress at Vienna, to designate a group of superior rank ;
the same, in fact, which has sometimes been called a cohort. Orders,
in this sense, are not capable of sharp definition in the manner of
species, genera, or even families, nor. is it to be supposed that one
order begins in development where the preceding ends. They are
rather to be conceived as representing somewhat parallel and long-
disconnected lines or tendencies in evolutionary development. The
groux^ing of the families into orders is shown in the tabular view on
pages 23-27.
To cover a more natural floral area and to make the Manual con-
venient for a greater number of users, some alterations have been
made in the geographic limits adopted in the sixth edition. These
changes result in (1) the exclusion of the territory at the west between
the 96th and 100th meridians, a region now known to include a con-
5
5 PREFACE
sideiable percentage of plants chara.cteristic of the Great Plains and
not harmonious with the flora which the present work is especially
designed to treat; and (2) the inclusion of the Canadian provinces
of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the
greater part of Quebec and Ontario. As thus modified, the limits
are as follows : on the north, the 48th parallel from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence to Lake Superior, and the international boundary thence
to the northwest corner of Minnesota; on the west, the western
boundary of Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, thence southward
along the 96th meridian; on the south, the southern boundaries of
eastern Kansas, IVIissouri, Kentucky, and Virginia.
In the preparation of this edition valued assistance has been
received from Professor A. S. Hitchcock of the United States
Department of Agriculture, who has elaborated the Gramineae;
Mr. Oakes Ames, Assistant Director of the Botanic Garden of
Harvard University, who has treated the Orchidaceae; President
Ezra Brainerd of Middlebury College, who has revised the genus
Viola; Mr. A. A. Eaton of the Ames Botanical Laboratory, who
has treated the technical genera Equisetum and Isoetes; Dr. J. M.
Greexman of the Field Museum of Natural History, who has
revised Senecio; Mr. W. W. Eggleston, who has revised the exceed-
ingly difficult genus Crataegus; and Miss Mary A. Day, Librarian
of the Gray Herbarium, who has given much clerical and biblio-
graphical assistance throughout the preparation and proof reading
of the text. Many of the older figures, formerly grouped in plates,
have been redrawn and for greater convenience placed in the text,
and to these have been added a much larger number of new ones
drawn chiefly by Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews, but in part also by
Professor J. Franklin Collins of Brown University and Mr. P.
B. Whelpley. All the illustrations of the Orchidaceae have been
not only skillfully executed 'but generously contributed by Mrs.
Oakes Ames. The fact that it has been possible thus to extend the
illustration of the Manual has been due in great part to the interest
and liberality of the Visiting Committee of the Gray Herba-
rium. Many botanists throughout the country, notably the members
of the New England Botanical Club, have furnished specimens and
notes which have been exceedingly helpful in determining the geo-
graphic range and limits of variation. To all who have thus in
different ways aided in the preparation of the present work, the
editors wish to express their sincere appreciation and cordial thanks.
At the International BotanicaJ Congress, held at Vienna, June,
PREFACE 7
1905, it was fortunately possible to reach a substantial agreement
on the controversial subject of nomenclature. Some mutual con-
cessions were necessary, but it is believed that they will be cheer-
fully made by those who are really seeking harmony in this matter.
The editors have, therefore, scrupulously endeavored to bring the
nomenclature of the Manual into accord with the Vienna agreement,
in order that American botanical nomenclature may be freed as
speedily as possible from peculiarity or provincialism and assume
the form which has received international sanction. The most im-
portant change in this respect which characterizes the present edition
in distinction from the previous editions is the adoption of the earliest
specific name instead of that specific name which was first combined
with the correct generic name. With this change it becomes more
important to trace the previous use of specific names under other
genera, and, to facilitate this, it seems wise to adopt the double
citation of authorities. In the capitalization of specific and varietal
names, it has been thought best to adopt the custom of many promi-
nent botanists from Linnaeus himself to the distinguished editors
of the Index Kewensis. The chief change in this respect from the
usage of previous editions consists in the decapitalization of geo-
graphic adjectives, such as canadensis, americana, and the like. In
regard to these words it should be borne in mind that they are not
English and therefore not subject to the rules of English grammar.
They are a part of an international system of Latin nomenclature,
which should not be modified by different nations by introducing
peculiarities of their several languages. Many generic and other
names, which were in use prior to 1753, were adopted by Linnaeus
and his followers. These names are indicated in the Manual by
brackets inclosing the name of the pre-Linnean author ; thus, Poly-
liodium [Tourn.] L.
In the treatment of the ever increasing number of foreign plants
which have been recorded within our range, it has seemed desirable
to include in the Manual only those which have given some evidence
of self-dissemination and shown some tendency to become permanent
members of our flora. Waifs, ballast-weeds, and plants persisting
locally after cultivation have in general been omitted.
During the last twenty years there has been an unprecedented
activity in the characterization of new species and varieties within
our range. The present editors have considerably delayed the
issue of this work in order to examine these new propositions
and give them recognition in all cases where their merit could be
8 PREFACE
demonstrated. In a few instances, however, it has been impossible
from lack of material or data either to include as valid or to reduce
definitely to synonymy such species and varieties, and it has accord-
ingly seemed best not to mention them. It is not thereby meant
that they are not of value, but merely that evidence of their distinct-
ness has not been available.
Botanical names, being in many instances latinized forms of
geographic, aboriginal, or personal designations, are not always
capable of easy or consistent pronunciation. From long-established
custom they are usually pronounced in English-speaking countries
according to the pronunciation of Latin after the English method,
exceptions being frequent in such names as Michauxiana, which is
commonly pronounced meshoiana, or by others meshoziana, to avoid
the awkward pronunciation which the word would have according
to the English rules. The subject is one into which considerations
of taste, convenience, and custom enter to such an extent that it is
most difficult to lay down definite principles free from pedantry.
However, as a general guide, the names in this, as in previous edi-
tions, are marked with accents, — the accented syllable being deter-
mined as far as possible by the well-known rules of Latin quantity.
In cases of doubtful quantity, in such names as Beiiandiera, Pahneri,
Bacopa, etc., it has seemed best to treat the penultimate vowel as
long, according to the usage of most British and Continental writers.
Two accents are used, the grave (') to indicate the long English
sound of the vowel, the acute (') to show the shortened or other-
wise modified sound. For aid in determining the accented syllable,
the editors are in several instances indebted to Dr. A. S. Pease.
In consideration of recent differences in nomenclatorial practice,
and with a wish to make the Manual as convei^ient as possible for
all users, synonyms have been inserted freely to show the equiva-
lence of different names, especially of those permitted by the
Rochester and American Codes but not sanctioned by the Interna-
tional Rules. It has been necessary to make these citations exceed-
ingly brief, the specific name, when the same, being omitted; e.g.
under Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, the synonym Oxygraphis Prantl
means that the species has been treated by Prantl under the identi-
cal specific name {Cymbalaria) in OxygraphiSj a genus not maintained
in the present work.
S. Ij., r.
M. L. F.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES
(Carried out, in some cases, to subfamilies and genera)
Division I. PTERIDOPHYTA
Fern-like, moss-like, rush-like, or aquatic plants without true flowers.
Reproduction by spores (without embryos).
A. Floating plants with small 2-ranked leaves; sporocarps borne on
the under side of the stem Salviniaceab, 50
kA.. Terrestrial or submersed plants, not floating B.
B. Stems conspicuously jointed, their nodes covered by toothed
sheaths; sporangia on the scales of terminal dry cone-like
spikes Equisetackae, 51
B. Stems without conspicuous sheathed joints C.
C. Leaves closely imbricated or very narrow; sporangia sessile,
axillary.
Stem short, corm-like; leaves elongate, awl-shape or linear,
in a rosette Isoktaceae, 58
Stem elongate, creeping (sometimes underground) or branch-
ing; leaves very short, crowded or imbricated.
Sporangia of two kiuds, some containing many minute
spores (microspores), others bearing few (usually 3-4)
much larger macrospores Selaginellaceae, 57
Sporangia bearing uniform minute spores Lycopodiaceae, 54
^ C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated ; if narrow, without
axillary sporangia D.
D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, clover-like ; sporocarps (inclosing
the sporangia) stalked from the creeping stem Marsileaceae, 49
X D. Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliolate, simple or variously cleft ; spo-
rangia not inclosed in basal sporocarps E.
£. Fertile fronds, or fertile portions of the fronds conspicu-
ously unlike the sterile F.
F. Slender twining or climbing plant, the frond with alter-
nate paired and stalked palmately lobed divisions Lygodiuin, 46
F. Neither twining nor climbing G.
G. Sterile fronds linear-filiform, tortuous; the fertile fili-
form, tipped by a 1-sided short (3-8 mm. long)
pinnate fertile portion Schizaea, 45
G. Sterile fronds (or segments) broader H.
H. Sterile segment of the frond simple; the fertile a
long-stalk('<l simi)le spike QpHioGiiOSSACEAE, 47
H. Sterile auti ft-rtile fronds or segments more or less
cleft I.
9
[0 ANALYTICAL KEY
•
I. Rootstock almost none, the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appear-
ing to rise from a cluster of fleshy roots ; lower segment
sterile, upper fertile and bearing 2-rowed globular
sporangia Botrychium, 47
L Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots
fibrous ; fronds numerous or the fertile aud sterile
clearly distinct J.
J. Fertile fronds or segments scarcely or not at all leaf-like,
the sporangia globose or in bead-like rows.
Sporangia globose, thin-walled, 2-valved, densely
crowded, not 2-ranked Osmundaceae, 46
Sporangia globose and distinct or connected in bead-
like chains, firm, 2-ranked Onoclea, 45
J. Fertile fronds or segments green and leaf-like, at least
above; the sporangia not globose Polypodiaceae, 33
'' E, Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile.
Sporangia sessile at the base of a bristle-like receptacle and
surrounded by a cup-like involucre ; frond of a single layer
of cells Hymenophyllaceae, 33
Sporangia stalked, with no bristle-like receptacle; frond of
more than one layer of cells Polypodiaceae, 33
Division II. SPERMATOPHYTA
Plants with true flowers containing stamens, pistils, or both. Reproduc-
tion normally by seeds containing an embryo.
Subdivision I. GYMNOSPERMAE
Ovules not in a closed ovary. Trees and shrubs with needle-shaped, linear,
or scale-like mostly evergreen leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers K.
K. Flowers themselves catkin-like or borne in catkins, which be-
come cones or berry-like Pinaceae, 62
K. Flowers solitary, axillary ; seed solitary, more or less enveloped
in a pulpy disk Taxaceae, 62
Subdivision II. ANGIOSPERMAE
Ovules borne in a closed ovary, which at maturity becomes the fruit.
Class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody fibers
distributed through them (a transverse slice showing the fibers as dots scat-
tered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon, the
early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes or
sixes, never in fives. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Our species, except
in the genus Synllax, herl)aceous L.
L. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoidal, or flask-shaped free-swimming
aquatics without true leaves Lkmnackae, 250
L. Plants witli stems and leaves /.sometimes scale-like) M.
ANALYTICAL KEY 11
M. Perianth free from the ovary or none N.
N. Perianth wanting or of scale-like or bristle-form divisions O.
O. Flowers inclosed or subtended by imbricated husk-like
scales (glumes) ; grass-like plants with jointed stems,
sheathing (mostly narrow) leaves, and 1-seeded fruit.
Stems hollow, round or flattened ; leaf-sheaths split ;
anthers attached by the middle GraminejLe, 86
Stems usually more or less triangular, solid ; leaf-sheaths
not split ; anthers attached at the base Cyperaceae, 171
O. Flowers not inclosed in husk-like scales (though sometimes in
involucrate heads) P.
P. Immersed aquatics, branching and leaCfy, the upper leaves
often floating.
Flowers perfect Najadaceae, 69
Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Flowers in globose heads Sparganiaceae, 68
Flowers axillary, solitary Najadaceae, 69
. P. Terrestrial or marsh plants Q.
Q. Leaves petioled, the blade net-veined Araceae, 257
Q. Leaves linear or sword-shaped, parallel- veined, not petioled R.
R. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Flowers in cylindrical spikes Typhaceae, 67
Flowers in heads.
Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate Eriocaulaceae, 260
Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate Sparganiaceae, 68
R. Flowers perfect.
Flowers in a dense spike, this borne on the margin
of a 2-edged scape ; root aromatic Acorus, 258
Scapes or peduncles cylindrical.
Ovaries 3-6, separating at least when ripe Juncaginaceae, 79
Ovary single, 3-carpeled Juncaceae, 267
N. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scale-
like nor bristle-form S.
S. Pistils numerous in a head or ring Alismaceae, 80
S. Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3) T.
T. Stamens 3.
Moss-like, aquatic ; flowers solitary Mayacaceae, 263
Rush-like marsh or bog plants ; flowers in spikes, racemes,
or heads.
Flowers racemose or spicate Juncaginaceae, 79
Flowers in dense scaly heads Xyrldaceae, 262
T. Stamens 4 Maianthemum, 291
T. Stamens 6 U.
U. Stamens all alike and fertile.
Gray scurfy moss-like epiphyte Bromeliaceae, 265
Not epiphytic.
Ovary of nearly separate carpels Juncaginaceae, 79
Ovary (often angled or lobed) not deeply cleft.
Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so.
Perianth woolly Haemodoraceae, 296
Perianth not woolly.
Plant rush-like ; perianth small, greenish or
purplish brown Juncaceae, 267
12 ANALYTICAL KEY
Plant not rush-like Ltliackar, 279
Divisions of the perianth unlike, 3 green sepals and
3 colored petals.
Stem-leaves ovate or oblong, 3 in a whorl Trillium, 293
Stem-leaves linear or nearly so ; flowers umbeled
COMMELINACEAE, 264
U. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers.
Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 colored ephemeral
petals COMMELINACEAE, 264
Perianth tubular, 6-lobed Pontederiaceae, 266
M. Perianth present, adnate to the ovai'y V-
V. Stamens 1-2; flowers irregular.
Anthers 2-celled ; seeds many Orchidaceae, 304
Anthers 1-celled ; seeds solitary Marantaceae, 304
V. Stamens 3 or more ; flowers mostly regular or nearly so W.
W. Climbing plant with net-veined ovate leaves Dioscoreaceae, 297
W. Not climbing; leaves parallel- veined.
Perianth woolly, only partially adnate to the ovary
Haemodoraceae, 296
Perianth not woolly, adnate to the whole surface of the
ovary.
Aquatics; flowers dioecious or polygamous Hydrocharitaceae, 85
Terrestrial ; flowers perfect.
Stamens 6 Amaryllidaceae, 297
Stamens 3.
Leaves 2-ranked, equitant; stamens opposite the
outer segments of the perianth Iridaceae, 299
Leaves not 2-ranked, the cauline scale-like; stamens
opposite the inner segments of the perianth
Burmanniaceae, 304
Class 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a zone between
the other two, and increa.sing, when the stem continues from year to year,
by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves
net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Parts of the
flower mostly in fours or fives X.
X. Corolla none ; calyx present or absent Y.
Y. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins Z.
Z. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.
Fertile flowers in a short catkin or catkin-like head Urticaceae, 344
Fertile flowers single or clustered; the sterile in slender
catkins (except in Fagus).
Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked Juolandaceae, 330
Leaves si!iiple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre Faqaceae, 337
Z. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like
heads a.
a. Ovary many-ovuled ; frnit many-seeded.
Ovary and pod 2-celled ; seeds not tufted Liquida)nhar, 453
Ovary and pod 1-celled; seeds hairy-tufted Salicaceae. 320
ANALYTICAL KEY 13
a. Ovary 1-2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; fruit 1-seeded.
Parasitic ou trees ; fruit a berry LorAnthaceae, 351
Trees and shrubs, not parasitic.
Calyx regular, in fertile flower succulent in fruit Urticaceae, 344
Calyx none or rudimentary and scale-like.
Style and stigma 1, simple.
Leaves palmately angled or lobed Platanaceae, 454
Leaves ovate or oblong, entire Leitneriaceae, 330
Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin Betulaceae, 332
Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets
naked, waxy-coated, or drupe-like Myricaceae, 329
Y. Flowers not in catkins b.
h. Ovary or its cells containing only 1-2 (rarely 3-4) ovules c.
c. Pistils more than 1, distinct or nearly so.
Stamens inserted on the calyx : leaves with stipules Rosaceae, 454
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves punctate with transparent dots Zanthoxylum, 537
Leaves not dotted.
Caly^x present, usually colored or petal-like Ranunculaceae, 392
Calyx none; flowers spiked Piperaceae, 320
G. Pistil 1, simple or compound d.
d. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting e.
e. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes.
Tree ; calyx none Platanaceae, 454
Herbs; calyx present, commonly corolla-like Polygonaceae, 353
e. Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none /.
/. Herbs g.
g. Aquatic, submerged or nearly so.
Leaves whorled, dissected ; style 1 Ceratophyllaceae, 389
Leaves opposite, entire ; styles 2 ; ovary 4-celled
Callitrichaceae, 549
g. Not aquatics h.
h. Styles 10 ; ovary and berry 10-celled Phytolaccaceae, 374
h. Style, if any, and stigma 1.
Flowers unisexual ; ovary of the fertile flowers
1-celled Urticaceae, 344
Flowers perfect; pod 2-celled, 2-seeded Lepidium, 425
h. Styles 2-3 or branched ; ovary 1-4-celled ^.
i. Leaves palmately lobed or divided Cannabineae, 344
». Leaves not palmately lobed or divided j.
j. Ovary and pod 3-celled ; juice usually milky.
Flowers in basal spikes; stamens 4; fila-
ments thick, flattened Buxaceae, 550
Inflorescence various, not of basal spikes;
stamens 1-x , rarely 4 ; filaments not con-
spicuously thick EUPHORBIACEAE, 540
j. Ovary not 3-celled : juice not milky k.
k. Flowers in numerous small involucrate
heads ; fruit a J^augled achene Eriogonum^ 353
k. Flowers not involucrate.
Leaves covered at least beneath with stel-
late hairs; embryo straight Euphorbiaceae, 540
14
ANALYTICAL KEY
376
branching
Illecebraceae, 376
Amaranthaceae, 371
Leaves without stellate hairs ; embryo curved or
coiled.
Stipules scarious IiiLECEBRACEAEj
Stipules none.
Leaves opposite.*
Plant fleshy Salicornia, 369
Not fleshy.
Flowers in heads or spikes, these often
panicled; anthers 1-celled Amaranthaceae, 371
Flowers sessile in forks of
inflorescence
Leaves alternate.
Flowers and bracts scarious
Flowers small, chiefly greenish ; no scarious
bracts Chenopodiaceae, 364
/. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves small, linear or scale-like ; low heath-like shrubs
Empetraceae, 551
Leaves oblong to orbicular ; never heath-like.
Leaves opposite.
Fruit 3-celled, not winged
Fruit 2-celled, a double samara
Fruit 1-celled, a single samara
Leaves alternate.
Ovary 3-celled
Ovary 1-2-celled.
Styles and stigmas 2
Style and stigma 1.
Anthers opening lengthwise
Anthers opening by uplifted lids
d. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the
calyx as to appear so.
Parasites on the branches of trees ^
Aquatic herbs
Terrestrial.
Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla.
Leaves opposite, simple
Leaves alternate, pinnate
Leaves alternate, simple
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves scurfy
Leaves not scurfy, opposite
leaves not scurfy, alternate.
Style 1, stigmatic down one side; flowers solitary, in
pairs, or in umbel-like clusters Nyssa, 625
Style 1, short; stigma terminal ; flowers racemose P ijru la r la, 3iiO
Styles 2 Hamamelidaceae, 452
b. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules I.
I. Calyx none ; ovary and fruit naked.
Aquatic herb Podostkmaceae, 441
Tree or shrub Hamamelidaceae, 452
I. Calyx present m.
m. Ovary superior.
Rhamnaceae, 5()0
Aceraceae, 557
Oleaceae, 650
Rhamnaceae, 5(30
Urticaceae, 344
Thymelaeaceae, 589
Lauraceae, 413
Loranthaceae, 351
Haloragidaceae, 602
Nyctaginaceae, .375
Sanguisorba, 494
Comandra, 350
Elaeagnaceae, 590
Nestronia, 350
ANALYTICAL KEY
15
Ovaries 2 or more, separate
Osary siugle.
Ovary 5-celle(l, 5-])eaked ; leaves scattered
Ovary 3-o-celled ; leaves opposite or whorled
Ovary 1-2-celled.
Leaves compouud
Leaves simple.
Calyx of separate sepals
Calyx 5-toothed or -clefL
Calyx 4-toothed
m. Ovary and pod iuferior.
Ovary 6-celled ; stamens 6-12
Ovary 4-celled ; stamens -i
Ovary 1-celled ; stamens 8-10
Both calyx and corolla present n.
n. Corolla of separate petals o.
o. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9-10 in Pola-
nisia), and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx-
lobes p.
p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q.
q. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at base
into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary r.
Ranunculaceae, 392
Penthorum, 442
-'■AlZOACEAE, 377
Ranunculaceae, 392
Caryophyllaceae, 377
Glaux, 647
Lythraceae, 591
Aristolochiaceae, 351
Lxidvigia, 594
Chrysosplenium, 448
Nymphaeaceae, 389
r. Aquatics with peltate leaves
r. Terrestrial plants.
Climbers.
Leaves alternate
Leaves opposite
Not climbing.
Filaments united into a tube
Filaments not united.
Leaves opposite, entire
Leaves alternate.
Stamens on the calyx
Stamens on the receptacle or disk.
Trees or shrubs.
Sepals and petals imbricated
Sepals and petals valvate
Herbs
q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may
be several s.
s. Leaves pimctate with translucent dots Hypericaceae, 571
s. Leaves not punctate t.
t. Ovary simple, 1-celled.
Ovules 2 Rosaceae, 454
Ovules many.
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected
Ranunculaceae, 392
Leaves peltate, lobed Podophyllum, 411
t. Ovary compound.
Ovary 1-celled.
Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; juice milky or col-
ored ; placentae parietal Papaveraceae, 414
Sepals 2; juice watery; placentae central Portulacackae, 387
Menispermaceae, 410
Clematis, 402
Malvaceae, 566
Calycanthaceae, 409
Rosaceae, 454
Magn'Oliaceae, 408
Anonaceae, 410
Resedaceae, 439
16 ANALYTICAL KEY
Sepals 4 ; juice watery ; placentae parietal Capparidaceae, 438
Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; juice watery; placentae
parietal Cistaceae, 576
Ovary several-celled.
Calyx valvate in bud.
Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers
1-celled Malvaceae, 566
Trees ; anthers 2-celled Tiliaceae, 565
Calyx imbricate in bud.
Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals
Ternstrobmiaceae, 570
Aquatic or marsh-dwelling herbs.
Leaves tubular or trumpet-shaped ; placentae in
the axis Sarraceniaceae, 439
Leaves (when mature) flattish, never tubular or
trumpet-shaped ; ovules on the partitions of
the ovary Nymphaeaceae, 389
p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary.
Ovary 7-30-celled.
Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs Nymphaeaceae, 389
Cells 10, each 1-ovuled ; trees or shrubs Amelanchier, 459
Ovary 6-celled Asarum, 352
Ovary 1-5-celled.
"Fleshy-stemmed, without true foliage; petals many C AC t ace a e, 588
Leaves present.
Sepals or calyX-lobes 2 ; ovules arising from the base of a
1-celled ovary Portulacaceae, 387
Sepals or calyx-lobes more than 2.
Leaves opposite ; stipules none Saxifragaceae, 444
Leaves alternate.
Stipules present Rosaceae, 454
Stipules none.
Herbs with rough-pubescent leaves Loasaceae, 588
Trees or shrubs Styracaceae, G49
o. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals v.
u. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.
Ovaries 3-6, separate ; woody vines Menispermaceae, 410
Ovary only one.
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete ; petals valvate Vitaceae, 502
Calyx 4-5-cleft; petals involute Rhamnaceae, 56U
Ovary 1-celled.
Anthers opening by uplifted lids Berberidaceae, 411
Anthers not opening by uplifted lids.
Style 1, unbranched ; stigma 1 Pkimulaceae, 613
Styles, style-branches, or stigmas more than 1.
Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 Portulacaceae, 387
Sepals or calyx-lobes 3-5.
Flowers monoecious Crofovopsis, 542
Flowers perfect PLTTMBA<iiNACEAE, 643
u. Stamens not of the same number as the petals, or if of the same
number alternate with them v.
V. Calyx tree from the ovary, i.e. ovary wholly superior w.
ANALYTICAL KEY 17
w. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x.
X. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma
common to the 2 ovaries Asclepiadaceak, 66i
X. Stamens free from each other and from the pistils y.
y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx.
Leaves punctate with translucent dots Rutaceae, 537
Leaves without translucent dots.
Trees or shrubs ; leaves pinnate.
Low shrub; leaflets mostly 5 Zanthorhiza, 408
Tree ; leaflets 11 or more Ailanthus, 538
Herbs.
Leaves fleshy Crassulaceae, 441
Leaves not fleshy.
Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style.
Ovary 2-3-lobed Limnantkaceae, 551
Ovary 5-lobed Geraniaceae, 534
Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas
Ranunculaceae, 392
y. Stamens inserted on the calyx.
Plant fleshy ; stamens just twice as many as the pistils
Crassulaceae, 441
Plant not fleshy ; stamens not twice as many as the pistils.
Stipules present Rosace ae, 454
Stipules none Saxifragaceae, 444
to. Ovary 1 z.
z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta Leguminosae, 499
z. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae,
styles, or stigmas A.
A. Ovary 1-celled.
Corrolla irregular.
Petals 4 ; stamens 6 Fumariaceae, 416
Petals and stamens 5 Violaceae, 579
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule solitary.
Trees or shrubs Anacardiaceae, 552
Herbs Cruciferae, 418
Ovules more than one.
Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell.
Petals not inserted on the calyx Caryophyllaceae, 377
Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or
tubular calyx Lythraceae, 591
Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae.
Leaves punctate with translucent dots Hypericaceae, 571
Leaves beset with gland-tipped bristles Droseraceae, 440
Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.
Petals 4.
Stamens essentially equal ; pod usually stiped
Capparidaceae, 438
Stamens unequal, 2 being shorter than the other 4 ;
pod sessile Cruciferae, 418
Petals 3 or 5.
Ovary stiped Passifloraceae, 587
Ovary sessile.
gray's manual — 2
18 ANALYTICAL KEY
Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepa/s Saxifragaceae, 444
Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals Cistaceae, 570
A.. Ovary 2-several-celled B.
B. Flowers irregular C.
C. Anthers opening at the top.
Anthers 6-8, 1-celled Polygal-Aceae, 538
Anthers 10, 2-celled Rhododendron, 631
C. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx Cuphea, 593
Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogjiious or nearly so.
Ovary 3-celled ; trees or shrubs Aesculus, 559
Ovary 5-celled ; herbs Balsaminaceae, 560
B. Flowers regular or nearly so D.
D. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the
petals.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens fewer than the 4 petals Oleaceae, 650
Stamens more numerous than the petals Aceraceae, 557
Herbs.
Petals 5 Hypericaceae, 571
Petals 4 Cruciferae, 418
D. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals E.
E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious Euphorbiaceae, 540
Flowers perfect and symmetrical.
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals.
Ovary 2-3-cened Limnanthaceae, 551
Ovary 5-celled Geraniaceae, 534
Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals.
Leaves abruptly pinnate Zygophyllaceae, 536
Leaves simple Linaceae, 531
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves compound.
Leaves ;3-foliolate, punctate Ptelea, 537
Leaves pinnate, not punctate Sapindaceae, 559
Leaves simple.
Leaves palmately veined Aceraceae, 557
Leaves pinnately veined.
Leaves alternate.
Climbing shrub Celastrus, 557
Erect shrubs or trees.
Flowers racemose Cyril lack a k, 553
Flowers solitary or cymose Aquifoliaceae, 554
Leaves opposite Celastraceae, 556
E. Ovules, and usually seeds, several or many in each cell F.
F. Leaves compound.
Tree or shrub Staphyleaceae, 557
Herbs ; leaves alternate, or all radical.
Leaflets 3, obcordate Oxalidaceae, 532
Leaflets more numerous, pointed Astilbe, 444
F. Leaves simple.
Stipules present between opposite leaves Elatinaceae, 575
ANALYTICAL KEY 19
Stipules none "svhen the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 5, united at base into a 10-toothed
cup or tube ; leaves all radical Galax, 642
Stamens free from each other.
Style 1.
Stamens free from the calyx Ericaceae, 625
Stamens inserted on the calyx Lythraceae, 591
Styles 2-5, or splitting into 2 in fruit.
Stamens free from the calyx; leaves
opposite Caryophyllaceae, .377
Stamens inserted on the calyx Ericaceae, 625
fj. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G.
G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs Cucurbitaceae, 764
G. Xot tendril-bearing H.
H. Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell.
Ovary 1-celled.
^\_^ Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules borne at the base of the
ovary Portulacaceae, 387
Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5 ; placentae 2-3, parietal Saxifragaceae, 444
Ovary 2-many-celled.
Anthers opening by pores at the apex Melastomaceae, 593
Anthers not opening by pores.
Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers
the ovary Celastraceae, 556
Stamens inserted on the calyx.
Style 1 ; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) Onagraceae, 594
Styles 2-3, distinct ; stamens 5 or 10 Saxifragaceae, 444
H. Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell.
Stamens 5 or 10.
Trees or shrubs.
Leaves simple, not prickly Crataegus, 460
Leaves compound, or prickly Araliaceae, 605
Herbs.
Fruit dry, splitting at maturity; styles 2 Umbelliferae, 607
Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united Araliaceae, 605
Stamens 2, 4, or 8.
Style and stigma 1; fruit a drupe Corxaceae, 623
Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually
more than 1 ; fruit not drupaceous.
Shrubs or trees Hama3ielidaceae, 452
Herbs.
Style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed Oxagraceae, 594
Styles or sessile stigmas 4 Haloragidaceae, 602
n. Petals more or less united I.
L Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla J.
J. Ovary 1-celled.
Placenta 1, parietal Legumixosae, 499
Placentae 2, parietal Fumariaceae, 416
Placenta at the center or base of the ovary Styracaceae, 649
J. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled Polygalaceae, 538
J. Ovary 3-x-celled K.
K. Stamens free from the corolla.
Style 1 ; leaves simple Ericaceae, 625
Styles 5; leaves 3-foliolate Oxalidaceae, 532
20 ANALYTICAL KEY
K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla.
Saprophytic herbs without green foliage Monotropoideae, 626
Not saprophytic; foliage green.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs ; anthers mostly 2-celled.
Filaments united into 1-5 groups.
Ovary superior Ternstroemiaceae, 570
Ovary at least partly inferior Styracaceae, ()49
Filaments free from each other.
Style 1 Ericaceae, 625
Styles 4 Ebenaceae, 648
Herbs; anthers 1-celled.
Filaments united into a tube ' Malvaceae, 5(>6
Filaments distinct, 2 at each notch of the corolla Adoxa, 761
I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes L.
L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and opposite them.
Corolla appendaged with scales inside ; ovary o-celled ; trees
or shrubs Sapotaceae, 648
Corolla not appendaged with scales inside ; ovary 1-celled ;
herbs.
Style 1; fruit a several-many-seeded capsule Primulaceae, 643
Styles 5 ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle Plumbaginaceae, 643
L. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer M.
M. Ovary free from the calyx-tube (superior) N.
N. Corolla regular O.
O. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes P.
P. Ovaries more than 1, or, if 1, deeply lobed Q.
Q. Ovaries 2, or, if 1, 2-horned.
Stamens united Asclepiadaceae, 663
Stamens distinct.
Stipules or stipular membrane or line between
opposite leaves ; ovary 2-horned Loganiaceae, 6r)2
Stipules none ; ovaries 2.
Leaves kidney-shaped, alternate Dichoiidra, 6(>9
Leaves not kidney-shaped, chiefly opposite
Apocynaceae, 661
Q. Ovary deeply 4-lobed.
Leaves alternate Boraginaceae, 679
Leaves opposite Labiatae, 690
P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R.
R. Ovary l-celle«l.
Seed 1; corolla scarious Plantaginaceae, 743
Seeds several-many.
Leaves entire, opposite Gentianaceae, 654
I^eaves toothed, lobed, or compound.
Whole upper surface of corolla white-bearded ;
leaflets 3, entire Menyanihes, 660
Corolla not conspicuously bearded ; leaves, if
compound, with toothed leaflets
Hydrophyllaceae, 676
R. Ovary 2-10-celled.
leafless twining parasites Cuscuta, 671
lieavos op])osite, their bases connected by a stiptilar
line Loganiaceae, 652
ANALYTICAL KEY
21
Plantaginaceae, 743
boraginaceae, 679
(rarely in) Breweria, 669
convolvulaceae, 668
Hydrophyllaceae, 676
Leaves alternate or if opposite with no trace of stipuUa.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so.
Style 1 Ericaceae, 625
Style none Aquifoliaceae, 554
Stamens in the notches of the corolla; style 1 Diapensiaceae, 642
Stamens on the tube of the corolla.
Stamens 4.
Leafy-stemmed ; leaves opposite ; corolla petaloid
Verbenaceae, 688
Acaulescent; corolla scarious
Stamens 5 or rarely more.
Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets
Fruit a few-many-seeded pod.
Styles 3
Styles 2.
Pod few (mostly 4)-seeded
^-- Pod many-seeded
Style 1, often branched.
Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of
the stigma) 3.
Not twining Polemoniaceae, 673
Twining Ipomoea, 670
Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2
or rarely 4.
Seeds few, mostly 4
Seeds many
O. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes.
Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs.
Ovary 2-celled ; cells several-seeded
Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells 1-seeded
Stamens with anthers only 2 or rarely 3.
Ovary 4-lobed
Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed.
Herbs.
Acaulescent; corolla scarious Plantaginaceae, 743
Leafy-stemmed ; corolla not scarious Veronica, 726
Trees or shrubs Olkaceae, 650
N. Corolla irregular S.
S. Stamens with anthers 5.
Stamens free from the corolla; anther-cells opening at the
Convolvulaceae, 668
Solanaceae, 712
Acanthaceae, 742
Verbenaceae, 688
Lycopus, 709
apex
Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style
Ovary not deeply lobed, many-ovuled.
Filaments or some of them woolly
Filaments not woolly
S. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4.
Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells.
Ovary 4-lobed ; style rising from between the lobes
Ovary not lobed : style from its apex.
Ovary 1-celled ; fruit turned downwards
Ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit not turned downwards
Ovules 2-many in each cell.
Rhododendron, 631
Echium, 688
Verbascum, 719
Hyoscyamus, 716
Labiatae, 690
Phrymaceae, 743
Verbenaceae, 688
22 ANALYTICAL KEY
Ovary imperfectly 4-5-celle(i Martyniaceae, 741
Ovary 1-2-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.
Parasites without green foliage, terrestrial; stamens 4
Orobaxchaceae, 739
Not parasitic, chiefly aquatic or mud plants ; stamens 2
Lentibulariaceae, 736
Ovary 2-celled.
Trees or woody climbers ; placentae parietal Bignoniaceae, 740
Herbs, rarely trees; placentae in the axis.
Seeds (mostly numerous) not borne on hooks
Scrophulariaceae, 717
Seeds (2-12) borne on hook-like processes of the
placentae Acanthaceae, 742
M. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior) T.
T. Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united Cucurbitaceae, 7ft4
T. Tendrils none U.
U. Stamens separate V.
V. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its
lobes ; stipules none ; juice milky Campanulaceae, 765
V. Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla-lobes Valeriaxaceae, 761
Stamens 4-5 ; leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Leaves opposite or perfoliate, but neither whorled
nor provided with true stipules Caprifoliaceae, 754
Leaves either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and
destitute of stipules Rubiaceae, 746
Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in dense involucrate heads Dipsacaceae, 703
U. Stamens united by their anthers ; these joined in a ring or tube.
Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular Lobeliaceae, 768
Flowers in an involucrate head Compositae, 770
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES TREATED
IN THIS WORK
Orders, Families, etc.
DivjsiON I. PTERIDOPHYTA
Order I.
Fain.
Ord. II.
Fam.
Ord. III.
Fam.
FiLICALES
1. Hj'menophyUaceae
2. Polypodiaceae . .
8. Schizaeaceae . . .
4. Osmundaceae . .
5. Ophioglossaceae
6. Marsileaceae . . .
7. Salviniaceae . . .
Equisetales
8. Equisetaceae . .
Lycopodiales
9. Lycopodiaceae . .
10. Selaginellaceae . .
11. Isoetaceae . . .
Divisioy II. SPERMATOPHYTA
Subdivision I. Gtmnospermae
Ord. lY. COXIFERALES
Fam. 12. Taxaceae
" 13. Pinaceae
SCBDIVISIOX II. AXGIOSPERMAE
Class I. MOXOCOTYLEDONEAE
Ord. V. Pandaxales
Fam, 14. Typhaceae . .
" 15. Sparganiaceae .
Ord. VI. Xa.jadales
Fam. 16. Najadaceae . .
" IT. Juncaginaceae .
" 1§. Alismaceae . .
" 19. Ilydrocharitaceae
Ord. VII. Graminales
Fam. 20. Gramineae
"■ 21. CyperaceaS
Ord. VIII. A rales . .
Fam. 22. Araceae .
" 23, Lemnaceae
Ord. IX. Xyridales
Fam. 24. Eriocaulaceae
" 25. Xyridaceae .
" 26. Mayacaceae .
" 27. Commelinaceae
" 28. Bromeliaceae
" 29. Pontederiaceae
Genera.
Native.
1
IS
2
1
2
1
2
1
9
1
1
5
2
4
3
68
IS
6
4
3
1
1
2
1
9
In trod.
19
Species.
Varieties and
Named Forms.
Native.
1
58
2
3
9
2
2
10
12
3
13
1
24
2
9
44
4
19
3
312
322
7
9
1
12
1
4
Introd.
66
11
Native.
22
5
7
5
10
12
2
17
11
42
135
Introd.
23
24
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES
.,
Genera.
Species.
Varieties and
N A.MED Forms,
Obdkbs, Families, etc.
Native.
In trod.
Native.
In trod.
Native.
Introd.
Ord. X. LiLiALES
Fara. 30. Juncaceae
2
49
1
14
" 31. Liliaceae
29
5
80
7
7
" 32. Haemodoraceae . . . . ,
2
2
" 33. Dioscoreaceae
1
1
1
" 34. Amaryllidaceae
5
1
5
2
" 35. Iridaceae
3
1
23
4
Ord. XI. SCITAMINALES
Fam. 36. Marantaceae
1
1
Ord. XII. Orchidalbs
Fam. 37. Burmanniaceae
1
1
" 38. Orchidaceae
18
68
5
Class II. DICOTYLEDONEAE
Subclass I. Archichlamydeae
Ord. XIII. PiPEEALES
Fam. 39. Piperaceae '.
1
1
Ord. XIV. Salicales
Fam. 40. Salicaceae
2
80
10
9
3
Ord. XV. Myricales
Fam. 41. Myricaceae
1
4
Ord. XVI. Leitneriales
Fam. 42. Leitneriaceae
1
1
Ord. XVII. JUGLANDALES
Fam. 43. Juglandaceae
2
10
1
Ord. XVIII. Fagales
Fam. 44. Betulaceae
5
17
1
6
" 45. Fagaceae
3
25
6
Ord. XIX. Urticales
Fam. 46. Urticaceae
11
2
18
s
3
Ord. XX. Santalales
Fam. 47. Santalaceae
3
6
" 48. Loranthaceae
2
2
Ord. XXI. ARIRTOLOCniALES
Fam. 49. Aristolochiaceae
2
7
1
3
Ord. XXII. POLYGONALES
Fam. 50. Polygonaceae
6
1
43
14
I'i
I
Ord. XXIII. Chenopodiales
Fam. 51. Chenopodiaceae
8
2
2.S
13
6
3
" 52. Aniaranthaceae
4
2
9
9
2
1
" 53. Phytolaccaceae
1
1
"54. Nyctaginaceae
1
5
" 55. lUecebraceae
2
1
4
1
1
" 56. Aizoaceae
1
1
1
1
Ord. XXIV. Caryophyllales
Fam. 57. Carj-ophyllaceae
7
7
37
38
7
2
" 58. Portulacaceae
4
11
2
Ord. XXV. RANUNOULALKfl
Fam. .59. Ceratophyllaceae
1
1
" 60. Nyiiiphaeaceae
.'•.
8
1
2
" 61. Kaiiunculaceae
i:»
4
78
15
16
" 62. Magnoliacf-ae
>i
fi
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES
26
Obdbbs, Fahiliss, btc.
Fam, 63. Calycanthaceae
" 64. Anonaceae . . .
" 65. Menispermaceae .
" 66. Berberidaceae . .
" 67. Lauraceae . . .
Ord. XXVI. Papavebalis
Fam. 68. Papaveraceae . .
" 69. Fumariaceae . .
" 70. Cruciferae . . .
" 71. Capparidaceae . .
" 72. Eesedaceae . . .
Ord. XXVII. Sahkacenialss
Fam. 73. Sari-aceniaceae . .
" 74. Droseraceae . . .
Ord. XXVIII. RosALES
Fam. 75. Podostemaceae . .
*' 76. Crassulaceae . .
" 77. Saxifragaceae . .
" 78. Hamamelidaceae .
'* 79. Platanaceae . . .
" 80. Rosaceae . . . .
" 81. Leguminosae . .
Ord. XXIX. Geraniales
Fam. 82. Llnaceae ....
" 83. Oxalidaceae . . .
" 84. Geraniaceae . . .
** 86. Zygophyllaceae
" 86. Rutaceae ....
" 87. Simarubaceae . .
" 88. Polygalaceae . .
" 89. Euphorbiaceae . .
" 90. Callitrichaceae . .
Ord. XXX. Sapindalbs
Fam. 91. Buxaceae . . .
" 92. Empetraceae . .
" 93. Limnanthaceae .
" 94. Anacardiaceae •
" 95. Cyrillaceae . . .
" 96. Aquifoliaceae . .
" 97. Celastraceae . ,
" 98. Staphyleaceae . .
*' 99. Aceraceae . . .
" 100. " Sapindaceae . .
*' 101. Balsaminaceae .
Ord. XXXI. Rhamnales
Fam. 102. Rhamnaceae . .
" 103. Vitaceae . . . .
Ord. XXXII. Malvales
Fam. 104. Tiliaceae . . .
" 105. Malvaceae . . .
Ord. XXXIII. VioLALBs
Fam. 106. Ternstroemiaceae
Gen
ERA.
Species.
> AKlJil 1
Named
Forms.
Native.
In trod.
Native.
In trod.
Native.
In trod.
1
2
1
1
8
3
5
5
1
4
6
■4
3
4
8
9
1
8
1
9
1
1
16
15
56
46
14
1
2
4
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
6
1
1
1
3
1
9
5
14
50
4
5
3
3
1
1
20
42
4
ISl
38
37
74
23
1
1
11
145
1
1
7
4
1
8
1
1
1
2
4
9
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
14
2
10
2
39
9
1
4
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
S
m
<
1
1
2
10
8
3
5
1
1
1
1
6
3
2
1
4
2
2
1
8
8
6
2
1
8
14
5
1
3
S
8
17
12
2
8
26
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES
Obdebs, Fajiilies, etc.
Fam. 107.
" lOS.
" 109.
" 110.
" 111.
" 112.
Ord. XXXIV.
Fam. 113.
Ord. XXXV.
Fam. 114.
" 115.
" 116.
" IIT.
" 118.
" 119.
Ord. XXXVI.
Fam. 120.
" 121.
" 122.
Hyi)ericaceae . . .
Elatiiiaceae . . . .
Cistaceae , . . .
Violaceae . . , .
Passifloraceae i*.
Loasaceae
Opuntiales
Cactaceae . . . .
M YET ALES
Thyinelaceae . . .
Elaeagnaceae . . .
Lythiaeeae . . . .
Melastomaceae . .
Onagraceae . . . .
Haloragidaceae . .
Umbellales
Araliaceae . . . .
Umbelliferae . . .
Cornaceae . . . .
Subclass 11. Metachlamydeae
Ord. XXXVII. Eeicales
Fam. 123. Ericaceae
" 124. Diapensiaceae
Ord. XXXVIII. Pkimut.ales
Fam. 125. Pluinbaginaceae ....
" 126. Primulaceae . . . . .
Ord. XXXIX. Ebenales
Fam. 127. Sapotaceae
'* 128. Ebenaceae
" 129. Styracaceae
Ord. XL. Gentianales
Fam. 130. 01eac,e^
" 131. Loganiaceae
" 182. Gentianaceae
" 133. Apocynaceae
" 134. Asclei)iadaceae . . . .
Ord. XLI. Po lemon I ALES
Fam. 135. Convolvulaceae ....
Polemoniaceae ....
Ilydrophyllaceac ....
Boraginaceae
Verbenaceae
Labiatie
Solanaceae ,r-
ycrophiilariaceae ....
143. Lentibiilariaceae ....
144. Orobanchaceae . . . .
Bignoiiinccae
Martyiiiuci^ae
Acanthaceae
Phrymaceae
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
145.
146,
147.
148.
Genera.
Native.
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
6
1
T
3
3
29
2
25
3
1
10
1
1
3
3
4
10
3
5
6
3
5
7
3
21
3
24
2
3
3
1
3
1
In trod.
Species.
17
14
5
5
Native.
25
4
13
43
2
2
6
1
3
10
4
48
12
7
57
13
78
3
1
17
2
1
5
9
4
34
5
81
19
14
16
23
11
77
19
86
16
5
3
1
6
1
In trod.
Varieties and
Na.MED FoRMri.
1
2
2
20
4
1
2
9
1
16
2
42
14
29
3
1
Native.
3
1
9
3
2
7
1
17
3
3
8
2
1
4
1
14
3
7
Introd.
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES
27
Orders, Families, etc.
Species.
Varieties ani>
Na.mkd Forms.
'M^rx>/€
Xvit*»4
Native.
In trod.
Native.
1
Introd.
Urd. XLII. Plantaginales
Fain. 149. Plant^ofinaceae
Ord. XLIII. Eubiales
Fam. 150. Kubiaceae
" 151. Caprifoliaceae .•
" 152. "V'alerianaceae
" 15:1 Dipsacaceae
Ord. XLIV. Campanulales
Fam. 154. Cucurbitaceae
" 155. Campanulaceae
*' 156. Lobeliaceae
" 157. Compositae
i
I o
7
b
4
2
1
81
r
2
3
1
25
12
% 34
« _ 35
8
4
8
13
4:30
3
8
6
2
5
5
89
2
8
8
3
1
3
123
1
1
13
1
, 1
SUMMARY BY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC.
Division, Class, etc.
Pteridophyta . . .
Spermatophyta . . .
Gymnospermae . .
Angiospermae . .
Monocotyledoneae
Dicotj'ledoneae .
Archichlamydeae
Metachlamydeae
Genera.
Native.
31
790
10
780
1S4
596
335
261
Introd.
180
180
26
154
8S
66
Species.
Native.
115
3298
25
3273
993
2280
1249
1031
Introd.
606
3
663
92
571
321
250
Varieties and
Named Forms.
Native.
61
705
2
703
236
467
253
214
Introd.
40
40
5
3ft
15
20
SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS
Families 157
Genera
Species
native 821
introduced .... 180
total
native 3413
introduced .... 666
total
Varieties, named
forms, etc.
1001
4079
native 766
introduced .... 40
total 806
Whole number of different plants (species, varieties, and named forms) treated in
this work »
4885
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF
AUTHORS' NAMES
A. Br. — Braun, Alexander.
Adiuis. — Adanson, Michel.
A. DC. — De Candolle, Alphonse.
Ait. — Alton, AVilliam.
Ait.f. — Alton, William Townsend.
All. — Allionl, Carlo.
Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan.
Amir. — Andrews, Henry C.
Andrz. — Andrzejowski, Anton Lukiano-
wicz.
Ard. — Arduino, Pietro.
Am. — Amott, George A. Walker.
Asch. — Ascherson, Paul.
Awit. — Austin, Coe Finch.
B. & H. — Bentham, George, and Hooker,
Joseph Dal ton.
Bah. — Bablngton, Charles Cardale.
Baill. — Balllon, Henri Ernest.
Baldw. — Baldwin, William.
Barn. — Barneoud, F. Marius.
5or«^. — Bartllng, Friedrich Gottlieb.
Bartr. — Bartram, William.
Benuv. — Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Palisot de.
Benn. — Bennett, Arthur.
Benth. — Bentham, George.
Bernh. — Bemhardi, Johann Jacob.
Bess. — Besser, AVilhehn S. J. G. von.
Bieh. — Biebersteln, Friedrich August,
Marsehall von.
Bigel. — Blgelow, Jacob.
Bjornstr. — Bjornstrdm, Friedrich Jo-
hann.
B. Juss. — Jussleu, Bernard de.
Boeckl. — Boeckeler, Otto.
Boenn. — Boenninghausen, C. M. F. von.
JBoer^. — Boerhaave, Hermann.
Boiss. — Bolssier, Edniond.
Borkh. — Borkhausen, M. B.
Br., A. Br. — Braun, Alexander.
Br., P. Mr. — Browne, Patrick.
Br., R. Br. — Brown, Robert.
Brack. — Brackenrldge, William D.
Briq. — Briquet, John.
BSP. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns,
E. E., and Poggenberg, Justus F.
Burm. f. — Burman, Nikolaus Laurens.
C. & S. — Chamisso, Adalbert von, and
Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
C. A. Mey. — Meyer, Carl Anton.
Carr. — Carriere, lillie Abel.
Casp. — Caspary, Robert.
Cass. — Casslni, Henri.
Cav. — Cavanllles, Antonio Jose.
Celak. — Celakovsky, Ladislav.
Cerv. — Cervantes, Vicente.
Chain. — Chamisso, Adalbert von.
Chapm. — Chapman, Alvan Wentworth.
Chois. — Choisy, Jacques-Denis.
Clayt. — Clayton, John.
Coult. — Coulter, John Merle.
Cyrill. — Cirlllo. Domenico.
Darl. — Darlington, William.
Davenp. — Davenport, George Edward.
DC. — De Candolle, Augustiu Py ramus.
DC, A. DC — De Candolle, Alphonse.
Dene. — Decaisne, Joseph.
Desf. — Desfontalnes, Rene Louiche.
Desr. — Desrousseaux.
Desv. — Desvaux, Augustin Nicaise.
Dietr. — Dietrich, Albert.
Dill. — Dillenlus, Johann Jacob.
Doiigl. — Douglas, David.
Dufr. — Dufresne, Pierre.
Duham. — Du Hamel du Monceau, H. L.
Diunont. — Du Mont de Courset, G. L. M
Dumort. — Dumortier, Barthclemy C.
Dnr. — Durieu de Malsonneuve.
Eat. — Eaton, Amos.
J?ArA. — Ehrhart, Friedrich.
^;/. — Elliott, Stephen.
Endl. — Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus.
Engelm. — Engelmann, George.
Esch. — Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich.
Fisch. — Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von.
Forst. — Forster, J. R. and George.
jp'ow.iy. — Fougeroux, Auguste Denis.
28
I
ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES
29
Fourn. — Fournier, Eugene.
Fresn. — Fresenius, J. B. G. W.
Froel. — Froelich, Joseph Aloys.
Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph.
Gal. — Galeotti, Henri.
Gaud. — Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles.
G. F. W. Me I/.— Meyer, Georg Fried-
rich Wilhelni.
Gilib. — Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel.
Gmel. — Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.
GnieL, J. F. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann
Friedrich.
Gmel., J. G. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann
Georg.
Godr. — Godron, Dominique Alexandre.
Good. — Goodenough, Samuel.
Grab. — Grabowski, Heinrich Emanuel.
Graebn. — Graebner, Paul.
Gren. — Grenier, Charles.
Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye.
Griseb. — Grisebach, Heinrich R. A.
Gronov. — Gronovius, Jan Fredrik.
Gunn. — Gunnerus, Johann Ernst.
Guss. — Gussoni, Giovanni.
H. & A. — Hooker, William Jackson, and
Amott, G. A. Walker.
Hack. — Hackel, Eduard.
Hartm. — Hartman, Carl Johan.
Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl.
Haussk. — Haussknecht, Carl.
Haiv. — Haworth, Adrian Hardy.
fl^^iT. — Humboldt, F. Alexander von,
Bonpland, Aime', and Kunth, C. S.
Hegel. — Hegelmaier, Friedrich.
Heist. — Heister, Lorentz.
^er6. — Herbert, William.
Hitchc. — Eitchcock, Albert Spear.
Hoff m.—EoHmdinn, Georg Franz.
^00 A;. — Hooker, William Jackson.
Hook./. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton.
Hornem. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken.
Huds. — Enix^on, William.
Jdcq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph.
J. D. iS??i. — Smith, John Donnell.
J. F. Gmel. — QmeMxi. Johann Friedrich.
J. G. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann Georg.
J. G. Sill. — Smith, Jared Gage.
J. <S;». — Smith, .John.
Jbrdf.— Jordan, Alexis.
Juss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de.
Jm.ss., B. J?/ .95.— Jussieu, Bernard de.
^rtrsf. — Karsten. Hermann,
ifroc^-. — Krocker, Anton Johann.
Ktze. — Kuntze, Otto.
Z. — Linnaeus, Carolus, or Linne, Carl
von.
Z»./. — Linne, Carl von (the son).
Laestad. — Laestadius, Lars Levi.
Za^'.— Lagasca, Mariano.
Lall. — Ave-Lallemant, J. L. E.
Zam. — Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet.
Lamb. — Lambert, Aylmer Bourke.
Lat. — Latourette, M. A. L.
Leavenw. — Leavenworth, Melines C.
Ledeb. — Ledebour, Carl F. von.
Lehm. — Lehmann, J. G. C. -
Lesp.& TMv. — Lespinasse, Gustave, and
Theveneau, A.
Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich.
Z'^er.— L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L.
Light/ . — Lightf oot, John.
Liudl. — Lindley, John.
Lodd. — Loddiges, Conrad.
Loefl. — Loefling, Pehr.
Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J
L. A.
Loud. — Loudon, John Claudius.
Lorir. — Loureiro, Juan.
MacM. — MacMillan, Conway.
Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey.
Maxim. — Maximowicz, Carl Johann.
Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
Meisn. — Meisner, Carl Friedrich.
Merr. — Merrill. Elmer D.
Mett, — Mettenius, Georg Heinrich.
Mey. — Meyer, Ernst Heinrich F.
Mey., C. A. Mey. — Meyer, Carl Anton.
Mey., G. F. W. Mey. — Meyer, Georg
Friedrich Wilhelm.
Mich. — Micheli, Pier' Antonio.
Michz. — Michaux, Andre.
Michx.f. — Michaux, Fran9ois Andre.
Mill. — Miller, Philip.
Moq. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred.
Muell. Arg. — Mueller, Jean (of Aar-
gau).
Muench. — Muenchhausen, Otto Freiherr
von.
3/m/i;.— Muhlenberg, G. H. E.
Murr. — Murray, Johann Andreas.
Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de.
Nees — Nees von Esenbeck, Christian
Gottfried.
Nees cC' Eberm. — Nees von Esenbeck, T.
F. L., and Ebermaier, K. H.
Newm. — Newman, Edward.
30
ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS NAMES
Nutt. — Nuttall, Thomas.
Pall. — Pallas, Peter Simon.
Pari. — Parlatore, Filippo.
P. Br. — Browne, Patrick.
Pers. — Persoon, Christian Hendrik.
Peterm. — Petennann, "Wilhelra Ludwig.
Planch. — Planchon, Jules Emile.
Plum. — Plumier, Charles.
Pair. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.
P(jll. — PoUich, Johaun Adam.
R. & P. — Ruiz Lopez, Hipolito, and
Pavon, Josef.
R. & S. — Roemer, J. J., and Schultes.
August.
Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S.
R. Br. — Brown, Robert.
Reichenb. — Reichenbach, H. G. L.
Retz. — Retzius, Anders Johan.
Richards. — Richardson, John.
Roem. — Roemer, M. J.
/?05a-. — Rostkovius, F. W. G.
Rottb. — Rottboell, Christen Fries.
Riipp. — Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard.
Rupr. — Ruprecht, Franz J.
Rydb. — Rydberg, Per Axel.
Saliiib. — Salisbury, Richard Anthony.
Sarg. — Sargent, Charles Sprague. ,
Sch. Bip. — Schultz, Karl Heinrich (dis-
tinguished as Bipontinus, i.e. of
Zweibrucken).
Schleich. — Schleicher, J. C.
Schleid. — Schleiden, ^Matthias Jacob.
Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich Adolph.
Schreb. — Schreber, Johann D. C. von.
Schwein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de.
Scop. — Scopoli, Johann Anton.
Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank.
Ser. — Seringe, Nicolas Charles.
Shuttlw. — Shuttleworth, Robert.
iSi^^/i. — Sibthorp. John.
Sieb. & Zi/cc — Siebold, P. F. von, and
Zuccarini, J. G.
Sm. — Smith, James Edward.
Sm., J. Sm. — Smith, John.
Sm., J. I). Sm. — Smith, John DonnelL
Sm., J. G. Sm. — Smith, Jared Gage.
Soland. — Solander, Daniel.
Spreng. — Sprengel, Kurt.
Sternb. — Sternberg, Caspar.
Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb.
Stev. — Steven, Christian.
St. nil. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de.
Sulliv. — Sullivant, "William Starling.
Sw. — Swartz, Olaf.
T. & G. — Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.
Thimb. — Thunberg, Carl Pehr.
Torr. — Torrey, John.
Tourn. — Toumefort, Joseph Pitton de.
Trel. — Txelease, William.
Trev. — Treviranus, Christian Ludolf.
Tri7i. — Trinius, Karl Bernhard.
Tuckerm. — Tuckerman, Edward.
Titrcz. — Turczaninow, Nicolaus.
Underw. — Underwood, Lucien Marcus.
Vaill. — Vaillant, Sebastien.
Vent. — Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.
Vill. — Villars, Dominique.
Tra/i/&. — Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik.
Wahlenb. — Wahlenberg, Georg.
Waldst. & TTi^. — Waldstein, F.Avon,
and Kitaibel, P.
TFoZ^r. — Wallroth, K. F. W.
Walp. — Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard.
TTaZ?. — Walter, Thomas.
Wang. — Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
Wats. — Watson, Sereno.
TFe«s<. — Wettstein, Richard von.
Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
Wimm. — Wimmer, Friedrich.
W^^7/^.— Withering, William.
Wormsk. — Wormskiold, ^L von.
Wulf. — Wulf en, Franz Xavier.
FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS
EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK
(The customary and well known abbreviations for the states of the Union and
mouths of the year are omitted from this list.)
Adv., adventive, i.e. as yet only casual
and sporadic.
Afr., Africa.
Alb., Alberta.
Am., America or American.
Assina., Assiniboia.
Austr., Australia.
auth., authors.
B. C, British Columbia.
cm., centimeter (or centimeters), the
hundredth part of a meter, = about
two-fifths of an inch.
cosmop., cosmopolitan.
distr., distributed.
dm., decimeter (or decimeters), the tenth
part of a meter, = about four inches.
e., east or eastern.
eastic, eastward.
£u., Europe.
Eurasia, Europe and Asia.
/., filius, son, or the younger.
FL, flowers or flowering.
Fr., fruit or fruiting.
Greenl., Greenland.
Huds. B., Hudson Bay.
I., island.
latrod., introduced, i.e. brought in inten-
tionally, as through horticulture, etc.
I. T., Indian Territory.
L., lake.
Lab., Labrador.
L. I., Long Island, New York.
m., meter (or meters), = about 39^
inches.
Man., Manitoba.
Man. ed. 6, Sixth edition of Gray's Man-
ual of Botany.
Meo:., Mexico.
7nm., millimeter (or millimeters), -=
about one twenty-fifth of an iuch
mt., ints., mountain, mountains.
n., north or northern.
N. A., North America.
nat., naturalized, i.e. thoroughly estab-
lished.
N. B., New Brunswick.
n. e., northeast.
Nfd., Newfoundland.
no., number.
nortJno., northward.
N. S., Nova Scotia.
n. w., northwest.
Okla., Oklahoma.
Ont., Ontario.
P. E. I., Prince Edward Island.
Que., Province of Quebec.
R., river.
s., south or southern.
S. A., South America.
Sask., Saskatchewan.
s. e., southeast.
Siber., Siberia.
southic, southward.
Subtrop., sub-tropical.
5. IV., southwest.
Temp., temperate.
Trap., tropics or tropical.
w., west or western.
icestic, westward.
W. I., West Indies.
fx (pronounced mu), A micron, the mil-
lionth part of a meter, a measure
used in microscopic studies.
- Figures or words connected by the
31
32
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS
short dash indicate the extremes
of variation, as "5-12 mm. long,
few-many-flowered," i.e. varying
from five to twelve millimeters in
length and from few to many flow-
ered.
§ section.
00 Of iiidefinite number, usually many.
1 A mark of affirmation or authentica-
tion.
? indicates doubt.
$ Bearing stamens or antheridia but
neither pistils nor archegonia.
9 Bearing pistils or archegonia but
neither stamens nor antheridia.
X crossed with, the sign of a hybrid.
100 Millimeters
: .
i...
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
10 Centimeters
yio Meter, or 1 Decimetet
DESCRIPTIVE FLORA
Division I. PTEEIDOPHYTA
(Eerxs and Fern Allies)
Male generative cells (spermatozoids) spirally coiled motile bodies,
not developing into a tube. Plants with more or less distinct alter-
nation of generations. The sexual stage, a small thalloid body ; the
asexual provided with vascular tissue and (with rare exceptions)
differentiated into stem and leaves (fronds), some of these modified
to bear asexual reproductive bodies or spores (without embryo),
which again give rise to the sexual generation. — Often called
Vascular Cryptogams or Higher Flowerless Plants.
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE (Filmy Fern Family)
Delicate ferns loith slender often filiform creeping rootstocks. Fronds
pellucid, of a single layer of cells. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like receptacle
within a cup-shaped, tubular, or bivalvular involucre, from the apex of a vein,
the ring transverse and complete. Chiefly tropical, inhabiting damp places,
often epiphytic. Fronds circinate in vernation.
1. TRICHOMANES L. Filmy Fern
Involucre tubular-funnel-shaped, the mouth nearly or quite truncate. Spo-
rangia bursting vertically. — Ours a small creeping fern with much divided
fronds. (An ancient Greek name for some fern.)
1 . T. Boschianum Sturm. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 12-35 mni.
wide, bipinnatifid ; rhachis narrowly winged ; pinnae triaugular-oTate, the divi-
sions toothed or again lobed ; capillary receptacle often much exserted. ( T. rad-
icans Man, ed. 6, not Sw.) — On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky. to
Ala.
POLYPODIACEAE (Eern Family)
Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), loith creeping rhizomes. Spores borne in
sporangia (spore-cases), these collected in dots, lines, or vanously shaped clusters
(sori or fruit dots) on the hack or margins of the frond or its divisio7is, cellular-
reticulated, stalked, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-jointed
ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the spomngium transversely
on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least
gray's MAXl'AL — 3 33
34
POLYPODIACEAE (FEHN^ FAMILY)
when young) hy a membrane called the indusium (or less properly the involucre)
growi.ig either from the back or the margin uf the frond.
n. Imliisiuin uone or abortive and obscure b.
h. Sterile fronds simply pinnatilid (the segments rarely toothed or lobed).
Fertile ft-onds similar to the sterile, tiat and leaf-like .... 1. Poltpodium.
Fertile fronds much contmcted ; segments pod-like . . . .18. Onoclba.
b. Sterile fronds •2-4-pinnate or -pinnatitid.
Sterile fronds green on both surfaces.
Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, leaf-like 2. Phegopteris.
Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod-like . . .18. Onoclea.
Sterile fronds whitened beneath .3. Notholaena.
«. Indusium present c.
c. Indusium formed entirely or in part by the revolute edge of the frond d.
d. Sori clearly distinct.
Indusium single, covering the sorus 4. Adiantum.
Indusium double, cup-like or 2-valved 17. Dicksonia.
d. Sori soon confluent as a more or less continuous marginal band.
Stipe stout (3-4 mm. in diam.), commonly solitary .... 5. Pteris.^^
Stipes liliform (0.5-1.3 mm. in diam.), clustered. •
Segments of the sterile frond glabrous.
Green or greenish.
Segments petiolulate or articulated at cordate or rounded base 7. Pellaea.
Segments of sterile frond cuneate at sessile unarticulated base S. Ckyptogrj aha.
Chalky-white beneath 3. Noteiolaena.
Segments of the sterile frond pubescent 6. Cheilaxtues.
e. Indusium not continuous with the edge of the frond e.
6. Indusium peltate or laterally attached, covering the sorus when young /.
f. Sori more or less elongated.
Sori parallel to the midrib 9. Woodwardia.
Sori parallel to the oblique lateral veins.
Veins free; fronds 1-o-pinnate.
Sori separate, straight or horseshoe-shaped . . . .10. Asplenium.
Sori linear, confluent in pairs (appearing like single sori
but with indusia on both sides) 11. Soolopendrium.
Veins reticulated ; fronds simple, rooting at the tip . . . 12. CAMPTOsoRL'a.
f. Sori orbicular or reniform g.
g. Indusium evident at least when young ; fertile fronds leaf-like h.
h. Indusium tixed by the center.
Indusium orbicular-j)eltate, without a sinus . . . .13. Polystichitm.
Indusium reniform or if orbicular with a narrow sinus . . 14. Aspidium.
h. Indusium attached at the side 15. Cvstoptekis.
g. Indusium obscure, lunate ; fertile segments much contracted,
j)od-like 18. Onoclea.
e. Indusium inferior, cup-like or involucre-like.
Indusium 2-valved, cup-like 17. Dicksonia.
Indusium cleft into narrow segments . , 16. Woodsia.
1. P0LYP6dIUM [Toum.] L. Polypody
Fruit dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more
rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne
in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often
covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes
are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from tpoXiJ-, many, and Trovi,foot,
alluding to the branching rootstock.)
1. P. vulgare L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 8-40 cm.
high, simple and deeply pinnatlfid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or some-
wiiat acute, remotely and ob.scurely toothed ; veins once or twice forked ;
fruit dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin. — Rocks ; common.
.July. (Hu., etc.) Variable. Some of the more noteworthy forms have been
distinguished as : Var. attenuXtdm Milde, with segments attenuate-acuminate,
Sfmilate toward the end. Var. aukiti'm Willd., with the lowest segments auri-
cled. Var. cambuicum (L.) Willd., with the segments more or less strongly
toothed or pinnatifid. Var. cristXtu.m Moore, with segments 1-several times
forked at the ends.
2. P. polypodioides (L.) Ilitchc. Frond evergreen and coriaceous, oblong,
6-25 cm. higli, grayish and very scurfy tindcrncalh vnth pfUate scales, simply
pinnatifid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit dots rather small, near the
margin; veins forking, free in the N. American plant! (P. incan\im Sw.) — ■
Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and O. to la., and south w. ;• reported on
Staten I., N. Y. (Trop.)
POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY^ 35
2. PHEG6pTERIS (Presl) F^e. Beech Fern
Fruit dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins
below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free
veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn.
(Name composed of (prjyos, an oak or beech^ and Trrepts, fern. )
* Fronds twice pinnatijid ; pinnae all sessile, adnate to' the winged rhachis.
1. P. polypodioides Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (8-26 cm.
long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, tht
lowest pair deflexed and standing forward. ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire,
the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis ; fruit dots all near tiie margin. (P.
Phegopteris Underw.) — Damp woods, Nfd. to X. Y., " W," \Visc., la.", Wash.,
and Alaska. (Eurasia.) •
2. P. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. Fronds triangular, usually broader than
long (14-80 cm. broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath;
pinnae lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the
very large lowest pinnae often elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very
much decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main
rhachis ; fruit dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the mid-
rib.— Rather open woods, centr. Me. to w. Que., w. to Minn., and southw. ;
common. — Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles.
* * Fronds ternate, the three dimsions petioled ; rhachis wingless.
3. P. Dryopteris (L.) Fee. (Oak Fern.) Fronds smooth, broadly trian.sular
(1-1.5 dm. wide), the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading,
1-2-pinnate ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit dots near the
margin. — Rocky woods ; common northw. (Eurasia.)
4. P. Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Br. Fronds minutely glandular and some-
what rigid, dull green ; lowest inferior pinnae of the lateral divisions smaller in
proportion than in the last species. (P. calcarea Fee.) — Shaded limestone,
" Lab." and Anticosti to N. B., la., and Man. ; rare. (Eu.)
3. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Cloak Fern
Fniit dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more
or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre.
Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1-4-pinnate, the lower surface almost
always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or
yellow powder. (Name from vodos, spin'ious. and Xatm, a cloak, the woolly
coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.)
1. N. dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long,
3-4-pinnate ; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining ; ultimate pin-
nules ovate-oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface.
(xV. nivea, var. Davenp.) — Clefts of dry calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and
southwestw. July, August.
4. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. Maidenhair
Fruit dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin of a lobe of the frond
refiexed to form an indusium ; the sporangia attached to the approximated tips
of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (in our species)
or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from
c- privative and diatuu), meaning univetted, the foliage repelling rain-drops )
1. A. pedatum L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk
(2-5 dm. high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender
spreading pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, short-stalked and obliquely
triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from which the vines all proceed,
and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich moist woods. July.
36 POLYPODTACEAE (FERN FAMILY)
2. A. Capillus- Veneris L. Fronds (1-5 dm. high) with a continuous main
rhachis, ovate-lanceolate, often i)endent, 2-3-pinnate at the base, the upper third
or half simply pinnate ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 15-82 mm. long,
deeply and irregularly incised ; vein lets flabellately forking from the base ; invo-
lucres lunulate or transversely obiong. — Moist rocky places, s. N. Y. (?) ;
s.e. Pa. to Ky. and Fla. ; also S. Dak. and southwestw. (Widely distr.)
5. PTERIS L. Brake or Bracken
Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire
margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms
a continuous membran«iceous indusium, attaclied to an uninterrupted transverse
veiji-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins, with or without
an obscure inner indusium. Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient
Greek name of Ferns, from wTepov, a wing, on account of tlie prevalent pinnate
or feathery fronds.)
1. P. aquilina L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (2-9 dm. wide),
ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (2-0 dm. high), the widely spread-
ing branches twice pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ;
the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round
with the indusium, which is really double in this species. {Ptrridium Kuhn.)
— Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Widely distr.) Var. pseudocau-
d\ta Clute is a form with many of the pinnules, especially the terminal ones,
narrow, entire, and much elongated. — Mass. to N. J., south w. to Fla. and Tex.
6. CHEILANTHES Sw.
Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and
roundisli distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit dots, covered by a mostly
whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed
of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly
with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and
fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species
with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name
composed of xetXos, margin, and avbo^, ajiower, from the marginal sori.)
* Fronds smooth, or at most hairy.
1. C. alabamensis (Buckley) Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (7-20 cm.
long), ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate ; pin-
nules triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed ; indusium con-
tinuous, rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence. — On rocks, mts. of Va. to
Ky., south w. and westw. (Mex. )
2. C. lanbsa (Michx.) Watt. Fronds (1-4 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong,
hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with straighlish prominently articu-
lated rusty hairs, twice pinnate ; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate ; pin-
nules oblong, crowded (4-8 mm. long), more or less incised, the ends of the
roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involncres,
which are pushed back by the ripened "sporangia. (C. vestita Sw.) — Clefts of
rocks, Ct. to Minn., Wyo., and south w.
* * Fronds woolly or tomentose.
3. C. tomentbsa Link. Fronds (1.5-5 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, densely
tomentose with slender and entangled v)hitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice
pinnate ; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules dis-
tinct, minute (1-2 mm. long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the
upper surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous
somemhat membranaceous indusium. — Mts. of Va. and Ky. ; thence w. and
soutliw. — Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy
scales and whitish liairs. (Mex., W. L)
4. C. Feel Moore. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining ;
POLYrODIACEAE (FEMX FAMILY) 37
fronds (8-1' cm. high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whituh distinctly
articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate;
pinnae (8-12 nun, long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous ; pin-
nules crenately pinnatifld, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely
crowded segments (1-2 mm. long), the herbaceous margin recurved and forming
an almost continuous indusium. \C. lanuginosa Nutt.) — In dense tufts, on
dry rocks and cliffs, 111. to Minn., thence w. and south w.
7. PELLAEA Link. Cliff Brake
Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free
veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous
line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and
continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed
and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. — Small ferns, with 1-3-
pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but
otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth, and shining. (Name
from TreWos, dusk;/, alluding to the stipe.)
1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on
the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis,
1-6 dm. high ; fronds coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate ; the divi-
sions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, some-
what heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked.
— Dry calcareous rocks, "N. H." and Vt. to R. I., Ga., and westw. ; not common.
July. Var. cristata Trel. is a form with dichotomously forked pinnae, somewhat
crowded towa>rd the summit of the frond. — Eureka, Mo. (G. Pauls).
8. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock Brake
Fruit dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking
veins. Margins of the fertile segments herbaceous or more or less scarious, at
first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat and exposing
the confluent sporangia. — Low ferns, with smooth 2-8-pinnate tufted fronds,
the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with narrower divisions. (Name
from KpvTTTos, hidden, and ypaixixiq, a line, alluding to the lines of sporangia
at lirst concealed by the reflexed margin.)
* Eevohite margins of tlip fertile frond hearing a distinct scarious indusial
border ; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, acute.
1. C. d^nsa (Brack.) Diels. Fronds not very dissimilar, 8-20 cm. high ;
stipes purplish brown ; segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, very acute,
incisely serrate. (Pellaea Hook.) — Calcareous or serpentine walls of ravines,
etc., ^it. Albert, Gaspe Co., Que. ; Grey Co., Ont. ; and in the far west.
* * Bevolute margins of the fertile frond scarcely modified; ultimate segments
of the sterile fronds broader.
2. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Fronds markedly dissimilar ; segments of the
fertile linear (6-10 nmi. long), of the sterile ovate-oblong, o&^?/se, serrulate ;
stipes straw-colored, scaly especially toward the base. — Crevices of rocks,
Arctic Am. to L. Huron, L, Superior, Col., and Cal.
?>. C. Stelleri (Gmel. ) Prantl. Fronds markedly dissimilar; segments of
the fertile linear-oblong to lance-linear ; those of the sterile ovate to obovate-
flabelliform, crenulate, decurrent at their cuneate bases. (Pellaea gracilis
Hook.) — Shaded chiefly calcareous rocks. Que. and N. B. to Vt., Ct., n. Pa., 111.,
and north westw. ; local. (Asia.)
9. WOODWARDIA Sm. Chain Fern
Fruit dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans-
verse anastomosing veiidets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by
38 POLYPODTACEAE (fERX FAMILY)
its outer margin to the fruitful veiiilet, free and opening on tlie =ide next the
niidrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin oi the frond. —
Large ferns, with pinnatilid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Wood-
icard^ an English botanist.)
§ 1. ANCHISTEA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds alike ; veins form-
ing only one^ row of meshes {areoles).
1. W. virgfnica (L.) Sm. Fronds (0-14 dm. high) pinnate, with numerous
lanceolate pinnatilid junnae; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow
areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlets
free ; fruit dots oblong, one to each arec^le, confluent when rijje. — Wet swamps.
N. S. to Fla., La., Mich., and Out. Kootstocks creeping, often 2-3 m. long I
July.
§ 2. LORINSERIA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of
the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes.
2. W. areolata (L.). Moore. Fronds pimiatifid ; sterile ones (2-6 dm. high)
with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing ; fertile fronds taller,
with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit dots
(8-10 mm. long) in a single row each side of the secondary midrib ; rootstocks
creeping. (IF. angustifolia Sm.) — Wet woods, s. Me. to Fla. and Tex. ; also
Ark. and Mich. ; rare. Aug., Sept.
10. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort
Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; the straight or ;i-arely curved
indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile
vein ; — in some species a part of the fruit dots are double, the fertile vein bear-
ing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name
from a- privative and <nr\T^v, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.)
§ L EUASPLENTUM (Endl.) Klotzsch. Indusium straight or slightly curved,
attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely double ; small evergreen ferns ;
stipes Jiliform or nearly so, vjith vascular bundles separate and peripheral or
if united toward the summit forming a Innate bundle ; scales of the rhizome
and stipes narrow, of Jinn texture and icith thick-walled cells.
* Fronds pinnatifd, or pinnate only near the base.
1. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. Fronds (7-20 cm. long) lanceolate, pinnatifid or
pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, "the apex sometimes
rooting"; lobes roundish-enmte, obtuse, or the lowest long-acunrinate ; fruit
dots irregular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation
fertile ; stipes brownish, becoming green above, and so passing into the broad
pale green midrib. — On cliffs and rocks, Ct. to Mo., and south w. ; very rare.
July. — Hpspmbles the Walking Leaf (Camptosorns) , but the veins are free.
X A. ebenoides K. K. Scott. Fronds (1-2 dm. high) broadly lanceolate, jo/n-
natijid, below pinnate, the apex pndnnged and slender; divisions lanceolate
from a broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of
the frond; fruit dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is the
lower part of the midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. (Miss Wool-
son, Miss Smith) to Mo., and .south w. ; very rare. A noteworthy hybrid bt-
tween A. plaLyneuron and Camptosorus rhizoj)hyllus ; its origin early suspected
by M. (j. Berkeley i\\\d recently demonstrated l)y Miss Margaret Slosson. This
fern is more abundant and probably self-perpetuating in Ala.
* * Fronds narrow, linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pirmate, with numerous
pinnae ; these entire to serrate or rarely incised.
-»- Pinnae not auricled.
2. A. viride Iluds. Fronds (5-18 cm tall) tufted, linear in outline, pale
green, softly lierbaeeous ; pinnae roundish-orate or ovate-rhomhoid, short-
stalked, crenately toothed (4-5) mm. long), the niiilvein indistinct and forking;
POLYPODIAOEAE (FERN FAMILY) 39
the slender stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis. — Shaded
limestone ; Nfd. to n. N. E., w. and iiorthw ; rare. (Widely distr.)
3. A. Trich6manes L. Fronds (8-22 cm. long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, dark green and more rigid ; pinnae roundish-oblong or oval
(3-7 mm. long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely
wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking
and " evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-broicn and shin-
lYig^ — Shaded rocks. July. (Widely distr.) Forma incisum Moore with
deeply pinnatifid pinnae has been reported from Vt. {Miss Grout., Mrs. Horton).
-t- -t- Pinnae more or less auricled.
4. A. parvulum Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (1-25 dm. high), narrowly
linear-oblanceolate ; pinnae (4-12 mm. long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite,
nearly sessile, somewhat detlexed^ oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled
on the upper or both sides ; sori rather few, as near the margin as to the continu-
ous midvein ; stipe and rhachis black and shining. {A. resiliens Kunze.) — Mts.
of Va. to Kan., and southw. — Intermediate between the last and the next.
5. A. platyneuron (L ) Oakes. Fronds upright (2-5 dm. tall), linear-
oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much the taller ; pmnae (1-3 cm. long)
firmly membranaceous, mostlii alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong-
linear, finely serrate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides ;
sort many, nearer the elongated midvein than the margin ; stipe and rhachis
blackish-purple and shining. (A. ebentum Ait.) — Rocky open woods, s. Me.
to Col., and southw. (W. I., S. Am., Afr.) Var. serrXtum (E. S. Miller)
BSP. is a form with at least some of the pinnae deeply jagged-serrate. Var.
iNcisTM (E. C. Howe ) Robinson has very brittle stipes and the pinnae deeply
pinnatifid. (A ebeneum, var. Mortonae Davenp.) — Vt. to Md., Mo., and
"Ark."' ; rare.
6. A. Bradleyi D.C.Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate (4-20 cm. tall); stipe
blackish and somewhat shining ; pinnae membranaceous, rather numerous, the
lower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse,
incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes. — On rocks, e. N. Y. to Ky.,
" Mo.," and southw. ; rare.
* * * Fronds ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, 2-S-pin7iate or -pinnatifid.
7. A montanum Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (5-13
cm. long), subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately
cleft into oblong or orate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler ; rhachis
green, broad and flat ; stipe brown at base. — Cliffs and rocks, from Ct. to
O., Ky., "Ark." and southw. Jidy.
8. A. Ruta-muraria L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (S-1 cm. long exclusive of the
green stipe), subcoriaceous, laxly 2-3-pinnate at base, the pinnae alternate;
ultimate segments few, stalked (3-14 mm. long), from narrowly cuneate to
roundish-obovate, toothed or incised at the apex ; veins forking ; sori 2-4 on a
segment; rhachis and stipe green. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Ont., Mich., Mo.,
and southw. ; scarce. July. (Eurasia.)
§ 2. ATHYRIUM (Roth) J. Sm. Indusium straight or more often curved^ fre-
quently crossing the vein ; fronds tall, strictly herbaceous ; the stipes green
or greenish not filiform, the Inmdles concentric and uniting above into a
S-A-arjned central bundle; scales delicate, of thin-walled cells. — Athyriuni
Roth as redefined by Milde.
* Fronds simply pinnate ; indusium straight or but slightly curved.
9. A. angustifblium Michx. Fronds 6-12 dm. high ; pinnae (8-12 cm.
long) numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate,
those of the fertile frond narrower; fruit dots linear, 20-40 each side of the
midvein ; indusia slightly convex. (Athyrium Milde.) — Rich woods, w. Que.
and N. H. to Minn., and southw. Sept.
* * Fronds bipinnatifid ; indusium straight or slightly curved.
10. A. acrostichoides Sw. Fronds (6-11 dm. high) pinnate; pinnae deeply
40 . POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)
pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (7-13 cm. long) ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely
toothed, crowded, each bearing 8-6 pairs of oblong fruit dots, some of then^.
double. (A. thehjptcroidps Michx. ; Athyriiim acrostichoides Diels.) — Rich
woods, N. S. to Ga., Ala., and Minn. ; not rare. (Asia.)
* * * Fronds hipinnate ; indusia at least in part reniform or liorseshoe-shaped.
11. A. Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. (Lady Fern.) Fronds (4-10 dm. high)
ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ;
pinnules confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and
doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately i)icised with cut-toothed segments ;
fruit dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. {Athyrium Roth.) —
Moist woods ; common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Cosmop.)
11. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. Hart's Tongue
Fruit dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous
by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of
the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening
along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, employed because the numerous
parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)
1. S. vulgare Sm. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped
base, entire or wavy-margined (12-45 cm. long. 2-(3 cm. broaa), bright green.
{Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs ;
Woodstock, N. B. ; Grey and Bruce Cos., Out. ; centr. N. Y. ; and Term. ; very
rare. Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.)
12. CAMPT0S6RUS Link. Walking Leaf
Fruit dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on
either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib
single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia
open face to face) or to become confluent at tljeir ends, thus forming crooked
lines (whence the name, from Ka/xTrrds, flexible, and cropos, for fruit dot).
1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, growing in
tufts, spreading or procumbent (1—3 dm. long), gradually narrowed from a
cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots at
the end and forms a new plant. — Shaded, especially calcareous rocks; centr.
Me. to Ottawa, thence to Minn., and southw. to Kan. and Ga. — The auricles
are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting ; in another form they are
lacking.
13. POLYSTICHUM Roth
Fronds tufted at the end of a stout rootstock. chiefly of firm or leathery
texture, evergreen ; stipes and rhachises chaffy. Sori orbicular, opening on all
sides of the circular peltate centrally attached indusium. (Name from ttoXO-,
many, and (rrt'xos, row, the sori of some species being in many ranks.)
* Fronds narroioly oblong or lanceolate, simply pinnate, the pinnae sometimes
again cleft.
-»- Upper {spore-bearing) pinnae of the fertile fronds much contracted.
1. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (Christmas Fkun.) Fronds 2-5 dni.
long, the scaly stipe 5-15 cm. in length ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, half-halherd-
shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the
smaller upper pinnae bearing two rows of sori, which in age becoming confluent
cover their entire lower surface. {Aspidium Sw.) — Common in rocky woods.
Var. ScHWEiNiTzii (Beck) Small (Aspidium acrostichoides, var. incisum Gray)
is a variable form with larger fronds, toothed or pinnatifid pinnae, the fertile less
reduced and the sori less confluent, chiefly near the tips of the pinnae. — Not rare.
■*- -«- Upper (spore-bearing) pinnae similar to the others.
2 P. Lonchitis (L. ) Roth. (Holly Fern.) Fronds linear-lanceolate, vovy
rOLyPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 41
short-Stalked, rigid (1-6 dm. long) ; pinnae broadly lanreolate-scythe-shaped,
acute, the loxoest short-triangidar, strongly auricled on the upper side, spimdose-
dentate ; sori biseriate, at length subconfluent. {Aspidium Sw.) — Hocky (calca-
reous) woods, Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and from Niagara Falls, Ont., to L. Superior,
westw. and north w. (Eu.)
* * Fronds hipinnate.
3. P. Braiinii (Spenner) F^e. Fronds ovate- or oblong-lanceolate (4-9 dm.
long) tapering to a very short-stiped base ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse,
tnincate and almost rectangular at base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent,
sharply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. {Aspidium
aculeatum, var. Doll.) — Rich, mostly upland woods, Nfd. to N. Y., and
L. Superior. (Eu.)
14. ASPIDIUM Sw. Shield Fern. Wood Fern
Fronds tufted. 1-o-pinnate ; veins simple or branched. Sori orbicular, borne
on the back of the scarcely modified fertile frond. Indusium reniform or, if
orbicular, exhibiting a di.stinct narrow depression or sinus at one side, although
centrally attached. Stipes not articulated at the base. (Name from dawidioy,
a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) Nephrodium Rich.
a. Veins simple or once forked ; fronds not evergreen ; stipes and slender
root stocks nearh' naked.
Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones.
Fertile veins once forked 1. A. Thelypteri^,
Fertile veins simple 2. A. simulatum.
Lower pinnae gradually decreasing in size, the lowest very small . 3. A. noveboracense.
a. Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked ; fronds mostly ever-
gi'een ; stipes and rootstocks scaly b.
6, Pinnae 4<)-6n, small. 4-S mm. broad 4. A. fragrarm.
b. Pinnae fewer, 12-!^ti) mm. broad c.
c. Frond bipinnatiiid or bipinnate (or sub-tripinnatifid near the base).
Sori marginal . . 5. A. rnarginale.
Sori not marginal.
Basal scales lance-linear, caudate-attenuate . . . .- 6. .4. Filix-mas.
Basal scales ovate-oblong to deltoid.
Basal scales firm, shining, dark chestnut-colored . . 1. A. Goldianum.
Basal scales thin, dull, membranous, light brown.
Indusium glandular-puberulent.
Lobes of frond with incurved teeth; sori L5-L8 mm.
in diameter . . . . (9) ^. a-istatum, var. Clintonianum.
Lobes with spreading teeth ; sori 1-1.2 mm. in diameter. 8, A. Boottii.
Indusium glabrous.
Frond conspicuously narrowed at the base . , . 9. .4. criataium.
Frond scarcely or not at all narrowed at the base.
Lobes incurved-serrate . . .(9) A. cri8tatum,\&v. Clinionianum.
Lobes spinulose-dentate 10. ^. spinulosum.
C. Fronds tripinnate or tripinnatifid d.
d. Fronds tripinnatifid.
Basal scales large, lance-oblong, dark brown (10) A. apinulosum, var. dilaiatum.
Basal scales small, deltoid- ovate, light brown.
Indusium glandless (10) A. fiiiinnloHiim.
Indusium glandular-puberulent . . (10) A. npinuJoftnm, \a.v. intermedium.
d. Fronds tripinnate (10) A. spiiiolu,sum, var. concordianum.
1. A. Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnae
horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes
oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in fruit from the strongly rfvo-
lute margins; veins forked, bearing the (numerous and soon confluent) fi-uit
dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked. (Xephrodium
Strempel ; Dryopteris Gray.) — Marshes; common. Aug. (Cosmop.) Forma
Puffer A E (A. A. Eaton) Robinson is a form with pinnae variously forked
at the tip.
2. A. simulatum Da venp. In habit similar to the preceding; veins simple;
fruit dots few (.3-10 on each lobe) ; indusium glandular-ciliolate. {Dryopteris
Daven]\) — Boggy woods, etc., Me. to Vt. and ^Id. ; reported from Mo.
3. A. noveboracense (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, rrtp?/-
ing both way x from the middle; pinnae lanceolat?, the lowest 2 or more pairs
42 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILV)
gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged
and incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal iol3es ; fruit dots distinct, near
the margin ; indusiuni minute, the margin glanduliferous, (Dryopteris Gray.)
— Rich woods ; common. July. — Frond pale green, delicate and membrana-
ceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and veins.
4. A. fragrans (L.) Sw. Fronds (1-3.5 dm. high) glandular and aromatic,
narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnae ; their crowded
divisinns (2-4 mm. long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or almost entire, nearly
covered beneath with the very large thin imbricated indiisia, which are orbicu-
lar with a narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged.
{Nephrodium Richards. ; Dryopteris Schott.) — Chiefly on limestone cliffs, N. B.-
and n. N. Yj. to Minn., Ala.ska, and Greenl. (Caucasus, Asia.)
5. A. marginale (L.) Sw. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost
coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (3-7 dm. long) ; pinnae lanceolate, acumi-
nate, slightly broadest above the ba.se ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped,
crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenate ; fruit dots close to the margin.
{Nephrodium Michx. ; Dryopteris Gray.) — Rocky hillsides in rich woods;
common, especially northw. Aug. Var. blegans J. Robinson is a form with
large fronds (2-2.5 dm. broad) which have' the pinnules or niostof them toothed
or lobed.
6. A. Filix-mas (L.) Sw. Frond lanceolate (3-11 dm. long) ; pinnae
linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex ; pinnules oblong, very obtuse,
serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed, dis-
tinct, the upper confluent ; fruit dots nearer the midvein than the margin,
usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. (Dryopteris Schott.)
— Rocky woods, Nfd., N. S., n. Vt., L. Huron, L. Superior, Dak., Ariz., and
northw. (Cosmop.)
7. A. Goldianum Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong
(6-10 dm. long) ; pinnae (1.5-2.3 dm. long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in
the middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions {about 20 pairs) oblong-linear,
slightly scythe-shaped (2-3 cm. long), serrate with appres.sed teeth ; veins pin-
nately forking and bearing the fruit dots very near the midvein ; indusium very
large, orbicular, with a deep nai-row sinus, smooth and without marginal glands.
(iV>;)^?'0(:Zmw Hook. & Grev. ; Dryopteris Gray.) — Rich woods, centr. Me. to
Minn., la., and N. Car.
Var. celsum (Palmer) Robinson. Fronds more narrowly ovate-oblong, slightly-
firmer, the lowe.st pinnae on rather long .stalks ; pinnules subremote. {Dryopteris
Goldieana, .subsp. Palmer.) — On cypress knees and decaying logs, Dismal
Swamp, Va. (Palmer).
8. A. Bo6ttii Tuckerm. Scales of the fitxpe, pale-bro^tm ; fronds (4-6.5 dm.
long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, .somewhat narrowed at base ; lowest pin-
nae triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower; pinnules oblong-ovate,
sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatifid ; indusium minutely glandular.
(Nephrodium. Davenp. ; Dryopteris Underw.) — Low wet thickets, etc. — Many
differing forms have been referred to this species. Plants corresponding to the
original material have been seen only from N. H., e. Ma.s.s., Ct., and e. Pa.
They are .suspiciously intermediate between A. cristatum and A. spinvlosum,
var. intermedium.
y. A. cristatum (L.) Sw. Frond li)iear-oblung or lanceolate in outline (3-6
dm. long) ; pinnae (5-8 cm. long) triangular-oblong, or the lowe.st nearly tri-
angular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-sliaped ba.se, acute, deeply pinnatifid ;
the divisions (O-IQ pairs) ohhnig, very obtuse, findy serratf or cut-toothed, the
lowest i)innatifid-l()bed ; fruit dots as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium
round-rcniform, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and nak^■d. (Nephrodium
Michx.; Dryopteris Gv3i,y.) — Swamps, etc.; common. July. — Stipes and the
stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and deciduous chaffy .scdns. (Ku.)
Var. Clintonianum 1). C. Katon. Froud in every way niurh larger (4-13 dm.
long) ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (8-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad),
deeply pinnatifid; the divisions (8-16 pairs) crowded or distant, linear-oblong,
obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal .sometimes pinnately lobed;
POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) V6
veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit clots near
the midvein ; indusiuni orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked.
{Dryopteris cristata^ var. Underw. ) — Swampy woods, N. H. to N. C, and westw.
to Wise. July. — Kootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large
bright-brown scales. Appears to hybridize with A. marginale^ as does also the
typical form of the species.
10. A. spinul5sum (O. F. ?*Iuller) Sw. Stipes with a few pale-broion decidiiona
scales; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnae oblique to the rhachis,
elongated-triangular^ the lower pairs broadly triangular ; pinnules set obliquely
on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate
or pinnatifid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium smooth and ivithout mar-
ginal glands. {Nephrodium Strempel ; Dryo'ptens Kuntze.) — Rich woods,
Nfd. to Ya., Ky., and north westw. (Greenl., Eu.) A, pittsforl»ense (^Slos-
son) Eastman, a supposed hybrid with A. marginale, occurs in Vt. and on Staten
I.. N. Y.
Var. intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. Scales of the stipe few, brown with
a darker center ; frond broadly oblong-ovate, tripinnatifid ; pinnae spreading,
oblong-lanceolate, the lower unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded,
ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately cleft; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at
the apex; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked
glands. {Xephrodium spimdosum, var. Davenp. ; Dryopteris spinulosa., var.
Underw.) — Woods, common.
Var. dilatatum (Hoffm.) Hook. Scales of the stipe large, broi'jn loith a dark
center ; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, tripinnatifid; phi-
nules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glandulir-
ciliolate. {Nephrodium spinulosum, var. fructuosum Gilbert). — N. S. to Va.,
and N. Y. (Eu.) Forma anadexifm I^obinson is in all respects like var. dila-
tatum, but with the indusium destitute of glands (the var. dilatatum of Am.
auth. chiefly, not Hook.) — Common, chiefly in rocky upland woods. (Asia.)
Var. concordianum (Davenp.) Eastman, Fronds tripinnate ; pinnules (of
the 3d order) small (4 mm. long), elliptical, spinulose-denticulate ; indusium
glandular-puberulent. — Concord, Mass. {Purdie).
15. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Bladder Ferx
Fruit dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner
side (toward the midrib) parUy under the fruit dot, early opening free at the
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged,
soon thrown back or withering away. — Delicate ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds ;
the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of Kvans, a bladdery and Trrepis, fern,
from the inflated indusium.)
1. C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated, attenuate (3-6
dm. long), 2-pinnate ; the pinnae lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal; the
rhachis and ptinnae often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules
crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on
the free side. {Filix Underw.) — Shaded ravines, chiefly on calcareous rocks.
July.
2. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Frond oblong -lanceolate (1-3 dm. long, besides
the brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2-3-pinnate; the pinnae and pinnules
ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or ciU-toothed, mostly
acute, decurrent on the margined or icinged rhachis; indusium tapering or
acute at the free end, (Filix Underw.) — Shaded cliffs, rocky woods, etc.;
common and varying greatly in the shape and cutting of the pinnules. July.
(Cosmop.)
16. W06dSIA R. Br.
Fruit dots round, borne on the back of simply forked free veins ; the very thin
and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all anmnd tlie receptacle,
under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bur.siing at the top into
44 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)
irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately divided ferns. (Dedi-
cated to Joseph Woods^ an English botanist.)
* Stalks obscurely articulated some distance from the base ; fronds chaffy or
smooth, nt'ver glandular ; indusium divided nearly to the center into slender
hairs which are curled over the sporangia.
1. W. ilvensis (L. ) R. Br. Frond oblong-lanceolate (5-15 cm. long, 2-4
cm. wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as xoell as the
stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse,
se.ssile, pinnately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse,
obscurely crenate ; the fruit dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when
old. — Exposed rocks; arctic Am., s. to N. E., the Great L. region, and in the
mts. to N. C. June. (Eurasia.)
2. W. alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Frond narroioly oblong-lanceolate (4-13
cm. long, 6-34 mm. wide), .smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath^
pinnate ; the pinnae triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes few and
nearly entire; fruit dots rarely confluent. (IF. hyperborea R. Br.) — N. B.,
Que., n. Vt., n, N. Y., Ont., and northw. ; rare. (Eurasia.)
3. W. glabella R. Br. Smooth and naked throughout ; frond linear and
very delicate (4-16 cm. high), pinnate ; pinnae roundish-ovate, the lower ones
rather remote (3-9 mm. long), obtuse, crenately lobed ; fruit dots scanty ; the
hairs of the indusium fewer than in the last two species, — On moist mossy rocks,
Nfd. to n. N. E., N. Y., Minn., and northw. to Alaska and Greenl (Eurasia.)
* * Stalks not articulated ; fronds never chaffy, often glandular-pubescent.
■»- Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus completely.
4. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Frond broadly "lanceolate, minutely glan-
dular-hairy (2-5 dm. high), pinnate or nearly bipinnate ; pinnae rather remote,
triangular-ovate or oblong (2-0 cm. long), bluntish, pinnately parted; segments
oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower pinnatitid with toothed lobes ; veins
forked, and bearing the fruit dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes ; indu-
sium at length splitting into several spreading jagged lobes. — Rocky banks and
cliffs, " N. S.," and centr. Me. to Ga., and westw. Var. axgusta Peck is a form
with very narrow fronds (35 cm. long and 4 cm. wide) and pinnae. — High-
lands, N.Y.
-»- •<- Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very narrow
segments or reduced to minute hairs.
5. W. oregana D. C. Eaton. Glabrous ; fronds bright green, soft in texture,
narrovjiy lance-oblong (12-23 mm. wide), bipinnatifid, pinnae triangular-oblong,
oljtuse ; the segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the teeth or
margin nearly always reflexed. — Limestone cliffs and ledges, Bic, Que. ; s. shore
of L. Superior (Rohhins), northw. and westw.
G. W. Cathcartiana Robinson. Finely glandular-puberulent ; fronds (2-3
dm. high) rather dull green, of firm texture, lanceolate (25-55 mm. broad),
bipinnatifid ; pinnae oblong, the lower distant ; segments usually separated by
wide .sinuses, oblong, denticulate. ( W. scopnlina Man. ed. 6, not D. C.
P^aton.) — Rocky river banks, w. Mich. (Wheeler), and n.e. Minn. (3Iiss Ellen
Cathcart. )
7. W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Loosely hispidulous ivith minute white hairs,
and finely glandular-puberulent; segments approximate, crenate-serrulate. —
Limestone cliffs; Gaspe Co., Que. ; S. Dak.; Rocky Mts., etc. ; reported from
Minn, and n.w. la.
17. DICKSdNIA L'H^r.
Fruit dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, inclosed in a
membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the
outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. . (Named for
Jamer, Dickson, an English cryptogainic botanist.")
SCHIZAEACEAE (CURLY GRASS FAMILY) 45
1. D. punctil6bula (Michx.) Gray. (Hay-scented Ferk.) Fronds minutely
glandular and hairy (5-10 dm, high), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate in outline,
pale green, very thin, with strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively
creeping naked rootstocks, mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnae lanceolate, pointed,
the secondary pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit dots
minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each
lobe. {D. j^i^osuiscida ^ViUd.; Dennstaedtia punctilobiila Moore.) —Common
in moist and shady places, N.S. to Ala., rarer westw. to Minn. — Frond sweet-
scented especially in drying. Forma ceistata (Maxon) Clute has the pinnae
cristate-forked at tip. — Mass. and Vt. Forma schizophylla Clute has fronds
often more deeply forked and the ultimate segments incised. — Mass. and Ct.
18. ONOCLEA L.
Sporangia borne on elevated receptacles, forming roundish sori imperfectly
covered by very delicate hood-shaped indusia attached to the base of the re-
ceptacles. Fertile fronds erect, rigid, with contracted pod-like or berry-like
divisions at first completely concealing the sporangia, and at last, when dry
and indurated, cracking open and allowing the spores to escape. Sterile
fronds foliaceous. Kootstocks creeping and constantly forming new plants.
(Name employed by Dioscorides for some probably boraginaceous plant.)
§1. EUONOCLEA Hook. Fertile fronds bipinnate.
1. 0. sensibilis L. (Sensitive Fern.) Fronds scattered; the sterile ones
long-stalked, the lamina 1-3 dm. long, deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid into a few
oblong-lanceolate sinuately lobed or nearly entire segments ; veins reticulated
with fine meshes ; fertile fronds contracted, closely bipinnate. the pinnules
rolled up into berry-like bodies. — Moist meadows and thickets, very common.
(E. Asia.) Sports are frequent, especially bipinnatitid foliaceous fronds with
rounded lobes, free veins, and sometimes abortive sori, — the so-called var.
OBTusiLOBATA (Schkuhr) Torr.
§2. STRUTHIOPTERIS Mett. Fertile fronds pinnate.
2. 0. Struthi6pteris (L.) Hoffm. (Ostrich Fern.) Fronds growing in a
crown; sterile ones short-stalked (6-30 dm. high), broadly lanceolate, narrowed
toward the base, with many linear-lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; veins free, the
veinlets simple; fertile frond shorter, with pod-like or somewhat necklace-
shaped pinnae. (3Iatteuccia Todaro.) — Alluvial soil, Nfd. to Va., and north -
westw. July. — The rootstock sends out slender underground stolons, which
bear fronds the next year. (Eurasia.)
SCHIZAEAcEAE (Curly Grass Family)
Sterile fi'onds tufted and linear-filiform (Schizaea) or resembling a twining
aerial stem with alternate paired palmately lobed leaves (Lygodinm). Sporangia
borne in double rows on narrow fertile segments, ovate, sessile, having a com-
plete transverse ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit.
1. Schizaea. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched. Plant dwarf, not
climbing.
2. Lygodium. Fronds vnth. paired alternate stlpitate leaf-like segments.
1. SCHIZAEA Sm. Curly Grass
Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal
cleft, naked, vertically se.ssile in a double row along the single vein of the nar-
row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and
46 ' OSMUNDACEAE (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY)
simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft
fronds (whence the name, from o-xifw, to split).
1. S. pusilla Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and
tortuous; the fertile ones equally slender (O.o mm. wide), but taller (5-12 cm.)
and bearing at the top the fertile appendage consisting of about 5 pairs of
crowded pinnae (each 2-3 mm. long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. ;
N. S. ; very local. Sept. (Nfd.)
2. LYG6dIUM Sw. Climbing Fern
Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or com-
p(Hind) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification on separate
contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a
double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to
short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaea^ but oblique, fixed
to the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
indusium. (Name from Xvywdr]$, flexible.)
1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Very smooth ; stalk-like fronds slender,
flexile and twining (3-10 dm. long), from slender running rootstocks; the short
alternate branches or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart-
shaped palmately -l-T-lobed frondlet ; fertile frondlets above, contracted and
several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. — Low moist thickets and open
woods, s. N. H. to Fla., Tenn., and Ky. ; local. Sept.
OSMUNDACEAE (Flowerixg Fern Family)
Leaf >j plants (ours herbaceous), vjith creeping rhizomes. Sporangia naked^
globose, mostly pediceled, reticulated, with no ring orvRthmere traces of one near
the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at the
base.
1. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L. Flowering Fern
Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of chlorophyll, very
much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like
divisions short-pediceled and naked sporangia ; these globular, thin and reticu-
lated, large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing
near the apex a small patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a trans-
verse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened
rootstocks, once or twice pinnate ; veins forking and free. Spores green.
{Oamunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)
* Sterile fnjnds truly bipinnate.
1. 0. regalis L. (Flowering Fern.) Very smooth, paie green (0.3-1.0 m.
high) ; sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, finely
serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed
toward the rounded, oblicjue and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate
base, sessile or short-stalked (2-5 cm. long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at
the summit of the frond. (0. spertahilis Willd.) — Swamps and wet woods,
common. The cordate pinnules sometimes found here are commoner in Europe.
May, June. (Eu.) Forma op.hiculXta Clute has narrow fronds and few
(3-7) roundish crowded pinnules on each pinna. — Ilartland, Vt. (Buggies).
* * Sterile fronds once pinnate ; pinnae deeply pinnatifld ; the lobes entire.
2. 0. Claytoniana L. Clothed with loose wool when young, soon smooth ;
fertile fronds taller than the sterile (0-12 dm. high) ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate,
with oblong obtuse divisions ; some (2~o pairs) of the middle pinnae fertilp, these
entirely pinnate ; sporangia greenish, turning brown. — Low grounds, common.
May. — Fruiting as it unfolds. (Himalayas.) Var. ot/BiA Gro|U4fi^ peculiar
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDERS TONGUE FAMILY) 47
forin with the pinnules of the sterile frond widely separated, the outer ones '
enlarged and pinnatitid, in s. Vt. {Grout).
3. 0. cinnamomea L. (Cinnamon Fern.) Clothed with rusty wool when
young ; storile fronds tallest (at length 0.8-1,0 ni. high), smooth when full
grown, the lanceolate pinnae pinnatitid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions;
fertile fronds separate, appearing earlier from the same rootstock and soon
withering (2-9 dm. high), contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinna-
mon-colored sporangia. — Swamps and low copses, common. (Eurasia.) Var.
FHONDOSA Gray is an occasional state in which some of the fronds are sterile
below and more sparsely fertile at their summit, or rarely in the middle. Var.
iNcisA J. W". Huntington is a form with the inner pinnules of some of the
pinnae more or less cut or pinnatitid.
Var. glandul5sa Waters. Rhachis and lower surface of the sterile frond
permanently glandular-pubescent. — R. I., N. J., and Md.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Adder's Tongue Family)
Leafy and often somewhat fleshy plants; the leaves (fronds) simple or
branched, often fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed from under-
ground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or by the side of it, and
bearing in special spikes or panicles rather large subcoriaceous bivalvular spo-
rangia formed from the main tisstie of the fruiting branches. Prothallus under-
ground, not green, monoecious. — A small family, separated from Ferns on
account of the different nature of the sporangia, the erect vernation, etc.
1. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.
2. Botrychlum. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins fre«.
1. 0PHI0GL6SSUM [Tourn.] L. Adder's Tongue
Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy roots
which are sometimes proliferous ; bud placed by the side of the base of the
naked stalk ; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in Boti^chium,
but the coriaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two ranks on the edges
of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in our species; the veins
reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. (Name from 50is, a serpent, and
yXusaaa, tongue.)
1. 0. vulgatum L. Fronds from a slender rootstock. 5-42 cm. high,
mostly solitary ; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or
elliptic-oblong (5-9 cm. long), rounded or obtuse at the apex; mid vein indis-
tinct or none ; principal veins forming a loose network, the meshes nearly free
from secondarj'^ veins. — Meadows and pastures, rarely on dry slopes ; not
common. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
Var. minus Moore. Smaller; fronds often in pairs, the sterile segment
slightly fleshy, yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the
plant. (0. Grayi Beck, ace. to Moore ; O. polyphyllum A. Br. ; 0. arenarium
E. G. Britton.) —Sandy ground, N. H. to w. N. Y. and N. J. (Eu., n. Afr.)
2. 0. Engelmanni Prantl. Habit of the preceding species ; sterile segment
thicker, cuspidate; secondary veins numerous, forming a fine but readily dis-
cernible network within the meshes of the principal ones. — " Va." ; Mo.
(Bush), Tex., and Cal.
2. BOTRYCmUM Sw. Moonwort
Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots ; the base of the
sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond ; frond with an
anterior fertile and a posterior sterile segment ; the former mostly 1-8-pinnate,
the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked soorangia ; these
48
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE ( ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY)
distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open-
ing transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or
pinnately divided or compound ; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color.
(Name a diminutive of ^drpvs, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the
fructification.)
§ 1. EUBOTRYCHIUM Milde. Base of the stalk (containing the hvd) completely
closed; sterile segment more or less fleshy ; the cells of the epidermis straight.
* Sterile segment sessile or on a short petiole (less than 1 cm. long).
1. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. Very fleshy (8-18 cm. high) ; sterile segment sub-
sessile^ borne near the middle of the plant, oblong, simply pinnate icith 5-15
lunate or fan-shaped very obtuse crenate, incised, or nearly entire,
fleshy divisions, more or less excised at the base on the lower or
on botli sides, the veins radiating from the base and repeatedly
forking; fertile segment panicled, 2-o-pinnate. — Open places,
e. Que. to Vt. , n. O., L. Superior, and north w. ; rare. (Widely
distr.) Fig. 1. Also on wooded cliffs near Syracuse, N. Y., where
tending to a more slender form with decidedly stipitate sterile
segment and subremote more narrowly cuneate
pinnae (B. onondagense Underw.).
2. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. Fronds small
(5-10 or rarely 25 cm. high) ; sterile segment
short-petioled from near base, middle, or sum-
mit of the stalk, thickish, simple, and roundish,
or pinnately 3-7-lobed ; the lobes roundish-
obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad
and flat indeterminate rhachis, the terminal
one usually emargiiiate ; the veijis all forking
from the base ; fertile segment simple or 1-2-
pinnate. (B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton.) — N. S.
to Md., Out., Minn., and Kocky Mts. ; rare.
(Eu.) Fig. 2. Var. compositlm Lasch. Sterile
segment binate or ternate ; the division^ pin-
natifid. — Occurring with and clearly passing into the typical form.
3. B. lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angus-
tisegmentum Pease & Moore. Fronds small (1-2.5
dm. high) ; the sterile segment closely sessile at the
top of the long and slender stalk, scarcely fleshy,
triangular, ternately twice pinnatifid ; the acute lobes lanceolate,
incised or toothed; veinlets forking from a continuous midvein;
fertile part 2-3-pinnate. — N. S. to N. J., O., and L. Superior.
July, Aug. Fig. 3. The typical European
form has the segments of the sterile frond
broader and more approximate.
4. B. ramosum (Roth) Aschers. Fronds
o^ '\\f<^ (4 ^ small (1-2.5 dm. high) ; tfie sterile segment
nearly sessile at the top of the long and
slender common stalk, moderately fleshy,
ovate or triangular, varying from pinnate to
bipinnatifid ; the lobes oblong-ovate and
obtuse ; midvein dissipated into forking
veinlets ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. (B. ma-
tricariae folium A. Hr. ; B. neglectum Wood.)
— Rich soil, e. Que. to Md., and westw.
June, July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 4.
1.
B. Lunaria.
><%■
8. B. lane, v. ang. x %
* * The sterile segment on a long petiole (2-16 cm. in length).
5. B. obliquum Muhl. Subcoriaceous (1-4 dm. high), sparsely
hairy or glabrous; sterile segment long-petioled, springing from
near the base of the plant, broadly triangular or somewhat pen-
4. B.
sum.
ramo-
x%.
MAIISILEACEAE
49
5. B. obliquum and vars. x %.
taironal, ternate and variouslj' decompound with stalked divisions, these ovate-
nhhnifj, acutish, usually two or three times as long as broad, crenate-serrulate,
(il)li(iuely cordate or subcordate ; fertile seg-
ment erect, 2-4-pinnate. (i?. ternatitm, var.
ohliqmim Milde.) — Pastures and open woods,
N. B. to Ont, , Minn,, and south w. Fig. 6, a.
Polymorphous. The chief forms are : Yar.
ONEIDENSE (Gilbert) Waters. Fig. 5, h. Ulti-
mate divisions broadly oblong, rounded at the
apex, crenulate-serrulate. — Vt. (Miss Gilman)
to centr. N. Y. (Gilbert, Haberer), etc. Yar.
tenuif6lium (Underw.) Gilbert. Divisions
few, usually 9, thin ; otherwise much like the
typical form. — N. Y. (ace. to Gilbert); Mo.
(Bush), and southw. to the Gulf. Yar. ki.ox-
GATCM Gilbert & Haberer. Fig. 5, c. Divisions
lanceolate, elongated, acute. — Mass. to centr.
N. Y. and D. C. Yar. dissectum (Spreng.)
Clute. Fig. 5, d. Divisions incisely many-
toothed. — Often with the typical form in N. E.,
N. Y., andO.
6. B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. Stout,
decidedly fleshy, loosely pubescent to subglabrous, 1.5-4 dm. high ; habit and
fertile segment as in the preceding ; sterile segment becoming
large (sometimes 2 dm. broad), its ultimate divisions numer-
ous, ovate or obovate, commonly subcuneate or semicordate
at the base, crenulate and more or less lobed, usually obtuse
or rounded at the apex. (Including var. australe D. C.
Eaton, as to Am. plant.) — Sandy soil, pastures and open
W(wds, common, N. E., N. Y., and (?) n. Mich. Fig. 6.
Passing insensibly into var. rutaefolium (A. Br.) D. C.
Eaton. More slender, rarely over 1.7 dm. high; sterile
segment commonly about 5 cm. broad, its divisions few,
broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. (B. Matricariae Spreng. ;
B. rutaceum Sw.) — Nfd. to s. N. H., and n. Mich. (Eurasia.)
§ 2. OSMUNDOPTERIS Milde. Base of the stalk (contain-
ing the bud) open along one side; sterile segment mem-
branaceous ; the cells of the epidermis flexuous.
7. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. (Rattlesnake Fekn.) Fronds 3-6 dm. tall,
ample ; sterile segment sessile above the middle of the plant, broadly triangular,
thin and membranaceous, ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or
twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed
toward the apex ; veins forking from a midvein ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. —
Rich woods, common. June, July. (Widely distr.)
6. B. tern., v. intertn
MARSILEACEAE
Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and either
filiform or ^-parted long-petioled leaves ; the somewhat crustaceous several-celled
sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rhizome near the leaf-stalks,
or are more or less consolidated with the latter, and contain both macrosporet
and microspores.
1. MARSILEA L.
Submersed or emersed aquatic plants. Leaves 4-foliolate. Sporocarps with 2
teeth near the base, 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, si»litting
into 2 valves at maturity, and emitting an elastic cord or band of tissue, which
grat's manual — 4
50 SALVINIACEAE
carries the sporangia on a series of short branches or lobes. (Named for Aloyaius
Marsili, an early Italian naturalist.)
1. M. quadrifolia L. Lealiets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; sporo-
carps usually 2 or -i on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles,
pediceled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teetii smail, obtuse, or the
upper one acute. — In water, the leaflets commonly floating on the surface ;
fi-equently cultivated and now somewhat extensively introduced from material
taken chiefly from Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Ct., where perhaps casually intro-
duced from Eu.
2. M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire
(5-15 mm. long and broad) ; petioles 2-11 cm. long ; peduncles free from the
petiole^ very short ; sporocarps solitary, hairy when young (about 4 mm. long),
with upper basal tooth longest, acute, straight or curved, lower tooth acute, tlie
sinus between them rounded. — In swamps which become dry in summer; la.
and south westw.
SALVINIACEAE
Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and sometimes
branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves ; sporocarps (son') very soft
and thin-walled, two or more on a common stalk, one-celled and having a
central, often branched receptacle which bears either macrosporangia containing
solitary macrospores, or microsporangia with numerous microspores. — A small
and interesting family of plants without close affinity to other groups.
1. AZ6lLA Lam.
Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute
2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Sporocarps
in pairs beneath the stem ; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at the
base a single macrospore with a few attached bodies of doubtful function above
it ; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears many
pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores. (Name not
satisfactorily explained.)
1. A. caroliniana Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (6-25 mm.
broad), much branched; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the
upper one green with a reddish border ; macrospore with three attendant
corpu.scles, its surface minutely granulate ; masses of microspores glochidiate. —
Floating on quiet waters, from L. Ontario westw. and south w. — Appearing like
a reddish hepatic moss.
2. SALVINIA [Mich.] Adans.
Leaves 'apparently 2-ranked, horizontally floating or subaerial. a third series
of foliar structures developed ventrally on the stem taking the form of fascicles of
root-like fibers. Sporangia subsessile, clustered, depressed-globose, longitu-
dinally sulcate, formed from the tips of .short basal divisions of the filiform ven-
tral leaves. Sori basal within the fruit, the macrosporanjiia subsp.ssile, the
micro.sporangia (in separate fruits) borne on filiform pedicels. (Named for
Prof. Antonio Maria Salvini of Florence, 163:3-1720.)
1. S. natans (L.) All. Foliage-leaves suborbicular-oblong, thickish. mostly
10-15 mm. long, hairy or papillose on both sides, the lower surface commonly
brownish or purplish. — Marshes and ponds, Minn, and Mo. — Long atro re-
ported by Pursh as "floating, like Lemna, on the surface of stagnant waters:
in several of the small lakes in the western parts of New York," but not
detected in this region by recent botanists. (Eurasia.)
EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 51
EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)
(Revised by A. A. Eatox. )
JRiish-like, often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hoUow stems from
miming rootstocks, having slieaths at the joints^ and, wJien fertile, terminated
by the conical or spike-like fructification composed of shield-shaped stalked
scales bearing the spore-cases beneath. — A single genus.
1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L. Horsetail
Rootstocks perennial, jointed, branched, wide-creeping, dull and blackish,
felted or naked, often tuber-bearing, the nodes provided with toothed, often
felted sheaths; roots in verticils from the nodes, annual, felted. Stems usually
erect, simple or branched, cylindrical, jointed, the surface regularly striated,
overlaid with teeth, dots, bands, rosettes, or a smooth coat of silex; the stomata
in the grooves in regular rows or broad bands ; the internodes (except in E. scir-
poides) bearing a large central air-cavity (centrum), a medium sized one (vallecu-
lar) under each groove, with which the stomata connect, and a smaller one
(carinal) under each ridge. The nodes are closed and solid, each bearing a
whorl of rediiced leaves joined by their edges into cylindrical sheaths, their tips
thinner and prolonged into persistent or deciduous teeth. Branches, when
present, mostly in whorls from the nodes. Fruit in a terminal cone formed of
regular verticils of stalked sporophylls, the 6 or 7 sporangia opening down the
inner side and discharging many loose green spores, each provided with four
elastic hygroscopic clavate bands. Prothallus in damp places, dioecious, green,
variously lobed. (The ancient name from equus, horse, and seta, bristle.)
§ 1. Stems annual ; spikes rounded ; stomata scattered in the grooves. —
Ei-EQUiSETUM Sadebeck a.
a. Fruiting stem succulent, appearing before the sterile.
Fertile stems branchless, soon perishing ; sUex of sterile stems in
dots 1. E. arvense.
Fertile stems becoming branched.
Branches simple ; silex in 3 rows of broad spinules on the ridges . 2. E. pratenne.
Branches compound ; silex in 2 rows of hooked spinules . . 2,. E. sylvaticum.
a. Fertile and sterile stems alike, branched or simple.
Centrum one sixth of the total diameter of stem; teeth grooved,
black, -with broad white margins ^. E. palustre.
Centrum half the total diameter or more.
Centrum not more than two thirds the diameter ; vallecular holes
present ; sheaths loose ; fruit abortive b. E. litorale.
Centrum four fifths the diameter ; vallecular holes mostly absent;
sheaths tight 6. E. fluviatile.
§ 2, Stems evergreen (except in E. laevigatum and E. tarieqatum, v.
Neho7ii), mostly simple ; spikes apiculate ; stomata in single regular
series. — HippocHAETE Milde b.
b. Silex in cross-bands on ridges and grooves c.
c. Vallecular bast cutting the green parenchyma, carinal not doing so ;
sheaths ampliated, green.
Teeth deciduous, leaving black triangular bases ; centrum wide . 7. E. laevigatum.
Teeth persistent, broadly white-bordered ; centrum
small (9) E. rariegatum, v. Nelsoni.
c. Vallecular bast not, cutting the parenchvma, the carinal larger ;
sheaths usually with black and white bands.
Sheaths much longer than broad, ampliated ; plants
similar to E. laevigatum in ai)pearance . . (S) E. hyernale, v. intermedium.
Sheaths little longer than broad, tight . . . . (S) E.hyemale.s .robiLstum.
b. Eidges biangulate (except in E. variegatum,v. Nelsoni) : silex of the
grooves in rosulae d.
d. Teeth deciduous ; ridges slightly biangulate 8. ^. hyemale.
d. Teeth persistent, white-bordered e.
e. Centrtim one third of the diameter of the stem.
Ridges distinctly bianirulate ; bristle-tif)s of teeth deciduous . 9. E. variegatum.
Ridges slightly biangulate ; tips of teeth persistent (iO E. variegatum. v. Jesupi.
Ridges rounded ....... {9) E. rariegatun). v. Xelxoni.
e. Centrum absent ; stems 6-angled 10. E. scirpoides.
52
EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY)
§ 1, EUEQUISETUM Sadebeck. Stems annual, mostly with regular verticils
of branches; spikes not apiculate ; stomata in one or tvjo broad bands in
each groove, their surfaces overlaid with a silex plate that bears a vertical
slit in the center.
1. E. arvense L.
7. E. arvense. Cross-
section of stem X 12.
(Common H.) Fertile stems 0.5-2.5 dm. high, with
loose 8-12-toothed sheaths, not rarely developing a few
branches in wet places ; sterile stems prostrate or erect,
0.5-5 dm. high, 10-14-f arrowed, variously branched ;
silex in punctiform dots ; branches 3-4-angled, mostly
simple, solid, winged, the teeth of their sheaths triangu-
lar-lanceolate, with sharp erect acuminate points ; root-
slocks tuberiferous, felted ; centrum |-| the total diameter
of the stem. — Common. (Widely distr.) Fig. 7.
2. E. pratense Ehrh. Sterile and finally fertile
stems developing simple horizontal triangular branches
whose first internodes do not exceed the stem-sheaths;
teeth of branch-sheaths deltoid, acute; stems 2-3 dm.
high, 8-20-ridged, beset with fiat spines of silex, arranged
the total diam-
N. S. and Que.
w. Mas.s., N. J.,
calcareous re-
FlGS.
9. E. pratense.
Cross-section
of stem X 12.
E. pratense.
dermis x 12.
Epi-
in threes ; centrum I
eter. — Alluvial soil,
to Alaska, south w. to
and la., chiefly in
gions. April, May. (Eurasia.)
8, 9.
3. E. sylvaticum L. Stems 0.7-4.")
dm. high ; both kinds developing com-
pound branches ; centrum half the
diameter ; ridges 8-14, flat, with a row
of recurved spinules on each side ;
sheaths green, with the papery brown
teeth coherent ; primary branches
4-5-angled, the secondary 3-angled. — Damp, shady places, Nfd. to Alaska,
southw. to Va., 0., and la.; com-
mon northw. May, June. (Eura-
sia.) Figs. 10, 11.
4. E. paliistre L. Rootstocks
shining, black, solid at center ;
stems 2.5-9 dm. high, deeply 5-10-
grooved ; ridges narrow, sharply
elevated ; sheaths widened up-
ward ; leaves centrally grooved ;
teeth lance-subrdate. black, with
broad white margins; silex in
cross-bands ; centrum ^ the total
diameter ; branches lioUow, 4-7-
angled. —Wet places, Nfd. to Alaska, southw. to Ct. {Graves), 111. (Brnidel),
etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Figs.
12, 13.
5. E.litoraleKlihlewein. Stems
diffuse to erect, simple to densely
branched, 2-9 dm. high, 0-1 H-
grooved ; centrum \-^ the total
diameter ; vallecular holespresent ;
sheaths slightly spreading ; teeth
dark brown, acute, coherent in
groups; branches 2.5-15 cm. long,
3-5-angle(l, winged, often solid,
similar to those of E. arvense;
spikes usually aljortive. — Wet,
10.
E. sylvaticum.
dermis x 12.
Epi-
11. E. sylvaticum. Cross-
section of stem X 12.
12. Vj. palustre. Cr<>s.»-
section of stem x 12.
13.
E. .palustre.
dermis x 12.
Epi-
EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY)
53
sandy shores, N. B. to Pa., Minn., and westw. May, June. (Eu.) — Possibly
a hybrid. Figs. 14, 15.
14. E. litorale. Cross-
section of stem X 12.
15. E. litorale.
Cross- section
of stem near
apex X 12.
16. E. tluviatile. Cross-
section of stem X 12.
r. E. tluvia-
tile. Cross-
section ot
stem near
apex X 12.
6. E. fluviatile L. (Pipes.) Stems erect, 3-15 dm. high, with 10-30 shal-
low grooves, simple, or branched in the middle ; centrum 4 the total diameter ;
vallecular holes absent except at bases of largest stems; branches 2.5-16 cm.
long, 4-6-angled, hollow, not winged, horizontal, with erect tips ; sheaths ap-
pressed ; teeth dark brown, narrow, acute, rigid, distinct. {E. limosum L.)
— Shallow water and mud- banks, common. June, July. (Eu.) Figs. 1G, 17.
§ 2. HIPPOCHAETE Milde. Stems mostly evergreen^ simple or becoming
sparingly branched^ mostly rough ; spikes apiculate ; stomata {in ours)
in a single regular row on each side of the groove, overlaid by the
siliceous coat of the stem, having access to the air through an irregular
hole.
7. E. laevigatum A. Br. Stems mostly annual, diffuse and rough or erect
and nearly smooth, 1-12 dm. long, simple or with few to many rough branches ;
centrum | the diameter of stem ; sheaths widened up-
ward, green with narrow black limb ; teeth of the stem-
sheaths mostly deciduous, leaving black triangular bases,
those of the branches persistent ; leaves flat above, ridged
below ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels,
separated by the vallecular bast. — Alluvial soils, O. to
B. C. and Tex. June-Aug. Fig. 18.
8. E. hyemale L. (Scouring Rush.) Stems erect,
mostly simple, 3 to 9 dm. high, the ridges slightly grooved
on the back with a row of tubercles on each side ;
sheaths longer than broad, tight, with two black rings
separated by an ashy one ; teeth mostly deciduous ;
centrum usually f the total diameter ; green paren-
chyma continuous over the vallecular holes, separated by the bast under the
ridges. — Eu.
Var. intermedium A. A. Eaton. Stems evergreen, simple, erect, 3-12 dm.
high, smoothish or rough with cross-bands of silex ; sheaths widened upward,
the lower with basal and terminal black lings separated by an ashy band, all
similarly marked the second year ; green parenchyma continuous over the
vallecular holes, separated by the carinal bast. — Moist sandy soils. Ct.,
N. Y., and Mich, to Tex. and Cal. May- Aug. — Often confused with E.
laevigatum. Fig. 19.
Var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Differs from the type only in having the
ridges rounded instead of biangulate. — Can. to Mex. ; common in N. E., less
common than the next further west.
Var. robustum (A. Br.) A. A. Eaton. Mostly stout, 12-30 dm. high, 6-18
mm. thick ; ridges rounded ; sheaths nearly as iDroad as long ; leaves with a
central and two lateral ridges ; teeth mostly persistent. (E. robustum A. Br.) —
18. E. lae^^gatum. Cross-
section of stem X 12.
54
LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY)
Md. to Mich., southwestw. and westw. ; rare east of the Miss. R. (Max., Asia.)
Figs. 20, 21.
9. E. variegatum Schleich. Stems tufted, ascending, 1.5 to :'> dm. higli,
slender, 5-10-grooved ; ridges with broad central grooves ; centrum ^ the
19. E. h3'emale, v. intermedium.
Cross-section of stem x 12.
20. E. hyemale, v. robus-
tum. Epidermis x 12.
21. E. hyemale, v. robustum.
Cross-section of stem x 12.
total diameter ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels, interrupted in the
grooves ; sheaths loose, green below, black-girdled above ; leaves 4-carinate ;
teeth black, with broad hj^aline white borders, persistent, with long filiform
deciduous tips. — Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Me. , N. Y., and Wyo. ; rare.
(Eurasia.)
Var. Jesupi A. A. Eaton. Stems ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. high, 10-12-
furrowed ; ridges with slight central grooves ; centrum |-| the total diameter ;
carinal bast cutting the parenchyma, the vallecular small ; sheaths gi-een, with
black limbs, becoming ashy with black bases ; teeth brown-centered, white-bor-
dered, withflexuous persistent awn-points, often becoming papery and withering.
— Que. and Ont., southw. to Ct. and 111.
Vzr. Nelsbni A. A. Eaton. Stems annual, tufted, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high;
angles rounded ; sheaths ampliated, green, with narrow black limb, becoming
dusky; teeth centrally grooved, with dark centers and broad
white borders, bearing deciduous awn-points; centrum i the
total diameter of stem ; bast similar to the type. — N. Y. to Mich,
and 111.
10. E. scirpoides Michx. Stems many in a tuft, filiform, 0.75
to 1.5 dm. high, flexuous and curving, solid at the center, C-ridged
through the deep grooving of tlie 3 angles ; sheaths with 8 per-
sistent hyaline-bordered filiform-tipped teeth. — Moist evergreen
woods and low fields; Lab. to Pa., 111., and northwestw. (Eurasia.) Fig. 22.
22. E. scirpoides.
Cross-section of
stem X 12.
LYCOPODIACEAE (Club Moss Family)
Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much
branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong or
rounded, persistent entire leaves ; the sporangia 1-3-celledj solitary in the axils
of the leaves, or on their upper surface, lohen ripe opening into two or three
valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which are all of one kind. —
The Family, as here defined, consists mainly of the large genus
1. LYC0P6dIUM L. Club Moss
Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celied, 2-valved,
mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharghig the subtile spores, in
the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with
evergreen one-nerved leaves imbricated or crowded in 4-1 G ranks. (Name
compounded of \vkos, a wolf, and ttous, foot, from a fanciec' resemblance.)
LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY) 55
a. Spore cases in the axils of ordinary dark-frreen shining leaves, not form-
ing a well marked terminal spike ; gemmae commonly present.
Leaves uniform 1. Z. Selago.
Leaves in zones, alternately shorter and longer 2. X. lucidulum.
a,. Spore cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, forming a
spike b.
b. Bracteal leaves scarcely or not at all modified in form or texture.
Bracteal leaves lance'-hnear or linear, scarcely broader at the base . 3. L. alopecuroidM.
Bracteal leaves linear-attenuate from a distinctly broadened ovate
base A. L. inundatum.
b, Bracteal leaves scale-like, yellowish, very ditferent from those of the
sterile parts of the stem c.
c. Sterile branches convex and uniformly leafy on all sides.
Free part of leaves 4-S mm. long ; fertile branches mostly 1.5-
2.5 dm. high.
Fertile branches leafy up to the spikes.
Creeping stem deej) in the ground, IJie upright branches
repeatedly forked, tree-hke . . . (T) />. obscurum, v. dendroidev/m.
Creeping stem on or near the surface of the ground, its
numerous erect branches mostly subsimple or sparingly
forked 5. Z. annolinum.
Fertile branches modified beneath the spikes into scaly pe-
duncles ." . 6. Z. davatum.
Free parts of the leaves 1-3 mm. long ; fertile branches usually
5-18 cm. high 8. Z. sitchense.
e. Sterile branches tiattened or concave beneath, the leaves usually
reduced or modified on the lower surface d.
d. Fertile branches leafy essentially to the spikes . . . . 7. Z. obscurum.
d. Spikes borne on scaly peduncles e.
e. Peduncles terminating upright leafy branches.
Fertile branches usually 5-lu, rarely 15 cm. high ; free part
of lateral leaves linear-subulate, spreading, nearly or quite
as long as the adnate part .....'. 9. Z. sabinaefoHum.
Fertile branches usually 1.5-3 dm. high ; free part of lateral
leaves deltoid-subulate, scarcely more than one third to
ou ^ half the length of the adnate part.
Running stems deep in the ground; branches narrowly
linear, l.:3-1.8 mm. broad, their divisions very numer-
ous and crowded 12. Z. iristachyium.
Running stems at or near the surface of the ground ;
branches 2-4 mm. broad, more loosely and openly
forked 11. Z. complanatum.
4, Peduncles springing directly from a short horizontal rootstock 10. L. carolinianum.
1. L. Selago L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, from a short slender
rootstock^ forming a level-topped tuft (0.5-2.5 dm. high); leaves uniform,
lance-attenuate, crowded, ascending, glossy, pale green or yellowish, sharp-
pointed, entire or denticulate; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves. —
Crevices of exposed or cold rock, chiefly alpine ; Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E.,
L. Superior, Mont., and Wash., and on the higher Alleghenies to Va. (Widely
distr.) — Commonly geramiparous in the upper axils. Var. appresscm Desv.
Leaves closely crowded, appressed. — Usually more abundant, extending s. to
N. C.
Var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Leaves linear-attenuate and wide-spreading,
dark green. — Cool calcareous cliffs. Que. and n. Vt.
2. L. lucidulum Michx. Stems assurgent, the old elongate bases very per-
sistent; leaves pointtrd, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, distinctly
broader above the middle, arranged in alternate zones of shorter and longer
leaves, the shorter leaves more frequentl}'^ bearing sporangia in their axils ;
proliferous gemmae usually abundant but caducous. — Cold, damp woods ; Nfd.
to Ont,, Minn.. la., Ind., and southw. in the Alleghenies to S. C.
Var. por6philum (Lloyd & Underw.) Clute. Leaves lance-linear, attenuate,
narrowed from base to apex, nearly or quite entire. (L. porophilum Lloyd &
L'nderw.) — Mts. and cold ravines, local; Nfd. and e. Que. to Wise, s. to S. C.
and Ala.
3. L. alopecuroides L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; the
sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping ; the fertile of the same
thickness, l.S-8:] cm. high ; leaves narroioly linear-aiol-shaped , spinulose-pointcd,
sprt'xding, conspiciioMsly bristle-toothed below the middle; those <f the <-tf/iii<h-i-
cal spike icith long setaceous tips. {L. adpressum Lloyd &^ I'ikIi iw , in
56 LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY)
part.) — Pine-barrens and sandy swamps, Nantucket (Mrs. Owen, Dame,
Floyd), L. I., and southw. Aug., Sept. — Stems, including the dense leaves, lo
mm. in thickness ; the comose spike, with its longer spreading leaves, 18-22 mm.
thick. (S. A.)
4. L. inundatum L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid, 3-10
(rarely 15) cm. high, bearing a short thick spike ; sporophylls usually toothed
near the ovate base, their attenuate tips herbaceous, loosely spreading ; leaves
lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, nnjstly entire, those
of the prostrate stems curving upward. — Sandy shores and in sphagnum, Nfd.
to N. J., and north westw. to Alaska. (Eurasia.) Var. Bigelovii Tuckerm.
Taller (the fertile branches 1-3 dm. high) ; sporophylls more incurved or
oppressed, commonly somewhat stramineous, mostly entire. (L. adpressum
Lloyd & Underw. in part.) — Sandy. shores, e. Mass. to Md.
5. L. ann6tinum L. Much branched ; stems prostrate and creeping (3-12
dm. long); the ascending branches similar (1-2.5 dm. high), sparingly forked
sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading,
m about 5 ranks, risid, laiiceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green ) ;
spike solitary, thickish-cylindrical. — Open woods. Nfd. to Ct., Minn., Col.,
Alaska, and Greenl. (Eurasia.) In exposed and alpine situations replaced by
var. puNGEXs Desv., a form with short thick more rigid leaves which are
3-4 mm. lon^ and erectish. — Xfd. to n. N. Y., and northwestw. (Eurasia.)
6. L. clavatum L. (Coniox C.) Stems creeping extensively, with similar
ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile terminated by a slender
peduncle (1-15 dm. long), bearing about 2-4 slender cylindrical spikes ; leaves
linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light green), tipped, as also the bracts,
with a fine bristle. — Dry woods ; common especially northw. July. (Cosmop. )
Var. MON'osTACHrox Grev. & Hook. Spike solitary on each peduncle com-
monly of larger size (sometimes 8 cm. long). — E. Que. to Ct. and northwestw.
Var. brevispicXtl-m Peck. Spikes solitary or in pairs, very short (1.3-2.4
cm. long), thickish, blunt; peduncles 3-5 cm. long. — \Vallface Mt., N. Y.
{Peck). A sterile form with greatly elongated peduncles is sometimes found :
Taconic Mts,, w. Mass. (Harrison), and Green Mts., Vt. (Kent).
7. L. obscurum L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered
erect tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely dichotomous
spreading branches ; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute, 6-ranked,
those of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed, the lateral ones
incurved-spreading ; spikes 1-3, erect, essentially sessile ; bracts scarious-mar-
gined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate. — Rich woods, N. E. to Va. — Passing
imperceptibly into
Var. dendroidsutn (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Leaves equal, erect or incurved;
branches scarcely or not at all dorsiventral, usually erect and crowded ; spikes
1-15. (L. dendroidmiM Michx. ) — The more common form, in woods or on open
hillsides, Nfd. to N. C. and L. Superior.
8. L. sitchense Riipr. Glaucou.'^ ; rootstock lono:, nearly superficial ; stems
short, numerous, erect, divided from near \\v^ ba-^e into nnm-rous erect sub-
sirapl'* crowded brandies (3-7 cm. high), equally leafy all round ; leaves equal,
few-ranked, asr-ending. about 2 mm. long, sienrler, very aculi; ; spikes on short
but uiually di.stinct scaly peduncles ; sporophylls green with scarious erose
margin, the tip spreading. — Coniferous woods, e. Que. and n. Me.; Mt. Katah-
din ; Mt. Washington, N. H. (Eggleston) ; Adirondack Mts., N. Y. (Peck) ;
n. shore of L. Superior ; Alaska.
9. L. sabinaefblium Willd. In habit similar to the preceding ; branches
5-10 cm. long, flexuous, dorsiventral ; the leaves on the lower surface smaller;
peduncles 2-3 cm. long. — Dry woods, e. Que. to Vt. ; Staten Isl., N. Y. (Burh-
heister) ; and L. Superior (G. S. MilUr).
10. L. carolinianum L. Sterile stems and their few short branches entirely
crepping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clotlied with broadly
lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved lateral leaves videly spreading
in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side; al.so
sending up a slender simple peduncle (7-21 cm. long, clothed merely with
SELAGI NELL ACE AE 57
small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves) bearing a single cylindrical
spike. — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southw,
IL L. complanatum L. Bootstock nearly superficial ; stems erect, irregu-
larly branciied or forked, the branches very flat, more or less glaucoas. few-
forked, the divisions (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide) erect or but slightly
spreading, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4
ranks wkh decurrent adnate bases, the lateral with tooth-like tips ; peduncles
(about 3 cm. long) bearing 1-3 erect spikes. — Dry coniferous woods, Nfd. to
Me,, Ida., and Alaska. (Eurasia.)
Var. flabellif6rme Fernald. (Grouxd Fixe.) Brighter green ; the branches
several-forked and spreading in a fan-like manner, the terminal divisions
0.5-4 cm. long and 1.5-3 mm. broad ; peduncles (averaging 7 cm. long) mostly
4-spiked. — liry woods, X. S. to W. Va., Ky.. la., and Minn.; common. Var.
WiBBF:i Haberer is a form with peduncles only 1-spiked. — N. Vt. and centr.
N. Y.
12. L. tristachyum Pursh. Very glaucous ; rootstock deep (5-12 cm.
below the surface) ; stems erect, the branches numerous, crowded, erect, 1-2
mm. broad ; peduncles (8-12 cm. long) with a few scattered attenuate bracts
and bearing 1-5 (mostly 4) spikes. (L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br. ; L. compla-
natiim, var. Chamaecyparissus Milde.) — Dry sandy soil, n. Me. to Del., and
L. Superior; southw. in the mts. to N. C. (Eu.)
SELAGINELLACEAE
Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never very large; stems branch-
ing; leaves small and -it-6-rowed ; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or
borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enicrapped in its margins,
some containing large spores (macrospores) and others small spores {micro-
spores). The macrospores are in the shape of a low triangular pyramid with a
hemispherical base, and marked with elevated ribs along the angles. In ger-
mination they develop a minute prothallus which bears archegonia to be fer-
tilized by antherozoids developed from the microspores.
1. SELAGINELLA Beauv.
Fructification of two kinds, nameh', of minute and oblong or globular spore-
cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores ; and of
mostly 2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1-6) much larger
globose-angular macrospores ; the former usually in the upper and the latter in
the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, but sometimes the two kinds
on opposite sides all along the spike. (Name a dimiiuitive of Selago, an
ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated, and which
the plants greatly resemble in habit and foliage.)
* Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated ; those of the spike simila7\
1. S. selaginoides (L.) Link. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and
slender ; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (3-8 cm. high) ; leaves lanceolate,
acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. spiuosa Beauv.) — Wet places,
Xfd. to N. H. (Pursh). Mich., L. Superior, Col., and northw ; rare. — Habit of
Lycopodium inundatum. Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green.
(Eu.)
2. S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Much branched in close tufts (2-() cm. high) ;
leaves densely appressed-imhricated, linear-lanceolate , convex and with a grooved
keel, minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly quadrangular spike
rather broader. — Dry and exposed rocks, somewhat local but not raiv. —
(irayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid moss. (Eurasia.)
58
ISOETACEAE (QUILLWOKT P^AMILY)
* * Leaves shorter above and below, stipule-like ; the lateral larger, 2-ranked.
n. S. apus (L. ) Spring. St« ins tutted and prostrate, creeping, much
branched, flaccid; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading hori-
zontally, ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, taper-pointed ;
those of the short spikes nearly similar ; larger spore-cases copious at the lower
part of the spike. — Low, shady places, s. Me., southw. and westw. — A delicate
little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia, (S. A.)
ISOETACEAE (Quillwort Family)
(Revised by A. A. Eaton.j
Small aquatic or palustrine herbs of grass-like or rush-like aspect.
Stem
short, thick, and corm-like, croioned icith numerous subulate leaves. Spores of
tico kinds in distinct axillary solitary sporangia. — A single genus ; the species
similar in habit and to be distinguished with certainty only by the aid of the
compound microscope.
1. IS6eTES L. Quillwort
Stem fleshy, more or less depressed, the roots arising from the 2-5-lobed
base, the flattened top bearing the leaves from a central bud or crown. Leaves
dilated and imbricated at base, rounded or somewhat
angular above, orbicular in section, traversed by four
air-tubes that are separated by cross-partitions, bearing
a bast-bundle in the center and often 4 or more in tlie
periphery. Stomata none or in narrow
bands over the air-cavities. Sporangia
in excavations of the dilated bases of
the leaves (more or less covered by the
velum, formed from the thin edges of
the excavation), attached by their backs,
orbicular to ovoid, plano-convex, trav-
ersed internally by transverse threads,
their thin integuments often bearing
small dark sclerenchymatoiis cells.
Spores dimorphous, the female or gyno-
spores large (250-1000 /i or more in diameter), spherical, with
an elevated ridge (equator) aroL'nd the middle and three others
(commissures) arising from this and meeting at the summit of
the upper hemisphere, the surface variously beset with siliceous
elevation.s, rarely smooth ; the male or androspores in separate
sporangia, mostly in alternate cycles with the female, very
minute (20-45 /t long), obliquely oblong, triangular in section.
The trunks of all our .species but /. Tuckermani and /. sac- 24. i. riimria. simw-
charata, var. Amesii are habitually bilobed. (Name used by inp generic habit
Pliny, presumably for a house-leek.) Figs. 23, 24. x%.
.aponaryium.
23. Isoetes (diagrammatic).
Inner surface of leaf-base.
a.
a.
. 1. 7.
macrospora,
mncroHporft.
V. heteroHpora
§ 1. Submersed ; leaves cylindrical, fle.shy, without bast-bundles or stomata.
— Aquaticae a. Br. a.
Leaves stout, rigid, erect.
Gynospores honeycomb-reticulated below
Gynospores with distinct or anastomosing crests (1) I.
Leaves mostly slender and spirally spreading or recurved h.
b. Gynospores with thin jagged honeycomb-reticulated crests.
Leaves 1 mm. or less in diameter.
Leaves reddish or olive, often with a few stomata ; spores 600 /m
or less in diameter
Leaves green, recurved at end, not spiral ; spores averaging
650 fx in diameter CJ) /. Tuckermani, v. bo>-('<ih'si.
Leaves '2.. 'j 8 mm. in diameter .... (2) I. Tiickermani, \\ I/nrTei/i.
b. Gynospores witii thiek vermiform free or anastomosing ridges . . 3. I. tiierogli/fihictt
Plants of inundated shores or tidal fiats, frniting as the water recedes;
with .'•toiiiata but no bast-bundles. A MiMiiiu.vE A. Br. c.
2. I. Tuckefmam.
ISOETACEAE (QU ILLWOKT FAMILY) 59
c. Leaves reddish or olive-green.
Gynospores averaging 440 ifi iu diameter, with small pits , . 4. I.foveolata.
Gynospores averaging old ft. in diameter, with thin irregular
walls {i) I.f(yDeol<ita,y. plenospora.
c. Leaves green d.
d. Gynospores with jagged crests.
Gynospores averaging 600 /x in diameter; crests tall, mostly
simple 5. /. nparia.
Gynospores averaging less than 550 /m in diameter ; crests low,
simple or reticulated.
Leaves 1-2.5 mm. in diameter ; trunks 2-lobed ... 6. I. saecharaia.
Leaves 1-1.5 mm. in diameter ; trunks 2-5-lobed (6) /. saccharata, v. Ameaii.
d. Gynospores with slender or jagged spines.
Leaves short, stout, spreading 7. /. echinospora. v. Braunii.
Leaves long, fine, spiral (T) /. ecJdnospora, r. muricuta.
§ 8. Plants of the extreme edges of ponds or streams, emersed most of the
summer, with stomata and bast-bundles. — Palustres A. A.
Eaton e. '
e. Bast-bundles 4. one at each front angle and one at each end of the
dorsi-ventral partition f.
f. Polygamous ; androsporangia rare ; gynospores appearing abortive.
Bast-bundles often absent ; gynospores with labyrinthiform
ridges " . . . 8. /. Eatoni.
Bast-bundles always present ; gynospores with truncate col-
umns . . " . . . ' 9. 7. Gravesii.
f. Monoecious.
Gynospores with coarse irregular crests.
Crests loose : sporangia slightly spotted 10. 7. Dodgei.
Crests crowded ; sporangia densely spotted . . (10) 7. Dodgei, v. Eohhinsii.
Gynospores reticulated.
Plants of medium size : anfdrospores smooth . . . .11. I. Engelmanni.
Plants large ; androspores spinulose .... (11) 7. Engelmanni, v. ralida.
e. Bast-bundles 4, with accessory ones in the peripherj-.
Monoecious; gynospores crested, somewhat reticulated (11) T. Engelmanni, y.fontana.
Polygamous ; gynospores smaU, smooth or with low tubercles or
"wrinkles .12. I. melanopoda.
§ 4. Plants of dry situations ; leaves setaceous ; bast-bundles 4 ; stomata
many ; velum none. — Terkestres A. Br 13. 7. Butleri.
1. I. macr6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 2 mm. in diameter, erect, round, dark
green, rather blunt ; velum covering \ of the unspotted sporangium ; gynospores
600-800 II in diameter, the upper faces traversed bj^ thin parallel
walls, the lower hemisphere reticulated ; androspores 36—47 ac
(average 42 /x) long, smooth. — Gaspe Co., Que., and Me. to
Ont. and Minn. Fig. 25.
Var. heter6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaves .50-150, 2 mm. in
diameter, 5-8 cm. long, rigid, erect, tapering to a sharp point;
sporangia spotted \-\ indusiate ; gynospores 540-075 \x (some
abnormally 1100-1134 /i) in diameter, densely covered with
thick jagged convoluted crests, often reticulated below ; andro- ^"^- ^- ^uacrospora.
spores 30-40 is. (average 35 ix) long, dark brown, papillose. Gynospore x lo.
(/. hetp.rospora A. A. Eaton.) — Jordan Pond, Mt. Desert, Me.
2. L Tuckermani A. Br. Trunk often 3-lobed, small ; leaves 10-40, 1 mm.
or less in diameter, 4-15 cm. long, reddish or olive green, sometimes with a
few stomata but no bast-bundles ; sporangia small, rarely spotted, \ or more
covered by the velum ; gynospores 45U-750 /u (average 600 /u) in diameter,
parallel-walled or reticulated above, more or less reticulated below ; andro-
spores 25-38 IX (average 30 ix) long, slightly rough. — Sandy ponds, Me. to Ct.
Var. borealis A. A. Eaton. Trunk bilobed ; leaves 10-100, 3-25 cm. long,
1-1.5 mm. thick, green or reddish, straight or recurved ; stomata none ;
gynospores 600-785 /x in diameter, more coarsely reticulated ; androspores 42 /x
long, finely spinulose. — N. Y. to N. H. and Lab.
Var. Harvdyi (A. A. Eaton) Clute. Trunk 2-lobed, 1.6-3 cm. in diameter;
leaves 50-140, purple-bronze, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, 5-6 cm. long, strongly re-
curved ; .stomata 'none ; sporangia unspotted, \~\ covered by the velum ; gyno-
spores 526-648 /a (average 560 ^i) in diameter ; androspores 30-39.6 /x (average
34 ix) long. (7. Harveyi A. A. Eaton.) —N. Y. and Mass. to Nfd.
3. I. hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 6-7.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. in
diameter, blunt, recurved ; sporangia not spotted, ^ covered by the velum ,
60 ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY)
gynospores 486-720 p. (average 600 fi) in diameter, sparingly covered with thick
vermiform subcontluent or reticulated ridges except just beneath the equator ;
androspores 31-44 fx (average 36 jx) long, verrucose. — Ponds
and lakes, N. 8., Que., and Me. Fig. 26.
4. I. foveolata A. A. Eaton. Polygamous ; leaves 50-150,
5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, round, pinkish or olive-
" green ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted, ^\ covered by the
GvnosD<^S X 15'''' ^'^^^"' ' gynospores 380-560 /. (average 440 m) in diameter,
^ ^ ■ the lower surface covered with little holes, the upper a
little more open ; androspores 22-35 jx long, reticulated or
papillose. '— Ponds and river borders ; N. H. and Ct. Fig.
27.
Var. plen6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaves 30-110, 1.5 mm.
27. I. foveolata. Gyuo- in diameter, 20-40 cm. long ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted,
spore X 15. i"! covered by the velum ; gynospores white or ashy, 450-
600 fj. (average 510 fx) in diameter, covered with tall thin
mostly honeycomb-reticulated walls ; androspores 27-33 fx long, finely granular
or tuberculate. — Gravelly shores of ponds in a thin layer of silt, s. e. Mass.
5. I. riparia Engelm. Often polygamous; leaves 10-30, 1-3 mm. in diam-
eter, 10-25 cm. long, erect, dark green ; sporangia densely spotted, i-| covered
by the velum ; gynospores 450-756 ix (averaging 570 fx) in diameter, covered with
high isolated, united, or reticulated jagged crests ; androspores 28-32 fx (average
29 yu) long, sparingly tubercled. — Tidal shores of Del. R., in gravel. — A species
misinterpreted in the past, and seemingly of restricted range.
6. L saccharata Engelm. Leaves 1(3-30, 1-2.5 mm. in diameter, 3-25 cm.
long, spreading or recurved ; velum very narrow to half covering the thickly
spotted sporangium ; gynospores 420-510 ix (average 480 /x) in diameter, covered
with low granules, reticulated walls or tall rough crests ; androspores 22-30 /x
(average 28/i) long, sparingly papillose. — Fresh-water tidal flats, n. arm of
Chesapeake Bay and Del. R. — Very variable and closely approaching the last in
some of its forms.
Var. Amesii A. A. Eaton. Trunks 2-5-lobed ; leaves 8-30 cm. long, 1-1,5 mm.
in diameter, slender, finely pointed, quadrangular ; sporangia with few spots,
^1 covered by the velum ; gynospores 420-600 ix (average 510 ix) in diameter,
marked with fine granules and thin short often reticulated walls; androspores
28-32 /i long. — Gravelly shores overlaid -by fine silt, chiefly in shallow water,
s. Mass. to N. Y.
7. I. echin6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad,
dark green, finely pointed ; velum about one half covering the sporangium ;
gynospores 350-560 /i (average 500 ix) in diameter, covered with simple or
forked spinules ; androspores 26-30 ix long, smooth. — Eu. — A species repre-
sented in America by the following varieties.
Var. Braiinii (Dur.) Engelm. Differs from the type in having stomata on
the leaves, a broader velum, spotted sporangium, and not rarely broad jagged
crests on the gynospores. (Var. ro6?<s«a Engelm.; 7. Br-ottii
A. Br.) — Muddy or sandy river and pond borders, Gasp6
Co., Que. to B. C, s, to Cal, and Pa. ; variable. Fig. 28.
Var. muricata (Dur.) Engelm. Submersed leaves 10-30,
flaccid, spiral, 15-40 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter ; emersed t h*
ones 5-8 cm. long, slender, recurved ; sporangia pale-spotted, traunii ^ Gvnospore
|-| indusiate ; gynospores 400-620 fx (average 510 /x) in ^ j^ ' '
diameter, covered with slender round spines and flat, i)lunt,
or retuse lamellae; androspores 25-31 fx long, smooth or slightly granular. —
Firm soil in shallow waters, mostly submersed ; N. S. to n. Me. and N. J,
— Grades into the last.
8. I. Eatbni Dodge. Polygamous ; leaves 30-200, 40-70 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
in diameter, flat above; stomata abundant; ba.st-bundles usually present;
velum very narrow ; sporangia densely light-brown spotted, not filled by spores ;
gynospores round below, upper half depressed, 300-450 /x (average 390 fx) in
liameter, with labyrinthiform-convolute ridges ; androsporangia very rare,
isoetaceap: (quill wort family)
61
29.
I. Dudgei. Uyiid-
spore X 15.
ter, light
green
usually scattered among the gynosporangia, the spores 25-30 (i (average 28 ix)
long, minutely tuberculate. — Borders of ponds and streams, s. N. H. to N. J.
— Our largest species.
9. I. Gravesii A. A. Eaton. Polygamous ; leaves 20-150, 12-30 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, erect, reddish or dark green ; sporangia with an
abundance of light brown cells, l-\ covered by the velum ; gynospores 351-
405 (X in diameter, the upper hemisphere depressed, covered with short truncate
single columns ; androspores 22-30 ix (average 26 ix) long, high-cristate or tuber-
culate.— Mass. to Ct.
10. I. D6dgei A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-75, the submersed 20-45 cm. long.
1.5-2 mm. wide, erect or spiral; emersed 10-15 cm. long, interlaced; stomata
manV ; bast-bundles usually present ; sporangia sprinkled
with light cells, \-\ covered by the velum ; gynospores
500-675 IX (average 560 /x) in diameter, sparsely beset with
irregular often anastomosing walls ; androspores 22-44 fx
(average 32 jx) long, wrinkled. (/. riparia, var. canadensis
Engelm. ; /. canadensis X. A. Eaton.) — Firm soil, borders
of ponds and streams, Me. to B. C, southw. to Pa. Fig. 29.
Var. Robblnsii A. A. Eaton. Leaves 15-30, 10-38 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide,
dark green, rigidly erect, fine-pointed ; sporangia \-\ indusiate, covered with
brown cells ; gynospores 460-600 ix (average 500 ^x) in diameter, thickly beset
with anastomosing jagged walls ; androspores 28.7-32.8 fx long, rough or slightly
papillose. (/. canadensis, var. Bobhinsii A. A. Eaton.) — Borders of ponds
and streams, s. Mass. to N. Y.
11. I. Engelm.anni A. Br. Leaves 10-40, 1-4 dm. long, 1-2 mm. in diame-
sporangia unspotted, \ or less indusiate ; gynospores 350-570 /i
(average 450 ix) in diameter, honeycomb-reticulated with
thin walls ; androspores 24-29 /x long, smooth. — Ponds,
streams, and ditches, mostly in clay, N. H. and Vt. to Pa.
and Mo; mostly near the coast. Fig. 30. Var. gracilis
Engelm. is an attenuate form in shade or deep water.
Var. valida Engelm. Plants larger ; leaves 50-100, 3-6 dm.
tall, 2-3 mm. wide, often with 6 bast-bundles ; sporangia
\-^ indusiate ; gynospores 320-570 ix (average 480 ix) in diameter ; androspores
24-30 /x (average 28 ix) long, blunt-spinulose. — N. J. to Va.
Var. fontana A. A. Eaton. Trunk 1-2 cm. in diameter ; leaves 30-50,
15-20 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, with many stomata and six large and sev-
eral small bast-bundles ; velum narrow ; sporangia sparingly spotted with light-
brown cells ; gynospores 400-750 ix (average 500 ^t) in diameter, covered with
coarser more or less broken alveolations ; androspores as in the type. — Pa. and
Va. ; local.
12. I. melan6poda J. Gay. Polygamous; leaves 15-60, 1.5-3.5 mm. broad,
12-45 cm. tall, chestnut or black at base, with numerous peripheral bast-
bundles ; sporangia less than \ indusiate, thickly spotted ;
gynospores 250-400 fx (average 330 ix) in diameter, nearly
smooth or with low often confluent tubercles ; androspores
23-30 IX (average 25 ix) long, spinulose. — Inundated fields and
shallow ponds, 111. and la. to Okl. and Cal. Fig. 31. Variety
PALLIDA Engelm. of the Southwest, occasionally found mixed
with the type in our range, differs only in having pale leaf-bases.
13. I. Butleri Engelm. Dioecious ; leaves 8-60, 7.5-22 cm. long, u.£> mm.
in diameter, rigid, triangular-setaceous, with wide dissepiments, narrow air-
canals, and four stout bast-bundles ; sheaths granular on the
backs ; velum none or very narrow ; sporangia mostly spotted ;
gynospores 400-630 /x (average 570 ii) in diameter, roughened
with very small warts or fragmentary crests ; androspores 28-34 /x
long, coarsely tubercled. — Moist hillsides and shallow depres-
sions, 111. and Kan. toTenn. and ( )kl. Fig. 32. Var. imm.vculata
Engelm. is a form without spots on the sporangia, growing with the typical
form of the species.
30. I. Engelinanni.
Gynospore x 15.
31. I. melanopoda.
Gyiio.spore x 15.
0.5
32. I. HiitU'ii.
Gynospore x 15.
62 TAXACEAE (yEW FAMILY)
Division II. SPERMATOPHYTA
(Seed-Plants, Phanerogamia, or Flowering Plants)
Male generative cells (with rare extra-limital exceptions) passive,
developing an elongated tube. Flowers with stamens, or pistils,
or both. Normal reproduction by seeds containing an embryo or
minute plant.
TAXACEAE (Yew Family)
Trees or shrubs, ours with evergreen linear leaves, and dioecious (or more
rarely monoecious) ^oiuers (borne on short scaly peduncles), the sterile globular,
formed of a few naked stamens with anther-cells under a shield-like somewhat
lobed connective, the fertile consisting of an erect ovule, which becomes a bony-
coated seed more or less surrounded by a large fleshy disk (or scale). Now gen-
erally treated as a family distinct from the Pinaceae.
1. TAXUS [Tourn.] L. Yew
Annular disk of the fertile flowers cup-shaped, globular, at length pulpy,
red, and berry-like. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-
ranked. (The classical name, probably from to^ov, a bow, the wood anciently
used for bows.)
L T. canadensis Marsh, (American Y., Ground Hemlock.) A low strag-
gling bush ; stems diffuse (or rarely arborescent and 2 m. high); leaves linear,
green on both sides. — Evergreen woods, Nfd. to Va., la., and Man.
PINACEAE (Pine Family)
Trees and shriibs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped
entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers borne in or having the
form of scaly catkins, of which the fertile become cones or berry-like. Ovules 2
or more at the base of each scale. Mostly evergreen. In the following treatment
the term catkin (or ament) is retained as the most convenient designation for
the catkin-like aggregates of scales bearing or inclosing either stamens or ovules.
The morphology of the coniferous inflorescence is still doubtful. It seems proba-
ble that the staminate catkin is a single flower, but paleophytological evidence
suggests that the ovule-bearing cones are inflorescences.
Tribe I. ABlfeTEAE. Fertile flowers consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels
in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a persistent bract ; in fruit forming a cone.
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3-16.
Anthers spirally arranged upon the staiTiineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales.
Buds scaly. Leaves linear to needle-shaped.
* Leaves in bundles of two or more.
1. Plnus. Leaves 2-5 in each bundle, evergreen.
2. Larix. Leaves many in each cluster, deciduous.
* * Leaves solitary.
■•- Leaves keeled on both surfaces (tetragonal) ; scales of the cone persistent upon the axis.
8. Picea. Leaves not 2-ranked.
-t- ■*- Leaves tlattish, whitened along two lines beneath.
4. Abies. Cone large (.5-10 cm. long), the scales falling away before the axis,
5. Tsuga. Cone small {\2-'ii') mm. long), the scales persisting on the axis.
PINACEAE (pine FAMILY) e)3
Tribe II. TAXODIeAE. Fertile flowers of several spirally arraii{,'ed imbricated scales withom
bracts, beeoiuiug a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at tbe base of each scale, erect.
Leaves linear, alternate ; leaf-buds not seal}'.
6. Tazodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.
Tribe III. CUPRESSEAE. Scalesof the fertile flower few, decussately opposite or ternate, becom-
ing a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons i
(rarely more\ Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnata, the earlier
free and subulate ; leaf-buds not scaly.
* Monoecious ; fruit a small cone ; leaves opposite and more or less 2-ranked.
7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose ; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.
8. Thuja. Cone pendulous, ellipsoid, of 8-12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.
* * Dioecious ; fruit berry -like, with bony ovate seeds.
9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.
1. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Pine
Filaments short ; connective scale-like ; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise.
Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fruit a cone formed of
the imbricated woody scales, which are persistent, spreading when ripe and dry ;
the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale. Cotyle-
dons 3-12, linear. — Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from
their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves,
in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud-scales sheathing
the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming chan-
neled ; when more than 2 triangular ; their edges in our species serrulate.
Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones maturing in the second autumn.
(The classical Latin name.)
Leaves 5 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thin 1. P. Strohu«.
Leaves 2-3 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thickened at the end.
Cone-scales unarmed.
Leaves 9-16 cm. long; sheath 8-21 mm. long 10. P. resinoaa.
Leaves 4.5-6 cm. long ; sheath 2-5 mm. long ; resin-ducts in each leaf
numerous, peripheral or nearly so 9. P. sylvestris.
Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long ; resin-ducts mostly 2, deeply embedded in the leaf-
tissue 7. P. Banksiana.
Cone-scales armed with a sharp dorsal spine or prickle.
Cone very large, 15-25 cm. long 11. P. paluatris.
Cone 3-13 cm. long.
Spine of cone-scales stout, 5-6 mm. long 5. P. pit/iig&ns.
Spine of cone-scales smaller, 1-3 mm. long.
Leaves somewhat rigid, 1.8-3 mm. broad.
Leaves in 2's, 1.5-4 cm. long • 7. P. Banksiana.
Leaves in 3's, 5-12 cm. long 3. P. rigid a.
Leaves in 3's, 15-25 cm. long 4. P. aerotina.
Leaves flaccid, O.T-1.5 mm. broad.
Old cones when open subcylindric-ovoid, about 10 cm. long, usually •
shining 2. P. Taeda.
Old cones when open broadly ovoid, 4-7 cm. long, dull.
Spine of cone-scale 2-3 mm. long ; leaves in 2's, 4-8 cm. long . 6. P. virginiana.
Spine of cone-sc^te' minute, about 1 mm. long ; leaves in 2's or
3's, 7-13 ciji' long 8. P. echinata.
1. P. Str5bus L. (White P.) Tree 20-50 m. high ; leaves in 5''s, very
slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval (8-10 mm. long), with 6-8 involucral
scales at base ; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindri-
cal, nodding, often curved (1-1.5 dm. long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10. —
Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Ga., west to Man. and e. la.
2. P. Taeda L. (Loblolly or Old-Field P.) Leaves long (14-2^ cm.), in
3's or sometimes 2's, with elongated sheaths, light green ; cone-scales tipped
with a stout incurved spine. — Wet clay, or dry sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla., near
the cnast. thence to Tex. and Ark. — A" tree 15-45 m high , staminate flowers
slender, 5 cm. long, usually with 10-13 involucral scales ; seeds with 3 strong
rough ridges on the under side.
64 PINACEAE (PINE family)
3. P. rigida Mill. (Pitch P.) Leaves (5-12 cm. long) dark green, from
short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovoid (o-U era. long), often in cluster.*;;
scales with a short stout generally reeui-ved prickle. — Sandy or barren soil,
N. B. to L. Ontario, e. Teun., and n. Ga. — A tree 10-25 in. high, with very
rough dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter ; scales 6-8.
4. P. ser6tina Michx. (Pond or Marsh P.) Similar to the last but readily
distinguished by its much longer leaves (15-25 cm. in length) and sheaths, as
well as the .short more deciduous prickles of the cone. — Coastal swamps, Va.
(Harper) to Fla.
5. P, piingens Lamb. (Table Mountain P.) Leaves stout, short, in 2's
or 3's (3-6 cm. long), crowded, bluish; the sheath short (very short on old
foliage); the scales armed with a strong hooked spine. — Allegheny Mts., N. J.
and Pa., to Ga. and Tenn. — A rather small tree (6-18 m. high) ; cones long-
persistent.
0. P. virginiana Mill. (Jersey or Scrub P.) Leaves short (4-8 cm.
long), in 2's ; cones sometimes curved, the scales tipped with a straight or re-
curved awl-shaped prickle. (P. i n ops A\t.) — Barrens and sterile hills, L. I. to
S.C, Ala., and s. Ind.— A straggling tree (5-12 m. high), with spreading or
drooping branchlets ; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous
bloom.
7. P. Banksiana Lamb. (Gray or Northern Scruh P.) Leaves in 2's,
very short and thick (usually 2-3 cm. long), oblique, dictrgent ; cones conical,
oblong, usually curved (4-5 cm. long), smooth, the scales pointless, or with a
minute obsolescent prickle. (P. divaricata auth.) — Barren, sandy, or rocky soil,
N. S. to n. N. Y.. w. to n. 111., Minn., and northw. — A low tree, usually 5-10
(rarely 20) m. high.
8. P. echinata Mill. (Yellow P.) Leaves in 2's or 3's, slender, mo.stly
about 1 dm. long, with long sheaths; cone-scales with a minute iveak prickle.
(P. mitis Michx.) — Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten I. to Kan., and southw. —
A straight tree (15-30 m. high), with dark green leaves more soft and slender
than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tubercu-
late and spiny cones.
9. P. sylvestris L. (Scotch P., Scotch Fir.) Leaves in 2's, dark green ;
cones 4-6 cm. long, the thickened rhombic scales with central tubercle but not
spinous. — Much cultivated, and thoroughly naturalized at some points on the
N. E. coast. — A valuable long-lived tree attaining considerable height, but the
trunk rarely straight, the bark gray. (Nat. from Eu.)
10. P. resin5sa Ait. (Red P.) Leaves in 2's, dark green; co;ies ovoid-
conical, smooth {about 5 cm. long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless ;
sterile flowers oblong-linear (12-18 mm. long), subtended by about 6 involucral
scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base, — Dry woods,
Mass. to n. Pa., Mich., and Minn., and northw.— A tall tree, with reddish rather
smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.
11. P. paliistris Mill. (Long-leaved, Yellow, or Georgia P.) Leaves in
3\s frofh long sheath.';, very long, crowded at the summit of very scaly branches ;
sterile fl<jwers 6-8 cm. long, rose-purple ; cones large, cylindrical or conical-
cylindric, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis Michx.)
— Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. —A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and
exceedingly hard and resinous wood.
2. iJLRIX [Tourn.] Adans. Larch
Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or
more, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ;
the fertile' mo.stly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-
grains simple, globular. Cone-scales persistent. — Leaves needle-shaped, soft,
deciduous, veryniany in a fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly
and globidar buds. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient
name.)
PINACEAE (pine FAMILY) 65
1. L. laricina (DuKoi) Koch. (American or Black L., Tamarack,
Hackmatack.) Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long; cones ovoid, 1.2-2 cm. long, of few
rcunded scales. {L. amerfcana Michx.) — Chiefly in cold swamps, Lab. and Nfd.
to n. Pa., n. Ill, centr. Minn., and far northw. — A slender tree (8-30 m. high),
with hard and very resinous wood.
2. L. DECiDCA Mill. (L. europaea DC), with longer leaves and larger cones.
is often cultivated, and occasionally established, as in Ct. {Bissell). (Introd.
from Eu.)
3. PiCEA Link. Spruce
Sterile flowers on branchlets of the preceding year ; anthers tipped with a
rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Cones maturing
the first year, becoming pendulous ; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-
tipped, persistent. — Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below
(4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in P/^iZis. (The classical
Latin name of a pine. )
1. P. canadensis (Mill.) BSP. (White or Cat S.) Branchlets glabrous;
leaves slender, pale or glaucous ; cones cylindrical, about 5 cm. long, deciduous^
the thin scales with an entire edge. (P. alba Link.) — N. S. and N. B. to N. Y.,
L. Superior and northw. — A handsome tree (l;3-4o m. high), in aspect resem-
bling the Balsam Fir.
2. P. rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. (Red S.) Branchlets ^mhescent ; leaves
mostly slender, 12-15 mm. long, usually acute or acutish, dark green or yelloicish
green; cones elongated-ovoid, mostly 3-4 cm. long, clear brown or reddish broicn,
the scales rounded, entire or slightly erose. (P. ruhens Sarg. ; P. australis
Small.) — Rocky upland woods, Nfd. to Pa., s. in the AUeghenies to Ga., w. to
Minn., and northw. — A valued timber tree, 20-35 m. high.
3. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. (Black or Bog S.) Branchlets pubescent;
leaves short and thickish, mostly 6-10 (rarely 13) mm. long, pale bluish green,
with strong whitish bloom ; cones short-ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 cm. long, dull
grayish brown, persisting for several years ; the scales more decidedly erose,
rounded or often somewhat narrowed toward the apex. (P. nigra Link ; P.
brevi folia Peck.) — Cold bogs and mountain slopes, Kfd.toN. J., along the Great
Lakes and northw.— Chiefly a low tree (8-12 m.) rarely attaining 30 m. in
height.
4. P. Abies (L.) Karst. (P. excelsa Link), the Norway S., often cultivated
as a shade tree, and now established (ace. to Bissell) at several places in Ct.,
has subglabrous branchlets, slender sharp-pointed dark green glossy leaves, and
large cones (1-1.5 dm. long). (Introd. from Eu.)
4. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill. Pre
Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a
knob, their ceils bursting transversely ; pollen as in Pinus. Cones erect on the
upper side of spreading branches, maturing the first year ; their thin scales
and bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles.
— Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened
lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin
name.)
1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. (Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead F.) Leaves
narrowly linear, obtusely pointed or retuse (1-3.2 cm. long) ; cones cylindrical
(0-10 cm. long ; 2-3 cm. thick), at first violet-colored ; the bracts obovate. serrulate,
tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. — Damp woods and
mt. swamps, Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Va., w. to centr. la., and northw. —
A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.
2. A. Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Leaves narrowly linear, commonly retuse ; bracts
of the cones dentate or ero.se-lacerate on the margin, often emargiuate and
bearing a slender cusp at the apex, longer than the scales. — Mts. of Va.,
and N. C.
okay's manu.al — 5
6Q PINACEAE (FINE FAMILY)
5. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock
Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's
leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with
a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains
simple. Cones on the end of last year's branchlets, maturing the first year,
pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. — Leaves scattered, flat, whitened
beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.)
1. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse, 8-13 mm.
long ; cones ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the scales suborbicular. {Abies Michx.) —
Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. B. and N. S. to Del., and along the mts- to Ala.,
w. to Minn. — A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage,
bright green above, silrery beneath.
2. T. caroliniana Engelm. Leaves petioled, linear, 15-18 mm. long; cones
ovoid, 2-:l5 cm. long; scales oblong, in age loosely imbricated, widely and
irregularly spreading. — Mts. of Va. to Ga.
6. TAX6dIUM Richard. Bald Cypress
Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers
spiked-panicled, of few stamens ; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing
2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of
ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick
and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base.
Cotyledons <3-9. — Trees, with light green deciduous leaves ; a part of the slender
leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded
of Td|os, the yew, and elSos. resemblance, the leaves being yew-like.)
1. T. distichum (L.) Richard. Leaves linear and spreading; also some
awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. — Swamps, s. Del. to s. 111.,
Mo. and Tex. March, April.
7. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. White Cedar. Cypress
Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de-
cussate in pairs, bearing few (1-4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone
globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or
bossed in the middle ; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to
tiieir contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen
trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-
imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From
xaxai, on the ground, and KvwdpLaaos, cypress.)
1. C. thyoides (L.) B S P. (White Cedar.) Leaves minute, pale, often
with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows ; cones small
({>-'.) mm. in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (0.
sph'ieroidea Spach.) — Swamps, s. N. H. to Fla. and Miss. — A tree 10-25 m.
Iiigh, resembling Arbor Vitae. Doubtfully indigenous in N. S., and said to have
been originally collected in Canada by Kalm.
8. THtrjA L. Arbor Vitae
Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal
ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing
4 anther-cells. Fertile catkin.s. of few imbricated scales (fixed by the base) each
bearing 2 erect ovules; dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small
evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated small
appressed persistent leaves ; these of two sorts, on different or successive
branchlets ; one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to
the branch. (6i;ta or Qva, the ancient name of some resin-bearing- evergreen.)
TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY) 67
1. T. occidentalis L, (Arbor Vitae, White Cedar.) Leaves appressed-
iinbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones pointless ;
seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks, e. Que. to
Pa., along the mts. to N. C, west to Minn, and Man. — A tree 10-20 m. high,
with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.
9. JUNIPERUS [Tourn.] L. Juxiper
Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins.
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile
catkins ovoid, of 8-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming
a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white
bloom. Seeds 1-3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or
shrubs. (The classical name.)
§ 1. OXYCEDRUS Spach. Catkins axillary; leaves in whorls of Z^ free and
jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channeled and white-
glaucous above.
1. J. communis L. (Common J.) Arborescent, 2-4 m. high ; leaves thin,
straight, long and relatively narrow (12-21 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. broad at
the base), wrdely spreading, grayish beneath, needle-pointed ; berry subglobose,
6-8 mm. in diameter. — Dry soil, e. Mass. (where rare) to Pa., ]\Ian., and
south w. in the mts. to N. C. and N. Mex. (Eu.)
Var. depressa Pursh. Decumbent, forming large mats, 3-10 dm. high and
often several m. in diameter ; leaves 8-13 mm. long, straight or nearly so, sharp-
pointed and with a white stripe beneath ; berrj^ 6-10 mm. in diameter. {J com-
munis, var. canadensis Loud.; var. alpina Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Common in
poor, rocky soil, pastures, etc., Nfd. to Ct., along the Great Lakes and
north westw.
Var. montana Ait. Very depressed and trailing ; leaves short and relatively
broad, curved, subappressed, 6-9 mm. long, 1.6-2 mm. broad, short-pointed,
with a conspicuous white stripe beneath, (Var. alpina Gaud.: J. nana ^Villd.)
— Exposed rocky places, coast of n. Mass. (where doubtful) to ^'fd. ; also in the
Rocky Mts. and Alaska. (Eurasia.)
§ 2. SABIXA Spach. Catkins terminal ; leaves mostly opposite, sometimes
awl-shaped and loose, sometimes scale-'haped. appressed-imbricated and
crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back.
2. J. horizontalis Moench. A procumbent, prostrate, or sometimes creeping
shrub; scale-like leaves acutely cuspidate; berry on short recurved peduncles,
6-10 mm. in diameter. {J. Sabina. var. procumbens Pursh.) — Rocky or sandy
banks, borders of swamps, etc.. Nfd. to N. E., N. Y., n. Minn., and northw. —
./. Sabina L., the Savin of Europe, has its scale-like leaves obtuse and more
closely appressed.
3. J. virginiana L. (Red Cedar or Savin.) From a shrub to a tree
15-25 m. high, pyramidal in form ; scale-like leaves obtu.se or acutish, entire;
berries on straight peduncles, about 6 mm. in diameter.— Dry hills or deep
swamps, s. Me., westw. and southw. —Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and
aromatic.
TYPHACEAE (Gat-tail Family)
Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious
flou'ers on a spadix, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary 1-celled, with
persistent style and elongated 1-sided stigma ; cell 1-ovuled. Frait nut-like.
Seed su.spended, anatropous ; embryo straight in copious albumen. Root
perennial.
68 SPARGANIACEAE (jiUK-llEED FAMILY)
1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. Cat-tail Flag
Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ;
the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and
hitermixed with long hairs ; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1-celled ova-
vies, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of
the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous
bracts, or none. Rootstocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of
the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. {Tvcprf, the
old Greek name.)
1. T. latifolia L. (Common Cat-tail.) vStout and tall (1-2 m. high), the
flat sheathing leaves 6-23 min. broad, exceeding the stem ; the staminate and
dark brown pistillate pai'ts of the spike (each 8-15 cm. long or more) usually
contiguous, the latter at length 2.5 cm. in diameter; pistillate flowers vnthout
bi'actlets ; stigma rhombic-lanceolate ; pollen-grains in fours. — In marshes,
throughout temperate N. A. (Cosmop.)
2. T. angustif51ia L. Leaves narrower (6-12 mm. broad), somewhat con-
vex on the back ; pistillate and staminate parts of spike usually separated by a
short interval, the fertile portion becoming 10-12 ram. in diameter ; pollen-
grains simple; pistillate flowers ujith a linear stigma and a hair-like bractlet
slightly dilated at the summit. — S. Me. to N. C. and westw., less frequent than
the preceding, and mainly near the coast. (Eurasia, etc.)
SPARGANIACEAE (Bcr-reed Family)
Marsh or aquatic plants with alternate sessile linear 2-ranked leaves and
monoecious flowers in globular sessile or pedunculate heads. Upper heads bear-
ing sessile 3-androus naked flowers and minute scales irregularly interposed.
The lower heads consisting of numerous sessile or shortly pediceled pistillate
flowers with a calyx-like perianth of 3-6 linear or spatulate scales. Ovary
1-2-celled. Fniit obovoid or spindle-shaped, 1-2-seeded.
1. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. Bcr-reed
Heads scattered along the upper part of the simple or sparingly branched
leafy stem, the bracts caducous or the lower persisting and leaf-like. — Perennials
with fibrous roots and creeping horizontal rootstocks. Flowering through the
summer. The fertile heads becoming bur-like from the divergent beaks, but
the pistils at maturity falling away separately. (Name ancient, probably from
ffxdpyavoi', a band, in allusion to the ribbon-like leaves.)
Fertile flowers closely sessile ; fruit broadly obovoid 1. S. enrycarpum.
Fertile flowers shortly pedicellate ; fruit fusiform.
Beak of fruit Ion;? and slender ; stigma linear.
Pistillate heads strictly axillary.
Mature fruits dull ; stigma 1-2 mm. long 2. S, americnnv/m.
Mature fruits lustrous : stigma 2..'>-4 irnn. long 3. S. lucidum.
One or more of the pistillate heads supra-axillary.
Erect plants of muddy shores ; leaf-blades translucent and reticulated 4. S. diversifolixtm.
Distinctly aquatic ; leaves with long floating opaque blades.
Achenes rather abruptly slender-beaked; leaf-blades 1.5-4 mm.
broad; stigma rarely over 1.2 mm. long 5. S.angusti folium.
Achenes gradually acuminate ; leaf-blades 4-9 ram. broad ; stigma
1.5-2 mm. long 6. «?. simplex.
Beak of fruit stouter and falcate or short and conical or none; stigma ovoid or oblong.
Fruiting heads 2 cm. in diam. ; beak gladiate-falcate ^. . . .7. S-fluctuana.
Fruiting heads 1 cm. in diam.
Beak short, conical 8. 5. minimum.
Beak none, stigma sessile 9. i*». hyperhoreuin.
1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Stems stout, erect (8-13 dm. high); leaves mostly
flat and nu*roiy keeled ; pistil attenuate into a sliort style bearing l.or 2 elongated
stigmas ; fruit heads 2-6 or more, 2-^3 cm. in diameter ; fruit angled, oftei.
NAJADACEAE (p(>NDWEED FAMILY} 69
2-seeded, 7-8 mm. long wlien mature, loith a broad and depressed or retust sum-
mit abruptly tipped in the center. — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. S. and
Me., south w.. and westw. to the Pacific, chietly at low altitude.
2. S. americanum Nutt. Stoutish, :3-7 dm. high ; leaves thin and soft,
6-12 mm. broad; bracts divaricate or arcuate-ascending; inflorescence strictly
simple ; pistillate heads all axillary, sessile or nearly so, in fruit 1.8-2.6 cm. in
diameter; fruit dull, the beak 2.5-4 mm. long. (S. simplex, var. Xuttallii
Engelm.) — Bogs and muddy shores. X. B. to la. and Va. (E. Asia.)
Var. androcladum (P^ngelm.) Fernaid & Eames. Inflorescence bearing
from its lower axils 1-2 iceak branches. (S. simplex, var. Engelm.) — Similar
places, Xfd. to Minn.. Mo., and Fla.
3. S. lucidum Fernaid & Eames. Similar, but taller (7.5-9 dm. high) ;
leaves firmer, strongly carinate, much overtopping the simple or forking inflo-
rescence ; pistillate heads in maturity 3 cm. or more in diameter ; fruit lustrous,
the beak 5-7 mm. long. — Muddy shores, Mass. to Pa. ; also 111. and Mo.
4. S. diversif51ium Graebner. Erect, stoutish, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves delicate,
cellular-reticulated, 4-9 mm. wide, icith a broad scarious margin toward the
base ; heads chiefly sessile at least the lower supra-axillary, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in
diameter. (,S'. simplex Man. ed. 6, in great part.) — E. Que. to Ct. and S. Dak.
Var. acaule (Beeby) Fernaid & Eames. Dwarf, 1-3 dm. high ; pistillate
heads smaller, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, mostly crowded. (Var. nanum Graebner.)
— Xfd. to la. and W. Va.
5. S. angustifolium Michx. Slender aquatic; stems 3-12 dm. long; leaves
exceedingly long and narrow, opaque ; inflorescence simple ; heads somewhat
supra-axillary, the lower ones often peduncled, in fruit 1.3-2 cm. in diameter.
— Ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to X. E., westw. and northw. to Ore. and
Alaska.
6. S. simplex Huds. Coarser and in America distinctly aquatic; stems 3-10
dm. long; leaves 4-9 ?>im. broad; inflorescence simple, elongated ; heads mostly
supra-axillary, the lowermost long-peduncled, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. —
Nfd. and n. N. E. to Cal., and northw. (Eu.)
7. S. fliictuans (Morong) Robinson. Of medium size for the genus, 0,5-1 m.
high ; leaves 7-12 mm. broad ; inflorescence branched ; each of 2 or 3 branches
bearing 3-5 heads, usually but 1-3 of the lowermost fertile ; these' at maturity
2 cm. in diameter ; nutlets with outer coat of firm texture, beaked by a persistent
gladiate-falcate style, tipped icith a short ovoid or oblong stigma. (S. androcla-
dum, YSiT. fluctuans Morong, at least in part ; S. simplex, var. fluitans Engelm.)
— Margins of cool lakes, usually at a depth of about I m., n. X. B. and adjacent
Que. to Pa. and Minn.
8. S. minimum Fries. Slender, 1-4 dm. high; leaves grass-like, flat, thin,
usually floating, 2-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence simple ; heads mostly sessile, the
fertile at length 1 cm. in diameter ; the nutlets smooth, conically narrowed to a
short but slender straightish beak tipped with a short ovoid or oblong stigma. —
Cold shallow water, N. B. to Pa., Mich., Col., Wash., and northw. (Eurasia.)
9. S. hyperb5reum Laestad. Slender, flexuous, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 1-4 mm.
broad, the cauline somewhat saccate at the base ; inflorescence simple ; the
lower heads usually peduncled, in fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter; nutlets obovoid,
rounded dt the summit and tipped, with a sessile short-oblong stigma. — Cape
Breton (ace. to Macoun) and northw. to Greenl. (N. Eurasia.)
NAJAdAcEAE (Pondweed Family)
Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy, leaves
sheathing at base or stipulate, and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spatha-
ceous, with perianth of 4 or 6 herbaceous distinct valvate segments, or mem-
branous and tubular or cup-shaped, or none. Stamens 1, 2, 4, or 6, with
extrorse anthers. Ovaries 1-6, distinct, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled, in fruit
indehiscent.
70
NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)
* Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered ; anthers 4 or 2, sessile ; leaves alternate.
1. Potamogeton. Spike peduncled. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Anthers 4. Ovaries 4, sessile.
2. Ruppia. Flowers on an inclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth. Anther
cells 4, distinct. Ovaries 4, becoming stipitate.
* * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous ; leaves opposite (alternate
in n. 4).
3. Zannichellla. Monoecious. Pistils (2-5) from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.
4. Zostera. Pistils and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a leaf-Hke in-
closed spadix. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem creeping.
r>. Ifajas. Dioecious. Pistil solitary, naked. Stamen inclosed in a membranous spathe.
Stems floating, with opposite or ternate leaves.
1. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. Pondweed.
Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), with an ascending campylotro-
pous ovule ; stigma sessile or on a short style. Fruit drupe-like when fresh,
more or less compressed ; endocarp (seed) crustaceous. Embryo hooked,
annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing downward. — Herbs of ponds
and streams, with jointed mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are
usually alternate or imperfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the
floating ones often dilated and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or
less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly
raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed
of iroTafxds, a river, and yeiroji/, a neighbor, from the place of growth.) — By
fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ; by seed, that with
the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All measurements are from dried
specimens. The month mentioned indicates the time of ripening of the fruit.
a. Leaves of two sorts ; floating ones more or less coriaceous, with a
dilated petioled blade, diS'erent in form from the thinner sub-
mersed ones b.
b. Submersed leaves filiform or very narrowly linear, at most 2 mm.
wide G.
c. Spikes all alike, cylindrical d.
d. Blades of floating leaves 2.5 cm. or more long, mostly shorter
than the elongate petioles ; spikes 1.5 cm. or more long.
Seed with a depression on each side
Seed with plane sides, not at all impressed ....
d. Blades of floating leaves less than 1.5 cm. long, equahng or longer
than the petioles ; spikes less than 1 cm. long.
Fruit compressed, distinctly keeled, tipped by the curved
style . . . .'
Fruit plump, slightly grooved on the sides, but not keeled ;
stigma nearly sessile
c. Spikes of two kinds ; one emersed, cylindrical, and many-flowered,
the other submersed, globular, and few-flowered.
Peduncles of the submersed spikes equaling or exceeding the
spikes
Peduncles .shorter than the submersed spikes ....
b. Submersed leaves lanceolate to ovate, if linear more than 2 mm. wide e.
e. Submersed leaves linear and ribbon-like, with a broad coarsely
cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib
e. Submersed leaves broader f.
f. Princii)al floating leaves heart-shaoed at base.
Fruit 8—1 mm. long, compressed, and distinctly 3-keeled .
Fruit 1.5-2 mm. long, plump, and ob.scurely 3-keeled
/. Floating leaves rounded or tapering at base, not heart-shaped g.
g. Floating leaves 30-50-nerved
g. Floating leaves with fewer nerves h.
h. Mature fruit 2.5 mm. or more long i.
i. Mature spike.'^ 4-5.5 cm . long (if rarely shorter, with floating
leaves l'^-24-nerved).
Submersed leaves mucronate
SubiiUMsed leaves merely acuminate.
Submersed le.aves broadly laticeolate or oblong-eflipti-
oal ; fruit tipped by the jirominent style
Submersed leaves narrowly lanceolate ; fruit tipped by
the nearly sessile stigma
1. P. natans.
2. P. Oakesianus.
27. P. Vaseyi.
26. P. lateralis.
32. P. hybridiis.
33. P. dimorphus.
4. P. epihydrus.
7. P. pulcher.
3. P. polygonifoliuH
8. P. amplifolius.
11. P. anguHtifoliuH
9. P. illinoeninH.
G. /'. americatius.
NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY^
71
n.
n.
11.
12.
o.
10.
IT.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
i. Mature spikes 1.5-'^.5 cm. long (if rarely longer, with float-
ing leaves lU-lS-nerved).
Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 3 or 4
carpels of each flower usually ripening . . . 5. P.
Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening 10. P.
h. Mature fruit 1.5-i mm. long 3. P.
a. Leaves all submersed and similar j.
j. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or broader k.
k. Leaves sessile or suort-petioled. not clasping I.
I . Leaves finely and sharply serrulate
L Leaves entire, but sometimes wth puckered or undulate, not
serrulate, margins m.
m. Mature spike 'i.'6-b.h cm. long.
Fruit distinctly 3-keeled
Fruit with rounded, scarcely keeled sides ....
m. Mature spike shorter n.
Spike more than 1 cm. long.
Foliage and spikes strongly suflFused with red ; 3 or 4 car-
pels of each flower usually ripening ....
Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening
Spike i-T mm. long
k. Leaves clasping or half-clasping o.
o. Leaves half-clasping, elongate, with rounded cucullate tips ;
stipules conspicuous and pensistent ; fruit sharply keeled
o. Leaves cordate-clasping, if elongate with tapering plane tips ;
stipules inconspicuous or soon reduced to shreds ; fr"uit
rounded on the back or obtusely keeled p.
p. Leaves undulate or crisped, with 3-7 prominent nerves ; fruit
3.5-4.5 mm. long.
Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persisting as shreds ; leaves lance-
attenuate 14. P.
Stipules short and inconspicuous ; leaves from suborbicular
to oblong-lanceolate 15. P.
p. Leaves flat, scarcely crisped, with 1 prominent nerve ; fruit
2.5-3.2 mm. long; stipules, when developed, short and
inconspicuous 16. P.
;. Leaves linear to setaceous q.
q. Leaves ribbon-like, 2 mm. or more wide, with a broad coarsely
cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib . . . . 4. P.
q. Leaves narrower, if occasionally 2 mm. wide, ^vithout a broad
cellular-reticulate space r.
r. Leaves free from the stipules, or, if slightly adnate to them,
bearing globose subsessile or short-stalked spikes in their
axils s.
s. Fruit flat, cochleate ; the globular spikes borne in the axils of
the principal leaves.
Peduncles equaling or exceeding the spikes . . . . 32. P.
Peduncles shorter than the spikes 33. P.
8. Fruit plump; spikes terminal or borne on the uppermost
branches t.
t. Principal leaves more than 1 mm. broad u.
u. Leaves with very manv fine nerves.
Spikes many-flowered, in fruit 1.5-3 cm. long
Spikes -l-S-rio\vered, in fruit 5-S mm
u. Leaves with 3-7 nerves t.
alpinuH.
heterophylluH.
polygonifoliuft.
18. P. crispus.
angu^iifolius.
lucens.
alpinvs.
heierophyllus.
inysiicuH.
13. P. praelongua.
Richardsonii.
perfoliaius.
bupleuroides.
epihydruH.
hybriduH.
dimorphus.
long
w.
to.
v. Mature fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long.
Stipules 0,5-1 cm. long; leaves acute ; spikes capitate
Stipules 1.2-2 cm. long ; leaves obtuse, mucronate ;
si>ikes subcylindrlc-ovoid
v. Mature fruit 2-3 mm. long w.
Bases of the leaves bearing translucent glands ; fruit
plump, obscurely or blunth- keeled.
Leaves .5-7-nerved ; stipules 1-2 cm. long
Leaves 3-nerved ; stii)ules less than 1 cm. long
Bases of leaves glandless ; fruit flattened, with a thin
keel or crest (30) P. foli
i. Principal leaves less than 1 mm. broad x.
X. Plant bearing winter-buds formed by the hardened ends of
branches closely m vested by imbricated leaves and
stipules y.
y. Winter-buds borne i)rimarily on very short axillary
branches.
Leaves of the winter-buds widelv divaricate
Leaves of the winter-buds loosely ascending
y. Winter-buds borne at the tips of elongate branches.
Leaves bristle-form, with very fine slender tips ,
Leaves flat or revolute. acute or short-acuminate.
I>eaves rigid, levdlutf ; winter-buds 1-2 cm. long .
Leaves soft ; ^^ intt^r-hiids about 1 cm long
19.
20.
P. zosterifoHuH.
P. acutifoliuK.
21.
P. milii.
22,
P. ohtuHfolius.
23.
25.
P. Friemi.
P. pusillus.
ISIU
?, V. niagarensis,
26. P. lateralis.
27. P. Vafieyi.
2S. P. gemmip(tfnH
24.
25.
P. xfrictifoliuH.
P. pUfiUlUH.
72 NAJABACEAE (L'0^D\VEEL> FAMILY)
m. Plant without winter-buds.
Leaves bi-friandular at base.
Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persistent 29. P. rntilun.
Stipules less than 1 cui. long, scarcely persistent . 25. P. pusillus.
Leaves glandless at base.
Spikes short-peduncled, axillary; leaves broader than
the diameter of the steins 30. I\ folionuH.
Spikes long-ped uncled, terminal : leaves narrower than
the diameter of the stems 31. P. confervoides.
r. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf; spikes inter-
rupted z.
z. Leaves at most 3 mm. wide, entire.
Stigma broad and depre.ssed, sessile.
Stigma nearly central, the ventral face of the fruit curved ;
leaves filiform, taper-pointed 34. P.filiformis.
Stigma neai-ly in line with the straightish ventral face of
the fruit ; leaves narrowly linear, with blunt or rounded
tips 35. /*. interior.
Stigma capitate, tipping the definite style.
Fruit not keeled 36. 7*. pectinafit.r.
Fruit prominently keeled SI. P. ititerrupfus.
a. Leaves 4^8 mm. wide, ciliate-serrulate 38. P. Robbinnii.
1. P. natans L. Stpm simple or sparingly branched; Jloatinr/ leaves 2.5-10
cm. long, elliptical or 'ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but witli a blunt
point, 21-29-nerved, flt^xible at base, as if jointed to the petiole ; upper sub-
mersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, the lower (later in the season) very
slender (7-18 cm. long, barely 2 mm. wide) ; upper stipules very long, aentp ;
peduncle about the thickness of the stem ; spikes 3-6 cm. long; fruit obliquely
obovoid ; sides of the turgid seed with a small deep impression in the middle;
embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Ponds and quiet streams,
common. July-Sept. (Widely distr. in temp, and subtrop. regions.)
2. P. Oakesianus Robbins. Stem more slender, much branched; floating
leaves smaller (2-5 cm. long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer (17-23)-
nerved ; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (barely 1 mm. wide), continu-
ing through the flowering season ; spikes shorter (1.5-3 cm. long), on peduncles
much thicker than stem; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the seed not at
all impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex directed to a
point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and quiet streams, local,
Anticosti to n. N. Y. and N J. July-Sept.
3. P. polygonif51ius Pourret. Stem slender, freely creeping, and sending up
short leafy branches; floating leaves elliptic-lanceolate to cordate-ovate, rather
thin, 2.5-9 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad, 11-33-nerved, not apparently jointed to the
petioles; submersed leaves (when present) lanceolate, short, mostly exceeding
the petioles ; stipules blunt, 2-4 cm. long ; spikes 2-4 cm. long, very slender ;
fruit plump, 3-keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Shallow pools. Sable I., N. S. and Nfd.
Aug. (Greenl., Kurasin, Afr., Au.str.)
4. p. epihydrus Kaf. Stems compressed^ often simple from the creeping
rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (3-7.5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad),
\\-21 -nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrow-
ing and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and apjiroxi-
mate, conspicuously 2-ranked (5-13 cm. long, 2-(5 mm. wide), b-1-nerved, the
lateral nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves
coarsely rellular-rcticnlatcd ; stipules very obtuse; spikes numerous, about the
length of the thickened peduncle ; fruit round-obovoid, flattish, 3-keeled when
di'y, 2.5-3.5 mm. long ; seed distinctly impressed on the sides ; curvature of the
embryo transversely oval. (P. pensylvanicus Willd. ; P. Nuttallii C. & S )
— Still or flowing water. July-Sept.
Var, cayugensis (Wiegand) Benn. Stouter ; j^oa^mf/ leaves 5-8 cm. long,
2-3.5 cm. wide, 29-4\ -nerved ; submersed ones less distichous, 1.2-2.2 dm.
long, 0.5-1 cm. wide, ^^-I'^^-Jierved ; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — N. B. and Que. to
Wash., s. tocenrr N. Y., Mich., and la. (Japan.)
5. P. alpinus Ball)is. Steins mostly simple ; floating leaves (often wanting)
3. .5-8 cm. lonir, rather thin, inedge-obl anceolate, narrowed info a short petiole,
1 1-21-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong.
NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 73
smooth on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones
acuminate; spike 1.5-3.5 cm. long, often somewhat compound; fruit obovoid,
lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed with the
rather long st3ie ; embryo incompletely annular. (P. rufcscens Schrad.) — In
streams or ponds, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Mass., N. J., Mich., Minn., Utah, and CaL
July-Sept. (Greenl., Eurasia.)
X P. Faxoxi Morong from Ferrisburg, Vt., and x P. rectif6lius Benn.
from Chicago, 111., are infertile hybrids of nos. 5 and 6.
6. P. americanus C. & S. Stem often branching below ; floating leaves thin-
nish., lance-ohJong or long-elliptical^ often acute, long-petioled, 4-11 cm. long, 1—3
cm. wide, 17-23-nerved ; submersed leaves very long (0.8-3 dm. long, 0.4-2.5
cm. wide), lanceolate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ;
peduncles somewhat thickened upward ; fruit obliquely obovoid, obscurely
3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when dry, the middle keel winged above
and sometimes with 3-5 shallow indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face
surmounted by tlie short style ; seed with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper
part of the embryo circularly incurved. (P. fluitans Man. ed. 6, not Roth ;
P. lonchites Tuckerm.) — In streams or rarely in ponds, N. B. to B. C. and
southw. Aug., Sept. (Eurasia, n. Afr., W. I.)
Var. novaeboracensis (Morong) Benn. Floating leaves large and thick,
broadly elliptic, rounded or obtuse at apex and base, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide. — Ct.
to Wise. (Eu.)
7. P. pulcher Tuckerm. Stem simple (very rarely branched), black-spotted ;
leaves of three kinds ; floating ones becoming very large (4.5-11) cm. long,
2-7 cm. wide), roundish-ovate and cordate or ovate-oblong^ 25-37-nerved, all
alternate; upper submersed ones (3-5) usually lanceolate, acute at base and
very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin, cellular each side of the midrib,
undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the base of the stem) thicker, plane,
oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles ;
peduncles thicker than the stem ; spikes 2-4 cm. long ; fruit with a rounded
back and angular face, pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when
dry ; seed with two deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in front ;
sides flat ; embryo circularly much incurved above. — Ponds, local, s. Me. to
Fla. ; and near St. Louis, Mo. June, July.
8. P. amplifdlius Tuckerm. Stems simple, of very variable length ; float-
ing leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong, lance-ovate or broadly elliptic,
abruptly acutish, 30-50-nerved, on rather long petioles ; submersed leaves often
very large (0.8-2 dm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad), lanceolate or oval, acute at each
end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules very
long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened upward,
in deep water much elongated ; spikes 3.5-8 cm. long; fruit very large (4-5.5
mm. long), rather obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak; seed
slightly impressed on the sides ; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring. —
Ponds and rivers, N. S. to B. C, s. to N. J., Ky., Kan., and Cal. July-Sept-
9. P. illinoensis Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the summit;
floating leaves opposite, oval or elliptic (0.5-1.5 dm. long. 4-9 cm. broad),
19-27-nerved, rounded or narrowed at base, with a short blunt point, on short
petioles ; submersed leaves oblong-elliptical, acute at each eml, usually ample
(1-2 dm. long) ; stipiiles coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate (5-7 cm. long) ;
peduncles often clustered at the summit, thickening upward ; spikes 4-5 cm.
long ; fruit roundish-obovate (3.5-4.5 mm. long), 3-keeled on the back, middle
keel prominent ; seed flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse or
pointed at base ; apex of embryo directed transversely inward. — Streams and
ditches, 111.. la., and Minn. July, Aug.
10. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating
leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-17-nerved, 1.5-7 cm.
long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide; submersed ones lanceolate, oblauceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward the base, somewhat stifllsh.
2.5-8 cm. long, 0.2-1.3 cm. wide, aliout 7-nerved on Uie stem and 3-nerv(rd on
the branches ; upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; stipules obtuse, loose ; pedun-
74 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY^
cles somewhat thickened upward, mostly less than 1 dm. long ; fruit small (2.5-3
mm. long), roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; embryo annular above. — ■
Still or flowing water, common. July-Sept. (Greenl., Eurasia.) — Varies ex-
ceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, etc. Forma gramimfolils
(Fries) Morong. Stems much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid
Ihiear-lanceolate submersed leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikes 1 5-3
cm. long. Forma longipedunculXtls (Merat) Morong. Subsimple, the inter-
nodes very elongate (the uppermost 1-3 dm. long) ; submerged leaves lanceo-
late ; peduncles 1-2 5 dm. long. — Nfd. to Ct., Mich., and westw. Forma
MYRiopHYLLUs (Robbius) Moroug. Sending up from running rootstocks many
short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stenis very slen-
der; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles;
submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep
green) linear-oblanceolate, very small (1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), acute;
spike slender, loosely flowered, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. — "N. E. Forma mAximcs
Morong. Floating leaves 0.6-1.(3 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, very acute ; sub-
mersed leaves 0.5-1.6 dm. long, 0.6-1.6 cm. wide, 5-9-nerved, Forma terres-
TRis Schlecht. Freely creeping in exsiccated places, producing numerous very
short branches which bear tufts of oblong or oval coriaceous leaves but no
fruit. — Que. and X. E.
11. P. angustifblius Berchtold & Presl. Resembling P. liicens, but smaller,
slender, much branched at base ; upper leaves coriaceous or suhcoriaceous^ long-
petioled and sometimes emersed, 0.4-1 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, 13-21-nerved ;
the others subsessile, all usually numerous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, nuicro-
nate, undulate and crisped, shining, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 0.i3-3 cm. broad, 7-17-
nerved ; stipules obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long; peduncle elong-dted ; Jruit distinctly
S-keeled, 3-4 mm. long. (P. Zizii Mertens & Koch.) — Lakes, rarely streams,
local, Mass. to Mich., westw. and southw. June-Sept. (W. I., Eurasia, Afr )
Var. coxNECTicuTENSis (Robbins) Benn. Larger throughout; leaves all suV)-
mersed; fr^iit 4-4.5 mm. long. (P. lucens, var. Robbins.) — Lakes, Vt., Ct ,
and e. N. Y.
X P. spATHAEFORMis Tuckcrm. (P. spathulaeformis Morong) in Mystic
Pond, Medford, Mass., is an infertile hybrid of nos. 11 and 10.
12. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large ; leaves all
submersed and similar^ more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronat^,
often crisped, frequently shining, 6-20 cm. long, about 13-nerved ; peduncles
often elongated ; fruit roundish and compressed, icith obtuse margins, scarcrly
keeled; embrj^o circularly incurved above. — Ponds, local, N. S. to Fla., w. to
the Pacific. Aug.-Oct. (Mex., '>V. L, Eurasia, n. Afr.)
13. P. prael6ngus Wulf. Stem ichite, very long, branching, flexuous ;
leaves bright green, lance-oblong or lanceolate (b. 5-3 dm. long), half-clasping,
obtuse with a boat-shaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure ;
stipules white, scarious. very obtuse, 1.5-8 cm. long; peduncles verij long (some-
times reaching 5 dm.); spikes rather loose-flowered ; /rwji obliquely obovoid,
compressed, sharply keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long; style terminating the
nearly straight face; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal. — Ponds and
lakes, N. S. to B. C, s. to Ct., N. J., the Great Lakes, la., Mont., and Cal. —
Fruiting in June and July, withdrawing the stems to deep water to mature the
fruit. (Eurasia.)
14. P. Richards5nii (Benn.) Rydb, Stem branching ; leaves long-lanceolate
from a cordate-clasping base, acuminate, icavy, pale bright green, 3-11 cm.
long, 13-23-nerved ; stipules conspicuous, at least as shreds ; peduncles thick-
ened upward, of somewhat spongy texture, e]ongatiug sometimes to 1 dm.
or more; spikes 1.5-3.5 cm, long; fruit irregularly obovoid, distinctly beaked,
obscurely 3-keeled, 4 mm. long, the green epicarp puckered in dicing. (P.
perfoliatus, var. lanceolatus Robbins.) — Quiet water. Que. to Mackenzie and
B. C, s. to N. E., N. v., the Great Lake region, Neb., etc. July-Sept.
15. P. perfoliatus L. Similar ; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceolate from a
cordate-clasping base, usually obtuse and crisped, 2-(i cm. lonu. \b-'H-nerved ;
stipules rarely developed, less than 1 cm. long ; peduncles spongy and thickish.
NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 75
3-4 cm. long; spikes 2-2.5 cm. long; fruit similar. — Ponds and slow streams,
local, N. Vj. to the Great Lakes. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)
1(). P. bupleuroides Fernald. Very slender, branching ; leaves orbicvlar to
lanceolate, obtuse, flat, not crisped, drying blackish green or bronze, 1-3,5 cm.
long, l-\~ -nerved; stipules rarely developed, appressed and inconspicuous ;
peduncles slender, scarcely spongy^ 2-G cm. long; spikes 0,7-2 cm. long; fruit
narrowly obovoid, 2.5-3.2 ram. long, the sides flat and deeply pitted, the back
rounded, slightly 3-keeled ; style slender and prominent ; the olive or brownish
epicarp closely investing the seed. (P. perfoliatiis Man, ed, 6, in part, not
L.) — Brackish, occasionally fresh, ponds and quiet streams, Nfd. and e. Que.
to Fla., rarely inland to w. N. Y. and Mich. July-Sept.
X P, NiTEXs "Weber and plants closely simulating it in America are infertile
and appear to be hybrids of no. 10 with no. 14, 15, or 16.
17. P. mysticus Morong. Stem very slender and irregularly branching,
nearly filiform; leaves oblong-linear (1.5-4 cm. long, 4-(i mm. wide), 5-7-
nerve'd, finely undulate and entire, obtuse or bluntly pointed, abruptly nar-
rovnng at base, sessile or partly clasping ; spikes few, capitate (4-0-tiowered),
on erect peduncles; fruit (immature) obovoid, small (less than 2 mm. long),
obscurely S-keeled on the back, a little beaked by the slender recurved style. —
Locally in brackish ponds, Mass. and Md. — Infertile, and probably a hybrid of
nos. 1(3 and 25.
18. P. CRispus L. Stem compressed ; leaves linear-oblong, sessile or half-
clasping, obtuse, serrulate, crisped-icavy, o-b-nerved ; fruit long-beakeA ; upper
portion of the embrv'o incurved in a large circle. — Fresh or brackish waters,
Mass. to Ont. and Va. June, July. — Propagating chiefly by bur-like winter-
buds formed by hardened abbreviated branches and indurated bases of leaves.
(Xat. from Eu.)
19. P. zosterifblius Schumacher. Stem branching^ wing-fl.attened ; leaves
linear and grass-like (0.5-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), abruptly pointed, with many
fine and 3 larger nerves ; stipules oblong, very obtuse ; spikes cylindrical, 12-15-
flowered, not half so long as the peduncle; fruit obliquely obovoid, 3.5-4.5 mm.
long, somewhat keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not im-
pressed, the face arching and terminated by the short style ; summit of the
large embryo lying transverse to the fruit. — Still and slow-flowing waters, N, B.
to B. C, s. to N. J., the Great Lake region, la., etc. Juue-Aug. — Freely propa-
gating by large winter-buds. (Eurasia.)
20. P. acutifblius Link. Similar ; leaves many-nerved, sharp-acuminate ;
spikes globose, i-S-flowered ; fruit conspicuously crested, the sides flat. — Col-
lected at Lancaster, Pa., by Muhlenberg nearly a century ago ; not since found
in Am. July, Aug. (Eurasia, Austr.)
21. P. Htllii Morong. Stem slender, widely branching, flattish ; leaves
linear, acute (2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1-2.2 mm. wide), o-nerved, the lateral nerves
delicate and near the margin ; stipules whitish, striate, obtuse ; spikes capitate
(3-6-fruited), on short spreading or recurved peduncles ; fruit as in the last, but
the sides rounded. — Lakes and ponds, Ct. to Pa., Mich., and Ont. July, Aug.
22. P. obtusifolius Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching ; leaves
linear, tapering toward the base, obtuse and mucronate, 1.5-3.5 mm. broad,
^(rarely 5 or l)-nerved, bearing 2 large translucent glands at base ; spike con-
tinuous, 5-8-flowered (8-24-fruited, most of the carpels maturing), about the
length of the peduncle; fruit ovoid, apiculate with the style, not keeled when
fresh, iippi'r portion of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to the fruit. —
Clear streams and ponds, e. Que. to Athabasca, s. to e. N. Y,, Pa., Mich.,
Wise, Minn., and Wyo. July-Sept, — Freely propagating by large winter-buds.
(Eurasia.)
23. P. Friesii Rupr. Resembling no. 25 ; stem more flattened and less
branching; leaves broader (1-S mm. wide), 5-7-nerved; winter-buds abundant;
stipules conspicuous, white-hyaline ; glands small and dull ; spikes interrupted,
in fruit 0.8-1.6 cm. long. (P. mucronatus ]\Ian. ed. 6, not Schrad.?) — Local,
P. E.L to B.C., s. to Ct., N. Y., Mich., Wise, Minn., and N. Dak. July, Aug.
(Eu.)
76 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)
24. P. strictifblius Beiin. Stems slender, ?cir?/, simple below, freely and
stiffly hranchtd above, the ascending branches mostly tipped by large icinter-
buds; leaves spreading-ascending, vei"]} rigid, 2-3.5 cm. long, 0.4-1 mm. wide,
revolute, o-nerved, the central nerve prominent ; stipules as long as the upper
internodes, appressed and veiny; peduncles rigid; spikes slightly interrupted,
6-10 mm. long, o-8-fruited ; fruit obliquely ellipsoidal, 2 mm. long, plump and
rounded on the back, the style nearly in line with the straightish ventral face.
(P. piisilhis, v2iT. pseudo-rutihis Benn.) — Que. to e. Mass., and Mich. Jnly-
Sept. — Perhaps a variety of no. 25.
25. P. pusillus L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, often very
branching; leaves narrow-linear, acute or subacute, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm.
wide, S-nerved, furnished with translucent glands on each side at the base; win-
ter-buds occasional ; stipules at first obtuse, soon deciduous ; spikes interrupted
or capitate, 2-10-flowered, on rather long (0.5-3 cm.) peduncles ; fruit obliquely
eWipsoid, scaixely keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long; apex of embryo incurved and directed
obliquely downward. — Pools, ditches, and ponds, generally distr. .luly-Sept.
(Eurasia, Trop. Am.) Passing freely to the following varieties.
Var. tenuissimus Mertens & Koch. Leaves setaceous, 0.2-0.5 mm. wide, 1-
3-nerved. — Range of species.
Var. polyphyllus Morong. A dwarf bushy-branched sterile plant, bearing
very abundant winter-buds. — Ponds, Me. and Mass.
Var. capitatus Benn. Internodes very long, mostly much exceeding the
leaves; peduncles elongate, mostly 3-6 cm. long. — P. E. I. and N. S. to Sask.,
B. C, and Ore.
Var. Sturr6ckii Benn. Leaves obtuse, pellucid ana bright green, 0.8-2 mm.
broad ; fruit smaller than in the species. — Gasp^ Co., Que., to Ct.
26. P. lateralis Morong. Plants of two sorts, only the fruiting producing
floating leaves ; stem filiform, branching ; floating leaves elliptical (O.S-\. 2 cm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide), with 5-7 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering into a
somewhat dilated petiole ; submersed leaves linear, acute (2.5-7 cm. long, 0.2-
0.9 mm. wide), 1-3-nerved, the midnerve with fine veins or cellular reticula-
tions on each side, bi-glandular at base ; stipitJes short, deciduous ; peduncles
widely spreading at maturity, sometimes even recurved, often thicker than the
stem ; spikes often interrupted (2-4-flowered) ; fruit obliquely obovoid (hardly
2 mm. long), the back much curved, with two fine grooves upon it ; embryo
oval in its curve, the apex nearly touching the base. — Mass. and Ct. to
Mich. ; rare. July, Aug. — Undeveloped specimens resemble no. 25. Propagated
by winter-buds on short lateral branches.
27. P. Vaseyi Kobbins. Similar; very delicate; stem almost capillary;
floating leaves obovate (0.7-1.4 cm. long, 3-6.5 mm. wide), the length of their
filiform petioles, with 5-9 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ;
submersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (2.5-5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm.
wide) and acute; stipules scarious, long, acute; spikes all emersed, few, in-
terrupted-cylindric, 3-5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle ; fruit oblique, round-
obovoid* compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct recurved
style, the sides impressed and face acute ; upper portion of the embryo cir-
cularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Me. to Ont., s. to Ct., N. Y.,
O., 111., and Mini^, local. June-Aug. — The fruiting form, with floating leaves,
rare ; the submerged form, bearing winter-buds, apparently much more abun-
dant.
28. P. gemmiparus Robbins. Stem filiform, branching, terete, varying
greatly in height; leaves hair-like, sometimes not as broad as the stem, often
with no apparent midrib, tapering to the finest point (1.5-8 cm, hmg), bi-glan-
dular at base ; stipules 1.2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, early deciduous ; spikes tew (3-
G-fiowered), ijiterrupted, on long filiform peduncles; ivinter-buds very mimer-
ous ; fruit like that of 7'. pusillus, h\\\ flattened and impressed on the sides, very
rare. — Slow-moving streams and still water, centr. Me. to R. I., local. Aug.,
Sept.
29. P. rutilus Wolfgang. Stems very slender, simple or slightly branching
at base ; winter-buds usually wanting ; leaves erects narrowly linear, attenuate.
NAJADACEAE (POND WEED FAMILY) 77
sharp-acuminate^ soon revolute, 3-5-nerved, the prominent midrib often com-
pound, bi-glandular at base ; stipules 1-2 cm. long, acuminate^ scarious and
strongly nerved, persistent; peduncles 1.3-0.5 cm. long; spikes elongate, 6-8-
flowered ; fruit narrowly oblique-obovoid, about 2 mm. long, the erect style
nearly in line with the straightish ventral face. — Gasp6 Co., Que., to Hudson
Bay, s. to Me., Vt., Mich., and Minn., local. (Ku.)
80. P. folidsus Haf. Stem filiform, fi,attish and very branching ; leaves
narrowly linear (2-6 cm. long, 0.3-1 mm. wide), acute, obscurely S-nerred ;
stipules obtuse; spikes capitate, l-i{2(sually 2)-fl,owered, on shoit club-shaped
peduncles ; fruit roundish-lenticular, the back more or less crested ; upper por-
tion of the embryo incurved in a circle. (P. pauciflorus Pursh.) — Still waters,
N. B. to B. C, and south w. July-Sept.
Var. niagarensis (Tuckerm.) Morong. Stem often longer; leaves larger
(4-9 cm. long. 1-2.4 mm. wide), 3-5-nerved at base, very acute and mucronate,
narrowed to die subpetiolate base. — Running water, Me. to Ont., and southw.;
also io Cal.
31. P. confervoides Reichenb. Very slender and delicate from a creeping
rootstock, of a fine light green ; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly
dichotomous leaf-bearing branches ; leaves fl,accid, thin and flat, but setaceous
and tapering nearly to the fineness of a hair (2.5-6.5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm.
wide), obscurely 1-3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations; stipules rather
persistent below, 5 mm. long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long (0.5-2 dm.),
rather thickened upward ; spike 'i-S-flowered, in fruit continuous, cylindrical ;
fruit thick-lenticular, obscurely 3-keeled ; seed slightly impressed on the sides ;
epicarp thick ancf hard; embryo nearly annular. (P. Tuckermani Bobbins.) —
Cold ponds, local. Me. to N. Y., X. J., and Pa. June-Ang.
32. P. hybridus Michx. Floating leaves (when present) oval to lance-oblong
(the largest 2.6 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide), often acute, longer than the filiform
petioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves
very numerous, almost setaceous (2-7 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide) ; stipules
obtuse, adnate to the base of the lower leaves ; emersed spikes 0.5-1.5 cm. long ;
submersed spikes 1-4-flowered, their peduncles frequently recurved ; fruit ?ihom
1 mm. long, about S-toothed on the margin, the lateral keels smooth ; embryo
coiled 1^ turns. (F. diversifolius Raf.) — Shallow quiet waters, Me. to Fla. ;
also Mich, to Mont, and Tex. July-Sept. (Mex., W. I.) Var. multi-denticu-
LATDS (Morong) Asch. & Graebn. Fruit 12-toothed on the margin, the lateral
keels 6-8-toothed. — Ct. to Fla. and La.
33. P. dim6rphus Raf. Coarser ; blades of the floating leaves with rather
dilated petioles, witli 5-many nerves beneath deeply impressed ; upper submersed
leaves either with or without a lance-oblong or broad-linear proper blade ; the
numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering toward the obtuse apex (2-4 cm.
long, about 1 mm. wide); .stipules early lacerate ; submersed flowers 1-4. on very
short erect peduncles; fruit with the back either winged and loith 4-5 distinct
teeth or wingless and entire ; embryo coiled If turns. (P. Spirillus Tuckerm.)
— N. B. to Ont.. s. to Va., W. Ya., and Mo. June-Sept.
34. P. filif6rmis Fers. Stems fjom elongate tuberiferous rootstocks, flliform,
branching at base, lovj and very leafy ; leaves pcde, filiform, less than 0.5 mm.
wide; peduncles much elongated and overtopping the leaves (in one form
shorter); spikes of 2-5 whorls, the lowest whorls 0.6-1.5 cm. apart; fruit
2.5-3 mm. long, globose-obovoid. not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with
the broad sessile stigma; embryo annular. (P. marinus auth., not L. ?) —
Shallow water in calcareous regions, e. Que. to Alb., s. to n. Me., n. Yt., w.
N. Y., Mich., and the Rocky Mts. Jtdy-Sept. (Etirasia, Afr., Austr.)
35. P. interior Rydb. Coarser; the comparatively stout strms flattened,
freely branching above, elongate ; leaves dark green, narrowly linear, 0.5-2 mm.
wide ; peduncles of various lengths ; spikes of 4-0 whorls, the upper whorls
crowded, tht' lowest 4-0 mm. apart ; fruit compresspd. narrowly oblique-obovoid.
the ventral face straightish. (P. flliformis. vars. Macouriii and occidoitali."
Morong.) — Mostly in brackish water, P. E. L; Huds. B. to Assina. and
Athabasca, s. to Neb., Col., and Nev. July-Sept.
78 KAJADACEAI-: (PONDWEED FAMILY)
36. P. pectinatus L, Stf^m filiform, repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves very
narrowly linear or setaceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-iierved willi a few trans-
verse veins ; peduncles filiform ; spikes of 2-6 remote whorls ; fruit obliquely
broad-obovoid, compressed, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, rounded on the back, obscurely
ridged on the sides ; embryo spirally incurved. — Chiefly in brakish water, e.
Que. to B. C, s. along the coast to Fla., and in the interior to Pa., the Great
Lake region, Kan., Col., etc. July-Sept. (Cosmop.)
37. p. interriiptus Kitaibel. Similar; leaves usually broader (0.5-2 mm.
widfi) ; edges of the stipules less scarious ; fruit more compressed, sharply keeled.
— Coast of e. N. B. ; Mich. ; probably of wide distrib. July-Sept. (Eu.)
38. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid, very
branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules; leaves crowded in two
ranks, reciirved-spreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate,
ciliate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse when
young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numerous, loosely few-
flowered, on short peduncles ; fruit oblong-obovoid, keeled with a broadish wing,
acutely beaked ; embryo stout, ovally annular. — In quiet water, N. B. to B. C,
s. to Del., Pa., Ind., Wyo., Ida., and Ore. ; rarely fruiting. July-Sept.
2. RUPPIA L. Ditch Grass
Flowers 2 or more (approximate on a slender spadix, which is at first inclosed
in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each
with 2 large and separate anther-cells, and 4 small sessile ovaries, wdth solitary
campylotropous suspended ovules ; stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit small ob-
liquely ovoid pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after
flowering ; the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form
peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end,
by the side of the short cotyledon. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with
long and thread-like forking stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves
sheathing at the base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion.
(Dedicated to H. B. Euppius, a German botanist of the 18th century.)
1. R. maritima L. Leaves linear-capillary ; fruit obliquely erect ; fruiting
peduncles capillary (1-3 dm. long) ; stipes 0.5-4 cm. long. — Shallow bays and
streams, along the entire coast ; also occasionally in saline places in the interior.
(Cosmop.)
3. ZANNICHELLIA [Mich.] L. Horned Pondweed
Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil j
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4-
celled anther ; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-shaped
involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short style,
which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Seed
orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled. — Slender
branching herbs, growing under water, with mostly opposite long and linear
thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. (Named in
honor of G. G. Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.)
1. Z. paliistris L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is fiattish,
somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back (not
wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile ; or, in var. pedunculXta J. Gay,
both the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. — Ponds and slow
streams, chiefly brackish, throughout N. A. July. (Cosmop.)
4. ZOSTERA L. Grass Wrack. Eel Grass
Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately ar-
ranged in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which
is hidden in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (.spathe) ; the sterile flowers
consisting of single ovate or oval 1 -celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries,
JUXCAGINACEAE (ARROW GRASS FAMILY) 79
and contai.-I.ig a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen ; the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
siiaped siylf, and containing a pendulous orthotr()i)Ous ovule ; stigmas 2, long
and bristie-form. deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, inclosing an oblong
iongitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protruiies a doublj'^ curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing
wluilly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the
bases of the very long and linear obtuse entire gras.s-like ribbon-shaped leaves
(wiience the name, from ^cjaTrjp, a belt).
1. Z. marina L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Shoal water of bays along
the coast, Nfd. to Fla. ; Pacitic coast. (Eurasia.)
6. NAJAS L. Naiad
Flowere dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary, and sessile ; the sterile
consisting of a single stamen inclosed in a little membranous spathe ; anther at
first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting
of a single ovary tapering into a short style ; stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped ; ovule
erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, inclosed in a loose and sepa-
rable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downward. —
Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves,
somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at base.
Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the
axils; in summer. (Xalds, a water-nymph.)
1. N. marina L. iStem rather ^totit and often armed with broad prickles ;
leaves broadly linear (2 mm. broad), coarsely and sharply toothed, the dilated
base eniire ; truit 4— j mm. long; seed very finely lineate, oblong, slightly com-
pressed. — Marshes and salt springs of w. N.Y., Mich., and Minn.; Fla.; Utah to
Mex. — Teeth of one or more brownish cells upon a many-celled base. (W. I.,
Eurasia, Austr.)
Var. gracilis Morong. Internodes long (5-8 cm.) and nearly naked, with
only a few teeth above ; leaves very narrow (0.5 mm. wide) with 8-12 teeth
on each marsrin, the dilated base also toothed ; fruit smaller. — Canoga marshes,
w. N. v.; Fla.
Var. recurvata Dudley. Stems short, inclined to be dichotomously branched,
recurved-spreading ; leaves usually recurved, the teeth prominent, 2-7 on each
margin, the dilated base with a projecting tooth each side. — N. Y. ; Utah and Ariz.
2. N. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Sterns nsually very slender ; leaves
very narroidy linear (less than 1 mm. wide), very minutely serrulate, tapering
gradually to the seriulate base; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, narrowly oblong; seeds
lance-oval, smooth and shining — Ponds and slow streams, Lab. to B. C s. to
S. C. and Mo. — Teeth on the margins of the leaves 1-celled. (Eu.) Var.
ROBusTA Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, sparsely branching, elongated ; leaves
flat, strongly ascending, linear-tapering. — Mass. to Mich, and Tex.
3. N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Similar; leaves with 20-45 very
minute teeth on each margin ; fruit 2 mm. long ; seeds dull, conspicuously
reticulate. (JV. microdon A. Br.) — Pa. to Neb., and southw. (Trop. Am.)
4. N. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. Branches alternate; leaves very nar-
rowly linear, nearly capillary, straight, serrate, the rounded lobes of the sheath-
ing base spinnlose-ciliate ; fruit linear, impressed-dotted beticeen the numerous
ribs. {N. indica, var. A. Br.) — Local, e. Mass. toe. N. Y., N. J., and Pa. ; Mo.
— Teeth of 3 cells each.
JUNCAGINACEAE (Arrow Grass Family) •
Marsh plants, with terete bladeless leaves. Flowers perfect, spicate or
racemose, with herbaceous ^(rarely '^)-lobed perianth. Carpels 3 or 6, more
or less united, separating at maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight.
Fruit follicular or capsular.
80 ALISMACEAE (WATEH-PLANTAIN FAMILY)
1. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate, in a loose
raceme ujion a leafy .stem.
2. Triglochin. ovaries 3-6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bractless, in a
spike-like raceme terminating a jointless .scape.
1. SCHEUCHZERIA L.
Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 0 ; anther.s linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit forming
3 diverging and inflated 1-2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. — A low bog-
herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem,
which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like conduplicate
leaves, and termimated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing
bracts ; leaves tubular at the apex. (Named for Johann and Johann Jacob
Scheuchze7\ distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.)
1. S. palustris L. — Peat-bogs, and wet shores, e. Que. to N. J., westw.
across the continent. June. (Eurasia.)
2. TRIGL6CHIN L. Arrow Grass
Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta-
mens :3-6 ; anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3-6-
celled compound ovary ; stigmas sessile ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting
when ripe into ;^) carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. —
Perennials, with rush-like fleshy leaves below sheathing the base of the wand-
like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless.
(Name composed of rpeTs, three, and yXioxiv, point, from the three points of the
ripe fruit in no. 3 when dehiscent.)
Fruit thicker than long 1. T. striata.
Fruit longer than thick.
Fruit (with 3-6 carpels) ovoid-prismatic, about twice as long as thick . . 2. T. maritima.
Fruit (3-carpelled) clavate- or linear-prismatic, 3-5 times as long as thick . . Z. T. palustris.
1. T. striata "R. & P. Scape (8-34 cm. high) and leaves slender ; flowers
very small ; sepals and stamens 3 ; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry
3-lobed. (T. triandra Michx.) — Salt marshes, near seashore, Md. to Fla. and
La. (S. A.)
2. T. maritima L. Scape (1.5-7.5 dm. high) and leaves thickish; frint
ovoid or short-prismatic, acutish ; carpels 3- (more often) 6, rounded at base
and slightly grooved on the back, the edges acutish. — Salt marshes near the
coast, Lab. to N. J., and in saline, boggy, or wet places across the continent.
(Eurasia., n. Afr.)
3. T. palustris L. Scape (5-50 cm. high) and leaves slender ; stamens 0 ;
fruit linear-cluh-shaped ; carpels when ripe separating from below upward,
heaving a triangular axis, aiol-pointed at base. — Marshes (usually brackish)
and bogs, Greenl. to the coast of s. Me. ; also inland along the St. John and
St. Lawrence R., Great Lakes and north westw. (Eurasia.)
ALISMACEAE (Water-plantain Family)
Marsh herbs, xcith scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect, monoecious,
or dioecious floivers ; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as mamj
(i)f^n conspicuous) white deciduous petals, ichich are imbricate or involute in
bud; stamens H or more, included; ovaries numerous, distinct, \-celled and
mostly \-ovuled. becoming ochenes in fruit (in our genera) ; speds erect, cam-
pylotropous. — Root.s fibrous ; leaves radical, petiolate and strongly nerved with
transverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without blade ; flowers long-pedicellate,
ALISxMACEAE (WATEK-PLANTAIX FAMILY)
81
mostly verticillate, in a loose raceme or panicle, with lanceolate scarious bracts
slightly connate at base.
1. Sagittaria. Monoecious (or dioecious), lower (first developed) flowers pistillate, the upper
(later) ones staminate. Stamens indefinite, mostly numerous. Carpels strongly flattened,
in a dense head.
2. Lophotocarpus. Polygamous ; lower flowers perfect, the upper staminate. Stamens 9-15.
Carpels strongly flattened, in a dense head.
3. Echinodorus. Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6-21, mostly definite. Carpels somewhat
turgid, in a dense head.
4. Alisma. Flowers all perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels strongly flattened, in a single ring.
1. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-head
Sepals loosely spreading or reflexed in fruit. Petals imbricated in the bud.
Ovaries crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a
globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenes. —
Marsh or aquatic, mostly perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice ;
the scapes sheathed at base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which
the primary ones, and sometimes all, are destitute of any proper blade {i.e. are
phyllodia) \ when present the blade is arrow-shaped or lanceolate. Flowers
produced all summer, whorled in threes, with membranous bracts. (Name
from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.)
a. Beak of the achene erect or nearly so &.
6. Beak long, usually half to three-fourths the length of the body.
Leaves habitually sagittate, the basal lobes nearly or quite as
long as the terminal portion of the blade.
Stout ; leaf-blades broadly ovate-oblong
Slender ; leaf-blades Unear
Leaves lanceolate to elliptical, the basal lobes when present
much shorter than the terminal portion . . .
b. Beak very short, not one-fourth the length of the body.
Leaves all or most of them sagittate, ovate.
Lowest bracts 0.5-1.5 cm. long ; leaf-blades 2-18 cm. long
Lowest bracts '2-4 cm. long ; leaf-blades 2.5-5 dm. long .
Leaves never sagittate.
Fruiting pedicels thickish, recurved
Fruiting pedicels slender, ascending or spreading
a. Beak of the achene strongly incurved, almost or quite horizontal c.
c. Leaves habitually sagittate, the basal lobes nearly or quite as long
as the terminal portion
c. Leaves linear to elliptic-ovate, entire or rarely sagittate at the base,
the basal lobes when present much shorter than the terminal
portion of the blade.
Fertile pedicels thickened, recurved ; ■western ....
Fertile pedicels slender, ascending or spreading.
FUaments thickened at the base, short
Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, pubescent
Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, glabrous
1. S. longirostra.
8. S. Engelmanniana.
8. S. heterophylla.
4. -S". arifolia.
5. S. brevirostra.
11. S. subulata.
10. S. teres.
2, S. latifolia.
12. S. platyphylla.
9. S. graminea.
6. S. lancifolia.
T. S. amhigua.
* Filaments numerous, narrow, as long as or longer than the linear-ohlong
anthers ; bracts 3, distinct; fruiting heads large.
1. S. longir6stra (M. Micheli) J. G. Sm. Robust, 3-6 dm. high, monoecious ;
leaves broadly ovate-oblong, obtusish, sagittate with broad basal lobes ; fertile
whorls 2-4 ; fertile pedicels about 1 cm. long ; body of the mature achene obovate,
winged all round, 3 mm. long, the beak nearly erect from the
inner angle, 1.5-2 mm. long. — About springs, etc., Ct. (Ilarger)^
N. J., and Pa. to Ky., Del., and Ala. Fig. 33.
2. S. Iatif51ia Willd. Glabrous; scape 1-9 dm. high, angled,
with one or more of the lower whorls fertile ; leaves ovate, acute,
almost always sagittate, the basal lobes triangular, acute ; pedi-
cels of the fertile flowers at least half the length of the sterile
ones ; petals wholly white ; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the 33. s. longirostra,
length of the anthers; achenes obovate (about 2 mm. long), A.caenex3.
gray's manual — 6
82
ALISMACEAE ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY^
winged on both margins, with a curved usually horizontal beak. (S. variabilis
F^ngelm.) — In water or wet places, very common; exceedingly variable as to
leaf-contour. Fig. 34. The following forms, although ill defined,
are in most instances recognizable: Forma OBxtsA (Muhl.)
Robinson. (*S'. obtusa Muhl.) Leaves very broad, sagittate, ob-
tuse. Forma hastata (Pursh) Robinson. {S. hastata Pursh.)
Leaf-blades and their basal lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute. Forma
GRACILIS (Pursh) Robinson. {S. gracilis ]^\ivsh.) Leaf -blades and
their basal lobes narrowly linear. Forma diversifolia (Engelin.)
Robinson. (*S'. variabilis, var. Engelm.) Leaf -blades partly sagit-
tate and partly lanceolate or elliptic without basal lobes.
publscens (Muhl.) J. G. Sm. Robust, piibesct^nt, broad-
34. S. latifulia.
Achene x 3,
Var.
6-9 mm. long,
J. and Pa. to
lobes
wide)
of the
achene
35. S. Engel-
manniana.
Achene x 3
36. S. arifolia
Achene X 3.
leaved ; bracts shorter than in the other forms,
broadly ovate, obtusish, and very pubescent. — N,
N. C.
3. S. Engelmanniana J. G. Sm. Slender;
sagittate leaves very narrowly linear (1-3 mm.
narrowly cuneate-obovate (4 mm. long), the beak elongated, erect
or recurved, the sides usually strongly 1-3-crested. {S. variabilis,
var. gracilis Engelm.) — About ponds, etc., ''N. H." and Mass.
to Del. Fig. 35.
4. S. arifblia Nutt. Monoecious, glabrous ; scape 2-4 dm.
high, simple or rarely branched ; fertile whorls l-(rarely)3 ; fertile pedicels
3-11 ram. long; leaf-blades sagittate-hastate, ovate, acute; achenes winged all
round, bearing at the upper inner angle a minute erect beak. —
Que. to centr. Me., Vt., Ct., Mich., Kan., Dak., and westw. —
When in deep water producing lance- linear phyllodia at the base
and developing elongated petioles of the blade-bearing leaves
{8. cuneata Sheldon). Fig. 36.
5. S. brevir6stra Mackenzie & Bush. Very stout ; scape 6-12
dm. high ; leaf-blades all sagittate, basal lobes ovate-lanceolate,
acute, about as long as the terminal portion ; inflorescence simple
or slightly branched, 2—5 dm. long ; bracts lanceolate, attenuate ; fruiting pedi-
cels 1-2 cm. long ; fruiting heads 2-3 cm. in diameter ; achenes cuneate-obovate,
with doi-sal wing prominent ; beak suberect, but little surpassing the wing at
the swnmit. — Sloughs and bottoms, Ind. to Kan.
6. S. lancifblia L. Scape 8-15 dm. high, with several of the lower whorls
fertile ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all with a tapering base,
thick or coriaceous (1.5-4.5 dm. long on a long and stout petiole, never sagittate),
the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib ; bracts ovate, acute or acu-
minate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely shorter than the
sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenes falcate, winged on the
back, pointed with an incurved beak. — Swamps, Md. to Ky., Mo.,
and southw. (W. L) Fig. 37.
7. S. ambigua J. G. Sm. Scape 4-6 dm. high ; leaves as in
the preceding; raceme simple ; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long; bracts
lanceolate, small (8 mm. long) ; filaments glabrous ; achenes
with a short incurved beak, scarcely winged. — Borders of ponds, etc., Kan.
and souhtw.
* * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base ; anthers ovate or
short-ohhmg ; fruiting heads small ; bracts more or less connate; leaves very
rarely sagittate.
8. S. heterophylla Pursh. Scape weak (1.5-8 dm. high),
at length procumbent ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire,
or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages ; bracts
roundish, obtuse; flowers of the lov^^est whorl fertile and almost
sessile ; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments glandular-
S8. S. heterophylla. pubescent ; achenes narrowly obovate with a long erect beak. —
Achene x3. N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Mo. — Varies as to foliage, the
37. 8. lancifoliii.
Achene x o.
ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 83
leaves being broad (var. elliptic a Engelm.), or rigid, narrowly lanceolate and
acute, unappendaged at the base, and with stout petioles (var. rigida (Pursh)
Engelm.), or nearly linear (var. angustifolia Engehn.). Fig. o8.
U. S. graminea Michx. Scape 0.8-5 dm. high ; phyllodia Jlat, mostly
hroad,-linear^ acuminate; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, on long slender
petioles, sometimes reduced to the petiole merely ; bracts rather
obtuse ; whorls of flowers often few, all staminate or the lower ^
fertile ; pedicels slender, spreading^ nearly equal ; flowers white ^
or roseate; filaments 10-13 "-20," glandular-pubescent; achene
small (1 mm. long), narrowly obovate, almost beakless, loinged 39. s. graminea.
on the back, flat and scarcely costate on the sides. (>S'. Eatoni c ene x .
J. G. Sm.) — Nfd. to Ont., s. to the Gulf ; very variable. Fig. 89. S. cristXta
Engelm. is apparently a form of this species with achenes somewhat wing-
crested.
10. S. teres Wats. Phyllodia terete, very acutely attenuate upward, 9-34 cm.
long, very rarely bearing a narrow blade ; scape 1-5 dm. high ; bracts connate
at base ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, all very slender and spreading, 1 or
2 fruiting, 1-3 cm. long ; filaments 12, dilated, pubescent ; achene
obovate, 2-2.4 mm. long, icith an erect beak, the margins and sides
crenately several-crested. (S. isoetiforrnis J. G. Sm.) — In shallow
water, Cape Cod. Mass., and L. I. to Fla. — Phyllodia usually verv
40 ». teres, strongly nodose. ' Fig. 40.
11. S. subulata (L.) Buchenau. Usually dwarf; leaves linear,
strap-shaped, obtuse or acutish, 3-20 cm. long, equaling or shorter than the scape,
very rarely with a narrow blade ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, only 1 or 2 fruiting,
stouter and recurved; bracts connate or spathe-like ; filaments 6-8, glabrous;
achene obovate, short-beaked. 2 mm. long, the margins and sides crenately
crested. (S. natans, va.r. lorata Chapm. ; S. pusill a 'Sntt.) — In mud or shal-
low water, near the coast ; Ct. to Fla. — In the South often becoming more
robust.
Var. (?) gracillima (Wats.) J. G. Sm. Scape and the almost or wholly
bladeless haves very slender and greatly elongated (6-12 dm. long, 2 mm. wide);
pedicels all elongated, in usually distant whorls, the lower pistillate, slender and
spreading ; fruit unknown. (^S. natans, var. Wats.) — In deep water of streams
in e. Mass. (Hitchings. Boott, C. E. Faxon, etc.), R. I. {J. F. Collins), and Ct.
{Bissell). — AVholly submerged, OTi\y 1 or 2 flowers appearing at a time, floating
on the surface. The fruit has not yet been collected.
12. S. platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Scape 2-5 dm. high ;
leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, rarely biaurictilate
at the base, 9-11-nerved ; fertile whorls usually 2 ; fertile pedi-
cels about 2 cm. long, soon recurved ; stamens about 20, the broad
base of the filament pubescent. (S. graminea, var. Engelm.) — 41. s. platyphylla.
River sloughs, s. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. Fig. 41. Achene x3.
2. LOPHOTOCARPUS Th. Durand
Sepals strongly concave, erect and appressed to the fruit. — Perennials with
habit and carpels much as in Sagittaria. (Name from X60os. a crest, and Kapiros,
fruit, not very applicable.) Lophiocarpcs (Kunth) Miquel, not Turcz.
* Chiefly maritime ; leaves mostly thick spongy phyllodia, the blades u'hen
present small, lance-oblong, entire, or ovate and sagittate, the auricles
relatively small, linear-oblong, divergent.
1. L. spongibsus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Low (1-3 dm. high) ; leaf-blades
0.5-2.5 cm. broad; the thick spongy petioles septate-nodulose ; scapes 4-15 cm.
high, recurved, bearing mostly 2 whorls of flowers ; head of carpels 7-10 mm.
in diameter. (L. spatulatus J. G. Sm.; Sagittaria rahjcina, var. Engelm.)
— On tidal mud of brackish estuaries, etc., N. H. {Foivler) to Del. ; rarely
inland, Mo. (L. depauperatus J. G. Sm., at least in part).
84
ALISMACEAE (WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY)
* * Species of the interior ; teaf-bJades relatively large, sagittate with hroad
tri'uigular auricles.
2. L. calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Taller (1.5-4 dm. high) ; leaf-blades
deeply sagittate, thin, 10-15-nerved, 4-8 cm. broad, the auricles triangular,
acute, nearly or quite as long as the terminal portion of the blade ; stipes re-
curving or procumbent, 1-4 dm. long, usually bearing 3-4 whorls of flowers ;
Head of carpels about 1 cm. in diameter. (Sagittaria Engelm.) — Muddy banks,
Mich, to Dak. and southw.
Var. maximus (Engelm.) Robinson. Leaf-blades very large (3 dm. wide),
18-21-nerved, considerably broader than long, the auricles almost divaricaie ;
inflorescence stout, sometimes branched. {Sagittaria calycina, var. Engelm.^
— O. {Moseley) and southw.
a
a
42.
Fl.
E. tenellus.
X 1. b. Fr. xl.
;. Acheue 3.
3. ECHINODORUS Richard.
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more. — Mostly annuals, with
the habit of Sngittaria, the naked stems sparingly branched or simple, and the
flowers on rather short pedicels, in whorls of 3-6 or more.
Fl. summer and autumn. (Name from exi-vdjb-qs, pinckly,
or from ex^vos, and dopos, a leathern bottle, applied to the
ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent
style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit. )
1. E. tenellus (Martins) Buchenau. >Scapes 1.5-10 cm.
high ; shoots often creeping and proliferous ; submersed
leaves lance-iinear phyllodia, emersed leaves petiolate with
a lanceolate blade, acute (1-3 cm. long) ; umbel single,
2-8-flowered ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; flower 6 nun.
broad ; stamens 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovary ;
achenes beakless, 8-ribbed, reddish brown, without glands.
(Alisma Martins ; Helianthium Britton ; E. p^arvulus
Engelm.) — Submersed or on mud, e. Mass., Mich., Minn., and
southw. (S. A.) Fig. 42. k
2. E. cordif51ius (L.) Griseb. Scape erect, 1-6 dm high, iM
longer than the leaves ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate ^
at base, obtuse (the blade 2-11 cm. long) ; umbel proliferous,
in a branched panicle ; flower 8-10 mm. broad ; stamens 12 ;
styles longer than the ovary ; achenes with a conspicuous erect
beak. {E. rostratus Engelm.) — Borders of ponds and ditches. 111. to Kan.,
s. Cal., and Fla. Fig. 43. Var. lanceofAtus (Engelm.)
Mackenzie & Bush is a low form which has the leaves
lanceolate with an acute base. — 111., Mo.
3. E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Stems or scape prostrate,
creeping (6-12 dm. long), proliferous, bearing many whorls
of flowers ; leaves somewhat truncately heart-shaped, obtu.se
(5-20 cm. broad), long-petioled ; flowers 12-20 mm. broad;
stamens about 21 ; styles shorter than the ovary ; arhmes
with a short incurved beak, the keeled back denticulate.
— About ponds, etc., 111. to N. C. and Fla., w. to Kan. and
Tex. Fig. 44.
48 E. cordifolius.
Acherie x 3.
(I
44. E. radicans.
a. Fr. X 1.
b. Achene x 3.
4. ALISMA L, Water Plantain
Petals involute in the bud. Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened
receptacle, forming flattened coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2-3-
keeled on the back. — Scape with whorled panieled branches. Flowers small,
white or pale ro.se-color. (The Greek name ; of uncertain derivation.)
1. A. Plantago-aquatica L. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm ; leaves
long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at base.
3-y-nerved ; scapes 1 or 2; pantcZe loose, pyramidal, 3-6 dm. long, much overtop-
HYDROCHARITACEAE (FROG's BIT FAMILY) 85
ping the leaves^ with verticils of 2 or 3 orders ; rays and slender pedicels ascending
at an angle of about 45°; sepals 10-striate, the hyaline margins whitish ; petals
2-4 mm. long, white, with yellowish claw ; stamens twice as long
as the carpels; these furrotced along the back, not meeting at
the center of the disk. — Shallow water and ditches, across the
continent. (Eurasia.) Fig. 45.
2. A. Geyeri Torr. Scapes 2-4, the shorter overtopped by 45. a. Plant. -aq.
the long-petioled linear-lanceolate to elliptic leaves; panicles Fruit xi.
usually less diffuse, the verticils in 1 or 2 orders ; the thickish
peticels strongly divergent in fruit; sepals 10-14-striate, the margins rose-color ;
petals 1-2 mm. long, rose-color, with yellow basal spot ; stamens about equaling
the carpels ; these ridged on the back, meeting at the center of the disk. — Locally
from N. Y. to N. Dak. and the Pacific. (Eurasia.)
HYDROCHARITACEAE (Frog's Bit Fajiily)
Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on
scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which
in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1-S-celled
ovary. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3
or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded.
1. Elodea. Stem elougated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.
2. Vallisneria. Stemless. Leaves uarrow, elongated. Spathes pedunculate.
3. Limnobium. Stem very short. Leaves crowded ; blades broad and spongy. Spathes
pedunculate.
1. ELODEA Michx. Water-weed
Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft
axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at
base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals ; filaments short and united at
base, or none ; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently per-
fect ; limb of the perianth 6-parted ; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Ovary
1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules : the
capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed
or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender
herbs, with pellucid veinless 1-nerved sessile whorled or opposite leaves.
The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly break off and float on the sur-
face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile
flowers, raised to the surface by the prolonged calyx-tube. (Name from eXibd-qs,
marshy.)
1. E. canadensis Michx. Leaves varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely
serrulate ; stamens V) in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the
fertile. (Anacharis Planch. ; Philotria Britton.) — Slow streams and ponds,
common. July. (Nat. in Eu.)
2. VALLISNERIA [Mich.] L. Tape Grass. Eel Grass
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile crowded in a head, inclosed in an ovate at
length 3-valved spathe borne on a short scape ; stamens mostly 3. Fertile
flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe on an exceedingly lengthened
scape. Calyx 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube
coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes
obovate). Petals 3, linear, small. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed.
Ovules very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated,
cylindrical, berry-like. — Long linear leaves wholly submerged or their ends
floating. The staminate flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels
and float on the surface, were they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers,
86 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time ; afterwards
the thread-form scapes (6-12 dm. hjng) cuil up spirally, drawing the fruit
under water to ripen. (Named for ^?«io«<o Vdllisneri, an early Italian botanist.)
1. V. spiralis L. Leaves thin, ribbon-like (0.3-2 ra. long), obscurely serru-
late, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Common in slow waters,
N. S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Tex. (Eurasia, Austr.)
3. LIMN6bIUM Richard. American Frog's Bit
Flowers dioecious (or monoecious?), from sessile or somewhat peduncled
spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pediceled flowers ;
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pediceled tlower. Calyx o-parted or
^cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals o, oblong-linear. Filaments in the sterile
flowers entirely united in a central solid column, bearing (5-12 linear anthers at
unequal heights ; stamens in the fertile flowm-s :>-() awl-shaped rudiments.
Ovary 6-9-celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-
seeded berry in fruit ; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped. —
Floating in stagnant water and proliferous by runners. Leaves round-heart-
shaped, spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath. (Name from Xi/xj/o/iios,
living in pools.)
1. L. Sp6ngia (Bosc) Richard. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, faintly 5-nerved ;
peduncle of the sterile flower about 7.5 cm. long and filiform, of the fertile only
2.5 cm. long and stout. — Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla. ; also L, Ont. to 111.,
Mo. , and Tex.
GRAMINEAE (Grass Family)
(Revised by A. S. Hitchcock)
Herbs (shrubs or trees in Bambuseae) loith usually hollow stems (culms)
closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked parallel-veined leaves these consisting of two
parts, the sheath and the blade, the sheath envelojnng the culm with the mar-
gins overlapping or rarely groicn together; at the junction of the sheath and
blade, on the inside, is a membranaceous hyaline or hairy appendage (the
ligule) rarely obsolete. Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), very small,
without a distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets consisting of a short-
ened axis (rhachilla) and 2-many distichous bracts, the lowest two of w'hich
(the glumes) are empty (rarely 1 or both obsolete) ; in the axil of each succeed-
ing bract (the lemma) is borne a single flower, subtended and usually enveloped
by a (normally) 2-nerved bract or prophyllum (the palea), with its back to the
rhachilla ; at the base of the flower, between it and the lemma, are usually 2 very
small hyaline scales (the lodicules), rarely a third lodicule between the flower
and the palea; stamens 3 (rarely 1, 2, or 6), with very delicate filaments and
2-celled versatile anthers ; pistil, one, with a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely
1 or 3) styles, and mostly plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis with starchy endo-
sperm and a small embryo at the base on the side opposite the hilum. Grain
usually inclosed at maturity in the lemma and palea, free or adnate to the palea.
The lemma with its palea and flower constitute the floret. The lemma may be
variously modified ; and may be sterile or neuter, that is, containing a palea or
rudiment of one, without a flower, or empty ; or may itself be rudimentary (as
in some of the Chlorideae) ; in such cases the spikelet contains at least one per-
fect floret ; the sterile or modified lemmas, one or more, above or below it. The
palea is rarely obsolete. Si)ikelets arranged in .spikes, racemes, or panicles, the
branches of which are bractless.
GRAMI^'EAE (GRASS FAMILY) 87
Subfamily I. PANICOfDEAE
Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the terminal flower perfect,
the lower staminate or neuter ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, the more
or less dorsally compressed spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, singly, in
groups, or together with joints of an articulate rhachis.
This first grand division of the Gramineae is based upon two characters in
combination, the articulation of the pedicels just below the spikelets or cluster
of spikelets and the single perfect flower^ which may or may not have a staminate
or imperfect flower below it. The lemma of the imperfect flower is similar to
the glumes in texture in Paniceae and like the fertile lemma in the other tribes.
In a few genera the first glume is obsolete, but in these cases the articulation
helow the dorsally compressed spikelets indicates their relation.
Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different inflorescences or in different
parts of the same inflorescence ; a.vnless ; glumes indurated.
1. Tripsacum. Staminate spikelets above the pistillate, in pairs at each joint of a spike-like
raceme ; pistillate single, imbedded in the jointed rhachis.
Tribe II. ANDR0P0G6nEAE. Spikelets in pairs or threes on the usually articulate rhachis of a
spike like raceme, one sessile and fertile, the other pediceled and perfect, staminate, neuter or
rudimentary ; glumes more or less indurated ; lemmas smaller and hyaline, that of the fertile
flower usually awned.
2. Rottboellia. Rhachis naked ; pediceled spikelets neuter, often rudimentary; fertile spikelets
awnless.
3. Erianthus. Rhachis hairy ; spikelets all perfect and fertile, awned.
4. Andropogon. Rhachis hairy ; pediceled spikelets sterile, often rudimentary ; fertile spikelets
awned.
5. Sorghastrum. Racemes reduced to one or two joints, on slender peduncles, arranged in
open panicles ; second spikelet reduced to a pedicel.
Tribe III. PANf CEAE. Spikelets all perfect (in our genera) in racemes or panicles ; glumes mem-
branaceous, unequal, the first usually small, sometimes obsolete ; a lemma of like texture,
empty or Avith a hyaline palea, rarely inclosing a staminate flower, subtends the perfect floret
and simulates a third glume ; fertile lemma and palea indurated, firmly clasped together,
inclosing tho free grain, awnless (pointed in Echinochloa).
* Spikelets without an involucre of bristles.
■^ Lemma leathery-indurated with hyaline margins not inrolled ; spikelets lanceolate; first
glume sometimes wanting.
6. Digitaria. Spikelets in slender spike-like racemes, aggregated toward the summit of the
culm.
7. Leptoloma. Spikelets long-pediceled in a diffuse panicle.
+- +- Lemma chartaceous-indurated ; margins not hyaline, inrolled except in Amphicarpon,
++ Glumes and lemmas awnless.
8. Amphicarpon. Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in terminal panicle, not fruitful ; the other sub-
terranean, perfecting fruit ; margins of lemma not inrolled.
9. Paspalum. Spikelets all alike, plano-convex, sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs in 2
rows on one side of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; spikelets
placed with back of fertile lemma toward the rhachis.
10. Axonopus. Spikelets all alike, compressed, biconvex, sessile, solitary in 2 rows on one side
of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete ; spikelets placed with the back of the fer-
tile lemma from the rhachis.
11. Panicum. Spikelets all alike, biconvex, in panicles (rarely racemes); first glume present;
second glume and sterile lemma similar.
12. SacciolepiS. Spikelets all alike, in spike-like panicles ; second glume saccate at base.
11-nerved ; sterile lemma flat, 8-5-nerved.
88 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
++ ++ Sterile lemma awned or pointed ; fruit acuminate ; palea not included at the summit.
13. Echlnochloa. Spikelets crowded in one-sided racemes, these arranged in a psniclfl.
* * Spikelets with an involucre of bristles.
14. Setaria. Spikelets in a dense cylindrical spike-like panicle ; bristles persistent.
15. Cenchrus. Spikelets (1-5 tog-ether) inclosed in a globular spiny bur-like involucre; thii
falling with spikelets inclosed.
Subfamily II. POACOfDEAE
Spikelets l-many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary floret, if any, usu-
Aliy uppermost, rhachilla usually articulated above the glumes which are persist-
ent on the pedicel or rhachis after the fall of the florets ; when 2-many-flowerfcd
a manifest internode of the rhachilla separates the florets, and is articulated below
tbem; spikelets more or less laterally compressed (except in Milium). The
spikelets are articulated below the glumes in Oryzeae, Alopecurus, Cinna, Poly-
pogon, Holcus, Sphenopholis, Spartina, and Beckmannia ; these are distin-
guished from Subfamily I by the laterally compressed spikelets.
Tribe IV. ORYZEAE. Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in loose panicles ; rhachilla articulated be-
low the glumes ; glumes often wanting ; stamens often 6.
16. Zizanla. Spikelets unisexual, unlike in appearance ; panicle pistillate above, staminate
below.
17. Zizaniopsis. Spikelets unisexual, much alike in appearance, intermixed in the same panicle.
18. Leersia. Flowers perfect, spikelets much flattened laterally ; lemma carinate, awnless ; pa-
lea 1-keeled.
Tribe V. PHALARIdEAE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1 (rarely 3) -flowered ; two sterile
lemmas below the fertile floret, and falling attached to it, usually empty and unlike the fertile
lemma, sometimes reduced to bristles, or sometimes with a staminate flower in Ilier ochloe ;
fertile lemma with a 1-2-iierved or nerveless palea and a perfect flower.
19. Phalaris. Sterile lemmas very narrow, much shorter than the indurated fertile lemma,
which is much exceeded by the equal glumes.
20. Anthoxanthum. Sterile lemmas dorsally awned, larger than the slightly indurated fertile
lemma ; glumes very unequal.
21. Hierochloe. Sterile lemmas larger than the fertile lemma, indurated, inclosing a 2-nerved
palea and usually a staminate flower ; glumes subequal, scarcelj' exceeding the florets.
Tribe VI. AGROSTIdEAE. Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla sometimes prolonged behind the
palea into a naked or plumose bristle ; glumes subequal, usually equahng or exceeding the
lemma ; palea 2-nerved, rarely nerveless or wanting (1-nerved in one species of Cinna).
* Lemma indurated.
+■ Spikelets awnless ; callus none ; margins of lemma inrolled.
22. Milium. Spikelets dorsally compressed.
•t- -I- Spikelets with a terminal awn ; margins of lemma not inrolled ; a callus at base. — STipiNAE
23. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, deciduous ; callus short, obtuse.
24. Stipa. Awn simple, persistent ; callus usually acute.
25. Aristida. Awn 8-fid, the branches divaricate ; callus acute.
* * Lemma membranaceous.
+- Lemma awned from the tip or mucronate, clo.sely infolding the grain ; callus acute.
26. Muhlenbergia. nbaohilla not prolonged behind the palea ; lemma pointed or awned.
27. Brachyelytrum. Khachilla prolonged into a bristle behind the palea ; lemma long-awned.
-t- +- Lemma awnless or dorsally awned, loosely embracing the grain.
♦* Glumes conspicuously com pressed -carinate ; spikelets in dense spike-like panicles. — Phi.e1n.\e.
28. Heleochloe. Lemma membranaceous like the glumes, awnless ; glumes not aristate ; pani
cle partly included, ovoid.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 89
29. Phleum. Lemma hyaline, awnless, glumes abruptly aristate ; panicle exserted, cylindrical.
30. Alopecurus. Lemma hyaline, awned below the middle ; palea none ; glumes not aristate ;
panicle exserted, cylindrical.
++ ++ Glumes not conspicuously compressed ; spikelets in open or narrow panicles. — AGEOSiixAE.
= Lemma 1 (rarely 3) -nerved, awnless ; pericarp readily separating from the grain.
31. Sporobolus. Lemma as long as or longer than the glumes ; culms wiry or rigid.
= = Lemma 3— 5-nerved, awned or awnless ; pericarp adherent to the grain.
a. Floret not stipitate ; palea 2-nerved ; stamens 3.
b. Rhachilla not prolonged behind the palea.
32. Agrostis. Glumes longer than the floret, awnless ; panicle usually open.
33. Polypogon. Glumes longer than the floret, awned ; panicle spike-like.
34. Calamovilfa. Glumes shorter than the floret, awnless.
6 6. Ehachilla prolonged behind the palea, bristle-like.
35. Calamagrostis. Perennial ; panicle loose or contracted ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with
long hairs ; lemma short-awned below the middle.
36. Ammophila. Perennial ; panicle dense and spike-like ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with
short hairs ; lemma awnless.
37. Apera. Annual ; panicle loose ; the prolonged rhachilla naked ; lemma long-awned below ihe
bifid apex.
a a. Floret stipitate ; palea 1-2-nerved ; stamen 1.
38. Cinna. Spikelets in a loose panicle.
Tribe Vn. AVENEAE. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, panicled ; rhachilla prolonged behind the
palea of uppermost floret except in Aira; glumes usually longer than the first floret ; 1 or
more of the florets awned on the back or from the teeth of the bifid apex (or usually awnless in
Sphenopholis and Koeleria) ; the callus and usually the rhachilla-joints hairy.
* Ehachilla not prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret ; spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect.
39. Aira. Florets approximate; glumes broad, boat-shaped.
* * Rhachilla prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret ; spikelets 2-several-flowered.
+■ Articulation below the glumes ; spikelets falling entire or the glumes and lowest floret together.
++ Glumes much exceeding the two florets.
40. Holcus. Lower floret stipitate, awnless, upper with a hook-like awn.
++ +-»■ Glumes exceeded by upper floret.
41. Sphenopholis. Glumes dissimilar, the second obovate; florets usuaUy awnless.
4- ■*- Articulation above the glumes.
++ Awns wanting or but a mucronate tip.
42. Koeleria. Glumes unequal, exceeded by the upper floret.
++ -H- Awns present.
= Awns dorsal, not flattened.
a. Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; florets all perfect or the uppermost imperfe
6. Spikelets less than 1 cm. long ; grain fi-ee.
43. Trisetum. Lemma keeled, bidentate, awn arising from above the middle.
44. Deschampsia. Lemma convex, awn from the middle or below.
h b. Spikelets more than 1 cm. long ; grain adherent to the palea.
45. Avena. Florets approximate, exceeded by the striate glumes.
a a. Spikelets 2-flowered ; lower floret staniiiiate. upper perfect.
46. Arrhenatherum. Lower floret long-awneu. upper usually iwnless.
= = A-.vns from between the tet-tli of tlie bidentiite ap»>x of Ihe lemma, flattened, twisted.
47. Danthonia. Florets several, not closely approximate, glumes equaling or exct-edinjf the
uppermost.
dO GMAMLXEAE (gRASS FAMILY)
Tribe VIII. 'SHLORIDEAE. Spikelets 1-several-flowered, in 1-sided spikes which are digital* oi
jianiculate, sometimes solitary.
* Spikelets all alike.
■•- Spikelets strictly 1-flowered, no sterile lemma.
■M- Rhachilla articulated below the glumes.
4S. Spartina. Gl-inies narrow, unequal.
49. Beckmannia. Glumes broad, boat-shaped, inflated, equal.
++ ++ Rhachilla articulated above the glumes.
5(>. Cynodon. Spikes digitate ; plants extensively creeping.
51. Schedonnardus. Spikes paniculate ; plants cae.spitose.
-i- -i- Spikelets with more than 1 floret.
++ Perfect floret 1, additional florets staminate, neuter or rudimentary.
= Lowest floret perfect.
52. Gymnopogon. Spikelets remote, appressed.
53. Chloris. Sjiikelets imbricated; fertile lemma 1-awned or awnless; spikes more or less
whoried or digitate.
54. Bouteloua. Spikelets imbricated ; fertile lemma 3-awned ; spikes racemose.
= -= Lowest florets neuter, third perfect.
55. Ctenium. Spike solitary ; second glume bearing a stout divergent dorsal awn.
++ ++ Perfect florets 2 or more.
= Spikes few, stout, digitate.
56. Dactyloctenium. Rhachis of spike prolonged beyond the spikelets ; second glume and at
least lowest lemma cuspidate.
57. Eleusine. Rhachis of spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets, neither glumes nor lemmas
cuspidate*
= = Spikes numerous, Terj' slender, racemose.
58. Leptochloa. Spikelets not crowded, often slightly pediceled.
* * Spikelets unisexual, dissimilar ; plants dioecious or monoecious.
59. Buchloe. Staminate spikes exserted, racemose ; pistillate spikelets nearly capitate, partially
included in broad sheaths.
Tribe IX. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, usually perfect, pedicellate in racemes or in
loose or dense panicles; glumes shorter than the lowest floret; lemmas l-several-nerved, awn-
less or with 1-several straight awns, terminal or borne just below the apex.
* Rhachilla clothed with long silk}' hairs, exceeding the florets.
60. Phragmites. Lowest floret staminate, the others perfect.
* * Rhachilla naked or with hairs much shorter than the florets.
+- Callus and nerves of lemma densely bearded (not cobwebby).
61. Tridens. The three nerves or only the middle one excurrent between the acute lobes of the
lemma ; palea not ciliate-fringed.
62. Triplasis. Midnerve excurrent between the truncate lobes of the lemma; palea conspicu-
ou.sly ciliate-fringed ; florets remote.
■•- -t- Callus and nerves glabrous or cobwebby, or callus sparsely bearded.
++ Lemma coriaceous, smooth and shining, without a scarious margin.
■= Spikelets dioecious.
68. Distichlis. Spikelets large, compressed, in a small crowded panicle.
= -= Spikelets perfect.
67. Uniola. Lower 1-4 lemmas empty.
66. Diarrhena. ri>per 2-4 lemmas empty.
■•-•■ +*■ Loininas membranaceous, or if subcoriaceous having a scarious margin.
«= Lemmas 3-nerved. {Koeleria might be looked for here, but the upper glume about equals
the lower floret.)
83. Eragrostis. Spikelets 3-many-flowered.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 91
64. Catabrosa. Spikelets 2-flowered.
= = Lemmas 5-many-ner\'ed (nerves often obscure in Brizd).
a. Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1 -sided clusters at the end of the few jMinicle-branches.
70. Dactylis. Spikelets flattened ; glumes and lemmas keeled, the keels hispid-ciliate.
a a. Spikelets not in dense 1-sided clusters.
h. Spikelets as broad as long, somewhat heart-shaped.
69. Briza. Florets crowded in the spikelets, almost horizontal ; lemmas boat-shaped or ventricose
b b. Spikelets much longer than broad, not heart-shaped.
c. Lemmas keeled.
Tl. Poa. Base of florets often cobwebby.
c c. Lemmas convex or keeled only at the summit.
d. Uppermost lemmas shaped like the lower, fertile or sterile.
e. Nerves of lemma prominent, i)arallel.
T3. Glyceria. Spikelets compressed-cylindrical or little flattened ; lemmas scarious at summit.
e e. Nerves of lemma not prominent.
/. Lemmas obtuse, awnless.
74. Puccinellia. Glunie^ much shorter than the lowest lemma; callus not hairy; nerves not
excurrent.
72. Scholochloa. Glumes nearly as long as lowest lemma ; callus hairy ; one or more nerves of
lemma excurrent.
//. Lemmas acute, often awned.
75. Festuca. Lenmias entire, often awned from th^ apex.
76. Bromus. Lemmas 2-toothed, usually awned just below the apex ; grain adherent to the
palea, pubescent at the summit.
C.."). Melica. Lemmas awned just below the apex, grain free, glabrous.
d d. Uppermost lemmas broad or cucullate, convolute, forming a club-shaped mass.
65. Melica. Lemmas subcoriaceous with a scarious margin, obtuse.
Tribe X. HORDEAE. Spikelets (1-several-flowered, with upperuiost floret imperfect) sessile on
opposite sides of a zigzag jointed channeled rhachis, forming a spike ; glumes sometimes abor-
tive or wanting, often placed together in front of the spikelet ; leaf-blades bearing at base a
more or less well-marked pair of auriculate appendages.
* Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rhachis.
+- Spikelets 1-flowered, falling attached to joints of the disarticulating rhachia.
78. Lepturus. Spikelets awnless ; low branching annuals.
-t- -i- Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
77. Lolium. Spikelets placed with one edge to the rhachis.
79. Agropyron. Sjtikelets placed with the side to the rhachis.
* * Spikelets 2 or 3, rarely solitary, at each joint of the rhachis, placed with the florets dorso-
ventral to the rhachis.
+- Spikelets not all alike.
80. Hordeum. Spikelets l(rarely 2-S)-flowered, in 3's at each joint, the lateral pair pediceled.
usually abortive ; glumes awn-like.
■J- ■»- Spikelets all ahke, 2-6-flowered.
81. Elymus. Glumes usually equaling the florets ; spikes mostly dense.
82. Hystrix. Glumes reduced to short bristles, one or both often obsolete ; sp\kes very loose.
Tribe XI. BAMBUSEAE. Tall woody reeds ; the flat blades with a short petiole articulated with
the sheath ; spikek-ts few-iiiany-flowered, flattened, in panicles or racemes.
83. Arundinaria. Lemmas rounded on the back, many-nerved, acuminate or bristle-pointed;
glumes very small.
92
GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
1. TRIPSACUM L. Gama Grass. Sesame Grass
Spikelets unisexual,
tinuous rhacliis above ;
46. T. dactyloifles.
Part of spike x l^^.
9 Spikelet embedded x 1.
9 Spikelet freed xl.
J" Spikelet x 1.
ixillary spikes solitary-
Vug. Fig. 46.
the staminate spikelets in pairs at the joints of the con-
the pistillate spikelets solitary, embedded in each oblong
joint of the cartilaginous thickened articulate rhachis
below in the same inflorescence, which terminates the
culm or its branches ; glumes of the staminate spikelet
subcoriaceous, the first dorsally flattened, the second
boat-shaped ; the first lemma often empty, membrana-
ceous with a hyaline palea, like the second wliich
incloses a staminate flower ; first glume of pistillate
spikelet ovate, at length cartilaginous and closing the
recess in the rhachis, second boat-shaped, coriaceous ;
florets 2, the lemmas and paleas hyaline, the lower
sterile, the upper pistillate. — Tall stout perennials from
very thick creeping rootstocks, with broad flat leaves,
and terminal and axillary spikes separating spontane-
ously into joints at maturity. (Name from rpi^eiv, to
riib, perhaps in allusion to the polished spike.)
1. T. dactyloides L. Culms 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves
3 dm. or more long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide; spikes 2-3
togetlier at the summit, when their contiguous sides
are more or less flattened, or solitary and terete ;
, — Moist soil, Ct. to Kan., s. to Fla. and Tex. July,
2. ROTTBOELLIA L. f.
Spikelets in pairs in the excavations at the nodes of a cylindrical articulated
axis ; one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, with its pedicel adnate
to the rhachis ; glumes of the perfect spikelet awnless, the
first coriaceous and covering the excavation in the rhachis,
the second thinner, boat-shaped ; sterile lemma empty or
with a rudimentary flower, and, like the lemma and palea,
hyaline ; glumes of sterile spikelet membranaceous. — Peren-
nials with flat narrow leaves, and single cartilaginous spikes
which disarticulate at maturity, terminating the stem and
branches ; chiefly subtropical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Bott-
boell, an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote
much upon Gramineae, Cyperaceae, etc. )
1. R. nigbsa Nutt. Culms tufted, com-
pressed, 6-12 dm. high ; sheaths flattened ;
leaves 5-10 mm. wide ; spikes 2-7 cm. long.,
the lateral ones on short clustered branches in
the axils, often partly included in inflated
sheaths ; first glume of fertile spikelet trans-
versely rugose. {Manisuris Ktze. ) — Low pine
barrens, Del. and southw., near the coast.
Aug., Sept. Fig. 47.
2. R. cylindrica (Michx.) Torr. Culms
terete from a short rootstock ; leaves 2-3 mm.
wide ; spikes slender^ usually curved, 5-15 cm. long, terminating
the culm, on elongated axillary peduncles; sterile spikelet rudi-
mentary : first glume of fertile spikelet obscurely pitted longi-
tudinally. (Majiisiiris Ktze.) — Prairies, Mo. and southw. June-Aug. Fig. 48.
47. K. rugosa.
Base of inflorescence
Part of same wth fer-
tile and pediceled
sterile spikelet sep-
arated X '2.
Fertile spikelet x 2.
Its tlower removed
x2.
Lemma x 2.
Is. i;
oviindrica
x2.
3. ERIANTHUS Michx. Woolly Beard Grass
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pediceled, along the articulate and
readily disjointing rhachis, both alike, perfect ; glumes sul)equa,l, firm-membra-
naceous, the first dorsally flattened, more or less bicarlnafo, the second keeled
above ; sterile lemma empty, hyaline, awnless ; fertile lemma with an awn 1-2 cm
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 93
long ; palea minute, nerveless. — Tall and stout reed-like perennials, with elon-
gated flat leaves, racemes crowded in a panicle and clothed with long silky h^irs,
especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from
€piov, icool, and avdos,Jloicer).
* Aicn terete^ straight.
■^ Hairs at base ofspikelets copious, as long as the glumes or longer ; panicle-uxis
and upper part of culm densely appressed-villous.
++ Panicle loose and open;, hairs longer than the glumes.
1. E. saccharoides Michx. Calm 1-2 m. high, usually with a dense ring of
appressed hairs at the nodes ; leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide, villous ; panicle tawny or
purple. — Moist ground, N. J. and southw., rare.
Sept., Oct. Fig. 49.
-t-t--*-^ Panicle dense and compact ; hairs about as long
as the glumes.
2. E. compactus Nash. Culm 1-3 m. high, villous
at the nodes ; blades 6-12 mm. wide, usually villous
only on the upper surface near the base ; panicle
tawny. — Moist gi'ound, N. J. and southw. Aug. ,
Sept.
t--*- Hairs at base of spikelets rather sparse or inant- ^^le^^^^
ing, shorter than the glumes; culm and axis of 49 e. saccharoides x 1 1/2-
panicle glabrous or sparsely villous.
3. E. brevibarbis Michx. Culm 1-2 m. high, sparingly villous at the nodes ;
sheaths glabrous ; blades 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle purple, narrow, the
branches appressed, sparingly silky, appearing striate from the stiff straight
awns. — Moist ground, Del. and southw. Sept., Oct.
** Awn flattened and twisted.
H- Panicle pale, axis very villous ; basal hairs copious, exceeding the glumes.
4. E. divaricatus (L.) Hitchc. Culm 1.5-3 m. high, nodes and upper portion
appressed-villous ; sheaths glabrous ; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. wide ; panicle loose, silkj'.
{E. alopecuroides Ell.) — Moist ground, N. J. to Ga., w. to Ky. and s. Mo. Sept.
■^■^ Panicle dark, axis sparsely villous; basal hairs rather sparse, scarcely
as long as the glumes.
5. E. cont6rtus Baldw. Culm 1-2 m. high, nodes soon glabrous ; sheaths
glabrous ; leaves 5-15 mm. wide ; panicle naiTow, less silky than in the preceding.
— Low meadows, Va. to Ky., and southw.
4. ANDR0P6G0N [Royen] L. Beard Grass
Spikelets in pairs (one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, often
rudimentar\ ) at each joint of the articulate rhachis ; glumes of fertile spikelet
subequal, indurated, the first dorsally flattened, with a strong nerve near each
margin, the midnerve faint ; second glume keeled above ; first lemma empty,
hyaline ; fertile lemma membranaceous or hyaline, awned ; palea hyaline,
sometimes obsolete. — Tall tufted perennials; spikes lateral and terminal, the
rhachis and usually the pedicels long-villous with silky hairs (whence the name,
composed of dvijp, man, and iriiycjv, beard.)
Eacemes solitary ; joints of the rhachis clavate 1. A. scoparius.
Kacemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the rhachis not clavate.
Pedicellate spikelet reduced to the pedicel or the glumes only ; racemes
usually subtended by a foliaceous spathe (the upper sheath) ; rhachis-
joints very slender.
Racemes not 'ong-er than the spathe, which incloses the common peduncle.
Branches of inflorescence in a dense terminal corymbiforin cluster . 2. A. glomeratus.
Branches of inriorescence scattered along the culms . . . . S. A. virginicus.
Racemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond the spathes.
Fpper sheaths inflated : racemes delicate, flexuous" A. A. Ellioltii.
Upper sheaths not inflated ; racemes stouter, strict 5. A. tern(irluf>
Pedicellate spikelet staminate, with glumes and lemmas . . . . 6. A. furcain*.
9i
GRAMIXEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
§ 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM (Nees) Trin. Racemes solitary; joints of the rhachis
clavate.
1. A. scoparius Michx. Culms tufted, 4-12 dm. high ;
branches single or in pairs from the upper sheaths ; sheaths
glabrous or hairy ; blades often hairy above near the base ;
racemes slender, 2-6 cm. long, joints and sterile pedicels
hairy on the margins ; sterile spikelet a single awn-pointed
glume, 2-4 mm. long ; fertile spikelet about 7 mm. long ;
awn bent and twisted. — Dry ground, N. B. to Sask., and
southw. July-Sept. Fig. 50.
Var. littoralis (Nash) Hitchc. Culms in large tufts ; the
innovations and lower sheaths strongly compressed, glaucous.
(A. littoralis Nash.) — Sand dunes along the coast, N. Y. and
southw.
50. A. scoparius.
Two spikelets x 1%.
§ 2. CAMPYLOMtSCHUS Fourn. Bacemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the
rhachis not clavate.
* Pedicellate spikelet sterile, consisting of 1-2 glumes or reduced to a pedicel.
-t- Spathes equaling or exceeding the racemes ; sheaths keeled.
2. A. glomeratus (Walt.) BSP. Culms stout, 0.5-1.5 m.high, leafy; sheaths
usually sparsely hirsute; inflorescence bushy branched at the summit of the culm ;
spathes very scabrous; racemes 2; the slender joints of the
rhachis and the sterile pedicel clothed with long silky hairs.
{A. macrourus Michx.; A. corymbosus Nash.) — Sandy
ground near the coast, Mass. and southw. Sept., Oct.
3. A. virginicus L. Culms rather slender, 5-12 dm. high,
sparingly branched above ; sheaths smooth or somewhat hir-
sute on the margin ; blades usually hirsute above near the
base ; spathes smooth ; racemes 2 or 3, slender ; hairs long
and silky. — Open ground, Mass. to 111., Fla., and Tex.
Fig. 51.
51. A. virffinicus.
•*- -t- Bacemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond
the spathes.
4. A. Elli6ttii Chapm. Culms in tufts, flattened at base,
5-10 dm. high; lower sheaths and leaves appressed-hirsute
or becoming nearly glabrous, upper sheaths aggregated and
much enlarged; racemes usually 2, very slender, flexuous,
softly and loosely silky; spikelets 4 mm. long. — Dry sandy
or gravelly soil, Del. to Mo., and southw. Sept., Oct.
5. A. ternarius Michx. Culms some-
what stouter and taller than in the pre-
ceding ; sheaths usually smooth, the upper
sheaths not crowded nor enlarged (or the Three snikere't
•upper one only somewhat enlarged) ; ra-
cemes 2 or 3, stouter, more strict, densely silky; s)rikelets
6 mm. long. (A. argyraeus Schultes.) — Dry sandy soil,
Del. to Tenn., and southw. Aug. -Oct.
* * Pedicellate spikelet staminate ; racemes 2-6 on a long
exserted peduncle ; rhachis-joints stout.
6. A. furcatus Muhl. Culms robust, in large tufts,
52 A. furcatus X iV 1-1«5 m. high, branching from the upper nodes; sheaths
^ glabrous ; blades elongated, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the
margins and often hirsute on the upper surface near the base ; racemes 5-12 cm,
long, stout, usually purplish ; rhachis-joints and pedicels hairy on the sides and
at the summit ; sessile spikelets 8-0 mm. long ; staminate si)ikelet slightly longer.
— Dry open ground, Me. to Sask., and southw. Fig. 52.
GRAMINEAK (gUASS FAMILY) 95
5. SORGHASTRUM Nash
Spikelets sessile at each joint of the slender rhachisof the peduncled racemes,
which are reduced to 2 or 8 joints, the sterile spikelets reduced (in our species)
to hairy pedicels; glumes indurated as in Andropogon; sterile lemma thinly
hyaline, the fertile lemma reduced to hyaline appendages to the strong awn ;
palea obsolete. — Perennial grasses with tall stout culms, the racemes arranged in
open panicles. (Named from its resemblance to Sorghum.)
1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. (Indiax Grass, Wood Grass.) Culm simple,
1-2 m. high ; leaves 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous, glaucous ; sheaths
smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, at first open, contracted after
flowering, 1-3 dm. long ; the spikelets lanceolate, at length
drooping, yellowish or reddish brown and shining, clothed,
especially toward the base, with fawn-colored hairs ; the
twisted awn longer than the spikelet. (Andropogon L. ; Chryso-
pogon Benth.) — Dry soil, Me. to Man., and southw. Fig. 5M.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Johnson Grass, a more
robust plant, is found as an escape or a weed, chiefly along
the southern border of our range. It differs from Sorghastrum
in having two pediceled spikelets (of the group of three) stami- ^ s.iuuans xi.
nate or empty ; and in having a more spreading panicle and a " '
firmer lemma. This is thought by some to be the original of the cultivated
sorghums, (Introd. from Eu.)
6. DIGITARIA Scop. Finger Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, lanceolate-elliptic, sessile or short-pediceled, solitary
or in 2's or 3's, in two rows on one side of a continuous narrow or winged
rhachis, forming simple slender racemes which are aggregated toward the summit
of the culm ; glumes 1-3-nerved, the first sometimes obsolete ; sterile lemma
5-nerved ; fertile lemma leathery-indurated, papillose-striate, with a hyaline mar-
gin not inroUed, inclosing a palea of like texture. — Annual, mostly weedy
grasses, with branching culms, thin leaves, and subdigitate inflorescence.
(Name from digitus^ a finger.) Stntherisma Walt.
* Bhachis of racemes with angles loingless ; first glume obsolete ; culms erect.
1. D. filif6rmis (L.) Koeler. Usually tufted, branching and leafy at the base ;
culms slender or almost filiform, 2-7 dm. high ; loioer sheaths hirsute ; blades
0.5-2 dm. long, 4 mm. or less wide (rarely wider), hirsute or glabrous on tlie
lower, scabrous on the upper surface ; racemes 1-5, unequal, 8-10 cm. (rarely
16 cm.) long, very slender; spikelets 1.7 mm. long, mostly in o's, appressed,
the second and third on slender flexuous pedicels ; glume and sterile lemma
densely or sparsely villous between the nerves with white gland-tipped hairs ;
the glume shorter and narrow, exposing the dark brown acute fertile lemma.
(Panicum L.) — Sterile or sandy soil, N. H. to Mich., I. T., and southw.
July-Sept.
2. D. vill5sa (Walt.) Ell. Similar to the preceding, usually taller, less slen-
der and more densely and constantly hirsute on the sheaths and on both sui'faccs
of the blades; racemes 2-8, more distant (sometimes 3 cm. apart), 5-20 cm
long, much interrupted totcard the base ; spikelet-clusters usually rather dis-
tant; spikelets 2.25 mm. long; the glume and sterile lemma densely matted-
villous between the nerves with gland-tipped hairs. — Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and
southw. July-Oct,
* * Bhachis of racemes with lateral angles winged; culms spreading.
-»- Pedicels terete ; first glume obsolete.
3. D. HUMiFfisA Pers. Glabrous; culms 1.5-4 'dm. high, much branched
below, ascending or nearly prostrate ; leaves 2-10 cm. long (rarely longer), 3-0
mm. wide ; racemes 2-0, aggregated, divergent, often curved, 3-10 cm. long ;
96 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
spikelets solitary or in 2's, 2.2 mm. long ; the glume and sterile lemma equals
densely short-villous between the nerves, as long as the dark hrownfertUc lerarua.
{Panicnm Uneare Krock ; F. glahrum Gaud.) — Cultivated and
waste ground, N. S. to S. Dak., and southw. Aug.-Oct. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 64.
4. D. ser6tina Michx. Extensively creeping, forming dense
mats ; the crowded sheaths pilose y blades 2-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm.
H T) h f wide, pilose on both surfaces; racemes 3-8, at the apex ot
' Sr>ikelet°xr^" ^scending branches (1-3 \lm. high), 3-10 cm. long; spikelets
mostly in 2's, 1.6 mm. long, sparsely pubescent between the
nerves; the glume scarcely \ as long as the pale fertile lemma. {Panicnm
Trin.) — Low sandy ground near the coast, s. Pa., Del., and southw. Juue-Aug.
-»- •»- Pedicels sharply angled; first glume present, minute.
5. D. sanguinXlis (L.) Scop. (Crab Grass.) Culms erect or ascending
from a decumbent often creeping base, 3-12 dm. long ;
nodes and sheaths more or less papillose-hirsute ; blades
lax, 5-12 cm. long, 4—10 mm. wide, scabrous, often more
or less pilose ; racemes 3-12, subfasciculate, 5-18 cm.
long ; spikelets in pairs, 3-3.5 mm. long, usually appressed-
pubescent between the smooth or scabrous nerves ; second
glume about \ as long as the pale or grayish fertile lemma.
(PanicumJj.; Syntherisma fimbr lata ^a,sh.) — Cultivated 5,-,. d. sanguinalis.
and wa.ste grounds, throughout our range, and southw. Part of intiorescence X14.
Aug.-Oct Very variable. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 55. Spikelets x 3.
7. LEPTOLOMA Chase
Spikelets 1 -flowered, fusiform, solitary on long capillary 3-angled pedicels;
first glume obsolete or very minute, the second 3-nerved, nearly as long as the
5-7-nerved sterile lemma ; fertile lemma cartilaginous-indurated, papillose, witli
a delicate hyaline margin not inrolled. inclosing a palea of like texture ; grain
free within the lemma and palea. — Tufted perennials, with flat leaves and very
diffuse terminal panicles, which break away at maturity and become tumble-
weeds. (Name from Xewros, delicate, and \Q/xa, border, in reference to the
hyaline margins of the lemma.)
1. L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. (Fall Witch Grass.) Pale gi'een, much
branched at the base, erect or geniculate below, very brittle, 3-7 dm. high ;
lower sheaths j^ilose, the upper usually glabrous ; ligule membranaceous, 1 mm.
long ; blades 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rather rigid, usually glabrous, scabrous
on the margins ; panicle \-^ the entire height of the plant, short-exserted, very
diffuse, as broad as long or broader ; the capillary scabrous subflexuous
branches at first ascending, soon widely spreading, naked below, pilose in the
axils ; spikelets on scabrous pedicels, 1-4 cm. long, acuminate, 2.7-^3 mm. long ;
glume and sterile lemma icith a stripe of appressed silky pubescence betioeen the
nerves and on the margins, or the hairs becoming loose and spreading esperiaUy
on the margins, very variable in the same panicle ; fruit acuminate, chestnut,
the margins of the lemma white. (Panicum Schultes ; P. autiimnale Bosc.)
-^ Dry soil and sand hills, N. H. to Fla. ; 111. to Minn., southw. and south westw.
8. AMPHICARPON Kunth
Spikelets l-flo*vered, of 2 kinds, one in a terminal panicle, perfect but not
fruitful, the other subterranean, cleistogamous. on slender leafless stems at the
base of the culm ; the first glume of the aerial spikelets variable in size or obso-
lete ; the .second and tlie sterile lemma subequal ; lennna and palea indurated,
margins of lemma neither hyaline nor inrolled ; cleistogamous spikelets umch
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
97
sterile lemma
subrigid
larger, glumes many-nerved ;
fertile lemma and palea much indurated, acuminate,
margins of lemma neither hyaline nor inrolled. — Erect
annuals or perennials with flat leaves. (Name from
ifxcpiKapTTos, doublij fruit-hfaring.)
1. A. Purshii Kunih. Annual ; culms erect, branch-
ing, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths and blades coarsely hispid;
terminal panicle contracted ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ;
fertile spikelets solitary, about 6 mm. long, at the ends
3f the slender subterranean branches. (Milium Amphi-
".arpon Pursh ; A. Amphicarpon Nash.) — Moist sandy
pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept. Fig. 56.
9. PASPALUM L.
56. A. Purshii.
Sterile spikelet closed x z
Same wide open x 2.
Basal fertile spikelet,
partly open x 2.
Spikelets 1-flowered, plano-convex, nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, in 2
rows on one side of a continuous narrow or dilated rhachis, forming simple spike-
like racemes ; spikelets placed with the back of the fertile lemma toward the
rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; lemma and palea chartaceous-
indurated, margins of the lemma inrolled. — Perennials, with 1-several racemes
digitate or racemose at the summit of the culm and branches. {IlacnrdXos, a
Greek name for millet. )
a. Raceme? 1-several. 1 terminal and oft«n 1 or more lateral &.
If. Rhachis membranaceous, 2 mm. or more broad.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, elliptical, pubescent ....
Spikelets 2 mm. long, oval, glabrous
b. Rhachis narrow, not membranaceous, less than 1 mm. broad
(except in P. Boscianum) c.
c. AxUlary peduncles 1 or more from uppermost sheath ; leaves
ciliate on the margin d.
d. Spikelets 2 mm. long e.
e. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces .....
e. Leaves pubescent on one or both surfaces f.
f. Spikelets glabrous.
Leaves densely long-pubescent.
Culm hirsute below raceme
Culm glabrous
Leaves puberulent and someMmes sparsely villous .
f, Spikelets pubescent ; leaves short-pubescent.
Culms erect
Culms prostrate • .
d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long.
Spikelets glabrous
Spikelets pubescent
C. Axillary peduncles none g.
g. Spikelets glabrous h.
h. Spikelets singly disposed so as to appear in 1-2 rows.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long.
Plants glabrous or sparingly pilose.
Leaf-blades of culm 1-2" dm. long; racemes 3-5
cm. long
Leaf-blades of culm 2-4 dm. long ; racemes 8-10
cm. long ........
Plants with pubescent sheaths and blades .
Spikelets 3 mm. long; sheaths papillose-hirsute .
Spikelets 4 mm. long.
Leaf-blades less than 1.5 dm. long ....
Leaf-blades 2-i dm. long
h. Spikelets in pairs so as to appear in four rows.
Spikelets stramineous at maturity
Spikelets dark brown at maturity
g. Spikelets ciliate
a. Racemes a pair at the summit of the culm ....
1. P. mitcronaium.
2. P. dissecium.
5. P. ciliatifolium.
6. P. puhescens.
T. P. MuhJenhergii,
8. P. fiirarainenra.
9. P. Bmhii.
10. P. psammophilum.
3. P. longipedunculatv/m
4. P. setaceinn.
11. P. laeve.
12. P. angustifolium
1-3. P. pleniinlum.
14. P. circular e.
16. P. difforme.
15. P. Jloridanum.
17. P. laeriglume.
18. P. BoHcianum.
19. P. dilatatum.
20. P. difftichurn.
* Bacemes with a broad, thin-memhranaceous, or foJinceons and keeled, rhachis,
2 mm. wide or more, the incurved margins partly inclosing the small 2-rowed
spikelets. (Aquatic or nearly so. decumbent or lioating.)
1. P. mucronatum Muhl. Sheaths papillose-hirsute or nearly smooth, in-
flated ; blades lanceolate, 2.iv-15 cm. long, 6-14 mm. loide. scabrous; racemes
10-50, finally spreading ; rhachis extending beyond the spikelets, which are elUp-
gray's manual — 7
98 GRAMTNEAE (ORASS FAMILY)
ticnl, about 1-5 mm. loiiff, sporseh/ pnhesront vnth minutely glandular hairs
{P. ftuitans Kll.) — In water ov umd, Va. to Okla., and soutliw.
2. P. diss^ctum L. Sheaths f?labrous ; blades l-o cm. long, 2-4 mm. umle ;
racemes 3-7 ; spikelets oval, glabrous, 2-2.8 irvni. long. (P. membranaceum
Walt. ; P. Walterianum Schultes.) — Wet places, N. J. to s. 111., and soutliw.
* * Bacemes with a narrow wingless rhachis ; sheaths compressed.
-t- One raceme terminal, often l-several lateral.
r* One or more naked raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath;
culms tufted, often reclining; racemes slender, often curved; spikelets in
pairs, 1.5-2 mm. long, broadly oval or obovate ; leaves ciliate on the margin.
= Spikelets 1.5 mm. long.
3. P. longipedunculatum Le Conte. Culms reclining, 3-5 dm. long ; leaves
mostly near the base, 3-9 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, midnerve and margins ciliate ;
sheaths pilose at the throat ; racemes 1 or 2, 3-6 cm. long, usually curved, on
long slender peduncles ; spikelets glabrous. — Sandy soil, Ky. and south w.
4. P. setaceum Michx. Culms slender, erect or ascending, 4-6 dm. high,
smooth ; sheaths hirsute, especially the lower ones ; blades about 1-2 dm. long,
2-6 mm. wide (upper reduced), densely pubescent ; racemes slender, usually
single, long-peduncled, 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets ovate, finely intbescent and
glandular-spotted. — Dry sandy fields and pine barrens, N. H. to Neb., Fla., and
Tex. Aug. -Oct.
= = Spikelets 2 mm. long.
a. Spikelets glabrous.
5. P. ciliatifblium Michx. Erect, 4-8 dm. high; leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long,
6-15 mm. wide, glabrous; racemes usually single, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets
about 2 mm. long, glabrous, green. — Sandy soil, Md. to Fla., and Miss.
6. P. pubescens Muhl. Culms slender, erect, 4-8 dm. high, hirsute below
the racemes; sheaths usually glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide,
long -pubescent on both surfaces; racemes usually single; spikelets 2 min. long,
glabrous. — Fields and dry woods, N. Y. to Del., Miss., and Tex. Aug., Sepi.
7. P. Muhlenbergii Nash. Culms more robust than in the preceding,
spreading or reclining, glabrous ; sheaths pubescent or nearly glabrous ; blades
hardly 2 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, long-pubescent on both surfaces; racemes
usually single ; spikelets 2 mm. long, glabrous. — Fields and sandy soil, N. H. to
Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Aug.- Oct.
8. P. stramineum Nash. Culms spreading or prostrate, 2-8 dm. long;
sheaths ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous or the lowest pubescent ; blades
about 1 dm. long, crinkly on the ciliate margin, finely pubescent, often with a
few scattered long hairs; racemes 1-3 (mostly 2), 4-10 cm. long; spikelets
straw-colored, 2 mm. long, orbicular, smooth. — Sandy soil, Neb. to Mo. and
southw. July-Sept.
a a. Spikelets pubescent.
0. P. Biishii Nash. Culms erect, 8-10 dm. high ; lower sheaths pubescent, the
upper pilose on the margin only ; blades 5-20 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, softly
and densely pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 2 or 3, 10-12 cm. long;
spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long, oval, densely pubescent. — Dry soil. Neb. to Mo., and
Tex. Aug.
TO. P. psamm6philum Nash, Culms prostrate; similar to P. stramineum
but sheaths, both surfaces of the blades, and the oval spikelets .softly and densely
pubescent; leaves averaging a little longer. {P. prostratum Nash., not Scribn.
& Merr.) —Sandy soil, s. N. Y. to Del. Aug., Sept.
•w- H-v No lateral peduncle ; culms stout and often tall,
= Spikelets obtuse, glabrous.
a. Spikelets singly disposed.
11. P. ladve Michx. Culms spreading or prostrate, 3-6 dm. long; plant
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 99
glabrous, or the upper surface of the leaf-blades (1-2 dm. long) with a few hairs ;
racemes 2-3, 3-5 cm. long ; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. — 8andy soil, Md. to
Fla. and Tex. Fig. 57. Var. ai;strale Nash. Leaves hairy
on the dipper surface., sheaths hirsute on the margin. — Va. to
Fla. and Miss.
12. P. angustifolium Le Conte. Culms erect or spreading,
glabrous, averaging taller than the preceding ; sheaths glabrous
or somewhat pilose, especially on the margin ; blades elongated
(2-4 dm.), often sparingly pilose on upper surface; racemes 8-5,
longer than in the preceding, G-10 cm. long, spjreading. — iSandy
soil, Md. to Fla., Kan., and Tex.
13. P. plenipilum Nash. Resembles P. laeve ; but usually
taller (5-10 dm.), erect or spreading; anc^ pilose on sheaths
and blades ; racemes 2-4, 4-8 cm. long. (P. praelongum sT. P. laeve x Va-
Nash.) — Fields and open ground, N. J. to Fla., Ala., and Mo. Spikelets y-'iy^-
14. P. circulare Nash. Culms 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths
sparsely papillose-hirsute vnth ascending hairs; blades 2-3 dm, long, 5-8 mm.
wide, sparsely hirsute on the upper surface, usually glabrous on the lower ;
racemes 2-4, erect or ascending, 0-10 cm. long ; spikelets orbicular., about 3 mm.
long. — Open moist ground, N. Y. and Mo., south w.
15. P. floridanum Michx. Cidms robust., 1-2 m. high., from a stout scaly
rootstock, glabrous; sheaths hirsute; blades 3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide,
hirsute on both surfaces; racemes usually 2-4, stout, erect or ascending, 7-12
cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long. — Low ground, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Var. GLABRATUM Engelui. Glabrous and often glaucous ; racemes often 4-7.
(P. ariuidinaceum Poir.) — Del. to s. Kan., and soutliw.
16. P. diff6rme Le Conte. Similar to the preceding, less robust, glaucous ;
culms 5-10 dm. high, leafy at the base; sheaths often papillose-hirsute near the
summit; blades 12-lo cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide (the uppermost much reduced),
glabrous or sparsely hirsute ; racemes 2-3 (rarely 4), ascending, 3.5-8 cm. long;
spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long. — Low sandy ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
a a. Spikelets in pairs, appearing 4:-seriate ; sterile lemma d-nerved ; culms
usucdly geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes.
17. P. laeviglutne Scribn. Culms stout, 5-15 dm. high, nodes pubescent;
sheaths usually pilose on the scarious margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades 1-3
dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, glabrous or with a few hairs at base ; racemes 4-8,
3-10 cm. long ; spikelets 3 mm. long, oho\a,te, stramineotis. — Moist fields and
wood-borders, Md. and Ky. to N. C. and Tex. Sept., Oct.
18. P. Boscianum Flligge. Culms stout, 5-12 dm. high ; sheaths lax, gla-
brous, or the lower pubescent; blades 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, gla-
brous or hirsute near base ; racemes numerous, 2-6 cm. long, with a winged
rhachis 2 mm. wide ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; glume and sterile lemma brownish ;
fruit dark brown. — Low woodlands, and along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
Aug., Sept.
= = Spikelets acute, ciliate.
19. P. dilatatum Poir. Culms stout, 5-17 dm. high, growing in clumps;
glabrous throughout except the densely crowded spikelets ; leaves elongated,
4-10 mm. wide; racemes 2-10, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat .spreading; spikelets
3 mm. long, ovate ; glume and sterile lemma long-ciliate. — In meadows, waste
ground, and along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
•»-■«- Racemes a pair at the summit of the culm.
20. P. distichum L. Creeping and rooting at the nodes, with ascending culms,
1-6 dm. high ; leaves short, usually crowded, sometimes sparsely hairy on the
margins; racemes 3-5 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, 2.5-3 mm. long,
ovate, acute, sparsely pubescent ; first glume occasionally present. (Digitaria
paspalodps Michx.) — Ditches and muddy or sandy shores, Va. to Fla., and
westw. June-Oct.
100 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
10. AXONOPUS Beauv.
Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed bi-convex, sessile, solitary in two rows on one
side of a flattened rhacliis (which is naked in ours), placed with the back of the
fertile lemma turned from the rhachis, forming simple spikes ; first glume obso-
lete ; lemma and palea indurated but less so than usual in Paspalum, margins
of the lemma inroUed. — Perennials with 2-several slender spikes digitate or
sub-digitate at the summit of the culm. (Name from a^wv^ axis; and ttoi/s,
foot.) Anastrophus Schlecht.
1. A. furcatus (Fliigge) Hitchc. Tufted, soft, 3-10 dm. high, with long
creeping leafy stolons ; leaves obtuse ; racemes a pair at the summit of the culm,
7-10 cm. long ; spikelets acute, nearly glabrous, about 4 mm. long. {Paspalus
Fliigge ; P. Elliottii Wats.) — Low moist ground, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
11. PANICUM L. Panic Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered or rarely with a staminate flower below the terminal
perfect one, in panicles, rarely in racemes ; glumes very unequal, the first often
minute, the second subequal to the sterile lemma which often Incloses a hyaline
palea and rarely a staminate flower ; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous-in-
durated. nerves obsolete, the margins of the lemma inrolled ; grain free within
the rigid firmly closed lemma and palea. — Annuals or perennials of various
habit. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian millet, Setaria italica, of uncer-
tain origin and meaning. )
a. Annuals b.
b. Spikelets tuberculate 2. P. verrucosum.
b. Spikelets smooth c.
c. Plants glabrous , 8. P. dichotomifiorum.
C. Plants more or less hispid d. — Capillaeia.
d. Panicle erect, spikelets not over 3.5 mm. long e
e. Panicle more than half the length of the entire plant.
Panicle diffuse ; spikelets 2->2..o mm. long . . . . 3. P. capillare.
Panicle narrow : spikelets S-:?.. 5 mm. long . . . .5. P. flexile,
e. Panicle not over one third the length of the entire plant.
Culms stout; blades about 1 cm. wide 4. P. Gatiingeri.
Culms delicate ; blades not over 6 mm. wide . ... 6. P. philadelphicum
d. Panicle drooping ; spikelets 5 mm. long 1. P. rniliaceum.
a. Perennials /.
/. Spikelets short-pediceled along one side of a rhachis forming spike-
like racemes \. P. hemitomum.
/. Spikelets in panicles g. ,
g. Basal leaves similar to culm-leaves, not forming a winter ro-
sette ; culms simple or sometimes producing panicles from the
upper nodes h.
h. Spikelets long-pediceled. — Virgata.
Branches of panicle spreading 11. P. virgatum.
Branches of panicle ascending.
Spikelets 4..o mm. long ; leaves crowded at base of culm . 9. P. amarum.
Spikelets 6 mm. long ; leaves not crowded at base of culm 10. P. amaroides.
h. Spikelets short-pediceled along the main branches of the pan-
icle i. — .Vgrostoidia.
i. Rootstocks present 16. P. anceps.
i. Rootstocks absent ; plants compressed at the leafy base.
Fruit stipitate ; spikelets conspicuously secund . . .14. P. stipitatum.
Fruit not stijntate ; si)ikelets not conspicuously secund.
Spikelets 2 mm. long, crowded ; a few long hairs on the
pedicels 13. P. agrosioideg.
Spikelets 2. .5-3 mm. long ; no hairs on the pedicels.
Panicles few -flowered, brandies spreading . . .12. P. loyigifolirtm.
Panicles densely flowered, branches erect . . .15. P. condensum,
g. Basal leaves usually distinctly different from the culm-leaves,
forming a winter rosette ; culms simple in spring but usually •
much branched later in the season ; secondary panicles smaller,
less e.Ksertcd than the primary _;. — Diohotoma.
j. Spikelets % mm. or more long k.
k. Leaves linear-elongated, not over 5 mm. wide ; secondary pan-
icles at the base only.
Spikelets pointed 17. P. depanperntum.
Spikelets blunt, t t • • t • t . . IS. P. perlongum.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
101
k. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, more than 5 mm.
wide, or if narrower not conspicuously elongated l.
L Blades more than 1.5 cm. wide 7)i.
in. Spikelets 3 mm. long ; at least the lower sheaths papillose-hispid 71. P. clandestinum.
m. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long.
Nodes bearded ; plants often pubescent.
Blades lanceolate, thick, glabrous above, densely papillose-
pubescent beneath . . . . '. . . 65. P. Ravenelii.
Blades ovate-lanceolate, thin ; pubescence when present
soft 72. P. Boscii.
Nodes not bearded ; plants glabrous or nearlv so.
Panicle spreading ; blades 2.5 cm. or more wide . . 73. P. latifoUum.
Panicle narrow ; blades rarely over l.S cm. wide . . 66. P. xaitihophysum.
I. Blades not over 1.5 cm. wide n.
11. Panicle narrow ; blades erect.
Plants glabrous or nearly so 66. P. xanihophysum.
Plants papillose-hispid.
Spikelets not over 3 mm. long 67. P. Wilcoxianum.
Spikelets 4 mm. long 64. P. Leibergii.
n. Panicle spreading, about as wide as long o.
o. Spikelets 3 mm. long: blades l.'2-'2 dm. long.
Blades ciliate, glaucous, smooth 59. P. mutahile.
Blades not ciliate. green, scabrous TO. P. aculeatum.
O. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long : blades not over 1 dm. long.
Nodes bearded ; ligule 3^ mm. long 65. P. Ravenelii.
Nodes not bearded ; ligule 1-2 mm. long.
Spikelets obovoid-turgid, blunt ; pubescence spread-
ing G3. P. Scrihnerianum
Spikelets narrowly obovoid, subacute ; pubescence
appressed 62. P. oligosanthes.
g. Spikelets less than 3 Lim. long p.
p. Spikelets glabrous </.
q. Spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long.
Plants pubescent 22. P. strigonum.
Plants glabrous, except bearded nodes 81. P. microcarpon.
q. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long r.
r. Spikelets 2 mm. long.
Spikelets obovoid-turgid ; culms crisp-puberulent . . 60. P. lancearium.
Spikelets elliiitlcal ; culms glabrous.
Autumnal state erect, branched like a httle tree; second
glume shorter than the fruit and sterile lemma . . 27. P. dichotomum.
Autumnal state topheavy-reclining ; fruit covered by
second glume and sterile lemma 28. P. bayhulatum.
Autumnal state widei ■ trailing: second glume and
sterile lemma shorter than the ii-uit .... 30. P. lucidum.
r. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long.
Culms 2-4 dm. high ; second glume and sterile lemma
equaling fruit 26. P. Bickjiellii.
Culms 5-12 dm. high: second glume and sterile lemma
forming a point beyond the fruit 29. P. yadkiiiense.
p. Spikelets pubescent ■«.
s. Blades elongated, not over 5 mm. wide ; secondary panicles
from the base onlv, or none.
Sheaths glabrous . " 20. P. Werneri,
Sheaths pilose.
Spikelets turgid, blunt ; panicle-branches ascending ;
culms few in a tuft \%. P. perlongum.
Spikelets subacute ; panicle-branches spreading ; culms
numerous in a tuft 19. P. Hyiearifoliiim.
9. Blades usually not consjiicuously elongated ; secondary
panicles not at the base t.
t. Spikelets obovate-turgid, blunt, attenuate at base.
Spikelets 2 mm. long 25. P. aciculare.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long.
Spikelets not papillose ; culms glabrous . . . .26. P. Bicknellii.
Spikelets rugose-papillo.se : culms pubescent, at least below.
Nodes bearded : panicle-branches ascending . , . 24. P. cottmnguineum
Nodes not bearded : panicle-branches spreading . . 23. P. angusti/olium.
t. Spikelets not attenuate at base «.
u. Sheaths conspicuously retrorse-pilose ; culms simple, form-
ing soft tufts • 21. p. aalapense.
u. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose v.
v. Sheaths, or all but the lowest, glabrous w.
w. Ligule 2-5 mm. long.
Spikelets 2.2 mm. long 47. P. tcoparioides.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long.
Panicle not more than half as wide as long :
spikelets ellij>tic 35. P. upreium.
Panicle about as wide as long; spikelets obovoid 36. P. Lindheimeri.
J 02
GR AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY)
to. Llgnle less than 1 mm. lonj? x.
X. Blades velvety on both surfaces; nodes bearded
aj. Blades not velvety ; nodes not bearded y
84. P. annulttm.
y. Culms crisp-puberulent 58. P. Ashei.
y. Culms glabrous z.
54. P. ensifolium.
56. P. polyanthes.
57. P. commutatum.
P. horenle.
P. mattamuskeeienae
P. Ashei,
P. lancearium.
patulum.
P. scoparium,
P. lanuginosum.
P. auburn e.
P. Wilcoxianum.
P. ovale.
69. P. scabriuactUum.
Spikelets 1.5-l.S mm. long.
Culm-blades not over 2 cm. long ; spikelets elliptical
Culm-blades 6-20 cm. long; spikelets spheroidal.
Panicle not more than half as wide as long; blades
strongly nerved
Panicle nearly as wide as long ; blades not
strongly nerved 55. P. sphaerocarpoii
e. Spikelets 2.2-2. S mm. long.
Blades cordate, 1.2-2 cm. wide ....
Blades not cordate, 0.6-1.2 cm. wide.
Blades erect ; fruit covered 32.
Blades spreading ; fruit exposed at summit . . 33.
V, Sheaths pubescent a.
a. Sheaths puberulent, not pilose.
Spikelets elliptical, 2.6 mm. long 58.
Spikelets obovoid-turgid, 2 mm. long.
Plants erect or spreading ; blades glabrous above . . 60.
Plants prostrate or creeping ; blades puberulent on both
surfaces 61. P.
a. Sheaths spreading- or ajtpressed-pilose or velvety 6.
b. Plants grajish-velvety througnout.
Spikelets 2.6 mm. long . . 68.
Spikelets 1.8 mm. long 44.
Spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long, very turgid , . ,45.
b. Plants not velvety c.
c. Spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long.
Blades papillose-hirsute on both surfaces . . ,67.
Blades glabrous or sparsely silky above .... 49.
c. Spikelets less than 2.5 mm. long d.
d, Spikelets ovate, pointed; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long; pani-
cle 1.2-2.5 dm. long .......
d. Spikelets obovate or elliptical, blunt; blades and panicle
shorter e.
e. Pubescence spreading /.
/. Spikelets 2.2-2.4 mm. long.
Plants very villous ; autumnal state prostrate .
Plants papillose-hispid on sheaths and sparsely
hispid on blades; autumnal state erect .
/. Spikelets 1.3-1.9 mm. long g.
g. Blades stiff, glabrous above or with a few hairs
g. Blades pubescent above, or if glabrous lax h.
h. Upper surface of blades with erect hairs 3-5 mm,
Culms branching veiy early ; spikelets l.S-
1.9 mm. long
Culms branching after maturity of primary
panicle ; spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long.
Axis of panicle loag-jalose ....
Axis of panicle nearly glabrous . . .
fin Upper surface of blades with short or some-
what ai)pressed pubescence.
Blades stiff; spikelets obovate ....
Blades lax; spikelets elliptical (38) P.huachucae, y. silvicola.
t, Pnbesesnce not spreading i.
i. Culms crisp-puberulent or crisp-pubescent; ligule
nearly obsolete.
Spikelets 1.9 mm. long; blades 5-6 cm. long;
plants blue-green
Spikelets 1.7 mm. long; blades 3-5 cm. long;
plants gray -green
i. Culms with short or long appressed pubescence j.
j. Ligule obsolete or nearly so.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long
Spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long
$. Ligule 2-3 mm. long.
Pubescence on lower f heaths spreading
Pubescence on lower sheaths appressed.
Blades glabrous on ui)per surface; spikelets
1.2 mm. long
Blades pubescent on upper surface; spikelets
1.5-1.9 mm. long.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long; panicles not over
3 cm. long ......
Spikelets 1.9 mm. long; i)anicles 3-5 cm.
long ... • • . .
48.
P. mllosissirnum.
47.
P. scopar-ioides.
43.
P. iennesseense.
long.
46.
P. praecocius.
89.
40.
P. impUcatum.
P. meridionale.
88.
P. hnachxicae.
52. P. tHugetorum.
53. P. columbianum.
50.
51.
P.
P.
Commonsianum,
Addisonii.
40. P. meridionale.
87. P leucothrix.
41. P. oricola.
42. P. subciUo'iwm.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 103
§ 1. PASPALOtDEA Nash. Spikelets acute, glabrous, suhsessile in one-sided
racemes^ these racemose on an elongated axis.
1 P. hemitomum Seliultes, Culms thick, 9-12 din. long, rooting and
branching at tlie lower nodes ; sheaths loose, glabrous or hairy on the
margins ; blades 1-2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide ; panicle 1-2 dm. long, very-
narrow, the remote racemes appressed, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets
2.8 mm. long, lanceolate ; fruit less indurated and rigid than in true Panicum ;
palea not inclosed at the apex. (P. Curtisii Chapm. ; P. digitarioides Car-
penter.) — Ponds, Del. to Fla. and Tex.
§2. EUPAnICUM Gren. & Godr. Spikelets disposed in more or less spread-
ing panicles ; palea included at the summit.
* Verrcc6sa. — Spikelets tuberculate ; branching annuals^ rooting at the lower
nodes.
2. P. verruc5sum Muhl. Glabrous ; culms slender, spreading or ascending,
3-6 dm, high ; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, shining; panicle diffuse,
few-flowered, 0.7-2.5 dm. long (reduced panicles often pro-
duced from the base), branches capillary, spreading, spikelet-
bearing toward the ends ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, subacute ;
first glume about one fourth as long as the faintly nerved
loarty second glume and sterile lemma ; fruit apiculate. —
Moist sandy soil, Mass. to Fla. ; aiso in lud. at the s. end 53. p. vemicosum.
of L. Michigan. Fig. 58. _ Spikelet x 9.
** Capillaria. — Branching amiuals, hispid as a whole ; panicles diffuse ; spike-
lets glabroiis, strongly nerved; first glume about one half the length of the
second, broad, clasping the base of the spikelet, acute; second glume and
sterile lemma slightly or greatly exceeding the elliptical smooth and shining
fruit.
3. P. capillare L. (Old-witch Grass.) Culms stout, sparingly branched,
ascending ; sheaths and usually the leaves (5-15 mm. wide) copiously papillose-
hispid ; panicle very large and diffuse, often half the length of
the entire plant, included at base until maturity ; spikelets
2-2.5 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate,
exceeding the fruit. — Sandy soil, and as a weed in fields, N. S.
to B. C, and southw. Aug. -Oct. — At maturity lower panicle-
branches diverge and the panicles break away and act like tumble
Spikelets X 4 vveeus. xiu. .j.7.
' 4. P. Gattingeri Nash. Cidms widely spreading or decum-
bent, sometimes as much as 1 in. long, branching at all the nodes, the branches
again branching ; the numerotis exserted panicles oval, smaller and less diffuse
than in the preceding ; spikelets more turgid ; leaves less hirsute. (P. capillare,
var. campestre Gattinger. ) — Moist open ground. Me. to N. C, 111., and Mo. —
Depauperate plants forming very small prostrate mats occur in N. E. and N. Y.
5. P. fiexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, with a few
erect branches at base ; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long. 2-6 mm. wide, rarely wider, some-
times nearly glabrous, erect ; panicles usually one half the length of the entire
plant, narrowly oblong with ascending branches; spikelets o-3.5 mm. long,
solitary at the ends of the branchlets ; the long acuminate second glume and sterile
lemma one third longer than the fruit. — Moist sandy soil, Pa. and Mich., southw.
6. P. philadelphicum Bernh. Slender, erect or ascending, usually decum-
bent at base, freely branching, zigzag, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves less than 1 dm.
long, 2-6 mm, wide ; panicle about one third the entire height of the plant,
rather few-flowered, spikelets in 2's or sometimes solitary, at the ends of the
divergent flexuous branchlets, 1.7-1.8 mm. long; second glume and sterile
lemma acute, Jiarely exceeding the fruit. . (P minus Nash, according to descrip-
tion; P. minimuni Scribn. & Merr.) — Dry woods, clearings, and sandy shores,
Me. to I. T., and southw.
1U4 GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
7. P. MiLiXcEUM L. (European Millet.) Culms 2-5 dm. high, erect oi
decumbent; sheaths papillose-hispid; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 2.5 cm. or less
wide ; panicle dense, drooping at maturity ; spikelets ovoid, 5 mm. long, turgid.
— Waste places, Me. to Pa., westw. to Neb. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * * DiCHOTOMirLORv. — Branching annual, glabrous throughout.
8. P. dichotomiflorum Michx. Culms compressed, thick, suc-
culent, spreading or ascending from a decumbent base, 3-18 dm.
long ; leaves 2— A dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, scabrous above ; pan-
icles 1.2-4 dm. long, diffuse ; spikelets short-pediceled, mostly
secund toward the ends of the branchlets, 3 mm. long, acute ;
first glume obtuse, second and sterile lemma pointed beyond
. the fruit. (P. proliferum Am. auth. not Lam.) — Low waste
flormii!**^"^'' grounds and cultivated fields, Me. to Neb., and southw. July-
Spikelet x 3. ^ct. — Slender, depauperate, erect or prostrate specimens occur
in sterile ground. Fig. 60.
* * * * VirgXta. — Stout simple mostly glabrous perennials, with long-pediceled
spikelets and stout creeping rootstocks.
9. P. amarum Ell. Glaucous, caespitose in large bunches, 5-15 dm. high;
leaves crowded at the base, involute, the uppermost exceeding the contracted
panicle, which is 4-8 dm. long, the long slender branches erect; spikelets 4.5
mm. long; first glume |-| as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile
lemma pointed beyond the grayish fruit. — Sandy seashores, Va., and southw.
Aug., Sept. — Foliage bitter.
10. P. amaroides Scribn. & Merr. Glaucous; culms 5-8 dm. high, scattered
from a stout creeping rootstock ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, flat or somewhat involute;
panicle 1.5-4 dm. long, very narrow, the short branches appressed ; spikelets 6
mm. long; first glume | as long as the spikelet or more. (P. amarum, var.
minor Vasey & Scribn.) — Sandy seashores, Ct., and southw. Aug., Sept.
11. P. virgatum L. (Switch Grass.) Tufted, from strong creeping root-
stocks, 0.9-2 m. high, sometimes glaucous; leaves elongated, flat; panicles 1.5-
5 dm. long, nearly as vnde, the branches ascending or spreading,
naked at the base ; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long ; the second glume
and sterile lemma spreading and pointed, exceeding the fruit. —
Low open ground or salt marshes along the coast, also on prairies
in the interior, Me. to Man., and southw. — Very variable ; leaves
sometimes pilose above near the base ; marsh plants often very
luxuriant, with panicles G dm. or more long. Fig. 61.
Var. obtusum Wood. More slender, 1 m. high or less; leaves ^{- P- yirgatum.
not over 8 mm. wide; panicle 1.5 dm. long or less, rather nar- "' '
row; spikelets 3 mm. long; the second glume and sterile lemma blunt and
scarcely exceeding the fruit. (P. virgatum, var. breviramosum Nash.) — Sand
barrens, N. Y., N. J., and southw,
* # # * * AoROSTofDiA. — Erect perennials; spikelets lanceolate, pointed, short-
pediceled along the elongated main branches of the panicle ; fruit narrowly
elliptical, exceeded by the second glume and sterile lemma.
•*- Eootstocks absent ; plants tufted from a .short caudex, compressed at the leafy
base, glabrous.
12. P. longifolium Torr. Culms slender, 5-10 dm. high ; leaves flat or invo-
lute toward the ends, the uppermost often equaling the panicle, 3-5 mm. wide ;
panicle purplish, 1-2.5 dm. long, rather few-flowered; branches solitary or in
2's, remote, very slender, finally spreading, naked at the base ; spikelets 2.8-3
mm. long ; first glume \ as long as the second wliich exceeds the sterile lemma.
— Moist sandy ground, Ct. to I). C, and southw., mostly coastal. July-Sept,
13. P. agrostoides Spreng. Culms 4-10 duL high, rather stout; sheaths
loose ; ///rirr/r.s 2-.'!.o cm. long, flat. ().r»-l era. ii'lde ; ])aiiich' often i)nr|ilisli, obloni:
ovate, 1.5-3 dm. long, the stiff branches asce)idi)ig, naked at tlie base, with
GRAMINEAE (G El ASS FAMILY) 105
divergent densely flowered hranchlets mostly from the lower side ; spikelets2 mm.
long, crowded ; a few long hairs on the short pedicel ; second glume and sterile
lemma subequal. — Wet m.eadows and shores, Me. to Minn.,
and southw. Aug., Sept. Fig. 62.
14. P. stipitatum Nash. Similar to the preceding ; leaves
and panicles commonly dark purple, the latter narrower and
closer ; lateral panicles short-peduncled from the upper nodes ;
spikelets narrower, more pointed, distinctly secund upon the
hranchlets ; second glume longer than the sterile lemma; fruit 62. P. agrostoides.
stipitate ; no hairs at base of spikelets. — Moist soil, N. J. to Spikeiet x 5.
Ky. , and southw.
15. P. condensum Nash. Culms stout, 0.8-1.3 m. high, sometimes geniculate
below ; leaves 2.5-5 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, flat or folded ; panicle 1-3 dm.
long, narrowly oblong, the densely flowered branches erect or narroidy ascending^
the lower ones naked at the base ; smaller long-peduncied panicles often
produced from the upper nodes; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, rather turgid ; second
glume and sterile lemma subequal, the points usually spreading at maturity. —
Borders of streams and wet places, Pa. {Porter) ; Alexandria Co., Va. ; S. C.
and southw.
-»-•<- Plants from stout scaly rootstocks, not conspicuously compressed at base.
16. P. anceps Michx. Erect or ascending, 6-12 dm, high ; sheaths subcom-
pressed, glabrous or sparsely pilose ; blades 1.5-5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, flat ;
panicles 2-5 dm. long, very loose and open, the slender remote branches spread-
ing ; small long-peduncled panicles produced from the upper nodes ; spikelets
more or less secund, 3.5 mm. long ; the acuminate second glume and sterile
lemma curved at the apex., about \ longer than the fruit lohich bears a minute
tuft of hairs at the apeo:. (P. rostratum Muhl.) — Moist sandy soil, R. I. to
Kan., and southw. July-Sept.
****** DiCHOTOMA. — Perennials producing simple culms in the spring which
later branch more or less profusely, this autumnal state often strikingly
different in habit from the spring state ; winter rosettes of basal leaves per-
sistent in spring and usually different in shape from culm-leaves ; primary
panicles produced in spring or early summer seldom perfecting seed., the
secondary panicles smaller, often much reduced, the latest included in the
sheaths, usually cleistogamous and fruitful ; the secondary leaves usually
much reduced, often crowded by the dwarfing of the lateral internodes.
•*- 1. Depauperata. — Culms tufted, slender, sparingly branching at the base,
simple above ; leaves long-linear, scabrous above, the basal ones shorter but
not forming a distinct flat rosette in the autumn; the reduced secoyidary
panicles, produced from short branches from the lowest nodes, more or less
concealed in the leaves at the base; ligule a ring of hairs about 0.5 mm.
long.
17. P. depauperatum Muhl. Erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high ; nodes
ascending-pubescent ; sheaths except the lowest shorter than the internodes,
glabrous or pilose ;, blades 6-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, often involute in dry-
ing ; panicles not much exceeding the leaves, 4-8 cm. long, few-flowered, the
rather strict remote branches ascending ; spikelets 3.2-3.8 mm. long, glabrous
or sparsely pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume l-\ the length of the spike-
let, subacute ; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate, extending in a point
beyond, the fruit which is 2.3 mm. long. — Sterile woods. Me. to Minn., and
southw.
18. P. perl6ngum Nash. Similar to the preceding, more strict In habit,
usually papillose-pilose ; blades averaging longer and narrower (sometimes 2.5
dm. long), pubescent on the lower surface; panicles smaller, narrow, the branches
nearly erect; spikelets 2.7 -S mm. long, oval, blunt, sparingly pilose, strongly
nerved ; first glume |-i the length of the spikeiet ; st^cond glume and sterile
lemma equaling the fruit at maturity, obtuse ; fruit 2.4 mm. hnni ; secondary
panicles usually m(n-e numerous tlian in the last, sometimes })roduced from the
second node. — Prairies and dry soil, Mich, and S. Dak. to Tex.
106 GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
19. P. Iinearif51ium Scribn. Densely tufted, 2-4.5 dm. high; culms very
slender^ erect., spreading or almost drooping at the summit; sheaths usually
equaling or exceeding the internodes, sparsely to densely papillose-pilose ; blades
1-3.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, usually exceeding the panicle until maturity,
often pubescent below ; panicles finally long-exserted, 5-10 cm. long, rather few-
flowered, the remote flexuous branches spreading ; spikelets 2.4-2.7 mm. long,
subacute^ sparsely pilose ; first glume i-^ the length of the spikelet, triangular-
ovate ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit at maturity; fruit 2
mm. long. — Woods, Me. to Md., w. to Mich, and Kan.
20. P. Werneri Scribn. Similar to the preceding ; in small tufts, glabrous
except for a few long hairs at the nodes and base of blades; culms strict; leaves
firmer, 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long, nearly
or quite glabrous; secondary panicles usually icanting. — Sterile woods and
knolls, Me. to Ont., Pa., O., and Mo. — In the field resembles P. depauperatum.
-I- 2, Laxifibra. — Plants in soft tufts, light green ; culms slender, simple or
rarely branching from the lower nodes; basal leaves short., in a dense soft
tuft, but not distinctly different from culm-leaves in shape; spikelets obovate^
turgid.
21. P. xalap^nse HBK. Ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. high ; culms lax,
glabrous; nodes bearded; sheaths papillose-pilose with reflexed hairs; blades
mostly 8-12 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide, sparingly pilose or nearly glabro\is except
the ciliate margins; panicle finally exserted, 6-10 cm. long, lax, the capillai'y
flexuous branches spreading or drooping, few-flowered; spikelets 2 mm. long;
first glume glabrous ; second glume and sterile lemma villous, the glume shorter
than the fruit which is 1.5 mm. long and minutely umbonate. (P. laxiflorum
Am. auth., not Lam.) — Low woods, Md. to Mo., and south w.
22. P. strig5sum Muhl. Erect or ascending, 2-4.5 dm. high ; culms pilose ;
sheaths and blades long-pilose, clustered at the base, 4-8 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide,
upper blades reduced; panicle finally long-exserted, 4-10 cm. long, the axis
pilose, the capillary branches ascending, with numerous long-pediceled glabrous
spikelets (1.3-1.5 7nm. long) ; second glume and sferile lemma equal, as long as
the fruit. — Sandy woods, se. Va. to Tenn., and south w.
•1-3. Angustifolia. — Mostly grayish-green, caespitose ; primai'y culms with
elongated leaves (tapering to each end) and long-exserted feio-flowered
primary panicles ; blades conspicuously striate-nerved ; ligulea ring of stiff
hairs less than 1 mm. long; autumnal state repeatedly bushy-branched
above, often geniculate-decumbent ; spikelets obovoid, turgid, attenuate at
the base, pubescent (rarely glabrous); first glume \-nerved ; second glume
and sterile lemma equal, l-'d-nerved ; fruit broadly ellipsoidal.
23. P. angustif51ium Ell. Culms slender, erect or spreading at the top, 3-8
dm. high, appressed-pubescent ; nodes not bearded; sheaths shorter than the
internodes, papillose-pilose, lower commonly purplish ; blades ciliate toward the
base, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, somewhat spreading, the lower shorter and
often broader ; panicle 4-1) cm. long, the slender flexuous branches widely spread-
ing, sometimes drooping, bearing a few long-pediceled spikelets about 2.5
mm. long ; first glume obtuse, glabrous, i the length of the spikelet or less ;
second glume and sterile lemma obtuse, short-villous, equaling the fruit, which
is minutely pubescent at the obscurely umbonate apex. Branching state lean-
ing, not prostrate ; leaves reduced, very narrow, flat, or involute on the margins
only. — Low sandy woods, Del., Va., and southw. — Variable in the amount of
pubescence.
24. P. consanguineum Kunth. In the simple state similar to the preceding,
but spreading or ascending, more softly and densely villous; nodes bearded;
the leaves often conspicuously longitudinally wrinkled ; panicles smaller, the
branches narrovjly ascending; spikelets more turgid, more densely villous.
Branching state decumbent ; the numerous leaves soft and flat, rarely over 5 cm.
Long. (P. villosum Ell.) — Low sandy woods, se. Va., and southw..
25. P. aciculare Desv. Ascending-pilose ; culms at first ascending or spreg-d-
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 107
ing, 3-5 dm. high, very slender ; sheaths usually less than half as long as the
internodes; blades mostly spreading, flat or involute above, 4-8 cm. long, 4 mm.
wide or less, the lower wider ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, the flexuous branches
spreading ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; tirst glume ^ the length of the spikelet,
rounded ; second glume and sterile lemuia densely pubescent, equaling the fruit
which is minutely pubescent at the apex. In the branching state forming dense
prostrate mats, with very numerous crowded short involute-setaceous often
falcate leaves. (P. filirameum Ashe; P. neuranthum of Britton's Man., not
Griseb.) — Sandy soil, mostly near the coast, se. Va., and southw.
26. P. Bicknellii Nash. Culms usually stiff, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm.
high (rarely higher) ; nodes and lower part of the sheaths and margins sparsely
hairy ; blades 7-14 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide (rarely wider), ciliate at the base,
rather rigid, spreading, flat, the uppermost usually the longest ; panicles 6-8
cm. long, the stiff slender branches bearing 2ifew long-pediceled spikelet^ ; these
2.5 mm long ; first glume loose, i the length of the spikelet ; second glume and
sterile lemma sparsely pilose or rarely ^glabrous, equaling the fruit or very slightly
exceeding it. Autumnal state ascending or erect, rather sparingly branching
from the upper nodes with miraerous long rather stiff leaves overtopping the
reduced panicles of long-pediceled spikelets. (P. nemopanthum Ashe ; P.
Bushii Nash.) — Sterile open woods and hillsides, Ct. to N. C, and Mo.
H- 4. Eudich6toma. — Culms solitary or in small tufts, slender, at first simple,
ii'ith lanceolate leaves and open terminal panicles; later profusely branch-
ing, often leaning or decumbent ; basal leaves short, forming flat rosettes
in the autumn; lignle a ring of hairs less than 0.5 mm. long; spikelets
elliptical-oblong^ not turgid ; second glume and sterile lemma 1-nerved.
++ Spikelets glabrous.
27. P. dich6tomum L. Glabrous, often purplish ; culms 3-5 dm. high, erect
from short knotted rootstocks ; sheaths less than half the length of the inter-
nodes, rarely ciliate on the margins ; blades spreading, 5-11
cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide ; panicle 4-9 cm. long, the flexuous
branches spreading, spikelet-bearing toward the ends ; spike-
lets 2 mm. long, rather faintly nerved ; the second glume
shorter than the fruit, exposing its summit at maturity.
Branching state erect, bushy-branched at the top, like a little
tree ; the leaves crowded ami spreading, more or loss involute. 6:3. P. dichotomum.
— Woods, Me. to Mich., Fla., and Tex. — Spikelets or lower Spikelet x 5.
sheaths rarely minutely pubescent. Fig. 63.
28. P. barbulatum ]\Iichx. In the simple state resembling large speci-
mens of the preceding, in larger tufts ; culms sometimes 8 dm. high ; lovjer nodes
often sparsely bearded ; sheaths usually with a puberulent ring at the summit ;
blades 6-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide ; panicles 6-11 cm. long, as wide or wider,
the lower branches drooping at maturity, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets
2 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit at maturity.
Autumnal state diffusely branched, forming very large top-heavy reclining
bunches, the slender branches recurved. — Rocky woods and hillsides, Ct. to
Mich., Mo., and southw.
29. P. yadkinense Ashe. Similar to P. dichotomum ; culms taller (some-
times 1 m. high) and stronger; sheaths usually bearing pale glandular spots;
blades 9-13 cm. long, 8-11 mm. wide; the basal and rameal leaves correspond-
ingly larger than those of P. dichotomum ; panicle about 10-12 cm. long, the
slender branches rather strict ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, acute ; second glume and
sterile lemma equal, exceeding the fruit, forming a slight beak beyond it. Ati-
tumnal state leaning, not profusely branched. — Moist woods and thickets, Pa.
and D. C. to Ga. ; and 111.
30. P. lucidum Ashe. At first resembling P. dichotomum, but bright green,
shining, and with erect leaves; the weak culms soon becoming decumbent,
sometimes rooting at the nodes ; sheaths usually ciliate on the margin ; blades
4-7 cm. long, si^readingin the decumbent state ; panicle fewer-flowered ; spikelets
2 mm. long; nerves more prominent than in P. dichotomum; second glume and
108 GKAMINEAE (GKASS FAMILY)
sterile lemma both shorter than the fruit. In late suminer the delicate ailms are
almost creepino and vine-like, repeatedly branching, the branches ehnujated and
diverging at a wide angle, not fascicled; the waxy flat leaves 2-4 cm. long. —
Wet woods and sphagiu'nn swamps, N. J., D. C, and southw.
31. P. microcdrpon Miihl. Culms at first erect, in large clumps; nodes
swollen, dense! (/ bearded with reflexed hairs ; sheaths less than half as long as the
internodes, ciliate on tlie margin, the lower sometimes pilose ; blades 10-12 cm.
long, 10-12 mm. wide, thin, spreading or deflexed, ciliate at base, otherwise
glabrous ; basal leaves shorter and broader ; panicles long-exserted, 10-12 cm.
long, branches ascending, with numerous spilcelets 1.6 mm. long ; second glnrne
sliqhtly longer than the fruit. Becoming diffusely branched, reclining or pros-
trate, with densely crowded small flat leaves and numerous very small panicles.
(Muhl. in Ell., not Muhl. Gram., which is P. polyanthes^c\\Vi\ie^;P. barbulatum
Am. auth., not Michx.) — Wet .woods and swampy places, Mass. to 111., s. to
Fla. and Tex. — Spikelets rarely sparsely pubescent.
++ ++ Spikelets pubescent.
32. P. boreale Nash. Culms 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect, or in weak forms
geniculate at base ; nodes sometimes with a few hairs ; sheaths often overlapping,
ciliate on the margin, glabrous, or the lower sparsely pubescent ; blades 6-12
cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, erect, sparingly ciliate toward the rounded base, other-
wise glabrous (rarely puberulent beneath) ; panicle 5-10 cm. long, hardly as
wide, loosely flowered, the slender branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets
2.2 mm. long, obtuse ; first glume I as long as the subequal second glume and
sterile lemma, which are as long as the fruit. Sparingly branched from all the
nodes in late summer; leaves a7id panicles not greatly reduced. — Moist open
ground or woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. E., N. Y., n. Ind., and Minn.
33. P. mattamuskeetense Ashe. Often purplish ; culms 0.4-1 m. high, erect
or geniculate at base, glabrous ; nodes puberulent ; sheatlis loose, short, upper
glabrous except on the margin and sometimes the summit, lower usually softly
pilose ; blades 6-9 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide (upper and lower smaller), spread-
ing, often reflexed, glabrous ; panicle 6-10 cm. long, the flexuous branches
spreading, spikelet-bearing almost to the base; spikelets 2.3 mm. long; second
glume and sterile lemma subequal, both shorter than the subacute fruit.
Remaining erect, branching from the middle nodes in late summer, the branches
rather appressed ; rameal leaves stiffly ascending. (P. Glutei Nash.) — Sandy
borders of cranberry bogs and swamps, Mass., N. J., and southw.
34. P. annulum Ashe. Purplish ; culms erect, 5-7 dm. high, in small clumps ;
nodes densely bearded ; sheaths glabrous or the lower softly pubescent ; blades
6-12 cm. long, 7-13 ram. wide, spreading, velvety-pubescent on both surfaces,
margins ciliate toward the base ; panicles 5-9 dm. long, open ; spikelets 2 mm.
long ; second glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Erect and sparingly branched
from the upper nodes in late summer, soon dying to the ground. — Dry woods,
N. J., Pa., and D. C. to Ga. ; apparently rare.
•1-5. Spreta. — Plants mostly glabrous or at least not spi-eading-pilose ; blades
firm; Ugule dense, 2-5 mm. long; spikelets densely pubescent, 1.6 mm.
long or less.
35. P. sprdtum Schultes. Culmserect or slightly decumbent at base, glabrous;
nodes swollen, usually naked; sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, usually
ciliate on the margin above, otherwise glabrous, or the lower
sparsely pubescent; Ugule 2-3 mm. long ; blades 7-10 cm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, ascending, often reflexed, sparingly long-ciliate
at ba.se, otherwise glabrous ; panicle 8-12 cm. long, less than
half as wide, rather dense, the fascicled branches ascending or
64. P. spr.'ttini. oppressed, short spikelet-bearing branches at the base of the
Spikelets x .'i. fascicles; spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm. long, elliptic, obscurely pointed;
second glume and sterile lemma ecjual, slightly exceeding the fruit.
Somewhat reclining in tlic autumnal state, the tufted branches .shorter than the
elongated primary internodes ; the reduced crowded leaves often conduplicate,
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 109
sometimes minutely pubescent on the lower surface. (P. nitidum of recent
autli., not Lam. P. Eatoni Nash ; P, paucipilum Nash.) — Moist, usually sandy
soil, Me., and southw. near the coast ; and in Ind. near L. Michigan. Fig. 64.
36. P. Lindheimeri Nash. Culms stiffly ascending or spreading, 5-10 dm.
long, glabrous or pubescent below ; nodes swollen ; sheaths less than half as
long as the elongated internodes, ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous, or
the lowermost pubescent ; ligule 4-5 mm. long ; blades 5-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm.
wide, ascending, often reflexed when old, with a few hairs on the margins at
base, glabrous on both surfaces, or minutely puberulent below ; panicle 4-7 cm.
Jong, nearly as imde, branches ascending or spreading, loosely flowered ; spike-
lets 1.5 nmi. long, obovate, obtuse ; second glume shorter than the fruit. Culms
elongated and radiating-prostrate in the autumn, earlier branches long, the later
ones in short tufts, all appressed ; leaves much reduced, involute-pointed ; the
hairs at base often conspicuous. — Sandy woods and open ground, Ct. to Fla.,
w. to 111. and Cal.
37. P. Ieuc6thrix Nash. Light olive green, or often purplish ; culms 2.5-4.5
dm. high, erect, appressed-papillose, the hairs on the sheaths more spreading;
ligule 3 mm. long ; blades ascending, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, papillose-
ciliate at the rounded base, velvety beneath; panicle 3-5 cm. long. 2-4 cm. wide,
rather densely flowered, axis appressed-pubescent, with tufts of long hairs in
the axils of the ascending branches ; spikelets 1.2 mm. long, obovate-elliptic,
densely papillose-pubescent ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, barely cov-
ering the obscurely pointed fruit. Branching state erect or nearly so, branches
mostly from the lower nodes, not in fascicles; leaves and panicles not greatly
reduced. — Low sandy ground, mostly pine land, s. N. J., and southw.
■i- 6. Lanuginosa. — Plants pilose at least on culms and sheaths; ligule 2-b
mm. long {rarely less) ; sjnkelets pubescent. (P. pubescens Am. authors,
not Lam.)
38. P. huachucae Ashe. Plants typically stiff, with copoius spreading papil-
lose pubescence, harsh to the touch, commonly olivaceous, often purplish ; culms
2-6 dm. high, erect or nearly so ; nodes bearded with spreading hairs ; blades
firm, erect or ascending, 4-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, veins inconspicuous, upper
surface copiously short-pilose especially toward the base, lower surface densely
pubescent; ligule 3-4 mm. long; panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather
densely flowered, the axis and often the branches pilose ; the flexuous fascicled
branches ascending or spreading, short spikelet-bearing branchlets at the base
of the fascicles ; spikelets 1.6-1.7 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, turgid ; first glume
1-1 as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma papillose-pilose,
subequal, slightly shorter than the obscurely apiculate fruit. Stiffly ascending
or spreading in the autumnal state ; culms and sheaths sometimes papillose
only, the branches fascicled, the reduced, crowded leaves ascending . (P. un-
riphyUum of recent Am. auth., not Trin.) — Prairies and open ground. Me. to
Minn., and southwestw. — A variable species, apparently intergrading with the
following and with P. implicatum.
Var. silvicola Hitchc. & Chase. Taller and more slender, brighter green, less
densely pubescent; blades thin, lax. and spreading, 5-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm.
wide, upper surface less densely pilose, loiver surface appressed-pubescent, ivith
a satiny luster ; panicle 5-8 (rarely 10) cm. long, the branches more spreading ;
spikelets the same length but elliptical and less turgid, ivith shorter pubescence.
More or less decumbent in the autumnal state, the inimerous fascicled branches
shorter than the primary internodes, at least late in the season, the reduced
spreading leaves sometimes nearly glabrous above except for a few long hairs
near the base. (P. lanuginosum as described by Scribner & Merrill, not
Ell.) — Woods and clearings, range of the typical form, but more common
southw.
39. P. implicatum Scribn. Erect, 2-5.5 dm. high ; .slender culms and
.sheaths papillose-pilo.se ; ligule 4-5 mm. long ; Jdades :]-('} cm. long, 3-6 mm. vvide,
ratlier firm, erect or a.scendiug ; upper surface pilose vnth erect hairs 3-4 mm.
long ; lower surface appressed-pubescent; panicle 3-5 cm. long, nearly as wide,
110 GRAMlIsEAE (gKASS FAMILY)
the axis long-pilose., the very flexiiotis branches often tangled., the lower usually
drooping; spikelets l.o ram. long., obovate, obtuse, papillose-pilose; second
glume and sterile lemma equal, as long as the fruit. In late summer ascending
or spreading with fascicled branches from the lower nodes, the crowded reduced
leaves pilose as in the simple state. — Wet meadows, bogs, and wooded swamps,
N. B. to Minn., s. to D. C.
40. P. meridionale Ashe. Differs from the preceding as follows : more
slender, not over 4 dm, high ; upper internodes and sheaths minutely appresspd-
pubescent only ; ])a.mc\es not over 4 cm. long, axis nearly glabrous; branches
ascending or spreading ; .spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long. The slender culms becom-
ing geniculate-decumbent, with slender fascicled branches at all the nodes ; leaves
not greatly reduced. (P. filiculme Ashe, not Hack.) — Sandy or sterile woods
or clearings, Ct. to Ind., N. C, and Ga.
41. P. oricola Hitchc. & Chase. Grayish or purplish, densely tufted, spreading.,
early branching and prostrate, forming dense mats; culms 1-3 dm. long., appressed-
or ascending-pilose, the hairs, on the nodes spreading ; sheaths rather loose,
appressed-pilose ; ligule 1-1.5 mm. long; blades 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
firm, erect or ascending ; iipper surface covered with hairs 3-5 mm. long., becom-
ing sparse on the later leaves; lower surface appressed-pubescent, a few long
hairs intermixed ; pa«ic7es short-exserted, 1.8-3 cm. long., 1-2 cm. wide; spike-
lets 1.5 mm. long, rounded-ob ovoid, very turgid, pubescent with short spreading
hairs ; first glume abruptly pointed, 4—^ as long as the equal second glume and
sterile lemma, which are barely as long as the fruit. Leaves and panicles not
greatly reduced in the branching state. — Sands along the coast, Mass. to Va. —
Most readily distinguished by prostrate and early branching habit, and small
panicles of rounded spikelets, large in proportion to the panicle.
42. P. subvill5sum Ashe. Slander, 1-3.5 dm. high, leafy at the base, widely
spreading ; culms and sheaths sparsely ascending-pilose ; nodes short-bearded, a
glabrous ring below; ligule 1 mm. long, with a ring of hairs 3-4 mm. long above
it; blades firm, ascending, 4-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide ; both surfaces pilose,
the hairs on the upper ?>-b mm. long ; jmnicle long-exserted, 3-5 cm. long, rather
narrow, the lower branches ascending or appressed, rather densely flowered, axis
pubescent or pilose ; spikelets 1.9 mm. long, obtuse, turgid; first glume about
\ as long as the spikelet, acuminate ; second glume and sterile lemma sub-
equal, the glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Widely spreading and branched
from the lower nodes in autumn ; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced ; leaves
less pilose than the earlier ones. (P. unciphyllur,i, forma pilosum Scribn. &.
Merr., not P. pilosum Sw.) — Dry woods and sandy ground, Me. to Minn. ; and
in n. Ind.
43. P. tennesseense Ashe. Bright green, often purplish ; culms 2.5-6 dm. high,
slender, stiffly spreading ; internodes and sheaths papillose-pilose with .spreading
hairs, or the upper sometimes nearly glabrous ; blades firm, ascending or suberect,
6-9 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide (upper much smaller), imth a thin vjhite carti-
laginous margin, often sparsely ciliate at base ; veins conspicuous ; upper surface
glabrous or with a few long hairs at the base, appressed-pubescent or nearly
glabrous beneath; ligule dense, 4-5 mm. long ; panicle purplish, 4-7 cm. l'»ng,
nearly as wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches ascending ; spikelets
1.6-1.7 mm. long, obtuse, turgid; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet,
glabrous ; second glume .shorter than the fruit at maturity. Autumnal state widely
spreading or decumbent and with numerous fascicled branches as long as or longer
than the primary internodes ; leaves much reduced, usually ciliate at base. —
Open rather moist ground and wood-borders. Me. to Mich., s. to N. C. and Tex.
44. P. lanuginbsum Ell. Grayish olive-green, velvety-villous all over ; culms
4-6 dm. high, slender, spreading ; leaves 5-10 cm. long (uppermost much smaller),
thickish but not stiff, margins sometimes papillose-ciliate, long soft hairs inter-
mixed with the velvety pubescence on the upper surface ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ;
particle 5-1 1 cm. long, about as wide, loosely flowered, the filiform branches
finally wide -spreading ; spikelets 1.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, obtuse, villous
with .soft spreading hairs ; first glume \ as long as the spikelet ; secondgluine and
sterile lemma equal, slightly shorter than the subacute fruit. Decumbent and
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 111
repeatedly branching in the autumn, branches much exceeding the internodes ;
leaves much reduced, usually ciliate. — Moist sandy woods, mostly near the
coast, N. J. to Fla. and La. — Resembling F. scoparium in color and pubescence,
but smaller and much more slender.
45. P. auburne Ashe. Similar to the preceding but smaller in all its parts,
early becoming diffusely branched and decumbent ; upper surface of the blades
with copious long silky hairs intermixed with the velvety pubescence ; primary
panicle short-exserted, 3-4 cm. long, about as wide, axis velvety icith long silky
hairs intermixed., branches spreading; spikelets L3-1.4 mm. long, obovate, very
turgid, densely papillose-pubescent ; first glume \-\ as long as the spikelet,
second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit. — Sandy pine and oak
woods on the coastal plain. N. J. to Fla.
46. P. praec5cius Hitchc. & Chase. Culms very slender, wiry, early branch-
ing, 1.5-4 dm. high, soon becoming geniculate and someivhat spreading, copi-
ously pilose with weak spreading hairs 3-4 mm. long, as are the sheaths, which
are much shorter than the long internodes ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ; blades rather
firm, 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the branches as large as the primary
blades, often involute toward the end. long-pilose on both sides ; the hairs on the
upper surface erect, 4-5 m7n. long ; primary panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide,
loosely flowered, axis pilose, branches spreading or ascending; secondary pani-
cles numerous, appearing before the maturity of the primary one ; sjnkelets
1.8-1.9 mm. long, obovate. turgid, long-pilose with weak spreading hairs ; first
glume ^1 as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, the
glume slightly shorter than the fruit. — Dry prairies and clearings, Mich, and
111. to Okla. and Tex. — Scarcely has a simple state, branches appearing often
before the primary panicle is expanded.
47. P. scoparioides Ashe. Culms erect, papillose-hispid, a glabrous or
papillose ring below the bearded nodes ; lower sheaths distant, the upper some-
times overlapping on the shortened internodes, papillose-hispid (rarely nearly
glabrous) ; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades firm, ascending or spreading, 7-10 cm.
long, 6-7 mm. wide, papillose-pubescent beneath, sparsely hispid above ; panicle
pale, rather densely flowered, sometimes included at the base, 4-7 cm. long,
about I as wide ; branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long,
obovate. obtuse, papillose-pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume about ^ as
long as the spikelet, second barely as long as the fruit. Autumnal state v:ith
short branches at the middle and upper nodes, the reduced blades involute-pointed,
much exceeding the panicles. — Dry gravelly or serpentine soil, Ct. to Del. :
apparently rare.
48. P. villosissimum Nash. Olive-green; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high, erect or
ascending, slender, villous vjith spreading hairs 3 mm. long, as are the sheaths ;
ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades rather firm, especially those of the branches, as-
cending, 6-10 cm. long. 5-10 mm. wide, often subinvolute toward the end, pilose
on both surfaces, hairs of the upper surface appressed, long and less copious;
primary panicles often equaled by the uppermost leaf, 4-8 cm. long, about as
wide, loosely fiowered ; spikelets 2.2-2.5 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, papil-
lose-pubescent; first glume \-\ as long as the subequal second glume and sterile
lemma which are scarcely as long as the subacute fruit. Culms in autumnal
state widely spreading, often with geniculate nodes and arched internodes;
late in the season prostrate, leaves of the fascicled branches appressed, the clump
having a flat combed-out appearance, a character conspicuous in the field but
less so in the herbarium; blades not much reduced. (P. atlanticum Nash;
P. haemacarpon Ashe; P. xanthospermum Scribn. & Mohr.) — Sandy or sterile
soil, open woods and hillsides, Mass. to Minn., s. to Fla. ; common.
49. P. ovale Ell. Light olive-green; c?//7?i.s 2-4 dm. high, erect or ascending,
rather stout, villous with ascending or ap>pressed long silky hairs; nodes densely
bearded with spreading hairs; sheaths nearly as long as the internodes, the
upper sometimes overlapping, villous like the culm, or upper rarely nearly gla-
brous ; ligule 2 mm. long ; blades 6-10 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, Jiryn, ascending,
rounded at base, more or less appressed-piilose toward the margins and base
above, appressed-pubescent below ; panicle usually .short-exserted, 5-8 cm. long,
112 GRAMINEAE (^GKASS FAMILY)
3-6 cm. wide, rather loosely flowered, branches somewhat contracted aftei
flowering ; spikelets 2.7-2.9 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, villous with silky
hairs ; first glume 8-nerved, J-i as long as the equal second glume and steriK'
emma which barely cover the obtuse fruit. In late sunnner the stiff asceiidhi;/
or erect ctdms bear numerous short crowded branches with firm sometimes nearly
(/labrons blades, but little reduced. (P. ovale Ell. as to specimen so labeled in
Elliott herbarium and of description in part. The author confused a puberulent
narrow-leaved P. comm.utatum with this species, and his description is made to
cover both. Not P. ovale of Small's Fl.) — Dry sand, N. J. to Fla. ; and about
L. Mich, in Mich, and Ind.
-1- 7. Columbiana. — Culms rather stiff, appi'essed-jjubesceiit at least below ;
blades firm, thick, ascending, cartilaginous-margined, appressed-puberulent
on lower surface, usually glabrous on upper surface; sheaths appressed-
puhescent ; ligule less than 1 mm., usually about 0.5 mm. long; spikelets
obovate, turgid, pubescent; the first glume |-^ as long as spikelet. Habitat,
sandy soil.
50. P. Commonsianum Ashe. In large tufts ; culms ascending or spreading,
densely appressed-pilose, as are the sheaths ; blades flat, 6-10 cm. long, 5-6 mm.
wide (the upper and lower smaller), at least the lower appressed-pilose beneath ;
panicle 4-8 cm. long, about as broad, the branches spreading, usually with
few spikelets (2.5-2.7 mm. long) ; the first glume rather remote, ^ as long as the
spikelet, narrow, acute ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit.
Branching state often purple, widely and stiffly spreading, flat on the sand, icith
short-fascicled branches mostly from the upper nodes, and crowded stiff subin-
volute leaves. — Dunes and sandy woods, mostly near the coast, Ct. ; s. N. J.
and southw.
51. P. Addisbnii Nash. Often purplish; culms stout, rigid, 2-4 dm. high,
erect or ascending, densely long-appressed-puhescent, the pubescence on the
sheaths shorter ; blades 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous above (or a
few hairs near the margin) ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, rather
densely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long; first ghime
about half as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma barely
equaling the fruit. In late summer ascending or spreading, with short appressed
branches from the middle and upper nodes, the reduced blades involute toward the
summit. — Sand barrens, Ct. to N. C.
52. P. tsugetorum. Nash. Bluish green, sometimes purplish ; culms slender.,
2.5-5 cm. high, ascending or spreading, often geniculate below, crisp-appressed-
pubescent, as are the sheaths ; blades 5-6 cm. long (rarely longer), 4-7 mm. wide,
glabrous above or with a few long hairs near the base and margins; panicle
3-5 cm. long, about as wide, rather loosely flowered, branches ascending or
spreading; spikelets 1.9 mm. long ; first glume abmit ^ as long as the .'^pikelet;
second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit. More or less spreading in
autumnal state, freely branching from middle nodes, branches ascending ;
leaves not greatly reduced, scarcely involute. — Sandy woods, N. Y. and N. J.;
also about the Great Lakes. — Some forms hardly distinguishable from the next.
53. P. columbianum Scril)n. Culms rather slender, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm.
high, ascending-crisp-pubescent, as are the sheaths ; blades 5 cm. long or less,
4-5 mm. wide, mostly glabrous above; panicles finally long-exserted, 3-5 cm.
long, somewhat narrower, branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 1.7 mm.
long ; first glume ^-| as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma
equaling the fruit. Widely spreading but not decumbent in the autumnal state,
repeatedly branching from the middle nodes, the branches erect; the reduced
leaves involute-pointed, glabrous above. (P. psammophilum Nash.) — Dry sandy
soil, N. E. to Ala., mostly near the coast.
Var. thinium Hitchc. & Chase. Like small specimens of the species in the
simple state, but branching earlier and more profusply, decumbent, forming dense
mats; the small leaves (1-2 cm,, long) with scattered long hairs on the upper
surface; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long. — With the species, dry sands, N. J.
and Del.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMIL5f) 113
♦- 8. Ensifblia. — Dclkate, dou^eln Ui/led, mostly (jlahrous ; apikelets not over
IJ} mm. lojig ■ liyule obsolete.
54. P. ensifolium Baldw. C'ulius 2-:3.5 dm. high, glabrous, ascending or
spreading, /rom dense tufts of ascending basal leaves ; these 3-7 cm. long., 4-5 mm.
wide, remaining green throughout the summer ; sheaths glabrous, much shorter
than the long internodes ; culm-blades 0.7-2 cm. long. 1-2 mm. wide., spreading,
usually puberulent beneath; panicle 1.5-3 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather few-
flowered ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, turgid at maturity, densely
puberulent; second glume slighcly shorter than the obtuse fruit. Branching
from the upper nodes in the aiuumnal state, culms usually decumbent, branches
short, not very numerous. (P. Brittoni Nash.) — Borders of cranberry bogs,
s. N. J., and low pine lands south w.
P. TENUE Muhl. (P. unciphyllum Trin. ; P. albo-marginatum Nash) has been
collected in the Great Dismal ISwamp, Va. {Chase). This is characterized by
the larger and firmer leaves clustered at the base of the culms and having,
especially when dry, conspicuous cartilaginous white margins.
t~ 9. Sphaerocdrpa. — Rather stout, glabrous; blades firm, cordate at base,
scabrous on dipper surface, margins cartilaginous; ligule nearly obsolete;
spikelets obov old- spherical, puberulent ; second glume and sterile lemma
1-nerved, equaling fruit at maturity. Sparingly branched or nearly simple
in autumn.
55. P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Dull green ; culms 2-5.5 dm. high, usually widely
spreading, nodes appressed-pubescent ; sheaths nearly as long as the internodes
or overlapping, loose toward the summit, ciliate on the margin ;
blades 6-10 cm. long, 7-14 mm. wide (uppermost smaller^, thick,
ascending, stiff-ciliate toward the base, nerves inconspicuous;
panicle long-exserted, 5-10 cm. long, nearly as vnde, rather
loosely flowered, loith viscid spots on the axis and ascending
branches ; spikelets usually purple, 1.6-1.8 mui. long ; fruit china- 65. P. sphaero-
white. Sparingly branching from the lower nodes late in the carpon. Spike-
season ; leaves and panicles not much reduced. — Sandy ground, let x 5.
Mass. to Kan., and southw. Fig. 65.
56. P. polyanthes Schultes. Light green, erect; culms 3-9 dm. high, nodes
glabrous ; sheaths very long, usually overlapping, margin finely ciliate ; blades
12-23 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. xcide (uppermost not smaller), strongly nerved,
ciliate toward the base ; panicle 8-25 cm. long, not more than half as wide,
densely flowered, lower branches nearly erect, often distant; spikelets green,
1.5-1.6 mm. long ; fruit stramineous. Culms simple or very sparingly
branched from the lower or middle nodes late in the season. (P. micro-
carpon Muhl. Gram., not Ell.)— Damp ground, w'oods and openings, N. Y.
to I. T., and southw.
•t- 10. Commutata. — Stout, erect, glabrous or puberident only ; leaves cordate,
over 1 cm. wide {sometimes less in P. Ashei) ; ligule nearly obsolete ; panicles
open, loosely flowered ; spikelets oblong or elliptic, not turgid, pubescent,
2.6-3 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma strongly 1-nerved.
57. P. commutatum Schultes. In large or small clumps ; culmsA-1 .b&m. high,
usually stiff, erect and glabrous, nodes puberulent ; sheaths glabrous or puberu-
lent toward the summit, a pubescent ring at the junction with the blade, margin
ciliate; blades rather firm, spreading or ascending, 5-12 cm. long, 1.2-2 cm.
wide (rarely longer or wider), glabrous on both surfaces (rarely puberulent),
margins ciliate toward the base ; panicle 6-11 cm. long, as wide or wider ; spike-
lets 2.6-2.8 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse ; second glume and sterile lemma
equal, barely covering the minutely umbonate fruit. In autumnal state culms
ascending or spreading, with somewhat divaricate simple branches from the
middle nodes; the leaves crowded but hardly reduced. (P. subsimplex Ashe.)
■ — Woods and copses, Del. to Fla., w. to 111. and Tex.
58. P. Ashei Pearson. Usually purplish, in loose clumps from a knotted
crown; culms 2.5-5 dm. high, erect, stiff, wiry, densely crisp-puberulent ; sheaths
gray's MANUAL 8
[14 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
less densely puberulent, short-ciliate on tlie margin ; blades often approximate
toward the summit, 5-8 cm. long, 5-12 mm. loide^ rigid, spreading or ascending,
ciiiate at the subcordate base, otlierwise glabrous ; panicle ;3-10 cm, long, hardly
as wide ; spikelets 2.6 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse ; second glume and sterile
lemma subequal, obtuse or withering to a point, slightly exposing the minutely
umbonate fruit. In autumnal state the culms hearing widely divergent branches
from all or sometimes from only the upper nodes ; the crowded leaves rigid, widely
spreading ; plants often top-heavy and reclining from repeated branching,
leaves little reduced except those of late autumn. — Dry, especially rocky,
woods, Mass. to Ga., w. to Mich, and Mo.
59. P. mutabile Scribn. & Smith. Blue green, almost glaucous, erect, rather
slender, 5-8 dm. high, solitary or few in a tuft ; culms glabrous or crisp-
puberulent below; sheaths ciiiate, otherwise glabrous; blades 8-12 cm. long,
1-1.6 cm. vnde, horizontally spreading, conspicuously ciiiate, especially the
wider basal ones, otherwise glabrous ; panicles 8-10 cm. long, about as wide ;
spikelets purple, 3 mm. long, elliptical ; first glume i-^ as long as the spikelet,
the second barely as long as the fruit. Internodes much elongated in the
autumnal state, culms somewhat spreading, early branches elongated, later
ones short and somewhat crowded. — Sandy soil, mostly in shade, se. Va.
to N. C. and Miss.
t- 11. Lancearia. — Densely tufted ; olive-green; culms slender, loiry, puberu-
lent; blades short, flat, firm, the thin cartilaginous margins papillose-ciliate
toward the base ; ligule obsolete or nearly so ; spikelets pyriform, turgid,
stronglg nerved.
60. P. lancearium Trin. Cidms erect or geniculate at base, often reddish,
1.5-4 dm. high, crisp-puberulent as are the short sheaths; blades ascending or
spreading, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually ciiiate for \-\ their length,
puberulent beneath, glabrous above ; panicles short-exserted, loosely flowered,
3-5 cm. long, |-| as wide, the few very flexuous branches spreading or droop-
ing, spikelet-bearing from the base ; spikelets 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide ; first glume
about \ as long as the glabrous or puberulent subequal second glume and sterile
lemma, the glume scarcely covering the fruit, which is obscurely pubescent at
the apex. Autumnal state decumbent, ascending at the ends, with short fasci-
cled branches from the upper nodes ; the densely crowded leaves reduced, involute-
pointed. (P. Nashianum Scribn.) — -^Low pine lands near the coast, se. Va. to
Miss.
61. P. pdtulum (Scribn. & Merr.) Hitchc. Culms lax, prostrate, 2-6 dm. long ;
sheaths and both surfaces of the blades softly pubescent ; the blades thin, spread-
ing, 4.5-8 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, often ciiiate nearly to the apex ; panicles
4.5-7 cm. long, hardly as wide, the slender branches spreading, spikelet-bearing
from near the base ; spikelets 2 mm. long, 1.3 mm. wide ; first glume about ^ as
long as the densely papillose-pubescent second glume and sterile lemma, the
glume scarcely covering the fruit, which is obscurely pubescent at the apex.
Autumnal state imdely spreading, almost vine-like, the numerous branches slen-
der a7id elongated; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. (P. Nashiamnn,
var. Scribn. & Merr.) — Moist sandy soil, se. Va. to Fla., near the coast.
-I- 12. Oligosdnthia. — Culms stout, erect ; blades firm, rarely over 1.5 cm. wide,
usually narrower ; ligule from nearly obsolete to 3 mm. long ; spikelets ob-
ovate, turgid, usually papillose-hispid, 3-4 mm. long.
62. P. oligosanthes Schultes. In small tufts ; culms 3-8 dm. high, often pur-
plish, appressfd-pubescent below ; sheaths rather loose, ascending-papillose-pubes-
cent; lignle 1-2 mm. long, imth long hairs intermixed ; blades stiffly spreading or
ascending, (i-10 cm. long, 5-8 (rarely 10) mm. wide, sharply acuminate, glabrous
on the upper, harshly puberulent on the lower surface ; panicles 6-10 cm. long,
nearly as wide, loosely flowered, branches ascending ; si)ikelets 3.5-4 nun.
long, narrowly obovate, subacute, sparsely pubescent; first glume le.ss than \
the length of the second glume, which is shorter than the fruit. In the autum-
nal state somewhat spreading, branching sparingly from the lower nodes, and
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 115
profusely from the upper, the short branches aggregated at the summit; the
crowded leaves loidely spreading. (P. paucijiorum ¥A\., not R. Br.) — Sandy
soil, Del. to D. C, and southw. ; and in n. Ind., near L. Michigan.
63. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually in larger
clumps; culms not so tall, usually less pubescent; sheaths papillose-hispid or
sometimes nearly glabrous ; ligule about 1 mm. long ; blades
ascending or erect, avei-aging wider (6-10 mm., rarely wider),
usually ciliate toward the subcordate base ; panicle short-exserted,
4-7 rarely 9 cm. long, about as wide ; spikelets 3.2-3.3 mm. long,
very turgid, obtuse, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous ; second
glume slightly shorter than the minutely apiculate fruit. Branch-
ing late, mostly from the lower nodes, forming short tufts.
(P. scoparium Wats. & Coult., not Lam.) — Sandy soil or dry
prairies, Me. to Ont., and westw. to the Pacific, s. to Va. and ^^- ^- ^"ibnen-
Tex. Fig. 66. frx4'
64. P. Leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Culms 3-8 dm. high, *'
scabrous, at least below the nodes ; sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, icith spread-
ing hairs; ligule very minute ; blades ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide,
papillose-hispid on both surfaces, often sparsely so above ; panicle 8-15 cm. long,
less than | as v'ide, the branches narrowly ascending ; spikelets -4 mm. long, less
turgid than in the last, papillose-hispid with long spreading hairs ; first glume
over \ as long as the spikelet, acuminate, second equaling the fruit. Sparingly
branched from the lower nodes in late summer, the branches mostly simple,
erect; blades not much reduced. — Prairies, O. and Mich, to S. Dak. and Mo.
65. P. Ravenelii Scribn. & IMerr. Erect or ascending ; culms 3-6 dm. high,
densely papillose-pubescent tcith ascending hairs; nodes short-bearded; sheaths
distant below, the upper overlapping, pubescent like the culm ; ligule 3-4 mm.
long; blades thick, ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, rarely wider,
ciliate nearly to the apex, densely pubescent beneath, glabrous above ; panicle
short-exserted or included at base, 7-10 cm. long, about as wide, branches finally
spreading ; spikelets 4 mm. long, broadly obovate, very turgid, sparsely pubes-
cent ; first glume about ^ as long as the spikelet, second glume slightly shorter
than the fruit. Autumnal state more or less spreading, bushy-branched above ;
the crowded leaves ascending. — Sandy or gravelly soil, Md. and D. C, southw.
OQ. P. xanthophysum. Gray. Yellowish green ; culms ascending, in small tufts,
2-6 dm. high, scabrous; sheaths loose, at least the lower overlapping, sparsely
papillose-pilose, bearded at the summit ; ligule minute ; blades erect or nearly so,
rather thin, strongly nerved, 1-1.5 dm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, narrowed to the
Tounded ciliate base, otherwise glabrous; panicle finally long-exserted, 0.5-1.2
dm. long, very narrow, few-flowered, the branches erect; spikelets 4 m,m. long,
broadly obovate, very turgid, pubescent, rarely glabrous ; first glume nearly \ as
long as the spikelet, pointed, second scarcely covering the fruit. Branching in
midsummer from the second and third nodes, branches erect, mostly simple ;
the large erect leaves making the plant appear very leafy in the middle. — Dry
soil, Me. to Man., and Pa.
67. P. Wilcoxianum Vasey. Culms erect, 1-2 dm. high, copiously papillose-
pilose as are the usually overlapping sheaths (rarely nearly glabrous) ; ligule
about 1 mm. long; blades erect, 5-6.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, densely long-
pilose on both surfaces ; panicle finally exserted, 2-4 cm. long, about half as
imde, rather densely flowered, branches ascending ; spikelets 2.7-3 inm. long,
oblong-obovate, pubescent ; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet, second
hardly covering the fruit. Autumnal state branching from all the nodes, form-
ing bushy tufts with rigid erect leaves much overtopping the reduced panicles. —
Prairies, la. to S. Dak. and Kan.
t- 13. Scoparia. — Culms tall and stout, finally ici de-spreading ; blades flat,
elongated, not over 1.5 cm. wide; ligule short; spikelets abruptly pointed,
strongly 7-d-nerved.
68. P. scoparium Lam, Grayish olive-green, velvety-pubescent all over except
as noted ; culms 8-13 dm. high, erect or ascending, often geniculate at base.
116 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
nodes bearded with rejlexed hairs, a glabrous viscid ring below ; sheaths about
I as long as the internodes, the velvety pubescence wanting on the back toward
the summit, the naked surface viscid when fresh ; ligule 1 mm. long ; blades
rather thick, spreading, often reflexed in age, 1.2-2 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide,
uppermost reduced ; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, nearly as wide, many-flowered ;
axis, branches and pedicels vnth viscid blotches ; branches spreading or ascend-
ing, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets '2.(i mm. long, obovate, turgid, papil-
lose-pubescent ; second glume shorter than the apiculate fruit. Culms leaning or
spreading in the autumnal state, repeatedly branching from the middle nodes,
the fascicles of branches usually fan-shaped and shorter than the very long
internodes, or elongated and scorpioid ; sheaths swollen above, constricted
at the throat. — Wet ground, N. J. to I. T., and south w.
69. P. scabriusculum Ell. Culms 1-2 m. high, roughened at least below the
nodes, often puberulent ; sheaths loose, constricted and bearded at the throat,
densely papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous, often spotted ; ligule minute, mem-
branaceous, usually a ring of hairs above it ; blades stiffly ascending or spreading,
often reflexed, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 9-12 (rarely 15) mm. wide, usually' harsh-
pubescent beneath and glabrous above; panicle 1.2-2.5 dm. long, about | as
wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches ascending, axis, branches and
pedicels prominently viscid-spotted, branches spikelet-bearing to the base ; spike-
lets 2.4 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, minutely puberulent ; first glume ^-i as
long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit. Autum-
nal state leaning or widely spreading, repeatedly branching from the middle
nodes ; branches erect, later ones short ; the crowded reduced blades often
harsh-pubescent on both surfaces. — Swamps, W. Va., Va., and south w.
70. P. aculeatum Hitchc. & Chase. Resembles the preceding ; culms slender,
in very large clumps, scabrous, harsh-pubescent below; sheaths not so loose as
in the last, papillose-hispid ivith stiff sharp-pointed hairs, uppermost usually
glabrous ; ligule minute, membranaceous, ciliate ; blades stiffly ascending or
spreading, 1.2-2 dm. long, 9-15 mm. wide, very scabrous on the upper surface
and toward the apex beneath ; panicle 8-12 cm. long, about as wide, few-tiowered,
axis and branches not viscid or with a few spots only, lower branches spreadAng ;
spik lets 3 mm. long, elliptical, minutely pubescent ; first glume ^-1 as long as the
spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma slightly exceeding the fruit. Autum-
nal state somewhat spreading, branched from the middle nodes, the branches
divaricate, not much crowded. — Swampy v/oods, D. C. and N. C. ; appar-
ently rare.
■4- 14. Latifolia. Culms erect, stout ; blades 2 cm. or more wide, cordate-clasp-
ing at ixtse, strongly nerved, acuminate; ligule minute ; panicle open ; sjnke-
lets 3-4 mm. long, pubescent, strongly nerved.
71. P. clandestinum L. Usually in very large clumps, 5-12 dm. high ; culms,
nodes and sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, or the upper nearly glabrous ; blades
ascending, 1-2 dm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. wide, scabrous toward
the ends; panicle exerted, 1-1.5 dm. long, about as wide,
rather denselv flowered, the fascicled branches ascending ;
spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptic, second glume shorter than the
subacute fruit. Autumnal state with appressed branches with
shortened internodes, the overlapping sheaths usually more
strongly papillose-hispid than the earlier ones, the later branch-
67 P clandestinum ^^^^ ^^^^ short, the leaves crowded at the summit, the panicles
Closed and open ^"tirely inclosed in the sheaths. (P. decoloratum Nash.) —
spikelet x .3. Moist ground. Me. to Minn., and .southw. Fig. 67.
72. P. B6scii Poir. Culms 3-7 dm. high, mimitely pubes-
cent or glabrous, at least the lower nodes bearded with reflexed hairs; sheaths
puberulent, a dense ring of pubescence at the summit; blades 8-12 cm. long,
2.5-3 mm. widf, rarely wider, i)ubescent beneath, sparsely so (rarely glal)rous)
above, short-ciliate un the margins toward the base; i)anicle 6-10 cm. long,
usually nearly as wide, the lower branches spreading or ascending ; spikelets
4-4.5 mrn. long, ob(Jvate ; first glume \-\ as long as the spikelet, second glume
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 117
and sterile lemma scarcely equaling the fruit which is minutely pubescent at
the apiculate tip. More or less spreading in the autumnal state, branching from
the middle nodes, the upper leaves of the branches crowded and spreading.
(P. latifolium Am, auth., not L.) —Woods, Me. to Minn., and southw.
Var. m611e (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase. Usually not so tall, doicny-jmbescent
throughout. (P. latifoli^im, var. Vasey; P. piibifolium Nash.) — Commoner
southw.
73. P. latifblium L. Like P. Boscii, but visually taller; culms and sheaths
(except the ciliate margin and pubescent ring at the summit of the sheaths)
glabrous or rarely pubescent below., nodes glabrous; blades commonly 1.5 dm.
long, 3 cm. wide, sometimes wider, ciliate toward the ver\' broad base, otherwise
glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent ; panicle 8-15 cm. long, the long feK-floicered
branches ascending ; spikelets 3.5-3.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, the apiculate
tip of the fruit usually glabrous. Autumnal state as in P. Boscii. (P. macro-
carpon Le Conte.) — Rocky woods and sand dunes, Me. to Wise, and southw.
Steinchisma hians (Ell.) Nash, a lax perennial with narrow flat leaves and
terminal panicles with spreading branches naked at base, and crowded spikelets,
the palea of the sterile lemma subindurated, enlarged and forcing the spikelet
open, has been collected in se. Mo. (Bush) ; common in the South.
12. SACCIOLEPIS Nash.
Second glume gibbous at the base, 11-nerved, equal to the 3-5-nerved sterile
lemma (which incloses a large palea and often a staminate flower), about twice
as long as the slightly stipitate fruit ; lemma thinner at the apex, the palea free
at the tip ; spikelets otherwise as in Fanicum. Semi-aquatic perennials witli nar-
row spike-like panicles. (Name from o-dK-Aros, bag. and XeTr/s, scale, alluding
to the saccate second glume.)
1. S. striata (L.) Nash. Perennial, stoloniferous ; culms erect from a creep-
ing base, 3-9 dm. high, branching ; sheaths hirsute, at least on the margins ;
blades 0.8-2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide, flat, glabrous ; panicle 10-15 cm. long,
contracted, spike-like ; spikelets 3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. {Panicum gib-
bum Ell.) — Low wet ground, Va. to 1. T., and southw.
13. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.
Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes a staminate flower below the perfect termi-
nal one, nearly sessile in 1-sided racemes ; glumes unequal, spiny-hispid, mucro-
nate ; sterile lemma similar and awned from the apex (sometimes mucronate
only), inclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous, acumi-
nate ; margins of the glume inroUed except at the summit, where the palea is
not included. — Coarse annuals with compressed sheaths, long leaves and termi-
nal panicles of stout racemes. (Name from ex'^vos, a hedgehog, and x^o**? grass,
in allusion to the bristling awns. )
1. E. CRUSGALLI (L.) Beauv. (Barnyard Grass.) Culms stout, rather
succulent, branching from the base, ascending or erect, 3-18 dm. high ; sheaths
and blades glabrous ; panicle dense, 1-3 dm. long, of numerous
erect or spreading racemes, very variable, deep purple to pale
green, erect or drooping ; spikelets long-awned or nearly awnless,
densely and irregularly crowded in 3 or 4 rows, about 3 nmi.
long. {Panicum L.) — Moist, chiefly manured soil and waste
ground, river banks, etc., common throughout, except in the
extreme North. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 68.
E. frumextXcea (Roxb.) Link (Panicum Roxb.), Japanese
Barnyard Millet, or Billion-Dollar Grass, is an occasional ^- . ^"""^"f
escape from cultivation. It is distinguished from short-awned ^^'^ ^^
forms of the preceding chiefly by the more compact panicles with short often
incurved branches.
2. E. Walter! (Pursli) Nash. Resembling the preceding, usually taller, at
least the loicer sheaths coarsely papillose-hispid ; panicle usually long, more
118
GRAMIXEAE (gHASS FAMILY)
drooping ; spikelets long-ainnrd. the axon sometimes as much as 5 cm. long. —
(Panicum Tarsh ; P. hispidum Muhl.) — Marshes and ditches chiefly near the
coast, N. H. to Fla. ; and in w. Ont. and n. 111. Aug.-Oct.
3. E. col5na (L.) Link. (Jungle Rice.) Tufted, erect or ascending, spar-
ingly branched, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades smooth ; panicle of 5-10
dense racemes (1-C cm. long) rather distant and racemose along the axis ; spike-
lets about 3 mm. long ; glumes and sterile lemma pubescent, mucronate-pointed
hut not awned. (Panicuni L.) — Ditches and low ground, Va. and Kan.,southw.
(Warm regions generally.)
14. SETARIA Beauv. Bristly Foxtail Grass
Spikelets as in Panicum but surrounded by few or many persistent awn-
like branches which spring from the rhachis below the articulation of the
spikelets. — Annual introduced weeds in cultivated or manured grounds, or
native perennials, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves and cylindrical spike-
like panicles. (Name from seta, a bristle.) Chaetochloa Scribn.
Perennial by creeping rootstocks .... . • .
No rootstocks.
Bristles 5 or more
Bristles 1-3.
Downwardly barbed . . . • . . ,
Upwardly barbed.
Lemmas rusrose ; panicle not exceeding 1.5 dm. in length.
spikelets 2 mm. long
Spikelets 3 nun. long
Lemmas smooth and shining; panicle 2-6 dm. long .
. 1. S. irtiberhis.
, 2. S. glauca.
. 3. S. vei'ticillata.
4. S. riridis.
■). S. itiilicit.
6. S. magna.
1. S. imberbis R. & S. Culms more or less caespitose, 3-7 dm. high, slender,
compressed, erect or ascending, often geniculate at base ; sheaths overlapping,
compressed, glabrous ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, attenuate toward
the apex ; panicle 2-5 cm, long, nearly 1 cm. thick, exclusive of bristles ; bristles
8-12, 5-10 mm. long, pale yellowish, sometimes purplish, upwardly scabrous ;
spikelets 2 mm., long ; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet, second |-| as
long, acute, 5-7-nerved, the midnerve excurrent ; sterile lemma egualing the
elliptical-ovate acute striate transversely rugose /fertile lemma.
— Moist soil, Ct. to Kan., and southw. (Trop. Am.)
Var. perennis (Hall) Hitchc. Culms scarcely tufted, very
slender, wiry, 0-12 dm. high ; blades long and narrow; pani-
cles 2-7 cm. long, more slender ; spikelets and bristles usually
purplish. {Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell.) — Brackish
marshes along the coast, Ct. to Fla. ; and in saline soil, Kan.
and I. T. June-Sept. — Intergrades with the species.
2. S. GLAUCA (L.) Beauv. (Foxtail, Pigeon Grass.)
Annual ; culms branching at the base, compressed, erect or
ascending, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, glau-
cous ; panicle 2-10 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick ; J/ristles^S mm.
long, upicardly scabrous; spikelets 3 mm. long ; first glume ^,
second | as long as the striate undulate-rugose fertile lemma.
— Cultivated ground and waste places, common throughout.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 00.
3. S. verticill\ta (L.) Beauv. Annual, tufted ; culms 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous ; panicles green, 5-10 cm. long,
somewhat compound, interrupted at base, tapering above ; bristles
stout, doivmoardly barbed, 3-0 mm. long ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long ;
first glume \ as long as the second which equals the sterile lemma
and slightly exceeds the abruptly apiculate obscurely transverse-
rugose fertile lemma. — Near dwellings, widely distributed in
eastern U. S. (Nat. from Ku.) Fig. 70.
4. S. vfRiDis (L.) Beauv. (Green F., Bottle Grass.)
Annual, tufted ; culms 2-0 cm. high ; leaves 0.5-2.5 dm. long,
4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins ; panicles rather thick,
69. S. glauca.
Spikelet with sub-
tending bristles.
Same open, show-
ing fertile and
neutral flower X 3.
70. S. verticil
lata. Spike
let X 4.
GRAMIXEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 119
rhachis villous; bristles slender, vpv'arcVy barbed, ustially 7-12 mm. long :^
spikelets 2 mm. long ; second duine and sterile lemma equal, covering the obtus(
striate faintly wrinkled fertile lemma. — Cultivated grounds and
waste places, throughout. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 71. Var. hre-
YisETA (Doll) Hitchc. Bristles scarcely longer than the spikelets. —
Sterile soil, n. Me. and adjacent Que.
5. S. iTALicA (L.) Beauv. Annual; panicle compound, inter-
rupted at base, thick, nodding, 8-20 cm. long, but in escaped speci-
mens smaller, yellowish or purplish ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster,
longer than the spikelets. — Cultivated under the name of Millet,
German Millet, or Huxgariax Grass, and rarely spontaneous, as
is also Var. germanica (Mill.) Richter, Goldex-Woxder Millet, -^ 5, ^....,.
-which is more slender and has bristles shorter than the spikelets. Spikeletx4*
(Introd. from Eu.)
6. S. magna Griseb. Probably perennial ; culm stout, erect, 1-3 m. high ;
sheaths loose, spreading, compressed, margins densely ciliate near the summit ;
blades 3-6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. v:ide, attenuate, scabrous; panicles usually inter-
rupted below, 2-5 cm. thick, tapering to both ends; rhachis densely pilose;
bristles 8-11 mm. long, upwardly scabrous; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume
broad, about ^ as long as the second, which equals the sterile lemma and with
it covers the acute apiculate smooth and shining (not striate nor rugose) fertile
lemma. — Low grounds and marshes, Del., Ya., and south w. (Trop. Am.)
15. CENCHRUS L. Sandbur. Bur Grass
Spikelets 1 -flowered, acuminate, 2-6 together, subtended by a short-pediceled
ovoid or globular involucre of rigid connate spines which is deciduous with them
at maturity ; glumes shorter than the lemmas ; sterile lemma with a hyaline
palea, fertile lemma and palea less indurated than in Panicum, falcate-acuminate,
the lemma not inrolled at the margins. — Our species annual, with simple racemes
of spiny burs terminating the culm and branches. (An ancient Greek name of
Setaria italica.)
1. C. carolinianus Walt. Cidms flattened, much branched, ascending or
spreading, ;>-8 dm. long; leaves flat ; racemes of 8-20 involucres, about S mm.
thick, the 6-8 pubescent divisions spine-pointed,
spines spreading or reflexed ; spikelets 2-3. ( C.
tribuloides Am. auth., not L.) — Sandy soil, on river
banks, etc., s. Me. to Fla., and westw. across the
continent. Aug. (Trop. regions.) Fig. 72.
2. C. tribuloides L. Culms more robust, often
72 c carolinianus X 11/2 extensively branching or trailing, 3-9 dm. long;
Closed involucre, at left Lon?i- f^heaths loose, Usually hirsute along the margins,
tudinalsection'of same, at right, hgule conspicuously ciliate ; blades more or less
Open spikelet, in middle. involute; racemes usually included at the base;
involucres 12-14 mm. thick, densely long-pubescent ;
the stout spines spreading or ascending. (C. macrocephalus Scribn.) — Sands
along the coast, N.J. and southw.
16. ZIZANIA [Gronov.] L. Water or Indian Rice
Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered. the pistillate linear, awned, articulated and
tardily deciduous on club-shaped pedicels on the appressed upper branches,
the staminate lanceolate, early deciduous, on the expanded lower branches of
the same panicle ; glumes none in the pistillate spikelet ; lemma closely clasp-
ing the palea by a pair of strong lateral nerves, a long hispid awn from the sum-
mit ; first glume of staminate spikelet 5-, the second 3 nerved ; stamens 6 ; grain
cylindrical, l.;')-2 cm. long, closely enveloped in the membranaceous lemma and
3-nerved i)alea. — A tall aquatic gra.^s with long leaves and large tenuMial pani-
cles. (Adapted from fifdnoj', the ancient name of some wild grain.)
120
GRAMINEAE (gKASS FAMILY)
1. Z. paliistris L, (Indian Rice, Water Oats.) Annual ; cnlms 2-3 m.
high ; leaves flat, 5-10 dm. long, 1.5-4c m. wide. (Z. aqnatica of aiuh. not L.) —
Swampy border.s of .streams and in shallow water ; common,
especially northwe.stw. July, Aug. (Asia.) Fig. 73.
2. Z. aquatica L. Culms about 1 in. hiirh ; leaves nar-
rower (less than 1 cm. wide) ; pistillate jjurtion of panicle
more appressed. — Me, to Minn., and northw.
17. ZIZANIOPSIS Doll & Asch.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate above, the staminate below
on each branch of the panicle, much alike in appearance^
laterally compressed ; glumes subequal, membranaceous, the
first glume of the pistillate spikelet with a short terminal awn,
the lemma acute, palea none ; glumes and lemma of staminate
spikelet acute, nerveless, palea none ; stamens 6 ; grain ovoid,
with a chartaceous easily separable pericarp, loosely inclosed
in the glumes. — A tall aquatic grass with long leaves and
long narrow terminal panicles. (Xame from Zizania and
6-(/'ts. appearance, from likeness to the preceding genus.)
1. Z. miliacea (Michx.) Doll & Asch. Perennial by a creeping rootstock ;
culms 1-4 m. high, geniculate at the lower nodes; leaves flat, 3-10 dm. long,
1-3 cm. wide. {Zizania Michx.) — Swamps, Va., O., and southw. May.
vii
73. Z. aquatica x 1
^ spikelet.
9 spikelet.
Pistil with scales.
18. LEERSIA Sw. Cut-grass. White Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, perfect, but those in the open panicles
usually sterile, those inclosed in the sheaths cleistogamous and fruitful ; glumes
none, lemma boat-shaped, somewhat indurated, awnless,
clasping the palea by a pair of strong marginal nerves ; palea
of like texture, much narrower, 1-nerved ; stamens 1-6. —
Perennials of moist ground, with rough leaves and short
racemes of imbricated spikelets arranged in open panicles.
(Named after Johann Daniel Leers, a German botanist of
the 18th century.) Homalocexchrus Mieg.
* Spikelets narrowly ohlong, rather loosely crowded.
I
74. L. virginica.
A bit of intiorescence
x3.
Spikelet x 5.
1. L. virginica Willd. (White Grass.) Culms weak,
branched, ascending, with clustered scaly rootstocks ; panicle
simple, the slender branches stiffly spread-
ing ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. lone/, closely ap-
pressed ; lemma hispid on the keel ; stamens
2. — Wet woods, Me. to Ont., and southw.
Aug. Fig. 74.
2. L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Rice Cit-grass.) Culms rather
stout, braii(ii('(l, a.scending from a decumbent base with slender
creepiiKj rootstocks- leaves very ronr/h ,' panicle diffusely
branched, lax ; spikelets 4-5 mm. lomj ; lemma hispid, strongly
bristly ciliate on the keel. — Swamps or stream borders, ditches,
etc., Nfd. to Ont., and southw. Aug., Sept. (S. A., Eurasia.)
Fig. 75.
75. L. oryzoides.
Inflorescence x Vn-
A bit of same x 2^.
Open spikelet x 'J.
* * Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other.
o
•J.
L. lenticularis Michx. (Catch-fly Grass.) Culms
nearly simple, erect or decumbent at base, with scaly root-
stocks ; sheaths and blades sometimes nearly smooth ; panicle
ne;irly simple ; spikelets very flat, 5 mm. long, strongly bristly
ciliate. — Low groun<ls, Va. to Minn., and .southw.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
121
19. PHALARIS L. Canary Grass
Spikelets l-flowered, laterally flattened ; glumes equal, boat-shaped, much
exceeding the florets ; sterile lemmas small and narrow, appearing like hairy
scales attached to the fertile floret ; fertile lemma indurated and shining in fruit,
inclosing a faintly 2-nerved palea. — Annuals or perennials, with flat leaves and
dense spike-like panicles. (The ancient Greek name, (paXapis, alluding presuma-
bly to the crest-like inflorescence.)
§ 1. EUPHAlARIS Godron. Panicle very dense,, spike-like; glumes
wing-keeled.
1. P. CAyARiENSis L. (Canary Grass.) Annual, 3-8 dm. high
oval, 2-:3 cm. long ; spikelets broadly obovate, 5-6 mm. long, imbricated
Tfhite icith green veins, the keel entire ; fertile lemma browTn. —
Waste places and roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)
P. MINOR Retz. has been collected at St. John, N. B. {Fowler)
and on ballast at Camden, N. J. {Pollard). The spikes are
ublong and the glumes are narrowed at the pointed apex, the
exposed portion of the keel being somexchat toothed.
§ 2. DfGR APHIS (Trin.) Endl. Panicle branched, the clusters
open in anthesis ; glumes not winged on the back.
2. P. arundinacea L. (Reed C.) Perennial, 6-15 dm.
high ; leaves flat, 6-10 mm. wide ; panicle 6-15 dm. long ;
spikelets lanceolate, 5 ram. long, pale ; sterile lemmas reduced
to minute hairy scales. — Wet grounds ; common, especially
north w. June, July. Fig. 76. Yar. pfcTA L., the leaves
striped with white, is the familiar Ribbon Grass of the garden.
(Eurasia.)
panicle
glumes
76. P. arundinacea
x2.
Spikelet ; same
with glumes sep-
arated.
20. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sweet Yernal Grass
Spikelets l-flowered ; glumes very unequal ; sterile lemmas 2-lobed, hairy,
dorsally awned, longer than the fertile floret and falling with it ; fertile lemma
truncate, awnless, inclosing a faintly 1-nerved palea and per-
fect flower ; stamens 2. — Aromatic plants with flat leaves
and narrow spike-like panicles. (Name compounded of
&v6os, flower, and ^av66s, yellow).)
1. A. odoratum L. Perennial; culms slender, erect,
2-6 dm. high; leaves rough above; panicles 3-8 cm. long;
spikelets browni>ih green., 8-10 ram. long, spreading at flower-
ing time; glumes spa.rsely pilose ; first sterile lemma short-
awned below the apex, second bearing a strong bent scarcely
exserted awn near its base. — Meadows, pastures, and waste
places, throughout, especially easlw. May-July. — Sweet-
scented. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 77.
2. A. Plelii Lecoq & Lamotte. Smaller, annual ; pani-
cles 1-4 cm. long; spikelets whitish green, b-1 mm. long;
the glabrous glumes narrower than in no. I ; the long-exserted
Spikelet; same with ow?« blackish at base. — Dry fields and waste places, N. E.
glumes separated to Gilt, and Pa. ; sometimes cultivated westw. and southw,
xii^. (Nat. from Eu.)
77. A. odoratum.
Inflorescence x y^
21. HIEROCHLOE [Gmel.] R. Br. Holy Grass
Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate or
empty ; glumes subequal. about the length of the spikelet, boat-shaped, shining ;
stt-rile lemmas nearly as long as the glumes, boat-shaped, indurated and hairy,
each inclosing a 'J-nerN ed hyaline palea and a flower of '.) stamens ; fertile lemma
similar but smaller, inclosing a 1-nerved palea and perfect flower w ith 2 stamens.
122
GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
— Fragrant perennials, with flat leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from lepSs,
sacred, and x'^^^ grass; these sweet-scented grasses being strewn before church-
doors on saints' days in the North of Europe.) Savastana Schrank.
1. H. odorata (L.) VVahlenb. (Vanilla or Seneca Grass.) Culms 3-6 dm.
high, from a creeping rootstock ; leaves short, lanceolate, scab-
rous or smootliisb ; those of the sterile shoots long and scabrous ;
jmnicle pyramidal, 4-12 cm. long, usually compact but some-
times loose, the slender branches drooping ; spikelets 5 mm.
long, brownish ; staminate lemmas hispid-ciliate on the margins
and below the apex on the keel, awnless ; fertile lemma hairy
at the apex. (H. horealis R. & S.) — Moist meadows, chiefly
north w., near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. May-July.
(Eurasia.) Fig. 78. — The loose-panicled form, Savastana
Nashii Bicknell, is not specifically distinct.
2. H. alpina (Sw.) R. & S. Culms 1-4 dm. high, tufted;
upper sheaths inflated ; blades very small, the lowest and those
of the sterile shoots long and linear, smooth ; panicle con-
tracted, 2-0 cm. long; spikelets 7-8 mm. long, olivaceous;
staminate lemmas ciliate on the margins, the first short-awned
below the apex, the second with a longer (5-8 mm.) bent awn
from beloxo the middle ; fertile lemma mucronate. — Alpine regions, N. E., N. Y.,
and north w. July, Aug. (Eu.)
7S. H. o(l<»rata.
Closed spikelet ;
same opened and
with <rlunnes sep-
arated X 2.
22. MILIUM [Tourn.] L. Millet Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, rhachilla articulated below the floret ;
glumes equal ; lemma slightly shorter, shining, indurated, the
margins inrolled over a similar palea; grain inclosed within the
lemma and palea, free. — Our species perennial with flat leaves
and open panicles. (The ancient Latin name of the millet —
which, however, belongs to a different genus — of uncertain
meaning.)
L M. effusum L. Smooth ; culms rather slender, simple,
1-L5 m. high ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide ; panicle
1-2 dm. long, the slender branches in remote pairs or fascicles,
widely spreading or drooping, spikelet-bearing from about the
middle; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; glumes minutely scabrous.
— Cold damp woods and mountain meadows, N. S. to 111.,
and north w, — The fruit (mature floret) resembles that of
Panicum. June-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 79.
79. M. effusiim.
Part of prmicle X %.
Closed and open
spikelets x 3.
23. 0RYZ6pSIS Michx. Mountain Rice
Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow few-flowered panicles ; glumes rather broad,
obtuse or abruptly acute ; floret with a short obtuse callus ; lemma (not over
1 cm. long) convolute, somewhat indurated, including the rather large palea and
perfect flower, terminating in a deciduous simple slender awn ; grain oblong-
ellipsoid, tightly included in the indurated lemma. — Tufted perennials. (Naint-
composed of 6pv^a, nee, and 6\pis, appearance, from a fancied resemblance to
that grain.)
* Spikelets, excluding awn, 3-4 mm. long.
1. 0. pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Culms densely tufted, 2-5 dm. high, erect,
slender, simple ; sheaths usually crowded at the base, smooth or slightly scabrous ;
blades involute-filiform, the basal ones sometimes as long as tiie culm, usually
half its length, those of the culm sliort ; panicle 3-<» cm. long, branches erect or
ascending ; glumes suli£i(iual, obscurely 5-nerved ; lemma usually as long as
the glumes, appressed-pubescent ; awn 1-2 (rarely 5) mm. long, sometimes
wanting; palea as l(»ng as tlie lemma. (0. canadensis Man. ed. <> ; O. jnncea
BSP.) — Dry rocky or sandy soil, Lab. to N. Y., and westw.
GPwAMlNEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
123
* * Spikelets^ excluding aimi, 6-9 mm. long.
•
2. 0. asperif51ia Miclix. Culms tufted, 2-7 dm. bigh, erect or geniculate at
the lowest node; sheaths usually crov:ded at the base; blades erect, scabrous
especially on the glaucous lower surface, those of the base
often exceeding the culm, 5-8 mm. wide, flat or involute on
the margins, attenuate; culm-leaves usually less than 1 cm.
long ; panicle contracted. 5-12 cm. long., the branches simple,
erect ; spiJcelets, excluding awn, 6-8 mm. long ; glumes subequal,
shoit-ciliate at the apiculate summit ; lemma nearly or quite as
long as the second glume, sparingly pubescent ; avm 5-10 mm.
long; lodicules | the length of the pale a. —
Wooded hillsides, along waterways, etc., Nfd.
to B. C, s. to Pa., Minn., and N. Mex. June.
Fig. 80.
3. 0. racembsa (Sm.) Kicker. Culms tufted,
erect, ^3-12 dm. high, leafy to the summit ; leaves
1-3.5 dm. long. 4-15 mm. wide, flat, narrowed
toward the base, taper-pointed, scabrous below.,
pubescent above ; panicle 7-25 cm. long, branches
nearly simple, usually ascending ; -sp^Xv/ei. excluding awn, 1-9 mm.
long ; glumes equal, acute ; lemma somewhat shorter, pubescent,
becoming black in fruit; awn 1.5-2.5 cm. long; lodicules minute.
(?Iilium Sm. ; 0. melanocarpa Muhl.) — Rocky woods, Me. to
Ont., southw. to Del. and la. June-Oct. Fig. 81.
80. O. a^jierilblia
Spikelet (below).
Floret (above).
81. O. racemosa.
Spikelet x 1.
24. STIPA L. Feather Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, in terminal panicles ; glumes narrow, acute or bristle-
tipped ; floret with a bearded usually sharp-pointed callus ; lemma convolute,
indurated, including the small palea and perfect flower, terminating in a simple
strong persistent geniculate twisted awn ; grain cylindrical, tightly included
in the indurated fruiting lemma. — Rather large tufted perennials with involute
leaves. (Name from o-ti^tt??, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the
feathery awns of the original species.)
* Glumes 4:-l2 mm. long.
•*- Callus blunt; awn 1 cm. or less long.
1. S. canadensis Poir. Culms tufted, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves 4-12 cm. long,
narrow, involute, scabrous ; panicle loose, 5-12 cm. long, the opposite few-
flowered branches ascending ; glumes subequal, oblong, subacute, 4 mm. long,
slightly exceeding the pubescent oblong lemma ; awn 6-10 mm. long. {S.
Richardsoni Man. ed. 6, not Link ; S. Macounii Scribn.) — Woods and thickets,
N. B., Me., N. H., N. Y., n. shore of L. Superior, Sask., and north w.
•*- +- Callus acute; awn more than 1.5 cm long.
2. S. viridula Trin. XI!ulms clustered, 5-10 dm. bigh,
sparingly branched ; basal sheaths overlapping, the long
usually scabrous involute or sub-involute blades elongated,
upper blades shorter, mostly setaceous ; panicle narrow,
erect, 1-2 dm. long, the branches mostly in pairs, erect,
rather densely flowered from near the base ; glumes 7-9 mm.
long, acuminate-setaceous, exceeding the pale appressed-
pubcscent I einma ; R\\n 2-4: cm. long; callus usually rather
sJwrt. — Prairies and meadows, w. Minn., the Dakotas, and
soutbwestw. July, Aug. — Variable.
3. S. avenacea L. (Black Oat Grass.) Culms tufted,
slender, erect or ascending, 3-10 dm. high, leafy at the base ;
sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1-1.5 mm. wide,
usually involute, the basal ones i-^ the length of the culms,
82. S. avenacea x 1%
Flower and glumes.
124
GRAMIXEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
those of the cuhn 4-10 cm. long; panicle loose, 1-2 dm. long, the slender
branches in pairs, lax., finally spreading ; glumes often purplish, 8-10 mm. long*
acute., about tMiualing the dark-brown lemma, lohich is smooth below, scabrous
above and hears a fringe of short hairs at the summit; awn 4-7.;") cm. long;
callus acuminate, covered with dense brownish hairs. — Dry woods, Mass. to Fla.,
w. to Wis, and Tex. May, June. Fie. 82.
* * Glumes 2 cm. long or more.
4. S. comata Trin. & Rupr. Culms erect, simple, 2-12 dm. high ; sheaths
mostly crowded at the base, the tipper often loose and inclosing the base of the
panicle; basal blades usually about \ the length of the culm, mostly involute-
filiform, those of the culm 0.5-1.5 dm. long. 2-4 mm. wide,
•flat or involute ; panicle loo.se, 1-4 dm. long, branches distant,
erect or somewhat spreading, naked below ; glumes 2-2.8 cm.
long., tapering into a slender fragile awn., much exceeding the
sparsely pubescent lemma ; ainn 10-24 cm. long, pubescent to
the genic7ilation, sco.brous and curved beyond; callus acute. —
Dry plains and hills, la., and westw. June, July.
5. S. spartea Trin. (PoRcrpiNE Grass.) Culm rather
stout, simple, 0.5-1.2 m. high; sheaths mostly overlapping,
blades usually involute, basal ones | the length of the culm,
tho.se of the culm 1-3 dm. long ; panicle finally exserted., narrow,
88. S. spartea x %. i_o ^^^ long, branches erect, naked below ; glumes 2.8-8.5 cm.
Floret and base of iQ^ig_^ attenuate, exceeding the brownish lemnia, which is ap-
awn. Glumes. pres.sed-pubesccnt below, and nearly or quite glabrous above ;
awn 11-20 cm. long, rigid, scabrous, minutely pubescent below ; callus acuminate,
very sharp-pointed, densely clothed with silky appressed hairs. — Plains and
prairies, Mich, to Mo., and westw. Fig. 83.
25. ARISTIDA L. Triple-a>\'ned Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, in usually narrow panicles ; glumes unequal, narrow,
acute or acuminate ; a hard obconical hairy callus below the floret ; lemma
somewhat indurated, convolute, including the thin palea and perfect flower, ter-
minating in a trifid awn ; grain elongated, tightly included in the lemma.
— Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow leaves. (Name from arista, a
beard or awn.)
Annuals.
Awns separate to the base.
Lateral awns much shorter than the middle one.
Middle awn coiled at base.
Glumes T-S mm long
Glumes 12-14 mm. long
Glumes 15-20 mm. long
Middle awn not coiled at base, horizontal
Lateral awns not much shorter than the middle one.
Glumes 7-9 mm. long ; awns 1.4-2.2 cm. long
Glumes 20-30 mm. long ; awns 3.5-7 cm. long .
Awns united below in a long twisted neck . .
Perennials.
Awns 5-10 cm. long
Awns not over 3 cm. long.
Sheath.s glabrous
Sheaths woolly
1. A. dichotoma.
2. A. baairamea.
8. A. ramoHiHuima.
4. A. gracilis.
5. A. intermedia.
6. A. oligantha.
7. A, tuherculoHa.
8. A. purpurea.
9. A.purpuraxcens.
lU. A. laiiona.
1. A. dich6toma Michx. (Poverty Grass.) Culms tufted, wiry, much
branched at the base and usually forking at every node, but in depauperate
specimens .sometimes nearly simple, 1-6 dm. high ; sheaths loose; blades mostly
involute ; panicles few-flowered, .simple, narrow, the lateral ones often se.ssile
and partially inclosed in the sheaths ; glumes subequal. 7-8 mm. long, cuspidate ;
lemmas about 0 mm. long, excluding the awns ; lateral aivns reduced to minute
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
12.5
S4. A. dichotoina.
r^ pikelet x 'ii^.
erect teeth, middle awn ;]-6 mm. long, horizontal, coiled at the base in maturity.
— Sterile sandy or gravelly soil, Me. to Mo. and southw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 84.
Var. Curtissii Gray. Differs in being less freely branched ; panicles looser ;
glumes unequal, the second 10-12 mm. long, the first f-| as
long; lemma 7-10 mm. long, excluding the awns. — Va. to
Mo., and southw.
2. A. basiramea Engelm. Resembling yl. dtcAo^oma, /ree??/
branching at the base ; culms sparingly branched ; leaves aver-
aging longer ; panicles looser, the terminal often partly included
in the upper sheaths, small panicles commonly borne in the
basal sheaths; glumes acuminate, \inequal, second 12-14 mm.
long, the first about f as long ; lemma about 1 cm. long, exclud-
ing the awns ; lateral awns 2-7 mm. long, erect or spreading,
middle awn 1-2 cm. long. — Dry soil and prairies, 111. to
Minn, and Neb. Aug., Sept.
8. A. ramosissima Engelm. Culms tufted, wiry, repeatedly branching, the
branches divergent ; leaves mostly setaceous ; panicle loose, few-flowered ; glumes
1.5-2.5 cm. long, awned from a bifid apex, unequal, the second equaling the
lemma (excluding the awns); lemma 2-2.3 cm. long;
lateral awns minute, erect, middle awn 2-3 cm. long,
refiexed by a loose spii'al at base. — Dry prairies, Ind.
and 111. to Tenn. and Mo. Aug., Sept.
4. A. gracilis Ell. Culms slender, in small tufts or
solitary, branched at the base, simple or sparingly
branched above, 1.5-5 cm. high ; sheaths not loose; blades
2 mm. or less wide, usually involute in drying ; .spikelets
mostly in a slender raceme (if a panicle, the branches
rarely bearing more than 2 spikelets), rather distant below,
often crowded above ; glumes unequal, the second, equal-
ing thefioret; lemma about 6 mm. long, usually mottled;
middle awn horizontal, 8-15 mm. long, lateral awns erect,
2-6 mm. long. — Sandy soil, N.H. to Mo., and southw.
Sept. Fig. 85.
intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Similar to the preceding but much larger ;
85. A. gracilis.
Spikelet x 2.
5. A.
culms 3-7 d7n. high, more freely branching, often geniculate at base; leaves
5-15 cm. long, rigid, involute ; panicle 2-4 dm.
long, slender, branches short, appressed ;
glumes attenuate-aristate, subequal or the
second longer. 7-9 mm. long, scabrous, slightly
shorter than the floret ; lemma scabrous above
the middle, sometimes mottled ; awns all
spreading, the middle one 18-22 mm. long,
lateral ones 14-17 mm. long, all variable. —
D17 soil, la. and Kan. to Miss, and Tex. Aug., Sept.
6. A. oligantha Michx. Culms tufted, wiry, branched
at base and at all the nodes. 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths loose
blades long, usually involute ; panicle or raceme few-flowered
the axis often flexuous and spikelets spreading ; glumes unequal,
long-av:ned from a bifid apex, exceeding the floret, the second strongly
7-nerved ; lemma 17-20 mm. long, scabrous above ; awns nearly equal,
divergent, 3.5-7 cm. lona". — Dry sterile soil, N. J. to Neb,, and southw.
Fig. 86.
7. A. tubercul5sa Nutt. Culms branched below. 1.5-5 dm
tumid (It the joints; leaves long and involute; panicles rigid,
the branches in pairs, one short and about 2-flowered, the
elongated and several-flowered ; glumes 2.5 cm. long, including
their slender-awned tips; lemma 12-15 mm. long, the twisted
base of the awns of equal length ; awns divergent, subequal,
3.5-5 em. long. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Mass. to Miss. ;
Great La^es. Aug.-Oct. (Mex.) Fig. 87,
high,
loose,
othei
8(i. A. oliirantha.
Spikelet x %.
and about the
126
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
8. A. purpurea Nutt. Culms simple, 3 dm. high or less, densely tufted,
spreading ; leaves involute and filiform ; ligule pilose ; panicle loose, of rather
few slender-pediceled spikelets ; glumes 1-nerved, the first
about half the Itngth of the second, which is 1.5-2 cm. long,
aions 5-10 cm. long. — Dry prairies, Minn, southw. and westw.
9. A. purpurascens Poir. In small tufts, glabrous, 3-<3 dm.
high ; culms erect, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves 1-2 dm.
long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually involute toward
the ends; panicle purplish, very slender^
\-\ the entire length of the plant, loosely
or rather densely flowered ; glumes 10-12
mm. long, 1-nerved, scabrous, the first slightly
the longer, attenuate-aristate, the second
aristate from a bidentate apex ; lemma
6-7 mm. long; awns divergent, not twisted,
1.5-3 cm. long, the middle somewhat longer
than the lateral. — Sandy or gravelly soil,
, and southw. (W. I.) Fig. 88. — Variable ; a
very delicate, apparently annual, form occurs in wet sands
and drying sloughs in n. Ind.
10. A. lanbsa Muhl. Culms stout, erect, simple, 6-12 dm.
high ; sheaths {at least the loicer) woolly ; blades flat, 3-6 dm.
long, 3-6 mm. wide ; panicles nearly half the length of the
entire plant, narrow, rather loosely flowered, nodding ; glumes
subequal, 1-1.4 cm. long, the first slightly the longer, acumi-
nate, the second mucronate from a bidentate apex ; lemma
spotted, about 1 cm. long ; lateral awns 10 mm. long, the
divergent middle awn 1.5-2 cm. long. (A. lanata Poir., not Forsk.) — Dry pine
barrens, mostly near the coast, Del. to Tex. and I. T. Sept., Oct.
87. A. tuberculosa.
Spikelet x %.
Mass. to Minn..
88,
A. purpurascens.
Spikelet x 1.
26. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.
vSpikelets 1-flowered, in contracted (rarely open) panicles ; a short usually
barbate callus below the floret ; glumes thin, often aristate ; lemma narrow,
membranaceous, 3-nerved, awned or awnless, inclosing a thin subequal palea ;
grain closely enveloped by the lemma. — Our species perennial, often with scaly
rootstocks, flat or involute leaves and small spikelets. (Dedicated to the Beu.
Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist, 1753-1815.)
a. Panicle more or less contracted, not diffuse ; culuis branched ; leaves flat b.
b. Glumes at least one half as long as the floret e.
c. Glumes broadly ovate, more or less clasping, one-half to two-thirds as
long as the" floret.
Spikelets 1.. 5-2 mm. long; lemmas awnless
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; lemmas awned
c. Glumes lanceolate, acute to aristate-pointed.
Glumes not longer ihan the lemmas.
Panicles linear or filiform, spikelets not crowded ....
Panicles oblong or cylindrical, long-exserted, spikelets crowded,
more or less glomerate
Panicles ovoid or subpyr imidal, numerous, short-ex serted or par-
tially included
Glumes much exceeding the awnless lemmas
b. Glumes not more than one-fourth as long as the florets ....
a. Panicle diffuse ; culms simple ; leaves involute
1. M. soholifera.
2. M. tenuijfora.
3. M. aylvatica.
4. J/, foliosa.
5. M, mexicnna.
6. M. racemosti.
7. M. Schreheri.
8. M. capilhtris.
§ I. EUMUHLENBERGI A Dalla Torre & Harms. Panicles contracted or glom-
erate, on branching culms usually from scaly creeping rootstocks ; leaves flat.
* Glumes at least J as long as the floret, scabrous on the keel ; all the species with
clusters of scaly rootstocks.
•♦- Glumes broadly ovate, ^-| as long as the floret, which is often conspicuously
hairy at base.
1. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Culms erect or ascending, sparingly branched,
4-8 dm. high, scabrous below the glabrous nodes, leafy toward the summit.
GPwAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 127
lower leaves distant ; blades 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, spreading, scabrous;
panicles very slender, usually loose-flowered, 1-1.-') dm. long (lateral panicle?
if present much shorter); spikelets 1.5-2 mjn. lonu ; tlie acute or abruptly cu.s-
pidate glumes |-| as long as the scabrous acute lemma. — Rocky woods, N. E.
to Minn., and southw. Sept., Oct.
2. M. tenuiflbra (Willd.) BSP. Similar to the preceding; cm??71s often ta^er,
retrorsely puberulent, at least below, nodes pubescent ; panicle \.b-Z dm. long,
loosely tlowered ; spikelets 3—1: mm. long ; the glumes abruptly acuminate, sca-
bj'oiis, ^-| as long as the floret, the first very broad, clasping ; lemma taperhig
into a slender awn 5-10 mm. long. {M. Willdenovm Trin.) — Rocky woods
and ravines, Mass. to Ont., Minn , and southw. Aug., Sept.
■t- •*- Glumes lanceolate, acute or aristate-pointed.
•^ Glumes not longer than the lemma ; culms more or less compressed, retrorsely
strigose below the glabrous nodes ; leaves scabrous, ascending. (These three
species are exceedingly variable ; each has an awned and an awnless form.
The length of the glumes, wliich are acuminate to aristate, is an unstable
character, often varying to the extremes in the same panicle.)
3. M. sylvatica Torr. Culms erect or ascending, 6-9 dm. high, freely branch-
ing, leafy ; leaves 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; panicles usually short-exserted.
1-2 dm. long, linear or filiform; spikelets not crowded, on rather long erect
branches, usually green or stramineous, 2.6-3 mm. long; glumes acuminate,
sometimes aristate, shorter than the scabrous lemma, which is mucronate or
tipped with a slender awn as much as 6-12 mm. long. — Moist rocky woods and
\\ooded banks, X. B. to Ont., la., and southw. Aug.-Oct.
4. M. foliosa Trin. Similar to the preceding in size, habit and foliage ; pan-
icles long-exserted, 8-15 cm. long, oblong or cylindrical, glomerate; spikelets
more or less densely croicded on the rather short ascending or appressed branches,
usually puiple ; glumes mucronate or aristate, nearly or quite as long as the
awned or awnless lem.ma. (M. ombigua Torr.) — Swampy
ground, Me. to Ont., S. Dak., and southw. Sept.
5. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Similar to M. foliosa. often branch-
ing at the base ; the culms decumbent and rooting at the lower
nodes ; panicles numerous, 5-10 cm. long, ovoid or subpyramidal,
terminal on the culm and its many rather short branches, usually \ LkeTt'x^s"*
partly inclosed within the upper sheath; glumes acuminate or ^
aristate, about as long as the acute, acuminate or awned lemma which is
sometimes smooth. {M. polystachya Mackenzie & Bush.) — Sandy and gravelly
stream-banks and waste ground, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., and southw. Aug.,
Sept. Fig. 89.
••-f ++ Glumes aristate, much exceeding the awnless lemma.
6. M. racembsa (Michx.) BSP. Culms erect, 3-9 dm. high, simple or spar-
ingly branched ; blades 5-12 dm. long, scabrous ; panicles 5-10 cm. long, dense
and spike-like, or interrupted at base ; spikelets 4-6 mm. long ;
the aristate glumes subequal, much exceeding the acute lemma.
{M. glomerata Trin.)— Moist meadows and low ground, Nfd,
to N. J., and westw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 90.
* * Glumes not more than I the length of the floret; no clusters
of scaly rootstocks.
90. M. racemosa.
Spikeletx:]. 7. M. Schreberi J. F. Gmel. (Drop-seed, Nimble Will.)
Culms 3-8 dm. Ions, erect or ascending from a decumbent base,
often rooting at the lower nodes, diffusely much branched ; blades 3-8 cm. long,
2-4 mm. wide; panicles 5-15 cm. long, numerous, .slender, the erect branches
rather densely flowered ; spikelets (excluding the awn) 2 mm. long ; first glume
obsolete or nearly so, the second minute, truncate ; lemma tapering into a slender
awn :3-5 mm. long. (3/. diffusa Schreb.) — Dry woods, hillsides and waste
places, Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept.
^f
128
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
Var. palustris Scribn. Similar to the species ; culms reclining or ascending:,
very slender or almost filiform ; leaves 2-4 cm. loii^'. 2-3 mm. wide; panicles
5-10 cm. long, very slender, more loosely fl.orr'ered ; spikelets (excluding tiie
awn) 2.5 mm. long, usually purple; glumes acute, unequ<iL
the first about ^, the second about \ the length of the hidentate
awned lemma; awn flexuous, 4-6 mm. long. (3f. palustris
Scribn.) — Swampy ground, D. C. and 111. Sept., Oct.
§2. TRICHOCHLOA (Beauv.) Trin. Panicle very loose and
open, the long branches and pedicels capillary ; leaves narroic,
often convolute-bristle-form.
8. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (Hair Grass.) Caespitose,
erect, with simple rigid culms, 6-10 dm. high ; sheaths overlap-
ping; blades l-o dm. long, involute^ rig^d ; panicle about \ the
entire height of the plant, its spreading capillary branches loosely
flowered; spi'kelets purple, 4 mm. long (excluding the awn);
glumes subequal, acute, or the second aristate-pointed, about \ as
long as the lemma which bears a delicate avs^n 5-20 mm. long. —
91. M. capillaris. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Mass. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.
."> pikelet x3. FlG. 91.
27. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.
Spikelets 1-flowered, in a few-flowered narrow panicle ; glumes minute,
unequal ; floret with a short callus, the rhachilla prolonged
behind the palea into a slender naked bristle ; lemma firm,
narrow, 5-nerved, terminating in a long straight awn ; palea
firm, nearly as long as the lemma ; grain oblong, inclosed in
the lemma and palea. — Perennials, with simple culms from
short knotty rootstocks. (Name composed of ^paxvs. short,
and iXvrpov. husk, from the minute glumes.)
1. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Culms erect, 5-10 dm.
high ; sheaths sparsely retrorse-hispid ; blades 8-15 cm. long,
1-1.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very scabrous, pilose on the
nerves beneath ; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long ; spikelets 1 cm.
long (excluding the awns), on capillary pedicels ; first glume
often obsolete, second sometimes aristate ; floret scabrous.
{B. aristatum Beauv.) — Rocky woods, Nfd. to Minn., and
southw. July, Aug. Fig. 92.
92. B. erectum.
Spikelets x 1^.
33. H. schoenoides.
Inflorescence x i/^.
Spikelets x 3.
28. HELEOCHLOA Host
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense oblong-ovoid spike-
like panicles ; glumes awnless, shorter than the 1-nerved lemma
which subtends a palea of nearly equal length. — Low caespi-
tose branching annuals, the numerous spike-like panicles
partly included in the inflated sheaths. (Name from ^Xos,
a meadov), and x^^°-> (jvass.)
1. H. SCHOENOIDES (L.) Host. Usually almost prostrate;
leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point; spike 1.5-4 cm.
long. — Waste places, N. Y. to Del. and e. Pa. ; also Chicago,
l\\. {Behh). (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 93.
29. PHLEUM L.
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense cylindrical spike-like panicles;
glumes equal, cili.ite on the keels, and abruptly awn-pointed, longer than the
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
129
Droad truncate 5-nerved hyaline lemma ; palea nearly equal,
narrow. — Krect simple perennials, with flat leaves and terminal
spike-like panicles. (From 0\eajs, a Greek name for a kind
of reed.)
1. P. PRATENSE L. (Timothy, Herd's Grass.) Culms
4-10 dm. high, from a swollen base; panicle long-cylindrical ;
awn of glumes 1 mm. long — Meadow^s, commonly cultivated
for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 9-4.
2. P. alpinum L. Ctdms 2-6 dm. high ; panicle nart'oicly
ellipsoid or short-cylindrical; awn of glumes 2 mm. long. —
Alpine regions of N. E. and north %v. ; also Upper Mich. (Eurasia.)
94. p. pratense.
Floret raised from
the glumes x 3.
30. ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, falling from the axis entire, in slender spike-
like panicles ; glumes equal, awnless, usually connate at the base, ciliate on
the keel, the broad 5-iierved obtuse lemma nearly equal in length, with a
slender erect dorsal awn from below the middle ; margins connate near the
base ; palea none. — Branching perennials with flat leaves and soft dense
spike-like panicles. (Name from dXibirr}^, fox, and ovpd. tail, from the shape
of the spike.)
1. A. PRATENSis L. (Meadow F.) Erect, glabrous; culms 3-9 dm. high,
from short creeping rootstocks ; sheaths loose, the upper usually inflated ;
leaves scabrous ; panicle 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets 5 mm. long ;
the lemma equcding the acute long-ciliate glumes; awn usually
exserted about 5 mm. — Meadows and pastures, eastw. May.
(Nat. from Eu.)
2. A. geniculatus L. (Floating F.) Glabrous or nearly
so ; culms slender, decumbent and branched at base, then erect
or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves slightly scabrous ; pani-
cles slender, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 3 m.m. long;
lemma shorter than the obtuse long-ciliate glumes; awn bent,
the exserted portion usually twice as long as the glumes. —
Moist meadows, banks of streams and ditches, Nfd. to B. C,
and throughout U. S. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 95.
Var. aristulatus Torr. Spikelets slightly smaller, awn very
slender and scarcely exserted. — In water and w^et places,
common. June-Aug. — In the Western States these two forms
seem inseparable and indigenous, but in the eastern portion of
our range the former appears to be introduced and is easily
distinguished by its longer aw^is and usually geniculate or
creeping base. The variety appears to be the same as A.fulvus
Sm. of Eurasia.
3. A. agrestis L. Glabrous ; culms erect or decumbent at
base, 3-6 dm. high; leaves scabrous; panicle rather slender, 3.5-10 cm. long;
spikfdets 6-7 7nm. long ; glumes very short-ciliate on the keels, connate for I their
length, slightly shorter than the lemma; awn twice the length of the glumes or
moVe. — Waste places and ballast, Mass., N. J., Pa.; and on Pacific coast.
(Adv. from Eu.)
95. A. geniculatus.
Inflorescence x y^.
Bit of same x 1.
Spikelet and lemma
x3.
31. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed. Rush Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, in narrow and spike-like, or loose and spreading,
often partly included, panicles ; leumia as long as or longer than the usually
unequal glumes, 1-nerved ; palea equaling or exceeding the lemma, often splitting
between the strong nerves at maturity ; grain readily falling from the spikelet,
pericarp loosely inclosing the seed, often thin and evanescent. — Annuals or
perennials with involute or flat leaves. (Name from awopd, seed, and (idWetv, to
cast forth. )
gray's manual — 9
180
GRAMINEAE (GKA8S FAMILY^
Panicles contracted.
Rootstocks short or slender or none ; culms tufted or solitary.
Panicle not raore than one-third the entire height of the plant.
Perennials.
Spikelets 5 mm. long or more ; panicle dense.
Floret appressed-pubescent below.
Lemma two-thirds as long as palea . . ,
Lemma and palea subequal . . . > .
Floret glabrous
Spikelets not over 4 mm. long ; panicle interrupted.
Culms smooth ; ligule 0.5 mm. long ....
Culms minutely roughened by septae ; ligule 2 mm. long
Annuals.
Spikelets 4 mm. long ; lemma pubescent .
Spikelets 2. r>-:3 mm, long; lemma glabrous
Panicle one-third to one-half the entire height of the plant .
Rootstocks stout, extensively creeping
Panicles open (often contracted in no. 10).
Glumes very unequal.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; glumes ovate or lanceolate.
Sheaths bearded at the throat ; blades flat ....
Sheaths not bearded ; blades involute ....
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; first glume awl-shaped . ,
Glumes subequal.
Plants compressed at base ; leaves conduplicate . •
Plants not compressed ; leaves flat
1. S. clandexUnus.
2. S. canovirens.
3. S. asper.
4. S. brevi/olius.
5. S. Richard sonis.
6. S. vagmiflorus,
1. S. neglect us.
8. S. indicus.
9. S. virgiuicus.
10. S. cryptandrua.
11. S.junceas,
12. S. heterulepis.
13. S. co7npre8SU8.
14. S. uniflorus.
1. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc. Tufted culms 4-12 dm. high; lower
leaves long, subrigid, the margins and involute-filiform tips scabrous; panicle
5-15 cm. long, often partially inclosed in the upper sheath ; spikelets
6-8 mm. long ; glumes unequal., acute, the first | the length of the
acute lemma, the second | that of the long-acuminate pointed palea ;
lemma and palea appressed-pubescent toward the base, the lemma f
the length of the palea. {8. asper Man. ed. 6.) — Sandy fields and
dry hills, Ct. to 111., Mo., and southw. Sept. Fig. 96.
2. S. can6virens Nash. Similar to the preceding but smaller ;
the shorter leaves hirsute near the base; panicle smaller; spikelets
about 6 mm. long ; lemma and palea acute, subequal. — Sandy soil,
Tenn., Mo., and southw.
3. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. Culms stout, 3.5-10 dm. high ;
96. S. eland, sheaths overlapping ; blades nearly as long as the culm, the upper
SpikeletxS. exceeding the panicle, pilose above at the flat base, the long involute-
filiform tip scabrous; terminal panicle 8-25 cm. long, partly in-
cluded in the inflated upper sheaths, lateral panicles small, usually hidden in
the sheaths, or none; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; glumes unequal, obtuse or sub-
acute, the first about \ as long as the floret; lemma and, palea glabrous., the
lemma slightly the longer. {S. longifolius Wood.) — Dry
sandy soil, Me. to S. Dak., and southw. Fig. 97.
4. S. brevifblius (Nutt.) Scribn. Tufted culms 3-6 dm.
high, very slender ; leaves involute- filiform ; ligule 0.5 mm. long,
erose-truncate ; panicle very slender, loosely flowered, 5-10 cm.
long ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; glumes acuminate, subequal,
I as long as the short-cuspidate lemma, which slightly exceeds
the palea. {S. cuspidatus Wood.) — Dry open ground. Wis.
to Mo., and wostw.
5. S. Richards5nis (Trin.) Merr. Similar to the preceding,
2-5 dm. high ; culms erect or ascending from a slender horizontal rootstock,
minutely roughened hy septae; ligule 2 mm. long, acute; panicle 1-6 (rarely 10)
cm. long; spikelets somewhat crowded, 3 mm. long; glumes acute, less than
\ as long as the cuspidate lemma {the cusp about 1 mm. long) which exceeds
the palea. (S. cuspidatus, in part, and ^S*. depauperatus Man. ed. 6; S. brevi-
folius Nash, as to description, not Scribn.) — Meadows and along rivers, N. B.
and Me. ; Neb., and in the far West. Aug.
6. S. vaginiflbrus (Torr.) Wood. Tufted culms 2-6 dm. high, slender^
erect to widely .spreading; leaves about 2 mm. wide. invoUite toward the end :
panicles numerous, partially included in the inflated sheaths, or the terminad
97. S. asper.
Spikelet x 8.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
131
9S. S. neglectus.
Spikelets x 4.
panicle exserted, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets 4 mm. long; the acuminate glumes
usually subequal, nearly as long as the acuminate scabrous mimitely appressed-
pubescent lemma, which is exceeded by the sharp-pointed palea. — Sterile fields
and waste places, s. IVFe. to S. Dak., and south w. Sept.
7. S. neglectus Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually more slender ; the
panicles smaller, more completely inclosed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes,
lemma, and palea ad subequal, acute, thinner in texture, glabrous, white
and shining. — Sterile or sandy soil, N. B, to S. Dak., s. to Va.
and Tex. Fig. 98.
8. S. iNDicLS (L.) R. Br. (Smut Grass.) ^Tufted culms
3-10 dm. hi-gh. erect, wiry ; leaves 10-30 cm. in length, long-
attenuate; panicle \-\ the entire height of the plant; spikelets
2 mm. long, shining, crowded on the slender erect branches;
glumes obtuse, unequal, the second \ as long as the acuminate
lemma which is slightly longer than the obtuse palea. — Waste
ground and fields, Va. to Ark., and southw. Aug., Sept. —
Panicle frequently affected with a black fungus, hence the com-
mon name, (Nat. from trop. regions.)
9. S. virginicus (L.) Kunth. Glabrous; culms erect, 1.5-5 dm. high;
sheaths overlapping; blades firm, involute, conspicuou.sly distichous on the nu-
merous sterile shoots ; panicles exserted, 3-6 cm. long ; spikelets 3 mm. long ; the
glumes unequal, the second exceeding the glabrous floret. —
Sandy shores, Va. to Fla. Aug., Sept. (Trop. regions.)
10. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Tufted, 4-7 dm. high;
culms rather stout, erect or somewhat spreading ; sheaths over-
lapping, ciliate on the margin and conspicuously bearded at the
throat; blades 6-12 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, scabrous;
panicle lead-colored, usually open, 12-20 cm. long, included at
base in the upper sheath, or sometimes contracted and wholly
included ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long ; first glume about ^ as long
as the second ; lemma acute, longer than the palea. — Sandy
soil, especially on the coast and about the Great Lakes, N. E. to
Minn., s. to Pa. and Tex. Aug., Sept. (Mex.) Fig. 99.
11. S. junceus (Michx.) Kunth. Tufted, glabrous, 4-7 dm. high; culms
wiry, erect, leafy at the base, naked above ; the involute-setaceous basal leaves
12-24 cm. long, spreading ; ptanicle purplish or chestnut, the short verticillate
branches spreading ; spi^telets 3 mm. long ; first glume about \ the
length of the second, which is as long as the glabrous subacute
equal lemma and palea. {S. gracilis Merr. ; S. ejuncidus lisSish.)
— Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., w. to Tex. Aug. Fig. 100.
12. S. heter61epis Gray. Tufted, 6-9 dm. high ; culms rather
stout, wiry, erect ; basal leaves about J as long as the culm,
involute-setaceous ; panicles long-exserted, 7-25 cm. long, branches
ascending; spikelets 4-6 mm. long; first glume about ^-| the
floret, the second acuminate, often cuspidate (varying in length in the same
panicle), exceeding the glabrous obtuse or subacute equal
lemma and palea; grain very large, pericarp shining, indu-
rated, splitting the palea. — Dry soil and prairies, w. Que. to
Man. , s. to Ct. , Pa. , Mo. and Tex. Aug. , Sept. — Strong-
scented. Fig. 101.
13. S. compressus (Torr.) Kunth. Perennial from short
scaly rootstocks, flattened at base; culms 3-6 dm. high, leafy
to the top ; the sheaths overlapping ; leaves conduplicate ;
panicle \-\ the length of the entire plant, loosely flowered ;
spikelets 2 mm. long ; the acute glumes shorter than the striate scabrous lemma
which equals the palea. (*S'. Torreyamis Nash.) — Bogs in pine
barrens, L. I. and N. J. Sept. — Spikelets rarely 2-flowered.
14. S. uniflbrus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. Rootstocks very
slender ; culms delicate, tufted, erect, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves
90. S. cryptandrus.
Open spikelet with
glumes detached
x4.
100. S. junceus.
Spikeiet x 3.
length
of the
101. S. heterolepis
Spikelet x 3.
%
1-2 mm. wide ; panicle \-\ the length of the culm, loosely
102. S. uniflorus.
Spikelet x 3.
132
GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
flowered, branches solitary, much divided ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; the obtuse
or erose glumes about i as long as the equal glabrous obtuse lemma and palea.
(^S*. serotinus Gray.) — Bogs and wet sandy soil. Me. to N. J. and Mich. Aug.,
Sept. Fig. 102.
32. AGR6STIS L. Bent Grass
Spikelets l-flowered ; glumes subequal and acute, longer than the broad ob-
tuse lemma which is awnless or dorsally awned ; palea hyaline, shorter than the
lemma, or obsolete ; grain loosely inclosed in the lemma. — Annuals or peren-
nials with usually flat scabrotis leaves, membranaceous ligules and open or con-
tracted panicles. (Name from dypos, afield, the place of growth.)
Palea at least one-half as long as the lemma, 2-nerved.
Culms erect or decumbent at base . . . .
Culms prostrate, rooting at the nodes . .
Palea minute and nerveless or wanting.
Awn long and verj- delicate
Awn short or none.
Panicle diffuse, branches long and capillary .
Panicle spreading but not diffuse.
Lemma awnless .
Lemma awned.
Spikelets 2 mm. long
Spikelets 3 mm. long
. 1. A. alha.
(1) A. alha, v. maritima.
2. A. EUiottiana.
3. A. hyemalis.
4. A. perennans.
5. A. canina.
6. A. borealis.
1. A. alba L. (Fiorix or White B., Red Top.) Bootstocks creeping or sto-
loniferous ; culms 3-10 dm. high, often decumbent at base ; leaves fiat, stiff
and upright to lax and spreading, the ligule 4-5 mm. long ; panicle 5-30 cm.
long, contracted after flowering, greenish, purplish, or brown-
ish, the branches slightly rough ; lemma nearly equaling the
glumes, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the palea ^f as long. —
Meadows and fields ; a valuable grass naturalized from Eu.
and native northw. and westw. Var. vulgaris (With.)
Thurb. (Red Top, Herd's Grass of Pa., etc.) Culms lower,
more slender, with narrow leaves ; panicle smaller and more
divaricate, not contracted after flowering ; ligule short and
truncate. {A. vulgaris With.) — Dry knolls and hills. (Xat.
from Eu. and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.) Fig. 103.
— One form {A. stolonifera autii., not L.) is cultivated as a
lawn grass under the name Creepi^tg Bent. A teratological
form (due to the presence of nematodes in the abortive
ovaries) with floral parts elongated {A. sylvatica L.), occurs
in N. E.
Var. arista ta Gray. Culms slender and strict, with small
open panicle ; lemma aioned from near the base. {A. stricta
Willd.) — Open ground. Me. to Va. — In habit resembling
A. canina, with which it is often confused.
Var. maritima (I^am.) G. F. W. Mey. Culms densely
tufted, prostrate, rooting at the nodes; leaves mostly short and appressed ;
panicle contracted, dense, about 1 dm. long. {A. coarctata YA\x\\.) — Brackish
meadows or wet sands along the coast. Me. to Del. (Eu.)
2. A. EUiottiana Schultes. Culms delicate, 1-4 dm. high; leaves very slen-
der ; panicle open, xceak, and drooping ; glumes nearlj'- equal, rougliish on the
keel and margins, the lemma shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the truncate apex;
awn 5 mm. long ; palea minute. — In dry soil, Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and S. C.
May-July,
3. A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (Hair Grass.) Culms very slender, erect,
3-0 dm. liigli ; leaves short and narrow, the tufted basal ones soon involute, the
upper 2-7 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide ; panicle purplish, the lohorled
scabrous branches spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. hmg ; lemma
awnless or rarely short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal
very acute glumes; paU-a obsolete. (A: scahra Willd.) — Dry Or moist open
woodland, sandy low land, rocks, etc., common. June-Aug. — A form with
103. A. alba, v. vulg,
Panicle x y^.
Spikelet x 3.
GR AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY) 133
awned lemmas occurs from Me. to Tenn., and especially in the White Mountains ;
at higher altitudes this and also the awnless form tend to be more tufted, with
numerous short radical leaves. (Trichodium montanum Torr. ; A. laxiflora,
var. montana Tuckerm. ; A. scahra^ var. montana Man. ed. 6.)
4. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. (Thin Grass.) Culms erect or some-
what decumbent, varying from weak and lax to stout and tall, 3-10 dm. high;
leaves numerous, 1-2 dm. long, 1-6 mm. wide ; panicle ovoid-subcylindric, the
slender ascending branches dividing and spikelet-hearing from about the middle^
the pedicels often divergent; spikelets 2-3 mm. long; lemma
shorter than the acuminate unequal glumes. {A. intermedia
Scribn.) — Low open ground or damp shaded places, Me. to
Minn., and southw. Sept., Oct. — Variable in habit; in deep
shade the culms weak and decumbent, the panicles more open
with fewer branches, conspicuously divaricate. Flowers later 104 ^, perennans.
than any other species of Agrostis in the eastern states. Fig. Spikelet x 3.
104. Var. elXta (Pursh) Hitchc. Differs in having more
slender and elongated culms, but particularly in the crowding of the spikelets at
the ends of the branches, giving them a more drooping appearance. {A. elata
Trin. ; A. altissima Tuckerm. ; Cornucopiae altissima Walt, is doubtful, prob-
ably A. alba L.) Swamps near the coast, N. J. to Miss.
5. A. CANiNA L. (Brown Bent Grass.) Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect, slen-
der ; basal leaves involute-setaceous, those of the culm flat and broader ; panicle
at first loose, contracted in fruit ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; glumes subequal, acute ;
awn inserted about the middle, longer than the glumes, bent. —
Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastw. ; cultivated as a lawn
grass under the name Rhode Island Bent. (Nat. from Eurasia.)
6. A. borealis Hartm. Culms tufted, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves
tufted at base, few on the culm ; panicle open, the loicer branches
whorled and. spreading ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; awn exserted
105 Ah r ^~^ vam.. beyond the glumes, rarely short or obsolete. {A. rubra
Spikelet x 8V ^'^th., not L. ; A. canina, var. alpina Oakes ; A. novae-angliae
"^ Vasey.) — Lab. to Alaska and mts. of N. E. and N. Y. ; also
Roan Mt., N. C. (Eu.) — Dwarf forms of high altitudes and latitudes approach
dwarf forms of A. hyemalis. Some of these have been referred to A. rupestris
All., which seems not to occur in N. A. Fig. 105.
33. P0LYP6G0N Desf. Beard Grass
Spikelets l-flowered, in a dense spike-like panicle ; glumes subequal, entire or
2-lobed, bearing a straight awn from the apex ; lemma much
shorter than the glumes, broad, emarginate or bifid at the
apex, awned ; palea smaller than the lemma ; stamens 1-3. —
Annuals, with flat leaves. (Name composed of ttoXus, much,
and TTwyuv, beard.)
1. P. MONSPELiENSis (L.) Desf. Culuis 2-6 dm. high, erect
from a decumbent base, usually tufted ; blades linear, scabrous ;
panicle 3-10 cm. long, dense, interrupted, pale, and soft silky, 106. P. uionsp.
often partly included in the uppermost sheath ; spikelets 2.5-3 inflorescence x Vs
mm. long. — Waste places, Me., and southw., mostly near the spikelet, floret,and
coast. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 106. glumes x 2.
34. CALAMOVILFA Hack.
Spikelets l-flowered, awnless ; callus densely bearded ; glumes rather firm,
unequal, acute ; lemma 1 -nerved, acute ; palea as long as the lemma, broad,
deeply furrowed between the strong nerves. — Rather tall rigid perennials, with
horizontal rootstocks and loosely spreading panicles. (Name from KdXafxos, a
reed, and Vilfa. a name applied to a genus of grasses by Adanson.)
1. C. brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. Culms 6-12 dm. high, tufted, from a short
horizontal rootstock ; the basal sheaths indurated and keeled ; blades long, linear,
134 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
nearly flat or involute ; panicle purplish, 1-2 cm. long, pyramidal, the slender
branches ascending ; pedicds hairy at the summit ; spikolets 5 mm. long ; glumes
shorter than the floret, mucronate ; callus-hairs less than half
the length of the scabrous lemma and palea, which are bristly-
bearded along the keels. (Calamagrostis Beck.) — Sandy-
swamps, pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C, rare.
2. C. longifblia (Hook.) Hack. Culms solitary, 6-18 dm.
high, from running rootstocks, stout ; sheatlis u^ially pubescent,
at least on the margins ; leaves elongated, involute above and
tapering into a long thread-like point; panicle pale, 1.5-4.5
dm. long, narroic, tlie slender smooth brandies erect or ascend-
lOi. C. longifoha. j^^^ . ^.pj-/^.^./^^^ Q_7 ,,^„^ long; glumes acute, the second equal to
f^"^*H^\"^^^ %' or exceeding the floret; callus-hairs more than half the length
tached glumes X ^ ^f ^j^p smooth lemma and palea. {Calamagrostis Hook.) —
Sandy shores, Ont. to Rocky Mts., south w. to Hi. and Kan., and southwestw.
July-Sept. Tig. 107.
35. CALAMAGR6STIS Adans. Reed Bent Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a hairy bristle
or pedicel ; glumes subequal, usually longer than the floret, ; lemma awned on
the back, usually from below the middle, surrounded at base with copious long
hairs; palea shorter than the lemma, faintly 2-nerved. — Tall often reed-like
perennials, with running rootstocks, simple mostly erect culms and many-
flowered panicles. (Name compounded of KdXa/jLos, a reed, and aypoio-TLs, a
grass.) A difficult genus in which the awns and callus-hairs, although'furnish-
ing the most used diagnostic features, are exceedingly variable.
Awn bent, exserted more or less.
Sheaths not bearded at the summit 1. C. Pickeringii.
Sheaths bearded at the summit.
Palea about as long as the lemma ; callus haii-s one fourth to one third
as long % C. PorUri.
Palea and callus-hairs three fourths as long as the lemma . . . 8. (7. perplexa.
Awn straight, included.
Panicle loose and open, even after flowering.
Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long 4t. C. caiiadensis.
Spikelets 5-C mm. long , . . b. C. Langndorfiz.
Panicle contracted, strict, the short branches erect or appressed after
tiowering.
Rudiment hairy throughout.
Panicle dense, more or less spike-like ; leaves involute.
Leaves smooth, soft ; rootstock slender 6. C. neglecta.
Leaves roughish, rigid ; rootstocks stouter 1. C. hyperhorea.
Panicle looser, the branches spreading at tiowering time . . . 8. C. inexpansa.
Rudiment with copious long hairs at the tip 9. C.cinnoides.
* Awn strongly bent, exserted more or less ; callus-hairs usually much shorter
than the lemma.
1. C. Pickeringii Gray. Culms solitary or few, 3-5 dm. high, somewliat
rigid, scabrous below the panicle ; sheaths smooth ; blades flat, 4-10 cm. long,
4-5 mm. wide, erect ; panicle purpli.sh, 7-12 cm. long, the branches erect or
ascending ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; glumes acute, exceeding the obtuse scabrous
lemma, which bears a short stout bent (not twisted) awn from below the
middle ; callus-hairs ^\ the length of the lemma, wanting at the back. (C
breviseta Scribn.) — Mts. of N. Y. and N. E. to Nfd., and northw. ; locally at
Andover, Ma.ss. (,/. Robinson). Aug.-Sept.
Var. laciistris (Kearney) Hitchc. Culms taller (5-10 dm. high); rootstocks
stouter ; leaves more or less involute ; panicle usually longer ; callus-hairs ^| as
long as the lemma. — Mts. of N. E., and along the Great Lakes to Minn.
2. C. Porteri Gray. Culms slender, 0-12 dm. high; blades 1.5-3 dm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, flat, taper-pointed, very rough, bearded oji the sides at the base ;
ligule 4-5 mm, long ; panicle narrow, 8-16 era. long, rather loosely flowered, the
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 135
»hort branches erect ; spikelets 4-5 ram. long ; glumes acute, slightly exceeding
the floret; lemma obscurely dentate, axon twisted below; palea about as long
as the lemma, callus-hairs scanty, \-\ as long. — Dry woods, N. Y. and Pa.
Aug.
3. C. perplexa Scribn. Similar to the preceding, slightly glaucous ; panicle
oblong-lanceolate, contracted, 1-1.5. dm. long, the slender fascicled branches
erect or ascending, densely flowered ; spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; glumes acumi-
nate ; awn slightly twisted below ; palea and copious callus-hairs | the length
of the lemma. {C. nemoralis Kearney, not Philippi.) — Rocky woods. Me. and
w. N. Y., local.
* * Awn straight or nearly so, included ; callus-hairs usually not much shorter
than the lemma.
^ Panicle loose and open, even after flowering ; the mostly purple-tinged or
lead-colored strigose-scabroxis glumes not closing in fruit ■ copious callus-
hairs about equaling the lemma, not surpassed by those of the rudiment;
awn delicate.
4. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. (Blue-joint Grass.) Culms 6-15 dm.
high, clustered ; leaves 1.5-4 dm. long, flat, involute in drying, glaucous ; panicle
1-3 dm. long, the slender fascicled branches ascending or
spreading; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; glumes equal, acute,
scarcely exceeding the thin erose-truncate lemma ; awn incon-
spicuous ; callus-hairs copious, about as long as the floret. —
Wet places, e. Que. to N. J., and westw. June, July. Fig.
108. Var. acuminata Vasey. GUtmes 4-5 mm. long, attenu-
ate, exceeding the acute lemma ; awn less delicate and longer. — los. c. canadensis.
Lab., Nfd. ; White Mts., N. H. ; Roan Mt., N. C. ; and in Spikeletxs.
Rocky Mts.
5. C. Langsd6rfii (Link) Trin. Similar to the preceding ; panicles usually
smaller; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; glumes acuminate, somewhat exceeding the
dentate lemma ; aw)i as long as the floret, less delicate than in G. canadensis. —
Moist meadows. Lab., mts. of N. E., L. Superior, and northwestw. Aug.
(Greenl., Eurasia.)
-t- -t- Panicle contracted, strict, its short branches appressed or erect after
flowering; the scabrous glumes mostly closed; lemma less delicate, some-
times as firm in texture as the glumes ; awn stouter.
6. C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertner, Meyer & Scherbius. Bootstock slender;
culms slender, 4-6.5 dm. high ; leaves soft, 1-3 cm. long, smooth; panicle nar-
row, glomerate and lobed, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; glumes
acute ; callus-hairs a little shorter than the floret, and as long as those of the
rudiment; awn from the middle of the thin lemma or lower, barely exceed-
ing it. (C. stricta Man. ed. 6, not Trin.) — Wet shores and mountains, n.
N. E., L. Superior, northw. and westw. (Eurasia.)
7. C. hyperbbrea Lange. Culms and rootstocks stouter than in the preceding ;
culms tufted, 4-10 dm. high ; leaves involute, rigid, roughish ; panicles 7-15 cm.
long, dense ; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long ; glumes acute, exceeding
the flcn-et ; callus-hairs §-| as long as the lemma. (O. lappo-
nica Man. ed. 6, not Kartm.) — Moist meadows and calcareous
cliffs, Greenl. to Alaska, s. to e. Que., n. Vt., "Pa.," Minn. ;
and in the Rocky Mts.
8. C. inexpdnsa Gray. Culms solitary or few, slender,
109. c. inexpansa. '^'^^ ^"i- ^^'S^ ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous
Spikelet with de- ^-t^ove, flat, often involute in drying ; panicles pale, 1-2 dm.
tached glumes x 2. long, less densely flowered than others of this group ; spikelets
4 mm. long ; glumes rather rigid, sharp-pointed, about \ longer
than the toothed lemma ; awn scarcely exceeding the lemma ; callus-liairs
\-\ shorter than the lemma. (C. confinis Man. ed. 6, not Nutt. ) — Swamps and
low prairies, N. Y. and N. J.; Minn, to Mo. and westw. July. Fig. 109.
136
^RAMIXEAE (grass FAMILY)
9. C. cinnoides (Mulil ) Barton. Glaucous ; culms stout,
1-1.8 m. high, solitary or few, erect or leaning; leaves very
scabrous, sometimes sparingly hirsute, 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 mm.
wide (those of the innovations shorter, narrow) ; panicles 8-17
cm. long, tapering to summit, usually much contracted ; spike-
lets 6-7 mm. long; glumes keeled., very scabrous, acuminate^
aristate., the tips visually curved outward., exceeding the acuminate
lemma which is awned above the middle ; callus-hairs about
\ the length of the floret, those of the rudiment copious, con-
no. C. cinnoides. fined to the tip., almost equaling the lemma. (C. Nuttal-
Spikeiet with de- liana Steud.) — Moist ground, Me. to O. and south w. Fig.
tached glumes x 3. HO.
36. AMM6pHILA Host
Spikelets 1-flowered, large, awnless, crowded in a long spike-like panicle ;
rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a hairy bristle ; glumes firm, subequal,
compressed-keeled, acute ; lemma of like texture, surrounded
at base with short hairs, 2-toothed at the apex and mucronate
between the teeth ; palea nearly as long, rather firm, the two
nerves close together. — A coarse perennial with creeping root-
stocks, rigid culms and involute leaves. (Name from &/j.fM)s,
sand, and cpLXeip, to love.^
1. A. arenaria (L.) Link. (Sea Sand-reed, Psamma,
Marram, Beach Grass.) Culm stout, 0.5-1 m. high, branch-
ing at the base, from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long,
soon involute ; panicle 1-4 dm. long ; spikelets compressed ;
glumes and lemma scabrous. (A. arundinacea Host.) — Sandy iii. a. arenaria.
beaches, along the coast, N. B. to N. C. ; and on the Great Lakes, inflorescence x Vio-
Aug., Sept. (Eu.) — An important sand-binder. Fig. 111. Spikelets x 1.
112. A. spica-venti.
flpikelet with de-
tached glume.s X 3.
37. APERA Adans.
Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea
into a minute naked bristle ; glumes thin in texture, subequal,
and slightly exceeding the lemma which bears a slender awn
from just below the apex ; palea nearly as long as the lemma,
2-toothed. — Annuals with flat leaves and diffuse panicles.
(Name from d-n-rjpos, unmaimed ; application obscure.)
1. A. spicA-vENTi (L.) Beauv. Culms slender, 3-7 dm.
high, tufted, erect or geniculate at the lower nodes ; blades
linear ; panicle 1-3.5 dm. long, the very slender branches
verticillate, spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 2 mm.
long, shining ; lemma scabrous, awn 5-7 mm. long. — Spar-
ingly naturalized eastw. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) Fio.
112.
38. CiNNA L. Wood Reed Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, forming a short
naked stipe below the floret, and prolonged behind the palea into a minute
bristle ; glumes narrow, hispid ulous on the keel; lemma 3-5 -nerved, with a short
awn from between the minute teeth of the bifid apex ; palea 1-nerved, or 2-nervea,
the nerves close together ; stamen 1. — Tall perennials with flat leaves, conspicu-
ous hyaline ligules, and many-flowered nodding panicles. (From /c/i/m, a name
used by Dioscorides for a kind of grass.)
1. C. arundinacea L. Culms 0.5-1.5 m. high, erect, solitary or few together
blades 2-3 dm. long, 1 cm. or less vnde (rarely wider;, slightly scabrous ; panicle
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
137
1.5-3 dm. long, the slender branches ascending, somewhat contracted after
flowering ; spikelets 5 mm. long ; glumes scabrous, unequal, the second as long
as the scabrous lemma which bears a minute awn or is
sometimes awnless ; palea 1-nerved. — Moist woods and
shaded swamps ; N. S. to Ont. and southw. Aug. , Sept.
Fig. 113.
2. C. latifblia (Trev.) Griseb. Similar to the preced-
ing ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. loide, rarely nar-
rower, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the flexuous
capillary branches spreading or drooping; spikelets 4 mm.
long; glumes scabrous, subequal, and about equaling the
scabrous short-awned lemma ; palea 2-nerved., the nerves
close together. (C. pendula Trin.) — Damp woods, Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. E.,
N. Y., the Great Lake region, and westw.; also on mts. of N. C. (Eu.)
llo. C. aruudinacea.
Spikelets x 2i4-
114. A. caiyophyllea.
Spikelet x 3.
Flower x 4l^.
39. AIRA L. Hair Grass
Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect ; glumes thin, somewhat scarious,
subequal, acute, awnless, longer than the approximate florets ; lemmas bidentate,
awned on the back or the lower awnless ; palea a little shorter than the lemma ;
grain included in the slightly indurated lemma and palea, and usually adherent
to them. — Delicate annuals. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)
1. A. CARYOPHYLLtA L. Culuis soHtary or few, slender, erect, 8-30 cm. high ;
blades short, setaceous : panicle open, the silvery shining spikelets clustered
toward the ends of the spreading capillaini branches., 3 mm.
long, nearly as broad ; lemma of both florets icith a geniculate
aicn 3-4 mm. long from below the middle., the teeth of the apex
setaceous. — Waste places, Nantucket to O., and southw.
June. (Nat. from Eu. ) Fig. 114.
2. A. capillXris Host. Similar to the preceding ; panicle
more diffuse ; spikelets scattered at the ends of the branches.,
2.5 mm. long ; lemma of loioer floret dvmless or with a minute
awn just below the apex., the teeth of which are short ; lemma
of upper floret bearing a geniculate awn 3 mm. long from below the middle, teeth
of apex setaceous. — On the coast, Va., and southw. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. A. PRAEcox L. Culms tufted, 0.5-20 cm. high, slender, erect or lower
nodes geniculate ; sheaths slightly inflated ; blades setaceous ; paiiicle narrow
and dense, the short branches erect., 1-3 cm. long ; spikelets yellowish, shining,
3.5-4 mm. long ; lemmas of both florets bidentate at apex, and bearing a genicu-
late awn 2-4 mm. long from below the middle, the awn of lower floret shorter
than that of the upper. — Sandy fields, N. J. and Del. to Va. May-July. (Nat.
from Eu.)
40. HOLCUS L.
Spikelets 2-flowered, articulated below the glumes ; the lower floret perfect,
rai.sed on a curved stipe, awnless ; the upper floret staminate (rarely perfect),
its lemma bearing a dorsal awn from below the apex ; glumes
thin, subequal, compressed, boat-shaped, longer than the
florets ; lemmas somewhat indurated, boat-shaped ; paleas
thin, nearly as long as the lemmas. — Perennials with flat
leaves and densely flowered terminal panicles. (A name used
by Pliny for a kind of grass, from 6X/c6s, attractive.)
H. lan.\tus L. (Velvet Grass.) Entire plant grayish.,
velvety-pubescent; culms erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaves" 15 cm.
long or less, rarely longer, 5-10 mm. wide ; panicle purplish,
5-10 cm. long, narrow ; spikelets 4 mm. long, nearly as broad ;
glumes villous, hirsute on the nerves, the second broader than
the flr.st, 3-nerved ; lemmas ciliate at the apex ; awn of second
115. H. lanatus.
Sjnkelet x sy,.
Same opened x 2%.
floret hooklike.
(Nat. from Eu.)
Moist meadows, N. S.
Fig. 115.
to 111., and southw. June, July.
138 GRAMINEAB (GRASS FAMILY)
41. SPHEN6pH0LIS Scribn.
Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the pedicels jointed just below the glumes ; rhachilla
prolonged behind the upper palea in a slender pedicel, articulated between the
florets, the glumes and lower floret with joint of pedicel tardily falling together ;
glumes subequal, exceeded by the uppermost floret, the first narrow, the second
much broader, usually obovate, becoming subcoriaceous in fruit, 3-nerved ;
lemma chartaceous, nerves obscure, awnless or awned below the summit, awn
usually straight or divergent ; palea hyaline, narrowed toward the base ; grain
inclosed within the rigid lemma, free. — Slender perennials with usually flat
leaves and narrow terminal panicles. (Name from acprip, a wedge, and <po\is, a
scale, referring to the broadly obovate or wedge-shaped second glume.) Eatonia
Endlicher and later authors, not Raf.
Spikelets awnless or with the second floret short-awned ; glumes dissimilar, the
first linear, second obovate, l)econiing chartaceous.
Panicle narrow, densely flowered ; second glume as broad as long, subcucullate
in fruit 1. S. obtusata.
Panicle lax, branches more or less spreading, at least in flower.
Glumes subequal, second broadly obovate, obtuse ; florets obtuse, the second
very scabrous 2. S, nitida.
Glumes" unequal, first shorter than the narrowly obovate second one; florets
mostl)'^ acute, glabrous . . S. S. pallens.
Spikelets awned ; glumes similar.
Lower floret usually awnless . 4. S.palusiris.
Both florets awned {A) S. palustris,'v.flexuosa.
1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Culms slender to rather stout, 3-10 dm.
high ; sheaths pubescent to nearly glabrous ; leaves 4-15 cm. long, glabrous ; panicle
6-18 cm. long, often glomerate; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long;
glumes subequal, the second subcucullate, the broad chartaceous
margins smooth and shining ; lemmas similar or the second a
little scabrous. — Dry soil, Ct. to Fla. , westw. to Mo. and Tex.
June, July. Fig. 116. Var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn.
Sheaths and sometimes culms and leaves pubescent. — Ct. to
116 s bt 8 ta Mich, and southw. Var. lobAta (Trin.) Scribn. Sheaths and
Spikelet x 3. leaves scabrous, not pubescent ; panicle cylindrical, sometimes
interrupted below ; spikelets densely crowded on the short appressed
branches. — Dry soil, and prairies. Me. to Ela., westw. throughout the U. S. ;
the commoner form in the North.
2. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms slender, .3-6 dm. high; sheaths pubes-
cent; leaves 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle 5-20 cm. long,
loosely flowered, widely spreading in flower, finally erect ; spikelets- S mm. long,
cuneiform ; glumes subequal, the broad second glume rounded or abruptly apic-
ulate ; lemmas oblong, obtuse, rarely short-awned just below the apex, second
lemma scabrous especially near the tip and keel. {Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey.) —
Woods, Vt. to Mich., and southw. May, June. Var. glXbra (Nash) Scribn.
Sheaths and leaves glabrous. — Va., and southw.
3. S. pdllens (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms 3-10 dm. high, usually slender;
sheaths usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent ; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 4.0 mm.
vnde, scabrous on the nerves, sometimes sparsely pilose above ;
panicles lax, nodding, 8-20 cm. long ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long,
oblong-lanceolate ; glumes unequal, scaln'ous on the keels, the
first linear, \-\ as long as the broadly oblanceolate usually acute
second glume; lemmas lance<tlate, acute, glabrous except on the
keel near the apex, the sectmd projecting beyond the second ^^^ g pollens
glume, sometimes awned below the apex. {Eatonia pennsylvanica siiikelotxS
Gray.) — Me. to N. C., w. to Wise, Kan., and Tex. — In the
Mississippi Valley this species occurs on ])rairies, and has a denser panicle ; in
tlie Atlantic States, espfcially southward, it occurs in meadows and along
ditches, and has a more lax panicle. Fio. 117. Var. ma.jok (Torr.) Sciibn.
Panicles narrovjly lanceolate or oblong, rather densely flovwred, the first glume
nearly e(jualing the rather narrow second one. {Eatonia intermedia Rydb.) —
Nfd. to Wash., s. to 111., Col., and Ariz.
GRAMI^^EAE (GRASS FAMILY)
189
4. S. paliistris (Michx.) Scribn. Culms 6-10 dm. high; sheaths and leaves
glabrous, or lower sheaths sometimes pubescent ; leaves 8-12 cm. long, 3-6 mm.
wide, scabrous ; panicles 10-20 cm. long, narrow ; spikelets
6-7 mm. long ; glumes similar, lanceolate, acute, subequal ;
lemmas lanceolate, the Jirst acute or acuminate-pointed, aivn-
less, rarely short-awned ; the second bearing a slender divergent
awn below the acute or 2-toothed apex ; awn 4-5 mm. long.
(Trisetum pennsylvanicum ]Man. ed. 6, not Avena pennsylvanica
L. ; T. palustre Trin.) — Low grounds, Mass. to 111. and
southw. Var. flexu6sa Scribn. Culms 4-6 dm. high ; panicles
8-12 dm. long, open, the flexuous branches icidely spreading at
least in flower; spikelets ^-b mm. long, the first floret usually
awned. — Del. {Commons)., Pa. {Heller). Fig. 118.
118. S. pal., y. flex.
Spikelet x 3.
42. KOELERIA Pers.
Spikelets 2-4-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged into a naked pedicel behind the
upper palea ; glumes unequal, slightly shorter than the florets, membranaceous,.
acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved ; lemma char-
taceous-membranaceous, the margins scarious, faintly 3-5-
nerved, acute or mucronate ; palea hyaline ; grain loosely
inclosed within the subrigid lemma, free. — Tufted perennials
with narrow leaves and densely flowered terminal spike-like
panicles. (Named for Prof. (r. L. Koeler, an early writer
on grasses.)
1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Culms erect, 3-6 dm. high,
leafy at the base ; sheaths retrorsely pubescent, at least the
lower ; blades flat or becoming involute ; panicle cylindrical,
4-15 cm. long, often interrupted at base, pale and shinino: ;
spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; the glumes and lemmas scabrous. — Dry soil, Ont. and
O. to B.
Fig. 119.
119. K. cristata x 2i^.
Spikelet. Lower part
of lemma spread
open.
C, and southw. ; introduced in N. E. (Eurasia.) — Very variable.
43. TRISETUM Pers.
Spikelets 2 (rarely 3-5) -flowered, rhachilla prolonged behind the upper palea
as a hairy bristle or pedicel ; glumes unequal, the second
about as long as the florets, keeled ; lemma membranaceous,
keeled, 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a slender dorsal awn ;
palea narrow, 2-toothed ; gi'ain smooth, inclosed in the lemma
and palea but free from them. — Tufted perennials with nar-
row or spike-like or loose terminal panicles. (Name from
tres, three, and seta, a bristle.)
1. T. spicatum (L.) Richter. Culms slender, erect, 1.5-6
dm. high ; sheaths and blades more or less puberulent, blades
2-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicle shining, spike-like, 3-12
cm. long, often interrupted below ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ;
the second glume broader than the first, o-nerved ; lemma
minutely scabrous, the awn inserted about | below the acumi-
nate-toothed apex, 4-5 mm, long, divergent. (T. subspicatum
Beauv. and var. molle Gray.) — Mts. and rocky banks, Lab.
to Alaska, s. to Ct., N. Y., the Great Lakes; and along the
mts. to N. C. (Eurasia.) Fig. 120.
2. T. melicoides (Michx.) Vasey. Culm 3-8 dm. high ;
sheaths and blades roughish ; panicle shining, lax, nodding,
10-12 cm. long; spikelets 7 mm. long ; callus hairy ; lemma
minutely scabrous, bluntly 2-toothed at the apex, awn 1-2
mm. long, straight, erect. (Graphephorum Desv. ) — Gulf
of St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes, s. to N. B., Me.,
121. T. niei., V. inaj. X 2. and Vt. Var. mXjus (Gray) Ilitchc. Lower sheaths
Spikelet and tloret. pubescent ; upper surface of the leaves pilose ; lemmas
120. T. spioatmii x 3.
Spikelet and tioret.
140
GRAMTNEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
entire at the acute apex, awnless. {Dupontia Cooleyi Gray ; Graphephorum
melicoides, var. major Gray.) — Gravelly or rocky shores, Me., Vt., Ont., and
Mich. Fig. 121.
44. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.
Spikelets 2 (rarely 3) -flowered ; rhachilla hairy, prolonged behind the upper
palea as a hairy bristle ; glumes subequal, thin or scarious ; lemmas thin, 4-nerved
(the midnerve becoming an awn), truncate, 2-4-toothed, bear-
ing a slender dorsal awn from or below the middle, — Tufted
perennials (our species) with flat or involute leaves and shining
spikelets in loose or narrow panicles. (Named for Loiseleur-
Deslong champs, a French botanist, 1774-1849.)
* Glumes somewhat shorter than the florets.
1. D. flexu5sa (L.) Trin. (Common Hair Grass.) Culms
erect, 3-8 dm. high, slender, nearly naked above, t?te numerous
involute-setaceous basal leaves 5-20 cm. long ; sheaths scabrous ;
blades setaceous; panicle 5-12 cm. long, very loose, rather
few-flowered, the smooth capillary flexuous branches spikelet-
bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long -, -glumes acute ;
florets approximate, lemmas scabrous, 4-toothed, awn inserted
near the base, 5-7 mm. long, twisted ; palea nearly as long as
the lemma, scabrous. — Dry places, Nfd., Ont., Wise, and
northw., s. to N. C. and Tenn. June, July. (Eu.) Fig. 122.
2. D. caespitbsa (L.) Beauv. Culms erect, 0-12 dm. high,
slender ; basal leaves flat or becoming involute, not setaceous,
5-15 cm. long; sheaths smooth; blades flat, scabrous on the
upper surface ; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the scabrous slender
branches spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4 mm. long ;
glumes acute or blunt; florets distant {rhachilla half the length of lower sessile
floret) ; lemmas smooth, erose-truncate ; awn from near the base, but little
longer than its lemma, straight, articulated at the base and
deciduous ; palea nearly equaling the lemma. — Moist soil,
mostly along streams, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. J. and 111.
June, July. (Eu.) — Spikelets rarely 3-flowered. Fig. 123.
* * Glumes longer than the florets.
3. D. atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Culms erect,
1.5-5 dm. high, slender, leafy ; no tufts of basal leaves ; sheaths 123. D. caespitosa.
smooth; blades flat, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, nearly Spikelet x 31/0.
glabroiLS ; panicle 4-10 cm. long, rather few-flowered ; the few
smooth capillary flexuous branches spreading, sometimes drooping, spikelet-
bearing at the ends ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes acuminate; florets rather
distant ; lemmas strigose near the summit, erose-truncate and short-ciliate at
apex ; awn inserted about the middle, bent, 3-4 mm. long ; palea nearly equaling
the lemma. — Alpine summits of N. E. and N. Y. to Lab. and northwestw,
July, Aug. (Eurasia.)
122. D. flexuosa.
Part of panicle x ^.
Spikelet and floret
x2y2.
45. AVENA [Tourn.] L. Oat
Spikelets 2-C-flowered ; rhachilla bearded below the florets ; glumes subequal,
membranaceous, many-nerved, longer than the lemmas, usually exceeding the
uppermo.st floret ; lemmas indurated except toward the summit, 5-9-nerved,
bidentate at the apex, bearing a long dorsal twisted awn (the awn straight or
wanting; in cultivated forms); grain pubescent at least at the summit, often ad-
hering to the lemma and palea. — Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles
of large spikelets. (The classical Latin name.)
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
141
* Spikelets more than 2 cm. long ; annuals.
1. A. FATUA L. Culms 4-12 dm. high, in small tufts, erect, stout ; blades
long, 5-8 mm. wide ; panicle loose and open, the slender branches ascending ;
spikelets pe7uhilons, 2,2-2.5 cm. long, excluding the awns ;
(jlumts smooth, striate, acuminate ; florets approximate ;
lemmas with a ring of hairs at base and more or less
appressed-pubescent with long stiff brownish hairs; awn
inserted about the middle, bent and twisied, 3 cm. long
or more. — Fields and waste places, Ont. and 0. (rare) ;
Wise, 111., and westw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 124.
2. A. STERiLis L. (Animated Oats.) Larger than
the preceding, the spikelets 3.5-4.5 cm. long, excluding
the awns ; lemmas usually more densely hairy ; awns
5-7 cm. long. — Occurs sparingly, in N. J. and near Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Adv. from Eu.)
A. SATivA L., the cultivated oat, commonly occurs in
waste places in cities, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
* * Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long ; perennials.
124. A. fatua.
Spikelet x %.
3. A. puBESCExs Huds. Culms 6-9 cm. high, in small tufts, erect, slender ;
sheaths and blades, at least the lower, retrorsely pubescent ; panicle rather nar-
row, the slender flexuous branches erect; spikelets upright, 1.2-1.3 cm. long,
excluding the awns ; glumes S-nerved, the nerves scabrous ; florets approximate,
rhachilla-joints clothed with long white hairs ; lemmas scabrous, a tuft of ichite
hairs at the base, a bent and twisted awn inserted about the middle, 2-2.5 mm.
long. — Fields, Vt., N. J. (Adv. from Eu.)
46. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat Grass
Spikelets 2-flowered, the florets approximate, the lower staminate, its lemma
bearing a geniculate and twisted awn on the back near the base ; the upper per-
fect, its lemma short-awned from or near the apex, or awnless ; rhachilla hairy,
prolonged behind the upper palea into a bristle ; glumes unequal, acute, thin
and scarious ; lemmas of firmer texture, 5-7-nerved ; palea
ciliate on the nerves. — Tall perennials with flat leaves and
long narrow panicles. (Name from dppvv, masculine, and
dd-np, awn, in reference to the awned staminate floret.)
1. A. elXtius (L.) Beauv. (Tall O.) Culms 1 m. or more
high, erect; leaves long, linear, 0.5-1 cm. wide, scabrous on
both surfaces ; panicle pale or purplish and shining, 15-30 cm.
long, narrow, the short branches verticillate, usually spike-
let-bearing from the base ; spikelets 7-8 mm. long ; glumes
minutely scabrous, the second about equaling the florets ;
lemmas scabrous, the awn of the staminate floret about twice
the length of its lemma; paleas as long as their lemmas. {A. avenaceum
Beauv.) — Meadows and waste places, Nfd. to Va., Ont., Minn., etc.; often
cultivated. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 125.
125. A. elatius.
Spikelet with glumes
detached x 2.
47. DANTH6nIA DC. Wild Oat Grass
Spikelets several-flowered ; florets not closely approximate, uppermost imper-
fect or rudimentary ; glumes subequal, much longer than the lemmas, usually
exceeding the uppermost floret ; lemma convex, 2-t()otlied or bifid at the apex,
with a twisted awn between the teeth ; awn flat, formed by the extension of the
3 middle nerves of the lemma. — Tufted erect perennials with narrow leaves and
small terminal panicles or racemes. (Named for Etienne Danthoine, a botanist
of Marseilles.)
142
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
Teeth of the lemma trianjrular, not aristate
Teeth of the lemma aristate.
Florets not over 5 mm. long
Florets 7-S mm. long.
Spikelets nearh- sessile, in small crowded panicle, purple . . .
Spikelets in loose panicle, pale green.
Sheaths and blades villous ; lemma silky -hairy ....
Sheaths and blades glabrous ; lemma pubescent on margins and base
1. D. spicata.
2. D. compressa.
3. D. intermedia,
4. Z>. sericea.
5. D. epilis.
1. D, spicata (L.) Beauv, Culms 2-7 dm. high terete ; sheaths and iiivohite
blades glabrous or sparsely pilose, the numerous basal leaves often curled, those
of the culm erect ; panicle few-flowered, the few short branches
erect or ascending, often reduced to a raceme ; spikelets
, y, . 10-12 mm. long, on short stiff pedicels ; glumes acuminate ;
^ly^ l/\ lemmas 4-5 mm. long, sparsely clothed with stiff hairs, teeth
"^ tHangulai\ the awn longer than the lemma. — Dry and sterile
or rocky soil. June-Aug. Fig. 126.
2. D. compressa Aust. Usually taller than the preceding :
culms flattened^ often decumbent at base ; leaves elongated,
2-3 mm. loide, flat or involute on the margins only ; panicle
more open ; teeth of the lemma aristate, at least
2 mm. long. — Dry woods, Me. to N. Y., and
southw.
3. D. intermedia Vasey. Culms 1-4 dm. high,
with numerous mostly involute basal leaves ;
culm-leaves 5-15 cm. long, involute ; spikelets
15 7)im. long, rather crowded in a raceme or
simple few-floioered panicle ; glumes broad, acu-
minate, purplish, with pale scarious margins;
lemma 7-8 mm. long, glabrous except at the base
and margins below the middle, the teeth aristate ;
axon 7-8 mm. long. — Mt. Albert, Gaspe Co.,
Que. ; n. Mich. (Farvjell), and westw. July,
Aug.
4. D. sericea Nutt. Culms 5-9 dm. high ; sheaths and blades
villous, at least the lower ones ; basal blades elongated, mostly
involute, those of culms flat or involute ; panicle 6-10 cm. long,
rarely longer, rather loose, the branches ascending or spreading ;
spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate, pale;
lemma densely clothed with long silky hairs, the aristate teeth more
than I the entire length of the lemma, awn 12-15 mm. long. —
Sandy soil, Mass. to Pa., and southw. Fig. 127.
5. D. epilis Scribn. Very similar to the preceding, not so tall ; sheaths and
blades glabrous ; panicle smaller ; lemma glabrous, except at the base and on the
margins bdoio the middle. (D. glabra Nash, not Philippi.) — Sandy soil, N. J.,
and southw. , rare. May. — Possibly only a variety of the preceding.
126. D. spicata.
Panicle x l^.
Spikelet and floret
Lemma x 2.
127. D. sericea.
Lemma x 4.
48. SPARTINA Schreb. Cord or Marsh Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, sessile and closely imbricated in 2
rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming unilateral spikes which are
scattered along a common axis ; glumes unequal, keeled, acute or bristle-
pointed, the second usually exceeding the obtuse thinner 1-nerved lemma;
palea equaling or exceeding the lemma. — Coarse perennials with strong cri-eping
rootstocks, rigid simple culms, and long tough leaves. (Whence the name, from
(nrapTLvri, a cord, such as was made from the bark of the Spartium or broom.)
* Culms stout, usually over 1 m. high; leaves 1 cm. or more imde, flat or
nearly so when fresh.
1. S. Michauxiana Hitchc. (Slough Grass.) Culms 1-2 m. high ;
leaves 6-12 dm. long, 15 mm. wide or less, tapering to a very slender point.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
143
128. S. Michauxiana.
Spikelet with glumes
detached x 2.
keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth except the margins ; spikes
5-20, scattered, spreading, 0.5-10 cm. long ; rliachis rough on the margins ;
glumes serrulate-hispid on the keel, the first nriuainnte and
equaling the floret, the second tapering into an awn 7 mm.
long; lemma 7-9 mm. long, glabrous except the serrulate-
scabrous midnerve which abruptly terminates below the
emarginate or 2-toothed apex. (S. cynosuroides Am. auth.,
not Roth.) — Banks of rivers and lakes, or on wet prairies,
N. S. to Assina., s. to N. J. and Okla. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 128.
2. S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth. (Salt Reed Grass.) Culms
stout, 1-3 m. high, often 2 cm. in diameter near the base ; leaves
1-2.5 cm. wide, flat or nearly so, roughish underneath as well
as on the margins ; spikes 20-50, forming a
dense ohlong piirplishraceme ; glumes barely
mucronate, the first ^ the length of the
lemma, of which the rough hispid midrib
reaches the apex. (S. polystachya Willd.) — Salt and brackish
marshes, Ct., and soathw. Aug.-Oct. — Specimens from
Dismal Swamp, Va., have only 10-15 spikes. Fig. 129.
3. S. glabra Muhl. (Salt Marsh Grass.) Culms 0.6-
2.4 m. high, leafy to the top ; leaves 5-7 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm.
wide, usually flat, sometiines involute ; spikes ajypressed,
5-15 cm. long, the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the
spikelets ; spikelets 10-14 mm. long; glumes glabrous or
sparingly scabrous on the keel, the first scarcely | the length
of the second ; lemma 8-10 mm. long. (S. stricta, var.
Gray.) — Salt marshes, Va., and southw. — Odor strong
and rancid. Var. pil6sa Merr. has glumes with scabrous
keels and lemmas sparingly pilose, thus approaching the
European S. stricta Roth. — Mass., and southw. Fig. 130.
Var. alterniflbra (Loisel.) Merr. Spikes more slender,
7-12 cm. long, the spikelets somewhat remote, barely over-
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous
bract-like appendage ; lemma sparingly pilose ; otherwise
as in the preceding form, into which it passes. {S. stricta^
Var. Gray.) — Lower St. Lawrence, and southw. (Eu.)
129. 8. cynosuroides.
Spikelet with glumes
detached x 2.
130. S. glabra, v. pilosa.
Part of inflorescence x y^-
Spikelet x 1^4-
Same displayed x 1%.
* * Culms slender, rarely 1 m. high ; leaves not over
5 mm. wide, strongly involute when fresh.
4. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl, Culms slender, wiry,
3-8 dm. high, from long slender rootstocks ; sheaths
overlapping ; blades 1-3.5 dm. long, involute, spreading ; panicle short-eyserted
or included at base, of 2 to several ascending spikes (2-5 cm. long); rhachis
smooth ; spikelets 10-12 mm. long ; first glume linear, mucronate, scarcely
half as long as the lanceolate acuminate second glume,
which is scabrous on the nerves ; lemma 5-6 mm. long, thin,
obtuse, slightly emarginate ; palea slightly longer. — Salt
marshes and sandy coasts, Nfd. and e. Que, to Va. July,
Aug.
Var. jiincea (Michx.) Hitchc. Differs from the species in
its greater size, culms 5-12 dm. high, longer erect or ascend-
ing leaves, and stouter rootstocks ; panicles exserted ; spikes
nearly erect; spikelets 7-10 mm. long. (S.juncea Willd.) —
Salt marshes and sandy beaches along the coast, N. H. to
Fla, and Tex. June-Sept. Fig. 131.
Var. caespit5sa (A. A. Eaton) Hitchc. Differs from the species in its tufted
habit, no creeping rootstocks, taller culms, and awned second glume; blades
approximate near the middle of the stem, glaucous above, as much as 6 dm.
long, with long involute scabrous points, (aS. caespitosa A. A. Eaton.) — Border
of brackish marshes, N. H, and Mass.
131. S. pat., V. June.
Spikelet with glumes
detached x 2.
144
GRAMINEAK ((JRASS FAMILY)
49. BECKMANNIA Host
Spikelets 1-flowered in our species, broad, laterally compressed, closely imbri-
cated in 2 rows along one side of a contiimous rhachis, forming short unilateral
spikes ; rliachilla articulated below tbe glumes ; glumes subequal, inflated, boat-
shaped, chartaceous, margin scarious ; lemma lanceolate,
acuminate, palea nearly as long ; grain free within tlie
rigid lemma and palea. — A rather tall erect perennial,
with flat leaves and a terminal elongated narrow nearly
simple panicle. (Named for Johann Beckmann, 1739-
1811, professor of botany at Goettingen.)
1. B. erucaef6rmis (L.) Host. Light green; culms
5-10 dm. high ; sheaths loose, overlapping ; blades 1-2.5
dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle 1-2.5 dm.
long, the spikes appressed ; spikelets nearly ch-cular,
132. B. erucaeformis. 3 mm. long ; the glumes transversely wrinkled ; the acu-
Part of inflorescence x Vs- filiate apex of the lemma protruding beyond the glumes.
Part of same x V2- ^ — Wet ground, Minu., la., and westw. ; adv. in 0. Fig.
Spikelets and floret x 2. 132.
50. CYNODON Richard. Bermuda or Scutch Grass
Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows
along one side of a slender continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes ; rhachilla
prolonged behind the palea into a blunt pedicel ; glumes un-
equal, narrow, acute, keeled ; lemma broad, boat-shaped,
obtuse, ciliate on the keel ; palea as long as the lemma, the
prominent keels close together, ciliolate; grain free within the
lemma and palea. — Low diffusely branched and extensively
creeping perennials, with flat leaves and slender spikes digitate
at the apex of the upright branches. (Name composed of kOuv,
a dog, and dSous, a tooth.) Capriola Adans.
1. C. Dactylon (L.) Pers. Glabrous; culms flattened,
wiry ; ligule a conspicuous ring of white hairs ; spikes 4-5,
2-5 cm. long ; spikelets imbricated, 2 mm. long ; lemma longer
than the glumes. ( Capriola Ktze.) — Fields and waste places,
Mass., and southw., where it is cultivated for pasturage. (Nat.
from Eu.) — Seldom perfects seed. Fig.
100
133. C. Dactylon.
Inflorescence x %.
Spikelet x 4.
51. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.
Spikelets 1-fiowered, sessile and appressed, alternate and distant along one
side of a slender triangular rhachis, forming very slender spikes ; glumes narrow,
unequal, with strong rigid keels, pointed, shorter than the
lanceolate acuminate scabrous lenmia ; palea nearly as long
as the lemma ; grain free within the subrigid lenmia and
palea. — A low diffusely branching annual with short narrow
leaves and slender paniculate spikes. (Name from crxeSdv,
near, and Nardus, from its resemblance to that genus.)
1. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Culms 3-5 dm. high, erect
or decumbent at base, leafy below ; sheaths and blades smooth ;
panicle half or more than half the entire height of tlie plant,
its axis usually falcate, the spikes solitary and remote, mostly
along the convex side, rigid; spikelets 4 mm. long. {S. tex-
anus Steud.) — Open ground and salt licks, 111. to Mont., Col.,
and Tex. — At maturity the panicle becomes nmch elongated and decumbent,
the axis extending in a large loose spiral. Fig. 134.
134. y. paniculatus.
Part of spike x 134.
Spikelet x 3.
GRAMTNEAE (OKASS FAMILY)
H5
52. GYMNOPOGON Beauv.
Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, sometimes 1 or 2 neuter or staminate subses-
sile florets above the perfect one, remote along one side of a filiform continuous
rhachis, forming slender unilateral spikes; rhacliilla prolonged beyond the floret
as a slender often awned rudiment ; glumes narrow, subequal, rigid, scabrous on
the strong keel, equaling or exceeding the florets ; lemma thin, bearing a slender
straight awn from just below the apex ; palea about as long
as the lemma. — Perennials, with short rather broad rigid
leaves and numerous slender spikes, at first erect, at length
widely divaricate or reflexed. (Name composed of yvfj.v6s,
naked, and irdyywv, a heard, alluding to the reduction of the
abortive flower to a bare awn. )
1. G. ambiguus (Michx.) BSP. Culms tufted from a short
rootstock, rigid, erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. high ; sheaths
overlapping, blades often approximate, thick, rigid, spreading,
4-6 cm. long, 1 cm. or more wide ; spikes solitary or in 2's
along a striate axis, becoming widely divaricate when exserted
from the sheath, spikelet-hearing to the base; awn of floret
longer than the glabrous lemma; rudiment long-awned.
(Ct. racemosus Beauv.) — Sterile sandy or gravelly ground,
N. J. to Mo., Pla., and Tex. Aug., Sept. Fig. 135.
2. G. brevifblius Trin. Resembling the preceding ; culms
more slender, from a decumbent base ; leaves 2-1 dm. long, 4-9 mm. wide,
involute in drying ; spikes usually less numerous, more distant, naked at the
base, spikelet-hearing from about the middle ; awn shorter than the hairy lemma ;
one or two sterile florets sometimes present, rudiment usually awnless. — Sandy
ground, N. J. , and southw.
13.5. G. ambigmis.
Inflorescence x Vg.
Spikelet x ^Yg.
53. CHL6RIS Sw. •
Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile in 2 rows along one side of a continuous
rhachis, forming unilateral spikes ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea and bear-
ing 1 or more rudimentary awned sterile lemmas ; glumes unequal, narrow,
acute, keeled ; lemma often ciliate on the back or margins,
1-3-nerved, the mid-nerve nearly always prolonged into a
slender awn ; palea about equaling the lemma ; grain free
within the lemma and palea. — Usually perennial grasses with
flat leaves and digitate spikes. (Named for Chloris, the god-
dess of flowers.)
1. C. verticillata Nutt. Culms 1-4 dm. high, erect, or de-
cumbent and rooting at the nodes ; sheaths compressed ; leaves
obtuse, light green ; spikes several in 1-8 whorls, slender,
5-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, with awns about 5 mm.
long; sterile lemma one. — Prairies, e. Kan. and southwestw. June. — At
maturity the inflorescence breaks away and forms a tumbleweed. Fig. 136.
136. C. verticillata
Spikelet x 2.
54. BOUTELOtlA Lag. Mesquite Grass
Spikelets 1-2-flowered, crowded and sessile in 2 rows along one side of a con-
tinuous flattened rhachis, which usually projects beyond the spikelets ; rhachilla
prolonged beyond the perfect floret and bearing a sterile (rarely staminate)
floret, a second or third rudiment often present ; glumes unequal, keeled ; lemma
broader, 3-5-nerved, 3-5-toothed or cleft. 8 of the divisions usually awn-pointed ;
palea about the length of the lemma, bidentate, the 2 keels scabrous ; sterile
floret sometimes reduced to the awns, rarely obsolete. — Our species perennial,
with narrow flat or convolute leaves, and unilateral spikes nearly sessile along
a common axis, (Named for Glaudio Boutelou, a Spanish writer upon flori-
culture and agriculture.)
gray's manual — 10
146
GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
§ 1. CHONDROSIUM (Desv.) Gray. Spikes 1-4, nsnally cm-ved, o/ 25 ot
more densely crowded pectinate spikelets.
1. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Culms slender, erect, from a short root-
stock, leafy at the base, 1.5-5 dm. high ; sheaths and blades glabrous, the latter
about 2 mm. wide, flat or becoming convolute ; spikes 1-3,
2-5 cm. long ; spikelets 5-f') mm. long ; glumes" narrow, the
first about ^ as long as the second, which is sjmrsely papiUose-
pilose on the keel ; fertile lemma pilose, S-cleft, the divisions
awned ; sterile lemma consisting of 2 truncate lobes and 3
divergent equal awns with a tuft of long hairs at base, second
rudiment obtuse, awnless. — Prairies, Wis. and N. Dak. to
Tex. ; casual eastw. (Mex.) July-Sept. Fig. 137.
2. B. hirsuta Lag. Culms tufted, erect, 2-5 dm. high,
leafy at the base ; sheaths smooth ; blades about 3 mm. wide,
flat, sparsely papillose-hairy, especially on
the margins; spikes 1-4, 1.5-5 cm. long; \\UL\\>?y
the rhachis (f the spike produced into a VwM^
prominent point beyond the nppermost spikelets; spikelets
abcHit 5 mm. long ; lirst glume setaceotis, the second equaling
the floret, conspicuously tvherculate-hirsute on the back; fer-
tile lemma pubescent, 3-cleft, the divisions awn-pointed ;
sterile Horet of % obtuse lobes and 3 equal awns margined 138. B. hirsuta.
l>elow, no tuft of hairs at the base. — Sandy plains. Wis. to Spikelet with glumes
Mo., and southwestw. to Mex. July-Sept. Fig. 13«. detache(! x8.
§ 2. ATHEROPOGON (Muhl.) Gray. Spikes 15 or more, oj 12 or fewer ascend-
ing spikelets.
137. B. oligostachya.
S pikelet with glumes
detached x3.
3. B. curtip§ndula (Michx.) Torr. Culms erect from short running root-
stocks, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths pubescent toward the summit ; blades 1-3 dm.
long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat or involute and setaceous toward
the end, scabrous above, sometimes pubescent beneath ; spikes
numerous, 8-1 (^ mm. long, spreading or retlexed. in a long
n;ostly 1-sided raceme, the rhachis bifid at the extended apex;
spikelets 7-10 mm. long; first glume less than | the length
of the second which is very scabrous on the thickened keel,
exceeding the floret ; lemma scabrous, ending in 3 short
slender awns ; teeth of palpa
2 acute lobes and 3 straight
shorter than the middle awn.
hills and plains, Ct. to Minn., s. to Tex. and Mex
Sept. — The sterile lemma variable, rarely reduced to a single awn. Fig
139. B. curtipendula.
Part of inflorescence
ari state ; sterile lemma with
aw))s, the lateral ones much
{B. racemosa Lair.) — Dry
July-
139.
55. CTENIUM Panzer. Toothache Grass
Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and 2-5 sterile lemmas,
crowded and sessile, pectinate in 1-sided spikes ; glumes very
unequal, first minute, second nearly as long as the spikelet,
bearing a stout horizontally divergent dorsal awn from abotit
the middle; first and second lemmas empty or sometimes
with a hyaline palea, awned below the apex, awn erect or
ascending ; third lemma similar, containing a perfect flower ;
fourth awnle.ss, staminate or empty ; a liflh rudiuumtary
lemma often present. — Rather tall perennials with solitary
terminal more or less cttrved spikes. (Name from Krevlov,
a smnJl comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.)
Camim'i.osis Desv.
1. C. aromaticum (Walt.) Hitchc. Culms 1-1.5 m. liigh,
erect, from sf^aly rootstocks. old sheatlis persistent at the
base; blades long, flat or involute, stiff; spike 0.5-1.5 dm.
140. C. aromaticum.
Inflorescence x %.
Spikelet X 2.
Same. with glumes
detached x 2.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
147
long ; spikelets 5-7 mm. long ; first glume warty-tuberculate on the nerves ;
florets stiffly ciliate on the margins. (C americanum Spreng.) — Wet pine
barrens, Va., and southw. — Taste very pungent. Fig. 140.
56. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Crowfoot Grass
Spikelets several-flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile and crowded in
2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, which extends beyond the spike-
lets in a naked point ; glumes broad, keeled ; lemmas boat-
shaped, cuspidate; palea equaling the lemma, acute, deeply
folded between the ciliate-winged keels ; grain reddish brown,
the loose pericarp transversely wrinkled. — Annual, with more
or less decumbent and creeping base, and 2-6 stout unilateral
spikes digitate at the apex of the culm. (Name from Sd/cri^Xos,
linger^ and Kreviov, a little comh^ alluding to the digitate and
pectinate spikes.;
1. D. AEGYPTiuM (L.) Richter. Usually glabrous ; culms
rooting at the lower nodes; spikes 1.5-5 cm. long; glumes
scabrous on the keel, the second cuspidate ; the awiied tip
of lower lemma inflexed, that of the others straight^ or
curved. (Z>. aegyptiaciim Willd. ; Eleusine aegyptia Pers.)
— Yards and cultivated fields, N. Y., 111., and southw. (Nat.
from tropics of the Old World.) Fig. 141.
141. D. aegyptium.
Inflorescence x y^-
Spikelet x 2.
Fruit X 3. Seed X 4.
142. E. indica.
Part of inflorescence x i^.
Spikelet and floret x 2.
Fruit and seed x 4.
57. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Goose Grass. Yard Grass
Spikelets several-flowered, awnless, florets perfect or uppermost staminate,
sessile and closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis,
which does not extend beyond the terminal spikelet ;
glumes unequal, shorter than the. floret, scabrous on the
keels ; lemmas broader, with a thickened 5-ribbed keel ;
palea shorter, acute, the narrowly winged keels distant ;
grain black, the loose pericarp marked with comb-like
lines, free within the sul3rigid lemma and palea. — Coarse
tufted annuals with stout unilateral spikes digitate or
approximate at the apex of the culms. (Name from
'EXeucr/j', the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests,
was worshiped.)
1. E. ixDicA Gaertn. Glabrous ; culms flattened, de-
cumbent at base ; sheaths loose, overlapping, compressed ;
spikes 2-10, 2.5-8 cm. long ; spikelets appressed, 3-5-flowered, about 5 mm. long.
— Yards and waste ground, Mass., n. 111., Kan., and southw. (Nat. from tropics
of the Old World.) Fig. 142.
58. LEPT6CHL0A Beauv.
Spikelets 2-several-flowered, the uppermost floret usually
imperfect or rudimentary, sessile or nearly so, in 2 rows
along one side of the slender continuous rhachis ; glumes and
lemmas keeled, the latter 3-nerved, acute, awnless or short-
awned, exceeding the palea. — Usually tall annuals with flat
leaves and elongated sijnple panicles composed of the numer-
ous very slender spikes scattered along the main axis.
(Name composed of Xctttos, slender^ and x^^°^') grass^ from
the long attenuated spikes.)
1. L. filif6rmis (Lam.) Beauv. Culms 4-12 dm. high ;
shPiiths papiUose-hniry ; spikes 20-40, 5-10 cm. long, ascend-
ing; spikelets about 3 mm. long; ghimeft more or le.ss
mucronate, nearly equaling the 3-4 awnless fforpts. (/>.
mncronata Kunth ; L. nttcmiata Steud.) — Fields, Va. to
111., Mo., and southw.
Aug.
Fig. 143.
143. L. filiformis.
Inflorescence x V,o.
A part of same with
2 spikelets X iVg.
Spikelet and floret X 3.
148
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
2. L. fascicularis (Lam.) Gray. Smooth; leaves longer than the erect oi
geniculate-decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the
panicle; spikes 8-12 cm. long; spikelets slightly pediceled, l-W-flovered, [he
florets much longer than the lanceolate glumes ; lemmas hairy-margined toward
the base, with 2 small lateral teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex.
{Diplachne Beauv. ; D. acuminata and procumbens Nash.) — Brackish meadows,
from Mass. southw. along the coast ; and from 111. southw. along the Miss. R.
Aug.,
Sept.
69. BUCHLOE Engelm. Buffalo Grass
Spikelets unisexual ; plants monoecious or dioecious ; staminate spikelets 2—3-
flowered, sessile in 2 rows along the short 1-sided spikes ; glumes unequal,
obtuse ; lemmas larger, o-nerved ; palea a little shorter
than the lemma ; pistillate spikelets 1-llowered, in nearly
capitate 1-sided spikes which are scarcely exserted from
the broad sheaths of the upper leaves ; glumes indurated,
trifid at the apex, united at base and resembling an
involucre ; lemma narrow, hyaline, inclosing the 2-nerved
palea ; grain free within the hardened glumes. — A creep-
ing or stoloniferous perennial with narrow flat leaves,
and dissimilar staminate and pistillate spikelets borne on
the same or on distinct plants. (Name strongly con-
tracted from ^ou/3a\os, buffalo, and x^or), grass.)
1. B. dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Culms of the
staminate inflorescence 1-.3 dm. high ; the spikes long-
exserted ; culms of pistillate inflorescence low, much
exceeded by the leaves ; sheaths overlapping ; blades
2 mm. wide or less ; staminate spikes 2 or 3, 6-12 mm.
cluster of pistillate spikelets ovoid, 6 mm. long. (Bulbilis Raf.) — Plains
144. B. dactjloides.
{f and 9 inflorescence x %.
(^ Spikelet and floret (above)
Xll/2.
9 Spikelet, section of same,
and outer glume x 1%.
long _ _
of the Sask. to Minn., Kan., and Tex. — One of the most valuable grasses of the
plains. Seedlings are monoecious, but
propagate their own kind. Fig. 144.
the staminate and pistillate branches
60. PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed
Spikelets loosely 3-7-flowered ; rhachilla clothed with long silky hairs ; glumes
unequal, lanceolate, acute ; lemmas narrow, long-acuminate, that of the lowest
floret somewhat longer, equaling the uppermost florets,
empty or subtending a staminate flower, the other florets
perfect; paleas |-| the length of their lemmas. — Tall reed-
like perennials with stout leafy culms and large terminal
panicles. (Name from (ppayfiiTrjs, groving in hedges., appar-
ently from its hedge-like growth along ditches.)
1. P. communis Trin. Culms erect, stout, 1.5-4 ra.
high, from long creeping rootstocks ; sheaths overlapping ;
blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, flat, glabrous; panicle
tawny, 1.5-4 dm. long, branches ascending, rather densely
Howered ; spikelets 12-15 mm. long ; the florets exceeded by
the- hairs of the rhachilla. (P. vulgaris BSP. ; P. Phrag-
mites Kar.st.) — In wet places, edges of ponds, ditches, etc.
— Rarely perfecting seed, spreading freely from the rootstocks. the leafy stolons
often running on the .surface of the ground for a distance of 5-10 m. (Eurasia.)
Fig. 145.
145. P. communis.
t?l>ikelct. § tind J"
floret X 11^.
Ari'ndo Donax L. , the Giant Rekd, is cultivated for ornament and is occa-
sionally spontaneous southward. Resembling Phragmites but taller, spikelets
3-4-flowered ; flowers all jjcrfect ; rhachilla naked; lemmas clothed vjith long
silky hairs, short-awned from the bifid apex.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
149.
61. TRIDENS R. & S. .
Spikelets 3-12-flowered in open or strict panicles ; florets perfect or the upper-
most staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the spikelet ; lemma
subcoriaceous, convex below, bidentate, 3-nerved. the nerves silky-viilous below
and at least the middle one extending in a mucronate point
between the teeth ; palea broad, the nerves nearly marginal.
— Perennials with long narrow leaves and terminal panicles.
(Name from tres, three, and dt^ns. tooth.) Tkiudia K. Br.
1. T. flavus (L.) Hitchc. (1 all Red Top.) Culms erect,
1-2 m. high, viscid in the axis of the panicle and below it ;
sheaths bearded at the summit, otherwise glabrous as are the
long flat or involute tapering blades ; the showy panicJes
2r-i.b dm. long, almost as wide, loose and ope7i, the slender
branches spreading^ naked below; spikelets prii'ple. 7-8 mm.
long, 5-8-flowered, on long pedicels ; glumes shorter than
the lowest florets., imicronate ; the three nerves of the lemmas
excurrent. (Poa flava L. ; Tinodia seslerioides Benth. ; T. cv.prea Jacq.) —
Dry or sandy fields. Ct. to Mo., and south w, Aug.. Sept. Fig. 146.
2. T. strictus (Xutt.) Nash. Caespitose. 12-14 dm. high ; culms stout, erect;
leaves long and rigid : panicle pale or purplish, dense and spike-like, 1-3 dm. long ;
spikelets about 5 mm. long, 5-8-flowered, nearly sessile ; glumes exceeding the
lower florets, mucronate ; only the midnerve of the lemma excirrrent. (Triodia
stricta Benth.) — Moist soil, s.e. Kan., and southw. July-Sept.
140. T. tiavus X 2.
Spikelet.
Same displayed,
lemma unrolled.
62. TRIPLASIS Beauv.
Spikelets 3-6-flowered, the florets remote, the lowest stipitate, perfect or the
uppermost staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the florets ; lemmas
2-cleft, the 3 nerves strongly ciliate, the midnerve excurrent as a short awn
between the lobes ; palea shorter, broad, the nerves nearly
marginal and densely long-ciliate from the middle to the
apex. — Perennials with small nearly simple panicles. (Name
from TpLirXdcnos, thrice as iiiany.)
1. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. (Sand Grass.) Culms
tufted, widely spreading or ascending, wiry. 3-8 dm. long,
nodes bearded ; sheaths and the small rigid blades scabrous ;
terminal panicles 3-7 cm. long, the few stiff branches finally
divergent; smaller panicles (partially hidden in the sheaths)
produced at the nodes late in the season ; spikelets short-
pediceled, usually rose-purple, 5-8 mm. long; the awn of the lemma scarcely
exceeding the truncate lobes. {Tricuspis Gray; Triodia Hack.) — In sand,
Me. to Va., along the coast, and Bouthw. ; also along the Great Lakes and
southwestw. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid to the taste. Fig. 147.
147. T. purpurea x 2
Spikelet and lemma.
63. ERAGROSTIS Beauv.
Spikelets strongly compressed, 3-many-flowered ; the uppermost floret sterile ;
rhachilla articulated but sometimes not disjointing until after the fall of the
glumes and lemmas with the grain ; glumes keeled, much shorter than the
spikelets ; lemmas 3-nerved, broad, keeled ; paleas shorter than their lemmas,
often persistent after their fall, the strong nerves ciliate. Animals or perennials
with loose or dense terminal panicles. (Name from fjp^ spring, and k^pwris. a
grass.)
1. E. hypnoideis.
Annuals.
Culms creeping-; plants polygamous
Culms erect, ascendinj;: or decumbent; flowers perfect.
Spikelets '2-5-flowered. 2-8 mm. long.
Spikelets on lonsr capillary pedicels ; culms branched only at tlie base . 2. E. ca pi/tans.
Spikelets on pedicels not over 5 mm. long ; culm-: brauched at the nodes 3. £'. Frankii.
^50
GRAMINEAE (GKASS FAMILY^
Spikelets 5-many-flowered, 5 mm. or more long,
Spikelets not more than 1.5 mm. wide
Spikelets 2-3 mm. wide.
Florets densely imbricated ; rhachilla-joints and base of florets hidden
Florets rather loosely imbricated ; rhachilla-joints or base of florets
visible
Perennials.
Panicle eloni^atcd, the branches flexnous 7
Panicle dittuse, the branches stiff and spreading.
Pedicels as long as the spikelets or longer %. E. peetinacea
Pedicels shorter than the appressed spikelets ^. E. reftacta.
4. E. pilosa.
5. ^E. megantachya.
6. E. minor.
E. trickodes.
^
148. E. capillaris
S pikelet x 2.
Aug., Sept. —
1. E, hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Extensively cvpepiJig ; culms slender, 2-5 dm.
long, icith short erect or ascending panicle-hearing branches 5-12 cm. high ;
leaves 1—4 cm. long ; panicles nearly simple, of rather few lanceolate-oblong
spikelets (or in the more fertile plant almost capitate); spikelets 10-So-Jlovjered,
6-15 mm. long, the Jloioers perfect and fertile., staminate or pistillate ; glumes
and lemmas acuminate. (E. reptans Nees.) — Gravelly or sandy
shores and ditches, Vt. to Out., westw. and southw. Aug.
2. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Slender, erect, 1,5-6 dm. high,
branching at the base, simple above; sheaths overlapping, sj^ar-
ingly pilose or nearly glabrous ; blades long and narrow ; panicle
more than half the entire height of the plant., oblong-ovoid, the
capillary branches spreading, the lower ascending; spikelets
2-3 mm. long, on long divergent pedicels ; glumes and lemmas acute, the latter
faintly 3-nerved, — Sandy dry soil, N, E. to Mo., and southw.
Often lemon-scented. Fig, 148.
3, E. Frankii (Fisch, Mey. & Lall.) Sieud. Erect from a decumbent base, or
spreading, diffusely branched, 1.5-4 dm, high; sheaths glabrous; ligule pilose;
blades 5-12 cm. long. 2-4 mm, wide, scabrous above ; panicles oblong, less
than half the length of the plant, many-flowered, the short branches spreading ;
spikelets 2-^ mm. long, on more or less apprr^ssed pedicels,
1-5 mm. long ; glumes and lemmas very acute, the latter faintly
3-nerved, — Low or sandy ground, Mass. to Kan,, and sourh-
westw, Aug. — The taller sparingly branched forms, with
rather loose panicles, are difficult to distinguish from glabrous
specimens of the preceding ; the relative length of the panicle
is the best distinction,
4, E. pil5sa (L.) Beau v. Erect, decumbent at base or
spreading, 1.5-4.5 dm. high ; culms slender, diffusely branching
near the base ; sheaths spariiigly pilose at the summit ; blades
3-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicle diffu-^e, 0.8-2 dm. Ions,
lower axils usually sparingly bearded; spikelets b-\8-flowered, becoming linear,
4r-9 mm. long, 1-1.5 rjim. toide, equaling or shorter than the pedicels; lemmas
subacute, the lateral nerves faint or rather strong. — Sandy
or gravelly open ground, Me. to Minn., and south westw.
July, Aug. (Mex., Eu., etc.) Fi<i. 149. — \'ariable, the
commoner form in the north, with rather appressed spikelets
(1.5 mm. wide) about equaling the pedicels, is considered
distinct by some (E. Purshii Schrad.), but the characters
used to distinguish it are very inconstant.
5. E. mkgastXchya (Koeler) Link. Erect or ascending
from a decumbent base, rather flaccid, freely branching ;
cidms 2-9 dm. high ; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 3-0 mm, wide ;
panicles greenish-lead-color, 5-15 cm, long, rather densely
flowered ; spikelets 5-15 mm. long, 3 mm. loide, 10-40-flow-
ered, the florets closely imbricated; pedicels and keels of the
acute glumes and lemmas sparingly glandular ; lemmas thin,
scabrous, the lateral nerves prominent. {E. major Host.) — Waste places,
common, especially .southw. June-Sept. — Strong-scented, hence called Stink
or Snake Grass. (Nat. from Eu.) Yia. 150.
6. E. MINOR Host. Similar to the i)receding, smaller, more slender; panicles
less densely flowered ; spikelets 5-10 nun, long, 2-2,5 mm. wide, 8-20-flowered,
149. E. pilosa.
Spikelets x 2.
Floret and lemma
x4.
150. E. megastachya.
Spikelet x 2.
grami:n'eae (grass family) 151
the florets less densely imbricated, the bases or rhachilla-joints
vm6Ze ; lemmas nearly smooth. (E. Eragrostis Ksivst.) — Waste
ground, not common, N. E. to Va., and soathw. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 151.
7. E. trich5des (Nutt.) Nash. Erect, 6-15 dm. high; sheaths
overlapping, smooth, pilose at the throat ; blades 1-7 dm. long,
2-6 mm. wide, rather rigid, involute-taper-pointed ; panicles pale,
oblong, the lower axils sparingly pilose ; spikelets
3-10-tlowered, ^-10 mm. long, on capillary flexu- ^^^ j^ ^-^^^^
ous usually long pedicels ; glumes and lemmas SDikeletx'>
acute, scabrous. {E. tenuis GiV2i\ , not Steud.) —
Sandy soil, O. to 111., Kan., and south w. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 152.
8. E. pectinacea (^Nlichx.) Steud. Erect or ascending, 3-8
dm. high; culms rigid, from short stout rootstocks ; sheaths over-
lapping, sparingly pilose, densely bearded at the throat ; blades
152, E. trichodes. ^~^ ^^^' ^ong, 4-8 mm. wide, often involute in drying ; panicles
Spikelet x 2. ' P^W^^i included at base or exserted after the upper spikelets
have fallen, branches pilose in the axils ; spikelets ^lO-floicered,
8-8 mm. long, on stiff pedicels ,' glumes and lemmas acute, minutely scabrous. —
Sandy dry ground. Me. to S. Dak., and southw. July-Oct. Fig. 153. Var.
sPECTABiLis Gray. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so ; panicles
rather more exserted than in the species ; spikelets 8-lo-flow-
ered. — Range of the species, but the commoner form toward
the west.
9. E. refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. Erect; culms less stout than
in the last, 3-i) dm. high ; sheaths overlapping, glabrous, spar-
ingly villous at the throat; blades 1-3 dm. long. 2-1 mm. wide,
nearly smooth ; panicle usually included at the base, the slender 153. E. pectinacea.
remote branches sparsely pilose in the axils and bearing few Spikelet x 2.
short-pediceled appressed spikelets 6-25-floicered, 6-12 mm.
i<^'W f glumes and lemmas acuminate. (E. campestris Trin. ; E. pectinacea,
var. refracta Chapm. ; Poa refracta Muhl.) — Sandy open ground, Del. and
Md. to Fla. and Ala.
64. CATABRdSA Beauv.
Spikelets usually 2-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, erose
at the broad summit ; lemmas subcoriaceous, erose-truncate, strongly 3-nerved ;
palea as long as the lemma, the strong nerves near the margin. — A creeping
perennial aquatic with flat leaves and open panicles of small spikelets. (Name
from KaTOL^pcoais, an eating, referring to the eroded glumes.)
1. C. aquatica (L.) Beauv. Smooth throughout, decumbent and rooting at
the lower nodes, the ascending culms 1-6 dm. high ; the loose sheaths overlap-
ping ; blades soft, 2-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; panicle 0.5-2 dm. long, the
wliorled branches spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. — In water or wet places,
coast of N. B., Nfd., and north w. (Eurasia.)
65. MELICA L. Melic Grass
Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged beyond the fertile florets,
and bearing 2 or 3 gradually smaller empty lemmas, convolute together or
inclosing one another at the apex ; glumes large, unequal, membranaceous, or
papery, scarious-margined, 3-5-nerved, little shorter than the florets; lemmas
convex, 7-13-nerved, firm, with scarious margins, awnless or awned below the
bifid apex ; paleas shorter than their lemmas, the strong nerves nearly marginal.
— Perennials with simple culms, closed sheaths, usually soft flat leaves and
rather large spikelets in usually narrow panicles. (An old Italian name for
Sorghum, from mel, honey.)
152
GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
154. M. mutica.
Spikelet displayed
x2.
§ 1. EUMELICA Scribn. Glumes broad and papei-y ; sterile lemmas broad and
truncate, convolute around each other ; lemmas awnless.
* Glumes subequal, nearly as long as the 2-Jlowered spikelets.
1. M. mutica Walt. Culms erect from knotted rootstocks, wiry, 6-9 dm. high ;
sheaths usually overlapping, scabrous ; lower blades short, the upper 10-20 cm.
long, 2-10 mm. wide; panicle 0.8-2.5 dm. long, simple, with
filiform ascending branches or reduced to a raceme ; spikelets
7-10 mm. long, pendulous on short pedicels, florets spreading,
6-8 mm. long; lemmas scabrous, obtuse^ the intermediate nerves
vanishing above ; empty lemmas cucullate above, exceeded by
the' fertile ones.— Dry rocky open woods and thickets. Pa. to
Fla., w. to Wis., la , and Tex. Apr., May. Fig. 154. — From
Va. southw. occasional specimens have sparsely pubescent
sheaths and the blades somewhat pubescent on the lower sur-
face, (il/. diffusa Pursh ; M. mutica, var. diffusa Gray) ; not
varietally distinct.
* * Glumes unequal, shorter than the S-o-Jlowered spikelets.
2. M. nitens Nutt. Culms 8-12 dm. high, erect from a short horizontal
^■ootstock ; sheaths overlapping, glabrous ; blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide ;
panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the slender spreading branches solitary or in pairs,
simple or sparingly branched ; spikelets numerous, 10-12 mm. long, usually
3-flowered, pendulous on short pedicels; lemmas 7-9 mm. long, scabrous, acute;
empty lemmas broad at the summit, exceeded by the fertile ones. (3/. diffusa
of recent authors, not Pursh.) — Rocky woods, Pa. to Neb., and southw. May,
June.
o. M. Porteri Scribn. Culms erect, slender, 5-7.5 dm. high; sheaths over-
lapping, scabrous; blades 12-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle
1.5-2.5 dm. long; the narrow spikelets pendulous and racemose along the
slender ascending branches, 4c-Q-flowered, 10-18 mm, long ; lemmas 7-8 mm.
long, subacute, scabrous ; empty lemmas like the fertile ones and exceeding
them. {M. parviflora Scribn.) — Bluffs and stony hillsides, la. to Mo., and
westw.
§2. BROMELICA Thurb. Glumes narrow, scarious-margined ; sterile lem-
mas similar to the fertile which are awned below the bidentate apex ; spike-
lets b-9-Jlowered.
4. M. Smithii C Porter) Vasey. Culms
erect, slender, 7-12 dm. high ; sheaths sca-
brous ; blades 10-20 cm. long, 6-12 mm.
wide, lax, scabrous; panicle 1.2-2.5 dm.
long, the solitary remote spreading branches
spikelet-bearing toward the ends ; spikelets
3-6-flowered, 18-20 mm. long, more or less
tinged with purplish chestnut ; glumes acute ;
lemmas glabrous, about 10 min. long, ex-
cluding the awn, which is ^| as long. (Avena Porter.)
— Moist woodlands, n. Mich, and westw. May-»Tuly. Fig.
155.
5. M. striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Similar to the preceding,
usually not so tall and more slender ; leaves narrower ; sheaths
closed to the summit, the ligvle sheathing the culm; panicle-
branches ascending or spreading at the ends ; spikelets 2.2-
2.5 cm. long; glumes broader, conspicuously colored as are
156. M. striata X 1. often the florets which are short-bearded at the base; aimi
Spikelet with gliiiiics as long as the lemma or longer. (Arena Michx.) — Rocky
separated. wooded lands, e. Que. to l*a., Minn., and westw. Fig,
Floret. 156.
155, M. Smithii.
Spikelet displayed
x%.
GRAMINEAE (gKASS FAMILY)
153
66. DIARRHENA Beauv.
Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the uppermost florets sterile ; glumes unequal, much
shorter than the florets ; lemmas broad, coriaceous, rigid, smooth and shining,
convex below, o-nerved, acuminate or nuicronate-pointed ;
palea firm. 2-keeled ; stamens 2, rarely 1 ; grain large, usually
exceeding the lemma and palea, obliquely ovoid, obtusely
beaked, with a shining coriaceous pericarp. — Nearly smooth
perennials, with simple culms from a creeping rootstock, flat
leaves and narrow few-flowered panicles. (Name composed
of 8ls, two, and dpp-nv, man, from the two stamens.)
1. D. diandra (Michx.) Wood. Culms 6-9 dm. high;
leaves nearly as long as the culm, 1-1.8 cm. wide ; panicle
very simple, 1-2.-5 dm. long ; spikelets short-pediceled, 10-16
mm. long. {Festuca Michx. ; Korycarpiis Ktze. ; D. americana Beauv.) —
Shaded river banks and woods, O. to S. Dak., and southw. July, Aug. Fig. 157.
15T. D. diandra x 1.
Spikelet and fruit.
158. U. laxa.
Spikelet x 3.
67. UNIOLA L. Spike Grass
Spikelets compressed, 3-many-flowered, the lower 1-4 lemmas empty ; glumes
compressed-keeled, acute or acuminate ; lemmas firm-coriaceous, compressed-
keeled, faintly many-nerved ; palea rigid, the keels broadly winged,
nearly marginal ; stamens 1 or 3. — Erect perennials, with simple
culms, flat or involute leaves and terminal panicles. (Ancient name
of some plant, a diminutive of unio, unit3^)
* Panicle contracted, wand-like ; spikelets few-Jlowered
1. U. laxa (L.) BSP. Culms slender. 6-12 dm. high, in clumps
with knotted rootstocks ; leaves long and narroiv ; panicles 1.5-4.-5
dm. long, the slender branches erect ; spikelets short-pediceled,
o-6-flo weired, 5-7 mm. long; lemmas 3-4 mm. long, acuminate,
spreading at matnrity ; palea arched. (U. gracilis Michx.) —
Sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., w. to Ky. and Tex. Aug., Sept. Fig. 158.
* * Panicle expanded, nodding ; the spikelets many -flowered.
2. U. latifblia Michx. Culms 6-15 dm. high ; sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, ligale 1 mm. long, lacerate; blades spreading, 10-22 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm.
wide, often ciliate at the base, margins scabrous ; panicle
1-2.5 dm. long, the filiform branches bearing a feio penchdous
broadly oval spikelets; these 1.-5-3 cm. long, 6-12-flowered;
lemmas 9-12 mm. long, hispididons on the winged keel;
stamen 1. — Shaded slopes and low thickets. Pa. to Kan,, and
southw. Aug., Sept. Fig. 159.
3. U. paniculata L. (Sea Oats.) Culms stout, 9-15 dm.
high, with numerous long rigid leaves involute in drying;
Ugule a ring of hairs about 1 mm. long ; panicles 2-3 dm.
long, the slender branches bearing many short-pediceled oblong-
oval stramineous spikelets; thexe 1-2 C7n. long, 8-16-flowered ;
lemmas 8-10 mm. long, scabrous on the keel ; stamens 3. —
Sand hills and drifting sands coast, Va. to Tex. Sept., Oct.
(Mex., S. A.)
159. U. latifolia.
Spikelet x 1 .
Floret and lemma
x2.
It'iO. D. spicata x 1.
9 i^pikelet and floret.
(f Floret.
68. DISTICHLIS Raf. Spike Grass. Alkali Grass
Spikelets dioecious, 8-16-flowered, compressed ; glumes
unequal, firm, keeled, acute ; lemmas coriaceous, rigid,
faintly many-nerved. — l^igid erect perennials with exten-
sively creeping rootstocks, involute leaves and small crowded
panicles of large smooth spikelets. (Name from 8i<TTixos,
tvut-ranked. )
1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. Pale or glaucous; culms
154 GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
1.5-6 dm. higli ; sheaths overlapping; blades often conspicuously distichous,
rigidly ascending ; the narrow panicle 2-(5 cm. long (rarely longer); spikelets
8-18 mm. long, the florets closely imbricated. (Z>. mnritima Kaf. ) — Salr
marshes along the coast, N. 8. to Tex.; also m alkaline soil in the interior.
(Mex.) Fig. IGO.
69. BRIZA L. Quaking Grass
Spikelets few-several-flowered, broad, often heart-shaped ; florets crowded,
almost horizontal, the uppermost usually imperfect ; glumes su equal, firm-mem-
branaceous, with broad .scarious margins ; lemmas 5-many-iierved (nerves
often obscure), Arm, subchartaceous with a scarious margin, boat-shaped or ven-
tricose, heart-shaped at base ; palea much smaller than its lemma. — Annuals or
perennials with flat leaves and showy terminal panicles.
(Bpt'fa, the Greek name of a kind of grain.)
1. B. MEDIA L. Fej'PuninL erect, 4-7 dm. high; sheaths
longer than the narroin blades; panicle erect, the stiff capil-
lary branches spreading ; spikelets nodding, 5-9-flowered,
0 mm. long, nearly as broad, brown and shining ; lemmas
,„. . ,. ,, boat-shaped. — Fields and wa.ste places, Ont. and N, E. June.
161. B. media X 11/2. ,^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^ ^ p^^^ ^^j
Spikelet and floret. 2. B. minor L. Annual; culms 1-4 dm. high, often
branching at the base ; leaves 4-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; panicle erect, its
slender branches finally spreading, bearing fascicled branchlets ; spikelets hardly
nodding, 3-6-flowered, pale or plum-color, broadly heart-shaped, 8 mm. long.,
slightly broader ; lemmas strongly ventricose belovj. — Waste places, N. J., Va.,
and southw. June. (Adv. from Eu.)
70. DACTYLIS L. Orchard Grass
Spikelets 2-5-flowered, compressed, nearly sessile in dense fascicles, these
arranged in a panicle ; glumes unequal, hispid-ciliate on the keel, acute or
mucronate ; lemmas 5-nerved, ciliate-keeled, short awn-pointed ; paleas a little
shorter than their lemmas. — Perennial with flat leaves and
glomerate panicles. (Dactylos, a name used by Pliny for a
grass with digitate spikes, from 5a/cTu\os, a finger.)
1. D. (iL()M:-:RXTA L. Coarse, tufted, glaucous, scabrous ;
culms erect, 9-12 dm. high; leaves broadly linear; panicle
8-15 cm. long, the few stiff branches naked below, contracted
after flowering ; spikelets crowded in dense one-sided clus-
ters at the ends of the branches. — Fields and waste places. 162. D. glomerata x 1.
June. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 102. Spikelet displayed.
CvNostRiJS cristXtus L. (Dog's-tail Grass), a slender erect perennial
4-7 dm. high, with narrow leaves and erect dense spike-like panicles, the si)ike-
lets unisexual, arranged in clusters, the terminal ones fertile, the lower larger
and sterile, with very narrow lemmas, strongly scabrous on the keel, occurs
sparingly in fields and by waysides, Nfd. to Ont. (Adv. from Eu.)
71. p6A L. Meadow Grass. Spear Grass
Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the uppermost floret imperfect or rudimentary ;
glumes I-8-nerved, keeled ; lemmas herbaceous or membranaceous, mostly
scarioas-tip[)ed, acute or obtuse, keeled, awnless, 5-nerve(l (the intermediate
pair of nerves sometimes very obscure), the dorsal or marginal nerves usually
soft-hairy, often with a tuft of long cobwebby hairs at the base ; palea 2-t(vithe(l.
— Anriuals or perennials, with simple culms, narrow usually flat leaves ending
in a cueullate point, and terminal panicles, (lloa, an ancient Greek name foi
grass or fodder. )
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
155
3.
4.
10.
IT.
13.
knnnsils.
Florets not webby at the base ; lemmas distinctly 5-nerved
Florets webby at the base ; intermediate pair of nerves obscure .
Perennials.
Culms from extensively creeping rootstocks, not tufted.
Culms flattened ; spikelets not over 6 mm. long ....
Culms terete ; spikelets 8 mm. or more long
Culms tufted.
Creeping rootstocks present.
Panicle crowded ; culms much exceeding the leaves . , .
Panicle diffuse ; culms scarcely exceeding the basal leaves
No creeping rootstocks, but culms sometimes decumbent at base.
Lemma glabrous
Lemma pubescent at least on the keel.
Culms upright from a stout crown or caudex ; leaves short and flat
Culms from a more slender base forming loose tufts, often decum
bent.
Culms rarely over 3 dm. high, \\ith lax leaves, the decumbent
bases of the culms forming louse tufts ; lemma pubescent
but very sparsely webbed : alpine or northern plants .
Culms taller, or if low, stiff and with scarcely decumbent bases.
Lemma not webbed at base.
Panicle narrow ; lemma gabrous between the nerves below 7,
Panicle spreading ; lemma pubescent between the nerves
below . . ■ 16
Lemma webbed at base.
Marginal nerves glabrous.
Lemma prominently nerved : sheaths scabrous .
Lemma obscurely nerved ; sheaths smooth . . .
Marginal nerves pubescent.
Intermediate nerves of lemma obscure ; florets acute.
Panicle erect. 0.4—1 dm. long (rarely longer), branches
ascending
Panicle drooping, 1-3 dm. long, branches spreading
Intermediate nerves of lemma prominent ; florets obtuse
or acutish.
Branches of panicle spikelet-bearing from the middle ;
spikelets 3—4 mm. long
Branches of panicle elongated, spikelet-bearing only at
the ends ; spikelets 5-0 mm. long . . . ' . 15.
P. annua.
P. Chapmaniana.
P. compressa.
P. eminens.
P. pratenfsis.
P. brachyphylla.
P. debilis.
P. alpina.
6. P. laxa.
P. glatica.
P. autumnalia.
11.
14.
S.
9.
12.
P. trivia lis.
P. alsodes
P. nemoralis.
P. triflora.
P. sylvet^tris.
P. Woljii.
* Annuals, rarely over 2.5 dm. high., tufted.
1. P. In'nua L. (Low Spear Grass. ) Culms flattened, decumbent at base,
sometimes rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths loose; leaves very soft ; panicle
pyramidal, 3-8 cm. long, rarely longer; spikelets crowded, 3-6-flowered. about
4 mm. long; lemma distinctly o-nerved, the nerves hairy below. — Cultivated and
waste grounds, everywhere. Apr.-f)ct. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. P. Chapmaniana Scribn, Similar to the preceding but more strict in
liabit; culms terete, erect; sheaths close, mostly at the base; panicle more
oblong ; florets icebbed at the base, the intermediate nenes of lemmas very
obscure, the middle and marginal nerves sometimes hairy below. — Dry soil,
Va. to s. 111., and south w. Apr., May.
* * Perennials.
-»- Culms from extensively creeping rootstocks, not tufted.
3. P. coMPRESSA L. (Caxada Blue Grass. "Wire
Grass.) Bluish-green, 2-6 dm. high; culms geniculate-
asceuding, iciry, flattened; panicles 2-8 cm. long, narrow,
the usually short branches in pairs, spikelet-bearing to the
base ; spikelets crowded, subsessile, 3-6(rarely 9)-flowered.
4-0 mm. long ; lemmas obscurely nerved, more or less bronzed
at the summit. — Dry mostly sterile soil, Nfd. to S. C, and
westw. ; also cultivated as a pasture grass. ]\Iay-Sept. (Nat.
from Eu.^ Fig. 108.
4. P. eminens J. S. Presl. Glaucous, glabrous, 3-9 dm.
high; culms stout, erect, terete; sheaths overlapping, clus-
tered on the sterile shoots ; blades thick, 3-8 mm. wide ;
panicle hen.vy. 8-10 cm. long, contracted ; spikelets .'>-5-fl(>w-
ered, 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 4-5 mm. long, distinctly
1G3. p. compressa.
Panicle x ^/^.
S^'ikelet and floret x 2.
Lemma x 3.
156 GRAMINEAE (GUASS FAMILY)
nerved. (P. glumaris'Yr'm.) — Gravelly seashores, Lower St. Lawrence R., and
norlhw.; also Alaska. (E. Asia.)
-*- +- Culms tufted.
++ Alpine or high northern plants ; culms 4 dm. high or less.
5. P. alpina L. Culms erect from a stout croicn or caudex, rather stout,
0.5-4 dm. high; upper blades much shorter than their sheaths, 3-6 mm. wide;
panicle pyramidal, 3-7 cm. long, the filiform branches spreading., mostly nakeil
at the base ; spikelets rather crowded., broadly ovate., 3-6-11owered, 5-6 mm. long ;
lemmas 4 mm. long, villous on the midrib and margins. — Brookside.s, oi)eii
mountain slopes, etc., N. S., Lsle Royale, northern shore of L. Superior, and
northw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
6. P. laxa Haenke. Mosa-green., forming loose tufts ; culms slender, 2-4 dm.
high; bladps about 2 mm. wide; panicle 2.5-7 cm. long, simple., often one-sided
and nodding, loosely flowered, the filiform branches erect or ascending, spike-
let-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 2-4-tiovvered, about 5 mm. long ; lemma 3-^15
mm. long, pilose on the midrib and margins toward the base. — Alpine regions,
N. E., n. N. Y., and high northw. (Eu.)
++ ++ Not strictly alpine ; culms taller or if low not decumbent at base.
= Panicle narrovj ; lemma not webbed at the base.
7. P. glaiica Vahl. Glaucous; culms strict, rather rigid, 1.5-6 dm. high;
sheaths crowded at the base ; blades 3-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; ligule not
over 1 mm. long ; panicle 3-7 cm. long, rather compact, the short scabrous
branches erect; spikelets often purplish, 2-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; glumes
acute or acuminate ; lemmas 3—3.5 mm. long, villous on the keel and marginal
nerves below; intermediate nerves obscure. (P. caesia Sm.) — Rocky shores
and mts., e. Que. and n. N. E. to n. Minn., northw. and westw. (Eurasia.)
= = Panicle open, branches naked tovmrd the base ; lemma webbed at the base
except in no. 16.
a. Spikelets numerous, more or less crowded.
b. Marginal and midnerve silky-pubescent.
8. P. nemoralis L. Grass-green, S-7 dm. high, rarely higher ; culms slen-
der, less rigid than in the preceding, leafy throughout ; leaves
lax, 3-8 cm. long, 2 mm. icide ; panicle 4-10 cm. long, open and
spreading ; spikelets 2-5-fiowered, 3-5 mm. long ; glumes sharply
acuminate ; lemmas 2-3 mm. long, intermediate nerves obscure,
a few webby hairs at base. — Meadows and open woods, Nfd.
to Pa., w. to Minn., northw. and westw. Jnne-Sept. (Eurasia.)
164 P. nemoralis ^^^- ^^^- — Alpine forms may be low and erect, 1-2 dm. high,
Soikelet x ^ ' "^i^h small narrow panicle, while luxuriant forms of lower alti-
tude may be creeping at base.
9. P. triflbra Gilib. (Fowl Meadow Grass.) CidmsZ-lbdm.high ; ^hediihs,
rather loose ; ligule ii-5 mm. long ; blades 8-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide, soft; panicle often purplish, 1-3 dm. long, pyramidal or
of/long, the filiform spreading branches in remote fascicles o/3-lO,
naked at the base ; spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 4 mm. long,
hardly crowded; lemmas 2.5-3 mm. long, intermediate nerves
obscure, webby hairs copious. (P. flava Am. auth., not L. ; P.
serotina Ehrh.) — NVet meadows. Pa. to la., and northw; also jg5 p triflora.
cultivated. July, Aug. (Eurasia, n. Afr.) Fig. 165. spikolot x 3
10. P. pratensis L. (June Grass, Spear Grass, Kentucky
Blue Grass.) Culms 3-12 dm. high, sending out numerous
running rootstocks from the base ; sheaths compressed, overlap-
ping below, ligule 1.5 mm. long; blades 1-6 mm. wide, those
of the culm 5-15 cm. long, the basal ones much longer ; panicle
pyramidal, the slender brandies in rather remote fascicles of 3-5,
166. P. pratensis. asdending, naked at base ; spikelets crov^ded, 3-5-flowered, 4-5
Spikeletx.3. mm. long; lemmas 3 mm. long, copiously webbed at base,*
GKAMlNEAl-: (CJKASS FAMILY) 157
intermediate nerves strong, glabrous. — Fields and meadows throughout the U. S.
and B. C. , naturalized in the East, indigenous in the North and \yest. May-
July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 160.
h b. Marginal nei^es glabrous.
11. P. TRiTiALis L. (Rough-stalked Meadow Grass.) Culms erect from
a somewhat decumbent base, 3-9 dm. high, scabrous below the jyanicle ; sheaths
and blades retrorsely scabrous, ligule 4-6 mm. long ; panicle 6-15 cm. long,
resembhng that of P. pratensis ; spikelets 2-3-tiowered, about 3 mm. long;
lemma strongly nerved, silky-pubescent on the keel only. — Moist meadows and
roadsides, e. Que. to S. C. and La., rarely inland. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
a a. Spikelets fewer, scattered on slender pedicels; plants soft and smooth,
floicei'ing early.
b. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long ; lemmas broad, obtuse.
12. P. sylvestris Gray. Cidms subcompressed, 3-12 dm. high ; sheaths
shorter tlian the internodes ; ligule 1 mm. long or less; blades 2-^ mm. u-ide,
those of the culm 3-15 cm. long, the basal ones much longer; panicle 1-2 dm.
long, oblong-pyramidal, the short flexuous filiform branches spreading or
reflexed ; spikelets 2-4-tiowered. 2.5-4 mm. long; first glume 1-, the second
3-nerved ; lemmas about 2.5 mm. long, often pubescent below, midiierve pubes-
cent to the summit. — Rich woods and thickets, N. Y.to Wis., Neb,, and southw.
Apr. -July.
13. P. debilis Torr. Culms terete, v:eak, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths compressed,
much shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blades 2.5-11 cm.
long, 2 mm. icide or less (rarely wider) ; panicle nodding. 4-12 cm. long, the feio
long capillary branches ascending or spreading at the ends, few-flowered; spike-
lets 2-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long; lemmas glabrous, except the icebbed base. —
Rocky woodlands, e. Que. to Ont., southw. to Pa. and la. May, June.
b b. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; lemmas lanceolate, acute.
14. P. alsodes Gray. Culms 2-6 dm. high ; sheaths thin, the uppermost elon-
gated, often sheathing the base of the panicle; blades l.'2-?j dm. long, 2-5 mm.
wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long, the filiform branches in 3's or 4's,
finally siDreading, or the lowest whorl ascending ; spikelets 2-3-
flowered, about 5 mm. long; lemmas faintly nerved, villous on
the keel below. — Wooded hillsides and thickets, e. Que. to Minn.,
and southw. May, June. Fig. 167.
15. P. W61fii Scribn. Culms slender, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves
mostly clustered at the base, 2 mm. vide or less, those of the culms jg- p_ alsodes
5-10 cm., long, the basal ones much longer ; panicle 8-15 cm. long ; spikelet x 3
the spikelets somewhat clustered toward the ends of the ascending
capillary branches, 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long ; lemmas strongly nerved, the
marginal nerves and midnerve villous. — Minn, and 111. to Tenn., rare.
b b b. Spikelets 6-8 mm. long; lemmas oblong, conspicuously scarious at the
obtuse apex; panicle diffuse, few-flowered.
16. P. autumnalis Muhl. Culms slender, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves 5-12 cm.
long. 2-3 mm. wide ; panicle 8-20 cm. long, about as broad, the capillary
flexuous spreading branches with a few spikelets near the ends ; spikelets 4-6-
flowered, about 6 mm. long ; lemmas pubescent belovj between the strong nerves,
not webbed at base. {P. flexuosa Muhl.) — Woods, N. J. and Pa. to ]\Io.. and
southw. JVL-ir.-May.
17. P. brachyphylla Schultes. Culms 3-5 dm. high from running rootstocks,
2 -3-leaved ; the upper leaves 1-5 cm. long, the basal oiies about equaling the culm,
abruptly cuspidate-tipped; panicle 7-12 cm. long, the branches mostly in pairs,
spreading, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 3-4-flowere(l ; lemma webbed
at base, keel and marginal nerves sparingly pubescent, intermediate nerves
prominent, naked. ( P. hrevifolia Muhl.) — Rocky or hilly woodlands. Pa., Va.,
and sparingly westw. to Ky, and 111. Apr., May.
158
GRAMINEAE ((iKASS 1-AMILY)
16S. S. festucacea.
Panicle X y,o.
Spikelet and floret x 1,
72. SCOLOCHLOA Link.
Spikelets 8-4-flowered ; callus hairy ; glumes acute ; lem-
mas firm, convex below, the nerves unequal, one or more
excurrent as slender teeth ; palea as lonj; as its lemma or
longer, 2-toothed ; ovary hairy at the summit. — Tall peren-
nials with flat leaves and ample spreading panicles. (Name
probably from (tkQXos, a prickle, and x^oa, grass.)
1. S. festucacea (NVilld.) Link. (Si'wanglk-top.) Culms
stout, erect, from tliick soft rootstocks, 1-2 m. high ; leaves
2-3 dm. long ; panicles 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the fascicled
branches spreading ; spikelets 6-12 mm. long ; glumes nearly
as long as the florets, 13-5-nerved. — Marshes and shallow
water, la., Minn., and northwestw. June, July. Fig. 168.
73 GLYCERIA R. Br. Manna Grass
Spikelets few-many-flowered, subterete or slightly compressed, in narrow
or spreading panicles ; glumes unequal, shorter than the florets ; lemmas convex,
firm, with a scarious margin or apex, and 5-9 strong parallel nerves; paleas
equaling or a little longer tliau their lemmas, the strong nerves nearly marginal. —
Usually tall aquatic perennials, with simple culms, often partially closed sheaths,
flat leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from yXvKepos, sweety in allusion to
the taste of the grain.) Fanicularia Fabricius. •
• •
Spikelets 2-7 mm. long-, ovate or oblong.
Panicle contracted, narrow.
Panicle linear, l..>-.3 dm. long
Panicle oblong, dense, 7-12 era. long
Panicle oi)en, lax.
Siiikelets -S-i mm. wide ; lemmas obscurely nerved.
Spikelets ovate, 5-10-liowered
Spikelets oblong, .S-5-flowered
Spikelets not over 2.5 mm. wide ; lemmas strongly nerved.
Second glume 1 mm. long
Second glume 2-2.5 mm. long.
Panicles ample, many-flowered, 2 dm. or more long
Panicles narrow, few-flowered, rarely 1.5 dm. long
Spikelets 1-4 cm. long, compressed-cylindric.
Lemma obtuse ; palea about the same length.
Lemma 6 mm. lor.g ,
Lemma 3-4.5 mm. long.
Spikelets L.'j-i cm. long, subsessile or nearly so . . . .
Spikeiets 1-1.5 cm. long, on slender pedicels one third to two thirds
as long
Lemma acute, much exceeded by the palea
1. O. Torreyana.
2. G. obtusa^
3. G. canadensis.
4. G. laxa.
5. G. nevcata.
6. G. grandis.
7. G. pallida.
8. G.fiuitans.
9. G. septentrionalis.
10. G. borealis.
11. G. acntijlora.
1. G. Torreyana (Spreng.) Hitchc. Culms solitary or few, erect from a
running rootstock, (i-O dm, high ; the smooth sheaths closed nearly to the sum-
mit; blades 3 dm. or more long, 3-6 rtim. wide, scabrous; panicle linear, 1.5-3
dm. long, nodding at the summit; spikelets appressed, 3-4-flowered, about 4 mm.
long. ((t. elongata Trin.) — Wet woods. Que. to Minn, and Pa., and in the
mts. to N. (\ July, Aug.
2. G. obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. Culms stout, erect, 3-12 dm. high ; shmlhs closed
about half their length, the lower overlapping; blades 2-5 dm. long, 4-8 mm.
vnde, smooth behtw, rough above ; panicle finally erserted,
oblong, dense, 6-18 C7>i. long; .spikelets 3-7-flowere(l. 5-6 mm.
long; the scarious apex of the lemma often revolute. — Bogs
and swampy places, N. B. to Pa., and southw. near the coast.
July, Aug.
3. G. canadensis (Michx. ) Trin. Katti>esnake Grass.
Culms solitary or few, stout, erect, 6-10 dm. high ; sheaths over-
lapping below, compressinl ; blades 1.5-3.5 dm. long. 4-8 mm.
wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. Ioult, nearly ;is wide, vi^ry 101». <;. canadensis.
loose and open, the capillary remote branches drooping, naked spikeletxS.
GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
159
170. G. nervata.
loiet X 4.
Base of leuima x 6.
below; spikelets 5-10-fl()\vered. ovate, tumid, Briza-like, 5-7 mm. long; lemmas
obtuse or abruptly acute. — Bogs and wet places, Nfd. to Out. and Minn., s. to
N.J. and e. Kan. July. Fk;. '69.
4 G. laxa Scribn. Similar to tall forms of the preceding, 1-1.5 m. high;
blades sometimes 6 dm. or more long ; panicle diffuse, 3-4 dm. long, nearly as
wide ; spikelets o-o-Jloirered. 4-5 mm. long, o mm. icide, oblong : florets rirm hut
not tumid; lemmas abruptly acuminate; palea nearly as
long. — Swampy places, Me. to N. J. July-Sept.
5. G. nervata (Willd.) Trin. Fowl Meadow Grass.
Often in large clumps ; culms erect, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths
scabrous, closed almost to the summit, the lower overlap-
ping ; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous above ;
panicle expanded, nodding, 1-2 dm. long, the capillary
branches drooping, naked below ; spikelets purplish, 8-7-
flowered, 8-4 mm. l>>ng ; glumes minute., the second about g -C] t" /ia
1 mm. long, ticice as long as the first. — Moist meadow^s i,L„ ^^i.l".„„'
and wet places, common, Nfd. to Fla., and westw. June,
(Eu.) Fig. 170. — A low strict form (var. stricta Scribn.) occurs from Nfd.
to s. Me., and also in western mts.
6. G. grandis Wats. (Heed Meadow Grass.) Culms clustered, stout, erect,
1-1.5 m. high ; sheaths loose, the lower rough, o%'erlapping ; blades 1.8-3 dm. long,
6-15 mm. wide, smooth or slightly scabrous ; panicle 2-4 dm. long, very com-
pound, loose and open, nodding at the summit ; sjyikelets numerous, vith purple
florets and ichitish glumes, 4-7 -flowered, 5-6 mm. long ; the palea nearly as long
as the 7-nerved lemma. {Panicularia americana MacM.) — Banks of streams,
wet meadows, ditches, etc., e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Pa., and westw. July.
7. G. pallida (Toit.) Trin. Citlms slender, o-lO dm. high, ascending from a
creeping base ; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide ; panicles lax, few-flowered,
7-15 cm. long, the few slender branches ascending or spreading at the ends,
naked at the base; spikelets pale green, loosely 4-9-flowered, 6-7 mm. long;
glumes obtuse ; lemmas 7-nerved, scabrous, dentate or erose at the obtuse
apex. — Shallow water, N. S. to Va., w. to Ont., Ind., and Ky. May, June.
Var. Fernaldii Hitchc. Culms very slender, usuallj^ geniculate and spread-
ing, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 4-8 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicles 5-7 cm. long,
the fascicled branches lax, flexuous ; spikelets S-o-floicered, 4-5 mm. long ;
glumes and lemmas obtuse, usually erose at the summit. — Wet places, e. Que.
to Me. and Minn. Jn\j, Aug.
8. G. fluitans (L.) R. Br. Culms somewhat flattened, erect from a creeping
base, 6-10 dm. high; sheaths overlapping, closed nearly to the summit, smooth ;
blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; panicle finally exserted,
2.5-4 dm. long, very slender, the few remote branches appressed
or finally horizontal, a spikelet subsessile in each axil ; spikelets
7-12-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, nearly sessile ; glumes acute, scari-
ous and shining ; lemmas 7-nerved, scabrous, with a shining
scarious margin and summit, narrowed above but obtuse, erose ;
the tip of the palea exceeding the lemma. {Panicularia brachy-
phylla Nash.) — Shallow water, Gulf of St. Lawrence ; near N. Y.
City. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
9. G. septentrionalis Hitchc. Culms erect, 1-1.5 m. high,
thick and soft; sheaths overlapping, loo.se, smooth, the upper
371. G. septen- closed nearly to the summit, ligule 5-() mm. long, decurrent ;
trionalis. blades 1.2-2.5 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, nearly smooth, rather
Spikelet x i^^. obtuse ; panicle 2-2.5 dm. long, the subflexuous branches ascend-
ing, a spikelet subsessile in each axil ; spikelets 8-12-flowered,
1.5-2 era. long, subsessile or on short pedicels ; glumes obtuse, scarious and
shining; lemmas 4-4.5 mm. long, faintly 7-nerved, hispidulons, icith a shining
scarious summit, erose-obtuse, slightly exceeded by the tip of the palea.
{G. fluitans Am. auth., not R. Br.) —In shallow w^ater, N. E. to Va., and
westw. — Intermediate between G. fluitans and the following, but usually stouter
and broader leaved than either. Fig. 171.
160 GRAMIXEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
10. G. borealis (Nash) Batchelder. Similar to G.fiuitans; the leaves com-
monly conduplicate ; panicles 1.5-5 dm. long, often nearly simple, the slender
branches erect or spreading toward the ends, a pediceled spikelet in each axil ;
spikelets usually more numerous, 7-13-flo\vered, 1-1.5 Qm. long, on slender
pedicels \-l as Ion g ; glumes subacute ; lemmas 3.5-4 wim. Zonr/, thinner, strongly
7-nerved, minutely scabrous or glabrous, only the nerves hispidulous, obtuse and
arose at the shining scarious summit, slightly exceeding their paleas. — In wet
places or shallow water, Nfd. to la., and north west w. June-Aug.
11. G. acutiflbra Torr. Cuhns flattened, weak and slender, 8-9 dm. high;
sheaths overlapping, the uppermost inclosing the base of the panicle ; blades
0.8-1.5 dm. long, scabrous above; panicle simple, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the stiff
branches appressed or finally spreading ; spikelets subsessile, 5-12-flowered, 2-4
cm. long ; lemmas G-8 mm. long, acute, scabrous, exceeded by the long-acumi-
nate bicuspidate paleas. — Wet soil and in shallow water. Me. to Del., w. to O.
May, June.
74. PUCCINELLIA Pari.
Spikelets as in Glyceria but lemmas firmer, the nerves obscure, often sub-
acute and minutely pubescent at base. — Tufted perennials, mostly glaucous
saline species. (Named for Frof. Benedetto Puccinelli, an
Italian botanist.).
1. P. maritima (Huds.) Pari, (Goose Qrass, Sea Spear
Grass.) Chihns erect, 3-5 dm. high, from slender rootstocks ;
leaves flat or involute, acute or pungent ; panicles 8-12 cm.
long ; lower branches solitary or in pairs, appressed or ex-
panded ; spikelets 4-10-flowe7'ed, 6-12 mm. long; lemmas obtuse
or truncate, 3-4 mm. long. — Salt marshes and beaches along
the coast, Mass., and north w. July, Aug. — Somewhat variable
172. P mantima. ^^ ^^i^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ panicle and size of the florets. (Eu.)
F?oret x2V ^- ^- angustata (R. Br.) Rand & Redfield. Culms erect or
^' ascending, 1.5-4 dm. high., from very slender rootstocks; leaves
very narrow and involute ; ligiile long ; panicles 3-8 cm. long, narrow, the soli-
tary branches appressed or finally ascending ; spikelets 2-i-flowered, 3-6 mm.
long ; lemmas obtuse or subacute, 3 mm. or less long. (P. maritima, var. (?)
minor Wats.) — Salt marshes and sandy coasts, Ct., and north w. June, July.
3. P. distans (L.) Pari. No rootstocks ; culms rather stout, 3-6 dm. high,
geniculate below ; leaves mostly flat, shoj't; ligule short; panicles b-lS cm. long,
the branches in 4's or 5's, soon spreading and finally deflexed,
usually naked below ; spikelets S-6-flowered, 3-6 mm. long,
croi'xled ; first glume less than half as long as loicest floret;
lemmas truncate-obtuse, about 2 mm. long. — Salt marshes along
the coast and on ballast, Del. to N. B. June-Aug. — Apparently
much rarer than the last, and perhaps not native. (Eurasia,
n. Afr.) Fig. 173. 1^3 p jj^^^j^g
4. P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. Similar in habit to spikeietx^
the preceding ; blades 5-10 cm. long, often involute ; panicle-
branches ascending or erect or the lowest finally spreading or reflexed ; spikelets
2-7-flowered, not crowded; glumes acute or subacute, the first more than half
as long as the lowest floret. — In saline soil from the Dakotas southw. and
westw. ; occasionally eastw. in Minn, and Mich. ; adv. in s. Me. (Parlin).
5. P. BoKKEHi (Bab.) Hitchc. Panicle compact, the branches mostly spike-
let-bearing from base and not deflexed. — On ballast and waste places along
the coast, from Del. to N. S. (Adv. from Eu.)
75. FESTtrCA L. Fescue Grass
Spikelets 2-many-flowered ; glumes unequal, narrow, acute, the first 1-, the
second 3-nerve(l ; lemma firm in texture, at least below, usually narrow, convex
or subcarinate, 5-nerved, acute (obtuse in 2 species) or tapering into a straight
GKAMINEAE ((iRASS FAMILY)
101
awn; palea usually about equaling the lemma. — rerennial.s or annuals with
terminal panicles. (An ancient Latin name of some kind of grass, of uncertain
meaning.)
§ 1. Annuals; stamen usually one. — Vuli'ia (C. C. Gniel.) Reichenb.
Awn more thun twice as long- as the lemma ; spikelets 1-5- flowered.
First glume one third to one half as long- as the second ....
First glume two thirds to three fourths as long as the second .
Awn not longer than the lemma, spikelets 5-13-flowered . ,
§ 2. Perennials : stamens 3. — Eifestuca Griseb.
Leaves involute ; lemma awl-shaped, awned or pointed.
Innovations extravaginal ; sj)ikelets more or less glaucous , .
Innovations intravaginal ; spikelets green.
Awns longer than the membranaceous lemmas
Awns shorter than the coriaceous lemmas ......
Leaves flat.
Lemma indurated, not at all keeled, awnless or tapering into a short awn.
Lemma 5-7 mm. long: panicle narrow, with short erect branches
Lemma 4-4.5 mm. long; panicle with long spreading or ascending
branches.
Lemma subacute ; spikelets loosely scattered . . . .
Lemma obiuse ; spikelets somewhat aggregated
Lemma membranaceous, indurated only near the base, keeled above, awned
from a cleft apex ...
1.
2.
3.
F. myuros.
F. sciureti.
F. octofloi'a.
4. F, rubra.
5. F. occidentalis.
6. F. ovina.
7. F. elatior.
8.
9.
F. nutans.
F. Shortii.
10. F. giganiea.
1. F. MYUROS L. Culms erect or geniculate at base, solitary or in small tufts,
2-6 dm. high; sheaths smooth, overlapping; blades smooth, linear, involute or
rarely fiat; panicle 7-20 cm. long, iiarrow, the branches appressed, the tip.s
somewhat nodding ; spikelets 4-5-flowered. 8-11 mm. long ; glumes very unequal^
the first 1-1.5 m?)i., the second 4-5 mm. long ; lemma linear-lanceolate, scabrous
above, attenuate into a scabrous awn about twice its length. — Dry fields and
waste places, N. E. to O., and south w. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. F. sciurea Xutt. Similar to the preceding, usually lower ; panicle erect ;
spikelets -^-b mm. long ; first glume 2 mm., second 3.5 mm. long ; lemma sparsely
short pubescent. — Sandy ground, s.e. Va., and southw. May, June.
3. F. octofl5ra AValt. Culms slender, erect, often tufted, 0.5-4 dm. high ;
sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades narrowly linear, involute or rarely
flat, soft, erect or ascending; panicle narrow, erect, 3-12 cm. long, usually re-
duced to a more or less secund raceme ; spikelets 5-12 mm. long ; glumes subu-
late-lanceolate ; lemma lanceolate, attenuate into a scabrous straight awn 1-7
mm. long. {F. tendla Willd.) — Dry sterile soil, w. Que. to B. C, and through-
out the U. S., especially southw. Fig. 174,
4. F. rubra L. Culms solitary or few, erect from creeping rootstocks, 4-9 dm.
high ; sheaths and blades smooth ; panicle 5-20 cm. long, usually contracted,
the branches erect; spikelets 4-6(rarely 10)-flowered, mostly 7-8 mm. long,
often glaucous-purplish ; glumes smooth ; lemma 5-7 mm. long, smooth or sca-
brous toward the apex, terminating in a scabrous awn usually
about half as long. — Brackish meadows or low sandy soil, mostly
near the coast, Lab. to Va. (Eu.) Var. prolifera Piper. Floral
organs abnormally elongated. — Mts. of N. E. and Que. Var.
MEGASTACHYS Gaudiu. Spikclets 10-12 mm. long. — Que., N. J,
(Eu.) Var. multifl6ra (Hoffm.) Asch. & Graebn. Blades flat ;
spixelets green. — Me. (Eu.) Var. subvill6?a Mert. & Koch.
Spikelets pubescent with short hairs. — Local, e. Que. to N. H.
(Briggs) and Vt. (Jones). (Eu.)
5. F. occidentalis Hook. Culms densely tufted, no root-
stocks, erect, slender, glabrous and shining, 5-8 dm. high ; basal
leaves numerous, filiform-involute, soft ; panicle loose, subsecund,
flexuous, 8-20 cm. long ; spikelets loosely 3-5-flowered, 6-10 mm.
long; glumes unequal, variable even on the same plant, mostly
acute or acuminate ; lemma 5-6.5 mm. long, awn about as long.
— Open woods. Keweenaw Co., Mich. {Farwell) ; and in the Northwest.
0. F. ovina L. (Sheep's Fescue.) Densely tufted ; culms erect, 1.5-6 dm.
high ; leaves pale green, capillary, strongly involute, firm, the basal ones 5-12
cm. long, those of the culm often very short ; panicle contracted after blooming.
gray's manual 11
174. F. octoflora.
Spikelet x 3.
16:::
GR AMINE AE (GRASS FAMILY)
175. F. o\ina.
Spikelet x 5.
6-10 cm. lontj, branches ascending; spikeJets 5-7.5 myn. lovg.
3-6 (rarely 'J)-flowered, usually pale ; florets rather close ; lemma
smooth or slightly scabrous, ;3-8.5 mm. long^ attenuate into an
av'n 1 mm. long or more. — Occurs native in nearly typical form
about the Great Lakes and in the White Mts. ; also introduced
from Eu. Fig, 1 75. — The native form tends to have a strict narrow
panicle, differing in this respect from the typical European plant.
Var. HispiDULA Hack. Lemmas hirsute. — Sparingly introduced,
X. Y. and Pa. (Eu.). Var. capillata (Lam.) Hack. Lemiua
awnless ; leaves very slender. — Me. to N. J.. Mich., and north w.
(Nat. from Eu.) Var. brevifolia (R. Br.) Hack. Culms 5-10
cm. high; sheaths closed; blades soft. — Calcareous cliffs, ISfd.,
e. Que., Vt., and northw. Var. duriuscula (L.) Koch. Leaf-
blades thick, flattened, 0.7-1 mm. wide. — Sparingly introduced.
Wis. and la. (Adv. from Eu.)
7. F. elAtior L. (Taller or Meadow Fescue.) Loosely tufted, often
with short creeping rootstocks ; culms erect, 5-12 dm. high, smooth ; blades
1-6 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous above ; panicle erect,
1-2 dm. long, contracted after blooming, branches spikelet-
hearing nearly to the base; spikelets 9-11 mm. long; glumes
lanceolate ; lemma oblong-lanceolate, scabrous at the summit,
the scarious apex acute, rarely short-awned. {F. pratensis
Huds.) — Meadows and waste places, throughout the U. S.
and s. Can. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 176.
8. F. nutans Spreng. Culms solitary or few, erect, 4-12
dm. high; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades 1-3 dm.
long. 4-7 mm. wide, scabrous, sometimes puberulent above ;
panicle very loose, 1-2 dm. long, usually subsecund, and
more or less nodding, branches spikelet-hearing near the
ends, at first erect, finally spreading ; spikelets 3-5-flowered,
5-7 mm. long ; glumes firm, the first 3 mm., the second 4 mm. long ; lemma
smooth, oblong-ovate, subacute, the narrow margin hyaline. —
Moist woods and copses, N. S. to Minn., and southw, June,
July. Fig. 177.
9. F. Sh6rtii Kunth. Similar to the preceding ; panicle more
compact, the branches spikelet-bearing from about the middle;
the glames slightly longer; the lemma broader, more obtuse. —
Wet prairies. 111., la., Kan., and soutliw.
10. F. gigantea (L.) Vill. Culms 6-12 dm. high; blades
1.2-4 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, paler and roughened on the
upper surface, margins very scabrous ; panicle 1-4 dm. long, at
length spreading, somewhat drooping ; spikelets 10-13 mm. long,
; glumes hyaline-margined ; lemma sparsely scabrous, bidentate
at the scarious apex, bearing an awn more than twice as long. — Waste places,
near the coast, Me. to N. Y., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
176. ¥. elatior x ll^.
Spikelet, floret, and
base of lemma
(opened).
177. F. nutans.
Spikelet x 8.
5-9-flowered
76. BR6mUS L. Brome Grass
Spikelets few-many-flowered ; glumes unequal, acute, 1-5-nerved ; lemmas
lunger than the glumes, convex or sometimes keeled, o-O-nerved, usually
2-tO()thed at the apex, awnless or awned from between the teeth or just below ;
palea a little shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled ; grain furrowed, adnate to the
palea. — Annuals, biennials, or perennials witli flat leaves and terminal panicles
of rather large .spikelets. (An ancient name for the oat, from fipw/xa, food.)
Annuals or biennials.
Lemiiju broadly elliptical ; awn wanting or not over 1 cm. long.
Awn, if present, straight.
Sheaths glabrous . ,
Sheaths pubcso^'nt.
Awn about as long as the narrow lemmas.
Panicle rather dense, erect
1. B. aecalinua.
2. B. hordeaceus.
GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 163
Panicle open.
Lemma less than 7 mm. long.
Panicle 2-3 dm. long b. B. arvennis.
Panicle less than 1 dm. long 3. ^ racemosua.
Lemma 9-10 mm. long ; panicle drooping 4. B. commiitatus.
Awn short or none ; lemmas very broad &. B. brisaejormis.
Awn bent or twisted 1. B. japonicus.
Lemma narrow ; awn over 1 cm. long.
Panicle open, drooping.
Awn about 1.5 cm. long 8. ^. teciorum.
Awn 2-3 cm. long 9. B. ster-ilis.
Panicle compact, ovoid, erect 10. ^. ruhens.
Perennials.
Panicles large, open and drooping.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes.
Lemma smooth on the back, ciliate-pubescent along the margins . 11. B. ciliatus.
Lemma evenl}- pubescent all ovt-r 12. B.purgans.
Sheaths longer than the internodes, much overlapping.
Sheaths sparsely pubescent except a conspicuous ring at summit . 13. B. altissimus.
Sheaths densely pubescent lA. B. incanus.
Panicles small, narrow, erect or nearly so.
First glume 3-nerved 15. B. Kalmii.
First glume 1-nerved 16. ^. erectus.
§ 1. EUBROMUS Godron. Annuals or biennials ; glumes rather broad ; lem-
mas broadly elliptical. Species all introduced.
1. B. SECALiNus L. (Cheat or Chess.) Culms 4-9 dm. high ; s^ea^^ssmoo^^
and strongly nerved ; blades sparingly pilose above; panicle open, its branches
someichat drooping ; spikelets o-lo-flowered, glabrous; glumes
5-7 mm. long; lemma 8-11 mm. long, becoming at maturity
convex, thick and inrolled at the margins, awns short and
rather weak. — Fields and waste places, common. — The florets
are somewhat distant, so that, in side view, openings are visible
along the rhachilla at the base of the florets. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. B. hordeXceus L. (Soft Chess.) Culms 1-6 dm. high ; i'^- ^- ^ecaunus.
whole plant more or less pubescent; panicle erect and con- ^^ ^^ ^y
tracted; spikelets 6-10-flowered ; lemma Q-\0 mm. long, softly ^^^ ^
prilose, aicn about 1 cm. long. (B. mollis L.) — Fields and waste places, infre-
quent, N. S. to Va. Var. leptostachys (Pers.) Beck. Spikelets glabrous or
merely scabrous. — Del. to D. C. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. B. racem6sus L. Culms 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths pubescent ; panicle short
(not over 7 cm. long), upright; spikelets 5-8-flowered, glabrous; glumes 6-8
mm. long ; lemma 7 mm. long, v:ith an awn about 6 mm. long. — Waste places.
Que. to Del., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. B. co^iMUTATus Schrad. Differs from the preceding ii^ having an open
drooping panicle as much as 1.5 dm. long, and usually longer awns. — Waste
places throughout, especially in the East. — Florets more closely imbricated than
in B. secalinus, so that in side view no openings are seen at base of florets;
lemmas thinner and not inrolled at the margins. (Adv. from Eu.)
5. B. ARVENsis L. Culms 3-9 dm. high, erect or geniculate at the base ;
.sheaths pubescent ; p)anicle large, open, with long drooping branches; glumes
4.5-6 mm. long; lemma 7-8 mm. long, smooth or minutely scabrous; awn
about as long, straight or slightly bent. — O. (Stai)') and Mo. (Bush). (Adv.
from Eu.)
6. B. BRizAEFORMis Fisch. & Mey. Culms 1-4 dm. high ; panicle open and
drooping ; spikelets broadly ovate, the larger as much as 2 cm. long and 1.3 cm.
wide, awnless. — ]\Iass. to Del., Mich., and Ind. (C. P. Smith) ; rare. (Adv.
from Eu.)
7. B. .lAPONTcrs Thunb. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high ; panicle open and drooping,
one-sided ; spikelets linear. 2.5 cm. long. 6-12-flowered ; lemmas glabrous, 9
mm. long, with a bent or twisted aim about 12 mm. long. (B. patidus Mertens
«fe Koch.) — Near Boston, Mass. (Swan); Lafayette, Ind. (Dorner). (Adv.
from Eu.)
164
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
179. B. tectorum
Spikelet x 1.
§ 2. STENOBROMUS Griseb. Annuals or biennials, with narrow glumes
and lemmas and long awns. Introduced.
8. B. tect6rum L. Culms slender, tufted, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades
pubescent ; panicle broad, rather dense, secund, drooping, 6-15 cm. long ; spike-
lets 13-20 mm. long, nodding ; lemma pubescent ; awn 13-15 mm.
long. — Waste places, Me. to 111., and south w. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 179.
9. B. STERiLis L. Similar to the preceding, sometimes less
pubescent ; calms usually taller and geniculate at base ; panicle
1-2 dm. long, broad, lax, drooping, the slender branches usually
hearing but one spikelet; spikelets 2.5-3.5 cm. long, drooping;
lemma scabrous or scabrous-puberulent ; au) n 2-S cm. long. —
Waste places and river banks, Mass. to D. C, O., and 111.;
also on Pacific coast. June. (Nat. from. Eu.)
10. B. RUBENS L. Panicle erect, compact, ovoid, visually
purplish, 4-7 cm. long ; awns about 2 cm. long. — Waste ground,
N. Billerica, Mass. (Swan) ; introduced on Pacific coast. (Adv. from Eu.)
§ 3. ZERNA (Panzer) Ledeb. Short-lived erect perennials, vjith v^eak drooping
panicles and more or less pubescent florets. Nearly all native.
11. B. ciliatus L. Culms rather slender, 7-12 dm. high ; sheaths retrorsely
pubescent or nearly smooth ; blades 2.5-3.5 dm. long, 1 cm. wide, typically
sparse pilose on both surfaces, but sometimes almost smooth ; panicle broad,
lax and drooping, about 1.5-2.5 dm. long, branches .spikelet-bearing
near the ends; spikelets o-*.^-flowered, 1.5-2.2 cm. long; glumes
narrow, smooth; lemmas 10-12 mm. long, smooth on the back,
ciliate-pubescent along the margins, distinctly 3-nerved or faintly
5-7-nerved, obtuse and slightly bifid at the apex ; awn straight,
3-5 mm. long. — Moist woods and banks, Nfd. to N. Y., w. to
Man. and Minn. July, Aug. Fig. 180.
12. B. purgans L. Culms rather stout, 7-14 dm. high ; sheaths,
at least the lower, usually sparsely retrorse-pilose ; blades 1.5-3 dm.
long, 5-15 mm. wide, pubescent on the nerves above or smooth;
panicle large, lax, nodding ; spikelets mostly l-\l-flowered, 2-2.5
cm. long ; glumes sparsely pubescent; lemmas 10-12 mm. long, acute or sub'
acute, densely pubescent all over, distinctly 5-nerved, or another pair of nerves
showing at maturity, emarginate ; awn straight, 4-6 mm. long. {B. ciliatus, var.
Gray.) — Moist rocky woodlands, w. N. E. to Fla., w. to Wyo. and Tex.
13. B. altissimus Pursh. Differs from the preceding in having overlapping
sheaths, /?f)';ii.s-/i^d at the summit with a pubescent ring, otherwise sparsely
pubescent, and in having broader and distinctly 1-nerved lemmas, the pubes-
cence more silky and increasing in density tovmrd the base. {B.
purgans, var. latiglumis Shear.) — Wooded hills, Ct. to Pa., w. to
Mont, and Mo.
14. B. incanus (Shear) Hitchc. Similar to the preceding,
sheaths densely and softly short-pilose; spikelets much as in B.
purgans, but flowering later than that species, with which it is as-
sociated. (B. purgans, var. Shear.) — Wooded hills. Pa. to Va.,
S. Dak., anrl Tex.
15. B. Kalmii Gray. (Wild Chess.) Culm slender, 0.5-1 m.
high ; sheaths and blades conspicuously or sparingly villous ; pani-
cle 7-10 cm. \o\vi, ; spikelets ^voo\)m^ on capillary peduncles, closely
7-12-fiowered, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, densely silky all over; first glume
distinctly '^-nerved, the second ^)-nerved ; lemma 8-10 nmi. long, 7-nerved, obtuse ;
awn straight, 2-3 mm. long. — Dry ground, w. N. E. to Pa., Mo., Minn., and
north w. June, July. Fig. 181.
16. B. ERECTus Iluds. Culms erect. 6-9 dm. higli, glabrous; sheaths nearly
glabrous; blades narrowly linear, sparingly pilose; panicle 1-2 dm. long, icith
few ascending branches ; spikelets narrow ; first glume l-nerved, second ^-nerved ;
180. B. ciliatus
x%.
Spikelet and
lemma.
181. B. Kalmii.
Spikelet x 1.
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
165
lemma 10-12 mm. long, acnminate, i'^-net'ved, evenly scahrons-puhescent on back ;
awn 5-6 mm. long. — Fields, .Me. o Out., local. (Adv. from Eu.)
77. LOLIUM L. Darnel
Spikelets several-flowered, solitarj' in alternate notches of the continuous
rhachis, one edge of each spikelet placed against the rhachis, the glume on that
edge wanting ; second glume rigid, 5-7-nerved, exceeding
the lowest floret ; rhachilla flattened ; lemmas convex,
5-7-nerved, nerves converging above, awned or awnless ;
grain adherent to the palea. — Annuals or perennials with
simple erect culms, flat leaves and terminal spikes. (Ancient
Latin name.)
1. L. PERENXE L. (CoMMOx D., Perenxial Ray or
Kye Grass.) Short-lived perennial; culms 3-6 dm. high,
glabrous ; the axis of inflorescence glabrous except the
angles ; leaves usually not over 4 mm. wide, folded in the
bud ; glume shorter than the S-10-Jioice7'ed spikelet ; lemma
about 6-^ mm. lung, awnless. — Fields and
roadsides, chiefly eastw. June. — This and
the following are cultivated as meadow
grasses. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 182.
2. L. multiflurum Lam. (Italian
Rye Grass.) Differs from the preceding
in having the upper portion of the culm
and the convex side of the axis of inflorescence roughened ;
leaves convolute in the bud ; spikelets \0-20-floicered ; lemmas
7-8 mm. long, iisually at least the upper awned. (L. italicum
R-. Br.) — Fields and roadsides. Jitne. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. L. TEMULENTUM L. (Beardei) D.) Aunual ; culms
taller; glume fully equaling the b-", -floirered spikelets; awn
longer or shorter than the lemma. — Grain fields and waste
places, rare. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 183.
L. festucXceum Link, a glabrous perennial with approximate spikelets, or the
lower remote, the glume shorter than the awnless florets, occurs occasionally on
ballast and waste grounds in N. J. and Wilmington, Del. (Adv. from Eu.)
1S2. L. perenne.
Two spikelets x 1^4.
183. L. temulentum.
Spikelets x i,^.
Floret X 11/4.
78. LEPTtRUS R. Br.
Spikelets 1-2-flowered, awnless, solitary, alternate in ex-
cavations of the articulate rhachis ; glumes equal, placed edge
to edge in front of the florets, except in the terminal spikelet,
coriaceous, rigid, 5-nerved, acute ; lemma much smaller than
the glumes, hyaline, keeled. — Our species a low branching
annual, with slender cylindrical straight or curved terminal
spikes which disarticulate at maturity, the joints falling with
the appressed spikelets attached. (Name from XeTrros, nar-
roio, and ovpd, tail, or spike.)
1. L. FiLiFORMis (Roth) Trin. Tufted. 1-2 dm. high,
decumbent at base, glabrous ; leaves short and narrow ; spikes
3-10 dm. long, included at the base in the sheath, joints and
spikelets 5 mm. long. — Borders of brackish marshes, Md.
and Va. ; and on ballast northw. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 184.
79. AGROPYRON Gaertn.
Isl. L. filitormis x3.
Part of inflorescence
and spikelet.
Spikelets 3-many-flowered, solitary (rarely in pairs) in alternate notches of
the continuous (rarely articulate) rhachis, the side of the spikelet placed against
the rhachis; glumes equal, opposite or placed edge to edge on the outer side
166
GRAMIXEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
4.
1.
2.
5.
6.
A. dasystachyum.
A. repens.
A. Smithii.
A. pungens.
A. Mflorum.
A. tenerum.
A. caninum.
A. Richardaonii,
of tbe spikelet, usually subcoriaceous and rigid, several-nerved, usually shortei
than the florets, acute or awned ; lemmas convex or slightly keeled above, ;V7-
nerved, acute or awned from the apex ; palea sliorter than its lemma, bristly.
cili:ite on tlie keels ; grain pubescent at the summit, usually adherent to the
palea. — Perennials with simple culms and terminal spikes. (Name from d7p6s,
a fields and 7ru/36s, wheat.)
Culms solitary or few, erect from creeping rootstocks.
lemmas densely pubescent • . .
Lemmas glabrous or scabrous.
Leaves flat, thin, with fine scarcely prominent nerves ....
Leaves becoming involute, thick, with prominent thick nerves.
Glumes faintlv nerved, long-acuminate
Glumes strongly nerved, abruptly narrowed to a rather blunt point
Culms tufted ; no creeping rootstocks.
Awn not longer than the lemma.
Glumes thin, wdened above the middle
Glumes firm, narrowed from below the middle
Awn about twice the length of the lemma.
Spike nodding, symmetrical 1.
Spike erect, one-sided .... 8.
1. A. Smithii Rydb. (Blue-joikt.) Glaucous ; culms rigid, 3-15 dm.
high; leaves rigid, bluish green, scabrous, becoming involute, 1-2 dm. long,
4-6 mm. wide, basal leaves longer; spikes 0.8-1.5 dm. long;
spikelets 7-13-flowered, 1.2-2 cm. long, usually somewhat dis--
tant, glabrous or nearly so, acute, compressed, divergent, some-
times in pairs ; glumes acuminate, i or f as long as spikelet,
nerves usually faint ; lemmas mucronate or awn-pointed, hard,
faintly nerved. {A. occidentals Scribn. ; .4. spicatum Scribn. &
J. G. Sm., as to description, not Festuca spicata Pursh.) —
Prairies, Mich, to Kan., and westw. July. — Rootstock and
lower portion of culms gray or tawny, not bright yellow-green
as in A. repens. Fig. 185.
2. A. puxGENS (Pers.) R. & vS. Glaucous; culms slender,
riuid, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves 18-24 cm. long, narrowed into a
rig.'d involute point; spikes 1-1.2 dm. long, flattened parallel
to t!ie rhachis ; the broad compressed spikelets along each side
of the rhachis, overlapping, usually alternately diverging to the
right and left, thus apjpearing 4-ranked, 7-11-flowered, 1.5-2
cm. long ; glumes abruptly narrowed to a
blunt point. 8-9 mm. long ; lemmas about 1 cm.
long, acute, mucronate or very short-awned.
(A. tetrastachys Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) — Sandy
seacoast of Me. July. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. A. RKPENs(L.)Beauv. (Couch, Quitch,
or Quick Gkass.) Bright green or glaucous,
3-12 dm. high ; sheaths glabrous or the lower
sparsely pilose ; blades flat or inrolled, sca-
brous or sparsely pilose above ; spikes 0.5-1.5 dm. long, slender
or stout; spikelets about b-flowered, 1-1.5 cm. long; glumes
8-10 mm. long, acuminate or awn-pointed, strongly nerved ;
lemmas about 1 cm. long, glabrous or more or less scabrous,
strongly nerved, pointed or terminating in an awn as nuich as 5 mm. long. —
Fields, roadsides and waste places, common. — The internodes of the long creep-
ing rootstock and the lower portion of the culm are colored bright greenish
yellow ; scales of the rootstock distant and often conspicuous. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 186.
4. A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Resembling the last, glaucous ; leaves
narrow and oftf^n involute ; the 5-9-flowered usually subterete spikelets densely
downy-hairy all over except the strongly nerved glumes ; lemmas thinner with
scarious margins, mostly long-acuminate. — Sandy shores of Lakes Huron and
Michigan, and northw. Aug.
5. A. biflorum (Brignoli) R. & S. Culms usually decumbent at base, 3-6 dm.
185. A. -Smithii.
Spikelet x3.
186. A. repens.
Spikelets x %.
Floret X iVg-
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
167
1S7. A. bifiorum.
Spikelet x 3.
high; leaves often lax, 2-5 mm. wide; spike dense^ 5-10 cm.
long, usually tinged icith purple ; glumes conspicuously 5-7-
nerved, the inaryins thin and widened above the middle, rather
abruptly narrowed into a short awn ; lemma 8-10 mm. long,
glabrous or nearly so, terminating in an awn shorter than itself.
(^4. violaceum Lange.) — Alpine regions of the
Wliite Mts., L. Superior, northw. and westw.
June-Sept. (Eu.) Fig. 187.
6. A. tenerum Vasey. Culms erect, 5-10 dm.
high, rigid ; leaves subrigid, narrow, fiat or invo-
lute in drying; spike usually almost cylindrical,
green or straw-color, 1-1.5 dm. long; ghimes
firm, nearly as long as the spikelet, the scarious
margin narrow, tapering more gradually into the
awned point ; lemma short-awned. — Nfd. to Pa.
and Minn. , and common in the far West. July, Aug. — The
typical form has slender spikes with rather distant spikelets,
which are nearly inclosed in the glumes ; this is common westw.
and extends into Minn. ; also introduced on the
coast of Mass. {Eaton.) Fig. 188. Passing into
a form with stouter and denser spikes and broader
less rigid leaves which extends eastw. to Nfd. and
N. E. ; this is A. novae-angliae Scribn. and essen-
tially A. pseudorepens Scribn. & J. G. Sm.
7. A. caninum (L.) Beauv. (Awned Wheat Grass.) Culms
erect, 3-10 dm. high ; leaves flat, rather lax. 8-20 cm. long, 2-6
mm. wide, scabrous ; spike more or less nodding, at least in fruit,
rather dense, 7-15 cm. long ; spikelets 1.2-1.5 cm. long exclud-
ing the awns ; glumes pointed or awned ; lemmas 3-5-nerved ;
axons straight or somewhat spreading, fully twice the length of
the lemma. — Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds and
meadows ; indigenous along our northern borders, and westw.
July-Sept. (Eu.) Fig. 189.
8. A. Richards5nii Schrad. Similar to the preceding ; culms
usually taller and stouter ; spike larger, as much as 2 dm. long,
erects l-sided ; spikelets 2 cm. long., excluding the awns., which
are often as much as 3-4 cm. long. — Prairies and shores, e. Que. ; IMlnn., la.,
and northwestw. June-Sept.
188. A. tenerum
Spikelet x 3.
189. A. caninum.
Spikelet x iVa.
80. HORDEUM [Toum.] L. Barley
Spikelets 1 (rarely 2)-flowered, 3 together in our species at each joint of the
flattened articulate rhachis, the middle one sessile, perfect, the
lateral pair usuall}^ pediceled, often reduced to awns and
together with the glumes of the perfect spikelet simulating
a bristly involucre at each joint of the rhachis ; rhachilla
prolonged behind the palea as an awn, sometimes with a
rudimentary floret ; glumes equal, rigid, narrow-lanceolate,
subulate or setaceous, placed at the sides of the dorsally com-
pressed floret which is turned with the back of the palea
against the rhachis of the spike ; lemma obscurely o-nerved,
tapering into an awn ; palea slightly shorter, the 2 strong
nerves near the margin ; grain haiiy at the summit, usually
adherent to the palea at maturity. — Caespitose annuals or
perennials with terminal spikes which disarticulate at matu-
rity, the joints falling with the spikelets attached. (The
190. H. jubatum. ancient Latin name.)
Three spikelets xl. 1- H. jubatum L. (Squirrel-t.\il Gkass). Biennials.
Middle, fertile sjiike- 3-7 dm. high, evect or geniculate at base ; leaves 5 imii. wide
let X 114. or less, scabrous; spike nodding, 5-12 rm. long, about as
168
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
191. H. {(usillum.
Three spikelets x 3.
wide; lateral pair of spikelets each reduced to 1-3 spreading awns; glumes of
perfect spikelets awn-like, 3-6 cm. long, spreading ; lemma 6-8 mm. long, with
an awn as long as the glumes ; all the awns very slender,
scabrous. — Coast, Lab, to N. J. ; prairies and waste ground,
Ont, to 111., Kan., and westw. June-Aug. — Often a trouble-
some weed. (Eurasia.) Fig. 190.
2. H. pusillum Nutt. Annual, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves 6 cm.
or less long, erect, scabrous ; spikes erects 2-7 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. imde ; lateral pair of spikelets
abortive ; first ghime of each, and hath
glumes of fertile spikelet, dilated above the
base, attenuate into a slender awn 8-15 mm.
long, equaling the awned lemma. — Plains,
especially in saline soil, O. to Mo., and
westw. ; sparingly introduced, D. C, Va.,
and south w. along the coast. May, June.
EiG. 191.
3. H. nodbsum L. Similar to the pre-
ceding, usually taller ; spike 2-8 cm. long,.
about 1.5 cm. wide ; all the glumes awn-
like, 1-1.5 mm. long. — Thin dry soils, Ind.,
Minn., and north w., s. to Tenn. and Tex. (Eurasia.) Fig.
192.
4. H. Pammeli Scribn. & Ball. Per ejinial, erect or geni- Three spikelets x 3.
culate at base, 6-10 dm. high ; leaves 1.2-2 dm. long, 5-8 mm.
wide, long-acuminate, scabrous ; spikes nodding, 8-17 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide ;
the lateral pair of spikelets nearly sessile, perfect ; the middle spikelet 2-flowered
or often with the rudiment of a third floret; glumes 2.3-3.5 cm. long, subulate-
attenuate into slender awns. — Prairies, 111., la., S. Dak., and Wyo. June-
Aug. — Intermediate between Hordeum and Elymus ; closely related to culti-
vated barley.
81. ELYMUS L. Wild Rye, Lyme Grass
Spikelets 2-6-flowered (uppermost florets imperfect), in pairs (sometimes soli-
tary below, rarely in 3's or 4's), sessile at the alternate notches of the continuous
rhachis; rhachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets ; glumes
equal, rigid, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute or awn-pointed, placed edge to edge in
front or toward the sides of the florets (which are dorso-ventral to the rhachis of
the spike) simulating an involucre at each joint of the rhachis ; lemmas convex,
obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, acute or awned from the apex ; paleas a little
shorter than their lemmas ; grain hairy at the summit, adherent to the lemma
and palea. — Erect tufted perennials with flat leaves and closely flowered
terminal spikes. (Name from iXveiv, to roll up, an ancient one for some
grain.)
192. H. nodosum.
Glumes as long as the florets or nearly so.
Lemmas awned.
Spikelets spreading.
Glumes awl-shaped .......••• 6. .£*. striatus.
Glumes narrowly lanceolate.
Glumes indurated below ; spike erect.
Awn long and spreading 2. E. aufiiralis.
Awn short and erect ' . . 1. E. virginicus.
Glumes not indurated below ; spike noddii t.
Spike large and densely flowered throughout . . . . 4. J?, robuntus.
Spike more slender and less densely flowered, interrupted
below.
Lemma hirsute o. E. canarfensli.
Lemma minutely scabrous b. E. hraehystaehyft
Spikelets apprf.«sed to rhachis.
Spikelets in iiairs %. E. ffiaucuft.
Spikelets mo.slly solitary 7. E. Macounii.
Lemmas awnless . " ^. E. n'r(>iun-iit.<t.
Glumes reduced t« short awns 10. £'. dicersiglumiH
GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
169
* Glumes as long as the lemmas or nearly so.
••- Glumes and lemmas rigid, all or only the latter awned.
t-v Glumes bowed out, the base yellow and indurated for 1-2 mm.
E. virginicus L. Green or glaucous ; culms stout, 6-10
long,
1,
dm. high; sheaths smooth or hairy; blades 1.5-3 dm
4-8 ram. wide, scabrous ; spike 4-14 cm. long, 12 mm. thick,
rigidly upright, often included at the base in the upper sheath ;
spikelets 2-o-flo\vered ; the lemmas smooth, bearing a scabrous
awn 4-18 ram. loiig. exceeding the lanceolate strongly-nerved
awn-pointed glabrous glumes. — River banks, moist wood-
lands, etc., N, S. to Fla., and westw. July-Sept. — In the
Linnean specimen the spike is exserted and the awn is about
the length of the lemma. Fig. 193. Var. hirsutiglItmis
(Scribn.) Hitchc. Glumes and lemmas hirsute, glumes some-
what narrower ; spike usually more slender. — Me. to Va.
and Neb. Var. suBMt'Ticus Hook. Lemma and glumes
awnless or short awn-pointed, scabrous. — O. to Minn., Kan.,
and westw.
193. E. virginicus.
Two spikelets x 1.
Spikelet with glumes
detached X 2.
Floret X 2.
•w- ++ Glumes straight^ not or but little indurated at base.
= Culms stout ; spikes 1-2 cm. thick.
2. E. australis Scribn. & Ball. Intermediate between E. virginicus and the
next, green; culms 0.7-1.5 m. high, rather slender; leaves 2-4i dm. long,
narrowed toward the base; spike exserted, erect, 8-14 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick ;
glumes and lemmas hirsute ; awns spreading, often
2 cm. long. — Woods and prairies, Ct. to Mo., and
southw. — Glumes slightly indurated at base.
3. E. canadensis L. Green or glaucous ; culms
6-15 dm. high ; leaves often 1-2 cm. broad ; spike
1-2 dm. long, exserted, soon nodding, loose or inter-
rupted below; glumes and lemmas hirsute, with
long spreading awns. — Sandy soil, N. S. to Man.,
and southw. Fig. 194. Var. GLArciroLius (Muhl. )
Gray is the very glaucous form but corresponds
more nearly with the Linnean type.
4. E. robustus Scribn. & J. G. Sm. Differs from
the preceding in having a more robust and densely
flowered spike ; spikelets closely imbricated, not in-
194. E. canadensis x %.
Two spikelets.
Spikelet with glumes detached. fgj.rupted at base ; the long awns divaricately spread
ing. — Low prairies. 111., and westw.
5. E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. Resembles small specimens of E. cana-
densis ; culms 3-9 dm. high ; leaves 1-2 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, often some-
what involute, scabrous ; spike rather dense, or loose below, somewhat nodding,
8-15 cm. long; glumes and florets scabrous only, not hirsute; awns divergent.
— Moist open or shaded grounds, Md. to Mich., S. Dak., and Mex.
= = Culms slender,
a. Spikelets spreading.
6. E. striatus Willd. More or less pubescent;
culms 5-10 dm. high ; leaves 15-20 cm. long, pubescent
spike 7-10
usually
cm. long, about
nodding
spikelets
on the upper surface ;
2.5 cm. thick, dense,
l-2(rarely 3)-flowered ; glumes awl-shaped, hispid or
hirsute, 2 or o times the length of the hirsute floret
tiahich is only 6 mm. long, excluding the capillary awn
(2-3 cm. in length.) — Rocky woods and banks, Me.
to S. Dak., s. to N. .1. and Ark. July, Aug. Fig. 195.
Var. ARKANSANiTs (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc. Glumes
195. E. striatus x %.
Tw<» spikelets.
Spikelet with glumes detached.
and lemmas glabrous or minutely scabrous. — Md., la., and southw.
170
GRAMINEAE*(GKASS FAMILY^
a a. Spikelets appressed to the rhachis.
7. E. Macounii Vasey. Culms 3-8 dm. high ; sheaths glabrous or the lower
sparsely pilose ; blades 8-16 cm. long., 4 mm. wide or less, erect, often involute
in drying, scabrous, tlie lower usually pilose on
the upper surface ; sjjikes narrow, 6-10 cm. long ;
spikelets l-'S-Jloicered, the lower solitary and often
apparently luith 8 glumes, the missiiig spikeiet
being reduced to a single glume; glumes linear-
lanceolate, 3-uerved, scabrous, tapering into an
awn ; lemmas 8-10 mm. long, scabrous above,
with a slender awn 6-10 miu. long. — Prairies,
Minn., la., and westw.
8. E. glaiicus Buckley. Glabrous ; culms 5-10
dm. high ; leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. xcide,
rather thin, flat, scabrous; spikes dender, the
internodes 8-10 mm. long ; spikelets -i-G-floioered ;
glumes linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, smooth or
196. E. arenarius x %.
Two spikelets.
Spikeiet with glumes detached.
awn twice its own length.
scabrous on the nerves, short-awned, shorter
than the nearly smooth lemma which bears an
Moist soil, Out. to Mich., and westw. July, Aug.
■4- H- Glumes and lemmas not rigid, awnless ; plants reed-like.
0. E. arenarius L. Culms stout, 6-12 dm, high, from extensively creeping
rootstocks ; leaves firm, setaceous-involute toward the ends, the basal ones
crowded, 2-3 cm. long, the upper shorter ; spike stiff, dense, 8-25 cm. long,
1.5-2 cm. thick; spikelets in pairs or solitary, 3-7-flowered, 2.5-3 cm. long,
often glaucous ; glumes and lemmas acuminate or mucronate, short-villous.
{E. mollis Trin.) — Maritime sands, Lab. to Me.; and shores of the Great
Lakes. (Eurasia.) Fig. 196.
* * Glumes reduced to short awns.
10. E. diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball. Culms stout, 9-12 dm. high; leaves lax,
1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous, setaceous-pointed; spike loose
below, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 2-flowered ;
glumes subulate, scabrous, varying from a mere
point to 1.5 cm. long in the same spike; florets
8-10 mm. long, hirsute, especially toward the
summit, with a divergent awn 2-3 cm. long. —
Thickets and open woods, Wis., Minn., and westw.
— Approaches Hystrix.
SitXniox longif6lium J. G. Sm., a western
tufted perennial 3-5 dm. high, with crowded basal
sheaths, long spreading upper leaves, partially
included loose long-awned disarticulating spikes
about 1 dm. long, the glumes divided to the base
into 2 long divergent awns (6-8 cm. long), occurs
in central Kan. and westw. and is reported from
central Minn. Fig. 197.
197. S. longifolium x %.
Two spikelets.
Spikeiet with glumes detached.
82. HYSTRIX Moench. Bottle-brush Grass
Spikelets 2-4-flowered, on very short pedicels, 1-3 together at each joint of
the flattened continuous rhachis, facing it as in JElymus, widely divergent at
maturity ; glumes reduced to short or minute awns, the first usually obsolete,
both often wanting in the upper spikelets ; lemmas convex, rigid, tapering into
a long awn ; palea strongly 2-keeled ; grain pubescent at the summit, free within
the lemma and palea. — Verennials with simple culms, fiat leaves. and loosely
fiowcnul spike.s. (Name from v<TTpi^, a hedgehog, alluding to the bristly spikes.)
OYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
171
1. H. patula Aroencli. Culms 6-12 dm. high ; leaves spreading, 1-2 dm. long,
8--lo mm. wide, tapering to both ends, scabrtjus ; spike short-exserted or par-
tially included, G-12 cm. loag ; spikelets usually distant, at first
erect, soon vmlely diverging, 1-1.5 cm. long excluding the awns;
lemmas pubescent at least at the summit or nearly glabrous ; awns
1.5-4 cm. long. {Asprella Willd. ; H. Hystrix Millsp.) — Moist
woods, N. B. to Minn. , and southw. June- Aug. Fig. 198.
198. H. patula.
Spikelet x 1.
Floret X ll^.
83. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Cane
Spikelets 2-many-flowered, perfect or the upper imperfect,
laterally compressed, in racemes or panicles ; glumes unequal,
shorter than the lemmas, the first sometimes obsolete ; lemmas
firm, keeled, many-nerved, acute or mucronate ; paleas nearly as
long as their lemmas, 2-keeled and several-nerved ; lodicules 3 ;
styles 2 or 3 ; grain free within the lemma and palea. — Arbo-
rescent or shrubby grasses with terminal and lateral panicles of large spikelets.
(Name from arundo, a reed.)
1. A macrosperma Michx. (Large C.) Culms arborescent^ 3-10 m.
high and 1-7 cm. thick at base, rigid, simple the first year, branching the
second, afterwards fruiting at indefinite periods ; leaves
lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, smoothish or pubes-
cent, the sheath ciliate on the margin, fimbriate at the sum-
mit ; panicle lateral, composed of few simple unequal racemes ;
spikelets 3-5 cm. long, 5-15-flowered, purplish or pale, erect.
— River banks, s, Va., Ky., and southw., forming cane
brakes. Apr. Fig. 199.
2. A. tecta (Walt.) Muhl. (Switch C, Small C.)
Lower and more slender, 1-4 m. high, branching above ;
leaves 8-20 cm. long, 0.8-3 cm. -wide, more tapering at base ;
panicles of few aggregated spikelets on long slender branches
with rather loose sheaths, the blades very minute ; spikelets
2.5-4 cm. long, 5-10-flowered. (A. macrosperma, var. siiffru-
ticosa Munro.) — Swamps, moist soil, or in water, Md., s. Ind., 111., Mo., and
southw. — Sometimes blooming several years in succession.
199. A. macrosperma.
Spikelet x %.
Floret X %.
CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)
Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems (culms),
closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly ^-androus flowers, one in the axil of each of
the glume-like imbricated bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth, or
with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place ; the 1-celled ovary icith a single
erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achene. Style 2-cleft with the fruit
flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft and fruit 3-angular. Embryo minute at the
base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves when present 3-ranked. — A
large, widely diffused family.
X. B. — In this family, unless otherwise noted, the figures representing the
inflorescence or a portion of it are on a scale of f , while those representing the
achene or perigynium are on a scale of 2|. In a few cases a bit of the surface
of the achene is shown on a scale of 10,
I. Flowers all perfect, rarely some of them with stamens or pistil abortive ;
spikes all of one sort.
Tribe I. SCfRPEAE. Spikelets mostly many-flowered, with only 1 (rarely more) of the lower
scales empty.
* Scales of the spikelet strictly 2-ranked, condu plicate and keeled.
172 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
Flowers destitute of bristles and of boak to the aehene ; inflorescence terminal.
1. Cyperus. Spikelets few-many-flowered, usually elongated or slender.
2. Kyllinga. Spikelets 1 -flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a sessile head.
-i- -t- Flower furnished with bristles ; aehene beaked ; inflorescence axillary.
3. Dulichium. Spikelets 6-10-ttowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle.
* * Scales of the several-many-flowered spikelet imbricated all round (subdistichous in no. 5).
*- Aehene crowned with the bulbous persistent base of the style; flowers without inner scales
(bractlets).
++ Hypogynous bristles (perianth) generally present ; culm naked.
4. Eleoclians. Spikelet solitary, terminating the naked culm. Stamens 2—3.
++ ++ Bristles always none ; culm leafy.
5. Dichromena. Spikelets crowded into a leafy-involucrate head, laterally flattened, the scales
more or less condupUcate and keeled. Many of the flowers imperfect or abortive.
6. Psilocarya. Spikelets in broad open cymes. Stj'le almost wholly persistent.
7. Stenophyllus. Spikelets in an involucrate umbel. Style-base persistent.
+- +- Aehene not crowned by the bulbous base of the style.
++ Flowers without inner scales.
-= Style-base bulbous, deciduous ; perianth none.
8. Fimbristylis. Spikelets in an involucrate umbel. Culm leafy at base. Style wholly
deciduous.
= = Style-base not thickened ; perianth-bristles usually present.
9. Scirpus. Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel; the stem often leafy at
base and inflorescence involucrate. Bristles 1-8, or none. Stamens 2 or 3.
10. Eriophorum. As Scirpus, but the silky elongate bristles very numerous. Stamens 1-3.
++ ++ Flower with one or more inner scales.
11. Fuirena. Scales of the spikelet awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked
[ictal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.
12. Hemlcarpha. Flower with a single very minute hyaline scale next the axis of the spikelet.
Bristles none.
13. Lipocarpha. Flower inclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis, the other in front of the
acheiif. Bristles none.
Tribe II. RYNCH0SP6REAE. Spikelets mostly 1-2-flowered, with 2-many of the lower scales
empty.
14. Rynchospora. Spikelets terete or flattish ; scales convex, either loosely enwrapping or regu-
larly imbricated. Aehene crowned with a persistent tubercle or beak, and commonly sur-
rounded by bristles.
15. Cladium. Spikelets terete, few-flowered, the scales, etc., as in the preceding. Aehene desti-
tute of tubercle. No bristles.
II. Flowers unisexual.
Tribe III. SCLERIeAE. Flowers monoecious ; the staminate and pistillate in the same or in difFer-
fiit (•lustc're<l spikes. Aehene naked, bony or crustaceous, sui)i)orted on a hardened disk.
H). Scleria. Spikes few-flowered; lower scales empty. No bristles or inner scales.
Tribe IV. CARIcEAE. Flowers monoecious in the same (androgynous) or in separate spikes, or
.sometimes dioecious. Aehene inclosed in a sac {perigynium) or spathe.
IT. Kobresia. Aehene in the axil of a si)athe-like glume.
is. Carex. Aehene completely surrounded by the perigynium, the style protruding through a
small aperture at the top.
1. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. Galingale
Spikelets many-lew-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in
clusters or heads, which are commonly dispo.sed in a simple or compound ter-
minal umbel. Scales 2-ranked (their decurrent base often forming margins oi
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
173
wings to the hollow of the joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old.
Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous. Achene lenticular or triangular, naked
at the apex. — Culms mostly triangular, simple, leafy at base, and with one or
more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel or head.
Peduncles or rays unequal, sheathed at base. All flowering in late summer or
autumn. {Kviretpos, the ancient name.)
§ 1. Scales deciduous, readily falling away from the somewhat persistent
rhachilla of the flattened spikelet a.
a. Style 2-cleft : achene lenticular, laterally compressed (the edge turned
to the rhachilla) : rhachilla narrow, not winged ; annuals b.
b. Achenes much shorter than the subtending scales c.
c. Achenes orbicular, with narrowly oblong superficial cells .
c. Achenes obovate or narrower, the superficial cells broad d.
d. Achenes oblong-obovate e.
e. Spikelets lance-oblong ; scales marked yn\h dark brown or
purple, or merely greenish.
Stamens 2 ; style-branches conspicuously exserted .
Stamens 8 ; style-branches scarcely exserted
6. Spikelets lance-linear ; scales oblong, yellow or yellowish-
brown throughout ; stamens 2
d. Achenes linear-oblong or clavate ; scales ovate or oblong.
Spikelets brownish. 1.5-2 mm. broad
Spikelets greenish, about 1 mm. broad
b. Achenes nearly as long as the subtending scales ....
a. Style 3-cleft : achene trigonous /.
f. Annuals g.
g. Scales ta{)ering to recurved slender tips
g. Scales without recurved tips h,
h. Scales 2.5-3.5 ram. long
h. Scales 2 mm. or less long i.
i. Spikelets in globose heads ; rhachilla wingless or only ob-
scurely winged.
Spikelets green or whitish-brown, oblong; scales acute
Spikelets reddish-brown or purplish, linear ; scales blunt
or barely mucronate
i. Spikelets in cylindric or elongate heads ; rhachilla bearing
freely deciduous scale-like wings
/. Perennials, the bases hardened and corm-like or stoloniferous j.
j. Scales stronglj' several-ribbed ; achenes 2-3 mm. long.
Spikelets in oblong or narrowly obovoid heads
Spikelets in globose or subglobose heads
J. Scales faintlj' few-nerved or nerveless ; achenes less than 2 men.
long k.
Culms naked or nearly so, the lower sheath nearly or quite
bladeless
Culms leafy below I.
I. Plant not stoloniferous; rhachilla wingless ; stamen 1 .
I. Plant looselv stoloniferous ; scales decurrent on the rhachilla
as wings ; stamens 3 m.
m. Achenes short-obovoid ; scales with free or spreading
mucronate tips
1. C. fla/oescena.
2. C. diandrus.
3. C. rivularis.
4. C. NuUallii.
5. C. mic7'odoniu8.
6. C. Gaiesii.
T. C.flavicomus
8. C. Aristat/us.
9. C. compressus.
11. C. acuminatus.
13. C. fuscus.
19. C. erythrorhisos.
10. C. Schweinitsii.
34. C.filiculmis.
k.
14. C. haspan.
12. C. pseudovegefus.
15. C. deniaius.
scales appressed,
§2.
n.
It.
of the umbel, or 1
much overtopping
m. Achenes linear- to oblong-cylindric
blunt or barely mucronate n.
Scales chestnut-color.
Involucre shorter than the rays
bract slightly longer
Involucral bracts numerous and
the umbel
Scales straw-color or pale brown
Rhachillas of the spikelets soon breaking away from the main rhachis ;
the .scales falling only in extreme age o.
). Annuals.
Flowers remote, the successive scales not reaching the bases of
the ones above on the same side ......
Flowers approximate, the successive scales overlapping the bases
of those above
?. Perennials, with hard corm-like bases p.
p. Spikelets very strongly flattened
p. Spikelets terete, subterete. or only slightly flattened q.
q. Spikelets reflexed. in thick cylindric or obovoid heads r.
r. Culms smooth and glabrous.
Spikelets loosely spicate ; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long
Spikelets den.^ely spicate and overlapping ; achenes less
than 2.5 mm. long.
Spikelets 3-(i-fl()wpred. linear-cylindric, not rigid
Spikelets 1-2 dowered, subuLte, rigid ....
16. C. rotundus.
17. C. HaUii.
18. C. esculentus.
21. C. Engelmanni,
20. C.ferax.
22. C. strigosus.
23. C. refracUiB.
24. C lancasfriensis.
25. C. Jiystricinus.
174
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
r. Culms scabrous, at least above.
Heads cylindric or subcylinduie 26.
Heads obovoid, conspicuously contracted at base . . 27.
q. Splkelets spreading, or only the basal refracted in age, in glo-
bose or densely short-cylindric heads s.
8. Scales appressed, each distinctly overlapping the next above ;
spikelets l-4-do\vered t.
t. Heads mostly on distinct rays ; achenes linear-oblong, 0.5
mm. broad u.
u. Spikelets very densely crowded and overlapping.
Heads globose or broadly obovoid 28.
Heads cyliudric 29.
u. Spikelets slightly crowded, the tips mostly divergent . 30.
t. Heads all sessile in a glomerule ; achenes ellipsoid or ovoid,
1 mm. broad
8. Scales not appressed ; spikelets 5 (rarely 4)-15-flowered v.
v. Achenes narrowlv obovoid or oblong, about half as broad as
long.
Spikelets in dense heads ; each successive scale reaching
the middle of the one above on the same side . .
Spikelets in loose heads ; each successive scale reaching
only the bases of the ones above on the same side , 32.
r. Achenes trigunous-ovoid, two thirds as broad as long . . 33.
D. dipaaciformis.
C. retrqfractus.
C. ocularis.
C. cylindricus.
C. echinatus.
31. C. flavus.
34. C. filiculmia.
C. Grarjii.
C. Houghtonii.
high;
involucre
cm. long,
200 C. tiavescens.
201. C. diandrus.
1. C. flavescens L. Cuhiis 0.5-4 dm
3-leaved, very unequal ; spikelets 0.5-1.5
1.5-2.5 mm. broad, becoming
linear, obtuse, clustered on the
2—4 very short rays ; scales ob-
tuse, straw-yellow ; stamens 3;
achene shining, orbicular, its
superficial cells oblong. — Low
grounds, N. Y. to Mich., 111.,
and south w. (Eurasia, Afr.,
Trop. Am.) Fig. 200.
2. C. diandrus Torr. Simi-
lar ; spikelets lance-oblong,
0.5-1 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, rather loosely flowered,
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal
rays ; scales rather obtuse, with a narroio purple-brown
margin or merely broivn-flecked. thin and membranous ; achene
dull, oblong-obovate, the superficial cells more or less quadrate ;
otherwise much like the last. — Low grounds, N. B. to Ont.,
Neb., and southw. Fig. 201.
3. C. rivularis Kunth. Similar; the
densely flowered spikelets mostly 1-2
cm. long; scales firmer, subcoriaceous,
slightly lucid, with broad broicn mar-
gins, or brovni all over, or rarely pale;
style-branches slightly or not at all
exserted. (0. diandrus, var. castaneus
Torr.) — Low ground, with the last or
by itself. Fig. 202.
4. C. Nuttallii Eddy. Culms 0.5-3 dm. high ; spikelets lance-linear, acute
and very flat, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, crowded on
the few usually very short (or some of them obvious) simple
rays; scales oblong, yelloivish-brown, rather loose ; stamens
2 ; achene oblong to oblong-obovate (0.6-0.8 mm. broad),
bluntly pointed, minutely bullate and more or less reticu-
lated, dull. — Mostly in brackish marshes, along the coast,
from Me. to Fla. Fig. 203.
5. C. microd6ntus Torr. Culms .slender, 1-7 dm. high ;
leaves and .somewhat spreading elongated bracts of involucre
1-4 mm. wide ; spikelets few to many on the 4-8 rays, linear,
acute, 0.8-3 cm. long. 1.5-2 mm. thick, the fhachis often
microdontus. branched ; scales thin, ovate or oblong, acute, closely imbri-
202 C. rivularis.
Nuttallii.
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
175
205. C. Gatesii.
206. C. flavicomus.
point ; stamen
cated, pah hrown ; stamens 2 ; nrlipne linear-ohJnnrf
or clavate (0.8-0.5 mm. broad), short-pointed, grayish
and minutely pitted. (C poJystachyus, var. Jepto-
stachyns Boeckl.) — Shores, mostly near the coast,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 204.
6. C. Gatesii Torr. Similar ; very slender ; leaves
and very long ascending involucral bracts 1-2.5 mm.
broad; spikelets 0.4-1.5 cm.
long; the oblong scales green-
ish; achenes slightly smaller. —
Low fcrounds, Va. to Fla., Ark.,
and Tex. Fig. 205.
7. C. flavicomus Michx. Culm stout, 3-9 dm. high;
leaves of the involucre 3-5, very long ; spikelets linear,
0.7-2 cm. long, spiked and crowded on the whole length
of the branches of the several-rcved umbel, spreading;
scales oval, vei'y obtuse, yellowish and broi':nish, with a
broad scarious whitish margin ; stamens^-, achene obovate,
muci'onate, blackish. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. Fig.
206.
8. C. aristatus Eottb. Dwarf (2-20 cm. high) ; invo-
lucre 2-3-leaved ; spikelets brown, oblong becoming linear, 7-20-flowered, 3-10
mm. long, in 1-5 ovoid or subglobose heads (sessile and clustered,
or short-peduncled) ; scales nerved, tapering to a long recurved
1; achene oblong-obovate, obtuse. (C. injlexus
Muhl.) — Sandy wet shores, local, N. B. to
B. C, and southw. — Drv plant with odor
of Slippery Elm. Fig. 207.
9. C. compressus L. Culms 0.5-3. 5 dm.
high, with a simple sessile or a few umbel-
late clusters of oblong to linear spikelets
(15-30-flowered and 0.7-2.5 cm. long),
with crowded strongly keeled and very acute
greenish many-nerved scales; stamens 3 ;
achene obovoid, sharply trigonous. — Sterile fields along the coast, Pa. to Fla.
and Tex. Fig. 208.
10. C. Schweinitzii Torr. Perennial, propagating by hard clustered corms ;
culm rough on the angles (2-8 dm. high) ; umbel 3-10-rayed, rays very unequal,
erect ; spikelets loosely or somewhat re-
motely (J-16-floicered, vnth convex many-
nerved greenish-brown acute or acumi-
nate scales (3.5-4.5 mm. long) ; joints
of the rhachilla narrowly winged. — Dry
sandy shores and ridges, w. N. Y. and
e. Ont. to Man. and Kan. Fig. 209.
11. C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook.
Slender (0.5-3.5 dm. high) ; involucre
2-3-leaved ; spikelets ovate, becoming
oblong, 10-30-flowered, pale, in globular
heads ; scales obscurely S-nerved, short-
tipped ; stamen 1 ; achene oblong, pointed
at both ends, much exceeded by the
scale. — Low ground, LI. to Dak., and
southw. Fig. 210.
12. C pseudovegetus Steud Tall ^og. c. sch.einitzii.
perennial (0.3-1 m. high); culm obtusely
triangular ; leaves and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel
compound, many-rayed ; spikelets ovate (3-6 mm. long),
in numerous small greenish heads; achenes pale, lineai ,
211. c. psp'idovegetua. on a slender stipe ; scales narrow, acutish, obscurely
208. C. compressus.
20T. C. aristatus.
210. C. acuminatus.
176
CYPEKACKAE (^.SEDGE FAMILY)
the
212. C. fuscus.
baspan.
the 3-4-
reddish-
•S-nerved. (C. calcaratus Nees.) — Wet places, Del. to Fla. and Tex. ; northw
in the flat country to Mo. and Kan. Fig. 211.
13. C. Fusccs L. Low (1-3 dm. high) ; spikelets linear, 3-8 mm. long,
thin broicn scales (greenish
only on the keel) very faintly
nerved; stamens 2 ; achenes
equaling the scales. — Locally
on ballast, Mass. to N. J.
(Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 212.
14. C. hAspan L. Culms
sharply angled (2-8 dm.
high) ; leaves linear, often
reduced to membranous
sheaths ; umbel spreading, the filiform rays mostly longer
than the 2-leaved involucre ; spikelets narrowly linear ;
scales light reddish-brown, oblong, mucronate., S-nerved ;
wings of rhachilla persistently attached ; achenes round-
obovoid. — Ponds and ditches, Ya. to Fla. and Tex. Fig
15. C. dentatus Torr. Perennial by slender rootstocks
and tuber-bearing stolons; culms .slender (1-6 dm. high) ;
leaves rigid and keeled ; umbel erect, shorter than
leaved involucre ; spikelets 5-13-flowered ; scales
brown, with green keel, ovate, acute, 1 -nerved,
the mucronate tips prominent. — Sandy shores,
Me. to N.Y., and southw. — Spikelets often
abortive and changed into leafy tufts. Fig.
214.
Var. cten6stachys Fernald. Spikelets 15-
40-flowered ; scale-tips less prominent. — Mass.
to N. J. Fig. 215.
16. C. rotundus L. (Nut Grass.) Peren-
nial by tuber-bearing stolons ; culm slender (1-6 dm. high), longer than the
leaves ; umbel simple or slightly compound, about
equaling the involucre ; the few
rays each bearing 4-9 do,rk chest-
nut-purple 12-40-flowered acute
spikelets (0.8-2.5 cm. long) ; scales
ovate, closely ajjprfssed, nerveless
except on the keel ; achenes linear-
oblong. — Sandy fields, Va. to
Fla. and Tex. ; also adv. near
Phila. and N. Y. City. (Trop. and
subtrop. regions.) Fig. 216.
17. C. Hallii Britton. Similar;
culm stout, 4-5) dm. high, scarcely
exceeding the broad (0.5-1 cm.)
leaves ; umbel compound, the
numerous rays much exceeded by
bracts; spikelets chestnut-purple, 1-1.5 cm
scales distinctly nerved. — Kan. to Tex.
18. C. escul6ntus L. Similar ; culms (3-9 dm. high) equaling the leaves ;
umbel often compound, 4-7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spike-
lets numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, amtish. 0.5-1.5
cm. long; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, narrowly .^carious-
margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; achene
oblong-obovoid. — Low grounds, along rivers, etc. ; spreading
extensively by its small nut-like tubers and sometimes
becoming a pest in cultivated grounds. (Eurasia.) Fiv,. 217.
Var. leptostXchyus Boeckl., with spikelets 1.8-3.5 cm. ?oiig, is less frequent.
Fig. 218.
214. C. dentatus.
215. C. dentatus,
V. ctenostacbys.
216. C. rotundus.
the involucral
217.
Ion
a •
o >
C. esculeiilus.
the acutish
218. C. esculentus,
V. leptostachyus.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^
1< i
19. C. erythrorhizos Mnhl. Annual ; culm obtusely
triangular (1-8 dm. high); umbel many-rayed; invo-
lucre 4— 5-leaved, very long ; involucels bristle-form :
spikelets very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylindrical
nearly sessile beads, spreading horizontally, linear, Jlat-
tish (o-lO mm. Jong), blight chestnut-colored; scales
lanceolate, raucrunulate. (C Halei
Britton, in part, not Torr.) — Allu-
vial banks, Mass. to Ont., Minn.,
and southw. Fio. 219. — Dwarf
tutted plants are sometimes sepa-
rated as Var. pumilus Engelm.
20. C. ferax Rich. Culm stout,
mostly hue (0.3-8 dm. high) ; rays
<if the simple or compound umbel mostly all short and
crowded ; spikelets lO-20-flowered, yellowish-broion or drab
at maturity (0.5-1.8 cm. long), the short joints of its axis
winged with very broad scaly margins which embrace the
ovoid-triangular achene ; the fir ra scales ovate, obtusish,
overlapping. (C. speciosus Vahl.) — Low grounds and
to Fla., w. to Ont., Minn., and Tex. ; Cal. (Trop. re-
219. C. erythrorhizos.
\
ferax.
•J-21. C. Euffelmaniii.
222. C. strigosus.
sandy banks, Mass.
gions.) Fig. 220.
21. C. Engelmanni Steud. Similar ; but the spikelets more slender and terete,
somewhat remotely o-lb-flowered, the zigzag- joints of the axis slender and nar-
rowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious
scales proportionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the
axis of each joint; achene oblong-linear, very small. —
Low grounds, Mass. to Wise,
and south w. Fig. 221.
22. C. strig5sus L. Peren-
nial, with hard corm-like
tubers ; culm 0.1-1 m. high ;
leaves flat, soft ; most of the
rays of the simple or com-
pound umbel elongated, their
sheaths 2-bristled ; spikelets
several-flowered. 0.7-1.8 cm.
long, spreading, in loose heads ; scales oblong-
lanceolate, appressed, several-nerved, much longer
than the linear-oblong achene. — Damp or fertile
soil. Me. to Ont., Minn., south w. and westw. Fig.
222. — Very variable ; dwarf plants with the rays scarcely developed are Var.
CAPTTATus Boeckl.
Var. robustior Kunth. Spikelets 2-3 cm. long. — Local,
Mass. to Fla. and Mo.
Var. comp6situs Britton. Umbel compound; spikelets O.b-
1.3 cm. long, in dense cylindric heads. — Local, Mass. to Fla..
La., and la.
23. C. refrdctus Engelm. Culm smooth, 3-9 dm. high :
leaves soft and flat, 4-8 mm. broad, slightly scabrous ; ray.^
usually more or less elongated, smooth ; spikelets very slender,
acuminate, suhterete, in rather loose heads, divaricate or more
or less reflexed, 2-6-floioered, 1-3 cm. long; scales appressed.
several-nerved, the lower empty and often persistent after the
fall of the rest ; joints of the rhachilla winged, inclosing the
linear achene. — Dry woods and banks, N. J. to Ga. and Mo.
Fig. 223.
24. C. lancastriensis Porter. Culm stoutish, triangular,
smooth, 3-8 dm. high; leaves rather broad (0.5-1 cm.) ; umbel
of 6-9 mostly elongated rays ; spikelets very numerous in
gray's manual — 12
223. C. refractus.
178
CYPEKACEAE (tiEDGE FAMILY)
224. C. lancastriensis.
short-cylindric or obovoid close heads, soon reflexed, 0.8-
1.5 cm, long, of 3-6 narrow scales, the upper and lower
empty, nearly twice the length of the linear-oblong
acheue. — Rich soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ga. Fig. 224.
25. C. hystricinus
Fernald. Slender ; the
smooth rigid culm 2-5
dm. high, much exceed-
ing the stiff narrow (2-5
mm. broad) smooth
leaves; umbel of 3-10
simple smooth rays,
mostly shorter than the
involucre ; spikelets 1-2-
flo.rered, subulate, rigid, 225. C. hvstrici.ms.
3-7 mm. long, densely
crowded in cylindric or narrowly obovoid heads (1-2.5 cm, long), strongly
reflexed, golden-brown at maturity; scales closely appressed, the fertile strongly
nerved, the terminal involute-subulate; achene linear, 2-2.5 r?im. lojig. — Dry
sand, N. J. to Ga. Fig. 225.
26. C. dipsaciformis Fernald. Culm scabrous, at least above, 2.5-8 dm.
high ; leaves shorter than the culm, scabrous-hispid, above, 4-9 mm. wide ; umbel
4-12-rayed, some of the smooth rays equaling the involucre ;
spikelets 1-3-liowered, subulate, rigid, 6-11 mm. long, crowded
in cylindric or subcylindric heads, (1,5-4 cm. long), strongly
deflexed, yellow-brown at maturity ; fertile
scales with green midribs ; achene 3 T^im.
long. — Sandy barrens and dry woods, N, J.
to Ky. and Ga. Fig. 226.
27. C. retrofractus (L.) Torr, Culm
(0.3-1 m. high) minutely downy and rough
on the obtusish angles; leaves hairy, short
and stiff, 0,4-1 cm, wide, the margins becom-
ing revolute ; umbel icith 4-12 upright usu-
ally scabrous rays mostl.y longer than the
\ *SJfftt«. involucre; spikelets slender-avjl-shaped, very numerous in
1 ^^ turbinate-iibovoid greenish or drab heads (1-2.5 cm. long),
I ji.'^tu ^S^ soon strongly reflexed, 1-2-floicered in the
middle (5-8 mm. long) ; scales usually 4
or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the
fertile lanceolate and pointed, the upper-
most involute-awl-shaped ; achene linear,
2.5-3 mm, long. — Sandy or rocky soil,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex, ; northw. in the low
country to Mo. Fig. 227.
28. C. ovularis (:Michx.) Torr. Culm
smooth, sharply triangular (2.5-7 dm. high) ; um-
bel 1-6-rayed ; spikelets (50-100) in a globular
head, S-flowered, oblong, blunt (8-5 mm. long);
scales ovate, obtuse, a little longer than the linear-
oblong achene, — Sandy dry soil, s. N. Y. to 111.,
Kan., and south w. ; rarely on ballast, Mass. Fig.
228. Var. rohustus Boeckl. is a form with large
hf^ads, the spikelets 3-4-flowered (7-10 mm. long).
— Ill, to Ark., and south w.
20. C. cylindricus (KH.) Britton, Similar to
the last, but the heads short-cylindrical ; spikeleta
■usually 2-flowered. (C. Torrey i Biitton.) — L. I.
to Fla., w. to 'lex. Fig 220.
30. C. echinatus (KU.) Wood, Culm smooth
2-26. C. dipsaciformis.
227. C, retrofractus.
I
2"J8. C, ovularis.
229. C. cylindricus.
280. C echinatus.
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
179
DJl. C. flavus.
232. C. Grayii.
(1.5-6 dm. high), much exceeding the smooth (or scabrous-
margined) tlat (2-5 mm. wide) leaves ; umbel with numer-
ous ascending rays, the longest half as long as the involucre ;
heads globose^ 1-1.5 cm. in diameter; spikelets 20-40,
greenish, rather loosely spreading, lance-cylindric, slightly
compressed, of 5-8 membranous veiny ovate-lanceolate scales
(ilie 2 lowest and the subulate
terminal one empty) ; achene ob-
long, 1.5-2 mm. long. — llich
sandy soil, Va. and Mo., southw. Fig. 230.
31. C. FLXvrs (Vahl) Boeckl. Culms sharply
angled, smooth and wiry (2-5 dm. high), much exceed-
ins the smooth, flat leaves; heads 3-6, cylindric (1-1.7
cm. long), sessile in a glomerule ; involucral bracts
divergent or reflexed ; spikelets crowded, 2.5-5 nnn.
long. "dull, pale brown ; scales thin and. veiny, the lowest
often persistent. — Waste ground, a,bout Thiladelphia.
(Adv. from the Tropics.) Fig. 231.
32. C. Grayii Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (0.5-3
dm. high) ; leaves almost hristle-shaped, channeled ;
umbel simple, 4:-li)-rayed ; spiJcelets in a loose head, spread-
ing ; joints of the axis icinged; scales rather obtuse, green-
ish-chestnut^color, barely excei ding the oblong or narrowly
obovoid achene. — Barren sands,
]Mass. to K. J., near the coast.
Fig. 232.
33. C.HoughtoniiTorr. Culms
obtusely angled (2-7 dm. high),
much exceeding the smooth nar-
row leaves ; umbel subsessile or
with a few elongate upright rays,
mostly shorter than the invo-
lucre ; spikelets linear-oblong, in
loose heads, spreading-ascending;
scales roundish, strongly nerved, mucronate, yellow-
brown, barely exceeding the broad-obovoid achene.- —
Sandy soil, w. N. E. to Man. and Ore., locally s. to
Va., Kan., and Ariz. Fig. 233.
34. C. filiculmis Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often
reclined (1.5-6 dm. high); leaves linear or filiform; spikelets
numerous and clustered in one sessile dense head, or in 1-7
additional looser heads on spreading rays of an irregulai
umbel, those of the principal glomerules 8-12-fiowered (1-1.6
cm. long) ; joints of the axis naked or winged ; scales blunt,
or the upper mucronate, thin, yellowish-green ; achene 2 mm.
long. (C Bushii Britton.) — Dry sterile soil, Mass. to la.,
and southw. ; rare nortliw. Fig. 234.
Var. macilentus Fern aid. Usually low ; spikelets 4-8-
flowered (3-8 mm. long) ; scales firm, greenish ; achenes
235. c.m.,v. macil. shorter. — Me. to Ont., s. to Va., O., and 111. Fig. 235.
233. C. Houglitoiiii.
234. C. filiculmis.
2. KYLLINCA Rottb.
Spikelets of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1-lJ-fiowered ; the
2 lower scales minute and empty ; style 2-cleft and achene
lenticular ; spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile
heads. — Culms leafy at base; involucre 3-leaved. (Named
after Pcder Kylling, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.)
1. K. pumila Miclix. Annual; culms 0.5-3 dm. high ; head
globular or 3-Iobed, whitish-green, 4-8 mm. broad ; spikelets
236. K. pumila.
180
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
strictly 1 -flowered ; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on the keel ; stamens and
styles 2 ; leaves linear. — Low gi'ounds, Md. to O., 111., and southw. Aug. -Oct.
Fig. 236.
3. DULICHIUM Pers.
Spikelets linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on peduncles
emerging from the sheaths of the leaves ; scales lanceolate,
decurrent, forming flat wing-like margins on the joint below.
Perianth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3.
Style 2-cleft above. Achene flattened, linear-oblong, beaked
with the long persistent style. — A perennial herb, with a
terete simple hollow culm (2-10 dm. high), jointed and
leafy to the summit ; leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked.
(Name of uncertain origin.)
1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. (Z>. spathaceum
Pers.) — Wet swamps and borders of ponds, Nfd. to Wash.,
237. D. arundiDaceum. and SOUthw. July-Oct. FiG. 237.
4. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike Rush
Spikelet few-many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many (rarely in 2 or
3) ranks. Perianth of 3-12 (commonly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed
downward, rarely obsolete. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a
tubercle jointed u)3on the apex of" the lenticular or triangular achene. — Leafless
(rarely with basal capillary leaves), chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed
at the base, from matted or creeping rootstocks ; flowering in summer. (Name
from eXos, a marsh, and x<ip'Ji grace ; being marsh plants. )
6. E. atropurpurea.
a. Spikelet hardly if at all thicker than the spongy-cellular culm ; scales
firmly persistent.
Spikelet cylindric, many-flowered ; scales coriaceous, faintly nerved
or nerveless.
Culm terete \. E. inter stincta.
Culm sharply 4-angled 2. E. quadrangulata.
Spikelet lineal-- or lance-awl-shaped, few-flowered; scales herba-
ceous, distincth' nerved 3. JS". Rohhinsii.
a. Spikelet much thicker than the culm (or, if slender, with deciduous
scales) b.
h. Achenes lenticular or biconvex ; styles mostly 2-cleft c.
c. Upper sheaths loose, with white scarious tips.
Scales white, with green midribs A. E. ochreata.
Scales purple-brown, ^^ith green midribs b. E. olitiacea.
c. Upper sheaths close and firm, green, not scarious, the tips often
dark-margined d.
d. Plants tufted, mostly annual, without conspicuous rootstocks e.
e. Mature achenes black ; tubercle saucer-shaped : upper sheath
oblique at tip, the elongate tooth narrow-deltoid.
Spikelet 1.5-2 mm. thick ; achene 0.5 mm. long .
Spikelet 2.5-3 ram. thick ; achene 1 mm. long.
Scales whitish-brown, with greenish rib ; achenes jet
black 1. E. capitata.
Scales purple-brown ; achenes purple-black . . (7) E. capitata, v. dispar.
0. Mature achenes whitish to i)ale brown ; tubercle conic or
deltoid ; upper sheath with nearly truncate tip, the
short tooth broad-deltoid /.
/. Tubercle less than two-thirds as broad as the achene.
Tubercle depressed turban-shape, broader than high ;
bristles wanting or rudimentary ....
Tubercle deltoid-conic, higher than broad ; bristles
much exceeding the achene .....
/. Tubercle nearly or quite as broad as the achene.
Tubercle depressed-conic, concaved toward the tip, one-
third as high as the acliene ; bristles much exceeding
the achene 10. E. oltusa.
Tubercle tiat-deltoid. with straight sides, one-fourth as
hiffh as the achene ; bristles scarcely or not at all ex-
ceeilinjr the achene.
Bri>tk-s about e(|iialing the achene . . .11. E. Engelmanni.
Bristles r-.KliiiuMitarv or wanting . . (\\) E. Eimelmavni.x.detonfta.
d. Plants not tufted, perennial from elongate rootstocks . . 12. E. palustyia.
8. E. diandra.
9. E. ovata.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
181
b. Achenes trianpriilar or turg^id ; style 3-cleft g.
g. Acheiies reg'ularly reticulate or cross-lined.
Spikelets flattened, O-y-tlowered ; the thin scales 2-3-ranked ,
Spikelets terete ; the scales many-ranked.
Upper sheaths loose, with white scarious tips ; achenes
finely cross-lined between the strong ribs ....
Upper sheaths close and lirm, not scarious ; achenes distinctly
reticulate.
Tubercle conic-subulate, much smaller than the achene
Tubercle cap-shaped, as large as the achene
g. Ach«nes smooth or papillose, not regularly reticulate h.
h. Tubercle depressed, as broad as high or broader.
i. Achenes white
i. Achenes yellow, brown, or black j.
j. Achenes smooth.
Tubercle flattened and closely covering the top of the
black achene
Tubercle short-conic, constricted below, narrower than
the olive-brown achene
j. Achenes pai>illose-roughened.
Achene with prominent keel-like angles . . . .
Achene with the angles not keeled.
Tips of the upper sheaths dark -girdled ; achenes
golden-yellow or orange-brown (in age drab),
conspicuously papillose-roughened, plump, with
rounded angles.
Culms fihform, 4-angled
Culms flattened
Tips of the upper sheaths whitish : achenes whitish-
yellow, minutely roughened, with distinct angles
K. Tubercle long-conic, higher than broad.
Tubercle clearl^v distinct from the achene.
Tubercle conic-subulate, much narrower than the plump
achene.
Bristles exceeding the achene
Bristles wanting (24) E.
Tubercle conic-deltoid, nearly as broad as the compressed
achene
Tubercle seemingly confluent with the achene
13, E. acicularia.
14. F. Wnl/ii.
15. £. toriilis.
16. E. tuberculosa.
17. F. Torreyana.
18. E. meJanocarpa.
19. E. alMda.
20. E. iricostata.
21. E. tenuis.
22. E. acuminata.
23. E. nitida.
24. E. intermedia,
intermedia, v. Hahereri,
25. E. Macounii.
26. E. roHieUaia.
238. E. interstincta.
1. E. interstincta (Vahl.) R. & S. Culms large and stout
(0.5-1 m, high), knotted as if jointed by many cross-partitions ;
basal sheaths often leaf-bearing ; spikelets 2-4 cm, long ; scales
in several ranks, pale, with scarious mar-
gins ; achene with transversely linear-rec-
tangular reticulation and a conical-beaked
tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, or wanting. {E.
eqiiisetoides Torr.) — Shallow water, Mass.
to Fla., w. to Mich, and Tex. (W. I.,
S. A.) Fig. 238.
2. E. quadrangulata (Michx,) R. & S.
Similar ; culm continuous and sharply
4-angled; spikelet 2-6 cm. long ; achene finely reticulated,
with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. {E. mutata
Britton, not R. & S.) — Shallow water, Ct. to Mich., and
southw., rare. Fig. 239.
3. E. Robbinsii Dakes. Flower-bearing
culms exactly triangular, rather slender,
erect (2-7 dm. high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive
stems or line leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely
truncate ; spikelet 1-2.5 mm. long ; scales only
3-9, feic-ranked, convolute-clasping the long
flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate, with thin
scarious margins; achene oblong-obovate. tri-
angular, minutely reticulated, about half the
length of the bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle.
— Shallow water, X. B. to Fla., w, to Mich, and Ind, Fig. 240.
4, E. ochreata (Nees) Steud, Similar in habit to the next ;
the capillary culms 3-30 cm. high ; spikelets 2-6 mm. long ; scaU.^
239. E. quadrangulata.
240. E.Eobbinsii.
241. E. ochreata.
Spikelet x 2%.
Achene x lu.
182
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^
very pale and thin, 1.5-2,5 mm. long; achene often equalino; the bristles, tipped
by a short slender conical tubercle. — Wet, places, Va. to Fla. (^y. I., S. A.)
Fig. 241.
5. E. olivacea Torr. C^dmsflattish, grooved, diffusely tufted
on usually slender matted rootstocks, 2-15 cm. high ; spikelet
oblong-ovoid, acutish, 20-SQ-flowei'ed, 3-7 mm. long ; scales
ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated, 2-3 mm. long, wiili a
slightly scarious margin ; achene obovoid, dull, green to blackish,
1 mm. long, shorter than the G-8 bristles;
tubercle capping ^ of the summit of the
achene, saucer-shaped, tipped by a long conic-
subulate beak. — Wet shores. Me. to Ont.,
242. E. olivacea,
Spikelet x 2%.
Achene x 10.
N.
C, Pa., O., and Mich. Fig. 242.
243. E. atropurpurea.
Spikelet. x 2%.
Achene x 10.
S. to
6. E. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth. Dwarf
tufted annual ; culms capillary, arcuate, 3-7
cm. long ; spikelet oblong-ovoid, 2-4 mm.
long ; scales ovate, thin-merabranaceous, blunt, dMrk brown,
with pale midrib and margin ; achene lenticular-obovoid,
lustrous, black, with a minute saucer-shaped tubercle ; bristles white, shorter
than the achene. — Wet sand, "la." to Col., and southw. (Eurasia, W.I.)
Fig. 243
7. E. capitata (L.) R. Br. Culms terete, 0.3-3 dm. high ;
spikelets ovoid to ajlindric (3-5 mm. long), obtuse, 15-40-flowered ;
scales thickish, round-ovate, obtuse, pale brown, with green keel
and paler margins ; stamens 2 ; achene obovoid, black, about
equaling the 0-8 bristles, tipped with a flattened or
saucer-shaped tubercle. — Jn sand or gravel near
sloughs, Md. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I., S. A.)
Fig. 244.
244. E. capitata
Spikelet x -22/3.
Achene X 10.
Var. dispar (E. J. Hill) Fernald. Scales purple-
24."). E. (liandra.
Spikelet x 2%.
Achene x 10.
brown ; achenes purple-black. (E. dispar E. J.
Hill.) — Wet sand. Lake Co., Ind.
8. E. diandra C. Wright. Erect or depressed ;
cidms 0.1-5 dm. long ; spikelet ovoid, obtuse or acutish, 2-7 mm.
long, 2-3.5 mm. thick; scales barely appressed, ovate to ovate-
oblong, blunt, dull, pale brown, with prominent green midrib ;
achene obovoid or inverted-pyriform, 1 mm. long. — Sandy shores
of the Androscoggin, Merrimac and Connecticut Rivers, and of
Oneida L. (X. Y.) — Differing constantly from the next in its depressed tubercle
and paler scales, as well as in the absence of bristles. Fig. 245.
9. E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. Erect or depressed ; culms
0.3-5 dm. lung ; spikelet globose-ovoid to ovoid-cylindric,
obtuse, den.sely flowered, 2-7 mm. long, 2—4 mm. thick;
scales oblong to narrowly ovate, obtuse, purple-brown, with
pale midrib and white scarious margin ; achene obovoid or
inverted-pyriform, about 1 mm. long. — Wet places, N. B.
Ct. and Mich.; Ore. (Eurasia.) Fig. 246.
10. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Simi-
lar ; culms 0.5-7 dm. high ; spikelet globose-
ovoid to ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2-13 mm.
long, 2-5 mm. thick ; scales ovate-oblong to
suborbicular, with rounded tips, densely
crowded in many ranks, dull brown; style 3(rarely 2) -cleft ;
achene turbinate-obovoid with narrow base, pale brownish,
shining, shorter than the 6-8 bristles, slightly broader than
the short-deltoid acute and flattened tubercle. (E. ovata
Man. ed. 0.) — Muddy places, N. S. to Ont., and southw.;
B.C. and Wash. Fig. 247. — Like all the annual species,
very varia])le in size and habit.
11. E. En^elmdnni Steud. Similar; culms 1.5-3 dm.
to
246. E. ovata.
Spikelet x 2%.
Achene x 10.
247. E. obtusa.
Spikelet x 2%.
Achene x 10.
CYPEEACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
183
1<
248. E. Engelmannl
S pikelet x 2%,
Achene x 10.
249. E. palustris.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
Qigh ; spikelet cylmdric, 5-20 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, acutish ; scales close-
appressed, brown; achenes with broad much flattened tubercle; bristles about
equaling the achene. — Local, Mass. to Mo. Fig. 248. Var.
DETONSA Gray. Bristles icanting or rudimentary. — More
frequent, Mass. to Neb., s. to Pa., Ind., and Ariz.
12. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Culms nearly terete, striate,
0. 1-1.5 m. high ; spikelet slender, sub-
cylindric, pointed., many-flowered ; scales
ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated, reddish-
brown with a broad and translucent
whitish margin and a greenish keel, the
upper acutish, the lowest rounded and
often enlarged ; achene obovoid, some-
what shining, crowned with a short ovate
or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle,
shorter than the usually 4 bristles. —
Very common and variable, either in
water, where it is rather stout and tall, or in wet grassy
gi'ounds, where it is slender and lower. (Eurasia.) Fig.
249. Var. glaccescens (Willd.) Gray. Culms slender or
filiform ; tubercle narrower, acute, beak-like, sometimes half as long as the
achene. — With the type. Var. calva (Torr.) Gray. Bristles none ; tubercle
short, but narrower than in the type. — Local. Var. tigens
Bailey. Culms very stout, rigid ; achene more broadly obovoid.
— Lake margins, northw.
18. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Culms finely capillary, 3-10
cm. high (becoming much elongate when submersed), more or
less 4:-angular ; spikelet 2-6 mm. long; scales
ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish with purple 250. E. acicularis.
sides) ; achenes obovate-oblong, only the lowest Spikelet x 2.
maturing, loith o-ribbed angles and 2-3 times as Achene x lO.
many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely
striate, longer than the 3—4 very fugacious bristles ; tubercle coni-
cal-triangular.— Muddy shores, across the continent. (W. L,
Eurasia.) Fig. 250.
14. E. W61fii Gray. Culms slender (2-3 dm. high), from very
small creeping rhizomes, 2-edged ; spikelet slender-ovoid, acute,
0.5-1 cm. long ; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, scarious, pale purple ;
achene pyriform, shining, v:ith 9 nearly equidistant obtuse ribs
having transverse lorinkles between them; tubercle depressed, truncate., more
or less apiculate ; bristles none. — Wet prairies. 111., Minn., and la. Fig. 251,
15. E. t6rtilis (Link) Schultes. Culms tufted from fibrous
roots, sharply triangular, capillary, twisting when dry ; spike-
let turgid-ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, few-flowered ; scales firm-
membranaceous, persistent, ovate ; bristles stout, barbed,
as long as the striate and pitted-reticu-
late achene and its conic-beaked tuber-
cle.—^. J. to Fla. Fig. 252.
16. E. tubercul5sa (Michx.) R. & S.
Similar; culms flattish, s^tri^ie,; spike-
let 5-13 mm. long, many-flowered ;
tubercle flattish - cap - shaped. — Wet
sandy soil, from Mass. along the coast
to Fla. Fig. 253.
17. E. Torreyana Boeckl. Tufted culms capillary,
l-(> dm. high; spikelet small (2-5 ?nm. long), sometimes
proliferous, the one or more short new culms from the
253. E. tuberculosa. . axil of its lowest scale, which persists as an herbaceous
Spikelet X 2. bract; scales thin, ovate, acutish, tvhitish-green and
Achene x 10. brown ; achene tiny, white, with sharp angles and a short
251. E. Wolfii
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
252. E. tortilis.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
184
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
254. E. Torreyana
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
255,
K. nielanocarpa.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
256. E. albifla
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
conical tubercle, which is hardly equaled by the 3-6 slendei
bristles. — Wet pine-barrens, etc.!^ Ct. to Fla. Fig. 254.
18. E. melanocarpa Torr. Tufted, from a short thick caudex ;
culms flattened, gi'ooved, wiry, erect (2.5-7 dm. high), the clo.se
basal sheaths with truncate mucronate tips;
spikelet cylindrical-ovoid, thick, obtuse,
densely many-flowered (7-15 mm. long);
scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse,
brownish, with broad scarioiis margins; achene glossy, obo-
void-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit entirely
covered by the flat depressed tubercle, which is raised in the
center into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles often
obsolete; achene soon blacki.sh. — \\-eX sand, Mass. to Fla. ;
also n. Ind., where the culms are sometimes proliferous at
tip {Hill). (Bermuda.) Fig. 255.
1*.). E. albida Torr. Tufted, from a slender creeping
base; culms slender, wiry, striate. 1-4 dm. high, the basal
sheaths with very oblique tips; spikelet cylindric-ovoid, blunt, 4-9
mm. long ; scales obtuse, whitish to light brovjn, with narrow scari-
oiis margin ; achenes smooth, not glossy, trigonous-
l)yriform, 1 mm. long, contracted belovj the conic-
deltoid pale tubercle, and usually exceeded by the
reddish bristles. — Damp chiefly brackish soil, Md.
to Fla., etc. (Mex., W. I.) Fig. 256.
20. E. tricostata Torr. Eootstock stout and
tough ; culms flattish (2-6 dm. high) ; spikelet soon
cylindrical, densely many-flowered (6-18 mm. long) ;
scales ovate, very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad
scarious margins ; achene obovoid, wAth 3 prominent
angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crotvned vnth a
thort-conical acute tubercle ; bristles none. — N. Y. to Fla. Fig. 257.
21. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running
rootstocks, A-angular (0.5-7 dm. high), ihe sides concave ; spike-
let ellipsoidal, acntish, 20-SO-flowe7'ed (3-10 mm. long) ; scales
ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple, with a broad
scarious margin and green keel, the outer 2 or
3 mm. long; achene plump, obovoid, roughish-
vninkled, 1-1.3 mm. long, crowned vnth a small
depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of
the scales ; bristles \ as long as the achene or
none. — Nfd. to Man., and southw. June-Aug.
Fig. 258.
22. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Similar;
rootstock generally .stouter and stiffer ; culms
flat, striate, tufted, u.sually coarser ; scales
lance-ovate, the uppermost acute. (E. compressa
SuUiv.) — Wet places, oftenest in calcareous soil, N. Y. and
Ont., southw. Fig. 259. — Perhaps a variety of the last.
23. E. nitida Fernald. Perennial, from slender rootstock ;
culms capillary, 4-angled, striate, 2-8 cm. high ;
acutish, 2.5-4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, 8-20-flowered ; scales
elliptic^oblong, with rounded tips, purplish-brown, with greenish
ribs and very narrow scarious margins, the lowermost 1-1.2 mm.
long; achenes whitish-straw-color, narrowly obovoid, sharply
trigonous, very minutely (under a lens) roughened, 0.7-1 mm.
long, the very narrow crown -like tubercle with a short point in
the middle. — Springy spots, valley of the Ottawa R., Can. {J.
Macoun). Early .June. Fi<;. 2(J0.
24. E. intermedia (Mulil.) Scliulics. O/Zz/js rapil/ary, striate-grooved,
densely tufted from libruus roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (0.2-4 dm
257. E. tricostata.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
258. ii. tefluis.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
Cross-section of
culm X 5.
259. E. acuminata.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
Cross-section of
culm X 5.
spikelet ovoid.
260. E. nitida.
Spikelet X 2.
Achene x 10.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
185
long); sheaths with oblique tips; spikeht cylindrir^ovoid, acu-
tish, loosely b-20-floirered (2-7 mm. long); scales oblong, obtuse,
green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achene
obovoid with a narrowed base, beaked with
a slender conical-awl-shaped tubercle, which
nearly equals the 6 bristles. — Wet places,
Gasp^ Co., Que., to w. ()nt.. s. to n. Me.,
w. Ct., N. J., Pa., 0., and la. Fig. 261.
Var. Habereri Fernald. Bristles absent or
rudimentary. — Shores of Oneida L., N. Y.
{J. V. Haherer).
25. E. Macounii Fernald. Annual ; culms
weak, 2 or 2.5 dm. long ; spikelet lance-ellip-
soid, 1 cm. long, densely flowered ; scales
ovate-lanceolate, acutish or blunt, dark hrovni ;
compressed^ trigonous-obovoid, twice as long
deltoid-conical tubercle. — Border of marsh,
North Waketield, Que. (J. 31. JIaconn). Fig. 262.
26. E. rostellata Torr. Perennial, from short thick
caud'x; culms flattened and striate -grooved^ wiry, erect (8-12
dm. long), the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous
from the apex, the sheath transversely truncate ; spikelet
spindle-shaped, 12-20-flowered, 6-15 mm. long; scales ovate,
obtuse (light brown); achene obovo id-triangular, narrowed
into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped
by the 4-6 bristles. — Salt marshes, N. H. to Fla., and locally
in alkaline situations inland. (Mex., Cuba.) Fig. 263.
262. E. Macouuii.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
achene much
as the broad
261. E. intermedifc.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
263. E. rostellata.
Spikelet x 2.
Achene x 10.
5. DICHROMENA ^[ichx.
Spikelets few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or
abortive. Scales imbricated soniewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or
boat-shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style
2-cleft. Perianth, bristles, etc., none. Achene lenticular,
wrinkled transversely, crowned with the persistent and broad
tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping
perennial rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly white
at the base (whence the name, from 5ls,
double, and xP'-^f^c-i color).
1. D. colorata (L.) Hitchc. Culm
triangular (0.25-1 m. high) ; leaves nar-
row; those of the involucre 4-7, linear;
achene truncate, not margined. (Z>. leuco-
cephala Michx.) — Damp pine-barrens,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; very rare northw. July-Sept. (Mex.,
W. I.) Fig. 264.
2, D. latifblia Baldw. Culm stouter, nearly terete;
leaves broadly linear ; those of the involucre linear-lance-
olate, 8 or 9, tapering from base to apex; achene round-
obovoid, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its
edges. — Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 265.
264. D. colorata.
265. D. latifolia.
6. PSILOcIrYA Torr. Bald Rush
Spikelets ovoid, terete, the numerous scales all alike and regularly imbri-
cated, each with a perfect flower. Stamens mostly 2. Style 2-cleft, its base
enlargins: and hardening to form the beak of the lenticular or tumid more oi
less wrinkled achene. — Annuals, with leafy culms, the spikelets in terminal and
axillary cymes. (Name from rpiXos, naked, and Kapvou, nut.)
186
CYPERACEAE (SEUGE FAMILY)
1. P. scirpoides Torr. Annual (0.2-3 dm, high), leafy;
leaves iiat ; spikelets 20-30-flo\vered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute,
chestnut-culored ; achene Jineli/ roughened, somewhat margined,
beaked with a long sword-shaped almost wholly persistent style.
— AVet sandy shores and swamps, JNIass. and R. I.; n. Ind.
V Y . Aug.-Oct. Fig. 266.
\ I 2. P. nitens (Vahl) Wood. Similar; often be-
^ 1 coming 6-7 dm. high ; faces of the achene toith 0
26G P scirpoides Strong transverse ribs ; tubercle depressed, bi'oader
* "■ than high. — Wet sandy shores and bogs, L. I. and 267. r. nitens.
Del., south w.; n. Ind. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 267.
7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf.
Spikelets as in Fimbtistylis, the comparatively large scales in few ranks.
Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, filiform, glabrous, its base swollen and forming
a persistent colored tubercle. Otherwise as in Fimbristylis ; standing in the
same relation to that genus as Eleocharis to Scirpus. — Leaves primarily basal,
narrowly linear or filiform, the sheaths hairy or ciliate. (Name
from (XTevbs, narrow, and (pvWov, leaf.)
1. S. capillaris (L.) Britton. Low annual, densely tufted
(0.3-3 dm. high) ; culms and leaves nearly capillary, the latter
short, minutely ciliate ; umbels compound or panicled, loose or
compact (in dwarf plant often much reduced) ; spikelets ovoid-
oblong, brown to blackish ; stamens 2 ; achene acutely triangular,
minutely wrinkled, veVy blunt. {Fimbristylis Gray.) — Sandy fields, Me. to Fla,.
w. to the Pacific. July-Oct. (Trop. Am.) Fig. 208.
26S. S. capillaris.
8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Spikelets several-many-flowered, terete ; scales all floriferous, regularly imbri-
cated in several ranks. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, often with a dilated or
tumid base, which is deciduous from the apex of the naked lenticular or trian-
gular achene. Otherwise as in Scirpus. Spikelets in our
species umbelled, and the involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name com-
pounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, style, which is
fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)
* Style '2-cleft; achene lenticular.
■*- Spikelets mostly on elongate rays ; style ciliate.
1. F. spadicea (L.) Vahl. Perennial, rigid; the thickened
base covered with firm dark sheaths ; culms wiry, 0.3-1 m.
high, nearly naked ; leaves pale and firm,
involute ; umbel 3-10-rayed, the rays very
unequal, some simple, others forking ;
spikelets ovoid to short-cylindric, 0.7-1.7
cm. long, the firm somewhat lustrous dark
scales all glabrous ; stamens 2 or 3 ;
achene broadly obovate, lustrous, minutely
striate and reticulated. — Sand-dunes and
brackish shores, Va, to Fla. and Tex.
Aug.-Oct. (Trop. Am.) Fig. 260.
2. F. castanea (Michx.) Vnhl. Similar; more slender
(1.5-7 dm. high) -AWiX freely stohmiferous ; the basal sheaths
softer and thinner; the culms and the thread-form or con-
volute-channeled leaves smooth and somewhat rigid ; spikelets
ovoid-ellipsnid 0.5-1 cm. long, becoming cylindrical, chestnut-color; thr scales
.'softer and thinner, at least the lower pnbenUent. (F. .^padirea, var. Gray.) —
Salt marshes and sand, along the coast from N. Y. to Fla. and Tex: ; extending
northw. in the interior to Ont., Mich., 111., and Neb. July-Oct. Fig. 270.
269. F. spadicea.
270. F. castanea.
CYPERACEAE (^EUGE FAMILY)
187
271. Y. laxa.
272. F. Yahlii.
Var. puberula (Miclix.) Britton. Leaves and scapes
pubescent. — Ga. and Fla. to Tex.; also n. iu the flat country
to Ind., 111., and Mo.
o. F. laxa Valil. Culms slender (0.5-7 dm. high) from
an annual root, ii'eak, grooved and flattish ; leaves linear^
Jiat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy; spike-
lets ovoid, acute (0.4-1 cm. long) ; stamen 1 ;
achene conspicuously 6-8-ribbed on each side,
and with finer cross-lines. — Low ground, near
the coast, Pa. to Fla and Tex.; n. in the flat
country to 111. and Mo. July-Oct. (Trop.
Am.) Fig. 271.
■»- •(- Spikelets glomerulate ; style glabrous.
4. F. Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Dicarf tufted annual (0.3-2 dm.
high); the culms, leaves and very elongated upright bracts fili-
ffjrm ; glomerule 0.3-1 cm. in diameter; spikelets 3-8, sub-
cylindric, greenish or pale brown, the narrow scales acuminate ;
achene minute, transversely reticulate. — Damp sands,
etc., N". C. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; iutrod. near Phila.
July-Oct. Fig. 272.
* * Style 3-cleft; achene triangular.
5. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Annual (1-4 dm.
high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect;
leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound or decompound, the
very numerous slendej'-cylindric to fusiform brown spike-
lets 4-10 mm. long; the mucronate-acuminate ovate-
lanceolate scales appressed; stamens 1-3; achenes very
minute, 0.5 mm. long, smooth or
minutely roughened. — Low grounds.
Pa., 111., and Mo., southw. July-
Sept. (Trop. Am.) Fig. 273.
6. F. Frankii Steud. Similar,
0.1-2 dm. high ; the umbel simple or slightly compound
(or the spikelets solitary^ in dwarf plants); spikelets ellip-
soid or narrowly ovoid, castaneous, the slender tijys of the
scales slightly spreading ; achenes 0.75 mm. long. {F.
autumnalis Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Sandy shores. Me. to
273. F. autumnalis.
274. F. Frankii. Oat., and SOUthw.
Aug.-Oct. Fig. 274.
9. SCIRPUS [Tourn.] L. Bulrush or Club Rush
Spikelets few-many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster when it is sub-
tended by a l-several-leaved involucre (this when simple often appearing like a
continuation of the culm); the "scales in several ranks, or rarely inclining to be
2-ranked. Flowers to all the scales, or to all btit one or two of the lowest, all
perfect. Perianth of 1-0 (or 8) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 or
3. Style 2-3-cleft, simple, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or
point to the lenticular or triangular achene. — Culms sheathed at base. (The
Latin name of the bulrush.)
a. Involucre none, or merely the modified outer caducous scale of the soli,
tary terminal small (2.5-7 mm. long) spikelet ; achene trigonous,
smooth b.
b. Perianth-bristles terete and setulose.
Scales of the flattened spikelet membranous and awnless ; bristles
retrorsely barbed ; achenes beaked.
Achene 1 mm. long, constricted below the beak .... 1.
Achene 2-2. f> mm. long, the pale beak continuous with the body 2.
Scales of the ten-te spikelet with firm green midribs, that of the
outermost prolonged into a blunt awn ; bristles setulose M'ith
spreading or ascending fine hairs ; achenes beakless.
S. nanus.
S. paucijlorus.
188
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
long,
<Jiily the outermost scale awned 3. .9. ClintmUi.
All the scales awned 4. S.- planifolitis.
b. Perianth-bristles ligiilate and barbless ; scales chartaceous, the midrib
of at least the outer prolonged into a rigid awn.
Culms terete and smooth at tip; achene 2 mm. long, slightly ex-
ceeded by the perianth b. S. caespiiosus.
Culms trigonous and scabrous above ; achene about 1 mm
the perianth becoming 2-3 cm. long ....
1. Involucre foliaceous or appearing to be a continuation of the culm c,
c. Involucral bract 1 (occasionally with a secondary small involucel), ap-
pearing to be a continuation of the culm d.
d. Spikelet solitary ; culms flaccid 7.
d. Spikelets normally more than 1 ; culms firm e.
e. Spikelets crowded into a subterminal short spike .... 8.
e. Spikelets distinct, paniculate or glomerulate /.
/. Spikelets sessile or in glomerules g.
g. Annuals with tufted roots ; culms terete or obtusely angled.
Achenes transversely wrinkled
Achenes smooth or nierelv pitted.
Achenes unequally biconvex or lenticular.
Bristles surpassing the achene
Bristles wanting (10) S.
Achenes plano-convex, one face distinctl}' flattened.
Bristles wanting
Bristles present (ll')
g. Perennials with running rootstocks ; culms sharply trigonous h.
h. Involucral leaf erect.
Involucral leaf 4-15 cm. long ; spikelets pointed.
Scales reddish-brown, ciliale. awn-tipped ; achene plano-
convex, broadly obovoid, short-mucronate
Scales jellowish-brown, entire, mncronate ; achene
trigonous, oblong-obovoid, long-mucronate . . 13. S. Torreyi.
Involucral leaf 1-3 cm. long; spikelets obtuse . . .14. S. OIneyi.
h. Involucral leaf strongly divergent 15. S. mucronatus.
f. Spikelets more or less loosely umbellulate or paniculate i.
i. Culms triangular, from a short rootstock ; basal sheath bear-
ing a long triangular leaf; invohicral leaf keeled, much
overtopping the loose umbel
t. Culms and short involucral leaf terete, the latter shorter than
the 1-sided compound umbel-like panicle of tawny spike-
lets ; basal sheaths mostly bladeless j.
J. Achenes lenticular ; bristles 4-(i, subequal, about as long as
the achenes.
Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly equaling the scales . . 17.
Achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, much exceeded by the scales . 18.
j. Achenes trigonous ; bristles very unequal, mostly shorter
than the achenes . . ' . . -" -
Involucral bracts 2 or more, leaf-like ; culms leafy k
6. S. hudsonianus.
S. subterminal is.
S. rufua.
9. S. Hallii.
10. S. debilis.
debiUs, v. Williamsii.
11. S. Smithii.
S. Smithii, v. setosus.
12. S. americanue.
16. S. etuberculatus.
S. validufs.
S. occidentalis.
19. S. het^ochaetus.
20. S.fluviatilis.
21. S. robustus.
k. Spikelets large, 1-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick; midrib of the scales
extended beyond the somewhat lacerate or 2-cleft apex as an
awn ; culins sharply trigonous ; rootstocks cord-like, with fre-
quent tuber-like thickenings.
Achenes sharply and equally trigonous
Achenes lenticular, plano-convex or obscurely trigonous.
Scales of the spikelets rufescent, bearing numerous elongate
red markings
Scales whitish to castaneous, not rufescent.
Scales whitish-brown 22. S. campestris.
Scales drab to castaneous.
Spikelets all or mostly in a dense glomerule . (22) S. campestris, v. paludositx.
Spikelets 1-several on mostly elongate rays.
Spikelets long-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long (22) ^. campestris, v. novae-angfiae.
Spikelets ovoid, 1-2 cm. long .... (22) »9. campestris, v. Feriialdi.
k. Spikelets small, 2-15 mm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, very numerous, in
decompound umbelliform panicles I.
I. Bristles retrorsely barbed ; spikelets in glomerules ; culms mostly
solitary; the short caudex bearing thick scaly stolons m.
m,. Lower sheaths (at least) redtingod; bristles barbed nearly to
base n.
Achenes lenticular ; style-branches 2 ; bristles 4.
Primary and secon(iary rays of the inflorescence mostly
elongate, the ultimate glomerules mostly peduncled . 23. *S'. rubrotinctus.
Primary and secondary rays abbreviated, most of the ulti-
mate glomerules crowded in irregular masses (23) S. rubrotinctus, v. con/ertits
Achenes trigonous ; style branches 3 ; bristles 3 or 6.
Spikelets narrowly ovoid. 3—5 mm. long . . . . 24. S. sylvaticuii.
Spikelets cylindric. r>-14 nun. long . . . (24) ,S. sylvaticus, v. Bissellii
m. Sheaths uniformly greenish, not red ; bristles barbed only above
the middle o.
n.
n.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 189
O. Bristles shorter than or about equaling the achene p.
p. Lower leaves and sheaths nodulose-reticulate ; bristles
nearly or quite equaling the achene.
Scales of the spikelet dark brown, orbicular-ovate, ab-
ruptly mucronate, 1.5-2 mm. long, one-third longer
than the achenes.
Some of the rays of the inflorescence elongate and defi-
nite 25. iS'. atrovirens.
All the rays abbreviated and hidden in the dense inflo-
rescence (25) 5. atrovirens, v. pycnocephalus.
Scales of the spikelet light brown, elliptic-ovate, narrowed
to a long setulose awn, about twice as long as the
achenes 2&. S. j}alliduH.
p. Lower leaves and sheaths smooth and hardly nodulose ;
bristles shorter than the achene or often wanting . . 27. S. georgianus.
o. Bristles twice as long as the achene.
Spikelets ovoid. 2.5-:3.5 mm. long 28. S. polyphyllus.
Spikelets cyHndric. 5-S ram. long . (28) S. polyphyllus, v. macroatachys,
I. Bristles smooth or with- few scattered or ascending hairs (not
regularly retrorse-barbedX bent or curled ; non-stoloniferous
plants in tufts or stools q.
q. Bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the scales.
Bristles firm, appressed, shorter than or about equaling the
achene 29. 5. divaricaitts.
Bristles weak, loosely ascending, about twice as long as the
achene.
Scales ^vith the strong green midrib prolonged into a sharp
point 30. iS'. lineaiu^.
Scales blunt, the midrib inconspicuous 31. <S. Peckii.
q. Bristles at maturity much exceeding the scales r.
r. Spikelets all in glomerules of 3 to 15.
Involucels reddish-brown.
Spikelets ovoid. 8-G mm. long 32. >?. cyperinus.
Spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mm. long . . (32) S. cyperinus, v. Andrewsii.
Involucels dull brown or drab, with blackish bases.
Eays elongate, the glomerules mostly distinct . (32) S. cyperinus, v. pelius.
Kays abbreviated, the glomerules crowded in dense irreg-
ular masses (32) iS. cyperinus, v. condensatus.
r. Lateral spikelets of each group mosth' pediceled (pedicels
short and obscure only in a variety with congested pan-
icles) s.
s, Involucels brown or reddish.
Involucels bright red-brown or terra-cotta . . . '33. S. I/riophorum.
Involucels dull brown, not reddish.
Spikelets 3-6 mm. long, pale brown to straw-color . 34. S. pedicellaius.
Spikelets 7-10 mm. long, drab . . . (34) S. pedicellatiis, v. pullus.
8. Involucels black.
Rays mostly elongate, the raylets usually definite . . 35. S. atrocinctus.
Eays and raylets abbreviated, the spikelets crowded in
" irregular masses (35) S. atrocinctus, v. brachypodtis.
1. S. nanus Spreng. Culms densely tufted, bristle-like, flattened and grooved
(1-7 cm. high); spikelet ovoid, 8-8-flowered ; scales ovate, the
upper rather acute ; bristles mostly longer than the ovoid achene,
sometimes wanting. {Eleocharis pygmaca Torr. ) — Brackish
mar.^hes of the Atlantic coast : locally inland in N. Y., Mich., and
Minn. July-Sept. (Eu.. n. Afr., Mex.. Cuba.) Fig. 275. 2'^- ^- "^""^'•
2. S. pauciflorus Lightf. Culms striate-angled, very slender
(0.5-4 dm. high), scarcely tufted, on slender running root-
stocks, with a short truncate sheath at base ; scales chestnut-
brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower larger ;
bristles 3-6, about as long as the achene. (Eleocharis Link.)
276 S pauciflorus — '^et calcareous soil. Que. to B. C, s. to n. N. E., N. Y.,
Pa., 111., etc. June-Sept. (Eurasia.) Fig. 276.
3. S. Clint6nii Gray. Culms acutely triangnJar. almost bristle-like ; sheaths
at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usually
very much shorter) than the culm ; outer scale mostly shorter
than the pale-chestnut ovoid spikelet; achene l.;'-2 mm. long,
compressed, broadlv obovoid, equaled or exceeded by the bristles.
— Dry bank.s, X. B. and Me. to w. N. Y. and Mich.; '' N. C." .,„ ^^ (^li^tonii.
May, June. Fkt. 277.
4. S. planifblius Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy ai base ; leaves li^iear, flat,
190
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
378. S. plauifolius.
2T9. S. caespitosus.
Culms slender,
280. S. hudsonianus.
"7
I .
as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; outer scale
usually overtopping tlie ovoid or subcylindric straw-colored
or brownish spikelet ; bristles mostly about as long as the
acliene. — Dry open woods, Mass. and Vt. to Del., Fa., and
Mo. May, June. Fig. 278.
5. S. caespit5sus L. Culms terete, wiry, 1-5 dm. higli, densely sheathed
at base, in compact turfy tufts ; the upper sheath bearing a very shoi't awl-
shaped leaf; spikelet ovoid, rust-color ; outer rigid-pointed
scale scarcely surpassing the spikelet ; bristles smooth, longer
than the abruptly short-pointed achene. — Mts., cold shores
and swamps, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. S., n. X. E., N. Y., 111.,
Minn., etc. ; and on the summits of the s.
Alleghenies. (Eurasia.) Fig. 279.
6. S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald.
many in a row from a running footstock (1.5-4 dm. high),
scabrous, naked ; sheaths at the base awl-tipped ; scales
brownish, oblong-lanceolate ; bristles white, crisped, many
times exceeding the narrowly obovoid apiculate achene.
{Eriophorum alpinum L., not S. aJpinus Schleich.) — Cold
bogs and wet shores. Nfd. to Hudson Bay and B. C, s.
to Ct., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig.
280.
S. subterminalis Torr. Aquatic, rarely emersed ;
rootstock slender; culms (O.o-l m. long, thickish-filiform)
partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed,
cellular ; the filiform green bract 1-5 cm. long, surpassing
the subcylindric to ovoid spikelet (6-13 mm. long) ; scales
green or straw-color, somewhat pointed ; bristles bearded
doionvjard, rather shorter than the abruptly pointed achene.
— Slow streams and ponds, Nfd. to B. C, s. to X. J., Pa., 2S1. 9. subterminalis.
Mich., n. Ind., etc. Fig. 281.
8. S. rufus (Huds.) Schrad. Freely stoloniferous ; culms
smootll, subterete, compressed, 1-6 cm. high, taller than the sub-
terete channeled callous-tipped firm mostly basal leaves ; spike
distichous, 1-2 cm. long, consisting of closely crowded '2-o-Jlowered
spikelets ; involucre 1-5 cm. long, sometimes wanting; scales
castaneous, conduplicate, pointed ; bristles 0, or 8-6, upwardly
barbellatG, much shorter than the plano-convex ellipsoid long-beaked
282. s. rufus. achene (4.5-5.5 mm. long) . — Brackish marshes, e. X. B.
and Que. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 282.
9. S. Hallii Gray. Culms slender, terete, 1-4 dm. high ; upper
sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikelets 1-7 in a sessile or
sometimes geminately proliferous cluster, ovoid becoming cylindri-
cal, acute, greeni.sh (0.5-1.5 cm. long); scales ovate, strongly keeled,
cuspidate-acuminate ; stamens 2 or 3 ; style 2-cleft ; bristles
none ; achene obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly
wrinkled transversely. (S. supinus, var. Gray.) — \Vet shores. 111.
to Fla. and Tex.; also Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass. Aug.,
Sept. Fig. 283.
10. S. debilis Pursh. Culms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hollowed
sides, 1-6 dm, high, yellowish-green, shining ; spikelets 1-12,
capitate, ovoid, obtuse (<).">-l cm. long); involucral leaf often
horizontal at maturity ; scales roundish, with tawny margins ;
stamens 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly barbed,
equaling or two surpassing the broadly obovoid turgid abruptly
mucronate-pointed achene. — Sandy or muddy shores, Me. to
Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept. Fig. 284. Var. WilliAmsti
Fernald. lirist.les wanting. — Massapoag L., Sharon, Mass.
11. S. Smithii Gray. Culms terete, slender, 0.5^4 dm. high,
284. s. debilis. often leaf-bearing from the upjjer sheath, dull green as are th"
Ilallii.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
191
285. S. femithii.
286. S. americanus.
1-5 ovoid acutish spikelets (0.5-1 cui. long); involucral leaf always
erect; scales oblong-oval; style 2-cleft ; bristles 1 or 2 minute
rudiments or none ; acliene cuneate-obovate. — Wet shores, local,
Me. to Pa., Ill, Mich., and Ont. July-8ept. Fig. 285. Var.
SETosus Fernald. Perianth of 4 or 5 slender retrorsely barbed
bristles, mostly exceeding the acheues. — Me. ;
Mass. ; and 111.
12. S. americanus Pers. Eunning rootstocks
long and stout ; cuhns sharply 'd-angled through-
out (0.2-1 m. high) with concave Sides; leaves
1—'], elongated (1-3 dm. long), keeled and chan-
neled ; involucral leaf pointed ; spikelets 1-6. capitate, ovoid,
mostly 0.5-1 cm. long ; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft
at the apex ; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed
ajypendage ; style 2-cleft (rarely 3-cleft); bristles 2-6, shorter
than the smooth achene. {S. pungens Vahl.) — Borders of
salt and fresh ponds and streams, temperate N. A. Aug.-
Oct. (Eu., S. A.) Fig. 286.
13. S. Torreyi Olney. Bootstocks slender and iceak ; culm 3-angled^ with
concave sides, rather slender (0.4-1.5 m. high), leafy at base ; leaves 2 or 3, ?nore
than half the length of the culm, triangular-channeled, slender ;
involucral leaf blunt ; spikelets 1-4, oblong or spindle-shaped,
acute, distinct, 1-1.5 cm. long ; scales ovate, smooth, barely mu-
cronate ; style o-cleft ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular
very smooth long-pointed achene. — Borders of ponds, brackish
and fresh. Me. to Pa., la., and Man. Aug., Sept.
Fig. 287.
14. S. Olneyi Gray. Culm 3-v.nng -angled, with
deeply excavated sides, stout (0.5-2 m. high), the
upper sheath bearing a triangular leaf or none;
spikelets 6-12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, over-
topped by the short involucral leaf ; scales orbicular,
smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter
than the scarious apex : anthers with a vei-y short and blunt
minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 6, scarcely equaling
the narrowly obovate plano-convex and mucronate achene. — Salt
marshes, N. H. to Fla. ; also in Mich., and on the Pacific coast.
July-Sept. (W. I.) Fig. 288.
15. S. mucronAtus L. Resembling the last, 3-9 dm. high ; involucral leaf
divergent; spikelets numerous in a dense cluster, oblong-ovoid; scales ovate,
mucronate, firm, scarcely at all scaricus ; style S-cleft;
287. S. Torre vi.
288. S. Olneyi.
achene unequally trigonous, broadly
single
obovate.
probably
-In a
introd.
locality in Delaware Co., Pa
from s. Eu.
16. S. etuberculatus (Steud.) Ktze. Cuhn (1-2 m. high)
^-angled, usually sharply so above, obtusely below, the
sheath at base extended into a long slender triangular and
channeled leaf; involucral leaf similar (1-2.5 dm. long),
continuing the culm ; spikelets cylindric (1-2 cm. long),
single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 together, nodding
on the apex of the 5-9 long filiform and flattened peduncles
or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the
central one nearly sessile ; scales loosely imbricated.
oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scarious. with a green-
ish nerved back; bristles 6, Jirm, furnished above with
spreading hairs rather than barbs, equaling the slender
abrupt beak of the obovoid-triangular shining achene
(4 mm. long). (S. Canbyi Gray; S. cylindricusBrhum.)
— Swamps and ponds, Md. to Fla., etc. June-Aug.
Fig. 289.
289. S. etuberculatus.
192
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
290. S. validus.
291. S. occidentalis.
17. S. vilidus Valil. (Great B.) Kootstock stout, scaly, borizontal ;
culm 0.5-2.5 m. high, 0.8-2.5 cm. thick at base, soft, light green; basal
sheaths soft, icith soon Ulcerate hyaline margin ; decom-
pound panicle lax, the rays 1-6 cm. long, slender and
Jlexnous ; bractlets brownish, pubescent at tip, fimbriate-
ciliate, with strongly excurrent midrib ; spikelets solitary or
in glomerules of 2-5, 7-ufescent, ovoid, acutish, 5-10 nun.
long ; scales suborbicular, a little pubes-
cent on the back, ciliate, nuicronate ; style
2-cleft ; achene fuscous or dull black
when ripe, broad-obovoid, plano-convex,
nmcronate, 1,8-1.5 mwi. broad. (S. lacus-
tris, mostly of Am. auth., not L.) — Mar-
gins of ponds and quiet streams. July,
Aug. Fig. 200.
18. S. occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Similar; the culms
harder, olive-green ; basal sheaths firmer, the margins becom-
ing iibrillose ; panicle compound, the rays 0.5-5 cm. long,
stiff; bractlets red-spotted, viscid at tip, lacerate-fimbriate,
abruptly mucronate ; spikelets mostly in glomerules of 2-7,
rarely solitary, drab to reddish-brown, subcylindric, 1-2 cm.
long ; scales oblong-ovate, aristate, red-dotted, viscid above ;
achene biconvex, 1.7-1.9 mm. broad. — Lake-borders, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Mass.,
N. Y., Great Lakes. Mo., etc. Aug., Sept. Fig. 291.
19. S. heterochaetus Chase. Similar ; the culms slender, rarely 1 cm. thick
at base, pale green ; panicle compound, the suberect very slender rays 1-9 cm.
long ; bractlets pale, aristate-acuminate, glabrous ; spike-
lets solitary, ellipsoid, 8-14 mm. long, /)«?^ brown; scales
ovate-oblong, exceeding the achenes, emarginate, short-
aristate. slightly red-dotted, glabrous, with erc^e-fimbriate
margins ; style S-cleft; bristles
fragile, 2-4 ; achene greenish
or yellowish, 2.5-0 mm. long,
1 . 7-2 mm. broad. — Marshes
and sheltered shores, e. Mass.
and Vt. to 111., Neb., and Ore.
July, Aug. Fig. 292.
20. S. fluviatilis (Torr.)
Gray. (River B.) Culm very
stout, 1-1.5 m. high ; leaves
flat, broadly linear (0.7-2 cm. wide), tapering gradu-
ally to a point, the upper and those of the very long
involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel;
rays 5-12, elongated, recurved-spreading, each bearing
1-5 ovoid to cylindrical acute pale-brown spikelets
(1.5-4 cm. long) ; scales slightly lacerate, the awns
much exceeding the cleft tip ;
achene obovoid, sharply and
exactly trinngular, conspicu-
ously pointed, opaque, about
equaling the 6 rigid bristles.
— Borders of lakes and large streams, e. Mass. and
Vt. to D. C, w. to Minn., Kan., etc. July-Sept.
Fig. 298.
21. S. robiistus Pursh. Leaves flat, green, 4-10 mm.
broad, as long as or longer than the stout culm (0.7-
1.2 m. high), those of the involucre 8 or 4. very unequal,
the longest 2.o-4 dm. long; spikelets 1-15, rufescent,
ovoid to cylindric, 1.5-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm, thick,
some sessile, the others borne on short (2-6 cm, long)
S. heterochaetus.
293. S. fluviatili
294. S. robustus.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
193
295. S. camp., v. palud.
Passing to Var.
rays ; scales nil pubescent, the awns soon recurved and many times exceeding
the cleft tip ; achene broadly to narrowly obovoid, compressed, flat on one side,
convex or obtuse-angled on the other, short-pointed, shining ; tlie l)ristle.s unequal
and deciduous or obsolete. {S. maritimus, in part. Am. authors.; — Bracki.sh
or salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. July-8ept. Fig. 2U4.
22. S. campestris Britton. Culms 0.;>-l m. high, usually exceeding the stiff
pale leaves (3-9 mm. broad); involucral leaves 2 (or 3), the longer 1-2 dm. long ;
spikelets ichitish-brown. ovoid to cylindric, 1-2 cm. long. 0-10 mm. thick, 2-
11 in a dense glomerule. occasionally a few in a secondary glomerule ; scales
puberulent, or the outermost glabrous except at tip,
the slightly curved awn twice or thrice exceeding the
cleft tip. (S. maritinuis, in part, of authors.) —
Prairies, etc., Man. and Minn., westw. and southw.
Var. palud6sus (A. Nelson) Fernald. Similar, but
with the scales drab to castaneous. {S. jmludosus
A. Nelson.) — Alkaline situations inland, and in salt
marshes. Gulf of St. Lawrence to N. J. July-Sept.
Fig. 295. Var. xdvAE-AXGLiAE (Britton) Fernald.
Usually taller (1-2 m. high); the involucral leaves
3 to 5, the longest 2-3.5 dm. long; the looser inflo-
rescence with 3 to 9 curved rays (2-10 cm. long) ;
spikelets dark brown, cylindnc. 2-5 cm. long. {S.
novae-angliae Britton.) — Mass. to s. N. Y. ; also w. N. Y.
Ferkaldi (Bicknell) Bartlett. Spikelets short-ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, on mostly
elongate rays. (S. Fernaldi Bicknell.) — Me. to Mass.
23. S. rubrotinctus Fernald. Culm rather stout. 4-9 dm. high; leaves
broadly linear, the upper equaling or slightly exceed-
ing the inflorescence, the sheaths mostly red-tinged at
base, the blades smooth. 4-13 mm. broad ; involucral
leaves mostly 3, the longest equaling or exceeding the
inflorescence ; rays numerous, the 3-5 longest ones
0.5-1.5 dm. long, stiff, ascending, subequal, the many
shorter ascending and divergent ; spikelets 4—9 mm.
long, ovoid to cylindric, in glomerules of from 3 to
many ; scales ovate, blunt, or the terminal mucronate,
finely suffused with green and black; stamens2. (S.
sylvaticus. var. digynus Man. ed. 6, not Boeckl.) —
Damp open soil, Nfd. to Assina., s. to Ct., N. Y.,
Great Lakes, etc. Fr. July, early Aug. Fig. 296.
Var. coxFERTus Fernald. Glomerules compacted into dense clusters 1.5-4 cm.
across. — Nfd. to Me., local.
24. S. sylvaticus L. Similar; tall and coarse, 0.5-2 m. high ; upper sheaths
mostly green, leaf-blades loith scabi'ous margins,
1-2 cm. broad ; rays very numerous, mostly ascend-
ing but flexiious. the 1-4 longest 0.5-4 dm. long;
spikelets 3-5 mm. long, ovoid, in glomerules of
from 2-8 ; stamens 3. — By brooks and in wet
swamps, s. ]Me. to Fla., and Mich. Fr. Aug.
(Eurasia.) Fig. 297.
Var. Bissellii Fernald. Spikelets cylindric, 6-14
mm. long, mostly 5-20 in a glomerule. — Local,
Ct. and N. Y. — An anomalous plant, combining
characteristics of S. sylvaticus and S. rubrotinctus ;
fruiting earlier than the former, later than the
Jatter.
25. S. atr6virens ]\Iuhl. Rather stout, 0.8-1.5 m.
high ; leaves pale green, with scabrous margins.
7-15 mm. wide, at least the lower nodulose-reticu-
late, the ribs 0.25-0.3 mm. apart ; spikelets dull
greenish-brown or rufescent, narrowly ovoid to
gray's manual — 13
296. S. rubrotinctus.
29T. S. sylvaticus.
194
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^
^^
^
2J8. S. atrovireus.
299. S. pallidas.
cylindric, 3.5-8 (rarely 10) mm. long, in glomerules of 10-30 ; scales 1.5-2 mm.
lung; bristles sparsely and strongly barbed, nearly straight, as long as the
conspicuoiisly pointed and obovoid-oblong trigonous achene.
— Meadows and bogs. Me. to Sask., s. to Ga. and Mo. Fr,
late July, Aug. Fig. 298. Var, pycnocephalis Fernald.
Kays abbreviated ; glomerules crowded in a dense irregular
head. — Flats of the Mohawk R., N. Y., local (Haberer).
26. S. pallidus (Britton) Fernald. Similar ; leaves very
pale; spikelets pale brown, very numerous in irregular
glomerules ; scales 2-3 ?>im. long, with the conspicuous pale
midribs prolonged into long setulose awns. {S. atrovirens,
var. Britton.) — Man. to Kan. and the Kocky
Mts. Fr. July. Fig. 299.
27. S. georgianus Harper. Slender, 3-12
dm. high, bright green ; leaves smooth, rarely
nodulose below, numerous, crowded at base,
0.5-1 cm. broad, the ribs 0.15-0.2 mm. apart ; spikelets 2-4 mm. long, numerous
in the glomerules; the greenish-brown or rufescent scales mucronate, 1-1.5 mm.
long., slightly exceeding the ellipsoid achenes. — Que. to
Mich., Ga., and Ark. Fr. July. — Occasionally proliferous.
28. S. polyphyllus Vahl. Culm usually very leafy ;
spikelets yellow-brown or reddish, ovoid. 2.5-3 mm. long,
clustered 3-8 together in small heads on the short ultimate
divisions of the ojjen decompound umbel; scales rounded,
mucronate, 1-1.5 mm. long, about equaling the broadly
obovoid short-tipped achene ; bristles 6, usually twice
bent, about twice the length of the achene. — Swamps and
borders of ponds, w. N, E. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Ark.
July-Sept. — Often proliferous. Fig. 300. Var. macros-
TACHTs Boeckl. Spikelets cylindric, 5-8 mm. long. —
Local, Ct. and N. Y.
29. S. divaricatus Ell. Slender, weak, 0.5-1,5 m. high;
Zeaves very numerous, deep green, soft and smooth, 4-10 mm.
wide ; inflorescence loose, often proliferous, with elongated
widely divergent Jlexuous rays; spikelets mostly pediceled,
very slender, cylindric, at first 3 or 4 mm. long, the axis
elongating to 1 cm., 1-2 mm. thick; scales whitish or pale
brown, blunt, incurved, with broad green midrib; achene
firm, sharply trigonous, ovoid, apicu-
late. — Swamps, etc., Va. to Mo., and
south w. June- Aug. Fig. 301.
30. S. lineatus Michx. Culms re-
motely leafy, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves
linear, flat, pale green, stiff, rather
broad (0.5-1 cm. wide), rough on the
margins ; involucre and involucels pale
brown at base ; umbels terminal and
sometimes axillary, loose, 0.5-2 dm.
high, suhsecund, the terminal with a
1-3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long slender
ascending, nodding-tipped rays; spikelets oblong, becom-
ing cylindrical (0.5-1 cm. long), on thread-like drooping
pedicels ; scales pale brovjn, ovate, green-keeled, pointed, the tips ascending, not
appressed; achene firm, fcroiyw, sharp-pointed. {Eriophorum B. & H.) — Low
grounds, Vt. to Ga., and westw. June-Aug. Fig. 302.
31. S. PIckii Britton. Culms slender, 0.8-1.7 m. high ; leaves pale green,
5-9 mm. broad, the margins scabrous; involucre and involucels blackish at
base; inflorescence 0.5-2 dm. high, the 2-5 longest stiff rays ascending, the
others shorter, ascending or divergent, the tips scarcely drooping; spikelets
oblong-cylindric, 5-9 mm. long, mostly sessile or subsessile in glomerules of
300. S. polyphyllus.
S. divaricatus.
802. S. lineatus.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
195
303. S. Peckii.
304. S cyperinus.
2-7 ; scales oblong-ovate, acutish or obtuse, blackish-
ferniginous above the pale base ; achene soft, whitish,
oblong. — Meadows and bogs, X. H., Vt., and n, N. Y.
July, Aug. Fig. 303.
32. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. (Wool Grass.) Culm
nearly terete (1-1.5 m. high) ; leaves narrowly linear,
long, rigid, those of the involucre
3-5, longer than the loose umbel
(1.5-3 dm. long), the tips of the
rays at length drooping ; involucels
reddish-brown ; spikelets exceedingly
numerous, ovoid, clustered, woolly
at maturity (3-6 mm. long) ; the rust-colored bristles much
longer than the pointless reddish-brovni scales; achene
short-pointed, (Eriophorum L.) — Wet meadows and
swamps, N. E. to Va., Tenn., and Ark. Aug., Sept. Fig.
304. Var. Andrewsii Fernald. Involucels reddish-brown ;
spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mm. long. — Local, Ct.
Yar. pelius Fernald. Involucels blackish at base;
bristles drab or smoke-color. — The common form nortliw. ;
I\fd. to Ont., s. to Ct., N. Y., and Mich. — Perhaps dis-
tinct. Yar. CONDENSA.TUS Fernald. Similar, but with
rays all or- nearly all abbreviated, the glomerules in dense
irregular masses. — Local, range of last. Aug. -Oct.
33. S. Eriophorum Michx. Coarse and tall (1-2 m.) ; the culm 2.5-6 mm.
thick below the ample (1.5-3 dm. high) inflorescence; leaves pale green, firm,
6-11 mm. broad; rays very elongate, mostlj' ascending, drooping at tip; the
involucels deep red-brown or terra-cotta ; spikelets ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, the
lateral pediceled ; scales red-brown ; wool slightly paler. — ]Mostly near the coast,
Ct. to Fla., La., and Ark. July-Sept.
34. S. pedicellatus Fernald. Similar ; the culm rather stout (2-4 mm.
thick below the inflorescence) ; leaves pioJe green, firm, 3-10
mm. broad; inflorescence ample, 1-2.5 dm. high, the numere us
ascending subequal rays very slender, with nodding tip.^ :
involucels brown to dull straw-color ; spikelets 3-6 mm. long ;
scales pale broicn ; icool whitish-brown. — Alluvial thickets
and swamps, e. Que. to Ct., N. Y., and Wis., mostly in the
interior. July, Aug. Fig. 305. — Ordinarily very distinct,
occasionally approaching the preceding or the following as in
Var. PULLus Fernald. Spikelets dull brown or drab, 7-10 mm.
long. — Local, and perhaps as nearly related to the next (including S. atrocinc-
tus, var. grandis Fernald).
35. S. atrocinctus Fernald. Slender (0.5-1.2 m. high); the culm 1-2 mm.
in diameter below the inflorescence ; leaves bright green, rather soft, 2-5 mm.
broad; inflorescence 0.5-1.8 dm. high, the slender rays very unequal ; invohirels
and ba,sp of involucre black; spikelets 2.5-6 mm. long, mostly pediceled; scales
grepnish-black ; wool drab or olive-brown. — Meadows and swamps, abundant
north w. ; Nfd. to Hudson Bay and Sask., s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., and la. June,
July (Aug. in colder regions). Var. brachypodus Fernald. Spikehts on
shortened pedicels, in irregular dense clusters; rays usually much reduced.
— Frequently occupying large areas, especially north w. and at higher altitudes
than the typical form.
305. S. pedicellatus.
10. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton Grass
Bristles naked, very numerous, silky and becoming greatly elongated. Other-
wise as in Scirpus. — Spikelets single or clustered or umbellate, when involu-
crate with leaf-like bracts, upon a leafy or naked stem ; scales membranaceous,
1-5-nerved, some of tlic lowest usually empty. Style very slender and elongated,
196 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
3-cleft. Achene acutely triangular. (Name composed of epiov, wool or cotton^
and <pop6i, bearing.)
§ 1. Spikelet solitary : involucre none ; the lowest scale of the spike-
let enlargred and thickened ; stem-leaves reduced to mostly
bladeless sheaths a.
a. Stoloniferous. culms j-olitary : empty scales at base of spikelet
few (7 or less) ; flowering spikelet cyHndric, in fruit becom-
ing obovoid.
Bristles reddish or cinnamon-color 1. E. Chamissonis.
Bristles white {I) E. Chamissonis, v. albidtitn,
a. Nonstoloniferons, culms tufted; empty scales 10-15; flowering
spikelet obovoid or globose, in fruit becoming depressed-
globose.
Densely tufted, the culms very many; upper sheaths dis-
tinctly inflated ; culm trigonous and scabrous at tip . 2. E. callitrix.
Loosely tufted, culms very few ; upper sheath close ; culm
terete, glabrous at tip S. E. opacum.
§ 2. Spikelets 2-several ; involucre of 1— several leafy bracts b.
b. Leaves very slender. 1-1.5 mm. broad, triangular-channeled
throughout ; involucre a single erect short bract.
Upper cauline leaf with the sheath longer than the blade . 4. E. gracile.
Upper cauline leaf with the sheath shorter than the blade . 5. E. tenellum,
b. Leaves broader, flat at least below the middle ; involucral
bracts 2 or more c.
c. Scales of spikelet with only 1 prominent rib ; stamens 3.
Midrib of scale prominent only below the membranous tip ;
upper leaf-sheaths dark -girdled at summit.
Leaves 1.5-4 mm. broad 6. E. angusUfoliimi.
Leaves 5-S mm. broad . . . . . . (Q) E. angusiifolium,y.majtis.
Midrib prominent to the tip of the scale ; leaf-sheaths not
dark-girdled.
Spikelets mostly peduncled 7. E. tiridi-carinatum.
Spikelets sessile in a glomerule ... (7) E. viridi-carinatum^v. Fellowsii.
c. Scales of the spikelet Avith several prominent ribs ; stamen 1.
Bristles copper-color or brown 8. ^. virginicum.
Bristles white except at base (8) .£". Tirginicum, v. album.
1. E. Chamissonis C. A. Mey. Culms soft, subterete, 1-8 dm. high ; basal
leaves slender, channeled, the upper scarcely inflated sheaths mostly bladeless ;
flowerhig spikelet 1.5-2 cm. long ; its scales brownish lead-color with broad
whitish margins, bluntish ; bnstles reddish. {E. russeolum Fries.) — Locally
in bogs, Lab. to N. S. and N. B. ; Ont. ; Rocky Mts., etc. Fr. July, Aug.
(Eurasia.) Var. albidum (F. Nylander) Fernald. Bristles white. — Que. and
N. B. ; Alaska, etc. (Eurasia.)
2. E. callitrix Cham. (Hare's Tail.) Culms stiff and loiry, densely tufted^
1.5-7 dm. high; basal leaves filiform-trigonous, scabrous; upper bladeless
sheaths inflated ; flowering spikelet obovoid or globose, 0.8-1.5 cm. long ; scales
lead-color with pale margins, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate ; fruit-
ing spikelet 2..S-5 cm. broad ; bristles bright xohite. (E. vaginatum Am.
authors, not L.). — Bogs and mountain slopes. Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa.,
Mich.. Wis., and Man. Fr. May-.July. (Asia.)
3. E. opacum (Bjomstr.) Fernald. Similar; culms terete, glabrous, fili-
form, forming loose small tufts ; leaves glabroiis ; upper sheaths close ; flowering
spikelet rarely 1 cm. long; scales lead-color, lance-attenuate; fruiting spikelet
2-8.5 cm. broad ; bristles sordid white. — Locally on bogs, South Ashburnham,
Mass. (Forbes); Ont. to Sask. and the Rocky Mts. Fr. June, July. (Eurasia.)
4. E. gracile \loth. Weak and slender, glabrous, the subtprete culm 2-6
dm. high, u-ith no young basal leaves devploped at flowering season; upper
cauline leaf-blade smooth, round-tipped, 1-4 cm. long; involucre dark at base ;
spikelets 2-5, mostly on short slender pubescent peduncles (0.5-:^ cm. long),
in anthesis 7-10 mm. long, in fruit 1.5-2 cm. long ; scales Icad-ddor or blackish;
achenes 1.5-2 mm. long; bristles white. — Cold bogs and swamps, Gulf of St,
Lawrence to B.C., s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Neb., and Cal. Fr. May-July.
(Eurasia.)
5. E. tenellum Xutt. Culms stiff, obtusely trigonous, scabrous above, 3-9
dm. high, v)it/i long slender green pointed basal leaves ; upper cauline leaf-blade
scabrous, pointed, 3-18 cm. long; involucre brown or straic-color at base;
spikelets 3-6, on scabrous peduncles, in fruit 2-2.8 cm. long; scales greenish
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 197
straic-color to reddish-broion ; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long; bristles whitish
(E. gracile, var. paucinervium Engelm. ; E. paucinervium A. A. Eaton.) —
Swamps and bogs, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J. and 111. Fr. July, Aug.
0. E. angustifblium Koth. Culms 2-G dm. high, slender, obtusely angled ;
basal leaves broad, condupUcate above the middle; cauline leaves fev::, stiff, flat
at base, 1.5-15 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; spikelets
2-10, mostly on stout glabrous or glabrate peduncles (0.5-7 cm. long), i)i
anthesis ovoid. 1-2 cm. long, in fruit 2.5-4. 6 cm. long; scales lead-color to
castaneous, 4-10 mm. long, the nerveless tip membranous ; anthers 2.5-5 mm.
long; achenes 2.7-3.5 mm. long; bristles bright white. (E. polystachion L.,
in part.) — Cold bogs, Arctic Am., s. to Nfd., N. S., N. B., Me., L. Superior,
etc. Fr. June, July. (Eura.sia.) Var. majf* Scbultz. Stout and tall
(3-9 dm.) ; the leaves 4-8 mm. broad. — South to Me., Ont., 111., Wise, la., etc.
(Eurasia.)
7. E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Culms 2-9 dm. high ; leavei^
flat except at tip, 2-G mm. wide ; spikelets 3-30, on slender simple or forked
minutelii hairy peduncles, in anthesis slender-ovoid. 6-10 mm. long, in fruit
1.5-3 cm. long ; scales greenish-drab to lead-color, the prominent often scabrous
midrib extending to the tip; anthers 1-1.25 mm. long; bristles ichitish or pale
buff. (E. polystachion of mo.st Am. authors.) — Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd.
to Sask. and B. C, s. to Ct., N. Y. . O.. Mich.. Wis., and said to extend to Ga.
Fr. May-Aug. Var. Fellowsii Fernald. Spikelets all sessile. — Local, Me.
and Mass.
8. E. virginicum L. Culms loiry, terete below, trigonous above, smooth,
4-12 dm. high ; leaves flat, stiff, elongate-linear, ivith close sheaths, the upper-
most 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-4 mm, wide; involucral bracts somewhat divergent.
spikelets mostly crowded in a dense glomeriile. in anthesis 6-10 mm. long, in
fruit 1-2 cm. long ; scales with strongly striate-ribbed greenish or strav'-colored
body and thin nerveless red-brown margin ; bristles tawny or copper-color. —
Bogs and meadows, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Ga. Fr. Julv-Sept. Var.
ALBUM Gray. Bristles ichitish. — Ct. and N. Y.
11. FUIRENA Rottb. Umbrella Grass
Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary,
axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks,
awned below the apex, all floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate
or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usu-
ally with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3.
Style 3-cleft. Achene triangular, pointed with the per-
sistent base of the style. — Culms from a usually perennial
root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish
botanist.)
1. F. squarrosa Michx. ^4;i«?/aZ, 0.5-3 dm. high ; stems
glabrous ; leaf-sheaths more or less hispid ; spikelets 2-8 ;
perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long-
stipitate and attenuate to a long retrorsely barbed awn;
barbed bristles usually exceeding the yellow-brown achene,
which is equaled by the persistent style. (Var. pumila
Torr.) — Sandy shores and swamps, ]\i[ass. to Fla. : Mich. 306. F. squarrosa.
and Ind. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 300.
2. F. hispida Ell. Perennial; stem (2.5-8 dm. high) leafy; leaves and
sheaths densely hairy; spikelets ellipsoid (0.-5-1.2 cm. long), bristly with the
spreading awns of the scales ; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid-
orate, with a sliort thick smooth tfnnninal awn or point, the inter-
posed mostly barbed bristles shorter than the yellow achene, which
is twice as long as the persistent style. {F. squarrosa, var.
307. F. hispida. Chapm.) — SandV wet places, N, J. to Fla. and Tex., n. in the
Fruit X 2%. low country to Ky. and I. T. July-Oci. Fio. 307.
198
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
308. F. simplex.
Fruit X 2%.
3. F. simplex Valil. Perennial, 1-8 dm. high ; leaf-sheaths
hairy; perianih-scales ovate-oblong, the retrorsely barbed awns
arising from belou' the tip, bristles equaling or exceeding the
lohite achene. — Sandy or saline soil, Mo. and Kan. to Mex,
Aug. -Oct.
Fig. 308.
12. HEMICARPHA Nees & Am.
309. n. micrantha.
Plant X %. S pikelet x 2%.
Achene x 10.
Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that
there i.s a minute translucent scale (readily overlooked)
between the flower and the axis of the spikelet. Sta-
men only 1. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth
none, (Name from 17/^1-, half, and Kdpcpos, straw or
chaff, in allusion to the single inner
scalelet.)
1. H. micrantha (Vahl) Britton.
Dwarf or minute annual (0.2-15 dm.
high); involucre 1-leaved, as if a
continuation of the bristle-like culm,
and usually with another minute
leaf; spikelets,l-:^j, short-cylindric or ovoid (2-4 mm. long) ;
scales oblong or narroivly obovate, brown, tipped with a short
recurved point ; achenes cijlindric, brown, slightly reticulated,
with many close rows of crowded low papillae. {H. sub
squarrosa Xees.) — Sandy borders of ponds
and rivers. N. H. to Fla., w. to the Pacific ;
chiefly on the coastal plain and in the flat
country of the interior. Aug. -Oct. (Mex.,
S. A.) Fig. ,309.
2. H. Drumm6ndi Nees. Similar ; scales broadly obovate
or rhombic, the broad green midrib barely projecting as a blunt
appresspd tip ; achenes narrowly obovoid, ashy, scarcely reticu-
lated, the papillae fewer and somewhat remote. — Damp sand.
310. H. Drummoiidi.
Spike'et x 2%.
Achene x 10.
Ind., and 111.
to Ark., Kan., and Tex. July
etc, w. Ont.
Oct. Fig. 310.
3. H. occidentalis Gray. Spikelets globose, the wide-spread-
ing lanceolate or narrowly ovate scales tapering to slender re- 311. H. occidentalis.
curved avms (as long as the blades) ; achenes as in the latter. 8pikelets x 2%.
— Damp sand, w. Ont. ; Wash, to Cal. July-Oct. Fig. 311. Achene x 10.
13, LIPOCARPHA R, Br.
Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster
involucrate by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly im-
bricated in many ranks, awnless, deciduous, a few of the
lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to each flower, thin,
one between the scale of the spikelet and the flower, one
between the latter and the axis of the spikelet. Stamens 1
or 2. Style 2-3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked
at the tip. — Culms leafy at base. (Name formed of X/ttos,
fat, and Kdp<pos, chaff, from the thickness of the inner scales
of some species.)
1. L, maculata (Michx,) Torr. Annual ; culm (0.5-2,6
dm. high) much longer than the linear concave leaves;
spikelets (3-7 mm. long) green and dark-spotted ; inner
scales delicate ; stamen 1 ; achene oblong with a contracted
base. — Springy or miry places, Va, to Fla.; near IMiiladelphia, probably adv.
July-Oct. Fig. 312.
812. L. maculata.
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
199
313. R. corniculata.
14. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beak Rush
Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped,
terete, or sometimes flattish ; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat-
shaped nor keeled) ; the lower commonly loosely imbricated and empty, the
uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth of bristles. Stamens
mostly 3. Achene lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned with a conspicuous
tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent hidurated base or even of the greater
part of the style. — Chiefly perennials, with more or less
triangular and leafy culms ; the spikelets in terminal and
axillary clusters ; flowering in summer. (Name composed
of pvyxos, a snout, and cnropd, a seed, from the beaked
achene. )
§ 1. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit flattish,^
cymose-panicled, of only one perfect and 1-4 staminate
flowers; scales feio ; bristles rigid, minutely scabrous
'upward; style simple or barely ^-toothed, filiform
and gradually thickened downward, in
fruit persistent as an exserted slender
aid-shaped upvmrdly roughened beak,
several times longer than the smooth
flat obovate achene ; coarse perennials ;
spikelets in flower 1-1.5, in fruit (in-
cluding the projecting beak) 2-3 cm.
long.
1. R. corniculata (Lam.) Gray.
(HoRXED Rush.) Culm 0.5-2 m, high;
leaves 0.6-2 cm. wide ; cymes decompound, diffuse ; bristles
awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achene. — Wet
places on the coastal plain, Del. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex.,
locally northw. in the Miss. Basin to Mo., Ind., and 0.
June-Sept. Fig. 313.
2. R. macrostachya Torr. Erect and rather stiff ; the
glomerules mostly of 10-50 spikdets, strongly ascending,
sessile or on few short rays; bristles cajnllary, twice the
length of the achene. — Borders of ponds, Mass. to Fla. and
Tex., locallv northw. in the Miss. Basin to Kau. and Ind.
Aug.-Oct. Fig. 314.
Var. inundata (Oakes) Fernald. Cyme loosely decom-
pound, the numerous rays wide-spreading or flexuous ; the spikelets solitary
or 2-6 in loose glomerules. {y2br. patula Chapm.) — Mass. to Fla.
§ 2. Spikelets terete or biconvex, fevi-many-flowered ; style conspicuously 2-
cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene;
bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-denticulate {rarely plu-
mose).
* Achene transversely wrinkled; b?'istles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate.
3. R. cymdsa Ell, Culm slender 0.3-1 m. high, triangidar ;
leaves linear (1-4 mm. v-ide); cymes corj^mbose, the brown spike-
lets crowded and clustered ; achene round-obovoid, faintly wrinkled,
twice the length of the bristles, four times the
length of the depressed-conical narrow tubercle. —
Low grounds, N. J., Pa., 111., and south w. June
Aug. (W. I.. S. A.) Fig. 315.
4. R. compressa Carey. Similar ; culm rather
stout ; leaves pale and firm, 3-7 m^m. wide ; achene
strongly wrinkled, the tubercle with broad depressed thin-edged
base. — Ga. and Fla. to La., northw. in the low country to Mo.
•July. Fig. 316. 315. R. cymosa
314. R. macrostachya.
^1(). R. com-
pressa.
200
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
Torrej'una.
5. R. Torreyana Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender
invohite-jiUform; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the
iiig brown spikelets mostly pediceled; achene
compressed, ohlong-ohovoid, longer than the
bristles, thrice the length of the broad com-
pressed-conical tubercle. — Swamps and bogs,
East Washington, N. H. (C F. Parker) ;
pine-barrewi of N. J. to Ga. July-Oct. Fig.
817.
6. R. inexpansa (Michx.) Vahl. Culm
triangular^ slender ; leaves narroidy linear,
2-3 mm. wide, becoming involute ; spikelets
spindle-shaped, mostly pediceled, in drooping
panicles; achene oblong, half the length of
the slender bristles, twice the length of the
triangular-subulate tubercle. — Low grounds,
; leaver
ascend-
Va. to Ga. July-Sept. Fig.
318.
* * Achene smooth and even.
318. K. inexpansa.
K. fusca.
8
leaves
Bristles 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate.
7. R. fusca (L. ) Ait. f. Loosely stoloniferous ; culm 2-6
dm. high ; leaves bristle-form, channeled; spikelets ovoid-
fusiform, few, clustered in 1-4 loose heads (chestnut-color)
overtopped by the slender bracts ; achene obo-
roid, about ^ the length of the bristles, nearly
equaling the triangular-sword-shaped acute
tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the mar-
gins.— Boggv places, Nfd. to Out., s. to Del.
and Mich. July-Sept. (Eu.) Fig. 319.
R. gracilenta Gray. Culms very slender, 3-8 dm, high ;
narroidy linear; spikelets ovoid, in 2-4 small clusters,
the lateral long-peduncled ; achene ovoid, rather shorter than
the bristles, about the length of the flat-awl-shaped tubercle. —
Low grounds, s. N. Y. and N. J. to Fla. Aug., Sept. (\V. L,
S. A.) Fig. 320.
9. R. oligantha Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 1.5-4
dm. high ; spikelets very few (1-4), ovoid-fusiform ; bristles
plumose below the middle; achene obovoid-oblong, bearing a
conical tubercle \ its length. — Del. to Fla. July,
Fig. 321.
o-2ii. i; , iri"acilenta.
Aug.
321. K. olis^antha
•^ -t- Bristles none, or 1-3 and minute ; spikelets pale, 1-floicered.
10. R. pallida M. A. Curtis. Culm (3-8 dm. high) acutely
triangular ; leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but o)ily
a terminal dense cluster, which is less white or turns pale
reddish-tav)ny ; achene obovoid-lenticular, tipped with a minute
depressed and apiculate tubercle ; the delicate bristles 4-5 times
shorter or obsolete. — Bogs in pine-barrens, N.J. and N. C.
Aug., Sept. (W. I., S. A.) Fig. 322.
322
pallida.
Bristles long, denticulate doiomcard, or both xoays in no. 15.
••-* Spikelets white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single
Jlfjuier ; stamens usually 2 ; bristles 9-12, or even 20.
11. R. dlba (L.) Vahl. Culm slender (1.5-0 dm. high), triangular above;
leaves narr. iwly linear or almost bristle-form ; si)ikelers lanceolate, densely
crowded in a head-like terminal corymb (0.5-1.5 cm. broad) and usually one or
two lateral (»nes ; achene oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer
than the flaltened-awl-shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, Ntd
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
201
K. alba.
324. R. cajiillacea.
to Alaska, s. to Fla., Ky.. the Great Lake region, and n. Cal.
July-Sept. (Eurasia, Porto Rico.) Fig. 323. Var. m.Vcra Clarke.
Coarser, 4-8 dm. high ; terminal corymb often 2-4 cm. broad. —
The common southern form, extending n. to central N. Y. and Mass.
++ •*-+ Spikelets chestnut-colored^ few-several-floicered ;
stamens 3 ; bristles usually 6.
12. R. capillacea Torr. Culm 1-4.5 dm. hiph.
slender; leaves bristle-form ; spikelets 3-6 in a ter-
minal cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on approximate
or remote axilliarj' peduncles, oblong-lanceolate (pale
chestnut-color); acfiene oblong-ovoid, stipitate. very
obscurely wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12)
stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-beaked
tubercle. — Marly bogs and wet limestone rocks, e. Que. to
w. Ont., s. very locally to N. J., Pa., O., Mich., and Mo. July-
Sept. Fig. 324. Var. leviseta E. J. Hill. Bristles perfectly
smooth. — Local, Me,. Ont., Mich., and Ind.
13. R. Knieskernii Carey. Culm 1-6 dm. high, slender;
leaves narrowly^ linear, short ; spikelets numerous, crowded in
4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long; achene obovoid,
narrowed at base, equaling the bristles, twice the length of the
triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine-barrens of N. J. (on bog
iron ore exclusively) to Va. ; rare. Jtily-Sept. Fig. 325.
14. R. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Culms 0.1-1 m. high ; leaves
linear, flat ; spikelets numerous in distant clusters or heads (0.5-1.5 cm. broad)
often in pairs from the same sheath, ovoid-oblong ; achene
obovoid, margined, narrowed at base, as long as the lance-
awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the always doicn-
icardly barbed bristles. — Low grounds, KB. to Ont.. and
southw. July-Sept. Fig. 326. Var. discutiens Clarke.
Bristles barbed only at the tip or quite smooth.
— N. J., and southw.
Var. paniculata (Gray) Chapm. Coarse
and tall (1-2 m.); the very elongate inflores-
cence bearing numerous loose clusters of
heads. — Md. and Ind., southw.
15. .R. axillaris (Lam.) Britton. Culm
stout (0.4-1.2 m. high); leaves narrov:ly
linear, flat, keeled; spikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3
or more dense globular heads (1.5-2.5 cm. thick), which are dis-
tant (and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; achene
orbicular-obovoid, margined, narrowed at base. 2-2.5 mm. long,
about as long as the awl-shaped beak ; bristles twice longer,
stout, barbed dovnumrd and sometimes also upward. (R. cephalantha Gray.)
— Sandy swamps. L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and La. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 327.
Var. microcephala Britton. More slender, and usually lower ; glomerides
0.7-1.5 cm. thick : achenes smaller. — N. J. to Fla. and La.
325. R. Knies-
kernii.
326. R. glomerata.
32". R. axillaris.
15. CLAdIUM P. Br. Twig Rush
Spikelets ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower ; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, decidu-
ous. Achene ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without any tubercle, in whirli it differs from Bynrhospora. (Diminutive
of icXdSos. a brunch, from the rejieatedly branched cyme of the original
species.)
1. C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular
202
CY-VERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
(0.4-1 m. high); leaves narrow (1-3 mm. wide), chatinele^,
scarcely rough-margined ; panicle 0.5-3 dm. long., 2-5 cm.
broad, of 2-4 umbellifonn cymes, the rays rigidly ascend-
ing ; spikelets clustered in heads 3-10
together on few peduncles ; achene miter-
shaped, the truncate base slightly flaring.
— Bogs and wet sandy shores, either
fresh or brackish, N. S. to Ont., s. to
Fla., Ky., Ind., and la. Aug.-Oct. Fig.
328.
2. C. jamaicense Crantz. (Saw
Grass.) Tall (1-3 ni.) and coarse ;
3->S C mariscoides ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^'^^ ^'^'^' ^^'"^ ^"^ ^^^^'
' ■ • ' i]iQ margins and midrib beneath harshly
serrate; panicle 3-9 dm. long, the numerous rays bearing
abundant fascicled small chestnut-colored spikelets ; achene
obovoid, the truncate base not flaring. (C. effusum Torr.)
— Shallow water, Va. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I.) Fig. 329. 329. C. jamaicense.
16. SCLERIA Bergius. Nut Eush
Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikelets. Scales loosely imbricated, the
lower empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene globular, stony, bony, or
enamel-like in texture. — Perennials, with triangular leafy
culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks ; flowering in summor ;
all in low ground or swamps. Inflorescence, in our species,
of terminal and axillary clusters, the lower clusters usually
peduncled. (Name a-KX-npia, hardness, from the indurated
*^^^*-^ * Achene smooth.
1. S. triglomerata Michx. Culm (0.5-1 m. high) and
broadly linear (3.5-9 mm. wide) leaves roughish; fascicles of
spikelets few, the lowest peduncled, the upper somewhat in
threes; achene ovoid-globose or depressed, 2-3 mm. long, on
an obscure crustaceous disk. — Low, usually
sandy soil, e. Mass. and Vt. (according to John
Torrey) to Ont., la., and southw. June-Aug.
Fig. 330. Var. gracilis Britton. Culms
slender (3-6 dm. long) ; leaves narrower ;
fascicles few-flowered, the loioer (2-S-flowered)
on very long filiform peduncles; achene nar-
rower, 1-1.5 mm. long, acutish. (Var. minor
Britton ) —N. Y. and N. J.
2. S. oligantha Michx. Culms slender, the angles somewhat
winged ; leaves linear (3-5 mm. wide), smooth except the scabrous^
apex ; lateral fascicles 1 or 2, usually on long exserted peduncles ;
achene ovoid, on a tuberculate disk. — ^Voods, D. C. to Fla. and
Tex. May-July. Fig. 331.
* * Achene papillose, granulose or warty.
3. S. paucifl5ra Muhl. Smoothish or slightly hairy; culm
slender (2-() dm. high) ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. broad ;
fascicles few-flowered, the lateral pedunculate, sessile, or want-
ing ; bracts ciliate ; achene globose, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter; the
disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of distinct minute tubercles.
— Barrens and drvish meadows, N.J. to ()., s. to Fla. and Tex.
June-Aug. (W. I.) P^k;. .332.
ci- Var caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. Very slender; lenves, culms
and scales veru nubescent. — Local, Mass., ()., Ind., and southw.
iJ30. S. trig-lomerata.
331. S. olifrantha.
332. S. pau
flora
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FA:\[ILY)
203
333. S. paucif.,
V. kansana.
Var, kansana Femald. Very slender and pubescent ; each
pair of tubercles bearing a smaller intermediate one. — Sandy soil,
Cherokee Co., Kan. Fig. 333.
4. S. ciliata Micbx. Usnally coarser,
0.5-1 m. high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent
below ; leaves firm, 1-2.5 ram. wide, becoming
revolute ; fascicles 1 or 2, usually solitary, 0.7-2.5 cm. long ;
bracts ciliate ; scales smooth; achene 2-3 mw. in diameter,
the disk bearing 3 broad shallow entire or barely notched
tubercles. — Fine-barrens, etc., Va. and
Mo. to Ela. and Tex. July, Aug.
(W. I.) Fig. 334.
5. S. Elli6ttii Chapra. Coarser and
lower, 3-5 dm. high ; the culms and flat
leaves (2.5-6 mm. icide) pubescent;
fascicles 2 or 3, usually subapproximate,
forming an interrupted head. 1.5-3.5 cm. long; bracts
coarsely ciliate; scales ciliate on the back; achene with
3 low broad tubercles, each '2-lobed. — Pine-barrens and
dry ground, Va. and Mo., south w. May-
July. (W. I.) Fig. 335.
334. S. ciliata.
* * * Achene reticulated or wrinkled.
385. S. Elliottii.
0. S. reticularis Michx. Culms slender,
erect, smooth (1.5-7 dm. high); leaves linear (1.5-4 mm. wide),
smooth ; lateral fascicles 1-3, loose, remote, nearly erect, 07i
short often included peduncles; bracts glabrous;
achene globose, regularly reticulated and pitted,
the pits often vertically arranged, not hairy, resting
upon a double greenish conspicuously 3-lobed
disk, the inner appressed to and deciduous with the 33- g ^.^xx^^
achene. — Damp sand and pine-barrens, local, e. y^ pubescens!
]Mass. to Fla. ; n. Ind. Aug., Sept. Fig. 336.
^ . , . Var. pubescens Britton. Culms weak, diffuse, 0.3-1 m.
66b. b. reticularis. ^^.^^^^ slightly scabrous or smooth ; leaves linear (2-7 mm. wide),
smooth ; lateral fascicles loose, on more or less elongated and drooping filiform
peduncles; achene irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose with the ridges
oftpn someichat spirally arranged and more or less hairy. {S. Tor-
reyana Walp. ; S. trichopoda C.Wright.) — Pine-barrens, etc., Ct.
and Ind. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I.) Fig. 337.
7. S. verticillata Muhl. Smooth ; culms simple, slender (1-9
dm. high); leaves narrowly linear; fascicles ^-^, few-flowered, ses-
sile in an interrupted spike; achene globose, somewhat triangular
at base, rough-iorinkled vnth short elevated ridges ; disk obsolete. —
Pine-barrens, damp sand, and wet rocks, Mass. to Ont., Minn., and
south w. July-Sept. (W. I.) Fig. 338.
17. KOBRESIA Willd.
Spikelets unisexual and one-flowered, or with two flowers (one
000 o *• pistillate, one staminate) in short spikes aggregated in elongate
000. o. V6rtl- — ■ • " — . ,.
ciliata.
heads or panicles ; the pistillate flower consisting of a spathiform
glume (homologous with the perigynium of Carex) wrapping about
the base of the achene and subtended by the scale of the spikelet. — Perennial
herbs of northern regions, resembling the first group ( Vigneae) of Carex, but
with the perigynium replaced by the open glume which has its margins connate
at base. (Named for von Kobres, a nobleman of Augsburg and patron oi
botany in Willdenow's time.)
1. K. elachycarpa Fernald. Densely tufted ; the wiry compressed culms 2-5.S
204 CYPERACEAE (.SEDGE FAMILY)
dm. liigb, scabrous above ; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, flat, about half
as long as the culms; heads slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, of 2-7 remote
appres.sed-ascending spikes; spikes either staminate (clavate),
androgynous, or pistillate (ovoid) ; bracts ovate, concave ; glumes
ovate, subspathiform, emarginate at tip, more or less marked witli
green and brown ; style with 2 elongate branches, the slender
base becoming chartaceous and subpersistent, finally separating
S89 K ela-b'- ^^^^^^ ^^^ truncate subterete nerveless pale achene (1.2-1.5 mm.
carpa ^ lo^ig); Stamens 2, the anthers much exceeding the filaments. —
Wet banks of Aroostook R,, Me.; local. Jime, July. Fig. 339.
18. CAREX [Ruppius] L. Sedge
Flowers unisexual, destitute of floral envelopes, disposed in spikes ; the
staminate consi.sting of three stamens, in the axil of a bract, or scale ; the pistil-
late comprising a single pistil with a bifid or trifid style, forming in fruit a hard
achene, which is inclosed in a sac (peri(jyni nni )"boi-ne in the axil of a bract, or
scale. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in different parts of the spike
(spike androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same culm, or rarely the
plant dioecious. — Perennial grass-like herbs with mo.stly triangular culms,
3-ranked leaves, and spikes in the axils of leafy or scale-like bracts, often aggre-
gated into heads. An exceedingly critical genus, the study of which should be
attempted only with complete and fully mature specimens. ^ (The classical
Latin name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from Kelpeiv, to cut, on
account of the sharp leaves — as indicated in the English name Shear-grass.)
§ 1. Spikes mostlii uniform and sessile, bearing the staminate flowers at base or
apex or sometimes scattered amongst the pistillate ; stigmas 2 and achenes
lenticular. — VIGNEAE [Beauv.] Koch. (For § 2, see p. 209.)
A. Staminate flowers scattered or at the base of the spikes (only in
exceiitional iiuiividiiuls and in the often dioecious C gynocrates
and C. exilis the entire spike staminate) £.
B. Peeigynia with thin or winged .margins C.
C. Perigynia ascending, the tips only sometimes wide-spreading or
recurved, not spongy at base, the margins winged at least
toward the beak D.
D. Bracts wanting or setaceous, if broad at most twice as long as
the inflorescence E.
E. Strongly stolon iferous ; culms rising from an elongated
rootstock ; perigynia firm, 5-6 mm. long . . . ^. C. siccata.
jr. Not strongly stoloniferous ; culms solitary or in stools F".
F. Perigynia le.ss than 2 mm. broad G.
G. Perigynia .') mm. or more long IT.
H. Pei-igynia 7-10 mm. long ; spikes long-cylindric,
pointed, 1.5-2.5 cm. long 1. C. muskingumenais.
H. Perigynia shorter (or, when exceptionally 7 mm. long,
in .shorter spikes) /.
/. Perigynia half as broad as long, plump, nerveless
or obscurely short-nerved on inner face . . 22. C. aenea.
I. Perigynia one third as broad as long J.
J. Perigynia thin, scale-like, scarcely distended over
the achenes, distinctly nerved on the inner
face and prominently exceeding the subtend-
ing scales.
Leaves at most 3 mm. wide ; spikes 3-9, glossy
brown or straw-colored, pointed.
Inflorescence oblong-ovuid or subcylindric,
with a.sccndiiig approximate spikes . . 2. C. ftcoparia.
Inflorescence monilitbim . . (2) C. HCOjxn-ia, v. monilifflrmis.
Inflorescence subgl()bo.se or broad-ovoid,
spikes crowded and divergent . . (2) (^. scoparia, v. condensa.
Leaves more than 3 mm. wide; spikes 8-14,
green or dull brown, blunt . . . . 3. O. tribuloidea.
1 The perjtjynial characters are here based on study of mature plants. In gen-
eral the perig^ynia at the tip of the spike are less characterislic than those nearer
the middle; and, ii possible, the latter alone should be ased in critical comparisons.
CYPERACEAE (^SEDGE FAMILY)
205
J. Peri^A-nia firm, obviously distended over the achenes,
nerveless or obscurely nerved on the inner face, equaled
by the subtending scales 7. C praienHs.
G. Perig-ynia less than 5 mm. long K.
K. Perigynia thin, scale-like, scarcely distended over the achenes ;
leaves 3-S mm. broad.
Perigynia with appressed tips.
Indorescence cj-hndric ; spikes approximate ... 3. C. ti'ihuloideK.
/ Inflorescence raoniHform ; spikes scattered . . . 03) C. tribuloides, v. tmhata.
Perigynia with spreading tips; inflorescence flexuous (3) C. tribuloidefs, \. reducta.
K. Perigynia flrra, obviously distended over the achenes L.
L. Perigynia elongate-lanceolate or subulate, less than one third
as broad as long, at most 1.4 mm. broad.
Tips of the perigynia conspicuously exceeding the lance-
subulate dull scales.
Culms 1-4 dm. high ; leaves 1-2.5 mm. %vide ; spikes
3-7 mm. long 5. T. Ch'awfordii.
Culms taller ; leaves broader ; spikes S— 11 mm. long (5) C. Ci (iicfordii, v. vigens.
Tips of the perigynia equaled by the ovate bluntish glossy
dark scales " . . . ' 6. C. oronensis.
L. Perigynia broader, nearly or quite half as broad as long M.
M. Tips of perigynia distinctly exceeding the subtending scales N.
N. Leaves 2.5 mm. or more wide 0.
O. Spikes compactly flowered, the mature perigj'nia with
recurved or spreading tips concealing the scales . 8. C. cristata.
O. Spikes with ascending or slightly spreading perigynia ;
scales apparent P.
P. Mature perigvnia greenish or pale straw-colored, in
loose spikes ; inflorescence more than 2.2 cm. long
(if shorter, with dark chestnut scales).
Spikes approximate in ovoid or short-cvlindric heads.
Scales pale, not strongly contrasting with the
perigynia 10. C. rnirdbilifs.
Scales dark chestnut, strongly contrasting with
the perigynia (HO C. mirahUiH, v. tincta.
Spikes scattered in a moniliform inflorescence (10) C. mirabilis, \ . jjerJonga,
P. Mature perigynia brown, in dense spikes ; heads at
most 2.2 cm. long ; scales pale brown . . 13. C Bebhii.
N. Leaves narrower.
Inflorescence stifl", with crowded closely flowered spikes 18. C. Bebbii.
Inflorescence flexuous and moniliform, or at least with
the loosely flowered spikes scattered . . .11. C. straminea.
M, Tips of perigynia equaled by the subtending scales Q.
Q. Inflorescence stiff and erect, or at least ^-ith spikes
approximate.
Spikes brown or ferruginous . . . . . . 20. T. leporiva.
Spikes brownish-white 21. (7. xerantica.
Q. Inflorescence flexuous, or at least with the lower spikes
remote.
Perigvnia nerveless or minutely short-nerved on the
inner face.
Mature perigynia straw-colored or pale brown, one
third as broad as long 1. C. iwaUnnU.
Mature perigynia ohve-green or bronze, half as broad
as long " 22. C. aenea.
Perigynia with strong ribs the length of the inner face ;
spikes silvery-green 19. (7. foenea.
F. Perigynia 2 mm. or more broad E.
R. Ti|is of the perigynia distinctly exceeding the subtending scales S.
S. Perigynia thin and scale-like, barely distended over the achenes,
one fourth to one third as broad as long.
Perigvnia 7-10 mm. long \. C. mnskingumenniti,
Perigynia shorter 2. C scoparia.
S. Perigynia firmer, obviously distended over the achenes, nearly
or quite half as broad "as long T.
T. Perigynia lance-ovate, about half as broad as long U.
U. Leaves 2.5 mm. or more broad 10. C.mirnbiliH,
U. Leaves narrower.
Perigvnia di-^tinctly about 10-nerved on the inner faces,
4^6 mm. long.
Spikes S-12 mm. long: perigynia 4.8 6 mm. long . 12. C hornutthod^s.
Spikes 5-S mm. long; perigj^nia 4-5 mm. long (12) ('. hormathodeK. v. incisa.
Perigynia 3-5-nerved on the inner faces, mostly less than
4 mm lung.
Perigynia with ascending inconspicuous tips . . 11. (^. utra mined.
Perigynia with divergent conspicuous tips . (11) C. ntnimittea. y. ec'iinodea,
T. Perigynia witli broad-ovate to orbicular bodies V.
V. Inflorescence inoniHform and flexuous, with mostly clavate-
based spikes.
206
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
14. G. silicea.
13. C. BickneUii.
Spikes brownish-white, of closely appressed ob-
scurely beaked Hrni perigynia ....
Spikes ferruginous: the abrupt slender beaks of
the perigynia with loosely ascending or spread-
ing tips " (12) C. horrnathodes, v. Richii
Fi Inflorescence stiff (or, if flexuous, with brown or
ferruginous spikes) W.
W. Perigjnia 5.(i-T.T mm. long, very thin, scale-like,
almost tran-iparent ; scales blunt
Wm Perigynia less than 5.6 mm. long, firm and opaque
(when exceptionally longer in C. alata, with
aristate scales) X.
jr. Scales long-acuminate or aristate ; perigynia
4-5.5 mm. long; achenes oblong.
Spikes green or finally dull brown ; scales lance-
subulate ; perigynia obovate. 2.8-;3.7 mm.
broad, abruptly narrowed at base
Spikes becoming dark brown or ferruginous ;
perigynia 2.0-2.S mm. broad.
Spikes closely approximate ; scales ovate-
lanceolate ; perigynia ovate, tapering
gradually to the beak ....
Spikes scattered in a flexuous inflorescence ;
scales lanceolate ; perigynia orbicular.
15. C. alata.
16. C. fsuherecta.
£.
abruptly slender-beaked
Scales blunt or at most acutish.
Spikes gray-green or finally dull brown,
strongly appressed-ascending very
perigynia 3.5— t (very rarely 4.5) mm,
Spikes straw-colored or ferruginous,
(12) C. hormathodes, v. Richii.
^vith
firm
long
with
9. C. alboluteacens.
spreading-ascending perigynia 4— 5.5 mm. long.
Inflorescence of 5-io mostly distinct spikes .
Inflorescence of 3-6 approximate spikes (IT)
B. Tips of the perigynia equaled b\' the subtending scales Y.
Y. Inflorescence stiff and erect, or at least with ajjproximate
spikes Z.
Z. Spikes whitish or grav -green.
Perigynia lance-ovate, 4-4.8 mm. long, nerveless on
the inner fjice, golden-yellow at base .
Perigynia broad-ovate to suborbicular.
Perigynia strongly ribbed the length of the inner
face, 2 mm. broad
Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved on the inner
face, broader . . "
Z. Spikes bronze or ferruginous.
Perigynia distiiictly concave on the usually nerved
inner face ; achene 1 mm. broad . . .
Perigynia flat or convex on the usually nerveless
inner face, very plump ; achene 2 mm. broad
Y. Inflorescence flexuous, at least the lower spikes remote a.
17. C.fesiucacea.
C. festucacea, v. b'yevior.
21. C. xerantica.
19. C. foenea.
9. C. albolutescens.
20.
23.
C. leporina.
C. adusta.
Perigynia nerveless or only faintly short-nerved on the
Inner face.
Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, one thu-d as broad as
long; achene 1 mm. broad
Perigynia ovate, half as broad as long ; achene 1.5 mm.
broad
a. Perigynia distinctly nerved on the inner face.
Perigynia 2.'>-4.4 mm. long, at most 2.4 mm. broad,
7-13-ribbed on the inner face, abruptly beaked.
Inflorescence of 4-9 spikes 6-10 mm. long; peri-
gynia 2. S-4 mm. long
Inflorescence of 6-15 spikes 10-17 mm. long:
perigynia 3.5-4.4 mm. long . . . (Ifl) C. foenea, v. perple-ra
Perigynia 4-5.3 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, 8-5-
nerved on the inner face, obscurely broad-beaked 14.
D. Bracts leaf-like, much prolonged, the lowest 1-2 dm. long;
spikes crowded ; perigynia subulate 24.
C. Perigynia horizontally spreading or reflexed when mature, spongy
at base, with thin but scarcely winged margins b.
b. Spikes solitary and terminal, pistfllate or staminate, or with
flowers variously scattered.
Stoloniferous; the filiform culms at most 3 dm. high, from fiU-
form rootstocks 25.
Not 8tol(Hiiferous ; the wiry culms 2—7 dm. high, in caespitose
stools 26.
ft. Spikes 2-several c.
c. Perigynia broadest at base ; beak rough or serrulate tl .
d. Perigynia at most half as broad as long, finally yellowi.sb. with
slender beak nearly equaling the body ; scales pointed 6.
1. O. praiensis,
22. C. aenea.
19. C. foenea.
(7. silicea.
C. sychnocephala.
C. gynocrates,
C. exilis.
CYPKKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^i 207
C. Perigynia ovate, 3-4 inin. long^.
Spikes at most l'2-llo\vered.
Inflorescence 1-3 cm. long, the 2—6 spikes subap-
proxiniato . . . . . . . . 27. C. sUllulata.
iDfloresceiice 2—6 cm. long, the 2-4 spikes very re-
mote, the terminal with a clavate base 0.5-1
cm. long (27) C. siellulata, v. ormaniha.
Spikes with more flowers.
Leaves 1-2.5 mm. broad; spikes scattered, 12—20-
flowered ; perigynia less than half as broad as
long (27) C. siellulata, v. excehio?-.
Leaves 2-4 mm. broad ; spikes mostly approximate,
15— 40-flowered ; perigj-nia half as broad as
long ....... (27) C. siellulata, v. cephalantha .
e. Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long ;
inflorescence of 2-0 approximate spikes . (27) C. siellulata, v. angustata.
d. Perigynia more than half as broad as long (narrower onlj-
in var. of no. 29), tirm, brownish or dark green;
beak one fourth to one half as long as the body.
Scales sharp-pointed ; leaves 2.5-4.5 mm. broad ; inflo-
rescence 1.5-3.5 cm. long; spikes 15-50-flowered ;
coarse plant . 28. (7. sterilis.
Scales blunt; leaves narrower; inflorescence 1-2 cm.
long ; spikes 5-15-flowered ; slender plants.
Leaves 1—2 mm. broad ; jierigynia faintly nerved or
nerveless on the inner face.
Perigynia deltoid-ovate, spreading .... 29. C. scirpoides.
Perigynia lance-subulate, ascending . . (29) C. scirpoides, v. Josselynii.
Leaves narrower; perigynia strongly nerved (29) C. scirpoides, v. capillocea.
O. Perigynia broadest near the middle, less than 2 mm. broad,
very thin and conspicuously nerved, with short smooth
beak ; sjnkes remote . " SO. 0. seorsa.
B. PERIGTirrA NOT TUTX-WINGEU, ASCENDING FROM THE FIRST, PLANO-
CONVEX /.
/. J.'erigynia 4 mm. or more long, long-beaked.
Spikes lance-cyhndric, in a loose linear-cylindric inflorescence ;
perigvnia 1-1.3 mm. broad, strongly nerved; scales ob-
long; leaves 1-2.5 mm. broad . ' 34. C.hromoides.
Spikes ovoid or ovoid-cylindric ; perigynia 1.6-1.9 mm. broad,
faintlv nerved or nerveless ; scales ovate ; leaves 2-5 mm.
broad 35. C. Deweyana.
f. Perigj'nia less than 4 mm. long g.
g. Perigynia with serrulate beaks or margins h.
k. Inflorescence elongate, from slender to thickish-cylindric i.
i. Perigynia ovate, broadest at base ; spikes mostly or all
approximate in a thick cylindric inflorescence . . 31. C. arctu.
i. Perigynia broadest near the middle.
Plant glaucous : leaves 2-4 mm. broad ; spikes -svith
many appressed-ascending glaucous obscurely
beaked jierlgvpia.
Spikes 6-10 mm. long, approximate or the lowest
rarely 1.5 cm. apart; perigynia 2.8-3 mm. long . 82, C canescens.
Spikes 4^7 mm. long, subapproxiuiate or remote;
perigynia about 2 mm. long . . . (32) C. caneseens, v. suN-oUacea.
Spikes ^12 mm. long, remote, the lowest 2-4 cm.
apart (32) C. canesceiis, v. disjuncta.
Plant green, not glaucous; leaves 1-2.5 mm. broad;
spikes with few loosely spreading dark green or
brown distinctly beaked perigynia . . . . 33. f. 7>runnescenJt.
h. Inflorescence subglobose, of 2-4 closely approximate sub-
globose looselv flowered silverv spikes ; perigynia
oblong, beakless, nerved, 3-3.4 aim. long . . " . 36. C. tenuijlora.
q. Perigv-nia smooth throughout j.
}. Spikes whitish, silverv green or pale brown.
Inflorescence elongate, at least the lower spikes scattered.
Uppermost spikes divaricate-pedunculate, lowermost
subtended by a leaf-like bract ; perigynia usually
more than 3 mm. long.
Leaves flat, 1-2 mm. broad 37. (7. irispenna.
Leaves setaceous, 0.3-0.5 mm. broad . . (37) C. trispei'ma, v. BiUingidi
Spikes continuous in a linear-cylindric loose inflores-
cence, brnctless or onlv short-bracted ; perigynia
2-3 mm. loiiir . " . 32. T. eanescens.
Inflorescence subglobose, of 2-4 closely approximate sub-
globose loosely flowered sjiikes ; perigynia beakless,
3 mm. or more long 36. C. tenuijlora.
j. Spikes ferruginous or dark brown : terminal spikes with
conspicuous clavate base; i)eri;;yi;ia abruptly beaked;
culms smooth (or harsh only at tips).
208
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
38. C. norvegica.
40. C. tentlla.
Spikes distinct; the lowest 4-5 mm. thick; the ter-
minal i-i."^ <iii, long; i)engynia pale, about equaled
by the yeilowisli-brown blunt scales ....
Spikes approxiniatf ; the lowest less than 4 mm. thick;
plant weak, lax ; leaves involute. 0..O-1.5 mm. broad ;
perigvniu i>ale brown or drab.
I'erigynia fusifoiiu Z% C. glareottn.
Perigvnia ovoid (39) C. glareoHU, v. aviphi
A . Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spikes k.
k. I'erii.'-yina ellip.-oid-uvoid, scarcely compressed, nearly terete
k. Perigvnia compressed I.
I. Spikes 2 or more in a simple or compound spicate or paniculate
inflorescence m.
m. Rootstocks short and thick ; culm s in terminal tufts or stools n.
n. Spikes green or nearly so when mature (becoming brown
only when over-ripe) o.
o. Broadest leaves 1-4.5 mm. wide x>-
p. Perigynia very spongy below the middle, the nerve-like
margins infiexed q.
q. Perigynia with minutely serrulate margins ; scales
blunt ; spikes mostly remote.
Perigynia quickly becoming squarrose.
Culms erect ; spikes 6-15-flowered
Culms loosely spreading ; spikes 2— 6-flowered
Perigynia ascending in fruit . . . .
Perigynia with smooth margins ; scales acuminate ;
spikes mostly approximate.
Perigynia ovoid
Perigynia lance-subulate .... (42)
Perigjnia of essentially uniform (membranous) texture
throughout, not conspicuously spongj' below the
middle ; margins slightly if at all indexed r.
Perigynia 4-0 mm. long
Perigvnia less than 4 mm. long s.
8. Leaves and culms stiff and wiry; heads 2 (rarely
1.5)— 4 cm. long.
Perigynia distinctly nerved
Perigvnia nerveless .... (44) C.
8. Leaves and culms soft; heads 0.7-1.5 (rarely l.S)
cm. long.
Perigynia elliptic-ovate, broadest below
middle, narrowest at base
Perigynia cordate-deltoid, broadest at the
date or subcordate base
Leaves 5-10 (the narrowest rarely 4.5) mm. -wide t.
genu
Q-
r.
r.
41. C. rosea.
(41) C. rofiea, v. radiata.
(41) C. rosea, v. minor.
42. C. retrqfleoea.
C. retrqflexa, v. texensis.
43. C. muricata.
44. C. Muhlenbergii.
Muhlenbergii, v. ene/rvis.
the
cor-
45.
46.
C. cephalopJiora.
C. Leanenwm'thii.
o.
the outer face
u.
u.
47. C. sparganoides.
50. C. gravida.
55. C. conjuncUi.
Perigynia uniformly firm throughout,
nerveless or very faintly nerved u.
Perigynia wing-margined to the base ; spikes mostly
distinct in a moniliform inflorescence .
Perigynia wing-margined only above the middle ;
spikes approximate in a cy'lindric or ovoid head.
Perigynia broad-ovate to suborbicular, nearly
equaled by the long-pointed scales.
Culms 2-5 dm. high ; leaves subbasal ...
Culms 6-12 dm. high; leaves remote . . (50) C. gravida, v. laxifolia.
Perigvnia lance-ovate, twice as long as the thin
white scale 48. (7. cephaloidea.
t. Perigynia spongy below the middle, the outer face
prominentl}' ribbed
n. Spikes yellowish or tawny when mature v.
V. Perigvnia firm and uniform in texture, not spongy nor
"conspicuously inflated below, the beak shorter than
or barely equaling the body w.
w. Perigynia straw-color, thin, distinctly flattened on the
inner face x.
X. Membranous band of the leaf-sheath not cross-puck-
ered ; scales acuminate, rarely awned y.
Leaves 2-3 mm. wide ; culms firm, without thin
wing-margins
Leaves 4-S mm. wide ; culms soft, with almost wing-
like angles.
Beak nearly as long as the narrow-ovate body
of the perigynium
Beak one third as long as the broad-ovate or sub-
orbicular body of the perigynium.
Culms 2—5 dm. high ; leaves subbasal
Culms 6-12 dm. high ; leaves remote (50)
Membranous or chartaceous band of the leaf-sheath
cross-puckered, at least in age ; scales awn-tipped.
y-
y-
43. C. mv/ricaia.
49. C. alopecoidea.
50. C. gravida.
C. gravida, v. laxifolia
CYPEUACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 209
Leaves equaling or exceedingr the culms . . . 51. C vulpinoidea.
Leaves distinctly sli«>i-ter than the culms.
Perigynia lanceolate or lance-ovate . . .52. C. aetacea.
Peiif,'ynia broad-ovate to suborbicular . . (r)2) C. aetacea, v. amhigua.
ID. Perigyiiia drab to dark brown or purplish, plump, some-
what biconvex.
Perigynia obovoid, narrow-margined, abruptly short-
beaked 53. (7. decomposiia.
Perigynia ovoid, with rounded margins, tapering
gradually to a beak.
Inflorescence dark brown, stiff, dense, spiciform . 54. C. diandra.
Inflorescence light browii, flexuons, loose, sub-
paniculate (54) C. diandra, v. ramosa.
v. Perigynia prominently enlarged and spcngy at base, con-
spicuously nerved, the slender beak much longer than
the body.
Perigynia* 4-5 mm. long, tapering gradually from base
to tip 56. C. stipata,
Perigvnia 6-9 mm. long, abruptly enlarged below into
-a "disk-like base 57. (7. cru8-corvi,
m. Eootstock slender and elongate ; culms mostly scattered, or if
tufted bearing slender stolons at base z.
s. Pwigynia thin-margined : heads elongate, 2-S cm. long, of
numerous distinct spikes.
Perigynia wing-margined ; inner side of leaf-sheath carti-
laginous to chartaceous, nerveless .... 58. C. arenaria.
Perigynia not Aving-margined ; leaf-sheath green and uni-
formly ribbed, excei)t at the orifice . . . . 59. C. Sartwellii.
z. Perigynia plump, not thin-margined : heads ovoid to glo-
bose, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, of few congested spikes.
Perigynia flat on the inner face, faintly nerved . . 60. C. sienophylla.
Perigynia plano-convex, strongly nerved . . .61. C. cJiordorrhiza.
I. Spike solitary, terminal, globular or short-ovoid . . . .62. C. capitata.
§ 2. Some of the spikes strictly pistillate ; stigmas 3 and achenes trigonous ; or,
if stigmas 2 and achenes lenticular, some of the spikes peduncled. EUCAREX
Griseh. A.
A. Achenes lenticular or plano-convex : stigmas 2 (very rarely and
exceptionally y) ; perigynia beakless or very short-beaked, with
entire or merely emarginate orifice £.
B. Perigynia dull C.
C, Scales aristate or subulate-tipped, much exceeding the perigynia ;
I)istillate spikes all peduncled D.
D. Scales appressed-ascending ; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose.
Awns longer than the blades of the scales ; sjiikes on wide-
spreading or droopnng capillary peduncles ; old leaves
revolute 63. <7. maritima.
Awns shorter than the blades of the scales ; spikes strongly
ascending ; old leaves involute . . . . 64. C. salina, v. cuspidata.
D. Scales spreading ; basal leafless sheaths fibrillose.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous.
Perigynia inflated, wrinkled in drying.
Spikes flexuous or drooping, the pistillate 3.5-10 cm,
long 65. C. crinita.
Spikes suberect or spreading, 1-3.5 cm. long . . (65) C. crinita, v. minor.
Perigynia tight, not inflated (65) C. crinita v. Porteri.
Leaf-sheaths scabrous-hispid.
Pistillate spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping . . (65) C. crinita, v. gynandra.
Pistillate spikes suberect or sjireading. 1-3.5 cm. long (65) C. crinita, v. simulans.
C. Scales obtuse or acute, not aristate ; if subulate-tipped with the
upper spikes mostly sessile E.
E. Perigynia compressed, lenticular or plano-convex F.
F. Culms solitary or few ; lower sheaths slightly if at aU fibril-
lose G.
G. Perigynia nerveless H.
H. Perigynia plane, not twisted at tip /.
/. Culms leafy and tall, somewhat caespitose ; leaves
scabrous on the veins and margins ; basal oflF-
shoots chiefly erect J.
J. Green, scarcely glaucous ; pistillate spikes atten-
uate at tip 64. C. salina, V. ctispidata.
J. Strongly glaucous ; pistill-ate spikes full and
rounded at tip.
Scales conspicuous, dark, nearly or quite equal-
ing the perigynia.
Scales blunt or acutish.
Pistillate sjiikes 3-4.5 mm. thick . . <'>6. C. aqtiatilis.
gray's MANl at, — 14
210
CYPERACEAE (sEDGE FAMILY)
(66) C atjuatiliH, v. elatior
(66) C. iKjuatiliH, v. cuHpidatn.
. (<iC) C. aqudtilis, v. virescens.
basal ofT-
(J. rig id a.
C. torta.
67.
68.
C. lenticularis.
C. Goodenowii.
71. C. stricta.
C. dtficia, V. curtissima.
C. stricta, v. anguxtdid.
C. stricta, V. decora.
180.
181.
C. Grahami.
C. rotundata.
179.
C. saa-aiilis.
C. saxaUlis, v. miliaris.
77.
C, Fraseri.
Pistillate spikes 5-S mm. thick
Scales cuspidate ....
Scales hidden by the perigynia
/. Culms low ; leaves mostly basal, smooth
shoots chiefly repent ....
ff. Perigynia elongate, with an empty twisted tip
G' Perigynia nerved.
Caespitose, not stoloniferous ; green central portion
of the scale about as broad as the darker margins . 69.
Stoloniferous ; green midrib of the purple or blackish
scale very slender 70.
F. Culms numerous in stools ; lower sheaths fibrillose.
Perigynia elliptic, tapering about equally to base and apex.
Pistillate spikes dense, mostly full at base ; scales blunt,
slightly if at all exceeding the perigynia.
Pistillate spikes 2-7 cm. long
Pistillate spikes ((..5-1.5 cm. long . . . . (71)
Pistillate spikes rather loose, long-attenuate at base ;
scales acutish (71)
Perigynia obovate or orbicular, shorter than the attenuate
scales . (71)
F. Perigynia plump, subterete.
Mature perigynia fleshy, pyriform or subglobose, orange or
brownish, glabrous" . " 72. C. aurea.
Mature perigynia not fleshy, ellipsoid, slender-stipitate,
white, pulverulent 73. C. hicolor.
B. Perigynia lustrous.
Perigynia nerved.
Leaves flat ; bracts ascending .......
Leaves soon involute ; bracts divergent
Perigynia nerveless.
Leaves flat ; pistillate spikes subglobose or short-cylindric,
5-8 mm. thick
Leaves involute or filiform ; pistillate spikes slender, 3-7 mm.
thick (179)
A . Achenes trigonous ; stigmas 3 (very rarely and exceptionally 2) £.
K. Spikes solitary, terminal L,
L. Spikes naked or without large leafy bracts M.
M. Leaves tongue-shaped, 2—4 cm. broad
M. Leaves grass-like, narrow N.
N. Spikes monoecious, green or straw-color; perigynia gla-
brous 0.
0. Spikes staminate at tip, few-flowered ; perigynia with entire
tips.
Perigynia appressed-ascending, in a linear-cylindric
spike, beakless.
Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long ; achenes lustrous, not
puncticulate, obtusely trigonous ....
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long ; achenes puncticulate, barely
lustrous, sharfdy trigonous .
Perigynia soon refi-acted, slender-beaked
O. Spikes staminate at base, many-flowered ; perigynia with
long bidentate beaks.
Scales of pistillate flowers subulate-tipped
Scales blunt
K. Spikes dioecious, purplish-brown ; j)erigynia pubescent.
Culms shorter than the leaves ; scales' short-aristate, ex
ceeding the perigynia
Culms exceeding the" leaves ; scales blunt, shorter than
the perigynia
L. Spikes subtended by long leafy bracts.
Perigynia somewhat 2-edged.
Scales all bracteate, overtopping the perigynia . . .89. C.
Only the lowest scales overtopping the perigynia . . 90. C.
Perigynia globose, with slender cylindric beak . . .91. C.
K. SpIKKS 2 OR MORE /*.
P. Perigynia not rigidly hidenfate. the orifice entire or emar
ginate, the teeth if jirei^ent soft and thin Q.
Q. Terminal spike bearing some pistillate flowers It.
R. Terminal spike pistillate throughout, brown or purplish, the
lower spike much smaller ; jicrigynia hairy .
R. Terminal spike with both staminate and pistillate flowers *S'.
S. Terminal sjiike pistillate only at base ; the capillary pedun-
cles often basal : perigynia sharjily anirlod .
S. Terminal spike pistillate at summit, or, if pistillate at base,
the spikes mostly near the tip of the culm T.
T. Perigynia ascending U.
U. Scales brown to purplish-black ; spikes globose, ovoid
or thick-cylindric V.
75. C. leptalea.
76.
74.
161.
162.
116.
92.
C. Uarperi.
C. paucifiora.
C. sguarrosa.
C. typhinoidea.
C. picta.
C. scirpoidea.
Backii.
WilMenowiic
Jarneaii.
92 C. scirpoidea.
118. C. peduncuUita.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
211
148. C. verrucosa.
78.
79.
C. Halleri.
C. atrata, v. ovata.
V» Scales shorter than or about equaling the perig-ynia.
Scales rough-awned ; coarse southern plant .
Scales blunt; slender northern plants.
Spikes sessile, closely approximate in an irregular head
Spikes mostly peduncled, spreading or drooping .
V. Scales much exceeding the perigj-nia.
Spikes sessile, erect
Spikes peduncled, spreading or drooping
U. Scales white or greenish, or if verj- brownish the spikes
linear-cylindric W.
W. Spikes mostly sessile or subsessile and erect X.
X. Spikes mostl_v remote ; leaves glabrous, short and broad
(4-10 mm. broad)
X. Spikes approximate or overlapping ; leaves long and
slender (1-4 mm. broad), at least the sheaths hairy.
Perigynia smooth, or when young slightly hair}\
Leaves smooth
Leaves hairv
Perigynia very hairy.
Terminal spike (including the staminate base) l.S-4
cm. long, one tenth to one seventh as thick
Terminal spike 9-13 mm. long, one fifth to one
third as thick (82) C. Direscens, v
W. Spikes mostly peduncled, spreading or drooping Y.
80. C. 'polygamn.
111. C. paupercula.
135. C. granularis.
(81)
81.
C. triceps, v. Smithii.
C. triceps, v. hirsuta.
82. C. virescens.
Swanii,
Y. Perigynia 2 mm. or more thick.
Scales blunt or cuspidate, much shorter than the
perigynia 83.
Scales long-awned, usually equaling the perigynia . 84.
Y. Perigynia less than 2 mm. thick Z.
Z. Bracts with distinct long sheaths ; perigj'nia bluntly
angled a.
a, Perigynia rounded or narrowed but not definitely
stipitate at base Tj.
b. Perigj-nia less than 4 mm. long, beakless.
Sheaths glabrous ; perigynia obtuse .
Sheaths pubescent ; perigynia acutish
b. Perigynia 4 umi. or more long.
Leaves hairy ; perigyrjia beakless
Leaves smooth : perigynia beaked.
Scales white or whitish : perigvnia with long
conic-cylindric beaks ....
Scales with dark-brown margins ; perigynia
with short-conic beaks . . . " .
a. Perigynia with slender stipitate bases
Z. Bracts sheathless ; perigynia sharply angled
T. Perigynia wide-spreading or reflexed.
Perigynia orbicular to broadly elliptic, compressed, nerve-
less, with tiny short point ; bracts erect
Perigynia terete, beaked, strong-ribbed ; bracts divergent.
Beak about as long as body of iierigynium.
Beak much shorter than body of perigynium .
Q. Terminal spike staminate throughout c.
c. Lowest foliaceous bracts of the inflorescence sheathless, or with
short colored sheaths or colored auricles, sometimes wanting
or reduced to mere colored sheaths d.
d. Perigynia pubescent (if rarely glabrous, the spikes mostly
crowded at the base of the densely tufted leaves) e.
e. Spikes subtended by colored tubular sheaths which are
without green blades.
Pistillate spikes cylindric, 1—2 cm. long; scales exceeding
the perigynia 120.
Pistillate spikes subglobose, 4-7 mm. long; scales much
shorter than the perigvnia 119.
e. Spikes bractless or the lowermost with green foliaceous bracts /.
■ " 101.
C. formosa.
C. Datisii,
85.
86.
C. gracillima.
C. aestivalis.
87.
C. oxylepis.
146.
C. debilis, vars.
147.
145.
115.
C. reni/sfa, v. minor.
C. a r data.
C. prasina.
88.
C. Shortiana.
138.
139.
C. fava.
C. ^Oederi.
C. Richardsoni.
C. conciniia.
C. pubescens.
f. Leaves and culms soft-pubescent
f. Leaves and culms glabrous g.
g. Leaves mostly basal, the culms naked or with short
reduced leaves h.
h. Scales rough-cuspidate ; perigynia yellowish-brown
h. Scales smooth ; perigynia green or whitish i.
i. Plant strongly stoloniferous, the elongate often leaf-
less stolons scaly-bracted and creeping.
Beak one fourth to one fifth as long as the body of
the i)erigynium
Beak about as long as the body . (100) C. pennsylvanica, v. hicorum
i. Plant caespitose or slightly stoloniferous, the basal
leafy shoots strongly assurgent j.
J. Some (or all) of the culms short and more or leBB
hidden by the bases of the leaves k.
102. C. Cat^ophyllea.
100. C. pennsylvanica.
212
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
k. Remnants of the old leaves persisting as stiff tufted
ehreds ; scales acuminate, sharp-pointed, nearly
or quite equaling ttie perigynia.
Perigynia 1.7-2.4 mm. thick.
Beak nearly or quite as long as the body of the
perigyniura.
Perigynia puberulent . . . . . 9B. C. umbellata.
Perigynia glabrous (93) G. umbellata, v. tonsa.
Beak one third as long as the body . (93) C. umbellata, v. brevirostris.
Perigynia 1.3-1.6 mm. thick 9i. 0. nigro-marginata.
k. Remnants of old leaves soft, slightly if at all shredded ;
scales blunt or acute, much shorter than the
perigynia 95. C deflexa.
^. Culms elongate, none of them hidden at the base of the
plant I.
I, Perigynia much exceeding the scales ; spikes closely
approximate 96. (7. albicans.
I. Perigynia nearly or quite equaled by the scales m,.
m.. Mature leaves 3-5 mm. wide (if exceptionally nar-
rower, the spikes remote) 9T. C. communis.
m. Mature leaves 1-2.5 mm. wde (if exceptionally
broader, the spikes approximate).
Staminate and pistillate spikes all sessile. *
Scales of pistillate spikes whitish or greenish . 98. C. varia.
Scales purplish (98) C. varia, v. colorata.
Staminate and the lowermost pistillate spikes
short-peduncled 99. (7. novae-angliae.
g. Culms leafy, the leaves elongate n.
n. Pistillate spikes sessile or subsessile ; basal sheaths fibrillose.
Staminate spike overtopping the pistillate .... 154. C. Testita.
Staminate spike shorter than the pistillate . , . (154) C. vesiiia, v. Kennedyi,
n. Pistillate spikes (or at least the lower) distinctly peduncled ;
sheaths not fibrillose.
Leaves soft, ribbon-like, dark green, the lower bract ex-
ceeding the culm ; perigynia long-beaked . . . 150. C. scabrata.
Leaves firm, short, glaucous ; the bracts short ; perigynia
barely beaked 103. C. glauca.
d. Perigynia glabrous o.
0. Leaves setaceous, basal ; culms setaceous, naked ; bracts reduced
to pale tubular sheaths
0. Leaves flat or plicate p.
p. Leaves lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. broad, firm and evergreen ; culms
slender, bearing numerous tubular colored sheaths and
remote slender spikes
p. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, less than 1.5 cm. broad q.
q. Perigj'nia beakless or with minute entire beaks r.
r. Pistillate spikes mostly on capillary peduncles, wide-spread-
ing or drooping s.
8. Scales brownish or purplish, nearly equaling or exceed-
ing the compressed short- tipped perigynia t.
t. Spikes globose to oblong-cylindric, rarely 2 cm. long;
scales exceeding the perigynia u.
u. Scales long-attenuate with subulate tips, much ex-
ceeding the perigynia.
Scales dark brown or purplish throughout.
Pistillate spikes 4-8 mm. long .... 111.
Pistillate spikes 1-1.6 cm. long . . (Ill) C. pauper cula,v
Scales green with pale-brown or yellowish margins
(111) C. paupercula, v. pallens.
u. Scales obtuse or acute, barely exceeding the perigynia.
Leaves involute, 0.5-1 mm. wide, glaucous; scales
brown. 112.
Leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, dark green; scales
purple-black 113.
t. Spikes linear-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; scales barely
equaling the perigynia 114.
8, Scales whitish, much shorter than the sharply trigonous
attenuate perigynia
r. Pistillate spikes sessile or short-peduncled, erect v.
V. Plant glaucous, loosely stoloiiiferous ; staminate spikes
long-stalked, their scales mostly purjile-brown.
Leaves 2.5-5 mm. wi<le, n-volute in drying, harsh;
culms harsh ; perigynia brown
Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, becoming plicate or involute,
smooth ; culms smooth ; perigyniii jiuk' green or
whitish
V. Plant green, densely tufted ; staminate spikes sessile or
short-stalked, their scales pale brown or straw
color.
117. C. ebv/rnea.
121. C. plantaginea.
C. paupercula.
irrigua.
C. limosa.
C. rariflora.
C. littoralis.
115. 0. prasina
103. O. glauca.
104. 0. livida.
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
213
109. C. abhremata.
110 C. palleaceiu.
137. C. extensa.
138.
139.
C.flava.
C. OedeH.
to.
y-
y-
(B.
z.
150. C. scabrata.
148. C. ve?'rueo8a,
149. C. macrokolea.
141. C. longirostris.
143.
144.
C. castariea.
C. capillaris.
Spikes all sessile and approxinjate ; perigynia obovoid,
prominently ribbed, retuse, with a distinct short
entire beak .........
Lowest spike peduncled ; perigynia narrowly obovoid,
faintly nerved or nerveless, narrowed to the beakless
q. Perigynia distinctly beaked lo.
w. Spikes sessile, or the lowermost short-pediceled, erect or
oblique ; the bracts very long and much exceeding the
inflorescence, rarely 5 mm. broad.
Leaves involute
Leaves riat.
Beak about equaling body of perigynium ....
Beak much shorter than body of perigynium . . .
Spikes mostly long-pediceled, sjlreading or drooping, if ses-
sile and erect the bracts more than 5 mm. wide x.
X. Leaves broad (usually 5 mm. or more) ; scales strong-
ribbed ; spikes dense, the perigynia firm, dull, wide-
spreading y.
Leaves soft, ribbon -like, dark green ; lower bract 5-10
mm. wide, much exceeding the inflorescence
Leaves firm, glaucous ; lower bract \-^ mm. wde, about
equaling the infloi-esccnce.
Perigynia spreading-ascending. glaucous, faintly-nerved
or nerveless, gradually tapering to the short beak .
Perig}-nia squarrose, deep green or brownish, stronglj-
many-ribbed, abruptly beaked
Leaves narrow (usually less than 5 mm. wide) ; scales thin,
nerveless or slightly nerved ; spikes loosely flowered,
the thin lustrous perigynia strongly ascending z.
Perigynia abruptly contracted to an awl-shaped beak
as long as the body .
z. Perigynia gradually contracted to the beak.
Leaves pubescent; pistillate spikes 5-S mm. thick
Leaves glabrous ; pistillate spikes 2—4 mm. thick .
6. Lowest foliaceous bract of the inflorescence with a prominent closed
green sheath a.
a. Perigynia nerveless or with few nerves most prominent toward
the base, not uniformly and conspicuously nerved from base
to orifice (excepting the marginal nerves) h.
b. Plant caespitose, scarcely stoloniferous. the rootstock short and
thick ; perigynia with long-attenuate beaks c.
c. Perigynia abruptly contracted to a slender beak as long as the
body.
Perigynia hairy, remote
Perigynia smooth, approximate
c. Perigynia gradually contracted to the beak d.
d. Pistillate spikes "oblong-cylindric. densely flowered.
Spikes 5-10 mm. thick.
Leaves glabrous ; scales white
Leaves pubescent ; scales brown
Spikes 2—4 mm. thick.
Plant 0.5-1.5 dm. high ; spikes approximate .
Plant taller ; spikes remote ....
d. Pistillate spikes linear-cylindric e.
e. Basal sheaths reddish-purple or castaneous f.
f. Basal leaves 6-10 mm. broad, scabrous at base ; peri-
gynia stipitate, ovoid-trigonous ....
f. Basal leaves 3-7 mm. broad, smooth at base ;
gynia fusiform, obscurely trigonous
Perigynia glabrous.
Perigynia mostly overlapping.
Perigynia 6-9 mm. long, twice as long as
white scales
Perigynia 4.5-6.5 mm. long ; the scales straw-
color or greenish-brown.
Perigynia twice as long as the scales ; leaves 2—4
rum. wide (146) C. debilis^ v. Rudgei.
Perigynia one third longer than the scales ; leaves
4-0 mm. wide (146) C. debilis, v. strictior.
Perigynia alternate and mostly remote, not over-
lapping . . . " . . . . (146) C. debilis, v. ititerjecta.
Perigynia hairy (146) C. dehilis, y. pubera.
e. Basal sheaths (lullpale brown .... (127) C. laxijloi'u, w leptoneivia.
h. Plant loosely stoloniferous, the elongate rootstock slender;
perigynia beakless or with short or abrupt beak g.
g. Perigynia hairy 102. C. caryophyllea.
g. Perigynia not hairy h.
h. Perigynia beakless ur with a very short oblique tip i.
140.
141.
142.
143.
C. assiniboinensis.
C. longirostris.
a
a
cherokeenais.
castanea.
(144)
pen-
144. O. capillaris.
C. capillaris, v. elongata.
145. C. arctata.
the
146. C. debilis.
214
CYPEKACEAE (sEDGE FAMILY)
%.
i.
J
J
h.
Peri?ynia granulose-roiig-hened ; spikes very remote, ses-
sile or sliort-stalked, in nearly all the leaf-axils .
Perigynia not granulose ; spikes (except in rare cases
long-stalked basal ones) borne only toward the sum-
mit of the culm j.
Leaves white-glaucous, quickly becoming plicate or
involute
Leaves green, slightly if at all glaucous, flat, in age be-
coming revolute.
Culms obtusely angled, smooth throughout
Culms acutely angled, scabrous at summit.
Spikes slender-cylindric, 3.6 mm. thick.
Spikes mostly cluse-llowered, the perigynia over-
lapping
Spikes loosely flowered, most of the j)erigynia
remote (100)
Spikes oblong-cylindric, G-10 mm. thick . . (100)
Perigynia with a straightish slender beak.
Culm stirt', harsh above ; spikes stiffly erect, densely many-
flowered
Culm flexuous, smooth throughout ; spikes spreading or
droojiing, loosely few-flowered
a. Perigynia with numerous uniform nerves from base to orifice (ex-
treme specimens of nos. loO, 107, 108 might be sought here) h.
h. Tall and slender, with hnear-cylindric spikes ....
Jc. Low, or if tall with thick-cylindric to globose spikes I.
I. Perigynia sharply angled, with |(lane faces (forms of C. laxi-
jiora might "be sought here) m.
Perigynia 5-7 mm. long ; staminate spikes dark brown or
purplish
Perigynia '2-4 mm. long ; staminate spike straw-color or
pale brown n.
Basal leaves 1-8 cm. broad ; pistillate spikes sessile and
erect ...
Basal leaves narrower, or, if rarely 1 cm. 6road, the spikes
flexuous on capillary peduncles.
Scales acuminate or aristate ; lowest bract slightly if at
all overtop[)ing the inflorescence.
Basal leaves (j-l'i mm. broad.
Perigynia '2. S-;j. 2 mm. long 124,
136. C. Orawei.
104. C. livida.
105. C. panicea.
106. C. tetanica.
< '. letanica, v. Woodii.
C. i eta idea, v. Meadii.
107.
108.
C. polymorpha.
C. vayinata.
m.
m.
n.
n.
147. C. venuaia, v. minor.
122. C. Carey ana.
123. C. platyphylla.
Perigvnia 3.3-4 mm. long
C. laxiciilmis.
(124) C. laxiculmis, v. copulata.
. 125. C. digitalis.
C. ptychocarpa.
Basal leaves 2-5 mm. broad .
Scales blunt; lowest bi-act greatly overtopping the in-
florescence 126.
I. Perigynia obtusely angled, or plump and scarcely if at all angled o.
o. Perigynia strongly ascending, beakless or with broadly
conic oblique tips ; spikes mostly scattered ; bracts
strongly ascending p.
p. Perigynia fusiform to fusiform-obovoid, tapering sub-
eqiially to ttie conic tip and the long gradually con-
tracted base, obtusely trigonous q.
q. Perigynia bearing distinct elevated ribs ; scales smooth r.
T. Perigynia with several ribs on each face s.
S. Staminate s])ike prominent, usually projecting
above the pistillate ; culms slightly if at all
ancipital *.
t. Pistillate spikes distinct, not closely crowded.
Perigynia j)himp-obovoid, the short beak ab-
ruptly txuit to one side.
Pistillate spikes mostly 1.5-3 cm. long .
Pistillate spikes mostly 0.5-1.3 cm. long
(127) C. laxiflora, v. gracillima.
Perigynia ellipsoid-fusiform, the elongate beak
slightly oblique.
Perigynia appressed-ascending in an alter-
nate-flowered spike . . . (127) C. laxiflora, v. patulifolia.
Perigynia oblique or divergent, mostly over-
lapping in the densish spike.
Ba.sal leaves 7-12 min. broad . (127) C. laxiflora, v. Miehauxii.
Basal leaves 3-0 mm. wide . . (127) C. Laxiflora, v. styloflexa.
t. Uppermost pistillate s[)ikes approximate at the
base of the stamiiuvte .... (127) O. laxiflora, v. varians.
S. Staminate spike small and nearly or quite hidden
among the pistillate ; culms ancipital.
Basal leaves elongate, linear-lanceolate, 5-14 mm.
broad (127) <7. laxiflora, v. bland a.
Basal leaves lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. broad . (127) C. laxiflora. v. laiifolia.
CT". Perigynia nerveless or with 1-3 nerves on each face
C127) 0. laxiflora, v. leptonerrin
127. O. laxiflora.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
215
Hitchcockian a.
oligocarpa.
130. C. katahdinensis.
131, C. conoidea.
132. C grisea.
q. Perigynia closely impressed-nerved ; scales rough-
awn ed.
Sheaths pubescent 128. C.
Sheaths glabrous ........ 129. C.
p. Perigynia oblong-ovoid to obovoid or globose, rounded to
the sessile or abruptly short-stipitate base u.
u. Closely caespitose, not stoloniferous v.
V. Culms 1-6 cm. high, more than twice exceeded by the
leaves and bracts . . . .
V. Culms taller; bracts proportionately shorter tv.
IV. Uppermost bract slightly if at all overtoi)ping the
staminate spike ; perigynia impressed-nerved
W. uppermost bract much overtopping the staminate
spike (if rarely shorter, the perigynia with
prominent ribs) 05.
X. Perigynia impressed-nerved y.
y. Style jointed below the middle.
Leaves thin and soft, slightly if at all glaucous.
Spikes borne principally in the upper axils.
Perigj'nia oblong.
Perigynia turgid, beakless, scarcely
angled
Perigynia scarcely turgid, trigonous,
narrowed to a beak . . (132) C. grisea, v. rigida.
Perigynia subglobose . . . (132) C. grisea, v. globosa.
Spikes borne from the lowest as well as the
upper axils .... (132) C. grisea, v. angusfifolia.
Leaves thick and firm, very glaucous . . 133. G. glaucodea.
y. Style jointless ; perigynia golden-brown . . 134. C. Jlac<.jspe/nia.
X. Perigynia with elevated ribs and short point or
beak.
Perigynia plump-ovoid to globose . . . 135. C. grannlaris.
Perigynia oblong .... (135) C. granularis, v. Ilaleana.
u. Culms solitary, from slender stoloniferous base . . 136. C. Crawei.
O. Perigynia wide-spreading or squarrose, slender-beaked ;
spikes mostly toward the summit of the culm ; bracts
divergent z.
z. Leaves involute ; perigynia spreading-ascending
z. Leaves flat; perigynia squarrose aa.
aa. Beak about as long as the body of the perigynium, often
bent, at least in maturity.
Staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, some-
times pistillate at tip ; pistillate spikes mostly
contiguous.
Fruiting spikes 9-12 mm. thick, short-cylindric or
globose ; beaks spreading in all directions
Fruiting spikes 6.5-8 mm. thick, mostly short-
cylindric perigynia mostly wide-spreading and
straightish (138) C. flava, v. rectirosira.
Staminate spike usually peduncled ; pistillate mostly
remote, the curved perigj'nia usually retrorse
aa. Beak distinctly shorter than body of the perigynium,
straight or slightly bent, ascending or horizontally
spreading.
Staminate spike usually peduncled ; pistillate scat-
tered
Staminate spike usually sessile, often more or less
pistillate ; pistillate spikes mostlj- approximate (139) C. Oederi, v. pumila.
P. Beak or Up of perigynium sharply Mdentate, the teeth acerose bb.
bb. Perigynia firm and tough, closelj' investing the achene cc.
cc. Teeth less than 1 mm. long, erect dd.
dd. Perigynia pubescent.
Leaves involute-filiform
Leaves broad and flat.
Scales mostly equaling the densely hairy perigynia , . 152.
Scales mostly shorter than the sparsely hairy perigynia 153.
dd. Perigynia glabrous.
Perigynia broadly ovoid
Perigynia narrowly ovoid.
Perigynia more than 5 mm. long, becoming lustrous. . 159.
Perigynia less than 5 mm. long, dull and minuteh* papillose 160.
cc. Teeth more than 1 mm. long, divergent or recurved ee.
137. C. extensa.
138. C. flava.
(138) C. flava, v. elatior.
139. 0. Oederi.
151 . C. filiform is.
C. lanuginosa.
C. Iloughtonii.
155. C. striata, v. brevis
C. riparia.
C. aeutiformis.
ee.
ee.
157. r. hirta.
Scales of staminate spike hairy
Scales of staminate spike glabrous.
Perigynia hairy.
Perigynia ovoid, in slender cylindric spikes . . . 158.
Perigynia lance-subulate, in short-cylindric or ovoid
spikes (158) C. irichooarpa, v
Perigynia glabrous.
0. trichocarpa.
fitrbinuta
216
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
Perigynia obscurely ribbed (158) C. tricJiocarpa, v. Detceyi
Perigynia prominently ribbed.
Sheaths hairy (158) C. trichocarpa, v. aristata.
Slieaths glabrous (158) C. trichocatpa, v. imherbia
bb. Perigynia thin and papery, usually more or less inflated ^.
ff. Staminate spike solitary or none or the terminal only partly
staniinate (rarely a very short secondary spike at the base
of the other) i/'g.
gg. Leaves involute-filiform ; perigj'nia broadly conic-ovoid, 5-6
mm. long
gg. Leaves flat hh.
156, G. oligosperma.
161.
162.
163.
0. sgtiarrosa.
C. typhinoides.
C. Frankii.
164.
165.
C. Pmudo-Cyperus.
C. comosa.
hh. Perigynia obconic or broadly obovoid, truncate or abruptly
rounded above to long subulate beaks ; terminal spike
often mostly pistillate.
Perigynia longer than the scales.
Pistillate scales subulate-tipped or awned
Pistillate scales blunt
Perigynia shorter than the rough-awned scales .
Jih. Perigynia from subulate to ovoid or globose, if abruptly
beaked the terminal spike staniinate ii.
ii. Pistillate sjiikes oblong-cylindric or narrower ,jj.
jj. Perigynia scarcely inflated, rigid, lance-subulate, slender-
stipitate. with prominent rigid crowded ribs, soon
retrorse.
Teeth of the perigynia nearly parallel ....
Teeth of the perigynia strongly divergent .
jj. Perigynia inflated, if stipitate large and bladder-like kk.
kk. Mature perigynia less than 12 mm. long U.
U. Pistillate scales mostly with thin serrulate awns ;
perigjnia not falcate mm.
mm, Staminate scales with rough awns ; plants
caespitose.
Perigynia slightly inflated, narrowly conic ;
achenes obovoid
Perigynia with bladdery-inflated subglobose
bodies and abrupt beaks ; achenes narrowly
ellipsoid-ovoid.
Pistillate spikes 1.5-2 cm. thick ; perigynia 7-10
mm. long
Pistillate spikes 1-1.3 cm. thick ; perigynia 5-7
mm. long (167) C. lurida, v. gracilis.
nvm. Staminate scales smooth, scarcely if at all awned ;
plant loosely stoloniferous ....
Pistillate scales smooth, or only the lowest
serrulate nn.
Plant caespitose, forming tussocks ; perigj^nia
somewhat falcate.
Spikes mostly clustered and sessile at the tip of
the culms ; perigynia retrorse.
Perigynid s-iO mm. long ....
Perigvnia 5-(> mm. long . . . (169) C.
Spikes scattered, mostly long-peduncled.
Perigynia wide-s[)reading or retrorse . (169) C reirorsa, v. Hartii.
Perigynia ascending . . . (169) C. retrorsa, v. Macounii.
Plant not caesjiitose, the culms solitary from slen-
der rootstocks ; perigynia not falcate
Mature perigynia more than I'i mm. long.
Achene rhomboid-ovoid, the angles prominently
nipple-tipped
Achene narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, the angles scarcely
nipple-tipped.
Pistillate sjtikes mostly crowded, sessile or sub-
sessile
Pistillate spikes mostly peduncled, the lowermost
remote (173) C. lupulina, v. pedunculata.
Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose oo.
U.
nn.
166. C. hystericina.
167. C. lurida.
168. C. Sahweinitsii,
nn.
kk.
169. C. reirorsa.
. reirorsa, v. Robinsonii.
170. C. ITalei.
172. C. lupuliformis.
173. C. lupulina.
ii.
167. C. lurida.
oo. Staminate scales prolonged into rough thin awns
00. Staminate scales smooth j>p.
pp. Teeth of the beak erect or ascending qq.
qq. Mature perigynia green.
Perigynia elongate-rhomboid, cuneate at base.
Perigynia glabrous .....
Perigynia hispidulous
Perigynia ovoid to narrowly conic, rounded
base.
Perigynia ovoid-conic, half as broad as long
Perigynia lanoe-conic, one fourth to one third
as broad as long . . . (175) C. iiitumescens, v. Fenialdii.
qq. Mature perigynia straw-colored.
(174)
at
174.
C.
C. Grayi.
Grnyi, v. hispidula.
175. C. ivtumescens.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAJVIILY)
217
176. C.folliculata..
17T. C. Michauxiana.
178. C. subulata.
183. <7. rostraia.
8S.
U.
Leaves 0.5-1.5 cm. broad ....
Leaves i.5-3.5 mm. broad ....
pp. Teeth of the beak strongly refracted .
ff. Staminate spikes 2 or more rr.
rr. Achene distinctly broader than long, its faces strongly con-
caved . ' . . . 171. C. giganUa.
rr. Achene longer than broad, the faces flat or slightly convex *.?.
88. Culm tliick and spongy at base, generally smooth and
bluntly angled above ; leaves prominently nodulose.
Perigynia flask-shaped, rather abruptly contracted to the
beak, 3-6 mm. long.
Stout ; spikes cylindric, 2-10 cm. long ....
Slender ; spikes globose or short-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm.
long (1S3) C. rostrata, v. amhigens.
Perigynia tapering gradually to the beak, 0.5-1 cm.
long (183) C. rostrata, v. utriculata.
Culm scarcely spongj' at base, sharp-angled above, often
harsh ; leaves slightly if at aU nodulose tt.
Beak of the perigynia usually slightlj- roughened or
serrulate.
Pistillate spikes cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long. 1-1.5 cm. thick 184.
Pistillate spikes globose to thick-cylindric, 1-4 cm. long,
1.5-2 cm. thick (184) C.
tt. Beak of perigynia smooth mt.
uu. Mature perigvnia 5-6.5 mm. thick
V/it. Mature perigynia not more than 4 mm. thick w.
w. Perigj-nia ascending, straight ; leaves firm, 2-7 mm.
wide.
Perigynia bladderv inflated.
Perigynia ovoid-conic, tapering gradually to the
beak
Perigynia rounded-ovoid, rather abruptly tapering
to the beak.
Perigynia 6 mm. long.
Spikes cylindric, 2-7 cm. long . . . (182) C. vesicaria, v. nionile.
Spikes globose to short-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm.
long (182) C. vesicaria, v. distenia.
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long .... (182) C. vesicaria, v. jejuna.
Perigynia barely inflated, conic-subulate . (182) C. vesccaria, v. Rae<inar
Wt. Perigynia retrorse or wide-spreading, slightly falcate ;
leaves soft and ribbon-like, 0.5-1 cm. wide . . 169. C. retrorsa.
185.
C. bulkita.
huUata, v. Greenii.
C. Tuckermani.
182. G. vesicaria.
1. C. muskingumensis Schwein. Culms 1 m. or less
high, very leafy ; leaves subcordate at their junction with
the loose green sheaths, those of the
sterile shoots crowded and almost dis-
tichous ; inflorescence oblong, of 5-12
appressed-ascending pointed spikes;
perigynia very thin and scale-like,
barely distended over the achenes. —
Meadows, swamps, and wet woods,
O. to Man. and Mo. Julv, Aug. Fig.
340.
2. C. scoparia Schkuhr. Culms
0.2-1 m. high, mostly slender and
erect ; leaves narrow (at most 3 mm.
if^ide), shorter than the culm ; inflo-
rescence of 3-9 straio-colored or broirnish mostly shininr/
and ascending approximate ovoid pointed spikes (0.5-1.5
cm. long) ; perigynia b{rarely 4)-().5 mm.
long. — Low ground or even dry open
soil, rarely in woods, Nfd. to Sask. and
Ore., and southw. May-Aug. Fig. 341.
Tuckerm. Spikes scattered, the lowest reunite. — Less common.
Var. coNDENSA Fernald. Spikes .spreading, cnncded in a globose
or sube;lobose head. — N. B. to Ont. and Ct. Fig. 342.
3. C. tribuloides Wahlenb. Culms loose, 0.3-1 m. high,
sharply trigonous ; leaves soft and loose., 3-8 mni. hroad, numer-
ous, the upper often nearly or quite overtopping the culm, those
of tlie sterile shoots crowded and somewhat distichous; injlo-
341. C. scoparia.
040 C.
Var.
muskingumensis.
MONILIFORMIS
o42. C. scoparia,
V. condensa.
218
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILYj
B43. C. tribuloides.
344. C. trib., V. reducta.
rescence compact, the 8-14 ohovokl ascending somewhat crowded
yray-green or dull-brown spikes 7-12
uini. long ; perigynia 3.7-5 onm. long,
their tips appressed. — Swales and rich
open woods, N. B. to Sask., and
southw. June-Sept. Fig. 343, Var.
tuhbXta Bailey. Spikes remote. —
Less common.
Var. reducta Bailey. Inflorescence
usually flexuous, at least the lowest
spikes scattered ; perigynia with loosely
recurved tips. (Var. moniliformis Brit-
ton, in part.) — Gulf of St. Lawrence
to Ont., s. to Ct., K Y., and la. Fig.
344.
4. C. siccata Dewey. Culms slender,
1-6 dm. high ; leaves stiff, 1-3 mm.
wide ; inflorescence of 3-7 approximate or scattered glossy brown spikes, the
staminate and pistillate flowers variously mixed or in distinct spikes; perigynia
obviously distended over the achene, 2 mm. broad, usually
with distinct serrulate wings. — Dry or sandy soil, Me. to
B. C. and Alaska, s. to Mass., Ct., N. Y.,
O., Mich., and westw. May-July. Fig.
345.
5. C. Crawf6rdii Fernald. Slender,
the culms forming close stools; leaves
narrow (1-2.5 mm. wide), often equaling
or exceeding the culms ; inflorescence dull
brown, subcylindric or ovoid, often sub-
tended by an elongate filiform bract ;
spikes 3-12, subcylindric or narrowly
ovoid, ascending, 3-7 mm. long, approximate ; the linear-
lanceolate perigynia plump at base, about 1 mm. wide. (C.
scoparia, var. minor Boott.) — Open soil,
rarely in woods, Nfd. to B. C, s. to n. Ct., and Mich. June-
Sept. Fig. 346. Var. vigens Fernald. Stouter throughout ;
culms 3-6 dm. high; leaves 2.5-3 mm. broad;
spikes mostly greener and longer, densely
crowded. — Less common. Fig. 347.
6. C. oronensis Fernald. Culms few in
loose stools, t<tll and erect, 0.5-1 m. high,
sharply angled and harsh above ; leaves smooth,
2.5-4 mm. broad, much shorter than the culms ;
inflorescence thick-cylindric, erect; spikes 3-9,
ascending, darkbrovm. rhomboid-ovoid, pointed, O.o-I cm. long;
scales dark, with pale scarious margins ; peri-
gynia appressed, about 4 mm. long, 1.3 mm.
broad, very narrowly winged above. — Dry
fields, thickets, open woods, and gravelly banks, Orono and
Bangor, Me. June-July. Fig. 348.
7. C. pratensis Drejer. Culms smooth and slender, 3-6
dm. high, overtopping the smooth flat (2-3.5 mm. broad)
leaves ; inflor<s('ence slender, flexuous, moniliform ; spikes 3-7,
silvery-brown, mostly remote, pointed, few-flotrerrd, 7-1.7 mm.
long, mostly long-clavate at base; perigynia ovate-lanceolate,
4.5-6.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. — Open woods, clearings,
and prairies, Lab. to B. C, s. to N. S., n. Me., L. Superior, etc.
June-Aug. (Greenl.) Fig. 349.
8. C. cristata Schwein. Culms 1 m. or less high, har.th
above ; leaves soft and flat, iWI mm. hritad, often equaling
345. C. siccata.
346. C. Crawfordii.
847. C. Crawfordii,
V. vigens.
348. C. oronensis.
849. C. pratensis.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
219
350. C. cristata.
351. C. albolutescens.
!*a<-.
352. C. mirabilis.
the culms, sheaths loose ; inflorescence usually dense, cylin-
dric to ellipsoid ; spikes 6-15, globose, closely flowered,
greenish or dull brown, 0.5-1 cm. long; perigynia 3-4 mm.
long, their tips rosulate-spread-
ing. (C. in■6^< Zo ides, var. Bailey ;
C.cristatella Brittou.) — Swales
and wet woods, e. Mass. and Vt.
to Pa., Mo., Sask., and B. C.
June-Aug. Fig. 350.
9. C. albolutescens Schwein.
Cnlms stout and stiff] 2-8 dm.
liiuh ; leaves erect, long-pointed,
pale green, 2-5 mm. wide, shorter
than the culms ; inflorescence
stiff, linear-cylindric to subglobose, with or without
elongated bracts ; spikes 3-30 (sometimes compound),
conic-ovoid to subglobose, 0.6-1 cm. long; perigj-nia 2-3 mm. broad, rhombic-
ovate to suborbicular, pale, with short
deltoid firm greenish tips. ( C. strarninea,
vars. foenea Torr. and cumidata Bailey.)
— Damp or even dry soil, chiefly on the
coastal plain, N. B. to Fla. and Mex..
rarely inland ; also L. Huron to Man.
July-Sept. Fig. 351.
10. C. mirabilis Dewey. Cnlms 0.3-
1.5 m. high, very loose and smooth' leaves
soft and thin, 2.5-6 mm. icide, the slu aths
rather loose ; spikes 4-12, greenish, sub-
globose or ovoid, 5-9 mm. long, mostly approximate ; peri-
gynia lance-ovate, 3-4 mm. long, with divergent tips. (C.
straminea, var. Tuckerm.) — Dry banks, open woods, and rich
copses, Me. to Man., N. C. and Mo. June,
July. Fig. 352. Var. perlonga Fernald.
Spikes remote. — Less common. Fig. 353.
Var. tincta Fernald. Spikes 3-7, ovoid,
approximate, brown-tinged ; scales brown
with a pale margin. — N. B. and n. N. E.
— Plant comparatively small.
11. C. straminea Willd. Cnlms very
slender, 3-7 dm. high, smooth except at summit ; leaves
0.5-2 mm. wide; spikes 3-8, yellow-brown, or rarely green
ovoid or subglobose, 4-8 mm. long, usually forming a moniliform
Q,j\\T\(\r\c flexuous inflorescence ; perigynia
rarely 4 mm. long, lance-ovate, the inner
faces 3-5-nerved or nerveless, the ascend-
ing tips inconspicuous. (C. tenera
Dewey.) — Meadows, dry banks, or open
woods, N. B. to B. C, Ky., and Ark.
June-Aug. Fig. 354.
Var. echinbdes Fernald. Tips of the
slightly longer perigynia divergent and
conspicuous. — Vt. (Brainerd); Out. and
Mich, to la. Fig. 355.
12. C. hormathodes Fernald. Culms
355. C. str., V. echin. g|ej^(jer and flexuous, sharply angled,
smooth except at summit, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves shorter than
or rarely exceeding tlie culms, very ascending, 1-2.5 mm.
wide ; inflorescence slender, moniliform (or on late culms
congested), of 3-9 broadly ovoid brovviish .s/)?Av^s (8-12 mm.
long) , with or without subtending elongated bracts ; perigynia
.M^
^^
353. C. mir., v. perl.
354. C. straminea.
or linear-
356. C. hormathodes.
220
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
357. V. honi
V. in visa.
358. C. horm.,
V. Eichii.
Terminal spike
and perigyniuiu.
elongate-ovate, ascending or rarely spreading, distinctly abotit 10-
nerved on each face; scales lance-atteiituate or aristate. (C.
straininea, var. aperta Boott ; C. tenera Brittoii, not Dewey.) —
Fresh or brackish marshes, commonest near the
coast, e. Que. to Del. and la. ; B. C. June-Aug.
P'lG. 356. — Lower small-spiked (5-8 mm. long)
l)lants have been separated as var. invisa (W.
Boott) Fernald. Fig. 357.
Var. Richii Fernald. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long,
ivith siiborbicular bodies abruptly contracted to con-
spicuous loosely ascending or spreading tips. (C.
tenera, var. Fernald.) — Mass. to D. C. , Fig. 358.
13. C. Bicknellii Britton. Culms comparatively-
stout, 4-1) dm. higli, smooth except at summit ; leaves
asceniling, rather short and firm, 2-4.5 mm. broad ;
inflorescence of 3-7 silvery-brown or greenish ovoid, obovoid or subglobose
approximate or slightly remote spikes (8-14 mm. long) ; perigynia ascending,
with broadly ovate or siiborbi-
cular bodies, the tips becoming
conspicuous, broadly loing-mnr-
gined, when mature becoming
almost translucent and about 10-
nerved on each face. (C. stra-
minea, var. Crawei Boott.) — Dry
or rocky soil, Me. to Man., N. J.,
O., and Ark. — May-July. Fig.
359.
14. C. silicea Olney. Culms
slender, stiff, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves
erectish, usually glaucous, 2-4.5
mm. wide, often becoming involute;
inflorescence of 3-12 usually remote conic-ovoid and clavate-
based u'hitish spikes (1-1.5 cm. long) ; perigynia firm
and opaque, 4-5 mm. long, 2.2-3 mm. broad, short-beaked,
hroad-vnnged, the body distinctly ^-'j-nerved on the inner,
Q-\2-nei'ved on the outer face. (C. foenea, var. subu-
lonum Gray.) — Sands and rocks
near the sea. Gulf of St. Law-
rence to N. J. June-Aug. Fig.
360.
15. C. alata Torr. Culms rather
stout, smooth except at summit,
leaves mostly short and harsh,
2.5-4.5 mm. wide, the sheath green and strongly nerved
nearly or quite to the narrow .mbchartaceous auricle ;
head oblong or ovoid, of 3-8 compact approximate
conic-ovoid or subcylindric spikes (8-15 mm. long) ;
perigynia appressed-ascending, firm and opaque, broad-
winged, very faintly nerved or nerveless, much broader
than the usually rough-aicned scales.
(C. straminea, var. Bailey.) — Marshes
and wet woods. N. H. to Mich, and Fla
July. Fig. 361.
16. C. suber6cta (Olney) Britton.
3-5 irregularly clustered spikes finally taicny or ferruginous ;
prrigynia ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 2.3-2.8 mm. broad ; scales
lance-ovate, mostly aionless. (C. tenera, var. Olney; C. alata,
var. ferruginea Fernald.) — Ont. and O. to Mich., 111., and la.
Fro. 362.
yc2. c. Miij.iecta. 17. C. festucacea Schkuhr. Culms ^tiff, 0.5-1 m. high ;
359. C. Bicknellii.
360. C. silicea.
0.5-1 m.
high
361. C. alata.
mostly coastal. June,
Similar ; slender ; tlie
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
221
leaves stiff, erect, shorter than the culms, 2-4 mm. wide, the
sheath with a thin barely nerved or nerveless pale band
extending down from the membranoiis auricle; inflorescence
cyliudric, rarely ovoid, of 5-10 distinct or rarely approxi-
mate subglobose or broadly ovoid-conic yelloic-broioi or green-
broicn ascending spikes (7-12 mm. long); perigynia broad-
ovate to suborbicular, strongly 7-lo-nerved on the outer,
nerveless or faintly nerved on the inner face ; achenes sub-
orbicular.
soil, Me. to
(C. straminea, var. Tuckerm.) — Dry or rocky
Man.
Pa.
June-Aug.
Fig.
uOo.
364. C. fest.
V. brevior.
863. C. festucacea.
and
Yar. brevior (Dewey) Fernald. Lower,
rarely more than 0.6 m. high, and more
slender; spikes 3-6, approximate or siibap-
proximate. (C straminea, var. Dewey.) —
Commoner, reaching B. C, Ark., etc. Mav-
July. Fig. 364.
18. C. Bebbii Olney. Culms rather slen-
der, 2-6 dm. high, smooth except at tip ;
leaves mostly shorter, ascending but not stiff,
1.7-4.5 mm. wide ; inflorescence short, com-
pact, ovoid to ellipsoid, brown, 1-2 cm. long, of 3-12 globose or ellipsoid
ascending spikes (5-8 mm. long); perigynia narrowly ovate,
3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, mostly dull brown, and
loosely 2iSQ,QTi6m^, faintly fev:-nerved or nerveless ; scales oblong,
bluntly acuminate. ( C. tribuloides, var. Bailey.)
— Low grounds, Nfd. to w. Mass., X. Y., 111.,
Col., B. C., and north w. June-Aug, Fig. 365.
19. C. foenea YlUd. Culms slender and
lax, smooth except at tip, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves
soft and loose, pale green or glaucous, mostly shorter, 2-4 mm.
broad ; inflorescence linear-cylindric or moniliform, erect or
flexuous, of 4-9 globose or ovoid clavate-based appressed-
ascending whitish-green or silvery-broicn spikes (6-10 mm.
long) ; perigynia ovate, 3-4
mm. long, 1.8-2.2 mm. broad,
appressed-ascending, finally a
little spreading. — Dry woods
and banks. Me. to B. C. and „.. ^ .
Md. July. Fig. 366. Yar. 366. C. foenea.
PERPLEXA Bailey. Coarser, and often taller;
inflorescence heavier, mostly nodding, the 6-15
sj)ikes larger (1-1.7 cm. long), the terminal
ones often crowded ; perigynia
Bebbii.
367. C. foenea, v. perplexa.
3.
long. — Com-
36'
.5-4.4 mm.
moner, Nfd. to Man. and Ya. June-Aug. Fig. 60t.
20. C. LEPORiNA L. Culms stiff and ascending, 2-8 dm.
high; leaves mostly short and firm, 1.5-4 mm.
broad ; inflorescence from subglobose to cylindric,
of 3-6 obovoid or ellipsoid approximate or sub-
approximate brown or ferrugino^is ascending
spikes (0.8-1.4 cm. long); perigynia 3.8-4.5 mm.
long, 1.8-2.3 mm. broad, ascending. — Dry hill-
sides, rocky banks, etc., local, Nfd. to Mass. and
N. Y. ; and occasional on ballast southw. June-
Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 368.
21. C. xerantica Bailey. Culms stiff, sca-
brous above, 3-6 dm. high; leaves short, mostly near the base,
2-3 mm. broad ; inflorescence linear-cylindric, of 3-6 distinct
ascending ellipsoidal brownish-white f^jnkes (8-13 mm. long) ;
c. xerantica. perigynia appressed, 4-4.8 mm. long, 2-2.3 mm. broad, the inner
leporina.
^92
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
face nerveless or only slightly nerved at the golden-yellow base. — Open prairieSj
Man. to Kan., and westw, July. Fig. 369.
22, C. aenea Fernald. Culms smooth and wiry, but
more or less Jlexuous at tip, 0.25-1.2 m. high; leaves
much shorter, rather soft and flat, 2-4 mm. broad ;
inflorescence loosely cylindric cr moniiiform, of 3-12
obovoid mostly clavate-based broinnish or ferriKjinous
spikes (0.8-2.5 cm. long, in luxuriant plaiiL.^ o ten
j)eduncled or compound) ; peri-
gynia loosely ascending, dark
green or brown vjhen mature^
4-5 mm. long, 1 .0-2.7 mm. broad ;
achene 1.3-1.7 mm. broad. — Open
woods, dry banks, or rarely in low
ground, Lab. to B. C, s. to Ct.,
•<J(,/ -'Its*
370. C. aenea.
Mich., etc. May-July. Fig. 370.
371. C. adusta.
23. C. adusta Boott. Culms stiffly erect, smooth,
2-8 dm. high ; leaves usually shorter, 2-5 mm. broad ;
inflorescence erect, dense and stiff, ovoid or cylindric,
often subtended by a stiff promi-
nent bract, of 3-15 simple or com-
pound full and rounded hrovniish
spikes (6-12 mm. long) ; perigynia 4-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
broad; achene 1.8-2.1 mm. broad. — Dry woods, gravelly
banks, etc., Nfd. to Mt. Desert L, Me., w. to Minn, and far
north w. June-Sept. Fig. 371.
24. C. sychnocephala Carey. Culms smooth, 2-6 dm.
high ; leaves soft, ascending, 2-4 mm. wide ; bracts very
unequal ; spikes 4-10, subcylindric, 8-15
mm. long, forming a dense ovoid or ellipsoid
head ; perigynia lance-subulate, 5 mm. long,
barely 1 mm. wide, firm, slightly nerved
„^„ ^ , ^ , or nerveless. — Meadows, ditches, and wet
872. C. sychnocephala. ^^^^^^y ^^jj^ ^^ y. and Ont. to la., Sask.,
and B. C. July, Aug. Fig. 372.
25. C. gyn6crates Wormsk. Culms 0.6-S dm. high, viostly
exceeding the setaceous leaves; spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, some 373. c. gynocrates.
staininate and linear, with oblong mostly blunt-tipped scales,
others staminate above, with one or more pistillate flowers below, others thick-
cylindric and strictly pistillate, with 6-12 rather plump subterete but thin-edged
strongly 7ierved conic-beaked perigynia. (C. Bedowskiana
Bailey, not C. A. Mey.) — Swamps and bogs, Lab. to
Alaska, s. to N. B., Me., N. Y., w. Pa., Mich., and Col.
June-Aug. (?]urasia.) Fig. 373.
26. C. exilis Dewey. Cidms rigid, usually much exceed-
ing the filiform, stiff leaves; spikes mostly solitary, 1-3 cm.
long, staminate, pistillate, or with the flowers variously situ-
ated; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, with serrulate thin mar-
gins, strongly convex on the outer,
flattish and feio-nerved or nerveless
on the inner face. — Bogs and mead-
ows near the coast, locally from Lab. to N. J. ; rarely
inland to Vt., Ont., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. May- Aug.
Fig. 374.
27. C. stellulata Good. Caespito.se ; the culms rather
wiry, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves shorter than or equaling the
culms, 1-2.5 mm. wide ; inflorescence linfar-cylindric,
1-3 rm. long, of 2-6 subapproximate or sligiitly remote
subglohose or subcylindric ?,-\2-fli>v;ered spikes; perigynia finally yellowish,
narrowly ovate, early ascending, later wide-spreading, faintly nerved or nerveless
an. C. exilis.
375. C. stellulata.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
223
376. C. stell.,
V. ormantha.
377. C. stell.
V. excelsior.
on the inner face, o-4 mm. lonr/^ ^ or i exceeding the ovate pointed
brownish scale. (C echinata, var. microstachys Boeckl. ; C. sterilis
Am. auth., not Willd.) — Open low ground, Lab. to Alaska, s. to
Md., O., Mich., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 375.
Var. ormantha Fernald. Inflorescence 2-6 cm.
long., of 2-4 very remote S-9-floicered spikes, the ter-
minal one with a clavate base 0.5-1 cm. long ; peri-
gynia as in the typical form, mostly twice as long
as the scales. — Less common. Fig. 376.
Var. excelsior (Bailey) Fernald. Tall and slen-
der, 0.^3-1 m. high ; inflorescence 3-5.5 cm. long,
spikes 3-9, distinct, only the lowermost remote,
12-20-flowered, at first ellipsoid, with the perigynia
ascending, later subglobose, with strongly reflexed
perigynia | longer than the scales. — Nfd. to Mich,
and N. C. Fig. 377.
Var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald. Tlie coarsest form,
3-7 dm. high ; inflorescence cylindric or slightly moniliform,
3-7.5 cm. long, the 4-8 short-cylindric spikes 16-4:0-flowered ;
perigynia ovate. (C echinata, yslt. Bailey.) — Nfd. to Mich.,
B. C, andN. C. Fig. 378.
Var. angustata Carey. Extremely slender or almost seta-
ceous, 1-2 dm. high (in shade often higher) ; leaves 0.5-1.5 mm.
vjide ; inflorescence 0.1^2.5 cm. long, the few 3-15-
floivered spikes approximate; the divaricate peri-
gynia lanceolate or lance-ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long,
twice exceeding the scales. (C. echinata, var. Bailey ;
C. sterilis, var. Bailey.) — N. S. to Ct., w. Que.,
111., and Wise. Fig. 379.
28. C. sterilis Willd. Coarse, 1 m. or less tall ;
leaves flat, shorter than or equaling the culms ; in-
florescence 0/3-6 siihglohose or thick-cylindric densely
flowered olive-green croivded or distinct spnkes ; the thick strongly
many-nerved perigynia broad-ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
broad, squarrose or with recurved tips. ( C. echi-
nata, var. conferta and C. atlantica Bailey.) —
Coastal bogs and pine-barrens, Nfd. to Fla., rarely
inland to n. Me., Adirondack Mts., N. Y., and
Mt. Sorrow, Pa. June, July. Fig. 380.
29. C. scirpoides Schkuhr. Slender, \.b-b dim..
high; the leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide; the 2-5 spikes
all fertile, all sterile, or variously mixed, usually subglobose,
4-5 mm. in diameter, the terminal long-clavate at base; peri-
gynia firm, plump, olive-green or -brown, more or less nerved
or essentially nerveless, broadly deltoid-ovate, obscnnly short-
beaked and with slightly thickened margin, 2.3-3.2 mm. long,
1.5-2 mm. broad, finally w ide-spreading or recurved,
much exceeding the oblong or ovate blunt scales.
(C. interior Bailey.) — Damp or wet soil. e. Que.
to Hudson Bay, B. C, Fla., and Ariz. May-Aug.
Fig. 381.
Var. capillacea (Bailey) Feraald. Stiff, culms
almost bristle-like ; leaves about 0.5 mm. broad,
often involute ; perigynia strongly nerved. (C. in-
terior, var. Bailey.) — N. H. to N.Y., N. J., and Pa.
Var. Josselynii Fernald. Perigynia lance-subu-
late, bardy 1 mm. broad, mostly ascending. — By St. John R., Me.
30. C. se6rsa E. C. Howe. Culms soft, in loose stools, 3.5-6.5
dm. high ; leaves shorter, soft, pale, 2-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence
382. C. seorsa. 2.5-7 cm. long, of 2-6 mostly remote subglobose or ellipsoid 6-20-
379. C. stell.
V. angustata
378. C. stell.,
V. cephalantha.
380. C. sterilis.
3S1. C'. scirpoides.
224
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
3si3. C arcta.
384. C. canescens.
885. C. canesc.
V. subloliacea.
flowered green spikes (SJ^-1 mm. long), the terminal usually with a long-clavate
base, the lower often subtended by a setiforni bract ; porujiinia elliptic-ovate,
with a narrow suhstipitate base, wide-spreading or recurved, much exceeding
the acutish scales. — Wet woods and swamps, e. Mass. to centr.
N. Y. and Del. May, June. Fig. 382.
31. C. arcta Boott. Pale green or somewhat glaucous ; culms
very soft, in loose stools, 1.5-0 dm. high, often overtopped by the
soft flat leaves (2.5-4 mm. broad) ; inflorescence of
0-13 ovoid or subcylindric spikelets (0-11 mm.
lung) ; perigyiiia cordate-ovate, with a rather definite
beak, strongly nerved on the outer, faintly on the
inner face, 2-3 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. broad, some-
what exceeding the acute often brown-tinged scales.
(C. canescens, var. polystachya Boott.) — Wet woods, alluvial
thickets, etc., Me. and Que. to B. C, s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich.,
and Minn. Juiie-Aug. Fio. 383.
32. C. canescens L. Culms soft, in loose stools, 1.5-6 dm.
high ; leaves soft and flat, shorter than or exceeding the culms ;
inflorescence 2.5-5 cm. long, of 4-7 short-cylindric
to narrowly obovoid appressed-asc ending approxi-
mate or slightly remote spikes ; perigynia ovoid-
oblong, usually serrulate toward the short-pointed tip, 1.3-1.7 mm.
broad, more or less nerved on both faces, somewhat exceeding
the ovate pointed scale. — Wet places, Lab. to B. C,
locally s. toCt., and Mich, May-Aug. (Eurasia.)
Fig. 384.
Var. subloliacea Laestad. Smaller ; the spikes
short-oblong or subglobose ; perigynia smaller, barely
2 mm. long, smooth throughout. — Similar range.
(Eu.) Fig. 385.
Var. disjiincta Fernald. Tall and lax, 3-8 dm. high ; inflo-
rescence elongated, flexuous, 0.5-1.5 dm. long; spikes 5-8, ellip-
soid to cylindric, all but the terminal remote ;
perigynia as in the species. — Nfd. to Wise, O.,
and Pa., common. Fig. 386.
33. C. brunnescens Poir. Vei'y slender and
lax; culms 1.5-7 dm. high; leaves soft, flat;
inflorescence 1-0 cm. long, of 3-6 more or less
remote or approximate siibglobose or ellipsoid
spikes (3-7 mm. long)-, perigynia 2-2.7 mm.
long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, serrulate at the base
of the distinct beak, loosely spreading ichen
mature. (C. canescens, vars. alpicola Wah-
lenb. and vulgaris Bailey.) — Open woods and 3S6. c. canesc,
dry rocky banks, Nfd. to B.C., s. to N. C, Mich., Wise, etc. v. disjuncta.
June-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 387.
34. C. bromoides Schkuhr. Very .^lender and
lax, green, scarcely glaucous ; the culms 3-8 dm.
long, mostly exceeding the soft flat leaves ;
inflorescence l()0sely subcylindric, 2-5.5 cm.
long, of 2-0 approximate or slightly scattered
spikes (0.5-2, cm. long) ; beak of the perigynium
^^ as long as the strongly nerved body, slightly
exceeding the oblong pointed scale. — Rich low
woods and swamps, N. S. to ^)nt., and southw.
May-July. Fi<;. 3S8.
35. C. Deweyana Schwein. Very lax, glau-
cous ; the cuhns 2-12 dm. long, much exceeding
the soft flat leaves ; inflorescence flexuous, 2-6
888. C. bromoides. cm. long; the 2-7 spikes, ^12-flowered (5-12 389. C. Deweyana
887. C. brunnescens.
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
225
391. C. trisperma.
mm. Io7ig), the upper subapproximate or scattered, the lowest vei'y remote.,
usually subtended by an elongate slender bract ; beak about \ as long as the
body of the perigynium, somewhat exceeding the ovate acumi-
nate or sliort-cuspidate pale scale. — Rich open woods and banks.
Que. to B. C, s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, N. Hex., etc. May-Aug.
Fig. 889.
36. C. tenuifl5ra Wahlenb. Lax, the culms 2-6 dm. long,
mostly exceeding the very narrow (0.7-2 mm. broad) pale green
leaves ; spikes o-10-fiowered ; peri-
gynia 1.5-1.7 mm. broad, with the
bluntish tips smooth or rarely with 890. C. tenuiflora.
1 or 2 teeth, about equaled by the
ovate or ovate-oblong white scale. — Bogs and wet
mossy woods, local, Hudson Bay to Man., s. to N. B.,
Me., Mass., X. Y., Mich., Wise, and Minn. June,
July. (Eu.) — Apparently hybridizes with C. tri-
sperma in n. Me. Fig. 390.
37. C. trisperma Dewey. Culms almost filiform,
2-7 dm. long, usually much overtopping the soft
narrow (1-2 mm. wide) leaves ; the 2 or 8 spikes
2-b-Jloioered ; the finely many-nerved beaked j)eri-
gynia 8.3-8.8 mm. long., 1.6-1.8 mm.
broad, slightly exceeding the ovate-
oblong pale obtuse to nuicronate-
acuminate scales. — Mossy woods and bogs, Nfd. to Sask., s. to
Md., the Great Lakes, and Neb. June- Aug. Fig. 391.
Var. Billingsii Knight. Leaves nearly setaceous, O.-^j-O.o mm.
wide; the 1 or 2 spikes 1- or 2-flowered ; perigyninm 2.5-3.3
mm. long. — Boggy spots, local, N. S. and Me. to N. J.
38. C. aorvegica Willd. Glaucous and freely stoloniferous ;
culms smooth and soft, 1-4.5 dm. high, mostly overtopping the
soft flat rather narrow (1-2.5 mm. broad) leaves ; inflorescence
1.5-5.5 cm. long, of 2-6 ovoid or thick-cylindric spikes, the
lower 5-12 mm. long; perigynia faintly nerved, 2.5-3.8 mm.
long, 1.6-2 mm. broad, conic-rostrate, usually abruptly contracted
to a substipitate base. — Damp, usually brackish soil, locally on the coast from
Me. northw. June-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 392.
X C. HELvoLA Blytt is a hybrid of this with no. 32, occurring in N. B. and
n. Eu.
39. C. glarebsa Wahlenb. Culms acutely angled, mostly curved, scabrous at
tip, 1-8 dm. high, once and a half or twice exceeding the flaccid narrow blue-green
leaves; inflorescence narrowly ellipsoid or obovoid. 0.7-2 cm.
long, loith 2-4 appressed-ascending obovoid spikes, the lovner 4-9
mm. long, the terminal larger, 6-11 mm. long ; perigynia fusi-
form, with narrow smooth beak, striate-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long,
barely 1 mm. broad, exceeding t\\e ferruginous or purplish white-
edged ovate acutish or obtuse scales. — Shores of the lower St.
Lawrence, Que., and northw., local. June-Aug. (Eu.)
Var. amphigena Femald. Perigynia broadly
ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, 1.3-1.9 mm. long,
abruptly beaked. — Commoner, Arctic coast to
Que. and N. B. (Eurasia.) Fig. 893.
40. C. tenella Schkuhr. Exceedingly slender, 1-6 dm. high, in
loose tufts; leaves flat, soft, and weak, mostly shorter than the
culm ; spikes \-^-flowered, or the terminal 4-6-flowered, scattered
on the upper part of the culm, the bracts obsolete or the lowest
present and very short ; perigynium very plump, finely nerved, the
minute beak entire, longer than the white scale, usually at length
splitting and exposing the dark achene. — Cold swamps and wet woods, Nfd. to
392. C. norveg-ica.
393. C. glareosa,
V. amphigena.
394. C. tenella.
B. C, s. toN. J., Pa., Mich
gray's manu\l
, Col., etc.
-15
May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 394.
226
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
395. C. rosea.
41. C. r5sea Schkuhr. Always slender and weak, erect, 2-7 dm. high,
cuhns exceeding the narrow (1.5-8 nun. broad) leaves ; spikes 3-8, 6-15-^oice?'ed,
the rippermost ayyroyated, the others O.b-l.b cm. apart, the lowest
usually with a setaceous bract; perigynium lance-ovoid, plano-
convex, shiiyng, nerveless, rough on the edges above, with a flat
bidentate beak, perfectly squarrose, very green, 2.5-4 mm. long,
about twice longer than the translucent ichite scale. — Open dry
woods, N. S. to JNIan., and south w. May-July. Fig. 395.
Var. radiata Dewey. Much more slender, the loose culms
sometimes almost capillary ; spikes 2-5, scattered,
2—i-flowered ; perigynium mostly narrower. — Rich
woods, e. Que. to Ont., and south w. ; commonest
in the Alleghenies.
Var. minor Boott. Erect, very slender; spikes
3-10-flowered ; perigynia ascending. — Local, s.
Me. to Mich.
42. C. retroflexa Muhl. Similar; stiff, 1-6 dm.
high ; spikes 3-8, mostly aggregated, the lower 1 or 2 slightly
separated and commonly subtended by a conspicuous bract, often 396. C. retroflexa.
brownish; perigynium ovoid, smooth throughout, very promi-
nently corky and swollen at the base, at maturity widely spread-
ing ; scales brownish and sharp, at length deciduous. (C rosea,
var. Torr.) — Dry open woods, Mass. to Ont. and Tex. May,
June. Fig. 396.
Var. texensis (Torr.) Fernald. Spikes 3-5; perigynium lance-
ovoid or lance-subulate. (C. rosea, var. Torr. • C. texensis
Bailey.) — Ky. to Mo., and southw.
43. C. muricXta L. Culm 1.5-8 dm. high, rough, longer than
the narrow leaves ; spikes 5-10, variously disposed, but usually
some of them scattered, frequently all aggre-
gated, rarely tawny; perigynium heavy, ovate,
4-6 mm. long, shining, nerveless, the long beak
minutely rough, spreading, a little longer than
the sharp green or brownish scale. — Dry fields, local, s. Me.
to Va. and O. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 397.
44. C. Muhlenbergii Schkuhr. Plant very stiff through-
out, pale, growing in small tufts, 2.5-8 dm. high ; culms much
prolonged beyond the few narrow (2.5-4 mm. broad) and at
length plicate or involute leaves; head 1.5-4 cm. long, the 898. C. Muhlenbergii.
individual spikes clearly defined; spikes globular, 3-10 ; peri-
gynium nearly circular, very strongly nerved on both faces,
broader than the rough-cusped scale and about as long. —
Open sterile soils; s. Me. to Ont., and southw. June, July.
Fig. 398. Var. enervis Boott. Ferigynium nearly or entirely
nerveless. (Var. xalapensis Britton.) — Mass. to Neb., and
southw.
45. C. cephal6phora Muhl. Strict but soft,
2-7 dm. high; leaves 2—1.5 mm. wide; head
small, 0.7-1.8 mm. long, globular or very short-
cylindric, never interrupted, the lower 1 or 2 spikes usually bearing
a very setaceous short bract ; perigynium elliptic-ovate, about
2 mni. long, slightly longer than the acute or rough-cusped
scale. — Dry woods and knolls. Me. to Ont. , and southw. May-
July. Fig. 399.
46. C. Leavenw6rthii Dewey. In habit resembling the last,
usually more lax. l-o (iin. high ; leaves 1-3 mm. wide; bead 0.7-1.5 cm. long;
perigynia cordate-deltoid, exceeding the acutish rarely cuspidate scale. (C.
cephnlophora, var. angnntifolia Boott.) — Damp woods and banks, Ont. to Ky ,
Fla.,andTex. Mav,'-Iune. Fig. 400.
47. C. sparganioides Muhl. Culm 4-10 dm. high; leaves veiy broad
397. C. muricata.
899. C. cephalophora.
400. C. Leaven
wortbii.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
227
402. C. cephaloidea.
401. C. sparganioides.
(5-9 mm.) and flat, their sheaths conspicuously clothing the
base of the culm; spikes 6-12, the 2 or 3 dipper ones con-
tiauons, the remainder entirely separate, very green, short-
cylindiic, the lowest often compound, all truncate at top ;
perigynium ovate, 3-4 mm. long, rough on the short beak,
often ob.scurely nerved on the outer face, considerably longer
than the whitish sharp-pointed scale. — Rich woods, N. H, to
Ont., Mo., and Va. June, July. Fig. 401,
48. C. cephaloidea Dewey. Lax, very green, 3-9 dm,
high ; leaves broad (5-8 mm,) and thin,
shorter than the long soft culm ; head 1,8-3.8
cm. long, rather dense ; per igyniicm narrovjty
ovate, 3,5-i,5 mm. long, pale green, nerve-
less, with long rough beak, spreading. —
Rich woods and thickets, local, N, B. to
Pa,, Wise, and Ont. ]May-July. Fig. 402.
49. C. alopecoidea'Tuckerm. Stout but
rather soft, 4-9 dm. high ; culm rather sharp,
thick and soft in texture ; leaves 4-8 mm.
wide, about the length of the culm, very
green ; head 2-6 cm, long, straw-color or tavjny, occasionally a little compound,
the spikes many and compactly or somewhat loosely disposed or the lowest
often separate and all mostly short-cyliiidric ; perigyninm 3-4
mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, tapering into a rough beak, very
prominently stipitate, with a few brovvi nerves on the outer
face, ascending, about equaling or a little exceeding the scale ;
achene obovate, 1 mm. broad, style not thickened at base. —
Open swales a,nd low thickets. Me. to Ont.
and 111. ; local. June, July. Fig. 403.
50. C. gravida Bailey. Low, the culm
thin and sharply angled. 2-5 dm. high ; leaves
rather firm, shorter than the culm ; head 2-4
cm. long, greenish to pale brown, short-cylindric, the lowest
spikes rarely distinct ; spikes globular ; perigyninm 3-4.5 mm,
long, 2-3 mm. broad, sessile, plump and souiewhat polished at
maturity, prominently spreading ; achene sub-
orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. broad, style bulbous-
thickened at base. — Ind. and Wise, to Neb.,
and southw. Fig. 404, Var. laxifolia
Bailey. Much larger, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves
broader and lax ; head large and dense,
ovoid or thick-cylindric, scarcely interrupted. — Ky. to S. Dak.
and Mo.
51. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Mostly rather
stiff, 0.3-1 m. high ; culm very rough, at least
above; leaves 2-5 mm. broad, mostly flat and
longer than the culm; head 2-15 cm. long,
usually much interrupted or dense or somewhat
compound, varying from dull brown to almost
green at maturity, commonly provided with
many very setaceous short bracts ; spikes very
numerous, ascending and densely flowered ; peri-
gyninm ovate or lance-ovato, mostly ascending,
1.7-3 cm. long ; scales mostly long-awned. — Low places, variable.
June-Aug. Fig. 405.
52. C. setacea Dewey. l^esembling the last ; culms stiff,
0.4-1 m. high, much erceeding the rather broad (2-7 nnn.) stiffish
leaves; head usually simple, ;>.5-9 cm. long, of approximate or
remote spikes ; perigynia lanceolate to lance-ovate, tapering
gradually to the serrulate beak, usually dull brown or drab in
403. C. alopecoidea.
404. C. gravida.
40.^. C. vulpinoidi
406. C. setacea.
228
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
40T. C. set,
V. ambigua.
408. C. decomposita.
409. C. diandra.
maturity ; scales short-avjned. — Vt, to Ont. and Ky. ; June- Aug
Fig. 406.
Var. ambigua (Barratt) Fernald. Perigynia broad-ovate to
orbicular, abruptly short-beaked, often golden-brown. (C. vul~
pinoidea, var. ambigua Barratt ; C. xanthocarpa
Bicknell.) — Dry soil, s. Me. to la., and southw.
Fig. 407.
53. C. decomposita Muhl. Stout, exceed-
ingly deep green, 0.5-1 m. high, in stools ; culm
very obtJisely angled, almost terete below ; haves
firm, channeled below, 5-8 mm. v)ide, longer
than the culm; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, the
lower branches ascending and 1.5-3.5 cm. long ;
perigynium very small, few-nerved, hard and
at maturity shining, the abrupt short beak entire
or very nearly so ; scale acute, about the length of the peri-
gynium.— Swamps, N. Y. to Mich., -and southw.; local.
July, Aug. Fig. 408.
54. C. diandra Schrank. Slender but
mostly erect, 3-8 dm. high, in loose stools ;
culm rather obtuse, rough at the top, mostly
longer than the narrow (1-3 mm. broad)
plicate leaves; head 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-1
cm. thick ; perigynium very small, truncate
below, bearing a few inconspicuous short nerven on the outer
side, stipitate, firm and at maturity blackish and shining, the
short beak lighter colored ; scale the length of
the perigynium. (C. teretiascuia Good.) —
Bogs and wet meadows, e. Que. to the Yukon,
s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Neb., etc. May-July. (Eu.) Fig. 409.
Var. ramosa (Boott) Fernald. Tall (0.5-1.2 m.) ; head 3-8 cm.
long, the upper portion often nodding, the usually po2e spikes
scattered and the lowest often slightly compound :
perigynia brown. (C. teretiuscula, var. prairea
Britton.) — Bogs, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Ct., Pa.,
O., 111., Minn., and Utah. Fig. 410.
55. C. conjuncta Boott. Strict but rather
weak, 0.5-1 m. high ; culm soft and shaiyly
triangular or nearly icing-angled, becoming
ribbon-like when pressed ; leaves soft. 5-10 mm.
broad ; head 3.5-7.5 cm. long, interrupted, pale
green, infrequently bearing a few setaceous
bracts ; perigynium lance-ovate, light-colored,
thickened behnc. the beak lightly notched and roughish, almost
equaling or a little exceeding the cuspidate scale.
— Swales and glades, Pa. to Ky., HI., la., and
Minn.; local. June. Fig. 411.
50. C. stipata Muhl. Stout, 0.2-1 m. high,
in clumps ; culm rather soft, very sharp ; leaves flat aiid soft,
4-15 mm. wide ; head 2-10 cm. long, often somewhat compound
at base, interrupted, the lowest spikes 0.7-2 cm. long; peri-
gynium lanceolate, brown-nerved, the beak toothed and rough-
i.sh, about twice the length of the body, and much longer than
the scale. — Swales, common and variable. May-Aug. Fig.
412.
57. C. crus-c6rvi Shuttlw. Stout, glaucous, 0.5-1 m. high ;
culm rough, at least above ; leaves flat and very wide (0-12 mm.);
head much branched and compound, 0.5-23 cm. long ; perigynium
long-lanceoldtc, the short base very thick and disk-like, tlie roughisli and
very slender beak thrice the length of the body or mure, 3-4 tiines the length
410
C. diandra,
V. ramosa.
lohitish and
411. C. conjuncta.
412. r. stipata.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
229
413. C. crus-corvi.
414. C. arenaria.
of the iiicouspicuous scale. — Swamps and bottoms,
Ind. to Minn., ]Seb., and south w. ; rare northw. June,
July. Fig. 413.
58. C. AREXARiA L. Extensively creeping, 0.7-5 dm.
high ; leaves very narrow ami very long-pointed^ shorter
than the culm; head dense or some-
times interrupted, ovoid or cylindric ;
spikes few to many, those at the apex
of the head usually staminate, the
intermediate ones staminate at the
summit, the lowest entirely pistillate
and subtended by a bract 1—3 cm.
long ; iDcrigynium very strongly nerved on both faces, wing-
margined above, sharply long-toothed, about the length of
the brown snbulate-acuminate scale. — Sea-beaches near Nor-
folk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 414.
59. C. Sartwellii Dewey. Culms stiff and strict, 0.3-1.2
m. high, from an elongate dark rootstock ; leaves (2-5 mm.
wide) produced into a long slender point, mostly shorter than
the culm ; staminate Jloicers variously disposed, frequently whole
spikes being sterile ; head 2.5-7 cm. long and rather narrow,
the individual spikes usually clearly defined, or occasionally the
head interrupted below, ta.vmy-hrown ; perigynium 3-5 mm.
long, elliptic or lance-elliiDtic, nerved on both sides, very gradu-
ally contracted into a short beak; scale blunt, smooth, hyaline-
edged, about the length of the perigynium. — Bo^s, centr. N, Y.
to B. C, s. to O., 111., la., S. Dak., etc. June,
July. Fig. 415.
60. C. stenophylla Wahlenb. Stiff, tufted,
0.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves pale, involute and
shorter than the culm ; perigynium ovate,
gradually contracted into a short and entire
rough-edged beak, tightly inclosing the achene,
at maturity longer than the hyaline acutish scale. — Dry grounds, n
the Rocky Mts. . and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 416.
61. C. chordorrhiza L.f. Very extensively stoloniferous ;
culms mostly lateral and solitary, 1-4.5 dm. long; leaves
involute, shorter than the culm ; perigynium compressed-ovoid
to sub-globose, short-pointed and entire,
about the length of the acute scale. —
Cold bogs and soft lake-borders. Que. to
B. C, s. to Me., Vt., Pa.. 111., la., etc.;
infrequent. May-July. (Eurasia.) Fig.
417.
62. C. capitata L. Bigid, 0.7-5 dm. high
form, shorter than the culm ; head uniformly staminate
above, brown, very small, 0.5-1 cm. long;
perigynium broadly ovate, very thin, whitish,
prominently beaked, nerveless or nearly so,
erect and appressed, longer than the very
thin and obtuse scale. — Alpine region of
Mt. Wa.shington, N. H. June-Aug. (Eu.) 41S. C capitata
Fig. 418.
63. C. maritima O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout ; culm
sharp, smooth or rough above, 2-7 dm. high, usually over-
topped by the leafy tufts and the broad bracts ; leaves
smooth and flat, strongly ribbed, 3.5-10 mm. broad ; pis-
tillate spikes 2-6, scattered, 2-8 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. thick,
often staminate at tip ; staminate spikes 2-4, unequal,
419. C. maritima. the terminal 2-6 cm. long ; perigynium nearly orbicular,
416. C. stenophylla.
415. C. Sartwellii.
la. to
417. C. chordorrhiza.
leaves Uli-
280 CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
I)ale, few-nerved or nerveless, the beak very short and entire, or nearly so ; scmU
ichitit^h or broicn, produced into a pale rough awn 8-8 times as long as the peri-
gyninm. — Brackish or saline sliores, J.ab. to Mass. Jmic-Aug. (Eu.) Fk;. 41'J.
04. C. saliua Wahleub., var. cuspidata Wahleub. Hatlier stout, 3-9 dm,
high ; culm rather sharp, smooth ; leaves narrow (2-5 mm. wide) but flat ; pistillate
spikes 2-4, somewhat approximate, erect, 2-7 cm. long and rather thick, the
lower subtended by leaf-like bracts ; staminate spikes l-o ; perigyninra elliptic,
somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves, or nerveless, the minute beak
entire ; scale broicn-margined, mostly produced into a lighter and rovgh awn
much exceeding the perigynium. — Salt marshes, Lab. to Mass. — x\pparcntly
hybridizes with C. .*^??vc?rt. July, Atig. (Eu.)
05. C. crinita Lam, Kobust and mostly stout, 0.3-1.6 m. high ; culm sharp and
rough or sometimes smooth ; leaves 4-10 mm. broad, flat, more or less rough
on the nerves and margins, the lower short and at the base of the culm re-
duced to smooth fihr ill ose sheaths; pistillate spikes 3-6, somewhat scattered, all
variously peduncled, mostly secund, 3.5-10 cm. long., narrowly and evenly cylin-
dric, often staminate at tip ; staminate spikes usually 2, rarely pistillate at tip ;
perigynia suborbicular to ovate, 2-3 mm. long, thin and inflated, becoming
icrinkled in drying, nerveless, puncticulate or granular., with a minute entire
beak ; scales greenish-brown and rough-awned, 2-3 times as long as the peri-
gynia.— Swales and damp thickets, generally common. — Hybridizes with C. torta
and C. scabrata. June-Aug.
Var. minor Eoott. Much smaller in all parts ; 4-6 dm. high ; leaves 4-5 nmi.
wide; spikes IS.b cm. long, ascending; perigynia 2 mm. long; scales less
prominent. — Me. to N. Y., scarce.
Var. Porteri (f)lney) Fernald. Like small C. crinita, but spikes very slen-
der ; perigynia compact, not inflated, oblong-lanceolate, distinctly beaked ; scales
lance-attenuate. (0. gynandra, var. Porteri Britton.) — Moosehead Lake, Me.
(^Porter).
Var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Harsher; leaves broad (4-12
ram.), the sheaths hispidulous ; culms tall; staminate spikes 1 or 2, generally
pistillate above ; pistillate spikes soft, loosely flowered, drooping, 2.5-10 cm.
long ; perigynia ascending, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, subin-
flated. (C. gynandra Schwein.) — Nfd. to Wise, and in the mts. to Ga.
Var. simuians Fernald. Harsh as invar, gynandra; low ; leaves 4-6 mm. broad ;
spikes suberect, the terminal androgynous, 1-3.5 cm. long, scarcely drooping;
perigynia 3 mm. long. — Nfd. to Vt. and Mass., chiefly in the mts.
66. C. aquatilis Wahlenb. Glaucous, 3-9 dm. high ; culm very obtuse and
smooth ; leaves exceedingly long, 4-7 mm. broad, the bracts broad and pro-
longed far beyond the culm; pistillate spikes 3-5, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, veiy com-
pact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect ; perigynia round-ovate or
broadly elliptic, nerveless, greenish, imbricated ; scab's dark, shorter than or
equaling the perigynia. — Swamps and lake margins. Que. to B. C, s. to the
Potomac R., w. N. Y., Lid., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
Var. elatior Bab. Bobust, 0.9-1.5 m. high ; leaves 5-8 mm. broad; pistillate
spikes stout and heavy, 3.5-8 cm. long. — Me. to Man., s. to N. Y., O., and Mich.
\?i\\ cuspidita Laestad. Spikes slender, 3-4 mm. thick ; scales cuspidate,
exceeding the pf^rigynia. — Local, Que. to N. J.
Var. virescens Anders. Scales pale and short, hidden by the crowded peri-
gynia.— Local, Vt. to Ont. and Mich.
67. C. rlgida Good. Somewhat stoloniferous, low (0.5-4.5 dm. high); leaves
shorter than the mostly smooth cidms, rather crowded at base, smooth, dark
green, firm, broad (.3-7 mm.), becoming revolute in drying ; pistillate spikes
1-5, suhglobose to short-cylindric, dense, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, the
lowest bractless or leafy-bracted ; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2), sometimes pistil-
late at base ; perigynia elliptic, greenish or purplish ; scales elliptic, brown to
purple-black. — Arctic regions, south to mts. of Que., Rocky Mts., etc. July,
Aug. (Eurasia.) — Passing to the formal Var. Bkjelowii (Torr.) Tuckerm..
with pistillate spikes elongate (1.5-4 cm. long, 2 5-5 mm, thick), the lower
attenuate at base. — Kxtending s. to mts. of n. N. E. and X. Y. (Ku.)
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
231
4-20. C. torta.
68. C. t6rta Boott. Slender but erect, 2-9 dm. high, in chimps, with exceed-
ingly tough and cord-Uke roots; culm rather sharp, smooth or rough ish above;
leaves flat and rather soft, those of the culm very short (2-5 mm.
wide); pistillate spikes'2-6 (rarely compound), mostly somewhat
approximate or the lower remote, the upper sessile and ascending,
but the others often spreading or drooping, long and slender (1.5-9
cm. lon2:, 3-6 mm. thick) ; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2)-peduncled,
1.5-4 cm. long, occasionally with some pistillate flowers ; peri-
gynium' lance-ovate, qreen, the slim upper half empty and more or
less tortvons, the beak entire or erose ; scale
purple-margined and very obtuse, shorter than
the perigynium. — By streams, rarely in swamps,
e. Que. to Minn., s. toN. C. and Mo. May-July.
Fig. 420.
69. C. lenticularis Michx. Kather slender
but erect, pale throughout, 1-6 dm. high; culm
sharp, usually slightly rough above : leaves very
narrow (1-3 mm. wide), numerous, much sur-
passing the culm; spikes 3— 8, more or less aggre-
gated or the lowest remote, the terminal andro-
gj-nous or staminate, mostly sessile, erect, 1-4.5
cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick ; perigynia ovate,
minutely granular, hroicn-nerved, the tip empty
and entire ; scales obtuse, about I the length of
the perigynia. — Gravelly or sandy shores, Lab.
to the Mackenzie, s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich.,
Minn., etc. .June-Sept. Fig. 421.
70. C. Goodenbwii J. Gay. Loose or slightly caespitose,
0.5-9 dm. high ; culm sharp, smooth or rather r^iugli above ;
leaves narrow (1-3 mm. wide) and stiff, shorter than the culm,
glaucous-blue, the margins involute in drying ; pistillate spikes
1-4, all sessile or rarely the lowest very short-stalked, short
and erect (0.8-4.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick), very densely
flowered or sometimes becoming loose below, the lowest usually
subtended by a bract 2-10 cm. long ; perigynia appressed. oval or round-ovate,
mostly iine-striate toward the base, the beak entire or very nearly so, bright
green becoming tawny; scale ovate and very obtuse, conspicuously narrower and
shorter than the perigynia. ( C. vulgaris Fries. ) — Across the continent northw. ,
extending s. in swales and open places, chiefly along the seaboard, to Mass. and
e. Pa. May-Sept. (Eurasia.)
71. C. striata Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 0.5-1.3 m. high, generally
in dense clumps \yhen old, or rarely in small tufts; cidm sharp, rough above;
leaves long and narrow (2-4 mm. wide), rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths
usually becoming prominently fibrillose ; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and equaling
the culm ; pistillate spikes 2-6, scattered, the lowest often more or less pedun-
cled and ciavate and the others sessile, erect or ascending, oblong or cylindric,
2-7 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, compactly flowered above but often attenuate at
base, the upper often staminate at top, all greenish-purple or pallid ; perigynia
becoming tawny, mostly lightly few-nerved, and somewhat granular, tlie beak
very short and commonly entire ; scale brown, with a pale middle, nearly or
quite equaling the perigynia. — Swales, through oitt ; abundant and variable.
May-Auo:. — Hybridizes with C. filiformis and C. salina, var. cuspidata.
Var. curtlssima Peck. Scales of the very shoj't (0.5-1.5 cin. long) pistillate
spikes nuieh shorter than the perigynia. — N. B. to Gt. and N. Y., rare.
\'ar. angustata (Boott) Bailey. Spikes longer and narrower (3-11 cm. long
2-4 mm. thick), more approximate and mostly attenuate at base, usually with
long staminate tips ; scales narrower, mostly longer than the perigynia. (In
eluding var. xerocarpa Hritton.) — Same range as the type, but le.ss common.
Var. decora Bailey. Usually smaller ; basal sheaths le.ss fibrillose ; spikes
1-4 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, sessile or very nearly so, rarely attenuate at base,
^1. C. lenticularis.
232
CYPERACEAE (sEDGE FAMILY)
slightly if at all staininate at tip ; scales very sharp and spreading, longer than
the perigynia. (C Haydeni Dewey.) — Me. to Ky., Ont., and la.
72. C. aiirea Nutt. Loyv and slender, 0.5-5 dm. high; leaves pale green,
narrow (1-3 mm. wide); 2 or 3 of the bracts exceeding the culm ; spikes 3-5,
all but the lowest usually approximate, peduncled or the upper one
or two sessile, erect, loosely few-flowered or sometimes becoming
2 cm. long, at maturity yelloii^ or hrovni^ the terminal one fre-
quently pistillate above ; perigynium fleshy at maturity, plump,
nerved, about 2 nun. long, rounded or slightly depressed at tip,
longer than the blunt white or pale-brown scale. —
Wet meadows and springy banks, Nfd. to B. C,
s. to n. Ct., centr. N. Y., n.w. Pa., Ind., Wise, etc.,
mostly in calcareous regions. June-,July. Fig. 422.
<r^^ B 7o. C. bicolor All. Similar ; spikes mostly
^^m jLI crowded, only the lowermost subtended by an
yl^ I elongated bract, the others short-bracted or bract-
less, the terminal mostly pistillate ; mature peri-
"*"' ^' """"*• gynia dry and firm, white, pulverulent, tapering to „ „ , . .
the short tip ; scales dark brown or purplish. — Wet ledges and
gravelly shores, Lab. to n. Me. ; n. shore L. Superior. June-Aug. (Greenl.,
Eu.) Fig. 423.
74. C. paucifl5ra Lightf. Very slender but erect, stiff,
0.5-6 dm. high ; leaves very narrow, usually much shorter
than the culm ; staminate and pistillate flowers 2-5 ; pej^i-
gynia straw-color, subulate, several times longer
than the inconspicuous scales, at maturity
deflexed and easily detached. — Cold bogs, Nfd.
to Alaska, locally s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Minn.,
etc. June, July. (Eu.) Fig. 424.
75, C. leptaiea Wahlenb. Capillary, erect
or slightly diffuse, 0.5-5 dm. high ; leaves mostly 425. C. leptaiea.
shorter than the culm ; spike 0.4-1.6 cm. long,
staminate portion small, the suhalternate thin green nervose oblong or narrowly
ellipsoid blunt pprigynia about twice longer than the brownish mostly obtuse
caducous scales. (C. poly trie hoides Muhl.) — Bogs and wet
meadows, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Pa., the Great Lakes, Mo., Col.,
and Ore, ; and in the mts. to N. C. June-Aug. Fig. 425.
76. C. Harperi Fernald. Similar, 2.5-7 dm.
high ; the more crowded spike with strongly
overlapping linear-oblong perigynia and vjhitish
acuminate scales. — Bogs and swampy woods.
Pa. to Fla. and Tex. May-July. Fig. 426.
77. C. Fraseri Andrews. Caespitose ; culm
2-5 dm. high, naked or the lower portion in-
cluded in loosely sheathing leaves, smooth and stiff ; leaves
broad, destitute of midrib, closely many-ribbed, very thick and
persistent, pale, 1.5-6 dm. long; spike solitary, the pistillate
portion globular, the longer staminate tip oblong ; perigynia
straw-colored, papery, ovoid, faintly nerved,
much longer than the whitish scales. — Rich
mountain woods, Va., W. Va., and south w. ;
local. May-July. Fig. 427.
78. C. Halleri Gunn. Small and slender, 1-6 dm. high ; culm
thin andobtuse, smooth or roughish, naked above ; leaves narrow
and flat, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2-4, aggregated, 4-8 myn.
long, sessile or rarely the lowest short-stalked ; perigynia orbicu-
lar to elliptic, nerveless or nearly so, the short beak slightly
notched, a little longer than the ovate purple-brown obtuse scales.
(C. alpina S\v.) — ('old wet rocks, e. Que., Ij. Superior region,
428. C. Ilalleri. Rocky Mts. , and far north w. July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 428.
424. C. pauciflora.
426. C. Harperi.
427. C. Fraseri x %.
Inflorescence and
leaf-tip.
CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
233
430. C. poh'gama.
79. C atrUta L., var. ovata (Rudge) Boott. Very slender but erect, 2-9
dm. high ; culm rather sharp, roughish above ; leaves narrow but flat, shorter
than the culm ; spikes 3-6, all but the terminal one on
slender stalks, drooping when mature, 1-2.5 cm. long, ellip-
soid or short cylindric, reddish-brown to purplish-hlack ;
perigynia broadly ovate, thin and puncticulate, very short-
beaked, the orifice slightly notched ; scales blunt, thin-
margined, about as long as the perigynia.
(C atratiformis Britton.) — By streams
and in cold ravines, Nfd. to Athabasca,
locally s. to the mts. of n. N. E. June-
Aug. Fig. 429.
80. C. polygama Schkuhr. Rather
slender but stiff, 2-9 dm. high ; culm
sharp, roughish above ; leaves very nar-
row, rough, mostly shorter than the 429. C. atrata, v. ovata.
culm : spikes 2-7, the terminal rarely all
staminate, sessile and approximate or the lowest very short-
stalked, from globular to narrowly cylindric, 0.7-5 cm. long,
dai'k brovjn or variegated; perigynia elliptic and beakless,
lohitish and granular, nearly nerveless, the orifice entire ;
staminate, scales very long-lanceolate, the pistillate lance-ovate and very sharp,
conspicuously longer than the perigynia. (C fusca Man. ed. 6, not All. ;
C. Buxbaumii Wahlenb.) — Bogs and wet shores, e. Que. to Alaska,
s. to Pa., Great Lake region. Mo., Utah, and Cal. ; and in the mts.
toN. C. May-July. (Eu.) Fig. 430.
81. C. triceps Michx., var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. Slender;
leaves narrow, hairy; spikes 2-4 (usually 3), all contiguous or
occasionally the lowest somewhat removed, sessile, thick-cylindric
to globular, green or brown (4-7 mm. thick) ; perigynia broad-
ovoid, flattish, very obtuse, often sparsely hirsute
when young but smooth at maturity; staminate
scales very sharp ; pistillate scales acute or short-
awned, about the length of or shorter than the
perigynia. ( C. triceps Britton in part, not Michx.)
— Copses and dryish meadows, N. E. to Ont., and
south w., rare northeastw. May-July. Fig. 431.
— Hybridizes with C. gracillima.
Var. Smithii Porter. Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves
very long, very nearly smooth; spikes small, globular to cylin-
dric, the lowest often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be
peduncled ; perigynia globular and turgid, brovm, squarrose,
exceeding the brownish scales. (C. caroliniana Schweiu.) —
Fields and woodlands, Gulf States, locally n. to
N. Y., 111., and Mo. May, June.
82. C. virescens Muhl. Slender, erect or
spreading, 0.4-1 m. high ; leaves very narrow,
more or less hai7^y ; spikes 2-4, sessile or slightly
stalked, compact, linear-cylindric, 2-Amm. thick;
perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, compressed, costate,
usually longer than the thin whitish acute scales. (Var. costata
Dewey ; C. costellata Britton.) — Dry banks and copses, s. Me.
to s. Out., and southw. June, July. (W. I.) Fig. 432. — Hy-
bridizes with C. arctata and C. debilis, var, Budgei.
Var. Swanii Fernald. Lower, 1.5-8 dm. high, the 2-5 thick-cylindi'ic to
subglobose spikes 3-5 mm. thick ; the perigynia less strongly ribbed. (C. vires-
cens Man. ed. 6, not Muhl.) — Similar range. Fig. 433.
83. C. formosa Dewey. Slender, erect, 3-9 dm. higli ; leaves flat, often
pubescent, 3-7 mm. broad, those of the culm short ; spikes 3-5, scattered, ellip-
soid or cylindrical, 1-^3 cm. long, compact, all flexut)se or drooping ; perigynia
431. C. triceps,
V. hirsuta.
virescens.
433. C. vir.,
T. Swanii.
234
CVPERACEAE (SED(iE FAMILY)
434. C. formosa.
4Hii. 0. Davisii.
436. C. gracillima.
V.
greenish, inflated, ovoid, puncticulate, obscurely nerved,
short-beaked with a slujhthi notched orifice, all but the
lowest one or two twice lonrjer than the blunt or cuspidate
whitish scales. — Woods and copses, w.
N. E. to Ont. and Mich. ; local. May,
June. Fig. 484.
84. C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr.
Similar ; spikes, 3-7, heavier, 1.5-4.5 cm.
long ; perigynia more inflated, strongly
nerved and prominently toothed, equaled
by the conspicuously aicned and spread-
ing scales. — Meadows and wet woods.
w. Mass. to s. Minn., and south w. ; rare eastw. and north w.
May, June. Fig. 4:55.
85. C. gracillima Schwein. Tall and slender, sometimes
diffuse, O.o-l m. high ; leaves broad and flat {the radical 5-9
mm. wide), very dark and bright green ; spikes 3-6, scattered,
the terminal rarely stami-
nate, densely flowered ex-
cept at base, peduncled and drooping, or
sometimes ascending,
green, 2-6 cm. long, 2-3
mm. thick •,pe7'igynia ovoid,
thin and slightly swollen,
nerved, obtuse, orifice en-
tire, twice longer than the very obtuse whitish scale. — Wood-
lands and meadows, generally common. May-July. Fig. 436.
— Var. HtjMiLis Bailey is apparently a starved form. Hybridizes
with C. triceps, var. hirsuta, G. pubescens. and C. aestivalis.
86. C. aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Slender but erect, 2.5-6
dm. high; leaves very narrow, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat, shorter
than the culm, the sheaths pubescent; spikes 3-5, erect or
spreading, 1.5-4.5 cm. long and very loosely flowered, short-
stalked ; perigynia ovoid, scarcely pointed and the orifice
entire, few-nerved, about twice longer than the
obtuse or mucronate scale. — Rocky woods,
mostly on upland slopes, N. H. to Ga., rare.
June-Aug. Fig. 437.
87. C. oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Similar;
2-8 dm. high ; leaves 3-7 mm. vjide ; perigynia
4-5 mm. long, ellipsoid, acute, prominently
few-nerved, glandular-dotted, sliglitly exceed-
ing the long-acuminate white scales. — Kich
woods, S. C. to Mo., and south w. April, May.
Fig. 438.
88. C. Shortiana Dewey. Tall, 3-9 dm.
high, in small clumps ; leaves 0.4-1 cm. broad,
flat, rough on the nerves ; spikes 3-6, some-
what approximate near the top of the culm,
the lowest 2 or 3 short-peduncled, erect, 1-3.5
438; C. oxylepis. cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, evenly cylindrical,
exceedingly densely fl.oviered ; perigynia sca-
brous, sharp-edged, the orifice entire, squarrose; scales thin
and blunt, about the length of the perigynia. — Meadows
and low woods, Pa. to (hit., la., and south w. May, June.
Fig. 4:!0.
89. C. Backii Hoott. Forming dense mats ; leaves dark
green, 3-5 mm. broad, stiff, very abundant and overtopping
the very uneciiial culms ; spikes solKary, terminating short
and long slender culms (0.1-3 dm. long); staminate flowers
487. C. aestivali.s
4;5'.i. (.". Shortiana
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
235
about 3 ; pistillate 2-5 ; perigynia gradually beaked ; scales
very broad and Jcaf-like^ (rntArdy enveloping the spike. (C.
dAirifolia Bailey.) — Dry rocky or sandy wooded slopes, e. Que.
to Assina. and B. C, locally s. to Mass., N, Y., the Great Lake
region, Neb., and westw. May-,July. Fig. 440.
90. C. Willdenbwii Schkuhr. Similar,
softer and paler; leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide;
spike compact ; pistillate flowers 3-9, stami-
nate 6-12 ; perigynia with a rougher beak;
scales chaffy, nerved, as broad as and some-
what longer than the pei'igyiiia, or the
loioest rarely overtopping the S2nke. — Rocky
woods, Mass. to Mich., and southw., local.
May-July. Fig. 441.
91. C. Jamesii Schwein. Similar ; leaves
1-2 mm. wide, much surpassing the culm ; 441. C. WilldenowiL
spike very small ; staminate flowers 8-20 ;
pistillate 1-3 and loosely disposed ; perigj^nia produced into a very long and
roughened nearly entire beak ; scales narrow, the loicest often elongate^ the
upper often shorter than the perigynia. — Woods, N. Y. and Ont.
to Mo., and southw.; frequent. May, June. Fig. 442.
92. C. scirpoidea Michx. Strict, the pistillate plant mostly
stiff, 1-7 dm. high; staminate plant smaller;
leaves flat, shorter than the culm; sjjike 1.5-4
cm. long, densely cylindrical, very rarely with a
rudimentary second spike at its base ; perigjaiia
ovoid, short-pointed, very hairy, exceeding the
ciliate purple scales. — Arctic regions, s. by
cold streams and in alpine districts to Cape
Breton, N. S., n. N. E., n. N. Y., L. Huron,
Rocky Mts., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig.
440. C. Backii.
o.
442. C. Jamesii.
443. C. scirpoidea.
443
93. C. umbellata Schkuhr. Low and con-
spicuously caespitose, forming dense mats ;
leaves rather stiff, 0.5-4.5 dm. lon^ 1-4.5 mm,
wide ; culms mostly short and crowded at the base
of the leaves, or some elongate (rarely 2 dm,),
bearing either staminate or pistillate spikes, or both ;
pistillatespikes 0.5-1 cm. long, mostly sessile ; peri-
gynia plump, stipitate, pubernlent, 3.2-4.7 mm.
long, the slender beak nearly equaling the ellipsoid-
ovoid to subglobose body, and about equaled by
the acuminate green or purple-tinged scales. {C. deflexa, var.
media B?ii\ey and \2iT. FarweUii Britton.) — Dry
sandy or rocky soil, P. E. I. to centr. Me., w. to
Sask. and B. C, s. to N. J., D. C, and I. T. Apr.-
July. Fig. 444. Var. tonsa Fernald. Similar ;
perigynia glabrous or merely puberulent on the
angles of the long beak. — Local. Fio. 445.
Var. brevir6stris Boott. Perigynia smaller, the
445. C. umb.,
V. tonsa.
446. C. umb.,
V. brev.
444. 0. umbellata. broad beak about | as long as the hairy body. — Que. to Sask.
and B. C, s. to n. N. E., N. Mex. and Cal. Fig.
446.
94. C. nigro-marginata Schwein. Leaves mostly stiffer, often
2-4 dm. long, 2-4 ram. wide ; some of the culms prolonged ;
perigynia smooth or nearly so, fusiform, 3-4 mm. long; scales
ordinarily purple-margined, giving the spikes a very dark or
variegated appearance, equaling or exceeding the perigynia. —
Dry sandy or rocky soil, on the coastal plain, extending locally 447. C. nigro.
n. to Ct. Apr.-June. Fig. 447. margiuata.
236
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
95.
wide ;
C. deflexa Hornera. Diffuse and low. tufted; leaves soft, 1-S mm
44S. C. deflexa.
smooth, the
culms 0.2-4 dm. high, setaceous^ more or less ciii'ved or spreading.
little exceeding or shorter than the leaves ; staminate spike small,
sometimes invisible in the head ; pistillate spikes 2-3, 2-8-
flowered, green, or green and brown, all aggregated into a head,
or the lowest one slighty remote, short-pedunded and subtended
by a leafy bract ; radical spikes usually present ; perigynia very
small and much contracted below, sparsely hairy or nearly
beak flat and very short, longer than the scales, (Including
var. Deatiei Bailey.) — Open woods, clearings, and mountain slopes, Ktd"
to Alaska, s. to Mass., Pa., Mich., Minn.. Wash., etc. May-Aug. (Greenl.)
Fig. 448.
96. C. albicans Willd. Slightly caespitose ; culms straightish, 1-5.5 dm. tall,
much exceeding the soft narroio (1.5-3 mm. wide) p«?e leaves; pistillate spikes
globose or short-ovoid, 1-3, all approximate, or the lowest slightly
remote, naked or subtended by a narrow bract ; staminate spike
sessile, often hidden in the head; perigynia ellipsoid, pubescent,
with a short cylindric beak, mostly exceeding the broad scales.
— Open woods or cool rocky banks, chiefly in calcareous regions,
e. Que. to the Yukon, s. to Mass., Pa., Mich., and Minn. May-
July. Fig. 449. ^^- ^- albicans.
97. C. communis Bailey. Forming small tufts, never sto-
loniferous ; culms 1-6 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves;
leaves flat, becoming 2-5.5 mm. wide; inflorescence 1-8 cm.
long ; the 1-5 pistillate spikes mostly distinct, often remote, rarely
1 cm. long, the lowest often leafy -bracted ; staminate spike from
green to chestnut, sessile or stalked, 3.5-20 mm. long ; perigynia
hairy, 2.5-4 mm. long, the body subglobose to broaclly ellipsoid,
the base elongate and spongy, the beak broad ; scales ovate,
acuminate, greenish-brown to reddish, about equaling the peri-
gynia. (Including var. Wheeleri Bailey ; C. pedicellata Britton ;
C. pilulifera Fernald, not L.) — Dry open woods, etc., e. Que.
to B. C, s. to Pa., O., Wise, and la.; and along the mts. to
Ga. May-July. Fig. 450.
98. C. varia Muhl. hensehj tufted; leaves soft and very nar-
row ; the capillary culms variable in length, lax, often twice longer
than the leaves, 1-5 dm. long ; pistillate spikes closely aggregated,
or rarely somewhat loosely disjjosed but never scattered, aM strictly
sessile, green ; radical spikes none ; lower bract usually present ;
perigynia about the length of the sharp scale. — Banks and dry
woods. Me. to Ont., and southw. Apr.-July. Fig. 451. In
var. colokXta Bailey the scales ?ire purple.
99. C. nbvae-angliae Schwein. Very slender and
soft, loosely caespitose, 1-4 dm. high; culms little longer than the
very narrow pale-green leaves ; staminate spike exceedingly narrow
(0.5-1 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. thick), mostly minutely peduncled; p/sf/?-
late spikes 2, or rarely 3, the upper one near the base of
the staminate spike, the lov^er very short-peduncled
and remote and subtended by a leafy bract which
nearly or quite equals the culm, rather loosely 3-10-
floicered ; perigynia very narrow, small, very thin,
slightly hairy, the beak sharp and prominent. — Open
woods, Que. and N. S. to Mass. and N. Y. ; com-
mon northw., rare southw. June, July. Fig.
452.
100. C. pennsylvanica Lam. Strongly stolonife-
rous, the small tufts with reddish bases and usually with persist-
ent brush-like tufts of fibers ; leaves 1.5-3.5 mm. broad, shorter than,
equaling or often exceeding the slender culms (0.5-4 dm. high); pistillate spikes
1-4, globose or ovoid, approximate or remote, the lowest often leafy-bracted ;
450. C. communis.
451. C. varia.
io2. C. ii()\ae-
anfrliae.
45o. C. penn-
svlvanica.
CYPEilACEAE (tJEDGE FAMILY)
237
454. C. penn.,
V. lucoruui.
456. C. caryoph.
staminate spike clavate, 1-2 cm. long, sessile or short-stalked, usually reddish,
rarely paler ; perigynia puberulent, globose to obovoid, the short beak \ to i as
long as the body; the scales usually red-tinged. — Dry or sandy
soil, s. Me. to Alb., and soutliw. May, June. Fig. 453.
Var. lucorum (Willd.) Fernald. Perigynia puberulent to gla-
brate, the conspicuous slender beak about as long as the body. —
Richer, usually damper soil, Me. to Mich., and the mts. of N. C.
May- July. Fig. 404.
101. C. pubescens Muhl. Lax, 2-8 dm. high, pubescent through-
out; leaves flat (0.5-1 cm. wide) and soft, shorter than the
culm ; spikes 2-4, the upper approximate, the lower 1 or 2
short-peduncled, short-cylindric, 0.7-2.3 cm. long, loosely flow-
ered., erect; perigynia very hairy, sharply S-angled, conspicu-
ously beaked and minutely toothed, straight, about the length
of the truncate and rough-cuspidate thin scales. — Copses and
moist meadows, N. E. to Ky., and westw., local. May, June.
Fig. 455.
102. C. CARTOPHTLLEA Lat. SJighthj stoloniferous, stiff;
the culm sometimes curved, 0.3-3 dm. high ; leaves flat, shorter
than the culm ; staminate spike prominently
^^. ^ - clavate, mostly sessile: pistillate spikes 2-3. all
contiguous, sessile or the lowest very short-
peduncled and subtended b}' a bract scarcely as long as itself,
all ellipsoid or short-cylindric, the lowest 0.7-1.5 cm. long; peri-
gynia trigonous-obovoid, the very .short beak
entire or erose, thinly hispid-hirsute. (C. prae-
cox Jacq.) — Fields, Me. to D. C, local. May,
June. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 456.
103. C. GLAL'CA Scop. Very stoloniferous
and glaucous; the culms s^iVf, 1-6 dm. high; leaves shorter,
firm, with revolute scabrous margins, 3-6
mm. broad ; staminate spikes 2 (rarely 1),
clavate, the terminal 2-3.5 cm. long, pe-
duncled ; pistillate 1-3, cylindric, 1.5-3.5
cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, remote, mostly
peduncled, erect ; the subglobose or ellip-
soid puncticulate perigynia slightly ex-
ceeding the oblong blunt or mucronate
purplish scales. — Dry ojDen soil, local,
N. S., Que., and Ont. June, July. (Xat.
from Eu.) Fig. 457.
104. C. llvida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Very
glaucous and stoloniferous; culms 1.5-6
dm. high ; leaves narrow, often becoming
involute; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sub-
approximate or remote, sessile or nearly so,
erect, or rarely basal and long-stalked, narrow.
0.7-2.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick; perigynia
ovoid-oblong, nerved, granular, beakless, the
point straight or nearly so, orifice entire ; scale
obtuse, broion- or purple-margined, mostly a little shorter than
the perigynia. — Bogs, chiefly in calcareous regions. Lab. and
Nfd. to Alaska, locally s. to Ct., N. J., Mich., Minn., etc. IMay-
July. (Eu.) Fig. 458.
105. C. panicea L. Strict, often stiff, glaucous-hlue, 1.5-6
dm. high ; culm smooth ; bracts broad and short, 1-0 cm. high ;
pistillate spikes 1-3, scattered, colored, mostly peduncled, erect,
rather compact or loose below, 1-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick ;
perigynia ovoid, yellow or purple, somewhat turgid, scarcely
nerved, the point usually curved, mostly longer than the purple- 4.'j9. C. panicea
458. C. livida.
457. C. fflauca.
238
CYPEltACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
i60. C. tetanica.
461. C. tet.,
V. Meadii.
from
margined scale. — Bogs and meadows, near the coast, N. S. to
Ct., local. May-July. (Perhaps introd. from Eu.) Fig. 459.
10(5. C. tetanica Sclikuhr. Slender, rarely glaucous, some-
what stoloniferous ; culms scabrous, at least above, 1-6 dm.
high; leaves 1.5-4.5 mm. wide; spikes all peduncled, the upper
one very shortly so, pale, all more or less attenuate
belov/, 0.7-4 cm. long, the lower borne in the axils
of bracts 0.5-2 dm. long ; perigynia not turgid, green-
ish, somewhat nerved, the beak strongly bent ; scale
obtuse or abruptly mucronate, all except the lowest
mostly shorter than the perigynia. — Meadows and
bogs, w. N. E. to Man., and south w. May-July. Fig.
460. Var. Woodii (Dewey) Bailey. Very slender;
leaves narrow, very long and lax ; spikes mostly alter-
nate-floicered throughout ; scales often sharper. —
Mass. to Ont., Mich., and D. C, local.
Var. Meadii (Dewey) Bailey. Stiffer ; leaves
mostly broader (2.5-5 mm. broad) and stricter ; spikes
thick and densely flowered, not attenuate at base,
the upper one often sessile ; perigynia larger. (Var. Canbyi Porter ; C. 3Ieadii
Dewey.) — Pa. to Man., and southw. Fig. 461.
107. C. polym6rpha Muhl. Stout, 3-6 dm.
stout cord-like rootstocks ,• leaves rather broad
short ; spikes 1-2, short-stalked, erect, compact
or rarely loose, usually staminate at the apex,
1.5-4 cm. long, 5-9 mm. thick ; perigynia long-
ovoid, obscurely nerved ; the very long and
nearly straight beak oblique or lipiwd at the
orifice; sccdes reddish-brown, obtuse, shorter
than the perigynia. — Open woods and meadows,
s. Me. to N. C, local. June-Aug. Fig. 462.
108. C. vaginata Tausch. Very slender and
more or less diffuse, strongly stoloniferous,
2-8 dm. high ; leaves narrow (1.5-5 mm. broad)
and soft, shorter than the culm ; spikes 1-3,
scattered, all peduncled and more or less spread-
ing, loosely S-20-fi,oicered ; perigynia small,
nearly nerveless, thin, the
scales loose, acute, sliorter than the
(C. saltuensis Bailey ; G. altocaulis Britton.) — Bogs and mossy
woods. Lab. to the Yukon, s. to N. B., n. N. E., N. Y., Mich.,
Minn., Alb., and B. C. June-Aug. Fig. 463.
109. C. abbreviata Prescott. Stiff, 1.5-5 dm. high; cidm
and leaves thinly pubescent ; spikes globose to thick-cylindric.
0.5-1.5 cm. long; perigynia equaling or exceeding the mostly
cuspidate scales. (C. Torreyi Tuckerm.) — Wooded slopes,
Minn, to Sask. and Col.; supposed to have been collected in
N.Y. by Torrey, and in Pa. by Schweinitz.
June, July. Fig. 464.
110. C. pallescens L. Slender, erect, 1-6
dm. high ; leaves narrow, flat, the lower slightly
pubescent, particularly on the sheaths ; spikes
2-4, 0.5-2 dm. long, denrsely flowered, all but
the upper one very slK)rtly peduncled, erect
or spreading ; perigynia about the length of
the cuspidate scales. — Glades and meadows,
Nfd. to Pa., Wise, and Ont. May-Aug. (Ku.) Fig. 465.
111. C. paupercula Michx. Slender but erect, tufted, 1-2.5
dm. high, glabrous; leaves flat and lax, somewhat shorter
than tiie culm ; lowest bract as wide as the leaves or nearly 465. C, pallescens.
462. C. polymori)ha.
igynia
beak straightish ,
perigynia.
463. C. vaginata.
464. C. abbrtviiitu.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE EAMILY)
239
BO and exceeding the culm ; .spikes 2-3, approximate, all slen-
derly stalked, spreading or drooping, 4-8 mm. long ; perigynia
orbicular or broad-ovate, nerved in the middle, i-| the length
of the castaneous scales. — Alpine bogs, e. Que. Aug.
Var. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fernald. Taller, 1-8 dm. high;
culm glabrous; spikes cylindric, 1-1.6 cm. long ; scales cas-
taneous. (C. magellanica Man. ed. 6, not Lam.) — Bogs,
Arctic regions, s. to Mass., Pa., Ont., and Utah. June-Aug.
(Eu.) Fig. 400.
Var. pallens Fernald. Tall, the culms usually
scabrous ; spikes cylindric, 1-1.8 cm. long ; scales
green with pale brown or yelloivish margins. —
Bogs and mossy woods, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Ct.,
N. Y., Mich., and Minn. June, July.
112. C. limbsa L. Slender but rather stiff,
1.5-6 dm. high, very stoloniferous ; culm sharp,
rough above; spikes 1-2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one
erect, subcylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, springing from the axil of a
very narrow bract which is nearly always shorter than the culm;
perigynia very short-pointed, about the length of
the broad brown or purplish scales. — Bogs, e. Que.
to Sask. and B. C, s. to Pa., Great Lake region.
466. C. paup., V.
467. C. limosa.
Col., and Cal. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 407
4GS. C. raritlora.
113. C. rariflbra Smith. Very small but stiff, 0.7-3.5 dm.
high, slightly stoloniferous; culm obtuse and very smooth ; spikes
1-3, only 3-10-flowered, drooping,
borne in the axil of a minute awl-like
and puiple-auricled bract ; perigynia
ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely
nerved, mostly a little shorter than
the purjjle-black enveloping scales. — Cold bogs and
granitic slopes, Arctic regions ; very locally s. to
Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Table-topped Mt., Gaspe Co.,
Que. ; and Mt. Katahdin, Me. (Goodale). (Eu.)
Fig. 408.
114. C. littoralis Schwein. Somewhat slender
but erect, 4-9 dm. high, stoloniferous ; leaves 3-6 mm.
broad, stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp
and nearly smooth often solitary culms ; staminate
spikes 1-3, dark purple, 5.5 cm. long or less, the
scales obtuse ; x)istillate spikes 1-4,
somewhat approximate, on thread-
like peduncles, narrowly cylindric
(2-6 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick), usu-
ally staminate at top ; perigynia
lance-oval, faintly nerved, the minute
beak entire, mostly longer than the
obtuse purple scale ; bracts promi-
nently purple-auricled. — Wet woods
and bogs, oftenest near the coast,
Ct., and south w., local. May, June. Fig. 469.
115. C. prasina AVahlenb. Slender, somewhat flexuous, 3-7
dm. high; culm rather sharp, smooth; leaves 2.5-5 mm. wide,
soft and flat, rough ; spikes 2—4, linear-cylindric, peduncled and
spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green, 1.5-0 cm.
long, loosely flowered ; perigynia pale, thin, nearly nervele.ss, produced into a
short but slender entire or minutely toothed beak; scale very thin and acute,
nearly colorless. — Wet woods and glades, w. Me. to Ont., Mich., D. C, and
Del. ; and along the mts. to Ga. May-July. Fig. 470.
116, C. picta Steud. Pather weak, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves flat and frm.
C. littoralis.
470. C. prasina.
240
CYPEllACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
471. C. picta.
472. C. eburnea.
persisting through the winter, at least twice longer than the culm ; a sheathing
purple scale at the base of the spike; staminate spike 2.5-6 cm. long, clavate in
anthesis, the purple scales ending in a very shf)rt and blunt whitish
tip ; pistillate spike narrower and mostly longer, the scales more
abruptly contracted into a colored cusp and at length deciduous ;
perigynia much contracted below into a stipe-like base, very strongly
nerved, pointless, hairy above, covered by the scales. — In a wooded
ravine near Bloomington, Ind. (Dudley); also Ala. and La. Fig. 471
117. C. eburnea Boott. Tufted from a rigid pale
brown stoloniferous base; culms capillary, wiry,
1-4 dm. high ; leaves involute-filiform, shorter than
tlie culm; staminate spike very small (4-8 mm. long),
sessile or very short-peduncled, overtopped by the two
upper pistillate spikes; pistillate spikes 2-4, approxi-
mate or the lowest remote, all stalked, erect, 2-6-
flowered; perigynia very small (1.5-2 mm. long),
almost nerveless, smooth and becoming black and
shining at full maturity ; scales white and thin, obtuse,
shorter than the perigynia. ( C. setifolia Britton. ) — Limestone ledges or shingle,
rarely in sand, e. Que. to the Mackenzie, s. locally to Va. ,
Ky., Mo., and Neb. May-Aug. Fig. 472.
118. C. pedunculata Muhl. Low and diffuse, 0.5-3 dm.
high, forming mats ; leaves abundant, very green, flat and
firm, 2-5 mm. wide, mostly longer than the weak culms;
staminate spike small, usually slightly pistillate at base ; pistil-
late spikes 2-4 on each culm, scattered and long-peduncUd
from green sheaths, erect or spreading, many other spikos
nearly or quite radical and very long-stalked, all o-%-flowered ;
perigynia smooth or very slightly pubescent above, the short
and nearly entire beak somewhat oblique ; scales green to
purple, truncate and cuspidate, mostly a little longer than the
perigynia. — Kich woods and banks, e. Que. to
Sask., s. to Va., O., Mich., and Minn. Apr.-
June. Fig. 478.
119. C. concinna R. Br. Loosely caespi-
tose ; culms slender, curving, 0.5-2 dm. high ;
leaves dark green, mostly shorter, 1-3 mm.
wide ; staminate spike 4-7 mm. long, sessile or ^_^ ^ ^^
short-peduncled ; pistillate 2 or 3, the upper
sessile and approximate, S-lO-Jlowered ; perigynia narrowly trigonous-ovoid,
hairy, blunt, 2.5-3 mm. long, much exceeding the dark pale-
margined roundish scales. — Mossy knolls and cold wooded
banks, e. Que. to the Mackenzie, s. to n. N. B., Ont., and
Mont. .June, July. Fig. 474.
120. C. Richardsbni R. Br. Rather stiff, 1-3 dm. high ;
stoloniferous; sheaths short, purple or brown; leaves 2-4
mm. wide ; staminate spike stout and mostly short-peduncled,
1.5-2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 1-3, the very short stalks
included, erect, compact ; perigynia obovoid, firm, hairy, the
very short beak entire or erose ; scales brown, xinth a conspicu-
ous vjhite-hyaline margin, obtuse or pointless. — Dry ground,
Ont. to B. C, s. to w. N. Y., 111., la., S. Dak., etc. May,
June. Fig, 475.
121. C. plantaginea Lam. Slender but erect, 2.5-5.5 dm.
high ; leaves very firm, appearing after the flowers and per-
sisting over winter, shorter than the culm ; staminate spike
purple and clavate, stalked, 1..3-2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes
3-4, scattered, loosely few-flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, erect, the
peduncles mostly included in the leafless sheaths ; perigynia
4T5. C Eichardsoiii. .3-4.5 mm. long, sharply 3-angled, prominently beaked, slightly
4T3. C. pedunculata.
concinna.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
241
476. C. plantaginea x %.
477. C. Carevana.
longer than the sharp scales. — Rich woods, N. B, to Man.,
s. to N. C, Intl., and 111. Apr .-June. Fig. 476.
122. C. Careyana Torr. Tall and slender, mostly
erect, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves bright green, firm, 1-1.5 cm.
wide, shorter than the long culm ; bracts leafy ; staminate
spike heavy and stalked, 1.8-2.3 cm.
long ; pistillate spikes 2-3 (mostly 2),
erect, the upper usually near the ter-
minal spike, and nearly sessile, the other
remote and long-peduncled, loosely 2-8-
flowered ; perigynia verj' sharply angled,
the beak oblique, finely many-nerved,
tidce longer than the sharp scales. —
Rich woods, N. Y. and Ont. to Mich, and
D. C, local. May, June. Fig. 477.
123. C. platyphylla Carey. Low,
spreading, glaucous^ 1-4 dm. high ; leaves
mostly shorter than the culms ; bracts
loith thin and sharp-pointed leaf-like tips ;
staminate spike stalked ; pistillate spikes
2-3, scattered, all more or less pe-
duncled, alternately 2-10-flowered ; peri-
gynia strongly many-striate, about the
length of the acute or cuspidate scales.
— Rich shady woods and banks, s. Me. Fruiting culmT perigyn.
to Ont., s. to Va. and 111. May, June. imn and leaf-tip
Fig. 478.
124. C. laxiculmis Schwein. Caespitose ; culms slender and lax, 1.5-5.5 dm.
long ; leaves usually very glaucous, mostly shorter than the culms, broad (6-12
mm.) ; staminate spike usually peduncled, 1-2 cm. long ;
pistillate 3-5, very remote, on capillary flexuous peduncles,
0.7-1.5 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. thick; the spreading-ascending
sharply trigonous-ovoid pen-
gynia 2.8-3.2 mm. long,
equaling or exceeding the
scales. — Glades and rich
woods, s. Me. to Va., and
Mo. May-July. Fig. 479.
In the interior passing to
var. copuLATA (Bailey) Fer-
nald. Glaucous or some-
times deep green ; spikes 1-2
cm. long; perigynia 3.3-4
mm. long. (C. digitalis,
var., Bailey.) — Vt. to Del.,
O., Mich., and Ont.
125. C. digitalis Willd.
Very slender, bright green,
tufted, 1.5-5 dm. high ; leaves
narrow ; staminate spike
short-stalked ; pistillate .sp/^•^s
2-4, on filiform stalks, ascending or slightly spreading, linear, 1-3 cm. long,
alternately Jloicered ; perigj^nia 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than the acute ivhitish
scales. — Dryish woods and glades. Me. to Ont., Mich., and southw. May-July.
Fig. 480.
126. C. ptychocarpa Steud. Low, glaucous; culms 0.3-1.8 dm. high; leaves
flat and rather broad (4-8 mm.), much exceeding the culms; bracts leafy and
much prolonged; staminate spike very small and sessile, mostly overtopped by
the upper pistillate spike; pistillate spikes 2-3, sessile or short-stalked or rarely
the lowest long-peduncled, erect, 0.7-1.5 cm. long; perigynia tawny, narrowly
gray's manual — 16
479. C. laxiculmis. 4S0. C. digitalis.
478. A. platyphylla.
242
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
4S2. C. laxiflora.
483. C. lax.,
V. gracillima.
trigonous-ovoid, twice longer than the very thin obtuse scales,
— Low ^voods, Mass. to Fla. and La., local. June, July.
Fig. 481.
127. C. laxiflbra Lam. Slender but mostly erect, 2-5.7
dm. high ; basal leaves 2.5-7 mm. wide, rather soft ; stami-
nate spike peduncled oral least conspicuous ;
pistillate spikes 2—4, scattered, pefhiiicled or
the upper one sessile,
loosely Jlovjered, cyliu-
dric, 1.5-;3 cm. long,
erect or the lower loosely
spreading ; perigynia
obovoid, conspicuously
nerved, the short entire
beak much bent or re-
curved; scales thin and
white,bluntorcuspidate,
mostly shorter than the
perigynia. — Rich woods
and meadows, e. Que.
to w. Ont., and southw.
May-July. Fig. 482.
— Exceedingly variable,
passing by many transi-
ibl. C. ptychocarpa. JJ^^^ ^^ ^j^^ following.
Var. gracillima Boott. Similar; but with short (0.5-1.3 cm. long) ohlong
clo.ser-flowered spikes. — Vt. to Ont., and southw. Fig. 483.
Var. patulifblia (Dewey) Carey. Leaves
0.6-2 cm. broad ; staminate spike prominent,
mostly stalked ; pistillate spikes long (2-4.5
cm.) and alternately flovjered, scattered and
peduncled ;pf'?-«'(/2/nm 2.5-4 mm. long, ellipsoid,
attenuate at both ends, mostly less prominently
nerved, and the beak not strongly recurved.
— Me. to Va., 0., Mich., and Ont. Fig. 484.
Var. Michauxii Bailey. Tall and compara-
tively stout, 4-(J dm. high ; leaves 0.7-1.2 cm.
broad ; staminate spike large and stalked ; pis-
tillate spikes scattered, all but the upper one
prominently peduncled, 1.2-3 cm,
long ; perigynia vory 'targe, 4-5
mm. long, divaricate. (Vir.divari-
cata Bailey. ) — Pa. to Ala. and
Tex. Fig. 485.
Var. styloflexa (Buckley) Boott.
Very iveak and slender, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves 3-6 mm. wide ; stam-
inate spike usually peduncled ;
pistillate 2-3, scattered, few-flow-
ered, 0.5-2 cm. long, lowest droop-
ing ; perigynia oblong-fusiform,
4-5 mm. long, very long-pointed; scales often brown-tinged. (C.
styloflexa Buckley.) — Ct. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 486.
Var. varians Bailey. Culms often ancipital, 2.5-5 dm. high;
leaves 0.3-1.2 cm. broad ; pistillate spikf^s 1-3 cm. long, linear-
cylindric to nnrroio- oblong, the two upper more or less contiguous
to the staminate spike and sessile or nearly so ; bracts leafy and prolonged. —
Me. to Ont., la., and .southw.
Var. bldnda (Dewey) Boott. Leaves 0.5-1.4 cm. broad ; culms soft, ancipi-
'Ml, 1.5-G dm. high ; pistillate spikes oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, the upper sessile
4b4. (.'. lax., V. pat.
4S6. C. lax.
V. Mich.
4S6. C. lax.
V. 8tvl.
CYPEIIACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
243
4S7. C. lax.,
V. blanda.
4SS. C. lax.,
V. latifolia.
and aggregated about the inconspicuous staminate
spike, the lowest usually long-exserted. (Var. stri-
atula Carev.) — Vt. and e, Mass. to Ont., and southw.
Fig. 487.
Var. latifolia Boott. Rather low, 2-6 dm. high ;
culms icinged ; leaves 1.5-4 cm. broad; staminate
spike sessile or very nearly so, hidden by the pistil-
late; pistillate spikes cylindric and loose, 1.5-8 cm.
long, the upper one or two contiguous ; bracts very
broad. (C alhursina Sheldon.) — Deep rich ^Yoods,
w. Que. and Vc. to Ont., and southw. Fig. 488.
Var. leptonervia Fer-
nald. Slender, 1.5-7 dm.
high; leaves 0.5-1 cm.
broad ; pistillate spikes
linear-cylindric, loosely
flow^ered, 1-2.5 cm. long,
the 2 or 3 upper crowded
at the base of the staminate, the lower
remote ; perigynia oblong-fusiform,
faintly nerved or nerveless. — Nfd. to
Ont., s. to n. K. E., N. Y., and Mich. ;
and in the mts. to N. C. Fig. 489.
128. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey.
Erect, 3-7 dm. high; leaves 3-7 mm. broad; spikes
2-4, all more or less peduncled, vei-y loosely fevj-
Jlou-ered, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long, the bracts elongate
and leafy ; perigynia triangular-ovoid, many-striate.
4-5 mm. long, the strong beak prominently oblique,
shorter than the scales. — Rich woods, Vt. to Ont.,
s. to Ky. and Mo. May-July. Fig. 490.
129. C. oligocarpa Schkuhr. Diffuse, 1-5 dm. high ; leaves
2-4.5 mm. wide ; bracts elongate, spreading ; staminate spike sessile or stalked ;
pistillate spikes 2—4, scattered, stalked or the uppermost sessile, loosely 2-8-
Jloii-ered, erect, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; perigynia 3.5-4 myn. long,
hard, finely impressed-nerved, abruptly contracted into a con-
spicuous mostly oblique beak, the orifice entire ; scales very
loosely spreading, longer than the perigynia. — Dry wcods and
copses, Vt. to Ont.. la., and southw. ^lay-July. Fig. J9I.
130. C. katahdinensis Fernald. Densely
caespitose ; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-4 mm.
broad, with the similar bracts much (2-6
times) overtopping the lovj (1-6 cm. high)
rough-angled culms; pistillate spikes Z oy \,
approy:imate, or the lowest remote, short-
pediceled, 8-14 mm. long, b-IO-Jloiceird ;
staminate spike 5-8 mm. long, generally
hidden among the pistillate ; perigynia ellip-
soid, 3-4 mm. long, many-nerved, beakless,
mostly exceeding the whitish green-awned
scales. — Gravelly shore of a pond, Mt.
Katahdin, Me. ; rocky bank, Lake St. John,
4:)i. c. oligocarpa. Que. {Brainercl). July, Aug. Fig. 492.
131. C. conoldea Schkulir. Slender but
strict. 1.5-7 dm. high; staminate spike long-peduncled or rarely nearly sessile ;
pistillate spikes 2-3, scattered, short-stalked or the upper one sessile (the
lowest frequently very long-stalked), narrowly ellipsoid, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, rather
closeUj jloicered, erect; perigynia oblong-conical. 3-4 mm. long, impressed-
nerved, gradually narrowed to a point, the orifice entire ; scales loosely spread-
ing and rough-awned, equaling or exceeding the perigynia. —Moist grassy
489. C. lax.
V. lept.
490. C. Hitch-
cockiana.
492. C. katahdinensis.
244
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
493. C. conoidea.
places, N. B. to Ont., s. to Pa. and la.; and in the mts. to N. C.
May-Aug. Fig. 403.
132. C. grisea Wahlenb. Stout, 3-8 dm. higli ; leaves 3-7 mm,
broad, sliglitly glaucous ; bracts broad and leaf-
like, diverging, very much exceeding the culm ;
staminate spike small and sessile ; pistillate
spikes 3-5, oblong, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, 4-7 mm.
thick, the highest two usually contiguous to the
staminate spike and sessile, the others somewhat
remote and peduncled (but not from the lowest
axils), all erect; pej'igynia oblong, pointless,
marked with impressed nerves, turgid and cylin-
dric, appressed-ascending, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, all
but the lowest longer than the narrow, cuspi-
date or blunt, nerved scale. — Low woods and
meadows, s. Me., westw. and southw. May,
June. Fig. 494. Yar. RfoiDA Bailey. Much
more slender ; leaves scarcely half so wide ; the
bracts, especially, much narrower and shorter
and more erect ; spikes slender ; perigynia
scarcely inflated, triangular-oblong, bearing a \
beak-like pointy 2-ranked. (Var. angustifolia Man. ed. 6, not '^^^ ^ grisea
Boott.) — Local, Mass. and N. Y., southw. Var. glob6sa
Bailey. Very slender ; spikes few-flowered, often with but 2 or 3
perigynia; perigynium short, inflated, very blunt, nearly globose or
obovoid ; scale short, not prominently cuspidate or
the upper ones wholly blunt. — Mo., Kan., and
southw.
Var. angustifblia Boott. Leaves rather narrow,
long and erect ; staminate spike often peduncled ;
pistillate spikes very scattered, all more or less
stalked, the lowest borne from near the base ; perigynia tri-
angular-oblong, hard, longer than the cuspi-
date ascending scale. (C amphibola Steud.)
— D. C. to Fla. and Tex. Fig. 495.
133. C. glaucodea Tuckerm. Lax or some-
what strict (1-6 dm. high), densely glaucous;
loaves flat, thick and firm, 0.5-1 cm. wide ;
spikes as in C. grisea ; perigynia firm, not
inflated, prominently
impresse d -nerved,
glaucous, 3-4 mm.
long, mostly exceed-
ing the short-cuspi-
date or blunt thin ^^^ ^ flaccosperma.
and appressed scale.
— Upland woods and rich meadows, e. Mass. and Vt. to
Ont., and southw., local. June, July. Fig. 496.
134. C. flaccosperma Dewey. Similar ; leaves slightly
or scarcely glaucous, thinner ; pterigynia 4.5-G mm. long,
2-3 times exceeding the brownish scales. — Rich woods
and swamps, N. C. to Mo., and southw. May, June.
Fig. 497.
135. C. granularis Muhl. Erect or spreading, 2.5-9
dm. high, somewhat glaticous ; leaves flat, the basal 5-12
mm. wide ; bracts broad and long, imich exceeding the
culm; spikes 2-4, scattered, all but the upper peduncled,
erect or ascending, compact, short-ellipsoid to cylindric,
0.8-3 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick ; staminate spike small and
granulans. usually sessile ; perigynia ovoid to globose, 2-3.5 mm.
495. C. gris.,
V. ang.
496. C. glaucodea.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
245
499. C. gran.,
V. Haleana.
500. C. Crawei.
501. C. extensa.
long, very strongly nerved, the nearly entire short b^ak usually bent; scale
thin and pointed, about h the length of the perigynia. — Woods and
meadows. Vt. to Ont., and southw. June, July. Fig. 498.
Var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. Lower and more slender ; pis-
tillate spikes more slender, 3-5 7nm. thick; peiigynia oblong. (C.
Shriveri Britton.) — Me. to Sask., s. to Va.,
O., Mich., and Wise. Fig. 499.
13(5. C. Crawei Dewej^ Low, strict, stoloniferous,
0.5-4 dm. high ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; bracts scarcely
exceeding the culm ; spikes 2-5, scattered, the lovest radi-
cal or nearly so, short-peduncled or the upper sessile,
erect, compact, 1-2.7 cm. long; staminate
spike generally peduncied ; perigynia ovoid,
usnally rcsinons-dotted, nearly nerveless
or few-nerved, veiy short-pointed, longer
than the obtuse or short-pointed scale. —
Moist places, in calcareous districts, Cape
Breton I. to Man., locally s. to n. Me.,
n. Pa., the Great Lake region, and Kan.
June, July. Fig. 500.
137. C. EXTENSA Good. Slender but
strict, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves involute ; spikes
2-4, the lowest remote and short-peduncled,
the remainder approximate and sessile,
short (0.8-2.5 cm. long) and compact;
perigynia ovoid, narrowed at the base, very
strongly nerved, ascending, the shoi't stout
beak sharply" toothed, longer than the blunt brown-edged scale.
— Sandy shores, Lpng Island and Coney Island, N. Y. ; Xorfolk,
Va. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.j Fig. 501.
138. C. flava L. Tufted, 2-8 dm. high,
yellowish throughout; leaves flat, 2-5 mm.
wide, mostly shorter than the culms, bracts
prominent, divergent; pistillate spikes 2-6,
aggregated, or the lowest distinct, subglobose
or short-cylindric, 0.8-1.5 cm.
long ; perigynia ovoid, yellow-
brown, produced into a long
deflexed beak, strongly nerved,
ticice or thrice longer than the
blunt brown scale. — Damp
places, Kfd, to Sask. and Alb.,
s. to Ct., n. N, J., w. Pa.,
Mich., Minn., and Mont.
(Eu.) Fig. 502. — Hybridizes with C. Oederi.
Var. rectirostra Gaudin. Low and slender ; leaves
1-3 mm. wide ; the smaller straightish perigynia
greenish or greenish-yellow. (Var. graminis Bailey.)
— Xfd. to K. I. and Mich. (Eu.) Fig. 503.
Var. elatior Schlecht. Pistillate spikes remote.
6-9 mm. thick, the curved perigynia spreading or
usually very retrorse. (C lepidocarpa Tausch.) —
Ga.sp^ Co. , Que., to R. L and N. Y. (Eu. ) Fig. 504.
139. C. Oederi Retz. Similar, plant greenish,
0.5-3 dm. high; leaves 1-3 mm. wide; pistillate
spikes 2—4, mostly scattered. 5-15 mm. long, 4-8 mm.
thick ; the plump greenish-brown short-beaked peri-
gynia ascending or wide-spreading, \ longer than the obtuse scale. —
Bogs, meadows and shores. Nfd. to Hudson Bay and Me. June-
Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 505. — Hybridizes with (J. flava.
502. C. tiava
C. flava,
rect.
June-Sept.
504. C. flava,
V. elatior.
505. C. Oederi.
246
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
Plant 0.5-6 dm
(C viridula
0. Oederi,
pumila.
Var. pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald.
high ; pistillate spikes 3-10, mostly crowded.
Michx. ; C. flava^ var, viridula Bailey.; — Nfd.
to B. C, s. to N. E., Pa., O., Ind., etc. (Eu.)
Fig. 506.
140. C. assiniboineusis W. Boott. Tufted,
.slender, 4.5-9 dm. high, purplish-brown at base;
leaves 2-^3 mm. wide, the bracts short, rarely
prolonged ; staminate spike long-stalked, 2-3 cm.
long; pistillate spikes 2, very re:note, peduncled,
with 3-6 remote alternate flowers; perigynia
5-6.5 mm. long, lance-subulate, about equaling
the scales. — Damp thickets and gravelly shores,
Man. and n. Minn. June. Fig. 507.
141. C. longir6stris Torr. Slender but erect, 0.3-1 m. high,
growing in stools, the base dull brown and re-
taining coarse shreddy tufts; leaves 3-4 mm.
wide, flat, loose ; staminate spikes 1-4, pe-
duncled ; pistillate spikes 2-5, 1-5 cm. long,
loosely flowered, slender-peduncled and mostly drooping;
perigynia thin, slightly inflated, green, spreading, about the
length of the awned scales. — Rocky woods or dry alluvial
thickets, N. B. to Sask., N. J., Pa., and Neb., local. ^lay-
July. Fig. 508.
142, C. cherokeensis Schwein. Rather slender, 2-7 dm.
high, the base castaneous ; leaves flat, the
basal 3-6 mm. broad ; staminate spikes 2-4,
vahitish ; piistillate 2-10, remote, often in
507. C. assini-
boinensis.
2's or
3Vs,
1.5-5 cm.
long
Slender
3-6 mm.
than the
7-2 mm.
508. C. longirostris.
509. C. cherokeensis.
perigynia conic-
ovoid, pale green or straw-color, promi-
nently few-ribbed, slightly exceeding the
broad pale scales. — Woods and river
swamps, Ga. and Fla. to Tex.; north w.
in the flat country to Mo. April, May.
Fig. 509.
143, C. castanea Wahlenb.
but erect, 3-9 din. high ; leaves,
broad, flat, hairy, much shorter
rough culm ; staminate spike 0
long, very short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes
2-5, approximate, widely spreading or
drooping on filiform stalks, 0.8-2.5 cm. long, rather dense,
tawny ; perigynia narrowly conic, the beak i as long as the
body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than the broicn
acute thin scales. — Alluvial woods and thickets, rarely in bogs,
in calcareous districts, Nfd. to Ont,, locally s. to Ct., N.Y,, and
the Great Lake region. May-July. Fig. 510. — Hybridizes with
C. arctata.
144. C. capillaris L. Densely tufted, very slender but erect,
0.3-2.5 dm. high; culm smooth, longer than the narrow flat or at
length involute leaves ; spikes 2-4, approximate, the lowest rarely
2 cm. apart, all more or less long-peduncled and drooping, borne
in the axils of sheathing bracts, very small (3-12-
flowered) ; perigynium thin, very small, oblong-
obovoid, the beak hyaline-lipped, longer than the
very obtuse white scale. — Alpine or subalpine
regions, Mt. Kineo, Me. ; Mt. Washington, N. H. ;
and high nortliw. July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 511.
Var. elongata Olney. Loose and tall (1.5-8
dm.); the sjjikes remote, the lowest 2.5-10 cm. 511. c. capillaris
510. C. castanea.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
247
ing
3.5-4.
arctata.
513. C. debilis.
apart. — Wet rocks and mossy woods, in calcareous regions, Nfd. to Alaska,
south w. to s. N. B., Me., N. Y., Mich., Col., etc. June, July,
U5. C. arctata Boott. Slender, erect, 2.5-10 dm. high ; radical leaves much
shorter than the culm and very broad, flat ; bracts broad and
short, long-sheathing ; spikes 3-5, usually spreading or droop-
on filiform stalks, 1.5-8 cm. long, slender; perigynia
'i mm. long, abruptly and conspicuously stipitate and
abruptly contracted into a beak, S-cornered, pi'ominently
few-nerved, green, mostly spreading, slightly
longer than the very sharp or cuspidate scale.
(Including var. Faxoni Bailey, which was
based on pathological material.) — Woods
and copses, e. Que. to Ont., s. to Pa., Mich.,
and Minn. June-Aug. Fig. 512. — Hybrid-
izes with C. castanea and C. virescens.
146. C. debilis Miclix. Kesembling the
last; very slender and lax, 0.3-1.2 m. high ;
leaves narrow and lax ; spikes 3 or 4, the
upper approximate, the lower remote, mostly
overtopped by the leafy bracts, slender-pedi-
celed and flexuous, 3-6 cm. long ; perigynia
soft and thin, 6-9 mm. long, faintly nerved
or nerveless, the white-edged scales blunt. — Woods and copses,
D. C. to Fla. and Tex. May, June. Fig. 513.
Var. Rudgei Bailey. Culms 0.1-1 m. high ; spikes 1.5-6 cm. long ; perigynia
4.5-6 mm. long, rusty when ripe, appressed, twice longer than the tawny scales.
(C. tenuis Rudge.) — Open woods, thickets and meadows, Nfd. to
Wise, s. to N. C. June-Aug. Fig. 514. — Hybridizes with C.
virescens. Var. strictior Bailey. Usually tall, strict; leaves
broader and firmer ; spikes stiffer, simply spreading or even erect;
perigynia mostly shorter and greener, often little
exceeding the scales. — White Mts., N. H.
Var. interjecta Bailey. Perigynia firmer, more
trigonous, scattered ; the alternate-flowered spikes 4-8
cm. long. — Ct. to O. and n. N. J., local.
Var. pubera Gray. Perigynia u.sually more slen-
der, more nerved and minutely pubescent. — Pa. to
K C, local.
147. C. venusta Dewey, var. m.inor Boeckl.
Slender but strict, 3-8 dm. high ; basal leaves 4-12 mm. wide,
strict, the upper and the bracts about as long as the culm ;
spikes 2-5, the upper pistillate ones approxi-
mate, usually ascending, the terminal some-
times staminate at top, 1.5-5 cm. long; peri-
gynia ascending, 5.5-8 mm, long, firm, prominently nerved,
the very short and stout beak prominently toothed, thrice
longer than the rusty narrow scale. (C oblita Steud.) —
Sphagnous swamps and low woods, N. Y. and N. J., southw.,
local. June. Fig. 515.
148. C. verruc5sa Muhl. Glaucous, stout and stiff, 0.6-
1.5 m, high ; leaves long, rough-angled, becoming revolute ;
spikes 3-10, 2-6 cm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, scattered to
loosely aggregated, ascending or pendulous, often somewhat
staminate above, variously peduncled ; scales thin, brown,
emarginate, shorter than the ovoid glaucous perigynia, but
the hispid awn from 2-3 times longer to nearly obsolete;
beak short, entire. — Swamps and wet shores, Va., Mo.,
and southw. July-Sept. Fk;. 516.
149. C. macrok51ea Steud. Similar, slender, 4-7 dm. high ; spikes 2-5,
614. C. deb
V. Rudgei.
515. C. ven.
V. minor.
516. C. verrucosa.
1.5-4 cm.
long.
ascending, on slender peduncles ; scales lanceolate to ovate,
248
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
517. C. macrokolea.
518. C. scabrata.
short-awned, exceeded by the plump subglobose or obovoid
strongly ribbed abruptly beaked perigynia. ( C. Joorii Bailey, j
— Swamps and wet shores, Mo. to Fla.
and Tex. Aug. Fig. 517.
150. C. scabrata Schwein. Rather stout,
vei'y leafy, 2-8 dm. high ; culm sharply and
very roughly angled; leaves 0-18 mm.
broad, flat, very rough; spikes 3-6, scat-
tered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile, the remainder
often long-peduncled and sometimes nod-
ding, 1-6 cm. long, narrowly cylindrical
and compactly flowered : perigynia broadly
ovoid, prominently few-nerin^d, rough, the
beak nearly as long as the body and
slightly toothed; scales acute and rough-
tipped, green-nerved, about as long as the
body of the perigynia. — Wet meadows
and glades, e. Que. to Ont., s. to the mts.
of S. C. and Tenn., O., and Mich. June-Aug. Fig. 518. —
Hybridizes with C. crinita.
151. C. filif6rmis L. Tall and very slender but erect,
0.5-1.2 m. high; culm obtuse, smooth; leaves very long,
involute-filiform, rough ; spikes 1-3, ses-
sile, somewhat scattered, erect, short and
thick, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick ; peri-
gynia very short-ovoid, the teeth very
short, the few nerves obscured by the dense stiff hairs ; scales
thin and blunt, about as long as the perigynia. — Bogs and
shallow water, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Pa. and the Great Lake
region. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 519.
152. C.lanuginbsaMichx. Similar; lower;
culm mostly rough above; leaves flat, 2-5
mm. broad ; spikes usually somewhat .slim-
mer, the lowest usually peduncled; scales
mostly sharper and longer. (C. filiformis,
var. latifolia Boeckl.) — Swales and Jow
ni^eadows, N. B. to Sask. and B. C, s. to Pa.,
111., Kan., etc, June-July.
153. C. Hought5nii Torr. Stiff, 1.5-6.5
dm. high, extensively creeping ; culm rather
sharply angled, rough, exceeding tlie leaves ;
leaves flat and very sharp-pointed ; spikes
1-3, sessile or the lowest
short-stalked, erect, varying
from nearly globular to cylin-
dric, 1-4.5 cm. long, 7-12 mm.
thick, compact ; perigynia
short-ovoid, stiffly pubescent,
prominently nerved and toothed ; scales thin-margined, acute or
awned. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, e. Que. to Athabasca, s. to
n. N. E., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. May-Aug. Fig. 520.
154. C. vestita Willd. Stout and stiff, 3-8 dm. high, freely
stoloniferous ; culm sharply angled, smooth or somewhat rough :
leaves narrow and rather short, rougliish ; staminate spike 1,
rarely 2, ses.sile or nearly so, 2-5 cm. Umg ; i)i.stillate spikes 1-3,
subapproximate, or rarely the lowest subiadical, often staiiiiiiate
at top, ellipsoid or short-cyliudric, 0.8-2.8 cm. long, compactly
flowered; perigynia ovoid, nerved, stiffly hairy, sliort-beaked, the
beak often i>ur|)h' and vliih'-liy alive at the orifice, luhirh berames
more or less split ivilh age ; scales thin and blunt or acute, shorter r-ii. c. vesUta.
.519. C. filiformis. 520. C. Houghtonii.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
249
522. C. striata, v. brev.
523. C. oligosperma.
than the perigynia. — In sandy soils, from s. Me. to e. N. Y., and D. C. ; "south
to Ga." May-July. Fig. 521. Var. Kennedyi Fernald. Staminate spike
about 1 cm. long, hidden by the pistillate. — Wilmington,
Mass. (Kennedy).
155. C. striata Michx., var. brevis Bailey. Stiff, 3-8
dm. high, extensively creeping ; culm sharply angled, smooth
or slightly rough above, mostly exceeding the leaves ; leaves
narrow and stiff, becoming involute; spikes 1-2, mostly
closely sessile, considerably separated when two, short
(1-0 cm. long) and rather thick, erect; perigynia broad-
ovoid with impressed nei'ves. smooth, ascending, shorL-
beaked and very short-toothed ; scales thin, obtuse or
acutish, mostly about I as long as
the perigj'nia. (C Walteriana, var.
Bailey.) — Pine-barren swamps, s. e.
Mass., south w., local. June-Aug.
Fig. 522.
156. C. oligosperma Michx.
Very slender, but stiff, 2.5-9 dm.
high ; culms solitary or few from a
slender sioloniferous base; leaves
and bracts very narroio, becoming
involute; staminate spike pedun-
cled ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, rarely
3, sessile or the lowest very short-
peduncled, globular or short-oblong
(0.7-2 cm. long) feio-floioered ; peri-
gjaiia turgid, shining, gradually
contracted into a very short and minutely toothed beak,
prominently few-nerved, yellowish, nearly twice longer
than the blunt scales. — Bogs and wet shores, Lab and Nfd. to the
Mackenzie, s. to Pa., and the Great Lake region. Jime-Aug.
Fig. 523.
157. C. HiRTA L. Variable in size (2-6 dm. high), widely creep-
ing ; culm rather slender but erect, obtuse and smooth or slightly
rough above ; leaves soft and flat, generally sparsely hairy and
the sheaths very hirsute, rarely smooth ; spikes 2-3, distant, more
or less shortly peduncled, erect or nearly so,
1.5-4 cm, long, rather loose; perigynia long-
ovoid, nerved, soft-hairy, the prominent beak
slender-toothed ; scales thin and green-nerved,
awned, mostly a little shorter. — Groves, fields,
and made-lands, e. Mass. to centr. N. Y. and
Pa. ; local. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 524.
158. C. trichocarpa Muhl. Stout and tall,
0.6-1.2 m. high ; cidm sharply angled, rough
above ; leaves numerous, flat, 3-6 mm. wide,
very rotigh, but not hairy, much exceeding the
culm ; spikes 2-5, scattered, the lower stalked
and more or less spreading, 3-8 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. thick, heavy, but loosely flowered
I j ^^^ tl( at base ; perigynia ovoid, many-costate, sparsely
9j ^^ short-hairy, about twice as long as the mem-
branaceous, acute or acuminate scales. —
Marshes, s. w. Vt. to Ont., s. to Pa. and 111
525. Var. tuhbinXta Dewey. Spikes 2-2.5 cm. long, 1.3-1.8
cm. thick ; i)erigynia lance-subulate. — Dutchess Co., N. Y.
Var. Deweyi Baih-y. Leaves narrower, often becoming somewhat invdlute,
smoother ; spikes short, 1.5-5 em. long, all but the lowest one sessile ; perigynia
525. C. trichocarpa.
June-Aug. Fig,
.'4. ('. liirta.
250
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY}
age.
the nerves impressed,
the perigynia. — la. to
526. C. trich.,
V. Dewevi.
m
52T. C. trich.
V. aristata.
528. C. riparia.
smooth, thick in texture, becoming polished with
scales sharp, mostly a little shorter than
Kan., and northwestw. Fig. 526.
Var. aristata (R. Br.) Bailey. Mostly stouter ; leaves
4-10 mm. wide, more or less hairy on the under surface
and sheaths; perigynia lance-ovoid, smooth, the teeth
longer and more spreading ; scales long and sharp. ( C.
aristata R. Br.) — Ont. to Sask. and B. C, s. to N. Y.,
Mich.. Wise, Neb., etc. Fig. 527. Var. imberbis Gray.
Sheaths glabi'ous. — Ont. to N. Dak. and Mo.
159. C. riparia ^V. Curtis. Very large and stout,
0.6-1.3 ra. high, stoloniferous ; Z^ares 0.5-1.5 cm. broad, flat, rough,
glaucous, much longer than the sharply angled
culm ; spikes 2-4, scattered and all more or less
peduncled, the lowestoften very long-stalked, vary-
ing from almost globular to slender-cylindric, 2-10 cm.
erect or the lower somewhat drooping, loo.sely
flowered below ; perigynia lance-ovoid, cori-
aceous, rather lightly many-nerved, the beak
short and thick; scales varying from blunt to
awned, shorter or longer than the perigynia.
— Swamps and wet shores, N. B. to Man.,
and southw. May-July. (Eu.) Fig. 528.
160. C. ACUTiFoRMis Ehrh. Stout, 0.4-
1.2 m. high ; culm thick and sharp, mostly
smooth ; leaves broad, flat and glaucous, much
prolonged ; spikes 2-5, all but the uppermost peduncled, spread-
ing or drooping, narrowly cylindric, 2-5.5 cm.
long, loosely flowered below; perigynia ovoid,
very strongly many-nerved, the short beak
slightly toothed ; scales rough-awned and longer
than the perigynia. — Boggy meadow, New
Bedford, and formerly at Dorchester, Mass.
June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 529.
161. C. squarr5sa L. Caespitose, 3-9dm. high
angled, more or le.ss rough above ; leaves
2.5-6 mm. broad, weak, roughish, exceeding
the culm ; bracts slender, elongate ; spikes
1-4, thick, the terminal always two thirds
pistillate or more, the remainder more or less
stalked, erect or slightly nodding, globular or short-cylindric,
1.5-3 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, brown,
exceedingly densely flowered ; perigiinia
squarrose, the beak rough ; scale short
and usually hidden. — Swamps and wet
woods, w. N. E. to Neb., and southw.,
local. June-Sept. Fig. 530.
162. C. typhinoides Schwein. Coarser,
the glaucous or pale leaves 0.5-1 cm. broad ;
spikes 1.5-5 cm. long, 1-2.2 cm. thick, pale
brown ; perigynia less .squarrose, the beaks
ascending. — Meadows and alluvial woods,
w. Que. and w. N. E. to la. and southw.
June-Oct. Fig. 531.
163. C. Frdnkii Kunth. Stout and very
leafy, 5-8 dm. high ; culm obtusely angled,
very smooth ; leaves 4-9 mm. broad, rough
on the nerves, the upper and the bracts
very much longer than the culm ; terminal spike often pis-
tillate at top ; (jther spikes 3-7, the uppermost sessile on the
long.
529. C. acutiformis.
culm sharply
530. C. squarrosa.
5.31. C. typhinoides.
.'>i2. C. Frankii.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
251
534. C. comosa.
ered .
C. Pseudo-Cyperus.
zif/zafj rJiachis^ 1.5-4 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, evenly
cylindrical, often staminate at top ; 2J€rigy)iia very
abruptly contracted into a short but slender toothed
beak. (O. stenolepis Torr.) — Swamps and mead-
ows, Pa. to 111. and southw. June-Sept. Fig.
532.
164. C. Pseudo-Cyperus L. Tall and rather
stout, 0.5-1 m. high, in clumps ; culm thick and
very sharply triangular, rough throughout ; leaves
very long, rough-margined. 0.5-1 cm. wide ; spikes
3-5, slenderly peduncled and more or less droop-
ing, somewhat contiguous, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, nar-
roidy cylindrical (8-11 mm. thick) ^ very compactly
jfoiccred ; perigynia strongly reflexed. more or less
2-edged, many-costate, the beak shorter than the
body, with erect short (0.5-1 mm. long) teeth ;
scales very rough-awned. about the
length of the perigynia. — Bogs and
shallow water, Gulf of St. Lawrence
to Sask., locally s. to Ct., centr.
N. Y. and the Great Lakes. June-
Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 533.
105. C. comosa Boott. Mostly
stouter (0.5-1.5 m. high), the leaves
broader (6-16 mm. wide) ; spikes
1.3-1.7 cm. thick, more loosdy flow-
perigynia longer, the beak mostly longer than the body and the teeth
long (\. '2-2 mm.) and spreading. (C. Pseudo-Cyperus, var. americana Hochst.)
— Swamps, N. S. to Wash., s. to Fla., La., and s. Cal.
June-Aug. Fig. 534.
166. C. hystericina Muhl. * Slender but erect, 2.5-1 m.
high ; culm very sharply angled and rough, at least above ;
leaves 3-10 mm. broad, roughish ; spikes 2-5, borne near
the top of the culm, rarely very remote, the upper often
sessile, the remainder on more or less filiform stalks,
spreading or drooping, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick^ com-
pactly flowered ; perigynia greenish
or stravj-colored, strongly 15-20-
nerved, the very slender beak
strongly toothed ; scale nearly or
quite as long as the perigj'nium.
— Swales, throughout ; frequent.
June-Aug. (Jamaica). Fig. 535.
— Tall specimens with long pen-
dulous spikes have been separated
as the scarcely distinguishable var.
CooLEYi Dewey (var. Dudleyi
Bailey).
167. C. lurida Wahlenb. Vari-
able in size, 0.2-1 m. high, stout ;
culm rather obtusely angled and
smooth ; leaves long and loose,
4-6 mm. icide, rough, the bracts
leafy, elongated ; spikes 2-4, vari-
ously disposed, the 1 or 2 upper sessile, nearly erect or often drooping, the
others more or less peduncled, approximate or remote, very densely flowered,
globose to thick-cylindric, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick; perigynia thin
and turgid, somewhat shining, about lO-nei'ved, the body barely equaling the
slender long-conic beak ; staminate spike single ; scales linear, half as long
as the perigynia or more. — Swamps and wet woods, N. S. to ( )nt., and southw. ;
535. C. hvstericina.
lurida.
252
CYPEPwACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY^
avM.
>
abundant eastw. Fio. 530. — ITybridizes with C. lupulina. Very variable,
passing to many scarcely distiufiiiishabie forms, and to
Var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey. Slender, 3-7 dm. high ; leaves
2-3 mm. wide; spikes 1-4 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. thick. (C.
Baileyi Britton). — Cool woods and meadows, Me. to w. N. Y.,
and in the mts. to Tenn., local. Fig. 537.
168. C. Schweinitzii Dewey. Soft but erect, 2.5-7 dm.
high, yellowish-green., becoming straw-colored in drying ; culm
solitary, from creeping rootstock,
flatfish aiitl smooth ; leaves 0.5-1 cm.
hroacl., the radical longer than the
culm, the others mostly short ; spikes
3-5, the lower one or two short-pe-
duncled, the others subsessile and
approximate, narrowly long-cylindri-
cal (2.5-7.5 cm. long, 8-13 mm. thick),
ascending ; perigynia thin and somewhat inflated, few-
nerved, the long beak short-toothed, ascending ; scales
awned and commonly rough at the tip, a little shorter
than the perigynia. — Swamps and wet calcareous soil,
s. V^t. to Ont., s. to Ct., n. X. J., and Mich. June,
July. Fig. 538.
169. C. retr6rsa Schwein. Stout, 0.4-1 m. high ;
culm obtusely angled and smooth or nearly so ; leaves
and bracts 0.4-1 cm. broad,
soft, roughish, much longer
than the culm ; staminate
spikes 1-4, sessile or short-
peduncled ; pistillate spikes
3-8, approximate near the
top of the culm or the lowest
remote, all hut the loicest
1 or 2 sessile or subsessile, 1.5-5 cm, long, 1.7-2 cm.
thick, compactly flowered, erect or spreading ; peri-
gynia very thin and papery, much inflated, promi-
nently nerved, strongly reflexed, conic-ovoid, long-
beaked, 8-10 mm. long, much exceeding the acuminate
scales. — Wet places, e. Que. to the Saskatchewan
and B. C, s. to Pa., the Great Lakes, la., Ida., and
Ore. July-Oct. Fig. 539. —
Hybridizes with C. rostrata.
Var. RoBiNSoxii Fernald.
Spikes slender, 1.2-1.5 cm.
thick. — Local, Me. to Ida.
Var, Hartii (Dewey) Gray.
The remote, often long-pedun-
cled spikes usually more slen-
der, 2-8 cm. long ; perigynia wide-spreading. — Local,
N. II. to Ont. and Mich.
Var. Macounii (Dewey) Fernald. Similar to the last,
but perigynia ascending. (C. lupulina x retrorsa Dud-
ley.)— \. Y.. Ont., and Mich.
170. C. Halei Carey. Culms solitary, ."(lender, smooth,
2-6 dm. high ; leaves and bracts soft, roughish, 3-6 mm.
broad, over-topping the inflorescence ; .staminate spike long-peduncled ; pistillate
2-4, mostly scattn-ed, sessile, or the lowest short-peduncled, short-cylindric to sub-
globose, 2-3.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick ; the rather few perigynia conic-ovoid,
thin, bladdery, 10-12 mm. long, with a rather abrupt slender-conic beak, twice as
long as the firm ovate acuminate scales. (C. louisianica Bailey.) —Swamps,
538. C. Schweinitzii.
5S9. C. retrorsa.
540. C. Halei.
Fla. to Tex., north w. in the lowlands to Mo.
June- Aug.
Fig. 540.
CYPEEACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
253
171. C. gigantea Rudge. Loosfly caespUose or som.ewh?it fitolomterons, stouty
0.5-1.2 m. high ; leaves 0,7-1.5 cm. hroad ; staininate spikes 2-4 ; pistillate 2-4,
scattered, the hncest long-peduncled and remote, rather
loosely flowered. o-7 cui. long, 2-2.7 cm. thick; peri-
gynia swollen below but very ahruplhf contracted into ^
a slender beak 3-4 times as long as the body, spreading \\
at right angles or nearly so. never
becoming yellow ; scales narrow.
smooth. (C grandis Baile}'.) —
iSwamps, Del., Ky.. and Mo., southw.
July-Sept. Fig. 541.
172. C. Iupulif6rmis Sartwell.
Stout, tall, 0.0-1.2 m. high: leaves
0.(3-1.3 cm. broad, conspicuously
elongate ; bracts broad and far ex-
ceeding the culm ; staminate spike
nsually peduncled ; pistillate spikes
3-5, 3-8 cm. long, cylindrical (2-3.5
cm. thick), at least the lower j^^-
duncled, erect or ascending, somewhat scattered or the
tipper approximate, becoming yelloicish broirn; perigynia
narrowly conic-ovoid, 1.3-2 cm. long, mostly twice ex^eed-
541. C. gigantea.
542. C. lupiiliformis.
mg tr.e firm lance-attenuate scales, ascending,
Una, var. polystachya Schwein. & Torr.) — Rich swamps,
meadows, and prairies. Vt. to 31inn., s. to Del., 111., and
La. July-Oct. Fig. 542.
173. C. lupulina Muhl. A^ery stout and leafy. 4-9 dm.
high ; leaves M.(i-1 cm. broad, loose ; bracts broad and
elongate ; pistillate spikes 2-(1, approximate at the top of
the culm, all closely sessile or the lower sometimes short-
peduncled, thick-cylindrical to .subglobose, very heavy and
densely Jfoicered, 3-G cm. long. 2-3 cm. thick; staminate
spike sessile ; perigynia much inflated, rather soft. 1.3-2
cm. long, erect or but slightly spreading, giving the spike
a hop-like aspect (whence the name); scales firm, lance-
ovate, mostly much shorter than the perigynia. — Swamps
(C lupu-
54:;.
and wet woods N. B., to Ont., la..
C. lupuliua.
and southw. July-
543. — Frequently hybridizes with other
Oct. Fig.
species.
Var. pedunculata Dewey. Often taller ; spikes more
or less scattered, some or all prominently peduncled ;
staminate spike usually conspicuous, generally pe-
duncled; perigynia more spreading. — Locally more
abundant.
174. C. Grayii Carey. Rather stout, 0.3-1 m. high ;
leaves 6-11 mm. wide, flat, harsh, pale green; pistillate
spikes 1 or 2, tlie lowest often peduncled, perfrctly
globular and coini)acily 0-30-flowered, the perigynia
firm, much inflated, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. long, spread-
ing or deflexed and ])rominently many-nerved. (C
Asa-Grayi Bailey.) — Wet alluvial woods and meadows,
w. N. E. to Ont., la., and Mo., local. June-Oct.- Fig.
644.
Var. hispidula Gray. Perigynia hispidulous. — Ct.
to Mo., and southw.
175. C. intumescens Rudge. Slender, 0.3-1 m.
; leaves and bi'acts 3-8 mm. wide, soft, much elongate, dark green ; pistil-
spikes 1-3. stibglobose or short-ovoid, loosely 1-12-flowered ; the perigynia
thin, bladdery, green, 1-1.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, spreading, many-
nerved. — Swamps, meadows, and alluvial woods, throughout ; the typical
544. C. Grayii.
high
late
254
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY}
Rather slender, 0.3-
forin commonest from Mass. southw. June-Sept
Fig. 545.
Var. Ferndldii Bailey. Perigynia more slender^
less inflated, 1.2-1.7 cm. lo?ig, S-o mm. thick. — ■
Nfd. to Man., s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich., and Wise;
and on the mts. of N. C. ; the common form
northw.
176. C. folliculata L.
1.2 m. high ; leaves very
hroad and flat, yelhnmsh-
green, lax; pistillate spikes
2-0, mostly scattered, all hut
the uppermost prominently
pedimcled ; perigynia conic-
subulate, very slightly in-
flated, many-nerved, 1-1.5
cm. long ; scales awned and
often nearly as long. — Wet
woods, meadows and bogs,
Nfd. to Ont., s. to Md.,
locally
Fig.
546. C. folliculata.
W. Va., and Mich,
abundant. June-A
545. C. intumescens. c^g
177. C. Michauxiana Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 2.5-6 dm. high,
yellowish; leaves narrow and firm, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2-A, the lowest
usually remote and short-peduncled,
the remainder aggregated and sessile ;
perigynia lance-subulate, not inflated.,
8-13 mm. long, erect or spreading,
twice longer than the hlunt scales.
(C. abacta Bailey.) — Bogs and lake-
borders, Nfd. to L. Mistassini, s. to
n. N. E., n. N. Y., and Mich.; local.
June, July. Fig. 547.
178. C. subulata Michx. Green^
very slender but erect, 1.5-6 dm. high ;
leaves soft, 1.5-4 mm. wide, shorter
than the culm ; bracts leafy, sheath-
ing ; pistillate spikes 2-5, scattered,
2-Q-flowered ; perigynia subulate, 1-1.5
cm. long, deflexed. ( C. Collinsii Nutt.)
— Bogs and white cedar swamps, R. I.
to e. Fa., and southw. ; very local.
June, July. Fig. 548.
179. C. saxAtilis L. Low, 2-3 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm.
xrAde, flat, bf^coming involute, nearly or (pite equaling the
culm; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2); pistillate
1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, subglobose or
short-cylindric, 0.5-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick ;
perigynia purple or purple-tinged, usiially
nerveless, ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, with a short subentire beak,
slightly exceeding the blunt purple scale; stigmas
usually 2. — By an alpine pond, Mt. Katahdin,
Me.; Lab. and -Greenl. July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig.
540.
Var. miliaris (Michx.) Bailey. Slender and taller,
2.5-() dm. high; leaves nearly filiform; pistillate
spikes mostly paler and more slender, 1-2.5 cm. long,
3-7 mm. thick. (C. miliaris Miclix.) — Margins of
rivers and lakes, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, locally s. to 549. c. «ixatilis.
548. C. subulata.
Michauxiana.
550. C. saxa.,
T. miliaris.
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
255
552. C. rotundata.
551. C. Giahami.
s. N. B. and centr. Me. July-Sept. Fig. 550. — Apparently
hybridizes with C. vesicaria.
180. C. Grahami Boott. Slender, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves
Jlat, 1.5-3 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3; pistillate 1-3, the
loicest mostly short-peduncled, slightly spreading or ascending,
1.2-1.8 cm. long, 0-10 mm. thick ; periciynia straw-colored, thin,
ovoid. 4-5 mm. long, ff-iv- nerved, with a slender
subentire beak, ascending, twice as long as the
blunt purple scale. — Margin of a pond, Mt.
Katahclin, Me. July, Aug. (Scotland.) Fig.
551. — Much of the American material previ-
ously referred to this species is apparently a
hybrid between C. saxatilis, var. miliaris and
forms of C. vesicaria. (C. miliaris, \'a.r. aiirea
Bailey; C. Baeana Britton, not Boott ; C. main-
ensis Porter.)
181. C. rotundata Wahlenb. Slender, 6 dm.
or less high; leaves soon b( coming involute j
staminate spike 1 (rarely 2 or 3); pistillate
1 or 2, sessile, short and compact, 8-13 mm.
long, 6-8 mm. thick, the lower subtended by a
divergent bract (4-5 cm. long) ; perigynia pale or ferruginous, plump, sub-
globose-ovoid, few-nerved, about 3 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked, the beak
entire or short-toothed, one half longer than the purplish scales. — Outlet of
Moosehead L., Me. Aug. (Greenl., n. Eu.) Fig. 552.
182. C. vesicaria L. Comparatively slender, 0.4-1 m. high ; the culms
sharply angled and generally harsh above, usually overtopped by the bracts;
leaves 4-7 mm. wide, loosely ascending or spreading ; staminate
spikes mostly 2 or 3, peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2-3, remote,
sessile or short-peduncled, cylindric, 2-7 cm. long.
1-1.5 cm. thick; perigynia slightly turgid, ovoid
to oblong-conic, gradually tapering to the beak,
when mature 7-9 mm. long, twice exceeding the
ovate-lancet>late acute or acnminate scales. — Mead-
ows and low ground, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Pa.,
the Great Lake region, etc. June-Aug, (Eu.)
Fig. 553. — A very variable northern species, pass-
ing freely with us into the following arbitrarily
distinguished tendencies. Var. monile (Tuckerm.)
Leaves 2-5 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes as in the
perigynia more turgid, roundish-ovoid, about 6 mm.
long, rather abruptly tapering to the beak. (C.
monile Tuckerm.) — Nfd. to Sask,, Ky., and Mo.,
generally common. Fig. 554. Var. jejuna Fer-
nald. Smaller and more slender; pistillate spikes
thinner, 5-8 mm. thick. — Common northw. Var.
DisTENTA Fries. Slender ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2,
shoi't and thick, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick;
perigynia subglobose or ovoid, abruptly beaked. — Local, Nfd. and
Que! to Me. and Vt. A^ar. RaeXxa (Boott) Fernald. Very slen-
der ; leaves 2 mm. wide, tending to become involute at tip; pis-
tillate spikes slender, 4-8 mm. thick; perigynia scarcely inflated,
narrow and elongate. — Local, Que. to Athabasca, s. to Me.
Fig. 555.
183. C. rostrata Stokes. Culm 0.3-1 m. high, rather stout,
thickish and spongy at base, generally smooth and bluntly angled
above ; leaves elongated, flat, usually equaling or exceeding the
culms, pale green or glaucous, 0.2-1 cm. wide, piomui u,ly nodulose, espe-
cially after drying; staminate inflorescence peduncled, of 2-4 distinct spikes,
pistillate spikes mostly 2-4, sessile or the lower peduncled, cylindric, dense,
554 C. ves.,
V. monile.
Fernald=
species
553. C. vesicaria.
555. C. ves.
V. I^aeana.
256
CYPERACEAE (SEI)GE FAMILY)
2-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick; perigynin ascending or slightly spreading,
Jiask-shaped, S-ii mm, long, the nhnipt rylindric beak somewhat exceeding
the bluntish or acute oblong or lanceolate purple-tinged
scale. (C. fttriruhtta, var. ininor Boott.) — Wet swamps
and shallow water, Nfd. and Lab. to Sask. and B. C,
s. to Ct., N, Y., 111., Utah, and
Cal. ; conunon northw., local
south w. (Ku.) Y\(i. 556.
Var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey.
Coarser; mature spikes 1-2 cm.
thick, often longer than in the
species ; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid
to conic-cyiitidric,
0.5-1 cm. long, taper-
ing gradually to the
beak. (C. utricu-
lata Boott.) — Ex-
tending s. to N. J.,
O., etc. Fig. 557.
Var. ambigens
Fernald. Very slen-
556. C. rostrata. ^^''^ ^^ ^™- ^^^^
in diameter
mm. broad ;
tin ate 1-3,
558. C. bullata. 557. C. rost, v. utric.
culms barely 1 mm.
below the spikes ; leaves 2-5
staminate spikes 1 or 2 ; pis-
1-2.5 cm. long; perigynia as
in the species. — Que., N. B., and n. Me.
184. C. bullata Schkuhr. Slender, 4-9 dm. high, the long stiff leaves 4-6
im. wide ; staminate spikes mostly 2 or .3, long-peduncled ; pistillate spikes
mostly 2, remote, cylindric, densely flowered, 2.5-5
cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; perigynia strongly nerved,
Jirm, dull or slightly shining, very turgid, 5-8 mm.
long, spreading-ascending, the usually serrulate or
slightly roughish conic-cylindric beak much exceeding
the acute or bluntish scale. ( C. Olneyi Boott ; C.
bullata X utriculata Bailey.) — Swales and wet mead-
ows, local, Mass. to Del. June, July. Fig. 558.
Var. Greenii (Boeckl.) Fer-
nald. More slender and low^er ;
leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; pistillate
spike 1 {or if 2, remote), shorter
and thicker, rather loosely flow-
ered ; perigynia lustrous, 6-9
mm. long. (C bullata Man. ed.
6.) — Commoner, s. Me. to Pa.
and Ga. Fig. 550.
185. C. Tuckermani Dewey.
Culms slender, 1 m. or le.ss high,
forming loose stools ; leaves 3-5
mm. wide ; bracts very leaf-like
and usually much prolonged ;
staminate spikes 2 or 3, long-peduncled ; pistillate spikes
2 or 3, slender-peduncled or the upper sessile, thick-
cylindric, 2-6 cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. thick, loosely flowered ;
perigynia glos.sy, extremely membranaceous and bladder-
like, strongly nerved, globose-ovoid, 1 cm. long, 5-6.5 mm.
thick, tapering gradually to the slender cylindric beak, much exceeding the
oblong-ovate acute or acuminate scales. — Rich alluvial shores, rarely in swamps,
N. B. to Lake St. John, Que., and Ont., s. to N. J., Ind., and Minn. June-
Aug. Fig. 560
559. C. bullata, v. Greenii.
560. C. Tuckermani.
ARACEAE (akLM i'AxMILY) 257
ARACEAE (Arum Family)
Plants with acrid or pungent jidce, simple or compound often v.einy leaves,
and flowers crowded on a spadix, ichich is usually surrounded by a spathe. —
Floral envelopes none, or of 4-(3 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with
fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy embryo. A large family,
chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender rhaphides. — The genuine
Araceae have no floral envelopes, and are almost all monoecious or dioecious ;
but the genera of the third and fourth sections, with more highly developed
flowers, are not to be separated.
* Spadix elongated, enveloped in a spathe ; flowers destitute of perianth, monoecious or dioecious.
1. Arisaema. Flowers covering onlj^ the base of the spadix. Leaves not sagittate.
2. Peltandra. Flowers covering the spadix. Leaves sagittate.
* * Spadix short-cylindric, subtended by an open spreading petaloid spathe ; flowers (at least the
lower ones) perfect, without perianth.
3. Calla. Flowers covering the whole spadix.
* * * Spadix globose, enveloped in a very fleshy ovoid spathe ; flowers perfect and perianth present.
4. Symplocarpus. Sepals 4, hooded.
* * * * Spadix cylindrical without obvious spathe ; flowers perfect, perianth present.
5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape.
6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape.
1. ARISAEMA Martins. Indian Turnip. Dragon Arum
Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or
by abortion dioecious. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a cluster of
almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile
flowers a 1-celled ovary containing 5 or 6 erect orthotropous ovules; in fruit a
l_few-seeded scarlet berry. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock
or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or
compound veiny leaves. (Name from apis, a kind of arum, and aXfxa, blood, from
the spotted leaves of some species.)
1. A. triphyllum (L.) Schott. (Indian Turnip, Jack-in-the-Pulpit. )
Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadix mostly
dioecious, subcylindric or club-shaped, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe,
which is smooth or corrugated in its tubular part and incurved-hooded at its flat
ovate-lanceolate pointed summit. (A. pusillum Nash; A. Stewardsonii Britton.)
— Rich woods. May. — Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an
intensely acrid juice ; spathe with the petioles and sheaths pale green, or often
dark purple or variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots.
2. A. Drac6ntium (L.) Schott. (Green Dragon. Dragon Root.) Leaf
usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ;
spadix often androgyno^is, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the.
oblong and convolute-pointed greenish spathe. — Low grounds, w. N. E. to Fla.,
w. to bnt., Minn., e. Kan., and Tex. June. — Corms clustered ; petiole 3-6 dm,
long, much exceeding the peduncle.
2. PELTANDRA Raf. Arrow Arum
Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above.
Flowers thickly covering the long and tapering spadix throughout (or only its
apex naked). Anther-masses sessile, naked, covering all the uppe:: part of the
spadix, each of 4-6 pah's of cells embedded in the margin of a thick and shield-
shaped connective, opening by terminal pores. Ovaries at the base of the
spadix, each surrounded by 4-5 distinct, scale-like white staminodia, 1-celled,
bearing 1-few amphitropous ovules at the base. Berries in an ovoid fleshy
gray's manual — 17
258 ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY)
head enveloped by the base of the leathery spathe. — Steinless herbs, with arrow-
shaped or hastate palinately 3-nerved and pinnately veined leaves, and simple
scapes from a thick fibrous or subtuberous root. (Name from TreXr?;, a small
shield, and avrip, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.)
1. P. virglnica (L. ) Kuuth. Scape 2-3.5 dm. high, about equaling the
leaves ; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and often acutish ; spathe convolute
throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green ; sterile portion of the spadix
several times longer than the pistillate ; ovules several ; fruit green; seeds 1 (-3).
(P. undulata Raf.) — Shallow water, s. Me. to Fla., w. to s. Ont., Mich., and
Mo. June.
3. CALLA L. Water Arum
Spathe ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Lower
flowers perfect and 6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Filaments slen-
der ; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-9 erect
anatropous ovules. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. — A low perennial herb,
growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-
petioled icaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.)
1. C. paliistris L. — Cold bogs, N. S. to N. J., w. to Mich, and Minn., and
northw. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eurasia.)
4. SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. Skunk Cabbage
Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments ;
anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped ;
stigma small. Ovule solitary, su.spended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or ovoid
mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, inclosing the spherical
seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent fleshy
sepals and pyramidal styles. — Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of
the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a very thick rootstock, and a cluster
of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the
nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from
a-vfxirXoK-q, connection, and /capTros, fruit, in allusion to the coalescence of the
ovaries into a compound fruit.)
1. S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 3-6 dm. long,
short-petioled ; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green,
ovate, incurved. (Spathyema Raf.) — Bogs and moist grounds, N. S. to N. C,
w. to Ont., Minn., and la.
5. 0R6nTIUM L. Golden Club
Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part
of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Lower
flowers with 6 concave sepals and 0 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments
flattened ; anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary l-celled, with
an anatropous ovule. Fruit a green utricle. — An aquatic perennial, with a
deep rootstock, and long-petioled entire oblong and nerved floating leaves.
(Origin of the name obscure.)
I. 0. aquaticum L. — Ponds, Mass. to Fla. May.
6. ACORUS L. Sweet Flag. Calamus
Sepals G, concave. Stamens 6 ; filaments linear ; anthers kidney-shaped,
1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous
ovules in each cell. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 -few-seeded.
— Aromatic, especially the thick creeping rootstocks {calamus of the shops).
Leaves sword-like ; the upper and more foliaceous prolongation of the scape
may be considered as a kind of open spathe. ("AKopas, the ancient name, of no
known meaning.)
1. A. Calamus L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yellowish-
green) spadix. — Margins of rivulet.s, swamps, etc. (Eurasia.)
LEMNACEAE (DUCKWEED FAMILY) 259
LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Fasiilt)
Minute stemJess plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem
arid foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers
from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from underneath ;
ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1-1 -seeded nitride. Seed large.
Embryo straight. — The simplest, and some of them the smallest of flowering
plants, propagating by the proliferous growth of a new individual from a cleft
in the edge or base of the parent frond, also by autumnal fronds in the form of
minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise and vegetate in
spring ; the flowers (m summer) and fruit scarce, in some species hardly ever
seen. — These plants may be regarded as very simplified Araceae.
1. Spirodela. Frond 5-15-nerved, with several rootlets.
2. Lemna. Frond 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet.
3. Wolffia. Frond thick, ovoid or ellipsoidal, very minute (0.5-1.3 mm. long), without rootlets.
4. Wolffiella. Fronds strap-shaped, thin, without rootlets.
1. SPIRODELA Schleid.
Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovules 2. Rootlets several, with axile vascular tissue. Otherwise as Lemna.
(From cnrelpa. a cord, and StJXos, evident.)
1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Fronds round-obovate (3-8 mm. long), thick,
purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly
7-) nerved. — Common in ponds and pools, except near our n. limits. (Temp,
and trop. regions.)
2. LEMNA L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat
Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three
together surrounded by a spathe ; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen
only ; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil ; the whole therefore imitating a
single diandrous flower. Ster. Fl. Filament slender; anther 2-celled, didy-
mous ; the cells dehiscent transversely. Fert. Fl. Ovary 1-celled ; style and
truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. Ovules and seeds 1-7. — Fronds
1-5-nerved, producing a single rootlet beneath (which is destitute of vascular
tissue), proliferous from a cleft in the margin toward the base. (An old Greek
name of uncertain meaning.)
* Fronds oblong, long-stalked at base, remaining connected.
1. L. trisiilca L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate (6-10 mm. long), at-
tenuate at base into a slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, very obscurely 3-nerved,
often without rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining connected ;
spathe sac-like; seeds ovate, amphitropous, with small round operculum. —
Ponds and springy places, N. S. to N. J., Tex., and w. to the Pacific. (Temp,
and trop. regions.)
* * Fronds oblong to elliptical or round-ovate, sessile, soon separating.
2. L. valdiviana Philippi. Fronds elliptic-oblong, small (2.5-4 mm. long),
rather thick, usually somewhat falcate, obscurely l-nerved ; spathe broad-reni-
form ; utricle long-ovate, pointed by the long style ; seed orthotropous, oblong,
with a prominent acute operculum. (L. minor, var. cyclostasa Ell. ; L. cyclo-
stasa of auth.) — Pools, Mass. to Fla. and westw. across the continent.
(S. A.)
3. L. perpusilla Torr. Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate, oblique (2-3
mm. long), obscurely S-nerved ; utricle ovate ; style rather long ; seed orthotro-
pous, ovate or oval, obtuse, vjith scarcely apiculate operculum. — Mass. to Fla.,
and w. to Dak. and Kan. Var. trinervis Aust. has larger distinctly
3-nerved fronds, and an equally cordate seed. — N. J. to Kan. and I. T.
260 ERIOCAULACEAE (PlFEWUllT FAMILY)
4. L. minor L. Fronds round- to eUiptic-ohovate (2-5 mm. in diameter),
rather thick, very obscurely o-nerved; spathe sac-like; utricle short-urn-shaped,
tipped with a short style ; seed oblong-obovate, amj/hitropous, with prominent
rounded operculum. — Stagnant waters, except along our n. borders. (Temp,
regions.)
3. WOLFFIA Horkel.
Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or in
some foreign species flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2 ; one consisting of a
single stamen with a 1-celled 2-valved anther ; the other of a globular ovary,
tipped with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous,
rather oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds root-
less, proliferous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring
soon detached; no rhaphides. — The simplest and smallest of flowering plants,
floating as little grains in or on the water. (Named for Johann Friedrich Wolffs
who wrote on Lemna in 1801.)
Not dotted ; upper surface strongly convex 1. TT. columMana.
Dotted.
Upper surface flattish 2. TT. punctata.
Upper surface low-conical S. W. papulifera.
1. W. Columbiana Karst. Globose or globular, 0.7-1.5 mm. long, very
loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted ; stomata 1-6 ; the opening at
the base circular and with a thin border. — Floating rather beneath the surface
of stagnant waters. Ct. to Fla.. w. to Minn, and La.
2. W. punctata Griseb. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellular, flattish
and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below, brown-dotted
all over, anterior edge sharp ; opening at base circular. ( W. brasiliensis of
auth., not Weddell.) — Ont. to the Gulf of Mex. — Growing with the preceding
but floating on the surface.
3. W. papulifera C. H. Thompson. Lower surface hemispherical, the upper
flattish at the margin, rising at the center to a single low papilla ; flowers
unknown. — Mo. {Bush, Thompson).
4. WOLFFIELLA Hegelm.
Flowers and fruit unknown. Fronds (in ours) linear-attenuate or flagellate,
falcate or sigmoid, many times longer than wide, punctate, solitary or cohering
at the base and radiating in a stellate manner. Pouch single, triangular, basal.
— Small genus of imperfectly known plants. (Name a diminutive of Wolffia "*
1. W. floridana (J. D. Sm.) Thompson. Fronds hollow, gradually attenuate
from base to flagelliform apex, 6-8 mm. long. ( Wolffia gladiata, var. J. D. Sm.)
— Mo. to Fla. and Tex.
ERIOCAULACEAE (Pipewort Family)
Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous
roots, a cluster of narrow and often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and naked
scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monoecious or rarely
dioeciotis small "l-Z-merous flmoers, each in the axil of a scarious bract; the
perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2-3-
celled 2-S-seeded capsule ; seeds pendulous, orthotropous ; embryo at the apex
of mealy albumen. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions.
1. Eriocaulon. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-forni in the staminate
tlowers. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes (4). Anthers 2-celled.
2. Syngonanthus. Perianth as in the last. Stamens only as many as the corolla-lobes (3), An-
tlii-i-s '.'-celled.
3. Lachnocaulon. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphou« below. Anthers
1-celled.
ERIOCAULACEAE (PIPEWORT FAMILY) 261
1. ERIOCAULON [Gronov.] L. Pipewort
Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i.e. both kinds in the same head, either
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious.
Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or dilated
upward. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black gland or
spot. Stamens inserted one at the base of each lobe and (Mie in each sinus.
Pistils rudimentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from
the rest of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets).
Corolla of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked,
2-3-lobed ; style 1 ; stigmas 2 or 3, slender. Capsule membranaceous, loculicidal.
— Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cellular and pellucid, flat or concave above.
Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, etc., usually white-bearded or woolly.
(Name compounded of epiov., wool^ and /cauXos, a stalk, from the wool at the
base of the scape.) — Our species are all stemless, wholly glabrous excepting at
the base and the flowers, with a depressed head and dimerous flowers.
1. E. decangulare L. Leaves obtuse, varying from lanceolate to linear-awl-
shaped, rather rigid, 6-40 cm. long; scapes 10-12-ribbed (3-9 dm. high);
head hemispherical, becoming globose (6-14 mm. in diameter) ; scales of the
involucre acutish, straw-color or light brown ; chaff (bracts among the flowers)
pointed. — Pine-barren swamps, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
2. E. compressum Lam. Leaves spreading (5-12 cm. long), grassy-awl-
shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a
sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the 10-ribhed scape; scales of the
involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color ; chaff obtuse. (E. gnaphalodes
Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla.
3. E. articulatum (Huds.) Morong. Peduncles l-several ; leaves 2-8 cm.
long, awl-shaped, pellucid, soft and very cellular ; scape -i-l -striate, slender. 5-15
cm. high or when submersed becoming 3-20 dm. long according to the depth of
the water : chaff acutish ; head 5-9 mm. broad, at length depressed-globose ;
bracts, chaff, etc., lead-colored except where whitened by short but coarse
beard; anthers longer than broad. {E. septangulare With.) — In ponds or
along their borders, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ind., Mich., Minn., and Ont. July,
Aug. (Ireland and adjacent islands.)
4. E. Parkeri Robinson. Leaves lance-linear, 3-6 cm. long, attenuate from
a base 3-4 mm. broad to a very sharp tip ; peduncles 10-22, erect, slightly rigid ;
heads small (3-4 mm. in diameter), even in fruit surrounded by a campanulate
involucre; chaff and flowers nearly glabrous; anthers as broad as long. —
Banks of the Delaware R. near Camden, X. J. {T. P. James, Parker.)
2. SYNGONANTHUS Ruhland.
Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla in
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary.
Petals of the fertile flowers united to the middle. Otherwise nearly as in
Eriocaulon. (Name from avyyovos., connate, and &vdos, flower, from the united
petals. )
1. S. flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhland. Tufted, stemless; leaves bristle-awl-
shaped (2-7 cm. long) ; scapes (1-4 dm. high) very slender, simple, minutely
pubescent, 5-angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those
among the flowers mostly obsolete ; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the
fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious- white. {Paepalanthus Kunth.) — Low
pine-barrens, s. Va. to Fla. and Ala.
3. LACHNOCAULON Kunth. Hairy Pipewort
Flowers monoecious, etc.. as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla
none ! Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 ; filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped
tube around the rudiment of a pistil, above separate and elongated ; anthers
1-celled 1 Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of
262
XYRIDACEAE (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY)
a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft. — Scape slender, bearing a single head, 2-3-
angled. hairy. (Name from Xax^s, icooJ^ and /cai;X6s, stalk.)
1. L. anceps (Walt.) Morong. Leaves linear-awl-shaped, tufted, villous.
(i. Michauxii Kunth.) — Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
XYRIDACEAE (Yellow-eted Grass Family)
Bush-like herbs, with narrow leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape, which
is terminated by a head of perfect ^-androus flowers, with extrorse a -ithers, glu~
maceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla ; the S-valved mostly \-celled cap-
sule containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute embryo at the
apex of fleshy albumen.
1. XYRIS [Gronov.] L. Yellow-eted Grass
Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral boat-shaped and persistent ; the
anterior one larger, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it.
Petals 3, yellow (rarely white), with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile
stamens 3, inserted on the claws of the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments,
which are cleft and in our species plumose or bearded at the apex. Style 3-cleft.
Capsule oblong, free, 1-celled, with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae,
3-valved, many-seeded. — Ours apparently all perennials. (Si^pt's, a name of
some plant with 2-edged leaves, from ^vpbv^ a razor.)
Lateral sepals about equaliiij? the subteuding bracts and concealed by them.
Ease not bulbous ; keel of the lateral sepals wth an erose wing.
Heads ovoid.
Leaf-blades strictly linear or broadest at the base ; scape narrowly 2-
margined.
Heads narrowly ovoid ; flower -bearing scales few (4-7) at length dark
brown 1. X. montana.
Heads broadly ovoid ; flower-bearing scales usually numerous, greenish
or pale brown 2. X. caroliniana.
Leaf-blades broadest in the middle ; scape much flattened, conspicuously
2-winged 3.
Heads ellipsoidal or subcylindric (southern) 4.
Base bulbous ; keel of the lateral sepals ciliolate 5.
Lateral sejials evident, much exceeding the subtending bracts or exserted
laterally.
Keel of the lateral sepals slightly lacerate or erose 6.
Keel of the lateral sepals conspicuously fringed. _
Base neither bulbous nor indurated 7.
Base bulbous and indurated, dark brown 8.
X. difformis.
X. elata.
X.flexuosa.
X. Smalliana.
X. fimbriate.
X. arenicola.
\. X. montana Ries. Dwarf and very slender, l-(rarely)3 dm. high, some-
what caespitose from a more or less branching rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear,
rarely more than 4 cm, long, about one fourth or one third
the length of the nearly filiform stipes ; heads at maturity
4-6 mm. thick ; seeds subcylindric-spindle-shaped, regularly
ribbed. (X. flexuosa, var. pusilla Gray.) — Chiefly in peat
bogs, Nfd. to 5lt. Desert, Me., the uplands of
N. Y., and e. Pa. ; also on L. Superior. Fig.
56L
2. X. caroliniana Walt. Varying much
in size ; leaves grass-like, mostly 6-20 cm.
long, one third to two thirds as long as the
slightly ancipital stipe ; roots a tuft of delicate fibers ; root-
stock apparently not developed ; fruiting heads 8-10 mm. in
diameter ; seeds ovoid-spindle-shaped somewhat irregularly
about 13-ribbed, wlicii ripe claret-colored. — Wet sandy shores Seed x 33.
of lakes and pools, centr. Me. to Ind., and southw. Fig. 562.
3. X diff6rmis Chapm. Rather stout ; leaves lance-linear, 7-1.2 mm. broac,
in the middle, thickish ; scape strongly flattened, conspicuously 2-winged, 2-i
5C1. X. montana.
Lateral sepal x 3%
Seed X 33.
562. X. caroliniana.
Lateral sepal x 3%.
MAYACACEAE (MAYACA FAMILY)
263
563. X. flexuosa.
Lateral sepal x 3%.
mm. broad ; heads subglobose, in fruit about 1 cm. in diameter ; seeds about 25-
ribbed. — Sandy shores, Md. {Canhy), and southw.
4. X. elata Chapra. Tall (4-8 dm. hiy;b) ; leaves grass-like (2-4 dm. long),
linear or gladiate from broadened strongly equitant bases ; scape slender, only
moderately compressed, ancipital but not winged ; heads ellip-
soidal or subcylindric, 1.4-3 cm. long ; floriferous scales numer-
ous, suborbicular. — Sandy shores, Va. to Fla. and Miss.
5. X. flexuosa Muhl. Leaves narrowly linear, pale green,
thickish, twisted, from a small bulb-like base ; stipe 3-6 dm.
high, twisted amd flexuous, slightly compressed tow^ard the
summit, not winged ; head subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter ;
scales suborbicular, pale brown, the greenish area small and ill-
defined ; lateral sepals ciliolate on the keel. —
Wet places, chiefly in sandy soil, e. Mass. to
Minn., Tex., and S. C. Fig. 563.
6. X. Smalliana Xash. Tall (4-9 dm. high) ; leaves broadly
linear or sword-shaped, 2.5-6 dm. long, often nearly 2 cm. broad
at the equitant and commonly proliferous base, neither twisted
nor flexuous ; scape rather slender, straight, compressed near
the summit ; heads obovoid or ovoid-ellipsoidal, at maturity
about 10-12 mm. in diameter ; scales broadly ovate, green with
a stramineous or pale-brown border ; lateral sepals long and
narrow, erose-lacerate on the usually narrow wing ; seeds for
the genus long, subcylindric, regularly ribbed, pale in color. — Chiefly on boggy
shores rich in decaying vegetation, often in water, e. Mass.
to Fla. — The northern form, which has the lateral sepals a
little less lacerate on the keel, has been published as X. Cong-
doni Small. Fig. 564.
7. X. fimbriata Ell. Tall, strict; leaves
broadly linear, straight ; scape straight or
nearly so, 5-8 dm, high, compressed and
roughened on the edges toward the summit;
heads ellipsoidal, about 12-15 mm. in diameter,
nearly 2 cm. long ; fringed sepals conspicuous,
nearly twice as long as the bracts. — Pine-
barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Miss. Fig. 565.
8. X. arenicola Small. Base thick and
bulb-like, surrounded by broad chestnut-
colored scales, the enlarged and hardened persistent bases of
former leaves ; slender stipe and very narrow thickish leaves
twisted and flexuous; head cylindric, 1-2.6 cm. long, acutish,
8-10 mm. thick; fringed sepals conspicuous. (X. torta of auth., notSm.) —
Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Miss. Fig. 566.
5W. X. Smalliana.
Lateral sepal x 3%.
T>^. X. fimbriata.
Lateral sepal x 3%.
566. X. arenicola.
Lateral sepal x 3%
MAYACACEAE (Mayaca Family)
Moss-like aquatic plants, densely leafy, with narrowly linear sessile pellucid
leaves, axillary naked peduncles terminated by a solitary perfect S-androus
flower, herbaceous calyx, white corolla, and a o-valved 1-celled several-seeded
capsule. — A single genus.
1. MAYACA Aublet.
Perianth persistent, of 3 herbaceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals.
Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary with 3 parietal few-ovuled placentae;
style filiform ; stigma simple. — Creeping or floating in shallow water ; leaves
entire, minutely notched at the tip ; peduncle solitary, sheathed at base. (An
aboriginal name.)
1. M. Aubleti Michx. Peduncles deflexed in fruit; capsules about 9-seeded.
(M. Michauxii Scliott & Endl.) — Va. and O. to Fla. and Tex.
26J: COMMELINACEAE (SPIDEUWOKT FAMILY)
COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Family)
Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branching
leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and ^Vandrous often irregular flowers, with the
perianth free from the 2-o-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and corolla;
viz., 3 persistent commonly herbaceous sepals, and 3 petals, ephemeral, decay-
ing or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, often some of them sterile; anthers
with 2 separated cells. Style 1 ; stigma undivided. Capsule ^-3-celled, 2-3-
valved, loculicidal, 3-several-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Leaves entire, paral-
lel-veined, sheathed at base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind
of spathe. — Chiefly tropical.
1. Tradescantia. Bracts leaf-like or small and scarious. Petals equal. Perfect stamens 6;
filaments bearded.
3. Commelina. Cyme sessile within a cordate or connate bract (spathe). Petals unequal.
Perfect stamens 3; filaments naked.
1. TRADESCANTIA [Rupp.] L. Spiderwort
Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta-
mens all fertile ; filaments bearded. Capsule 2-o-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. —
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbeled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro-
duced through the summer ; floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for
the elder Tradescant, gardener to Charles the First of England.)
Umbels long-peduncled ; bracts short, subscarious \. T. rosea.
Umbels sessile or nearly so, much surpassed by the leaf-like bracts.
Dwarf, rarelv over 1 dm. high, villous ; pedicels 2-6 cm. long, thread-like . 2. T. brevicaulis.
Taller, .3-8 dm. high.
Stem geniculate, the subsessile umbels axillary as well as terminal . . 3. 7*. pilosa.
Stem straight, simple or branched ; umbels terminal.
Sepals entirely glabrous, or one or more of them with a tuft of hairs
near the involute slightly hooded apex 4. 3". refleva.
Sepals villous with non-glandular hairs 5. 71 virginiana.
Sepals glandular-villous.
Bracts broader than the leaves 6. T. bracteata.
Bracts not broader than the leaves 1. T. occideutalis.
1. T. rbsea Vent. Small, .slender (1.5-4 dm. high), smooth, erect from a
running rootstock ; leaves linear, grass-like, 1-5 (rarely as much as 11) mm.
broad. — Sandy woods, Md. to Fla., w. to Mo. and "Tex."
2. T. brevicaulis Raf. Ofteji stemless or nearly so, very hairy ; roots a clus-
ter of dark more or less thickened fibers ; leaves lance-linear ; sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, villous; petals large, iDurplish-blue or more often rose-
colored. (T. virginica, var. villosa Wats.) — Moist sandy soil, centr. Ind. {H.
II. Bartlett) to Ky., Tex., and Kan. Apr., May.
3. T. pilbsa Lehm. Tall, stout, 4-7 dm. high, zigzag ; leaves large, flat, often
3-4 cm. wide, dark green above, finely pubescent on both surfaces, rarely sub-
glabrous ; sepals pilose or smoothish, ovate-oblong, 6-9 mm. long ; petals blue.
(T. flexuosa TJaf. ) — Woods and shaded banks of streams. Pa. to Mo. and Ga.
4. T. reflexa Raf. Slender, glabrous or nearly so. glaucous ; leaves narrow,
linear-attenuate from a lanceolate base, strongly involute; umbels terminal on
the stems and branches, many-flowered ; narrow bracts and glabrous pedicels
soon deflexed; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 8-13 mm. long, glabrous except at the
often tufted tip; petals blue, 10-14 mm. long. — Wet places, O. to Mich.,
Minn., Kan., Tex., and S. C.
5. T. virginiana L. Green ; leaves flat, linear or lance-linear, the upper
more or less ])ubescent ; bracts leaf-liko, elongated, usually ascending; pedicels
and sepals villous, the latter about 1.6 cm. long; petals rich pui-plish-blue,
1.6-2 cm. long. — Alluvial soil, Ct. to Pa. and S. C. ; also introd. northw.
BROMELIACEAE (PINEAPPLE FAMILY) 265
6. T. bracteata Small. Sordid glandular-villous above ; bracts relatively
large, conduplicate, recurved, their bases 2-2.8 cm. broad; flowers large, 2.5-3
cm. in diameter. — Prairies, " Minn.," and la. to Tex. and B. C.
7. T. occidentalis (Britton) Smyth. Slender, 3 dm. high ; leaves narrowly
linear, involute, their bases often enlarged and scarious ; the bracts scarcely if at
all broader than the foliar leaves; sepals glandular-pubescent, about 1 cm. long ;
petals blue (or roseate), about 1.4 cm. long. — " la." to Neb., Tex., and N. Mex.
T. montXxa Shuttlw., not Heyne, a southern species distinguished from
T. virginiana chiefly by its smaller flowers and smoother calyx and from T.
reflexa by its broader greener leaves, is said to extend as far north as Va. and Ky.
2. COMMELINA [Plum.] L. Dat-floaver
Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly
united. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney-shaped, on long claws, the odd
one smaller. Stamens imequal, 3 of them fertile, one of which is bent inward ;
3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect cross-shaped anthers ; filaments
aaked. — Often procumbent and rooting at the joints. Leaves contracted at base
into sheathing petioles ; the floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together
or hooded, forming a spathe inclosing the flowers, which expand for a single
morning and are recurved on their pedicel before and afterward. Petals blue.
Flowering all summer. Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking
root from the joints. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and Q-,
Commelin.)
* Ventral cells 2-ovuled {usually 2-seeded), the dorsal 1-ovuled.
1. C. communis L. Slender and creeping, nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceo-
late, 2-5 cm. long; spathe cordate, acute, with margins not united; seeds shal-
lowly pitted, granulate-reticulated. (0. nudiflora auth., not L.) — Alluvial
banks, Del. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Tex. — A frequent weed of dooryards and
gardens, northeast w. to e. Mass. (E. Asia, Trop. reg.)
2. C. hirtella Vahl. Stout, erect, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves large, lanceolate,
the sheaths brown-bearded; spathes crowded, with margins united; seeds
smooth. — River-banks, Pa. to Fla., w. to I. T. and Tex.
* * Cells 1-ovuled, 1-seeded ; seeds smooth ; spathe cucullate ; roots subtuberous.
3. C. erecta L. Slender, often low; leaves linear ; cells all dehiscent. — Pa.
to Fla. and Tex.
4. C. virglnica L. Slender, usually tall ; leaves lanceolate to linear ; dorsal
cell indehiscent, scabrous. — Damp rich woods and banks, s. N. Y. to Fla., w. to
Mich. , Kan., and Tex.
BROMELlACEAE (Pineapple Family)
Herbs {or scarcely icoody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi-
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channeled crowded leaves, sheathing at
the base, usually covered with scurf.
1. TILLANDSIA L. Loxg Moss
Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana-
ceous ; the 3 inner (petals) colored ; all connivent below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypog>-nous or the alternate ones adhering to
the base of the petals ; anthers introrse. Ovary free; style thread-shaped ;
stigmas 3. Capsule cartilaginous, 3-celled. Seeds several or many in each cell,
anatropous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted ^stalk, like a
coma. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. (Named for Prc)f. Tillands of Abo.)
1. T. usneoides L. (Common Loxg Moss or Black Mos^*.) Stems tliread-
266 PONTEDEIilACEAE (I'ICKEKEL-WEED FAMILY)
shaped, branching, pendulous ; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, 1-flow-
ered ; flower yellow. — K. Va., s. to Fla., and westw. ; growing on the branches
of trees, forming long hanging tufts.
PONTEDERIACEAE (Pickerel-weed Family)
Aquatic herbs, icith perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the
petal-like Q-merous perianth free from the S-celled ovary; the S or 6 mostly
unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the G
divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together
sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, or the base
thickened-persistent and inclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules anat-
ropous. Style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or incompletely
3-celled many-seeded capsule or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Embryo slender,
in floury albumen.
1. Pontederia. Spike manj'-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base inclosing
the 1-seeded utiicle. Stamens 6.
2. Heteranthera. Spathe 1-few-flowered. Perianth salver-shaped. Stamens 3. Capsule
many-seeded.
1. PONTEDERIA L. Pickerel-weed
Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-
lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable to the base ; tube
after flowering revolute-coiled. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior long-exserted ; the
3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments, unequally
inserted lower down ; anthers versatile, oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled ; two of the
cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled. — Stout
herbs, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled leaves, and
a 1-leaved stem, bearing a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers. Koot-leaves
with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor
at Padua in the 18th century.)
1. P. cordata L. Leaves heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from a spathe-
like bract ; upper lobe of perianth marked with a pair of yellow spots (rarely
all white); calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6-toothed ridges. — N. S. to Ont,.
Minn., and Tex, July-Sept. (Trop. Am.) Var. angustif6lia Torr, Leaves
lanceolate or triangular-attenuate, roundish or truncate at base. — Same range.
2. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mud Plantain
Perianth with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted, ephemeral.
Stamens in the throat, usually unequal ; anthers erect. Capsule 1-celled or
incompletely 3-celled by intrusion of the placentae. — Low herbs, in mud or
shallow water, with a 1-few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side
or base of a petiole. (Name from er^pa, different, and avd-qpd, anther.)
* Stamens unequal-; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers; the other
longer, loith a larger oblong or sagittate, greenish anther ; capsule incom-
pletely •'>-celled ; leaves rounded, long-petioled; creeping or floating plants.
1. H. renif6rmis R. & P. Leaves round-kidney-shaped to cordate and acute ;
spathe 3-r)-flowered ; flowers white or pale blue. — Ct. to Neb., and south w.
(S. A.)
2. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both
endi» ; spathe 1 -flowered; flowers larger, blue. — Va. to Neb., and south w.
(S. A .
JUXCACEAE (rush FAMILY) 267
* * Stamens alike^ icith sagittate anthers; capsule 1-celled, with o parietal pla-
centae ; leaves linear, translucoit, sessile ; submerged grass-like herbs, with
only the flowers reaching the surface.
3. H. dubia ( Jacq. ) MacM. The slender branching stems clothed with leaves
and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe (becoming lateral); flowers small, pale
yellow, with a very long thread-like tube. (^H. graminea Vahl.) — N. E. to Unt.,
westw. and southw.
JimCACEAE (Rush Family)
Grass-like or rush-like herbs, icith small regular and hypogynous persistent
floicers, 3 glumaceous sepals, and 3 similar petals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens icith
2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary
either ^-celled or 1-celled icith 3 parietal placentae, forming a loculicidal
3-valved capsule. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base
of the fleshy albumen. — Flowers liliaceous in structure, but sedge-like in aspect
and texture.
1. Juncus. Capsule 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded. Plants never hairy.
2. Luzula. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Plants often hairy.
1. JUNCUS [Tourn.] L. Rush. Bog Rush
Capsule 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentae not reaching the axis. Stamens
when 3 opposite the 3 sepals. — Chiefly perennials, and in wet soil or water,
with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, and cymose or clus-
tered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer. (The classical
name, from jungere, to join, alluding to the use of the stems for bands.)
a. Inflorescence appearing lateral ; the involucral leaf erect, similar to
and continuing the naked or essentially naked scape ; rootstock ^
creeping b.
b. Sheaths at base of the scape leafless.
Stamens 3.
Capsule tipped by a crown-Uke blunt mucro, formed by the
thick base of the style ; inflorescence densely capitate . 17. J. conglomeratus.
Capsule truncate or emarginate at tip, %Tithout a distinct mucro.
Inflorescence loose, the primary branches conspicuous . . 16, J. effusus.
Inflorescence a dense head, the primary branches short and
inconspicuous (16) J. effusus, v. eompactus.
Stamens 6.
Flowers greenish ; capsule broadly ovoid, barely mucronate,
about cquahng the calyx 15. J.fiUformis.
Flowers brown ; capsule more or less trigonous, distinctly mu-
cronate.
Calyx 2-2.7 mm. long, much exceeded by the capsule . . 18. e/i Smithii.
Calyx 3,5-5 mm, long, nearly or quite equahng the capsule
14. J. baliicus, v, littoralis.
b. Sheaths (or at least the inner ones) bearing long terete scape-Uke
leaves.
Flowers solitary at the tips of the ultimate ramifications of the
cyme ; capsule subglobose, 3-4 mm, in diameter, about equaled
by the spreading sepals , . . , 10. cT", setaceua.
Flowers clustered at the tips of the ultimate branthlets ; capsule
trigonous, barely 2 mm. broad ; sepals and petals appressed-
ascending.
Capsule broadly ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; seeds ovoid,
obtuse 19. J", Roemerianua.
Capsule ellipsoid, exceeding the calyx ; seeds with long caudate
tips 20. t/". mariti7nu8.
a. Inflorescence terminal c.
c. Leaves flat, or somewhat terete, or setaceous and channeled, but
never septate d.
d. Annuals with soft bases and fibrous roots.
Sepals much shorter than the rigid petals; flowers in dense
clusters ; stamens 3 ; capsule subulate . . . . 4Si. J. repens.
Sepals equaling or exceeding the petals ; stamens 6 ; capsule
eUipsoid or ovoid.
268
JUNCACEAE (RCSH FAMILY^
3. J. Gerardi.
11. J. Vaseyi.
12. J. oroneruia.
13. J. Greenei.
Sepals and petals all long-attennate and exceeding the capsnle ;
seeds ovoid, apicuiate.
Flowers scattered singly along the one-sided usually dichoto-
mous branches I.J. hufonius.
Flowers clustered (!)«/• lufoniuis, v. congestus.
Petals blunt or obtuse, shorter than or only slightly exceed-
ing the capsule; seeds truncate . . . . (!)«/• hufonius, v. halophilus
d. Perennials e.
e. Flowers prophyllate, i.e. subtended by bracteoles (2) in addi-
tion to the "braotlet at base of pedicel /.
/. Leaf-sheaths with tiuibriate auricles ; flowers 1-1, 5-20 times
exceeded by the ihread-hke subtending leaf.
Basal sheaths with setiforiu si-arcely leaf-like blades ; cau-
line leaves mostly crowded at the summit ; flowers
usually 2-4 1. J. trifldua.
Basal sheaths bearing long leaves ; cauline leaves scattered ;
flowers usually solitary (2) J. trijidua, v. moiianthoa
f. Leaf-sheaths with entire (or merely erose") auiicles ; flowers
(ex^cept in de[)auperate individuals) numerous g.
g. Leaf-sheaths covering one half the stem or more ; the brown
and greenish sepals obtuse, and incurved at tip .
g. Leaf-sheaths covering one fourth the stem or less ; sepals
acute or acuminate /*.
h. Seeds with long caudate ajipendages.
Inflorescence exceeding the erect bracts; capsule 4.5-6
mm. long, usual!}- exceeding the calyx .
Inflorescence exceeded by the bracts; capsule much
shorter than the cal\x
h. Seeds short-pointed or blunt i.
i. Capsule reddish or castaiieous, ellipsoid, much exceed-
ing the calyx
i. Capsule green or straw-colored (brown in age), shorter
than or about equaling the calyx j.
j. Leaves flat (or in age becomino involute) k.
k. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths scarious,
whitish, conspicuously extended beyond the
point of insertion ; bracts exceeding the inflo-
rescence I.
I. Capsule at least two thirds as long as the spread-
ing-ascending sepals.
Flowers mostly clustered at the tips of the
•~ branches of the inflorescence . . . 4. J", tenuis.
Flowers scattered and secund along the
branches.
Branches of inflorescence loosely ascending,
elongate, the ultimate floriferous branch-
lets elongate and ascending . . (4) J. tenuis, v. anthelatus
Ultimate floriferous branculets widely spread-
ing, 0.5-2 cm. long . . . . (4; «/".
I. Capsule less than one hah" as long as the closely
appressed .sepals
k. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths not conspicu-
ously extended beyond the point of insertion.
Bracts shorter than the cymes ; flowers 2.5-3.5
mm. long, scattered and secund along the as-
cending or incurved branches
Bracts (or at least the lowermost) exceeding the
cymes ; flowers mostly larger, not conspicu-
ously secund.
Inflorescence and basal sheaths straw-colored
or the latter somewhat darker.
Sheaths and auricles membranaceous, pale ;
I'erianth erect b. J. interior.
Sheaths and auricles cartilaginous, darker;
perianth sjireading %. J. Dudleyi.
Inflorescence brownish ; inner basal sheaths
strongly purple-tinged . . (9) J. dichotomua, v. platyphyllua.
j. Leaves terete, or at most slightly grooved along the
upper surface 9. c/l dichoiomua.
e. Flowers eprophyllate, i.e. with only the bractlet at the base of
the very short pedicel tw.
tn. Capsules at most 4 mm. long, rarely exceeding the calyx;
flowers glomerulate, mostly in freely branched cymes.
Leaves terete, scape-like.
Capsule broadly ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; seeds
ovoid, obtuse 19. J", Roeynerianua.
Capsule elUpsoid, slightly exceeding the calyx ; seeds with
long caudate tips 20. ./. mdritimut.
Leaves flat, grass-like.
tenuis, v. William sii
6. J. monostichua.
7. J. secundua.
JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)
269
Stamens included in fruit.
Petals ovate or oblong, blunt 43. tT. marginatus.
Petals lance-attenuate, aristate . . . (43) J. marginniua, v. setosus.
Stamens persistent and exserted in fruit . . . . 44. J. aristulatus.
m. Capsules 6-9 mm. long, much exceeding the calyx ; tiowers
few, in 1^ terminal glomerules . . . . 41. t/. stygius, v. americanus.
c. Leaves hollow, nodulose, i.e. with septa at regular intervals n.
n. Seeds with definite caudate tips o.
o. Leaves papillose-scabrous ; stamens 6 ; seeds 2-3 mm. long . 21. J. asper.
o. Leaves smooth ; stamens 3 ; seeds shorter p.
p. Flowers with the mature fruit about 2.5 (rarely 3.5) mm. long ;
sepals obtuse ; seed ellipsoid, barely 1 mm. long, with
very short tails .... ....
p. Flowers with mature fruit about 4 mm. long : petals attenu-
ate, acute; seed spindle-shaped, wth conspicuous tails.
Inflorescence (when well developed) ovoid or broader, one
third longer than broad ; the glomerules many-flowered ;
capsule equaling or slightlj' exceeding the cdj^x.
Capsule abruptly short-pointed ; seed 1-1.8 mm. long . 24. J. canadensis.
Capsule gradually tapering to tip ; seed scarcely 1 mm.
long (24) J. canadensis, v. subeaudatus.
Inflorescence elongate, strict, and narrow, 3-6 times longer
than broad ; capsule much exceeding the cah-x, gradu-
ally tapering ; seed about 1 mm. long ....
n. Seeds merely pointed or blunt, not caudate g.
22. J. brachycephalus.
23. J. brevicaudatus.
36. J. debilis.
37. J. diffusissimus.
29. J. polycephalus.
34. J. megacephalus.
33. J. sciTpoides.
32. J. hrachycarpus.
q. Stamens 3 r.
r. Capsule attenuate to tip or subulate, distinctly exceeding the
calyx .<?.
8. Heads 'i-T-flowered ; capsule not subulate.
Mature fruit 3.5 mm. long
Mature fruit 5 mm. long
8. Heads densely many-flowered ; capsule subulate.
Leaves flattened, obscurely septate ; sheaths without
auricles at summit : cyme large, with widely divergent
branches and branchlets
Leaves terete, distinctly septate ; sheaths with definite auri-
cles at summit ; branches and branchlets ascending.
Blade of the uppermost leaf much shorter than Its
sheath .........
Blade of uppermost leaf much longer than its sheath .
T. Capsule shorter than or about equaling the calyx, if longer,
abruptly tipped (not subulate) t.
t. Capsule half or two thirds as long as the calyx, tapering
gradually to a conic-subulate beak; glomerules spher-
ical ; the rigid subulate sepals much exceeding the
petals ; rootstock thick, white, horizontal
t. Capsule nearly equaling or exceeding the calyx, abruptly
tipped ; glomerules hemispherical ; sepals and petals
subequal ; stems tufted or with merely thickened base.
Basal leaves abundant, tufted from a thickened base, often
elongate and floating, obscurely septate ; stems lax,
decumbent or repent, 0.5-2.5 dm. high ; petals blunt
Basal leaves few. erect ; plant erect, 3 dm. or more high ;
petals acuminate.
Heads 1-50, on ascending -spreading branches ; flowers
3-3.5 mm. long Zb. J. aeuminaius.
Heads 200-500, on widely divergent branches ; flowers
2-2.5 mm. long
q. Stamens 6 ii.
u. Upper cauline leaves bladeless (or essentially so), consisting
of firm tawny or colored sheaths 2.5-5 cm, long; the
middle leaf erect, much overtopping the inflorescence
?♦. Upper cauline leaves with blades, or, if bladeless, very small v.
V. Flowers solitary or in 2's, often accompanied or replaced by
fascicles of small leaves.
Stem erect, from a horizontal rootstock ; flowers secund
on the branchlets of a loose dichotomous cyme ; fas-
cicles of reduced leaves confined to the inflorescence;
anthers much exceeding the filaments
Stem repent or floating, bearing scattered fascicles of re-
duced leaves ; roots tufted ; flowers 1 or 2 on axillary
or subterminal peduncles ; anthers about equaled by
the filaments 26
v. Flowers more numerous, in glomerules ic.
w. Lower leaves elongate, filiform, floating, upper stouter;
glomerules mostly bearing fascicles of small leaves :
capsule blunt " -21 J. bidbosuB
w. Leaves uniform, none floating ; glomerules without fasc'
cles of leaves x.
27. J. bulbosus.
88. J. robustus.
28. J. miliiaris.
25. J. pelocarpui
J. s^ibtilis.
270
JUNCACEAE (kUSH FAMILY)
30. J. nodoBtts.
40. J, articulatus.
X. Glomerules spherical ; sepals subulate ; capsules subulate or lance-
subulate : involucral bract usually exceeding the ifiliorescence.
Flowers S-4 mm. long, reddish-brown ; petals equaling or exceed-
ing the sepals
Flowers 4-5 mm. long, greenish or dull brown ; petals much shorter
than the sepals 81. J. Torreyi.
X. Glomerules hemispherical ; sepals blunt or acuminate, at most mu-
cronate-tipped ; cai)sules ovoid or ellipsoid ; involucral bract
much shorter than the inflorescence y.
y. Sepals acuminate ; branches of the inflorescence widely divergent.
Flower brown or brownish ; capsule dark brown, 3-4 mm. long,
gradually tapering to the mucronate tip ....
Flower greenish ; capsule pale brown, 2.5-3 mm. long, abruptly
mucronate (40) J. articulatvs, v. ohtusatvs
y. Sepals blunt, often mucronate-tipped ; branches of inflorescence
erect or strongly ascending.
Branches strictly erect ; glomerules loosely few-flowered, gener-
ally with one or more flowers elevated on slightly elongate
pedicels.
Flowers castaneous 39. ef. alpinus.
Flowers greenish or straw-colored (39) J. alpinus, v. insignis.
Branches spreading-ascending ; glomerules compactly and regu-
larly flowered (39) J, alpinus, v. fusce^cens.
§ 1. Flowers prophyllate, i.e. subtended by bracteoles (2) in addition to the
bractlet at base of pedicel.
* Inflorescences mostly terminal; leaves flat or canaliculate^ rarely terete.
1. J. bufbnius L. Stems low and slender (0.8-3.5 dm. high), leafy, often
branched from the base ; cyme spreading ; flowers remote, greenish (3-7 mm.
long), rarely viviparous, or even converted into leafy tufts;
sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed ; stamens short ;
filaments slightly longer than the anthers ; seeds narroidy ovoid
or ellipsoidal (0.3-0.5 mm. long). — Damp open ground, road-
sides, etc., common. June-Xov. (Cosmop.) Fig. 567.
Var. congestus Wahlb. Flowers mostly in glomerules. — In-
frequent. (Eu.)
Var. hal6philus Buchenau & Fernald. More fleshy through-
out; flowers mostly in 2's orS''s; whitish petals obtuse ; seeds
short-cylindric, abruptly truncate at one end. —
Brackish shores, Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Mass. ; Neb. to Rocky Mts,, etc. June-Sept.
(Eu.) Fig. 568.
2. J. trifidus L. Stems densely tufted from
matted creeping rootstocks, erect (1-4 dm.
high), sheathed and mostly leafless at base,
2-?j-leaved at the summit; flowers brown (3-4 mm. long) ;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equaling or rather shorter than
the ovate beak-pointed deep-broion capsule; anthers much
longer than the filaments; seeds few, oblong, angled (1.5-2
mm. long), short-tailed. — Alpine summits. Lab. to N. E. and 5cs. j. buf., v. hal.
N. Y. June-Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia.) Part of inflorescence
Var. monanthos (Jacq.) Bluff & Fingerhuth. Taller (2.5-6 x %.
dm. high), the numerous basal leaves often equaling the culms. Seed x80.
— Local, mts. of s. N. Y. to Va. and N. C. (Eu.)
3. J. Gerardi Loi.sel. (Black Grass.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid (L5-
8 dm. high) ; cyme contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf ; flowers
3-4 mm. long ; sepals oval-oblong, nearly or quite as long as the ovoid obtuse
and mucronate capsule ; anthers much longer than the short filaments ; style as
long as the ovary ; seeds (0.4-0.5 mm. long) obovoid, delicately ribbed and cross-
lined. — Salt marshes; common along the coast, rarely inland in Me., Vt.,
N. Y., and about the Great Lakes. June-Sept. (Eurasia, n. Afr.)
4. J, tenuis Willd. Stem wiry (0.5-6 dm. high) ; cyme 1-8 cm. long, loose,
or barely crowded ; flowers green (3-4.5 mm. long), mostly aggregated at the tips
of the branches; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, longer than
567. J. bufonius
Part of inflores-
cence X %.
Seed X 50.
JUNCACEAE (rush FAMILY)
271
569. J. tenuis
Inflorescence x %.
570. J. interior.
Inflorescence x %.
the ovoid retiise scarcely pointed green falsely 1 -celled cap-
sule ; anthers much shorter than the filaments ; style very
short; seeds small (3-4 mm. long), delicately ribbed and
cross-lined. — Fields and roadsides, very
common. June-Sept. (Eu., n. Afr.)
Fig. 569.
Var. anthelatus Wiegand. Tall (4-9
dm. high) and loose ; cyme loose, 6-18
cm. long; flowers usually 2.5-3.5 mm.
long. — Me. to Mo. and Tex.
Var. Williamsii Fern aid. Compara-
tively low (2.5-5 dm. high) and slender ;
inflorescence 3-8 cm. long ; capsule about
equaling the calyx. — Gulf of St. Law-
rence to Ct. and N. Y. (Eu.)
5. J. interior Wiegand. Compara-
tively stout, 4.5-9 dm. high ; leaves about
Sheath" wUh 'auricles o^e third as long a^ the scapes ; inflores-
x2. cence 3-10 dm. long, with very ascend-
ing branches, the flowers 3-4 mm. long ;
capsule obscurely 3-celled ; anthers much shorter than the
filaments ; seeds 3.5-5 mm. long. — Prairies, 111. to Wyo.
and Tex. Apr.-July. Fig. 570.
6. J. mon6stichus Bartlett. Erect, 3-5 dm. tall ; culms compressed ; leaves
basal, |-| as long as the culms, the blades involute in drying, the auricles as in
J. tenuis; inflorescence 4-8 cm. long, much exceeded by the
lowest bract, finally stramineous, the branches 1-2.5 cm. long,
often incurved, bearing 3-9 secund flowers ; perianth 4-5 mm.
long, the sepals lance-acuminate, entirely concealing the trig-
onous-ovoid falsely 1-celled capsule (2 mm. long) ; seeds
ovoid, coarsely reticulate, with longitudinally oblong areoles.
— Ind. and Ark. Fig. 571.
7. J. seciindus Beauv. Strict (1-8 dm.
high); the short flat leaves mostly tufted,
rarely more than one third as long as the
scapes ; sheaths with rounded membranous
auricles ; inflorescence 3-14 cm. long, the
branches closely flowered ; sepals erect, barely
exceeding the distinctly 3-celled capsule ;
anthers exceeding the filaments. (J. tenuis,
var. secunclus Engelm.) — Sandy or sterile
soil, Me. to Vt. and N. C. ; also in the Miss.
Val. from Tenn. to 111. and Mo. June-Oct.
Fig. 572.
8. J, Dudleyi Wiegand. Stiff (0.3-1 m.
Fruiting flower x^s. high) ; leaves about half as long as the inflorescence x %.
scapes; inflorescence 1.5-7 cm. long, the
flowers rather closely aggregated, 4-5 mm. long, the segments spreading-
ascending, yellowish-green, barely exceeding the imperfectly 1-celled trigonous
capsule ; filaments slightly exceeding the anthers ; seeds 3.5-4.5
mm. long. — Damp or open (mostly calcareous) soil. Que. to
Sask. and the Rocky Mts., s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, Minn., and
Kan. June-Sept. Fig. 673.
9. J. dich6tomus Ell. Stems rigid (0.4-1 m. high) from a
tumid base ; leaves filiform, two thirds as long as the scapes,
the broad brown or purplish sheaths with rounded cartilagi-
nous auricles; cyme loose or dense (2-8 cm. long), often with
1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral 578. J. Dudleyi.
leaf; flowers greenish brown (3.5-4 mm. long); sepals lance- Sheath with aud
olate, sharp-pointed, spreading in fruit, as long as the ovoid cles x 2,
571. J. nionostichus.
Inflorescence x %
572. J. secundus.
272
JUNCACEAE (rush FAMILY)
574.
574. J. dichotomus.
Inflorescence x %.
575. J. setaceus.
Inflorescence x %.
Seed X 25.
beaked light mahogany-colored obscurely 1 -celled cap-
sule ; anthers nearly as long as the filaments. — Low
sandy gi-ounds, L. I. to Fla. (Trop. Am.) Fig.
Var. platyphyllus Wiegand. Leaves
flat or merely involute as in ,/. tenuis ;
auricles less cartilaginous, often nearly
scarious ; cyme loose. — Along the
coast, Mass. to Tex.
10. J. setaceus Rostk. Scape slen-
der (0.3-1 m. high) ; cyme loose, rather
few-flowered ; flowers greenish (3—4
mm. long) ; sepals and petals lanceo-
late, sharp-pointed, especially the 3
shining sepals ; capsule beak-pointed,
greenish or light brown ; anthers as
long as the filaments ; style conspicu-
ous ; seeds (0.(3-0.8 mm. long) irregu-
larly obconic, long-stipitate, ribbed
and cross-lined. — Low usually brack-
ish ground, Del. and Mo. to Fla. and La. June-Sept. Fig. 575.
11. J. Vaseyi Engelm. Stems rigid (2.5-8 dm. high), den.sely tufted ; leaves
nearly terete, very slightly channeled on the inner side ; cyme 1-4 cm. long,
often longer than the involucral leaf ; flowers few, often one-
sided ; capsule oblong, greenish ; sepals lanceolate, acute, ap-
pressed ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ;
seeds slender (1 mm. or more long), the tails half as long as
the dark body. — Damp thickets, shores, etc.,
n. N. B. to Sask., s. to centr. Me., n. N. Y.,
Mich., 111., la., and Col. July-Aug. Fig.
576.
12. J. oronensis Fernald. Similar; of
paler straw-color throughout ; the inflores-
cence elongate, 2.5-9 dm. long, subdichoto-
mous, the flowers secund and distinct along
the secund suberect branches ; capsule oblong-
trigonous, truncate-emarginate, the sides flat
or a little concave toward the tip, much
shorter than the sepals ; seeds 1 mm. long,
the tails \ as long as the
body. — Thickets, Me., local.
Fig. 577.
13. J. Grednei Oakes &
^ . . ^ „ Tuckerm, Stems rigid (2-8
Frumng flower X 3. ^^ ^^^^^^^ . ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^
terete, very deeply channeled (almost involute) on the inner
side ; cyme 1-G cm. long, usually much shorter than the prin-
cipal erect involucral leaf, generally dense, the numerous
flowers often one-sided (4-5 mm. long) ; sepals lanceolate,
acute, light brown, appres.sed ; anthers as long as the filaments ;
style very short; seeds ovoid (0.5 mm. long), ribbed and deli-
cately cross-lined. — Sandy or barren soil. Me. to Vt. and N. J. ;
locally about the Great Lakes. June-Sept. Fig. 578.
* * Inflorescence appearing lateral ; the involucral leaf erects
similar to and continuing the naked scape ; leaves wanting.
14. J. balticus Willd., var, littoralis Engelm. Scapes rigid
(0.3-1 ni. high) ; cymes loose or dense (1-0 cm. long) ; flowers
chestnut-brown with green ; sepals ovate -lanceolate, sharp-pointed, petals
obtusish ; capsule ellipsoidal, rather triangular, obtuse and mucn)nate, deep
brown ; anthers much longer than the broad filaments ; style about the length
576. J. Vaseyi.
Inflorescence x %
Seed X 40.
577. J. oronensis.
Inflorescence x %.
578. J. Greenel.
Inflorescence x %.
Seed X 50.
JUNCACEAE (^ULSH FAMILY)
273
579. J. bait., V. lit.
Inflorescence x 2^.
Fruiting flower x 3.
llAihYl ^^ ^^^ ovary ; seeds rather large (about. 1 mm. long), nearly
\\i/Mt fv, obtuse, delicately ribbed and cro.ss-lined. — Sandy (mostly
brackish) shores, Nfd. t(; N. Y.and Pa.; the Great Lakes, and
weslw. Fk;. oTO.
15. J. filiformis L. Scape very slender (Lo-G dm. high),
pliant ; cyme few-flowered, almost simple ; flowers 3 mm.
long ; sepals lanceolate, petals a little shorter and less acute,
mostly longer than the obtuse greenish capsule ; anthers
shorter than the filaments ; style very short ;
seed (0.5 mm. long) short-pointed at both
ends, indistinctly reticulated. — Wet shores
and bogs, Nfd. to Sask., Pa., Mich., Rocky
Mts., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia, Patagonia.)
Fig. 580,
16. J. effusus L. (Common or Soft
Rush.) Scape soft and pliant (3-12 dm.
high) ; inner sheaths awned ; cyme diffusely
much branched, many-flowered ; prophyllum below the indi-
vidual flowers broad-ovate; flowers small (2-2.5 mm. long),
greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, as long as the narrow
triangular-obovoid retuse and pointless greenish-brown capsule ;
anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ; seeds small gg^d ^ 25.
(0.5 mm. long), with short pale points. — Marshy ground, very
common. (Cosmop.) Var. compactcs Lejeune & Courtois. Inflorescence
dense, glomerulate. — Less common, except in N. S., where abundant.
17. J. conglomeratus L. Similar to the last; scapes more rigid (3-7 dm.
high), distinctly sulcate or even costate below the inflorescence ; glomerule 1-2
cm. in diameter ; prophyllum lanceolate ; flowers about 3 mm.
long, brown or greenish ; sepals somewhat exceeding the
short-mucronate capsule ; anthers shorter than the fila-
ments. (J. Leersii Marsson). — Ditches, etc., Nfd. and N. S.
(Eurasia.)
18. J. Smithii Engelm. Scape rather slender (6-9 dm.
high) ; cyme few-flowered, nearly simple ; sepals lanceolate,
acute ; petals a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than the
broadly ovoid rather triangular acute deep chestnut-brown
capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style short ; seeds
large (nearly 1 mm. long), obtuse, short-appendaged at
both ends, many-ribbed and reticulated. {J. gymnocai'pus
Coville). — Sphagnous swamps and wet woods, very local,
Schuylkill Co., Pa. ; Walton Co., Fla. Fig. 581.
580. J. flliformis.
Inflorescence x 2^,
581. J. Smithii.
Inflorescence x %.
Seed X 20.
§ 2. Flowers eprophyllate, i.e. with only the bractlet at base of the very short
pedicel.
* Leaves terete, scape-like, not septate.
19. J. Roemerianus Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (0.5-1.5 m. high), its
apex as well as the leaves pungent ; cyme compound, open and spreading,
brown; 3-6 greenish or light brown flowers (3-3.5 mm. long) in a cluster;
sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, longer than the obtusish petals ; anthers much
longer than the broad filaments ; styles shorter than the ovary ; seeds (0.7 mm.
long) very delicately ribbed. — Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
20. J. maritimus Lara. Resembling the last, but with a rigid contracted green
cyme, an ovary attenuated into a style of nearly its own length, a greenish acute
capsule which usually exceeds the acute sepals, and seeds with distinct tails and
stronger ribs. — Coney Island, N. Y. (Widely distr.)
* * Leaves nodulose, i.e. loith septa at regular intervals.
21. J. dsper Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (0,4-1 m. high), terete, stout,
rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough ; cyme with rigid slightly spreading
gray's manual — 18
274
JUNCACEAE (rush FAMILY)
582. J. asper.
Part of inflorescence x %.
Seed X 25.
583. J, brachycephalus.
Part of inflorescence x %.
Seed X IS.
branches, bearing scattered few(2-6)-flowered heads;
flowers greenish with brown (4.5 mm. long) ; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly nerved,
shorter than the similar petals, these a little shorter
than the triangular-ovoid beaked incompUtely 3-celled
brown capsule ; ovary taper-
ing into a conspicuous style ;
seeds large, subcylindric,
with white or often reddish
appendages, {J. caesarien-
sis Coville). — Sphagnous
swamps, s. N, J., very local.
Aug.-Sept. Fig. 582.
22. J. brachycephalus
(Engelm.) Buchenau. Stem
slender (2.5-7 dm. high),
bearing numerous small 3-5-
flowered heads in a large
(0.5-2.5 dm. long) spread-
ing cyme ; flowers green-
ish or light brown ; sepals
shorter than the petals and
the brown abruptly short-pointed capsule. (^7. canadensis^ var. Engelm.) —
Marshes and wet shores, n. Me. to Wise, s. to Ct., Pa., and
111. July-Sept. Fig. 583.
23. J. brevicaudatus (P^ngelm.)
Fernald. Stem slender (1.5-7 dm.
high), bearing few deep-brown 3-7-
flowered heads in a somewhat erect
contracted cyme (2.5-15 cm. long) ;
flowers 2.5 mm. long ; sepals acute, the
petals rarely obtusish, much shorter
than the prismatic gradually pointed
deep-brown capsule. {J. canadensis,
vars. brevicaudatus and coarctatus En-
gelm.)— Muddy or damp places, Nfd.
to Ont., W. Va., and Minn. June-
Sept. Fig. 584.
24. J. canadensis J. Gay. Stems
tufted, stout and rigid (4-12 dm. high), , ,
bearing in a decompound somewhat Partof „^florescencex %.
spreading cyme the numerous 5-50-
flowered heads ; flowers greenish or light brown (2.5-3.5 mm. long) ; sepals and
petals awl-pointed, mostly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed capsule ; seeds
conspicuously tail-pointed. — Marshy places, IS'fd. to
Minn., Ga., and La. Aug.-Oct. (S. A.) Fig. 585.
Var. subcaudatus Engelm. Stem slender, often decum-
bent (i3-9 dm, high), bearing in simpler spreading cymes
fewer 8-20-flowered heads ; flowers greenish ; sepals awl-
shaped, but not so rigid ; capsule mostly tapering; seeds
with short white membranous appendages. — R. 1. to Pa.
and Ga. — Perhaps specifically distinct.
25. J. pelocdrpus Mey. Stems slender (0.5-5 dm.
high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves,
branching above into a compound spreading cyme ; flow-
ers small (2.5 mm. long), greenish with red ; sepals and
petals oblong, obtuse, the petals longer, but shorter than
the slender taper-beaked 1 -celled capsule ; style slender ;
seeds (0.5 mm. long) obovoid, short-pointed. ^ Sandy,
wet or swampy places, Nfd. to N. J., Pa., Minn., and
5S4. J. brevicaudatus.
Inflorescence x %.
Seed X 16.
585. J. canadensis.
586. .1. pelocarj)iis.
Part of inflorescence x 2/3.
Same, proliferous x %.
Flower x 8.
JUNCACEAE (^RL'SH FAMILY)
275
5ST. J. subtilis.
Plant X 2/3. Flower x 3.
588. J. bulbosus.
Inflorescence x %.
Ont. Aug., Sept. — The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger,
with larger diffuse panicles. Fig. 586.
26. J. subtilis Mey. Creeping or iioating. capillary, reddish, in water
becoming 4 or 5 dm. long, with elongate capil-
lary leaves, on shore forming rosettes (0.5-2 dm.
broad) with a tuft of primary leaves (2 or 3 cm.
long) and repent branches bearing small fasci-
cles of small leaves and axillary or terminal
flowers either sessile or short-
peduncled ; flowers and capsule
much as in preceding, but fila-
ments longer. (J", pelocarpus,
var. Engelm.) — Margins and
shores of ponds and streams,
Nfd., Que., and Me. Aug.. Sept. Fig. 587.
27. J. bulbosus L. Similar, but with hardened bulbous
bases, coarser habit, several-flowered glomerules, sharper sepals
and petals, and blunt capsule. — ^Margins and shores of ponds,
streams or pools (generally floating). — Lab., Nfd., and N. S.
(Eu., n. Afr., Pacific I.) Fig. 588.
28. J. militaris Bigel. Stem stout (3.5-9 dm. high), from
a thick creeping rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf
(3-7 dm. long) below the middle, which overtops the crowded
and rather contracted cyme ; heads numerous. 5-12(rarely 25)-
flowered ; flowers brownish (3 mm. long) ; sepals and petals
lanceolate, the sepals awl-pointed, as long as the nar-
rowly-ovoid triangular taper-beaked 1-celled capsule ;
anthers longer than the filaments ; ovary attenuate
into a slender style ;
seeds (0.6 mm. long)
globose-obovoid. ob-
tuse, abruptly pointed.
— Margins of ponds
and streams. N. S. to
n. N. Y. and Ala. —
Sometimes producing,
in deep water, num-
berless long capillary
submersed leaves from
the rootstock. Fig.
589.
29. J. polycephalus
Michx. Stout (0.5-1.2 m. high), from a stout
horizontal rootstock ; leaves laterally flattened
(3-9 mm. wide) ; cyme large (1-3 dm. long),
spreading, bearing many distant heads (nearly
1 cm. in'diameter); flowers 3.5 mm. long; the subulate sepals longer than the
similar petals ; anthers about as long as the filaments. {J.
scirpoides, var. Engelm). — Swamps, s. Ya. to Fla. and Tex.
Fig. 590.
30. J. nodbsus L. Stem erect (1.5-6 dm. high), slender,
from a creeping thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock,
mostly with 2 or 3 slender leaves ; heads few or several, rarely
single, 8-20-flowered (7-11 mm. in diameter), overtopped by
the" involucral leaf; sepals nearly as long as the slender
triangular taper-pcliited 1-celled capsule ; anthers oblong,
shorter than the filaments ; style very short ; seeds (0.5 mm.
long) obovoid, abruptly mucronate. — Swamps and gravelly
banks, e. Que. to Sask., s. to Va., 111., and Neb. July, Aug. 591. J. nodosus.
Fig. 591. Inflorescence x %
589. J. militaris.
Part of inflorescence X %.
Seed X IS.
590. J. polycephalus.
Part of inflorescence x %.
Seed X 30.
276
JUNCACEAE (rush FAMILY)
.^
59-2. J. Torreji.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruitino: flower x 3.
593. J. brachycarpuR.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3.
31. J. Torreyi Coville. Similar to the last ; stem stouter (0.4-1 m. high),
with thick leaves ; heads few and large (1-1.5 cm. in diameter), 30-80-flowered ;
anthers linear, shorter than the filaments. {J. nodosus,
var. megacephalus Torr.) — Low sandy soil, Mass. to Sask.,
westw. and southw. July-Oct. Fig. 592.
32. J. brachycarpus Engelm. Stem erect (4-9 dm.
high), from a thick white horizontal rootstock. bearing
about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely flowered spherical heads
(7-11 mm. in diameter) in a slightly
spreading crowded cyme much exceed-
ing the involucral leaf ; flowers pale green
(4 mm. long) ; anthers much shorter
than the filaments ; style very short ;
seeds (0.3 mm. long) abruptly apiculate.
— Damp light soil, Mass. to X. C. ; Ont.
to Miss, and Tex. June-Aug. Fig. 593.
33. J. scirpoides Lam. Stem erect (2.5-9 dm. high),
rather slender, from a thick horizontal rootstock, bearing
about 2 terete leaves with wide and open sheaths, and a cyme
of few or many densely flowered pale green irregularly spheri-
cal heads, much longer than the involucral leaf, its l3ranches
erect and often elongated; heads (G-13 mm. in diameter)
15-40-flowered ; flowers 3-4 mm. long ; sepals and petals rigid,
awl-shaped and (especially the sepals) bristly-pointed, at
length pungent, as long as the stamens and nearly equaling
the oblong-triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule ; anthers
very small ; style elongated or very short ; seeds ovoid,
abruptly pointed at each end (0.5 mm. long.) — Wet sandy soil, N. Y. to Fla.,
Mo., and Tex. July-Sept.
34. J. megacephalus ^I. A. Curtis. Stouter ; leaves terete ; branches of the
compact cyme short ; heads larger, spherical, 40-80-flowered ; flowers 4 mm.
long; sepals and petals narrower and more sharply pointed,
the sepals a little longer than the petals; stamens shorter
and anthers longer than in the preceding, and seeds rather
smaller and more slender. (./. scirpoides, var. echinatus
Engelm.)— Va. (?) to Fla.
35. J. acuminatus Michx. Stems tufted, erect, slender
(3-7 dm. high), bearing about 2 leaves and a very loose
spreading cyme ; heads rather few and large (0,5-1 cm.
broad), 5-many-flowered, greenish, at length straw-colored
or darker; sepals and petals lance-awl-
shaped, sharp-pointed, equal, as long as
the ovoid-prismatic short-pointed 1-celled
straw-colored or light brown capsule ; an-
thers a little shorter than the filaments ;
style almost none; seeds small (0.3-0.4
mm. long), acute at both ends, ribl9ed and
reticulated. — N. E. to Ga. , Minn., and
Tex. May- Aug. — Heads often prolifer-
ous in autumn. (Mex.) Fig. 594.
36. J. d^bilis Gray. Stems slender
(2-8 dm. long), flaccid, erect, decumbent,
or even rooting at the nodes ; heads green, 2-7-flowered, in a
loose cyme (0.5-2.5 dm. long); flowers small (2.5 mm. long);
capsule oblong-prismatic, short-mucronate. (J. an(minatns,var.
Engelm.) — Wet sandy soil, R. I. to Mo., and southw. May- Fruiting flower x's.
Aug. Fig. 595.
37. J. diffusissimus Buckley. Slender and erect (2. 5-6 dm. high) ; heads very
luiraerous, 2-7-flowered, in a very diffuse and loosely dichotomous cyme (1-2.5
dm. long), the branches suberect ; flowers greenish or pale brown, 3 mm. long, the
594. J. acuminatus.
Inflorescence x %.
■ Fruiting flower x 3.
Seed X 25.
595. J. debilis.
Inflorescence x %.
JUNCACEAE (rush FAMILY)
277
tall
596. J. dift'usissimus.
Pai-t of inflorescence x %.
597. J. robustus.
Part of inflorescence
Seed X 30.
linear-subulate sepals and petals subequal ; capsule linear-
prismatic. — Ind. to Ga. and Tex. June, July. Fig. 596.
38. J. robustus (Engelm.) Coville. Stem stout.
(0.5-1.2 m.), bearing 2 or 3 long
erect distinctly septate leaves, numer-
ous 5-8-flowered light brown heads
in a large much branched cyme (1-3
dm. long) ; ovoid-prismatic capsules
scarcely longer than the sepals ; seeds
fusiform-ovoid. {J. acumi7iatns, var.
p]ngelm.) — Deep swamps, 111. to La.
and Tex. June, July. Fig. 597.
39. J. alpinus Vill. Stem erect
or slightly decumbent (0.5-3.5 dm.
high), from a creeping rootstock, with
1 or 2 slender erect leaves ; cyme
meager (1-15 cm. long), with erect
branches bearing distant dark-brown heads, each of 3-10
flowers (2-2.5 mm. long) and usually with one or more
flowers elevated on slender pedicels ; sepals oblong, obtuse,
mucronate or cuspidate and usually longer than the rounded
oblong petals, as long as or shorter than the obtuse short-
pointed incompletely 3-celled castaneous capsule ; anthers as
long as the filaments ; style short ; seeds (0.5 mm. in length)
spindle-shaped. — Wet shores and marshes, Arctic Am., s. to
Nfd., N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., Oneida Co., N. Y. (Haberer),
and L. Superior. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 598.
Var. insignis Fries. Similar, usually taller (sometimes
6 dm. high) ; the flowers greenish or straw-color ; the capsule
pale brown. (J. Richardsonianus Schultes.) — Sandy shores,
etc., e. Que. to B. C, s. to
centr. Me., Pa., O., Ind.,
111., etc. (Eurasia=)
Var. fuscescens Fer-
nald. Branches spreading-
ascending ; glomerules com-
pactly and regularly flow-
ered, only exceptionally
with any of the greenish or
straw-colored flowers raised
on elongate pedicels. — Vt. to B. C. and Mo.
40. J. articulatus L. Stems (1.5-6 dm.
high), tufted from a short creeping rootstock,
with 1-3 slender leaves; cyme short (2-9 cm.
long), spreading, the crowded heads 3-10-
flowered ; flowers brown (2.5-3 mm. long) ;
petals a little longer than the sepals, shorter
than the slender-conic incompletely 3-celled
deep chestnut-brown shining capsule ; anthers
as long as the filaments ; ovary attenuate into
a short style ; seeds (0.5 mm. long) obovoid,
attenuate below, abruptly pointed above. —
Wet grounds. Nfd. to X. J., Out., and Mich. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Fig. 599.
Var. obtusatus Engelm. Inflorescence pale, usually larger (sometimes 1.5
dm. long), the green flowers smaller, the abruptly mucronate pale capsule
shorter and duller. — Me. to N. J. and Vt. , oftenest in brackish sofl.
* * * Leaves flat and grass-like or filiform, not septate.
41. J. stygius L. Stems (1-3 dm. high) from slender branching rootstocks,
1-3-leaved below, naked above, the leaves flliform ; heads 1-4, of 1-4 flowers,
598. J. alpinus.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3.
599. J. articulatus.
Inflorescence x %. Fruiting flower x 8.
278
JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)
600. J. repens.
Inflorescence x 2/3.
about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract ; flowers pale and
reddish (3-4 mm. long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals obtusish, | the length
of the trigonous-ovoid acute or acuminate pale capsule {!')-() mm. long), as long
as the slender stamens ; filaments many times longer than the oblong anthers ;
recurved stigmas shorter than the style ; seeds oblong, with a very loose coat
prolonged at both onds (2-2.5 mm. long). — Eurasia.
Var. americanus Buchenau. Often taller (1-4.5 dm. high) ; heads 1 or 2;
flowers larger (4.5-5.5 mm. long); the distinctly mucronate-tipped capsule
longer (6-9 mm. long) ; seeds 8-4 mm. long. — Peat-bogs, Lab.
and Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. S., Me., N. Y., Mich., and Minn., very
local. July, Aug. (E. Prussia.)
42. J. repens Michx. Stems ascending (0.5-2 dm. high)
from a fibrous annual root, at length creeping or floating ;
leaves short, linear, those of the stem nearly opposite antl
fascicled; heads few in a loose leafy cyme, 3-12-flowered ;
flowers green (0.5-1 cm. long) ; sepals and petals rigid, lance-
subulate, sepals as long as the linear triangular obtuse capsule,
the petals much longer ; stamens as long as the sepals ; fila-
ments much longer than the oblong anthers ; seeds obovoid,
slightly pointed, very delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Miry
banks and ditches, Del. to Fla. and La. June-Oct. Fig. 600.
43. J. marginatus Rostk. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stoloniferous
base (2-7 dm. high) ; leaves linear ; heads 3-12-flowered, in simple or compound
cymes ; flowers purplish and green (3.5 mm. long) ; sepals and
petals oblong, the sepals acute and slightly awned, petals longer,
mostly obtuse, as long as the subglobose scarcely mucronate cap-
sule ; .stamens shorter than the sepals, early shriveling ; anthers
shorter than the filaments; style very short; seeds (about 0.5
mm. long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. —
Moist sandy places. Me. to Out., Neb., and
southw. July-Sept. Fig. 601.
Var. setosus Coville. Similar to the species,
but with lance-attenuate aristate petals. —
Kan. to La. and Tex.
44. J. aristulatus Michx. Coarser (0.4-1 m.
high); the larger inflorescence (0.5-2 dm. high)
with abundant 2-5-flowered brown heads ; stamens equaling or
exceeding the sepals, persistent and usually exserted in fruit. (J. marginatus, var.
bijlovjis Engelm.) — Wet sandy barrens, Mass. to Mich., and southw., mostly near
the coast. Fig. 602.
2. LUZULA DC. Wood Rush
Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, 1 seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials,
often hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and
spiked, crowded, or umbeled flowers. (From Gramen LiizuJae, or Luxulae,
diminutive of lux, light, — a name given to one of the species from its shining
with dew.) Juncoides [Dill.] Adans. Juncodes Ktze.
, Flowers solitary at the tips of the ultimate branches of the inflorescence.
Inflorescence an umbel, the filiform peduncles l(rarely '2)-flowered ; flow-
ers 3-4.5 mm. loii^ .'.... 1. L. saltuenftis.
Inflorescence a loose decompound cyme ; flowers 2 mm. long . . .2. L parviflvra.
. Flowers crowded in spikes or glomerules 6.
b. Flowers white 3. Z. nemoroHa.
b. Flowers brown or straw-colored (rarely green in shade) c.
c. Flowers in dense nodding sj)ike-like panicle 5. Z. spicata.
c. Flowers in mostly pcduncled glomerules d.
d. Leaves flat, with blunt callous tips ; bracts at base of the flowers entire
or merely lacerate.
Flowers castancoas (6) L. campestriii, v.ftHgida.
Flowers ferrui:inous, pale brown or yellowish.
Rays all strongly ascond'ng &. L. campeHtrif^, v. muHiyfora.
Rays (or some of them) strongly divergent . . (6) L. campestris, v. bulbot,a.
d. Leaves with involute subulate tips'; bracts at base of flowers ciliate-
fimbriate 4. i. confusa.
602. J. aristulatus
Fruiting flower x 3
601. J. marginatus.
Inflorescence x %.
Fruiting flower x 3.
a
a
LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 279
1. L. saltulnsis Fernald, Plant loosely caespitose, often stoloniferous. 1-4
dm. high ; leaves lance-linear, hairy, the basal 0.5-1 cm. wide ; umbel mostly
simple, the peduncles loosely ascending or spreading ; sepals and petals broadly
lanceolate, pale brown or straw-colored, with hyaline margins, shorter than the
conic-ovoid pointed capsule ; seeds with a long curved appendage. (Z«. vernaJis
Man. ed. 6, not DC. ; J. pUosum Coville, not Ktze.) — Woods and banks, Xfd. to
Sask., X. Y.. Mich., and Minn., and in the mts. to Ga. Apr., May. (E. Asia.)
2. L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. Nearly smooth (1.5-9 dm. high); leaves
broadly linear, the basal 7-13 mm. wide; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels
drooping ; sepals pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed
and brown (tardily black) capsule ; seeds not appendaged, (Z. spadicea, var.
melanocarpa Mey.) — Low woods and mountain slopes. Lab. to Alaska., s. to
N. B., Me., White Mts., w. Ma^s., n. N. Y., Great Lakes ; and in the Rocky Mts.
June, July. (Eurasia.)
8. L. NEMOROSA (Poll.) Mcy. Loosely caespitose (4-8 dm. high); leaves
long, linear, erect, more or less hairy, the basal 3-5 mm. wide ; inflorescence
diffusely corymbiform, 3-15 cm. long, the ultimate branchlets terminated by
^^8-flowered glomerules ; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, the sepals di.s-
tinctiy shorter, about equaled by the apiculate-beaked trigonous-ovoid dark
capsule. — Open woods, Riverdale, N. Y. ; Niagara Falls, Ont. June, July.
(Introd. from Eu. )
4. L. confusa Lindeberg. Caespitose (0.5-3 dm. high); leaves linear, chan-
neled ; spikes 1-5, on unequal ascending or rarely recurved peduncles, ovoid,
chestnut-brown, the largest 5-8 mm. thick ; sepals taper-pointed, longer than
the obtuse capsule; seeds not appendaged. (L. arcuata ^lan. ed. 6, not Mey. ;
L. hyperborea K. Br., in part.) — Alpine summits, Me., N. H., and far northw.
July, Aug. (Eurasia.)
5. L. spicata (L.) DC. Densely caespitose (1-5 dm. high); leaves channeled,
narrowly linear ; flowers in sessile cJitsters, forming an interrupted spiked pan-
icle, brown ; sepals bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed
cap.sule ; seeds merely with a roundish projection at base. — Alpine regions,
N. E. and n. N. Y., and far northw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
6. L. campestris (L.) DC. Loosely caespitose and strongly stoloniferous
(0,5-2 dm. high); leaves linear, flat, hairy; spikes 2-6, globose (6-7 mm. thick),
irregularly umbeled, 1 or 2 subsessile, the others on wide-spreading or decurved
peduncles ; flowers castaneous, 3 mm. long ; sepals bristle-pointed, longer than
the obtuse capsule ; seeds with a conical appendage at base. — Eurasia.
Var. multifl6ra (Ehrh.) Celak. Densely caespitose (1.5-6 dm. high); spikes
3-12, subglobose or subcylindric (5-6 mm. thick\ mostly on ascending or erect
simple or slightly forked peduncles (sometimes congested); the ferruginous or
pale brown (rarely green) calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, often equaled by the capstile.
(L. campestris Am. auth., not DC.) — Fields, meadows, and open woods, very
common, Nfd. to the Pacific, s. to Pa., Great Lakes, etc. Apr.-July. (Eur-
asia.)
Var. frigida Buchenau. Similar to var. muUiflora. but with the subglobose
short-peduncled heads castaneous or nearly black. — Lab. and Nfd. to N. B. and
Me. (N. Eu.)
Var. bulbosa A. Wood. Somewhat resembling var. muJtiflora, but with some
or all of the rays divergent, and the base sometimes but not always producing
small bulblets. {Juncoides Small.) — Woods, generally near streams, D. C. to
Ind. , Kan., and southw.
LILlACEAE (Lily Family)
Herbs, or rarely imody plants, with regular and symmetncal almost always
6-androus flowers ; the perianth not glumaceoiis, free from the chiefly S-celled
ovary ; the stamens 1 before each of its divisions or lobes (i e. 6, in one in-
stance 4), with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few-many-seeded pod or berry; the
small embryo inclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous
280 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY J)
(orthotropous in Smilo.x). Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium; the
outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally
similar, except in Trillium.
Tribe I. NARTHECIeAE. Flowers perfect, small, spicate-racemose. Perianth of 6 distincf seg-
ments. Style none ; stigma small, slightly lobed or undivided. Fruit a loc-licidal capsule.
1. Narthecium. Filaments woolly. Perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, yellowish. Capsule
short-eyliiulric, attenuate, many-seeded.
Tribe II. HELONIeAE. Flowers (small) perfect or dioecious, racemo-epicate. Perianth of 6
distinct seirineiits. Styles 8, distinct. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
2. Xerophyllum. Flowers perfect. Seeds 2 in each cell.
3. Helonlas. Flowers perfect. Seeds many in each cell, linear and with a tapering appendage
at each end.
4. Chamaelirium. Flowers dioecious. Seeds numerous, somewhat wing-appendaged at the
ends.
Tribe III. VERATREAE. Flowers perfect or polygamously monoecious. Perianth of 6 nearly
or quite di.stinct segments. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a septicidal capsule.
5. Tofieldla. Flowers perfect. Anthers 2-celled. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant.
6. Amianthium. Flowers perfect. Anthers confluently 1-celIed. Leaves several-ranked.
Perianth-segments glandless.
7. Stenanthium. Flowers polygamous. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acumiuate, glandless,
Stem from a bulbous base.
8. Zygadenus. Flowers perfect or monoecious. Leaves several-ranked, linear. Perianth-
segments glandular at the base, ovate or obiong. Stem glabrous.
9. Melanthium. Flowers polygamo-monoecious. Stem pubescent above, from a running root-
stock. Perianth-segments free ft-om the ovary, their long claws adnate to the filaments.
10. Veratrum. Flowers polygamo-monoecious. Stem pubescent above, from a running root-
stock. Perianth-segments without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary.
Tribe. rV. UVULARIeAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct. Style 3-cleft to below
the middle. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Flowers terminal or axillary. Stem leafy.
11. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flower? terminal. Capsule truncate, 3-lobed.
12. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile but not perfoliate. Flowers appearing opposite the
leaves. Capsule rounded or more or less pointed at the summit, acutely 8-winged.
Tribe V. ALLIEAE. Flowers perfect, umbellate. Perianth-segments 6, nearly or quite distinct,
1-nerved. Style single, long; stigma uncleft, or only slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal
capsule. Seeds few (1-7) in each cell.
13. Allium. Seeds 1-2 in each cell. Plants with a strong odor.
14. Nothoscordum. Seeds several in each cell. Plants without strong odor.
Tribe VI. HEMEROCALLIDEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments united below the middle
into a funnel-shaped tube, not conspicuously roughened. Style single, long, declined, not
cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
15. Hemerocallis. Flowers large. Perianth yellow or brownish-red.
Tribe VII. LILIeAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct, petaloid. Style single,
elongated, uncleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds numerous in each cell. Stem from a
scaly bulb or from a corm.
16. Lilium. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb. Seeds flattened.
17. Erythronlum. Stem a scape from a solid bulb. Leaves 2, basal. Seeds obovoid.
Tribe VIII. SCfLLEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct and 3-8everal-nerved, or
united into an urceolate short-toothed tube, not roughened externally. Style single, slender,
uncleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stem scapose from a tunicate bulb.
1>5. Camassia. Klower.s light blue, long-racemose. Filaments fiiit'orm. Perianth-segments
distinct.
!!♦ Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish-white, subcorymbose. Filaments dilated. Perianth-seg-
niciil- iii.-.liiict.
20. Muscari. Flowers blue. Perianth gamophyllous, globose- urceolate ; Jimb short-tuotlied.
LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 281
Tribe IX. YUCCEAE. Flowers perfect, racemo-paniculate. Perianth cam pan uiaie ; its segments
(large) distinct or somewhat connate near the base. Fleshy 3-lobed stigmatophore nearly or
quite sessile. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Cells many-seeded.
21. Yucca. Leaves sword-shaped, rigid.
Tribe X. POLYGONATEAE. Flowers perfect. Style single, entire or shortly 3-cleft at the
summit. Fruit a berry.
* Proper leaves reduced to scarious scales, the apparent (phyllodial) leaves filiform.
22. Asparagus. Stem excessively branched. Flowers small, axillary.
* * Leaves neither scale-like nor Mform.
■I- Perianth-segments distinct.
23. Clintonia. Scapose. Flowers umbellate or subumbellate.
24. Smilacina. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or paniculate.
25. Maianthemum. Low ; stem 1-3-leaved. Flowers 4-parted.
26. Disporum. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers few in terminal umbels.
27. Streptopus. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers axillary on bent pedicels.
+- -i- Perianth-segments connate.
28. Polygonatum. Stem leafy. Peduncles axillary, 1-S-flowered. Perianth cylindrical.
29. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose. Perianth bell-shaped.
Tribe XI. PARIDEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct. Style-branches distinct.
Fruit a berry. Cauline leaves whorled.
30. Medeola. Cauline leaves in 3 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Styles filiform.
31. Trillium. Cauline leaves 3 in a single whorl. Styles short, thick, the stigmatic surface
irregular.
Tribe XII. ALETREAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth (small, white or yellow) gamophyUous,
conspicuously roughened. Style single, slightly cleft at the summit. Ovary partly inferior.
Fruit a loculicidal many-seeded capsule.
32. Aletris. Scapose. Flowers in a spicate raceme.
Tribe XIII. SMILAcEAE. Flowers dioecious, umbellate. Fruit baccate. Leaves net-veined.
Tendrils usually present.
33. Smilax. Periant:i-segments distinct, deciduous, small, greenish or yellowish.
Artificial Key to Genera
a. Flowers dioecious.
Inflorescence umbellate ; fruit a berry 33. Smilax.
Inflorescence a spicate raceme ; fruit a pod 4. Chamaelibidt*.
a. Flowers perfect or monoecious b.
b. Perianth gamophyllous, urceolate or campanulate, with a shortly
toothed Mmb. '
Stem leafy ; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate 28. PoLTGO>'ATrM.
Stem scapoid, leafy only at the base.
Leaves oblong ; perianth white. ....
Leaves very narrow, lanceolate to linear or terete.
Perianth smooth, blue
Perianth roughened, white or yellow
b. Perianth cleft at least to the middle or divided to the base c
c. Fruit a berry d.
d. Cauline leaves whorled.
Cauline leaves 8. in a single involucre-like whorl .
Cauline leaves in 2 whorls
d. Cauline leaves alternate or none.
Leaves all basal
Leafy-stemmed.
Real leaves scale-like ; apparent leaves filiform .
Leaves foliaceous. never filiform.
Flowers 4-parted ,
Flowers 6-parted.
Flowers racemose or paniculate .
Flowers inubellate
Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs
5. Fruit a capsule e.
e. Style none or very short and fleshy. (See als.i 'I'nJ ipa.
Flowers siiiail ; leaves di.^tichous ....
Flowers large ; leaves several-inany-ranked .
29. Convallaria.
20. MrscART.
32. Aletris.
31. Trillium.
30. Medeola.
23. Clintonia.
22. Asparagus.
2.'). Maianthemum.
. 24. Smilaclna.
. 20. DlSHORUM.
. 27. Streptopus.
p. •>;.)
1. Xartheciim.
. 21. YiccA.
282
LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)
e. Style or styles filiform /.
/. Style single, entire or more or less deeply parted g.
g. Style 3-parted to below the middle.
Leaves perfoliate
Leaves sessile, not perfoliate ...
g. Style entire or slightly 3-lobed at the summit h.
h. Stem rhizomatose at the base . . .
h. Stem bulbous at the base i.
i. Bulb solid (a corm) ; leaves 2, basal .
i. Bulb scaly ; stem leafy
i. Bulb tunicate.
Perianth-segments 1-nerved.
Herbage with the odor of onion . .
Herbage without strong odor . . .
Perianth-segments 8-several-nerved.
Perianth blue ; filaments thread-like
Perianth grcL-nish-white; filaments broad .
jT. Styles 3, distinct to the base j.
j. Stigmas Hnear.
Perianth-segments purplish ; seeds many in each cell
Perianth-segments white ; seeds 2 in each cell
J. Stigmas terminal.
Anthers 2-celled
Anthers confluently 1-celled.
Stem pubescent.
Perianth-segments clawed ....
Perianth-segments essentially sessile
Stem glabrous.
Perianth-segments glandular near the base .
Perianth-segments not glandular.
Flowers polygamous
Flowers perfect
11. UVFLARIA.
12. Q^ESIA.
15. Hemeeocallis
17. Erythronicm,
16. LiLIUM.
13. Allium.
14. nothoscordum
18. Camassia.
19. Ornituogalum.
8. Helonias.
2. Xerophvllum.
5. TOFIELDIA.
9. MELANTniUM.
10. Veratrum.
8. Zygadexus.
7. Stenanthium.
6. Amianthium.
1. NARTHECIUM [Mohring] Juss. Bog Asphodel
Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Anthers linear, introrse.
Seeds ascending, appendaged at each end with a long bristle-form tail. — Root-
stock creeping, bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple stem or scape termi-
nated by a simple dense bracteate raceme ; pedicels bearing a linear bractlet.
(Name an anagram of Anthericum^ from dpOepiKos, supposed to have been the
Asphodel.)
1. N. americanum Ker. Stem 2.5-4 dm. high; leaves 0.7-1.5 ram. wide,
7-0-nerved ; raceme dense (2-5 cm. long) ; perianth-segments narrowly linear
(4-5 mm. long), scarcely exceeding the stamens. {Ahama Morong.) — Sandy
bogs, pine-barrens of N. J. June, July.
2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx.
Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), oval, distinct, withont
glands or claws, 5-7-nerved, at length withering, about the length of the awl-
sliaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles thread-like, stig-
matic down the inner side, persistent. Capsule globular, o-lobed, obtuse (small) .
Seeds collateral, 8-angled, not margined. — Herb with the stem simple, from a
tliick tuberous rootstock, bearing a simple dense bracteate raceme of showy
flowers, and thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper reduced to
bristle-like bracts ; those from the root in a dense tuft, reclined, rough on the
margin, dry and rigid. (Name from ^tj/jos, arid, and 0i/XXoj/, leaf.)
1. X. asphodeloides (L. ) Nutt. Stem ;J-12 dm. high. {X. setifolium MXch-a.)
— rine-barrens, N. J. to e. Tenn., and Fla. June.
3. hel6nias l.
Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple segments, persistent, several-nerved,
glandless, turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers
2-celled, roundish-oval, blue, extrorse. Style.s revohite, stigin;itic down llie
inner side, deciduous. Capsule obconlately ;}-lobed, loeulicidally ;>-valved ; the
valves divergently 2-lobed. — A smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulate
LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 288
or oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing in
early spring a stout hollow sparsely bracteate scape (3-6 dm. high), sheathed with
broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short dense raceme.
Bracts obsolete ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name probably from ^Xos,
a swamp, the place of growth.)
1. H. buUata L. — Wet places, s. N. Y., and e. Pa. to Va., rare and local.
4. CHAMAELIRIUM ^Yilld. Devil's Bit
Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading 1-nerved sepals, withering-
presistent. Filaments and (white) anthers, as in Helonias ; fertile flowers
with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along the inner
side. Capsule ellipsoid, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3-valved
from the apex. Seeds linear-oblong. — Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem
from a (bitter) thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, termnated by a wand-
like spiked raceme (1-8 dm. long) of small bractless flowers ; fertile plant more
leafy than the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering
into a petiole. (Name formed of x<^f^^^i on the ground, and \eipiov, lily, the
genus having been founded on a dwarf undeveloped specimen.)
L C. luteum (L.) Gray. (Blazing Star.) Stem 3-12 dm. high; fruiting
pedicels 1-6 mm. long; capsule 7-10 mm. long. (C. carolinianum AYilld.) —
Low grounds, w. Mass. to Fla., w. to Mich., Neb., and Ark. June.
2. C. obovale Small. Similar; flowers larger ; iTxxilmg pedicels about equal-
ing the larger (12-14 mm. long) capsules. — Woods, N. Y., N. J.; and in the
mts. from W. Va. to N. C. and Ala. — Species not seen.
5. TOFIELDIA Huds. False Asphodel
Perianth more or less spreading, persistent ; the sepals (white or greenish)
concave, oblong or obovate, without claws, 3-nerved. Filaments awl-shaped ;
anthers short, innate or somewhat introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped ; stig-
mas terminal. Seeds oblong, horizontal. — Slender perennials, mostly tufted,
with short or creeping rhizomes, and simple stems leaf}^ only at the base, bearing
small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear, grass-
like. (Named for M7\ Tojield, an obscure English botanist of the 18th century.)
* Glabrous ; pedicels solitary, in a short raceme or head ; seeds not appendaged.
1. T. palustris Huds. Scape leafless or nearly so (6-19 cm. high), slender,
bearing a globular or subcylindric head or short raceme of whitish flowers ; leaves
tufted, 2-i cm. long. — Gasp6 Co., Que., to Minn., and northw. (Greenl., Eu.)
* * Stem and inflorescence pubescent ; pedicels fascicled in threes ; seeds caudate.
2. T. glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Stem (1.5-4.5 dm. high) and pedicels very
glutinous with dark glands; leaves broadly linear, short; perianth not becom-
ing rigid ; capsule thin ; seeds with a contorted tail at each end. — Moist grounds,
Nfd. to centr. Me., 111., Minn., northw. and westw. ; also s. in the Alleghenies.
June, July.
3. T. racem5sa (Walt.) BSP. Stem (3-9 dm. high) and pedicels roughened
tvith minute glands ; leaves longer and narrower ; perianth rigid about the Arm
capsule ; seeds with a short white appendage at each end. {T.pubens Michx.)
— Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. July.
6. AMIANTHIUM Gray. Fly Poison
Perianth widely spreading ; the free white segments oval or obovate, without
claws or glands, persistent. Filaments capillary. Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly
as in Melanthium. Styles thread-like. Seeds 1-4 in each cell. — Glabrous, with
simple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, termi-
nated by a simxjle dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age.
(From dyutai/Tos, ujispotted, and &vdos, flower ; a name formed with more regard
to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.)
284 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY}
1. A. muscaet6xicum (Walt.) Gray, (Fly Poison.) Leaves broadly linear.
elongated, obtuse (4-27 mm. wide); raceme simple; capsule abruptly 3-horned ;
seeds oblong with a fleshy red coat. (Chrosperma Ktze.) — Open woods, L. I.
to Fla., w. to Ky. and Ark. June, July.
7. STENAnTHIUM (Gray) Kunth.
Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a point from
the broader base, where they are coherent to the base of the ovary, much longer
than the short stamens. Seeds nearly wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like
leafy stem from a bulbous base, long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves,
and numerous small flowers in compound racemes, forming a long terminal
panicle ; flowering in summer. (Name composed of ffrevds, narrow^ and dj/^os,
flower, from tlie slender sepals and panicles.)
1. S. gramineum (Ker) Kunth. Stem leafy (1-1.6 m. high), slender ; leaves
4-10 mm. broad ; panicle elongated, very open, with slender flexuous branches
or subsimple ; flowers nearly sessile or the fertile on short pedicels ; sepals linear-
lanceolate (white), 4-8 mm. long; capsule mostly reflexed, narrowly oblong-
ovate, with spreading beaks. {S. angustifolium Kunth.) — In the Alleghenies
from Va. to Ga., westw. to Mo, S. robustum Wats., separated on its stouter
habit, dense panicle, broader leaves, and erect capsule, is doubtfully distinct.
8. ZYGADENUS Michx.
Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ;
the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1-2-glandular near the more or less narrowed
but not unguiculate base. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length.
Anthers, styles, and capsule nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds angled, rarely at
all margined. — Smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with rather large
panicled greenish- white flowers in summer. (Name composed of fi^yos, a yoke.,
and d5i7i', a gland., the glands being sometimes in pairs.)
* Stem from a creeping rootstocTc ; 2 conspicuous orbicular glands on each divi-
sion of the perianth above the claw.
1. Z. glaberrimus Michx. Stems 3-9 dm. high ; leaves grass-like, channeled,
conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point ; panicle pyramidal, many-
flowered ; flowers perfect; sepals nearly free (12 mm. long), ovate, becoming
lance-ovate, with a short claw. — Grassy low grounds, Va, to Fla. and Ala.
* * Stem from a more or less bulbous base ; glands less obvious, covering the
base of the perianth-segments.
2. Z. chloranthus Richards. Stem 3-9 dm, high ; leaves flat, carinate ;
raceme simple or sparingly branched and few-flowered ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ;
base of the perianth coherent with the base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obo-
vate sepals marked with a large obcordate gland., the inner abruptly contracted
to a broad claw. (Z. elegans of auth., not Pursh.) — Calcareous soils. Gasp6 Co.,
Que., to Man., south w. to n. N. B., n. Vt., n. N, Y., n. ()., n. 111., and (?) Mo.
3. Z. Nuttallii Gray. Like the last ; raceme rather densely flowered, with
narrow bracts ; perianth free ; sepals with an ill-defined gland at base., not at
all clawed ; seeds larger (6 mm. long). — Kan. to Tex.
4. Z. leimanthoides Gray. Stem 7-15 dm. high, slender ; leaves narrowly
linear ; flowers small (8 mm. in diameter) and numerous, in a few crowded pan-
icled racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base of each division of
the free perianth. — Low grounds, pine-barrens, L. I. to Ga.
9. MELANTfflUM L.
Perianth of 0 separate and free widely spreading somewhat heart-shaped or
oblong and halberd-shaped or oblanceolate sepals, raised on slender claws,
f'.ream-colored or greenish. Filaments shorter than the divisions of the perianth.
LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 285
adhering to their claws often to near the summit, persistent. Anthers heart-
shaped or kidnej'-shaped, confiuently 1-celled, shiekl-shaped atter opening,
extrorse. Capsule ovoid-conical, o-lobed, of 3 inflated membranaceous several-
seeded carpels ; seeds flat, broadly winged. — Stems tall and leafy, from a thick
rootstock, roughish-downy above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal pan-
icle (composed chiedy of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate or oval, not plaited. (Name composed of yuAas,
black, and dpdos, floicer, from the darker color which the persistent perianth
assumes after blossoming.)
* Perianth-divisions with a conspicuous double gland at the summit of the claw.
1. M. virglnicum L. (Bunch-flower.) Stem 8-10 dm. high, leafy, rather
slender; leaves linear (1-3 cm. wide); divisions of the perianth flat, ovate to
oblong or slightly hastate (5-8 mm. long); capsule 1.4 cm. long; seeds 10 in
each cell, 4-6 mm. long. — Wet meadows, " R. I.."' N. Y. to Minn., Tex., and
Ga.
2. M. latifolium Desr. Leaves more oblanceolate^ often 5 cm, broad ; divi-
sions of the perianth undulate (5 mm. long), the very narrow claw nearly
equaling the orbicular or ovate blade ; capsule 12-16 mm. long, on pedicels
8-18 mm. in length; seeds 4-8 in each ceil, 6-8 mm. long. (il/. racemosum
Michx.)— Ct. to S. C.
Yar. longipedicellatum A. Brown. Leaves somewhat narrower ; pedicels
2-2.5 cm. long. — Wooded slopes, w. Ya. {Judjje Brovm).
* * Perianth-divisions oblanceolate, without glands.
3. M. parvifl6rum (Michx.) Wats. Stem rather slender (0.6-1.6 m. high),
sparingly leafy, naked above ; leaves oval to oblanceolate (5-10 cm. wide), on
long petioles ; perianth-divisions 4-6 mm. long, oblanceolate or spatulate, those
of the sterile flowers on claws; stamens very short; capsitle 1.5 cm. long;
seeds 4-6 in each cell, 5 mm. long. (^Veratrum Michx.) — In the Alleghenies,
Va. to S. C.
10. VERATRUM [Tourn.] L. False Hellebore
Perianth of 6 spreading and separate obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish)
divisions, more or less contracted at the base (but not clawed), nearly free from
the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from and shorter tiian the sepals,
recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, etc., nearly as in 3Ielanthium. — Somewhat
pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened base producing coarse
fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked plaited and strongly veined leaves,
and racemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers ; in summer. (Name from vere,
truly, and ater, black.)
1. V. viride Ait. (AxMericax "White Hellebore, Indian Poke.) Stem
stout, very leafy to the top (6-20 dm. high); leaves broadly oval, pointed,
sheath-clasping ; panicle jjyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes spreading;
perianth yelloioish-green, moderately spreading, the segments ciliate-serrulate ;
ovary glabrous ; capsule many -seeded. — Swamps and low grounds.
2. V. ■Wo6dii Robbins. Stem slender, sparingly leafy (8-14 dm. high);
leaves oblanceolate, only the lowest sheathing ; panicle very narrow ; xterianth
greenish-purple, imth entire segments ; ovary tomentose, soon glabrate ; capsule
few-seeded. — Woods and hilly barrens, s, Ind. to Mo.
11. UVULARIA L. Bellwort
Perianth narrowly bell-shaped. Illy-like, deciduous ; the 6 divisions spatulate-
lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at base, with a deep honey-bearing
groove within bordered on each side by a callus-like ridge. Stamens much
shorter, barely adherent to their base. Capsule truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed,
loculicidal at the summit. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a thin white
aril. — Stems terete, from a short rootstock with fleshy roots, naked or scaly at
base, forking above, bearing oblong perfoliate flat and membranace jus leaves
286 LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY)
with smooth margins, and yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary on ter-
minal peduncles. (Name "from the flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.")
L U. perfoliata L. Glaucous throughout, 2-5 dm. high, with 1-;J leaves
below the fork ; leaves glabrous, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, acute ; perianth-
segments granular-pubescent vnthin (1.8-3.6 cm, long) ; stamens shorter than
the stijles ; tip of the connective acuminate ; cells of the capsule with 2 dorsal
ridges and 2-beaked at the apex. — Rich woods, e. Mass. to Ont., Dak. and south w.
2. U. grandiflbra Sin. Yellowish green, not glaucous ; stem naked or with
a single leaf below the fork ; leaves ivhitish-puhe scent beneath, usually some-
what acuminate ; perianth-segments smooth within or nearly so (2.5-4.5 cm.
long); stamens exceeding the styles, obtusely tipped; capsule obtusely lobed.
{U.jlava Sm.) — Rich woods, w. N. H. to Ga., westw. to Minn, and Kan.
12. OAKESIA Wats.
Flowers resembling those of Uvularia, but the segments obtuse or acutish,
carinately gibbous and without ridges within. Capsule membranous, elliptical,
acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, triquetrous and acutely winged, very
tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, with a very tumid spongy rhaphe. — Stem
acutely angled, from a slender creeping rootstock. with sessile clasping leaves
scabrous on the margin, and 1 or 2 flowers terminal on slender peduncles but
soon appearing opposite the leaves by the growth of the branches. (Dedicated
to William Oakes. New England botanist, 1799-1848.)
1. 0. sessilifolia (L.) Wats. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, pale,
glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping; divisions of the perianth 1.4-2. o
cm. long; anthers obtu.se; capsule short-stipitate, 1.2-2 cm. long. {Uvularia
L.) — Woods and thickets.
2. 0. puberula (Michx.) Wats. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green
both sides and s'hining, oval, mostly rounded at base, with rougher edges ;
styles separate to near the base, not exceeding the acute anthers ; capsule not
stipitate, 2-2.5 cm. long. (Uvularia Michx. ; 0. sessilifolia, var. nitida Britton.)
— Pine-barren swamps and mountain woods, N. J. to S. C.
13. ALLIUM [Tourn.] L. Oniox. Garlic
Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very
base, 1-nerved, often becoming dr}» and scarious and more or less persistent;
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at ba.se. Style persistent, thread-like ;
stigma simple or only slightly .3-lobed. Capsule lobed, loculicidal. 3-valved.
with 1-2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds
in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent herbs ; the leaves and usually
scapose stem from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some or all of
them frequently replaced by bulblets ; spathe scarious, 1-2-valved. (The an-
cient Latin name of the Garlic.)
Ovary not crested.
Capsule strongly 3-lobed, cells 1-ovuled ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 2-5 cm.
broad \. A. tricoccuin.
Capsule ovoid to obovoid, slightly lobed ; cells 2-several-ovuled ; leaves
linear or terete.
Umbel capitate ; the pedicels shorter than or little exceeding the peri-
anth 2. A. Schoenoprasum,
Umbel open (except when as in A. oanadense and A. ninenle the
flowers are more or less replaced by sessile bulblets) ; the pedicels
much exceeding the perianth.
Stem leafy to or above the middle ; bulb-coats fibro-membranous, not
strongly reticulated %. A. vineale.
Stem leafy only near the base ; bulb-coats in age strongly netted.
Umbel few-t1owert'(l, nearly always converted partially or wholly
into an ovoid inclosed liead of bulblets &. A. canadense.
Umbel niaiiy-riowcred ; bulblets none ~. A. rmitahile.
Ovary and capsule consiiicuously crested.
Umbel nodding . . . " ^. A. ceruuuni.
Umbel erect; stamens and style exserted . ...... 4. A. Htelhitnm.
Umbel erect ; stamens and style included . . . , . . . 5. A. reticulatuni.
. LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 287
1. A. tric6ccum Ait. (Wild Leek.) Scape (L5-4 dm. liigb, from clustered
pointed bulbs o.5-5 cm. long) bearing an erect many-tiowered umbel ; leaves
10-2o cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide ; segments of the perianth oblong (greenish
white), equaling the nearly distinct filaments ; capsule strongly -j-lobed. — Rich
woods, N. B. to Minn, and la., s. in the mts. to N. C. — Leaves appearing in
early spring and dj'ing before the flowers are developed.
2. A. Schoen6prasum L., var. sibiricum (L.) Hartni. Scape (2-4 dm. high)
bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers ; segments of the
perianth lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated fila-
ments ; leaves awl-shaped., hollow; capsule not crested. — Ledgy shores, Nfd. to
Alaska, s. to N. S., n. N. E., the Great Lake region, etc. (Eurasia.) — The typi-
cal form of the species (the Chives of vegetable gardens) is a lower and more
slender but not sharply separable plant.
3. A. cernuum Roth. (Wild Oxiox.) Scape angular (2.5-6 dm. high),
nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping feic-rnany-flowered umbel ;
leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled (3 dm. long); segments of the perianth
oblong-ovate, acute, rose-color to purple, shorter than the slender filaments
and style ; capsule d-crested. (? A. allegheniense Small.) — N. Y. to S. C, and
westw.
4. A. stellatum Ker. Scape terete (3-5 dm. high), slender, bearing an erect
umbel ; bulb-coats membranous ; capsule prominently Q-crested. — Rocky slopes,
Minn, to w. 111., Mo., and westw.
5. A. reticulatum Don. Scape 1-1.8 dm. high ; bulbs densely and coarsely
fibrous-coated; spathe 2-valved ; umbel rarely bulbiferous ; sepals ovate to
narrowly lanceolate, thin and lax in fruit, a third longer than the stamens;
capsule crested. — Sask. to la. and X. Mex.
6. A. canadense L. (Wild Garlic.) Scape 3 dm. high or more ; bulb
small (1.2-1.8 cm. in diameter); bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; umbel densely
bulbiferous, the flowers fewor often none; segments of the perianth narrowly
lanceolate, equaling or exceeding the stamens ; capsule not crested. — Moist
meadows, N. B. to Ont., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.
7. A. mutabile Michx. Similar in stature, habit, and flowers to preceding ;
iimbels not normally bulbiferous, many (16-13) -flowered ; bulbs 2-3 cm. in
diameter. — Prairies and borders of woods, Mo. (Bush.) to Fla., Tex., and Xeb.
8. A. vineXle L. (Field Gaelic.) Stem slender (3-9 dm. high), clothed
with the sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle ; leaves terete and
hollow, slender, channeled above; umbel often densely bulbiferous; filaments
much dilated, the alternate ones cuspidate on each side of the anther. — Moist
meadows and fields, locally abundant, Mass. to Mo., and Va. June. (Xat. from
Eu.)
14. N0TH0SC6rDUM Kunth.
Flowei-s greenish or yellowish white. Capsule obovoid, somewhat lobed,
obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit ; cells several-ovuled
and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. — Bulb tunicated,
not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from vbdos, false, and aKopSiov,
garlic.)
1. N. bivalve (L.) Britton. Scape 1.5-3.5 dm. high; bulb small, often
bulbiferous at base ; leaves narrowly linear ; flow^ers few, on slender pedicels,
the segments narrowly oblong, about I cm. long; ovules 4-7 in each cell. (iV.
striatum Kunth.) — Prairies and open woods, Va. to O., Neb., and southw.
15. HEMEROCALLIS L. Day Lilt
Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube inclosing the ovary, the
spreading limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in
Lilium, but introrse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and
ascending ; sti£rma simple. Capsule (at firet rather fleshy) 3-angled, locub-
cidally 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy
288 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)
perennials, with fleshy-flbrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked
at the ba.se of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and
large flowers ; these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence
the name, from 17/xe'pa, a day, and kolWos, beauty.)
1. H. FULVA L. (Common D.) Inner divisions (petals) of the tawny orange
perianth wavy and obtuse. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Introd. from
Eu.)
16. LILIUM [Tourn.] L. Lily
Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 divisions, spreading or
recurved above, deciduous. Anthei-s linear, extrorsely attached near the
middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at first included, at
length versatile ; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrse line. Style
elongated ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule subcylindric ; seeds densely packed in 2
rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-
scattered or whorled narrow sessile leaves, and from one to several large and
showy flowers in summer. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek Xeipiov.)
* Flowers erect; sepals narroioed beloio into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous.
1. L. philad^lphicum L. (Wild Oraxge-red L., Wood L.) Stem 4-9
dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, chiefly whorled ; flowers 1-3, open-bell-
shaped, reddish-orange, spotted with purplish inside ; the lanceolate segments
little or not at all recurved at the obtusish or shortly acuminate summit ; pod
somewhat rounded at base. — Dry or sandy ground, N. E. to Ont. and N. C.
— Separated by no constant character from
Var. andinum (Xutt. ) Ker. Leaves, all but the uppermost, scattered ; peri-
anth divisions mostly deep red ; pod attenuate at the base. (i. umbellatum
Pursh ; L. lanceolatum Fitzpatrick.) — Rich soil gf prairies, and in bogs, Ont.
and O. to Ark., and north westw.
2. L. Catesbaei Walt. (Southern Red L.) Leaves linear-lanceolate,
scattered; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the large and long-clawed divisions
of the perianth wavy on the margin and recurved at the caudate-attenuate sum-
mit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and yellow inside ; bulb-scales thin, narrow
and leaf-bearing. — Pine-barrens, N. C. to Fla., w. to "Ky.," "s. 111.," and
"Mo."
* * Flowers nodding ; sepals sessile; bulbs rhizomatous.
3. L. superbum L. (Turk's-cap L.) Stem 9-23 dm. high ; lower leaves
whorled, lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers (3-40) in
a pyramidal raceme ; perianth-divisions (7--8 cin. long) strongly revolute, orange,
with numerous dark purple spots inside. — Rich low grounds, N. B. to Va., w.
to Minn, and Mo.
4. L. carolinianum Michx. Nearly related to the preceding and with very
similar flowers ; stem 4-7 dm, high, 1-3 flowered ; leaves obovate to oblanceo-
late, obtusish or short-acuminate. — Borders of mountain woods, Va. (Small),
and south w.
5. L. canadense L. (Wild Yellow L.) Stem 6-20 dm. high ; leaves
remotely whorled, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough;
flowers long-peduncled, narrowly bell-shaped, the perianth-divisions (5-8 cm.
long) recurved-spreading above, yellow or orange, usually spotted with brown. —
Moist meadows and bogs, e. Que. to Ga., w. to Mo., Minn., and Ont.
6. L. Grayi Wats. Stems 6-9 dm. high ; leaves in whorls of 4-8, lanceo-
late, acute or slightly acuminate, smooth ; flowers 1 or 2, nearly horizontal, the
perianth-divisions (3.5-6 cm. long) but little spreading above the rather broad
base, rather abruptly acute, deep reddish-orange, thickly spotted within. — Peaks
of Otter, Va. , and south w. in the mts. to N. C.
7. L. TiGRiNUM Ker. (Tiger L.) Tall, pubescent above; leaves scattered,
narrowly lanceolate, dark green, 5-7-nerved, the upper axils bulbiferous ; flowers
large, resembling those of L. superbum. — An escape from gardens. (Introd
from E. Asia.)
LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 289
17. ERYTHR6NIUM L. Dog's-tooth Violet
Perianth lily-like, of 6 lanceolate recurved or spreading divisions, deciduous,
the 3 inner usually witii a callous tooth on each side of tiie base, and a groove in
the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped ; anthers oblong-linear. !Style elongated.
Capsule obovoid, contracted at base, 3-valved, luculicidal. Seeds rather numer-
ous.— Nearly stemless herbs, with t\vo smooth and shining flat leaves tapering
into petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising
from a deep solid scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (The
Greek name for the purple-flowered European species, from epvBpos, red. )
1. E. americanum Ker. (Yello-w Addef's-toxgue). Scape 1.5-2 dm.
high ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whitish
and often minutely dotted ; perianth h'(/ht yrUow, often spotted near the
base (2-4 cm. long); style club-shaped ; stigmas united. — Rich ground, N. B. to
Fla., w. to Ont. and Ark.
2. E. albidum Xutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.) Producing subter-
ranean offshoots from the base of the corm ; leaves elliptical-lanceclate, less or
not at all spotted ; perianth pinkish-iohite ; inner divisions toothless; style more
slender except at the apex, bearing 3 short spreading stigmas. — Rich ground,
Ont. to X. J,, w. to Minn, and Tex.
3. E. mesochoreum Knerr. JS^o basal offshoots; leaves narrowly lance-
oblong or linear-lanceolate, not mottled; perianth-divisions bluish or lavender-
tinted., scarcely or not at all revolute ; stigmas spreading. — Prairies, w. la.
{Burgess) and Mo. to Kan. and Neb.
4. E. propullans Gray. Offshoot arising from the stem., near the middle;
leaves smaller and more acuminate ; flowers bright rose-color., yellowish at base
(12 mm. long); style slender ; stigmas united. — In rich soil, Minn, and Ont.
TuLTPA SYLVESTRis L., a wild tulip of Europe, readily recognized by its soli-
tary subscapose large yellow flowers, 6-divided perianth and thickish subsessiie
stigma, is said to be established in e. Pa. {Fretz). (Adv. from Eu.)
18. CAMASSIA Lindl.
Perianth slightly irregular, of 6 blue or purple spreading 3-7-nerved divisions ;
filaments filiform. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule short and
thick, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each
cell. — Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb; the flowers in a simple
raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native Indian name
quamash or camass.)
1. C. esculenta (Ker) Robinson. (Eastern Camass, Wild Hyacinth.)
Scape 1.0-7 dm. high ; leaves keeled ; raceme elongated ; bracts longer "than
the pedicels ; divisions of the perianth pale blue, 3-nerved, 10-14 mm. long^;
capsule acutely triangular-globose. {Scilla Ker ; C. Fraseri Torr. ; Qnnrnnsia
esculenta Coville: Q. hyacinthina Britton.) — Rich ground, w. Pa. to Minn.,
Tex., and Ga. — This species should be carefully distinguished from the larger-
flowered plant of the Northwest, which has long passed as C. esculenta Lindl.,
— a name which must be replaced by Camassia quamash Greene.
19. 0RNITH6GALUM [Tourn.] L. Star of Bethlehem
Perianth of 6 (white) spreading 3-7-nerved divisions. Filaments 6, flattened-
awl-shaped. Style 3-sided ; stigma 3-aiigled. Capsule roundish-angular, with
few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, locnlicidal. — Scape and linear chan-
neled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted ; pedicels not
jointed. (A whimsical name from opvis, a bird, and ydXa, milk.)
1. 0. umbellXtum L. Scape 1-2.5 dm. high ; flowers 5-8, on long and
spreading pedicels ; perianth-divisions green in the middle on the outside. — Es-
caped from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.)
gray's manual — 19
290 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)
2. 0. NtjTANS L. Scape 3 dm. high or more; flowers 5-6, large (2-2.5 cm.
long), nodding on very short pedicels; filaments rery broad. — Rarely escaped
from gardens ; Pa. to D. C. (Introd. from Eu.)
20. MUSCArI [Toum.] Mill. Grape Hyacinth
Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue, rarely pink or white)
Stamens 6, included ; anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal,
with 2 black angular seeds in each cell. — Leaves and scai^e (in early spring)
from a coated bulb ; the small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-
scented (whence the name).
1. M. BOTRYOiDES (L.) Mill. Lcavcs linear, 6-10 mm. broad ; flowers globu-
lar (3-5 mm. long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes. — Escaped from
gardens into copses and fence-rows. (Introd. from Eu.)
2. M. RAC)3iM6suM (L.) Mill. Leaves 2-3 mm. broad ; flowers oblong-urceo-
late (4-5 mm. long), deep blue, fragrant. — Rare escape, s. N. Y. to Va.
(Introd. from Eu.)
21. YUCCA [Rupp.] L. Bear Grass. Spanish Bayonet
Perianth of 6 large white or greenish oval or oblong and acute flat with-
ering-persistent segments, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens.
Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly
6-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved
from the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, flattened. — Stems woody, in
ours very short, bearing persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and an
ample panicle or raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the
root of the Cassava-plant.)
\. Y. glaiica Nutt. Leaves very stiff and pungent, 2-6 dm. long, 4-12 mm.
wide, filiferous on the margin ; raceme mostly simple, nearly sessile (3-12 dm.
long); flowers 3.5-6 cm. wide; stigmas green, shorter than the ovary ; capsule
6-sided (7 cm. long); seeds 10-12 mm. broad. (F. angustifolia Pursh.) — Dak.
to la., Mo., N. Mex., and Wyo. May, June.
2. Y. filament5sa L. (Adam's Needle.) Caudex 3 dm. high or less, from
a ruiming rootstock ; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less taiDering to a
short point, rough on the back, 4-6 dm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, filiferous on the
margin ; panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout bracteate scape, 1-3 m.
high; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; capsule 3.5 cm. long; seeds 6
mm. broad. — Near the coast, Md. (where of the formal var. latifolia Engelm.
with leaves 5-9 cm. wide) to Fla. and La. July. — Very variable. Occasionally
spontaneous about old gardens.
, 22. ASPARAGUS [Toum.] L. Asparagus
Perennials, with much branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, and
small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. The narrow, com-
monly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branchlets, acting as leaves, clus-
tered in the axils of little scales which are the true leaves. (The ancient Greek
name.)
1. A. officinXlis L. (Garden A.) — A frequent escape. June. (Introd.
from Eu.)
23. CLINT6nIA Raf.
Perianth of 6 divisions, lily-like, deciduous. Filaments long and thread-like ;
anthers extrorsely fixed by a point above the base. Ovary ovoid-subcylindric,
2-3-celled ; style long. — Short-stemmed perennials, with slender creeping root-
stocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at the base by the stalks of 2-4
large obhmg or oval ciliate leaves ; flowers umbeled, rarely single. .(Dedicated
to De Witt Clinton, prominent statesman, several times governor of New York.)
LILLACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 291
L C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Scape and leaves 14-25 cm. long ; terminal umbel
S-Q-Jloicered (sessile lateral umbels often present on the same scape) ; perianth
greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (12-18 mm. long) ; berry ovoid, blue ;
ovules 20 or more. — Cold moist woods, Lab. to N. C, w. to Man. and Minn.
2. C. umbellulata (Michx.) IMorong. Flowers half as large as in the last,
white, speckled with green or purplish dots; umbel many -flow er ed ; berry
globular, black; ovules 2 in each cell. (0. umbellata Torr.) — Rich woods,
N. Y.J N. J., and in the Alleghenies to Ga.
24. SMILACINA Desf. False Solomon's Seal
Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent. Filaments 6, slender ;
anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style short
and thick ; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1-2 -seeded, at first
greenish or yellowish-white speckled with madder brown, at length a dull sub-
translucent ruby red. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or
thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile leaves, and wbite, sometimes
fragrant flowers. (Name a diminutive of Smilax.)
* Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle ; stamens exceed-
ing the small (2 mm. long) segments; ovules collateral; rootstock stout,
fleshy.
1. S. racembsa (L.) Desf. (False Spikenard.) Minutely downy (4-10
dm. high) ; leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate,
abruptly somew^hat petioled. ( Vagnera Morong.) — Moist copses and banks.
** Flowers larger (4-5 mm. long)., on solitary pedicels in a simple feio-flowered
raceme ; stamens included; ovules not collateral; rootstock rather slender.
2. S. stellata (L.) Desf. Plant (2-5 dm. high) nearly glabrous, or the 7-12
oblong-lanceolate leaves minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping;
raceme sessile or nearly so. (^Vagnera Morong.) — Moist banks, frequent.
(Eu.)
3. S. trifblia (L.) Desf. Glabrous, dimrf (1.3-2 dm. high) ; leaves 3 (some-
times 2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base ; raceme peduncled. {Vag-
nera Morong.) — Cold bogs, Lab. to N. J., westw. to B. C. (Siber.)
25. MAIANTHEMUM [Weber in] Wiggers.
Perianth 4-parted, and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma 2-lobed. Other-
wise as in Smilacina. — Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme upon
a low 2-o-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. (Name from
Mains, May, and dvde/xov, a flower.)
1. M. canadense Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (6-22 cm. high) ; leaves
lanceolate or ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile or very
shortly petioled ; perianth-segments 2 mm. long. ( Unifolium Greene.) — Moist
woods, Lab. to N. C, w. to la., Dak,, and Man.
26. DISPORUM Salisb.
Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 lanceolate or linear divisions deciduous.
Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers. Ovary
with 2 ovules (in our species) suspended from the summit of each cell; style
one ; stigmas 3, short, recurved-spreading, or sometimes united into one ! Berry
ovoid or subcylindric, pointed, 3-6-seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, with creep-
ing rootstocks, erect stems sparingly branched above, closely sessile ovate thin
leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slender terminal peduncles, soli-
tary or few in an umbel. (Name from 5ts, double, and atropd, seed, in allusion
to the 2 ovules in each cell.)
1. D. lanuginbsum (Michx.) Nichols. Leaves taper-pointed, rounded or
292 LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY)
slightly heart-shaped at base ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; perianth (18 mm.
long) soon spreading, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; stigmas 8. —
Rich woods, Ont. and w. N. Y. to 0., Tenn., and Ga.
27. STREPTOPUS Michx. Twisted-stalk
Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base, decidnous ; the 0 divi-
sions lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, exlrorse,
fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender
entire or 2-cleft point. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with
rather stout stems from a short or creeping rootstock, ordinarily forking and
divergent branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous
leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender
thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle
(whence the name, from o-rpeTrros, twisted, and ttoi^s. foot or stalk).
1. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. Stem 3-9 dm. high, glabrous; leaves very
smooth, glaucous underneath, strongly clasping; flower greenish-white (about
1 cm. long) ; perianth-segments v:ide-spreading or recurved from near the middle ;
anthers many tim^s exceeding the filaments, tapering to a slender entire point ;
stigma entire, truncate; fruit ellipsoid or globose, 1-2 cm. long, scarlet. — Cold
moist woods, Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E., Pa., O., Minn., and in the mts. to
N. C. and N. Mex. (Eurasia.)
2. S. rbseus Michx. Lower (2-6 dm. high); rootstock short and thick;
leaves green both sides, finely ciliate ; the branches sparingly beset with short
bristly hairs; flower rose-purple (8-12 mm. long), more than half the length of
the slightly bent peduncle, the perianth-segments loith only the tips recurved in
age; anthers ovate, 2-horned, about equaling the filaments; stigma o-cleft ;
fruit subglobose, 1 cm. in diameter, cherry-red. — Cold damp woods, Nfd. to the
mts. of Ga., w. to ^Visc. and Man. May, June.
3. S. 16ngipes Fernald, Similar; rootstock slender and wide-creeping;
stem ciliate-hispid above, 3-4 dm. high ; leaves ciliate, sessile, pale beneath ;
perianth campanulate, reddish; anthers and stigmas as in no. 2. — Woods, Mar-
quette Co., Mich.
28. POLYGON ATUM [Tourn.] Hill. Solomon's Seal
Perianth cylindrical, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 stamens inserted on or
above the middle of the tube, included ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled,
with 2-6 ovules in each cell ; style slender, deciduous by a joint ; stigma obtuse
or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1-2-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping knotted rootstocks,
naked below, above bearing nearl}^ sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and
axillary nodding greenish flowers; pedicels jointed near the flower. (Name
from TToXtJ-, many, and ybw, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the root-
stock. )
1. P. biflbrum (Walt.) Ell. (Small S.) Glabrous, except the ovate-oblong
or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly minutely pubescent
as well as pale or glaucous underneath; stem slender (3-0 dm. high) ; peduncles
1-3- hut mostly 2-floivered ; perianth 10-12 ram. long ; filaments papillose-rough-
ened, inserted toward the summit of the perianth. (? P. horeolc Greene ; P.
cuneatum Greene; Salomonia hiflora Farwell.) — Wooded hillsides, N. B. to
Fla., w. to Ont.. e. Kan., and Tex.
2. P. commutatum (K, «Sb S.) Dietr, (Gukat S.) Glabrous throughout;
stem stout (0.6-2 ni, high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clasping (12-18 cm.
long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved ; peduncles several
(■2-H)-flowpred, jointed below the flower; flowers 12-2(1 mm. long; filaments
smooth and naked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube. (P.
gigantenm Dietr. ; ? P. virginicum Greene ; Salomonia commutata Farwell.) —
Meadows and river-banks, w. N. H. and R. I. to Ga. and w. to the Rocky Mts
June.
LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 293
29. CONVALLARIA L. Lily of the Valley
Perianth bell-shaped, white, with 6 short recurved lobes. Stamens 6, in-
cluded, inserted on the base of the perianth ; anthers introrse. Ovarj' 3-celled,
tapering into a stout style ; stigma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in each cell. Berry
few-seeded, red. — Perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running root-
stocks, 2 or 3 oblong leaves, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of
sweet-scented nodding flowers. (From Lilium convaUium, the popular name.)
1. C. majalis L. — High mountains, Va. to S. C. — Apparently identical
with the European Lily of the Valley of the gardens which occurs as an occa-
sional escape from cultivation elsewhere within our limits.
30. MEDEOLA [Gronov.] L. Indian Cucumber-root
Perianth recurved ; the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike, pale greenish-
yellow, deciduous. Stamens 0 ; anthers shorter than the slender filaments,
oblong. Styles stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the
globose ovary, long and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose, dark purple,
3-celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (3-9 dm.
high, clothed with flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal
white tuber (with taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl of 5-9
obovate-lanceolate leaves ; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate
ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named
after the sorceress Medea, for its supposed great medicinal virtues.)
1. M. virginiana L. — Rich damp woods, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and Fla.
June.
31. TRILLIUM L. Wake Eobin. Birthroot
Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger,
withering in age. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate.
Styles awl-shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stig-
matic down the inner side. Seeds ovate, horizontal, several in each cell. —
Low perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a short and prae-
morse tuber-like rootstock, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, com-
monly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a
terminal large flower ; in spring. (Name from tres^ three ; all the parts being
in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes petals
changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number.
* Ovary and fruit 6-angled and more or less winged.
•(- Flower sessile; leaves usually mottled.
1. T. sessile L. Leaves sessile ; sepals spreading; sessile petals erect-spread-
ing^ narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, dark and dull purple, varying to
gTeenish ; fruit globose, 1.2 cm. long. — Moist woods. Pa. to Minn, and southw.
2. T. viride Beck. Larger (3-4 dm. high) ; leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate ;
sepals spreading ; petals linear, 3-5 cm. long, greenish. — Rich woods and open
hillsides. Kan., Mo., and southeastw.
3. T. recurvatum Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, ovate,
oblong, or obovate ; sepals reflexed ; petals pointed, the base narrowed into a
clavj, oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, dark purple ; fruit ovoid, strongly winged
above, 1.8 cm. long. — Rich woods, O. to Minn., Ark., "Miss.," and Teirn.
■♦- •*- Flower pediceled ; connective narroiv, not produced; leaves subsessile.
++ Anthers at anthesis exceeding the stigmas.
4. T. erectum L. Leaves very broadly rhombic, shortly acuminate ; peduncle
(2-8 cm. long) usually more or less inclined or declinate ; petals ovate to lanceo-
late (18-36 mm. long), brown-purple or often white or greenish or pinkish ;
stamens exceeding the sto^lt distinct spreading or recurved stigmas; ovary
purple; fruit ovoid, 2.5 cm. long, " reddish. — Rich woods, e. Que. to Ont.,
southw. to Fa. and in the mts. to N. C. — Flowers ill-scented.
294 LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY)
5. T. grandiflbrum (Michx.) vSalisb. Leaves less broadly rhombic-ovate
pedicel erect or ascending ; petals obhniceolate, often broadly so (4-() cm. long),
white turning rose-color or marked with green ; stamens with stout filaments
(persistently green about the fruit) and anthers, exceeding the very slender erect
or suherect and somewhat coherent stigmas; fruit subglobose. — Kich woods,
w. Que. and w. Vt. to Minn., Mo., and N. C.
*+ -H* Anthers at anthesis surpassed by the stigmas.
6. T. cirnuum L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate ; peduncles (8—33 mm.
long) usually recurved; petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-lauceolate (12-
24 mm. long), wavy, recurved-spreading ; filaments nearly or quite equaling
the anthers; ovary white or pinkish ; stigmas stoutish, tapering from the base
to the apex; fruit ovoid. — Moist woods, Nfd. to Man., southw. to Pa., Mich.,
Minn., and in the mts. to Ga.
7. T. declinatum (Gray) Gleason. Leaves broadly rhombic ; peduncles (4-6
cm. long) usually horizontal ; petals white, ovate-oblong (2-3.5 cm. long); fila-
ments less than half as long as the anthers ; stigmas short, stout, tapering
from the base to the apex ; ovary white or pinkish. (T'. erectum^ var. Gray.) —
Woods, O. and s. Mich, to s. Minn, and Mo.
* * Ovary and fruit S-lobed or -angled^ not winged ; filaments slender^ about
equaling the anthers; pedicel erect or inclined; leaves petiolate.
8. T. nivale Riddell. (Dwarf White or Snow T.) Small (5-10 cm. high);
leaves oval or ovate^ obtuse (2.5-5 cm. long) ; petals oblong^ obtuse (12-30 mm.
long), white, scarcely wavy, spreading from an erect base, equaling the
peduncle ; styles long and slender ; fruit depressed-globose, with 3 rounded
lobes, 6-8 mm. long. — Rich woods, w. Pa. and Ky, to Minn, and la.
9. T. undulatum Willd. (Painted T.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed ; petals
ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, vjhite painted with
purple stripes at the base, shorter than the peduncle ; fruit broad-ovoid, obtuse,
14-18 mm. long. (T. erythrocarpum Michx.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, e.
Que. to Ont. and Wise, southw. in the mts. to Ga.
32. AlETRIS L. Colic-root. Star Grass
Perianth cylindrical, wrinkled and roughened outside by thickly set points,
the tube adhering below to the base of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit.
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the lobes ; filaments and anthers short,
included. Style awl-shaped, 3-cleft at the apex ; stigmas minutely 2-lobed.
Capsule ovoid, beaked, inclosed in the roughened perianth ; seeds numerous,
minute, costate. — Perennial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with
fibrous roots, and a spreading cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the
small flowers in a spike-like raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (4-10
dm. high). ('AXerpls, a female slave who grinds corn; in allusion to the ap-
parent mealiness of the blossoms.)
1. A. farinbsaL. Flowers tubvilar, white ; lobes lanceolate-oblong. — Grassy
or sandy woods, s. Me. to Fla., Ark., and Minn. July, Aug.
2. A. aurea Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow, fewer and shorter than in
the preceding; lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, " Va.," S. C. to Fla. and Tex.
33. SMtLAX [Toum.] L. Green Brter. Cat Brier
Flowers dioecious in umbels on axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yellow-
ish, regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, in-
serted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the l:)ase,
apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowere 3-celled (l-celled, w'ith single
stigma in S. laurifolia) ; stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile ; ovules 1 oi
2 in each cell, pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit a small berry. — Shrubby or her-
baceous, usually climbing or sux^ported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of th(
LILIACEAE (lily FAMILY) 295
ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure
meaning.)
§ 1. Stems herbaceous, not prickly ; flowers carrion-scented; ovules 2 in each
cell; leaves membranous^ mucronate-tipped ; berries bluish-black loith a
bloora.
1. S. herbacea L, (Carrion-flower.) Stem climbing, 1-5 m. high; leaves
ovate or rounded^ mostly heart-shaped or truncate at base, abruptly acute to
short-acuminate, 1-Q-nerved, smooth; petioles 1-4 cm. long; peduncles 4-20
cm. long, often much exceeding the leaves, 20-40-flowered ; seeds 2-6. — Moist
meadows and river-banks, common, N. B. to Man. and Tex. June. — Variable.
Var. puLVERULENTA (Michx.) Gray. Leaves sparingly to densely puberulent
on the veins beneath. {S. pulverulenta Michx.) — Pa. to Ont., w. to Mont, and
Kan.
2. S. tamnifolia Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves mostly 6-nerved,
smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, abi-uptly
acute to acuminate, some of them hastate with broad rounded lobes ; peduncles
iono:er than the petioles ; berry smaller, 2-3-seeded. — Pine-barrens, Pa. and
N. J. to S. C.
3. S. ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Erect, 1.5-9 dm. high, without tendrils
(or only the uppermost petioles tendril-bearing) ; lower leaves reduced to narrow
scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5-7 -nerved, broadly ovate-elliptical to roimdish,
acute, mostly cordate at base, 4-12 cm. long, pubescent beneath; peduncles and
petioles 3-7 cm. long; umbels 10-20-flowered ; berry 3-seeded. — O. and Md. to
S. C, Wi«c., "Minn.," and Mo.
§ 2. Stems woody ^ often prickly ; ovules solitai^ ; glabrous throughout.
* Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rouiided or heart-shaped at base,
and 6-9-nerved, the three m,iddle nerves or 7'ibs stronger and more con-
spicuous.
•<- Peduncles (4-13 mm. long) shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles, flat-
tened; leaves thickish, green both sides.
4. S. Walteri Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base or
unarmed ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped
or rounded at base (5-11 cm, long); berries coral-red. — Pine-barrens, N. J. to
Fla.
5. S. rotundifblia L. (Common Green Brier, Horse Brier.) Stem as well
as the terete branches armed with scattered prickles ; branchlets more or less
4-angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-
shaped, abruptly short-pointed, obscurely denticulate or entire ; berries blue-
black, with a bloom. — Moist thickets, N. S. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Tex.
— Very variable, passing into var. quadrangulXris (Muhl.) Wood., which has
branches, and especially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common westw.
+- ■*- Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short petiole, flat-
tened ; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent ; berries black, with a
bloom.
6. S. glauca Walt. (Saw Brier.) Terete branches and somewhat 4-an-
giilar glaucous branchlets aiTaed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves
ovate, rarely subcordate, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above (6-7 cm.
long), abniptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. — Dry thickets, e.
Mass. to Fla., w. to Tex.
7. S. B5na-nox L. Branches and the ang-ular (often square) branchlets
sparsely anned A^ith short rigid prickles ; leaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped or 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the
margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. {S. tamnoides Man. ed. 5 ;
probably not L.) — Thickets; Nantucket, Mass.; N. J. to Fla., w. to 111., Mo.,
and Tex.
296 HAEMODORACEAE (BLOODWORT FAMILY}
"»--»-•<- Pediinde 2-4 times the length of the petiole ; leaves ample (7-12 cm.
long)., thin or thinnish., green both sides; berries black; stem terete and
branchlets nearly so.
8. S. hlspida Mulil. Kootstock cylindrical, elon£:atecl ; s^em (climbing hi.u^h)
below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickle^., the flo^ye^ing
branchlets mostly naked; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed,
slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous ; peduncles 2-5 cm.
long ; perianth-divisions lanceolate, almost 6 mm. long, — Moist thickets, Ct. to
Va., w. to Ont., Minn., Kan., and Tex. June.
9. S. pseudo-china L. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed.,
or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the jDranchlets
ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture ;
peduncles flat (5-7 cm. long). — Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., w. to s. Ind.
and Kan. July.
* * Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear., narrowed at base into a
short petiole, S-o-7ierved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many
without tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete;
the umbels sometimes panicled ; branches terete, unarmed.
10. S. lanceolata L, Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or
lance-oblong ; stigmas 8 ; berries dull red. — Rich woods and margins of swamps,
Va. to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. June.
11. S. laurifolia L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanceolate to linear (6-12 cm. long); stigmas solitary and ovary 1-celled;
berries black when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year. — Pine-barrens,
N. J. to Fla., w. to Ark., and Tex. July, Aug.
HAEMODORACEAE (Bloodwort Family)
Perennial stoloniferous herbs with fibrous roots, equitant leaves, and perfect
S-6-androus regular icoolly flowers; the tube of the ij-lobed perianth coherent
with the ichole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the S-celled ovai'y. —
Anthers introrse. Capsule crowned or inclosed by the persistent perianth,
3-celled, loculicidal, 3-many-seeded. A small family ; chiefly of the southern
hemisphere. Ours with dense compound cymes of dingy yellow flowers.
1. Lachnanthes. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior.
2. Lophiola. Stamens 6. Ovary nearly free.
1. LACHNANTHES EU. Red-root
Perianth 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens opposite the 3 larger
or inner divisions; filaments long, exserted ; anthers soon curved or coiled,
attached near the base. Style thread-like, exseited, declined. Capsule g]ol)uhir.
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. —
Leaves clustered at the Ijase and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at tlie
top and terminated 'oy a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely
woolly flowers (whence the name, from Xdxvrj, v-ool, and &v0os, blos.som).
1. L. tinctbria (Walt.) Ell. Erect, 3-10 dm. high. {Gyrothcca Salisb.) —
Sandy swamps, near the coast, Cape Cod, Mass., R. I., and N. J. to Fla. July-
Sept.
2. LOPHIOLA Ker.
Divisions of the perianth nearly equal, spreading, longer than the 6 stamens,
which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by the base. Cayjsule ovoid,
free from the i)eriaiith except at the base, i)ointed with the awl-shaped style,
which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each valve. Seeds numer-
ous, oblong, i-iltljetl, anatroitoiLS. — Slender herb with lijiear and nearly smooth
AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY) 297
leaves ; inflorescence and upper part of the stem whitened with soft matted
wool. Perianth-lobes naked only toward the tip, each clothed -^ith a woolly tuft
near the base (whence the name, from Xocpid. a crest).
1. L. aiirea Ker. Perianth-segments dull yellow within. (Z. americana
Coville.) — Boggj' pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Jime-Aug.
DIOSCOREACEAE (Yam Family)
Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks,
and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and
regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile plant
to the ^-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous.
Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or -winged capsule.
1. DIOSCOREA [Plumier] L. Yam
Flowers veiy small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Capsule loculicidally
3-\alved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds flat, "with a membrana-
ceous A\ing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist. Dioscorides.)
1. D. vill5sa L. (Wild Yam-root.) Herbaceous; stems slender, from
knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes ; leaves mostly alternate,
sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less do^Miy beneath, heart-shaped,
conspicuously pointed, 9-11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the sterile in
drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes ; capsules 1.6-2.5 mm.
long. — Thickets, s. X. E. to Fla.. w. to Ont., Minn., Kan., and Tex. — Ac-
cording to C. G. Lloyd the tyi:)ical villous-leaved form has a matted rootstock
the divisions of which are scarcely thicker than the stems. He distinguishes, as
var. GLABRA Lloyd, a form with a thick knotted rootstock and glabrous leaves.
This foim or possibly state, occurring in Ky. and probably elsewhere, is said
to be inferior for pharmaceutical use. The relation between the smooth foliage
and thickened rootstock does not, however, appear to be definite.
AMARYLLIDACEAE (Amaryllis Family)
Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or icoolly, loith linear flat
root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube
of the corolline G-parted perianth coherent loith the ^-celled ovary ; the lobes im-
bricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Capsule 3-celled, several-
manj^-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight embryo in the axis
of fleshy albumen,
* Fruit a .3-valved loculicidal capsule ; plant glabrous,
-f- Perianth with a conspicuous crown in the throat.
1. Hymenocallis. Perianth-tube slender, the lobes narrow, recurved ; a cup-shaped crown con-
necting the filaments.
2. Narcissus. Perianth-tube produced at the base of the spreading ovate lobes into a true
crown. Filaments without a connecting cup.
-s- -s- Perianth naked in the throat.
++ Low bulbous plants with 1-flowered scapes,
3. Zephyranthes. Anthers versatile on filiform somewhat elongated filaments; tube of the
perianth shorter than the throat and limb.
4. Cooperia. Anthers dorsifixed near the base; filaments short ; tube of the perianth much ex-
ceeding the throat and limb.
++ ++ Tall, not bulbous ; flowers spicate.
5. Agave. Perianth equally 6-cleft, without crown ; leaves fleshy.
* * Fruit indehiscent ; anthers sagittate ; plant villous.
6. Hypoxis. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary, persistent ; bulb solid.
298 AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY}
1. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.
Capsule thin, 2-3-lobed ; seeds usually 2 in each cell, basal, fleshy, often like
bulblets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers white, fragrant, large
and sho%Ty, sessile in an umbel-like head or cluster, subtended by 2 or more sca-
rious bracts. (Name composed of u/iTji/, a membrane^ and kolWos, beauty.)
1. H. occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 3-5
dm. long, 18-36 mm. broad; scape 3-6-flowered ; bracts narrow," 5 cm. long;
perianth-tube about 8-10 cm. long, the linear segments scarcely shorter ; the
crown 2.5-3 cm. long, tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the margin
deltoid and entire, or 2-toothed and erose, between the white filaments, which
are t^^1ce longer ; anthers yellow ; style green. — Marshy banks of streams, s.
Mo. and s. 111. to n. Ga., and Ala.
2. NARCISSUS [Tourn.] L.
Capsule thin, 3-celled ; seeds numerous in each cell, affixed in 2 series to the
axile placenta. Flowers (in our species) solitary on leafless scapes subtended
by a deciduous or marcescent spathe. (Name of the youth who, according to a
Greek myth, was changed into this flower.)
1. N. PsEUDO-NARcfssus L. (Daffodil.) Crown at least as long as the
perianth-segments, yellow. — Established in meadows, Pa. and N. J. (Introd.
from Eu.)
2. N. POETicus L. (Poet's Narcissus.) Crown less than half as long as the
perianth-segments, white edged with pink. — Established in meadows, N. E.,
L. I., and Pa. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb.
Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and
similar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat. Pod
membranaceous, 3-lobed, (From fe0vpos, a wind^ and dvOos, flower.)
1. Z. Atamasco (L.) Herb. (Atamasco Lily.) Leaves bright green and
shining, very narrow, channeled, the margins acute ; scape 2-3.5 dm. high ; pe-
duncle short ; spathe 2-cleft at the apex ; perianth white and pink, 6-9 cm. long ;
stamens and style declined. {Ataniosco Greene.) — Pa. to Fla. June.
4. COOPERIA Herb.
Perianth-tube very long and slender, the limb widely spreading, 6-parted, the
short stamens borne en the throat. Spathe single, membranaceous. Capsule
depressed-globose; seeds numerous. — Leaves grass-like from a tunicate bulb.
( Named in honor of Daniel Cooper^ an English botanist of the early part of the
19th century.)
1. C. Drumm6ndii Herb. Scape slender, 2-5 dm. high ; perianth white or
rose-tinged, the stalk-like tube often 1 dm. in length. — Prairies, s. Kan. and
southwestw.
5. AGAvE L. American Aloe
Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-seeded ;
seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny
teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous-
rooted crown. (Name from 070^77, no We, — not inappropriate as applied to
A. AMERic\xA, the Century Plant.)
1. A. virginica L. (False Aloe.) Herbaceous ; leaves entire or denticiflate ;
scape 1-2 m. high ; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like s]>ike, greenish-yellow,
fragrant; perianth 18-24 mm. long, its narrow tube twice longer than the
erect lobes. — Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. to Fla., w. to s. O., s. Ind.,
Mo., and Tex.
IRIDACEAE (iris FAMILY) 299
6. HYP6xIS L. Star Gra
ss
Perianth spreading;. Fruit cro\vned \\itli the ^^'ithered or closed perianth.
Seed globular. — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and
-slender fe\Y-flowered scapes. (An old name for a plant having sourish leaves,
from vTTo^vs, sub-acid.)
1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the um-
bellately l-4-tlo\vered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish out-
side, yellow (rarely whitish) within. (H. erecta L.) — Meadows and open
woods, s. w. Me. to Fla., Assina., e. Kan. and Tex.
IRIDACEAE (Iris Family)
Herbs, withequitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect Jlowers ;
the 3 petals and 3 petal-like sepals convolute in the bud, the tube adnate to
the S-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or rnonadelphous stamens, alternate v:ith the
petals, loith extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or
bracts, usually showy. Style single, usually 3-cleft ; stigmas 3, opposite the
cells of the ovary, or 6 by the parting of the style-branches. Capsule o-celled,
loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight in fleshy albu-
men. Rootstocks, tubers, or corms mostly acrid.
* Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers.
1. Iris. Sepals spreading' or recurved. Petals spreading or erect. Stigmas petal-like.
* * Branches of the style alternate with the anthers ; flower regular.
2. Nemastylis. Stem from a coated bulb. Filaments united. Style-branches 2-cleft.
3. Belamcanda. Stems from a creeping rhizome. Filaments distinct. Stigmas dilated.
4. Sisyrinchlum. Eoot fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-Jike.
1. IRIS [Tourn.] L. Fleur-de-lis
Tube of the flower more or less prolonged beyond the ovary. Stamens dis-
tinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the over-arching petal-like
stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of
a thin lip or plate under the apex); most of the style connate with the sepals
and petals into a tube. Capsule 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-
flattened, usually in 2 rows in each cell. — Perennials, with sword-shaped or
grassy leaves, and large showy flowers ; ours with creeping and more or less
tuberous rootstocks. (^Ipts, the rainbow.)
* Stems leafy and rather tall, from usually thickened rootstocks, often branch-
ing ; tube much shorter than the sepals, which are usually much larger
than the petals.
H- Sepals neither bearded nor crested.
■M- Spathes all terminal or at the tips of elongate peduncles.
^ Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yelloic, or ichite, and purple-veined.
a. Ovai^ and capsule obtusely angled.
1. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
1. I. versicolor L. (Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout, angled on one side,
1.5-9 dm. high ; leaves sword-shaped (0.5-2.5 cm. wide), glaucous; ovary ob-
tusely triangular, with flat sides ; flowers (5-8 cm. long) short-pediceled, varie-
gated with green, yellow and white toward the center, the funnel-form tube
shorter than the ovary ; petals flat, oblancpolate or narrowly obovate, half as
long as the sepals ; style-branches loith slightly overlapping petaloid lobes ; cap-
sule firm, subcylindric, turgid, with rounded angles, stout-beaked ; seeds 4-6 mm.
300 IKIDACEAE (iris FAMILY)
broad, flattened on the sides, the rhaphe not apparent. — Wet places, Nfd. to Man.
and southw. May-July.
2. I. setbsa Pall., var, canadensis Foster. Stems slender, terete, 1.5-5 dm.
high, mostly flecked at base with purplish ; leaves hrUjht green, strongly nerved,
0.5-1 cm, broad ; flowers short-pediceled, strongly niarked with white toward
the center ; the inconspicuous invohite or tubular pointed petals \ as long as the
sepals; style-branches with spreading lobes; capszt/e subcylindric or ovoid, blunt
or barely mucronafe, the thin elastic icalls pale, flecked with purple, the angles
obtuse or rounded ; seeds 2-S.o mm. broad, with plump sides and prominent
rhaphe. (I. iyoo7i'e?v Penny.) — Seabeaches and headlands. Lab. and Nfd. to
the lower St. Lawrence ; and along the coast to e. Me. June, July.
2. Seeds in 1 row in each cell.
3. I. caroliniana Wats. Tall (1 m. or less high); leaves bright green, soft,
l-;^ cm. broad; flowers subsessile or short-pediceled, "lilac, variegated with
yellow, purple and brown ;" petals more than half the length of the sepals;
seeds, with flattened sides, 8-10 mm. broad. — Swamps, s. Va. to Ga. and La.
June.
a a. Ovary and capsule sharply angled.
4. I. prismatica Pursh. (Slender Blue Flag.) Stem very slender, terete^
2.5-9 dm. high, from a slender rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear (3-7 mm.
wide); flowers slender-pediceled (4-6 cm. long), the tube extremely short;
ovary 3-angied. — Marshes near the coast, N. S. to Ga. June, July.
= = Flowers brown or yellow.
5. I. f lilva Ker. Stem and leaves as in no. 1 ; flowers copper-colored or dull
reddish-brown, variegated with blue and green ; petals widely sjweading ; tube
cylindrical, as long as the 6-angled ovary ; style-branches narrow. — Swamps,
s. 111. and Mo. to La. and Ga. May.
I. psKLUACORus L., the Yellow Iris of European marshes, with several very
long linear leaves, bright yellow beardless flowers, and erect petals, is becoming
established in N. E.° N. Y., and N. J.
1. ORIEXTA.LIS Mill. (/. ochroleuca L.), an Asiatic species, with stem-leaves
few and reduced, and pale-yellow or whitish flowers, is freely cultivated, and
tends to become naturalized in marshes on the coast of Ct. {Mrs. M. E.
Bussell).
■^ ++ Spathes mostly siibsessile or on inconspicuous peduncles in the axils of the
upper conspicuous leaves; flowers large, blue-violet.
6. I. hexagona Walt. Stem terete, flexuous, 3-9 dm. tall ; leaves green, not
glaucous, the upper very elongated and much overtopping the flowers, 1-3 cm.
broad ; flowers mostly axiUary, resembling those of no. 1, but larger ; capsule
very Arm, 6-angled, short-beaked ; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. (7. foliosa
xVIack. & Bush.) — Rich low woods and shores, local, O. to Mo., and southw.
to S. C, Fla., and Tex. May, June.
■*- -)- Claw and lower part of blade of sepals beaded.
7. j. GERMANIC A L. (Fleur-de-lis. ) Lcavcs broad, glaucous ; spathcs 2-3-
:iowered ; perianth-tube greenish, cylindrical; sepals dark violet-purple, pendent
with bright yellow beard ; petals equaling the sepals in length and breadth, lilac ;
capsule trigonous. — Established in Va. and W. Va. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Stems low (0.5-1.5 dm. high), from tufted and creeping slender {or here and
there tuberous-thickened) r<>otst<>cks, \-^-flowerod ; tube of the perianth
long and slender ; the violet-blue sepals and petals nearly equal.
8. I. verna L. (Dwarf Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like (3-10 mm. wide),
rather glaucous ; the thread-like tube about the length of the se|)als and petals,
wliich are oblong-obovate and on slender claws, tlie sepals .sKightly hairy down
the orange-yellow base, crestless ; capsule obtusely triangular. — Wooded hill-
sides. Pa. to Ky., and southw. Apr., May. — Flowers sometimes, white with
yellowish center.
IRIDACEAE (iris FAMILY) 301
9. I. cristata Ait. (Crested Dwarf Iris.) Leaves lanceolate (1-2 dm.
long when grown, 1-2 cm. broad); those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate^ shorter
than the thread-like tube, which is 4-5 cm. long and mnch longer than the light-
blue obovate short-clawed sepals and petals ; sepals crested but beardless ; cap-
sule sharply triangular. — Rich woods, Md. to Ga., locally w. to O., Ind., and
Mo. Apr.. May. — Flowers fragrant.
10. I. lacustris Nutt. (Lake Dwarf Iris.) Tube rather shorter than the
sepals and petals (yellowish, 1-2 cm. long), dilated upward., not exceeding the
spathe ; otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes
Huron, Michigan, and Superior. May.
2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt.
Sepals and petals similar and nearly equal, spreading. Style short, its slen-
der 2-parted branches exserted between the anthers ; stigmas minute, terminal.
Capsule obovoid, truncate, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds globose or angled.
— Stems terete, with few plicate leaves, and few fugacious flowers from 2-bracted
spathes. (Name from vrnxa, a thread., and <ttv\Ls, style, for the slender style-
branches.)
1. N. acuta (Bart.) Herb. Stem 1-6 dm. high ; spathes 2-flowered ; flowers
pale blue-purple, 4-7 cm. broad, the divisions oblong-obovate ; capsule 1-1.3 cm.
long. (N. geminiflora Nutt.) — Prairies and barrens, Mo. to Tenn., La., and
Tex. Apr. -June.
3. BELAMCANDA Adans. Blackberry Lilt
Sepals and petals widely and equally spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with
a narrowed base, naked. Stamens monadelphous only at base ; anthers oblong.
Style club-shaped, 3-cleft. Capsule pear-shaped ; the valves at length falling
away, leaving the central column covered with the globose black and fleshy-
coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name). — Perennial,
with rootstocks, foliage, etc., of an Iris; the branching stems (0.5-1 m. high)
loosely many-flowered ; the orange-yellow flower mottled with crimson-purple
spots. (An East Indian name for the species.) Gemmixgia Fabricius.
1. B. chinexsis (L.) DC. — Roadside thickets, open woods, etc., near
towns, Ct. to Kan, and Ga. ; common southw. June, July. (Nat. from Asia.)
4. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass
Sepals and petals (perianth) alike, spreading. Capsule globular, 3-angled.
Seeds globular. — Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo-
late leaves, 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbeled-clustered small
flowers from a usually 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.)
a. Spathes sessile and terminal b.
b. Spathes 2, with a single outer leaf-like bract.
Stems subterete, scarcely wing-margined ; filaments free above
anthers 4.5 mm. long
Stems flattened, distinctly wing-margined ; filaments united to the
summit ; anthers at most 2.5 mm. long ....
b. Spathes solitary.
Flowers 3'ellow
Flowers blue, violet, or white.
Outer elongate bract with the margins free to the base ; cap
sules pale
Outer bract with the margins united above the base.
Pedicels loosely spreading, much exceeding the inner bract
capsules 2-4 mm. high
Pedicels suberect, scarcely exceeding the inner bract ; cap
sules 4-6 mm. high.
Capsules drab or dull brown
Capsules whitish-green or straw-color " .
1. S. hastile.
2. S. alhidum.
3. S.flaviflorum.
4. S. campestre.
5. S. mucronatum.
6. S. angusii/olium
7. S. montanum.
302
IIUDACEAE (lllIS FAMILY)
a. Spathes peduncled from the axil of the leaf-like bract c.
c. Old leaf-bases persisting as tufts of straight bristle-like fibers.
Capsules pale straw-color or whitish, y— 4 mm. high ....
Capsules dark brown, 4-() mm. high
c. Old leaf-bases soon deciduous, or, if persisting, merely loose irregular
soft shreds d.
d. Capsules pale straw-color or whitish ; peduncles and pedicels strictly
erect
d. Capsules brown or drab.
Inner bract of the spathe 1.5-3 cm. long ; stems broadly w-inged.
Pedicels loosely spreading, much exceeding the inner bract .
Pedicels strongly ascending, rarely exceeding the inner bract .
Inner bract of the spathe 1-1.5 cm. long ; stems slender and nar-
rowly margined.
Capsules not beaked
Capsules tipped by a short stout mucro
8. S. FarwelHi.
9. S. arenicola.
10. S. strictum.
11. S. gramineum.
6. S. anguHtifoliuin.
12. S. atlanticxtm.
13. S. apiculatum.
603. S. afbidum
1. S. hastile Bicknell. Stiff and erect, dull green, about 4 dm. high, the
stem (1-1.5 mm. wide) narrowly margined but not v'inged; leaves firm and stiffs
slender and conciuplicate, barely 1 mm. broad, except at the flat-
tened base ; the 2 spathes closely sessile, each 4-bracted, the lance-
attenuate strongly nerved inner bracts 1.5-2.5 cm. long, much
exceeded by the linear outer bract ; pedicels barely exserted
beyond the inner bracts. — Sandy shores, Belle Isle, Detroit R.,
Mich. May, June.
2. S. albidum Raf. Erect, pale green or glaucous, 1.5-4.5 dm,
high ; stems 1-3 mm. wide, usually twice exceeding t\\Q flat leaves ;
spathes with lance-acuminate pale or purple-tinged inner bracts
(1.3-2.3 cm. long), usually twice exceeded by the erect outer
bract ; pedicels vnth slightly spreading exserted tips ; floioers about
1 cm. long, iGhite to violet ; capsules subglobose (2.5-4 mm. high),
pale straw-color. — O. and w. Ont. to Wise, and southw ; locally
introd. in Ct. May, June. Fig. 603.
3. S. flaviflbrum Bicknell. Erect (2-2.5 dm. high), pale green or glaucous ;
stems flat, wing-margined, 1.5-3 mm. broad, usually exceeding the flat slightly
broader leaves ; bracts of the spathe pale green with conspicuous
narrow hyaline margins, the inner bract 2-3 cm. long, twice
exceeded by the outer ; pedicels shorter than the inner bract. —
Open woods, borders of prairies, w. Mo. May, June.
4. S. camp^stre Bicknell. Caespitose, glaucous, slender (1-5
dm. high); the flat stems (1-3 mm. broad) vnnged, somewhat
exceeding the leaves ; spathes gibbous, green or tinged with pink,
the outer bract (2.5-4.5 cm. long) vnth margins free to the base,
rarely twice exceeding the inner; pedicels with curved tips,
equaling or exceeding the inner bract ; pjerianth pale blue or 604. S. campestrt
white; capsules 2-4 mm. high. — Prairies, Wise, to N. Dak., ^Vs-
and southw. Apr.-June. Fig. 604.
5. S. mucronatum Michx. Similar but greener; stems 0.5-1.5 mm. broad,
narrowly winged, usually twice longer than the slightly broader leaves ; spathes
usually purple-tinged, not gibbous, the outer bract with the mar-
gins united a little above the base, 2-7 cm. long, the inyier 1-2 cm.
long; perianth violet (rarely white) ; capsules straw-color or
greenish-yellow. — Meadows, fields, and open woods, w. Mass. to
Va. and Mich. May, June. Fig. 605.
6. S. angustifolium Mill. Erect or ascending,
stiff, glaucous, 1-5 dm. high ; the simple (rarely
forked) stems 1.5-3 mm. wide, distinctly winged,
exceeding the scarcely broader leaves ; spathes green,
rarely purplish, the outer bract vnth margins united
3-6 mm. above the base, 2-6.5 cm. long, the inner 1-3 cm. long ;
perianth violet (rarely white) ; capsule.'^ dull broimi or purple-
tinged. — Meadows, fields, and damp sandy soil, Nfd. to B. C,
s. to Va., Pa., Mich., Minn.; and in the Rocky Mts. May-July. 606. s. angusti
Fig. 606. folium xVg.
605. S. mucro-
natum X 2/3.
IRIDACEAE (iris FAMILY)
303
7. S. montanum Greene. Similar, pale green or glaucescent ; spathes pale
green or straiv-color, the outer bract 3.5-8 cm. long, the inner 1.5-3.5 cm.
long ; capsule whitish-green to straw-color. — Gaspe Penins., Que. ; Mich. ; Minn. ;
Kocky Mts. June, July.
S. INTERMEDIUM Bickuell appears to include inconstant and not very clearly
marked forms intermediate between S. mucronatum, S. angustifolium^ and
S. gramineum.
8. S. Farwellii Bicknell. Loosely tnfted, from a fibrous-sheathed base;
stems ftexuous, branched, slightly glaucous, 2-3 dm. high, 1-2 min. broad,
winged, twice exceeding the slightly broader leaves; bracteal leaf loosely
clasping, shorter than the (4-11 cm. long) ctirved slender peduncles ; spathes
1.7-2 dm. long, the bracts subequal, yellowish-green, thin and membranous;
flowers pale blue, on flexuous exserted 'pedicels. — Local, s. e. Mich.
9. S. arenicola Bicknell. Similar, but usually blackening in drying, and
rather storitcr, the violet floivers on erect or
only slightly curved pedicels. — Sandy soil,
near the coast, Mass. to N. J,
10. S. strictum Bicknell. Bright green,
3 dm. high; the winged stems 1.5-2 mm.
wide, slightly exceeding the scarcely broader
leaves ; bracteal leaf ahout equaling the strict
peduncles, 6-9 cm. long; spathes 1.5-2 cm.
long, pale green, tinged with purple, the
bracts subequal, or the inner longer ; pedi-
cels strict, barely exserted ; flowers violet. —
Montcalm Co., Mich.
11. S. gramineum Curtis. Loosely tufted,
bright gi'een or glaucescent, 1-6 dm. high,
the ascending flexuous or even geniculate
broad-winged flat stems 2-6 min. wide, usu-
ally exceeding the grass-like leaves ; bracteal
leaf broad, usually shorter than the flat
peduncles ; spathes green, erect, the bracts
subequal, 1.5-2 cm. long, or
the outer somewhat elon-
gated ; flowers blue ; cap-
sules subglobose, 4-6 mm.
high. {S. anceps Man.
ed. 6 ; 8. graminoides Bick-
nell.)— Wet meadows and
damp woods, N. H. to Minn.,
and southw. Apr.-June.
Fig. 607.
12. S. atlanticum Bick-
nell. Loosely tufted, pale
and glaucous, 2,-1 dm. high ; stems wiry and slender, flexuous
or genicidate, narrowly margined, 1-3 mm. wide, much exceed-
ing the narrow leaves ; bracteal leaf usually shorter than the
slender peduncles ; spathes often oblique and tinged vnth pink,
the subequal bracts thin, 1-1.5 cm. long, the outer acute, the
inner obtuse; pedicels erect, scarcely exserted; perianth violet;
capsides slightly higher than broad, S-4.6 mm. high. — Damp
soil, Me. to Vt. and Fla., mostly on the coastal plain. Fig.
608.
13. S. apiculatum Bicknell. Similar ; steins 3 dm. high,
nearly or quite twice as long as the narrowly linear grass-like basal leaves ;
the pedicels (1-1.8 cm. long) distinctly exserted, and the rather smaller capsules
tipped by stout short beaks. — Lake shores, etc., Muskegon Co., Mich. Fig.
609.
607. S. gramineum
60S. S. atlanticum
609. S. apiculatum
xVs-
304 MAKANTACEAE (aKKOWKOOT FAMILY)
MARANTACEAE (Arrowroot Family)
Herbs with distichous pinnately veined commonly asymmetrical leaves, irregu-
lar perfect flowers^ and strongly reduced asymmetrical androecium, only one half
of one anther polleniferous, the other half as well as the anthers of the remain-
ing stamens sterile and petaloid. — Ovary inferior ; cells 3 or by abortion fewer,
1-ovuled. Style single, more or less unilateral or declined. Seeds arillate ;
embryo curved in copious albumen.
1. thAlia l.
Erect scapose aquatic herbs with ovate-lanceolate long-petioled leaves, col-
ored caducous bracts, and open panicles of showy usually purple flowers.
Sepals o, equal or nearly so, usually much shorter than the 3 nearly or quite
distinct petals. Staminodia somewhat connate, petaloid, one of them enlarged,
deflexed and lip-like. (Named for Johann Thai, a German physician and nat-
uralist who died in 1583.)
1. T. dealbata Roscoe. \yhite-powdery ; scapes 1-2 m. high; leaf -blades
ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, rounded or subcordate at base ; corolla and
bracts pale blue, the staminodia purple or violet. — Marshes, Mo. to S. C. and
Tex.
BURMANNIACEAE (Burmannia Family)
Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the
root grass-like; the flowers petfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the tiiho
of which adheres to the 1-celled or S-celled ovary ; stamens 3 and distinct, oppo-
site the inner divisions of the perianth; capsule many-seeded^ the seeds very
minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family.
1. BURMANNIA L.
Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short.
Style slender ; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)
1. B. biflbra L. Slender (7-12 cm. high), 1 -several-flowered ; perianth
(5 mm. long) bright blue, 3-winged. — Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla. and La.
ORCHIDACEAE (Orchis Family)
Revised by Oakes Ames
Herbs, distinguished by perfect zygomorphic gynandrous flowers, with 6-merous
(sometimes apparently 5-merous) perianth adnate to the \-celled ovary, vnth
innumerable ovules on 3 parietal placentae, and with either 1 or 2 fertile stamens,
the pollen cohering in masses. Perianth usually of C divisions ; the 3 outer
(sepals) mostly of the same texture as the 3 inner (petals). Of the inner
series, one, termed the lip, differs from the rest in shape, and is sometimes
prolonged at the base into a spur. The lip is really the posterior petal, but
by a twist of the pedicel or ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed
downward and becomes apparently anterior. At the base of the lip, in the
axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single fertile stamen, or, ?,e
ORCHIDACEAE (OllCHIS FAMILY) 805
Cypripedium, of two stamens and the rudiment of a third, variously coalescent
with the style. Anther 2-celled, each cell containing one or more masses of
pollen {pollinia)^ or the pollen granular (in Cyprlpedium). Stigma viscid or
(in Cypripedium) rough. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsul^ Flowers solitary,
racemed, or spiked, often showy, each flower usually subtended by a bract.
Leaves parallel-nerved, solitary, or several and alternate, sometimes apparently
opposite or whorled. Perennials, often with corms or with tuberoid roots ;
sometimes rootless saprophytes. — A cosmopolitan family comprising about 7000
species largely dependent on insects for pollination.
I. Fertile anthers 2.
Tribe I. CYPRIPEDIeAE. Perfect anthers lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy append-
age above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses.
1. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading ; lip an inflated sac.
II. Fertile anther solitary.
* Anthers persistent.
Tribe n. OPHRYDEAE. Pollinia prolonged at the base of the anthers into filaments or caudicles
which are attached to viscid disks or glands,
2. Orchis. Viscid disks contained in a pouch, or bursicule, of the rostellum.
3. Habenaria. Viscid disks naked, not contained in a pouch, or bursicule, of the rostellum.
* * Anthers caducous or readily detachable.
Tribe ni. NEOTTIeAE. Pollen-masses usually soft or granulose.
■•- Anther terminal.
4. Pogonia. Lip without hypochil, free. Column not winged.
5. Calopogon. Lip without hypochil, free. Column winged at apex.
6. Arethusa. Lip without hypochil, united to the base of the gynostemium. Column winged
to the base.
7. Serapias. Lip provided with a hypochil.
-•- +- Anther dorsal.
■H- Upper sepal and petals connivent or lightly adherent.
8. Spiranthes. Pollen waxy or powdery, not divided into a large number of definite masses.
Lip with appendages at the base ; not saccate.
9. Epipactis. Pollen divided into a large number of definite masses. Lip saccate, unappendaged.
++ ++ Sepals and petals free.
10. Listera. Lip retuse or cleft.
Tribe IV. EPIDENDREAE. Pollen -masses smooth and waxy.
= Pollen-masses 4, unappendaged.
a. Leafless plants.
11. Corallorrhiza. Plants brownish or yellowish, with coralline rhizomes.
5. Plants with leaves.
12. Malaxis. Lip not saccate, cordate at base. Leaves several.
13. MicrostyliS. Lip not saccate. Leaf solitary on the stem.
14. Liparis. Lip not saccate, obovate. Leaves several.
15. Calypso. Lip saccate. Leaf solitary.
16. Aplectmm. Lip not saccate. Leaf solitary from a tuber.
= = Pollen-masses 4, each attached by a very short filament to the viscid disk or gland.
17. Tipularia. Flowers small, greenish, in a many-flowered raceme. Lip 3-lobed.
= = = Pollen-masses 8.
18. Hexalectris. Leafless plants.
gray's manual — 20
306 ORCHID ACEAE (OKCHIS FAMILY)
Artificial Key to Genera
■i. Two fertile anthers ; lip an inflated sac 1. CTPEiPKmtTM.
i. One fertile anther h.
b. Flowers with a distinct slender spnr (this at least 2 mm. long).
Leaves present at flowering time.
Caudicles of pollinia divergent, not contained in a special pouch or
bursicule '6 Habenaria
Caudicles of pollinia convergent, contained in a special pouch or
bur.sicule 2. Orchis.
Leaves absent at flowering time IT. Tipularia
6. Flowers without a conspicuous spur, the lip sometimes saccate c.
c. Leaves one or more (in fspiranthefi, Arethusn, and Aplectrum some-
times absent or inconspicuous at flowering time); plant green d.
d. Perianth at least 15 mm. across ; sepals and petals more or less
spreading, not strongly recurved e.
4. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, grass-like, sheathing the scape
near the base.
Flowers several, resupinate, with one floral bract ... 5. Calopogon.
Flowers solitary, rarely 2, not resupinate, with 2 floral bracts,
one posterior, the other anterior, subtending the ovary . 6. Arethusa.
e. Leaves elliptic-oblong, ovate, or cordate, sometimes whorled.
Lip saccate, bearded 1£. Calypso.
Lip not saccate, with a longitudinal more or less tuberculate
crest or beard 4. Pogonia.
Lip saccate, not bearded 7. Serapias.
d. Perianth less than 15 mm. across ; sepals and petals connivent or
spreading.
Petals joined to the upper sepal but not coalescent with it.
Lip saccate at base, devoid of basal callosities ; leaves variegated 9. Epipaotis.
Lip not distinctly saccate, with a horn-like callosity within on
each side at base ; leaves not variegated .... 8. Spiranthes.
Petals and sepals free.
Petals filiform or linear, less than 2 mm. broad.
Leaf solitary 13. Miorostylib.
Leaves 2, near the middle of the stem 10. Listeka.
Leaves 2, basal ; li|) not pointed 14. Lipakis.
Leaves basal ; lip pointed 12. Malaxis.
Petals not filiform, at least 2 mm. broad 16. Aplectikim.
C. Leaves wanting ; scaly saprophytes with yellowish or purplish stems.
Lip with a callus on each .«ide of the mid-nerve at base . . . 11. Corali.oukhiza.
Lip with 5 or 6 longitudinal crests 18. Hexai.E( tris.
1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Flower
Sepals spreading, all three distinct or in most cases two of them united into
one under the inflated sac-like lip. Petals mostly spreading, linear or oblong.
Column declined, on each side a fertile stamen with its short filament bearing
a 2-celled anther ; pollen loose and pulpy or powdery-granular, the face of the
anther converted into a viscid film ; on the upper side of the column a dilated
petaloid, but thickish staminode, or infertile stamen ; stigma terminal, obscurely
3-lobed, moist and roughish. — Roots coarsely fibrous. Leaves many-nerved and
plaited, sheathing at the base. Stems pubescent. Flowers solitary or few,
large and showy. -(Name incorrectly Latinized from Kt^Tr^ts, Venus^ and ir^5i\ov,
a shoe^ therefore by some authors .spelled Cypripedihnn.)
§ 1. Tfie three sepals separate.
\. C. arietinum R. Br. (Ram's Head L.) Stem slender, 15-30 cm. high;
leaves 3 or 4, elliptic-lanceolate, nearly glabrous ; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate,
acute, lower sepals and the petals linear, similar, madder-purple. L5-2 cm. long,
exceeding the whitish crimson-veined lip, wliich is silky pubescent within.
{Criosanthes borealis Haf. ; — Swamps and rich woods, rare and local, Que.
to Man., s. to Me., Mass., N. Y., and Minn. May, June. (China.)
§ 2. The two lower sepals united.
* Stem elongated, leafy to the top, \-^-flowered ; lip slipper-shaped, not fissured
in front, hut with a rounded open orifice,
•*- Sepals and linear twisted petals acute, longer than the lip.
■»-f Lip yellow.
2. C. parviflorum Salisb. (S.mallkr Yki.low L.) Stem 10-00 cm. high;
petals and sepals greenish, much suffused with madder-purple, 3-5 cm. long;
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 307
lip 2-3 cm. long. — Mostly in swampy or boggy places. — Frequently indis-
tinguishable from the following variety, into which it seems to pass. Both the
species and the variety widely distributed throughout our range. May-July.
Var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. (Larger Yellow L.) Stem 23-70 cm.
high; leaves oval, acute, 11-20 cm. long, 5-11 cm. wide, mostly distant on the
stem at anthesis ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, greenish-yellow, dotted and streaked
with madder-purple markings, usually exceeding o cm. in length ; U]) golden-
yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long. (C. pubescens ^Villd. ; C. hirsiitum auth., not Mill.)
— Mostly in woods.
^ -^ Lip ichite.
3. C. candidum Muhl. (Small White L.) Stem 16-28 cm. high. 1-flowered ;
leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, mostly crowded at anthesis ; petals and sepals
greenish, spotted with madder-purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip 18-20 mm.
long, striped with purple inside at base. — Swamps, N. Y. and N. J. to s. Minn.,
n. e. Neb., s. to Mo. and Ky. May, June.
-1- •*- Sepals and petals not twisted, shorter than the lip, or nearly equaling it.
4. C. hirsutum Mill. (Showy L.) ^?f?)?- 4-8 cZwi. ^/^^, hirsute ; leaves ovate,
acute ; sepals round-ovate, or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip
much inflated, white, crimson-magenta in front, about 4 cm. long. (C. spectabile
Salisb.) — Swamps and wet mossy woods, Nfd. to Ga. and Wise. June, July.
5. C. passerinum Richards. Stem about 2 dm. high, villous-pubescent ;
leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; upper sepal yellowish, nearly orbicular, about
1.5 cm. long ; lip spherical, pale magenta, spotted with deep magenta at the base
within. — Woods, n. Ont. ; L. Superior, westw. and northwestw.
** Stems short, 2-leaved ; leaves basal, next the ground; scape terminated
by a solitary bract, l-flnvered ; sepals and petals greenish-brown, shorter
than the drooping lip, which is fissured in front.
6. C. acaule Ait. (Stemless L.) Leaves oval; scape 15-38 cm. high;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the linear-lanceolate petals ; lip obovoid,
crimson-pink (rarely white, and petals yellow-green), nearly 5 cm. long, veiny ;
staminode rhomboid. {Fissipes Small.) — Dry woods, Nfd. to Minn., Win-
nipeg, and northwestw. ; s. to N. C. and Tenn. May, June.
2. 6RCHIS [Tourn.] L.
Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward,
coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous
and parallel. FcJ-en cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are col-
lected on a cobwebby elastic tissue into two large masses (one filling each
anther cell) borne on slender stalks, the bases of which are attached to the
glands or viscid disks of the stigma ; the two glands contained in a common
little pouch, or bursicule, placed just above the orifice of the
spur. Flowers magenta-pink, showy, in a loose raceme. Leaves
one or two. ("Opxts, the ancient name.)
1. 0. rotundifolia Banks. Leaf solitary, varying from almost
orbicular to oblong, 3-8 cm. long ; scape naked, 12-23 cm. high ;
flowers magenta; lip white, spotted witli magenta. 3-lobed (the
lateral lobes oblong and the larger middle lobe dilated and notched
at the apex), 6-8 mm. long, exceeding in length the ovate-oblong
petals and sepals and the slender depending spur. {Habenaria 6io. o. rotundi-
Richards.) — Damp woods and swamps, local, e. Que. to N. Y., folia x i.
Wise, northw. and northwestw. June, July. Fig. 610.
2. 0. spectabilis L. (Showy O.) Leavps two, basal, oblong-obovate, shining,
7-15 cm. long; scape 4-5-angled, 4-17 cm. high; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate;
floral bracts exceeding the flowers ; sepals and petals contiguous, forming a
vaulted galea behind the column ; lip ovate, white, or rarely magenta-pink,
undivided. (Galeorchis Rydb.) — Rich woods, N. B. and N. E., s. to Ga.,
westw. to Mo. and Dak. May, June.
308
orchidaceap: (orchis family)
3. HABENARIA Willd. Rein Orchis. Fringed Orchis
Flowers usually small, in loose or dense racemes. Sepals spreading, mostly
similar ; petals erect, connivent with the upper sepal. Lip entire, toothed or
fringed laterally, or tripartite, the divisions wedge-shaped and variously toothed
or fimbriate. Spur shorter or longer than the lip. Glands or viscid disks (to
which the pollen masses are attached) naked and exposed, .separate, sometimts
widely so. In some of our species the stigma has two or three appendages.
— Glabrous plants with one or more leaves. Tuberoids elongated, fusiform, or
(in no. 1) somewhat palmate. (Name from habena, a thong or rein, in allusion
to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.) An amphigean genus often
separated by authoi-s into numerous genera.
* Lip not fringed.
•♦- Leaves cauliiie, several, at least more than two.
^ Lip ^-toothed at the apex.
1. H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Stem 15-60 cm. high, rather stout; lower
leaves oblanceolate to obovate, the upper oblong to lanceolate, acute ; floral
bracts 2-4 times the length of the green flowers ; raceme 10-30-
flowered ; petals linear ; Up oblong or slightly spatulate, 2-3-
toothed at the apex, more than twice the length of the saccate
whitish spur ; tuberoids somewhat palmate, the divisions elon-
gated, tapering. (Coeloglossiim Pari.)- — Damp woods and
thickets, N. S. to Alaska, s. to Wash., Minn., and Pa.; and
along the mts. to N. C. May-Aug. (China and
Japan.) Fig. 611.
++ -M- Lip hastate, vnth a tubercle at the base.
2. H. flava (L.) Gray. Stem 25-55 cm. high;
leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the upper-
most liaear-lanceolate, passing into the bracts of the elongated 612. ii. tlava
raceme ; petals ovate ; lip truncate, sometimes retuse, icith a tooth x i%.
or protuberance mi the median line near the base; spur slender,
4-6 mm. long. {H. virescens Spreng. ; Perularia flava Farwell.) — Wet places,
N. S. to Minn., and common south w. June, July. Fig. 612.
611. II. bracteata
X 1.
Lip lanceolate, entire.
Stem leafy, leaves
oblong-lanceolate
raceme
3. H. hyperb5rea (L.) R. Br.
loose or dense ; flowers greenish ; upper sepal ovate, lateral sepals somewhat
lanceolate ; petals lanceolate, erect ; lip lanceolate, deflexed, or curved upwards ;
spur about as long as the lip, slender, or clavate at the apex ;
glands of the stigma orbicular. {Limnorchis Rydb.) — Peat bogs
and wet cold woods, Nfd. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Neb., and
westw. June-Aug. (Iceland.) — A species variable in height, in
the length and breadth of the leaves, in the size of the flower.s,
and in the relative length of the lip and spur; therefore
supposed by some authors to include several species.
4. H. dilatata (Pursh) Gray. Similar to the pre-
ceding ; flowers white, more delicate in texture ; lip
lanceolate with a dilated rhomboidal base; stigma narrow. {Lim-
norchis Rydb.) — Meadows, bogs, and wet woods, Nfd. to Alaska,
N. .]., Minn., and we.stw. May-Aug. (Iceland.) Fig. 613.
613
II. dilatata
X 1.
Var. media (Rydb.) Ames.
A gi'eeni.sh-flowered form of the
rhomboidal base of the li]) from
4. M. iiivea
xlVs.
species distinf,aiishable by the
II. hiipfrboroa.
o.'h. nivea (Nutt.) Spreng. Stem .slender, 3-6 dm. long; leaves
numeroiLs, the lower ones lance-linear, 10-16 cm. long, the others passing into
linear bracts; raceme lax or den.se; flowers white, numerous; petals and lip
narrowly oblong ; spur slender, ascending, as long as the white untwisted ovary ;
ORCHIDACEAE (OKCHIS FAMILY)
309
high, slender, with one
615. H. clavellata.
Flower x 1. Lip x 1%.
Column X 2.
appendages of the stigma oblong. {Gymnadeniopsis Rydb.) — Swamps along
the coast, Del. to Fla., westw. to Ark. and Tex. June-Aug. Fig. 614.
•t- •»- Leaves cauline^ one or two.
■^ Lip crenulate.
6. H. Integra (Nutt.) Spreng. Stem about 37 cm. high, several-leaved ; the
lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, the others becoming smaller and
bract-like; raceme densely many-fiowered, cylindrical ; floicers small, tjellow ;
lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate, or short-toothed along the margin, shorter
than the awl-shaped descending spur ; appendages of the stigma two, lateral,
oblong, fleshy. {Gymnadeniopsis Rydb.) — Wet pine-bari'ens, N. J. to Fla., w.
to Tenn. and Tex. July, Aug.
■M- ++ Lip ^-toothed at the apex.
7. H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Stem 19-40 cm
or two oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaves, and two
or three linear-lanceolate bracts above ; raceme
3-16-flowered, subcylindric ; flowers greenish-white ;
lip wedge-oblong^ truncate., with three short apical
teeth or lobes; spur slender, slightly clavate, curved
upwards, longer than the ovary ; appendages of the
stigma 3, oblong, clavate-tuberculate, one outside each
orbicular gland, and one between them rising as high
as the anther-cells. {H. tridentata Hook. ; Gymna-
deniopsis clavellata Rydb.) — Bogs and moist soil,
Nfd. to Minn, and south w. July, Aug. Fig. 615.
4_ 4- -f- Leaves radical.
++ Lip less than 5 mm. long.
8. H. unalascensis (Spreng.) Wats. Plant slender, 3-5 dm. high, leafy at
base; leaves oblanceolate, withering before the flowers open; sepals slightly
gibbous at base, 1-nerved, narrowly oval, lateral ones adnate at base to the lip ;
petals lanceolate, obtuse ; lip oblong-hastate ; ^ur filiform or slightly clavate^
shorter than the ovary. (Piperia Rydb.) — Damp woods, Anticosti I., Que.;
Ont., westw. to Alaska and Cal. June-Sept.
■*-f ++ Lip more than 5 mm. long.
= Spiir about equal to the lip.
9. H. obtusata (Pursh) Richards. Plants 10-26 cm. high ; leaf solitai-y,
basal, obovate or spatulate-oblong ; flowers greenish or whitish, 5-15 in a loose
raceme at the siunmit of a naked scape ; upper sepal broad and
rounded, lateral sepals and the petals lance-oblong ; lip entire,
linear-lanceolate, deflexed, 0 mm. long, about the length of the
taperine; curved spur. (Lysiella Rydb.) — Swamps and rich
woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. Y., Minn, and Col.
July, Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 616.
= = Spz(r tvjo or more times longer than the lip.
10. H. Hookeri Torr. Leaves orbicular or
elliptical, near the ground, 3.5-10 cm. broad ;
scape 7isually ebracteatp, 12-16 cm. high, having 8-20 upright
yellowish-<;reen flowei-s in a strict raceme 2-4 cm. through ;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, the upper sepal dilated at base, acumi-
nate; lip lanceolate^ pointed, about 1 cm. long; spur slender, acute, 2cm.iong.
(Lysias Hookeriana. Rydb.) — Dry or damp woods, e. Que. to Pa., w. to Minn
June, July. Fro. 017.
11. H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Leaves orbicular or elliptical, 6-10 cm.
broad, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath ; scape with
one or more lanceolate bracts, 6-32 cm. high, having 10-20 or more greenish-
white flowei-s in a loose raceme 4-0 cm. through ; upper sepal orbicular, lateral
616
H. obtusata
xlVs.
617.
H. Ilookeri
310
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)
ones ovate; lip oblong-linear, obtuse, 1.5-2 cm. long; spur 1.5-2.5 cm. long;
anther-cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base ; glands nearly 6 mm.
apart. (Lysias Kydb.) — Kich deep woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to S. C, Minn.,
and Wash. July, Aug.
12. H. macrophylla Goldie. Similar to the preceding, but larger in all its
paits; spur 3-4 cm. long. — Moist coniferous woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to Ct. and
Mich. June-Aug.
* * Lip fringed, not divided or tripartite. {Blephariglottis Raf.)
13.
H. cristata
X IV3.
H. cristata (Michx.) R. Br. Stem 2-0 dm. high ; lower leaves linear-
lanceolate, elongated, the upper becoming gradually reduced to acute bracts ;
floral bracts nearly as long as the orange-yellow flowers ;
raceme 2—3 cm. through ; sepals elliptical ; petals oblong,
fringed at the top ; lip ovate, copiously fringed, 5 mm. long ;
spur slender, 5-1) mm. long, longer than the lip. — Rog.s, N. J.
to Ark., and south w. July, Aug. Fig. 618.
14. H. ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (Yellow Frixged 0.) Stem
4-6 dm. high ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, the upper
ones passing into pointed bracts shorter than the ovaries;
raceme 4-6 cm. through ; flowers orange-yellow ; lateral sepals
orbicular ; petals linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, toothed
at the apex ; lip oblong., 1 cm. long, copiously fringed, the basal segments often
branched; spur 2-2.5 cm. long. — Peaty bogs and meadows, Vt. and Mass. to
Mich., Mo., and south w\ July. Aug.
15. H. blepharigl6ttis (Wilid.) torr. (White Fringed O.)
Similar to the preceding in habit ; flowers white ; lateral sepals
orbicular, upper sepal elliptical, concave ; petals linear-oblong,
somewhat pointed, cristate above or toothed ; Up narrowly ovate-
lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, fringed, the segments once divided
or simple; spur about 2 cm. long. — Bogs and peaty land, Nfd.
to Fla., w. to Mich, and Miss. July, Aug. Fig. 619. Var.
coNSPicuA (Na.sh) Ames. Racemes lax; spur 4 cm. long. —
Occurring south w. Var. holopetala (Lindl.) Gray. Petals
narrower, with the toothing obsolete and the lip less fringed.
X H. Canbyi Ames. {H. hlephariglottis x H. cristata.) Lip
about 7 mm. long, deeply fringed; spur 12 mm. long. — Swamp
near Lewes, Del., July, 1878 {Canby). Intermediate in color
and size of flowers between the parent species.
* * * Lip S-pa7'ted, divisions toothed or fringed,
■*- Flowers greenish or whitish.
■»-•• Petals entire.
16. H. Ucera (Michx.) R. Br. (Ragged Fringed 0.) Stems 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves oblong or lanceolate ; raceme loose or dense, many-flowered ; petals
oblong, divisioiis of the lip narrow, deeply incised, the segments
capillary; spur about the length of the ovary, 1.5 cm. long;
glands oblong-linear, as long as the stalk of the pollen-masses. —
Wet or moist open ground, Nfd. to Minn., southw. to Mo. and
Ala. July, Aug. Fig. 620.
++ *+ Petals minutely cut-toothed.
17. H. leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray. Stem 6-12 dm. high;
leaves oblong-lanceolate ; raceme commonly elongated, loose ;
620. H laceraxi *^^ large flowers fragrant; petals obovate ; divisions of the lip
17-20 mm. long, many cleft to the middle into a copious fringe ;
spur 3.5 cm. long; glands transversely oval. — Wet meadr)ws and prairies,
N. S. and Me. to Minn., southw. w. of the Allegheny Mts. to La. June,
July.
619. Il.blephari.
glottis X 1.
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)
311
621.
H. psycodes
X 1."
•f- -t- Flowers pale or deep magenta (purplish).
18. H. psycbdes (L.) Sw. Usually about 5 dm. high : lower leaves 2-4,
oval to lanceolate or oblanceolate. passing into the linear-lanceolate bracts :
raceme cylindrical, about o-3.5 cm. through, often densely many-
flowered ; lower sepals round-oval ; petals variable, mostly
wedge-obovate to spatulate, more or less denticulate : lip spread-
ing, o-parted, usually 1-1.2 cm. broad, the three di\'isions mostly
fringed less than ^ their depth. — Wet open meadows and
swamps, Xfd. to Minn.. south w. to N. C. July, Aug. Fig. 621.
X H. Andre wsii White. (H. lacera X H. psycodes.) Lower
leaves as in H. lacera; raceme loosely flowered; flowers white,
rose-tinted ; petals cuneate-spatulate, obtuse or slightly retuse,
denticulate above ; divisions of lip narrowly cuneate, deeply
cleft as in H. lacera. — Pownal, Vt. ; S. Chesterville, Me. July,
Aug.
19. H. fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. Usually a little taller than the preceding
species ; lower leaves 3-5, oval to lanceolate and oblanceolate, passing into
lanceolate bracts; spike usually subcylindrical, mostly 5-6 cm. through, loosely
flowered ; lower sepals ovate ; petals more or less oblong, denticulate ; lip usually
1.8-2 cm. vdde. o-parted ; the divisions mostly fringed to i of their depth or
more. (H. grandiflora Torr.) — Rich wet deciduous woods and borders, Nfd.
to N. Y. ; southw. in the mts. to N. C. Late June to early Aug.- — Most obvi-
ously dLstinguished from H. psycodes by the lar^rer paler flo^vers and greater
diameter of the raceme ; leaves broader ; generally blooming somewhat earlier
than H. psycodes.
20- H. peramodna Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ;
spike cylindrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-
obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large lip very broadly icedgp-shapfd,
irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones
truncate, the middle one 'Z-lobed. — Moist meadows and banks. Pa. and N.J.
to 111., s. to Mo.; and in the mts. to Ala. June-Aug. — Flowers large and
shG^^T (violet-purple); lip 16-20 mm. long, variably toothed, but not fringed.
4. P0G6nIA Juss.
Sepals and petals free. Lip papillose-crested. Column free, slender below
the summit; anther terminal, operculate, with a distinct stalk, fleshy, thick;
BoUen-masses 2, powdery-granular, without caudicles or gland. (IlojycjviaSf
bearded^ from the lip of some of the original species.)
* Lip lacerate-toothed., otheiioise not lobed.
1. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Plants 1-3 dm. or more
high, glabrous, bearing a single oval or lance-ovate leaf near
the middle and a bract below the usually solitary terminal
flower ; sepals narrowly oval, about 2 cm. long ; petals similar,
but broader ; lip spatulate, inclosing the column at base ; crest
yellow to White, otherwise the flowers magenta-pink, very rarely
white. — Bogs, Nfd. to ISIinn., southw. to Fla. June, July.
Fig. 622.
622. P. ophioglos-
soides X y^.
* * Lip three-lobed, merely Jimbrillate-margined.
•<- Leaves several, distinctly alternate, not whorled.
2. P. trianth6phora (Sw.) BSP. Plants 3-20 cm. high, from ovoid or sub-
cylindrical tuberoids ; leaves 1-1, broadly ovate, about 1 cm. long ; flowere
.several, drooping, transitory, borne in the axils of the upper leaves, on
slender jJ^dicels ; perianth about 15 mm. long; lip ovate, .slightly papillose
along the middle, lateral lobes obtuse. (P. pendido Lindl. ; Triphora pendula
Nutt.) — Wooda, Me. to Wise, and Mo., southw. Aug.
312
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)
•»- 4- Leaf solitary.
3. P. divaricata (L.) R. Br. Plants 3-6 dm. high, bearing above the middle
an oblong-lanceolate leaf 6-18 cm. long, and next the flower a leafy bract ;
sepals brownish, ascending, linear-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long,
exceeding the spatulate magenta-pink or whitish petals ; lip
wedge-oblong, the lobes apical and rounded, with a linear-
grooved partly papillose crest along the middle. — Swamps and
moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Ga. May, June. Fig. 623.
-t- -^ •«- Leaves 5 in a whorl at the top of the stem.
4. P. verticillata(WilId.) Nutt. Plants 2-3 dm. high, naked
except for a few scales at base and a whorl of five obovate or
lanceolate sessile leaves at the summit ; flow-
ers solitary, rarely 2 ; sepals madder-purple,
linear, conduplicate, 4.5 cm. long ; petals ob-
long-lanceolate ; lip wedge-oblong, 3-lobed near
the apex, with a linear partly papillose crest
down the middle ; leaves about 4 cm. long at flowering time,
larger when the erect fruit matures. {Isotria Rai.) — Woods,
N. E. to Fla. w. to Wise. ; not common. May, June.
Fig. 624.
5. P. affinis Aust. Plants about 2 dm. high; leaves nar-
623
p. divaricata
624.
P. verticillata
rower than in the preceding, 2-5 cm. long ; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellow-
ish or greenish ; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsules ; sepals as
long as or longer than the petals, somewhat narrowed at base ; lip crested over
the whole face and on the middle of the lobes. {Isotria Rydb.) — Woods,
very local, Vt. {Mrs. Henry Holt) and Mass. to? N. J. and Pa.
5. CAL0P6G0N R. Br.
Flowers in a loose raceme, resupinate. Sepals and petals spreading, distinct.
Lip linear-oblong at base, dilated and bearded above ^^^th numerous clavate
hairs, papillose at the apex. Column fi*ee, slender, winged at the summit;
anther terminal, operculate; pollen-masses 4 (2 in each anther-cell); pollen-
grains connected by filaments. Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the
base of the solitary grass-like leaf, naked above. (Name composed of Ka\6s,
beautifuL and irdbyoip, heard, from the bearded lip.) Limodorum L., in x^ait.
I. C. pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Plant 15-40 cm. high ; raceme 4-12-flowered;
flowers magenta-crimson, rarely white ; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, falcate,
upper sepal narrower ; petals lanceolate, obtuse, constricted near the middle ;
lip as if hinged at base, its hairs yellow and magenta-crimson. — In open bogs
and meadows, Nfd. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Mo. July (in our range).
6. ARETHUSA [Gronov.] L.
Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly alike, 6rect, united at base, arch-
ing over the column. Lip partly erect, the apical half abruptly recurved. Col-
unm adherent to the lip, dilated above, petal-like ; anther lid-like, attached by
a well defined membrane, 2-celled ; pollen-masses 2 in each cell of the anther,
powdery, granular. — Scape smotith from a solid white or greenish bulb. Leaf
solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after
the flower opens. (Named for the nymph Arethiisa.)
\. A. bulbbsa L. Plant 10-25 cm. high from an ovoid bulb ; scape termi-
nated by a solitary flower 2.5-5 cm. long, rarely 2-flowered ; sej^als and petals
magenta-pink, rarely white, the former oblong, acute or obtuse, the lateral ones
falcate, tlie petals oblong, obtiise or obscurely pointed ; lip oblong, narrowed
toward the l)asH. with 3-5 fringed yellow or wliite crests ; mnr^in <>f lip fimbril-
late, spotted and striated with magenta-crimson or plain ; column denticulate or
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 313
toothed at the dilated apex ; stigma protuberant, turned down. — Bogs, Nfd. to
Ont. and Minn., Pa., and mts. of S. C. May, June.
7. SERAPIAS L.
Flowers in a loose or somewhat dense bracteose raceme. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, strongly keeled. Petals shorter, ovate, acute. Lip strongly saccate
at base, the apical part broadly cordate, acute, with a raised acallus in the middle
and two inconspicuous nipple-like protuberances on each side near the point of
union with the sac. Column broad at the top, the basal part narrower ; anther
sessile, behind the broad truncate stigma on a slender-jointed base ; pollen
farinaceous, becoming attached to the gland capping the small
rounded beak of the stigma. — Stem leafy. (Named for the
Egyptian deity Serapis.) Epifactis of auth., not Boehm.
1. S. Helleborine L. Plants 25-60 cm. high ; leaves clasp-
ing the stem, conspicuously nerved, broadly ovate to lanceolate,
acute; perianth about 8 mm. long, green suffused with madder-
purple; lip similarly colored, but darker within, the apical por-
tion as if jointed with the sac, bituberculate at base. {Epipactis ^^^' S- Helleborine
Crantz ; E. latifolia X\\. ; E. viridiflora Reichenb.) — Rare and ^^*"
local, Que. and Ont. to Mass., N. Y., and Pa. — Probably introduced from Europe
in early times on account of supposed medicinal value. July-Aug. (Eu.)
Fig. 025.
8. SPIRANTHES Richard. Ladies' Tresses
Perianth somewhat ringeut. Lateral sepals lanceolate, the upper sepal united
with the oblong petals. Lip short-stalked, with a callus protuberant within on
each side of the base, the somewhat dilated summit spreading or recurved, crisped,
wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, bearing the ovate stigma on
the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled
erect anther on the back ; pollen-masses 2 (1 in each cell), narrowly obovoid,
each 2-cleft and split into thin and tender plates of gi-anular pollen united by
elastic filaments, coherent to the narrow viscid gland, which is set in the slender
or tapering thin beak which terminates the column. After the removal of the
gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or forked tip. — Roots clustered. Stem
bracted above, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, white, yellow-
ish- or greenish- white in a more or less spirally twisted raceme (whence the
name, from a-irelpa, a coil or curl, and avdos, a flower). Gyrostachys Pers. ;
Ibidium Salisb.
* Flowers in a single rank, often secutid.
■*- Leaves fuf/acioits, ovate or elliptic.
■*-*■ Boot solitary ; lip ichite.
1. S. Beckii Lindl. Plants with a solitary subcylindrical or spindle-shaped
root, and bearing a small slender raceme of white flowers; perianth 2-3 mm.
long. (*S'. simplex Gray.) — Dry soil, near the coast. Mass. to
Fla, and Tex., inland in the Miss. Valley to Ky. and Ark. Aug.,
Sept. Fig. 626. — Root of preceding year often persistent.
•^ ■»-*■ Boots fasciculate ; lip green.
2. S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. Plants from a cluster of thickened
roots, slender, 2-8 dm. high, bearing a .-^lender many-flowered
mostly one-sided or spirally twisted raceme ; periantli about 5 mm.
long; lip greenish, with a white crisped margin. — Dry soil, N. S.
626. S. Beckii. ^^ ^ Winnipeg and Tex. July-Sept.
H- H- Leaves persistent, ohlong-lanceolatt^ to linear-lanceolate.
++ Lip ovate to ovate-oblong, pnlx scent beneath.
3. S. vernalis Engelni. & Gray. I'lant 15-50 cm. high ; roots elongated,
fusiform ; leaves 7-15 cm. long, 8-9 nmi. wide, tapering to both ends, mostly
314 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)
basal, the lower ones usually withering before flowering-time ; scape smooth
below, densely pubescent above ; floral bracts longer than the ovaries, with dis-
tinct hyaline margins; raceme elongated, slender, 1-ranked, 8-15 cm. long;
perianth 8-10 mm. long, yellowish. (*S'. praccox Man. ed. 6, in part.)— Dry
soil along the coast, Mass. to Fla. and N. Mex. ; northw. through the Miss.
Valley to 111. and Kan.; rare. Aug., Sept.
X S. intermedia Ames (5. gracilis x S. vernalis.) Resembling S. vernalis,
but slenderer throughout, with shorter narrowly elliptic-lanceolate leaves ; lip
nearly oblong, greenish with green callosities. — Dry fields, Easton, Mass.
(A A. Eaton).
•*-*■ ++ Lip ohlong^ smooth beneath.
4. S. praecox (Walt.) Wats. & Coult. Scape 4-8 dm. high, slender, glabrous
below, slightly pubescent above ; roots clustered, fleshy; Teaves linear, grass-
like, 1-2.5 dm. long, upper ones passing into acute sheathing hyaline-margined
bracts; perianth 6-0 mm. long ; flowers white, often veined with green, in more
or less one-sided racemes. — A southern spe&ies, extending along the Atlantic
coast from N. J. to Tex. Spring; Aug., Sept. at the North.
* * Flowers apparently in several ranks.
•i- Lip not constricted^ or only rarely so.
++ Lip quadrate^ yellow (May- July).
5. S. lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. Scape 7-20 cm. high ; leaves oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 9 cm. long, 1 cm. wide on the average, 3-5-nerved, contracted
into a sheathing base ; raceme slender, 2-7 cm. long ; perianth 5-7 mm. long ;
lip yellowish. (S. latifolia Torr. ; Neottia lucida H. H. Eaton.) — Moist banks.
Me. to Ont. and Wise, s. to Va. May-July.
++ ++ Lip ovate (Sept., Oct.).
6. S. ovalis Lindl. Similar to the preceding in habit ; perianth 4-5 mm.
long; lip few-nerved, membranaceous. (S. ccrnna, var. parvijlora Chapni.)
— In shady moist woods and on high wooded hills, rare, 111. and Mo. to Ga., Miss.,
and Tex. Sept. , Oct.
■M- ++ ++ Lip ovate-oblong.
= Leaves mostly radical., lowermost longest.
7. S. c6rnua (L.) Richard. Plants 14-38 cm. high, from slender fleshy
roots, leafy below ; leaves linear-lanceolate, variable, sometimes distinctly
petioied ; cauline bracts 4 or 5, usually closely appressed to the scape ; scape
pubescent above ; floral bracts exceeding the ovaries by about half the length of
tlie perianth ; flowers in two or three spiral or vertical ranks ; racemes 3-12 cm.
long; perianth 7-10 mm, long; lip ovate-oblong, about as long as the sepals,
apical margin crisped or erose. — Bogs and wet land, Nfd. toGa., Minn., and
Neb. Sept., Oct. — Veiy variable in size and foliage, often losing the root-leaves
at flowering time. Var. ocnROLEtCA (Rydb.) Ames. Growing in dry ground
and blooming somewhat later, having greenish, cream-colored, or white iflowcrs
and longer floral bracts. — Me. to S. Dak., s. to Ga. and N. Mex. Sept., Oct.
= = Leaves extending up the stem.
8. S. odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. Plant 4-10.5 dm. high ; roots coarse, fleshy ;
leaves several, mostly basal, lanceolate, acute, about 12 cm. long, 2 cm. wide ;
perianth 8 mm. long, yellowish-white, often white, fragrant ; basal half of the
lip dilated, rhomboidal, tapering to the obtuse erose-margined apox, veined and
suffused with greenish-yellow, callosities prominent. — Swamps and wet ground,
Coast States, Va. to Tex. Sept.-Dec.
+- H- Lip constricted at the middle or near the apex.
9. S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Plants 8-47 cm. tall, from roots 5-8 mm. thick,
leafy below and leafy-bracted above ; leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to
linear; scape glandular-pubescent above; cauline bracts 2-3; raceme dense,
cylindrical, variable iu length ; perianth yellowish or whitish, 6-12 uim. long ;
ORCHIDACEAE (OKCHIS FAMILY)
315
bracts of the raceme often much longer than the flowers ; sepals and i)etals all
connivent, forming a galea above the column ; lip pandniate, apex strongly
recurved, callosities minute, globular. (Includes Gyrostachys stricta Rydb.) —
Swamps and moist soil, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Ct., N. Y., the Great Lake region,
S. D., Col., Utah, and Cal. July-Sept. (Ireland.)
9. EPIPACTIS [Haller] Boehm. Rattlesnake Plantain
Lip saccate, with a straight or recurved tip, sessile, entire, ^^^thout callosities
at base. Upper sepal and the petals united into a hood over the lip. Anther
borne on the back of the short column ; pollen-masses 2, the narrow gland to
which they are attached held between the forked or 2-toothed beak which
terminates the coliman. — Root of thick fibres from a somewhat fleshy creeping
rootstock. Leaves all basal, dark green, or reticulate-veined with white. Scape,
raceme, and the whitish flowers glandular-downy. (Ancient Greek name of
Helleborus.) Peramium Salisb. Goodyera, R. Br.
* Eaceme loosely floicered ; saccate lip icith an elongated tip and flaring or
recurved margin.
•*- Flowers in a 1-sided raceme ; anther short, hlunt, or with a short blunt tip;
beak shorter than the body of the stigma.
1. E. repens (L.) Crantz. Stem 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolatf , 1-3 cm. long, 5-nerved with subhorizontal dark veins ;
raceme about 4.5 cm. long; perianth 4 mm. long; lip strongly
saccate, inflated, -with a recurved tip. {Goodyera R. Br.) —
An old world species, represented in eastern N. A. by the follow-
ing vaiietv.
627. E. repens,
V. ophioides X 12/3.
Var. ophioides (Fernald) A. A. Eaton. Generally a little
lower than the species ; veins of the leaves conspicuoiLsly bordered
with white. — Cold mossy woods, Nfd. to Man., s. to N. E., N. Y.,
and Mich., and in the mts. to S. C. July, Aug. Fig. 627.
•*- •<- Flowers mostly in a loose spiral ; anther acuminate; beak as long as, or
longer than, the body of the stigma.
2. E. tesselata (Lodd.) A. A. Eaton. Stem averaging 2 dm. high ; leaves
3-8 cm. long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, extremely variable, faintly or some-
times conspicuoiLsly penciled with white ; raceme about G cm.
long; perianth 5 mm. long. (Goodyera Lodd.) — In upland
coniferous woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. E. and N. Y. July, Aug.
* * Baceme rather densely flowered., l-sided ; Up scarcely saccate,
elongated, with the margin involute.
3. E. decipiens (Hook.) Ames. Stem stout, 3.5-4.5 dm. high ;
leaves 5-10 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, dark green, plain or partly
reticulate-veined with white; raceme about 10 cm. long; peri-
anth 8-9 mm. long, anther ovate, long, acuminate ; slender beak
longer than the body of the stigma. — (Spiranthes Hook. ; Good-
yera Menziesii Lindl.) — Dry woods, e. Que. to B. C., s. to
N. S., N. B., n. Me., L. Huron, and Ariz, and Cal. July,
Fig. 628.
628. E. decipiens
X 1V.V
Aug.
*** Baceme densely many-flowered; lip strongly saccate, ivith
a short blunt tip, the margin not recurved or flaring.
4. E. pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. Stem stout, 1.5-4
dm. high ; leaves dark green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-6.5 cm.
long with 5 or 7 white nerves and many fine white reticulating
veins; raceme about 7 (3-11) cm. long; perianth 4-5.5 mm.
long ; lip globose, ventricose ; anther blunt ; stigma with 2 short
teeth. {Goodyera R. Br.) — Common ; generally in dry coniferous woods, rarer
in deciduous woods, N. E. to Fla. and Minn. Aug., Sept. Fig. 629.
629. E. pubescens
X 1%.
316
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)
10. LISTERA R. Br. Twayblade
Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed ; lip mostly drooping,
longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft at the summit. Column wingless.
Sticrma with a rounded beak ; anther borne on the back of the column at the
summit, erect, ovate ; pollen powdery, in two masses, joined to a minute gland.
— Roots fibrous. Stem bearing in the middle a pair of nearly opposite sessile
leaves. The small flowers greenish or madder-purple in a terminal raceme.
(Dedicated to Martin Lister, 1038-1711, a celebrated English naturalist.)
* Column very short (0.5 mm. or less) ; lip not dilated above.
-*- Lip with a tooth on each side at base ; raceme glabrous.
1. L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped,
12-25 mm. long ; stem pubescent just above the leaves ; flowers about 3 mm.
across, on pedicels not longer than the ovary ; lip narrowly oblong,
2-cleft. — Mossy woods and swamps. Lab. to N. J., w. to Mich.,
Col., and Cal., northw. to the Arctic coast. (Greenl, Iceland,
Eu., and Japan.) Fig. 630.
L. cordata
X 12/3.
•*- -t- Lip not toothed at base ; raceme glandular.
2. L. australis Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slen-
der ; flowers small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels which
equal or exceed the glabrous ovaries; lip linear, 6-10 mm. long,
cleft one third to two thirds the way down into linear-setaceous divisions. —
Shady woods, La. and Fla. to N. J, ; Oswego Co., N. Y. ; Ottawa, Ont.
* * Column 2-3 mm. long.
-t- Lip auriculate at base, more or less ciliate.
3. L. auriculata Wiegand. Leaves elliptic-oval or elliptic-ovate, 35-50 mm.
long, inserted above the middle of the stem ; flowers numerous, in a loose raceme ;
rhachis pubescent ; jjedicels glabrous, mostly shorter than the
glabrous ovaries ; lip 6-8 mm. long, slightly ciliate, oblong, cleft
one third to one fourth of its length, auricles incurved. — Cedar
swamps and mossy banks, e. Que. to n. N. H, and n. Vt.
Fig. 631.
•*- •»- Lip not auriculate at base.
++ Ovary glandular.
631. L. auriculata
4o L. convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Leaves oval or roundish and sometimes
slightly heart-shaped, 3-5 cm. long ; raceme many-flowered, loose ; rhachis
densely glandular-pubescent ; pedicels glandular, slightly longer than the ovaries ;
^^ lip 9-11 mm, long, ciliate on the margin, narrowly cuneate,
^•^^ retuse, lobes rounded, on each side of base a short triangular
tooth. — Moist woods, Nfd. to n. N. E., Mich., and the Rocky
Mts., westw. and northw. Fig. 632.
++ -^ Ovary glabrous.
632. L. convalla- , ,,
rioidesxl. 5- L. Smallii Wiegand. Leaves borne at or below the middle
of the stem, l.')-20 mm. long, ovate-reniform, mucronate, often
apiculate ; raceme loo.se, few-flowered ; rhachis glandular : pedicels glabrous,
equaling or exceeding the ovaries in length ; lip 9 mm. long, not ciliate, broadly
obovate, cleft at the apex, on each side of base a curved oblong obtuse tooth. —
Damp woods in the mts., Pa. to N. C. (E. Asia.)
11. CORALLORRHIZA [Ilaller] R. Br. Coral Root
Perianth somewliat riiigent, gibbous or obscurely spurred at ba.se. Sepals
and petals oblong-lanceolate, nearly alike, l—'Vnerved ; lateral sepals ascending,
forming with the lip the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 317
ovary. Lip slightly adherent to the base of the compressed column. Anther
tenmnal ; pollen-masses 4. soft-waxy, free. — Brownish or yellowish herbs des-
titute of green foliage, with much branched and toothed coral-like underground
rootless stems, sending up a simple scape which has sheaths in place of leaves,
and a raceme of lurid flowers. Fruit reflexed. (Name composed of KopdWiovj
coral, and pija, I'oot.)
* Lip o-lobed, or with a curved tooth on each side of base.
-J- Lip white, not spotted.
1. C. trifida Chatelain. Plant slender, yellowish, 4-19 cm. high, 4-12-flowered ;
perianth 5 mm. long ; lip white, somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base,
with thick rather short lamellae ; spur a very small protuberance ;
capsule ovoid or ellipsoid, green until mature. (C. innata R. Br. ;
C. CoralloiThiza Ka,rst.) — Wet shaded situations, Xfd. to Alaska,
s. to N. J., Pa., 0., Mich., Minn., and in the mts. to Ga. May-
July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 633.
■»- -i- Lip white, spotted with magenta-crimson.
2. C. maculata Raf. Plant stout, madder-purple or yellow-
ish, 2-4 dm. high, 10-30-flowered ; perianth 5-18 mm. long ; lip gg^ '^ trifida
deeply .3-lobed, lateral lobes small, middle lobe rather square, ' ^^
rounded at the apex ; two narrow longitudinal lamellae near
middle of lip ; column yellow, with magenta spots on the inner surface ; cap-
sule smooth, inflated, compressed. (C. mtdtiflora Nutt.) — Woods. July, Aug.
— Pale forms, without spots on the lip, petals or sepals, occur rarely.
* * Lip entire or margin denticulate.
■t- Lip without striations or conspicuous veins.
3. C. Wisteriana Conrad. Plant 1.5-4 dm. high, yellowish or madder-purple;
flowers 12-16 in a loose raceme ; perianth about 7 mm. long; sepals and petals
more or less spreading ; lip 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, oval or suborbicular,
retuse, margin denticulate or undulate ; callosities linear. (C maculata Greene,
not Raf.) — Woods, Pa. and south w\ Spring.
4. C. odontorhiza Xutt. Plant slender, bulbous-thickened at base, light
brown or madder-purple, about 16 cm. high, 6-20-flowered ; perianth about
4 mm. long; sepals and petals scarcely spreading, one-nerved; lip 2.5-3 mm.
long, wiiite, spotted with magenta-crimson, oval or broadly ovate, abruptly con-
tracted at base, with two short inconspicuous lamellae ; capsule globular or
ovoid ; column nearly as long as the petals. (Includes C. micrantha Chapm.)
— Woods; a soutiiern species extending sparingly north w. to s. Me., s. Ont.
and 111. Aug., Sept.
•4- -f- Lip conspicuously striate-veined imth madder-purple.
5. C. striata Lindl. Plants stout, madder-purple, 15-40 cm. high, 15-25-
flowered ; perianth about 8 mm. long ; sepals and petals with three madder-
purple nerves ; lip somewhat concave, ovate, with two short lamellae near the
base; capsule cylindrical. — Woods; a northwestern species, rare and local as
far east as Mich, and Ont. May, June.
12. MALAXIS Soland.
Sepals lanceolate, spreading. Petals much smaller. Lip 3-nerved, lanceolate,
apiculate, shorter than the lateral sepals. — Small plants with minute flowers in
elongated racemes. (MdXa|t5, a softening, perhaps in allusion to the tender
nature of the plant.)
1. M. paludbsa (L.) Sw. Scape filiform, 7-10 cm. high ; leaves 2-5, basal,
ovate, obtuse. — New York Mills, Otter Tail Co., Minn. (//. L. Lyon), the only
American station known. (Eurasia.)
818
OKCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)
13. MICROSTYLIS (Nutt.) Eaton. Adder's Mouth
Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip auricled
or ovate at base, narrowing toward the summit, entire or nearly so. Column
very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the
erect anther between them ; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each
anther-cell), cohering in pairs, waxy, without stalks, filaments, or
gland. — Low herbs from solid bulbs producing simple stems which
bear a single leaf and a raceme of rumierous minute greenish
flowers. (Name composed of /juKpos, sriudl, and o-ruXty, a column
OT style.) AcHHOAXTUKS Kaf. (without description).
1. M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl. Scape slender, 10-15 cm. high,
with a sheathing, ovate-elliptical leaf above base ;
raceme spiked, long and slender, about 7 mm. in
diameter ; pedicels nearly equal to the ovaries in length ; lip
roundish at base., terminating in a long point. — In damp shady
woods or swamps, occasional from Que. to Man., s. to Pa.. Ind.,
and Minn., rare soutliw. June, July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 634.
2. M. unif51ia (Michx.) BSP. Plant 7-22 cm. high; leaf
near the middle, ovate, clasping ; raceme short, 8-20 mm. in
diameter; pedicels much longer than the ovaries; lip truncate.,
S-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe small. (31. ophioglos- ^^
soides Eaton.) — Occasional in bogs and woods, Nfd. to Man., and 635. i^i. unifolia
south w. July, Aug. Fig. 63.5. xsy^.
634. M. mono
phyllos X Sy^.
14. LIPARIS Richard. Twayblade
Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals linear or filiform. Lip entire. Column
2-3 mm. long, curved, stout at base, with narrow wings above ; anther termi-
nal, oi)erculate ; pollen-masses 4 (2 in each anther-cell), slightly united in pairs,
vvithout stalks, filaments, or gland. — Low herbs, with solid
bulbs, producing two root-leaves and a low scape which bears
a few-flowered raceme. (Name from \nrap6s, fat or shining,
in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)
1. L. liliifolia (L.) Kichard. Plants 10-17 cm. high; leaves
elliptical or ovate, acute or obtuse, glossy ; scape angled ;
flowers 5-15 ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, similar ; petals pendent,
madder-purple; lip v^edge-ohovate, translucent, madder-purple ;
column with 2 gland-like tubercles on the inner face at ba.se. — Woods, N. H.
and Mass. to Minn., Mo., and Ala. Juno, July. Fig. 636.
2. L. Loeselii (L.) Richard. Plants 8-22 cm. high ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate
or oblong, keeled ; lip ohovate or oblong, 5 mm. long, yelJovnsh-green ; column
about 2 mm. long. — Swamps, damp fields, and moist thickets, rather local, be-
coming rare south w. June, July. (Eu.)
(WG.
L. liliifolia
XV3.
15. CALYPSO Salisb.
Sepals and petals similar, ascending, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
magenta-crimson, rarely white. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, saccate,
with three longitudinal rows of yellow (or white) glass-like hairs in front and
with a translucent apron-like appendage (formed by the overlapping of the lip)
sp(jttcd with madder-purple, the sac (bearing tw(j conspicuous horns at its base)
whitish, with irregular purple-madder markings. Column winged, having the
operculate anther just below the apex ; i)ollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-]jarted,
all sessile on a sfpiare gland. — Leaf solitary. Scape one-flowered. (Named
for the goddess Calypso.)
1. C. bulbbsa (L.) Oakes. Plant 6-18 cm. high ; leaf oval or ovate, veiny,
its margin wavy, the petiole triangular ; scape smooth, with membranaceous
sheatliing bracts ; botli leaf and scape produced separately from the .summit of
a rounded or elongated corm ; pedicel of the flower subtended by a petaloid
ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY)
319
bract. (C borealis Salisb.) — Deep mossy woods, across the continent northw.,
very locally south to n. N. E., Mich., Minn., Ariz., and Cal. May-July,, (Eu.)
16. APLECTRUM (Nutt.) Torr. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve
Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at base. Lip
free, 8-lobed, with three longitudinal crests. Column compressed ; pollen-
masses 4. — Scape about 4 dm. high, from near the summit of a globular bulb.
Leaf solitary ; petiole distinct. The slender naked rootstock produces each year
a globular solid bulb or conn, often 2.5 cm. in diameter (filled
with exceedingly glutinous matter) , which sends up late in sum-
mer a large oval manj'-nerved plaited leaf lasting through the
winter ; early in the succeeding summer the scape appears, ter-
minated by a loose raceme of lurid flowers. (The name is com-
posed of a- privative, and irXriKTpov^ a spur, from the total want
of the latter. )
1. A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Flowers about 10; sepals ob-
long, greenish or yellowish, tinged vilth madder-pui^^le ; petals
shorter, arching over the column, oblong, obtuse, yellowish,
tinged "\Aith madder-pui-ple above ; lip white or nearly so, spar-
ingly marked with magenta. (A. Shortii Rydb.) — Rich woods, Vt. to Sask.,
andsouthw., local. May, June. Fig. 637. — Pale forms occur devoid of mark-
ings on the perianth.
637.
A. hvemale
17. TIPULARIA Nutt. Crane Fly Orchis
Flowers greenish, tinged with madder-purple, numerous in an elongated
loose bractless raceme. Sepals oblong-oval, obtuse, upper sepal narrower.
Petals oblong, obtuse. Lip with a slender spur, 3-lobed ; lateral
lobes obtuse, obscurely toothed ; apical lobes broad at base, margin
deliexed at the middle, apex expanded. Column wingless ; anther
operculate, terminal ; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con-
nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Corms
connected in a horizontal series, producing in autumn a single ovate
slender-petioled nerved and plaited leaf, purplish beneath, and
in summer a long slender scape. (Name from a fancied resem-
blance of the flowers to insects of the genus Tipula.)
1. T. discolor (Pursh) Nutt. • Leaf green above, purplish
beneath, disappearing before the flowers are produced ; scape
25-45 cm. high ; spur about 2 cm. long, twice longer than the
ovary. {T. unifolia BSP.) — A southern species, extending
N. J.; reported but unverified from farther north. Fig. 638.
638. T. discolor
xVs-
northw. to
18. HEXALECTRIS Raf.
Sepals and petals nearly equal, free, somewhat spreading, several-nerved ;
perianth not gibbous or spurred at base. Lip obovate, 3-lobed, with 5 or 6
prominent ridges do\^^l the middle, the middle lobe somewhat concave.
Pollen-masses 8, united into a single fascicle. — Leafless plants
with stout or somewhat coralline annulated rootstocks. (Name
probably derived from e|, six, and iXeKrpvwv, a cock, from the
crest of the lip.)
1. H. aphylla (Nutt.) Raf. Plants 3-6 dm. high, with
short sheathing purplish scales ; flowers racemed, bracteate,
madder-pur])le, about 2 cm. long ; sepals narrowly oval, obtuse ; G39. H. aphylla x 2/.,.
petals shorter, similar. (Arethusa spicata Walt.?) — Rich Flower,
woods, Ky., Mo., and south w. July, Aug. Fig. 039. Expanded Up.
320 PIPERACEAE (PEPPEPv FAMILY)
PIPERACEAE (Pepper Family)
Herbs, toith joined stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in spikes,
entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with >>-5 more or less separate or united
ovaries; ovules few, orthotropous. — The characters are those of the Tribe
Saurureae, the Piperaceae proper (wholly tropical) differing in having a l-celleU
and 1-ovuled ovary.
1. SAURtTRUS [Plum.] L. Lizard's Tail
Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat
fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 indehiscent carpels united at base. Stigmas recurved.
Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped
converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules ; flowers (each with
a small bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel) crowded in a slender wand-like
and naked-peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to tlie
name, from aaupos, a lizard, and ovpd, tail).
1. S. cernuus L. Flowers white, fragrant ; spike nodding at the end ; bract
lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps and shallow water, near the
coast, R. I. to Fla. ; and from s. Ont. and O. to Minn, and southw. June-Aug.
SALICACEAE (Willow Family)
Dioecious (or by exception monoecious) trees or shrubs, with both kinds of
flowers in catkins, one to each bract (scale), without perianth ; the fruit a \-celled
and 2-i-valved pod, with 2-4 parietal or basal placentae, bearing numerous seeds
furnished with long silkij down. — Stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds ascending,
anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened. Leaves alternate, undi-
vided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules.
Wood soft and light ; bark bitter.
1. Saliz. Scales entire or merely toothed. Flowers with small glands at base; disk none.
Stamens few. Stigmas short. Buds with a single scale.
2. Populus. Scales lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. Stamens numerous.
Stigmas elongated. Buds covered by several scales.
1. SAlIX [Tourn.] L. Willow. Osier
Sterile flowers of 3-10, mostly 2, distinct or united stamens, accompanied by
1 or 2 small glands. Fertile flowers also with a small flat gland at the base of
the ovary ; stigmas short. — Trees or shrubs, with mostly terete and lithe
branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandular-toothed.
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner usually adherent membrane.
Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical Latin name.)
Species largely wind-pollinated and very freely hybridizing.
JV". B. — In this genus, uidess otlierwise noted, the figures of the leaves are on
a scale of \, while those of the fruit are on a scale of 3^.
§1. Arnents borne on short lateral leafy branchlets ; scales yellowish^ falling
before the capsules mature; filaments hairy below, all free ; style very short
or obsolete ; stigmas thick, notched.
* Stamens 3-5 or more.
H- Leaves with no petiolar glands; sterile aments elongated, slender-cylindri-
cal ; flowers somewhat remotely subverticillate ; scales crisp-villoiis on the
inside.
1. S. nigra Marsh. (Black W.) Shrub, or, when well developed, a rough-
barked tree 5-30 m. high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, very long -attenuate from
SALICACEAE ( WILLOW FAMILY)
321
WO. S. nigra
eneath
<U1 S. Wardi.
near the roundish or acute base to the tip, often downy when
young, at length green and glahnms except the short (2-0 mm.
long) petiole and midrib, closely serrulate
with fine incurved teeth ; stipules large,
semicordate, pointed and persistent, or
small, ovate and deciduous ; scales soft-
pubescent outside; fruiting aments (3-7 cm.
long) more or less dense ; capsules ovoid-
conical, gibbous below, glabrous, 3-5 mm.
long, the wide-spreading slender pedicels
1-2 mm. long, much exceeding the gland. —
Banks of streams and lakes, N. B. to Ont.,
Dak., and southw. Fig. 640. Var. fal-
CATA (Pursh) Torr. Leaves narrower and
scythe-shaped. — Commoner northeastw.
2. S. Wardi Bebb. (Ward's W.) Simi-
lar ; SDiall tree ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, cotispicuo2isly glaucous and veined
; petioles 2-7 mm. long ; stipules large, round-reni-
form, persistent ; aments long, loosely
flowered, 5-11 cm. long ; scales glabrous
outside except at base ; capsules globose-
conical, 4.5-6 mm. long, glandular-
granulose. (S. nigra, var. Bebb ; S. longipes Britton, not
Shuttlew.) — Rocky and gravelly shores, Md. to Va., Ky.,
and Mo. Fig. 641.
3. S. amygdaloides Anders. (Peach-leaved W.) Leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or
glaucous beneath ; petioles slender, 1-3 cm. long; stipules
minute, very early deciduous ; fertile aments becoming very
loose in fruit, 4-10 cm. long ; capsule globose-conical, gla-
brous, 4-6 mm. long, slender-pediceled. — W. Que. and
centr. N. Y. to B. C. and Tex. ; common westw. Fig.
642.
•<- -»- Petioles glandular at apex; sterile aments thick, short-
cylindrical or ellipsoid -ovoid, densely floircred; leaves
642. s. amygdaloides. lustrous above, glandular-serrate ; branchlets lustrous.
-t-f Leaves green on both surfaces ; fruit mature in early summer.
= Capsule conic-subulate; pedicel twice exceeding the gland; mature leaves
short-acuminate.
4. S. pentandra L. (Bat-leaved W.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
rounded at base, finely and closely glandular-serrate, glabrous
from the first, in maturity 3.5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad ;
staminate aments 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, the fertile
becoming 2.5-5 cm. long ; the mature straw-colored or pale
brown slightly lustrous capsule rounded or cordate at base,
5-8 mm. long; shrub or small tree. — Cultivated and rarely
escaping, N. E. to O. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 643.
= = Capsule conic-ovoid ; pedicel 3 or 4 times exceeding the
gland; mature leaves with long -acuminate curved tips.
5. S. lucida Muhl. (Shining W.) Leaves ovate-lance-
olate or narrower, finely serrate, when young pubescent vjith
crisp rufescent or sordid caducous hairs, in maturity cori-
aceous, shining on both sides, 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad ;
stipules small, oblong or semicircular ; staminate aments 2-5
cm. long; fertile becoming 3-5 cm. long; the straw-colored
or pale-brown or greenish dull capsules rounded at base,
4.5-6.5 mm. long; shrub or small tree. — Wet ground and
gray's manual — 21
643. S. pentandra
322
SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)
644. S. lucida.
banks of streams, Nfd. to Man., s. to Pa., 111., and Neb. Fio.
044. Var. angitstifolia Anders. Leaves glabrous, elongate-
lanceolate^ 1-1.5 cm. broad. — Nfd. and e. Can.
Var. int6nsa Fernakl. Branchlets of the first year and under
surfaces of the elliptic-lanceolate attenuate-based leaves per-
manently pubescent with sordid or rufous hairs. — Que., N. B.,
and n. and w. N. E.
++ ++ Leaves pale or white beneath; fruit
mature in aiitumn.
6. S. serissima (Bailey) Fernald. (Au-
tumn W.) Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, short-acuminate, in maturity
coriaceous, 4-8 cm. long, 1-8 cm. broad, closely
serrulate; staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long,
1-1.2 cm. thick ; the fertile becoming loosely
flowered, 2-3.5 cm. long ; the olive- or brown-
tinged finally lustrous indurated capsule conic-
subulate, 7-10 mm. long, the pedicel twice
exceeding the gland ; tall shrub. — Mossy
swamps, mostly in calcareous regions, e. Que.
to Alb., s. to w. Ct., n. N. J., w. N. Y., and
the Great Lakes. Fig. 645.
* * Stamens 2.
€45. S. serissima.
+- Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, closely serrate.
7. S. FRAGiLis L. (Crack W.) Jjcaves glabrous from the first, green both
sides, or only slightly paler beneath, in maturity 1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-4 cm. broad,
rather coarsely undulate-serrate, with about 5 (4-7) teeth
to each cm. of the margin ; stipules when present half-
cordate ; aments slender; the staminate
3-5 cm. long ; the fertile becoming 5-7
cm. long ; capsule subulate-conical, 5 mm.
long, short-pediceled. — A large tree, early
planted, and now established, Que. to Ky.
— Freely hybridizing with >S'. alba. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 646.
8. S. ALBA L. (White W.) Leaves
pale with silky pubescence on both sides,
in maturity 5-12 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad,
finely serrulate, with about 9 (6-12) teeth
to each cm. of margin ; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, deciduous ; capsule ovoid-coni-
cal, 3-5 nmi. long, sessile or nearly so. —
The typical tree, with greenish branch-
lets and leaves permanently silky, is sometimes planted and
rarely established in Am. Fig. 647. Var. vi-
TELLiNA (L.) Koch, witli yrdloio or reddish
branchlets and the old leaves glabrous, white
beneath, is a familiar large tree of rapid growth,
commonly planted and freely spreading. Var.
CAEKtJLKA (Sm.) Koch is similar, but with
olive-green branchlets and bluish-green leaves. — Hybridizes with
S. fragilis, S. lucida, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)
9. S. BAUYLoNicA L. (Weeping W.) Lcavcs at first silky,
quickly glabrate, pale beneath, in maturity 6-12 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm.
broad, very slender-attenuate, sharply toothed ; aments 1 .5-2 cm. long ;
the sesHile plump capsules 1-1.5 mm. long. — Planted for ornament,
and locally si)n'ad along river-banks and lake-shores, particularly 648. 8. baby
from Ct. westw. and southw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 648. lonica.
647, S. alba.
640. S. fragilis.
SALICACEAE QWILLOW FAMILY)
323
649. S. londfolia.
Leaves linear- or ohlong-lanceolate, short-acuminate^ remotely denticulate
with projecting teeth.
10, S. longifblia Mulil. (Sand Bar W.) Leaves 3-15 cm.
long, 4-15 mm. broad, tapering at each end., nearly sessile., more
or less silky when' young, at length smooth and green both sides,
with 2-3 teeth to each cm. of margin ; stipules small, lanceolate,
deciduous ; aments slender-cyiindric, often clustered at the ends
of the branchlets ; capsule short-pediceled, blunt ; stigmas large,
sessile. (S.fluviatilis auth., not Nutt. ; S. interior Rowlee.)
— A shrub or small tree, spreading extensively in alluvial deposits
and forming dense clumps, e. Que. to Man., s. to Del. and La. ;
common and characteristic inland. Fig. 649.
§ 2. Aments lateral or terminal, with or loithout bracts; scales
persistent, colored at the tip ; stamens 2 (usually 1 in no. 17).
* Filaments glabrous and distinct,
•t- Capsules glabrous.
-*■*■ Erect or ascending shrubs or small trees.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate., acute or acuminate., serrate ; sterile aments very
silky, with a few bracts at base., becoming 2-4 cm. long., the fertile in fruit
2.5-10 cm. long.
a. Leaves glabrous or quickly glabrate; capsules distinctly pediceled.
1. Stipules persistent.) usually conspicuous.
O Leaves dull above., the young pubescent loith early-deciduous soft hairs,
+ Fruiting aments 2.&-6 cm. long ; mature capsule 4-7 mm. long.
S. cordata Muhl. Twigs glabrous or soon glabrate ;
oblong-lanceolate or narrower, on the flowering
branches often tapering at base, sharply serrulate, green both
sides or slightly paler beneath, on vigorous shoots mostly
rounded, truncate, or cordate at base, not turning black in
drying ; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large ;
aments rather slender; capsules green-
ish or rufescent. — In wet places, along
streams, etc. ; a widely distributed
shrub, freely hybridizing. Fig. 650.
Var. MYRicoiDES (Muhl.) Carey. Twigs
cinereous or canescent with permanent
pubescence ; leaves elongate, even those
of the most vigorous shoots tapering
and rather acute at base, glaucous or
glaucescent beneath and sparsely ap-
pressed-hairy ; stipules small, ovate,
pointed ; capsules often silky when
young, becoming glabrate, short-pedi-
celed ; twigs brittle at base. — Mass.
to Wise, and Kan. — Perhaps a hybrid with S. sericea.
+ -f Fruiting aments 6-10 cm. long ; mature capsules
8-10 mm. long.
12. S. missouriensis Bebb. Tree or large shrub (3-16
m. high), with black bark and permanently pubescent
; leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, rarely obovate, glaucous beneath. —
Mo. to Neb. and I. T. — A poorly understood tree, said to flower earlier than
.S'. cordata; perhaps a variety (var. vestita Anders.) of that species. Fig. 651,
O O Leaves glossy above, glabrous from the first.
13. S. glaucophylla Bebb. Leaves from ovate or obovate to oblong-lanceo-
11.
leaves
650. S. cordata.
inissoiiriensis.
324
SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)
653. S. balsamifera.
late, with a broadly rounded base, 4.5-12 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, short-acumi-
nate, glandular-serrate, subcoriaceoits, (jlahrous throughout, dark green and
shining above, glaucous beneath, the young drying black ;
stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate ; aments dense, thick-
cylindricalt very silky, the staminate 3.5-5 cm. long, the
pistillate becoming 4-7 cm. long ; capsules attenuate-rostrate,
9-11 nun. long, greenish, drying brown, — Shrub or shrubby
tree (1-5 m. high), forming extensive thickets on sandy or
alluvial shores of rivers and lakes,
e. Que. to Alb., s. to N. B., Me.,
and the Great Lakes. Fig. 652.
Var. angustif6lia Bebb. Leaves
narrower (8 cm. long, 2 cm. wide),
pointed at both ends. — Same range.
Var. BRi^viFOLiA Bebb. Leaves
obovate or oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long,
strongly veined. — Mich.
2. Stipules obsolete or minute.
14. S. balsamifera Barratt.
„.^ , , ^ „ Leaves short-oval to oblong-lance-
6d2. b. glaucophylla. ^^^^^^ broadly rounded and usually
subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid and
of a reddish color, balsamic-fragrant, at length firm but
thin, dark green above, paler or glaucous and promi-
nently reticulate-veined beneath, slightly glandular-ser-
rulate ; petioles long and slender ; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit, the
long slender pedicels 6-8 times the length of the gland ; style short. — Low
woods and thickets, Nfd. and Lab. to Mackenzie and B. C, s. to n. N. E., N. Y.,
Mich., and Minn. — A much-branched shrub, rarely a tree 7 m. high, with
shining reddish-castaneous or olive twigs. Fig. 653.
b. Leaves clothed, even when fully groicn, vnth a long silky tomentum on both
sides, which is finally deciduous ; capsule subsessile.
15. S. syrticola Femald. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspi-
date-acuminate, dull green both sides, very closely serrate with fine projecting
gland-tipped teeth ; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, ex-
ceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the
obtuse silky buds ; aments leafy-peduncled, the fer-
tile not rarely becoming 1 dm. long,
densely flowered. (S. adenophijlla
Am. auth., not Hook.) — Shores of
the Great Lakes. — A large strag-
gling shrub, with stout tomentose
twigs and crowded leaves. Fig. 654.
= = Leaves oblong-linear to elliptic-
obovate, entire ; sterile aments
sparingly pubescent or glabrate,
1-2 cm. long, the fertile in fruit
1-3 cm. long ; stigmas sessile or
^r. c ..-I nearly so.
654. S. syrticola. "^
16. S.pedicellarisPursh. Leaves 655. S. pedicclla.is.
1.5-7 cm. long, obtu.se or somewhat pointed, acutish at base,
smootli on both sides, somewliat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated,
pale or glaucous beneath ; fertile aments thii;k-cyliii(lric, loosely few-flowered,
borjie on loni^ leafy peduncles ; capsules reddish-green ; pedicels slender, twice
the length of the nearly smooth greenish-yellow seale. (S. myrtilhndes Man.
cd. 6, not L.) — Cold bogs and wet meadows, e. Que. to B. C, N. J., Fa., and
u. la. Fig. 055.
SALICACEAE ^WILLOW FAMILY)
325
656. S. Uva-ursi.
657. S. herbacea.
** ++ Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs.
17. S. Uva-ursi Pursh. Leaves elliptical and pointed, orobovate and obtuse,
0.5-2.5 cm. long, tapering at base, sliglitly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and
sliining above, pale and rather glaucous beneatli ; aments borne
on slendur lateral leafy pec?««c/es, thick-cylindric, the fertile
lengthening to 2 or 3 cm. and becommg narrowly cylindric,
densely Jloicered above, often loose below ; scales obovate, rose-
red at the tip, covered with long silky hairs;
stamen 1 (rarely 2); capsule ovoid-conical,
brownish at maturity ; pedicel scarcely
exceeding the gland ; style distinct. — Lab.
to Alaska, s. to alpine summits of n. N. E.
and N. Y. — Closely prostrate, spreading
from a stout central root over an area 3-9
dm. broad. Eig. ()o6.
18. S. herbacea L. Leaves roundish oval, heart-shaped,
obtuse or retuse, 1-3 cm. long, serrate, smooth and shining,
reticulately veined ; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets,
small, ovoid, -i-lO-Jfoicered ; scales conc&xe. obovate, obtuse,
glabrous or slightly pubescent ; capsule subsessile. — Arctic
Am., s. to alpine regions of Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt.
^Vashington, N. H. — A very small herb-like species, the
half-underground stems creeping and rooting in moss or
humus, the branches seldom rising 0.5 dm. from the ground. (Eu.) Fig. 657,
-s- -1- Capsule pubescent.
•*-*■ Fruiting pedicel 3-6 times the length of the gland ; style short or none (elon-
gate in no. 25).
= Mature leaves glabrous or glabr ate beneath, or at most with a few scattered
hairs. {Extreme forms ofS. rostrata may be looked for here.)
a. Aments sessile on the old loood, naked at base, appearing before the leaves ;
scales dark red, brown, or blackish; mature capsidel-V2 mm. long.
10. S. discolor Muhl. (Glaucous \Y.) Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, smooth
and bright green above, soon smooth and glaucous beneath, irregularly crenate-
serrate, the serratures remote at ba.se, closer, finer and becom-
ing obsolete toward the point ; stipules 1 cm. or more long and
sharply toothed, or small and nearly entire ; aments thick,
cylindrical, l.b-l cm. long, appearing in earliest spring ; scales
copiously clothed icith long glossy hairs; style short but
distinct. Fig. 658. Yar. eriocephala (Michx.) Anders.
Aments more densely flowered and more silvery-silky ; leaves
sometimes retaining a ferruginous pubescence beneath even
when fully grown. {S. eriocephala Michx.) Yar. prixoides
(Pursh) Anders. Aments more looselj'^ flowered, less silky;
capsules more thinly tomentose ; style longer ; stigma-lobes
laciniate ; leaves narrower. (,S'. prinoides Punsh.)
Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and
others which are probably hybrids with S. cor-
data. — Large shrub or small tree of low mead-
ows and river-banks, coitnnon. — The just
expanding leaves are often overspread with evan-
escent ferruginous hairs.
discolor.
b. Aments short-stalked, leafy-bracted at base,
appearing with the leaves ; scales pale brown
or yellowish; mature capsule 4-6 mm. long.
20. S. petiolaris Sm. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, taper-
pointed, finely and evenly serrate, slightly silky when young,
soon smooth ; stipules linear or semicordate, deciduous ; fertile 659. S. petiolaris
326
SALIC ACE AE ( WILLOW FAMILY)
000. S. luimilis.
661. S. tristis.
araents ovoid-cylindric, at first 1-2 cm. long, in fruit broad and loose from the
lengthening of tlie pedicels, becoming 2-4 cm. long ; capsule rostrate from an
ovoid base, blunt. — Low shrub of damp soil, N. B. to the Great Lake region
and Man., s. to Tenn. Fig. 659.
= = Mature leaves pubescent at least beneath.
a. Aments sessile on the old wood, naked at base, appearing before the leaves.
1. Leaves dull, grayish-tomentose, undulate-crenate or sub entire ; capsules slen-
der-beaked.
21. S. humilis Marsh. (Prairie W.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, rarely obovate, 5-15 cm. long, above downy becoming glabrate, beneath
glaucous, rugose-veined and softly tomentose, the margin revo-
lute, undulate-entire ; stipules medium-sized, semi-ovate, entire
or oftener toothed ; petioles distinct ; aments ovoid or ellipsoid,
often recurved, 1.5-4 cm. long. — Dry plains and barrens, Nfd.
to Minn, and N. C. — A shrub, 1-3 m. high, vary-
ing much in the size and shape of the leaves.
Fig. 660.
Var. rigidiiiscula Anders. Leaves narrowly
oblanceolate to lance-ublong, 0.5-1 dm. long, rigid,
r-mmg: strongly ascending, very rugose and glabrescent
^^1 beneath. — O. to Ga. and Kan. — Shrub or small
^^ tree.
22. S. tristis Ait. (Dwarf Gray W.) Leaves
similar to those of the last, small (1-5 cm. long),
croicded, linear-oblanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole ;
stipules minute, deciduous; aments very small, globular or ovoid,
1-1.5 cm. long in fruit. — Sandy plains or on the borders of hillside thickets,
N. E. to Minn, and south w., mostly near the coast. — A tufted shrub, 0.5 m.
high. Fig. 661.
2. Leaves lustrous beneath with minute silky pubescence, fine-serrate ; capsules
blunt.
23. S. sericea Marsh. (Silky W.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 0.4-1 dm.
long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, finely serrate, at first (principally beneath) very silky,
turning black in drying ; stipules narrow, deciduous ; aments nar-
rowly cylindrical, the fertile densely flowered, in maturity 2-3 cm.
long ; capsule sericeous, ovoid-oblong, round-tipped, its pedicei
about equaling the short-hairy scale and twice exceeding the gland.
— Large shrulD of wet places, N. B. to N. C. and Midi. Fig. 662.
b. Aments leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves.
1. Jjeaves strongly rugose in age, grayish-pubes-
cent or glabrate beneath; capsule gi-ay-pubes-
cent, its pedicel several times exceeding the
subtending scale.
24. S. rostrata Eichards. Leaves obovate to
602. s. sericea. elliptic-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acumi-
nate, dull green and minutely downy above, serrate,
crenate, or subentire, thin, becoming rigid; stipules when pres-
ent semi-cordate, toothed, acute ; sterile aments narrowed at
base, the fertile loosely fiowered, 2-6 cm. long ; capsules tapering
to a very long slender Ijeak ; podirels thread-like, much exceeding
the pale rose-tipped linear thinly villous scales; style scarcely
any ; stigma lobes entire or deeply parted. («S'. Bebbiana Sarg.)
— Shrul) or small tree of moist or dry ground, Nfd. to Alaska,
s. to N. J., Va., 111., la., etc. Fiu. 603.
rostia'.a
SALIC ACE AE ( WILLOW FAMILY)
327
6C4. S.
argyrocarpa.
2. Leaves scarcely rugose, histrous-white beneath; capsule white-pubescent^ its
pedicel scarcely exceeding the subtending scale.
26. S. argyrocarpa Anders. Leaves 2.b-i) cm. loiuj^ repand-crenate^ tapering
evenly to both ends, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the
margin slightly revolute ; petiole short; stipules minute, fugaceous ;
fruiting ament short (1.5-2.5 cm, long), lax; capsule tapering,
densely silky -silvery, style elongate ; gland of the staminate flower
variously doubled. — Moist ravines and alpine slopes, Lab. to the
highest mts. of Que., Me., and N. H. — A bushy-branched shrub,
erect or depressed at base, rarely 0.5 m. high. Fig. 664. —
Hybridizes with *S'. phylicifolia.
26. S. coactilis Fernald. Leaves oblong or lance-ovate, long-
acuminate, at first reddish-white beneath with \\is,tYO\x?> felt-like piibes-
cence, later velvety with distinct hairs, in maturity 6-18 cm. long,
2-b cm. broad, remotely and coarsely glandular-dentate; stipules
semi-ovate, gland-toothed, 4-5 mm. long, persistent ; aments in an-
thesis 2-3.5 cm. long, in fruit 4-5.5 cm. long, 7 mm. thick ; scales
oblong or obovate, dark brown or black, very long-hairy ; cap^^ile conic-subulate.,
6 mm" long, white-villous ; the pedicel about five times as long as the gh^nd. —
Banks of the Penobscot H., Me. — A large shrub with coarse dark branchlets,
the younger ones puberulent.
-w. H-f Fruiting pedicel at most twice the length of the gland.
= Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath.
a. Pubescence of the leaves and branchlets a dull white floccu-
lent tomentum.
27. S. Candida Flligge. (Sage W., Hoary W.) Leaves oblong
to linear-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, rather rigid, downy above,
becoming glabrate, beneath covered with a dense white tomentum,
the revolute margin subentire ; stipules lanceolate, about as long
as the petioles; aments cj'lindrical, densely flowered, 3-5 cm.
long in fruit ; anthers red ; the dark gland elongated ; capsule
densely white-woolly ; style dark red ; stigmas short, spreading,
notched. — Cold bogs, Nfd. and Lab. to Athabasca, s. to N. J.,
Pa., O., la., etc. — A hoary shrub, 0.5-2 m. high ; young shoots
white-woolly, the older red. Fig. 665. Var. denijdXta Anders.
Leaves dark green and glabrate above, sparingly pubescent or glabrate beneath.
— Gasp6 Co., Que. to Wise, and Ct.
h. Pubescence of the leaves lustrous.
1. Leaves pubescent beneath with minute satiny hairs.
28. S. viminXlis L. (Osier.) Large shrub or small tree;
branchlets greenish or pale brown ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, taper-pointed, green and glabrous above, 6-15 cm. long;
aments sessile or subsessile on the old wood, the pis-
tillate becoming 5-7 cm. long ; capsule subsessile,
minutely puberulejit, 6-8 mm. long. — Cultivated and
occasionally established. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 66(5.
2. Leaves, at Irast wihen young, lustrous beneath
with velvety pubescence.
29. S. pellita Anders. Large shrub or small tree
with dark reddish or olive branchlets ; leaves lance-
linear to oblanceolate, subentire, green and glabrous
above, white-velvety to pale green and glabrate be-
neath, 4-12cm. long ; aments leafy-bracted at base, the fertile 2-5 cm.
long ; capsule 4-5 mm. long, densely white-hairy ; style yellowish,
turning brown. — River banks and swamps, Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Lake St. John, Que., and Lake Winnipeg, s. to Me. and Vt. Fig. 667.
665. S. Candida.
. S. vimi-
nalis.
pellita.
328
SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)
= = Leaves glabrous, or the youngest occasionally loith arachnoid hairs.
30. S. phylicif blia L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to oblong, somewhat equally
pointed or obtuse at both ends, re7iiotely and minutely repand-
toothed, 2.5-7 era. long, very smooth on both sides, dark green
and shining above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous ;
stipules obsolete ; aments sessile with a few small bracts at
base, 1.5-:J cm. long, rather densely flowered, short-cylindric,
the fertile becoming in fruit somewhat stalked, 3.5-4.5 cm.
long ; scales dark, silky-villous ; capsule conic-rostrate from
an ovoid base ; stigmas bifid or entire, yellow, drying black.
(>S'. chlorophylla Anders.) — Lab. to Alaska, s. to alpine dis-
tricts of Que., Me., N. H., and Vt. — A divaricately much
branched shrub 0.5-3 m. high ; twigs glabrous, purplish, some-
times covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.) Fig. 668.
* * Hairy fdaments and often the reddish anthers
united so as to appear as one.
668. s. phyiicifoiia. 3L S- PCRPtrREA L. (PuRPLE W.) Leaves oblance-
Leaf X Vs olate or tongue-shaped, slightly serrulate, very
Fruit x6 smooth, glaucescent, subopposite ; stipules obsolete;
aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the
sterile at least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base ;
scales small, round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple ; capsules
grayish-tomentose, ovoid-conical, obtuse, sessile, 2-3 mm. long. —
Low grounds ; originally cultivated for basket rods ; now established. ggg ^
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 669. purpurea.
2. p6pULUS [Tourn.] L. Poplar. Aspen
Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Sta-
mens 8-30, or more ; fllaments distinct. Stigmas 2-4. Capsules 2-4-valved. —
Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and
often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins
long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, of
uncertain origin.)
§ L Styles 2, loith 2-3 narroio or filiform lobes; capsules thin, slender-conical,
2-valved, small, on very short pedicels; scales silky; stamens 6-20; leaves
ovate, on laterally flattened petioles ; terminal buds small, slightly glutinous.
1. P. ALBA L. (White P., Silver-leaved P., Abele.) The younger
branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute
leaves rnhitc tomentose ; scales crenate, fringed. — Frequently cultivated for
shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Introd.
from Eu.)
2. P. tremuloides Michx. (Ameuicax A.) Tree 6-20 m. high, with smooth
greenish-white bark; hud-scales glabrous or merely ciliate ; leaves roundish-
heart-shaped, witli a short sharp point, and small somevjhat regular teeth, smoot h
on both sides, with serrulate margins, downy when young, on long slender peti-
oles ; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. — Light
soils, Lab. to Alaska, s. to T*a., Mo., etc.
3. P. grandidentata Michx. (Large-toothed A.) Tree often 20 m. high,
with smoothish gray bark ; bud-scales tomentose ; leaves roundish-ovate, loith
large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered with white silky
wool, at lengLli smooih both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal small divisions,
slightly fringed. — Rich woods and borders of streams, N. S. to the mts. of N. C,
w. toOnt., Minn., and la.
§2. Styles 2-i, loith dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose to
ellipsoid, 2-\-valved ; scales mostly glabrous; terminal buds large and
very glutinous.
MYfllCACEAE (SWEET GALE FAMILY) 329
* Petioles terete or channeled, but little if at all laterally flattened.
•*- Young leaves and petioles white-tomentose ; capsule slender-pediceled.
4. P. heterophylla L. (Downy F.) Tree 10-25 m. high ; leaves ovate, with
a somewhat truncate -or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, at length nearly smooth,
except on the elevated veins beneath ; fertile catkins few-flowered ; stamens
12-60; capsules 1-1.3 cm. long, equaling the pedicels. — Borders of river
swamps, Ct. to Ga. ; also from O. to Ark. and La.
-H- +- Young leaves and petioles not white-tomentose ; capsule stout-pediceled.
5. P. balsamifera L. (Balsam P., Tacamahac.) Tree 6-30 m. high, the
large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
to cordate-ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on both
sides, silvery and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ;
stamens 20-30 ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved. — Borders of rivers and swamps, Lab.
to Alaska, s. to n. and w. N. E., Mich., Minn., etc.
6. P. caxdicans Ait. (Balm of Gilead.) Leaves broader and more or less
heart-shaped, petiole and loioer surface hairy. (P. balsamifera, var. Gray.)
— Common in cultivation and freely escaping ; perhaps of Asiatic origin.
(Introd.)
** Petioles laterally flattened.
7. P. deltoides Marsh. (Cotton-wood, Necklace P.) Tree 15-30 m. high ;
leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute
acumination. sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated petioles ; scales
lacerate-f ringed, not hairy ; stamens 60 or more; capsules on slender pedicels,
6-10 mm. long, in long catkins, ellipsoid-ovoid, o-4:-valved. (P. monilifera
Ait.) — Borders of streams, w. Que. and N. H. to Fla., w. to the Rocky ]Mts.
P. NIGRA L., the Black P. of Eu., a pyramidal tree somewhat resembling the
preceding but with the less lustrous rhombic-deltoid smaller leaves broader
than long, more finely crenate, and its var. italic a Du Roi, the Lombardy P.,
with strictly ascending branches, are spreading from cultivation. (Introd.
from Eu.)
MYRICACEAE (Sweet Gale Family)
Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with each kind of flowers in short scaly cat-
kins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birches
chiefly in the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropus ovule, and the drupe-
like nut. Involucre and perianth none. ,
1. IVEYRiCA L.
The only genus. — Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair
of bractlets, the sterile in ellipsoid or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid or globular
catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; stamens 2-8 ; filaments somewhat united
below ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit small, globular or short-cylindric, dry, coated
with resinous grains or wax. ^ (Mi^pt/c??, the ancient name of the Tamarisk or
some other shrub ; perhaps from /nvpi^eiv, to perfume.)
* Mostly dioecious; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary loith 2-4 scales at base; nut
globular ; leaves entire or somewhat serrate.
1. M. Gale L. (Sweet Gale.) Shrub 1-1.5 m. high; leaves wedge-lav-
ccolate, serrate toward the apex, pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins
closely clustered; nuts imbricated in heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate
scales which coalesce with its base. — Borders of ponds, and in swamps, Lab. to
N. E., along the Great Lakes to Minn., and northwestw. ; s. in the mts. to Va.
April, May. (Eurasia.)
2. M. cerlfera L. (Wax Myrtle.) Leaves (1-1.6 cm. broad) lanceolate,
narrowed at the base, entire or sharply toothed toward the acute apex, shining
and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant ; sterile
330 JUGLAJSDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY)
catkins scattered, oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and
naked, bony, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter^ and incrusted with white wax. — Sandy
soil, Md, to Fla., Tex., and Ark. March, Apr.
3. M. carolinensis Mill. (Bayberry.) Shrub 1-2 m. high ; leaves oblong,
entire or somewhat crenately toothed, thinner and more flaccid than in the pre-
ceding, mostly obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. broad, green and resinous-dotted on both sides ;
fruit S.b-4mm. in diameter. (M. cerifera Man. ed. 6, in great part.) — Sandy
or sterile soil, chiefly near the coast, P. E.L and N. B. to Fla. and La. ; also on
L. Erie.
* * Frequently monoecious ; fertile catkins globular ; ovary surrounded by 8 long
narrowly av'l-shaped persistent scales; nut ovoid-subcylindric ; leaves pin-
natijid with many rounded lobes.
4. M. asplenifolia L. (Sweet Fern.) Shrub 3-6 dm. high, with sweet-
scented fern-like linear-lanceolate leaves ; stipules half heart-shaped ; scales of
the sterile catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia Ait. ; C. pere-
grina Coult.) — Sterile soil, N. B. and N. S. to N. C, Ind., and the Saskatchewan.
Apr., May.
LEITNERIACEAE (Cork Wood Family)
''Dioecious shrubs or small trees, with each kind of flowers in catkins opening
before the leaves; the sterile catkins many- the fertile few-floioered ; calyx and
corolla none; stamens 3-12, whorled, the filaments short, distinct, hypogynous ;
ovary ] -celled loith solitary ascending ainphitropous ov^ile and thickish terminal
style with lateral groove. Leaves simple, entire, alternate ; stipules obsolete
or none. Flowers solitary in the axils of ovate pubescent scales, sessile. Froit'
an obovoid somewhat compressed leathery drupe.
1. LEITNERIA Chapm.
Characters of the family. (Named in memory of Dr. E. T. Leitner, a German
naturalist who traveled and was killed in Florida.)
1. L. floridana Chapm. (Cork Wood.) Stout arborescent shrub 1-7 m.
high ; leaves oblong or obovate, somewhat canescent-tomentose on the lower
surface; sterile catkins about 3cm. long, the fertile half as long; drupe 1-2
cm. long. — Swamps, s. Mo. and south westw. ; also Fla. March.
JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family)
Trees, vnth alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules; flowers monoecioiis, the
sterile in catkins (a^neiits) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract ; the fertile
solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular S-L>-lobed calyx adherent
to the incompletely 2-A-celled but only \-ov%ded ovary. Fruit a kind of dry
drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nutshell, conlaining a large \-lobed ortho-
tropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous or corru-
gated, 2-lobed ; radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes present in the fertile
flowers. — A .small family of important trees, consisting chiefly of the two
following genera.
1. jtTGLANS L. Walnut
Stamens 12-40 ; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several
together on a peduncle at tlie end of the branch, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing
4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short ; stigmas 2, somewhat club-
shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indclii.scent epicarp, and a
mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nutsliell. — Trees, with odd-
JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) 331
pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets. Pith in plates. (Name contracted
from Jovis gla?is, the nut of Jupite^. )
1. J. cinerea L. (Butternut, White W.) Leaflets 7-17, oblong-lanceo-
late, pointed, rounded at base, downy especially beneath, the petioles and
hranchlets downy with clammy hairs ; fruit ellipsoid^ clammy^ pointed, the nut
deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rich
woods, N. B. to the mts. of Ga., w. to Ont., " Dak.," e. Kan. and Ark. — Trunk
16-30 m. high, with gray bark, widely spreading branches, and lighter brown
wood than in the next.
2. J. nigra L. (Black W.) Leaflets 11-17 (-" 28"), ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above, the lower
surface and th.Q petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical^ roughly dotted, the
nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom. — Rich woods, w. Mass. to Fla., w.
to Ont., Minn., and Tex. —A large and handsome tree, with rough dark bark
and valuable purplish-brown wood. ^
2. CArYA Nutt. Hickory
Stamens 3-10 ; filaments short or none, free. Fertile flowers 2-5 in a cluster or
short spike, on a peduncle terminating the shoot of the season ; calyx 4-toothed;
petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a
4-valved firm and at length dry exocarp (involucre), falling away from the
smooth and crustaceous or bony cndocarp or nutshdl, which is inccnnpletely
2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-celled. — Fine timber-trees with hard and
very tough wood, and ^caly buds, from -which in spring are put forth usually
both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts
ripen and fall in October. (Kapi^a, an ancient name of the Walnut.) Scoria
Raf. (1808); Hicorius Raf. (1817); Hicoria Raf. (1836).
§ 1. Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one)
from separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding
year; bud-scales feio ; fruit elongated; the thin-shelled nut 2-celled below;
seeds sweet ; leaflets short-stalked^ numerous.
1. C. illinoensis (Wang.) K., Koch. (Pecax.) IMinutely downy, becoming
nearly smooth ; leaflets 9-17, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen-
der point, falcate, serrate; nut olive-shaped. (C. olivaeformis Nutt. ; Hicoria
Pecan Britton.) — River bottoms, s. Ind. to la., e. Kan., Tex., and Ala. —
A large tree (25-50 m. high), with delicious nuts.
§ 2. Sterile catkins in threes {rarely more) on a common peduncle from the axil
of an inner scale of the common hud, therefore at the base of the shoot of
the season^ lohich, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile
flowers; fruit globular or ovoid; nut 4:-celled at base; leaflets sessile or
nearly so.
* Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively inwrapping, the inner ones accres-
cent, becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous;
husk of the fruit splitting p7\pmptly into 4 more or less thick and ichen dry
hard or woody valves ^ seed sweet and deliciotis. (The Hickory Nuts of
the market.)
2. C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (Shell-bark or Shag-bark H.) Bark of trank
shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming large
and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed ; leaflets 5-7,
when young minutely downy beiieath, flnely serrate, the three upper obovate-
lanceolate, the lowpr pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ;
fruit globular or depressed ; nut ichSe, flattish -globular, barely mucronate, the
sheU thinnish. (C alba Nutt.; Hicoria ovata Britton.) — N. E. and w. Que.
to north shore of L. Huron, e. Minn., Tex., and Fla. — A large and handsome
tree (20-28 m. hish, or more), yielding the principal Hickory Nut of the
markets. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe appears to be merely a small-
fruited extreme of this species.
332 BETULACEAE (bIRCH FAMILY^
3. C. lacinibsa (Michx. f.) Loud. (Big Shell-bark, King Nut.) Bark,
etc. , as in no. 2 ; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath ; fruit ovoid, 4-ribbed
above the middle, the husk very thick ; nut large (8-5 cm. long) and usually
angular, dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both
ends. (C. sulcata Nutt.; Hicoria laciniosa Sarg.) — Centr. N. Y. and Pa. to
s, Ind., la., e. Kan., and I. T. — Trunk 20-30 m. high, or more, in rich soil of
bottom lands.
4. C. dlba (L.) K. Koch. (Mocker Nut, White-heart H.) Bark close,
rough, but not shaggy nor exfoliating on old trunks ; catkins, shoots, and lower
surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented ; leaflets 7-0,
lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fi'uit globular or ovoid,
with a very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridged tovard
the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled, 2.5 cm. in diameter
or smaller. (C. tomentosa Nutt.; Hicoria alba Britton.) — E. Mass. to n.
shore of L. Erie, e. Neb., and s. to the Gulf. — Tree 20-30 m. high, usually on rich
upland hillsides. A species not to be confused with C. alba Nutt., which is
now to be called C. ovata.
5. C. microcarpa Nutt. With rough close bark, small ovoid buds, and the
glabrous foliage, etc., of no. 7 ; fruit small, subglobose, with rather thin husk ;
nut thin-shelled, not angled. {Hicoria Britton ; H. glabra, var. odorata Sarg.;
H. borealis Ashe ?) — " Que." and e. Mass. to Del., Mich., and Mo.
** Bud-scales numerous or few ; husk of the fruit thin and, rather friable at
maturity, ^-valved oifly to the middle or tardily to near the base ; seed more
or less bitter.
-s- Bark of trunk exfoliating in long strips.
6. C. aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. (Bitter Pecan.) Bud-scales few, sub-
valvate ; leaflets 0-15, falcate-lanceolate, attenuate, serrate, of firm texture;
nut strongly compressed and sharply angled; seed very bitter. {Hicoria
Britton.) — River vswamps, Va. to s. Ill, Mo., Tex., and Ela.
•«- -t- Bark not exfoliating.
7. C. glabra (Mill.) Spach. (Pignut or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly
as in no. 4, but smaller, caducous ; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly
so ; leaflets 5-7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate ; fruit
pear-sliaped to ovoid; nut (3-5 cm. long) icith thick bony shell; the oily
seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish. {C.porcina Nutt.; Hicoria glabra
Britton.) — Dry woodlands, s. Me. to Fla., w. to Ont., Minn., e. Neb., and
Tex. —Tree 20-30 (rarely 37) m. high. Passing to
Var. villbsa (Sarg.) Robinson. Petioles, rhachises, and peduncles sordid-
villous ; the lower surface of the leaflets mostly paler, covered with broader and
more numerous peltate scale-like glands. (Hicoria glabra, var. Sarg. ; H. vil-
losa and H. pallida Ashe.) — Va. to Mo. and south w.
8. C. cordif6rmis (Wang.) K. Koch. (Bitter Nut or Swamp H.) Scales of
the small yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing ; catkins
and young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous ;
leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; fruit turgid-ellipsoid, narrowly
6-ridged ; nut turgid, smoothish, shallowly reticulate-sulcate, globular, short-
pointed, white (barely 2.5 cm. long), thin-walled, with slender-conical beak and
persistent expanded stigma ; seed at first sweet-tasted, soon extremely bitter.
(C. amara Nutt, ; Hicoria minima Britton.) — Rich woods, w. Que. and N. E. to
Fla., li. shore of L. Huron, Minn., e. Neb., and Tex. — Tree 15-30 m. higli ;
JRisk and shell thinner and less hard than in other species. Kocli, who first
transferred Juglans cordiformis Wang, to (7«7'2/a, confused other material with it,
but the binomial technically rests on the plant of VVangenheim.
BETULAcEAE (Birch Family)
Monoecious {rarely dioecious) trees or shrubs, luith alternate simple straight-
veined leaves and deciduous stipules; the sterile flowers in catkins, the fertile
BETULACEAE (lilKCH FAMILY) 333
clustered^ spiked, or in scaly catkins; the 1-celled and 1-seeded nut with or
ivithout a foliaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous anatropous
ovules in each cell ; fruit seemingly 1-celled and l-ovuled ; styles 2. Seed v?ith
no albumen, filled with the embryo, and with 1 integument.
Tribe I. CORYLEAE. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx ; stamens 3 or more to each bract
and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers 1-celled). Fertile flowers in a
short ament or head, 2 to each bract, and each ^vith one or more bractlets which form a folia-
aceous Involucre to the nut.
* Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside ; fertile flowers few.
1. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, inclosing the large acorn-like nut.
* * Bract of staminate flower simple ; fertile flowers in short catkins; nut small, achene-like.
2. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.
3. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged spreading leafy bractlet.
Tribe II. BETtlLEAE. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins pendulous.
Stamens 2-4, and calj'x usually 2-4-parted. Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no involucre
to the small compressed and often ^^inged nut.
4. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with or soon after the nuts.
5. Alnus. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, becoming woody, long-persistent.
1. CORYLUS [Tourn.] L. Hazelnut. Filbert
Sterile flowers consisting of 8 (half-) stamens with 1-celled anthers, their
short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering more or less with the inner
face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers several from a scaly bud ; ovary
tipped with the short limb of the adherent calyx, one of the ovules sterile ; style
short ; stigmas 2, red, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or subglobose, inclosed
in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre consisting of the two bractlets
enlarged and often grown together and lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very
thick (raised to the surface in germination), sweet and edible ; the short radicle
included. — Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves (folded
lengthwise in the bud), flowering in early spring ; sterile catkins single or fas-
cicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating
early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from /copus, a helmet, from
the involucre.)
1. C. americana Walt. (Hazelnut.) Ticigs and petioles often glandular-
bristly ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, pointed ; involucre open above down to
the globose nut, of 2 broad foliaceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their
bases coriaceous and downy or with glandular bristles intermixed ; pericarp
bony. — Thickets, N. E. to Sask., and southw.
2. C. rostrata Ait. (Beaked H.) Twigs and petioles not glandular-bristly ;
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed ; involucre of
united bracts, much prolonged above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak,
densely bristly ; pericarp thinnish and membranaceous. — Que. to B. C, s. to
Del., Mich., Mo., and westw.; also in the mts. to Ga.
2. OSTRYA [Mich.] Scop. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood.
Sterile flowers consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract ; fila-
ments short, often forked, bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers ; their tips hairy.
Fertile flowers a pair to each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled
2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx,
tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and inclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in
fruit becomes a closed bladdery ellipsoid bag, very much larger than the small
smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of stro-
bile, in appearance like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard wood,
brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch ; leaves open and
concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers appear-
ing with the leaves ; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from scaly buds at the tips
33i BETULACEAE ( BIRCH FAMILY)
of the branches of the preceding year ; the fertile single, terminating short leafy
shoots of the season. (The classical name.)
1. 0. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. (American Hop H., Leverwood.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply double-serrate, downy beneath,
with 11-15 principal veins ; buds acute ; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the
base. (0. virginica Willd.) — Rich woods, N. S. to Man., Minn., Neb., and
southw.
3. CARPINUS [Tourn.] L. Hornbeam. Ironwood
Sterile flowers similar to those of Ostrya. Fertile flowers several, spiked in
a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a
pair of flowers ; the single involucre-like bract open, enlarged in fruit and foli-
aceous, merely subtending the small ovate several-nerved nut. — Trees or tall
shrubs, with close gray bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined
leaves resembling the Beech ; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The
early Latin name. )
1. C. caroliniana Walt. (American H. ; Blue or Water Beech.) Leaves
ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply double-serrate, soon nearly smooth ; bractlets
3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sjjaringly cut-toothed on one side, acute. — Along
streams, N. S. to w. Out., and southw.
4. BETULA [Tourn.] L. Birch
Sterile flowers 3 (the bractlets 2) to each shield-shaped scale or bract of the cat-
kins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments with l-celled
anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, each division bearing an anther-
cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each 3-lobed bract, without bractlets or calyx,
each a naked ovary, becoming a winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara)
crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer bark often separable in sheets,
that of the branchlets dotted. Buds sessile, scaly. Sterile catkiiLS terminal and
lateral, ses.sile, formed in summer, remaining naked through winter, and expand-
ing in early spring, with or preceding the leaves ; fertile catkins ovoid to cylin-
drical, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season.
(The ancient Latin name.)
* Trees or shrubs ; the leaves with the 8 or more pairs of nerves impressed
above ; fruiting catkins thick (1 cm. or more)., short-cylindric to ovoid, their
scales rather persistent ; wing of frtiit not broader than the seed-hearing body.
H- Bark and twigs sweet-aromatic ; leaves membranaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate,
with rounded or cordate bases, regularly serrate, green both sides ; fertile
catkins sessile, erect.
1. B. lenta L. (Cherry, Sweet, or Black B.) Bark oitrarik dark brown,
close, in age becoming ashy-bro^^^l and furrowed, very sweet-aromatic ; lejives
ovate or ovate-oblong from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply
and finely double-serrate, when mature bright green above and glabroiLS except
on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins short-cylindric (1.5-2.5 cm. long) ; the
scales firm and smooth, with short and divergent lobes. — Rich woods, Nfd. to
Ont., s. to Del., Ind. and centr. la. ; also along the mts. to Fla. and Tenn.
2. B. liitea ^lichx. f. (Yellow or Gray B.) Bark of trunk yellowish- or
silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers, less aromatic ; leaves slightly or
not at all heart-shaped and often harrowed toward the base, duller green above
and usually more downy on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins narrow-ovoid
to subglobose, the more foliaceous scales mostly Ioniser, pubescent and with nar-
rower barely spreading ciliate lobes. — Rich moist woods, Nfd. to Man., s. to Del.,
111., and Minn. ; also along the mts. to Tenn. and N. C. — Trees with character-
istics somewhat intermediate between this and B. lenta have been called B.
alleghaniensis Hritton .
■»-■*- Bark not aromatic; leaves firm, rhombic-ovate, cuneate to subtruncate at
base, irregrdarly dentate-serrate, lohitish beneath; fertile catkins peduncied.
soft-downy.
BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) 335
3. B. nigra L. (Kiver or Red B.) Tree with creenish-brown somewhat,
laminate bark and redilish -twiu-s ; leaves acuti.sh at both ends, when young
downy underneath ; petioles, peduncles, and thick-cylindric catkins tomentose ;
bracts with oblonu:-linear nearly equal lobes. — Banks of streams and in swamps
e. of the Alleghenies from e. Mass. to Fla., thence w. to Tex. ; and through the
bottom-lands of the Mississippi R. system.
* * Trees or shrubs xoith slender cylimlric fruiting catkins, their scales readily
deciduous ; leaves {of the fruiting branches) with 7 or less pairs of
prominent veins.
A- Wing distinctly broader than the body of the fruit; trees or stout shrubs luith
lohite, whitish, or brown papery bark.
•w Bark dull, chalky- or ashy-white, smooth and close, the layers not readily
exfoliating ; starninate catkin usually solitary.
4. B. populif51ia Marsh. (White, Gray or Old Field B.) Trunk iLSually
ascending, rarely 10 m. high; leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed
(usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad base, smooth and shining
both sides, except far the resinous glands when young, tremulous on veiy slender
petioles ; fruiting catkins slender-stalked, ascending, 1-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick ;
the drab or ashy-brown icide-spi-eading scales 2.5-4 ram. long, their lobespubera-
jent. — Poor sandy or rocky soil, commonest near the coast, P. E. I. to Del., w.
to L. Ont.
■w- ++ Bark lustrous, creamy- or pinkish-white to bronze, freely splitting into
papei'-like layers ; starninate catkins mostly 2 or 3.
= Branchlets and leaves strictly glabrous from the first.
5. B. pendula Roth. (White or Caxoe B.) Branches slender and flexuous,
often drooping, the branchlets iLSuall}^ verrucose with resiniferous atoms ; leaves
glutinous when young, lirm, rhombic-ovate to deltoid or broad-ovate, subcuneate,
truncate, or subcordate at base, long-acuminate, slender-petioled ; fertile catkins
pendiiloiLS, 1.5-3 cm. long, 6-9 mm. thick ; the ascending brown or straw-colored
scales 3-5 mm. long, glabrous except for the ciliate margin. (B. verrucosa
Ehrh.) — Rocky upland woods and slopes, Que. to Alaska, locally s. to Me., Vt.,
111., Man., etc. (Eurasia.) — A polymorphous boreal species, of which the N. E.
phase has recently been designated as B. caerulea Blanchard (Blue B.).
= = Branchlets puberulent or pubescent ; young leaves (except in var. minor)
^ pubescent beneath.
6. B. alba L. (Paper, Canoe or White B.) Branches and branchlets ascend-
ing ; resiniferous atoms, if present, mixed with long hairs : leaves ovate, tai'er-
pohited, from rounded to cuneate at base, in maturity 3-0 cm. long, smooth and
green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little haii^ on the veins beneath, sharply
and unequally double-serrate; fruiting catkins 1.5-4.5 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm.
thick, spreading or drooping on slender peduncles ; the mostly ciliate-margined
ascending scales 3-7 mm. long. (B. pubescens Ehrh.) — Large shrub or medium-
sized tree, Nfd. to B. C, s.1io N. E., the Great Lake region, etc. (Eurasia.)
Passing to the commoner American
Var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. Usua,lly a larger tree, with mature leaves
6-9 cm. long. (B. papyrifera Marsh.) —Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Pa., lad., u. la..
Neb., Wyo., and Wash.
Var. glutin5sa (Wallr.) Trautvetter. Branches pendulous ; leaves 3-5 cm.
long, pilose on the veins beneath ; catkins on straight pfdundes. — Wassataquoik
Valley, Me. (Eu.)
Var. cordif51ia (Regel) Fernald. Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, pilose on the
veiiLS beneath. — Cool woods and mts.. Lab. and Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. E., L.
Superior, la., and westw. — Becoming a dwarf shrub on alpine slopes.
Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fernald^ Stout dwarf shrub; leaves elliptic- or
truncate-ovate, glutinous, glabrous. 1.5-4 cm. long; starninate catkin often soli-
tary; fruiting catkins mostly ascending, 1.3-3 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick. CB.
38G BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY)
papyracea, var. Tvickerm.) — Alpine regions and cold bogs, Lab. to Sask., s. to
n. N. E. and Minn. ((Jreeul.)
-*- ■(- Wings nnrrov^ttr than or raniy as broad as the body of lite fruit., or want-
ing ; shrubs with dark scarcely paptry bark., subsessile or short-petioled
thickish or coriaceous small leaves., and narrowly ovoid or cylindric mostly
erect sessile or short-pedu)icled catkins.
■H*- Young branchlets. pubescent with long soft hairs.
7. B. pumila L. (Low or Swamp B.) Stems 0.5-3 m. high, erect or ascending,
not glandular ; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly soft-
downy; (cavf's obova^tt., orbicular, or renifonn, l-o.o cm. long, not resiniferous,
pale beneath., veinlets on both faces ^finely reticulated ; fruiting catkins 0.7-3 cm.
long, 5-9 mm. thick. — Bogs, Lab. and Nfd. to Ont., s. to n. N. J., O., Ind., 111.,
and Minn. (Eurasia.)
Var. glandulifera Regel. Young branchlets and leaves resiniferous or glandu-
lar-dotted.— (Jnt. and Mich, to Minn, and Sask.
++ ++ Young branchlets glabrous or at most minutely puberulent, conspicuously
dotted with resinous wart-like glands.
8. B. glandulosa Michx, (Dwarf B.) Stems erect or depressed, 0.3-2 m.
high, or when alpine procumi)ent ; leaves icedge-obovate. 0.5-3 cm. long, green
and glabrous both sidfs, slighlly reticulated; fruiting catkins 0.5-2.5 cm. long,
3-7 mm thick. — Arctic barrens, s. to mts. of N, B., Me., and N. H. ; L.
Superior, xVlinn., etc. (.\sia. ) Var. rotixdifolia (Spach) Regel. Very
dwarf ; leaves orbicular orreniform. — Arctic regions to mts. of Me. and N. H.
(Alaska ; A.sia. )
5. ALNUS [Tourn.] Hill. Alder
Sterile catkins with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely ^A flowers upon each short-
stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with a 3-5-parted calyx and
as many stamens ; filaments short and simple ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins
ovoitl or ellipsoid ; the fleshy .scales each subtending 2 flowers and a group of
4 little scalelets adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are woody
in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3-5-lol)ed. — Shrubs or small trees with
few-scaled leaf-buds and solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins. (The
ancient Latin name. )
* Flowers developed with the leaves ; the sterile catkins from naked buds formed
the preceding season; the fertile from scale-covered buds; fruit with a
conspicuous thin wing.
1. A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh. (Green or Mountain A.) Shrub with young
branches and peduncles sparingly puberulent or glabrat^ ; leaves round-oval,
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, in maturity 3-6 cm. long, glutinous and smooth,
or slightly pubescent on the principal veins beneath., irregularly serrulate or
biserrulate with very fine and sharp clo.sely set teeth, the margins often puck-
ered ; fertile catkins slender-stalked, looselj^ racemose, in maturity 1-1.5 cm.
long. {A. viridis Man. ed. 6, in part, not DC. ; A. Alnobctula Am. auth., in
part, not K. Koch.) — Cool shores and mts.. Lab. to N. B. ; Mt. Katahdin, Me. ;
Mt. Washington, N. H. ; Whiteface Mt., N. Y. ; and on the mts. to N. C.
2. A. m611is Fernald. (Downy Green A.) Shrul) or small tree; young
branches and peduncles permanently soft-pubescent ; leaves permnnently covered
beneath with dense soft hairs, in maturity 4.5-11 cm. long ; mature fertile catkins
1.2-2 cm. long. (A. viridis Man. ed. 0, in ]iart, not DC. ; A. Alnobetuln Am.
auth., HI part, not K. Koch.) — Damp thickets and expo.sed rocky banks, s. Nfd.
to L. Winnipeg, s. to s. Me. and N. H., w. Mass., N. Y., and L. Superior. —
(Ordinarily distinct, but possibly an extreme variation of A. crispa.
* * Flowers developed in earliest spring before the leaven ; the catkins all from '
naked buds formed the preceding season ; fruit vnngless or ivith a narroic
coriaceous margin.
FAGACEAE (^ BEECH FAMILY) 837
3. A. incana (L.) M(»eiich. (Speckled or Hoary A.) Shrub or small
tree (rarely (J m. high); leaven broadly elliptical to ovate, mostly rounded at
base, sharply aud doubly serrate, the upper surface dark green and ii:ith impressed
nerves, the lower mostly downy at least on the nerves and ferruginous to glau-
cous : stipules lanceolate ; fruit (samara) orbicular. — Swamps aud borders of
streams, 2st'd. to Sask., s. to Pa., n. la., and Neb.; the common Alder along our
northern borders, (Eurasia.)
4. A. rugosa (Dulioi) Spreng. (Smooth A.) Shrub or small tree ; leaves
obovate, acute at base, sharply and almost regularly serrate with minute teeth,
thickish, green both sides, rarely impressed-nerved, smooth or sparingly pubes-
cent beneath ; stipules oval ; fruit ovate. (^4. serrulata Willd.) — Me. to Fla.
and Tex., rarely inland to Minn. ; mostly on the coastal plain noithw., more
general southw. — Many shrubs near the n. limits of this range appear inter-
mediate between this and the last species.
5. A. vulgXris Hill. (Black A. of Europe.) Tree with dark gi'een
flabellate-obovate or suborbicular coarsely dentate glutinous leaves. — Escaped
from cultivation and locally established, Nfd. to N. J. and Pa. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * * Flowers in aittumn (S^^pt.) from catkins of the season ; the fertile mostly
solitary in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later; fruit
wingless.
6. A. maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. (Sea-side A.) Glabrous ; leaves oblong,
ovate, or moovate, with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate,
bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruitin,?; catkins large, ovoid or ellipsoid
(1.5-2.0 cm. long). — Del. and Md., near the coast; also I. T. — A small tree.
FAGACEAE (Beech Family)
Monoecious trees or shi'iibs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves,
deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins or capitate clusters, the fertile
solitary or slightly clustered, the 1-celled and 1-seeded nut inclosed (or partly
inclosed) in a cupule consisting of more or less consolidated bracts, which
become indurated. Ovary 3-7-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell (only 1
ripening); styles 3. Seed with no albumen, filled by the embryo, and with
2 integuments.
* Sterile flowers in a small head on drooping peduncles.
1. Fagus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts.
* * Sterile flowers in slender catkins.
2. Castanea. Cupule 2-4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2-4-valved when ripe.
3. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and without valves ; nut terete.
1. FAGUS [Tourn.] L. Beech
Sterile flowers with deciduous scale-like bracts ; calyx bell-shaped, 6-7-cleft ;
stamens 8-16 ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in
pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, invested by numerous awl-shaped bract-
lets, the inner coherent at base to form the 4-lobed involucre ; calyx-lobes 6,
awl-shaped ; ovary 3-celled with two ovules in each cell ; styles thread-like,
stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-
prickly coriaceous involucre, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves.
Cotyledons thick, f(jlded and somewhat united, but rising and expanding in
germination. — Trees with a close and smooth ash-gray bark, alight horizontal
spray, and undivided .strongly straight-veined leaves, wliich are open and convex
in the tapering bud and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the
leaves, the yellowish staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the
upper axils of the leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from
(payeiv, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.)
gray's manual — 22
338 FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)
1. F. grandifblia Ehib. Large tree; leaves oblong-ovate, mostly cuneate at
base, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, light green ; petioles
and midrib soon nearly naked ; prickles of the grayish or yellowish fruit subu-
late-filiform, elongated, recurved or spreading. {F. ferruginea Ait. ; F. amerU
cana Sweet.) — Rich uplands, N. B. to w. Ont., s. to Va., Mich, and Minn.
Var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fernald & Rehder. Leaves ovate to short-obo-
vate, darker green, mostly rounded or subcordate at base and often less coarsely
toothed ; prickles of the rufescent fruit short, subulate. — Coastal plain, N. J.
to Fla. and Miss. ; also from 0. to Mo. and Tex.
2. CASTANEA [Tourn.j Hill. Chestnut
Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins ;
calyx mostly 6-parted ; stamens 8-20 ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled.
Fertile flowers usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre ; calyx
with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3-7-celled 6-14-ovuled ovary ; abortive sta-
mens 5-12 ; styles linear, exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary ; stigmas
small. Nuts coriaceous, inclosed usually 2-3 together or solitary in the
involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering, remaining
underground in germination. — Leaves strongly straight-veined, undivided.
Flowers later than the leaves, cream-color ; the catkins axillary near the ends
of 'the branches, wholly sterile or the upper androgynous with the fertile flowers
at the base. (The classical name, from that of a town in Thessaly.)
1. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (Chkstxut.) A large tree ; leaves ohlong-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at base, when mature
smooth and green both sides; nuts 2 or 3 (rarely even 7-9) in each involucre,
flattened on one or both sides, very sweet. (C. sativa, var. americana Sarg.) —
Rocky woods and hillsides, s. Me. to Ont., and southw.
2. C. pumila (L.) Mill. (Chixquapix. ) A spreading shrub or small tree;
leaves oblong^ acute, serrate with pointed teeth, ichitish-downy beneath; in-
volucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid pointed nut scarcely half as large as the
common chestnut, very sweet, solitary, not flattened. — Dry woods and thickets,
N. J. to Ind., and southw. ; introd. northw.
3. QUERCUS [Tourn.] If. Oak
Sterile flowers in naked catkins ; bracts caducous ; calyx 2-8-parted or -lobed ;
stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat clus-
tered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed stigma,
inclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated cup {cupula)
around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining underground
in gerinination ; radicle very short, included. — Flowers greenish, yellowish, or
reddish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral scaly bud,
filiform and hanging in all our species. All the species inclined to hybridize
freely. (The classical Latin name.")
§ 1. Bark pale, often scaly ; leaves and their lobes or teeth obtuse (rarely with sharp teeth), never
bristle-pointed ; stamens 6-S ; scales of the cup more or less woody and knobby at base •.
stij^mas sessile or nearly so ; abortive ovules at the base of the perfect 8e*»d : inner surface
of shell of nut glabrous ; fruit maturing the first year ; kernel commonly sweetish. —
LEi'iooBA.LANU.t Endl. a.
a. Leaves deciduous, sinuate-toothed or lobed b.
b. Leaves Urate or sinuate-pinnatifid c.
c. Mature leaves glabrous beneath \. Q. alba.
c. Mature leaves finely pubescent beneath d.
d. Scales of the cup naked, not awned.
Fruit nearly sessile ; the fine-scaled saucer-shaped cup one
third to half as high as the ovoid acorn . . " . .2. Q. stellata.
Fruit peduncled ; the coarse- scaled cup nearly covering the
depressed-globose acorn 3. <2- Jyrata.
d. Upper scales of the cup long-awned 4. Q. rnacrocarpa.
b. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed (except slightly in
no. 5). — ClIKSTMT ().\K8 6.
X Fruiting peduncle "2. 5-6 cm. long, much exceeding the petioles . 5. Q. bicolor.
FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)
339
6. Q. Miehauxii.
7. Q
S. Q.
9.
10.
Muhlenhergii.
prinoides.
Q. PrinxiH.
rirginiana.
/■
g-
e. Fruit sessile or on very short peduncles.
Cup '2.5-:3 cm. broad ; scales free to the base ....
Cup at most 2.5 cm. broad, only the small tips of the scales
distinct. •
Leaves with acute or pointed teeth.
Leaves with S-13 teeth on each margin ....
Leaves with 3-T teeth on each margin ....
Leaves with somewhat rounded teeth
a. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spinj- -toothed
§ 2. Bark dark, furrowed : leaves deciduous, their lobes and teeth acute and bristle-pointed (at
least in youth) ; stamens mostly 4-6 ; cup-scales membranaceous ; styles long and spread-
ing ; abortive ovules near the top of the perfect seed ; inner surface of shell tomentose;
fruit maturing the second 3'ear. — Eryturubal.\nl'S Spach. (Eed
or Black Oaks.) /.
Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the lobes
or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed g.
Mature leaves green on both sides ; species closely related and
freely hybridizing h.
h. Longest lobes of the leaf about equaling (never t^vice as long as)
the breadth of the broadish middle portion of the leaf .
h. Longest lobes of the leaf 2-6 times as long as the breadth of the
narrow middle portion of the leaf i.
i. Scales of the cup closely appressed j.
j. Expanded saucer-shaped portion of the cap 3-5 mm. high,
1-1.5 cm. broad
Cups larger.
Cups brown or castaneous, the scales finally glabrate and
lustrous
Cups ashy with persistent dull pubescence.
Cup 2-2.6 cm. broad ; acorn l.S-2.3 cm. thick . . .14.
Cup 1.2-1,S cm. broad : acorn O.S-l.T cm. thick
i. Upper scales of the cup loosely imbricated
g. Mature leaves whitish or grayish beneath with close down.
Lobes elongate, at least the terminal falcate 17. Q.falcata.
Lobes broadly triangular IS. $. ilicifolia.
f. Leaves entire or "with few teeth (or somewhat 3-5-lobed at summit),
commonly bristle-pointed ; acorns globular, small (rarely over
13 mm. long) k.
Leaves %videning or often much dilated upward and more or less
sinuate or 3-5-lobed.
Leaves glabrous ; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical .
Leaves rusty-pubescent beneath ; cup turbinate . ,
Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire.
Leaves permanently stellate-pubescent beneath
Leaves glabrous or "glabrate beneath
i-
11. Q. rubra.
12. Q.palusiris.
13. Q. coccinen.
Q. texann.
15. Q. ellipsoidalis.
16. Q. velutina.
k.
I'd. Q. nigra.
20. Q. marilandica.
21. Q. imhricaria.
22. Q.pheUos.
1. (J. dlba L. (White O.) Leaves when young
white-lanate beneath, irhen matitre pale or glaucous
beneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely
cut into 5-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire
lobes; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough ortuber-
cled at maturity, puberulent, much shorter than the
ovoid or ellipsoid (2-3 cm. long) acorn. — Dryi.sh or
upland woods, s. ]\Ie. to Ont., Minn., and southw.
Fig. 670.
2. Q. stellata Wang. (Post
O., Iron {).) Leaves grayish-
or brownish-downy tinder-
neath, dark green and rough
above, thickisb, sinuately cut
into 5-7 rounded divergent
lobes., the upper ones much
larger and often IS-notched ;
(Q. minor Sarg.) — Sandy or
sterile soil, Mass. to la.. Neb., and southw. Fig. 671.
Q. Margaretta Ashe, with narrower small leaves
glabrate and with lobes merely rounded at tip, is pos-
siblv a hvl)ri<l of Q. stellata and Q. alba.
3. Q. iyrata Walt. (Over-cip O.. Swamp Post O.)
Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-
oblong, acute at base, more or less deeply 7-9-lobed, 671. Q. stellata
acorn 1-2 cm. long.
840
FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)
white-tomentose hrneath or at length smoothish,
the lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse,
entire, or sparingly toothed ; cup round-ovoid,
thin, with rugged pointed scales ; acorn about 2
cm. long. — River swamps, N. J. to Ind., Mo.,
and south w. Fig. 672.
4. Q. macrocarpa Michx. (Bur O., Over-
cup or MossY-cup 'O. ) Leaves obovate or oblong,
lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or
nearly parted, sometimes nearly entire, irregular,
downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly and
obtusely toothed,
or the smaller ones
entire; cup deep,
thick and woody
(2-5 cm. across),
loith hard and thick
pointed conspicu-
ously imbricated
scales, the upper
672. Q. lyrata. ^^^^^ avmed, usu-
ally making a mossy-fringed border ; acorn broadly
ovoid, half immersed in or entirely inclosed by the
cup. — Rich soil, N. S. to Man., s. to w. Mass.,
Ky., and Tex. — A large and valuable tree ; ex-
tremely variable in the size and fringe of the
Fig. 673. Var.
OLIVAEFORMIS (MichX. f.)
small sub-
67'3. Q. matfrocarpa.
cups.
Gray is a narrower-leaved form with
cylindric acorns.
5. Q. bicolor Willd. (Swamp White 0.) Leaves
obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base,
coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather pinnati-
fid than toothed, usually soft-downy and white-hoary beneath, the primary veins
lax and little prominent ; cup \-\ as long as the acorn, woody, the upper scales
awn-pointed, sometimes forming a mossy-fringecj
margin ; acorn 2-3
cm. long. {Q.
platanoides Sud-
worth.) — Borders
of streafns and
swamps, s. Me. to
Ont., Minn., and
southw. — A large
tree, with flaky
bark. Fig. 674.
6. Q, Michauxii
Nutt. (Basket O.,
Cow ().) Leaves
oval or obovate,
acute, obtuse, or
even cordate at
base, regidarly
dentate (seldom
deeply), rather
rigid, commonly
tomento.se beneath; stamens usually 10; fruit
short-i)e(luncled ; cup shallow, tuberculate with
hard and stout acute scales, tips of the inner-
?nost (iftrn t'oiMning a stiff fringe; acorn ovoid-
Q. bicolor.
subcylindric, twice as
high
as the cup, about
675. Q. Michauxii.
FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)
341
676. Q. Muhleiibeigii.
CTT. Cj. prinuides.
3 cm. Ions:. — Borders of streams and swamps, Del.
to Mo., and soutliw. Fi<;. 075.
7. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm, (Yellow 0., Chest-
nut O.) Leaves (1-2 dm. long) slender-petioled,
often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or
pointed, mostly obtuse or rounded at base, almost
equally and rather sharply toothed; cup subsessile,
shallow, thin, of small oppressed scales; acorn glo-
bose or obovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long. {Q. acuminata
Houba.) — Dry limestone hillsides
and rich bottoms, Vt. to Del., along
the mts. to n. Ala., w. to Minn.,
e. Neb., and Tex. — A tall tree,
with thin eventually flaky bark.
Fig. 676.
"T^ v\|!^^ 8. Q. prinoides Willd. Like the
/r /\nI^^^^^^^^ ^^^' ^^^ ^-^ ^'"'^^ stature (usually
// \ /■ ^L ^~^ ^^^- ^^c^)' "^^^^^ smaller more
undulate leaves on shorter petioles
(rarely 1 cm, long), and deeper
cups icith more tumid scales. — Dry
soil, N. H. to Minn., and southw.
— Branchlets glabrous; leaves cov-
ered beneath with a close white tomentum. Fig. 677. Var.
RUFEscExs Rehder differs in having the young branchlets
pubescent and some tawny wool mixed with the white to-
mentum on the under surface of the leaves. — Damp woods
and pine-barrens, e. Mass. to N. C.
9. Q. Prinus L, (Chestnut O.) Leaves thick, obovate or oblong to lanceo-
late, sometimes acuminate, with an obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate-
toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath, the
primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent
beneath ; fruiting peduncles shorter than the
petioles, often very short ; cup thick, mostly tu-
berculate icith hard and stout scales. — Rocky
banks and hillsides, s. Me. to Ont., and southw.
— A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed
bark. Fig. 678.
10. Q. virginiana Mill. (Live O.) Leaves
small, oblong or elliptical, hoary beneath (as well
as on the branchlets) ; peduncle
usually conspicuous, l-^Mruited ;
cup top-shaped ; acorn subcylin-
dric ; cotyledons completely united
into one mass, (Q. virens Ait.)
— Along the coast from Va. to Fla.
and Tex. — Becoming a large tree,
or in sterile soil dwarf. Fig. 670,
11. Q. rubra L. (RedO.) Cup
saucer-shaped or flattish, with, a
narrow raised border, 1.8-2.5 era.
broad, of rather fine closely ap-
pressed scales, sessile or on a veiy
abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter
than the narrow-ovoid or ellipsoid acorn, which
is 2-3 cm. long; leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately
(rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a
few coarse teeth ; bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish. — Common both in rich
and poor soil. — Timber coarse and poor. Fio. (i80. Along our northern
borders passing to Var. AMsfouA (Michx. f.) Feriiald. (Gkay O.) Cups
678. Q. Priuus.
342
FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)
681. Q. palustris.
GSO. Q. rubra.
divergent and sparingly cut-tootlied
tending to be deeper and somewhat turhinate (Q.
ainhi(jua and borealis Michx. f. ; Q. coccinea, var.
ambigua Gray.)
12. Q. palustris Muench. (Swamp Spanish or Pin
O.) Cup Jiat-saucer-tihaped^ sometimes contracted into
a short scaly base or stalk, fine-scaled, very much
shorter than the usually glo-
bose or depressed acorn, which
is 1-1.5 cm. long ; leaves
deeply pinnatifid with diver-
gent lobes and broad rounded
sinuses. — Low grounds, chietly
on the coastal plain and in
the Miss, basin ; ^fass. to Va.,
w. to Kan. and Ark. Fig. 681.
1.3. Q. coccinea Muench.
(Scarlet U.) Cup Hop-
shaped^ or hemispherical
loith a conical base (1.5-2.2
cm. broad), coarsely scaly,
covering half or more of the subglobose or short ovoid
acorn (1.3-2 cm. long), the scales brown, appressed
and glabrate ; leaves, at least on f nil-grown trees,
bright green, shining above, glahrous beneath, turning
red in autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender lobes
small; bark of the trunk gray, the
interior reddish. — Dry light soil, s.
Me. to Ont.. Minn., and Neb., s. to
N. C. and 111., chiefly eastw. Fig.
682.
14. Q, texana Buckley. (Red
O.) Cup deeply saurei'-shaped or
somewhat turbi)iate, 2-2.0 cm. broad,
the light brown or ashy scales per-
manently tomentulose, except on the
margin, covering one third to one
half of the ovoid large (1.5-4 cm.
long) acorn ; leaves in maturity
bright green and glabrous above,
paler and with axillary tufts of hairs
beneath, turning dark red or brown
in autumn, the 5-9 oblong lobes
buds
682. Q. coccinea.
slightly broadened upward and toothed at
summit; bark gray, becoming in old trees
reddish-brown and broken into plates. —
Bottom-lands and limestone hills, Ind. to
la., s. to N. C, Fla., and Tex. — A
large tree with conspicuously buttres.sed
15. Q. ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. (Yel-
low or Hi.ACK ().) Cup turbinate or
deeply saucer-shaped, 1.2-1.8 cm. broad,
the pale brown or ashy scales puberulent,
covering from one third to more than one
.<\
683. Q. tillipsuidalis.
FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)
343
6Si. Q. velutina.
half of the dark-brown puberulent often
striped ellipsoid to subglobose small (1.2-2
cm. long) acorn; leaves smooth and lus-
trous in age, icith axillary tvfLs beneath^
becoming yellow or pale brown in autumn,
the 5-7 oblong lobes coarsely toothed at sum-
mit ; hark gray, close and smooth, or in age
shallowly fissured, light yelloxo within. — Clay
or gravel, s. Mich, to Man. and la. — A me-
dium-sized tree, in habit said to resemble the
eastern Q. palustris. Fig. 683.
16. Q. velutina Lam. (Qlercitkon, Yel-
low-barked or Black 0.) Cuj) turbinate,
or hemispherical loith a conical base, 1.8-
2.3 cm. broad, its upper pubescent thin light-
chestnut scales loosely imbricated or squar-
rose when dry ; acorns ovoid to hemispherical,
1.2-2 cm. long, light-brown, often pubescent ;
leaves variously divided, ordinarily with hairy
tufts in the axils beneath, turning brownish,
orange, or dull red in autumn ; bark dark-
brown and rough, internally orange. (Q.
tinctoria Bartr. ; Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria
A. DC.) — Dry or gravelly uplands, s. Me. to w. Ont.,
and south w. — The bark is largely used in tanning.
Fig. 68-4. Var. missouriensis Sarg. Leaves with
permanent rusty pubescence beneath, and cup-scales
tomentose. — Mo. and Ark.
17. Q. falcata Michx. (Spanish 0.) Leaves gray-
ish-dovniy or fnlvous underneath, S-^-lubed above
(sometimes entire); the lobes prolonged, mostly nar-
row and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the
terminal one. entire or sparingly cut-toothed ; acorn
globose, 8-10 mm. long ; cup saucer-shaped with a
somewhat top-shaped base and about half the length
of the acorn. {Q. digitata Sudworth ; Q. pagodae-
folia Ashe.) — Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. ; and
from s. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. — A large or small tree,
extremely variable in foliage ; bark excellent for tan-
ning. Fig. 685.
18. Q. ilicifolia "Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub
O.) Dwarf (1-3, rarely 6, m. high), straggling;
leaves (5-10 cm. long) thickish, obovate, wedge-
shaped at base, angularly about D(S-7)-lobedy
white-downy beneath; lobes short and triangular,
spreading ; acorn 10-12 mm.
long. (Q. nana^SLTg.) — Sandy
barrens and rocky hills, N.
686.
19. Q. nigra L. ("Water O. ) Leaves
glabrous and shining, obovate-spatulate
or narroioly icedge-form, with a long
tapering base and an often obscurely
3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate.
{Q. aquatica Walt.) — Wet ground,
around ponds, etc., Del. to the Gulf;
and from Ky. and Mo. to Tex. — Tree
8-12 m. high ; running into many vari-
eties, especially southw. ; the leaves on
686. Q. ilicifolia. Seedlings and strong shoots often in-
6S5. Q. falcata.
E. to O. and Ky. Fig
687. Q. nigra.
844
UKTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY)
688. Q. marilandica.
cised or sinuate-pinnatifid (then mostly
bristle-pointed). Fig. 687.
20. Q. marilandica Muench. (Black
Jack or Barren U.) Leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely
cordate at the base, widely dilated and
somewhat 8 (rarely
5)-lobed at • the
summit, occasionally
with one or two
lateral conspicuously
bristle-tipped lobes
or teeth, rusty-pubes-
cent beneath^ shin-
ing above, large,
1-2.5 dm. long. (Q.
nigra Man. ed. 6,
not L.) — Dry sandy
barrens, or heavy clay soil, L. I. to s. Minn., e. Neb.,
and south w. — A small tree of little value. Fig.' 688.
21. Q. imbricaria Michx. (Laurel or Shingle O.)
Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong^
thickish, smooth and shining above^
downy beneath, the down usually
persistent; cup between saucer-
shaped and top-shaped. — Rich wood-
lands. Pa. to Ga., w. to s. Wise, e.
Neb., and Ark. ; locally, e. Mass. {Kennedy). — Tree 8-27 m.
high. Fig. 689.
22. Q. phellos L. (Willow O.) Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, narrowed to both ends, soon glabrous, light green
(about 1 dm. long) ; cup saucer-shaped. — Bottom-lands or
rich sandy uplands, Staten I., N. Y. to Fla., w. to Ky.,
Mo., and Tex. Fig. 690. Var. laurif6lia (Michx.)
Chapm. (Laurel 0.) Leaves oblong, usually larger. {Q.
laurifolia Michx.) — N. J. to Fla. and La. 690. Q. phellos.
699. Q. imbricaria.
URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)
Plants with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious or rarely (in the Elm Tribe)
perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx free from the \(rarely 2)-celled
ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in the albumen when there is
any, its radicle pointing upward; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and
opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons usually broad. Stipules often de-
ciduous. — A large family (far the greater part tropical).
Tribe I. ^LMEAE. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's branches. Anthers erect
in the bud, extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed suspended. Embryo straight. — Trees, with
alternate serrate pinnately veined leaves and fugacious stipules.
1. Ulmus. Ovary 1-2-ovuled. Fruit winged all around.
2. Planera. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-like. ,
Tribe II. CELTfDEAE. As in Tribe I., but the monoecious-polygamous flowers upon branchep
of the same year. Anthers introrse. Fruit a drupe. Embryo curved.
-S. Celtis. Ovary 1-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Leaves 3-nerved at base.
Tribe III. CANNABInEAE. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile in
clusters or ciitkiiis. thi* I'alyx of one sei)al ejnbracing the ovary. Filaments short, erect in the
bud. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule, forming a small glandular
URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) 345
achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled. — Herbs with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed
or divided leaves and persistent stipules.
4. Cannabis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5-7 -divided. Erect.
5. Hamulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin In fruit.
Leaves 3-5-lobed. Climbing.
Tribe IV. m6rEAE. Flowers unisexual ; calyx becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers in-
flexed in the bud. Ovule pendulous. Fruit an achene. Embryo curved. — Trees or shi-ubs,
with milky juice, alternate leaves, and fugacious stipules.
6. Madura. Sterile flowers in loose racemes ; fertile in globose heads. Leaves entu-e.
T. Broussonetia. Sterile flowers in dense catkins ; the fertile in globose heads. Leaves serrate,
often lobed.
8. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, 3-nerved.
Tribe v. URXfCEAE. Flowers unisexual. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Style or stigma
simple. Ovary 1-celled, -with an erect ovule, forming an achene in fruit. Embryo straight. —
Herbs with watery juice.
* Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals.
■»- Plant beset with stinging bristles.
9. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight and erect, inclosed by
the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.
10. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2. Stigma long-
subulate. Achene very oblique, deflexed, nearly naked. Leaves alternate.
-J- +- Plant whoUy destitute of stinging bristles ; leaves opposite.
11. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small, Achene
partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining,
* * Fertile calyx tubular or cup- shaped, inclosing the achene ; unarmed.
12. Boehmeria, Flower-clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style long and thread-shaped, stig-
matic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate.
13. Parietaria. Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. Leaves alternate,
entire.
1. ULMUS [Tourn.] L, Elm
Calyx 'bell-shapecl. 4-0-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with lono; and slender filaments.
Ovary 1-2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of
each cell; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge. Fruit a
l-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara. Albumen none ; cotyledons large.
— Flowers purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters. Leaves strongly straight-
veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at base.
Stipules small, caducous, (The classical Latin name.)
* Flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicular^ not ciliate ; leaves very rotigh above.
\. U. fulva Michx. (Slippery or Red E.) Buds before expansion soft-
downy with rusty hairs ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate, 1-2
dm. long, sweet-scented in drying, soft-downy beneath or slightly rough down-
ward ; branchlets and pedicels downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens 5-9; frnit {1.6-
1.8 cm. wide) with the cell pubescent. —Rich soil, w. Que. and N. E. to L. Huron,
the Dakotas, and soutliw. Mar., Apr. — A small or middle-sized tree (15-20 m.
high), with tough reddi.sh wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.
2. U. CAMPESTRis L. (English E.) A large irregularly branched tree with
glabrous pedicels and large suborbicular glabrous fruit. — Commonly planted for
shade, and tending to e.scape. —Variable; some forms with corky-winged
branchlets. (Introd. from Eu,)
* * Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, which are jointed above the middle;
fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate ; leaves smooth above or nearly so.
-*- Floioers vernal, appearing before the leaves.
3. U. americana L. (American or White E.) Buds glabrous; branches
not corky ; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often
846 URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY}
doubly serrate (5-10 cm. long), soft-pubescent beneath or soon glabrate ; flowers
in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the
margins (1.2 cm. long), its sharp points incurved and closing the notch. — Moist
woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. Apr. — A large and well-known
ornamental tree, variable in habit, usually with spreading branches and droop-
ing branchlets.
4. U. racembsa Thomas. (Cork or Rock E.) Bud-scales downy-ciliatesind
somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with corky
ridges ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ;
flowers racemed ; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger. ([/". Thomasi
Sarg.) — River-banks and calcareous ridges, w. Que. and w. Vt. to Ont. and
Minn,, s. to Mo. and Ky. — A large and very valuable tree.
5. U. alata Michx. (Wahoo or Winged E.) Bud-scales and branchlets
kearly glabrous; branches^ at least some of them, corky-winged] leaves downy
beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (3-6 cm. long);
calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face when young. — Va. to s. Ind., s.
Mo., and southw. Mar. — A small tree.
•f- -t- Flowers autumnal^ appearing long after the leaves.
6. U. ser6tina Sarg. Tree of moderate size ; leaves narrowly obovate, acumi-
nate, doubly serrate, paler and soft-pubescent beneath ; flowers racemose ; calyx
cleft nearly to the base., its divisions very narrow; fruit rhombic-ovate, 2-horned,
5 mm. broad. — Limestone hills and bottoms, s. Ky. to n. Ala. and Ga.
2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. Planer Tree
Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose down the
inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous. — Trees with small leaves, like those of
Elms, the flowers appearing with them in small axillary clusters. (Named for
J. J. Planer, 1748-1789, a German botanist and professor at Erfurt.)
1. P. aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. (Water Elm.) Nearly glabrous;
leaves ovate-oblong, small ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough
projections. — Coastal swamps, N. C. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in the Miss, basin
to Mo. , s. 111. and Ky. Apr. — A rather small tree.
3. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. Nettle-tree. Hackberry
Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single
suspended ovule; stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Cotyledons folded
and crumpled. — Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs,
peduncled, appearing with the leaves, the lower usually staminate only, fascicled
or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. (A name of Pliny's
for an African species of Lotus, transferred to this genus perhaps on account
of the sweet berries).
1. C. occidentalis L. (Sugarberry.) Tjcaves reticulated, ovate, cordate-
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspicuously and sharply so,
more or less oblique at base, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so or only
toward the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually soft-pubescent
beneath, at least when young ; fruit reddish or yellowish, turning dark purple at
maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the petiole. {C. canina Raf.)
— Woods and river-banks, w. Que. and N. E. to Man., and southw. Apr., May.
— A small or sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and
edible f luits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovoid, ripe in autumn ; the flesli
thin. Variation as to stature, foliage, form and color of fruit, etc., great in
extent but without clear correlation. Var. ptjMiLA Muhl. is a dwarf form, being
merely a low straggling shrub. Var. crassif6lia (Lam.) Gray is a tree and
may often be distinguished by its pubescent branchlets and large (9-13 cm.
long) commonly cordate leaves scabrous on tlie upper surface.
2. C. mississippiensis Bosc. Leaves entire (rarely few-toothed), uer?/ ?o«^
URTICACEAE (XETTLE FAMILY) 347
taper-pointed^ rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth ; fruit small.
— Chiefly in rich bottom-lands, s. Ind. to Mo. (Bush), and s. to Fla. and Tex,
— A small tree with warty bark. (Mex., Bermuda.)
4. CANNABIS [Tourn.] L. Hemp
Flowers green ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 5
sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved.
— A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7 linear-lanceolate coarsely
toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of very tough fibers. (The
ancient Greek name, of obscure etymology.)
1. C. SATivA L. — Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Asia.)
5. HAMULUS L. Hop
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and
5 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins ;
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort o^ mem-
branaceous strobile. Achene invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Em-
bryo coiled in a flat spiral. — Twining rough perennials, with stems almost
prickly downward, and mostly opposite heart-shaped and palmateiy 3-7-lobed
leaves. (A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.)
1. H. Lupulus L. (CoMMOx H.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, commonly longer
than the petioles ; bracts, etc.. smoothish ; the fruiting calyx, achene, etc.,
sprinkled icith yellow resinous grains, which give the bitterness and aroma to
the hop. — Alluvial -banks, rubbish heaps, etc., common. July. (Eurasia.)
2. H. JAPoxicus Sieb. & Zucc, with smaller more deeply 5-Iobed leaves and
herbaceous bracts without glandular atoms, occasionally escapes from frequent
cultivation. (Introd. from Japan.)
6. MACLURA Nutt. Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc
Flowers dioecious ; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted calyx,
and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud ; the pistillate in a dense globose head, with
a 4-cleft calyx inclosing the ovary. Style filiform, long-exserted ; ovule pen-
dulous. Fruit an achene. buried in the greatly enlarged fleshy calyx. Albu-
men none. Embryo recurved. — Trees with entire pinnately veined leaves,
axillary peduncles, and stoi^t axillary spines. (Named for the early American
geologist, William Maclure.)
1. M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneider. A tree 10-15 m. high; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, poiwted, mostly rounded at base, green and shining ; syncarp
EClobose, yellowish-green, 7-10 cm. in diameter. {loxylon Raf. ; Toxylon Sarg. ;
M. aurantiaca Nutt.) — Rich soil, s. Mo. to n. Tex. ; extensively used for
bedges and sometimes spontaneous eastw. — Wood bright orange.
7. BROUSSONETIA L'H^r.
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in flexuous aments ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4 ;
filaments inflexed in bud ; fertile flowers in dense globular tomentose heads.
Leaves alternate, ovate, often irregularly lobed, pubescent and more or less
scabrous. (Named for Auguste Bronssonet, of Montpellier, physician and
naturalist.)
1. B. PAPTRfFERA (L.) Vcnt. (Paper Mulberry.) Often cultivated and
said to escape in the Middle Atlantic States and south w. (Introd. from Asia.)
8. m6RUS [Tourn.] L. Mulberry
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4 ;
filaments elasticaliy expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and
disappearing ; styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene ovate,
348 URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY)
compressed, covered l)y the succulent Ijerry-like calyx, the whole spike thus
becoming a thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggi'egate fruit. (The classical
Latin name.)
1. M. rubra L. (Red M.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy
beneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ; flowers frequently dioecious ;
fruit dark purple, long. — Rich woods, w. N. E. to s. Out., the Dakotas, e. Kan.,
and southw. May. — Large tree, ripening its blackberry-like fruit inifuly.
2. M. ALBA L. (White M.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate,
sometimes lobed, smooth and shining; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous near
houses. (Introd. from Eu.)
9. URTICA [Tourn.] L. Nettle
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, clustered, the clusters mostly in
racemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted
around the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in -Dairs ; the
2 outer smaller and spreading ; the two inner flat or concave, in iruit mem-
branaceous and inclosing achene. — Stipules in our species distinct. Flowei-s
greenish ; in summer. (The classical Latin name ; from urere, to burn.)
* Perennials ; flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often dioecious.
•t- Petiole more than half as long as the leaf-breadth.
1. U. gracilis Ait. Slender (0.6-3 m. high), sparingly bristly and often with
some short grayish pubescence ; leaves narroioly lance-oblong, 1—3 cm. broad,
pointed, serrate, 3— 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base,
almost glabrous, with relatively small teeth (2-")-3.3 on each side the middle leaves) ;
spikes slender and loosely panicled. — Fence-rows and moist ground, common.
2. U. Lyallii Wats. Sparingly bristly and sometimes grayish pubescent ;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly 3-7 cm. broad, rusually cordate, with
fewer and coarser teeth (15-23 on each side) ; otherwise much like the pre-
ceding. — Alluvial thickets and waste places, Nfd. to Ct. and w. N. Y. ; also
Rocky Mts. and westw.
-f- -^ Petioles less than half as long as the leaf-breadth.
3. U. Dioi'cA L. (Stinging N.) Very bristly and stinging, 6-9 dm. high ;
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, dovniy beneath as well as
the upper part of the stem ; spikes much branched. — Waste places and road-
sides, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Annuals; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole,
androgynous.
4. U. tjREss L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate
with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than the lateral ones ;
Jloiot^r-rlustcrs 2 in each axil, small and loose. — Waste grounds, near dwellings,
easLw, ; scarce. — Plant 1-3 dm. high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.)
5. U. chamaedryoides Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; Jloicer-clnsters globular, 1-2 in
each axil, and spiked at the summit. — Alluvial shaded soil, from Ky. to the
Gulf States ; casual northw. — Slender, 2-7 dm. high, sparsely beset with stings.
10. LAP6RTEA Gaud. Wood Nettle
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. Fl.
Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. Fl. Calyx of 4
sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much
larger. Stigma hairy down one side, persistent. Achene ovate, flat, reflexed
on the winged or margined pedicel, nearly naked. — Perennial herbs with large
serrate leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for Francois L. de. Laporte,
Count of Castelnau, Entomologist of the 19th century.)
SANTA L ACE AE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) 3^9
1. L. canadensis (L.) Gaud. Stem 6-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate, pointed,
strongly featlier-veined (7-15 cm. long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent ;
stipule single, 2-cleft. ( Urticastrum divaricatum Ktze.) — Rich woods, N. B.
to Ont., Minn., and south w. July-Sept.
11. PILEA Lindl. Rich weed. Clearweed
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Fert.
Fl. Sepals 3, more or less unequal, a rudiment of a stamen -commonly before
each in the form of a hooded scale. — Stingless, mostly glabrous and low
herbs, with united stipules ; the staminate flowers often mixed with the fertile.
(Named from the shape of the larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original
species, which partly covers the achene, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the
Romans.)
1. P. pumila (L.) Gray. Low (1-5 dm. high); stems smooth and shining,
pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, 3-ribbed and veiny ; flower-
clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate,
scarcely unequal. {Adicea Raf.) — Cool and moist shaded places. July-Sept.
12. BOEHMERIA Jacq. False Nettle
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ;
the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx inclosing
the ovary. Style elongated-awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one
side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed
calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. B. Boehmer, professor at Wittenl erg in
the 18th centuiT. )
1. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. Perennial, smoothish or .somewhat pubescent ; stem
(3-9 dm. high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all alternate), ovate to
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved ; stipules distinct ; petioles
mostly elongated; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small
clustei-s densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile
interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently leaf-bearing at the apex. —
Moist or shady ground, centr. Me. to Ont., and southw. — Very variable.
Var. scabra Porter. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, less sharply pointed, smaller,
and scabrous-pubescent. — N. J. and Pa., and southw. and westw.
13. PARIETARIA [Tourn.] L. Pellitory
Flowers monoeciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect
intermixed in the same cymose axillary clusters ; the sterile much as in the
last ; the fertile with a' tubular of bell-.shaped 4-lobed and nerved calyx inclosing
the ovary and the ovoid achene. — Homely diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging,
with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin
name, because growing on old walls.)
1. P. pennsylvanica ^luhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched,
minutely di:)wny : leaves ohlong-lanceolate, thin, veinj', roughish, with opaque
dots ; flowers shorter than the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded rocky banks.
Little Cranberry I., Me. {Bedfidd) ; e. Mass, and Vt. to Ont., Minn., and
southw. June-Aug.
P. DEBiLLs Forst. , with small ovate leaves (8-11 mm. long), few-flowered
axillary clusters, and short involucres {about equaling the flowers)^ has been
found once on PaiUuckaway Mt., s.e. N. H. {Eaton) ^ where probably of casual
introduction. (Eurasia, Pacific N. Am., S. Am.)
SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood Family)
Herbs, shrzibs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4:-5-cleft calyx valvate in the
bud, its tube coherent inith the 1-celled ovary ; ovules 2—4, suspended from the
350 SANTALACEAE (;SANDALAVOOD FAMILY)
apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from the base of the cell, but
the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed destitute of any proper seed-coat.
Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them
into the edge of a fleshy disk. Style 1. A small family, chiefly tropical.
1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low herbaceous perennials.
2. Pyrularia. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Shrub, with alternate leaves.
3. Nestronia. Flowers dioecious. Shrub, with opposite leaves.
1 . COMANDRA Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax
Flowers perfect. Calyx bell- or urn-shaped, lined above the ovary V7ith an
adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Anthers connected by a tuft of
thread-like hairs to the calyx-lobes. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned
by the persistent calyx-lobes. Smooth (sometimes parasitic) perennials, with
herbaceous stems from a rather woody base, alternate and almost sessile leaves,
and greenish-white flowers. (Name from k6/a77, hair^ and avrjp, a man, in allu-
sion to the liairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.)
L C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Rootstock underground ; flowering stems
1.5-4 dm. high, branched, very leafy ; leaves oblong, thin, pale beneath, 1— S.5
cm. long, the pale midrib prominent beneath ; inflorescence an ellipsoid
panicle with many cymules of small flowers on divergent branches; calyx-tube
conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry globular-urn- shaped fruit ; the
lobes oblong ; style slender. — Dry ground, centr. Me. to Wise, and Ga. May,
June. — Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees and shrubs.
2. C. Richardsiana Fernald. Rootstock superficial, very elongate and freely
branching ; flowering stems 0.5-2.5 dm. high, very leafy ; the strongly ascending
green leaves lanceolate to ovate, j^rm, not paler beneath, obscurely veiny ; inflo-
rescence corymbose, 1-3 cm. broad, of 1-6 few-flowered cymules on ascending
branches. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, e. Que. to Assina., s. to the Great Lakes,
Mo., and Kan. May-Aug.
3. C. pallida A. DC. Leaves narrower, more glaucous and acute, linear to
narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or some-
what cuspidate ; fruit ovoid, larger (G-10 mm. long), sessile or on short stout
pedicels. — Minn, to N. Mex. and westw.
4. C. livida Richards. Peduncles slender, axillary, Z-6-flowered, shorter than
the oval leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ;
style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Bogs, sterile soil, etc., Lab. to Mac-
kenzie, s. to s. N. B., mts. of n. N. E., Mich., and B. C. June, July.
2. PYRULArIA Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut
Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved, hairy-tufted at base in the male flowers.
Stamens 4 or 5, on very short filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands.
Fertile flowers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the
calyx, naked at the flat summit ; style short and thick. Fruit fleshy, pear-
shaped. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled deciduous leaves and
small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. (Name a diminu-
tive of Pi/rns, from the shape of the fruit.)
L P. pubera Michx. Shrubby, straggling (1-4 m. high), minutely downy
when young ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed at both ends, soft, very
veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike few-flowered, terminal ; calyx 5-cleft ;
fruit 2.5 cm. long. — Rich woods, mts. of Pa. to Ga. May. —Whole plant,
especially the fruit, imbued with an acrid oil.
3. NESTR6nIA Raf.
Calyx 4-5-lobed. Staminate flowers in .3-8-flowered slender-peduncled um-
bels ; the pistillate solitary, jointed upon short peduncles springing from opposite
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTH WORT FAMILY) 351
axils. Leaves oval, thin, deciduous, short-petioled. (Name said by its author
to be derived from a Greek word for Daphne.) Daubya Gray.
1, N. umbellula Raf. Low shrub, 3-8.5 dm. high; leaves 3-6 cm. long,
mostly acute ; flowers small, greenish; drupes at length globose, 1-1.3 cm. in
diameter. {Darhya umhellulata Gray.) — Parasitic on roots of trees, Va. to S. C.
and Ala. Apr., May.
LORANTHACEAE (Mistletoe Family)
Chiefly shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish^ yellowish^ or oUve-hrown
foliage^ parasitic on trees.
1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves foliaceous.
2. Arceuthobium. Anthers 1-celled. Berry compressed. Leaves scaie-like, connate.
1. PHORADENDRON Nutt. False Mistletoe
Flowers small, dioecious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several
to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular,
3(rarely 2-4)-lobed ; in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the
base of each lobe ; in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary ;
stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. — Yellowish-green woody para-
sites on the branches of trees, with jointed much-branched stems and thick
firm persistent leaves. (Name composed of 0a>/9, a thief ^ and 8ev5pov, tree ; from
the parasitic habit.)
1. P. flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. (American Mistletoe.) Leaves obovate,
glabrous. — On various deciduous trees, chiefly at low altitudes, N. J. and e. Pa.
to Fla. and N. Mex., inland in Miss, basin to Mo., s. Ind., and centr. O.
2. ARCEUTH6bIUM Bieb.
Calyx mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate
2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. Berry
compressed, on a short recurved pedicel. — Parasitic on Conifers, glabrous, with
rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves. (From dpKevdos, the juniper^
and ^tos, Ufe.^
1. A. pusillum Peck. (Dwarf Mistletoe.) Very dwarf, the slender scat-
tered or clustered stems 6-20 mm. high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut ;
scales obtuse ; flowers solitary in most of the axils ; fruit narrowly ellipsoid,
2 mm. long. (Bazoumofskya Ktze.) — On Picea and Larix, Nfd. and e. Que.
to Pa. and n. Mich. ( Wheelei'). Apr., May. — Often causing " witch's brooms"
on the host-plant.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Birthwort Family)
Twining shrubs^ or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous hmd
calyx valvate in bud and coherent {at least at base) vnth the G-celled ovary,
which forms a many-seeded Q-celled capsule or berry in fruit. Stamens 5-12,
more or less united vnth the style; anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled,
mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy rhaphe,
and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of bitter-tonic or
stimulant, sometimes aromatic, plants.
1. Asarum. Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments.
2. Aristolochia. Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens C, the sessile anthers adnate to
the stigma.
352 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTH WoilT FAMILY}
1. ASARUM [Tourn.j L. Asarabacca. Wild Gingbr
Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or -parted. Petals 0-3, when present rudi
mentary, awl- shaped, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Tips of the filaments
usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Capsule rather fleshy, globu-
lar, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds large, thick, — Stemless perennial
herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one
or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short-
peduncled flower close to the gi'ound in the lower axil ; in spring. (An ancient
name, of obscure derivation.)
§ 1. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary^ the tips inflexed in hud; filaments
slender^ much longer than the short anthers ; style barely G-lobed at the suia-
mit, with 6 radiating thick stigmas ; leaves a single pair ^ unspotted.
1. A. canadense L. Soft-pubescent ; leaves membranaceous, kidney- shaped,
more or less pointed (1-1.5 dm. wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, the
upper part of the short-pointed lobes more or less spreading, brown-purple inside.
— Rich woods ; common, especially northw. Var. reflexum (Bicknell) Robin-
son. Calyx-segments short, deltoid, early and rather abruptly reflexed. {A.
reflexum Bicknell.) — Ct., southw. and westw. Var. acuminatum Ashe,
Calyx-segments caudate-acuminate. {A. acuminatum Bicknell.) — From Ct.
westw. ; the commonest form in the prairie states.
§ 2. Calyx-tube inflated bell- or flask-shaped^ its base adnate to the lower half of
the ovary ; limb S-cleft, short; anthers sessile or nearly so, oblong -linear ;
styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the
cleft; leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one each year, often whitish-
mottled; peduncle very short; rootstocks chistered, ascending. — Hexastylis
Raf. (§§ 1 and 2 connect in foreign species.)
2. A. virginicum L. Nearly glabrous ; leaves round-heart-shaped (about 5
cm. wide) ; calyx short, campanulate, about 2 cm. long, reticulated within ; anthers
pointless. {A. minus Ashe ; Hexastylis virginica Small.) — W. Va. and Va. to
Ga., in the mts.
A. HETEKOPHYLLUM Ashc (with " campauulatc " calyx and "oval" seed)
and A. Memmingeri Ashe (with "urceolate" calyx and " sharply triangular "
seed) cannot be satisfactorily distinguished in the material at hand.
3. A. grandifl5rum (Michx.) Small. Closely similar in habit and foliage ;
calyx vf-ry large, open-campanulate, 2.5-5 cm. long. {A. macranthum Small ;
A. Shuttleworthii Britten; Hexastylis Shuttleworthii Small.) — Mts. of Va.,
Tenn., and N. C.
4. A. arifblium Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (6-15 cm. long) ; calyx
short-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short-pointed.
(Hexastylis Small.) — Va. to Fla. and La. A form (not always distinguishable)
with a more flask-shaped calyx has been described as A. Buthii Ashe.
"2. ARIST0L6CHIA [Toum.] L. Birthwort
Calyx tubular ; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted ;
sessile anthers wholly adnate to the short and fleshy 3-6-lobed or -angled style.
Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds very flat. — Twining, climbing, or
sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or
axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named from reputed medicinal proper-
ties).
* Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small
limb obtusely Z-lobed ; low herbs.
1. A. Serpentaria L. (Virginia Snakeroot.) Stems (1.2-4.5 dm. high)
branched at base, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, from a heart-shaped base
or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed ; flowers all next the root, short-
peduncled. — Rich woods, Ct. to Fla., w, to Mich., Mo., and La. July. —The
fibrous aromatic-stimulant root is well known in medicine.
POLYGONACEAE (^BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) S5'6
Var. hastata (NuLt.) Duchartre. Leaves narroio, lanceolate or linear-
oblong, sagittate or auriculate-hastate. {A. hastata Nutt. ; A. XashiiKea,niey.)
— iS. C. to Fla. and La. ; said to reach our southern limit in Va.
* * Calyx-tube stronghj curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the
short limb obscurely 'j-lobed ; very tall twining shrubs.
2. A. macrophylla Lam. (Pipe Vine, Dutchman's Pipe.) Nearly gla-
brous; leaves round-kidney-shaped (sometimes 4 dm. broad); peduncles with a
clasping bract ; calyx (3 cm. long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. {A.
Sipho L'Her.) — Kich woods, Pa. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Kan. May.
0. A. tomentosa Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped^
very veiny (8-16 cm. long) ; calyx yellowish with an oblique dark purple closed
orifice and a rugose reflexed limb. — Rich woods, N. C. to Fia., w. to s. 111. and
Mo. June.
* * * Calyx-tube straight, open, with ample 6-lobed limb, the lobes appendaged ;
anthers equidistant ; erect herbs ; flowers in ccxillary cymose fascicles.
4. A. Clematitis L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, sometimes cultivated,
has become locally established in the Atlantic States from N. Y. to Md. (Introd.
from Eu.)
POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family)
Herbs, loith alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ocreae,
these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly
perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 orS styles
or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Fruit usually an achene, com-
pressed or 8-4-angled or -winged. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the
3-6-cleft calyx.
* Flowers involucrate ; stamens 9 ; stipules none.
1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-clefl.
* * Flowers without involucre ; stamens 4 to 8.
•*- Stipular sheaths manifest ; ovule erect from the base of the cell.
■H- Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarg^g in fruit.
2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniform.
3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled.
++ ++ Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit ; achene triangular or lenticular.
4. Polygonvun. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Achenes inclosed by
the somewhat enlarged fruiting calyx (or exserted in a few species with lanceolate or
linear leaves).
5. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. Fruit much
ex<erted from the scarcely enlarged calyx. Leaves deltoid, sagittate or hastate.
6. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. Leaves hnear. Plant
heath-like.
-t- +- Stipules obsolete ; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk.
7. Bruilnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. TendrU-climber.
1. ERIOGONUM Michx.
Flowers perfect, involucrate ; involucre 4-8-toothcd or -lobed, usually many-
flowered ; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious
bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens
9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles o ; stigmas capitate. Achene triangular.
Embryo straight and axial, with foliaceous cotyledons. — Leaves entire, without
stipules. (Name from ^pi.ov, wool, and ybw, knee.)
1. E. longifolium Nutt. Perennial, erect ; leaves oblanceolate, acute oi
acutish, canescent beneath, the lower cuneate at base; sepals linear, caudate-
gray's manual — 23
354 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
attenuate, villous-canescent. — Sandy woods and barrens, " s. Mo." to Fla.
and Tex.
2. E. Alleni Wats. Terennial. erect ; leaves oblong, canescent-tomentose
beneath, flocculent or glabrate above, the lower rather abrupt at base; inflores-
cence leafy ; sepals elliptical, yellow, nearly glabrous. — Dry soil, mts. of W.
Va. and Va.
2. OXYRIA Hill. Mountain Sorrel
Outer sepals smaller and spreading, the inner broader and erect (but un-
changed) in fruit. Stamens 0. Stigmas 2, sessile, tufted. Achene lenticular,
thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, surrounded by a broad veiny wing.
Embryo straight, in center of the albumen, slender. — Low alpine perennial,
with ronnd-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the rootstock,
obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greeni.sh to crimson flowers clustered in
panicled racemes on a stoutish 1-2-leaved stem. (Name from 6^i;s, sour^ from
the acid leaves.)
1. 0. digyna (L.) Hill. Alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H., and far
north w. ; Rocky Mts. (Eu.)
3. RtTMEX L. Dock. Sorrel
Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spread-
ing in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored (in fruit called valves) and
convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle
on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3 ; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved,
lying along one side of the albumen, slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and
homely (mostly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorled in
panicled racemes ; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient
Latin name ; of unknown etymology.)
a. None of the leaves halberd- or arrow-shaped 6.
&. Valves entire or denticulate, 3-27 mm. broad c.
c. Grains of fruiting calyx 0, or single and minute, not one third as
long as the valves.
Valves very large, 15-27 mm. broad \. R. venostts.
Valves 4-7 mm. broad.
Pedicels with tumid joints . 2. R. PaUentia.
Pedicels obscurely jointed Z. R. occid&ntalis.
C. Grains 1-3, well developed, mostly one half to thre« fourths as
long as the valves d.
d. Pedicels filiform, curved or flexuous e.
e. Leaves crisped on the margin.
Grains chiefly plump and rounded at both ends . . . 5. R. crispus.
Principal grains tapering at summit 6. R. elongatuts.
e. Leaves llat /.
/. Pedicels with tumid joints, rarely exceeding the coriaceous
greenish, straw-colored, or dull brown calyx.
Grain s 3,
As broad as or broader than the wings of the valves . 7. R. pallidus.
Narrower than the wings . 8. R. mexicaJiuH.
Grain 1 9. R. aitissimus.
f. Pedicels obscurely jointed, mostly exceeding the membra-
nous finally purplish cab'x.
Grains 3 . . 4. R. Britannica.
Grain solitary 3. /if. occidentulis
d. Pedicels clavate, dettexed, straightish and slightly rigid, 2-3
times as long as the subacuminate valves . . . . \0. R. verticilhitus.
6. Valves entire or nearly so, scarcely 'I mm. broad, grain-bearing • 11. R. congloineratus.
6. Valves with long sharji salient tt'Otli at least near the base.
Perennial ; jtedicels filiform, longer than the subherbaceous valves 12. A'. ohtuHifoliua.
Perennial : pedicels thick, shorter than the thickish indurated
valves . . 13. A', pidcher.
Annual; teeth of the valves bristle-form . . . '. . .14. R. pernicdrioides.
a. Some or all the leaves halberd- or arrow-.shaped.
Valves much exceeding the fruit ; leaves arrow-shaped . . .16. R. Aceloxa.
Valves much exceeding the fruit ; leaves halberd-shaped . . .16. R. fut statu luH.
Fruit exserted from the minute scarcely chaugwd calyx . . . 17, R. Acetoaella.
POLYGON ACE AE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
355
§ 1. lAPATHUM [Tourn.] DC. (Dock.) Flowers perfect or monoeciously
polygamous ; herbage not sour or scarcely so. (Flowering through the
summer.)
ft 1. R. venbsus Pursh. Sttms from running
^»=^>.^^_^^____^ rootstocks, erect (2-6 dm. high or less), with
conspicuous dilated stipules ; leaves on short
but rather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, only the low-
est obtuse at base ; panicle nearly sessile, short,
dense m fruit ; valves entire, vnthout
grains,
— Sask.
691. R. venosus.
Fruitin"- calvx x 1.
61*2. E. Patientia.
Fruiting cal3-x x 1.
Tall and stout
693. E. occidentalis.
Fruitingr calvx x 1.
cordate with a deep si)ius, rose-color,
to centr. Mo., and westw. Fig. 691.
2. R. Patientia L. (Patience D.) Avery
tall species, green and glabrous or nearly so. with
ovate- oblong and lanceolate
leaves (broadest above the
base), those from the root
6-9 dm. long and 1-1.5 dm. broad ; pedicels icith tumid
joints; one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves
(6 mm. broad) usually bearing a very small grain, or its
midrib merely thickened at base. — Rich open soil, Nfd, to
N. Y. and Pa. (Nat. from Eurasia.) Fig. 692. Var. kur-
Dicus Boiss. Grain conspicuous, 2-3 mm. long. — Mich, to
Mo., and westw. (Nat. from Eurasia.)
3. R. occidentalis ^Vats. Smooth, stout, erect, usually purple-tinged ; leaves
large, flattish ; pedicels obscurely jointed ; valves broadly ovate
or orbicular, somewhat obtusely pointed, often denticulate,
6-9 mm. broad, all naked or one of them graiii-bearing. — Rich
(often brackish) soil, Lab. to Alaska, s. to e. Me., Minn., N.
Dak., Col., and Cal. Fig. 693.
4. R. Britannica L. (Great Water D.)
(1-2 m. high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather
acute at both ends, transversely veined, and
with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, including
the petiole, 3^ dm. long, the middle rarely truncate or ob-
scurely cordate at base) ; racemes upright in a large com-
pound panicle, nearly leafless ; whorls
crowded ; pedicels obscurely jointed; valves
orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, ob-
scurely heart-shaped at base, finely reticu-
lated, entire or repand-denticulate, all
grain-bearing. — Wet places, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ont., Minn.,
and Kan. Fig. 694.
5. R. crispus L. (Yellow D.) Smooth, 0.9-1.6 m.
high ; leaves loith strongly vxivy-curled margins, lanceolate,
acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at base ;
whorls crowded in pi'olonged v:and-like racemes, leafless
above; pedicels with tumid joints; valves round-heart-
shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, 4-6 mm. broad,
mostly all grain-bearing ; the grains very plump, subglobose
to ellipsoid, with rounded ends. — In cultivated and waste
ground, very common. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 695.
6. R. eloxgatus Guss. Resembling B. crispus, and per-
haps a variety of it ; grains lance-ovoid, attenuate. — Widely
distr., and becoming common. (Nat. from Eu.)
7. R. pallidus Bigel. f White D.) Depressed or ascend-
ing ; root white; leaves glaucous, narrowly lanceolate, or
69.5. E. crispus. the lowest obloug ; the lowest braiiches of the dense panicle
Leaf xVg. spreading at nearly right angles; pedicels much shorter than
Fruiting calyx X iVs- tlie loMtish-brown fruiting calyx; valves deltoid-ovate, 3-4
694. E. IJritanniea.
Fruiting calyx x 1.
356
POLYGON ACE AE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
697. K.
mexicanus.
Fruiting'
calyx X 1%.
696. 11. pallidus.
Leaf X 1/3.
Fruiting calyces x 1%,
mm. long, the tips but slightly exceeding the conspicuous
whitish ovoid or lance-ellipsoid large grains; achene.s 2-3
mm. long. (i?. salicifolius Man. ed. 6, in part, not Wein-
manu. ) — Salt m^i'shes, beaches and rocks, coast of N. S. ,
N. B., and N. E. Fig. 696.
8. R. mexicanus Meisn. Upright ; leaves linear-lance-
olate to narrowly oblong, pale green or glaucous ; panicle
very dense, its branches strict or strongly ascending ; pedi-
cels shorter than or sometimes exceeding the olive- to
ruddy-brown deltoid-ovoid calyx; valves 3.5-6
mm. long, the tips much exceeding the narrovply
ellipsoid to subulate brown grains; achenes
1.7-2.3 mm. long. (R. salicifolius Man. ed. 6,
in part, not Weinmann.) — Rich (often brack-
ish) soil, Lab. and Nfd. to Assina. and B. C,
locally s. to centr. INIe., Mich., and Mo. ; and
abundant along the Rocky Mts. to centr. Mex.
Fig. 697.
9. R. altissimus Wood. (PaleD.) Rather
tall (1-2 m. high); leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
pale, thickish, obscurely veiny (the cau-
line, 7-15 cm. long, contracted at base
into a short petiole) ; racemes spike-like
and panicled, nearly leafless ; whorls
crowded ; pedicels nodding, shorter than
the fruiting calyx; valves brfiadly ovate
or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or acut-
ish, entire, loosely reticulated, one with a conspicuous grain,
the others wMth a thickened midrib or naked. — Alluvial
soil, Ct. to Neb., and southw. (Mex.) Fig.
608.
10. R. verticillatus L. (Swamp D.) Rather
tall (1-1.6 m. high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale green,
the lowest often heart-shaped at base ; racemes
nearly leafless, elongated, loose, the whorls
crowded or the lower ones distant ; fruit-bear-
ing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly re-
flexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting
calyx; valves dilnted-rhomboid, obtusely some-
tchat pointed, strongly rugose-reticidated, each
bearing a very large grain. — Wet swamps,
w. Que. and Vt. to w. Ont., and souihw. Fig.
699.
11. R. coxglomkrXtus Murr. Smoothish;
leaves oblong ; panicle leafy ; pedicels short ;
valves obtuse, subentire, all grain-bearing, the
callosities rclativfdy large and conspicu-
ous.— Va. {Curtiss according to Tre-
lease) to S. C. ; also Cal. (Adv. from
Eu.)
12. R. oHTCsiP'oLirs L. (Bitter D.)
Stem r(jngliisli ; loioest leaves ovate-heart-
shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins beneath,
somewhat wavy-margined, the upper oblong-lanceo-
late, acute; v^horls loose and distant; valves ovate-
700. ir. obtusifolius. halberd-shaped, vnth some sharp awl-shaped teeth
Base of leaf x 1/ ^^ base. Strongly reticulated. — Fields, roadside
Two whorls of infloresence x 1, ditches, etc., very common. (Nat. from.Eu.) Fig.
Fruiting calyx x 2^^. 700
69S. U. altissimus.
Leaf X %■
Fruiting calyces x 1%
699. K. ver
ticillatus.
Leaf X 1/3.
Fruiting ca-
lyces X 1.
POLYGON ACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
357
13. R. PULCHER L. Leaves oblong, frequently constricted
above the base, mostly acute ; valves ovate, many-toothed,
soon coriaceous, very strongly reticulated. — Ballast grounds,
etc., Va. to La. ; Cal. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 70L
14. R. persicarioides L. (Golden D.) Mi-
nutely pubescent, diftusely branched, 2-0 dm. high ;
leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower au-
ricled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls excessively
701 E Dulcher crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ;
A bit of inflores- "^^^^^^ rhoiubic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing
ceiice X 1. 2-3 long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large
Fruiting calyx x 2. grain on the back. (B. maritimus Man. ed. 6, not
L.) — Sea-shore, Que. to N. C. ; also in brackish or saline places,
Out. to 111., and westw. Fig. 70S.
\v
70-2. R. per-
sicariuides.
Fruiting
calvx X 2.
703. \l. Acetosa.
Leaf X 1/2-
§ 2. ACETOSA [Tourn.] DC. (Sorrel.) Flowers dioecious,
small, in a terminal naked panicle ; herbage sour; some
leaves ai^oio- or halberd-shaped; smooth perennials,
spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring.
15. R. Acet6sa L. (Garden S.) Erect,
3-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong or broadly
lanceolate, arrow-shaped ; valves rounded at
the apex, 4 mm. broad. — Lab. to Pa., and
westw. ; frequent near Quebec, compara-
tively local southw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.
703.
16. R. hastatulus Baldw. Stem simple,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear or lanceolate,
some of them hastate with divaricate basal
lobes ; valves ovate, 2.5 mm. broad. — Sandy
soil, near the coast, e. Mass. to Fla. and
Tex. ; inland in Miss, basin to 111., Mo., and
Kan. Fig. 704.
17. R. Acetosella L. (Field or Sheep
Fruitin- calvx X '> ^'^ ^^^ ^^~^ ^™- ^^S^) 5 \e^^^^ narrow- 704. E. hastatulus.
" • "■ lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least Leaf x 1/2-
the lowermost, the narrow lobes entire, widely spreading ; Fruiting calyces x 2.
pedicels jointed at the summit; sepals
scarcely enlarged in fruit, exceeded, by the naked achene.
— A common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 705.
4. POLYGONUM [Tourn.] L. Knotweed
Calyx 4-6 (mostly 5) -parted; the divisions often petal-
like, all erect in fruit, withering or persistent. Stamens
3-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3 ; achene accordingly lentic-
ular or 3-angular. Embryo placed in a groove on the
outside of the albumen and curved halfway around it ; the radicle and usually
the cotyledons slender. Pedicels jointed. — Ours all herbaceous, w'th fibrous
roots (except in P. viviparum), flowering through late summer and early
autumn. (Name composed of iroXv-, many, and yow, knee, from the numerous
joints.)
§ 1. AVICULApIA Meisn. Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate icith folia-
ceous bracts ; leaves and bracts jointed xipon a very short petiole adnate to
the short sheath of the 2-lobed or lacerate scarioiis stipules; stems striate ;
calyx 5-G-parted, usually more or less herbaceous ; stamois 3-8, the 3 iniier
705. E. Acetosella.
Leaf X 1.
Fruiting calyx x 2.
358
POLYGONACEAE (P.UCKWHEAT FAMILY)
filaments broad at base; styles 3; cotyledons incumbent; albumen horny ^
glabrous annuals, except nos. 1 and 2.
Achenes conspicuously exserted.
Prostrate, maritime ; achene broadly ovoid-pyramidal.
Calyx-lobes petaloid, broadly obovate ; foliage nearly white . . .
Calyx-lobes subherbaceous, oblong ; foliage pale green ....
Erect ; achene elongated, lanceolate-pyramidal
Achenes nearly or quite included by the fruiting calyx.
Branches terete or nearly so.
Flowers small; sepals (normally 5) white or roseate, 1.3-1.8 mm. long;
pedicels included.
Erect, much branched ; leaves linear-oblong, slightly rigid ; flowers
much surpassed by the bristle-like remnants of the stipules
Prostrate or rarely erect ; leaves not firm, bluish green ; flowers
mostly exserted beyond the hyaline flaccid torn stipules
Flowers larger, the pedicels exserted ; sepals (often 6) 2-3 mm. long.
Leaves elliptical, yellowish green, obtuse
Leaves lanceolate, acute • . . . .
Branches rather sharply angled.
Leaves strongly plicate ; flowers erect
Leaves flat with revolute margins ; flowers nodding ....
1. P. maritimum.
2. P. Foicleri.
3. P. exserttum.
4. P.prolijioiunh,
5. P. aviculare.
6. P. erectum.
1. P. ramosiissimum
8. P. (enue.
9. P. Do2iglasii.
706. P. maritimum.
Flowering branch X %
Fruiting caly.x X 3.
Stem-leaf x 1.
707. P. Fowlc-ri.
Upper part of stem
Fruiting calyx X 3.
1. P. maritimum L. Prostrate, very
glaucous, nearly white; leaves mostly
small, linear-oblong, very thick, usually
exceeding the short internodes ; stipules
silvery ; sepals broadly obovate, petaloid,
contracted at the base, the broad ro-
seate tips inclining to spread in fruit.
— Sandy sea-coast, Mass. to Fla. , local.
(Eu.) Fig. 706.
2. P. Fowleri Robinson. Prostrate,
pale green; leaves narrowly elliptic,
about equaling the full grown inter-
nodes; sepals oblong, herbaceous \vith
white or roseate margin, not con-
tracted at the base, rather closely ap-
pressed to the achene. (P. Bayi Am.
auth., not Babington.) — Sea-coast, e.
Canada and Me.; also Wash, to Alaska. Fig. 707.
.'5. P. exsertum Small. Erect much branched annual, 3-8
dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, rather light or pale green, 1-3
cm. long, usually exceeded by the internodes ; sepals oblong,
green, normally 5, unequal, closely appressed to the base
of the much exserted chestnut-colored ovate-lanceolate achene,
— Brackish meadows, N. B. to N. J. ;
and on sand-bars and prairies. 111., Mo.,
and Neb. to the Saskatchewan. Fig.
708.
4. P. prolificum (Small) Robinson.
Erect or nearly so, much branched,
slightly rigid, 3 dm. high ; leaves linear-
oblong, obtuse or acute, firm, in a dried
state veiny ; stipules soon frayed to
bristle-like remnants surpassing considerably the small
sessile roseate o-parted flowers. (P. ramosissimum, var.
Small. )— Sea-shore, e. Que. to Va. ; also Mo., Neb., and
Kan. Fig. 700.
5. P. aviculare L. Slender, mostly prostrate or ascend-
ing, bluish-green ; leaves lanceolate, (5-20 mm. long, usually
acute or acutish ; sepals hardly 2 mm. long, green with
piiikisli margins ; stamens 8 (rarely 5) ; achene dull and
minutely gran ular-stri ate, mostly included. — Common every-
where in yards, waste places, etc. (Eurasia.) Fig. 710 a-
708. P. exsertum.
Fruiting calyx x S.
Stem leaf x %.
709. P. i)ro]ificum.
Flowering branches
xy,.
POLYGON ACE AE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
359
6 e
710. P. aviculare.
a. Typical form x %.
b. V. littorale x %.
c. Stem-leaf of v. vegetum x %.
d. Stem-leaf of V. angust. x%.
doubtless elsewhere.
0. P. erectum L.
Var. littor^ie (Link) Koch. LeavevS
thick, often obtuse ; achenes slightly
shining, obscurely punctate or punctate-
striate. (P. littorale Link.) — A mari-
time and littoral form sometimes char-
acteristic, but passing to the typical
form and separated by no constant
character. (Ku.) Fig. 710 h.
Var. vegetum Ledeb. Larger, erect
or nearly so ; the leaves (often 3 cm.
long) oblong or narrowly elliptic, thin,
the margins crisped. — Rich soil and in
shade. (Eu.) Fig. 710 c.
Var. angustissi-
mum. ]\Ieisn.
Leaves linear, 5-9
times as long as
broad. — Summit
of Mt. Monad-
nock, N. H., and
(Eu.) EiG. 710 d.
Stout, erect or ascending, yello%A'ish-
green ; leaves elliptical^ 1.3-6 cm.
long, usually obtuse ; flowers yel-
loicish-green, about 3 mm. long,
on more or less exserted pedicels;
stamens 5-6 ; achene dull, included.
— Waysides, waste places, etc. Fig.
711.
7. P. ramosissimum Michx.
Erect or ascending, 0.6-1.9 m. high,
yello^^^sh-green ; leaves lanceolate (2-5 cm. long),
acute; sejials 6, the 3 outer 2-3 mm. long, carinate^
cucullate at the summit, drying green with yellow mar-
gins ; the inner sepals smaller, yellow ; stamens 3-6 ;
achene smooth, shining, included. (P. campornm of
auth. in part, not Meisn.) — Sandy soil, Me. and Mass.,
local; w. Pa. ; 111. to Minn., Tex., and westw. Fig.
. .-. Forma atlAxticum Robinson. Sepals 5 or rarely 6, roseate, not drying
yellow, nor even yello^^ish. — Frequent on the coast, Me. to R. L In habit
identical ^^ith the typical western form. 1
8. P. tenue Michx. Stem angled^ erect (1.5-4 dm. high), l
glabrous, or slightly scabrous at the nodes ; leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate to linear, 2-5 cm. long, acute at each end,
strongly plicate; flowers usually solitaiy, nearly
sessile, erect ;■ stsimens 8; achene included, dull
black.— Dry soil, s. Me. to S. C, w. to Man., Minn., ^1=3. P. tenne.
Neb., and Tex. Fig. 713. Stem-leaf (cut
\V 9. P. Douglasii Greene. Stem angled, erect; toshowphcate
U leaves lanceolate to linear, acute at each end, slightly °" ""''' ^^■
' rigid, the margins revolute but the surface not plicate ; pedicels
short but slendei>; flowers soon deflexed. — Rocky or sterile soil,
w. Me. to n. N. Y., Ont., and westw., local; common in Rocky
Mts. Fig. 714.
§2. BISt6rTA [Tourn.] L. Glabrous alpine perennials, loith thick bulh-lil-e
caudex and simple stems; floicers in a spike-like raceme; calyx colored,
deeply b-cleft ; stamens 8 ; styles 3, long.
10. P. viviparum L. Smooth, dwarf (4-35 cm. high), bearing a linear erect
spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their place) : leaves
711. P. erectum.
Flowering branch x %.
712. P. ramosissimum.
Fruiting calyx X 3.
Bit of flowering branch x %
Stem-leaf x%.
712
\l
714
p. Doug-
lasii.
Stem-leaf x %.
13.
P. densiflorv/m.
14.
P. amphibium.
15.
P. Muhlenbergii.
18.
P. Careyi.
19.
20.
P. Hydropiper.
P. acre.
21.
22.
P. orientale.
P. Persicaria.
360 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
lanceolate. — Alpine summits of N. E., shores of L. Superior, Col., and Utah to
Alaska and Greenl. (Eurasia.)
§ 3. PEKSlcAllIA [Tourn.] L. Flowers in dense spikes, with small scarious
bracts ; leaves not jointed on the petiole ; sheaths rylindrical, truncate, entire,
naked or ciliate-f ringed or margined ; calyx colored, b-parted, appressed to
the fruit; stamens -^S ; filaments filiform ; cotyledons accumhent.
Sheaths nearly or quite free from cUiation.
Annual; achene compressed.
Faces of the achene umbonate ; style or stamens exserted . , 17. P. longistylum.
Faces of the achene concave ; style and stamens included.
Achene 2.5-2.9 mm. broad.
Leaves glabrous beneath 16. P. pennsylvanicum.
Leaves more or less tlocculent-tomentose beneath, or tardily
glabrate 12. /*. tomentosum.
Achene 1.5-2 mm. broad 11. P. lapathifolium.
Perennial.
Spikes several in pedunculate panicles
Spikes solitary or in pairs.
Leaves elliptical, obtuse or acute ; spikes 1.2-2.4 cm. long ; pe-
duncles glabrous or nearly so
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate ; spikes 3-10 cm. long ;
peduncles hispid, often glandular
Sheaths bristly-ciliate.
Stem and peduncles glandular-hispid .,,.,..
Stem and peduncles not glandular-hispid.
Sepals dotted with dark glands.
Achene dull
Achene shining
Sepals not dark-dotted.
Annual.
Leaves ovate ; sheaths often with an herbaceous border
Leaves lanceolate ; sheaths without herbaceous border .
Perennial.
Sheaths with a spreading herbaceous border (14) P. amphibium, v. Ilariwrightii.
Sheaths without herbaceous border.
Appressed-bristly 23. P. setaceum.
Finely strigose or smoothish 24. P. hydropiperoides.
11. P. lapathifolium L. Annual, branching, 0.6-2.4 m. high, glabrous or
the peduncles obsoletely glandular; leaves lanceolate, attenuate upward from
near the cuneate base and acuminate, somewhat scaljrous with short appressed
hairs on the midrib and margin ; sheaths and bracts rarely somewhat ciliolate ;
spikes slender (1-5 cm. long), someiohat panicled, dense, erect or nodding;
flowers white or pale rose-color : stamens 6 ; achene ovate, rarely 2 mm. broad.
(P. incarnatum of auth. and ? Ell., the latter merely a robust large-leaved form
with long drooping spikes. ) — Wet places, common and variable. (Eu.) Var.
n-od6sum (Pere.) Weinmann is a stout form ^^•ith strongly nodose stems spotted
with red dots.
12. P. tomentbsum Schrank. Annual, simple or moderately Ijranched, 1-5
dm. high ; leaves huiceolate or lance-oblong, acute or barely acuminate, at least
the lower retaining more or less flocculent tomentum on the under .surface;
peduncles distinctly glandular ; spikes thickish, the' lateral scarcely peduncled;
flowers larger and mostly paler than in the last. — Moist ground. Nfd., e. Canada,
and N. E. to Cal. and B. C. (Eu. ) Pa.sses to the usually dwarf var. incXmm
(Schmidt) Giirke with leaves all permanently white- woolly underneath. (P.
lapathifolium, var. Koch.) — Sandy shores, sphairtuim bogs and occasionally on
rubbish heaps, N. ¥.. to N. J. and westw., chiefly along the Great Lakes. (Eu.)
13. P. densiflorum Meisn. Perennial, very stout ; leaves lanceolate, atten-
uate at each end, 2-3 dm. long, 3-6 cm. broad ; spikes several, slender, densely
flowered, rather rigidly erect, paniculate ; sheaths turbinate, much exceeded by
the slender pedicels ; styles 2 ; aclieiu; dark brown, strongly biconvex, smooth
and shining, 1.5 mm. broad. (P. portoricense Bertero. ) — S. Mo. to S. C, La,
and Tex. (Trop. Am.)
14. P. amphibium L. Perennial, aquatic or rooting in the murl. glabrous or
nearly so, rarely branching above the rooting base ; heaves usually floating,
smooth and shining above, mostly long-petioled, elliptical to oblong or some-
POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY^ 361
times lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, rounded or rarely subcordate at the base
(5-12 cm. long); peduncles glabrous: spike terminal, dense, ovoid or short-
cylindric (1.2-2.4 cm. long); Eowers bright rose-color, 3-6 mm. long; the 5 sta-
mens and 2-cleft style exserted. — Lakes and pools, e. Que. to N. J., and westw. ;
widely distributed and rather common. (Eurasia.) Var. terrestre Leers is
an erect terrestrial state with narrower acutish shortly petioled leaves scabrous
on the margin and often strigose-pubescent ; sheaths without herbaceous bol-
der.— Occasional with the typical form (also Eu.), and passing in Am. to Var.
Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell with spreading foliaceous borders on the stipular
sheaths. (P. Har tier i ghtii Gra^y.) — An ambiguous plant, sometimes clearly a
mere terrestrial and mostly sterile state occurring on the same rootstock as the
typical form ; but elsewhere seemingly a normal and w^ell marked fertile variety.
15. P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Perennial, in muddy or dry places,
rarely in shallow water, decumbent or suberect, scabrous with short appressed
hairs; leaves lanceolate to ovate, narrowly acuminate (1-2 dm. long) ; peduncles
hispid and often glandular; spikes 3-10 cm. long, often in pairs; flowers and
fruit nearly as in the last. (P. emersum Britton.) — Que. and Me. to Fla., and
westw. — Exceedingly variable in foliage and pubescence ; aquatic states often
have essentially glabrous and cordate leaves, while in plants of drier situations
these are sometimes narrowly lanceolate, acute at base, and conspicuously ap-
pressed-pubescent on both surfaces.
16. P. pennsylvanicum L. Annual; leaves lanceolate ; branches above and
especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands; flowers uniform, bright
rose-color, in short erect spikes, often on exserted pedicels; stamens usually 8;
achene nearly orbicular, over 2 mm. broad, at least one surface concave. — Moist
soil, in open waste places, centr. Me., westw. andsouthw. — Neither the stamens
nor style conspicuously exserted.
17. P. longistylum Small. Very like the preceding in habit and foliage;
flowers dimorphous, either the stamens or style conspicuously exserted ; achenes
orbicular, shining, both surfaces convex in the middle. — From s. 111. and Mo. to
w. Kan. (Meehan), and south w.
18. P. Careyi Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (0.6-1.6 m. high) and pedun-
cles glandular-bristly; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate to both ends,
roughish ; sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined ; spikes slender, loose and nod-
ding ; flowers purplish ; stamens mostly 5. — Swamps and recent clearings, Me.
to N. J., Ont., and Mich.
19. P. Hydr6piper L. (Common Smartweed or Water Pepper.) Annual,
3-6 dm. high, smooth ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, vei^ acrid and peppery ;
spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted ; flowers mostly greenish ; stamens
6; style 2-3-parted ; achene dull, minutely striate. — Moist or wet grounds;
apparently introduced southeastw., but indigenous northw. and westw. (Eu.)
20. P. acre HBK. (Water Smartweed.) Perennial, nearly smooth;
stems rooting at the decumbent base, 0.6-1.6 m. high; leaves lanceolate, atten-
uate, 7-12 cm. long, taper-pointed; spikes erect, rather dense, distinctly pedun-
cled ; flowers white or flesh-color; stamens 8; style mostly S-parted; achene
smooth and shining. (P. punctatum Ell., including var. robustius Small.) —
Wet places ; e. Mass., westw. andsouthw. (Trop. Am.)
Var. leptostachyum Meisn. Annual; erect or slightly repent at the base,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, smaller, thinner, and lighter green than in the
type ; spikes elongated and very loosely flowered, not distinctly peduncled, the
widely scattered flowers commonly extending down to the upper leaf-axils. (P.
punctatum, var. Small.) — Moist ground, common ; sometimes well marked, at
other times passing imperceptibly into the typical form.
21. P. orientXle L. (Prince's Feather.) Tall branching annual, soft-
hairy; leaves ovate or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; sheaths ciliate or
often with an abrupt spreading border ; flowers large, bright rose-color, in dense
cylindrical nodding spikes; stamens 7. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into
waste grounds. (Introd. from India.)
22. P. PersicAria L. (Lady's Thumb.) Nearly smooth and glabrous (3-5
dm. high) ; sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
362 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
roLi^Miish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle ;
spikes ovoid or short-rylindric, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular)
pednnrles ; stamens mostly 6 ; styles half 2-o-cleft ; achene gibbous-flattened or
sometnues triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places, very
common. (Nat. from Ku.)
23. P. setaceum Baldw. Perennial, stout, erect from a decumbent and
somewhat repent base, appressed-hirsute ; sheaths fringed with very long coarse
bristles ; inflorescence and flowers as in the next, the achenes slightly larger,
black, shining. — Mo. to S. C, Fla., and Tex. (Asia.)
24. P. hydropiperoides Michx. (Mild Water Pepper.) Perennial, not
acrid; stem smooth (3-9 dm. high), branching; the narrow sheaths hairy;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes
filiform, often interrupted at base (3-6 cm. long); flowers small, flesh-color or
nearly white ; sepals not dotted; stamens 8; achene sharply triangular, smooth
and shining. (P. opelousanum Kiddell.) — Wet places and in shallow water,
centr. Me., westw. and southw. Var. strig6sum Small (var. Macouni Small)
has the stem strigose, and is less frequent throughout our range.
§4. TOVArA (Adans.) Gray. Perennials; flowers in loose naked long and
slender spikes; calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally A-parted ,
stamens 5 ; styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular
achene.
25. P. virginianum L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright (6-12 dm,
high) ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rouuh-ciliate
(7-15 cm. long); flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles
deflexed in fruit, minutely hooked. — Thickets in rich soil, N. H. to Ont., Minn.,
and southw. (Asia.)
§ 5. ECHINOCAULON Meisn. Erect or reclining annuals, armed with reflex
prickles on the angles of the stem, petioles, etc. ; flowers capitate or few in
a raceme ; leaves arrow- or halberd-shaped.
26. P. arif51ium L. (Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem grooved-
angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat
racemed (few); peduncles glandular-bristly; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens Q ;
styles 2, very short; achene lenticular (large). — Low grounds, N. B. to Ont., s.
to Ga., O., and Mich. (Asia.)
27. P. sagittatum L. (Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem 4-angled ;
leaves arroio-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate ; peduncles smooth ; stamens
mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; achene sharply S-anglod. — Low grounds, common.
— Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are
armed with tine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles. (Asia.)
§6. TINIArIA Meisn. Twining (except dwarf var. of no. 29), unarmed;
leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; flowers in panicled racemes; outer calyx-lobes
keeled or winged.
28. P. Convolvulus L. (Black Bindweed.) ^W7i?m7, twining or procum-
bent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, pointed ;
flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled or ivdr-
rowly winged ; achene minutely roughened, dull, black. — Cultivated and waste
grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.)
29. P. cilinbde Michx. Perennial, minutely downy; the sheaths fringed at
the base with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped,
taper-pointed ; racemes panicled ; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled ; achene very
smooth and shining. — Copses and rocky hills, e. Que. to mts. of N. C, w. to
Minn, and .Athabasca. Var. erectum Peek (var. breve Veck) is a dwarf erect
form with the compound racemes chiefly terminal.
30. P. scandens L. (Climiunc; False Bi;ckwheat.) Perennial, smooth;
sheaths nrrkrd ; leaves lieart-shapcd or slightly lialbcrd-shaped, pointed:
racemes interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobes stro)ig/y keeled and in fruit
POLYGOXACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)
363
broadly winged, 10-15 mm. long; the wings often crisped, subentire ; achene
smooth and shining, 4 mm. long. (P. dumetomm, var. Gray.) — Moist thickets,
common except on our northern borders. — Twining 2-4 m. over buslies.
(Japan.)
31. P. dumet5rum L. Similar to the preceding; fruiting calj^x smaller,
5-7 mm. long; wings subentire; achene black, shining, 2.6-3 mm. lonu'. —
\Voods and rich open places, Mass. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast ; inland in
Miss, basin. (Eu.) Forma cristatum (Engelm. & Gray) Robinson (P. cristatnm
Engelm. & Gray) differs only in having the calyx-wings toothed. — Not rare
with and often scarcely distinguishable from the typical form.
§ 7. PLEUROPTERUS (Turcz.) B. & H. Erect perennials, unarmed; leaves
round-ovate ; flowers in panicled racemes.
32. P. cuspidXtum Sieb. & Zucc. Stout and tall, glabrous except in the loose
axillary panicled racemes ; leaves round-ovate, shortly acuminate, truncate or
cordate at base ; outer sepals broadly winged in fruit. (P. Zuccarinii Small.)
— Occasionally escaped from gardens. (Introd, from Japan.)
5. FAGOPYRUM [Tourn.] L. Buckwheat
Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted. Stamens 8. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate.
Achene 3-sided. Embryo large, in the center of the albumen, w'hich it divides
int^ 2 parts, with very broad and foliaceous plaited and t^^isted cotyledons. —
Annuals, with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical
sheaths, and corymbose racemes of white, greenish, or rose-colored flowers.
(Name from fagiis, the beech, and irvpos, icheat, from the resemblance of the
grain to the beech-nut ; so the English name Buckwheat, from the German Buche,
beech.)
1. F. ESCULENTUM Mocuch. (BucKWHEAT.) Smoothisli ; flower with 8
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; achene acute and
entire, smooth and shining. (F. Fagopyrum Karst.) — Old fields, remaining as
a weed after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June-Sept. (Introd. from
Eu.)
2. F. TATARicuM (L.) Gaertn. (India-w^heat.) Flowers very small, on
shorter pedicels ; achene very dull and roughish, the sides sulcate. — An occa-
sional escape from cultivation, especially in n. N. E. and adjacent Canada.
(Introd. from Asia.)
6. POLYGONELLA Michx.
Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, loosely persistent about the achene, the 3 inner
divisions often enlarging in fruit, in which case the outer are usually spreading.
Stamens 8. Styles 3, and achene 3-angular. Embryo slender,
straight or nearly so, toward one side of the albumen. — Slen-
der glabrous annuals or perennials, with
alternate mostly linear leaves jointed at the
ba.se, and rather rigid truncate or oblique
naked sheaths or bracts. Flowers on solitary
pedicels (nodding in fruit) jointed near the
base, borne in slender panicled racemes.
(Diminutive of Polygonum.)
1. P. articulata (L.) Meisn. Annual,
erect, branching, glaucous, 1-3 dm. high ;
leaves linear-filiform, deciduoiLs ; flowers rose-color or white,
nodding, in very slender racemes, sepals subequal, all erect
and connivent about the fruit; achene exserted, smooth. — ^j(., p m„,.,i^.;ii,a.
Dry sandy soil, Me. and n. N. H. to N. J. and south w. ; also Br^jj^ij ^ j
in the interior, chiefly in the region of the Great Lakes. — An g{^ ^j. f,.nitii,<r ra-
anomalous species with the calyx of a Polygonum. Fig. 715. ^.eIne x i. "
2. P. americana (Fisch. & Mey.) Small. Perennial, frutes- Fruitiug calyx x 2.
Tlo. P. articulata.
Branch x 1.
Bit of fruiting raceme
xl.
36-4
CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)
cent; leaves linear, persisting; flowers larger; fruit 4 nun. long; the 2 outer
sepuLs small, at length reflexed. {P. ericoides Engelm. & Gray.) — S. Mo.
(Bush) to Ga. and Tex. Fig. 710.
7. BRUNNICHIA Banks
Calyx-divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong,
connivent and coriaceous in fruit, the liase and
almost the whole length of the pedicel winged
on one side. Stamens 8 ; hlaments capillary.
Styles 3, slender ; stigmas clei^ressed-capitate.
Ovule penduloiLs on a slender erect funiculus ;
seed erect, 6-grooved. Aclieue obtusely trian-
gular, partly o-celled, inclosed in the indurated
calyx. — Somewhat shrubby, with grooved
stems, climbing by tendrils from the ends of
the branches. (Named for 31. T. Briinnich, a
Norse naturalist of the 18th century.)
1. B. cirrhosa Gaertn. Leaves ovate, pointed,
entire ; petioles dilated at Ija-se, but with no dis-
tinct sheath or stipules ; flov.'ers greenish, 2-5
in a fascicle, crowded in axillary and terminal
racemes ; fruiting calyx with the wing 2,4-'4.7
cm. long. — Thickets, s. 111. and Mo. to Tex.,
Fla., and S. C. Fig. 717.
717, B. cirrhosa.
Leaf X 14.
Bit of fruiting raceme x 1.
CHENOPODIACEAE (Goose foot Family)
Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, ivith mostly alternate
leaves and no stipules nor srarious bracts, minute usually greenish flowers, icith
the free calyx imbricated in the bud, the stamens as many as its lobes, or occa-
sionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the \ -celled ovary
becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled into a
ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduplicate, or
spiral. Calyx persistent, mostly inclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2,
rarely 8-5. — Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants ; several are pot-herbs,
such as Spinach and Beet.
* Embryo coiled into a ring about the usually copious central albumen ; leaves flat, not spiny ;
stem not jointed.
+■ Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled ; calyx 3-5-toothed
or -parted, obvious, persistent; seed-coat crustaceous.
1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membranaceous
win;,^ Sec-d horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed.
2. Kochia. Like no. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire.
3. Roubieva. Calyx 3-.>t()othed, becoming saccate and reticulated. Leaves pinnatifid.
4. Chenopodium. Calyx 3-5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit.
••- -t- Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked, the calyx 3-5-
parted ; the pistillate without calyx, inclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts.
5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate.
-»- -I- -I- Flowers polygamous, clustered in the axils, 1-sepaled, ebracteolate.
6. Monolepis. Annual herb with lanceolate-hastate leaves ; fruit a utricle.
*- -i- +- -^ Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves.
7. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves Hnear.
* * Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate ; no albumen ; stem fleshy, jointed ; leaves
reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth ; flowers densel}' spiked, j)erfect.
CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) 365
8. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.
* * * Embryo coiled into a spiral ; albumen mostly none ; leaves fleshy, alternate.
9. Suaeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx %vingless. Leaves succulent.
10. Salsola. Embryo conical-spu-al. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Le£.ves spinescent.
1. CYCL0L6mA Moq. Winged Pigweed
Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx with the concave lobes
j^^j^_5) strongly keeled, at length appendaged with a broad
-^*^ and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens
5. Styles 3 (rarely 2). — A much branched coarse
annual, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled
leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in
open panicles. (Name composed of kvkXos, a circJe,
and Xu)/xa, a border^ from the encircling wing of the
calyx. )
1. C. atriplicifblium (Spreng.) Coult. Diffuse
(1.3-5 dm. high), more or less arachnoid-pubes-
718. C. atriplicifolium. ^^^^ ^^ glabrate, lisht green or often deep purple.
Flowering branch X %. r(j piatyphynum Moq.) — Sandy soil, Man. to s.
Mature flower from above X 11/3. ^^^ ^ Ark., Vnd westw. across the plains; locally
introd. eastw. Fig. 718.
2. KOCHIA Roth.
Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and
the albumen wanting. (Named for W. D. J. Koch, a German botanist, 1771-
1849.)
1. K. ScoPARiA (L.) Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate,
branching ; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear ; flowers in small axillary
clusters, sessile ; each sepal at length developing a narrow thickish dorsal wing
or appendage. — Frequently cultivated for its bright autumnal color; locally
established as a weed. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. ROUBIEVA Moq.
Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils.
Calyx urceolate, 3-5-toothed, contracted at the apex and inclosing the fruit.
Stamens 5, included ; styles 3, exserted. Fruit membranaceous, compressed,
glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo annular. — Perennial glandular herb,
with alternate pinnatifid leaves. (Dedicated to Prof. G. J. Bouhieu of Mont-
pellier.)
1, R. MULTiFiDA (L.) Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy;
leaves lanceolate to linear (1.2-1.8 cm. long), deeply pinnatifid with narrow
lobes ; fruiting calyx obovate. — Sparingly introduced in the Atlantic States.
(Adv. from S. A.)
4. CHENOPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Goosefoot. Pigweed
Flowers all bractless. Calyx 5(rarely 4)-parted or -lobed, more or less en-
veloping the fruit. Stamens mostly 5 ; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3.
Seed lenticular, horizontal {i.e. with its greatest diameter at right angles to the
floral axis) or vertical ; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen.
— Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in
small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from xv^. a r/oo.sp. and
Trous, foot, in allusion to the .shape of the leaves.) — Our species are mostly
annuals, flowering through late summer and autumn.
366 CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)
a. Glandular, more or less aromatic.
Flowers glomerate ; glomerules in bracteate or almost naked spikes 1. C. ambrosioides.
Flowers solitary, sessile in ojien forking- cymes, these in loose spikes.
Flowers pubescent : lobes of leaves angled, obtuse . . . 2. C. Boirys.
Flowers merely pulverulent-glandular ; lobes of leaves not an-
gled, acutish 3. (7. incisum.
a. Not glandular or aromatic, often raealv and heavy-scented b.
b. Seeds all vertical ; styles filiform, one fourth to one half as long as
the diameter of the utricle.
Flowers in glomerulos becoming red and berry-like in fruit. . 4. C. capitatum.
Flowers spicate, not succulent in fruit b. C. Bonus- Henricus
b. Seeds vertical and horizontal in the same inflorescence ; style-
branches short.
Leaves bright green, chiefly acute.
Flowers in leafy spikes ; seed 1 mm. broad . . . . 6. C. nCbrum.
Flowers in axillary glomerules ; seed 0.5 mm. broad . . . 7. C. humile.
Leaves pale at least beneath, obtuse 8. (7. glaucwm.
b. Seeds all horizontal ; style-branches short c.
c. Pericarp coherent to the surface of the seed d,
d. Leaves large, green, sharply few-toothed, abrupt or usually
cordate at base 9. O. hybridv/tn.
d. Leaves small, entire, ovate, about as broad as long, very fetid . 10. C. Vulvaria.
d. Leaves longer than broad, cuneate at the base.
Seeds 1.3-1.5 mm. in diameter ; flowers glomerate, usually
meal}- ; leaves rhombic, irregularly few-toothed . . 11. C. album.
Seeds about 1 mm. in diameter ; inflorescence generally loo.se.
Leaves small, conspicuously mucronate, all entire or the
lower 1-3-toothed on each side ; plant flowering at the
summit 12. C. Berlandieri,
Leaves rhombic-ovate with several to many acuminate
teeth on each side.
Seeds dull ; inflorescences short, spreading, axillary,
rather loose 13. O. murale.
Seeds (not pericarp) shining ; inflorescences suberect,
moniliform U. C urbicum.
Leaves ovate-oblong, entire, not mucronate ; plant flower-
ing from the base to the summit 15. C polyspermmn.
C. Pericarp loose, readily detached from the seed.
Leaves thin, entire or somewhat toothed, scarcely at all mealy 16. C Boficianum.
Leaves entire, linear or nearly so, very mealy at least beneath 17. C. leptophyllum.
1. C. AMBROsioiDES L. (MEXICAN Tea.) Annual, smoothish ; leaves slirjhtly
petioled^ oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper
tapering to both ends ; spikes densely floicered, leafy ^ or intermixed with leaves ;
fruit perfectly inclosed in the calyx. — Waste places, throughout our range,
especially south w. (Nat. from Trop Am.)
Var. AXTHELMixTicuM (L.) Gray. (Wormseed. ) Perennial (at least south-
ward) ; leaves more strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-
pinnatifid ; spikes more or less elongated, mostly leafless. — Same , range,
sometimes appearing distinct, but all differential characters inconstant. (Nat.
from Trop. Am.)
2. C. ivcisu.M Poir. Annual, glandular-pulverulent and aromatic ; leaves
sinnate-pinnatifid or -toothed., the lobes ovate-lanceolate., entire or nearly so,
acAitish ; flowers minute, nearly smooth, in open forking cymes borne in elon-
gated mostly leafy inflorescences. — Thoroughly established and abundant in
cultivated fields, North Berwick, Me. (Parlin). (Adv. from Trop. Am.)
3. C. BoTRYS L. (Jerusalem Oak, Feather Geranium.) Glandular-
pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuaie-pinnatifid,
the lobes angled and obtuse ; racemes cyme-like, spreading, loose, leafless j fruit
not perfectly inclosed. — Widely introduced. (Nat. from ?vU.)
4. C. capitatum (L.) Asch. (Strawhekry Blite.) Stem ascending,
branching ; leaves triangular and somewliat lialberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed ;
clusters simple {large), interruptedly spiked, tlie upper leafless; stamens 1-5;
calyx berry-like in fruit ; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow
margin. (Blituni L.) — Light soil and newly cleared land, e. Que. to Alaska,
s. to N. J., Pa., 111., Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. — The calyx becomes pulpy
and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters look like strawberries. (Eu.)
5. C. Bonii.s-Hknricus L. (Good-King-Henry.) Stout, erect (0.8-3 m.
high), mostly simple ; leaves broadly triangular-hastate (5-12 cm. long), sub'
CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) 367
sinuate or entire; flowers someiohat densely panicuJate-spiked ; seed with ohtus<^
edges. — Sparingly in waste places. (Adv. from En.)
6. C. riibrum L. (Coast Elite.) Stem angled, much branched ; leaves,
thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base and
above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear-
lanceolate ; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2-4. rather
fleshy ; stamens 1-2 ; seed shining, 1 mm. broad, the margin acute. — Salt marshes,
Nfd. to N. J., and in saline places to Minn, and the Pacific coast. (Eu.)
7. C. humile Hook. Similar, dwarf ; leaves lanceolate or spatulate, occasion-
ally hastate ; flowers in axillary glomerules ; seed 0.5 mm. broad. — Brackish or
saline soil, coast of Me. {Miss Furbish); Man. to the Pacific.
8. C. GLAUCDM L. (Oak-leaved G.) Low., spreading., glaucous-mealy ; leaves
sinuately pinnatifid-toothed., oblong, pale green above, white beneath ; clusters
in axillary spikes, small ; seed sharp-edged. — "Waste places. (Nat. from En.)
9. C. hybridum L. (Maple-leaved G.) Bright green throughout ; stem
widely much branched (6-12 dm. high); leaves thin (5-15 cm. long), somewhat
triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extending
into a few large and pointed teeth; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled,
leafless; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled. — Woods; also
frequent in waste places and about cities, centr. Me., westw. and south w.
10. C. Vulvaria L. Low and spreading, branched from the base ; leaves
entire, broadly ovate, acutish (1 cm, long), on slender petioles nearly their own
length, very fetid when rubbed or crushed ; inflorescences small, scattered. —
Waste places, chiefly about cities. (Adv. from Eu.)
11. C. ALBU3I L. (Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed.) Erect, more or less
mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even
linear, acute, all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed ; clusters
spiked-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (2-2.7 mm. broad) with strongly carinate
lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed. — Introduced everywhere. (Nat. from
Eu.) Var. viride (L.) Moq. is less mealy and has a less dense inflorescence. —
Frequent, especially eastw.
12. C. Berlandidri Moq. Slender, S-6 dm. ta.\\ ; leaves rhombic and somewhat
hastately 1-several-toothed upon each side ; the upper leaves elliptical, entire,
mucronate ; inflorescence a loose pyramidal panicle; flowers smaller and less
glomerate than in C. album. — Ottawa, Ont. {Macoun) to Fla. and Mex. — A
doubtful species, perhaps only a variety of the preceding.
13. C. MURALE L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched
(3-G dm. high); leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, coarsely, sharply, and unequally
toothed, thin, bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, someichat corymbed :
calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ; seed sharp-edged. — Waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)
14. C. uRBicuM L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness,
with erect branches (3-9 dm. high); leaves triangular, acute, coarsely and
sharply many-toothed; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose
panicle; calyx-lobes not keeled; s",ed icith rounded margins. — Apparently
throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)
15. C. POLYSPERMUM L, Low, oftcu Spreading, green and wholly destitute
of mealiness ; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles ; flowers
very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very
incompletely inclosing the fruit; seed obtuse-edged. — Sparingly naturalized in
the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.)
16. C. Boscianum Moq. Erect, slender (6-9 dm. high), loosely branched,
often nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate (3-5 cm. long),
attenuate into a slender petiole, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or often all
entire ; flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets ;
calyx not strongly carinate. — Ct. (Bissell) to the Great Lakes, s. to N. C.
and Tex.
17. C, leptophyllum Nutt. Densely mealy or sometimes nearly glabrous (2-7
dm. high), simple or branched, often strict; leaves linear (1.5-2.5 cm. long),
entire, rather shortly petioled ; flowers closely clustered, m dense or interrupted
spikelets : calyx-lobes strongly carinate. (6*. album, var. Moq.) — Near the
368 CHEXOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)
coast, Me. to N. J. and Pa.; n. shore of L. Erie; and from w. Wise to Col.,
N. Mex. , and westw. Var. oblongif6lium Wats, is a form with somewhat
broader obltmg or oblong-lanceolate leaves. — S. Me. {Farlin) ; Mo. (B?<.s7i),
and south westw.
5. ATRIPLEX [Tourn.] L. Orach
Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Cheno-
podium^ but sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; the fertile consisting simply
of a naked pistil inclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous bracts, which
are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled
into a ring around the albumen. In one section, including the Garden Orach,
there are some fertile flowers with a calyx, like the staminate, but without
stamens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs (ours annuals), usually mealy or
scurfy with bran-like scales and with spiked-clustered flowers ; in summer and
autumn. (The ancient Latin name, a corruption of the Greek, drpdcpa^is.)
1. A. ROSEA L. Hoary-mealy ; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile,
rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely sinuate-toothed;
fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils ; fruiting bracts broad, often cut-
toothed and warty. — Sparingly introduced at the East. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. A. patula L. Erect or prostrate (o-12 dm. high), glabrous or somewhat
scurfy ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate (2-10 cm. long), the lower sometimes
opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-deMtate, petioled, the upper lanceolate to
linear ; flowers clustered in rather slender spikes, the two kinds together or
separate ; fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, entire or toothed,
often muricate on the back, united to near the middle. — Nfd. to N. J., Mo., and
B.C. (Eu.) Very variable; the marked extremes are: Var. hastata (L.)
Gray. Erect or spreading, stout, at least the lower leaves broadly triangular-
hastate, often coarsely and irregularly toothed. — Nfd. to Va., Mo., and north-
westw.. chiefly in saline places and along the Great Lakes. (Eu.) Var. litto-
ralis (L.) Gray. Slender; leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, rarely subhastate
or toothed. — P. E. I. to N. J., and westw. along the Great Lakes.
3. A. arenaria Nutt. Silvery-mealy, diffusely spreading ; leaves oblong, nar-
rowed at base, )iearly sessile ; fruiting bracts broadly loedge-shaped, united,
3-nerved, 2-o-toothed at the summit, and usually strongly muricate and reticu-
late on the sides. — Sandy beaches, along the coast, Mass. to Fla.
4. A. argentea Xutt. Usually low, much branched, gray-scurfy, leafy ; leaves
deltoid or subrhombic, often subhastate ; staminate flowers in terminal spikes ;
fruiting bracts round-rhombic, indurated, united, the free margins more or less
dilated and deeply toothed, the sides variously appendaged. — Red River Valley,
Minn., south w. and westw.
6. M0N6lEPIS Schrad.
Flowers small, glomerate in the upper axils. Sepal 1, green, entire, bract-
like, fleshy, obtuse. Utricle moderately flattened. Seed vertical, much com-
pressed. Embryo annular about copious albumen. (Name from fx6pos, one,
and Xeiris, scale.)
1. M. Nuttalliana (R. &. S.) Wats. Branched from the base, 0.7-3 dm.
high, somewhat flesliy, rather pale green, scarcely or not at all mealy ; leaves
narrow, slender-petioled, heistate, passing gradually into foliaceous bracts. —
Saline and alkaline soil, from the Great Plains westw., extending east to Man.,
and Minn. ; and introd. in Mo.
7. CORISPERMUM [A. Juss.] L. Bug-seed
Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 6.
Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face rather convex and the inner con-
cave, sharp-margined, seed vertical. Embryo slender, coiled around a central
albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1-nerved
CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)
3G9
C. hyssopi-
folium.
Part of inflorescence
X 1.
Fruit X 2.
leaves. (Name formed of K6pis, a hug, and
(TTrepfxa, Sfed.)
1. C. hyssop if blium L. Somewhat hairy
when young, pale ; floral leaves or bracts
awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper
ovate and pointed, scarious-margined ; fruit
wing-margined. — Sandy beaches along the
Great Lakes; Mo. to Tex., and north westw.
Fig. 719.
8. SALIC6RNIA [Tourn.] L. Glasswort. Samphire
Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper
joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Stamens 1 or 2.
Styles 2, united at base. Seed vertical, without albumen. Embryo thick, the
cotyledons incumbent upon the radicle. — Low saline plants, witli succulent
leafless jointed stems, and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets
forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn ; saline
plants with horn-like branches.)
Annuals ; middle flower higher than the lateral ones.
Scales mucronate-pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry . . . \. S. mucronata.
Scales blunt or bluntish, inconspicuous.
Joints much longer than thick, conspicuously exceeding the middle flower 2. /S. europaea.
Joints about as thick as long, scarcely exceeding the middle flower . . 3. 5. rubra.
Perennial ; flowers nearly equal in height 4. 5. amhigua.
1. S. mucronata Bigel. Unbranched or with strongly ascending simple or
slightly forked branches, rather stout (0.5-3 dm. high), turning red in age;
spikes thick, blunt, closely jointed ; the joints thicker than long; middle flower
half higher than the lateral ones or less, occupying nearly the whole length of
the joint; fruit pubescent ; seed 1-1.5 mm. long. {S. Bigelovni Torr.) — Sali
marshes, N. S. to Fla. and Tex. ; also Cal.
2. S. europada L. Erect (1-4.5 dm. high), from simple to freely branched,
the branches ascending, green, turning red in autumn ; scales obscure and very
blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the long joints of the
stem or elongated slender (1.5-2.5 mm. thick) tapering spikes; middle flower
much higher than the lateral ones, shorter than the joint; fruit pubescent ; seed
1.3-2 mm. long. (*S'. herbacea L.) — Salt marshes of the coast, N. B. to Ga. ;
interior salt springs, N. B. and N. Y. ; and on the Pacific coast. (Eurasia.)
Var. pachystAchya (Koch) Fernald has the spikes much thicker (3-4.5 mm.
thick). — Similar range, less common. (Eu. )
Var. prostrata (Pall.) Fernald. Branches horizontally spreading or droop-
ing, very soft and lax, the lowest much elongated and decumbent ; or the whole
plant depressed and matted. — Brackish or alkaline shores, e. Que. to e. Me. ;
Sask. (Eurasia.)
3. S. rubra Nelson. Bushy-branched (0.5-2 dm. high), the abundant simple
or forking branches ascending, turning red in autumn ; scales broadly triangu-
lar, blunt or subacute ; spikes slender-cyliudric (2-3.5 mm. thick), blunt, rather
closely jointed ; flowers crowded, the middle one higher than the others and
usually reaching the tips of the joints ; fruit pubescent ; seed 1 mm. long. — Low
alkaline places, Man. and w. Minn, to centr. Kan., and westw. to the l^ocky Mts.
4. S. ambigua Michx. Numerous tufted stems (1-3 dm. long) decumbent
or ascending from a hard and rather woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish,
turning lead-colored ; spikes slender, short-jointed, the scales short, actttish or
acute; flowers nearly equal in height and equaling the joint; seed pubescent,
0.7 mm. long. — Sea-coast, Mass. to Fla. ; also Pacific coast.
9. SUAEDA Forskal. Sea Blite
Flowers sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, inclosing
the frait (utricle) and often carinate or crested. Stamens
gray's manual — 24 «,.
5.
Stigmas 2 or 3.
870 CHE>OPODlACEAE (ciOOSEFOUi' FAMILY^
Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albu
men (wlien there is any) into two portions. — P'leshy saline plants, with alternate
nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.) Dondia Adans.
Leaves linear or sleuder-cylindric, not broadened at base ; plants of Atlantic coast.
Seed '2 mm. broad , . , 1. S. mariUma.
Seed 1.2—1.") mm. broad.
Sepals rounded (not carinate) on the back 2. S. Richii.
Sepals (or some of them) carinate on the back.
1 or "2 sepals more cucullate-carinat3 than the others . . . . Z. S. americana .
Sepals equally carinate 4. 6'. linea)-is.
Leaves strongly dilated at base; plants of western plains 5. S. ciepressa.
1. S. marltima (L.) Dumort. Comparatively low, 0.5-4 (rarely 5 or 6) dm.
high, ascending or depressed, subsimple or with spreading-ascending or decumbent
subsiraple branches, or even forming depressed mats ; leaves usually glaucous,
acntish, semicylindric (flat above, convex beneath), 5 cm. or less long ; those of
the flowering branches sliorter, and much exceeding the 1-4 axillary flowers ;
sepals pale green, rounded or obscurely keeled on the back ; seed red-brown or
black. (Dondia Druce.) — Common on salt marshes, e. Que. to Ct., and occa-
sionally southw. to La. Fr., June-Sept. (Eu.)
2. S. Richii Fernald. Stems procumbent, forming mats 5 dm. or less across
(sometimes fruiting when 1 cm. long); leaves dark green, not glaucous, subcylin-
dric, dorsally compressed, obtuse^ the lower 1.5 cm. or less in length ; those of
the flowering branches broader and shorter (4-5 mm. long) ; seed black. —
Salt marshes and wet sand, coast of N. S. and Me. Fr. , July-Sept.
3. S. americana (Pers.) Fernald. Stems procumbent, the branches 2 or 3
dm. long, only the abundant densely floicered spiciform ultimate branches as-
cending ; leaves linear, thickish (flat above), acute, the lower about 2 cm. long,
those subtending the crowded flowers broader and shorter ; sepals very irreg-
ular, 1 or 2 strongly keeled. (Salsola salsa, var. Pers.) — Salt marshes, lower
St. Lawrence R. to s. Me. Fr., late Sept. -Nov. — Mature plant purplish through-
out.
4. S. linearis (Fll.) Moq. Erect or ascending, 2-9 dm. high, profusely
branched; the slendf-r branches ascending or wide-spread, not procumbent;
leaves narrowly linear, acuts, deep green, not glaucous, the lower 4 cm. or less
long, the upper similar but shorter ; sepals equally carinate. (Dondia americana
Britton, not Salsola salsa, var. americana Pers.) — Sandy coast, Me. to Tex.
Fr., Sept.-Nov.
5. S. depr^ssa (Pursh) Wats. Decumbent or erect, branching from the
base ; leaves broadest at base, the cauline 1-4 cm. long, the floral lanceolate to
ovate ; one or more of the calyx-lobes very strongly carinate or crested. (Don-
dia Hritton.) — Saline soil, Man. and w. Minn, to Neb., and westw. across the
plains.
10. SALSOLA L. Saltwort
Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, its divisions at length
horizontally winged on the back, the wings forming a broad scarious border.
Stamens mostly 6. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen. — Herbs or
slightly shrubby branching plants with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped
leaves and se.s.sile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of salsus, salty, alluding to the
saline habitat of most of the species.)
1. S. Kali L. (Common S.) Annual, diffusely branching, bushy, pubes-
cent (rarely glabrous) ; leaves all alternate, awl-shnped, stiffish, prickly-pointed ;
flowers single ; calyx with converging lobes forming a sort of beak over tlie fruit,
the yellowish to lead-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — Sandy
sea-siiore, Nfd. to Oa., and saline places inland. Aug. (Eu.) Var. cakoi.in-
i\na (Walt.) Nutt. Glabrous throughout (rarely pubescent); the wings
larger, ro.seate. — Similar range. (Eu.)
Var. TKNLiKoLiA G. F. W. Mey. (Ri'ssian Thistle.) Erect or ascending,
very bushy ; braces especially on the young and vegetative stems longer (3-7 cm.
AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) 371
in length), more slender, filiform; flowers somewhat variable but apparently
showing no constant difference from those of the typical form. {S. Tragus oi
auth., butscarcely of L.) — A weed of recent introduction, exceedingly abundant
and pernicious in the Northwestern States ; also locally established eastw. (Nat.
from Asia.)
AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family)
Weedy herbs, loith nearly the characters of the preceding family, hut the
Howers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts; these often
colored, commonly 3 in number. — The greater part of the family tropical.
* Anthers 2-celled ; leaves alternate.
+- Ovary 1-ovuled ; filaments separate and distinct.
1. Amaranthus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 5 or sometiines 3 dis-
tinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.
2. Acnida. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.
-i- -f- Ovary 2-3-ovuled ; filaments united at base.
3. CelOSia. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted.
* * Anthers 1-celled ; leaves opposite.
4. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate.
5. Froelichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate.
6. Gomphrena. Calyx of 5 sepals or 5-cleft. Filaments united into an elongate tube. Flowers
capitate.
1. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. Amaranth
Flowers 3-bracted. Calyx glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3. separate ;
anthers 2-celIed. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked
at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes
bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Coarse
annual weeds, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and
small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late
summer and autumn. ('A/idpavros, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts
do not wither.)
§ 1. Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid; flowers polyga-
mous.
* Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes ; stem erect
(0.3-2 m. high) ; leaves long-petioled ; stamens and sepals 5.
-♦- Sepals spatulate.
1. A. Palmeri Wats. Erect; leaves ovate, long-petioled ; spikes, especially
the terminal, vei^y long (1-3 dm.) ; sepals somev^hat unguiculate ; bracts pun-
gent.— By railroads and about towns, Mo. and Kan.; and locally, e. Mass.
(Adv. from the S. W.)
t- -1- Sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong.
2. A. RETROFLExus L. (Green A., PiGWEED.) Roughish and moTC OT less
pubescent ; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ;
the thick spikes crowded in a stiff glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid,
exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals. — Cultivated grounds, common ; indigenous
southwestw. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)
3. A. HYBRiDus L. (Green A.. Pigweed.) Similar, but smoother and
deeper green, with more slender-cylindric more or less flexuous spikes, the
lateral ones spreading ; bracts rather long-aioned, and sepals acute or acuminate.
{A. chlorostachys Willd.) — Cultivated grounds, common. (Nat. from Trop.
Am.) Forma hypochondriacus (L.) Robinson. (Prince's Feather.)
Leaves, bracts, and flowers purple-tinged or livid. (A. hypochondriacus L.) —
Sometimes cultivated, and occasionally found on waste ground. — It is to be
AMAKANTHACKAE (AMARANTH FAMILY)
distinguished from the following species chiefly by its smoother character, thicker
spikes, and longer-awned bracts.
4. A. p.vNicLLATLS L. (PuRPLK A.) Stem mostly pubescent; leaves
oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes long^ numerous and slender^ panicled,
spreading; bracts merely aicn-pointed ; flowers small, green tinged with red, or
sometin)e.s crimson ; fruit 2-o-toothed at the ajDex, longer than the calyx. (A.
hi/hridns, var. Uline & Bray.) — Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Ani.j
* * Flowers crowded in close and small axillai'y clusters ; stems low. spreading
or ascending ; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.
5. A. graecizans L. (Tumble Weed.) Smooth, pale
green ; stems whitish, erect or ascending, diffusely branched ;
leaves small, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or
retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals
acuminate, half the length of the
rugose fruit, much shorter than
the subulate rigid pungendy pointed
bracts ; seed small, 0.8 mm. broad.
(J. albus L.) — Waste grounds,
common. Fig. 720.
6. A. blitoides Wats. Like the
last, but 'prostrate or decumbent;
spikelets usually contracted ; bracts
ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate/
sepals obtuse or acute ; fruit not rugose; seed about
1.5 mm. broad. — From Minn, to Mo., Tex., and
westw. ; also introduced eastw. , chiefly on railroad
ballast. Fig. 72L
720. A. graecizans
721. A. blitoides.
Tip of brancii x 2/3. Seed x 4,
o
•J.
§ 2. Utricle thiiuiish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile ; flowers monoecious.
7. A. si'iNosus L. (Thorxy A.) Smooth, bushy-branched ; stem reddish ;
leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines in their
axils ; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes ; the fertile globular
and mostly in the axils ; flowers yellowish-green, small. — Waste grounds, Me.
to Minn., and southw. (Nat. from Trop. Am.)
EtlXOLUS (Raf.) Gray. Utricle remaining closed or bursting irregu-
larly; no spines; bracts inconspicuous.
* Leaves relatively large (2-3 cm. in breadth).
8. A. Livinus L. Stem fleshy, red ; leaves emarginate, ovate
or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, on petioles two thirds as long; bracts
very short; utricle thin, smooth. — About Atlantic ports, not very
common. Fig. 722. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)
9. A. viRiDis L. Similar, but with a warty
utricle. — About Atlantic poits; aLso reported in
O. Fig. 723. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)
* * Leaves smaller.
T22. A. lividu.s.
Calyx and utricle
XS.
723. A. viiidis.
Calyx and utricle
X .3.
10. A. pumilus Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and
obovate, emarginate, strongly nerved; flower-clusters small and axillary;
stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit.
— Sandy beaches, R. L to N. C.
11. A. DKFLExus L. Low, spreading ; leaves ovate, thin, flat ; spikes chiefly
terminal, thicki.sh, bluntly cordate ; utricle ovoid, smooth, 5-nerved, much
longer than the sepals. — Waste land near the larger Atlantic ports. (Adv.
from Eu.)
12. A. CRfspus (Lesp. & Th^v.) A. Br. Very slender, procumbent, pubes-
cent ; leaves small, light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin
crisped and undulate ; flowers in small axillary clusters ; bracts and sepals
scarious, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse ; utricle about as long, roughened, neither
AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) 373
nerved nor angled. — Streets of Albany, New York City, and Brooklyn ; doubt-
less introduced, but the native habitat unknown.
2. ACNiDA L. Water Hemp
Habit of Amaranthus. Bracts 1-3, unequal. Staminate calyx of 5 thin
oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts ; stamens 5, the anther-
cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2-5, often long and plumose-hispid.
Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membranous utricle
dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually o-5-angled. (Name from
a- privative, and Kvibi]^ a nettle.)
* Fruit indehiscent, icith firm and close pericarp; salt-marsh X)lants.
1. A. cannabina L. Usually stout, 1-2 m. high or more, glabrous; leaves
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled ; sepals of sterile flowers
ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish ; bracts usually thin, lax. and much shorter than
the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer ; fruit about 8 mm. long, obovoid ;
seed usually less than 3 mm. long, shining. {A. rusocarpa Michx.) — Salt or
brackish mar.shes, coast of N. H. to F!a.
* * Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usually roughened ;
not salt-marsh plants.
2. A. tuberculata Moq. Tall and erect, with flexuous branches ; leaves
lanceolate to rhombic-ovate, acute or acutish ; sepals of sterile flowers lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate ; pistillate flowers closely clustered in more or less
dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate);
bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equaling or exceeding the fruit ; ulricle about
1 mm. long; seed shining. 0.7 mm. in diameter. {A. tarnariscina, var. Uline &
Bray.) — Vt. and Mass. {Ammidoicn) to Dak. and La.
Var. subnuda Wats. Often decumbent ; leaves smaller, obtusish ; flowers
aggregated into distinct globo.se glomerules (7-lo mm. in diameter). (A. tarna-
riscina, var. concatenata Uline & Bray, not A. cannabina, var. concatenata
Moq.) — Sandy bottom lands, w. Que. to Wise, and Mo. — Passing into the
typical form.
Var. prostrata (Uline & Bray) Eobinson. Prostrate, much branched; leaves
(1-2 cm. long, 3-10 mm. broad) and glomeniles (4-6 mm. in liamtter) small.
{A. tarnariscina, var. Uline & Bray.) — Similar situations, w. Que. to Minn., and
southw.
* * * Fruit regularly circumscissile ; western.
3. A. tarnariscina (Nutt.) Wood. With the habit of the preceding species
but readily disting-uished by the fruit. (Amaranthus Nutt.) — Prairies, etc.,
'- Dak." to Tex. and N. Mex. ; said to occur as far e. as 111.
3. cel6sia l
Flowers subtended by a bract and two bractlets. Calyx scarious, in fruit
erect and (in our species) concealing the utricle. Stamens 5. Fruit a thin
membranaceous utricle, circumscissile or dehiscing irregularly, ovoid or subglo-
bose. (Xame from /cTjXeos, a burning, on account of the seared appearance of
the flowei-s.)
1. C. ARGEXTEA L. Ercct glabrous herb, 3-12 dm. tall ; leaves lanceolate,
short-petioled. acute ; inflorescence a simple dense cylindrical spike ; sepals
white or roseate-tinged, much longer than the bracts ; style conspicuous,
exserted. — Montgomery Co., Pa. {Porter). (Adv. from the Ti'opics.)
4. IRESINE P. Br.
Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted, Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta-
mens mostly o. Fruit a globidar utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers crowded into clusters or
374 PHYTOLACCACEAE (FOKEWEED FAMILY)
spiked and branching panicles ; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence
ihe name, from elpecnup-n.^ a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool).
1. I. paniculata (L.) Ktze. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (6-12
dm. high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles very slender, often broad and
diffuse, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer
than the broad l)racts and densely silky-villous at base. (/. celosioides L.) —
Dry banks, O. to Kan., and far south w. Sept. ( Trop. regions.)
5. FROELICHIA Moench.
Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5-
crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, inclosing the indehiscent
thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1 -celled anthers,
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with
opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious- brae ted flowers. (Named for Joseph
Aloys Froelich, a German botanist, 1766-1841.)
1. F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Root annual ; stem leafless above (0.3-1.5 m.
high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an inter-
rupted spike : calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings irregu-
larly toothed. (Including F. campestris Small.) — Dry sandy places, Del. to
Fla. ; and from 111. to Minn., smithw. and westw,
2. F. gracilis Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets smaller,
and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct I'igid processes. — Prairies
of Kan. and Neb. to Col. and Tex.
6. GOMPHRENA L.
Flowers perfect, subtended by a bract and two bractlets. Calyx often lanate
at the base, its segments more or less unequal, sessile between the bractlets.
Fruit a compressed ovoid 1-ovuled utricle. Seed inverted, suspended by a
long funicle from the apex of the utricle. — Erect or prostrate herbs, generally
rough-pubescent and with swollen nodes. (Altered from Gromphaena, the
classical name of some related plant, probably Amaranthus tricolor, from ypicpeiv,
to write or to paint, in allusion to the variegated leaves.)
1. G. glob6sa L. (Globe Amaranth, Immortelle.) A low branching
pubescent annual with oblong nearly sessile leaves ; flowers in dense round
heads, crimson, rose-color, or white. — Common in cultivation, and occasionally
escaping to roadsides, etc., O. (Gleason). (Introd. from Trop. Asia.)
PHYTOLACCACEAE (Pokeweed Family)
Plants vnth alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general
characters of Chenopodiaceae, Imt usually a several-celled ovary composed of as
many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit.
PHYTOLACCA [Tourn.] L. Pokeweed
Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12 carpels
united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed-
globose 5-12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. Embryo
curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs, with
large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and opposite
the leaves. (Name compounded of (pvrSv, plant, and the French lac, lake, in
allusion to the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.)
1. P. decdndra L. (Cjmmos Poke 6r Score, Garget, Pigeon Berry.)
A smooth plant, with a rather uni)leasant odor, and a very large poisonous
root (often 1-1.5 dm. in diameter) sending up stout stalks at length 2-3 m.
liigh ; calyx white ; stamens and styles 10 , ovary green ; berries in long racemes,
NYCTAGINACEAE (fOUK-O'CLOCK FAMILY) 375
dark-purple, ripe in autumn. — Low grounds and rich soil, s. Me. to Ont., Minn.,
and southw. July-Sept.
NYCT AGIN Ace AE (Fodr-o' clock Family)
Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and entire
leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is
colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the \-celled \-seeded
ovary and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the stamens few, slender,
and hijpogynous ; the embryo coiled around theoutside of mealy albumen, with
broad foliaceous cotyledons ^^in Abronia monocotyledonous by abortion). — Rep-
resented in our gardens by the Four-o'clock or Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis
JalXpa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like
involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx.
1. OXYBAPHUS L'H^r.
Flowers 3-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre,
which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube
and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Stamens
mostly 3 (3-5), hypogynous. Style fihfoi-m; stigma capitate. Fruit achene-
like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours). — Herbs, abounding on the
western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and
mostly clustered small flowers. (Name o^v^dcpov, a vinegar-saucer^ or small shal-
low vessel; from the shape of the involucre.) Allionia Loefl.
* Leaves all petioled except the uppermost reduced ones.
1. 0. nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem becoming re-
peatedly forked, 0.3-1.5 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate ; inflorescence but
slightly pubescent ; pedicels slender, becoming I cm. in length, the lower axillary,
solitary, the upper crowded upon short floral axes ; involucres at length very
large, 2 cm, in diameter ; fruit cylindric-obovoid, 4 mm. in length, rather acutely
angled. — Man., Minn., and Wise, to Tex. and La.; also introd. eastw. — The
leaves vary to oblong or ovate-lanceolate and abrupt or even cuneate at the base.
2. 0. floribundus Chois. Similar but with mostly narrower ovate to oblong
leaves {not cordate) : involucres smaller and more numerous, glomerate upon
the elongated branches of an open cymose panicle ; pedicels short, seldom over
6 mm. in length. (O. nyctagineu.'t, var. oblongifolius Gray; Allionia ovata
Pursh, not 0. ovatus Vahl.) — *'0.," Mo. (Bush), southwestw\ and northwestw.
* * Leaves sessile or nearly so.
3. 0. hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet. More or less glandular-hirsute, especially
about the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile and cuneate at base or narrowed to a
short petiole; stamens often 5 ; fruit with thickened obtuse angles. (Allionia
Pursh; .4. bracteata Rydb. ; Calymenia pilosa Nutt.?) — Plains of the Sask. to
Tex., Wise, O. (Louth), and casual eastw. in N. Y. and Ct.
4. 0. albidus (Walt.) Sweet. Similar but .swoo^^rr; stem whitish ; leaves
oblong, elongated, obtuse; flowers in weak individuals few, axillary, in stronger
ones numerous in a terminal panicle. (Allionia Walt.; A. lanceolata 'Rydh.) —
Kan. and Mo., S. C. and Tex ; occasionally adventive northeast w.
5. 0. linearis (Pursh) Robinson. Often tall, glabrous except the more or
less hirsute peduncles and involucres ; leaves linear, thick and glaucous, often
elongated, 5-15 cm. long. (O. angustifolius Sweet; Allionia linearis Pursh;
also A. Bushi Britton, a low form.) — Minn, to Mo., Tex., westw. and north-
westw. ; established on sandv ground, North Haven, Ct. (Evans^).
376 ILLECEBRACEAE (KNOTWOKT FAMILY)
ILLECEBRACEAE (Knotwort Family)
Herbs, vnth mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules (except in
Scleranthus), a ^-b-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persistent calyx^
stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer,
styles 2 and often united, and fruit a l-seeded utricle. Seed upon a basal
funicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding the mealy albumen. — Small diffuse
or tufted herbs, ^^^th small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters, or dichoto-
mous cymes, with petals minute or none.
1. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx.
Styles 2. Stipules none.
2. Anychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any.
8. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx ; the sepals hooded at the summit
and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top.
1. SCLERANTHUS L. Knawel
Sepals 5, united below into an indurated cup, inclosing the utricle. Stamens
10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, ob-
scure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from aKXrjpds, hard,
and dvOps, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)
1. S. ANNuus L. Much branched, spreading (7-12 cm. high); flowers sessile
in the forks ; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. — Waste places and roadsides.
(Nat. from Eu.)
2, ANYCHIA Michx. Forked Chickweed
Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Sta-
mens 2-^3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx. Radicle
turned downward. — Small many times forked annuals, with small stipules; the
minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (A contracted derivative of
Paronychia.)
1. A. polygonoides Raf. More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and
spreading ; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate ; flowers nearly sessile and somewhat clustered. {A. dichotoma Man.
ed. 6, not Michx.) — Mostly in open places, N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Ark.
2. A. canadensis (L.) BSP. Smooth, longer-jointed, slender and erect ; leaves
thinner, broader and longer (1-3 cm. long) ; flowers more stalked and inflores-
cence diffuse. (A. dichotoma Michx.; A. capillacea DC.) — Dry woodlands
through nearly the same range; more abundant northw., and extending w. to
Neb.,
3. PARONYCHIA [Tourn.] Adans. Whitlow-wort
Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or staminodia)
bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex.
Utricle inclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs (ours peren-
nial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a
whitloxo, and for a plant thought to cure it.)
\. P. argyr6coma (Michx.) Nutt. Forming broad tufts, freely branched,
few of the branches fertile ; leaves linear, fl.at, permanently silky ; inflorescence
densely cymose, surrounded by conspicuous large silvery bracts; calyx hairy,
short-awned, the avns jlaitisli (tnd nsudJly hairy; petals mere teeth between
the stamens. — Rot;ky slopes among the mts., w. Va. to Tenn. and Ga.
Var. albimontana Fernald. lirancJirif mostly floriferoiis; leaves glabrate,
the margin?, iucolnle ; cymes mostly lax; calyx usually longer, the awus suha-
Inte, glabrescevt. — Hare inoniitain slopes, w. Me. and N. 11. ; and locally by the
Merrimac H., Newburyporl, Ma.s8.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) 377
2. P. dich6toma (L.) Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (1.5-3 dm. high) ascend-
ing from a rather woody base; leaves (1.2-3.6 cm. long) and bracts narroirly
awl-shaped; cymes open, repeatedly forked; sepals short-pointed; minute
bristles in place of petals. — Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July-Sept.
AIZOACEAE
*
A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly oppo-
site leaves and no stipules. Differing from CaryophyUaceae and Portulacaceae
by having the ovary and capsule 2-several-celled, and the stamens and petals
sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceae (but the latter wanting in most of the
genera). Seeds with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our
genera apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary.
1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5-60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent.
2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent.
1. SESUVIUM L. Sea Purslane
Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5-
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3-5-celled, many-seeded,
circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. — Usually prostrate maritime
herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers.
(An unexplained name.)
1. S. maritimum (Walt.) BSP. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect ;
leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; flowers sessile ; stamens 5. (S.pen-
tandrum Ell.) — Sea-coast, L. I. to Fla.
2. MOLLUGO L. Indian Chickweed
Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals,
or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled,
3-valved, locuiicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis.
— Low homely annuals, much branched ; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin
name for some soft plant.)
1. M. vERTiciLLATA L. (Carpet Weed.) Prostratc, foriuiug mats ; leaves
spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels
form a sort of sessile timbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, road-
sides, and cultivated grounds. Jtme-Sept. (Immigrant from farther south.)
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)
Herbs, vjith opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4-b-merous flowers, with or
without petals ; the distinct stamens no more than tioice the number of the sepals,
either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 {or rarely united into one) ; seeds
several or usually many, attached to the base or to the central column of the
l-cellfd (rarely o-b-celled) pod, icith a slender embryo coiled or curved around
the outside of mealy albumen, in Dianthus nearly straight. — Bland herbs ; the
stems usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves
often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside.
Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous.
Tribe I. ALSINEAE. Sepals distinct or nearly so, imbricated in tho bud. Petals wln-ii pre.sent
without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted at the base of tl»e sessile
ovary, or into a little disk. Styles separate to the base. Stamens opposite the sepals, when not
more in number. Low herbs.
378 CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY)
* Stipules present ; pod short.
1. Spergularia. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite.
2. Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.
* * Stipules none.
••- Styles alternate with the sepals ; stamens as many, or twice as many.
3. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod short, 4-5-valved.
-•- +- Styles opposite the sepals, or, v/hen fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.
++ Pod short, splitting into as manj' valves as styles ; valves often bifid or 2-parted.
4. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid, or 2-parted.
5. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or 2-parted.
t-t- ++ Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as styles.
6. Cerastium. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise.
7. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds fixed by the face.
Tribe II. SILENEAE. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly convolute in the bud)
and stamens (lO) borne on the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the
base of which the corresponding filaments often adhere. Seeds numerous. Stipules none.
Flowers often large and showy.
* Calyx naked ; seeds globular or kidney-shaped ; embryo curved or coiled.
8. Agrostemma. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, opposite the unappendaged petals.
9. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, alternate with the often appendaged petals.
10. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3.
11. Saponaria. Calyx ovoid or sub-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or 5-angled. Pod shortly
4-valved. Styles 2.
12. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved. Styles 2.
* * Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base ; seeds flattened on the back, attached by
the face ; embryo nearly straight ; styles 2.
13. Tunica. Calyx top-shaped or prismatic, with 5 strong nerves ; flowers small.
14. Dlanthus. Calyx cylindric or nearly so, with many fine nerves ; flowers showy.
1. SPERGULARIA J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurrey
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many-
seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate vv^ith the sepals ! Em-
bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, ours annuals or biennials,
mostly on or near the sea-coast, with filiform or linear opposite leaves, and
smaller ones often clustered in the axils; stipules scaly-mem branaceous ; flow-
ering all summer. (Name a derivative of Spergula.) Tissa & Buda Adans.
Lepigonum Wahlb.
* Not fleshy ; stipules lanceolate., attenuate.
\. S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Nearly glabrous below the summit of the pros-
trate or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals usually glandular-pubes-
cent ; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy ; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft ;
pedicels longer than the bracts; pods and pink-red corolla small (o mm. long),
about (equaling the calyx; seeds rough with projecting points, semi-obovate or
gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless. — Dry sandy soil, e. Que. to Va. and ()., chiefly
near the coast, but rarely maritime. (Ku.)
* * Distinctly fleshy ., annual ; root fibrous ; stipules ovate or deltoid, acuminate.
2. S. marina (L.) Griseb. Much branched, procumbent or suberect, pale
green, mostly glandular-pubescent ; sepals nearly or ({uite as long as the ovoid
acutish pod; seeds pale brown, very minute. {S. salina J. & C. Presl; Buda
marina Man. ed. 6; Tissa marina Britton.) — Bracki.sh sands, etc., N. B. to
Fla. ; also on the Pacific Slope and in saline regions of the interior. (Eurasia.)
3. S. canadensis (Pers.) Don. Diffusely branched, greener, smoother ai c)
som -what more slender than the preceding species ; sepals rounded at the a'.x'v,
CAllYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) 379
about half as long as the very blunt pod ; seeds dark brown, relatively large.
{Buda bortalis Wats,; Tissa canadensis Britton ; S. borealis Robinson.) —
Coast of Lab. to li. L (J. F. Collins).
* * * Fleshy biennial with a thick root.
4. S. media (L.) C. Presl. Stout root perpendicular; stems spreading;
flowers large ; pods at length 7 mm. long, exceeding the calyx; seeds mostly
winged. — Near Salina, N. Y. (^Fry)\ also Cal. (Eu.)
2. SPERGULA L. Spurrey
Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Em-
bryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as Spergularia. (Name
from spargere., to scatter, from the seeds. )
1. S. ARVExsis L. (CoRx 8.) Annual, bright green., scarcely or not at all
viscid ; leaves numerous, in whorls, thread-shaped (2-5 cm. long) ; stipules
minute ; petals white ; seeds roughened with minute whitish papillae. — Grain
fields, etc., common, (Nat. from P]u.)
2. S. SATivA Boenn. Similar but dull green and distinctly viscid ; flowers ill-
scented ; seeds margined, obscurely dotted, not papillate. — Sparingly adventive
in fields, Ct. (Graves) and Vt. {Jones) to Ont. {Fletcher).
3. SAGINA L. Pearlwort
Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many as
the sepals, rarely twice as many. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate
with them. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-valved to the base; valves opposite the se-
pals.— Little matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no stipules,
and small flowers terminating the stems or branches ; in summer. (Name from
sagina, fattening; previously applied to the Spurrey.)
Upper leaves not proliferous ; petals not longer than the sepals.
Seeds at maturity orange-brown, dotted with resinous atoms . . . 1. S. decumbens.
Seeds at maturity dark or grayish brown, smoothish or roughened but with-
out atoms . . . " 2. S. proeumbens.
Upper leaves with fascicles of reduced leaves in their axils ; petals decidedly
longer than the sepals S. S. nodosa.
1. S. deciimbens (EU.) T. & G. Annual, ascending; the peduncles and
calyx with the margins of the upper leaves at first glandular-pubescent ; leaves
short, often bristle-tipped ; sepals and valves o or rarely 4 ; pod oblong-ovoid,
nearly twice longer than the calyx. {S. apetala Am. auth., not Ard.) — Mass.
to 111., Mo., and south w. Var. Smithii (Gray) ^Yats., a slender form, apetal-
ous, at least in the later flowers. — In waste ground near Philadelphia, and in
sandy fields at Somers Point, N. J. (C E. Smith).
2. S. procumbens L. Annual or perennial, depressed or spreading on the
ground, glabrous ; leaves linear-thread-shaped ; apex of the peduncle often
hooked soon after flowering ; petals shorter than the broadly ovate obtuse sepals,
sometimes none. — Springy places and damp rocks, chiefly near the coast, Nfd.
to Pa. and Del.; also Ont. and Mich. (Eu.)
3. S. nodbsa (L.) Fenzl. Tufted perennial, erect, glabrous; upper leaves
very short, proliferous in their axils; petals 5, white, conspicuous. — Rocky
shores, etc.. Cutler, Me. (Kennedy), Isle Royale, L. Superior, and northw.
(Eu.) Var. glandul6sa (Bess.) Asch. Peduncles, etc., more or less glandu-
lar-puberulent. — Cape Ann, Mass., to Me. (Eu.)
4. ARENARIA L. Sandwort
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 8, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short,
splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few-many-
880 CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PIXK FAMILY)
seeded. — Low usuallj^ tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small
white flowers. (Name from arena^ sand, in which many of the species grow. )
— The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera.
§ 1. MOEHRfXGIA (L.) Fries. Ocary at first '^-celled ; seeds few, smooth,
with a thickish appendage at the hiluni ; perennials with hroadish leaves.
1. A. lateriflora L. Sparingly branched, minutely pubescent ; leaves oval
or oblong, obtuse (1-2 cm. long) ; peduncles 2(rarely ;:>-4)-flowered, soon be-
coming lateral ; sepals oblong, obtuse. {Moehringia Fenzl.) — Gravelly shores,
thickets, etc., Nfd. to Pa., Mo., and north w. May. June. (En.)
2. A. macrophylla Hook. Similar; leaves lance-oblong, acute; sepals
lanceolate, acuminate. (Moehringia Torr.) — N. Guilford and Durham, Ct.
(6r. H. Bartlett, Harger), Vt., Lab., L. Superior, and north westw.
§2. AMMODEXIA (Patrin) B. & H. Styles, cells of the ovary and valves of
the fleshy pod 8, rarely 4 or o ; seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked
hilum ; disk under the ovary more prominent than usual, glandular, 10-
lobed ; flowers almost sessile in the axils, sometimes dioecious or polyga-
mous; perennial.
3. A. peploides L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks) and
ovate partly clasping leaves (1.5-2 cm. long) very fleshy. (^Ammodenia Rupr.)
— Sea-shore, N. J. to Me. and north w. June. (Eu.)
§ 3. ARENARIA proper. Pod splitting wholly or part way down into 3 or at
length 6 valves; seeds many^ naked at the hilum.
4. A. serpyllif6lia L. (Thyme-leaved S.) Roughish-pubescent or pu-
berulent, 5-15 cm. high ; leaves ovate, small, acute ; cymes leafy ; sepals lanceo-
late, pointed, 3-5-nerved, about equaling the petals ; capsule flask-shaped, of
firm texture. — Sandy or rocky soil, chiefly about towns. June-Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)
5. A. LEPTOCLADOS Guss. Similar to the preceding; leaves lanceolate;
cymes nearly naked ; capsule subcylindric, papery. (A. serpyllifolia, var. ten-
uior Koch.) — Locally, Me. to Mich. (Farwell), and westw. (Adv. from Eu.)
§ 4. ALSINE (Gaertn.) B. & H. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves ;
seeds many, usually rough, naked at the hilum ; flowers terminal or cy-
rnose ; leaves linear or subulate.
Sepals lanceolate, acuminate.
Lateral nerves o»' the leaves none or much smaller than the midnerve.
Petals retuse &. A. jiatula.
Petals entire.
Capsule longer and petals shorter than the sepals . . . . 1. A. litorea.
Capsule shorter and petals much longer than the sepals . . . 8. ^. siricta.
Leaves with 3 nearly equal nerves 9. ^. vernaf v. propinqua.
Sepals obtuse or obtusish, inconspicuously veined, not nerved.
Leaves rigid, pungent : petals entire 10. A. caroliniana.
Leaves soft, herbaceous ; petals usually retuse 11. A. groenlandiea.
0. A. patula Michx. Diffusely branched from a slender root; stems 5-
30 cm. long ; Ijranches of the cyme divergent ; peduncles long ; sepals 3-5-nerved.
— Ky. to n. Ill , Minn., and southw. to Tex. and Fla.
7. A. litbrea Fernald. Perennial, densely tufted; stems several to many,
6-14 cm. high, leafy chiefly toward the base ; leaves firm, subulate, commonly
proliferous in the axils ; sepals 3-nerved ; capsule 5 mm. long, well exserted at
maturity. — Gravelly beaches and calcareous bluffs, e. Que. ; and north shore of
L. Superior (Loring, G. S. Miller).
H. A. striata .Michx. Erect or diffusely spreading from a small root, smooth ;
leaves slender, betv^een awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others clustered
in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals H-i'ibbed, ovate. (A.
Mirhauxii Hook, f.) — Hocks and dry wooded banks, Mt. Washington, N. II
{Manning) ; Vt. to S. C, Minn., westw. and southwestw, July.
CARYOPHVLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) 381
^^ar texana Kobinson. More rigid ; leaves shorter (6-10 mm. long), chiefly
near the base ; cymes rather dense ; sepals attenuate, rigid. {A. texana Brit-
ton.) — Rocky hills, s Mo. to Kan. and Tex.
9. A. verna L., var. propinqua (Richards.) Fernald. Dwarf, tufted or loosely
matted, 2-12 cm, high, glandular-puberulent ; leaves awl-shaped, somewhat
triquetrous ; stems chiefly 2-5-flowered ; sepals rather abruptly acuminate, com-
monly longer than the oblong or spatulate often inconspicuous petals. {A.
propinqua Richards. ; A. verna, var. hirta auth., in part.) — Limestone or ser-
pentine rocks and barrens, Lab., e. Que., Smuggler's Notch, Vt. {Pringle,
Eggleston), north w. and westw.
10. A. caroliniana Walt. (Pine-barren S.) Densely tufted from a deep
perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl-shaped, pun-
gent, short, channeled ; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-
flowered ; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (A. squctrrosa Michx. )
— In pure sand. s. New York, N, J., and southw. along the coast. May-July.
11. A. groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng. (^Mountain S.) Densely tufted from
slender roots ; stems filiform (5-20 cm. high), erect ; leaves linear, obtuse, flac-
cid ; petals obovate, commonly retuse, about t^^ice as long as the oblong nerve-
less sepals. — Greenl., Lab., mts. of N. E., N. Y., and higher Alleghenies to N. C. ;
also coast of N. S. and Me. ; Middletown, Ct., etc. June-Sept. — An apetalous
form occurs.
5. STELLArIA L. Chickweed. Starwort
Sepals 4-5. Petals (white) 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens
8, 10, or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid,
1-celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several-many-
seeded. Seeds naked. — Flowers solitary or cymose, terminal or appearing
lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from stella,
a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.) Alsine L. in part, not Wahlenb.
Stems and flower-stalks glabrous.
Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals or none.
Leaves lanceolate.
Flowers axillary or in leafy-bracted cymes . • . • * . 1, S. horealis.
Flowers chiefl\' in short lateral scaly -bracted cymes 2. S. uliginosa.
Leaves spatulate 3. S.fontinalis.
Petals equaling- or exceeding the sepals.
Flowers axillary, solitary, or in leafy-bracted cymes.
Leaves lanceolate.
Leaves of soft texture, fiat or nearly so.
Mature sepals 3-t mm. long, two" thirds as long gs the pod , , 4, <S. crassifolia.
Mature sepals less than 3 mm. long, half the length of the pod . 1. S.borealis.
Leaves of firm texture, carinate , . 1. S. longipes.
Leaves elliptic-ovate 5. >S. hum,ifu8a.
Flowers cymose ; bracts small, scale-like.
Petals S~1'2 mm. long ; leaves linear, glaucous Q. S. glauca.
Petals 8-6 mm. long.
Lower pedicels erect, elongated ; fruit blackish . , . • , 7. S. longipes.
Lower pedicels deflexed, arcuate ; fruit pale.
Leaves linear or nearly so ; inflorescence lateral , , . . 8. <S. Icnigifolia.
Leaves lanceolate ; inflorescence terminal ...,*. 9. S. graminea.
Stems and flower-stalks pubescent.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate.
Flower 1 cm. in diameter ; fruit blackish, on erect pedicels . . , 1. S. longipes.
Flower 2 cm. in diameter ; fruit straw-colored, on nodding pedicels . . 10. .9. Holontea.
Leaves elliptical, chiefly sessile 11. S. piibera.
Leaves ovate, the lower on petioles of nearly their own length.
Styles 3-4 ; pods narrowly ovoid, subcylindric 12. ,5'. media.
Styles 5 ; pods broadly ovoid . ' IS. S. aquatica.
1. S. borealis Bigel. Stems flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into
a leafy cyme ; leaves bright green, rather broadly lanceolate; petals 2-5, minute,
or none ; sepals acute ; styles usually 4 ; seeds smoothish, (Alsine Britton.) —
Shaded or wet places, Nfd. and Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Minn.,
Col., and Cal. (Eu.)
2. S. uligin5sa Murr. Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse, at length pro-
longed, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or
382 CARYOPHYIiLACEAE (PlNK FAMILY)
lance-oblong; seeds roughened. {Alsine Britton.) — Swamps and rills, Md. to
P. E. I. and Nfd. ; also Mich., infrequent. (Eu.)
3. S. fontinalis (Short & Peter) Robinson. Stems flaccid^ regularly dichoto-
jYious, bearing flowers in the forks ; leaves Unear-spatnlate, obtusish ; petals
none. (^Sagina Short & Peter; Alsine Britton.) — Moist cliffs, etc., Ky. and
Tenn.
4. S. crassifolia Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather fleshy.,
oblong -lanceolate., acutish ; petals longer than the sepals ; seeds rugose-roughened.
(Alsine Britton.) — Springy places, Lab. and Gulf of St. Lawrence to 111., and
northwestw. (Eu.)
5. S. humifusa Rottb. Spreading or creeping ; stems and branches (5 cm.
high) 1-8-flowered ; Zeai'es fleshy, ovate or elliptical (-4-6 mm. long) ; petals a
little longer than the sepals; seeds smooth. ( Alsine Britton. ) — Salty or brackish
marshes, Little Cranberry L, Me. (Redfleld) to Lab., Greenl., and Hudson B.;
rarely on inland shores. Upper St. John R., Me. (Goodale) ; also on the Pacific
coast. June-Aug. (Eu.)
6. S. GLAUCA With. Tall (3-5 dm. high) and very slender, pale green;
flowers large, on long pedicels (often 6 cm. in length); sepals lance-linear, acute,
considerably exceeded by the petals ; leaves (2-4 cm. long) narrow, not at all
ciliolate at the base. — Grassy places along the railway, near St. Anne de
Beaupre, Que. {Churchill., Murdoch). (Nat. from Eu.)
7. S. 16ngipes Goldie. Erect or decumbent, 3 dm. high, essentially glabrous ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, gradually attenuate from near the base, shining or
glaucescent, spreading, 2-4.5 cm. long ; inflorescence terminal, dichotomous ;
pedicels 2-3.5 cm. long; pod narroicly ovoid., exserted., shining., nearly black.
{Alsine Coville. ) — Woods, etc., near L. Ontario ; and in varying forms from the
Sask. far northw. and westw.
Var. laeta (Richards.) Wats. Usually very glaucous, 1-2 dm. high ; leaves
shorter and relatively broader, erect and somewhat rigid, 1-2 cm. long ; inflores-
cence often reduced to 1 or 2 flowers. — The commoner form northeast w.; on
sandy or gravelly beaches about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hudson B., north w.
and westw. June.
8. S. longifblia Muhl. Stem erect, weak, often with rough angles (2-5 dm.
high) ; leaves linear., acutish at both ends, spreading ; cymes scaly-bracted, at
length lateral., peduncled., many-flowered ; the slender pedicels spreading or
defiexed ; fruit pale straw-colored; seeds smooth. {Alsine Britton.) — Grassy
places, Nfd. to Md., and westw. June, July. (Eu.)
9. S. GRAMixEA L. Stems weak, ascending or reclining, 3-5 dm. high,
rhombic in section ; leaves narrovjly lanceolate, broadest a little above the cilio-
late base; inflorescence pedunculate, terminal, diffuse, many-flowered; seeds
strongly but minutely roughened. {Alsine Britton.) — Grassy places, frequent.
(Introd. from Eu.) Var. latif6lia Peterm. is a form with somewhat broader
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate leaves, the lowest subpetiolate. — In similar situations.
10. S. HoLosTEA L. Hather iaW; leaves lo7ig{H-S cm.), sessUe, consjncuoiisly
attenuate, ciliolate on the margin and midnerve beneath ; petals large, obovate,
usually cleft only a fourth to half their length. {Alsine Britton.) — Often culti-
vated, and tending to become established. (Adv. from Eu.)
11. S. pubera xMichx. (Great C.) Boot perennial ; leaves elliptic-oblojig,
ciliolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, sessile or tlie lowest somewhat petiolate ; petals longer
than the calyx; stamens 10. {Alsine Britton.) — Shaded rocks, N. J. and Pa.
to Ind. and SDuthw. May. — The petals are cleft sometimes half their length,
sometimes nearly to the base. Late shoots produce much larger leaves and
often reduced flowers.
12. S. mIcdia (L.) Cyrill. (Common C.) Annual or nearly so; stem hairy
in lines ; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter
than the calyx, 2-parted ; stamens 3-7 ; seeds scarcely roughened. (Alsine L.)
— A common weed. (Nat. from Eu. ) Var. pkocera Klett & Richter (S.
neglecta Weihe) with 10 stamens and more or less crested seeds, has been
reported by Holm from Washington, D. C; Sable L, N. S.; Man.; and B. C.
(Adv. from Eu.)
CAKYOPHYLLACEAE (PlNK FAMILY) 383
13. S. AQDATicA (L.) Scop. Perennial, glandular-pubescent; leaves large,
ovate, acute, cordate, the lower petiolate ; petals much exceeding the glandular-
pubescent sepals. {Alsine Britton.) — (Jccasional on waste land, in parks, etc.,
in the Eastern States, w. Que. and Ont. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed
Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or -cleft, rarely entire, often
wanting in some of the flowers. Stamens 10 or fewer. Styles mostly 5, rarely
4 or 3, opposite the sepals. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, often curved,
membranaceous, opening at the summit by twice as many teeth as there were
styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. (Name from K^pas, a horn, alluding to the
shape of the pod.)
Perennial.
Petals much longer than the sepals .... ... 1. (7. arvense.
Petals equaling or shorter than the sepals or wanting . . . . 2. C. vulgatv/m.
Annual.
Pedicels 4—10 mm. long.
Sepals lanceolate, attenuate.
Bracts not scarious-margined ; petals (if present) ciliolate at base . 8. C. mscosum.
Bracts scarious-margined ; petals (if present) naked . . . 4. C semid ecandruTn.
Sepals oblong, merely acutish ; petals (if present) naked . , . b. C. hrachypodum.
Pedicels, at least the lower ones, 1.5-5 cm. long 6. ^. nutans.
1. C. arvense L. (Field M.) Stems ascending or erect, tufted, downy
or nearly smooth, slender (1-2 dm. high), naked and few-several-flowered
at the summit ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ; petals ohcordate, more than
tioice the length of the calyx; pods (about 1 cm. long) one third to two thirds
longer than the calyx. — Dry or rocky places, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Del., Pa.,
Ind., Mich.. Minn., etc., and along the rats, to Ga. May-July. (Eu.)
Var. oblongif51ium (Torr.) HoUick & Britton. Usually taller, pubescent;
leaves narrowly to broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; pod. about timce as
long as the calyx. (C oblongifolium Torr.) — Rocky places, chiefly serpen-
tine, N. Y. to Minn., Col., and south w. Yar. vill6sum Hollick & Britton.
Similar, but densely villous-puhescent, and the leaves lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate. (\2iV. velutinum Britton.) — Serpentine barrens, etc., e. Pa. ; also
reported at Hamilton, Ont. (Dickson according to J. M. Macoun).
2. C. vulgXtum L. (Commok M.) Stems clammy-hairy, spreading (1.5-4
dm. long); leaves chiefly oblong (varying to spatulate and ovate-lanceolate);
upper bracts nearly herbaceous ; flowers at first clustered; sepals 4-6 mm. long,
obtusish ; pedicels longer, the fruiting ones much longer than the calyx. (C.
viscosum of the Linnean herbarium ; C. triviale Link.) — Fields, dooryards,
etc.; common. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. C. visc6suM L. Hairy and rather clammy, nearly erect (1-2 dm. high);
leaves ovate to obovate or oblong-spatulate ; bracts herbaceous ; flowers small,
at first in close clusters; pedicels even in fruit not longer than the very acute
sepals ; petals shorter than the calyx. (C vulgatum of the Linnean herbarium ;
C. glomeraturn Thuill.) — Grassy places, chiefly in the middle Atlantic, Gulf,
and Pacific States. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. C. SEMiDECANDRUM L. Similar to the preceding but smaller ; bracts con-
spicuously scarious-margined ; pedicels in fruit slightly exceeding the sepals.
— Dry soil, locally established, Nantucket (Churchill) and Ct. (Graves) to
Va. (Adv. from Eu.)
5. C. hrachypodum (Engelm.) Robinson. Pale green, viscid-pubescent ;
leaves oblong ; flowers in a dense or sometimes open dichotomous cyme ; pedicels
about equaling the capsules; these usually 2-3 times as long as the sepals.
(C. nutans, var. Engelm.) — Near St. Louis, Mo. (Engelmann) to La., westw.
and northwestw.
6. C. nutans Raf. Stems erect, slender, grooved, diffusely branched (1.5-5
dm. high); cyme loose, many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the
lowest spatulate ; peduncles elongated, more or less hooked ; petals (sometimes
884 CAIJYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY)
roduced or wanting) a little longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks,
curved upward, nearly or (luite thrice the leiKjth of the calyx. (C. longe perhm-
riil'ttum Muhl., as nomen snlniudnm.) — Moist rich soil, "N, S."; and Vt. to
Atliabasca, south w. and westw. May- July.
7. H0L6STEUM [Dill.] L. Jagged Chickweed
Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3-5,
rarely 10. Styles mostly o. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the
top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner face.
— Annuals or biennials, with several (wiiite) flowers in an umbel borne on a
long terminal peduncle. (Name from oXoareov, a word used by Dioscorides for
some unknown plant. )
1. H. umbellXtum L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the stem
glandular-pubescent ; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Roadsides, fields, etc.,
N.J. and Pa. to Ga. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. AGROSTEMMA L. Corn Cockle
Calyx ovoid, with 10 strong ribs ; the elongated teeth (in ours 2-3 cm. long)
exceeding the 5 large unappendaged petals. Stamens 10. Capsule 1-celled.
Leaves linear. — Tall silky annual or biennial. (Name from dypos, field, and
ar^ixfxa, crown.)
1. A. GithXgo L. Flowers 2.5-4 cm. in diameter ; petals purplish-red, paler
toward the claw and spotted with black. {Lychnis Scop.) — Grainfields, and
less frequently by roadsides. (Introd. from Eu. ) — Seeds poisonous.
9. LYCHNIS [Tourn.] L. Campion
Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth ;
otherwise nearly as in Sihme. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-
colored species, from Xuxws, a light or lamp.)
* Calyx-teeth twisted; petals large ; plant white-woolly.
1. L. coronXria (L.) Desr. (Mullein Pink.) Stem 4-9 dm. high ; leaves
oval or oblong ; petals crimson. — Showy plant, often cultivated antl now locally
established. Me. to N. Y. and Mich. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Calyx-teeth not twisted; petals showy, much exserted; plant green.
-1- Flowers perfect.
2. L. FLOS-ctrcuLi L. (Ragged Robin.) Perennial, erect, slightly downy
below, viscid above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate ; flowers in loose j)anicles ; calyx
short, glabrous; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes linear. — Moist or mar.shy places,
and in waste land, N. B. to N. J. and l^a. — Often cultivated. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. L. chalcedomca L. (Scarlet Lychnis.) Stout erect perennial with
ovate leaves and hemispherical clusters of scarlet flowers; petals bifid. — Culti-
vated, and locally escaped in the Northern States. (Introd. from Japan.)
-«- -»- Flowers dioecious or polygamous.
4. L. dioica L. (Red C.) Leaves ovate to lance-oblong; flowers red to
rarely white, inodorous, diurnal; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute;
capsule globose with a wide mouth at dehiscence. (L. diurna Sibth.) — Waste
grounds and roadsides, common, especially eastw. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
5. L. ALBA Mill. (White C.) Similiar in foliage; flowers white or pink,
fragrant, opening in the evening; calyx-teeth \ot\^qy, attenuate; capsule ovoid-
conical, narrow-mouthed at dehiscence. {L. vespertina Sibth.) — Same situ-
ations, but less common. (Adv. from Old World.) — Resembles Silene noctiflora
but has 5 styles.
CAllYOPHVLLACEAE (PIXK B^AMILY) 385
* * * Calyx-teeth not tiuUted; petals small, inchided or scarcely exserted.
6. L. Druinm6ndii (Hook.) Wats. Cinereous-puberulent ; stems erect, al-
most naked above ; leaves narrow ; pedicels often lonu, erect ; calyx ovoid-cylin-
dric. — Dry plains, Neb. {Webber) to e. Minn. (Sheldon), Man. and westvv.
10. SILENE L. Catchtly. Campion
Calyx 5-toothed, lO-many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 8,
rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 3 or
6 teeth at the apex. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly crowned
with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from aiakov, saliva, from the vis-
cid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name
Catchjiy alludes to the same peculiarity.)
* Calyx many-ribbed ; annual.
1. S. coNicA L. Puberulent to tomentulose ; stems usually several (1.5-5
dm. high), leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; calyx ovoid, strongly ribbed,
1.5 cm. long, the teeth attenuate ; petals small, purple or pink. — Waste places,
casual, Dartmouth, Mass. (Hervey) ; "Clyde, O." (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Calyx 5-lO-nerved, not inflated except by the enlarging pod ; annuals.
H- Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous ; flowers not racemose.
2. S. antirrhina L. (Sleepy Catchfly.) Stem slender (2-0 dm. high) ;
leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals ob-
cordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine. — Dry soil ; common in waste
places and open woods, centr. Me., westw. and south w. June-Sept.
Var. divaricata Robinson. Still more slender, the filiform branches and
peduncles usually spreading ; petals none. — Dry woods, Mass. to 111., Mo., and
Kan. •
.3. S. Armeria L. (Sweet William Catchfly.) Glaucous; leaves ovate-
lanceolate; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; calyx club-shaped; petals
rose-colored or white, notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped
from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)
•«- -t- Pubescent and more or less viscid; flowers racemose; pedicels short.
4. S. gallica L. Leaves sptatiilatc. obtuse, mucronate (1.5-3.5 cm. long);
racemes simple, terminal, one-sided ; calyx ovoid, villous-hirsute ; petals small.
{S. anglica L.) — Fields and waste places, local. (Adv. from Old World.)
5. S. DiCHOTOMA Ehrh. Tall, more or less hirsute ; leaves lajiceolate or ob-
lanceolate ; racemes branched; flowers short-pediceled, one in each fork, the
others solitary at the nodes of the spreading rhachises ; calyx-ribs 5, hirsute,
simple; petals much ex.serted, white or pink. — Clover fields, etc., N. E. to Tex.,
and on the Pacific Slope. (Introd. from Eu.)
•*- -H- +- Pubescent and viscid; flowers cymose.
6. S. noctifl6ra L. (Nioht-flowering Catchfly.) Tall (3-9 dm. high),
lower leaves large and spatuhire, the upper lanceolate ; flowers few, large,
peduncled, white or nearly so. fragrant, opening at night; calyx-tube 2.5 cm.
long, with awl-shaped teeth. — Cultivated grounds.
* * * Calyx ^-lO-nerved, elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the
enlarging pod; floorers cymosp or clustered; perennial, pubescent with
viscid hairs, especially the calyx.
-1- Petals white or rose-color.
7. S. Menzidsii Hook. Weak, low, dichotomously branched ; flowers small,
white, in leafy cymes ; calyx obconical ; petals 2-cleft, usually crownless. — S.
Mo. (Blankinship) to Neb., Assina., and westw.
8. S. NUTANS L. Leafy chiefly near the base ; stems 3-6 dm. high, slender,
bearing a narrow panicle of nodding pink flowers; petals rather deeply bifid,
gray's manual — 25
386 CAliYOl'HVLLACKAE (l»lNK FAMILY)
crowned. — Mt. Desert I., Me. (Miss Minot) aiul Stateii I., N. Y. {Kerr).
(loiibtfiilly establislied. (Adv. from Eii.)
1>. S. pennsylvanica Miclix. (Wild I'ink.) Stems l<>w (1-2 dm. high) ;
root-leaves mxrrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles ;
stem-leaves (2 or 3 pairs) lanceolate ; flowers cymosf^/y clustered, short-stalked ;
calyx club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink. (S.
caroliniana Walt. ?) — Gravelly and rocky places, e. Mass. to N. Y., Ky., and
southw. Apr.-June.
4- H_ Petals long., deep crimson or scarlet, crowned.
10. S. virginica L. (Fire Pink, Catchfly.) Stems slender (8-6 dm.
high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and
loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx subcylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong,
2-cleft, deep crimson, the limb 2.5 cm. long. — Open woods, s. N.J. to w. N. Y.,
s. w. (Jnt., Minn., and southw. June-Aug.
11. S. regia Sims. (Roval Catchklv.) Stem roughish, erect (1 m. high);
leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in
clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu-
late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, O. to Mo., and southw,
July.
12. S. rotundifolia Nutt. (Round-leaved Catchfly.) Viscid-hairy, ; stems
weak, branched, decumbent (6 dm. long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed,
the lower obovate ; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elongated ; petals
2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks, s. O., Ky., and southw.
June-Aug. — Leaves and flowers large.
* * * * Calyx bladdery-inflated ; perennial ; flowers panicled, white, in summer.
13. S. Stella ta (L.) Ait. f. (Starry Campion.) Stem 7-10 dm. high, with
a large and open pyramidal panicle ; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; corolla 2 cm. broad ; petals cut into a fringe,
crownless. — Wooded banks, Ma.ss. to Minn., Neb., and southw.
14. S. nivea (Nutt.) Otth. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-
pointed ; calyx subcylindric ; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. (S.
alba Mulil., as nomen subnudum.) — Pa. to D. C, w. to Minn, and Neb., rare;
also cultivated, and occasionally escaped elsewhere.
15. S. LATiFOLiA (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. (Bladder Campion.) Glau-
cous ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; calyx, globular, much inflated, elegantly
veined ; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. {S. inflnta Sin. ; 8. Cucubalus Wibel ;
S. vulgaris Garcke.) — Fields, roadsides, and alluvial banks, e. Que. to Ont., s.
to N. J., 111., and la. — Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)
***** Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial ; flowering shoots l-flowered.
10. S. acaiilis L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a moss; leaves linear,
crowded ; flowers almo.st sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle ; petals purple or
rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Moun-
tains, N. H., and northw. ; also western mountains. July. (Eu.)
11. SAPONARIA L.
Calyx narrowly ovoid or subcylindric, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2-4-celled at base,
4-toothed at the apex. — Coarse annuals or perennials, with large flowers.
(Xaine from .^apo, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.)
1. S. OFFICINALIS L. (SoAPwoKT, HoL'NciNO Bkt.) Flowers in corymbed
clusters ; calyx terete ; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw ;
leaves oval-lanceolate. — Roadsides, etc. July-Sept. — A stout perennial, with
large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. S. VAorXuiA L. (Cow-ni:uH.) Annual, glabrous ; flowers in corymbed
cymes; calyx b- angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; ])etals pale red, not
crowned; leaves ovate-lanceolate. {Vaccaria viil gar is Woiit; V. Vaccaria V>r\t-
ton.) — Occasionally spontaneous, or a weed in grainfield.s. (Adv. from Eu.)
PORTULACACEAE (fURSLANE FAMILY^ 387
12. GYPSOPHILA L.
Calyx narrowly lop-shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at
base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at
the apex, sessile. — Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous small
flowers. (Name from yv\j/os, gypsum, and (piXeiv, to love.)
1. G. ML'RALis L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear;
flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks ; calyx turbinate, the teeth short,
obtuse ; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate. — Fields, roadsides, etc., Me. to
N. J., Ont., and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)
13. TUNICA [Rupp.] Scop.
Calyx o-ribbed, bluntly toothed. Petals 5. Styles 2. — Slender wiry-stemmed
herbs with small terminal flowers and linear leaves. (Name from tunica, a tunic,
referring probably to tlie close-fitting calyx.)
1. T. Saxifraga (L.) Scop. Low, many-stemmed ; leaves less than 1 mm.
broad ; bractlets 2 pairs, scarious except in the middle ; small petals purplish,
notched. — Roadsides, etc.. Flushing, L.I. (J". Schrenk) ; London, Ont. (Bur-
gess). (Adv. from Eu.)
14. DIANTHUS L. Pixk. Carxation
Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more im-
bricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex.
Seeds flattish on the back; embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of
well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Aids, of Ju}:) iter, and
dvdos, flower, i.e. Jove's own flower.)
1. D. PROLiFER L. Annual, smooth, slender; flowers clustered; bractlets
ovate, dry, concealing the calyx ; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect ; petals small,
pink. — Roadsides and fields, s. e. N. Y. to Del.; also Cleveland, 0. {Beardslee).
(Nat. from Eu.)
2. D. DELTOiDEs L. (Maidex P.) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly
lanceolate, glabrous or roughish ; fl^owers solitary ; bracts ovate, half as long as
the tube ; petals rose-color or white, toothed. — Dry open places, e. N. E. to
Mich,, becoming more frequent. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. D. BARB.\Tus L. (Sweet William.) Perennial; flovjers fascicled;
leaves large, lanceolate; bracts filiform-attenuate, equaling the calyx. — Culti-
vated, and sparingly spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)
4. D. Armeria L. (Deptford P.) Annual; flowers clustered; bractlets
of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-foi-m, herbaceous, downy, as long as the tube ;
leaves linear, hairy ; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate. — Fields,
etc., Mass. to Va., w. to s. Ont., Mich., and la. July. (Adv. from Eu.)
PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)
Herbs, loith succtdent leaves, and essentially regular but unsyimnetrical
flowers, viz., sepals fewer than the petals ; the stamens opposite the petals lohen
of the same number, but often indeflnite ; otherwise nearly as Chickweeds. —
Sepals 2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5-20. Styles 2-8,
united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1-celled, with few or
many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks from the base. Embryo curved
around mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Co-
rolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shriveling.
* Calyx free, persisttMit.
1. Montia. IVtals '^-h. nsually unequal, sometimes sli^jhtly connate at the base. Stamens as
many. Ovules J or 3, Roots fibrous.
388 PORTULACACEAE (^PUKSLANE FAMILY)
2. Claytonia. Petals and somewhat perigynous stamens 5, equal. Ovules about 6. Peren-
nials with corms or thick caudex.
* * Calyx free, deciduous.
3. Talinum. Stamens hypogynous, usually more numerous than the petals. Pod many-
seeded.
* * * Calyx partly adnate to the ovary.
4. Portulaca. Stamens 7-20, perigynous. Pod opening by a lid to which the calyx-lobes are
attached.
1. m6nTIA [Mich.] L.
Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 3-5, usually a little unequal and often connate
at the base. Stamens as many, adhering to the base of the petals. Style-
branches 3. Ovules few. Seeds 2-3. — Annuals or fibrous-rooted sometimes
rhizomatose or stoloniferous perennials, ours with opposite leaves. (Named
for Professor Giuseppe Monti of Bologna.)
1. M. fontana L. (Blinks.) Small, procumbent, rooting at the nodes;
leaves obovate to linear-spatulate, 3-12 mm. long; flowers minute; petals 3,
white, scarcely exceeding the calj^x, connate at base, unequal, the tube slit
down on one side ; few-flowered racemes terminal or axillary. — Wet places,
along the coast, islands near Mt. Desert, Me. {Band^ Bedfield), to Lab. ; and
on the Pacific Slope. (Eurasia.)
2. M. Chamissbi (Ledeb.) Durand & Jackson. Procumbent or ascending,
propagating by slender bulblet-bearing runners ; leaves several pairs, oblor.g-
spatulate, 2.5—5 cm. long ; petals 5, pale rose-color, much exceeding the calyx,
{Claytonia Chamissonis Ksch.) — Moist ground, Minn. ; also Rocky Mts., etc.
3. M. PERFOLiATA (Douu) IIowcll, with single pair of cauline leaves con-
nate into a suborbicular disk about the stem, is said to be established near
Painesville, O. (Introd. from w. N. A.)
2. CLAYT6nIA [Gronov.] L. Spring Beauty
Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of
the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. 3-6-seeded. —
Perennials, our two species sending up simple stems in early spring from a small
deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flow-
ers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day !
(Named in honor of Dr. John Clayton, one of our earliest botanists, who con-
tributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.)
1. C. virginica L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (7-15 cm. long). —
Moist open woods, N. S.to Sask., and southw. ; common, especially westw. and
southw.
2. C. caroliniana Michx. Flowers- rather smaller and fewer; leaves spatu-
late-oblong or oval-lanceolate (2.5-5 cm. long). — N. S. to Sask. and Minn., and
southw. along the Alleghenies.
3. TALINUM Adans.
Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 5-oc.
Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, with
many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. — Ours perennials, subscapose from
a thickish rootstock. Leaves linear, subterete, iimch exceeded by the peduncles.
Flowers white or rose-colored, cymose. (Derivation obscure.)
1. T. parvifl5nim Nutt. Petals 5, pale, 2-3 mm. long ; stamens 5 ; capsule
ovoid. — Pipestone City, Minn. (Sheldon) to Ark., and southwestw.
2. T. teretifblium Pursh. Petals 5, roseate, 8 mm. long ; stamens 15-20 ;
anthers oblowj ; lobes of the stigma very short; capsule globose. — Serpentine
and rarely other rocks, l*a. to Ind., Minn., and southw. June-Aug.
3. T. rugospermum Ilolzinger. Biennial (?), in appearance closely like the
CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HORN WORT FAMILY) >>89
precedinc ; st]"o:ma-lol:tes a fourth to a third as lono; as the style ; anthers ahort^
almost sphprirnl : seeds roughened. — Prairies, hid., Wise, and e. Minn.
4. T. calycinum Engelm. Larger ; petals usually 8-10 ; stamens 30 or more,
— Sandy soil or rocks, s. Mo. {Blankinship) to Neb. and southwestw.
4. PORTULACA [Toura.] L. Purslane
Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6,
inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 8-8-
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)
1. P. OLERACEA L. (CoMMON P.) Proj?^r«ie, vcry sm 00th ; leaves ohovate
or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings) ; sepals keeled ;
petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12 : style deeply o-6-parted ; flower-bud flat and
acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. — Seemingly indigenous westw.
and southwestw. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. P. neglecta Mackenzie & Bush, known to us from description only, appears
to be a more luxuriant plant with ascending stems, larger leaves (2.5-5 cm.
long, 1.2-2.5 cm. broad), and more numerous (15-18) stamens. — Rich bottom
lands, Mo. and Kan.
3. P. retusa Engelm. Leaves often retuse ; calyx-lobes obtuse in the bud;
petals small or minute ; style shorter, ?j-A-cleft ; seeds larger, sharply tubercu-
late ; otherwise like P. oleracea. — Ark. to Tex. and westw. ; reported from
Kan., la., and Minn.
4. P. pil5sa L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axils ; leaves
line ar-sidnd ate, nearly terete, (>-12 mm. long ; petals red or purple. — Barrens,
Mo. and Kan. to Tex., etc.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort Family)
Aquatic herbs, with ichorled finely dissected leaves, and mimite axillary and
sessile monoecious flowers loithout floral envelopes, but with an S-12-cleft invo-
lucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple l-celled ovary, with a suspended
orthotropous ovule; seed filled by a highly developed embryo ivith a very short
radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and
leaves. — Consists only of the genus
1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Hornwort
Sterile flowers of 10-20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene,
beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water ; the
sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the
name from /cfpas, a horn, and ((>vX\ou, leaf).
1. C. demersum L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long persistent
style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side. — Slow streams
and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.) Var. echinattm Gray has the
fruit mostly larger (6 mm. long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly
winged margin spiny-toothed. — Similar range.
NYMPHAEACEAE (Water Lily Family)
Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sometimes
only cordate leaves floating or emersed; the ovules borne on the sides or back
(or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the ventral
390 . NYMPHAEACEAE (WATER LILY FAMILY)
suture ; the embryo i)icJnsed in a little hag at the end of the albumpn next the
hiluui, except in Xclumbinm, which has no albumen. Cotyledons thick and
fleshy, inclosing a well-developed plumule. — Flowers axillary, solitary. Verna-
tion involute. Rootstocks apparently endogenous.
Subfamily I. NYMPHAEOfDEAE
Sepals 4-6, and petals numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away,
either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the compound 8-30-
celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many carpels ; the numerous
ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral
suture. Stigmas radiate as in the Poppy. Fruit baccate, with a firm rind.
Petioles and peduncles from a (usually thickish) rootstock.
1. Nymphaea. Petals (very small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted under the ovary.
2. Castalia. Petals adnate to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit.
Subfamily II. NELUMBONOfDEAE
Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each
other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and deciduous.
Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immersed in the obconical receptacle,
which is nuich enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded
nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large ; no albumen. — Petioles
and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the centrally peltate leaves and
the flowers large.
8. Kelurabo. Character of the subfamily.
Subfamily III. CABOMBOfDEAE
Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent. Stamens
definite (3-18). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and indehiscent,
1-3-seeded on the dorsal suture. — Stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage.
Flowers small.
4. Brasenia. Stamens 12-18. Carpels 4-18. Leaves all peltate.
5. Cabomba. Stamens 3-4. Carpels 2—3. Submersed leaves capillary -multifid.
1. NYMPHAEA [Tourn.] L. Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter-dock
Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, roundish, concave. Petals numerous, small
and thicki.sh, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with the very numerous short
stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not surpassing the disk-like 7-24-
rayed sessile stigma, persistent and at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked,
usually ripening above the water. Aril none. — Rootstock creeping, cylindrical.
Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. F'lowers yellow 6r sometimes tinged
with purple, produced all summer. (Name formerly used for the white-flowered
water lilies, dedicated by the Greeks to the Water Nvmphs. ) Nuphar Sibth.
& Sm.
1. N. ddvena Ait. (Cow Lily). Sepals 6, unequal (yellow, mostly tinged
with green or brown) ; petals shorter than the stamens and resembling them,
thick and fleshy, truncate ; stir/ma nearly entire^ 12-24-raypd, yellow or pale
red; ovary and fruit (3.5-") cm. long) scarcely contracted above; thin sub-
mersed leaves seldom present; floating or emersed and erect leaves thick (1.5-3
NYMPHAEACEAE (WATER LILY FAMILY) 391
dm. long), from roundish to ovate or almost oblong, the sinus open, lobes
subtriangular. {Nnphar Ait. f.) — Very common in still or stagnant water,
especially from N. Y., southw. and westw. Northw. and northeastw. largely
replaced by Var. variegata (Engelm.) Fernald, which has flowers partly
purple and leaves with a closed sinus and relatively shorter rounder lobes. (X
variegata G. S. Miller.)
X ? N. rubrodisca (Morong) Greene. More slender ; leaves somewhat
smaller (12 dm. long); flowers usually smaller (sepals 2. 5-^3 cm. long); stigma
9_13_rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson ; fruit (2.5 cm. long)
decidedly contracted above. {N. hybrida Peck; Nuphar advena, var. minus
Morong.) — N. B. to Mich, and Pa. — Probably a hybrid between N. advena,
var. variegata and the next species.
2. N. microphylla Pers. Very slender and with slender rootstock; sub-
mersed leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical, 3.5-10 cm.
long, with a deep narrow sinus; sepals usually 5; flowers 2.5 cm. or less in
diameter; petals spatulate or obovate ; stigmas 1-10-rayed, dark red; fruit
globular (1.2-1.8 cm. in diameter) with a short neck. (.V. Kalmiana Sims;
Xuphar Ait. f.)— N. B. to Pa. and Minn., and northw. — Doubtfully distinct
from N. minima Peichenb. of Eu.
.3. N. sagittif51ia Walt. Rootstock stout ; leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-
lanceolate (1.5-3 dm. long), with short sinus; flowers small, 2.5 cm. broad.
{Nuphar Pursh.) — S. Ind. and 111. {Schneck), and southw.
2. CASTALIA Salisb. Water Nymph. Water Lily
Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the
innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the
ovary. Stamens indetinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer with dilated fila-
ments. Ovary 12-35-celled, the concave summit tipped with a globular projec-
tion at the center, around which are the radiate stigmas ; these project at the
margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile appendages. Fruit
depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals, maturing under
water. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers white, pink, yellow, or
blue, very showy. (Kao-raXia, a mythical fountain on Parnassas, sacred to
Apollo and the Muses.) Nymph ae a L. in part.
1. C. odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Wood. (Sweet-scented Water Lily.)
Bootstock with few and persistent branches; leaves orbicular (0.5-2.2 dm.
wide), deeply-cordate-cleft at the base, the margin entire, often crimson beneath ;
stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex,
appressed to the rootstock; flower white, very sweet-scented (0.5-1.3 dm. in
diameter, when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the
afternoon); petals obtuse; anthers blunt ; aril much longer than the distinctly
stipitate ellipsoid seeds, these about 3 mm. long. (Nymphaea odorata Ait.,
including var. minor Sims.) — Ponds and still or slow-flowing water ; common.
Jiine-Sept. Passing to the somewhat ill-defined forma rosea (Fursh) Britton,
wirh pink or bright pink-red flowers. — Shallow ponds, mostly near the coast.
\av. gigaxtea (Tricker) Fernald. Larger; leaves 2-4 dm. broad, the margins
turned up ; flowers (white or nearly so) 1-1.5 dm. in diameter, less fragrant;
sepals greenish. (Xymphaea odorata, var. Tricker.) — Del. to Fla. and La.
(Mex., W. I., S. A.)
2. C. tuberbsa (Paine) Greene. Leaves reniform-orbicular, mostly larger
(2-4 dm. wide) and more prominently ribbed than in the last, rarely purplish
beneath ; rootstock bearing mimerous spontaneously detaching often compound
tubers; floiner scentless (or witli a slight odor as of apples), white, never pink,
1-2 dm, in diameter, the petals proportionally broader and blunter than in
no.l ; the fruit more depre.ssed, and with fewer but much larger {i.e. twice
as broad) globular-ovoid seeds, which when mature are barely inclosed by the
aril and not stipitate. {Xymphaea Paine ; N. reniformis of auth., not Walt.) —
Slow rivers, etc., n. Vt. to Del. {Commons), e. Neb., and Ark.
392 RANUJS'CULACEAE ( CKOWFOOT FAMILY)
3. NELUMBO [Toum.] Adans. Sacred Bean
The only genus of the subfamily. (Name Ceylonese.)
1. N. lutea (Willd.) Pers. (Yellow Nelumbo, Water Chinquapin.)
Leaves usually raised high out of the water, circular, 3-6 dm. in diameter, with
the center depressed or cupped ; flower pale yellow, 1.2-2.5 dm. broad ; anthers
tipped with a slender hooked appendage. {Nehinihium luteiim Willd.) — Con-
cord and Osterville, Mass., s. Ct. (probably of Indian introducti(jn) to L. Ontario,
L. Erie, Mich., Minn., e. Neb., and southw. ; rare in the Middle States. — Tubers
farinaceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Castalia on a
large scale ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, inclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-
formed young leaves, inclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath,
N. NDCiFERA Gaertn., the oriental Lotus, with pink flowers, has become
established about Bordentown, N. J., where artificially introduced.
4. BRASENIA Schreb. Water Shield
Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18 ; filaments fili-
form ; anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent pods ;
stigmas linear. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture ! — Rootstock creep-
ing. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating. Flowers
axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)
1. B. Schreberi Gmel. Leaves entire or shallowly crenate, 2-10 cm. across.
{B. peltata Pursh. ; B. purpurea Casp.) — Ponds and slow streams. June-Aug.
(Asia, Afr., Austral.)
5. CAB6mBA Aublet.
Sepals 3. Petals 3, oval, bi-auriculate above the very short claw. Stamens
3-6 ; anthers short, extrorse. Pistils 2-4, with small terminal stigmas. Seeds
3, pendulous. — Slender, mainly submersed, with opposite or verticillate cai)il-
lary-dissected leaves, a few floating, alternate and centrally peltate. Flowers
single on long axillary peduncles. (Probably an aboriginal name.)
1. C. caroliniana Gray. Floating leaves linear-oblong or -obovate, often with
a basal notch ; flowers 1.2-1.8 cm. broad, white with yellow spots at base ; sta-
mens 6. — Ponds, s. 111. (Schneck) to Fla. and Tex. May-Sept.
RANUNCULACEAE (Crowfoot Family)
Herbs or sometimes woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice.,
polypetalous, or apetalous ivith the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ;
the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few {rarely single} pistils all
distinct and unconnected. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals ^^15. Petals
2-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or
seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended
the rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo. Leaves often dis-
sected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. —
A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.
Tribe I. ANEMONEAE. Sepals 8-20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Stamens n ostly
numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike. — Herbs, never climbiniL'- ; leaves
alternate or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled. ^
* P<'tals evident; .sep.'ds usually f) ; achenes uiany.
1. Ranunculus I'clals ."> (<»r rardy more), yt'Uow or while, with a scale oi gland at base.
Aclicncs iiumerou.*;, capitate. Seed erect or ascending.
RAIS'U^CL'LACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 393
2. Myosurus. Sepals spuiTed. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Soepes l-flowered.
Seed suspended.
3. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5-16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed suspended.
* * Petals none ; sepals 3-5, caducous ; seed erect ; leaves alternate.
4. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corymbose. Filaments
white, clavate.
* * * Petals none (rarely some staminodia) ; seed suspended.
■•- Leaves alternate, compound ; flowers panicled, often dioecious,
f. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few.
-t- +- All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled ; peduncles l-flowered.
6. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Eadical leaves and involucre compound.
Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4-15, many-ribbed.
7. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx -like. Leaves radical, simple
and lobed. Pistils several.
8. Anemone. Involucre leaf-Uke, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dissected.
Pistils very many.
Tribe II. CLEMATIDEAE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with the edges
bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy
styles. Seed suspended. Leaves all opposite.
9. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.
Tribe III. HELLEB6REAE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals
often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in nos. 21
and 22) few, rarely single, few-niany-seeded. Leaves alternate.
* Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair ; herbs.
•H Flowers regular, not racemose ; petals reduced to inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none ;
sepals tardily deciduous.
■H- Follicles separate.
10. Isopynim. Petals (in ours) none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves compound.
11. Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.
12. Trollius. Petals 5-20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves palmately lobed.
13. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves radical,
trifoliolate.
14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turning green.
Pods sessile.
15. Eranthis. Petals merely small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5-8, narrow, deciduous. Flower
soUtary, involucrate.
■H- ++ Follicles connate.
16. Nigella. Petals small, unguiculate, the blade bifid. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous.
+- -e- Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5.
IT. Aquilegia. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternatelj' compound.
-t- -f- •*- Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular ; sepals 5.
18. Delphinium. Upper sepal .<^purred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs,
inclosed in the spur of the cal}'X.
19. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals.
*-•*-•*-•*- Flowers regular, racemose ; sepals caducous ; petals very small, stamen-like, or none ;
leaves decompound.
20. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1-8, becoming many-seeded
pods.
21. Actaea. Flowers in a single .short raceme. Pistil forming a many-seeded berry.
* * Ovules a single pair ; flowers regular ; rootstocks \elluw and bitter.
22. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals none. Stamens miuitrr
oiis. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. Leaves simple, lobed.
23. Zanthorhiza. Flowers in C(Hiii>ound racemes. Sepals .5. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with
claws, btamens 5-10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves.
394 RANUNCULACEAE (CKOWFOOT FAMILY)
1. RANUNCULUS [Toum.] L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.
Annuals or perennials ; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat
corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 8, the latter often
more than o. Stamens occasionally few.) — (A Latin name for a little frog;
applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound. )
§L FICARIA Boiss. Boots tuberous-thickened; sepals 3; petals about 8,
yellovj, with a free scale over the honey ylancl.
1. R. FicXria L. (Lesser Celandine.) Glabrous and somewhat succu-
lent ; leaves basal on long stoutish petioles, ovate, rounded, deeply cordate, sub-
ore n ate ; flowers scapose, 2 cm. in diameter. (Ficaria Karst.) — Wet places,
occasional ; Mass. to D. C. Ap)r., May. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
§2. BATRACHIUM DC. Petals with a spot or naked pit at base., ichite, oi
only the daw yellow; achenes maryinless, transversely icrinkled ; aquatic
or suhaquatic perennials., with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected
(mostly by threes) into capillary divisions ; peduncles l-Jlowered, opposite
the leaves.
* Beceptacle hairy.
2. R. circinatus Sibth. (Stiff Water C.) Leaves all under water and
sessile, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdivisions short,
spreading in one roundish jjlane, rigid, not collapsing v;hen withdrawn from the
water. {B. divaricatus auth., not Schrank ace. to Hiern.) — Ponds and slow
streams, Vt. to Pa., la., northw. and westw., rather rare. (Eu.)
;]. R. aquatilis L., var. capillaceus DC. (Common White Water C.)
Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capillary divisions and sub-
divisions rather long and soft., usually collapsing more or less ichen withdrawn
from the water ; petiole rather narrowly dilated. {B. aquatilis, var. trichophyl-
lus Gray ; Batrachium trichophyllum Bosch ; B. flaccidum Rupr. ; B. Droueiii
Nym. ; and B. confervoides auth., not Fries.) — Common, especially in slow-
flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June-
Aug. (Eu.) Var. caespitosus DC. A dwarf terrestrial variety or possibly
mere state, rooting at the nodes, the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader
rigid divisions. — S. 111. (Schneck), and westw. (Eu.)
* * Beceptacle glabrous ; no submersed leaves.
4. R. hederaceus L. Rooting freely in shallow water ; leaves all reniform,
angulate-lobed. (Batrachium S. F. Gray.) — Fresh-water marshes, Nfd. ;
s. Md. ; s. e. Va. (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 3. HAL6dES Gray. Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels
thin-walled, striate, in a subcylindric head; scapose, spreading by runners.
5. R. Cymbalaria Pursh. (Sea-side C.) Glabrous; scapes 4-22 cm. high,
1-7 -flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the long rooting
runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, crenate, rather fleshy, loivg-
petioled ; petals 5-8. (Oxygraphis Prantl.) — Lab. to N. J., also along the Great
Lakes and in alkaline soil of the interior. June-Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia.)
Var. alpinus Hook. Dwarf ; leaves 3-toothed, only 3-6 mm. broad. — Cape
Breton L, N. S., e. Que., and northw.
§ 4. P^URANtlNCULUS Gray. Petals with a little scale at the base., yellow;
achenes nerveless.
* Achenes smooth, or nearly so ; mostly perennial.
•«- Aquatic; immersed leaves Jiliformly dissected; as in § Batrachium.
6. R. delphinifblius Torr. (Yellow Water C.) Stems floating or im-
mersed, with the Univcs all repeatedly .S-furked into loim filiform divisions, or
sometimes cn-eiiing in tiie mud (jjerennial by rooting from the nodes, if at all) ;
petals 5-8, deep bright yellow, 8-12 mm. long, much larger than the sepal.-^ :
I
RANUXCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 395
carpels in a roiiiul head, p(»iiited with a straight beak, sli^ditly roughened, and
luaryuied toward the base with a conspicuous tumid horder. {R. muUifidus
Pui'sh, not Forskal.) — Quiet water, centr. Me. to Ont , s. to N. C. and Ark. ;
also B. C. to Cal. When rooting out of water or left in the mud of drying ponds
it becomes the so called var. tekkestris (Gray) Farwell {B. missouriensis
Greene), a mere state, although differing conspicuously in its firmer less finely
cut leaves of roundish outline, pubescent petioles, and smaller flowers.
7. R. Piirshii Richards. Wholly immersed and glabrous or creeping upon
muddy banks and sparingly to copiously appressed-pubescent ; leaves orbicular
in outline, 1-2 cm. in diameter (the submersed somewiiat larger), radially 3-
cleft, the segments again cut into 2—5 rounded lobes ; flower about 1 cm. broad ;
petals bright yellow, not much exceeding the broad similarly colored sepals ;
carpels small, ovoid, turgid, smooth, without a distinct horder; style short,
straightish. — Shallow pools and on shores, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to P. E. I.,
N. S., N. B., Mich., Minn., N. Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. June-
Sept. (Siber.)
■t- •+- Arctic species barely entering oar northern limits; leaves all S(-5)-cleJt or
S-parted. glabrous.
8. R. Iapp6nicus L. Creeping; leaves deeply 3-parted, 1.5-4 cm. broad,
segments obovate, cuspidately several-toothed ; scapes 6-10 cm. high, 1-leaved
near the base ; flower 7-12 mm. broad ; petals oblong, yellow with orange veins ;
achenes somewhat fusiform. {Anemone nudicauUs Gray.) — In sphagnum
bogs, etc., Greenl. and n. Lab. to the n. shore of L. Superior, n. ]\Iinn., and
Alaska. (Siber., n. P^u.)
•<--»-+- Usually terrestrial but growing in very i^et places^ glabrous or nearly
so; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate
or linear ; carpels forming a globular head. (Spearwort.)
9. R. laxicaulis (T. & G.) Darby. (Water Plantain S.) Stems ascend-
ing (3-6 dm. long), often rooting from the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate or the
lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (4-10 cm. long), contracted into a margined
half-clasping petiole ; petals 5-7, bright yellow, oblong (4-6 mm. long); carpels
flattened, large (2 mm. \ong), pointed icith a long narrow-subulate beak. (B.
obtusinscnlus Raf.?; B. ambigens Wats.) — Ditches and muddy places, s. Me.
to Ga. and Tenn.. chiefly at low altitudes; and from w. N.Y. and s. Ont. to
Minn, and Ark. June- Aug. — An aquatic state with reduced but undivided
leaves occurs.
10. R. Flammula L. (Smaller S.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting
below; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong to lanceolate, en-
tire or nearly so, mostly petioled (2-5 cm. long); petals 5-7, much longer than
the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels small, Jiattish but turgid, mucronate icith a
short abrupt point. — Nfd. ; also Ore. (Eurasia.) Passing by insensible grada-
tions through an undefinable var. intermedius Hook., into
Var. reptans (L.) Mey. (Creeping S.) Small, slender, the ^7(/'or7?i cr^'pp-
ing stems rooting at all the joints ; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (6-25 mm.
long); flowers small. ( B. reptans L.) — Gravelly or sandy shores ; Nfd. to Pa.,
north w. and westw. June-Sept. (Eu.) Passing in its turn into the still more
slender var. filifoioiis (Michx.) Hook., with filiform leaves. — Similar situations.
11. R. oblongifolius Ell. Usually annual ; stem erect or ascending, often
pubescent below, slender (3-6 dm. high), diffusely branched above and many-
flowered; leaves serrate or denticulate, lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong
(1-3.5 cm. long), uppermost linear; flowers 6-10 mm. broad ; petals 5, bright
yellow (3-6 mm. long) ; stamens 12-20 ; carpels minute, almost globular, the
small style deciduous. — Swamps and low ground, near the coast, Del. to Fla.
and Tex., n. in Miss, basin to Mo. and Til. Apr.-Sept.
12. R. pusillus Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (1.5-4.5 dm.
long); leaves entire or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate or heart-
shaped (0.7-2 cm. long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (2-4 cm.
long) ; flowers very small ; petals 1-5, pale yellowish, about 2 mm. long, scarcely
I
396 EANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY^)
surpassing the sepals ; stamens 8-10 ; carpels \ery turgid, smooth or slightly
papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet places, near the coast,
s. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex., n. in the Miss, basin to Mo. and Tenn. Apr.-Sept.
4- -»--»- •*- Terrestrial., hut often in wet places ; leaves mostly cleft or divided.
++ Boot-leaves {or most of them) not divided to the very base; achenes
marginless.
— Carpels in a globose head^ upon a turgid subglohose receptacle.
tS. R. rhomboideus Goldie. (Dwarf B.) Low (\ -2 dm. high), hairy ; root-
leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate., rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest
stem-leaves similar or 3-5-lobed, the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes
linear ; carpels obovate with a minute beak., in a globose head ; petals large.,
deep yellow. {B. ovalis Raf. ?) — Prairies and dry hills, w. Que. to Mich., la.,
and northw. Apr,, May.
= = Carpels in an ovoid or cylindric head., on an elongated receptacle.
a. Stigma essentially sessile.
1. Boot-leaves all S-parted or -lobed ; the lobes again lobed or toothed.
14. R. sceleratus L. (Cursed C.) Annual, glabrous; root-leaves •i-Iobed.,
rounded ; lower stem-leaves o-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the
uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ; carpels
barely mucronulate, veiy numerous, in ellipsoidal or cylindrical heads ; petals
scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches and bogs ; sometimes appearing as if
introduced. June-Aug. — Stem thick and hollow ; juice acrid and blistering ;
leaves thickish ; flowers small, pale yellow. (Ku.)
2. 3Iost or all of the root-leaves merely crenate.
15. R. micranthus Nutt. Villous; roots often fusiform-thickened, fascicu-
late ; root-leaves for the most part broadly obovate, scarcely if at all cordate at
the base, some of them 3-parted or pedately 3-divided ; the cauline subsessile,
divided into 3(-5) narrowly oblong leaflets; flowers very small; petals incon-
spicuous, light yellow ; receptacle glabrous. {B. abortivus., var. Gray.) — Open
deciduous woods, s. Me. to the Sask,, and south w.
16. R. abortivus L. (Small-flowered C.) Biennial, slightly succulent;
stem 1.0-43 dm. high, covered with a short sparse sometimes fugacious pubes-
cence ; primary root-leaves round-heart-shaped with a wide shallow sinus or
kidney-form., barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or
3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 3-5-parted or divided,
subsessile, the divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly
724 R abortivus toothed ; petals j)ale yellow., shorter than the small rejlexed calyx ;
Car' el X 4V receptacle villous ; carpels minute, merely nuicronulate. — Shady
'^' hillsides and along brooks, common. Apr.-Junf. Fig. 724.
Var. eucyclus Fernald. Stem slender, flexuous, not succulent ; root-leaves
larger (often ij-fi cm. broad), orbicular, deeply cordate with a narrow sinus,
thin. — Rich low woods, N. B. and Que. to Ct.
h. Stigma borne on a distinct at first straightish at length more or less re-
curved style.
17 R. allegheniensis Britton. Habit and foliage closely as in j^. aborti-
vus; stem glaucous; petals minute, pale yellow; a chencs pro-
vided with a distinct recurved beak. — Moist places in rich woods,
e. Mass. to Vt., e. N. Y., and south w. to N. C., locally abundant.
18. R. Harvdyi (Gray) Britton. Also with the habit and '^^^- ^g^gls!^^*"*'
foliage of B. abortivus ; root a fascicle of fusiform fibers ; c&vw\ x 4^4
petals 5-8, oblong, 5-7 mm. in length, much larger than in
the related species preceding ; achones tipped with a weak straightish beak
{B. abortions, var. CJray.) — Rocky ground, s. Mo. {Bush) and Ark.
Q
RAXUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)
397
726. R. fascicularis.
Base of plant x ^.
** -w- Leaves variously cleft or divided ; achenes in globular or ovoid heads, com^
pressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or pubescent.
= Achenes icith long recurved beak ; root-leaves rarely divided.
19. R. recurvatus Poir. (Hooked C.) Hirsute, 3-6 dui. high ; leaves of
the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply o-cleft, large ; the lobes
broadly wedge-shaped, 2-3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex ; petals
shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — "Woods, common. May, June.
= = Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or the upper paH
usually deciduous; early root-leaves only o-pai'ted, the later 3-5-foliolate ;
petals bright yellow.
20. R. fascicularis Muhl. (Early C.) Low, ascending, 1-2.5 dm. high,
pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibers ;
radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked
terminal division remote from the sessile lateral
ones, itself 3-5-divided or -parted and 3-o-cleft, the
lobes oblong or linear ; petals often 6 or 7, spatu-
late-oblong, twice the length of the spreading calyx ;
carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender
straight or rather curved beak. — Dry or moist
hills, e. Mass. to Out. and southw. Apr., May.
Fig. 726.
21. R. septentrionalis Poir. (Swamp B.) Usu-
ally villous ; stems 3-8 dm. long, erect, ascending,
or in icet ground some of them pro-
cumbent or forming long runners;
lower petioles very long ; leaves 3-di-
vided, the divisions all stalked (or at
least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally
3-cleft or parted and variously cut ; petals broadly obovate, much
larger than the spreading calyx ; mature
carpels 3-3.4 mm. broad, strongly margined,
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — ]\loist
or shady places, etc., May-Aug. Fig. 727.
22. R. hispidus Michx. Root a cluster of stout fibers ;
stem 1.5-4 dm. high, flexuous, not repent, hirsute or smooth-
ish ; leaves 3-divided or the basal only 3-lobed ; divisions
or lobes variously cleft, teeth mostly acutish ; petals oblong,
bright yellow, much exceeding the spreading sepals;
mature achenes green, obscurely margined,
2-2.6 mm. broad, tipped with a rather slender
beak. — Moist places, chiefly in upland woods,
Vt., southw. and westw. I'ig. 728. — A
smooth ish form occurs.
= = = Style short, recurved, stigmatose
along the inner margin, mostly persistent.
23. R. repens L. (Creeping B.) Creep-
ing, in habit and foliage closely similar to the
last two species ; leaves frequently white-
variegated or spotted; flowers 2-2.6 cm.
broad; sepals not reflexed in anthesis. — Li
low grounds ; generally in ditches and along
water courses, near the coast and probably
introduced from Europe, but indigenous
westw. Fig. 729.
24. R. pArvulus L. Hirsute, not creep-
ing, similar to but much smaller than the
preceding; leaves rarely over 3 cm. broad;
•27. E. septen-
trionalis.
Carpel x 4%.
728. E. hispidus.
Flower x s/-.
Carpel x -Ji/^.
T29. K. repens.
Base of plant x ■'4- Flower X V?-
Carpel x 4^
398 BANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)
flowers 1-1.8 cm. in diameter; sepals refiexed in anthesis ; head of fruit ovoid;
achenes small, flat, strongly margined, the faces sometimes a little warty ; style
short, erect. — Waste places, ballast, etc., Philadelphia and southw. (Adv.
from Eu.)
25. R. pennsylvanicus L. f. (Bristly C.) Stout and erect from a usually
annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to the top, 4-6 dm.
hi,2:h ; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked leaflets unequally
•J-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; flowers inconspicuous ; sepals reflexed ;
carpels obscurely margined, in Si short-cylind7ic head ; receptacle cylindro-conical.
— Wet places. June-Aug. (Asia.)
26. R. Macounii Britton. Kesembling the last, but the ascending or reclin-
ing stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not always hirsute ; petals (about
6 mm. long) surpassing the hardly reflexed and soon decidu-
ous calyx ; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a globose
or ovoid head ; receptacle thick, ohovoid. (i?. hispidns Man.
ed. 6.) — Que. to L. Superior, "la.," and westw. Fig. 730.
27. R. BULBosus L. (Bulbous C. or B.) Hairy ; stem
78(1. II. Macounii. (3 dm. high) erect from a hiilh-like haye ; radical leaves
Flower xVt- 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the terminal stalked
Carpel x 4i^. and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed; ptduncles
furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at base ; calyx re-
flexed ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields ; very abundant only in
e. X. E. ; rare westw. May-July. — Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals
often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than 2.5 cm. broad. (Nat.
from Eu.)
28. R. ACRis L. (Tall C. or B.) Hairy ; stem erect (6-9 dm. high) ; leaves
o-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their segments cut into
lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate,
much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields; common, especially eastw.
June-Aug. — Flowers nearly as large as the last, but not so deep yellow.
(Nat. from Eu.) Var. Steveni (Andrz.) Lange. Leaf-segments broadly ob-
lanceolate or even obovate-cuneate. — Moist meadows, N. E. and northeastw. ;
not rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Achenes beset vnth rough points or small prickles ; annuals.
20. R. muricItus L. Nearly glabrous ; lower leaves roundish or ren if orm,
3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; petals
longer than the calyx; carpels fl.at, spiny -tuberculate on the sides, stroni;ly
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth unarmed margin. — Wet
places, e. Va. and southw. (Nat. from Eurasia.)
30. R. ARVENSis L. Similar to the preceding, but segments of the cauline
leaves more narrow and acute ; carpds armed on the thick border as well as the
surfaces. — Waste places, N. J. to O. (Sparingly adv. from Eu.)
31. R. parvifl6rtis L. Hairy, slender and diffuse ; lower leaves roundish-
cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cnt ; the upper 3-5-parted ; petals not longer
than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly margined.
— Waste places, etc., Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. MYOSURUS [Dill.] L. Mouse-tail
Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20.
Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-
like receptacle (wlience the name, from yuOs, a mouse, and ovpd, a tail), the seed
suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-leaves,
and naked 1 -flowered .sca])es. Flowers small, greeni.sh.
1. M. minimus I.. Fruiting spike 2-5 cm. long; achenes quadrate, blunt. —
Alluvial ground, etc.. 111. to Assina., N, Mex., and Fla.; also at Belleville, Ont.
(Maronn) ; and re[)orted from e. Va. (Eu.)
KANU^'CULACEAE (CliUWEOOT FAMILY) 399
3. ADONIS [Dill.] L.
Sepals and petals (5-16) flat, uuappendaged, deciduous. Achenes numerous,
in. a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended. — Herbs with finely dissected al-
ternate leaves and showy flowers. ("ASwvis, a favorite of Venus, after his death
changed into a flower.)
1. A. AUTUMNALis L. (Pheasakt's Eye.) Low Icafy annual with scarlet
or crimson corolla darker in the center. {A. annua L., in part.) — Occasional
in fields. (Sparingly introd. from Eu.)
4. TRAUTVETTERIA Fisch. & May. False Bugbane
Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none.
Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed, somewhat 4-angled
and inflated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed
leaves, and corymbose white flowers. (For Prof. E. B. von Traiitvetter, an able
Russian botanist of the 19th century.)
1. T. carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. Stems 6-9 dm. high; root-leaves large,
5-11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (T. pahnata Fisch. & Mey.) — Moist
ground along streamlets, Md. and s. w. Pa. to Mo. and Ga.
5. THALICTRUM [Toum.] L. Meadow Rue
Sepals 4-5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. Achenes
4-15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended.
— Perennials, with alternate 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and
the leaflets stalked ; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles,
often polygamous or dioecious. (A Greek name of an unknown plant, men-
tioned by Dioscorides.)
* Flowers perfect ; filaments club-shaped, erect or spreading.
1. T. clavatum DC. Stem slender, glabrous, 3-4 dm. high, 1-3-leaved ;
radical leaves biternate ; leaflets large, thin, glaucous beneath, suborbicular,
coarsely and crenately 3-7-toothed ; flowers white, few ; achenes 5-10, flat,
falcate, tapering into a long and very slender stipe. — By mountain streams,
W. Va. and Va. to Ga. and Ala. May, June.
* * Flowers dioecious or polygamous.
•«- Achenes sessile, regularly nbbed, their walls of firm texture.
2. T. confine Fernald. Glabrous and glaucous, 3-10 dm. high, from a slen-
der elongate caudex ; leaflets often 2-4 cm. broad, suborbicular, veins scarcely
prominulous beneath ; achenes maturing 2-5, about 8 mm. long including the
beak. — Rocky and gi-avelly banks of streams, e. N. B., Que., and n. Me. to
n. N. Y. and Man. June, July.
■«- •*- Achenes broadly spindle-shaped, conspicuously stalked; filaments thread-
like ; leaves '6-A-ternate.
3. T. coriaceum (Britton) Small. Boots stout, bright yellow; common
petioles of the stem-leaves more or less developed, the base much dilated and
amplexicaul ; leaflets broadly obovate to suborbicular, 3-9-toothed or -lobed,
pale and glabrous beneath ; style nearly as long as the achene. — Mts. of Pa. to
Ky., N. C, andTenn.
4. T. caulophylloides Small. Similar; roots not yellow; leaflets commonly
large, reniform-suborbicular, broader than long, pale beneath ; style thickish,
often hooked, about half as long as the achene. — Mountain slopes and alluvial
banks, Md. to Ky. ami 'iVnn.
400 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)
•«-■»-■*- Achpnr<t sessile or suhspssilp, thiiKmlled, the rihs often connected by
transverse reticulations ; leaves -\-A-ternate.
•M. Filaments capillary^ soon flrooping ; petioles of the stem-leaves well devel-
oped; vernal.
5. T. diolcum L. (Early M.) Smooth and pale or glaucous, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves (2-3) all with general petioles ; leaflets thin, light green, drooping, sub-
orbicular, 3-7-lobed ; flowers dioecious ; sepals purplish or greenish white. —
Rocky woods, etc., centr. Me., westw. and south w., common. Apr., May.
++ ++ Filaments capillary or slightly chib-shaped, soon drooping ; petioles of the
stem-leaves short or none ; aestival.
6. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Stem 6-12 dm. high, usually pui-plish ;
leaflets shortly oblong, mostly 3-toothed, more or less veiny, pale and usually
covered icith a fine non-glandular piibescence beneath ; flowers dioecious ; se-
pals and capillary filaments commonly purplish white. ( T. purpurascens Man.
ed. 0, in part.) — Alluvial soil, N. J. to the Saskatchewan, and south westw.
7. T. revolutum DC. Habit and flowers much as in the preceding ; leaflets
thicker, under a lens finely glandnlar-puberul ent , the glands or waxy globules
sessile or shortly stipitate. ( T. pnrpurascens Man. ed. 6, in part, including
var. ceriferum Aust.) — Rocky upland woods, etc., also on river banks, e.
Mass. to N. J., s. w. Ont., s. Ind., and N. C. — Emitting a heavy odor.
•^ ++ -M- Filaments club-shaped, ascending or spreading until after anthesis.
8. T. polygamum Muhl. (Tall M.) Glabrous or pubescent but not glan-
dular, 0..5-2.6 m. high ; stem-leaves sessile ; leaflets rather firm, roundish to
oblong, commonly with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath ;
panicles very compound; flowers white (rarely purplish), the fertile ones with
some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white
filaments decidedly thickened upwards ; achenes glabrous. (T. Cornuti Man.
ed. 5, not L. ) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, Nfd. to O. and southw., com-
mon. July-Sept. Var. hkbecarpum Fernald. Leaflets usually pubescent
beneath ; achenes pubescent. — Nfd. to s. Ont. and N. H.
6. ANEMONELLA Spach.
Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5-10, white
and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4-lo, ovoid, terete, strongly 8-10-
ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed. — Low glabrous peren-
nial ; leaves all radical, compound. (Name a diminutive of Anemone, to which
this plant has sometimes been referred.)
1. A. thalictroides (L.) Spach. (Rue Anemone.) Stem and slender peti-
ole of radical leaf (1-3 dm. high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous
roots ; leaves 2-3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at
the end. cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2-3-leaved 1-2-ternate
involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel ; sepals oval (1.2 cm. long, some-
times pinkish), not early deciduous. (Syndesmon Hoffmannsegi:. ; Thalictrum
anemonoides yiich^.) — Woods, common, s.- N. H. to Minn., Kan., Tenn., and
n. w. Fla. — Rarely the sepals, stamens or involucre are variou.sly modified.
7. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Hill. Liverleaf, Hepatica
Leaves heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thicki.sh and persistent through the winter,
the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes.
(Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.)
1. H. triloba Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those
of the involucre also obtuse ; sepals 6-12, blue, purplish, or nearly white ; achenes
several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. {H. Hepatica
Kar.st.) — Woods, common from N. S. to Fla., Mo., and Minn.; more abundant
eastw. (Alaska, Eu.)
KANUNCULACEAE (CMOWFOOT FAMILY) 401
2. H. acutiloba DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes
6-lobed ; iliose of tlie involucre acute or acutish. (//. acuta Britton.) — Woods,
w. Que., southvv. tlirougli w. N. H. to Ga., Mo., and Minn., more abundant
westw. ; York, Me. {Bicknell). — Passes into tlie preceding.
8. ANEM6nE [Tourn.] L. Anemone
Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in no. 1 resembling abortive
stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended.
— Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo-
site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower ; peduncles
1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, a cor-
ruption of Namdii^ the Semitic name for Adonis, from whose blood the crimson-
flowered Anemone of the Orient is said to have sprung.)
§ 1. PULSATf.LLA Pers. Carpels numerous in a head^ with long hairy styles
which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis ; flower large, usually
with some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens answering to
petals.
1. A. f)atensL., var. Wolf gangiana (Bess.) Koch. (Pasque Flower.) Silky-
villous ; flower erect, solitary ; leaves ternately divided, the lateral divisions
2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted ; segments of the leaves and ses-
sile involucre deeply cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; sepals 5-7, pur-
plish blue to whitish (15-o5 mm. long), spreading when in full anthesis. (Var.
Xuttalliana Gray ; Pulsatilla hirsutissima Britton.) — Prairies, Wise, 111., Tex.,
north w. and westw. March, Apr. (Eu., Siber.)
§ 2. ANEMONE proper. Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none.
* Achenes densely long-woolly., compressed ; involucre far below the flower.
•)- Bootstock tuberous ; sepals usually 10-20 ; style filiform.
2. A. caroliniana Walt. Stem 7-15 cm. high ; root-leaves once or twice
3-parted or cleft ; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft ; sepals
10-20, oblong-linear, purple or whitisn ; head of fruit ellipsoid. — Dak. to 111.,
ria., and Tex. May. A. decapetala Ard., said to reach e. Kan., is doubt-
fully distinct, its strongest character being the greater prevalence of simply ter-
nate basal leaves with crenate uncleft leaflets.
H- -(- Bootstock not tuberous ; sepals usually 5-8 ; styles filiform.
3. A. parviflbra Michx. Stem 1-3 dm. high, from a slender rootstock, 1-
floioered ; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate-
incised or lobed ; involucre 2-3-leaved ; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white, with bluish
bases ; head of fruit globular. — Wet limestone rocks, Lab. to Alaska, s. to e.
Que., Ont., Minn., Col., and Ore. May-Sept. (Siber.)
4. A. multifida Poir. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (1-4 dm.
high); principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two '2-leaved
peduncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves,
twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals (sometimes
numerous) obtuse, red, greenish yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or
ovoid. {A. Hudsoniana Richards.) — Gravelly and ledgy (calcareous) shores
and banks, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., n. N. Y., Mich.,
S. Dak.; and in the mts. to Ariz. June. (Extra-trop. S. A.)
••-+-■«- Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles ;
invohicral leaves long-petioled ; sepals 5-8, silky or downy beneath, oval or
oblong; style subulate. (Tuimbleweeds.)
5. A. cyliudrica Gray. Slender, pubescent; flowers 2-(3, on very long up-
right naked peduncles ; involucral leaves twice or thrice as many as the pedun-
cles, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-lanceolate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
3-cleft : lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish
gray's manual — 26
402 RANtJNCULACEAE (("KOWFOOT FAMILY)
white ; head of fruit cylindrical (2-3.5 cm. long). — Kocky woods and dry bar-
rens, sv. Me. to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa., 111., Mo., Kan., N. Mex., and Ariz.
May-July.
6. A. riparia Fernald. Le.ss conspicuou.sly pubescent ; leaflets thinner,
greener, less strongly veined ; those of the involucre lanceolate, cuiteate at the
base; sepals 5, large (1.5 cm. long), obtuse, white or rarely reddish, mostly
P'dtaloid ; head of fruit subcylindric, the styles suherect. — Calcareous river-
banks, etc., Gasp6 Co., Que., to Alberta, s. to Me., w. Ct., e. Pa., and w. N. Y.
May, June.
7. A. virginiana L. Loosely pubescent or glabrate ; involucral leaves 3, 3-
parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted,
the middle 3-cleft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-
leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5. acute, greeni.sh
(in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit ovoid or thick-cylindiic, the
styles divergent. — ^Voods and meadows, centr. Me. to Minn., and south w.
June-Aug. — Plant 0.6-1 m. high ; the upright peduncles 1.5-3 dm. long.
* * Acheyies naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined; sepals 5, obovate ;
involucre sessile.
8. A. canadensis L. Hairy, rather low ; primary involucre 3-leaved, bear-
ing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a^2-leaved
involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly
wedge-shaped, 3-cref t, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft ; se-
pals white (1.2-1.8 cm. long); head of fruit spherical. (A. pennsylvanica L.)
— River-banks and prairies, e. Que. to Assina., s. to N. S., centr. Me., w. N. P>.,
X. J., Pa., Great Lake region, Mo., Kan., and Col.; escaped from cultivation
elsewhere.
* * * Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong ; stems slender, 1-Jlowered;
leaves radical.
9. A. quinquef51ia L. (Wood A.) Low, smoothish ; stem perfectly simple,
from a thick-hliform whitish or brown rootstock ; involucre of 3 long-petioled
trifoliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and laciniately toothed
or the lateral ones 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from
the rootstock ; peduncle not longer than the involucre ; sepals 4-7, oval, white,
or tinged with purple outside ; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak.
(A nemorosa of Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Margin of woods. Apr., May. — A
delicate vernal species ; the flower 2 cm. broad.
The European A. nemor6sa L., with thicker blackish rootstock, has been
found as an e.scape from cultivation in e. Mass. (Sears).
10. A. trifblia L. Similar in habit, somewhat stouter ; the leaflets of the
involucre lanceolate to ovate, 2-3 cm. broad, rather regularly serrate, not in-
cised ; flower 2.8-3.5 cm. in diameter ; sepals oval, white. — Woods, mts. of s.
Pa. to Ga. (Eu.)
9. CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower
Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending
or clasping of the leaf-stalks, rarely low and erect. (KXrjfjiaTLs, a name of Dios-
C(^rides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.)
§ 1. FLAmMULA DC. Flowers cymose-panicnlate, rather small, in our spe-
cies dioecious or the pistillate with some sterile stamens. Sepals petaloid,
whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. Anthers short, blunt.
1. C. virginillna L. Leaves normally 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, acute, thin,
dark green al)()ve, when young silky-villous beneath, in age more or less com-
pletely g'.ttbrate, heart-shaped at the base, variously few-toothed. — River-banks,
etc, common ; climbing over .slirubs. July, Aug. A variation, found in the
lower Missouri Valley and having more persistent pube.scence and " marginless "
achenes, has been described as C. missouriensis Hydb.
EANUNCULACEAE (CEOWFOOT FAMILY) 403
2. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. Verj- similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or quinate-
ternate ; lealieis Siiiail. 1.5-4 cm. broad, pale green, tliickish, ol Uriii texture. —
Mo. (^Bush), Neb., and w. lo the Pacitic.
§ 2. VIOUXA Reiclienb. Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, tisually
nodding. Sejyals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple.
Petals none. Anthers linear.
* Stems climbing; leaves at least in part pinnate ; calyx (and foliage) gla-
brous or puberulent.
H- Tails of fruit plumose.
3. C. Vi6rna L. (Leather Flower.) Calyx ovoid and at length bell-
shaped ; the purpli.sh sepals (2-3 cm. long) very thick and leathery, icholly con-
nivent or oni}' the tips recurved ; long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets
3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2-3-lobed or mtire, not reticu-
lated; uppermost leaves often simple. (0. glaucophylla and C. flaccida Small.)
— Rich soil. Pa. to Mo., and southw. May-Aug.
4. C. Addisonii Britton. Suberect, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves all or many of
them simple, sessile, broadly ovate, deep green above, glaucous beneath, obtuse,
the later ones pinnate with prehensile petiolules and elliptic ovate leaflets ;
flowers and fruit as in C. Viorna. — Alluvial soil, Va. (Addison Brown), X. C,
and Tenu. x C. viorxioides Britton is intermediate between this and C.
Viorna.
5. C. versicolor Small. Climbing, glabi-ous or nearly so ; leaves pinnate ;
leaflets oval, reticulated; sepals lanceolate, glabrous on the outer surface,
sli2;htly recurved at the tip; acheues with plumose tails. — Dry ledges, Mo.
(Bush), and Ark. (according to Small).
-(- ■*- Tails of fruit silky or glabrate.
6. C. Pitcheri T. & G. Calyx bell-shaped ; the dull purplish sepals with
narroio and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit Jiliforni and
naked or shortly villous; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-
lobed. much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. (C. Simsii of auth.,
not Sweet according to Gray.) — S. Ind. to Neb. and Tex. June.
7. C. crispa L. Calyx cylindrical below, the upper half of the bluish-purple
sepals (2.5-4 5 cm, long) dilated and widely spreading, with broad and icavy
thin margins; tails of the fruit silky or glabrate ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying
from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. (C. cylindrica Sims.)«
— Va. near Norfolk, and south w. May-Aug.
* * Low and erect, mostly simple ; flowers solitary, terminal; leaves sessile or
nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated.
8. C. ochroleuca Ait. Leaves broadly ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed,
silky beneath; sepals yellowish within ; peduncles long ; tails of the fruit tawny-
plumose, the achenes nearly symmetrical, 3.5 mm. broad. — Copses, s. N. Y. to
Ga. ; rare. May.
9. C. ovata Pursh. Very similar in habit ; leaves narrowly ovate, entire,
glabrate; sepals purplish; achenes obliqw, 4-5 mm. broad, their silky tails
irhite or nearly so. — Dry slaty hillsides. White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. to
S. C.
10. C. Frem6ntii "Wats. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed,
sparingly villous-tomentose ; peduncles very short ; tails villous or glabrate, not
plumose. — Mo., Neb., and Kan.
§3. ATRAGENE DC. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less
petal oid ; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely
spreading.
11. C. verticillaris DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous ; leaves
trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles ; leaflets ovate or
slightly heart-shaped, pointed; flower pinkish-pttrple, 5-7.5 cm. across; tails
of the fruit plumose, 5 cm. long. (Atragene americana Sims.) — Rocky
104 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)
woods, chiefly in calcareous districts, e. Que. to Hudson B. and L. Winnipeg,
locally s. to Del., Va., W. Va,, Mich, and Minn. May, June.
10. ISOPYRUM L.
Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed
with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2-several-seeded. — Slender smooth
perennial herbs, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-o-lobed.
Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (From iaowvpov, the ancient name of a
Fionaria.)
1. I. biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. Petals none ; filaments white, club-shaped ;
pistils o-(3 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-o-seeded ; seeds smooth. —
Moist shady places, s. Ont. (Dearness) to Minn., and southw. May. — Fibers
of the root thickened here and there into little tubers.
11. CALTHA [Rupp.] L. Marsh Marigold
Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (folli-
cles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Glabrous perennials, with round
and heart-shaped or kidney-form large leaves. (An ancient Latin name for
the common Marigold.)
1. C. paliistris L. Stem hollow, furrowed, not creeping ; leaves round or
kidney-shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire ; sepals broadly oval,
bright yellow. — Swamps and wet meadows, Nfd. to Sask., s. to S. C, Tenn.,
and Xeb. Apr.-June. Often called incorrectly Cowslips; used as a pot-herb
in spring, when coming into flower. (Eu.) Var. flabellif6lia (Pursh)
T. & G. is a weak slender form (not creeping) , with open reniform leaves and
smaller flowers (2 cm. broad or less), occurring in cold mountain springs, N. Y.
to Md, Var. radicans (Forst.) Hartm. is a decumbent or procumbent form,
creeping at the base, usually more slender and smaller-flowered than the typi-
cal form. — Arctic Am. and (according to Rydberg) in swamps near Woodlawn
and W. Hampton, N. Y. (Boreal Eurasia.)
2. C. natans Pall. Stems commonly floating ; leaves ovate-reniform, thin,
subentire ; flowers small (1-1.2 cm. broad); sepals lohite or pinkish; carpels
numerous (3 mm. long), in a globose head. — In ponds or on muddy shores,
ji. Minn., and northwest w. June-Sept..
12. TROLLIUS L. Globeflower
Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals small, 1-lipped, the concavity near the base.
Stamens and pi.stils numerous. Pods 9 or more, many-seeded. — Smooth peren-
nials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Banunculus, and large solitary
terminal flowers. (Name a latinization of Troll from Trollhlume, the Germanic
vernacular designation.)
1. T. Idxus Salisb. (Spreading G.) Leaves 5-7-parted ; pale greenish-yel-
low sepals 5-0, spreading ; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the
stamens. — Deep swamps, w. Ct. to Del., Pa., and Mich. ; Rocky Mts. May.
13. C6pTIS Salisb. Goldthread
Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at
the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent,
membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials,
with ternately divided root-leave.s, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name
from KbirreLv. to r^it, alluding to the divided leaves.)
1. C. trif51ia (L. ) Salisb. Rootstocks of long bright yellow bitter fibers;
leaves everL'reen, shining; Icnflets 3, (tbovate-wedgc-forni, sharply toothed,
obscurely 3-iobed ; scape nuked, slender, 7-13 cm. liigh, 1 (rarely 2)-riowered. -
RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 405
Mossy woods and swamps, Lab. to Alask., s. to Md., mts. of N. C. and Tenn.,
Mich., and n. e. la. May-July. (Greenl., Eurasia,)
14. HELLEBORUS [Tourn.] L. Hellebore
Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubular,
2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Peren-
nial herbs, with ample palmate or pedate leaves and large solitary nodding early
vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.)
1. H. YiRiDis L. (Green H., Christmas Flower.) Root-leaves glabrous,
pedate; calyx spreading, greenish. — Has been found wild on L. I., in Pa.,
K. J., and W. Va. Dec. -Apr. (Nat. from Eu.)
15. ERANXmS Salisb. Winter Aconite
Sepals 5-8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Carpels
few% stipitate, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately multifid radi-
cal leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower surrounded by an
involucre of a single leaf. (Name from ^/j, spring, and at-^os, Jlov:er.)
1. E. HYEMALis (L.) Salisb. Dwarf ; flowers cup-shaped, shorter than the
stamens. (Cammarum Greene.) — Often cultivated; established in e. Pa.
Feb., March. (Nat. from Eu.)
16. NIGELLA [Tourn.] L. Fennel Flower
Sepals 5, regular, petaloid. Petals small, ungeniculate, the blade bifid.
Pistils 5, partly united into a compound ovary, so as to form a several-celled
capsule. — An Old World genus, with blackish aromatic seeds, noteworthy in
the family in having a somewhat compound ovary. (Name a diminutive of
niger, black, from the color of the seeds.)
1. N. DAMAscENA L. (LovE-iN-A-MisT.) FlowcT bluish, overtopped by a
finely divided leafy involucre. — Sometimes cultivated, and occasionally spon-
taneous around gardens. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
17. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. Columbine
Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Per-
ennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name of doubtful origin.)
1. A. canadensis L. (Wild C.) Flowers 5 cm. long, scarlet, yellow inside,
nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becoming upright in fruit ;
spurs nearly straight ; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks,
open woods, etc. Apr.-June. Var. Phippenii J. Robinson with salmon-colored
flowers, and var. flavifl6ra (Tenney) Britton with yellow flowers, are color
forms with paler foliage. A. coccinea Small — robust and with acuminate
sepals 13-21 mm. long — is a more or less marked and perhaps distinct species
of the South and West.
2. A. VULGARIS L. (Garden C.) Flowers blue, purple, pink, or white;
spurs hooked. — Established in many places, especially north w. (Introd. from
Eu.)
18. DELPHINIUM [Tourn.] L. Larkspur
Sepals 5. irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the
base. Petals 4 (rarely only 2, united into one), irregular, the upper pair con-
tinned backward into long spurs which are inclosed in the spur of the calyx, the
lower pair with short claws. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit.
— Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name
406 RANUXCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)
from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not
unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.)
Introduced annuals; pistil 1.
Follicle 1 cm. long, glabrous • . , , . 1. Z>. Consolida.
Follicle 1.2-2 cm. long, i)ube.scent • . . 2. D. Ajacis.
Indigenous perennials ; pistils 3.
Roots short, tuberous ; pods strongly divergent S. Z>. tricome.
Koots elongated, woody ; pods nearly or quite erect.
Flowers purplish blue.
Petals bearded with yellow hairs; inflorescence loose, pyramidal;
plant glabrous 4. Z>. Treleasei.
Petals bearded with white hairs ; racemes virgate.
Stem glabrous 5. Z>. exa/taium.
Stem velvety-pubescent 6. Z>. Xortonianum.
Flowers sky-blue ; raceme lax, few-flowered 7. />. aziireum.
Flowers white or nearly so ; raceme virgate . . . . . . 8. £>, Penardi.
1. D. CoNSOLiDA L. (Field L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes ;
inflorescence loosely paniculate ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; pod glabrous.
— Old grain-fields, and sparingly along roadsides, N. J. , southw. and westw.,
rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. D. AjIcis L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose ; pods pubes-
cent.— Fields, roadsides, and wet places, Vt. to Mo. and N. C. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)
3. D. tric6rne Michx. (Dwarf L.) Root a tuberous cluster ; stem simple,
1.5-9 dm. high ; leaves deeply 5-parted, their divisions unequally 3-5-cleft ; the
lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few-flowered^ loose ; flowers bright blue, some-
times white, occasionally numerous ; spur straightish, ascending ; pods strongly
diverging. — W. Pa. to Minn., Neb., and southw. Apr., May.
4. D. Treleasei Bush. Essentially glabrous throughout, 7-10 dm. high,
loosely branching ; leaf-segments deeply cleft, the lobes long, linear, acute ; lower
pedicels much elongated^ often 10-14 cm. in length ; calyx rich bluish purple;
the lamina of each sepal more or less distinctly spotted with yellow or brown ;
petals with a conspicuous yellow heard. — Barrens of s. Mo. {Bush). May,
June.
5. D. exaltatum Ait. (Tall L.) Stems slender, 6-15 dm. high; leaves
deeply 3-5-cleft, the divisions narrowly wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the
apex, acute ; racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; flowers purplish blue,
downy ; spur straight ; pods erect. {D. urceolatum of auth., not Jacq.) — Rich
soil. Pa. to Minn., Neb., and southw. July.
6. D. Nortonianum Mackenzie & Bush. Erect, simple, 8 dm. high ; stem leafy,
covered with copious spreading yellowi.sh and somewhat viscid pubescence ;
leaf-segments deeply cleft, the lobes narrowly linear., acutish ; raceme single.,
wand-like., the lower pedicels scarcely longer than the iqjper ; flowers bluish
purple ; the. spur erect or nearly so. — Barrens of the Ozark Mts., s. Mo. (Bush).
May, June.
7. D. aziireum Michx. Stem .3-0 dm. high, finely cinereous-pubescent ;
leaves deeply 3-5-parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly
linear ; flowers sky-blue; spur ascending or horizontal., usually curved upward ;
pods erect. {? D. carolinianiim Walt.) — Va., N. C. and Ga. to Ark., Mo.,
Minn., and Sask. May, June.
8. D. Penardi Huth. Simple, erect, pubescent and generally glandular;
raceme strict, elongated ; flowers numerous, ivhite or nearly so, .soft-pubescent ;
the spur chiefly ascending or erect. (D. camporum Greene ; D. albescens Rydb.)
— Prairies and open deciduous woods, 111. and Wise, to N. Mex. and the Rocky
Mts.
19. ACONITUM [Toum.] L. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane
Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel-
met-shaped, larger than the others. Upper petals 2, consisting of small spur-
shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet; other petals
6 or fewer, much reduced or wholly wanting. Pistils 3-5. Pods several-seeded.
RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 407
Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately cleft or dis-
sected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The ancient Greek
and Latin name, of uncertain origin.)
L A. noveboracense Gray. Erect from tuberous-thickened roots, high, leafy,
the summit and strict loosely flowered raceme pubescent ; leaves rather deeply
parted, the broadly cuneate divisions 3-cleft and incised ; flowers blue ; the hel-
met gibhous-oh ovoid with broad rounded summit and short descending beak. —
Chenango, Orange, and Ulster Cos., N. Y. ; also Summit Co., O. ; and reported
from Allamakee Co., la, {PammeV).
2. A. uncinatum L. (Wild M.) Glabrous; stem slender^ from tuberous-
thickened roots, erect, but weak and disposed to climb; leaves firm, deeply 3-5-
lobed, petioled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; hel-
met erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly beaked in front. — Rich shady
soil along streams, Fa., and southw. in the mts. ; Wise. June-Aug.
3. A. reclinatum Gray. (Trailing W.) Glabrous ; stems trailing, 1-3 m.
long ; loaves deeply S-7-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicular in outline, 12-15
cm. wide ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2-3-lobed ; floivers white,
1.8 cm. long, nearly glabrous, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal,
elongated-conical, with a straight beak in front. — Cheat Mt., Va., and southw.
in the Alleghenies. Aug.
20. CIMICfFUGA L. Bugbanb
Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as in
Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with
2-3-ternately divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-
gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and /wgrere, to drive away. )
§ 1. ACTINOSPORA (Turcz.) B. & H. Pistils 3-S, stipit ate ; seeds flattened
laterally, covered with chaffy scales, in one row in the membranaceous
pods; style aicl-shaped; stigma minute.
1. C. americana Michx. (American B.) Stem 6-12 dm. high; racemes
slender, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods flattened, veiny, 6-8-seeded.
— Watkins, N. Y. (according to Britton) ; mountains of s. Pa., and southw.
Aug. -Sept.
§ 2. MACROTRYS (Raf.) T. & G. (as Macrotys). Pistil solitary or sometimes
2-3, sessile; seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in
two rows, as in Actaea ; stigma broad and flat.
2. C. racembsa (L.) Nutt. (Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh.) Stem
1-2.6 m. high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; leaves 2-3-ternately and then
often quinately compound ; leaflets subcuneate to subcordate at the base ; racemes
in fruit becoming 3-9 dm. long; pods ovoid. — Rich woods, s. N. E. to Wise,
and southw. ; cultivated and escaped eastw. July. Var. dissecta Gray.
Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound, the rather small leaflets incised. —
Local, s. w. Ct. (Fames) to Del. (Commons).
Var. cordif51ia (Pursh) Gray. Leaflets few (about 9), very large (1-2.5 dm.
long), at least the terminal one deeply cordate. (C. cordifolia Pursh.) — Damp
woods, mts. of s. w. Va. to N. C. and Tenn. — Said to flower later than the
typical form.
21. ACTAEA L. Baneberry. Cohosh
Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat,
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments.
Pistil single ; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Seeds smooth, flattened, and
packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with ample 2-;5-ternately compound
leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick ter
i08 MAGNOLIACEAE (MAGNOLIA FAMILY)
minal raceme of white flowers. (From dKrea, actaea, ancient names of the Elder,
transferred by J^innaeus.)
1. A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. (Red B.) Bacenie ovoid ; petals rhornbic-spatu-
late, much shorter than the stamens ; pedicels slender ; berrirs cherry-red,
poisonous, ovoid-ellipsoid. (A. spicata, var. Ait.) — Rich woods, common,
especially northw. Apr., May, A form with decompound leaves and incised
leaflets is var. dissecta Britton. — Lincoln Co., Ont. Forma neglecta
(Gillman) Robinson has white berries on long slender green pedicels. (A.
neglecta Gillman; A. ehurnea Rydb.) — Not rare. — Worthy of further study
and perhaps distinct.
2. A. alba (L.) Mill. (White B.) Leaflets more incised and sharply
toothed ; raceme ellipsoid; petals slender, mostly truncate at the end, appearing
to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thickened in fruit, as large as the peduncle
and red, the globular-ovoid berries ichite. — Rich woods, flowering a week or two
later than the other, and more common westward and southward.
22. HYDRASTIS Ellis. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon
Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled ; stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becom-
ing a head of crimson 1-2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, send-
ing up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical
leaf and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit and terminated
by a single greenish white flower. (Name unmeaning.)
1. H. canadensis L. (Golden Seal.) Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at
the base, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 1-2 dm.
wide. — Rich woods, w. N. E. to Minn., and south w. Apr., May.
23. ZANTHORHIZA L'H^r. Shrub Yellow-root
Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Pistils 5-15, with 2 pendulous ovules.
Pods 1-seeded,^ oblong, the short style becoming dorsal. — A low shrubby plant ;
the bark and long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown-
purple, in compound drooping racemes, appearing along with the 1-2-pinnate
leaves from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of ^avdbs,
yellow, and pi^a, root.) Xanthorrhiza Marsh., a better but later form.
1. Z. apiif51ia L'Her. Stems clustered, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets cleft and
toothed. — Shady banks of streams. Pa. and s. w. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga.
MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family)
Trees or shrnbs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, polypeta-
lous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored alike,
in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely covolute) in the bud. —
Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed
together and covering the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and
in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel,
anatropous ; albumen fleshy; embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed,
marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large.
Bark aromatic and bitter.
1. magn6lia l.
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and
long anthers opening inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and rather
woody cone-like red fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on tlie back, from
which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread. (Named for
P. Magnol, professor of botany at Montpcllier in the 17th century.)
CALYCANTHACEAE (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY) 409
* Leaves all scattered along the branches ; leaf-buds silky.
1. M. yirginiana L. (Ssiall or Laurel M., Sweet Bat.) Leaves oval to
broadly lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flower globular,
white, 5 cm. long, very fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, ellipsoid.
{M. glauca L.) — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southw., near the
coast; in Pa. as far w. as Cumberland Co. May-July. — Shmb 1-6 m. high,
with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen.
2. M. acuminata L. (Cucumber Tree.) Leavesthin, oblong, pointed, green
and a little pubescent beneath, 13-25 cm. long ; floioer slender-bell-shaped,
glaucous-green tinged with yellow, 5 cm. long ;' cone of fruit 5-7 cm. long,
cylindrical. — Rich woods, w. N. Y. to 111., Ark. and southw. May, June. — Tree
18-27 m. high ; fruit when young slightly resembling a small cucumber.
3. M. macrophylla Michx. (Great-leaved M.) Leaves obovate-oblong,
cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and lohite beneath ; flovjer open-bell-
shaped, white, loith a purple spot at base; petals ovate, 15 cm. long; cone of
fruit ovoid. — Ky., Ark., and southw. May, June. — Tree 6-12 m. high;
leaves 3-9 dm. long, somewhat clustered on the flowering branches.
* * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like
circle; leaf-buds glabrous; flowers white, slightly scented..
4. M. tripetala L. (U3ibrella Tree.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at
both ends, soon glabrous, 3-6 dm. long ; petals 9-12 cm. long. {M. Umbrella
Desr.) — S. Pa, to Ky., Mo., and southw. May. — Small tree.
6. M. Fraseri Walt. (Ear-leaved Umbrella Tree.) Leaves oblong-
obovate or spatulate, auriculate at ihe base, glabrous, 2-5 dm, long ; petals
obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws, I dm. long. — Swamps and along streams,
Va. and Ky., along the Alleghenies, and southw. May, — A slender tree 9-15
m, high.
2. LIRIODENDRON L. Tulip Tree
Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla.
Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils fiat and scale-form, narrow, imbricating
and cohering in an elongated cone, dry, falling away whole, like a samara or key,
indehiscent, 1-2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. (Name from \lpLov, lily
or tulip, and bevbpov, tree.)
1. L. Tulip if era L. — Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base,
and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow
notch ; petals 5 cm. long, greenish yellow marked with orange ; cone of fruit
7.5 cm. long. — Rich soil, Worcester Co., Mass., to Ont., Wise, and southw.
May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 40 m. high and 2-3 m. in diam-
eter in the Western and Southern States, the timber commonly called Poplar or
White Wood.
CALYCANTHACEAE (Caltcanthus Family)
Shrubs loith opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute;
the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus
1. CALYCANTHUS L. Carolina Allspice
Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short ; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or
many, inclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face. — Aromatic
shrubs with brownish purple flowers terminating leafy shoots. (Name com-
posed of /cctXi/^, a cup or calyx, and dvdos, flower.) Butneria Duham.
410 aMENISPERMACEAE (MOONSEED FAMILY)
1. C. fl6ridus L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath ; flowers when crushed
yieldmg somewhat the fragrance of strawberries. {Butneria Britton.) — Va.
(?) and south w., on hillsides in rich soil ; common in gardens. Apr.-Aug.
2. C. fertilis Walt. Leaves oblong or ovate, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed,
bright green and glabrous on both sides, or pale beneath ; flowers inodorous.
(C. glaucus and laevigatns Willd. ; Butneria fertilis Britton.) — Franklin Co.,
Pa. {Porter'), and southw. along the AUeghenies. May- Aug.
ANONACEAE (Custard Apple Family)
Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules^ a calyx of "^sepals, and a
corolla of 6 thickish petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly-
androus. — Anthers adnate, extrorse ; filaments very short. Pistils several or
many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous,
large, with a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves
alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Tropical,
excepting
1. ASIMINA Adans. North American Papaw
Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large thick-
cylindric pulpy fruits ; seeds several, horizontal, flat, inclosed in a fleshy aril. —
Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers soli-
tary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of the French
colonists, from the Indian name assimin.)
1. A. triloba Dunal. (Common P.) Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed ;
petals dull purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the
calyx. — Bank§ of streams in rich soil, N. J. to L. Erie, Mich., n. e. la., s. e.
Neb., and southw. Apr., May. — Tree 3-12 m. high, the young shoots and
expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing
with the leaves, 3-4 cm. wide. Fruits 7-13 cm. long, green or at length dark
brown, the pulp sweet and edible in autumn.
MENISPERMAcEAE (Moonseed Family)
Woody climbers, vnth palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, the
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hypogy-
nous, dioecious, S-6-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved
embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly
straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting so that the
seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. Chiefly a tropical family.
* Sepals and petals present ; anthers 4-celle<i ; seed incurved.
1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6.
2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-8.
* * Petals none ; anthers 2-celled ; seed saucer-shaped.
3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12 ; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive.
1. C6CCULUS DC.
Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short.
Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers ; style pointed. Drupe and
seed as in Menispermum. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old
name, a diminutive of coccus, kokkos, a berry.)
1. C. carolinus (L.) DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate
or cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape ; flowerp
«->
BERBERIDACEAE (bAKBEKRY FAMILY) 4il
^eetiish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the fila-
ments ; drupe red (as large as a small pea). (Cebatha Britton.) — River banks,
Va. to s. 111., Kan., and southw. July, Aug.
2. MENISPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Moonseed
Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-24 in the sterile flowers, as long
as the sepals ; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a
short common receptacle ; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of
the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly
incurved so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes
the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-
shaped ; cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in small and loose axillary pani-
cles. (Name from p.rivr}^ moon, and airepfj.a, seed.)
1. M. canadense L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-angled or -lobed. —
Banks of streams, w. Que. and w. N. E., westw. and southw. June, July. —
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.
3. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt. Cupseed
Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short ;
anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft
stigma. Drupe globular ; thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup on
one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish white, in long
racemose panicles. (Name from kolXv^, a cup, and Kapir 6s. fruit.)
1. C. Lybni (Pursh) Xutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate at
the base ; the lobes acuminate; drupe 2.5 cm. long, black when ripe. — Rich
soil, Ky. to s. 111., Kan., and southw. May. — Climbing to the tops of trees.
BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family)
Shrubs or herbs, loith the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usu-
ally in two rows of 3 (^rarely 2 or 4) each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as
the petals and opposite to them; ajithers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at
the top. {Podophyllum is an exception in having more numerous stamens, the
anthers opening along the sides ; Jeffersonia, in having the sepals in one row.)
Pistil single. — Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a berry or a pod.
Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in
Berberis. Leaves alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate.
* Petals 6-9 ; stamens 8-13 ; fruit many-seeded ; herbs.
1. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-13 ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Fruit
a larg-e berry.
2. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod opening
by a lid. ^
* * Petals and stamens 6 ; fruit few-seeded.
3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers ; petals much longer than the sepals. Berry 2-4-seeded.
4. Caulophyllum. Herb Avith greenish flowers ; petals thick, much shorter than the sepals.
Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked.
5. Berberis. Shrubs, -with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the base of
each petal. Fruit a berry.
1. PODOPHYLLUM L. May Apple. Mandrake
Flower-bud with three green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6,
fugacious. Petals 6 or 0. obovate. Stamens twice as many as the petals in our
species ; anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves. Ovary ovoid ;
BERBEKIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY)
stigma sessile, large, thick and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. J>eeds
covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed inclosed in
a pulpy aril. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots.
Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from ttovs, a foot^ and (pvXS.ou^ a leaft
probably referring to the stout petioles.)
1. P. peltatum L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted, the lobes oblong,
rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich woods,
w. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., and southw. May. — Flowerless stems termi-
nated by a large round 7-9-lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella ;
flowering stems bearing two one-sided leaves, and a nodding white flower from
the fork; fruit ovoid, 2.5-5 cm. long, ripe in July, sweet and slightly acid,
edible.
2. JEFFERS6nIA B. S. Barton. Twinleaf
Sepals 4, fugacioas. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 ; anthers oblong-
linear, on slender filaments. (Jvary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed ; stigma 2-
lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening halfway round horizontally, the upper part
making a lid. Seeds many, in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots,
long-petioled root-leaves parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1-
flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jeferson.)
1. J. diphylla (L.) Pers. Low; flower white, 2.5 cm. broad, the parts
rarely in threes or fives. (J. Unata B. S. Barton.) — Woods, n. N. Y. to Wise,
n. e. la., and southw. Apr., May. — Called Rheumatism Root in some places.
3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. Umbrella Leaf
Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat. Stamens 6. Ovary ellipsoid ; stigma
depressed, subsessile. Ovules 5 or 6, attacned to one side of the cell below the
middle. Berry globose, few-seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril. — Glabrous
perennial, with thick horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge
centrally peltate and cut-lobed rounded umbrella-like radical leaf, on a stout
stalk, or a flowering stem bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft)
alternate leaves which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme
of white flowers. (Name from 5ts, double^ and (pvWov, leaf.)
1. D. cymbsa Michx. Root-leaves 3-6 dm. in diameter, 2-cleft, each division
5-7-lobed ; lobes toothed ; berries blue. — Wet or springy places, mts. of Va.
and southw. May.
4. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Blue Cohosh
Sepals 6, with 3 or 4 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, nnich
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6. Pistil
gibbous ; style short ; stigma minute and unilateral : ovary bursting soon after
flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect enlarging seeds, and withering away ;
the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, looking like drupes, the
fleshy integument turning blue ; albumen horny. — A perennial glabrous herb,
with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple arid naked
stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of yellowish green flowers, and a
little below bearing a large triternately compound sessile leaf (whence the name,
from KavXds, stem, and (pvWov, leaf, the stem seeming to form a stalk for the
great leaf.)
1. C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. (Pappoose Root.) Stems 3-7.5 dm. high ;
leaflets o])ovate- wedge-form, 2-3-lobed, a smaller biternate leaf often at the base
of the panicle ; flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. — Deep rich woods,
N. B. to Man., and S(.uthw. Apr., May.— Whole plant glaucous when young,
as also the seeds, which are as large as peas.
LAUKACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY) 413
5. BERBERIS [Tourn.] L. Barberry
Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens (1 Stignia cir-
cular, depressed. Fruit a 1-few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, \\ith a crustaceous
integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in
drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1-9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable.
(Derived from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)
1. B. canadensis Mill. (American B.) Leaves repandly toothed, the teeth
less bristly-pointed ; racemes feio-Jloi'jered ; petals notched at the apex; berries
ovoid ; otherwise as in the next. — Alleghenies of Va., south w. and westw. ; not
in Canada. June. — Shrub o-9 dm. high.
2. B. VULGARIS L. (Common B.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots of
the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines, from the axils
of which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely
bristle-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed !), and drooping many-Jiowered
racemes ; petals entire ; berries ellipsoid, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds
in e. and s. N. E., where it has become thoroughly wild ; elsewhere occasionally
spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)
LAURAcEAE (Laurel Family)
Aromatic trees or shi'ubs, loith alternate simple leaves mostly marked with
minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or 6 colored sepals^
imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, and
mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves.
— Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed
anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large almond-like embryo.
* Flowers perfect, panicled ; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three with extrorse anthers.
1. Persea. Cal}^x persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen.
* * Flowers dioecious, or nearly so ; stamens in the sterile flowers 9 ; leaves deciduous.
2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, -i-valved.
3. Litsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.
4. Benzoin. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.
1. PERSEA [Plum.] Gaertn. f.
Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the berry-like
fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland-
like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i.e. with each proper cell divided trans-
versely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves ; the anthers of 3 stamens
turned outward, the others introse. — Trees, with persistent entire leaves, and
small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some oriental tree.)
1. P. Borbbnia (L.) Spreng. (Red Bay.) Tree of medium size ; branch-
lets early glabrate : leaves oblong, soon shining above, pale and at length gla-
brate beneath ; common pedAincle about equaling the petiole ; berry dark blue,
on a red stalk. (P. carolinensis Nees. ) — Swamps, s. Del. to Fla. and Tex.
2. P. pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Small tree ; branchlets velvety ; lower sur-
face of lance-oblong leaves retaining more or less pubescence ; peduncles con-
siderably longer than the petioles. — Swariips, Fla. to N. C; and reported from
s. Va.
2. SASSAFRAS Nees
Flowers dioecious, with a 6-paited spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with U
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers
41^ TAPA VEU ACEAE (POPPY FAMILY)
with 6 short rudiments of stameos and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; leaves decidu-
oiLS, often lobed. Flowers greenisli yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
coryuibed racemes, appearing witli the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts.
(The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in Florida.)
1. S. variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. Trees 4-38 m. high, with yellowish
green twigs ; leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous. {S.
\officinale Nees & Eberm. ; S. Sassafras Ksirst.) — Rich woods, s. Me. {Deaiie,
Parlin) to s. Ont., Mtch., e. la., and Kan., and s. to the Gulf. Apr.
3. lItSEA Lam.
Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 sta-
mens in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers
with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular.
— Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered
umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.)
\. L. geniculata (Walt.) Nicholson. (Pond Spice.) Flowers (yellow)
appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib
beneath ; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres
2-4-leaved, 2-4-flowered ; fruit red. {Malapoenna Coult.) — Swamps, Va. to
Fla. Apr.
4. BENZOlN Fabric. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush
Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile with
9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1-2-lobed and gland-bearing at base ;
anthers 2-celled and 2-valved ; fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of stamens
in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened.
— Deciduous-leaved shrubs, with honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile lateral
umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species); the clusters
composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and surrounded by
an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (So named from its odor,
which resembles that of benzoin, an oriental gum.)
1. B. aestivale (L.) Nees. (Spice Bush, Benjamin Bush.) Nearly smooth
(2-5 m. high); leaves obloncj-ohovate, pale underneath. {LincUra benzoin
Blume ; B. Benzoin Coult.) — Damp woods, s. Me. to Ont.j Mich., e. Kan., and
south w. March, Apr.
2. B. melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Young branches and buds j)?/6escen/ ;
leaves oblong, obtuse or. heart-shaped at base, downy beneath ; umbels few.
{Lindera Bliime.) — Low grounds, N. C. to Fla., w. to s. 111. and Mo. Apr.
PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)
Herbs vnth milky or colored juice, regular flowers vnth the parts in twos or
fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled ivith two or
more parietal placentae. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower expands.
Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the bud, early de-
ciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in
Papaver imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous,
anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily
albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1-flowered.
Juice narcotic or acrid.
PAPAVEKACEAE (POPPY FAMILY) 415
* Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud ; pod 1-celled, 2-valved.
1. Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short rootstock.
* * Petals 4, crumpled in the bud ; pod with 2 or more valves.
■e- Pod 2-4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the placentae ; leaves pinnately parted ;
flowers yellow.
2. Stylophorum. Pud bristly ; style distinct ; stigmas and placentae 3-4.
3. Chelidonium. Pod linear, smooth ; style almost none ; stigmas and placentae 2,
4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy partition ; style none,
-»- +- Pod 4-20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle.
5. Papaver. Ovary incompletely many-celled ; stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown.
6. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly.
1. SANGUINARIA [Dill.] L. Bloodroot
Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong. Stamens about 24. Style short ;
stigma 2-grooved. Pod ellipsoid or fusiform, turgid, 1-celled. 2-valved. Seeds
with a large crest. — Low perennial ; its thick prostrate rootstocks (surcharged
with red-orange acrid juice) sending up in earliest spring a palmate-lobed leaf
and 1-flowered scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not
crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.)
1. S. canadensis L. — Open rich woods ; common. Apr., May.
Bocc6nia cordXta "Willd., the Plume Poppy, a stout plant with glaucous
cordate lobed leaves, and panicles of small greenish apetalous flowers, is frequent
in cultivation and has been found as an escape in Madison Co., O. {Mrs. Sharp).
(In trod, from China.)
2. STYL6pH0RUM Nutt. Celandine Poppy
Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar ; stigma 2-4-lobed,
Pods bristly, 2-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Perennial
low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 1-3-
leaved, and umbellately 1-few-flowered at the summit ; the flower-buds and the
pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. (From
a-TvXos, style, and cpepeiv, to bear, one of the distinctive characters.)
1. S. diphyllum (^lichx,) Nutt. Leaves pale beneath, smoothish, deeply
pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves often
with a pair of small distinct leaflets ; peduncles equaling the petioles ; flower
deep yellow (5 cm. broad) ; stigmas 3 or 4 ; pod ovoid, — Damp woods, w. Pa, to
Wise, " Mo,," and Tenn. May. — Foliage and flower resembling Celandine.
3. CHELIDONIUM [Tourn.] L, Celandine
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style almost none ; stigma 2-lobed.
Pod Imear-cylmdric, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up-
ward. Seeds crested. — Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel-
low flowers in a pedunculate umbel ; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name,
from xeXtSwi/, the sicaUow, because its flowers appear with the swallows.)
1. C. mAjus L.— Kich damp soil about towns, centr. Me. to Ont., and
southw., common from s. Me. to Pa. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu,)
4, GLAUCIUM [ rourn.] Hill. Horn Poppy. Sea Poppy
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horiied. Pod very
long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crest-
less. —Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and
solidary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, yXavKLOf.'from the glau'cous foliao-e.)
416 FUMAKIACEAE (FUMITORY FAMILY)
1. G. flXvum Craiitz. Lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sinuate-lobed
and toothed, cordate-clasping ; pods rough, L5-2.5 dm. long. ((t. luteum Scop. ;
G. Glaucium Karst.) — Waste places, s. e. N. E., Md., and Va.; also about
Syracuse, N. Y. ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)
5. PAP AVER [Tourn.] L. Poppy
Sepals mostly 2, Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-rayed
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter sliort and
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions,
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs with
a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Four annual
species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. :
1. P. soMNiFERUM L. (CoMMOx P.) Smooth, glaucous ; leaves clasping,
wavy, incised and toothed ; pod ylohose; corolla mostly white or purple. — Near
dwellings in some places. (Introd. from Eu.)
2. P. Khoeas L. (Corn P.) Bristly ; leaves pinnatifid ; pods obovoid^ tur-
binate ; corolla bright scarlet, often dark at center. — Rubbish heaps and rarely
fields. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. P. DUBH'M L. Pinnatifid leaves and the long staXkn bristly ; pods club-
shaped, smooth; corolla light scarlet. — Cultivated fields and waste grounds,
R. I., and southw., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. P. Argemone L. Smaller, with finer-cut leaves and paler flowers than
\he last ; pods club-shaped and bristly. — Waste grounds, near Philadelphia.
(Adv. from Eu.)
6. ARGEM6nE L. Prickly Poppy
Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none ; stigmas 3-6,
radiate. Pod ellipsoid, prickly, opening by 3-0 valves at the top. Seeds
crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves
sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white.
Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from apyefxa, a disease of the eye,
for which the juice of a plant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.)
1. A. intermedia Sweet. Stout, very glaucous; peduncles leafy; corolla
white., 8-10 cm. in diameter. (A. platyceras Man. ed. 6, not Link & Otto.) —
Meredosia, 111. {Seymour) to Neb., southw. and westw.
2. A. mexicXna L. (Mexican P.) Less glaucous ; flowers smaller, 3-6 cm.
broad, yellovj or rarely cream-colored (Var. ochroleiica Lindl.). — Waste
places and ballast, southw.; casual northw. (Adv. from Mex.)
A. alba Lestiboudois, a southern species with white flowers on naked pedun-
cles, is said to occur in Mo.
FUMARlACEAE (Fumitory Family)
Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu-
lar flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 2-merous
pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like.
Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spreading
tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; inner pair nar-
rower, and their callous- crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two
sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous ; their filaments
often united ; middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod
1 -celled, either 1 -seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal pla-
centae and deciduous valves. — Leaves delicate, usually alternate, without stip-
ules. Slightly bitter innocent plants.
FUMAlllACEAE (FLMITORY FAMILY) 417
♦ Corolla bijfiblious or '2-spiiiTefl, the 2 outer petals alike ; pod several-seeded.
1. Adlumia. Petals united into a spongy persistent subcordate corolla. Seeds crestless.
2. Dicentra. Corolla cordate or 2-.spurred at base, less united. Seeds crested.
* * Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous.
3. Corydalis. Pod with few to many crested or ariled seeds.
4. Fumarla. Fruit a globular 1-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless.
1. ADLtrMIA Raf. Climbing Fumitory
Petals all permanently united into a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy
cellular and persistent, inclosing the small few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested.
Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent
to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit. — A climbing biennial, with thrice-
pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white
or purplish flowers. (Dedicated to 3Iajor J. Adhim, amateur botanist.)
1. A. fung5sa (Ait.) Greene. — Wet or recently burned woods; e. Que. to
Ont., Wise, and s. in the mts. to N. C. June-Oct. (A. cirrhosa Raf.) —
Handsome delicate vine climbing by the slender young leaf-stalks over high
Pushes ; often cultivated, and frequently escaping.
2. DICENTRA Bernb.
Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either de-
ciduous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-liorned.
Filaments slightly united into two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds created. —
Low stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and
dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name
from 5is, twice, and Kevrpov, a spur ; ■ — accidentally printed Diclttra in the first
instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was changed afterwards into
DiELYTRA.) BiKDKULLA AdaUS. BiCUCULLA MiUsp.
* Raceme simple^ few-Jloicered.
1. D. Cucullaria (L.) Bemh. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Scape and slen-
der-petioled leaves from a sort of granulate bulb ; lobes of leaves linear ; corolla
with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute.
{Bicuculla Millsp.) — Rich woods, N. S. to L. Huron and Minn., s. to N. C.
and Mo. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster
of grain-like tubers crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut
leaves and the slender scape, bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped
with cream-color.
2. D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp. (Squirrel Corn.) Subterranean shoots
bearing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn,
yellow); leaves as in no. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and
rounded; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. {Bicuculla Mill;3p.)
— Rich woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Va., Ky., and Mo. Apr., May. —
Flowers greenish white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of hyacinths.
* * Racemes compound, clustered.
3. D. eximia (Ker) Torr. Subterranean shoots scaly ; divisions and lobes
of the leaves broadly oblong ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base ; crest of ilie
inner petals iDrojecting. (Bicuculla Millsp.) — Hocks, w. N.Y., rare, and
southw. along the Alleghenies. May-Aug. — Coarser-leaved than the others:
scapes 1.5-2.5 dm. high.
3. CORYDALIS [Dill.] Medic.
Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Stj'le per-
sistent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or ariled. Flowers in racemes.
Our .species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient
Greek name for the crested lark.) Capnoidks Adans. Capnodes Ktze.
gray's manual — 27
418 CKUCIFEKAE (MUSTARD FAMILY^
* Stem strict ; flowers purplish or rose-color with yelloio tips.
1. C. semp6rvirens (L.) I'e^s. (Pale C.) Plant !-() dm. high.; racemes
panicied ; spur of the corolla very short and rounded ; pods erect, slender,
elongated. (C. glauca Pursh ; Gapnoicles Borkh.) — Rocky places and recent
clearings, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Ga., Ky., Minn., and Mont. May-Aug.
* * Low^ ascending ; flowers yellow.
H- Outer petals wing-crested on the hack.
2. C. flavula (Raf.) DC. Pedicels slender, conspicuously bracted ; corolla
pale yellow, 0-8 mm. long, spur very short ; tips of tlie outer petals pointed,
longer than the inner; crest ?>—^-toothed ; pods torulose, pendulous or spread-
ing; seeds acutely margined, rugose-reticulated; arils loose. (^Capnodes Kize.)
— N. y. to Minn.. Kan. (according to Britton), and southw.
3. C. micrantha (Engelm.) Gray. Pedicels short and bracts small; co-
rolla pale yellow. 8 mm. long, with short spur and entire crests or flowers often
cleistogamous and mucii smaller, without spur or crest ; pods ascending, toru-
lose; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth and shining. (Capnoides Britton.) — Va.
to Minn., Kan. (Shear, Hitchcock), and southw.
4. C. crystallina Engelm. Pedicels short, erect ; corolla bright yellow, 1.7
cm. long, the spur nearly as long as the body ; crest very broad, usually toothed ;
pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles ; seeds acutely mar-
gined, tuberculate. (Capnodes Ktze.) — Prairies and fields, s. w. Mo., Kan.
and Ark.
■*- -(- Outer petals merely carinate on the hack, not crested.
5. C. aurea Willd. (Golden C.) Corolla golden-yellow, 1.2 cm. long, the
slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than the pedicel ; pods spread-
ing or pendulous, becoming torulose ; seeds obtuse-margined. ( Capnodes Ktze. )
— Rocky (calcareous) banks and recent clearings, e. Que. to Mackenzie, s. to
Vt., Pa., Wise, and Mo.; also in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz.
Var. occidentalis Engelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as long
as the body ; pods less torulose, on short pedicels ; seeds acutish on the margin.
{Capnoides montannm and ? C. campestre Britton.) — Rocky barrens and
prairies. Mo., westw. and southw.
4. FUMARIA [Tourn.] L. Fumitory
Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small,
globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals,
with finely dissected comijound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or
spikes. (Name from fnmus, smoke, presumably from the nitrous odor of the
roots when first pulled from the ground.)
F. OFFICINALIS L. (Common F.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply
toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh -color tipped with
crimson); fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwellings. (Adv. from
Eu.)
CRUCIFERAE (Mustard Family)
Herbs, with a pungent loatery juice and cruciform tHradynamous regtilar
flowers ; fruit a silique or silicle. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous,
their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6, two of tliem inserted lower
down and shorter (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition
stretched between the two marginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves
separate, either much longer than broad (a silique) ^ or short (a .^iilicle), some-
times indehiscent and nut-like, or separating acro.ss into l-seeded joints. Seeds
campylotropous. without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which is curved
or folded in. various ways : i.e. the cotylnlons accumbent, viz., their margins on
CRUCIFEKAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 419
one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus
0= ; or else incumbent, viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle,
thus O II. In these cases the cotyledons are plane ; but they may be folded upon
themselves and round the radicle, as in Brassica, where they are condiiplicate,
thus 0». Ill Lpavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves
(except in Lnmiria) alternate; stipules none. Flowers m terminal racemes or
corymbs ; pedicels rarely bracted. A large and natural family, of pungent or
acrid, but not poisonous plants. The pods and seeds give the chief characters
of the genera.
Tribe I. ALYSSEAE. Pubescence, at least in part, branched or stellate. Pods orbicular to
U-arely) linear, short, dehiscent, flattened parallel to a broad partition. Cotyledons mostly
accumbent.
* Fruit oval, short-oblong, lanceolate, or rarely linear ; seeds wingless.
1. Draba. Petals entire, emarginate or (in § EropJiila) bilid. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in
each cell. Pubescence stellate.
* * Fruit orbicular or broadly elliptical.
2. Berteroa. Petals bifid. Filaments toothed near the base. Pubescence stellate, not ap-
pressed. Capsule-valves flat. Seeds few, winged.
3. Lobularia. Petals entire. Filaments toothed near the base. Hairs 2-lobed, attached in the
middle, appressed.
4. Alyssum. Petals entire or retuse. Pubescence stellate. Capsules orbicular; valves con-
vex ; cells (in our species) 2-seeded.
Tribe II, PHYSARIeAE. Fruit short, very turgid, subglobose or didymous, dehiscent. Coty-
ledons accumbent. Pubescence stellate.
5. Lesquerella. Pod globose or nearly so.
Tribe III. LEPIDIeAE. Fruit 2-celled, dehiscent, shwt, strongly obcompressed (except in the
aquatic genus Siibularia). Pubescence of simple hairs or none.
* Pod strongly obcompressed or didjnnous, with narrow partition ; flowers white.
-»- Seeds several ; cotyledons accumbent.
6. Thlaspi. Pods orbicular, oboeate or obcordate, winged.
+- +- Seeds solitar}- in the cells.
7. Lepldium. Pods ovate or orbicular, flat, scale-shaped.
8. Coronopus. Pods didymous ; valves rugose or tuberculate. separating at maturity from the
little partition as 2 closed nutlets. Cotjiedons incumbent, narrow.
* * Pod ovoid or globular.
9. Subularia. Dwarf, aquatic. Leaves awl-shaped. Flowers minute, white.
Tribe IV. CAMELInEAE. Fruit short, scarcely longer than broad. Cotyledons incumbent.
Some or all of the hairs branched.
* Pod 2-valved, dehiscent.
10. Capsella. Pod (in ours) obcordate-triangular, N^ngless. Flowers white*
11. Camelina. Pod somewhat turgid, obovoid. Flowers yellow.
* * Pod indehiscent.
12. Neslia. Pod compressed -globose. Flowers yellow.
Tribe V. CAKIlEAE. Fruit transversely 2-jointed ; cells unequal, each l-seeded, the ovule in
the upper erect, in the lower pendulous. Cotyledons accumbent.
13. Cakile. Cordla white or purplish. Fleshy herbs.
Tribe VI. BRASSfCEAE, Fruit elongated. Cotyledons conduplicate (folded about the radicle)
, Hairs simple or none.
420 CRUCJFERAI': (ML'STARD FAMILY) "
•= Fruit indehlscent, often moniliform, 1-celled or transversely several-celled, the partitions spongy
or pithy.
14. Raphanus. Petals large, pale yellow or purplish. Fruit stout, beaked.
* * Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, dehiscent.
15. Brassica. Seeds globose, in a single row in each cell.
16. Diplotaxis. Seeds ovoid, in 2 rows in each cell.
Tribe VII. SISYMBRIEAE. Stigma, when lobed, with lobes over the placentae. Fruit lance-
oblong to linear, 2-celled, dehiscent. Cotyledons incumbent.
* Cauline hairs simple or stellate, not regularly bifid.
+- Petals small (not over 1 cm. long), j^ellow, white, or pale purple.
17. Conringia. Glabrous. Leaves elliptical, entire, cordate, sessile.
18. Alliaria. Glabrous or pubescent. Leaves orbicular or reniform, broadly cordate, toothed,
petiolate.
19. Sisymbrium. Pubescent. Leaves various but not as in either of the two preceding. Parti-
tion of fruit 1-nerved or, if not nerved, of thin-walled elongated cells.
20. Braya. Pubescent. Leaves small, narrowly oblong or spatulate, toothed or subentire, ses-
sile. Partition of the fruit \vithout midnerve, its cells thick-walled.
-t- -I- Petals large (1.5-2 cm. long), deep purple.
21. Hesperis. Tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower long-petioled. Pods very
long and slender.
* * Cauline hairs 2-branched, the branches vertical and appressed.
22. Erysimum. Petals yellow or orange. Leaves lanceolate to linear, not clasping, entire or
toothed.
Tribe VIII. ARABIdEAE. Fruit 2-eelled, dehiscent, globose to long and slender, terete or
tiattened parallel to a broad partition. Cotyledons accumbent (in Leavemcorthia the embryo
sometimes nearly straight).
* Fruit globose to ovoid or oblong and terete ; petals yellow or white.
23. Radicula. Flowers small. Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnate.
* * Fruit either terete and elongated or elliptic- or linear-oblong and strongly compressed parallel
to a broad partition.
-*- Petals yellow.
24. Barbarea. Pods slender, terete or nearly so. Biennials.
25. Selenia. Pods broadly elliptic-oblong, very flat. Low annual.
^- -i- Petals white, pink, or purple, not yellow except sometimes near the bfse.
++ Pods long and slender, not at all compressed parallel to the partition.
26. lodanthus. Lateral sepals somewhat horned on the back near the apex. Petals broadly
spatulate, purple.
++ ++ Pods elliptic-oblong or lanco-olliptic, about 2.5 cm. broad, very flat.
27. Lunaria. PetaLs purple. Leaves deltoid -ovate.
++++++ Pods distinctly compressed parallel to the partition, but not over 1 cm. broad.
= Peduncles radical, 1 -flowered.
28. Leavenworthia. Pods oblong, sometimes torulose. Flowers purple or white with a yellow
eye.
■=- = Peduncles not radical, several-flowered.
29. Dentaria. Glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs. Itootstock fleshy, toothed, or monili-
form-tuberous. Stem naked below, bearing near the middle 2-3 verticiiiate or alternate
leaves ; these for the most part palmately 3-T-foliolate, petiolate. Seeds wingless.
30. Cardamine. Glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs, fibrous-rooted, rarely tuber-bearing.
Stem leafy ; leaves alternate, from ovate and crenate-dentate to |)innate. Seeds wingless.
31. Arabis. Usually pubesci^nt, some or all of the hairs being branched. Poots fibrous; no
tubers. S«eds usually winged or wing-margined. Leaves alternate simiile or pinnatiftd
CRUCIFEHAK (>rrSTAKD FAMILY)
421
Artificial Kky to Gknera
in diameter .
in diameter
.7.. Petals present, with yellow blade and yellowish or whitish claw b
b. Fruit short, not more than 3 times as long as broad.
Pubescence stellate.
Pods thick.
Pods g-lobose.
Pods dehiscent
Pods indehiscent
Pods obovoid
Pods thin.
Pods orbicular
Pods oblong
Pubescence simple or none.
Pods subglobose or cylindrical .
Pods ver\' flat and thin .
b. Fruit much more than 3 times as long as broad
Pods 1-celled or with spongy cross partitions
Pods longitudinally 2-celled.
Seeds 2-rowed in each cell
Seeds 1 -rowed in each cell.
Petals 7-15 mm. long.
Pods thickish, '2-Gnim
Pods linear, about 1 mm
Petals smaller.
Stem-hairs vertical, attached by the middle, appressed .
Stem-hairs (if present) otherwise.
Stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile, subeutii-e ; stem villous at
base
Stem-leaves elhptical, sessile, entire : stem glabrous .
Stem-leaves petiolate, toothed or pinnate.
Leaves bipinnatifld
Leaves simple or pinnatifid.
Pods awl-shaped, tapering, closely appressed
Pods linear, cylindrical or compressed.
Pods (when rif»e) 2-5 cm. long
Pods (when ripe) 7-9 cm. long
«. Petals (when present) with blade white or purplish (sometimes yellow
at the base) c.
c. Peduncles 1-flowered. radical
c. Peduncles several-flowered, not radical d.
d. Dwarf aquatic with awl-shaped entire leaves
d. Otherwise &.
e. Fruit transversely 2-celled ; plant fleshy
e. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled /.
/. Pods short, rare!}' 3 times as long as wide g.
g. Pods compressed contrary to a narrow partition.
Carpels thickish, tubercuiate-crested or deeply wrinkled
Carpels compressed, smoothish.
Pods wedge-shaped at the base ; some or all of the hairs
branched
Pods, not wedge-shaped at the base ; hairs simple or none.
Seeds several in each cell
Seeds solitary in each cell
g. Pods compressed (if at all) parallel to the broadish partition.
Pods 2-3 cm. broad
Pods narrower.
• Hairs none or all simple
Hairs at least in part branched or attached by the middle.
Hairs vertically 2-forked, appressed, apparently attached
by the middle
Hairs otherwise.
Seeds 2 in each cell ; pods orbicular ....
Seeds several to many in each cell.
Petals deeply bifid.
Scapose, 1 dm. or less high
Leafy-stemmed, 3-S dm. high ....
Petals nearly or quite entire
f. Pods 4-x times as long as wide h.
h. Hairs simple or none.
Leaves palmately di^ided
Leaves otherwise.
Fruit thickish, 4-7 mm. in diameter
Fruit ^lender, 1-3 mm. in diameter.
Petals purple or rose-colored.
Lateral sei)als with a hump (often tufted) just below
the summit
Lateral sepals unappendaged
5. Lksquereli..\.
12. Neslia.
11. Cameli.na.
4. Alyssim.
1. Draba.
23. Eadicula.
25. Sei.ema.
1-i. Eapuauus.
16. DiPLOTAXIS.
15. Beassica.
19. SiST.MBEIUM
22. Erysimcm.
31. Arabis.
17. Coxrixgia.
19, Sisymbrium.
19. SiSYMBRIU.M.
24. Barbarea.
19. SlSVMKRIl'M.
28. Leave.vworthia
9. Subularia.
13. Cakile.
8. C0RONOPU8.
10. Capsella.
G. Thlaspi.
7. Lepidium.
27. Lunakia.
23. Radicula.
3. Lobularia.
4. Alyssum.
1. Draba.
2. Bertkroa,
1. Draba.
29. Dentaria.
14. Raphani's.
26. lODANTHUS.
30. Carda.mine
422
CRUCIFEKAE (MUSTAKD FAMILY)
Petals white.
Valves of pod conspicuously keeled
Valves of pod rounded or flat.
Pods terete
Pods more or less flattened
h. Hairs at least in part branched.
Stigma obtusely cone-shaped ; petals purple, 15-20 mm. long . .
Stigma otherwise ; petals smaller.
Pods terete or 4-angled, sometimes torulose.
Tall, 6-12 dm. high ; pods 8 cm. long
Not over 3 dm. high ; pods shorter.
Annual; pods not torulose
Perennial; pods more or less torulose
Pods decidedly flattened.
Pods lanceolate to narrowly oblong, rarely over 18 mm. in length
Pods linear, when normal and mature 15-80 mm. long . .
18. Alliabia.
28. Radicula.
30. Cabdamink.
21. Hespbris.
31. Aeabis.
19. SlSYMBRlCM.
20. Braya.
1. Draba.
31. Arabis.
1. DRAbA [Dill.] L.
Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex ;
the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell,
marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed. —
Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow
flowers; pubescence often stellate. (Name from dpa^rj, applied
by Dioscorides to some cress ; meaning unknown.)
§ 1. ER6PHILA (DC.) Reichenb. Annual or biennial ; flowers
ichite, cleistogamous ; petals '2-cleft.
^
731. D. verna.
Part of fruiting
raceme X %.
Petal X 11/3.
1. D. VERNA L. (Whitlow Grass.) Small (scapes 2.5-8 cm.
high) ; leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in
fruit ; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth,
shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and road.sides,
e. Mass. to Minn, and southw. — A species remarkable as an
aggregate of many closely related forms which, from their cleis-
togamy, seldom cross or intergrade. . Apr., May. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 73L
§ 2. DKABELLA DC. Winter annuals ; leafy stems short; leaves oblong or
obovate, hairy, sessile; petals entire or merely emarginate^ white {yellow in
no. 4) ; style none.
2. D. caroliniana Walt. Small (2.5-12 cm. high) ; pedun-
cles scape-like ; petals usually twice the length of the calyx ;
raceme short or corymbose in fruit (1.2-2.5 cm. long); pods
broadly linear., smooth., much longer than the a.scending pedi-
cels.— Sandy and waste fields, e. Mass. to Minn., Neb.,
and southw. March-May. Fig. 782. — Petals often wanting
in the later racemes, especially in the var. micrantha (Nutt.)
Gray, with minutely rough-hairy pods,
which is found with the other, westw.
3. D. cuneifblia Nutt. Leaves obovate,
wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate,
toothed ; raceme someiohat elongated in
fruit (2.5-7.5 cm.), at length equaling the
naked i)eduncle; petals emarginate, much
longer than the calyx ; pods oblong-linear^
minutely hairy, longer than the spreading
pedicels. — Grassy places, Ky., 111.? to e.
Kan., southw., and southwestw. March,
Apr. Fig. 788.
4. D. brachycdrpa Nutt. Low (5-10
cm. high), minutely pubescent; stems
leafy to the base of the dense at length
784. D. brachycarpa. elongated raceme ; leaves (4-8 mm. long)
Inflorescence x 2/3. narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate, few-
732. D. caroliniana.
Fruiting raceme X 2/3.
Fruit with valves re-
moved X 1%.
7.33. D. cnnelfolia.
Fruiting raceme x */»
CRUCIFEKAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)
423
toothed or entire ; flowers small ; pods smooth, narrowly
ohlong, acutish (4 mm. long), about the length of the ascend-
ing or spreading pedicels. — Open ground, Va. to Kan., and
southw. Apr. Fig. 734. — Petals sometimes minute, some-
times none.
5. D. nemorosa L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceo-
late, more or less toothed ; racemes elongated (1-2 dm. long
in fruit); petals eniarginate. small; pods elliptical-oblong,
735. D. nemorosa. half the length of the horizontal or widely spreading pedi-
Part of fruitin" ce?s, pubescent or smooth. — Fort Gratiot, Mich., n. Minn.,
raceme X 2/3.' northw. and westw. (Eu.) Fig. 735.
§ 3. DRABAEA Lindblom. Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or bien-
nial, leafy-stemmed, leaves finely stellate-pubescent; flowers white; style
definite.
Pods pubescent.
Style less than 1 mm. long
Style 2-4 mm. long
Pods glabrous
6. D. stylaris.
7. D. ramosisfsima.
8. Z>. arabisans.
6. D. stylaris J. Gay. Caudex simple or branching ; flowering stems simple
or slightly branched, pilose, 0.5-3.5 dm. high, remotely leafy ; basal rosettes with
oblanceolate entire or remotely dentate canescent leaves (1-4 cm. long), the
cauline leaves ovate to oblong, usually dentate ; racemes loose ; pedicels short,
ascending ; pods narrowly oblong to lanceolate, sometimes t^^■isted, 7-12 mm.
long. (D. incana Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Dry calcareous cliifs and ledges,
locally from Lab. to N. B. and n. Yt.; Rocky Mts. May, June. (Eurasia.)
7. D. ramosissima Desv. Darker green, less pubescent; leaves laciniate-
toothed ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; pedicels elongate,
spreading ; pods oval-oblong or lanceolate, strongly twisted,
4-10 mm. long. — Cliffs, Ya. to Ky., and southw. Apr.-
June.
8. D. arabisans Michx. Caudex usually much-branched,
the flowering stems simple or slightly branched, 1.5-4.5 dm.
high, sparingly pubescent; basal Zi^awes oblanceolate or spatu-
late, entire or somewhat dentate, thin, green, sparingly stel-
late, 1-7 cm. long, cauline scattered, serrate-dentate ; racemes
loose ; pedicels divergent ; pods elliptic-lanceolate, much twisted,
9-15 mm. long; style about I mm. long. (Z>. incana, var. ^gg -^ arabisans
arabisans ^Y^ts.) — Rocky (usually calcareous) banks, Nfd. part of fruitin"- '
to Ont., locally s. to Me., Yt., and n. and w. N. Y. May- raceme x 2/ "
July. Fig. 736.
Yar. orthocarpa Fernald & Knowlton. Low (1-3 dm. high); pods flat, 5-10
mm. long. — Lab. to N. B. and n. Yt.
Yar. canadensis (Brunet) Fernald & Knowlton. Low (1-1.5 dm. high);
pods elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, 5-7 mm. long. — St. Joachim, Que.
737. B. incana.
Petal X 2.
Pod X 2.
2. berter6a DC.
Pod elliptic ; seeds several, \\inged. Petals white, 2-parted.
Pubescence stellate. {Carlo Guiseppe Bertero, Piedmontese
botanist. )
1. B. ixcANA (L.) DC. Pale green, 3-6 dm. high, branched ;
leaves entire, lanceolate ; pods canescent-pubescent, plump, 2.5-
3.5 mm. thick. (Alyssum L.) — Recently introduced (with clover
seed ?), becoming common in N. E. ; occasional in other Atlantic
States, and extending inland. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 737.
2. B. .AiuTABiLis (Yent.) DC. Similar; pods sparingly pubes-
cent or glabrate, Jlattish, 4.5-6 mm. broad. — Hoadsides and
cultivated ground, Mass.; less frequent than the preceding. (Adv.
from Eu.)
424
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)
3. LOBULARIA Desv. Sweet Alyssdm
Pod as in Alysstim. Petals "vvhite, entire. Cotyledons accumbent. Hairs of
the stem and leaves 2-pointed, appressed, attached in the middle. (Latin
lobulus, a little lobe, probably referring to the 2-lobed hairs.)
1. L. MAUiTiMA (L.) Desv. Slightly hoary; leaves linear; flowers small,
honey-scented. (AJyss7im 'La.m.; Koniga R. Br.) — Often cultivated, and occa-
sionally spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)
4. ALYSSUM [Tourn.] L.
Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell ; valves
nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow or white.
Cotyledons accumbent. Plant stellate-pubescent. (Greek name
of a plant reputed to check hydrophobia, as the etymology
denotes. )
1. A. ALTssoiDES L. Dwarf hoary annual, with linear-
spatulate leaves, pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding
the persistent calyx, and orbicular sharp-margined 4-seeded
pod, the style minute. {A. calycinum L. ) — Occasional in
grass-land. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 738.
f
788. A. alyssoides.
Pod with persistent
calyx X 2/3.
739. L. globosa.
Part of fruiting raceme
5. LESQUERELLA Wats.
Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline par-
tition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless.
Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments
toothless. — Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepi-
dote. Flowers mostly yellow. (Named for Leo Lesque-
reux, distinguished bryologist and paleobotanist, 1805-
1889.)
1. L. globbsa (Desv.) Wats. Minutely hoary all over ;
stems spreading or decumbent from an annual or biennial
root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, with a tapering base,
repand-toothed or nearly entire ; raceme at length elon-
gated, with filiform diverging pedicels ; petals light yellow ;
style filiform, much longer than the small globose acutish
about 4-seeded pod ; seeds marginless.
(Vesicaria Shortii Torr.) — Rocky banks,
Ky. and Tenn. May, June. Fig. 739.
2. L. argentea (Pursh) MacM. Bien-
nial or perennial ; pubescence compact ; leaves linear-oblance-
olate, mostly entire; pods pubescent, pendulo2is on recurved pedi-
cels ; style long. {L. ludoviciana Wats.) — Minn, to Neb. and
southwestw.
3. L. gracilis (Hook.) Wats. Annual, slender ; pubescence
very fine ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate ; pods glabrous, suberect
qn ascending or curved pedicels, stipitate ; style long. ( Vesicaria
Hook.) — Mo. and Kan. to Tex. Fig. 740.
6. THLASPI [Tourn.] L. Penny Cress
Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par-
tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended
into a wing. Seeds 2-8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent.
Petals equal. — Low plants, with root-leaves undivided, stem-
leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small white or purplish
flowers. (Name from OXdetv, to crush, from the flattened
pod.)
1. T. ARVENSE L. (Field P. or Mithridate Mi;sTARn.) 741. T. arvense.
Smooth annual ; lower leaves wing-petioled, the upper sagit- p<k1 x Vs-
740. L. gracilis.
Part of fruiting
raceme x Yg.
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)
425
Late-clasping ; broadly winged pod 1.2 cm. in diameter, deeply notched at
top ; style minute. — Waste places ; not common, except along our northern
borders, where too abundant and called " Frenchwekd." (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 741.
2. T. PERFOLiATUM L. Lcttves sessile, the upper suhperfoUate ; pod
smaller (5 mm. broad). — Reported as occurring near Hamilton, Out. (Adv.
from Eu.)
1.
7. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L. Pepperwort. Peppergrass
Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; valves boat-
shaped. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent, or in
no. 1 accumbent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name from Xe-rridLov, a
little scale, alluding to the fruit.) — Ours are annuals or biennials, except the
last.
* Leaves all ivith a taperinc/ base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the
lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid.
•»- Stamens 2 ; pods orbicular or oval, slightly notched at top ; style minute or
none; fruiting pedicels slender, widely spreading ; plant green.
L. virginicum L. (Wild Peppergrass.) Cotyledons accumbent and
seed minutely margined ; pod marginless or
obscurely margined at the top ; petals present,
except in some of the later
flowers. — A common weed
of roadsides and w^aste
places. June-Sept. Fig.
742.
2. L. apetalum Willd.
Nearly scentless ; leaves
toothed or pinnatifid ; coty-
ledons incumbent as in the
following ; pod orbicular,
•minutely icing-margined at
the top ; petals usually want-
ing. {L. intermediiim M2in. 743. L. apetalum.
ed. 6.) — Dry places, espe- Leaf and tip of raceme
cially roadsides, by rail- x Va-
roads, etc., perhaps native Pofi x 2%.
in the West, recently introd. Cross-section of seed
eastw. (Eurasia.) Fig. ^^•
743.
3. L. ruderXle L. Very fetid; lower leaves
bipinnatifid ; the smaller and oval pods and seeds
marginless ; petals none. — Roadsides and waste
places, chiefly near Atlantic ports. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 744.
c. a.
742. L. virginicum.
a. Leaves and tip of raceme x -/^
h. Septum, pod, and petal x 2%.
C. Cross-section of seed x 4.
+- ••- Stamens 6; pods ovate, winged;
style more evident in deeper notch;
pedicels thickish, compressed, as-
cending ; plant very glaitcous.
4. L. SATIVUM L. (Gaki)en Cress.)
Glabrous annual (3 dm. high) ; lower
leaves bipinnatifid ; racemes long and
stiff ; petals present. — Common salad
plant, tending to escape from cultivation. (Introd. from Eu.)
Fig. 745.
744. L. ruderale.
Leaf and tip of raceme x 2/3
Pod X 21/3.
Cro;5s-section of seed x -J.
745. L. sativum
Part of fruiting
raceme x y,.
426
CKUCIFEKAE (^MUSTAKD FAMILY)
* * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded.
5. L. CAMPESTRK (L.) R. Br. 'Mmnte]y soft do icny ; leaves
arrow-shaped, somewhat toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough,
the style longer than the narrow notch. —
Fields, roadsides, etc., becoming common. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 746.
6. L. Draba L. VeTex\m?i[, obscurely hoary ;
leaves oval or oblong, the upper with broad clasp-
ing auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-
shaped, icingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous
style. — Waste places and cultivated grounds ; not common.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 747.
746. L. campestre.
Part of fruiting-
raceme x %.
T4T. L. Draba.
Part of fruiting
raceme x %.
748. C. didjrmu?.
Leaf and pod x 2%.
8. COR6nOPUS Ludwig. Wart Cress. Swine Cress
Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two
cells indehiscent, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1-seeded.
Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded transversely. —
Diffuse or prostrate fetid annuals or biennials, with minute
whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Name from Kopibvr],
crow, and irovs, foot, from the deeply cleft leaves.) Sexe-
BiERA Poir.
1. C. DiDYMus (L. ) Sm. Leaves 1-2-pinnately parted;
pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (Senebiera Pers.)
— Waste places, chiefly near ports. (Adv. from the Old
World and now widely distributed as a cosmo-
politanweed.) Fig. 748.
2. C. PROCUMBENS Gilibort. Leaves less di-
vided, with narrower lobes ; pods not notched
at the apex, tubercled. (C. Coronopus Karst. ;
Senebiera Coronopus Poir.) — Ballast, infrequent,
much rarer than the preceding species. (Adv. 749. c. procumb.
fromEu.) Fig. 749. Pod x 22/3.
9. SUBULARIA L. Awlwort
Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition ; the turgid valves 1 -nerved.
Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely,
i.e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. —
A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 2-8 cm. high. Flowers minute, white.
1. S. aqudtica L. The only species. — Margins of lakes and slow streams,
Nfd. to B. C, southw. to centr. N. E., Wyo., and Cal. ; local. Aug., Sept.
(Eu., Siber.)
10. CAPSELLA Medic. Shepherd's Purse
Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the
valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. —
Annuals; petals small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsa, a box.)
1. C. Bi'-RSA-PASTORis (L.) Mcdlc. Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile.
(Bursa Britton.) —Common weed ; Apr. -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) — Extremely
variable in foliage and outline of pod. Upon these characters Almquist has
proposed sixty-three forms or elementary species.
11. CAMELINA Crantz. False Flax
Pod obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, maririned ; partition broad ; valves
1-nerved. Seeds numerous, ol)long. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender.
Flowei-s small, ydlow. (Name from x°-t^'h dwarf, and \ivov, flax.)
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)
427
750. C. sativa.
Part of fruiting
raceme x %.
751. C. microcarpa
Part of fruiting
raceme x %.
1. C. SATIVA (L.) Crantz. Annual ; leaves
lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods large (6-7
mm. broad), un pedicels 1.2-3 cm. long. — A
weed in newly planted fields, etc. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 750.
2. C. MICROCARPA Andrz. More slender;
racemes long ; pedicels 8-18 mm. in length ;
pods smaller, 4-5 mm. hroad. (C. silvestris
^Yallr.) — Roadsides, newly seeded fields, etc.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 751.
12. NESLIA Desv. Ball Mustard
Pod subglobose, compressed, beaked, indehiscent, 1-celled or
obscurely 2-celled, the surface reticulated. Seed 1 (rarely 2).
Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow.
(Named for J. A. X. de Nesle of Poitiers.)
1. N. paxiculata (L.) Desv. Slender annual or biennial,
somewhat stellate-pubescent, simple up to the inflorescence ;
leaves oblong, sagittate-clasping ; racemes elongate ; pedicels 752. N. paniculata.
slender, spreading, 5-9 mm. long ; capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter. part of fruiting
— Grain fields and waste places, e. Que. to B. C, locally s. to raceme x Va-
Pa. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 752. Podxi%.
13. CAKILE [Toum.] Ludwig. Sea Rocket
Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, upper joint separating at maturity ; each
joint indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed
erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum-
bent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)
1. C. edentula (Blgel.) Hook. (Amertcax S.) Leaves obovate, sinuate and
toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish
at the apex. (C. americana Nutt.) — Atlantic coast and shores of the Great
Lakes. July-Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh ; the upper one
4-augled and appearing more beaked when dry.
lyre-
753. R
Pod X
14. RAPHANUS [Tourn.] L. Radish
Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded,
continuous and spongj- within between the seeds, or necklace-form by
constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long.
Seeds spherical and cotyledons conduplicate. — Annuals or biennials.
(Name from pa, quickly, and (paiveadaL, to appear, alluding to
the rapid germination.)
1. R. Raphanistrum L. (Wild R., Joixted Charlock.)
Pods 2-8 seeded, necklace-form, slender-beaked ; leaves
shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A trouble-
some weed in fields. Nfd. to Out. and
Pa. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 753.
* 2. R. SATivrs L. (Radish.) Pet-
als pale purple ; pods thick, scarcely
moniliform, 2-3-seeded, with conical
beak. — Persistent about old fields,
frequent. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig.
754.
. Raphanistrum.
%. Bud x 11/3.
754. R. sativns.
Bud XI2/3. Pod X Vs.
15. BRASSICA [Tourn.] L. Mustard. Turxip
Pod slender or thickish, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout often 1-seeded
beak ; valves 1-5-nerved. Seeds globose, 1-rowed. Cotyledons conduplicate
428
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)
7.t5. B. arvensis.
Stem-leaf and part of
fruiting raceme x "^f^.
756. B. juncea.
Stem-leaf and part of
fruiting raceme x %.
— Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostiy lyrate,
incised, or pinnatitid. (The Latin name of the Cabbage.)
* Beak of the pod large, Jlat or cofispicuously an.jled, ui^iially containing out
seed in an indehiscent cell ; leaves not clasping at the base.
1. B. ALBA (L.) Boiss. (White M.) Pods bristly, ascending on spreading
pedicels, more than half their length occupied by the sword-shaped beak; leaves
all pinnatitid ; seeds pale. (Sinapis L.) — Cultivated, and
occasionally spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)
2. B. ARVENSIS (L.) Ktze. (Charlock.) Knotty pods
fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak; upper
leaves rhombic, scarcely petioled, merely toothed ; fruiting
pedicels short, thick ; pods smooth or rarely bristly, 4 cm.
long. (B. Sinapistrum Boiss. ; Sinapis
arvensis L.) — Noxious weed in grain-
fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 755.
* * Beak smaller, conical, seedless ; leaves
not clasping.
3. B. juxcea (L.) Cosson. Xearly
glabrous, somewhat glaucous; upper
leaves oblong, subentire, attenuate at
the base ; the lower lyrate ; pedicels
slender, spreading ; pod at length 8.5 cm. long. — Roadsides,
grain-tields, etc., recently introduced but already common.
(Nat. from Asia.) Fig. 756.
4. B. jAPoxicA Siebold. (Curled M.) Leaves crisped and much cleft:
otherwise similar to the last. — Occasionally established after cultivation.
(Introd. from Asia.)
5. B. nigra (L.) Koch. (Black M.) Hirsute with scattered hairs, green ;
leaves slender-petioled, the lower with a very large terminal lobe and a few
small lateral ones; pods short, 1.5-1.8 cm. long,
on short erect pedicels, oppressed ; seeds dark, very
pungent. — Roadsides and w^aste
places, common. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 757.
* * * Leaves cordate- or auricii-
Idte-clasping at the base.
6. B. CAMPESTRIS L. (RlTA-
baga.) Glaucous, hlspidulous with
scattered hairs at least when
young ; leaves lyrately lobed ;
flowers rather large, pale vellow
(Fig. 758); also^ B. NX pus L.
(Rape), which is very similar but
entirely glabrous ; and B. Rapa
L. (Turnip), which is greener, and lias smaller brighter yellow
flowers and a thickened root ; all tend to escape from or persist
after cultivation, and are often noxious weeds. -(Introd. from Eu.) B. olerXcea
L. (Cabbage), with broad fleshy glaucous leaves, is occasionally found in a
half -wild state. (Introd. from Eu.)
757. B. nigra.
Leaves and part of fruiting raceme
758. B. campestris.
Stem -leaf and part
of fruiting raceme
xVs.
16. DIPLOTAXIS DC.
Seeds ovoid, in two rows in each cell; other characters as in Bj^assica. —
Leaves toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers yellow. (Name from the Greek, alluding
to the biseriate seeds.)
1. D. MURALis (L.) DC. Annual or biennial, smooth or sparingly hispid,
leafv only near the branching ba.se ; leaves oblong, toothed or somewhat pin-
CRUCIFEUAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)
429
natifid with short lobes ; flowers small ; fruiting pedicels 8-16 mm. long, spread-
ing; pods linear-terete, erect. — About Atlantic ports, and rarely inland. (Adv.
from Eu.)
2. D. TEXLiFOLiA (L.) DC. Similar but perennial and more caulescent;
leaves pinnatifid, and lobes longer ; flowers larger, 1 cm. long; pedicels in fruit
2-3 cm. long. — Similar localities. (Adv. from Eu.)
17. CONRINGIA [Heist.] Link. Hare's-ear Mustard
Pods long, linear. 4-angled, somewhat rigid. Seeds oblong, one row in each
cell. Cotyledons incumbent. — Glabrous annuals with sessile elliptic entire stem-
clasping leaves. (Named for Prof. Hermann Coming of Helmstadt, 1606-1(>01.)
L C. ORiENTALis (L.) Dumoit. Tall, slightly succulent ; flowers pale yellow.
(C. perfoliata Link.) — Waste places and newly seeded ground, becoming more
common. (Adv. from Eu.)
18. ALLIARIA Adans. Garlic Mustard
Pods long, linear, angled ; valves keeled, 8-nerved ; stigma simple, sessile or
nearly so. Oval sepals caducous. Pubescence simple or none. — Ours biennial
with deltoid-ovate cordate dentate petiolate leaves and small white flowers.
(Name from Allium., onion or garlic, referring to the odor.)
1. A. officixXlis Andrz, Tall; pods 2.5_.5 cm. long, spreading, borne on
short thick pedicels. {A. AUiaria Britton.) — Roadsides and near habitations,
eastw., local. (Introd. from Eu.)
19. SISYMBRIUM [Tourn.] L. Hedge Mustard
Pod terete, flatfish or 4-6-sided, the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, margin-
less, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers
small, white or yellow. Pubescence spreading. (Latinized from an ancient Greek
name for some plant of this family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials.
Leafy-stemmed: leaves pinnate or pinnatifid.
Stigma 2-lobed ; pubescence, when present, of simple hairs.
Pods awl-shaped. 1-1.5 cm. long \. S. officinale.
Pods linear-cjlindric, longer.
Pods firm. 6-10 cm. long 2. S. altissimum.
Pods delicate, 3-4 mm. long , . . . . S. S. Irio.
Stigma simple : pubescence forked or stellate, or reduced to minute granules ;
pods delicate.
Seeds 2-ranked in each cell ^, S. canescens.
Seeds 1-ranked in each cell.
Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ; jiods 6-15 mm. long . . . . h. S. incinum.
Leaves tripinnate ; pods about 2 cm. long &. S. Sophia.
Leaves chiefly basal, entu-e or barefy toothed 1. S. Thalianum.
1. S. OFFICINALE. (L.) Scop. Leavcs
runcinate ; flowers small, yellow ; pods thick-
ivalled, at maturity firm in texture, pubes-
cent or tomentiilose, close-pressed to the
few-branched stem^ scarcely stalked. —
Waste ground. Me. and Out., local ; also
Cal. . etc. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 759.
Var. LEiocARPUM DC. Pods essentially
glabrous. — A common and unsightly weed.
c:| p (Nat. from Eu. )
jT 2. S. altissimum L. (Tumble ]\Ius-
|1' TARD.) Tall ; leaves deeply pinnatifid irith
narroiv segments ; flowers pale yellow ; pods
rigid, very hmg, divergent, hardlij thicker
than the short thickish pedicels. — Waste
places, roadsides, etc., a recent immigi'ant, locally abundant
as a pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 760.
759. S. officinale.
Leaf X %.
Tt'tO. S. altissimum.
Leaf and fiart of fruit-
ing raceme x Vg.
430 CRUCIFERAE (MLSTARD FAMILY)
3. S. fRio L. Similar ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the terminal portion
large ; pods ascending on slender pedicels, — Meadow, Grand Kapids, Mich.
{3Jiss Cole) ; ballast at Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu. )
4. S. canescens Nutt. Leaves piimatitid to tripinnatifid, canescent with
soft short hairs; flowers yellowish, very small ; pods in long racemes, oblong-
club-shaped or linear-cylindric, shorter than the horiztnital pedicels; seeds
2-ranked in each cell. (Sophia pinnata Howell.) — Pa. to Fla. and westw. —
Passing by various intermediates to
V'ar, brachycarpon (Richards.) Wats. Green; stems at most cinereous-
stellate at base, Ksualli/ glabrous or glandular-pulverulent. (Sophia Rydb.) —
Que. to Assina.. s. to Ivy., Mo., Kan,, etc.
0. S. incisum Engelm. Similar ; green or greenish ; pods more slender, 7-15
mm. long, about equaling the spreading pedicels ; seeds mostly \-ranked.
{Sophia Greene.) — A western polymorphous species, extending eastw. to Ont.
and Minn.
Var. filipes Gray. Pedicels thread-like, spreading, much exceeding the
pods. — Minn., and westw.
^'ar. Hartwegianum (Fourn.) Wats. The very numerous short pods on
still shorter suberect pedicels. — Minn., and westw.
6. S. S6PHIA L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves ; pods
slender, about 2 cm. Zongr, ascending ; seeds \-ranked. (Sophia Britton.) —
Sparingly in waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)
7. S. Thalianum (L.) J. Gay. (Mouse-ear Cress.) Slender, branched,
hairy at the base; leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; flowers
white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedi-
cels. (Stenophragma Celak.) — Old fields and rocky places, Mass. to "Minn.,"
Kan. and southw. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.)
20. BRAYA Sternb. & Hoppe
Pods cylindric to linear, often torulose, the septum ol pecidiar and charac-
teristic structure with its cells elongated transversely or obliquely. Flowers
white or purplish, capitate in anthesis. — Arctic perennials with single root and
branched hairs. (Named for Count F. G. de Bray of Rouen.)
1. B. humilis (C. A. Mey.) Robinson. Sparingly pubescent, 1-2 dm. high
or less ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly with coarse and sharp teeth ;
pods narrow, subcylindrical, 8-18 mm. long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked
by a short style ; seeds 1-ranked. (Sisymbrium C. A. Mey.) — Limestone cliffs,
Willoughby Mt., n. Vt., Isle Royale, Mich., and northw. ; and in the Canadian
Rocky Mts. (Siber.)
21. HESPERIS [Tourn.] L. Rocket
Pod linear, nearly cylindrical ; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each
cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. — Biennial or perennial, with
serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from
eairepa. evening, from the evening fragrance of the flowers.)
1. H. mathonXlis L. (Damk's Violet.) Tall; leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; pods 5-10 cm. long, spreading. — Sometimes cultivated, and spreading to
roadsides, etc. (Introd. from Eu.)
22. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. Treacle Mustard
Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled witli a strong midrib ; stigma broadly
lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginle.ss. Cotyledons in oui*s
(often obliquely) incumbent. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the
leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2-:^-parted hairs. (Name from
ipv€i.v, to draw blisters.)
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)
431
761. E. cheiranthoides.
Leaf and part of fruiting
raceme x %.
762. E. parviflorum.
Leaf and part of fruit-
ing raceme x %.
1. E, cheiranthoides L. (Worm-seed Mustard.)
Minutely roughish, branching, slender : leaves lanceolate,
scarcelj^ toothed ; flowers small ; ])ods small and shot
(1-2 cm. long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender
divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams
or in open sterile soil. July, Aug.
(Eu.) Fig. 761.
2. E. parvifl5rum Nutt. Perennial;
stem erect, often simple ; leaves linear-
oblanceolate, entire or the lowest
coarsely toothed ; flowers small (0 mm.
long):, pods narrow, 2.5-6.2 cm. long.,
ascending on short pedicels. (E. incon-
spicuum MacM. ; E. syrticolum Shel-
don).— Ont. and Minn, -to Kan. and
westw. Fig. 762.
3. E. REPANDUM L. Resembling the
last, but annual ; leaves repand-denticulate ; flowers 7-9 mm.
long; pods 4-8 cm. long, slender, divergent, on very short
thick pedicels. — Waste places, O. to Mo. and Kan. ; and
about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. E. asperum DC. (Western Wall-flower.) Plant
stout, 3-6 dm. high, minutely roughish -hoarj^ ; stem simple ;
leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed ; the
bright orange-yellow flowers crowded ; petals l.a-2.5c7n. long, orbicular, on very
slender claws ; pods nearly erect or widely spreading on short pedicels, elongated
(7-10 cm. long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. — Xfd. ( Waghorne); Mingan I.,
Que. {Macoun); 0. (on limestone cliffs) to Ark., S. Dak., and common westw.
June, July.
23. RADICULA [Dill.] Hill. Water Cress
Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from slender to globular, terete
or nearly so ; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numerous,
small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in R. sylvestris).
Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers,
and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name meaning
a little radish.) Roripa Scop. Nasturtium R. Br.
§ 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx; pods linear ; leaves pinnate.
\. R. Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle. (True W.) Peren-
nial; stems spreading and rooting; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly
entire; pods (1.2-1.6 cm. long) ascending on
slender widely spreading pedicels. (Sisymbrium
L. ; Nastiirtiiim officinale R. Br. ; Boripa Nas-
turtium Rusby.) — Brooks, ditches, etc., origin-
ally cultivated. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 763.
§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much
exceeding the calyx ; pods linear, short-cyliyi-
dric, or even ovoid or globular ; leaves mostly
pinnatifid.
763. R. Nasturtium-aquaticum.
Leaf and part of fruiting raceme x %.
* Perennial from creeping or subterranean
shoots ; flowers rather large, yellow.
2. R. sylvestris (L.) Druce. (Yellow Cress.) Stems ascending ; leaves
pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods (6-12
mm. long) on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one
row; style very short. (Xasturtium R. Br. ; Roripa Bess.) — Wet meadows,
Nid. to Va., westw. to Ont., Mich., and 111. ; becoming more frequent. (Nat.
from Eu.)
432
CRrCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY^)
764. R. sinuata.
Leaves and part of
fruiting raceme x %.
3. R. sinuata (Niitf.) Greene. Stems low. «liffuse; Teavea pinna tehj rlpft^
the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong ((J-IO mm.
long), on slender pedicels ; style slender. (Xostnrtium
Nutt. ; Hoj'ipa Ilitchc.) — Banks of the Miss, and westw.
June. Fig. 764.
** Annual or biennial^ rarely perennial (?), with simple
fihrons roots; floioers small or minute^ greenish or
yellowish ; leaves somewhat lyrate.
4. R. sessilifl5ra (Xutt.) Greene. Stems erect, rather
simple ; leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or
oblong ] flowers minnte., nearly sessile ; pods elongate-oblong
(1-1.2 cm. long), thick; style very short. {Nasturtium
Nutt.; Boripa Hitclic.) — Richmond, Va. (Churchill) to
Neb., e. Kan. and south w. Apr.-.Tune.
5. R. obtusa (Xutt.) Greene. Stems much branched,
diffusely spreading; leaves pinnately parted or divided., the
divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; flowers
minute., short-pediceled ; pods longer than the pedicels., vary-
ing from linear-oblong to short-oval ; style short. {Nas-
turtiinn ^nlX,. \ Boripa Britton.) — Low ground, n. Mich.
(Farwell) to Tex. and westw.
Var. sphaerocarpa (Gray) Robinson. Pods globular, about equaling the
pedicels. (Xa.^turtium Gr?ij; Boripa Britton.) — 111,, and southwestw.
6. R. paliistris (L.) Moencft. (^rAHsn Cress.) Stem erect,
3-8 dm. high, mostly glabrous ; leaves pinnately cleft or parted,
or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-
toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small
flowers and mostly longer than the short-cylindric
ellipsoid or ovoid pods; style short. (Nastur-
tium DC.; Boripa Bess.) — Wet places or in
shallow water ; common. June-Sept. (Eurasia.)
Fig. 765.
Var. hispida ( Desv.) Robinson. Hirsute ; pods globose or nearly
so. (Boripa hispida Britton; Nastmrtitim palustre, var. Gray.)
— With the type ; the commoner form east w. (Eurasia.) Fig. 766.
§3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular ; leaves
undivided^ or the lower ones pinnatifid ; root perennial.
7. R. aquatica (Eat.) Robinson. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic; immersed leaves
1-3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ; emersed leaves oblong,
entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ; pods ovoid, 1-celled,
a little longer than the style. (Boripa americana Britton ; Nasturtium lacustre
Gray.) — Lakes and rivers, w. Que. and n. Vt. to Minn, and southw. July-
Aug.
8. R. ArmorXcia (L.) Robinson. (Horseradish.) Root-leaves very large,
oblong, crenate, rarely jjinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels
a.scending ; pods globular (seldom formed) ; style very short. (Boripa Hitchc.)
— Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Introd. from Eu.) — Roots
large and long ; a well-known condiment.
766
E. palustris,
var. hispida.
Part of fruiting
raceme x %.
765. K. palustris.
Part of fruiting
raceme x %.
24. BARBAREA R. Br. Winter Cress
Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.
— Mostly biennials, resembling Badicula ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called
the Herb of St. Barbara.)
1. B. vulgaris R. Br. (Common W., Yellow Rocket.) Smooth perennial;
lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral
1-4 'pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at
CRUCIFERAE (^MUSTAKD FAMILY) 433
the base ; ffowers bright yellow, soinewhat racemoi^fi rvrv in a v the sis ; pods erect
or a,scend\ns^ on spreadinff pedicels. (i?. fyrata Aach. ; B. Barbarea MacM.) —
Low grounds and roadsides ; apparently introduced in the Eastern and Central
States, but indigenous from L. Superior northw. and westw. (Eu.)
2. B. striata Andrz. Closely sinnlar in foliage ; flowers paler, during antlie-
sis corymbosely aggregated at the summit of the raceme; pods oppressed. —
Shores and meadows, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Va., Great Lake region, Mo., and
westw. (Eu.)
3. B. VERNA (Mill.) Asch. (Early W.) Jjearves ^y'lth 5-S pai)'s of lateral
lobes and pods longer, on very thick pedicels. (B. praecox Sm.) — Somewhat
cultivated as a winter salad, under the name of Scurvy Grass, and naturalized
irom Mass. southw. (Introd. irom Eu.)
25. SELENIA Nutt.
Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in
each cell, rounded, broadly winged ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle short. — A
low annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate racemes of
yellow flowers. (Name from aeXrivr), the moon^ with allusion to Lunaria, which
this genus somewhat resembles in its pods.)
1. S. aurea Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed ;
pod 1.2 cm. long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender
style. — Sandy soil, Mo. and Kan. to Tex.
26. lODANTHUS T. & G.
Pod long, linear, somewhat flattened ; valves 1-nerved ; stigma entire but
slightly elongated over the placentae. Seeds 1-ranked in each cell, oblong,
marginless. Cotyledons essentially accumbent, — Erect perennial with purplish
flowers. (Name from IloStjs, violet-colored, and dvdos, flower.)
1. I. pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Glabrous, 3-9 dm. high ; root-leaves
round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves auricled, ovate-oblong
and ovate-lanceolate, sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end,
the lower into a winged petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral
lobes ; pods 1.8-3 cm. long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style.
{Thelypodium Wats.) — Alluvial river-banks, w. Pa. (^Porter) to Minn., Mo.,
and southwestw. Fl. May, June ; fr. July, Aug.
27. LUNArIA L. Moonwort
Pods very large and flat. Seeds large, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. —
Tall herbs with large purple flowers and ovate-deltoid cordate dentate leaves, of
which the earliest are opposite. (Name from luna, the moon, alluding to the
persistent silvery septum of the fruit.)
1. L. ANNUA L. (Honesty.) Annual or biennial; pods broadly elliptic,
rounded at each end. — Often cultivated, and escaping in s. w. Ct. and e. Pa.
(Introd. from Eu.)
2. L. REDivivA L. Perennial ; porfs broadly lance-oblong, somewhat po??i?^(?
at each end. — Also cultivated, and established, it is said, near Niagara. (Introd.
from Eu.)
28. LEAVENW6rTHIA Torr.
Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu-
late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a thick
wing. Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction
which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little
winter annuals, glabrous and often stemless, with lyrate leaves and short 1-few-
flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named for Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, a southern
botanist of the last century.)
gray's manual — 28
i.:54
CRUCIFEKAE (MUSTARD FAMILY;
1. L. uniflbra (Michx.) Britton. Scapes 5-15 cm. high ; leaf-lobes ' usually
numerous (7-15); petals purplish or nearly white with a yellowisli base, obtuse ;
pods not toruloses oblong to linear (1.2-3 cm. long); style short. {L. Michauxii
Torr.) — Barrens, s, Ind. to Tenn. and Mo.
2. L. torulbsa Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, linear;
style 2-4 mm. long ; seeds acutely margined rather than winged ; petals emargi-
nate. — Barrens of Ky. and Tenn.
29. DENT ARIA [Tourn.] L. Toothwort. Pepper-root
Pod lanceolate, flat. Style elongated. Seeds in one row, wingless, the funic-
ulus broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick, very unequal, their margins
somewhat infolding each otlier. — Perennials, of damp woodlands, with long
fleshy sometimes interrupted scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent
taste ; stems leafless below, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or
above the middle, and terminated by a corymb or short raceme of large white
or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.)
Stem g-labrous.
Kootstock continuous, prominently toothed
Kootstock interrupted by distinct "constrictions.
Rootstock elongate, composed of several fusiform or subcylindric dis-
tinctly toothed segments.
Cauline leaves with ovate or obovate petiolulate leaflets .
Cauline leaves with lanceolate sessile leaflets
Rootstock of readily separable obscurely toothed fusiform tubers .
Stem pubescent, at least above.
Rootstock of readily separable fusiform tubers ; sepals 6-9 mm. long.
Leaves 3-parted. "with linear to oblong segments
Basal leaves with ovate or rhombic leaflets
Rootstock elongate, interrupted by constrictions ; sepals 3-4 mm. long
1. D. diphylla.
2. D. maxima.
3. D. incisifolia.
4. Z>. heterophylla.
5. D. laciniata.
4. D. heterophylla.
6. D. anomala.
1. D. diphylla Michx. Bootstock Jong and continuous, often branched, the
annual segments slightly or not at all tapering at the ends; stems in anthesis
1.5-3 dm. high, stoutish ; leaves 3-foliolate, the basal
and cauline similar, the latter 2 (rarely 3), opposite or
subopposite, leaflets 4-10 cm. long, short-petiolulate,
rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate, the
teeth bluntly mucronate ; flowers white; sepals 5-8 mm.
long, half the length of the petals ; pods rarely maturing.
— Rich woods and thickets, e. Que. to s. Ont. and Minn.,
s. to S.C. and Ky. Apr., May. — Rootstocks 2-^3 dm.
long, crisp, tasting like Water Cress. Fig. 767.
2. D. maxima Nutt. Bootstock interrupted, consist-
ing of several elongate strongly toothed segments ichich
are constricted at each end, the older commonly retaining
r shreds of old stems ; cauline leaves 2-3, alternate, often
remote, leaflets 2-G cm. long, ovate or obovate, petiolulate,
more or less ciliolate, sharply and coarsely toothed and
somewhat cleft; flowers white or purple-tinged; sepals
5-7 mm. long, half as long as the petals. — By streams
in rich woods, local, s. Me. to Mich, and Pa. Apr., May.
D. incisifblia Fames. Rootstock much as in the last ; cauline leaves 2
76T. D. diphylla.
Cauline leaves and root-
stock X %.
3.
and opposite, rarely 3 and alternate, the leaflets 4-0 cm. long, lanceolate, ses.^ile,
glabrous throughout, coarsely incised-dentate ; basal leaves similar, with
broader leaflets ; flowers white or .somewhat purple-tinged ; sepals 6-7 mm.
long; petals 1.5-2 cm. long. — Rich hillside woods, Sherman, Ct. (Fames).
May.
4. D. heterophylla Nutt. Tubers near the surface ; stems, in anthesis. l.r>-4
dm. high, glabrous or .sparingly pubescent above ; cauline leaves 2-3. variously
disposed, the leaflets 1.5-5.5 cm. long, distinctly petiolulate, ohJong-lanrt^nlate to
linear, ciliate, entire to deeply crenate, rarely laciniate ; basal leaves irith ovate
to rhombic-obovate usually lobed leaflets; flowers purplish ; sepals purple-tinged,
CKUCIFEKAE (^MUSTARD FAMILY) 435
6-9 mm. long; petals 1-1.8 cm. long. — X. J. and Pa. to Ky., and southw.
Apr., May.
5. D. iaciniata Muhl. Tubers deep-seated ; stems pubescent above; cauline
leaves 3, whorled or nearly so, the latn-al leaflets deeply cleft, glabrous or
pubescent, the segmpnts linear to narrowly oblong,
conspicuously gash-toothed ; basal leaves, when present.
similar ; flowers while or purplish ; calyx 6-9 mm.
long ; petals 1-2 cm. long. — Hich damp woods, w.
Que. and Vt. to Minn., and southw. Apr., early May.
Fig. 768. Var. ixtegra (Schulz) Fernald. Leaves
strictly ternate, the lateral leaflets entire or slightly
toothed, not cleft. — N. Y. to 111.
6. D. an6mala Fames. Bootstock with pronounced
constrictions between the fusiform tnbe-r-like annual
segments, deep-seated; stems somewhat pubescent;
768. D. Iaciniata. leaves 3-foliolate, pubescent on both surfaces ; the
Cauline leaves and tubers X 1/4. cauUne 2 (rarely o). subopposite, their leaflets 2-0.:^
cm. long, short-petiolulate, ovate to rhombic, coarsely
and irregularly dentate or even incised or cleft ; basal leaves, when present,
similar ; flowers white, tinged with purplish ; sepals 3-4 mm. long ; petals 1-1.2
cm. long. — Hich moist woods, Plainville, Ct. (Bissell). May. — Perhaps a
hybrid of nos. 1 and 5, with which it grows.
30. CARDAMINE [Tourn.] L. Bitter Cress.
* Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so; placentae and, partition thick. Seeds in
a single row in each cell, wingless ; the funiculus slender. Cotyledons accum-
bent, flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate. — Mostly glabrous perennials,
leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white
or purple. (A Greek name, used by Dioscorides for some cress, from its cordial
or cardiacal qualities.)
* Simple-leaved perennials with tuberous base.
1. C. bulb5sa (Schreb.) BSP. (Spring Cress.) Stems upright from a
tuberous base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple, or rarely
forking, glabrous, in anthesis 1.5-5 dm. high; root-leaves oblong to cordate-
ovate, stem-leaves 5-8. scattered, the lower ovate or oblong and somewhat
petioled, the upper sessile, almost lanceolate, all often toothed ; sepals greenish,
with white margin; petals white, 7-12 mm. long ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed
with a slender style tipped by a conspicuous stigma; seeds oval. (C rhom-
boidea DC.) — Wet meadows and springs, e. Mass. to Minn., and southw.
May, June.
2. C. Douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Similar; stem usually somewhat pubes-
cent, in anthesis 1-2.5 dm. high; root-leaves orbicular or suborbicular ; stem-
leaves 2-6. the upper border (ovate to oblong), more or less approximate ; sepals
purple-tinged ; pHals rose-purple, 1-1.8 cm. long. (C rhomboidea, yrt. purpui-ea
Torr.) — liich low woods, Ct. to s. Ont. and Wise, s. to Md. and Ky. Apr.,
early ^Nlay.
* * Fibrous-rooted perennials icith \-o^foliolate leaves ; southern.
3. C. rotundifolia Michx. (MouyrAix Water Cress.) Stems branching,
weak or decumhent. making long run}iprs ; root flbrous ; leaves all much alike,
roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled ; pods
small, linnar-awl-shaped, equaled or exceeded by the pedicels; style slender;
seeds oval -oblong . — Cool shaded springs, Carrollton, N. Y. (Peck) and Middle-
town, N. .1. ( Wi'Ui.s) to Ky., and southw. along the mts. May, June. — Flowei-g
why;e. siniller than in no. 1.
4. C. Clematitis Sliuttlw. Glabrous and lax, with slender rootstock; small
radical leaves kidney- or heart-shaped, with or withonr a pair of smaller lateraJ
486 CRUCiFKRAi-: (mustard family^
leaflets ; stem-leaves on sarjittntdii appendaf/ed petioles ; terminal leaflet mostly
3-lobed ; pods 2.5-3 cm. long, much exceeding the pedicels. — Springy places in
the mts., s. Va. and southw.
* * * Fibrous-rooted alpine perennial with simple leaves ; northern.
5. C. bellidifolia L. Dvmrf (2-3.5 cm. high), densely tufted; leaves ovate,
entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth, 2-10 mm. long, slender-petioled ;
riowers 1-5, white; pods 1.5-2 cm. long, upright, linear; style extremely short,
stout. — Arctic regions and alpine districts of the n. hemisphere. Represented
with us by
Var. laxa Lange. Looser and taller (4-11 cm. high) ; leaves 6-15 mm. long,
on very long petioles ; pods 2-3 cm. long. — By alpine brooks, and in cold
ravines, Lab. to ]Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt. Washington, N. H. ; by a brook,
W. Baldwin, Me. {Miss Furbish). June, July. (Greenl.)
* * * * Boot perennial ; leaves pinnate ; flowers showy.
6. C. pratensis L. (Ccckoo Flower.) Stem ascending from a short root-
stock, simple ; leaflets numerous, tho.se of the lower leaves rounded and stalked,
of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angle-toothed ; petals (white
or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx ; pod 2-3 cm. long, 2 mm. broad ;
style short. — Wet places and bogs, Lab. to Vt., N. J., Minn., and northw. ;
rare. May. Also introduced or a local escape in e. and s. N. E. (Fu.)
* * * * * j^ooi mostly biennial or annual; leaves pinnately 6-11-foliolate ;
flowers small, white.
1- Stamens 4; leaflets strigose-hispid upon the upper surface.
7. C. hirsiita L. Leaves chiefly radical, with short and broad leaflets, but
those on the erect stem reduced and with narrow leaflets ; pods erect, on
ascending or appressed pedicels. — Moist places, s. Pa. to N. C, and "Mich."
(Eu.) Perhaps introduced. A doubtful specimen from w. Mass. {Miss Vail).
•t- -t- Stamens normally 6; leaflets glabrous; stem leafy.
8. Cc parviflbra L. Very slender, subsimple, glabrous or slightly pubescent
upon the stem ; leaflets of the radical leaves oval or the terminal suborbicular ;
those of the cauline very narrow, linear, not confluent; pods erect, on ascending
pedicels. (C hirsuta, var. sylvatica of some Am. auth.) — Rocky and barren
soil, Me. to Ga. and westw. (Fu.) A form more branched from the base and
with leaflets all narrow and often toothed has been described as C. arenicola
Britton, growing in sandy soil in the Atlantic States but lacking constant
characters.
9. C. pennsylvanica Muhl. Larger, nearly or quite glabrous ; leaflets 7-11,
the terminal one obovate, the lateral oblong, tending to be confluent along the
rhachis ; pods erect, on ascending pedicels. (C. hirsuta Man. ed. 6, in gi'eat
part.) — Moist ground, common. Passes impercepti])]y into a form (C flexuosa
Britton, perhaps Withering) with fewer more flabelliform leaflets and spreading
pods. — Brooks, etc.
31. ARABIS L. Rock Cress
Pod linear, flattened ; placentae not thickened ; the valves plane or convex,
more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds margin-
less or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique. — Leaves seldom
divided. Flowers white or purple (rarely yellowish). (Name from the
country, Arabia.)
§ 1. SISYMBRINA Wats. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in
one row ; cotyledons often more or less oblique ; biennial or perennial,
branching from base.
1. A. lyrata L. Mostly glabrous, excei)t the lyrate-pinnatifld root-leaves;
Stem-leaves .scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 437
or entire ; petals ichite, much longer than the yellowish calyx ; pods long and
slender, tiat, ascending or spreading; style slender, 0.8 mm. long. — On rocks
or sandy shores, w. N, E. to Man., and south vv. Apr.-July. — Usually biennial,
but southw. decidedly perennial. Var. occidextXlis Wats. Stigma sessile or
on a very short thick style (0.5 mm. or less in length). — Point Pelee, n. shore
of L. Erie ; Rocky Mts. to Alaska. (Kamchatka.)
2. A. dentata T. & G. Roughish-pubescent, slender ; leaves oblong, very ob-
tuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem numerous. half-cJaspiny
and auricJed, of the base broader and tapering into a short petiole ; petals
(whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; pods u'idely spreading, very slendt^r,
short-stalked; style scarcely any. — N. Y. to Minn., Neb., and southw. May,
June.
3. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. (Tower Mustard.) Tall (6-12 dm. high), ^?«?<-
cous ; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals yellovnsh white, little
longer than the calyx; pods very narroio (8 cm. long) and pedicels strictly erect ;
seeds marginless ; cotyledons often oblique. (^4. perfoliata Lam.) — Rocks ami
fields, N. B. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Great Lake region, S. Dak., L^tah and
Cal. May-July. (Eu.)
§ 2. TURRITIS [Dill.] Gaudin. Seeds not so broad as the partition, in tu'o
more or less distinct rows in each cell, at least ichen young ; strict and very
leafy-stemmed biennials; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base.
Calyx essentially glabrous ; pods erect or loosely spreading.
Pubescence of the basal rosettes none or sparse and of simple or of 2-
pointed hairs attached by the middle 4.-4. Drummondi.
Pubescence of the basal rosettes dense, stellate 5. A. hrachycarpa.
Calyx stellate-pubescent ; pods deflexed or pendulous 6. A. Holhoellii.
4. A. Drumm6ndi Gray. Nearly glabrous, somewhat glaucous, 3-9 dm. high ;
stem-leaves oblong or narrowly lanceolate, the basal spatulate-lanceolate ; pods
straightish, 3.5-10 cm. long, 1.3-2.3 mm. broad. (A. confinis Wats., in great
part.) — Rocky places, e. Que. to B.C., s. to N. S., s. N. E., N. Y., O., 111.,
Utah, and Ore.
Var. connexa (Greene) Eernald. Stout; pods 3-3.3 mm. wide. — Kiviere du
Loup, Que. ; and mts. of w. N. A.
5. A. brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton. Similar in stature and habit; bnsal
leaves densely pubescent v:ith '?>-pointed Jiairs, the cauline glabrous ; pedicels
icidely spreading ; pods 1.7-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, widely spreading. {A.
co?i^?izs Wats., in part ; Turritis brachycarpa T. & G.) — Sandy woods, rocky
banks, etc., e. Que, to Sask. and Assina., s. to N. B., n. Vt., N. Y. , Great Lake
region. Col., etc.
6. A. Holboellii Horn em. Stems 1-several, 2-9 dm. high, leafy, somewhat
closely stellate-pubescent at the base, glabrous or glabrate above ; pedicels soon
deflexed ; petals pink or pinkish. 7-10 mm. long; pods 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-2.5
mm. broad, blunt, secund and strongly dejlered. — Rocky (calcareous) or sandy
places, e. Que. ; Thunder Baj", L. Huron (^]Mieeler) to the mts. of B. C. and Cal.
(Greenl.)
§ 3. ARABIS proper. Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so,
more or less vying -margined ; cotyledons strictly accumbent.
* Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base.
7. A. virginica (L.) Trel. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all pin-
nately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of the
lower leaves numerous ; pedicels very short ; flowers small, white ; pods rather
broadly linear, spreading, flat; seeds winged. (A. ludoviciana Mey.) — Open
ground, Va. to Kan., and southw. Mar. -May.
* * Erect leafy-stemmed biennials, with simple leaves, white or ichitish flowers,
narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and nearly wingless seeds.
8. A. patens Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (3-6 dm. high);
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire,
438 CAPPARIDACEAE (CAPER FAMILY;)
partly clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 8 mm. long) the
length of the calyx; pedicfds sloider, spreading; pods spreading or ascending^
tipped with a distinct style. — Pa. to Minn, and southw. Apr., May.
y. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect ;
stem-leaves ol^long or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasping by a some-
what arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish white) small, but
longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods stricMy upright; style scarcely any ;
immature seeds somewhat 2-rowed. — Gravelly shores and calcareous rocks,
especially northw. May, June. (Eu.)
* * * Erect leafy -stemmed biennials (3-9 dm. high), loith small whitish flowers^
recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (7-10 cm. long), and broadly
winged seeds, the funiculus adherent to the partition; root-leaves rarely
lyrate.
10. A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. <S'?noo«/i and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves
partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, mostly toothed,
sometimes (var. laciniata T. & G.) incised ; petals scarcely longer than the
calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading on ascending or merely
spreading pedicels. — Rocky places, w. Me. to 8. Dak. and southw. May.
Var. Biirkii Porter. Leaves narrower, those of the stem essentially entire,
not auricled at the base. — Dry hills. Pa. to Va.
11. A. canadensis L. (Sickle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above ; stem-
leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat,
scythe-shaped (4 mm. wide), hanging on rough-hairy pedicels. — Rocky woods
and ravines, e. Mass. and Vt. to Ont., and southw. June-Aug.
CAPPARIDACEAE (Caper Family)
Herbs (when in northern regions) with cruciform flowers, but 0 or more not
tetradynaraous stamens, a 1-celled pod icith 2 parietal placentae, and kidney-
shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no partition ; seeds similar, but
the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves alternate, mostly palmate. Often
with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferae (as in capers, the flower-buds
of Capparis spinosa).
* Pod sessile or short-stiped ; stamens &-co,
1. Polanlsia. Petals subequal, emarginate.
* * Pod long-stiped ; stamens 6.
2. Cleome. Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long-stipitate.
1. POLANfSIA Raf.
Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8-32, unequal. Receptacle
not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod linear or
oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy
hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from iroXv-, many, and Slvktos, unequal,
points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.)
LP. graveolens Haf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 11,
scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod sliglitly stipitate. — Gravelly
shores and banks, w. Que. to Chesapeake Bay, and westw. June-Aug. —
Flowers small (4-6 mm. long) ; calyx and filaments purplish ; petals yellowish
white.
2. P. trachysp^rma T. & G. Flowers larger (8-10 mm. long); the stamens
(12-10) long-exserted ; style 4-6 mm. long; pod se.ssile ; seeds u.sually rough. —
la. to Kan., southw. and westw.; also by a stream, Salisbury, Ct. {Mrs. Phelps,
Weathcrby), where probably introduced.
V
sarraceniaceae (pitcher-plant family; 439
2. cle6me L.
Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle .somewhat produced be-
cween the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate ovary.
Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded. — Our species annuals with bracteate ra-
cemes. (Name of uncertain derivation, early applied to some mustard- like
plant. )
1. C serrulata Pursh. (Stixkixg Clover.) Glabrous; leaves 3-foliolate ;
leaflets lance-oblong, mostly entire ; petals white or rose-colored, short-clawed ;
stipe of pod as long as the pedicel. (C. integrifolia T. & G.) — Dry mostly
saline soil. Minn, to n. 111., Mo., Kan., westw. and northwestw. ; rarely eastw.
along railroads. — Flowers showy.
2. C. spiNosA L. (Spider-flower.) Viscid-pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, lanceo-
late, serrulate; petals white or rose-colored. — Cultivated, and occasionally
escaping to waste grounds. (Introd. from the tropics.)
3. C. lutea Hook. Lower leaves o-foliolate ; flowers yellow. — Western spe-
cies, reported from Weeping Water, Neb. {Wehher).
RESEDAcEAE (Mignonette Family)
Herbs, imth unsymmetrical 4-7-mf'rous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided hypogy-
nous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, beai'ing the latter. Calyx
not closed in the bud. Capsule o-4)-lobed, S-6-horned, 1-celled, inith o-Q parietal
placentae, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Capparidaceae)
are Ml grown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands for .stipules. Flowers in
terminal spikes or racemes. A .«5mall and unimportant family of the Old
World, represented by the Mignonette {Beseda odorata) and the Dyer's Weed.
1. RESEDA [Tourn.] L. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket
Petals 4-7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, on one side of the flower. (Name
from resedare, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)
1. R. Luteola L. (Dyer's Weed or Weld.) Leaves lanceolate ; calyx
4-parted ; petals 4, gxeenish yellow ; the upper one 3— 5-cleft, the two lateral
3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; capsule depressed. — Roadsides and
ballast, Mass. to Pa., local. — Plant 6 dm. high, used for dyeing yellow. (Adv.
from Eu.)
2. R. LtiTEA L. Low, decumbent: leaves irregularly pinnate-parted or
bipinnatifld ; flowers pale yellow; sepals and petals 6; stamens 15-20. —
Meadows and waste places, !>Iass. to Pa.; also Mich. (Adv. from F.u.)
3. R. .\LBA L. Tall, erect: leaves pinnately and rather regularly parted ;
flowers greenish white ; stamens 12-15; petals 5-t\. — Waste places, becoming
more common. (Adv. from Eu.)
SARRACENlACEAE (Pitcher-plant Family)
Folyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with holhnij pitcher-formed or
trumpet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant of Guiana, another {Darling-
tonia Ton.) in California, and the following genus.
1. SARRACENIA [Tourn.] L
Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
or obovate. incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
compound, o-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a very broad and petal-like 5-angled o-rayed umbrella-shaped
440 DKOSEKACEAE (SUNDEW FAMILY)
body, the 5 delicate rays terminating unaer the angles in as many little hooked
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae
in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at
the base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish green and purplish; the
hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood
at the apex. Scape naked, l-flowered ; flower nodding. (Named for Dr.
Michel Sarrasin, physician at the Court of Quebec early in the 18th century,
who sent our northern species to Europe.)
1. S. purpurea L. (Side-saddle Flower, Pitcher-plant, Huntsman's
Cup.) Leaves pitcher -shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the hood
erect, open, round heart-shaped, covered within by reflexed bristles; flower
globose, scapose, deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish
yellow style. — Peat-bogs, Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to Fla., Ky., the Great Lake
region, and s. e. la. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled with
water and drowned insects. Var. heterophylla (Eat.) Torr., has greenish
yellow flowers and no purple veins in the foliage. — With the typical form.
2. S. flava L. (Trumpets.) Leaves long (3-10 dm.) and trumpet-shaped,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing
almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, Va.
and southw. Apr.
DROSERACEAE (Sundew Family)
Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen-
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed
by the middle and turned outvmrd, and a 1-celled capsule with twice as many
styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae. — Calyx imbricated. Petals
convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the
base of the albumen. Leaves, in bud, rolled up from the apex to the base as
in Ferns. Small family of insectivorous plants.
1. DR6SERA L. Sundew
Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken
for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3 (rarely 6)-
valved ; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole
length, — Low perennials or biejinials ; the leaves, in our species, all in a tuft at
the base (often scattered in submersed plants), clothed with reddish gland-
bearing bristles ; the naked scape bearing the flowers (rarely solitary) in a
1-sided simple (or sometimes forking) raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at
the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sun-
shine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. The glands
of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops
(whence the name, from 5po<xep6s, dewy).
Leaf-blades linear to orbicular, usually distinct from the petioles.
Scapes glabrous.
Leaf-blades as broad as or broader than long ; seeds spindle-shaped, with
a loose testa 1. D. rotundifoUa.
Leaf-blades distinctly narrower than long.
Seeds spindle-shaped, the testa loose and produced at the ends ; stipules
adnate 2. Z>. anglica.
Seeds ellipsoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, with a close testa.
Leaf-blarles spatulate or spatulate-obovate ; stipules nearly free . . 3. D. longifoUa.
Leaf-blades linear ; stipules adnate to the petioles . . . .4. J), linearis.
Scapes glandular ; seeds ellii»8oid, with a close testa 5. D. bterifolia.
Leaves filiform, with no distinction of blade and petiole 6. D. filiforraie.
1. D. rotundifblia L. (Round-leaved S.) Leaves suborbicnlar or trans-
versely broad-elliptic, al)ru])tly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles;
.scape 1-3 dm. high, l-2r»-flow('red ; flowers white (rarely pinkish), 4-7 mm.
broad, the parts sometimes in sixes; seeds very slender, chaff-like. — Common
CRASS ULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) 441
in peat-bogs and moist sandy ground, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., the Great Lake
region, .Minn., and in the mts. to Ala., Mont., and Cal. June- Aug. (Eurasia.)
Var. com5sa Fernald. Dwarf ; inflorescence 1-few-flowered, usually capi-
tate; calyx crimson or roseate; petals greenish or crimson, sometimes folia-
ceous ; carpels, and sometimes other parts of the flower, modified to green
gland-hearing leaves. —Marly bogs, Gaspe Co., Que. ; and Herkimer and Oneida
Cos., N. Y. (Haberer).
2. D. anglica Huds. Leaves erect, linear- to ohovate-spatulate. loith smooth or
sparsely hairy petioles, the blade 1.5-5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. broad ; scapes 0.6-3
dm. high, l-S-flowered ; corolla white ; seeds blackish, loosely faveolate. {D.
longifolia L., in part.) — Marly bogs, Nfd. and e. Que. to B. C, s. to Mich.,
Ida., and n. Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia, Sandwich I.)
3. D. longifolia L. Leaves spatulate, tapering into the long rather erect
naked petioles ; scape 0.2-2 dm. high, 1-20-flowered ; flowers white ; seeds red-
dish brown, loith a close papillose coat. {D. intermedia Hayne.) — Bogs and
sandy shores, Nfd. to Ela. and La. ; and locally inland to the Great L. region.
June-Aug. (W. L, Eu.)
4. D. linearis Goldie. Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade 1-6 cm. long, 1.5-3
mm. wide, on naked erect petioles about the same length ; scape 2-10 cm. long,
1-8-flowered ; flowers white or pinkish ; seeds black, icith a smoothish close coat.
— Marly bogs and springy places, e. Que. to Alberta, locally s. to n. Me., Mich.,
Wise, and Minn. June. July.
5. D. brevifblia Pursh. Leaves spreading, very delicate, cuneate-ob ovate,
0.5-1.5 cm. long (including the smooth dilated petioles) ; stipules nearly obsolete ;
scape filiform, glandular, 1-10 cm. high, 1-7 -flowered ; the white corolla 1-1.5
cm. broad. — Wet banks and ditches, A^a. to Ela. and Tex. Apr., May.
6. D. filif6rmis Raf. Leaves very long (1-3 dm.) and filiform, erect, glan-
dular throughout ; floicers numerous, purplish (0.7-1.5 cm. broad'); seeds spindle-
shaped. — Wet sand, near the coast. Cape Cod, Mass., to Del. June-Sept.
PODOSTEMACEAE (River Weed Family)
Aquatics, growing on stones in running icater, some with the aspect of Sea-
weeds, or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flovjers bursting from
a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-celled many-seeded
ribbed capsule. — Represented in North America by
1. PODOSTEMUM Michx. River Weed
Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
floral envelopes. Stamens 2. borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
sterile filaments, one on each side ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped.
Capsule pedicellate, oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very
numerous, on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves
2-ranked. (Name from Troi^s, foot, and (TT-qfxwv, stamen ; the two stamens being
apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)
1. P. ceratophyllum Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a sheathing
base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — On rocks in streams,
N. B. to Ont., Minn., and southw., local. July-Sept. — A small olive-green
plant, of firm texture, resembling a Seaweed, tenaciously attached to loose stones
by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.
CRASSULAcEAE (Orpine Family)
Herbs, succulent (except in 1 genus), with perfectly symmetrical flowers;
viz., the petals and pistils equaling the sepals or calyx-lobes in number (3-20),
and the stamens the same or double their number, — technically different from
i42 CRASSULACEAE (OKPINE FAMILY)
Saxifrageae only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the
genera) being (juite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynoua
disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel.
Fruit dry and dehiscent ; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture,
many (rarely fe\v)-seeded. Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small.
Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy
* Not succulent ; carpels united, forming a 5-celIed capsule.
1. Penthorum. Calyx-lobes 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.
* * Leaves, etc/thick and succulent ; carpels distinct.
2. Tillaea. Calyx-lobes, petals, stamens, and pistils S-4. Seeds few-many.
3. Sedum. Calyx-lobes, petals, and pistils 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Seeds many.
4. Sempervivum. Calyx-lobes, petals, and pistils 6-x. Stamens mostly twice as many.
1. PENTHORUM [Gronov.] L. Ditch Stonecrop
Calyx-lobes 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below,
forming a o-angled 5-horned and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling
off of the beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like
the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish green flowers loosely
spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from
T4vT€,Jive, and opos, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.)
1. P. sedoides L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Open wet places,
N. B. to Fla., w. to Minn., e. Kan., and Tex. July-Oct. — Parts of the flower
rarely in sixes or sevens.
2. TILLAEA [Mich.] L.
Calyx-lobes, petals, stamens, and pistils 3-4. Pods 2-many-seeded. — Very
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in hoPiOr of Michael Angelo Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)
1. T. aquatica L. Rooting at the base (1-8 cm. high); leaves linear-oblong ;
flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish white)
petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of
each. {T. simplex Nutt.) — Brackish muddy shores, near the coast, local. Que.
to Md., and southw ; also on the Pacific coast. July-Sept. (Eu., n. Afr.)
2. T. Vaillantii Willd. Similar ; peduncles slender, about as long as the
leaves. — P. E. I. (Churchill); Nantucket, Mass. (3Irs. M. P. Bohinson,
Floyd). — Perhaps not specifically distinct from the last. (Eu., n. Afr.)
3. SEDUM [Tourn.] L. Stonecrop. Orpine
Calyx-lobes and petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Follicles many-seeded ; a little
5cale at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial smooth and thick-leaved herbs,
with cyjnose or one-sided inflorescence. Petals almost always narrow and acute
Dr pointed. (Name from sedere, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these
plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls .)
Flowers perfect.
Leaves thick (from linear-cylindric to thick-ovate).
Leaves closely imbricated, thick-ovate; flowers yellow . , . 1. S, acre.
Leaves not imbricated, linear-cylindric.
Flowers yellow.
Central flower of cyme 5-merous and lO-androus, the others 4-merous
and S-androus 2. i?. Nuttalianum
All the flowers 5-merous and lO-androus 1. S. rejlexum.
Flowers white to purplish 8. S. pulchellutn.
Leaves flat and broad.
Cauline leaves opposite or whorled.
Leaves entire, chiefly in wliorls of 3 ; flowers white .... 4. S. tern a turn .
Leaves crenate. ()|([)osite ; flowers pink or purplish .... 6. S. stolon if er am
Cauline leaves alternate or spirally arranged-
CRASSULACEAE (oRPI^^E FAMILY) 443
Low slender plant with basal rosettes: cyme loose, of 3 scorpioid
branches 5. xS. Nevii.
Coarse upright plants without rosettes ; flowers in a dense corymb.
Follicles long-attenuate 8. /S. telephioides.
Follicles abruptly pointed 9. S. purpureum.
Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus . . . . . 10. S. roseum.
1. S. A.CRE L. (Mossy S.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like ; leaves verj
small, alternate, imbricated, on the branches, ovate, very thick; petals yelloic. —
Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc., e. Que. to Ont., and Va.
June, July. (Nat. from P]u.)
2. S. Nuttallianum Kaf. Annual ; stems simple or branched from the base,
5-10 cm. high ; leaves flat or teretish, scattered, oblong^ -l-G mm. long ; petals
rather longer than the ovate sepals; carpels at length widely divergent. (>S'.
Torreyi Don.) — Dry ground, Mo. to Ark. and Tex. May.
3. S. pulchellum Michx. Stems ascending or trailing, 1-.3 dm. high ; leaves
terete., linear-filiform., much crowded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely
flowered; petals rose-purple. — On rocks, Va. to Ga., w. to Ind., e, Kan., and
Tex. ; also cultivated. May, June.
4. S. ternatum Michx. Stems spreading, 7-15 cm. high ; leaves flat., the
lower ichorled in threes, icedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong; cyme
3-spiked, leafy; petals lohite. — Rocky woods, Ct. to Ga., w. to Mich., Ind., and
Tenn. May.
5. S. Nevii Gray. Stems spreading, simple (7-13 cm. high); leaves all
alternate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obovate or spatulate, on flowering
stems linear-spatnlate and flattish ; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered ;
petals ichite, pointed. — Rocks, mts. of Va. to Ala. and 111. May, June.
6. S. STOLOxiFERDM Gmcl. Low perennial, with stoutish decumbent stems,
the flowering branches ascending, 1-2 dm. high ; leaves opposite, obovate, cre-
nate above the cuneate base ; cyme rather denf,e, the short branches numerous ;
flowers about 1 cm. broad ; petals pink or purplish. — Roadsides and fields,
local, N. S. and Me. June, July. (Introd. from Asia.)
7. S. REFLEXUM L. Glabrous, erect, 3 dm. high ; leaves crowded, cylin-
dric, subulate-tipped, spreading, or reflexed; flowers yellow, pediceled. — Local,
e. Mass. and w. N. Y., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
8. S. telephioides Michx. Stems ascending, 1.5-3 dm, high, stout, leafy
to the top ; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed ; cyme small ;
petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; follicles tapering into a slender
style. — Sandstone knobs and cliffs, from w. N. Y. to n. Ga. and HI. Aug., Sept.
9. S. PURPijREUM Tausch. (Garden^ O., Live-for-ever.) Stems erect, 6
dm. high, stout ; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed ; cymes compound ; petals purple,
oblong-lanceolate ; follicles abruptly pointed icith a short style. {S. Telephium
Man. ed. 6, not L. ; S. Fabaria Koch.) — Rocks and banks, escaped from culti-
vation in some places. Aug., Sept. (Introd. from Eu.)
10. S. r6seum (L.) Scop. (Roseroot.) Stems erect, 1.2-2.6 dm. high ;
leaves oblong or oval, small ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish yellow, or the
fertile turning purplish. {S. Bhodiola DC. ; Bhodiola rosea L. ) — Greenl. and
Lab., along the coast to cliffs of e. Me. ; also locally at Chittenaugo Falls, N. Y.
(^House) and on cliffs of Delaware R., Pa. May, June. (Eu.)
4. SEMPERVtvUM L. Houseleek
Calyx-lobes, petals, and many-seeded carpels 6-many. Stamens usually
twice as numerous. — Succulent perennials with imbricated leaves and cymose-
paniculate yellow or i)urple flowers. {Semper, ever, and vivus, alive, from the
tenacious vitality.)
1. S. tect6rum L. (Hen-and-chtckens.) Leaves of the dense basal and
lateral rosettes (on short thick offsets) ovate, acute, ciliate but otherwise gla-
brous ; those of the stem more oblong, clammy-pubescent ; flowers rose-purple.
— Often planted, and persisting long after or escaping from cultivation. (Introd,
from Eu.)
444 SAXIFKAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY)
SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family)
Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosaceae by having
copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually
no stipules, the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than
the sepals, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound
pistil. Calyx eitlier free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away.
Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous.
Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEAE. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in nos. 4, 7, and 8). Fruit
dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct.
* Ovary 2(rarely 3)-celled with a.xile placentae, or of as many nearly distinct carpels.
1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) tmce as many as the small
petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound.
2. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.
8. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens onl)' as many as the petals, which are convolute in
the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.
t. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.
* * Ovary 1 -celled, ^^ith 2 parietal placentae alternate with the stigmas.
5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Placentae
nearly basal.
6. Heuchera. Calyx bell-shaped, adherent to the ovary below. Petals small, entire. Sta-
mens 5.
T. Mitella. Calyx partly adhering to the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. Sta-
mens 10.
8. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10.
* ** Ovary 1 -celled, with 3-4 parietal placentae opposite the sessile stigmas; glanduliferous scales
alternating with the stamens.
9. Parnassia. Sepals, petals, and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered.
Tribe IL HYDRANGEAE. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2-5-celIed ; the calyx
adiierentat least to its base. Fruit capsular.
* Stamens 20-40.
10. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Filaments
linear. Styles 3-5.
11. Decumaria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7-10, valvate in the bud. Filaments subulate.
Style 1.
* * Stamens 8 or 10.
12. Hydrangea. Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud.
Tribe III. ESCALLONIeAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2-5-celled. Fruit
capsular.
13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule.
Tribe IV. RIBESiEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate to the
petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.
14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentae 2, parietal, many-seeded.
1. ASTILBE Hamilton. False Goat's Beard
Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4—5-parted, small. Petals 4-5,
spatulate, withering-persistent. Ovary almost free, many-ovuled ; styles 2,
short. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles. Seed-coat loose and thin,
tapering at each end. — Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-com-
pound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish
flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound j^anicle. (Name
composed of d- privative and arlXfir}, sheen, because the foliage is not shining.)
SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 445
1. A. biternata (Vent.) Britton. Somewhat pubescent (1-2 m. high); leaf-
lets mostl}^ heait-shaiietl ; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers;
stamens 10. (A. decandra Don.) — Mt. woods, s. e. Ky. {Kearney) and s. w
Va. to N. C. and Ga. — Closely imitating Aruncus Sylvester, but coarser.
2. SULLIVANTIA F. & G.
Calyx bell-shaped, adhering below only to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens shorter
than the petals. Capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks ;
seeds imbricated upward. — Low and reclined-spreading perennial herbs with
rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed smooth leaves on slender petioles,
and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle raised on a nearly
leafless slender stem (1.5-4 dm. long). Peduncles and calyx glandular ; pedicels
recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryologist William Starling
Sullivaut, who discovered our species.)
1 . S. Sullivantii (T. & G. ) Britton. (S. ohionis T. & G.) — Limestone cliffs,
O. and Ind. to la. and Minn. June. ,
3. BOYKINIA Nutt.
Calyx-tube top-shaped, adherent to the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. Sta-
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud.
Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5-7-lobed
or cut petioled leaves, and w^bite flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr.
Boykin of Georgia.)
1. B. aconitifolia Nutt. Stem glandular (2-6 dm. high); leaves deeply
5-7-lobed^ ( Therofon Millspaugh.) — Rocky banks, W. Va. (ace. to Millspaugh)
and mts. of Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July.
4. SAXIFRAGA [Tourn.] L. Saxifrage
Calyx either free from or adhering to the base of the ovaiy, 5-cleft or
parted. Petals entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Styles 2.
Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes
2 almost separate follicles. — Chiefl}" perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clus-
tered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and
f rang ere, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)
Acaulescent, the principal leaves in a basal rosette ; scapes naked below
the inflorescence.
Flowers mostly replaced by leafy tufts \. S. stellaris, v. comosa.
Flowers all perfect.
Sepals reflexed.
Leaves conspicuously and coarse].y dentate.
Petals unequal ; follicles strongly ribbed 2. S. leucanthemifolia.
Petals uniform ; follicles obscurely or not at all ribbed.
Leaves abruptly contracted to long petioles . . . . Z. S. caroliniana.
Leaves gradually narrowed to the base A. S. micranthidifolia.
Leaves finely or shallowly crenate-dentate.
Leaves membranaceous, pilose beneath Z. S. Forhesii.
Leaves leatheiy, glabrate beneath 6. & pefinsylvanica.
Sepals ascending.
Petals white, exceeding the sepals 7. S. mrginiensU.
Petals green, much shorter than the sepals, or wanting (7) aS". rirginiensis, v. chlorantha
Caulescent tufted or matted i)lants, branching at base, the flower-
ing branches mostl,v leafy below the inflorescence.
Leaves with 3-5 lobes or coarse teeth.
Leaves (basal) rounded, on slender petioles 8. ^S". rivularis.
Leaves gradually narrowed to the base, rigid, with 8 sharp teeth . 9. *b'. trictispidata.
Leaves entire or with regularly many-toothed or ciliate margins.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire (sometimes sparingly cihate), alter-
nate ; flowers yellow 10. 5'. aisoides.
Leaves toothed or oiliale.
Leaves mostly in basal rosettes ; scapes upright, bearing numerous
whitish flowers 11. .s". Aisoo7i.
Leaves crowded and oi)posite along the matted branches ; flowers
solitary, purple 12. .V. oppositfolia.
446 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY)
1. S. stellaris L., var. combsa Willd. Leaves small, spatulate, ■wedge-
shaped, more or less toothed ; scape (7-16 cm. high) bearing a contracted
panicle ; most of the flowers changed into tufts of green leaves ; petals unequal^
lanceolate, with a claw. (S. comosa Britton.) — Arctic Am., locally s. to Mt.
Katahdin, Me., and mts. of Col. July. (Eurasia.)
2. S. leucanthemifolia Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong, coarsely toothed or
cut, tapering into a petiole ; stems (2-5 dm. high) bearing one or more leaves
or leafy bracts and a loose spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme ; petals
white, lanceolate, the 3 larger ones vnth a heart-shaped base anrl r pair of
yellow spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots. {S. Michauxii
Britton.) — Wet cliffs, mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga.
3. S. caroliniana Gray. Viscid with glandular hairs ; leaves oval or elliptical
(2-i) cm. broad), coarsely toothed, rather abruptly or somewliat cuneately con-
tracted to long hairy petioles ; stem 3-4 dm. high ; panicle ample ; petals ovate,
obtuse, white with two purple spots ; filaments clavate ; follicles united only
at the base, widely spreading (,S'. Grayana Britton.) — Wet limestone rocks,
mts. of s. w. Va.
4. S. micranthidifolia (Ilaw.) Britton. (Lettuce S.) Leaves oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed, 6-14 cm. in length, tapering into a mar-
gined petiole nearly as long ; scape slender, 3-9 dm. higli ; panicle elongated,
loosely flowered ; pedicels .slender ; calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long
as the oval obtuse {ichite) petals ; filaments club-shaped ; follicles nearly .separate,
diverging, narrow, pointed, 4-6 mm. long. (aS'. erosa Pursh.) — Cold mt. brooks
and wet rocks, Pa. to N. C. and Tenn.
5. S. Forb^sii Vasey. Stem stout, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves denticulate, oval
to elongated-oblong (1-2 dm. long) ; sepals oblong ; petals pure white, consid
erably exceeding the calyx-lobes; filaments filiform ; follicles short, ovate. —
Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, s. 111. (Forbes); and (?) e. Mo. {Lettermann) ,
where showing some traixsition to S. pennsylvanica.
6. S. pennsylvanica L. (Swamp S.) Large (3-6 dm. high); Z^aves o&?a?iceo-
late, thickish, obscurely toothed (1-2 dm. long), narrowed at base into a short
and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of
the nearly free calyx deltoid, about the length of the linear-lanceolate {green-
ish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped; follicles at length divergent. — Low
meadows, N. E. to Va., w. to Minn, and Mo. — A form with crimson petals occurs
in Vt. and N. H. {3Iiss E. Bobinson, Miss Dearborn) .
7. S. virginiensis Michx. (Early S.) Low (1-3 dm. high); leaves obovate
or oval-spatulate, narrow:,'d into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thicki.sh ;
flowers in clustered at length open and loo.sely panicled cymes; follicles united
merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks and dry hillsides ; N. B.
and Que. to Ga., and w. to Minn., Mo., and Tenn.; common, especially northw.
Apr.-June. Var. chlorAxtha Oakes is an anomalous plant of Essex Co., Mass.,
with tiny green pubescent petals or these modified to stamens.
8. S. rivuliris L. (Alpine Brook S.) Small ; stems weak, 3-5-flowered ;
lower leaves rounded, P>-o-lobed, slender-petioled, upper lanceolate ; petals white,
ovate. — Arctic Am., locally s. to Mt. Washington, N. H.; and in the Rocky
Mts. to Mont. June. July. (Eu.)
\K S. tricuspidslta Rottb. Stems tufted (4-16 cm. high), naked above ;
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, icith 3 rigid sharp teeth at the
summit; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Rocks, Arctic Am., s. to L. Superior,
L. Wi)uiipeg, and mts. of B. C. June-Aug. (Eu.)
10. S. aizoides L. (Ykllow Mountain S.) Low, matted or ascending;
branches 0..")-3 dm. long, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves numer-
ous, _^/»s/i,?/, distantly .spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted icith orange, oblong.
(S. autnmnalis L.) — Wet calcareous rocks, Arctic Am., s. to Gulf of St. Law-
rence, mts. of n. Vt., w. N. Y., n. Mich., Alb., and B. C. June-Aug. (Eu.)
11. S. Aizbon Jacq. Scape 1-5 dm. high ; leaves persistent, thick, spatulate,
with white cartilaginous toothed margins; calyx ])artly adherent; petals obo-
vate, cream-color, often spotted. — Calcareous rocks, (ireenl. and Lab. to Sa.sk.,
locally s. to N. S., N. B., mts. of n. Vt. and L. Superior. June, July. (Kurasia.)
SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 447
12. S. oppositifblia L. (Mouxtaix S.) Leaves (2-4 mm. long) fleshy, ovate,
keeled,, ciliate, i rubricated on the sterile branches; petals purple, much longei
than the 5-cleft calyx. — Calcareous rocks, Arctic Am., s. to Gulf of St. Law
rence, mts. of n. Vt., Mont, and Ida. May, June, rarely Aug. (Eurasia.)
5. TIARELLA L. False Miterwort
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws. Stamens long and slen-
der. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved ; the valves unequal. Seeds
few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials ; flow-
ers white. (Xame a diminutive from ndpa, a tiara, or turban, from the form
of the pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitericort
properly belongs.)
1. T. cordif51ia L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners, heart-
shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; stem
(1-4 dm. high) leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves ; raceme simple ; petals ob-
long, often subserrate. — Rich rocky woods, N. S. and N. B. to Minn., Ind., and
southw. in the mts. Apr.-June.
6. HEUCHERA L. Alum Root
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. spatulate. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled,
with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, openmg between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the stems, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base.
Flowers in small clusters borne in a narrow panicle, greenish or purplish.
(Named for J. H. Heiicher, a German botanist of the 17th and 18th centuries.)
Calyx regular or essentially so.
Calyx in anthesis 1.5-2 mm. long.
Leaves with prominent triangular lobes.
Lower leaf-surfaces glabrous or merely villous along the nerves . . 1. IT. villosa.
Lower leaf-surfaces villous 2. ff. macrorhiza.
Leaves reniform, with obscure rounded lobes S. H. parrijlora.
Calyx in anthesis 3-6 mm. long A. H. amerieana.
Calyx oblique, often very irregular.
Stamens about equaling or slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes.
Petioles hairy . . . ' . . . . " b. H. hispida.
Petioles at most granular- or glandular-puberulent 6. B. pubescens.
Stamens about twice as long as the calyx-lobes I.E. hirsuticaulig.
1. H. villbsa Michx. Rootstock elongate, 0.5-1 cm. in diameter; stems sleyi-
der (1-3 mm. in diameter at base), 2-9 dm. high, more or less villous with rusty
hairs, especially below ; leaves basal, thin, acutely 1-9-lobed, on slender rusty-
villous petioles ; bracts of the loose panicle linear ; calyx and pedicels some-
what glandular-hispid ; petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the exserted
stamens, soon twisted. (H. crinita Rydb.) — Shallow soil on rocks, Md. to
111., s. to Ga. and Tenn. June-Aug.
2. H. macrorhiza Small. Similar; rootstock stout,, woody. 1.5-2 cm. in
diameter; stems stout (4-8 mm. in diameter at base), sometimes leafy, 3-10 dm.
high, very densely villous with sordid hairs ; basal leaves thick, suborbicular,
densely pubescent beneath, sparingly so above, on stout rusty-villous petioles ;
bracts of the panicle oblong. — Limestone cliffs and river-bluffs. Ky. and Tenn.
3. H. parviflbra Bartl. Stems slender, 1.2-6 dm. high, glandular-hirsute
(rarely glabrate), as well as the petioles, etc.; leaves round-reniform. with 7-9
short and broad rounded lobes; flowers vei'y small (2 mm, long); petals linear-
spatulate. twice as long as the cal\ x-lobes ; fruit narrow. (H. Rugelii Shuttlw.)
— Shaded cliffs, Va. to s. 111.. Mo. and Ga.
4. H. amerieana L. (Common A.) Stems (6-9 dm. high), etc., glandular
and more or less hirsnte with short hairs; leaves roundish, with .short rounded
lobes and crenate teeth ; calyx very broad, 4 mm. long, the spatxdate petals
equaling or slightly longer than its lobes. (II. lancipetala Kydb.) — Hockv
448 SAXIFRAGATEAE C^^AXIFnAnE FAMILY)
woodlands, Ct. to N. C, w. to Minn., o. Kan., ami Miss. Var. glauca (Raf.)
Rosendahl. Stems, leaves, etc., glalirous or ne.nly so, often glaucous. {H.
glauca Raf.; //. Curtisii T. & G. ?) — N. Y. to Tenn. and N. C.
5. H. hispida rursh. Stems 5-12 dm. high, hispid or hirsute with long
spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; panicle
very narrow; calyx 6-8 mra. long; leaves rounded, slightly 5-9-1 obed ; stamens
soon exserted^ longer than the spatulate petals. — Mts. of Va. and N. G. to Minn.,
e. Kan., and north westw. May, June.
0. H. pubescens I'ursh. Stem (3-9 dm. high) and petioles granular-pu-
bescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; leaves round-reni-
form, with shallow rounded lobes ; calyx 6-8 mm. long ; stamens shorter than
or slightly exceeding the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. {H. roseola
and H. longiflora Rydb.) — Rich wood.s, in the mts., from Pa. to Ky., and
southw. June, July.
7. H. hirsuticaulis (\Yheelock) Rydb. Stems (5-7 dm. high) and petioles
hirsute with long ichitish hairs; leaves reniform or suborbicular, with 7-11
shallow rounded crenate-toothed lobes, white-hirsute on the veins beneath ;
inflorescence hirsute and glandular ; calyx about 5 mm,, long ; petals greenish
or purplish, usually shorter than the oblong calyx-lobes ; stamens long-exserted.
— Bluffs and rocky banks, s. Mich, and Ind. to Mo. May,
7. MITELLA [Tourn.] L. Miterwort. Bishop's Cap
•
Calyx short, adlierent to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender.
Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked,
1 -celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round
heart-shaped alternate slender-petioled leaves on the rootstock or runners, and
naked or 2-few-leaved flowering stems. Flowers small, in a simple slender
raceme or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of mitra, a cap,
alluding to the form of the young pod.)
1. M. diphylla L. Hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhsit -i-^-lohed,
toothed, those on the many-flowered stem 2, opposite, nearly sessile, with inter-
foliar stipules ; flowers white, in a raceme (1.5-2 dm. long) ; stamens 10. — Rich
woods, Que. and N. E. to N. C, w. to Minn., la., and Mo. May.
2. M. prostrata Michx. Similar, but with the elongate flowering stem bear-
ing prominently angulate-lobed alternate leaves quite to the inflorescence. —
L. Champlain (Michaux) ; Gaylordsville, Ct. (C. K. Averill). — Very little
known and possibly an aberrant plant.
3. M. nuda L. Small and slender ; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply
and doubly crenate ; stern usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (1-1.5 dm.
high); flowers greenish ; stamens 10. — Deep moist woods, in moss, Lab. to
Mackenzie, s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Minn., and Mont. May-July.
8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM [Tourn.] L. Golden Saxifrage
Calyx-lobes 4-5, blunt, ytfllow within. Stamens 8-10. very short, inserted on
a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flat-
tened, very short, 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-
seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small
solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xP^^^^^i gold, and airX-qv,
the spleen; probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)
1. C. americanum Schwein. Stems slender, decumbent and forking; leaves
principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate-
lobed ; floioers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile, greeni.sh, tinged with yel-
low or purple. — Cold wet places, e. Que. to n. Ga., w. to Minn, and la.
2. C. tetrandrum Fries. Stems erect; leaves alternate, reniform-cordate,
doubly crenate or somewhat lobed ; flowers corymbose ; stamens 4 (rarely 5-8).
(C. alternifolium Man. ed. 6, not L. ; C. iowense Rydb.) — In wet moss, Deco-
rah, la. {Holvmy), to the Rocky Mts., and northw. (Eurasia.)
SAXTFK-AGACEAK (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 449
9. PARNAvSSIA [Tourn.] L. Gkass of Parnassus
Sepals 5, imbricated in Ihe bud, slightly united at the base, persistent. Petals
6, spreading, imbricated in the bud ; a more or less cleft gland-bearing scale
at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent. Ovary
1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae ; stigmas 4, sessile. Capsule
4-val\ed, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very numer-
ous, anatvopous. Embryo straight ; cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth
herbs, witlf entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which
often bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins.
(Named from Alount Parnassus.)
Calyx-lobes eloncrate, herbaceous throughout, ascending in fruit; scales dilated
below, 5-x -cleft about to the middle.
Leaves g-raduallv tapering at base ; petals elliptic-oblong . . . .1. P. parmflora.
Leaves cordate ;" petals ovate 2. P. palmtris.
Calyx-lobes short-oblong, firm, with scarious margins, reflexed in fruit; scales
" 3-cleft to the base.
Petals sessUe.
Scales shorter than or barely equaling the stamens 3. P. caroliniana.
Scales much exceeding the stamens 4. P. grandifolia.
Petals abruptly contracted into a claw 5. P. asarifolia.
1. P. parviflbra DC. Scapes 0.5-3 dm. high, slightly angled; leaves ovate
or oblong, slender-petioled ; petals 5-8 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx-
lobes ; scales mostly b-'-cUft; capsule with thin firm walls. — Meadows, wet
rocks, etc., Nfd. to Alaska," s. to Cape Breton I., Mich., Wise, S. Dak., and
Utah. July. Aug.
2. P. paliistris L. Scapes subterete, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves firm, cordate-
ovate, slender-petioled ; petals lO-lo mm. long, much exceeding the calyx-lobes ;
scales mostly ^)-\b-cleft. — Lab. to Alaska, locally s. to e. Que., Mich., Minn.,
N. Dak., and Wyo. July, Aug. (Eurasia.)
3. P. caroliniana Michx. Scapes 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves coriaceous, ovate
to orbicular, often subcordate ; petals ovate-oblong, 10-18 mm. long, many-
veined, twice or thrice exceeding the scales. — Swamps or wet mostly calcareous
rocks, somewhat local. Aug., Sept.
4. P. grandifolia DC. Similar but stouter, with larger leaves and flowers ;
gland-tipped cilia filiform, much exceeding the stamens and nearly equaling the
petals. — Mts., Va. to Fla. and Mo. (according to AVheelock). Aug., Sept.
5. P. asarif51ia Vent. Scapes angled, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves coriaceous,
reniform, the basal slender-petioled ; petals oblong-elliptic, 10-18 mm. long,
many-veined ; scales mostly shorter than the stamens. — Bogs, wet rocks, etc.,
mts. from Va. south w. Aug. -Oct.
10. PHILADELPHTJS L. Mock Orange or Syringa
Calyx-tube top-shaped ; the limb 4-5-parted, spreading, persistent, valvate in
the bud. Petals rounded or obovate. large. Styles united below or nearly to
the top ; stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3-5-celled, splitting at length irito
as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, with a loose membranaceous coat pro-
longed at both ends. — Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules,
and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. (An ancient name,
applied by Linnaeus to this genus for no obvious rea-son.)
1. P. inodbrus L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire
or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging
branches, pure white, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute., scarcely longer than the
tube. — Mts. of Va. to Ga. and Ala. ; sometimes established northw.
2. P. grandiflbrus Willd. A tall slirub, like the last, h\it someu-hat pubescent,
with long and recurved brandies, larger floioers. and the calyx-lobes long and
taper-pointed. — Along streams, Va. to Fla. — Often cultivated.
P. coRONARius L., the common Mock ()r.\xgk or Syringa of cultivation,
^rom s. Eu., with racemose cream-colored odorous flowers, sometimes escapes.
gray's manual — 29
45U SAXIlllAGACKAl': (.SAXIFRAGE FAMILY)
11. DECUMARIA L.
Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7-10-toothed. Petals oblong.
Stamens 20-80. !Styles united into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed.
Capsule 10-15-ribbed, 7-10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin
partitions at length separating into numerous chaffy scales. — Smooth climbing
shrub, with ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous
fragrant white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived
from decumanus^ of the tenth part, referring to the often 10-merous flowers.)
1. D. barbara L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent ; cap.sule with the
persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous. — Banks of streams, Dismal
Swamp, Va., to Fla. and La.
12. HYDRANGEA [Gronov.] L.
Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, adherent to the ovary ; the limb 4-5-
toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Cap-
sule L5-ribbed, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the
2-4 diverging .styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled exstipulate leaves. The
marginal flowers of the compound cymes usually sterile and radiant, consisting
merely of a showy membranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name
from u5wp, icater^ and ay-Yelov, a ves.sel, from the shape of the capsule.)
1. H. arborescens L. (Wild H.) Glabrous or nearly so, 8-25 dm. high ;
leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, usually somewhat paler green
beneath ; cymes flat ; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant. — Rocky banks,
s. N. Y. to Fla., w. to La. and Mo.
2. H. cinerea Small. Branches cinereous-puberulent ; leaves densely tomen-
tose, much paler beneath. {H. radiata Man. ed. 0, not Walt.) — S. C. and Ga.
to Tenn. and Mo.
13. iXEA [Gronov.] L.
Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much
longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2-
grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when
mature, several -seeded. — Shrubs, with simple alternate petioled exstipulate
leaves, and small white racemose flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of
the Willow.)
1. I. virginica L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely errate. —
Swamps, chiefly on the coastal plain, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in
Miss, basin to 111. and Mo. May, June.
14. rIbES L. Currant. Gooseberry
Calyx 5-lobed, often colored ; the tube adherent to the ovary. Petals 5,
inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae and 2 distinct o\ united styles.
Berry crowned with the shriveled remains of the calyx. — Low sometimes
prickly .shrub.s, with alternate palmately lobed lea,ves, which are plaited in the
Itud (except in one species), often fascicled on the branches ; the small flowers
from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (Bibes, the Arabic
name.)
* Peduncles l-4(rarely 5)-flowere(J, Bterns mostly bearinp spinfis at the base of the leafstalks or
clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly prickles. (Our species are indiscriminately
called Wild Goose hf.uuy.)
Calyx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube ; berries apt to be prickly.
Calyx-tube campanulate.
Leaves densely soft-pubescent 1. /?. Ci/noshaH.
Leaves only sparingly j)ilose (1) ^. Ci/tioahtiti. v. qhihratum
Calyx-tube narrowly cylindric 2. R. hurenense.
SAXIFKAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 451
Calyx-lobes as long as or exceeding the tube.
Stamens at length equaling or exceeding ihe calyx-lobes ; berry smooth.
Calyx 0-12 mm. long S. R. gracile.
Calyx 5-7 mm. long.
Petioles usually bearing only simple elongate glands ; bracts of the
raceme mostly rounded" at tip ^. R. rotv/ndifolium.
Petioles bearing mostly compound elongate trichomes ; bracts of
the raceme mostly pointed.
Principal leaves cuneate to truncate at base.
Mature leaves glabrate or slightly pilose beneath . . . 5. R. oxyacanthoiden.
Mature leaves densely soft-pubescent . . (5) R. oxyacanthoides, v. calcicohi.
Principal leaves subcordate at base ... (5) R. oxyacanthoides, v. saxofmm
Stamens distinctly shorter than the calyx-lobes ; berry hairy or glandular 6. R. Grossularia.
* * Flowers several in elongate racemes. (Curkants.)
Calyx campanulate to saucer-shaped.
Leaves sprinkled, at least beneath, with resinous atoms ; calyx cam-
panulate ; fruit black.
Calyx-tube equaling the lobes.
Bracts shorter than the pedicels S. R. nigrum.
Bracts longer than the pedicels 7. R.floridum..
Cah'x open-campanulate. the lobes much exceeding the short tube . 9. R. hudsonianum.
Leaves with no resinous atoms (except occasional glands on the pedi-
cels) : calyx dattish.
Stems densely covered with jirickles ; fruit black . . , . IQ. R. lacusire.
Stems without prickles ; fruit red.
Ovarj- and berries glandular-bristly 11. R. pro stratum.
Ovary and berries smooth.
Upright shrub ; middle lobe of leaf ovate ; pedicels without capi-
tate glands ; calyx yellowish 12. R.vulgare.
Decumbent shrub ; middle lobe of leaf deltoid ; pedicels with
capitate glands ; calyx purplish 13. i?. triste.
Calyx salver-form, with elongate tube 14. -ff. aureum
1. R. Cyn6sbati L. (Prickly G., Dogberry.) Infra-axillary spnies sZe»(Zf^r.
0.5-1 cm. long ; leaves round-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, soft-piihf^s-
cent ; racemes loose, 2.5-6 cm. long ; stamen^ and undivided style not longer than
the broadly hell-shaped calyx; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely
smooth. — Rocky woods, w. Me. to the mts. of N. C, w. to Man. and Mo.
Var. GLABRATUM Femald. Leaves glabrate or only sparingly pilose on the
nerves beneath. — O. to N. C.
2. R, huronense Rydb. Said to resemble B. Oynosbati, but with shorter
rsicemes, calyx-tiibe slender, and styles united only belovj the middle. — L. Huron.
3. R. gracile Michx. (Missouri G.) Spines often long (7-17 mm.), stout
and red ; ppduncles long and slender; flowers white or whitish ; filaments capil-
lary, 1-1.5 c??i. long, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon conspicuously
longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes, (i?. missouriense Nutt. ) — Ct. to S.
Dak. and southw.
4. R. rotundifblium Michx. Spines short (2-5 mm. long); /eaves rather finu,
sparingly pilose beneath, mostly rounded at base; p)eduncles short; flowers
greenish or the lobes dull purplish ; filaments slender, 4-7 mm. long, more or
less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes. — Rocky banks, w.
Mass. and N. Y., s. in the Alieghenies to N. C.
5. R. oxyacanthoides L. (Smooth G.) Spines 3-8 mm. long; leaves thin
but leathery, glabrescent, the petioles often with some naked glands among the
compound trichomes; peduncles very short; flowers greenish yellow to dull pui'-
l)lish ; stamens iLsually equaling the rather broadly oblong mostly glabrous calyx-
lobes. — Nfd. to Pa., w. to N. Dak. and Man. — The common smooth-fruited
gooseberry of the North, the whitish prickles and spines often numerous. Var.
CALciVoLA Fernald. Leaves densely so ft-puhe scent; calyx pubescent. — Marly
swamps and limestone rocks, e. Que. and n. Mich. Var. sax6sum (Hook.)
Coville, Calyx and subcordate leaves essentially glabrous. — Nfd., e. Que., Cape
Breton I., L. Superior, Rocky Mts.
0. R GrossiilXria L. (European G.) Spines stout, 1-1.5 cm. long;
pechmcles very short. \{rareJ.y 2)-floioered ; calyx hirsute, its lobes oblong.
(R. Uva-crispa L. ) — Escaped from cultivation and locally established in Que.,
N. E., and the Middle States. (Introd. from Eu.)
7. R. fl6ridum L'llev. (Wild Black C.) Leaves slightly heart-shaped,
452 HAMAMELIDACEAE ( WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY)
sharply 3-5-lobed, doubly serrate; racemes droopinrj, downy, the elongate bracts
persistent ; flowers larue. yellow and whitish ; calyx tiihular-hell-shaped, smooth^
8-10 mm. long. — Alluvial thickets and rich banks, N. B. to Assina., and southw.
8. R. NiGKiM L. (Black C. of gardens.) Similar, but the p?^6escew« caZyx
5-0 mm. long., the tube broadly campamil ate, greenish puiple and dull whitish. —
Cultivated, and occasionally escaping to thickets, etc. (Introd. from. Eu.)
1». R. hudsonianum Richards. Similar, but the short racemes upright or
spreading, the short bracts caducous; the white calyx 4-5 mm. long, the tube
much shorter than the spreading-ascending lobes. — Swamps, Hudson Bay to
Mimi.. westw. and north westw.
10. R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (Swamp Black C.) Young stems clothed with
bristly prickles and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, o-5-parted, with the
lobes deeply cut; racemes loosely spreading or drooping, the rhachis, j)cdicels.
and ovary glandidar-bristly ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not
longer than the petals ; fruit bristly, purplish black. — Cold woods and swamps,
Nfd. to B. C, s. ton. N. E., Mich., Minn., Col., andn. Cal., and in the ints. to Pa.
11. R. prostratum L'Her. (Skunk C.) Stems reclined; leaves deeply
heart-shaped, 5-7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate ; racemes
erect, slender ; calyx flattlsh ; pedicels and red fruit glandidar-bristly. — Damp
w^oods and rocks. Lab. to Athabasca, s. to n. N. E,, Mich., Minn., and along
the mts. to N. C.
12. R. vulgXre Lam. (Red C. of gardens.) Suberect; leaves mostly cordate,
slightly pubescent beneath or glabrate, the mature blades 3.5-6.5 cm. wide, broad-
ened upvjard, ^3-5-lobed, the lobes mostly short-ovate ; racemes borne chiefly
among the leafy shoots, spreading in anthesis, drooping in fruit, 3-5 (becoming
7) cm. long, the rhachis glabrous though often glandular ; pedicels mostly gland-
less ; calyx yellow-green, its segments oval and abruptly narrowed below the
middle ; petals narrowly cuneate ; disks between the stamens and the slightly
cleft style a high narrow ring with round-scalloped margin ; fruit plump and
juicy, (i?. rubrum Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Commonly cultivated, and frequently
escaping to fence-rows, thickets, and open woods. (Nat. from Eu.)
lo. R. triste Pall. (Swamp Hed C.) Straggling or reclining, the branches
often rooting irealy : leaves somewhat heart-shaped, the mature blades 5-10 cm,
broad, the sides nearly parallel, the lobes mostly broad- deltoid, permanently
white-tomentose beneath; racemes borne on the old wood chiefly below the leafy
tufts, drooping, 3.5-9 cm. long; pedicels mostly glandular ; calyx smoke-color
to purplish, the segments broadly cuneate to subrhombic, as broad as or broader
than long; petals broadly cuneate; disk a low broad pentagon; style deeply
cleft ; fruit mostly small and hard. (i?. rubrwn, var. subglandulosum Maxim.) —
Cold woods, swamps, and subalpine regions, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Me. and Vt.
(Asia.) Var. alhinervium (Michx.) Fernald. Leaves glabrous or glabrate
beneath. — - More cornmon, extending s. to N. S. , N. H., Vt., Mich., Wise, etc.
14. R, aureum Pursh. (Missouri or Buffalo C.) Tall spineless shrub ;
leaves 3-5-lobed, rarely at all cordate, convolute in bud ; racemes short ; flow;ers
golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salver-form calyx Z-A times longer than
the oval lobes ; stamens short ; berries yellow or black. — Banks of streams,
Minn, to Mo., Ark., and westw. ; also common in cultivation.
HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witch-hazel Family)
Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; flowers
in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious ; the calyx adhering to
the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a
2-beaked 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted on
tlie calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens
twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, oi
HAMAMELIDACEAE (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY) 453
luuiierous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen ;
cotyledons broad and flat.
* Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the
summit of each cell.
1, Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.
2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long ; filaments thickened upward.
* * Flowers naked, with mere rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads ;
ovules several or many in each cell.
3. Liquidambar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated
by their bases into a dense head.
1. HAMAMELIS L. Witch-hazel
Flowers in little axillary clusters or beads, usually surrounded by a scale-like
3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals
4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8,
very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top ;
the outer coat separating from the inner, which incloses the shigle large and
bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs
or small trees, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow perfect or polygamous
flowers. (Ancient Greek name applied to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)
1. H. virginiana L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy -toothed, somewhat
downy when young ; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling,
and maturing its seeds the next summer. — Damp woods, N. S. to Fla., w. to e.
Minn, and " Tex." ,
2. FOTHERGILLA Murr.
Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped,
the summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike ; filaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule adhering to the
base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A
low shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at
the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered
by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John FothergiU.)
1. F. Gardeni Murr. (^F. Carolina Britton.) — Low grounds, Va. to Ga.
Apr., May.
3. LIQUIDAMBAR L. Sweet Gum Tree
Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked ; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute
scales ; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering
together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the cap-
sules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the
inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-
angled seed-coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud inclosed by a 4-leaved
deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquuliis. fluid, and the Arabic
ambar, amber ; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from
the tree.)
1. L. Stjnraciflua L. (Sweet Gcm, Bilsted.) Leaves rounded, deeply
5-7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — Swampy
w^oods, near the coast, s. Ct. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in Miss, basin to Mo. and
111. Apr., May. (Mex., Centr. Am.) — A large and beautiful tree, with fine-
grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets.
Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody
pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, which resemble sawdust.
454 PLATAXACEAE (PLANE TREE FAMILY)
PLATANACEAE (Plane Tree Family)
Trees, with watei'y juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules.,
and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute of calyx
or corolla ; the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished icith a ring
of bristly hairs about the base. Only the following genus (of uncertain rela-
tionship).
1. PLATANUS [Tourn.] L. Sycamore. Buttoxwood
Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales inter-
mixed ; filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of
inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-
shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below,
containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin
albumen. — Large trees, with the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle plates;
dilated base of the petiole inclosing the bud of the next season. (The ancient
name, from 7rXari;s, broad.)
1. P. occidentalis L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-
lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed; fertile heads solitary, hanging
on a long peduncle. — Rich soil, s. Me. to n. Vt., Ont., s, e. Minn., e. Kan., and
soul^w. — Our largest tree, often 25-40 m. high, with a trunk 2-4.2 m. in
diameter.
ROSACEAE (Rose Family)
Plants with regular floioers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens inserted
on the calyx, and 1-many pistils, \ohich are quite distinct, or (in the second
tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Ovules (anatropous) 1-few in
each ovary ; seeds almost always icithout albumen. Embryo straight, with large
and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these sometimes caducous,
rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 (3-8) sepals (the odd one superior),
united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals
as many as the sepals (rarely wanting), mostly imbricated in the bud, and in-
serted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees,
shrubs, or herbs.
Tribe I. SPIRA^EAE. Ovary superior and not inclosed in a calyx-like tube ; carpels 1-12, dry at
maturity and (in ours) dehiscent, 2— several(rarely l)-seeded.
* Carpels inflated ; leaves simple, often palmately lobed.
1. Physocarpus. Stamens cc , in several rows. Carpels 2-.5, splitting into 2 valves. Seeds with
hard shining coat. Shrubs.
* * Carpels not inflated.
+- Carpels alternate with (or of a different number from) the sepals or calyx-lobes.
2. Spiraea. Stamens on the margin of a disk-like expansion of the floral axis. Carpels splitting
chiefly along the ventral suture. Leaves simple. Shrubs.
8. Aruncus. Dioecious. Stamens borne on the upper (inner) surface of a dhsk-like expansion of
the floral axis. Leaves compound. Herbs.
-«- +- Carpels (normally 5) opposite the 5 sepals or calyx-lobes.
4. Sorbaria. Petals imbricated in bud. Seeds pendulous. Flowers small, corymbose.
5. Gillenia. Petals convolute in bud. Seeds ascending. Flowers long-peduncled.
Tribe II. p6MEAE. Carpels few, mostly definite (2-^) and usually connate, borne within and
adnate to a cup-like or urn like depression in the enlarged summit of the floral axis (resembling
a calyx-tube), the whole united to form a fleshy fruit. Trees and shrubs, with stipules free
from the petiole.
EOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 455
* Mature carpels papery or soft-cartilaginous. '
•♦- Cells of the compound ovarj' as many as the styles, without false or partial partitions.
6. Pyrus. Fruit depressed-globose to ellipsoidal or obovoid ; its carpels enveloped in the fleshy
leceptacle, papery or soft-cartilaginous, usually 2-ovuled and 2-seeded. Leaves simple or
compound.
♦- -t- Cells of the compound ovary subdivided by partial partitions projecting Inward from the back,
7. Amelanchier. Carpels usually 5. Leaves simple. Unarmed.
* * Mature carpels very hard and bony, distinct or firmly coherent in the fleshy fruit,
8. Crataegus. Ovules in each cell either solitary or if 2 unequal, one sessile and fertile, the
other stalked and sterile. Shrubs and small trees, usually armed. Leaves simple, mostly
serrate or dentate, thin or coriaceous.
9. Cotoneaster. Ovules 2 in each cell, equal. Armed shrub with coriaceous oval crenulate
evergreen leaves.
Tribe III. POTENTIlLEAE. Carpels few-many, l(-2Vovuled, becoming dry achenes, not in-
closed at maturity. Chiefly herbs.
* Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous,
-i- Receptacle pnlity and much enlarged in fruit.
10. Fragaria. Petals white. Leaves 3-foliate. Bractlets alternating with the calyx-lobes. Re-
ceptacle iuic}'.
11. Duchesnea. Petals yellow. Receptacle spongj', not juicy.
♦- +- Receptacle dry or nearly so, not greatly enlarged iu fruit.
•M- Stamens 5.
12. Sibbaldia. Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaflets mostly 3-toothed at the end.
13. Cbamaerhodos. Stamens opposite the petals. Leaflets cleft into linear segments.
*+ +1- Stamens numerous,
-= Carpels 1-ovuled.
14. WaldSteinia. Achenes few, 2-6, rarely 10.
15. Potentilla. Achenes numerous. Petals 5 (rarely' 4), conspicuous. Cah'x-Iobes as many,
with an alternating set of bractlets.
■^ = Carpels 2-ovuled.
16. Filipendula. Leaves pinnate ; stipules kidney-formed.
* * Styles persistent and elongating after anthesis, often plumose or jointed.
17. Geum. Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels numer-
ous ; styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed.
Tribe IV. RUBEAE. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules 2 and
(^ pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody stems.
^^\^j fj^lS. Rubus. PistOs mostly numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle,
jbr^ 19. Dalibarda. Pistils 5-10, in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit.
Tribe V. POTERIeAE. Pistils 1-4, becoming achenes, completely inclosed in the dry and firm
calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Herbs with compound or lobed
P^j-Jlat ~ leaves. Petals often none.
. .y 20. Alchemilla. Calyx nrceolate, bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Flowers minute,
clustered.
21. Agrimonia. Calyx top-shaped or bell-shaped, with a margin of hooked prickles. Stamens
i'>-\2. Flowers yellow, in long racemes.
22. Sanguisorba. Calyx-lobes petaloid ; tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Flowers densely
capitate or spicate.
Tribe VI. r6SEAE. Pistils manj-, becoming bony achenes, inclosed in the globose or urn-shaped
r-.^ '^ fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous.
23. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves.
Tribe VII. PRtlNEAE. Ovary superior and not inclosed in the calyx-tube at maturity. Calyx
deciduous, without bractlets. Pistil solitary, becoming a stone-fruit. Ovules 2, but seed
nlTn<)><t nhvoys solitary. Style terminal. Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves.
%**^24. Prunus. Floweis perfect. Peuls and calyx-lobes 5. Stone of the drupe bony.
\
^56 ROSACEAE (KOSE FAMILY^
1. PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. Nine-bark
Carpels 1-5, inflated, 2-valved ; ovules 2-4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth,
and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamei.s 30-40. Other-
wise as Spiraea. — Shrubs, with simple palinately lobed k-aves and umbel-like
corymbs of white flowers. (Name from <pvaa, a pair of bellows, and /capxoj,
friiit. )
1. P. opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Shrub, l-o m. high, with long branches, the
old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers ; leaves roundish, some-
what 3-lobed and heart-shaped ; the purplish membranaceous pods usually o,
essentially glabrate, very conspicuous. (Spiraea L. ; Opn/asterK\ze.) — Rocky
banks of streams. Que. and N, E. to Fla., w to 111. — Often cultivated.
Var. Intermedius (Rydb.) Robinson. Pods permanently pubescent. {Opn-
laster intermedius Rydb.) — Similar situations, s. Mich, to S. Dak., Ark., and
Ala.
2. SPIRAEA [Tourn.] L.
Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the
bud. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 5-8, not inflated, few-several-seeded.
Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albiunen. — Shrubs, with simple
leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in corymbs or panicles. (The Greek
name, from (nreipav, to twist, from the twisting of the pods in some of the
original species.)
Flowers in compound corymbs.
Calyx-tube t<)i)-shaped, pubescent 1. S. japonica.
Calyx-tube bell-shaped, smoothish.
Leaves 2..'>-5 cm. broad 2. 8. corynibomi.
Leaves 1-1.6 cm. broad %. S. virginiana.
Flowers racemosely or spicately panicled.
Li^aves smoothish. scarcely paler beneath.
Pedicels fascicled. 1.5 crn. long ; flowers usually double . , . .4. 8. prunifolia.
Flowers densely racemo-paniculate ; pedicels '2-6 mm. long.
Inflorescence tomentulose 5. 5. ftalicifolia.
Inflorescence subglabrous or sparingly villous 6. .S'. laUfolia.
Leaves green above, densely tomentose and white or tawny beneath . . 1. S. tomentosa.
1. S. JAPONICA L. f. Stems 1 m. or more high ; leaves 7-9 cm. long, glau-
cous beneath; petals pink to deep rose-color. — Frequent in cultivation, and
occasionally escaping, s. Ct. {Graves) and e. Pa. (Introd. from Asia.)
2. S. corymbbsa Raf. Stems erect, dark purple, simple or nearly so ; leaves
oval or broadly oblong, smoothish, of firm texture, toothed from near the middle
to the rounded or obtuse apex, 2.5-5 cm. broad ; flowers white ; corymbs 4-10
cm. broad. {S. hetulifoUa, var. Wats.) — In the Allegheny Mts., N. J. (accord-
ing to Britton) to W. Va. and Ga.
3. S. virginiana Britton. Glabrous, much-branched ; leaves lance-oblong,
1-1.6 cm. broad, often acute or acutish at the base ; flowers white, about 6 mm.
broad ; pedicels and calyx glaucous. — On rocks W. Va. {Millspaugh) to N. C.
and Tenn. — Not seen ; description compiled.
4. S. PRUNIFOLIA Sieb. & Zucc. Finely pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong,
obtuse, cuneate at the base, serrulate ; flowers white, often double, 1 cm. in
diameter. — Persisting after cultivation, and tending to escape to roadsides, e.
Mass. and Ct. (Introd. from Japan.)
5. S. salicif51ia L. (Meadow-sweet.) Erect shrub, 3-12 dm. high, with
tough yellowish-broum stems; leaves finely serrate, lance-oblong, 5-7 cm. long,
1-1.8 cm. broad, rather firm in texture; inflorescence thyrsoid, tomentulose;
flowers 6-8 mm, in diameter; petals suborbicular, white. — Chiefly in low
ground, N. Y. to N. C, Mo., and north westw. (Asia.)
6. S. latifblia Borkh. (Meadow-swkkt.) Stems red or purplish-bntwn;
leaves thin, more coarscUj serrate, mostly 1.5-4 cm. broad ; inflorescence smooih-
i.sh ; petals white or pink. — The common Meadow-sweet in e. N. A.; in rocky
pastures, etc., Nfd. to Va.
7. S. toment5sa L. (Hardhack, Steeple Bush.) Stems and lower xnr-
ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY) 457
face of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes
crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white ; pods woolly. — Low
grounds, N. B. and N. S. to the mts. of Ga., w. to Minn, and Kan.
3. ARUNCUS [L.] Adans. Goat's Beard
Dioecious. Carpels 3-4, splitting at the ventral suture. Flowers sessile or
nearly so on the long spike-like branches of a large open panicle, the fertile
flowers reflexed in fruit. Petals small, narrow, white. — Tall, essentially her-
baceous. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the leaflets rather large, ovate-oblong. {Aruncus,
a word used by Pliny to designate the beard of a goat.)
1 . A. Sylvester Kosteletzsky . Stem erect, subsimple, bearing a few large com-
pound petiolate leaves and a large pyramidal spicate panicle ; leaflets 6-14 cm.
long, green on both sides, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, acuminate, the
base mostly abrupt or subcordate, petiolulate. {Spiraea Aruncus L. ; Arunciis
Aruncus Karst.) — Rich soil, wooded ravines, etc., N. Y. to Ga., I. T., and
Alaska, (Eurasia.)
4. SORBARIA A.Br.
Flowers perfect, paniculate. Carpels mostly 5, opposite the calyx-lobes.
Leaves regularly odd-pinnate, the leaflets lance-oblong, sessile, sharply serrate.
(Name from Sorbus, the Mountain Ash, from the similar foliage.)
1, S. sorbif6lia (L.) a. Br. Suffruticose or nearly herbaceous, erect; leaves
1-4 dm. long, 13-21-foliolate ; leaflets caudate-acuminate, with many straightish
mostly simple veins springing from the raidnerve ; panicle ample, pyramidal,
terminal ; petals white. {Spiraea L.) — Common in cultivation, and escaping
to waste land and copses. (Asia.)
5. GILLENIA Moench. Indian Physic
Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect.
Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx,
convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at first
lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-seeded, — Perennial herbs, with almost
sessile 3-foliolate leaves ; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers
loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure
German botanist or physician, A. Gille^ or Gillenius.) Porteranthus Britton.
1. G. trifoliata (L.) Moench. (Bowman's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong,
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire or slightly incised. —
Rich woods, N, Y. to Ga., Mo., and Mich.
2. G. stipulata (Muhl.) Trel. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. (G. stipulacea
Nutt. ; Porteranthus stipulatus Britton.) — Moist rich woods, w. N. Y. to Kan.,
La., and Ala.
6. PYRUS [Tourn.] L.
Calyx-like receptacle urn-shaped, bearing 5 sepals. Petals roundish or ob-
ovate. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit a large fleshy pome, or smaller
and berry-like, the 2-5 cells imbedded in the flesh, papery or cartilaginous,
mostly 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with showy flowers in corymbed or umbel-
like cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) A large genus, often sub-
divided, but with sections less strongly or constantly marked than our few species
would suggest.
§1. PIROPHORUM Focke. (Pear.) Leaves simple; orifice of concave re-
ceptacle partially or almost completely closed by a disk-like cushion ; flesh
of large obovoid fruit copious, containing sclerotic {gritty) cells.
1. P. COMMUNIS L. The common Pear of cultivation. —Stray seedlings with
degenerate fruit occasionally found in copses or woods near orchards. (Introd.
from Eu.)
458 ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY^
I
§2. MALUS (Hill) S. F. Gray. (Apple.) Leaves simple; onfice oj concave
receptacle open; flesh of large suhglohular J ruit copious, free from sclerotic
cells. Malls [Tourn.] Hill.
* Leaves and usually the outer surface of the calyx-lobes glahrate.
-*- Calyx-lobes deciduous in fruit.
2. P. baccXta L. (Siberian Crab.) Small tree ; leaves ovate-oblong, ser-
rate but not lohed, acuminate, at leiit,ah subcoriaceous ; petals narrowly oblong,
with cuneate-attenuate base ; pedicels slender, fascicled ; pome 2-3 cm. in diam-
eter, usually yellow with reddish cheek. (Mains Borkh.) — Common in cultiva-
tion, and locally established as an escape in borders of woods, etc.. Me., Ct., and
doubtless elsewhere. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
X P. prl'nif6lia Willd. A highly variable group of hybrids between P.
baccata and P. Mains, combining in differing degrees the characteristics of the
two parents. — Cultivated as Crab Apples, and not rarely spontaneous by
roadsides, in open woods, etc. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. P. angustifblia Ait. Small tree ; branchlets often hardened and spine-
like ; leaves elliptic-oblong to lance-oblong, serrate-dentate to nearly entire,
those of the sterile shoots often sliallowly and somewhat pinnately lobed, the
midnerve commonly glandular above ; flowers in 3-7-flowered umbel-like cor-
ymbs ; petals oblong to obovate, contracted at the base to a cuneate claw ;
pome greenish-yellow, hard and sour, 2-2.6 cm. in diameter, depressed-globose.
(Mains Michx.) —River thickets, etc., N. J. to III., '• Kan.," and southw.
-»- -i- Calyx-lobes persistent in fruit.
4. P. coronaria L. (American- Crab.) Tree, somewhat amied, 6-10 m.
high ; leaves ovate or elliptic, usually rounded or even cordate at the base ; those
of the sterile shoots somewhat triangular-ovate and lobed, sharply serrate ;
petals broadly obovate, white or nearly so; fruit much as in the preceding.
(Mains Mill.) — Thickets and open woods, N. J. to (Jut., Kan., and southw.
* * Leaves at least on the lower surface and outer surface of the calyx-lobes
clothed vjith a persistent white or gray tomentum.
5. P. ioensis (Wood) Bailey. Similar in habit to the two preceding;
leaves chiefly oblong or ovate-oblong, glabrate, dull green, and somewhat rugose
above, very pale and densely tomentose beneath, doubly serrate or pinnately
several-lobed, usually narrowed at the base; petioles woolly; flowers mostly
2-3 in a corymb ; the pedicels slender, tomentose, becoming 2.5-3.5 cm. long in
fruit; calyx-lobes persistent. (Pyrus coronaria, vax. Wood; Mains Britton.) —
111. and Wise, to Minn., Kan., and okla.
X P. Soulardi Bailey. A hybrid between P. ioensis and P. Mains, and
of intermediate character, is said to occur in a wild state from Minn, to Tex.
It may be distinguished from P. ioensis by its shorter thicker pedicels, usually
about 2 cm. long, and somewhat larger fruit.
0. P. Malus L. (Apple.) Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or cordate at the
base, sub-equally serrate ; pedicels stout, woolly, 2-2.8 cm. long ; fruit 4 cm. or
more in diameter. (Malus Britton.) — The commonest fruit tree of cultivation,
often escaping to woods. (Introd. from Eu.)
§3. ADEN6RHACHIS DC (Chokeberrt.) Leaves simple, the midrib
glandular along the upper side; cymes compound ; styles united at base,
fruit small, berry-like. Akonia Medic.
7. P. arbutif51ia (L.) L. f. Shrub, 1-2.6 ra. high ; leaves oblong-oblanceo-
late, mostly acute or acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, green and glabrous
or glabrate above, paler and permanently canescent-tomentose below ; pedicels,
calyx, and young fruit canescent-tomentose ; petals white or reddish ; ripe fruit
red, about 7 mm. in diameter; cymes numerously (mostly 9-18-) fruited.
Aronia Ell.) —Swamps and low woods, N. Y. to 0., Ark., and Fla. —Appearing
to pass without sharp distinction into
Var. atropurpurea (Britton) Robinson. Cymes less numerously (mostly
ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY) 459
O-10-) fruited ; fruit larger, 8-10 mm. in diameter, cJaret-colored to pitrplish-
black. (Aronia Britton.) — Similar habitats, centr. Me., southw. and westw. ;
common.
8. P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Shrub, similar in habit, generally of
lower stature ; leaves varj-ing from rather broadly oblong and acuminate to
spatulate-oblanceolate and scarcely pointed, glabrous or early glahrate beneath
as well as above ; pedicels and calyx also nearly or quite smooth ; fruit vei-y dark
purple or essentially black. (Aronia nigra Britton.) — Moist woods, but also
rocky uplands ; common northw. and extending southw. in the Alleghenies at
least to N. C.
The members of this section occasionally form natural hybrids with those of
§ 4. These may be recognized usually by their imperfectly pinnate or pinnatilid
leaves.
§4. S6RBUS (L.) S.F.Gray. (Mountain Ash.) Leaves odd-pinnate, icith
rather numerous leaflets; cymes compouiid; styles distinct ; pome berry-
like, small. Trees or tall shrubs. Sorbcs [Tourn.] L.
9. P. americana (Marsh.) DC. (American M.) Nearly glabrous or soon
becoming so ; leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with
pointed teeth, bright green ; cymes large and flat ; berries globose, bright red,
not larger than peas. {Sorbus Marsh.) — Woods, Lab. to Man., s. to n. and
w. X. E., N. Y., the Great L. region, and in the mts. to X. C. ; common.
10. P. sitchensis (Eoem.) Piper. Xearly glabrous; leaflets oblong, oval,
or lance-ovate, mostly obtuse or abruptly pointed, serrate (often doubly)
with more spreading teeth, rather pale beneath, of firmer texture than in the
preceding; flowers (earlier) somewhat larger (8-11 mm. broad); fruit 8-10
mm. in diameter. (P. sambucifolia Man. ed. 6, not C. & S. ; Sorbus Eoem.) —
River-banks and damp rocky uplands, Lab. to centr. Me., westw. and north-
westw. to the Pacific.
11. P. AcccpAria (L.) Ehrh. (European M., Powan Tree.) Leaflets
narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, rather pale beneath, always more or \e&s pubes-
cent or tomentose at least on the lower surface. (Sorbus L.) — Extensively
cultivated for ornament, and now tending to become naturalized. (Introd.
from Eu. )
7. AMELANCHIER Medic. Juneberrt
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate to oblong, rarely linear. Stamens numerous,
short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each ceil 2-ovuled, but with a
projection growing from the back of each and forming a false cartilaginous
partition, the sweet and edible berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed
in each cell (when all ripen). — Small trees or shrubs, with simple leaves,
and white racemose flowers. (Xame said to be barbaric, the derivation not
satisfactorily explained.)
Petals narrowly oblong, 14—25 mm. in length ; early flowering; leaves finely
and sharply serrate " 1. A. canadeji»i)<.
Petals oblong to obovate. 4-12 mm. in length.
Flowers racemed; racemes normally 5-x -flowered: leaves (at first folded
lengthwise) mostly obtuse, sometimes even cordate at base.
Flowering early (mostly 1 Apr.-15 May, fruit ripe June-July); leaves
oblong or suborbicular-oblong, finely serrate . . " . . 2. A. ohlongifolin.
Flowering later (mostly 15 May-2.o June, fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.); leaves
suborbicular-oblong. coarsely dentate Z. A, spicata.
Flowers soHtary or 2-4 in terminal fascicles ; leaves (flat even in verj' early
stages) acutish or subcuneate at base ' . ". 4. A. oligocnrpa.
1. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. (Shad Bush. Service Berry.) Tree or
shrub, 3-12 m. high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves (when young folded
lengthwise and brownish-purple) ovate to ovate-oblong, usually somewhat cor-
date at base, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, 4-0 cm. long. .3-fi cm. \\ide ;
bracts and stipules very long-silky-ciliate ; flowers large, in drooping racen^es;
460 KOSACEAE (KOSE FAMILY)
fruit on elongated pedicels, globose, crimson or purplish. — Dry open woodlands,
common. — Dwarf forms with somewhat smaller flowers are found in sterile
rocky ground.
Var. Botryapium (L. f.) T. & G. Leaves densely tomentose when young,
retaining a sjyaring soft pubescence even in age or tardily glabrate ; in other
respects like the typical form. — Open ground and wooded hillsides, s. Me. to
n. N. H., Mich., and south w.
2. A. oblongifblia (T. & G.) Roem. Shrub or small tree, 2-6 m. high ; the
young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose ; leaves oblong^ usually
rounded at each end or mucronate, finely and evenly serrate, at length glabrate,
usually pale-green especially 'beneath, 4-6 cm. long. 1.5-2.8 cm. broad; flowers
numerous, smaller, in rather dense racemes ; petals obovate or short-oblong ;
fruit similar, but more juicy and on shorter pedicels. (A. canadensis, var.
T. & G.) — Moist woods and rocky uplands, N. B. to Va., Mo., and Minn. —
Highly variable, passing into forms with broader elliptical or ovate-lanceolate
acutish leaves of deeper green color (being the A. spicata of many auth., not
C. Koch) . Apparently intergrades with other species. Noteworthy is
Var. micropetala Robinson. Dwarf, 3-9 dm. high ; petals 4-7 mm. long,
spatulate-oblong to narrowly obovate. — Exposed ledges of rocky hills or dry
sandy soil, e. Mass. to Ct. , near the coast.
3. A. spicata (Lam.) C. Koch. Shrub, 1-3 m. high ; leaiies at first covered
especially beneath with dense pale yellow tomentum (tardily deciduous as floc-
culent wool), oval or snh orbicular, 3-8 cm. long, 2.3-5.5 cm. wide, coarsely
dentate toward the end or more often nearly to the base ; veins stronger,
straighter, and more numerous than in the other species ; fruit dark purple,
autumnal. {Mespilus canadensis, var. rot^mdifolia Michx. ; A. rotnndifolia
Roem,; A. alnifolia of some auth., not Xutt.) — Banks of streams, e. Que.
to centr. ]\le., and westw. about the Great Lakes; s. on mts. to w. Mass.
{Hoffmann).
4. A. oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, early glabrate or nearly
so ; leaves thin, oblong or oval, finely serrate, 3-5 cm. long, usually acute at
the base ; flowers few, solitary and terminal or in terminal fascicle-like racemes
of 2-4 ; petals oblong-obovate ; fruit often broadly pyriform, at length usually
subglobose, dark purple, with dense bloom. {A. arguta Nutt.) — Cold swamps
and mt. woods, Lab. to n. N. E., and westw. to L. Superior.
8. CRATAEGUS L. Hawthorn. White Thorn
Revised by W. W. Eggleston
Calyx-tube cup-shaped or campanulate, adnate to the carpels, the limb 5-cleft.
Petals 5, white (rarely pink), roundish, inserted on the margin of the disk in
the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5-25, inserted in 1-3 rows ; filaments filiform ;
anthers oblong, white, yellow, or red. Ovary inferior or its summit free ; car-
pels 1-5 ; styles 1-5, distinct, persistent, usually suiTOunded at base by tomen-
tum ; stigmas terminal. Pome small, yellow, red, more rarely blue or black ;
containing 1-5 bony nutlets, each usually 1-seeded. Seed erect, the testa mem-
branaceous.— Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple usually lobed leaves
(those on vigorous vegetative shoots often of different shape and more deeply
cut); stipules linear-lanceolate, very deciduous (those on vegetative shoots much
wider and often persistent). Flowers in corymbs. (Name from Kpdros, strength,
because of the hardness and toughness of the wood.) A genus of excfjptional
taxomic difficulty, best developed in the great limestone areas of temperate
eastern America, the numerous nearly related species still subject to widely
different interjn'etation by specialists and capable at the present time. only of a
tentative and provisional treatment.
ROSACEA E (rose FAMILY) 461
N". B. — In this genus, the figures are of the leaves and flowers on a scale of
|, the whole fruit, lateral and terminal views of the fruit with the upper part of
the flesh removed, and iil some cases ventral views of nutlets, all natural size.
Key to Sections, etc.
a. Introduced species; leaves deeply 3-5-lobed ; fruit red; calyx-lobes entire, short; nutlet
solitarj- § 1
«. Native species b.
b. Nutlets with ca\ities on their ventral faces.
Nutlets with shallow cavities.
Cavities 1 on each ventral face, often faint or wanting; fruit red § lf>
Cavities several on each ventral face, shallow ; fruit black §18
Nutlets with 1 deep cavity on each ventral face . . • • • . . .§17
&. Nutlets ^vithout ca%ities on their ventral faces c.
c. Nest of nutlets without sinuses ; fruit small.
Nutlets 2 : leaves deeply lobed or cut §10
Nutlets 5 : leaves slightly lobed or entire § 9
c. Nest of nutlets with sinuses ; fruit large or small d.
d. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous • .§15
d. Leaves not deltoid-cordate e.
e. Calyx-lobes foliaceous, persistent on fruit ; flowers l-3(-6) §7
6. Cah'x-lobes not foliaceous, often deciduous /.
f. Corymbs 3-7-9owered.
Leaves short-obovate to spatulate, very glandular § 6
Leaves elliptic-ovate, slightly glandular § 5
f. Corymbs many-flowered g.
g. Leaves obovate or spatulate.
Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining abovs § 2
Leaves membranaceous, dull, impressed-veined above.
Fruit glabrous ; nutlets acute at both ends ; calyx -lobes entire . . . § 3
Fruit slightly tomentose ; nutlets obtuse at the apex ; calyx-lobes serrate no. 49
g. Leaves not obovate or spatulate h.
h. Leaves 3-lobed toward the apex § 4
h. Leaves not 3-lobed i.
i. Leaves glabrous (when mature) j.
Q. Leaves broadest at the middle. '
Fruit firm when ripe.
Nutlets 2-3 no. 3
Nutlets 4-5 no. 9
Fruit soft when ripe nos. 24, 25, 26, 28
j. Leaves broadest toward the base.
Fruit firm when ripe § 12
Fruit soft.
Leaves small (3-6 cm. wide) ; sinuses between the nutlets shallow ;
nutlets usuallv 3-4 § 11
Leaves large (4-10 cm. wide) ; nutlets 3-5 . . . . nos. 50, 52, 53
i. Leaves pubescent (at least along the veins below).
Leaves broadest at the middle nos. 23, 27, 28, 29, § 8
Leaves broadest toward the base.
Mature leaves usually glabrous above ; young foliage bronze-green . § 13
Mature leaves tomentose above ; 3'oung foliage yellow-green . . § 14
. Auxiliary Key (For use in default of mature fruit)
a, Cah'x-lobes entire (sometimes glandular-margined).
Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous § 15
Leaves not deltoid-cordate.
Leaves glabrous beneath, pubescent above ; region of the apper Great Lakes . . § 18
Leaves pubescent beneath (at least along the veins).
Leaves deeply lobed ; introduced § 1
Leaves entire or slightly lobed ; native.
Leaves broadest toward the apex.
Leaves obovate to oblong.
Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining above § 2
Leaves membranaceou*, dull, impressed-veined above . . . . « § 3
Leaves spatulate § 9
Leaves broadest at the middle ; apex often 3-lobed . § 4
Leaves broadest toward the base, membranaceous, glabrous § 11
a. Calyx-lobes serrate h.
h. Leaves deeply lobed •..•..§1*^
h. Leaves entire or sliirhtly lobed e.
c. Corymbs f(nv(I-T^flowered.
Calyx-lobes foliaceous, laciniate ..•§'!
Calyx-iobes not foliaceous, glandular-serrate.
Leaves short-(ihovat<\ very gland \ilar . . . . . ^ . . § ^
l«eaves elliptical-ovate, slightly glandular § 5
462
ROSACEAE (liOSE FAMILY)
c.
Corymbs many-flowered.
Leaves broatlest toward the apex .
Leaves broadest at the middle.
Calyx-lobes serrate ; nutlets plane . ,
Calyx-lobes deei)ly serrate ; nutlets pitted
Leaves broadest toward the base.
Leaves glabrous
Leaves pubescent ....
no8. B, 10, 49
. no. 3, § 8
. §16, §17
nos. 32, 33, and § 12
. . . §13, §14
5 L OXYACAntHAE Loud. Leaves ovate, o-lo-Iobed or -cleft, acute at the
apex, cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate, 1-4 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide,
dark green and glabrous above {when mature) , paler and slightly pubescent
beneath {especially along the veins); corymbs many-flowered, glabrous;
flowers about l.«) cm. icide ; calyx lobes deltoid, entire, obtuse ; stamens about
'20 ; anthers pink ; styles 1-2 ; fruit globose or subglobose, red, about 0 mm.
thick; calyx-lobes reflexed, persistent ; flesh of fruit yellow, mealy; nutlets
usually 1 ; shrubs or small trees, 6-1) m. tall, vnth strongly ascending
branches and dark brown scaly bark ; thorns sharp, about 1 cm. long.
1. C. OxYACANTHA L. (ENGLISH IL) Characters of tliG sectioii. ^ — ^Sparingly
3.scaped from cultivation. Fl. iNIay ; Ir. 8ept. (Iiitrod. from Eu.) '
§ 2. CRUS-GALLI Loud. Leaves obovate to elliptical, coriaceous, dark green
and shining above, acute or roiuuh^d at the apex, cuneate at the base;
petiole slightly winged above, glandless, 1-2 cm. long ; corymbs many-
flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, usually entire ; stamens 10-20;
anthers usually pink; fruit subcylindric-ovoid to globose, red, the calyx
flattened and the flesh hard, thin, greenish; nutlets 1-3 {in no. 4 sometimes
as many as 5), strongly ridged on the back; trees or shrubs, usually loith
spreading branches forming a broad crown; bark dark gray, scaly ; spines
many, strong, straight, chestnut-brown, 3-18 cm. long.
Corymbs and leaves glabrous.
Leaves 'i-lO cm. long. 1-4 cm. wide; nest of 1-2 nutlets longer than thick . 2. C. Crus-gadi
Leaves 2-0 cm. long. •!-'> cm. Avide.
Nutlets 2-3 ; nest of nutlets about as long as thick ....
Xutlets :3-5 ; nest of nutlets longer than thick
Corymbs and leaves hairy.
Leaves large, 3-9 cm. long, 2-T cm. wide
Leaves small, 2—6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide
3. C. praieuaia.
4. C. Canbyi.
5. C. feeimda.
6. C. berherifolia.
2. C. Crus-galli L. Leaves 2-10 cm., long, 1-4 cm. wide, sharply serrate ex-
cept towartl the base ; cory nibs glabrous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; calyx-lobes
glabrous or slightly pubescent ; stamens about 10 ; styles 1-3 ; fruit ellipsoidal-
ovoid to subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, greenish to dull red ; flesh hard and dry ;
nutlets usually 2, 8-9 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm.
thick. — Sandy soil, near Montreal, L. Cliam-
plain, Nantucket, Mass. (where probably intro«
duced), Ct., the lower Hudson Valley to s.
Ont., s. Mich., s. e. Kan., and s. to Ga. Fic
709. Var. pvhacanthifolia Ait. has more
acute leaves and small bright red fruit. — Occa-
oblongata
nutlets acute
Sarg.
Leaves
nutlets
EXfGUA
briii^ht
I'HINI-
sional, n. Del. to O. Var.
Fruit ellipsoidal, bright red
Del. and e. Pa. Var. cai>ill\ta Sarg.
thinner ; corymbs slightly pubescent ;
solitary, — Wilmington, Del. Var.
(Sarg.) Egf^leston. Fruit ellipsoidal
crimson ; nutlets solitary. — Ct. ^\T.r.
FOLIA (Poir.") T. & G. I>eaves sometimes 7 cm.
wide. {C. Bnrtramiana Sarg.) — Occasional.
Fl. May, Jnnc : fr. Dct.
C. Crus-gAlli X macracantha Eggleston.
Broad -leaved forms with foliage as in var.
prunifolia. the coryml)s pubescent, the calyx-
lobes serrate, the nutlets 2—'], their jiits varying
ROSACEA!-: (r.osE family) 463
from shallow to deep, have all the appearance of natural hybrids between these
two species. (C persimilis Sar<^. ; C pi'iinij'olia of European gardens, in part.)
— Occasional.
3. C. pratensis Sarg. Leaves ovate-orhicular^ 2-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide,
coarsely or doubly serrate ; flowers about 1 cm. wide ; calyx-Johes remotely
(llandidar-serrate^ glabrous; stamens about 10; anthers yellow or pink; stylts
2-3 ; fi'uit short-ovoid to compressed-globose, dull reddisli-gieen ; flesh somewhat
succulent, mealy, yellow ; nutlets 2-3, about 5 mm. long ' nest of nutlets about
5 mm. thick. (C. Palmeri Sarg.; C. grandis Ashe.) — Low rich soil, 111. and
Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
4. C. Canbyi Sarg. Leaves oblong-obovate, 2.5-8 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide,
doubly serrate; otten lobed toward the apex; corymbs glabrous; flowers about
1.5 cm. wide; styles 3-5; fruit short-ellipsoidal to globose. ]-L5 cm. long,
dark crimson; flesh bright red, succulent ; the :]-5 nutlets 7 S mm. long; nest
of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. (C. Pennypackeri Sars.) — Occasional, e. Pa. and
Md. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
5. C. feciinda Sarg. Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, 3-9 cm. long, 2-7 cm.
wide, doubly serrate, the veins strongly marked ; coryml s slightly villous :
flowers about 2 cm. wide; calyx-lobes co?irse]y glandvlar-serrate ; stamens about
10 ; anthers purple ; styles 2-4 ; fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose, 2-2.5 cm.
long, orange-red. slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes erect; flesh thick; nutlets
usually 2-3, 8-10 mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 umi. thick. — Rich bott* m
lands, s. w. Ind. to s. e. Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct.
6. C. berberifblia T. & G. Leaves oblong-cuneiform, spattdate, or obovate,
2-6 cm. long, 1—4 cm. ^vide, rounded or acute and serrate toward the apex,
rough-pidiescent above, white-pubescent or -tomentose beneath ; petioles 1 cm.
long, densely tomentose ; corymbs densely villous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ;
calyx-lobes slightly villous; stamens about 20; anthers yelh'V: ; styles 2-3;
fruit subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, orange or red, slightly pubescent; flesh
yellow; nutlets '2-ij, about 6 mm. long ; nest of nutlets about 6 mm. thick. —
Gulf States. — A specimen from Mercersburg, Pa. (Porter) appears intermediate
between this and the following.
Var. Engelmanni (Sarg.) Eggleston. Less pubescent; stamens about 10;
anthers pink. — Va. and Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct.
§ 3. PUNCTAtAE Loud. Leaves obovate to oblong, impressed-veined and
usually rather didl above, mostly pidtescent I eneath ptarticularly along the
veins, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply ^uneate at the base, serrate,
doubly serrate, or slightly lobed, but nearly entire tov:ard the base, subcoria-
ceous ; petioles 1-2. cm. long, slightly winged above ; corymbs many-flowered ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire or sometimes glandidar-margined ;
stamens 10-20; styles '2-b ; fruit green, yelloic, or red ; flesh hard, thick;
calyx usually flattened ; nutlets 2-5, ridged on the back ; flat-topped trees,
3-10 m. high, with grayish-brown bark ; spines straight, 2-7 cm. long.
Fruit ellipsoidal, glabrous ; nutlets usualh- 3-4.
Leaves brig-ht yellow-grreen above ; nest of nutlets longer than thick . T. C. pausiaca.
Leaves dull gray-green above ; nest of nutlets about as long as thick . 8. Cpuncicda.
Fruit globose, glabrous or pubescent : calyx somewhat prominent ; nutlets 4-5.
Fruit glabrous, green to scarlet; Canadian 9. C. suhorhicvlata.
Fruit villous, red ; southern 10. C. colUna.
7. C. pausiaca Ashe. Leaves oblanceolate-obovate, 3-6 cm long, 1.5-4 cm.
wide, dark virid yellow-green and glabrous above; corymbs pubescent ; flowers
1.2-1.5 cm. wide; calyx glabrous, its lobes slightly pubescent inside; stamens
10-15; anthers dark pink; fruit ellipsoidal-pyriform, about 8 mm. thick, dull
brick-red; flesh greenish-yellow; nutlets usually 3, 7-10 mm, long; nest of
nutlets 6-10 mm. thick. — Abundant in Pa. — Intermediate between C. Crus-
galli and C. punctata, and to be expected wherever these two species are found.
Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
8. C. punctata Jacq. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, 1-5 cm. broad, didl gray-green
aw fZ strongly impressed-veined above ; corymbs tomentose ; flowei-s about 2 cm
464
ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY)
hroarl ; cohjx-tnhp piihpsrcnt, its lobes less so ; stainens nan ally ahniit 20; an-
iliers white to pink ; fruit yellow (var. aurea Ait.) or red (var. uubra Ait.),
1.2-2.5 cm. thick ; nutlets usually 3-4, 8-9 mm, long; nest of nutlets &-10 mm.
thick. — Falls of Montmorency, Que., to s. e. Minn., s. (through w. N. P2.) to Pa.,
n. 111., and la., and along the mts. to n. Ga. ;
ascending in X. C. to about 18U0 m, Fl.
May, June ; fr. Oct. Fig. 770. Var.
caxescexs Britton is a more canescent
form occasionally seen.
9. C. suborbiculata Sarg. Leaves ovate-
orbicular, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide,
memhranaceons, dull dark green above, gla-
brous ; petioles winged above, glandular ;
corj^mbs glabrous ; flowers about 2 cm.
broad ; calyx-lobes slightly glandular-mar-
gined ; stamens about 20 ; anthers rose-
colored ; styles 4-5 ; fruit globose or com-
pressed-globose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, dull green
to scarlet ; calyx somewhat prominent ;
flesh yellow, containing commonly 5 nutlets
(6-7.5 mm. long) ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm.
thick. — Limestone ridges in the region of
Montreal. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct.
10. C. collina Chapm. Leaves obovate
to oval, 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, yellow-
green, somew^hat pubescent when young;
petioles slightly pubescent, winged ; corymbs
and calyx pubescent; flowers 1.5-2 cm.
wide ; calyx-lobes glabrous or slightly pu-
bescent inside, glandular-ciliate ; stamens
about 20 ; anthers yellow ; styles 3-5 ; fruit globose or compressed-globose, dull
red, 9-12 mm. thick; calyx somewhat prominent; calyx-lobes persistent; flesh
yellow, dry; nutlets usually 5, 6-7 mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick.
— Common, s. w. Va. to centr. Ga. and n. Miss. Fl. May; fr. Oct.
Var. s6rdida (Sarg.) Eggleston. Corymbs rather few-flowered ; flowers
2.5-3.5 cm. broad; anthers pink ; nutlets 3-4. — Occasional, s. e. Mo. Fl. May;
fr. Oct.
Var. Lettermani (Sarg.) Eggleston. Stamens about 10; fruit subglobose or
pyriforin, orange-red. — Occasional, s. e. Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
§ 4. VtRIDES Beadle. Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, obtuse, acute, or acumi-
nate (often ?>-lobed) at the apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly ser-
rate or lobed, dark green, shining, and glabrous above, paler and somewhat
pjibescent along the veins beneath, iistially membranaceous ; petioles 1-3 cm.
long, slightly winged above; corymbs few-many-flowered, glabrous; calyx-
lobes entire or slightly glandular-margined, triangular to lanceolate- acumi-
nate; stamens 10-20; anthers yellov) ; , styles 2-5; fruit glabrous, red,
subglobose to ellipsoidal; flesh hard; mttlets 3-5 (2 in no. 11), ridged on
the back; trees or large shrubs, 6-11 m. high, with ascending or nearly
erect branches, dark brown bark, and straight spines 2-5 cm. long.
770. C. punctata.
Nutlets 2 ; fruit large, 8-15 mm. thick ; lobes of the leaves crenate
Nutlets 3-0 ; fruit small, 5-9 mm. thick ; lobes dentate.
Fruit brisrht red, glaucous, 4-6 mm. thick ....
Fruit dull dark red, 6-9 mm. thick
11. C. Margaretta.
12. C. viridis.
13. C. nitida.
11. C. Margaretta Ashe. Leaves 2-6 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse or acute
at the apex, crenate-lobed, slightly pubescent when young; glabrate ; corymbs
5-12-flowered, slightly pubescent at first; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes
sliglitly pubescent inside ; styles l-l^ ; fruit dull rusty green to red, 8-15 mm.
thick ; flesh yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets usually 2, about 6 mm. long, about
ROSACEAE (HOSE FAMILY)
465
771. C. nitida.
3 mm. thick ; a tree, with a narrow open
crown, 4-8 m. high. (C Brovmii Brit-
ton ?) — Woods and banks of streams, s.
Ont. to centr. la., s. to centr. Pa., w. Va.,
and Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
12. C. viridis L. Leaves 2-8 cm. long,
2-5 cm. wide, serrate ; flowers 1-1.5 cm.
wide ; calyx-lobes slightly pubescent in-
side ; styles 4-5 ; fruit globose or de-
pressed-globose, bright red, glaucous, 4-6
mm. thick; nutlets usually 5, 3.5-5 mm.
long; nest of nutlets 3.5-5.5 mm. thick,
— Moist soil of the lowlands, Chesapeake
City, Md. (TTrtrcZ), Va. {Clayton) to Mo.,
s. to Fla. and Tex. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
13. C. nitida (Engelm.) Sarg. Leaves
3-8 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, coarsely ser-
rate; corymbs many-flowered, 1,2-2 cm.
wide ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate ;
fruit globose to short-ellipsoidal, dark dull
red, 6-9 mm. th ick ; flesh yellow, mealy ;
nutlets 3-5, 4.5-7 mm. long ; nest of nut-
lets 5-7 mm. thick ; tree sometimes 9 m.
high, with a broad crown. — Rare, s. 111.
tos. e. Kan. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. Fig. 771.
§ 5. INTRICAtaE Sarg. (Boyxtonianae Beadle ; Biltmoreanae Beadle.)
Leaves elliptic-ovate, acute and varying from attenuate to triincate. doubly
serrate or lobed {the teeth gland-tipped), subcoriaceous. yellow-green,
bright above ; petioles 1-3 cm.long, glandular, slightly winged above ; young
foliage usually yellow-green ; corymbs ^-1 -flowered; bracts very glandular,
deciduous ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-aciiminate or acute, for the most part
strongly toothed toward the apex, often entire at the base; stamens about
10 ; anthers usually yellow ; styles 2-5 ; fruit greenish or reddish-yellow to
reddish-brovm, globose to pyriform, bluntly angular ; calyx prominent, its
lobes reflexed ; flesh of the fruit hard, thick ; nutlets usually 3-4, strongly
ridged on the back ; irregiilarly topped shrubs or small trees, 1-8 m. high
{with occasional spines), preferring rocky woods and cliffs, more common
and typical in the southern mountains.
Foliage, corymbs, and fruit glabrous.
Calyx-lobes nearly entire ; fruit globose, yellow-green ; nutlets 3-5; leaves
" ovate or oval 14. (7. Boyntoni.
Calyx-lobes serrate ; nutlets usually 3-4.
Leaves ovate to oval ; fruit globose, red-brown or orange-red . . .15. C.foeiida.
Leaves elliptical-ovate ; fruit usually pyriform, yellow-green, tinged with
red 16. (7. apposita.
Foliage and fruit pubescent : corymbs villous.
Fruit globose : anthers yellow.
Mature fruit reddish-brown ; nutlets 3-4 17. C. coceinea.
Mature fruit yellow ; nutlets 4-5 \%. C. hiUmoreitna.
Fruit pyriform,' yellow ; nutlets 3-4 ; anthers pink 19. C. Stout i.
14. C. Boyntbni Beadle. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, glabrous, 2-5 cm.
long, 2-5.5 cm. wide; corymbs glabrous; flow'ers about 2 cm. broad; calyx-
lobes entire, except near the apex ; styles 3-5 ; fruit globose or depressed-glo-
bose, yellow-green, tinged with red, 1-1.5 cm. thick ; nutlets 3-5, 6-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 7-9 mm. thick. — In woods and on banks of streams, between
400 and 900 m. elevation, s, w. Va., N. Car., and Tenn. Fl, May ; fr. Oct.
15. C. foetida Ashe. Leaves elliptical-ovate to oval, 4.5-7 cm. long, 4-6 cm.
wide, glabrous; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. wide : styles 3-5; fruit
subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, orange-red or red-brown ; nutlets usually 3-4, 0-8
mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-9 mm. thick. (C. Baxterl Sarg.) — Common,
e. Mass. to s. Ont., s. to Va. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
GRAY'S MANt'AL
30
466
ROSACE AE (rose FAMILY)
16. C. app6sita Sarg. Leaves elliptical-oyate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide,
lobed (the lower pair of lobes often deeply cut), glabrous; corymbs and calyx
glabrous; flowers \.o-2 cm. wide; fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal^ yellow-green,
tinged with red, about 1 cm. thick ; the 3-4 nutlets 5-7 mm. long ; nest of nut-
lets 6-8 mm. thick.
(C cocci7iea, var. viridis T.
Britton, not L. ;
772.
coccinea.
& G., in part ; C. coccinea
C. intricata Sarg., not J.
Lange.) — Rocky woods, s. w. Vt. and Mass.
to N. Y. and \'a. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct.
Var. Biss611ii (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves
more entire ; anthers pink ; fruit orange-red.
— Ct.
17. C. coccinea L. Leaves rough-pubescent,
sometimes becoming very scabrous, 2-7 cm.
long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; corymbs and calyx vil-
lous; flowers about 2.5 cm. wide ; .'Stamens
about 10 ; anthers light yellow ; fruit sub-
globose to ellipsoidal, pubescent., sometimes
becoming nearly glabrous, 8-10 mm. thick,
yellow-green, becoming dark reddish-brown
when fully ripe ; nutlets usually 3-4, 5-7 mm.
long ; nest of nutlets 0-8 mm. thick. (C. coc-
cinea., var. viridis T. & G., in part ; C. intricata
J. Lange ; C. modpsta Sarg. ; C. premora
Ashe.) — Rocky woods, e. Mass. to s. w. Vt.,
s. e. N. Y., w. Pa., and N. C Fl. May, June ;
fr. Oct., Nov. Fig. 772.
18. C. biltmoreana Beadle. Leaves ovate-elliptical to broadly ovate, 2-9 cm.
long, 2-7 cm. wide, pubescent on both sides ; corymbs and cr]jx villous ; flowers
2-2.5 cm. wide; friiit globose to subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm. thick, greenish-yellow,
yellow, or orange ; nutlets usually 4-5, 5-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-10 mm.
thick. — Mountainous regions, Va. to N. C. and (?) Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
19. C. Stbnei Sarg. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, 7-8 cm. long, 4-6 cm.
wide, scabrate above, slightly villous along the veins beneath ; corymbs villous ;
flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx villous ; anthers pink; fruit pyriform to short-
ellipsoidal 1.2-1.4 cm. thick, light yellow or yellow-green tinged with red,
slightly villous; the 3-4 nutlets 6-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick.
( G. Peckii Sarg.) — Centr. Mass. to Albany, N. Y. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct.
§6. FLAvAE Loud. (EuFLAVAE Beadle.) Leaves short-obovate to spat^ilate,
membranaceous and together icith the petioles and corymbs conspicuously
glandular; corymbs few-flowered; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; fruit
usually soft, green, orange, or red, subglobose to ellipsoidal ; calyx promi-
nent, its lobes reflext'd; nutlets 3-5, ridged on the back; shrubs or small
trees, ,\-\0 m. high, frequently with undulatiiig (tr zigzag branches, armed
with straight spines 2-6 cm. long. — A group very abundant both in species
and individuals south of our range.
20. C. aprica Beadle. Leaves obovate, rhombic-ovate, or orbicular, 1
long, 1.5 cm. wide, slightly pubescent, becoming very glabrous, acute
apex, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base,
dentate, crenate-dentate, or lol)ed above the middle,
dark yellow-green ; petioles 7-20 mm. long, wing-
margined ; corymbs Z-d-flowerfd, pubescent; sta-
mens 10 ; anthers yellow ; /rwrt globose, 0-14 mm.
thick, red or orange-red ; nutlets about 7 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. — " Sunny expo.sures
in the mountains," s. Va., w. N. C, e. Tenn., and
n. Ga. Fl May ; fr. Sept., Oct. Fig. 773.
C. KL.\vA Ait. (described from English botani-
cal gardens) has oval to obovate glabrous leaves,
5-5 cm.
at the
773. C aprica.
ROSACEAE (^KOSE FAMILY)
467
10 stamens, pink anthers, Siud pyriform yellow-green fruit. It should be sought
in s. Va.
§7. PARVIFOLIAE Loud. (Uniflorae Beadle.) Leaves rather small ^ spatit-
late, obovate, or oval, obtuse, rounded, or acute at the apex, vuneate at
the base, crenate, crenate -dentate, or serrate, subcoriaceous, shining above,
very pubescent ichen young, becoming scabrate above vjhen mature; petioles
very short, pubescent, winged ; corymbs tomentose, \-'o-flowered ; calyx-lobes
long and foliaceous, slightly pubescent, laciniate ; stamens about 20;
anthers white: styles 6-7 ; fi'uit jmbescent, globose or pyriform, greenish-
yellow or red; calyx prominent, its lobes reflexed ; flesh firm; nutlets
usually 5, often more; shrubs, 1-4 m. tall, armed with slender straight
often foliaceous spines 1-6 cm. long.
Leaves obovate or spatulate, usually obtuse ; corymbs 1-3-flowered .
Leaves ovate, usually acute ; corymbs 3-6-fJowered
21. C. tomentosa
22. C. Vailiae.
21. C. tomentbsa L. Leaves obovate to spatulate, obtuse or rounded at
the apex, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, crenate; corymbs \-Z-flowered, flowers^
1-L5 cm. wide; fruit subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, yellow-green; nutlets 7-9
mm. long, grooved on the back ; nest of nutlets 8-10 uju:. thick. (C. uniflora
Muench. ; C. parvifolia Ait.) — Sandy soil, L. I. to
Fla., w\ Ky., Mo., and centr. Tex. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
Fig. 774. Var. Smithii (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves
serrate; fruit red. — Near Philadelphia. Fl. May;
fr. Sept.
22. C. Vailiae Britton. Leaves 2-6.6 cm. long,
1-4.5 cm. ^\\6e, oval or ovate, acute at the apex,
cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate. often slightly
3_5-lobed ; petioles 4-10 mm. long ; coi'ymbs 3-6-
floicered ; flowers 1-1.5 cm. wide; fruit globose,
8-10 mm. thick, reddish-brown; nutlets 5-6 mm.
nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. — Va. to n. w.
long
Ga. ;
§8.
774. C. tomentosa.
Greensboro, Ala.
EOTUXDIFOLIAE Eggleston. (Coccixeae
Sarg.) Leaves elliptical-ovate to orbicular,
doubly serrate or lobed. subcoriaceous, dark
yellow-green and shining above ; petioles glandu-
lar, slightly icinged above, 1-5 cm. long ; young
foliage usually yellow-green ; corymbs many-
flowered ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, usually
lanceolate-acuminate; stamens 5-20; anthers
usually yellow; styles 2-5 ; fruit depressed-glo-
bose to short-ovoid, red ; flesh soft; calyx-lobes
reflexed ; nutlets usually 3-4, ridged on the back ;
round-top2)ed shrubs and trees, 3-10 m. high,
with numerous curved spines (2-7 cm. long).
Leaves elliptic-ovate, sharply cuneate, deeply-incised
Leaves ovate-orbicular, broadly cuneate or truncate at base.
Calyx prominent ; fruit subglobose
Calyx obscure.
Fruit pyriform, yellow-red
Fruit globose, red.
Fruit angular in cross-section.
Fruit glabrous : flowers 2-2.5 cm. wide; leaves slightly lobed .
Fruit pubescent ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; leaves sharply lobed .
Fruit round in cross-section.
Nest of nutlets .-shorter than thick ; fruit about 1 cm. thick, dark
red; leaves 3-6 cm. wide ; anthers yellow
Nest of nutlets longer than thick : fruit "about 1.5 cm. thick, carmine-
red ; leaves 4-s cm. wide ; anthers pink
23. C. Columbiana.
24. C. Macauleyae.
25. C. Oakesianu.
26. C. Jackii.
2T. C. irrasa.
28. (7. rotundifolia.
29. C. Joneaae.
23. C. Columbiana Howell. Leaves cuneate-obovate or oblong, 2-6 cm. long,
1-5 cm. wide, incisely o-d-lobed above the middle, acute to acuminate, sparingly
468
ROSACEA E (HOSE FAMILY)
villous ; corj-mbs slightly villous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. broad ; calyx glabrous,
its lobes triangular-acuminate, slightly villous inside, often red-tipped ; stamens
about 10 ; styles 2-5 ; friiit scarlet, short-pf/riform, 8-12 mm. long ; calyx-
iobes persistent; flesh glutinous; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long; nest
of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. — Columbia R. and tributaiies, e. of Cascade Mts.
Fl. May; fr. Aug., Sept. Var. Pjpkri (Britton) Eggleston. Leaves more pubes-
cent ; corymbs varying from slightly to densely pubescent ; fruit pubescent. — •
With the typical form westward, but extending e. to s. Minn, and L. Superior.
Var. Brunetiana (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves often ovate, 2-9 cm. long, 2-8
cm. wide ; corymbs slightly pubescent ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate. —
Nfd. to L. Superior., s. to N. S. and centr. Me. Fl. June ; fr. Sept.
X ? C. laurentiana Sarg. Similar to var. Piperi^ but usually with 4-5 nutlets
with occasional shallow pits on their ventral faces. — A possible hybrid, occurring
near Montreal.
24. C. Macauleyae Sarg. Leaves ovate or oval, 4-6 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm.
wide, acute, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base, membranaceous, glabrous,
dull dark green ; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.6-1.8 cm. broad ; calyr: glabrous,
its lobes pubescent inside ; stamens about 20 ; anthers small, yellow ; styles 4-5 ;
fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoidal, dark crimson, 1-1.2 cm. thick ; calyx pi'omi-
nent ; flesh thiu, yellow, dry ; the 4-5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-8
mm. thick. — Occasional, w. N. Y. Fl. May; fr. Oct.
25. C. Oakesiana Eggleston. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, gradually or abruptly cuneate, slightly pubescent above, becoming glabrate,
3-7 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, doubly serrate toward the apex ; corymbs slightly
villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx villous, its lobes glabrous outside,
.slightly villous inside; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styles 3-5; fruit
pyriform-ellipsoidal, slightly angular, yellowish-red, about 1 cm. thick ; sepals
deciduous ; flesh soft, mealy, light yellow ; the 3-5 nutlets 6-7 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. — Valley of the Connecticut, n. e. Vt. Fl.
May ; fr. Aug., Sept.
26. C. Jackii Sarg. Leaves ovate-orbicular to obovate, 3-6 cm. long, 2.5-5
cm. wide, acute, cuneate to rounded at base, dull dark green above, slightly
pubescent, glabrate ; corymbs slightly villous ;flovj-
ers 2-2.5 cm. wide ; calyx glabrous, its lobes sharply
glandular-serrate, slightly pubescent inside ; stamens
5-10 ; anthers yellow ; styles 2-3 ; fruit ovoid-ellip-
soidal, 1-1.5 cm. thick, dull dark red., prominently
angled; flesh thick, reddish ; the 2-3 nutlets 7-9 mm,
long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick. (C. rotun-
data Sarg.) — Isle of Montreal to s. Ont. Fl. May ;
fr. Sept.
27. C. irrasa Sarg. Leaves ovate to ellipticaL
acute, broadly cuneate, or truncate at base, loith
4-6 pairs of acute lobes, 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide,
membranaceous, slightly pubescent, becoming gla-
brous above, pubescent beneath, particularly along
the veins ; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about
1.5 cm. wide; calyx villous, its lobes slightly villous
inside ; stamens about 20 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit sub'
globose to short-ellipsoidal, slightly angled, sparingly
pubescent, dull red, about 1 cm. thick, with persistent
calyx-lobes and reddish flesh ; the 3-5 nutlets 6-8
mm. long ; ne.st of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Isle of
Montreal and Montmorency Falls, Que. Fl. May ;
fr. Sept.
Corymbs more villous ; fruit scarlet ; nutlets usually
C. rotundifolia.
Var. divergens Peck.
3. — Near Albany, N. Y.
Var. Blanchardi (Sarg.) Eggleston. Corymbs and calyx more villous than in
the typical form ; aiitliers pink ; fruit dark cherry-red. — Deerfield Valley, Vt,
28. C rotundifblia Moench. Leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, 3-5 cm.
ROSACEA E (ROSE FAMILY)
469
long, 2-0 cm. wide, acute, broadly cutipate, ddublj' serrate with rather coarse
teeth and with o-4 pairs of acute lobes, glabrous ; corymbs glabrous or slightly
pubescent; tlowers about 2 cm. wide; calyx-lobes slightly villous inside; sta-
mens 5-10 ; styles 2-4 ; fruit 1 cm. thick, red ; flesh yellow, dry, sweet; nuthts
usually 2-3, 6-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm. thick. (C glandulosa Ait. •.
C cocrinea, var. rotundifoJia Sarg. ; C. Dochjei Ashe.) — N. !S. to s. Minn., s. to
n. 111., and in the Alleghenies to Va. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. Fig. 775.
Var. Bicknellii Fggleston. Leaves somewhat, sharply lobed toward the apex :
calyx-lobes long, laciniate, persistent on the fruit ; nutlets usually 4-5. — Nan-
tucket I., Mass. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
Var. Faxoni (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves, corymbs, and fruit pubescent. (C
coccinea Linnean herbarium, in part.) — Completely intergrading with the
typical form and of the same range. Fr. Aug., Sept.
Var. chrysocarpa (Ashe) Eggleston. Leaves slightly smaller and fruit yel-
low-red ; otherwise like the preceding variety. (C Sheridana Nelson.) — Cook
Co., Minn. (MacMillan), to Col. and Assina.
29. C. Jonesae Sarg. Leaves elliptical-ovate, 4-10 cm. long, 3-8 cm. icide^
acute or obtuse, cuneate, glabrous except along the veins beneath, the lobes acute
and tips rejlexed ; petioles slightly pubescent, 3-5 cm. long ; corymbs somewhat
villous; flowers about 2.5 cm. wide; calyx villous, its lobes linear, acuminate,
glabrous outside, slightly pubescent inside ; stamens about 10 ; anthers large,
pink; styles 2-3 ; fj^uit short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, about 1.5 cm. thick, blight
carmine-red, slightly pubescent ; flesh thick, yellow ; calyx-lobes long, ap-
pressed; nutlets usually 3, about 9 mm. long; nest of nutlets about 8 mm.
thick. — Mt Desert I. and adjacent coast to Falmouth, Me. {Chamberlain).
Fl. June : fr. Oct.
§
9. MICROCArPAE Loud. Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, 8-35 mm.
long, 4-20 mm. icide, acute or rounded and sometimes o-o-lobed at the apex,
sharply cuneate into a winged petiole, crenate-serrate, dark green and
slightly villous along the veins above when young.,
then glabrate, membranaceous ; floicers in many-
flowered glabrous corymbs, about 1 cm. wide ; calyx-
lobes deltoid, entire; stamens about 2^ ; anthers red;
styles 3-5 ; fruit globose to subglobose, red., 4-6 mm.
thick, vjith reflexed calyx-lobes and dry mealy flesh;
nutlets 3-5. slightly ridged on the back, 3-4.5 mm.
long, bare at the apex; nest of nutlets 3.5-4.5 mm.
thick; shrub or small tree, 6-8 m. high; branches
upright and spreading ; bark grayish-brown, slightly
scaly ; twigs reddish-broion, glabrous ; thorns sparse,
9^'®^ ^^ straight, 3-4 cm. long.
116. C. spathulata.
30. C. spathulata Michx. The only species of the
section. — Moist rich soil of the coastal region, Ya,. to
Fla. and Tex. : also s. Ark. and s. e. Okla. Fig. 776.
§ 10. APIIFOLIAE Loud. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 1-4 cm. long.
\-\ cm. wide, acute, slightly cordate to cuneate at the base, pinnately 5-7-
lobed, simply or doubly serrate, pilose above ichen young, often glabrate,
pilose beneath, especially along the veins, membranaceous; petioles 2.5-5
cm. long, tomentose ; floicers about 1.5 cm. wide, in ?t-Vl-fl<ncered villous
corymbs; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous outside,
slightly pubescent inside ; stamens about 20 ; anthers dark red; styles 1-3;
fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, 4-7 mm. long, scarlet, slightly pubescent icith reflexed
calyx-lobes and thin firm flesh ; nutlets commonly 2, o-G.o mn>. long, smooth
on the bark, bare at the apex; ne.st 3-3.5 mm. thick, with no sinus bftween
the nutlets; shrubs or small trees, 2-6 m. high, with nearly horizontal
branches and smooth gray bark; ticigs light red, long-tomentose but gla-
brate; thorns few, chestnut-brown. 2.5-4 cm. long, straight.
470
ROSACEAE (kOSE FAMILY^
31. C. Marshallii Eggleston. The only species
of the section. {Mtspilus apiifolia Marsli. ; C. apii-
folia Michx., not Medic.) — Along streams and
about swamps in the lowlands, s. Va. to Fla., w. to
Mo. and Tex. Fig. 777.
§11. TENUIFOLIAE Sarg. Leaves ovate, serrate,
douhly serrate, or lobed, acute or acuminate,
slightly villous hut glahrate, dark yellow-green
above, paler beneath ; petiohs slender, 1.5-3 cm.
long; young foliage usually bronze-green;
corymbs many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-
?/S^/T)& ^""^^^^^^ acumijiate, usually entire (often glandular-
^^sHj ^T margined), slightly pubescent inside; stamens
T 5-20 ; anthers usually pink ; styles 2-5 ; fruit
' ellipsoidal, ovoid, or pyriform, red. glabrous,
xdth rathfr persistent erect or spreading calyx-
lobes and succulent edible flesh ; nutlets usually
3-4, strongly ridged on the back ; shrubs or small trees, 2-7 m. high, with
ascending branches and strong curved spines 2-7 cm. long. — This section
is the most troublesome of any in our range, specific lines being here
particularly hard to draw.
777. C. Marshallii.
Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid, or pyriform.
Calyx-lobes serrate.
Leaves broadly ovate, flabellate, the lobes reflexed 82. (?. crudelis.
Leaves oblong-ovate, the lobes spreading or ascending .... 33. C. lueorum.
Calyx-lobes entire.
Fruit small, 6-9 mm. thick, with rather firm flesh ; leaves conspicuously
lobed 34. C. roanenais.
Fruit large, 1-1. S cm. thick, with soft flesh; leaves not conspicuously
lobed 35. C macrosperma.
Fruit compressed-globose or subglobose.
Lobes of the leaves reflexed ; leaves flabellate 36. C, Grayana.
Lobes of the leaves spreading or ascending.
Terminal leaves cuneate or rounded at the base 37. C. alnoriim.
Terminal leaves cordate 38. C popuhiiea.
32. C. crudelis Sarg. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm.
broad, sharply lobed {the tips of the lobes often recurved), broadly cuneate or
truncate, rarely cordate at the base, slightly villous above, becoming scabrate
or glabrate ; corymbs slightly villous at first; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx-
tube and inside of the lobes slightly villous ; stamens aiiout 10 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit
ellipsoidal, 8-12 mm. thick, scarlet or crimson ; the 3-5 nutlets 6-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. (Mespilus flabellata Bosc, not C. flabellata
Heldreich; C. blandita Sarg.) — Caughnawaga Reservation to Falls of .Montmo-
rency, Que. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
33. C. lucbrum Sarg. Leaves oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 3-6 cm. long,
2-5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at
the base, finely and douljly .serrate or lobed; corymbs slightly villous; flowers
about 2 cm. broad ; calyx glabrous except for a slight pubescence on the inner
surface of the lobes ; stamens about 20 ; anthers small, deep pink ; styles 4-5 ;
fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal, crimson, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Occasional, n. 111. and
s. e. Wise. Fl. .May ; fr. Sept.
Var. Insolens (Sarg.) Eggleston. Styles 3-5 ; fruit ellipsoidal, scarlet, gla-
brous, 1-1.2 cm. long; flesh rather firm; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-7 mm. long;
nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. — Eare, n. e. Vt.
34. C. roan6nsis Ashe. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-6
cm. wide, with '.]-(> pairs of acute usually straight lobes, the base broadly cuneate
to cordate; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide;
calyx-lobes slightly villous inside ; stamens 5-20. usually 5-10 ; styles 2-5 ; fruit
7-9 mm. thick, 0-13 mm. long, crimson; flesh rather firm ; nutlets 6-8 mm.
long; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick, {C. fluviatilis Sarg. ; C. ascendens Sarg.;
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)
471
778. C. macrosperma.
C. uber Ashe.) — Montreal to Wise, s. through w. N. E. to Pa., and in the mts.
(ascending to 1800 m.) to N. C. and Tenn. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
35. C. macrosperma Ashe. Leaves elliptical-ovate to broadly ovate, rounded
to truncate or rarely cordate at the base, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, the lobes
acute; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; stamens
5-10(-20) ; styles 2-5 ; /rwjY ellipsoidal orpyri-
form, 1-1.8 cm. thick, scarlet to crimson, often
glaucous ; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. — N. S. and n.
Me. to n. Mich, and s. e. Minn., s. to Pa.,
n. HI., and in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn. Fl.
May ; fr. Sept. Fig. 778. Var. pentandra
(Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves sharply cuneate at
the base. — Vt. to Va. Var. demissa (Sarg.)
Eggleston. Leaves and fruit smaller. — Occa-
sional, w. N. E. to n. 111. and w. Va.
Var. pastbrum (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves
more nearly entire ; fruit dark crimson. — Low
grounds, w. N. E. and N. Y. Var. MAxtiRA
(Sarg.) Eggleston. Lobes of the leaves acumi-
nate, often recurved. — Range of the typical
form. Fr. Aug., Sept. Var. ACuxfLOBA (Sarg.)
Eggleston. Lobes of leaves acuminate, re-
curved ; leaves of vegetative shoots often cor-
date. — Coast of N. S. and N. E.
36c C. Grayana Eggleston. Leaves flahel-
late, 2.5-8 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, acuminate,
broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, slightly
pubescent above, glabrate, the lobes 4-6 pairs, often acuminate, thei?- tips
recurved; corymbs slightly villous; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; calyx-tube
vUlous below, the lobes glabrous outside, slightly villous within, somewhat
glandular-margined ; stamens about 20 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit subglobose to short-
ellipsoidal, angular, dark cherry-red, with reflexed calyx-lobes and thick yellow
mealy flesh ; nutlets usually 4-5, 6-7.5 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick.,
strongly ridged on the back. ((7. flabellata Sarg., not Mespilus flabellata Bosc.)
— Montmorency Falls to Montreal, Que., w. N. E. and n. e. N. Y. Fl. May ;
fr. Aug., Sept.
37. C. alnbrum Sarg. Leaves ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, broadly
cuneate to truncate ; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide ; stamens about
20 ; fruit subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm. thick, slightly angular, dark cherry-red ; flesh
yellow, acid ; the 3-5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-9 mm. thick. (C.
Edsoni Sarg.) — N. E. to s. Micl. and Pa. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
38. C. populnea Ashe. Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2.5-6.5 cm.
long and wide, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, those on vegetative shoots
usually cordate; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; stamens 5-10;
styles 2-1; fruit globose to short-ellipsoidal, scarlet, 1-1.5 cm. thick, with ap-
pressed or spreading deciduous sepals and yellow flesh ; nutlets usually 3-4,
7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. (C. stolonifera Sarg.) — Occa-
sional, s. Ont. to Pa. and Del. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
§12. PRUINOSAE Sarg. (Silvicolae Beadle.) Leaves ovate, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate (occasionally cordate) at the
base, doubly serrate or lobed, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, blue-green,
glabrous; petioles slightly glandular, 1-3 cm. long; young foliage usually
bronze-green; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; calyx-lobes deltoid-acu^
minate, often serrate at the base, glumaceous ; stamens 10-20; anthers
usually pink ; styles 3-5; fruit usually depressed-globose to short-ellipsoidal,
strongly angled, red, prainose, u'ith prominent spreading persistent calyx-
lobes and hard thick flesh ; nutlets usually 4-^, strongly ridged dor sally ;
nest of nutlets shorter than thick, with deep sinuses between the nutlets.
472
ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY)
shrubs or trees, S-8 m. high, icith irregular ascending branches and numer
ous curved chestnut-brown spines 3-6 cm. long. — Rocky woods.
Fruit conspicuously angled, strongly pruinose.
Leaves usually cuneate
Leaves cordate . . . . ■ • •
Fruit without conspicuous angles, slightly pruinose.
Leaves ovate, cuneate or cordate.
Leaves usually cordate .....
Leaves usually cuneate.
Lohes of leaves shallow, acute
Lobes of leaves deep, acuminate .
Leaves elliptic-ovate, cuneate ....
39. C. pruinosa.
40. C. deltoides.
41. C. silvicola.
42. r. heaia.
43. C. leiophylla.
44. C. Jesupi.
.39. C. pruinosa (Wendl.) C. Koch. Leaves elliptic-owa^e to broadly ovate,
2.5-6 cm. long and wide, membranaceous; flowers about 2 cm. wide; stamens
about 20 ; anthers pink, rarely yellow ; fruit
apple-green, becoming scarlet or purple, 1.2-
1.5 cm. thick; flesh yellow, sweet; nutlets
6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-9 mm. thick.
— Common, w. N. E, to s. Wise, Mo., Va.,
and s. in the mts. Fl . May ; f r. Oct. , Nov.
Fig. 779. Forma dissona (Sarg.) Eggleston.
Stamens 10. — With the typical form.
Var. latisepala (Ashe) Eggleston. Leaves
more nearly entire ; fruit reddish-brown.
779. C. pruinosa.
(C. cognata Sarg.) — With the typical form.
Var. PHiLADELPHicA (Sarg.) Eggleston.
Leaves with more acuminate lobes, those on
vegetative shoots usually cordate. {C.fusca
Sarg.) — Range of typical form.
Var. conjuncta (Sarg.) Eggleston. Fruit
less angular and not highly colored ; anthers
light yellow. — Range of typical form.
Var. Porteri (Britton) Eggleston. Fruit
pyriform, reddish-brown. — Pocouo Mt, and
adjacent reirion, e. Pa.
40. C. deltoides Ashe. Leaves broadly
ovate, 3-7 cm. long and broad, abruptly
acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate
at the base, with 4-6 pairs of broad acumi-
nate lobes ; flowers about 2 cm. broad ;
stamens about 10 ; fruit depressed-globose, bright red, 1-1.5 cm. thick; flesh
yellow ; nutlets 6-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Dutchess Co.,
N. Y., and e. Pa. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. '
41. C. silvicola Beadle. Leaves triangular-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide,
rounded, truncate, or on vegetative shoots cordate at the base, incisely lobed ;
flovjer.'i about 1.5 cm. wide ; stamens 10 ; fruit globo.se, 1-1.1 cm. thick, slightly
angular, red; the .3-5 nutlets 6-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. —
N. Ala. and n. w. Ga.
Var. Beckwithae (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves sharply lobed ; flowers about 2
cm. wide ; fruit subglobose to compressed-globose, cherry red, 1.2-1.5 cm.
thick ; nutlets 6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. (C. Bobbinsiana
Sarg. ■; C. sequax Ashe.) — Frequent, w. N. E. to s. Mich., and s. to Pa. Fl.
May ; f r. < )ct.
42. C. beata Sarg. Leaves 3-8 cm. long, IJy-l cm. wide, broadly cuneate
to truncate at the base, acutely lobed, membranaceous, dull ; flowers about 2 cm.
wide ; stamens about 20 ; fruit short-fllipsoidal, slightly angular, crimson,
slightly pruinose, 1-1.5 cm. thick ; the 4-5 nutlets 0-8 mm. lonir ; nest of nutlets
9-1] mm. thick. — Occasional, w. N. Y. and s. Ont. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
Var. c6mpta (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves on vejjetative shoots sometimes
subcordate, subcoriaceous ; flowers about 1,5
Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
cm. wide ; stamens 7-10 ; nutlet*
3-4. — Similar range
»
ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY) 473
43. C. leiophylla Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. long and wide, broadly
cuneate to truncate at the base, subcoriaceous, dull, with 3-5 pairs of acuminate
spreading lohes ; flowers about 2 cm. wide; stamens about 20; anthers yelioic ;
fruit pyriform-subglobose, 1.2-1,4 cm. thick, slightly angular, dark green, be-
coming bright red. slightly pruinose ; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 4, 7-8 mm.
long ; nest of nutlets B-10 mm. thick. — Frequent, w. N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
Var. Maineana (Sarg.) Eggleston. Stamens about 10 ; anthers pink; fruit
globose, dark scarlet ; nutlets (3-7 mm. long. — Similar range. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
44. C. Jesupi Sarg. Leaves eUiptic-ovate^ 3.5-7 cm. long, 2-5.5 cm. wide,
broadly cuneate to truncate-cordate at the base, yellow-green above, irith 4—5
pairs of acute lobes; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes entire; stamens
about 10 : anthers dark red ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyriform. dark red, about
1 cm. thick, slightly angled, destitute of bloom when mature : calyx-lobes
mostly deciduous ; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long ; nest of
nutlets 7-9 mm. thick. — Twin Mts., W. Rutland, Vt. ; e. Pa.; s. Mich.; s. w.
Wise.
§ 13. COCCfNEAE Loud. (Flabellatae Sarg.) Leaves large, ovate (often
broadly so), simply or doubly serrate or lobed. membranaceous to sztbcoria-
ceous, when, young bronze-green; corymbs many-Hoicered ; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrate ; stamens 5-20 ; anthers red;
styles 3-5 ; fruit usually red and pubescent, subglobose, ellipsoidal, or
pyriform, icith soft thick flesh and commonly persistent calyx-lobes ; nutlets
usually -^b, slightly ridged on the back; nest of nutlets usually with deep
sinuses; round-topped trees or shrubs, 3-10 m. high, imth ascending
branches and curved spines 2-8 cm. long. — In this section belongs C. coc-
cinea .Mill. ; T. & G.
Fruit yellow ; western 45. (7. Kelloggii.
Fruit red.
Leaves oblong-ovate
Leaves sharply lobed ; eastern.
Corj-mbs nearly glabrous • • . » 46. <7. Holnxesiaim.
Corymbs very pubescent 47. C. anomaln.
Leave's subentire ; southwestern.
CorjTnbs and fruit very tomentose . • . . . • * . 48. (7. lanuginofsa.
Corymbs and fruit nearly glabrous 49. <7. pyriformi^.
Leaves broadly ovate.
Corymbs and fruit glabrous ; stamens about 20 50. C. coecinioide^.
Corymbs and fruit pubescent or tomentose.
Leaves on vegetative shoots cuneate.
Leaves concave, 3-S cm. long. 3-7 cm. wide 51. C. Pringlei.
Leaves plane, 3-10 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide 52. C. pediceUata.
Leaves on vegetative shoots cordate 53. C. politu.
45. C. Kell6ggii Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, 3-7 cm. long,
2.5-7 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base,
lobed above the middle, dark yellow-green, slightly pubescent but glabrate
above, pubescent along the veins beneath ; petioles 2-3 cm. long, slender, villous
when young; coi-ymbs pubescent; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; calyx slightly
pubescent, its lobes glabrous on the outer surface, slightly villous within :
stamens about 20 : styles 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ovoid, bright yellow,
2-2. b cm. thick, with spreading calyx-lobes and yellow mealy flesh: nutlets 5,
slightly grooved on the back, about 8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick ;
tree 6-8 m. high, with nearly erect branches, dark furrowed bark, and occa-
jsionally straight chestnut-browii spines about 3 cm. long. — St. Louis, Mo.,
uncommon. Fl. Apr. ; fr. Sept.
46. C. Holmesiana Ashe. Leaves elliptic-ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, 2-6 cm.
wide, membranaceous, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base,
pubescent at length scabrous above, pubescent along the veins beneath, the
4-6 pairs of acute or acuminate lobes often icith reflexed tips; petioles 2-3 cm.
long, slightly pubescent ; corymbs glabrous or slightly pubescent ; flowers about
1.5 cm. wide; stamens 5-10; styles .3-5 ; fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal. crini.';oii,
about 1,2 cm. thick, with enlarged erect persistent calyx-lvbe.< and yellow mealy
acid flesh; nutlets usually il~l, 7-9 mm. long; nest of nutlet.s 6-8 mm, thick;
474
EOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY^
sinuses shallow ; tree sometimes 9 m. high, with ascending branches, gray -brown
scaly bark, and occasional spines 4-6 cm. long. — Moist hillsides, Montreal,
centr. Me., R. I., Pa., s. Mich., and s. in the mts. to s. N. C. Fl. May ; fr. Aug.,
Sept. The form occurring from Pa. southw., var. vfLLiPES Ashe ( C. tenuifulia
Britton), has the corymbs more pubescent.
■17. C. an6mala Sarg Leaves oblong to ovate, 3-9 cm, long, 2-8 cm. wide,
acute at tlie apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at base, acutely lobed, slightly
pubescent becoming scabrous above, densely villous along the veins beneath,
yellow-green ; petioles pubescent, 1-2 cm. long ; corymbs and calyx villous, the
inside of the calyx-lobes but slightly so ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; stamens
about 10 ; styles 4-5 , fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal, 1.5-2 cm. thick, crimson, with
prominent calyx, persistent spreading slightly pubescent calyx-lobes and light
yellow juicy flesh ; nutlets 7-9.5 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-9 mm. thick,
(C oblongifolia Sarg.) — Montreal I. to centr. Me., North Adams, Mass., and
Albany, N. Y. Fl, May ; fr. Oct.
48. C. lanuginosa Sarg. Leaves ovate to suborbicular, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-6
cm. wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, coarsely
and doubly serrate, appressed-pubescent becoming scabrous above, densely
white-tomentose beneath; petioles 5-25 mm. long, tomentose ; corymbs white-
tomentose ; flowers about 2 cm. wide; calyx densely white-tomentose, its lobes
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; stamens about 20 ; styles 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-
ellipsoidal, about 1.5 cm. thick, bright cherry-red, tomentose, with prominent
calyx, spreading calyx-lobes, and orange dry and mealy fles-.i ; nutlets 5, 6-8 mm,
'long; nest of nutlets 8-11 mm. tliick ; tree with spreading and erect branches,
armed with many straight thorns 3-9 cm, long, the young thorns often bear-
ing undeveloped leaves. — Common near Webb City, s. w. Mo, Fl. May;
fr, Sept.
49, C. pyrif6rmis Britton, Leaves broadly oval to obovate-oval, 3-7 cm,
long, 2-6 cm. broad, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, sharply and some-
times doubly serrate, slightly jjubescent
but glabrate above, pubescent especially
along the veins beneath, yellow-green,
membranaceous ; petioles 1-3 cm. long,
winged above, tomentose to scabrous ;
corymbs villous ; flowers about 2.5 cm.
broad; calyx villous, the lobes slightly
pubescent ; stamens about 20 ; styles 4-5 ;
fruit ellipsoidal-pyriform, about 1.2 cm.
thick, bright cherry-red, with reflexed
calyx-lobes and light yellow juicy flesh ;
nutlets ear-shaped, about 8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets about 1 cm. thick. (C.
dispessa Ashe.) — Kich bottom lands,
s. e. Mo, Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
50. C. coccinioides Ashe, Leaves
broadly ovate, acute at the apex, rounded
or truncate at the base, doubly serrate
and with several pairs of broad acute
lobes, 4-9 cm. long, 3.5-8 cm. wide, dark
green above, paler and slightly tomen-
tose along the veins beneath, membrana-
ceous; petioles glandular, 2-3 cm, long;
corymbs ^^-7 -flowered, glabrous ; flowers
about 2 cm, wide ; calyx-lobes ovate,
acute, glandular-serrate ; stamens about
20 ; styles 3-5 ; fr^iit subglobose, obtusely
angled, 1.5-2 cm. thick, dark crimson, with prominent calyx, spreading sepals
and subacid red-tinged flesh ; nutlets usually 1-5, 7-9 mm. long, 4.5-5.5 mm.
tiiick, grooved on the back. (C Eggertii BritUm.) — Occasional, s. w. Ind. to
e. Kan. Fig, 780.
780. C. coccinioides.
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 475
Var. dilatata (Sarg.) Eggleston. Corymbs 7-12-flowerecl ; flowers about
^.5 cm, broad ; fruit with less prominent calyx, the calyx.-lobes more deciduous.
(O. speciosa Sarg.) — Montreal I. to R. I., and w. to Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Sept,
51. C. Pringlei Sarg. Leaves concave, ovate to oval, 3-8 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm.
wide, obtuse at the apex, rounded or abruptly cuneate at the base, very shalloicly
lohed, pubescent but glabrate above, pubescent along the veins beneath, bright
yellow-yreen ; petioles 1-3 cm. long, pubescent; corymbs pubescent; flowers
about 2 cm, wide ; stamens about 10 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyri-
form, red, pubescent, about 1.5 cm. thick, with persistent spreading calyx-lobes
and yellow acid edible flesh; nutlets 7-9 mm, long; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm.
thick, — Common, w, N. E. to n. 111., s. to Pa. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. Var. ex-
cLijSA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves less concave ; corymbs densely pubescent. —
Vt. and n. e. N. Y. Yar. lobtlata (Sarg.) Eggleston, Leaves more deeply
-cut, (C cristata Ashe.) — With the typical form.
52. C. pedicellata Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate, 3-10 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide,
acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at base, slightly
pubescent becoming scabrous above, nearly glabrous benrath, membranaceous ;
corymbs glabrous or slightly villous ; flowers 1.5-2 cui, wide ; calyx glabrous,
its lobes slightly villous on the upper side ; stamens 10-20 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit
pyriform to short-ellipsoidal, scarlet, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. thick, with rather per-
sistent erect or spreading calyx-lobes and dry mealy flesh ; nutlets u.sually 4-5,
7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Frequent, s. Ct. to s. Ont. and
n. Ill,, s. to Pa, and Del. Fl, May ; fr. Sept. Yar. Ellwangeriaxa (Sarg.)
Fggleston has densely villous corymbs, fruits slightly villous, and nutlets 3-5, —
Similar range,
53. C. polita Sarg, Leaves broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, cordate, truncate,
or broadly cuneate at the base, 3-9 cm. long and wide, riiembranaceous, gla-
brous when mature, yellow-green; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide;
calyx glabrous, its lobes slightly pubescent above ; stamens 5-10 ; styles 3-4 ;
fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoidal-pyriform, glabrous, cherry-red, 1-1.5 cm.
thick, with deciduous calyx-lobes ; nutlets sharply ridged on the back, 6-8 mm.
long; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm, thick, — Occasional, w. N. E. to s, Mich., s, to
Del. Fl. May ; fr, Sept. Yar, Tatxalliaxa (Sarg.) Eggleston, Leaves
slightly pubescent; corymbs, calyx, and fruit villous ; nutlets 3-5, — With the
typical form.
§ 14. m6lLES Sarg. Leaves large, ovate, pubescent or tomentose becoming
scabrate above, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to cordate at base, doubly
serrate or lobed, yellow-green, subcoriaceous or membranaceous ; petioles
2-4 cm. long, pubescent or tomentose ; young foliage yelloic-green ; corymbs
many -flowered, densely tomentose ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, somewhat
tomentose; stamens 10-20; anthers yellow; styles 3-5; fruit large, red,
pubescent, globose, ellipsoidal, or pyriform, with swollen erect or spreading
calyx-lobes and thick soft edible flesh ; millets usually 4-5, slightly ridged
on the back; nest of nutlets with deep sinuses; round-topped trees, some-
times 13 m. high, with curved spines 3-5 cm. long.
Leaves on vegetative shoots cuneate at the base.
Lobes of the leaves shallow, broad, acuminate ; Mass. and Ct, . . 54, C. Arnoldiana.
Lobes deep, narrow, acute.
Fruit globose or nearly so ; calyx rather prominent ; leaves subcori-
aceous . . * . 55. <7. canadensis.
Fruit ellipsoidal-pyriform ; calyx obscure ; leaves membranaceous . 56. C. submollis.
Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate.
Leaves 4-1-3 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, rugose, membranaceous ; western 57. C. mollis.
Leaves 3-11 cm. long. 3-9 cm. wide, plane, subcoriaceous; Champlain
Valley 58. t'. champlainensis.
54. C. Arnoldiana Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate to oval, 3-10 cm. long, 2.5-
8.5 cm. wide, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, with broad shallow acu-
minate lobes; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; stamens about 10; fruit globose or
subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. thick, bright crimson, with scarcely enlarged spreading
476
KOSACEAE (k08E FAMILY)
T81. C. Arnoldiana.
calyx-lobes ; flesh yellow, acid ; nutlets 8-9
cm. long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm, thick. —
Rare, e. Mass. and w. Ct. Fl. May ; fr.
Aug. Fig. 781.
55. C. canadensis Sarg. Leaves ovate,
broadly mneate to truncate at the base,
acutely lohecl toward the apex, 3-8 cm. long,
2.5-7.5 cm. wide, subcoriaceuus ; flowers
about 2 cm. wide ; stamens about 20 ; fruit
short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, crimson,
1-1.5 cm. thick, with rather prominent calyx,
spreading persistent calyx-lobes and yellow
mealy flesh ; nutlets usually 5, about 7 mm.
long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick. —
Region of Montreal. Fl. May ; f r. Sept. , Oct.
56. C. subm611is Sarg. Leaves ovate,
broadl}' ciineate, acutely lohed, 4-11 cm.
long, 3-9 cm. wide, membranaceous, yellow-
gi-een ; flowers about 2.5 cm. wide ; stamens
about 10 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyri-
form, orange-red, 1.5-2 cm. thick, with
persistent calyx and yellow subacid flesh ;
nutlets strongly ridged on the back, 6-8
mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm. thick.
— Falls of Montmorency, Que., to s. Out.,
s. to Me., Mass., and Albany, N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
57. C. m611is (T. & G.) Scheele. Leaves broadly ovate, 4-13 cm. long,
4-10 cm. wide, cordate to truncate at the base, slightly rugose, membranaceous,
densely tomentose below, with narrow acute lobes ; flowers about 2.5 cm. wide ;
stamens about 20 ; //-hiY short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, scarlet, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick,
with deciduous calyx-lobes and yellow flesh ; nutlets usually 5, 7-8 mm. long ;
nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick. (C. coccinea, var. T. & G.) — Common, s. Ont.
to e. S. Dak., e. Kan., and s. to Ky. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept.
Var. sera (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal,
dull dark red. — Occasional, s. Ont., s. Mich., and n. 111. Fl. May ; fr. Oct.
58. C. champlainensis Sarg. Leaves 3-11 cm. long, 3-9 C7n. wide, subcori-
aceous ; stamens about 10; fruit short-ellipsoidaJ to pyriform, bright scarlet;
calyx rather prominent, its lobes spreading, persistent ; nutlets strongly ridged
on the back, 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. — Montreal I. , s.
through the Champlain Valley. Fl. May ; fr. Sept., Oct.
§ 15. CORDAtaE Beadle. Leaves ovate-
triangular, simply or doubly serrate
{often conspicuously ?>-b-lobed), acu-
minate at the apex, rounded to cordate
at the base, 2-8 cm. long and wide,
bright green above, paler beneath, gla-
brous ; petioles 1.5-5 cm. long, slender ;
corymbs many-flowered, glabrous ;
flowers about 1 cm. wide; calyx-lobes
deltoid, entire, puhescent on the mar-
gin; stamens about 20; anthers pink ;
styles 4-5 ; frziit depressed-globose,
4-6 mm. thick, .scarlet, with deciduous
calyx-lobes and thin frm pesh; nut-
lets 5 3-4 rnm. long 2-2.5 mm. thick, ^^^ ^ pbaenopvrnrr,.
smooth on the bark; apex bare; si- ft.
nuses betivee.n the nutlets shallow; shrubs or small trees, 5-9 m. tall, with
nearly erect branches and grayish-brown scaly bark ; twigs chestnut-brown ;
thorns 2-5 cm. long.
KOSACEAE (KOSE FAMILY) 477
59. C. phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medic. Only species of the section. (Mespilus
1j. f. ; C. cordata Ait., not Mespilus cordata Mill.) — Along streams in the
Appalachian Mts., Va. to n. Ga. and n. Ala.; s. 111., s. Mo., and n. w. Ark.,
naturalized north w. to e. Pa. and s. N. J. Fl. June ; fr. Oct. Fig. 782.
§ 16. ANOMALAE Sarg. Leaves elliptical to ovate, finely and doubly serrate
or lohed, acute at the apex, abruptly cuneate to rounded at the base, suhcori-
aceous or membranaceous, bright green above, pubescent {particularly along
the veins beneath) ; petioles slightly lainged above, 1-4 cm. long ; corymbs
many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous outside, slightly
pubescent v:ithin. glandular-serrate ; stamens 5-20: anthers pink ; styles
2-5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoidal, red, icith reflexed calyx-lobes and
thin succulent or glutinous flesh; nutlets usually 'i-A, commonly having a
shallow pit on the ventral face {a feature often lacking in individual nut-
lets). — Species appearing as if natural hybrids between the Macracanthae
and TenuifoUae, but seeming now to be thoroughly established as species.
Many of the group are still in need of careful study.
Fruit and corymbs pubescent ; calyx-lobes sharply gland ular-sen-ate . . 60. C. perionuntoxa.
Fruit and corymbs glabrous ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate . . 61. C. Brainerdi.
60. C. pertomentbsa Ashe. Leaves oblong to ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm.
wide, slightly villous but glabrate above, villous beneath particularly alons the
veins, vhid dark green, subcoriaceous ; petioles about 1 cm. long, viDuus ;
corymbs and calyx densely villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes deeply
serrate ; stamens 10-15 ; styles 2-3 ; fruit globular or nearly so, cherry -red,
8-13 mm. thick, villous when young ; flesh yellowy succulent, mealy ; nutlets
2-3. 5-6.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick. (C. campestris Britton.) — Kocky
barrens in the prairies, centr. la., w. ]Mo., and e. Kan. Fl. May ; fr. Sept.
61. C. Brainerdi Sarg. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate. 3-9 cm, long,
2-6 cm. wide, membranaceous, glabrate; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2
cm. wide ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate ; stamens about 20 : styles
2-4 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, cherry-red ; flesh
yellow, mealy, succulent, acid ; nutlets usually 3-4, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm.
thick. (C Schuettei Ashe.) — N. E. to s. Wise, s. to Pa. and la. Var. scabrida
(Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves oval to obovate. sharply cuneate, scabrate on the
upper surface, pale yellow-green ; stamens 5-20. — Range of typical form.
Var. Egglestoni (Sarg.) Robinson. Leaves oval to orbicular, dark green
and shining above, subcoriaceous ; flesh of the fruit rather glutinous ; nutlets
usually 2-3. — X. S. and N. E. to Wise, and Pa. Var. asperifolia (Sarg.)
Eggleston. Leaves oval, acute or acuminate, subcoriaceous, scabrate ; stamens
10 ; fruit bright scarlet ; flesh of the fruit rather firm. — Range of typical form.
§17. MACRACANTHAE Loud. (Tomextosae Sarg.) Leaves rhombic-ellip-
tical, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate irith fine sharp
teeth, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, pubescent when young and at least along
the veins beneath at maturity ; petioles slightly ivinged above, 1-2 cm. long ;
corymbs many-flowered, pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
glandular-laciniate, villous ; stamens 10-20 ; anthers pink ; styles 2-4 ; fruit
globose, short-ellipsoidal, or pyriform, red, v'ith reflexed calyx-lobes and.
thin glutinous mealy flesh; nutlets usually 2-3, dorsally ridged and with a
deep pit on the ventral face ; trees or shrubs, with ascending branches and
numerous curved, spines 3-10 cm. long.
Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining above 62. C.macracantha.
Leaves thin, dull green, pubescent, and with impressed veins above.
Leaves 4—11 cm. long, 3-8 cm. ^vide ; fruit and pits small: corymbs
many-flowered 63. C. Chapmani.
Leaves 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; fruit and pits large; corymbs 3-S-
flowered '. . . (A. C musovriensis.
62. C. macracintha Lodd. Leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. long.
2.5-<) cm. wide, coriaceous, dark green and shi)iing above; coryml^s .slightly
villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide; stamens about 10 ; anthers large ; styles 2-4 ;
US
BOSACEAE (kOSE FAMILY^
783. C. macracantha.
fruit s7ihg!obose, about 8 mm. thick, dark cherry-red, shining, villous ; nutlets
usually 2-8, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-8.5 mm. thick. (C. coccinea, var. Dudley.) —
N. S. (C B. Bohinson) to Minn., s. in the mts. to
Va. Fl. May ; ±r. JSept. Fio. 788. Var. ruov-
BiFOLiA (Sarg.j Eggleston is a form with more
villous corymbs and smaller fruit. — With the typi-
cal form. \'ar. occidkntalis (Britton) Egglesion.
Leaves ovate to broadly oval, sometimes 8 cm
wide. ( C. Colorado Ashe ; C. coloradensis NeLson. )
— Frequent, s. Man. to e. Kan., Col., and Ida.
A'ar. succulenta (^Schiad.) Eggleston. Stamene
about "20 ; fruit larger than in the typical form.
— Occasional, with the typical form.
Var. neofluvialis (Ashe) Eggleston. Stamens
10-20; anthers small; fruit small. — Occasional,
w. N. E. to Wise, and l^i. , and s. in the mts.
68. C. Chapmani (Beadle) Ashe. Leaves
rhombic-ovate, 4-11 cm. long, 3-8 cm. wide, acute
or acuminate^ those on vegetative shoots ohtuse
and more entire than the others, pubescent on both
sides, becoming scabrate above, subcoriaceous, dull
green ; petioles pubescent ; corymbs white-tomen-
tose ; flotoers about 1.5 cm. wide; stamens 10-20,
usually about 20 ; anthers small ; styles 2-1:; fruit
globose or subglobose, 8-10 mm. long, bright red ;
flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 2-3, about 5 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. thick, slightly ridged on the back.
(C. tomentosa, var. microcarpa Chapm. ; C. tomen-
tosa, var. Chapmani Beadle.) — Frequent, s. Ky. (C L. Boynton) and Va. to n.
Ga. Fl. May ; f r. Sept.
Var. Plukenetii Eggleston. Fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal, 1-1.5 cm. long,
orange-red, villous ; flesh yellow ; nutlet.s usually 2-3, more strongly ridged
on the back, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick.
(C. leucophleos Moench? C. tomentosa of the
Linnean herbarium and auth., not of the Lin-
nean description.) — Common, s. Ont. to w.
N. J., w. to s. Minn, and e. Kan. ; and in the
mts. to Ga. Fl. June ; fr. Sept.
01, C. missouriensis Ashe. Leaves ellipti-
cal-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, sub-
coriaceous, simply or doubly serrate, rough
pubescent and shining above, pale-toniento.se
beneath ; petioles 5 mm. long ; corymbs 3-8-
flowered, densely white-tomentose ; flowers
1.2-1.5 cm. wide; stamens about 20; anthers
pink ; styles 3-") ; fruit subglobose or pyriform,
about 1 cm. thick, bright red, slightly villous ;
flesh sweet ; nutlets 5.5-6.5 mm. long, with
large deep pits on the ventral faces ; nest of
nutlets (j-7 mm. thick ; thorns straight, slender,
4-7 cm. long. — Rocky bluffs, s. Mo.; Tenn.
{Ashe). Fl. May; fr. Sept.
§18. DOUGLASIAnAE [Loud.]Sarg. Leaves
ovate to obovate, acute or obtuse at the
apex, caneate at the base, doubly serrate
and lohed excppt near the base, dork green >r^ q DouHasii
and pubescent above {particularly along
the veins), glabrous below, subcoriaceous ; petioles slightly loinged, pubescent
and glandular ; corymbs glabrous or nearly so ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ;
ilOSACEAE (UOSE FAMILY) 479
calyx-lobes acute or acuminate^ entire^ villous above, tinged with red ;
stamens 10-20; anthers light yellow ; styles S-b ; fruit short-ellipsoidal,
black, 8-10 min. thick; jlesh yellow, sweet; nutlets 3-5, 5-0 mm. long,
2.5-3.5 mm. thick, ear-shaped, ridged on the dorsal and roughly pitted
on the ventral face ; trees or shi^ubs, 3-13 m. high, with ascending branches
and dark brown scaly bark ; twigs reddish; thorns usually 1-2 cm. long.
05. C. Douglasii Lindl. The only species of this section within our range.
{C. glandulosa, Ynv. (3 brevispina Nutt.) — Common on Keweenaw Peninsula,
Mich. ; Michipicoten I., L. Superior; Thunder Bay I., L. Huron; and far
north westw. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept, Fig. 784.
9. COTONEASTER [Rupp.] Medic.
Calyx small, adherent to the 2-5 carpels, the 5 lobes short, persistent as teeth.
Styles free, stigmatic at the slightly enlarged summit. Carpels at maturity
bony, 1-seeded. Fruit small, berry-like, mealy. — Much branched shrubs with
small alternate usually coriaceous and often evergreen leaves, and small white
cymose flowers. (Name New Latin implying resemblance to the quince.)
1. C. PyracAntha (L.) Spach. (Fire Thorn.) Shrub, armed with slender
spreading purple spines ; leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, crenate-serrate, coriaceous,
3-6 cm. long ; fruit globose, scarlet. {Pyracantha coccinea Roem.) — Attrac-
tive shrub, used for formal hedges, etc., said to have escaped from cultivation
and become established in thickets, s. Pa., and south w. (Introd. from Eu.)
10. FRAGARIA [Tourn.] L. Strawberry
Flowers nearly as in Potentilla, but in varying degrees polygamo-dioecious.
Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming
pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenes scattered over its surface. —
Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes.
Leaves radical ; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate ; stipules coher-
ing with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy.
Flowering in spring and early summer. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.)
* Inflorescence umbelliform or a flattish-topped cyme with subequal primary
branches ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, tending to be appressed or connivent about
the young fruit ; achenes in pits of the pulpy receptacle.
1. F. virginiana Duchesne. Leaves, peduncles, and runners from a subsim-
ple caudex at the end of a simple thickish rhizome ; leaflets of a firm slightly
coriaceous texture ; the hairs of the villous (rarely glabrate) scapes subappressed
or widely spreading; pedicels silky. — Moist rich woodlands, fields, etc.; com-
mon. The typical form is a rather slender plant with the hairs of the scape
loosely appressed or more or less spreading. A form with the pubescence gen-
erally more sparing, the hairs on the scapes being sul)appressed, is sometimes
distinguished. (F. canadensis Michx,, in part.) — Common northw. Another
scarcely separable form has the hairs on both scapes and petioles sparse and
subappressed. (F. terrac-novae Rydb.) — Northeastw. and less frequent.
Var. illinoensis (Prince) Gray. Coarser and larger ; scapes and pedicels
tomentose with somewhat spreading to divaricate hairs. {F. illinoensis Prince ;
F. virginiana, var. Grayana Rydb.) — Rich soil, w. N. Y. to Minn., and south-
westw.
* * Inflorescence soon irrpgular and someichat raceme-like, the primary branches
of the cyme distinctly unequal; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
loosely spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the early exposed fruit;
achenes superficial or nearly so, slightly smaller than in the preceding.
2. F. vesca L. Usually stoutish ; leaflets rather deeply toothed, strongly
eeined above ; pubescence of the petioles and stipe mostly wide-spreading, that
480 KOSACEAE (HOSE FAMILY)
of the pedicels appressed ; receptacle broadly ovoid-conic or subglobose. —
Jiooryards, old fields, dry open woods, etc.; chiefly from N. K. to Pa., often ap-
pearing as if introduced, but apparently passing without sharp limit into the
following clearly indigenous var. americana. (Introd. from Eurasia ?) Var.
ALBA (Ehrh.) Rydb. Receptacle white. — N. E., N. Y., and Pa.
Var. americana Porter. Slender, thin-leaved ; pubescence of the scapes as
well as of the pedicels and sometimes also of the petioles more or less closely
appressed, often sparse ; receptacle more narrowly conical or subcylindric-ovoid.
(^F. americana Britton.) — Common, chiefly in open rocky woods.
11. DUCHESNEA Sm. Indian Strawberry
Calyx 5-parted, the lobes alternating with much larger foliaceous spreading
3-toothed appendages. Petals 5, yellow. Receptacle in fruit spongy but not
juicy. Flowers otherwise as in Fragaria. — Perennial herb with leafy runners
and 3-foliolate leaves similar to those of the true strawberries. (Dedicated to
Antoine Nicolas Duchesne^ an early monographer of Fragana.)
1. D. iNDiCA (Andr.) Focke. Fruit red, insipid. {Fragaria AuAt.) — Waste
ground, grassy places, etc., s. N. Y. and e. Pa. to Fla., Ark., and Mo. (Introd.
from Eurasia.)
12. sibbAldia l.
Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute.
Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, inserted into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5-10; styles lateral. — Low and
depressed perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Bohert jSibbald, professor at Edin-
burgh at the close of the 17th century.)
1. S. procumbens L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex ; petals
yellow. — Arctic Am., s. to mts. of e. Que., White Mts., N. H. ; and in the
Rocky Mts. to Utah. (Eurasia.)
13. CHAMAERHODOS Bunge.
Calyx top-shaped, 5-cleft, without bractlets. Petals 5, obovate, white or
purplish, about as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens 6, opposite the petals.
Carpels 5-20 ; styles decidedly lateral or basilar, articulated near the base.
Ovule solitary, ascending. — Erect pubescent essentially herbaceous plants with
3-foliolate leaves ; the leaflets cleft into linear segments. (Name from x°-f^°-^i ^'^
the ground, low., dwarf., and pbdov, a rose.)
1. C. er^cta (L.) Bunge. Glandular-pubescent; root woody; stem erect,
1-3 dm. high, often with ascending branches, leafy ; flowers small, crowded in
small rounded cymes. — Sandy soil, arid prairies, etc., u. w. Minn, to Col.,
Mont., and Assina. (Siber.)
14. WALDSTEINIA Willd.
Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and de-
ciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted, into the throat of the
calyx; Achenes 2-0, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous
from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior. — Low perennial herbs,
with chiefly radical 3-o-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on
bracted scapes. (Named in honor of Francis Adam., Count of Wahlstein-W^rleu-
burg, a German botanist.)
1. W. fragarioides (Michx.) Trattinick. (Barren Strawberry.) Low;
leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals
mostly longer than the calyx-lobes. — Wooded hillsides, Carlton Co., N. B.
{Hay) ; w. N. K. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. A form with narrow petals about
equaling the calyx-lobes has been distinguished as W. parvijlora Small.
ROSACEAE (llOSE FAMILY)
481
15. POTENTILLA L. Cinquefoil. Five-finger
Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear-
ing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, col-
lected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle ; styles lateral
or terminal, deciduous. Kadicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with com-
pound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers ; their parts rarely in fours. (Name
a diminutive from potens, powerful, originally applied to P. Anserina, from its
once reputed medicinal powers.)
a. Petals reddish-purple
a. . Petals yellow or white h.
b. Stems shrubb}-
b. Stems herbaceous c.
c. Flowers solitary, on naked peduncles from the axils of the foliage-
leaves or on the stolons.
Leaves pinnate, of numerous leaflets
Leaves palmate, of 3-5 leaflets.
Tufted alpine plant
Plants with elongrate slender stems.
Earliest flower from the node above the first well-developed
internode
Earliest flower from the node above the second or third well-
developed internode.
Stems ascending or procumbent, not repent
Stems repent.
Leaflets mostly 5, spatulate-oblong, finely crenate-den-
tate nearly to the base
Leaflets mostly 3. cuneate-obovate, coarsely incised
chiefly above the middle
o. Flowers cymose, or if solitary in the axils of reduced upper
leaves d.
d. Leaves pinnate.
Inflorescence glandular-viscid
Inflorescence not glandular.
Leaves white-pubescent above.
Pubescence of the leaves lustrous and silky
Pubescence a dull tomentum .....
Leaves green or greenish above.
Leaves definitely pinnate, the leaflets essentially uniform
cyme very leafy
Leaves seemingly palmate, the leaflets crowded and the
lower ones much smaller than the others.
Cyme very leafy ; petals minute ....
Cyme scarcely leafy ; petals showy
d. Leaves palmate e.
e. Petals white ; leaflets toothed onh- at tip .
e. Petals yellow ; leaflets toothed along the sides /.
/. Tufted alpine plant with 1-2-flowered short branches .
/. Leafy-stemmed plants with cymose flowers g.
g. Petioles and lower part of stem hirsute.
Leaflets 3 : petals about as long as the calyx-lobes
Leaflets r>-~ : petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes
g. Petioles and stems woolly or tomentulose h.
h. Leaves silvery-white beneath
h. Leaves green or at most slightly grayish beneath /.
*. Plants loosely branched, with very leafy diffuse cymes
Perennial ; petals obcordate ....
Annual or biennial; petals narrowly cuneate.
Achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side
Achenes not gibbous on the ventral side
*. Plants \vith simple stems and scarcely leafy corymbi
form cymes
14. P. palustris.
15. P./ruticosa.
17. P. Armerina.
11. P. Robbinsiana
18. P. pumila.
19. P. canadensis.
20. P. reptans.
21. P. procumbens.
1. P. arguta.
12. P. Ilippiana.
13. P. effma.
4. P. paradoxa.
3. P. rivalU.
6. P. pennsylvanica
16. P. tridentata.
11. P. Pobbinsiana.
2. P. wonspeliensis.
10. P. recta.
7. P. argentea.
8. P. intermedia.
h. P. Nicolletii.
3. P. rivalis.
9. P. NuitalUi.
§ 1. Styles thickened and glandular toward the base ; achenes glabrmts, numer-
ous; inflorescence cymose.
* Style nearly basal; stamens 25-.S0 ; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with
pinnate leaves, and rather large ichite or yellow petals.
1. P. arguta Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout, 8-10 dm. high, brownish-
hairy, clammy above ; leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath;
cyme strict and rather close ; stamens mostly 30, on a thick glandular disk.
{Drymocallis Rydb.) — Rocky, gravelly, or alluvial soils, e. Que. to D. C, and
westw. June, July.
©rat's manual — 31
t82 KOSACKAE (rose FAMILY)
* * Style terminal ; flowers small ; petals yellow.
■*- Annual or biennial; leaflets incisely serrate^ not white-tomentose , iameni
6-20.
2. P. monspeli^nsis L. Stout, erect, hirsute, 2-9 dm. high ; leaves ^-folio-
late ; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, those of the uppermost leaves toothed
nearly the whole length ; cyme rather close, leafy ; calyx large ; stamens 15-20.
— Open soil, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to D. C, Mo., Kan., and N. Max. May-Aug.
(E. Asia.)
Var. norvegica (L.) Rydb. Less hirsute; leaflets more narrowly oblong,
those of the uppermost leaves mostly 3-5-toothed near the end; inflorescence
looser. (P. norvegica L.) — Similar situations, e. Que. to n. N. E., L. Superior,
and north westw.; occasional on ballast southw. (P^urasia.)
Var. Iabrad6rica (Lehm.) Fernald. Low (1—3 dm. high, in exposed situations
sicaulescent); stem glabrous or sparingly silky-villous ; leaves smoothish. — Lab.
to the alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H.
3. P. rivalis Nutt. More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves pin-
nate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the
terminal leaflet S-parted; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong ; cyme loose, often
diffuse, less leafy; calyx small; petals minute; stamens 10-20 (rarely 5). —
Seh. to Mo., N. Mex., and westw. May-Aug.
Var. millegrana (Engelm.) Wats. Leaves all 8-foliolate ; lateral leaflets not
divided ; stems erect, or weak and ascending ; achenes often small and light-
colored. (P. leucocarpa Rydb.) — Minn, to Mo., westw. and south westw.
* Var. pentandra (P]ngelm.) Wats. Leaves digitately o-foliolate, the lateral
'.eaflets of the lower leaves parted nearly to the base ; stamens 5, opposite the
sepals. (P. pentandra Engelm.) — Minn, to Mo. and Ark.
4. P. parad6xa Nutt. Stems decumbent at base or erect, often stout, leafy,
subvillous ; leaflets pinnately 5-11, obovate or oblong ; cyme loose, leafy ; stamens
20; achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side. (P. supina of auth., not
L.) — Prairies and river banks, w. N. Y. and Ont. to 111., Mo., N. Mex., and
B. C. June-Aug. (Asia.)
5. P. Nicolletii (Wats.) Sheldon. Slender; leaflets mostly 3 ; inflorescence
much elongated, leafy, falsely racemose. (P. supina, var. Wats.) — Sandy soil.
Mo. (Bush) to N. Dak.
■*- t- Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose ; leaflets incisely
pinnatifid ; bractlets and sepals nearly equal ; stamens 20-25.
6. P. pennsylvanica L. Stems erect or decumbent at base, 2-6 dm. high ;
leaflets 5-9, white-tomentose beneath, .short-pubescent and greener above, ob-
long, obtuse, the linear .segments .slightly or not at all revoiute ; cyme fastigi-
ate but rather open. (P. litoralis Rydb.) — Coast of N. H., Me., and the lower
St. Lawrence, L. Superior, and westw. June-Aug.
§ 2. Styles filiform, not glandular at base ; inflorescence cymose.
•^ Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20 ; herbaceous perennials, with
rather large ytdlow petals.
•*- Leaves palmate.
•V+ Flowers in loose leafy cymes.
7. P. arg6ntea L. (Silvery C.) Stems ascending or depressed, 1-5 dm.
long, paniculately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaf-
lets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revoiute
margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneatli ; calyx white-tomen-
tose.— Dry barren fields, etc., N. S. to Dak. and southw. to 1). C. June-
Sept. (Eu.)
8. P. iNTKKMKDiv L. Coanscr ; the stout upright ^rrt///.s7/-^^rw^?*^?</os^^ s^^ws
3-7 dm. high ; leaflets .3-5, the lateral and often the terminal deeply cleft,
oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, coarsely dentate, green above, grayish-villous
ind tomentulose beneath; cyme somewhat leafy and diffuse; calyx villous-
<.
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 483
hirsute. — Roadsides and waste places, local, Mass. to N. J. and Mich. (Adv.
from Eu.)
•»-<■ ++ Flowers in rather compact scarcely leafy cymes (stems only 1-2-floicered
in ii. 11).
== Leaves o~-9-foliolate ; flowers numerous.
9. P. Nuttallii Lehin. Stems several, ascending from a stoutish ba3e, 2-7
dm. high, somewhat villous or glabrate ; leaflets oblanceolate or spatulate, the
narrow divergent teeth extending halfway to the midrib, green above, glabrous
or glabrate and scarcely paler beneath ; cyme with few upright branches. —
Meadow^s and banks of streams, Minn., Man., and westw. June-Aug.
■ 10. P. RECTA L. Stems upright, very leafy, 3-7 dm. high, loosely hirsute ;
leaflets oblanceolate, with narrowly deltoid divergent teeth, more or less hirsute
on both surfaces, paler beneath ; calyx hii-sute ; the showy yellow corolla 2 cm.
broad. (P. sulphurea Lam.) — Fields and roadsides. Me. to Ont., 111., and
D. C. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
= = Leaves S-foliolate ; flowers 1 or 2.
11. P. Robbinsiana Oakes. Dwarf, tufted, villous when young ; leaflets
broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply S-jS-toothed at summit, nearly glabrous above ;
flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems ; bractlets and sepals sub-
equal. (P.frigida Man. ed. 6, not Vill.) — Alpine summits of the White Mts.,
N. H. June, early July.
-(- -f- Leaves pinnate.
12. P. Hippiina Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silvery-silky throughout,
the upper surfaces of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending, 1.5-6 dm.
high, slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme ; leaflets 5-11, cuneate-
oblong. incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down
the rhachis ; carpels 10-30. — Prairies and banks of streams, w'. Minn, to Sask.
and N. ]\rex. June-Aug.
13. P. effusa Dougl. Tomentose throughout and with scattered villous
pubescence ; stems ascending, 1-3 dm. high, diffusely branched above ; leaves
interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets 5-11, the alternate ones smaller, cuneate-
oblong, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate ; carpels 10. — Dry plains, w. Minn,
to Assina. and N. Mex.
** Style lateral; purple petals {shorter than the broad calyx) somewhat per-
sistent; disk thick and hairy ; achenes glabrous; hairy receptacle becoming
large and spongy.
14. P. paliistris (L.) Scop. (Marsh F.) Stems stout, ascending from a
decumbent rooting perennial base, 1-6 dm. long, glabrous below ; leaves pinnate ;
leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less pubescent beneath ;
flowers few in an open cyme ; calyx 2-2.5 cm. broad, dark purple inside.
(Comarum L.) — Cool bogs. Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, n.
la., Wyo., and Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
*** Style attached below the middle; achenes and receptacle densely villous;
woody perennials.
15. P. fruticbsa L. (Shrubby C.) Stem erect, shrubby, 1-8 dm. high,
much branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, crov:ded, oblong-lanceolate, entire,
silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute ; petals yellow, orbicular.
(Dasiphora Rydb.) — Wet or dry open gTound, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa.,
Great L. region, n. la., Ariz., and Cal. June-Sept. (I'urasia.)
16. P. tridentata Ait. (Thkee-toothkd C.) Stems low (3-22 cm. hi,i:h),
rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves
palmate; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely o-toothrd at
the end; petals ichite ; achenes and receptacle very hairy. {Sibbaldiopsis
Rydb.) — Lab. to e. N. E., where common in exposed rocky or gravelly situa-
tions, N. J., and south w. on the upper Alleghenies ; also westw. chiefly along
the Great Lakes. June-Au2r.
"•o*
484 KOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)
§ 3. Styles filiform, lateral ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-Jlowered ; acheties
glabrous; receptacle very villous ; herbaceous perennials, with yellow petals.
17. P. Anserina L. (Silver Weed.) Spreading by slender many-jointed
runners, vjhite-tomentose and silky-villous ; leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets
7-21, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, silky -tonientose at
least beneath ; bractlets and stipules often incisely cleft ; peduncles elongated.
(Argentina Rydb.) — Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., Arctic Anj., s. to.
N. J., Grt^at L. region, la., N. Dak., N. Mex., and Cal. June-Aug. (Kiirasia.)
P Egedii Wormsk.. at least as to forms in our range, appears to be a dwarf
state common on exposed rocks. Var. grandis T. & G., is merely a luxuriant
state in rich meadows.
Var. c6ncolor Ser. Leaflets silky-canescent above as well as beneath. —
Common in the Rocky Mts., and in less pronounced form from u. N. Y. to n. Me.
and e. Que.
18. P. pumila Poir. Stems very slender, soon prostrate and repent, appressed-
yiWons, flowering from the node above the first well-developed internode ; leaves
3-foliolate but apparentl;/ ^i-foliolate by the parting of the lateral leaflets ; leaflets
cuneate-obovate, incisely dentate, obscurely appressed-villous above, silky-
canescent beneath. — Dry soil, common, coast of Me. to Md. Apr.-early June.
— A loosely spreading-villous doubtfully distinct plant from Mo. and southeastw.
may well be P. carolixiaxa Poir.
19. P. canadensis L. Suberect (2-7 dm. high) or procumbent, at length
often rooting at the tip ; stem spreadAng-hirsute, flowering from the node above
the second well-developed internode, leaves divided as in the preceding; leaflets
commonly more oblong, serrate rather than dentate, obscurely villous or entirely
glabrate above, canescent-silky to green and merely appressed-villous on the
veins beneath. — Dry sandy soil, s. Me. to Vt., along the Great Lakes to Minn.,
Kan., and south w. May— July.
Var. simplex (Michx.) T. & G. Stem covered with shorter appressed or sub-
appressed hairs or glabrate; leaflets (ajJt to be oblanceolate) rather shortly
appressed-villous on the veins beneath. (P. simplex Michx.) — Chiefly in dry
sandy .soil, very common ; N. S., southw. and westw.
20. P. REPTAxs L. Sterns almost filiform, sparingly pubescent or glabrate,
prostrate and usually repent ; leaves much as in P. pumila ; the leaflets green
on both faces, sparingly strigose-pubescent or glabrate, cuneate-oblanceolate,
crennte-dentate nearly or quite to the base ; stipides usually small and incon-
spicuous; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, about equaling the calyx-lobes; petals
broadly obcordate, half longer than the calyx-lobes. — Grass-land and waste
places, local, Mass. to N. J. and O. June. (Adv. from Eu.)
21. P. PKocuMBExs Sibth. Simjlar, strigose-pubescent; leaflets S (rarely 5),
cuneate-obovate, coarsely incised chiefly above the middle; stipules conspicuous ;
bractlets linear-lanceolate. (P. nemoralis Nastier.) — Grassy and waste places,
Cape Breton I., N. S. (Nat. from Eu.)
16. FILIPENDULA [Tourn.] Hill.
Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx (4-)5-parted. Petals (4-) 5, short-
clawed. Stamens 20 or more, almost hypogynous, the disk obscure. Carjiels
•'>-l;j,- free, 2-ovuled, mostly 1 -seeded, indehiscent, compressed, sometimes
twisted. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose flowers.
Stipules kidney-shaped. (Name from filum, a thread, and pendulus, hanging,
in allusion, it is said, to the roots.)
1. F. rubra (Hill) Robinson. (Qiteen of tfie Prairie.) Glabrous, 6-25
dm. higli ; leaves interruptedly ])innate, green and scarcely pahr beneath ;
teruiinal leaflet large, 7-9-parted, the lobes lance-oblong, incised and toothed ;
lateral leaflets also cut; petals deep i)each-blossom-eol(>r. (Spiraea lobata
Gronov ; Ulmnria rubra Hill.) — Meadows and jtrairies, I'a. to Mich., la., Ky,,
and Ga. also locally established nortlieastw. June, July.
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 485
2. F. Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (Queen of the Meadow.) Leaves canesceiit-
tnmentose beneath; terminal leaflet o-o-lobed, lobes ovate, doubly serrate ; the
lateral leaflets mostly unlobed ; petals white. (Spiraea L. ; Ulmaria Barnhart.)
— Commonly cultivated ; established at several places in N. E. and Que. July.
(Introd. from Eurasia.)
17. GEUM L. AvENS
Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior. — Perennial
herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A plant name used by Pliny.)
§ 1. EUGEUM T. & G. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper
part deciduous and mostly hairy, the hncer naked and hooked, becoming
elongated ; head of fruit sessile in the calyx ; calyx-lobes rejlexed.
* Petals tchite or pale greenish-yellou\ small, spatulate or oblong ; stipules small.
-+- Receptacle of the fruit densely hairy.
1. G. canadense Jacq. Stem (O.O-l.l m. high) and petioles sparingly hai^-y ;
leaves soft-pubescent beneath or glabrate, the basal of 3-5 leaflets or undivided,
those of the stem mostly o-divided or -lobed, rather sharply toothed ; stipules
ovate-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, subentire ; petals white. (G. album J. F. Gmel.)
— Borders of woods, etc., widely distributed.
2. G. flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Stem and petioles hirsute ; leaves much as
in the preceding but more bluntly toothed ; stipules ovate or obovate, tisually
about 2 cm. long, conspicuously cleft; petals greenish-yellow. — Dry woods, Ct.
to 0. and Va.
-t- ■»- Receptacle of the fruit glabrous or nearly so.
3. G. yirginianum L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower and
root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ;
petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx ; heads of fruit larger, the short
stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs ; receptacle glabrous or nearly so. —
Borders of woods and low grounds ; common. June-Aug.
** Petals golden-yellov}. conspicuous, broadly obovate. exceeding the calyx;
stipules larger and all deeply cut.
•t- Terminal segment of leaves suborbicular, finely crenate-dentate.
4. G. macrophyllum AYilld. Bristly-hairy, stout. 3-9 dm. high ; root-leaves
lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leajiet very large and round
heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal rouna
ish, 3-cleft, the lobes ivedge-form and rounded ; receptacle nearly naked. — Rich
soil, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to ints. of n. N. P]. and N. Y., Mich., n. Wise, Minn.,
Col, and Cal. (N. E. Asia.)
•*- -*- Terminal segment of leaves cuneate-obovate or oblanceolate.
++ Leaves incisely toothed; body of ripe achene 1-2 mm. long.
5. G. strictum Ait. Somewhat hairy, 9-15 dm. high ; root-leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5,
rhombic-ovate or oblong, aciite ; receptacle downy. — Moist meadows, thickets,
etc., Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., 111., Mo., and N. Mex. July, Aug. (Asia.)
++ -M- Leaves bluntly toothed; body of ripe achene 4-5 mm. long.
6. G. urbXnum L. Smoothish, loosely branclied ; segments of stem-leaves
mostly rhombic-obovate ; petals yellow, about equaling the calyx. — Established
in Cambridge, Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)
4«0 ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY)
§2. STYLIPUS (Raf.) T. & G. Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously
stalked in the calyx; bractlets of the calyx none; otherwise nearly as § 1.
7. G. Y^rnum (Raf.) T. & G. Somewhat pubescent ; stems ascending, few-
leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 8-5-lobed, or some of them
pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about tlie length of the calyx; recep-
tacle smooth. — Thickets, Ont. to Tenn., Tex., and Kan.
§ 8. CARYOPHVF.lATA [Tourn.] Ser. Style jointed and bent in the middle,
the upper joint plumose ; flowers large ; calyx erect or spreading ; jietals erect.
8. G. rivale L. (\Yatp:r or Purple A.) Stems nearly simple, several-flow-
ered, <) dm. high ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, those of the stem
few, 8-foliolate or 3-lobed ; flowers nodding ; calyx purplish, campanulate, the
lobes in nnthesis 6-10 mm. long ; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into
a claw, purplish- orange; head of frait stalked, its pedicel erect. — Bogs and wet
meadows, Xfd. to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., and Col. (Eu.)
X G. pulchrum Fernald. Hirsute, 6-8 dm. high ; in habit and foliage similar
to the preceding ; flowers smaller ; lobes of the purple calyx 4-5 mm. long,
widely spreading ; petals clear golden yellow, obovate, less contracted at base ;
styles rich carmine. — Boggy meadows, Bic, Kimouski Co.. Que. ; also Mendon,
Vt. (Eggleston) ] Alberta. — Apparently a hybrid of G. macrophyllum and
G. rivale.
§4. SIEVERSIA (Willd.) T. & G. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and
straight; head of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading.
{Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)
P. G. triflbrum Pursh. Low, softly hairy ; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ;
leaflets numerous and crowded, oblon.g- wedge- form, deeply cut-toothed ; flowers
3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyr,
as long as the oblong purplish erect petal x ; styles very long (o cm.) strongly
plumose in fruit. (G. ciliatum Pursh ; Sieversia ciliata G. Don.) — Calcareous
soil. Lab., Xfd., Watertown, N. Y. (Crawe). Ont., Wise, 111., and westw.
10. G. P6ckii Pursh. Smoothish ; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate-
veined, 5-12 cm. broad, doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5-7-
lobed, with a set of minute leaflets down tiie long petiole ; stems 1.5-4 dm. high,
l_5_flowered ; bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate and more or less
obcordate, exceeding the calyx (1 cm. long), spreading ; styles naked except at
the base. {G. radiatmn, var. Gray; Sieversia R. Br.) — Exposed slopes, Me.,
and alpine summits of White Mts., N. H.
18. RUBUS [Tourn.] L. Bramble
Calyx 5(3-7)-parted», without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens nu-
merous. Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle,
becoming small drupes ; styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat
shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and usually edible fruit.
(The Roman name, kindred with ruber, red.)
§ 1. II)AE(')RATUS Focke. Prickly-stemmed shrubs; fruit falling off whole
from a dryish receptacle when ripe ; leaves pinnately S-1 -foliolate. Rasp-
BKRRV.
1. R. idaeus L, Stems upright, and with the stalks, etc., beset with stiff
straight bristles (or a few l)ecoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when
young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate,
whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile , petals as long as the sepals ,
the latter velvety, with or without a few scattered setiform prickles; fruit liaht
red. — Thickets, e. Que., L. Superior reirion, and Rocky Mts. (Eurasia.)
Var. aculeatlssimus [C. A. Mey.] Regel & Tiling. (Win) Rkd R.) Calyx
bristly-hispid with setiform prickles. (7?. strigosns Michx.) — Thickets and
hills, Lab. to B C, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, and along the mts. to N. C,
ROSACEAE (ILOSE FAMILY) 487
N. Mex., and Ariz. Forma Ilbus (Fuller) Fernald has white or amber-colored
fruit.
Var. an6malus Arrhenius. Dwarf (1-8 dm, higli)» scarcely or not at all
armed ; leaves simple, broadly ovate and shallowly 3-lobed, or 3-foliolate with
rounded ovate obtuse leaflets; calyx somewhat hispid. — Limestone ledges,
Cavendish, Vi. {Eggleston); and (?) woods, Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), the latter
recently described as Batidaea heterodoxa Greene.
X? R. neglectus Peck. Habit and glaucous canes of no. 3. the stems and
branches often rooting at the tip, but with slender straightish prickles of the pre-
ceding species; calyx somewhat setose; fritit purplisli-red. — Rocky woods,
gravelly banks, etc., N. E. to Ont., Pa., and O. — Probably a self-perpetuating
hybrid between B. occidentalis and R. idaeus, var. aculeatissimus.
2. R. PHOENicoLASius Maxim. (Wineberry.) Leaflets 8, broadly ovate,
obtusish ; inflorescence crowded and loith the petioles, branches, and even the
main stems covered with long soft denselj' crowded reddish or piwple gland-
tipped hairs; prickles scattered, slender; fruit broadly ovoid, cherry-red. —
Sometimes cultivated, and now established at Fairfield, Ct. {Fames) ; Paines-
ville, (). (Harker), etc. (Introd. from Japan.)
3. R. occidentalis L. (Black R., Thimbleberry.) Glaucous all over;
stems recurved, rooting at tips, armed like the stalks, etc.. tcith hooked prickles^
not bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely double-serrate, whit-
ened-downy nnderneatli, the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than
the sei^?ds; fruit purple-black, ripe early in July. — Copses, fence rows, etc.,
N. B. and s. w. Que., southw. and westw. Forma pallidus (Bailey) Robinson
has yellow or amber fruit.
§2. ANAPLOBATUS Focke. Unarmed shrubs; leaves simple. S-5-lobed or
angled; floii-ers large and. showy; fruit large, hemispherical, red. Ru-
BACER Rydb.
4. R. odoratus L. (Purple P^lowerixg R.) Shrubby, 1-1.6 m. high;
branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular-clammy hairs ; leaves 3-5-
lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one prolonged ;
peduncles many-flowered ; flowers showy {'^,-Q cm. broad) ; calyx-lobes tipped
with a long narrow appendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit scarcely
edible. — N. S. to Ga., w. to Mich. Var. columbiaxus Millspaugh has been dis-
tinguished by the narrower more lanceolate doubly sen-ate lobes of the leaves,
smaller flowers (2-3 cm. in diameter) and musky fruit. {B. columbianus
Rydb.) — W. Va.
5. R. parviflbrus Nutt. (Salmon Berry.) Glandular, scarcely bristly ;
leaves almost equally 5-lobed. coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered : petals
oval, white. (B. nutkanus Mocino.) — Rocky woods, shores, etc., w. Ont., n.
Mich., Minn., and westw.
§3. CHAMEMORUS (Ehrh ) Focke. Unarmed creeping herbs, with ttpright
branches, few orbicular simple leaves, and solitary terminal monoecious or
dioecious flowers; fruit amber-colored, becoming ye/low and separating
from the dryish receptacle.
6. R. Chamaemorus L. (Cloldberry, Baked-apple Berry.) Low (1-3
dm. hiuh ) ; branches simple. '2S-leaved; leaves roundish-kidney-form, sonie-
what o-lobed, serrate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ;
fruit about 2 cm. in diameter, very juicy when ripe. — In spliagnous bogs, Arctic
Am., southw. in the coastal region to e. Me.; also on mountain tops, w. Me. and
n. N. H. (Eurasia.)
§4. CYLACTIS (Raf.) Focke. Low, essentially herbaceous (soft-woody at
base); leaves S(-b)-foliolate ; fruit red, not separating easily from the
receptacle.
7. R. triflbrus Richards. (Dwarf R.) Stems ascending, 1-4 dm. high, or
trailing and more elongated ; leaves 3(or pedately 5)-foliolate ; leaflets rhombic-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely and doubly serrate, thin,
488
KOSACEAE (rose FAMILY)
smooth ; peduncles 1-3-flowered ; petals small, erect, white or pink ; fruit of
rather large juicy but acid drupelets. (B. americanns Britton.) — Wet woods,
etc., Lab. to Alaska, south w. to N. J., the Great L. region, n. la., and Neb. —
Sepals and petals often 6-7.
8. R. arcticus L. Stems suherect, 5-20 cm. high, filifonn ; leaflets 3(-5),
cuneate-obovate, rounded at the tip, somewhat firm, glossy above, coarsely ser-
rate-dentate ; petals rather large, spreading, rose-colored (rarely white) ; fruit
as in the preceding. — Boggy places, Arctic Am., south w. to e. Que. and n.
Minn. (Boreal and Arctic Eurasia.)
§ 5. eCfBATUS Focke. Armed {rarely unarmed) shrubs; stems biennial;
leaves on the first year'^s growth mostly o-foliolate (pedate), on the floicer-
ing canes chiefly '-^t-foliolate ; fruit not separating from the juicy receptacle,
blackish when ripe {reddish in no. 34). Blackberry. — A group of great
taxonomic difficulty, in which many species have been recently proposed.
Of these, the better marked have been here freely included, but without
entire confidence that future intensive study may not show them to be
intergradierit and perhaps in some cases hybrid forms.
a. Canes erect or arched-ascending b.
b. Pedicels habitually unarmed, often pubescent or glandular-hispid,
rarely with a few weak bristles c.
c. Pedicels copioush- glandular-hispid.
Leaflets appressed-villous above ; prickles of the stem stoutish
Leaflets glabrous above ; prickles of the stem setiform rather
than thorn-like.
Petioles of the 5-foliolate leaves scarcelj"^ or not at all glandu-
lar, copiously armed with hooked prickles ; leaflets rhom-
bic-lanceolate or narrowly ovate.
Lower surface of the leaflets velvety to the touch
Lower surface of the leaflets essentially glabrous .
Petioles of the 5-foliolate leaves copiously glandular-pubes-
cent, weaklj' armed.
Fruit of 30-60 small drupelets
Fruit of few large drupelets
c. Pedicels glandless or with only occasional gland-tipped hairs d.
d. Lower surface of leaflets even at maturitj- down}- to the touch e.
e. Inflorescence numerously flowered, at length elongated and
more or less cylindrical.
Inflorescence provided with 4-6 unifoliolate petioled bracts
Inflorescence with 1-2 unifoliolate petioled bracts
e. Inflorescence mostly fewer-flowered, corymbiform.
Canes erect or nearly so ; teeth of the leaflets deltoid-ovate,
mucronulate-acuminate ; prickles of stem few, weak,
1-2 mm. long
Canes commonly recurved and often rooting at tip ; teeth
of leaflets lanceolate, narrowly acuminate ; prickles of
stem mostly -i—b mm. long
dm Lower surface of leaflets glabrous, glabratc, or nearly so.
Internodes of main stem and petioles of 5-foliolate leaves
armed with numerous slender or bristle-formed prickles.
Prickles chiefly or exclusively on the angles ; leaflets of the
mature 3-foliolate leaves small, rarely over 5 cm. long .
Prickles on the faces as well as ttio angles of the stem ; leaf-
lets of the 3-foliolate leaves larger, often 6-8 cm. long .
Internodes and petioles with few prickles or unarmed.
Inflorescence corymbiform .......
Inflorescence racemiform, subcyhndric
b. I'edicels armed with stoutish or slender but pungent bristle-formed
prickles /.
/. Leaflets laciniate-cleft ; introduced
f. Leaflets not laciniate-cleft ff.
g. Lower surfaces of the leaflets velvety to the touch.
Leaflets white-tomentose beneath
Leaflets green or merely grayish beneath.
Prickles of the lirst year's growth rigid.
Pedicels copiously glandular-pubescent
Pedicels tomentulose but not glandular.
Stems rigid, not rooting at the tip ;
first year's growth b-~ mm. long
Stems flexuous, often rooting at the
the first year's growth 2—5 mm. long
Prickles on the first year's grov.-th numerous, wcjik. bristle-
formed, on the >iirfa('»'s lis well as the angU-s nt thr stt-in
prickles on the
tip ; prickles on
9. R. allegh&niensii.
10. R.flavinamui.
11. R.junceus.
12. R. glandicaulia.
13. R.frondisentis.
14. R.frondofius.
15. R. pergratxts.
16. R. sativus.
18.
19.
20.
21.
25.
26.
/
17. R. recurvans.
R. elegantulua.
R. peculiaria.
R. Randii.
R. canadensis.
22. /?. lacinintus.
23. R. cuneifolius.
24. li. AndreicsianuA
R. floricomu«.
li. .JeckyJanu*
A*, (ihhrerians.
I
ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY) 480
g. Lower surface of the leaflets green and essentially glabrous.
Canes armed with few firm prickles mixed with numerous
setae; pedicels with gland-tipped setae . . . .28. R.hiformispinuH.
Canes armed with nearly uniform and very numerous setae.
Pedicels and sepals with numerous and conspicuous gland-
tipped setae 29. ^. setosu^s.
Pedicels and sepals minutely and obscurely glandular-pu-
bescent or glandless, their bristles free from glandularity 30. R. nigricans.
m. Canes trailing or at least with a decided tendency to be prostrate
toward the end h.
h. Pedicels covered with copious gland-tipped setae.
Sepals dorsally glandular-hispid.
Stem and petioles of the first year's growth with numerous
glandular bristles among the abundant prickles . . .31. R. permixtus.
Stem and petioles of the first j'ear's growth less copiously armed
and without glandular bristles . . . . ' . . S2. R. ttcrdatus.
Sepals not dorsally glandular-hispid 33. R.jacerui.
h. Pedicels not glandular or at most finely and obscurely glandular-
tomentulose.
Fruit red or reddish, small : leaflets subcoriaceous, shining ; flow-
ers several, in corymbiform racemes 34. R. hispidua.
Fruit black.
Prickles much broadened at base ; those of the pedicels numer-
ous, strong.
Petioles, pedicels, etc., scarcely or not at all glandular; pe-
duncles 1-3-flowered 35. R. irivialis.
Petioles, pedicels, etc, covered -with reddish gland-tipped
hairs ; peduncles 3-several-flowered 36. ^. rubrisetus.
Prickles merely acicular ; those of the pedicels few and weak, or
none.
Leaflets of first year's growih finely and doubly serrate . . 37. R. tilloHtin.
Leaflets of first year's growth coarsely and simply serrate . 38. R. invisua.
9. R. allegheniensis Porter. Shrubby. 1-2 m. tall ; old canes purplish,
armed with stout straightish prickles; leaflets appressed-villous above, velvety
beneath; branchlets, pedicels (unarmed), etc.. glandular-pubescent; flowei-s
2.5-3.5 cm. broad, racemose, only the lower leafy-bracted ; petals narrowly
obovate ; fruit (rarely pale) generally siibcylindric, of many rather small drupe-
lets, of good flavor. (B. villosus Man. ed. (3. in large part, not Ait.; JR. nigro-
baccus Bailey.) — Dry open thickets and recent clearings, N. S. to Ont. and N.
C, common. Forma albinds (Bailey) Fernald (White Blackberry) has
amber-colored fruit, ^'a^. calyc6sus Fernald. Sepals elongated and leaf-like ;
fruit dry. abortive. — A local sport. N. H. to Va.
Var. Grav^sii Fernald. Unarmed ; canes paler, mostly greenish ; inflores-
cence much elongated (2-3 dm.) — Ct. (Gi'aves).
10. R. flavinanus Blanchard. Erect. 5-10 dm. high ; old canes reddish,
abundantly armed with slender curved prickles ; leaflets glabrous above, velvety
beneath; pedicels (unarmed) glandular-pubescent; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad;
petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit poor, icith few drupelets. — Stratton, Vt.
11. R. jiinceus Blanchard. Erect or at length reclining; canes slender,
weak, 6-9 dui. high, with weak recurved prickles; leaflets incisely toothed,
glabrous above, essentially glabrous beneath; racemes short, becoming 6-8 cm.
long; pedicels (unarmed) glandular-hispid; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; petals
oblong-spatulate ; fruit globose, of few di-upelets. — Dry open places, York Co.,
Me.
12. R. glandicaulis Blanchard. Strict ; canes (purplish in age) 1-2 m. high,
glandular-hispid and with mnnerous stout straightish prickles ; leaflets glabrous
above, velvety beneath ; racemes rather short; rhachis and pedicels glandular-
hispid ; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad ; petals narrowly obovate ; fruit cylindrical, of
30-60 small drupelets, of good quality. — Dry open places, N. S. to s. Me., near
the coast.
13. R, frondis^ntis Blanchard. Erect ; old canes (purplish) slender, 9-15
dm' high, closely covered with fine prickles and stalked glands ; leaflets mostly
large, glabrous above, velvety beneath; racemes short, somewhat corymbiform;
rhachis and pedicels very glandular-hispid ; flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; petals nar-
rowly obovate ; fruit small, short-cylindric, of few rather large drupelets. — Dry
open soil, s. w. N. H. and s. e. Vt.
14. R. frondbsus Bigel. Canes arched-recurving, with stout .^trai>/hti.sh
J:90 ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY)
prickles; leaflets subglabrous above, velvety beneath; racemes cylindrical,
somewhat elongated, provi"c?ed /or more than half their length with nearly uni-
form unifoliolate ovate-oblong petiolate very persistent bracts ; pedicels scarcely
or not at all glandular; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad; petals broadly obovate ;
fruit suhglohose^ falling before the bracts; drupelets rather few. {B. villosus,
var. Torr. ; B. philadelphicus Blanchard.) — Dry rocky hillsides, e. Mass. to 1). C.
lo. R. pergratus Blanchard. Erects 1-2 m. high ; old canes strongly fur-
rowed, purplish, with stout broad-based straightish subremote prickles ; leaflets
sparingly villous (at length for the most part glabrate) above, velvety beneath ;
racemes short-cylindric ; rhachis and pedicels villous, essentially glandless ;
flowers 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; petals broadly obovate ; /?'?n7 short-cylindric, with
numerous juicy drupelets. (B. orarius and B. amnicolus Blanchard.) — Open
ground. N. B. to Vt. and Mass., common.
16. R. sativus (Bailey) Brainerd. Erect or nearly so, 3-7 dm. high ; canes
rather ^oea^•, greenish, unarmed or loith feio small prickles; leaves even on the
first year's shoots chiefly ^-foliolate ; leaflets short, broadly ovate, glabrous or
nearly so above, velvety beneath, with deltoid, teeth; inflorescence a few-flowered
small corymb, leafy at base ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad ; petals narrowly obovate ;
fruit subglobose, of few large juicy drupelets. (B. villosus, var. Bailey? B.
nigrobaccus, var. Bailey?) — Alluvial soil, w. Vt. (Brainerd, Eggleston), and
presumably westw.
R. ARGtxLS Link, of this group, an American species, described from
specimens cultivated in Berlin, has been variously interpreted, but cannot now
be certainly identified from the flowering material x)reserved.
17. R. recurvans Blanchard. Erect or recurving, often rooting at the tip ;
canes firm, obtusely 5-angled, often much elongated (2-4 m. long), purplish,
remotely armed along the angles \ijith strong straightish p7'ickles ; leaflets
smoothish above, velvety beneath, sharply and irregularly toothed; racemes
short, leafy toward the base, corymbiform ; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; petals
obovate ; fruit short-cylindric, with rather numerous large juicy drupelets.
(B. arundelanus Blanchard.) — Open soil, in thickets, etc., N. E., common.
18. R. elegantulus Blanchard. Erect, 0-12 dm. high ; canes slender, glabrous,
armed chiefly on the angles with slender straightish prickles ; leaflets of the
mature 3-foliolate leaves small, glabrous on both surfaces, rather firm, sharply
toothed; inflorescence of slender sometimes compound leafy-bracted racemes;
pedicels filiform, sometimes bearing scattered setae, obscurely tomentulose ;
flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad ; petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit globose, with few large
drupelets. — Uplands, s. w. N. H. and s. e. Vt.
19. R. peculiaris Blanchard. Erect or slightly recurving ; old canes purple,
5-angled, armed on the faces as icell as the angles unth numerous setiform
prickles ; leaflets of the mature 3-foliolate leaves large, glabro^is on both surfaces,
rather coarsely serrate-dentate; inflorescence a short raceme, leafy-bracted at
base ; flowers 2.8-3 cm. broad ; petals oblong-obovate ; fruit subglobose, of few
rather large drupelets. — Dry ground, York Co., Me. ^
20. R. Rdndii (Bailey) Kydb. Slender weakly armed reddish or greenish
canes suberect or recurved, sometimes elongated and rooting at the tip, subterete ;
leaflets thin, glabrous on both surfaces, sharp)ly and irregularly toothed; inflo-
rescence a few-flowered corymbiform raceme, leafy-bracted at base ; pedicels
filiform, nearly unarmed, often glabrate, flexuous ; flowers 2-3 cm. broad ;
petals narrowly obovate ; fruit subglobose, of few drupelets. {B. argutus, var.
Bailey; B. recurvicaulis Blanchard.) — l^iver banks, alluvial soil, etc., Nfd.
to Vt. and Ct.
21. R. canadensis L. Erect or recurving, often stout; old canes glabrous,
unarmed or with rare prickles ; leaflets glabrous on both surfaces, finely, evenly,
and sharply toothed, those of the o-foliolate leaves caudate-acuminate ; racemes
cylindric, rather long, leafy-bracted at base ; pedicels filiform, t(Miientulo.se,
not glandular ; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad ; petals obovate ; fruit subglobose to
short-cylindric, of large and juicy but somewhat acid drupelet^s. {B. amahilis
Blanchard.) — Rocky soil, in thickets, etc., Kfd. to L. Superior, s. chiefly in
th(^ uplands to N. C.
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 491
R. MiLLSPAUGHi Britton, a robust plant of W. Va., is but little known.
In technical characters it scarcely differs from the preceding species, of which
it may well prove a luxuriant form.
22. R. LACiNiATLs Willd. Readily recognized by its laciniate-cleft leaflets^
prickly calyx, and broad-based pale prickles. — Sometimes cultivated and now
locally established, s. N. Y., e. Pa., and Del. — A plant of unknown origin,
perhaps only a cut-leaved form of the European i?. fruticostis L.
23. R. cuneif51ius Pursh. (Sand B.) Shrubby, 3-12 dm. high, upright or
ascending, armed with stout recurved priclcles ; branchlets and lower surface
of leaves ichite-tomentose ; leaflets wedge-obovate. thickish, serrate above the
middle; peduncles l—i-flowered ; corolla 2-3 cm. broad. — Rocky or sandy soil,
Ct. to Fla., La., and Mo.
24. R. Andrewsianus Blanchard. Erect or arched-ascending, not rooting at
the tip, 9-15 dm. high ; old canes stout and stiff, prominently angled and
furrowed, purplish, strongly arnipcl irdth broad-based straight prickles; leaflets
sparingly pubescent above, velvety beneath, rRtUer flnely and sharply serrate;
racemes short ; rhachis and pedicels tomentose and glandular-hispid, the latter
bearing slender hooked prickles ; calyx somewhat glanchdar ; flowers 2.5-3 cm.
broad ; petals obovate, abruptly narrowed at base to a long claw ; fruit short-
cylindric, large, of about 30 juicy drupelets. — Sandy plains near the coast,
Mass. to Va.
25. R. floricomus Blanchard. Erect and somewhat rigid, 8-14 dm. high ;
canes strongly angled and grooved, greenish or purplish, stoutly arm^d icith
long firm straightish needle-pointed prickles ; branchlets somewhat tomentose,
and as well as the pedicels, petioles, and often midnerves beset with stout
hooked prickles; leaves firm, glabrate above, rusty-velvety beneath; lenflets
coarsely and sharply toothed; raceme 7-12-flowered, corymbiform ; pedicels
widely spreading; rhachis, pedicels, and calyx softly villous-tomentose ; fruit
subglobose, vjith few rather large drupelets. — Southington, Ct. ; (?) Jaffrey,
N. H., and (?) Weybridge, Vt. (Brainerd).
2(i. R. Jeckylanus Blanchard. Eecurved-ascending , the branches often root-
ing at the tip ; canes subterete, sparingly armed with short slender prickles ;
leaves glabrate above, velvety beneath, those of the floioeHng branches over-
topping the corymbiform few-flowered inflorescence ; rhachis and pedicels softly
tomentose, not' glandular, the latter sparingly beset with very fine straight
prickles; leaflets sliarply and unequally dentate; flowers about 3 cm. broad ;
petals elliptical; fi'uit globose, of few large drupelets. — Open places, York
Co., Me.
27. R. abbrevians Blanchard. Erect, 3-6 dm, high ; the slender terete canes
firm, reddish brown, closely beset icith fine straight prickles and gland-tipped
bristles; leaves rather small, smoothish above, velvety beneath; leaflets on the
fruiting canes broadly obovate, coarsely dentate ; racemes short, subcorymbi-
form, leafy-bracted at base ; rhachis and pedicels glandular-hispid and settdose ;
flowers 2.5 cm. broad; petals narrowly obovate ; /r«?« short-cylindric, of few
large finally sweet drupelets. — Uplands of Windham Co., Vt.
28. R. biformispinus Blanchard. Reclining; the elongate terete purplish
flexuous canes armed icith scattered straightish prickles and numerous smaller
in part gland-tipped bristles; leaves glabrous on both surfaces ; racemes shm-t,
leafy-bracted at base ; rhachis and pedicels glandular-hispid and with scattered
hooked prickles; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; fruit globose, of few drupelets. —
Dry open ground, York Co.. Me.
29. R. setbsus Bigel. Ascending; the terete canes (in age purplish) densely
covered icith retrorse bristles and shorter gland-tipped hairs; leaves rather
large, glabrous on both surfaces, usually equaling or surpassing the corymbi-
form several-flowered racemes ; petioles often setulose ; rhachis and pedicels
densely glandular-hispid and mostly setose ; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals
oblong-spatulate ; fruit subglobose. {R. nigricans Rydb,, in part.) — Meadows
and swamps, P. E. I. to Vt. and Ct.
30. R. nigricans 1-Jydb. Similar, more upright, 6-12 dm. high ; canes armed
with numerous fine prickles, but without glands; leaflets glabrous on both
492 ROSACE AE (ROSE FAMILY^
surfaces ; pedicels and sepals obscurely or not at all glandular. (R. hispidus,
var. suberectus Peck ; B. setosus of auth.. in part, not Bigel.; 7^ vcrmontanus
Blanchard ; B. semisctosus Blanchard?) — Open places, e. Que. to N. Y. and
Mich.
31. R. permixtus Blanchard. Recurving and soon prosfrafe; stems (as well
as petioles, rhachis, pedicels, etc.) densely glandular-hispid and armed with
scattered stronger straightish or more often curved prickles; leaflets glabrous
above, velvety beneath, rather small, those of the flowering canes 2-6 cm. long;
racemes few-flowered, short; flowers 1.5-2 cm, broad ; calyx glandular-hispid ;
petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit short-cylindric, with few large drupelets, sweet. —
Dry soil in open places, s. e. Vt.
82. R. tardatus Blanchard. Decumbent, becoming pi'ostrate ; the suhterk-te
slender steins with numerous straightish prickles, but with fevj <>r no glands;
petioles smooth or sparingly prickly ; leaflets smooth on both surfaces, those of
the flowering stems 4-10 cm. long ; racemes somewhat compound, corymbiform ;
pedicels glandular-hispid, occasionally setulose ; flowers 2 cm. broad ; petals
narrowly obovate ; fruit globose, of few large sour drupelets. — Sandy soil,
York Co., Me. — Perhaps merely a form of the next.
33. R. jacens Blanchard. Similar, but the stem more glandular ; leaflets of
the flowering stems 2-5 cm. long ; sepals dorsally free from glands; fruit globose,
of a few sweet drupelets. — Dry open places, s. w. N. H.
34. R. hispidus L. Prostrate or nearly so ; the slender terete often elongated
stems more or less beset with retrorse prickles ; the branches suberect, 5-30 cm.
high ; leaflets glabrous on both surfaces, of firm texture, subcoriaceous. mther
dark green and somewhat shining above ; racemes feic-floicered, corymbiform:
rhachis and pedicels occasionally setulose ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad ; fndt small,
reddish-pujple, of few small sour drupelets. — Low woods and swampy meadows,
N, S. to s. w. Ont. and N. C, common,
35. R. trivialis Michx. Prostrate ; stems terete, elongated, slender, armed
(as are also the petioles and often the peduncles) vnth broad-based flattish short
hooked retrorse prickles, not conspicuously glandular ; leaflets coriaceous, ever-
green, elliptical, rather sharply serrate ; peduncles \-S-flowered , flowers 3-4 cm.
broad; petals broadly obovate; fruit cylindrical, of many drupelets. — Dry
soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast.
36. R. rubrisetus Rydb. Similar ; the stems, petioles, and especially the
pedicels glandular-hispid with reddish or purplish hairs ; corymbs S-9-flou'ered ;
flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong-spatulate. — Sandy soil, Mo. to La.
and Fla.
37. R. vill5sus Ait. (Dewberry.) Becoming ;;ros^ra^e ,* stems elongate,
subterete, rather woody, armed vnth stout slender retrorse straightish prickles ;
fruiting branches upright, 1-3 dm. high, (\-)'^>-\b-flowered ; leaflets rhombic-
obovate, doubly and rather finely serrate, acutish, membranaceous, smooth or
sparingly villous beneath ; flowers in leafy corymbiform racemes, 2-3 cm. broad ;
sppals not foliaceous ; fruit subglobose to short-cylindric, with few-many large
juicy drupelets. (B. canadensis of auth., not L.; B. procumbons Muhl.) — Dry
open places, s. Me., westw. and south w., common. Var. roribaccus Bailey.
(LucRETiA D.) A large-flowered extreme, with elongated pedicels,- the flowers
4 cm. broad; sepals often foliaceous. — W. Va., where doubtfully native; and
in cultivation.
Var. humifusus T. & G. Stems slender, less woody; flowering branches
chiefly I -flowered ; flowers large, 3-4 cm. broad. (B. Enslenii Trattinick ; B.
Baileyanus Britton ; B. subuniflorus Rydb.) — Chiefly near the coast, from e.
Mass. .southw.
(Several recently proposed species are obviously related to and not very clearly
distinct from B. villosus and await further study.)
38. R. invisus (Bailey) Britton. Similar, but stouter; the canes less pro-
cumbent ; leaflets, espjecially those of the vegetative shoots, simply and rather
coarsely toothed; pedicels long (becoming 1.5 dm. in length); sepals large,
foliaceous. — N. Y. to Kan. and southw. — The original of several . cultivated
Dewberries.
ROSACEAE (rose FAMILY) 493
19. DALIBARDA Kalm.
Calyx deeply 5-6-partecl, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, ses-
sile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed-like
drupes; styles terminal, deciduous. — Low unarmed perennials, with creeping
and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves
on slender petioles. Flowers of 2 kinds, a few upright long-peduncled usually
sterile ones with white petals, and numerous fertile apetalous ones on short
curved peduncles. (Named for Thomas FraiK^ois Dalibarcl, a French botanist
of the time of Linnaeus. )
1. D. repens L. Downy ; sepals of the petaliferous flowers spreading, of the
cleistogamous ones converging and inclo.sing the fruit. — Woods, N. B. to Ont.,
s. to N. J., Pa., O., Mich., and Minn. June-Aug.
20. ALCHEMILLA L. Lady's Mantle
Calyx- tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat ; limb 4-parted with as
many alternate accessory lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4 ; the
slender style arising from near the base ; achenes included in the tube of the
persistant calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and
small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkfmelyeh, the Arabic name, having
reference to the silky pubescence of some species.)
1. A. ARVENsis Scop. (Parsley Piert.) Small annual, 4-20 cm. high ;
leaves S-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2-3-cleft, pubescent ; flowers fasci-
cled opposite the axils. — N. S. (according to Lawson) ; I). C. (where said to be
extinct) ; Va. to Tenn. and Ga. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
2. A. PRATEx<ii< F. AV. Schmidt. Perennial, 1-3 dm. high, from a stout
caudex ; leaves orbicular, 2-10 cm. in diameter, deeply cordate, finely serrate,
shalloidy 5-9-lobed ; inflorescence paniculate ; pedicels filiform. — Dry road-
sides, etc., N. S., where locally abundant near coast ; also casual at Westford,
Mass. {^Miss Fletcher). (Nat. from Eu.)
21. AGRIM6nIA [Toum.] L. Agrimony
Calyx-tube top-shaped or hemispherical, the throat beset with hooked bristles,
indurated in fruit and inclosing 2 achenes ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flower-
ing. Petals 5, yellow. Stamens 5-15. Styles terminal. — Perennial herbs,
with interruptedly pinnate leaves, crenate-serrate leaflets, and small spicate-
racemose flowers. Bracts 3-cleft. (Xame a corruption of Argemone.)
a. Fruiting calyx more or less top-shaped, deeply furrowed b.
h. Leaflets (exclusive of the little intermediate ones) chiefly 5-9, ovate to
obovate or elliptic-oblong.
Ehachis of inflorescence covered with minute glandular puberulence
interspersed with long widely spreading hairs ; leaves sparingly
pubescent beneath ; roots not thickened 1. A. gryposepala.
Ehachis appressed-villous or glandular-puberulent, without long
widely spreading hairs.
Roots not thickened ; lower surface of leaflets conspicuously resin-
ous-dotted, only the veins villous 2. A. striata.
Eoots fusiform-thickened toward the end ; lower surface of leaflets
velvety-tornentose, scarcely or not at all resinous-dotted.
Larger leaflets .5-9, oblong or elliptical ; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm.
wide (exclusive of spreading hooks) 3. A. mollis.
Larger leaflets 3-5, obovate; fruiting calyx about 3 mm. wide
(exclusive of hooks) 4. A. microcarpa.
h. Leaflets (exclusive of little intermediate ones) 11-13, lanceolate to nar-
rowly lance-oblong . .* 5. A. i>arv\flora.
a. Fruiting calyx hemispherical, striped but scarcely furrowed . . .0. A. rofdellatd.
1. A. gryposepala Wallr. Tall (7-12 dm,); stem liir.sute; leaflets large,
ttiin, smoothish, scarcely paler beneath ; fruiting calyx nearly 1 cm. long ; hooks
long, widely spreading, the outer detfexed. {A. Eupntoria Man. ed. (5. in part,
not L.; A. hirsuta Bicknell.) — Thickets, ravines, etc., s. N. S. and centr. Me.
to Va., and westw. ; frequent.
494 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)
2. A. striata Michx. Erect, subsimple up to the inflorescence, 3-15 dm. high,
softly pubescent, the hairs inclining to be appressed ; leaflets mostly narrowed
to a point, somewhat costate ; fruiting-calyx strongly deflexed ; the hooks rela-
tively short and connivent or scarcely spreading. {A. Eupatoria Man. ed. (>, in
part, not L.; A. Brittoniana Bicknell.) — Damp woods, alluvial soil, etc., Nfd.
to Sask., s. to W. \'a.. 111., Neb., 8. Dak., and X. Mex. (Eurasia.)
■\. A. m611is (T. & G.) Britton. Grayish-pubescent^ G-lo dm. high ; leaflets
oblong, mostly obtuse, soft to the touch on both surfaces; fruit broadly top-
shaped, the hooks borne on a broad disk, the outer widely spreading. {A.
pubescens Wallr. ?) — Open woods, dry ground, etc., Mass. to N. C, and westw.
4. A. microcdrpa Wallr. Small, subsimple, mostly 3-5 dm. high , leaflets
obovate, soft-tome ntose beneath, sparingly appressed-pubesct-nt or subglabrous
above ; fruiting calyx much as in the last bnt smaller. (^4. pumila Muhl ,
inadequately characterized.) — Woods, etc.. Pa. to Fla. and Tex.
o. A. parvifl5ra Ait. Stem hirsute, 7-12 dm. high, leafy ; leaflets numerous,
narrow, with many smaller intermediate ones of 2 or 3 different sizes ; fruiting
calyx small (4-5 mm. long), abruptly deflexed at maturity from an ascending
pedicel ; outer hooks widely spreading. — Chiefly in sandy and alluvial soil, Ct.
to Ga.. westw. to Ont., Kan., and La.
0. A. rostellata Wallr. Slender, 4-8 dm. high ; stem nearly glabrous, 7'ough-
ish ; leaflets lew, obovate ; fruiting calyx small, almost hemispherical, not deeply
furroioed. the hooks small, the longest shorter than the connivent calyx-loLes.
\A. striata BickneU, not Michx.) — Rocky woods, alluvium, etc., Ct. to Ga., and
westw.
22. SANGUISORBA [Rupp.] L. Burnet
Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent ; the 4
broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none.
Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid fllaments and short anthers. Pistils 1-3 ;
the slender teiTQinal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene
(conunonly solitary) inclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish calyx-tube. Seed
suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipnles
adherent to the petiole, and small often polygamous or dioecious flowers
crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle,
each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbere,
to drink up, to absorb, from reputed styptic properties in folk-medicine.) Potk-
RiUM L., in part.
* Stamens 4 ; leaflets 2-5 cm. long.
1. S. canadensis L. (Canadian B.) Stamens long-exserted, club-shaped,
white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike; stem 3-16 dm.
high ; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong lanceolate, coarsely serrate, obtuse,
heart-shaped at base, as if stipellate ; stipules serrate. (Poterium Gray.) —
Bogs and wet meadows. Lab. to mts. of Ga., w. to Mich.
2. S. officin.Vlis L. In habit similar to the preceding; spikes dense,
ovoid, brownish- or purplish-red. — Established in low fields near coast of Me.;
also reported from Minn. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
* * Stamens numerous ; leaflets 8-15 mm. long.
3. S. MINOR Scop. (Gardkn B.) Stamens 12 or more in the lower flowers
of the. globular greeni.sh head, with drooping capillary filaments, the upper flow-
ers pistillate only ; .stems 3-5 dm. Iiigli ; leaflets small, ovate, deeply cut. {Po-
terium Sanguisoj'ba L.) — Locally established in grassy places, cultivated
grounds, etc., Me. to Md. and w. N. Y. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
23. r6SA [Tourn.] L. Rose
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovate or ohcordate, inserted with the many stamens into, the edge
of tlie hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous
ROSACEAE (PvOSE FAMILY) 40")
pistils below. Ovaries hairj^, becoming bony achenes in fruit. — Shrubs, usually
prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules adnate to the petiole ; stalks, foli-
age, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Many of the species highly variable
and often indeterminable from imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.)
a. Styles coherent in a protruding column, as long as the stamens . . 1. R. seUgera.
a. Styles distinct h.
h. Sepals connivent after flowering, persistent; pedicels and receptacle
naked c.
c. Prickles scattered or none, the infra-stipular when present not en-
larged.
Leaf-rhachis glandular-puberulent or -bristly.
Fruit pyriform, obovoid or oblong, top-shaped at base . . 2. i?. adculariH.
Fruit subglobose, obtuse or rounded at base (2) R. acicularis, v. Bourgeauiatm.
Leaf-rhachis softly and finely villous or tomentulose ; glandular
hairs merely occasional or none.
Prickles numerous, scattered ; leaflets 7-11 3. R. praiincola.
Prickles occasionally present on main stem but mostly few or
none; leaflets 5^7 4. R.hlanda.
c. Prickles not wholly uniform, the infra-stipular somewhat stouter.
Calyx-lobes essentially entire.
Calyx-lobes 1-1.5 cm. long.
Leaves 6-10 cm. long ; leaflets pubescent beneath ; stem armed
chiefly near the nodes 5. R. Woodsii.
Leaves 2^ cm. long ; leaflets essentially glabrous ; stem ex-
cessively spiny throughout 6. R. spinosissima.
Calyx-lobes 2-2.5 ciii. long 1. R. cinnamomea.
Outor cah'x-lobes conspicuously pinnatifid 8. R.canina.
b. Sepals spreading after flowering, deciduous from the mature fruit ;
receptacle and pedicels more or less hispid or tomentose.
Leaflets thick, evergreen or nearly so ; receptacle tomentose . . 9. ^. hracteata.
Leaflets membranaceous ; receptacle not tomentose.
Leaf-rhachis very glandular.
Prickles strong, hooked ; leaflets rarely 2 cm. long . . .10. R. rubiginosa.
Prickles weak, acicular, often gland-tipped ; leaflets 3-6 cm.
long \\. R. gallica.
Leaf-rhachis puberulent or glabrous, scarcely if at all glandular.
Young growth densely covered, even into the inflorescence,
with needle-like j)rickles 12. ^. nitida.
Toung growth armed at the nodes or not at all.
Stipules narrowly linear, their free auricles merely short-
lanceolate teeth ; leaflets serrulate ; infra-stipular prickles
short. 2-i (.rarely (i) mm. long, broad-based and decidedly
curved . . " ' . . . 13. i?. Carolina.
Stipules more dilated, oblanceolate, their auricles somewhat
deltoid ; serratures of the leaflets coarser and deeper ;
infra-stipular prickles longer.
Prickles decidedly curved ; leaflets somewhat shining above 14. R. virginiana.
Prickles straight or nearly so ; leaflets dull above . . 15. ^. humilis.
1. R. setigera Michx. (Climbing or Prairie R.) Stems climbing., armed
with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate,
acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ;
flowers corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ;
fruit globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ont. to Fla., w. to Wise, Neb.,
and Tex. ; also an escape from cultivation in Ct. July. — Strong shoots growing
3-6 m. in a sea.son.
2. R. acicularis Lindl. Stems 3-12 dm. high, venj pricMy ; stipules usnally
dilated, glandular-ciliate and resinous ; leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptical to oblong-
lanceolate, sessile and obtuse or suhcordate at base, asually pale and somewhat
resinous-puberulent beneath, the teeth serrulate; flowers large, solitary (very
rarely 2-3) ; outer sepals usually with 1-2 narrow lateral lobes, not hispid ; fruit
obovoid or ellipsoid, top-shaped at base. (i?. Engelmanni Wats.) — Sandy
thickets, L. Huron to Minn., Col., and Ida. (Siber.)
Var. Bourgeauiana Crepin. Fruit globose, rounded at base ; leaves some-
times smoothish but more often soft-pubescent and resinous-pulverulent beneath.
— Ledges, rocky woods, etc., Anticosti to s. Vt., n. Mich., centr 111., Col., and
northw.
3.- R. pratincola Greene. Stems low, very prickly ; stipule<i narrow, more or
less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate) ; leaflets 7-11, broadly
elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, subcuneate at base, somewhat Arm and strongly
496 KOSACKAK (IJOSE FAMILY)
veined, simply toothed, not resinous; flowers corymbose; sepals rarely hispid,
the outer lohed. {R. arkansana of aiith., not Porter.) — Prairies, etc., Man. to
Mont., s. to Mo. and Tex.
4. R. bldnda Ait. Stems 3-15 dm. high, wholly unarmed or occasionally
covered with numerous prickles ; stipules dilated, naked and entire or slightly
glandular-toothed ; leaflets 5-7, usually oblong-lanceolate, thinner and less
.strongly veined than in the preceding, cuueate at base and petiolulate, simply
serrate, not resinous; Howers usually large, corymbose or solitary ; sepals his-
pid, entire. — On rocks and shores, Nfd, to N. E., and westw. chiefly in the
region of the Great Lakes to Mo. and Assina.
5. R. Wo6dsii Lindl. 8tem.s usually low (1-9 dm. high), with slender straight
or recurved prickles, or wholly unarmed above ; leaflets 5-7, obovate to oblong
or lanceolate, more or less toothed ; flowers corymbose or solitary ; sepals naked
or hispid, the outer usually lohed ; fruit globose, with a short neck, — Minn, to
Mo., westw. and northwestw\
6. R. spiNosfssiM.A. L. (Scotch R.) Low spreading shrub; stems densely
covered with long straightish prickles and innumerable shorter ones ; leaflets
7-13, small, broadly elliptic to suborbicular, glabrous or nearly so ; stipules very
small; fruit globular, black. — Often cultivated, and inclined to spread from
old gardens, N. E., Ont., etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
7. R. cinnam6me A L. (Cixxamox R.) Stems flexuous. reddish bro^vn, armed
with pairs of light-colored broad-based slightly recurved infra-stipular prickles ;
leaflets rather narrowly elliptical, 2-3 cm. long, paler beneath, sharply and
finely serrate; flowers commonly double. — Once much cultivated, and now
established in hedgerows, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
8. R. CAxixA L. (Dog R.) Stems armed with stout recurved prickles, the
branches sometimes unarmed ; leaflets 5-7, elliptical or oblong -ovate, glabrous
or somewhat pubescent, simply toothed, not resinous-pub erul ent ; flowers soli-
tary (or 2-4) on usually naked pedicels ; sepals pinnatifid; fruit osoid or nearly
globular. — A casual escape from cultivation, Mass. to Tenn.; thoroughly natu-
ralized on river-banks in Pa. {Porter). (Introd. from Eurasia.)
9. R. BRACTEATA Wcudl. (Macartxy R. ) Leaflets mostly 7, narrowly
obovate, rounded at the apex, thick, shining, evergreen, glabrous ; flowers
large; calyx densely villons-tomentose; petals mostly white. — Cultivated from
China, extensively naturalized in parts of the Southern States, extending to Va.
(Introd. from Asia.)
10. R. RUBiGix6sA L. (SwEETBRiER, Eglaxtixe.) Armed ^\\\\\ strong
hooked mostly infra-stipular prickles (with or without scattered smaller ones) ;
leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic, doubly serrate ; the short pedi-
cels and pinnatifid sepals hispid ; flowers pink, mostly 3-4 cm. in diameter; fruit
obovate. — Rocky pastures, etc., common. (Introd. from En.)
Var. MicRAXTHA (Sm.) Lindl. Leaves less glandular, nearly scentless, flow-
ers smaller (about 2-2.5 cm. in diameter) and paler ; fruit somewhat flask-
shaped. — Along roadsides, etc., e. Mass. (Introd. from Eng.) — Inconstant and
suggesting relationship to no. 8.
11. R. GAL MCA L. Erect, 1-1.6 ra. high ; stem glandular-hi.spid and armed
with straightish slender prickles ; leaflets 3-5, broadly elliptic, cordate at base,
rounded or obtusi.sh at apex, doubly glandular-serrate ; flowers large, mostly
deep red and double. — Often cultivated, and now^ well established in roadside
thickets, N. E., O., and probably elsewhere. (Introd. from En.)
12. R. nitida Willd. Low, nearly or quite glabrous throughout, the straight
slender infra-stipular prid-les scarcdy stout<'r than those irhich usually thickly
cover the stem and branches; .stipules mostly dilated ; leaflets bright green and
shining, usually narrow-oblong and acute at each end ; flowers solitary (rarely
2-3) ; sfpals entire. — Margins of swamps, Nfd. to N. E.
13. R. Carolina L. Stems usually tall (3-25 dm. high), with stout straight
or usually more or less curved prickles ; stipules long and very narrow ; leaflets
6-9 (mostly 7), finely serrate, dull green, usually narrow-oblong and acute at
each end and petiolulate, but often broader, usually pubescent beneath. — Bor-
ders of swamps and streams, N. S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and .Miss,
KOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)
49"
14. R. virginiana Mill. Stems often tall and stout (2-20 dm. high), with at
length stout and usually more or less hooked prickles ; stipules usuMy naked.
more or less dilated; leaflets (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, smooth and
often shining above ; flowers corymbose or solitary ; outer sejjals frequently with
1 or 2 small lobes. {B. lucida Ehrh.) — Margins of swamps and rocky shores,
Nfd. and e. Que. to N. Y. and e. Pa.
15. R. humilis Marsh. Stems usually low (3-9 dm, high), slender, with
straight slender prickles (spreading or sometimes reflexed) ; stipules narrow,
rarely somewhat dilated ; leaflets as in the last, but usually thinner and duller ;
flowers very often solitary ; outer sepals always more or less lohed. — Mostly in
dry soil or on rocky slopes, N. S. to Fla., w. to Minn., Mo., Okla., and La.
24. PRUNUS [Toum.] L. Plum, Cherry, etc.
Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or tubular-obconical, decidu-
ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Pistil solitary, with
2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone. — Small trees or shrubs,
with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) Cerasus B. Juss.
Amygdalus L.
1. P. seroiina.
2. P. virginiana.
15. P. hoHulana.
4. P. alleghaniensis.
5. P. instdtitia.
6. P. maritima.
•S. P. pennsylraiiica.
7. P. angustifolia.
a. Ovary glabrous ; stone smoothish or shallowly sculptured h.
h. Fluwers racemose ; pedicels much shorter than the tioriferous part
of the rhachls.
Leaves oblong-, thickish, crenate-serrulate, the teeth incurved
Leaves mostly obovate, thin, sharply serrate ; teeth somewhat
spreading
&. Flowers umbellate or, if racemose, with pedicels exceeding the flo-
riferous part of the rhachis c.
c. Flowers small; petals mostly 4-6 mm. long d.
d. Leaves broad or, if narrow, serrulate practically to the base «.
6. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate, or obovate f.
f. Petioles tomentose at least on the upper side.
Leaves lanceolate, attenuate.
Petioles 15-38 mm. long
Petioles 5-8 mm. long
Leaves ovate- or obovate-oblong to elliptical.
Leaves obovate, thinnish, mostly cuneate at base, 1-2.5
cm. wide, somewhat doubly serrate ; pedicels 1-3
in a fascicle
Leaves ovate- or obovate-oblong, thickish, rugose,
mostly obtuse at base, usually 3-4 cm. broad, sim-
ply serrate ; pedicels 2-6 in a fascicle
f. Petioles essentially glabrous.
Teeth of the ovate-lanceolate mostly falcate-acuminate
leaves unequal
Teeth of the lance-elliptical acute or obtusish leaves equal
9. Leaves suborbicular, rounded or subcordate at base.
Teeth of leaves fine, obtuse ; the sinuses glandular
Teeth of leaves coarser, bristle- tipped ; the sinuses not
glandular
d. Leaves relatively narrow, spatulate-linear or -oblong, subentire
at the cuneate base.
Erect shrub ; leaves spatulate-oblong
Prostrate ; leaves linear- or oblanceolate-spatulate .
e. Flowers large ; petals 8-16 mm. long.
Teeth of leaves obtusish, some or all glandular.
Calj'x-lobes entire or nearly so.
Inner scales of the flowering buds subherbaceous, ligulate,
spreading
Inner scales not very unlike the outer, subappressed .
Calyx-lobes con&picuously glandular-serrulate.
Leaves thin, obovate ; petals 12-14 mm. long
Leaves thickish, firm in texture ; petals about 8 mm. long .
Teeth of leaves acute or acuminate, bristle-tipped, not glandular
a. Ovary and fruit velvetj'-tomentose ; stone deeply sculptured and pitted
§ 1. pAdUS [L.] Reichenb. Drupe smalh globose, without bloom; the stone
turgid-ovate, marginless ; floicers in racemes terminating leafy branches,
therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spring. Padus Moench.
1. P. ser6tina Ehrh. (Wild Black or Rum C.) A large tree, with reddish-
brown branches, the inner bark aromatic; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong.
gray's manual — 32
8. P. Mahaleb.
9. P. Gravesii.
10. P. euneata.
11. P. pumila.
12. P. avium.
13. P. Cerasus.
14. P. nigra.
15. P. hortulana.
16. P. americana,
17. P. Per»ica.
498 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)
taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickisli, shining
above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — Woods, N. S.
to Fla., w. to Dak. and Ariz. — Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous
flavor.
2. P. virginiana L. (Choke C.) A tall shrub or small tree, with grayish
J)arh-, the inner layers loith a rank disagreeable odor; leaves oval, oblong, or
obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doiibly) serrate icith slender
teeth, thin ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson, austere and
astringent ; stone smooth. — Nfd. to Ga., and westw. Var. leucocarpa Wats.,
with short dense racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit, has been found at
Dedham, Mass.
§2. PRUN6PH0RA (Neck.) Endl. Drupe smooth; the stone smooth or
somewhat rugged ; floivers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds
in early spring, preceding or developing loith the leaves; pedicels few or
several in simple umbel-like clusters.
3. P. pennsylvanica L. f. (Wild Red, Bird, Fire or Pin C.) Tree, 0-10
m. high, with light red-browai bark ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 'pointed, finely and
sharply serrate, shining^ green and smooth both sides; flowers many in a cluster,
on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh ;
stone globular. — Rocky woods and recent clearings, Lab. to B. C, s. to Pa.,
Great L. region, centr. la., and along the mts. to N. C, Tenn., and Col.
4. P. alleghaniensis Porter. (Sloe.) A low straggling shrub or small tree
(1-5 m. high), seldom thorny; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-
acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent when young, glabrate
with age ; fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple, with a bloom, less than 12 mm.
in diameter J stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge
on the otlier. — Thickets, s. Ct. (Fames, Graves') to the Allegheny Mts. of Pa.
5. P. ixsTiTiTiA L. (Bullace P.) Somcwhat thorny ; leaves obovate,
mostly obtusish at the apex and narrowed at base, sharply and somewhat
doubly serrate, soft-pubescent beneath ; fruit small, globular, black, with a
bloom. (P, spinosa, var. Gray.) — Roadsides and waste places, N. E. and
perhaps occasionally in the Middle States. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
6. P. maritima Wang. (Beach P.) Low and straggling (3-15 dm. high);
leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short,
pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson (rarely paler), with a bloom, 13-25
mm. in diameter ; the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely
grooved on the other. — Sea-beaches, dunes, etc., s. Me. to Va.
7. P. angustifblia Marsh. (Chickasaw P.) Scarcely thorny, 2-5 m. high ;
leaves membranaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous ; fruit glob-
ular, red, nearly destitute of bloom, thin-skinned, 12-16 mm. in diameter ;
the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them
minutely grooved. (P. Chicasa Michx. ) — Del. to Fla., and westw. to Tex.
and Kan.
Var. Watsbni (Sarg.) Waugh. (Sand P.) Dwarf (1-1.3 m. high); stems
much branched and somewhat rigid ; leaves smaller and rather firm in texture ;
fruit small, red, thick-skinned. (P. Watsoni Sarg.) — Kan. and Neb.
8. P. MXhaleb L. (Perfumed C.) Shrub or small tree (7 m. high),
glabrous or nearly so ; leaves ovate-orbicular, short-pointed or obtuse, slender-
l)etioled, crenulate-denticulate, glandular between the teeth ; flowers corymbose ;
fruit ovoid to subglobose, black or nearly so, 7-10 mm. long. — Roadsides, river-
banks, open woods, etc., spreading from cultivation, Ct. to Del., and westw.
(Introd. from s. Eu.)
9. P. Gravesii Small. Unarmed shrub, 1-1.3 m. high; leaves obovate-
orbicular, finely pubescent on both surfaces, serrate-dentate, rounded or even
refuse at the apex, 2-3 cm. in diameter; flowers 1-3 in a fascicle, the pedicels
pubescent ; fruit globo.se, bluish-black, 12-15 mm. in diameter ; stone about 9
mm. long, subglobose but loith one sharp edge. — Gravelly ridge, Groton, Ct.
( Graves. )
10. P. cuneata Raf. Low erect shrub, obscurely puberulent to entirely
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 499
glabrous ; leaves spatulate-ohlong or more rarely lance-oblong^ obtuse or acute,
serrate above the middle, entire toward the cuneate base, pale beneath ; flowers
2-4 in a fascicle ; fruit globose, without bloom, nearly black, about 1 era.
in diameter. {P. pumila, var. Bailey.) — Thickets, sandy soil, s. Me. to N. C.
and Minn.
11. P/ pumila L. (Sand C.) Prostrate, spreading and creeping; leaves
linear-spatuJate to oblanceolate, usually acute or acutish, pale beneath, sub-
entire or toothed above the middle ; flowers as in the preceding ; fruit globose,
pendulous, dark claret-color, without bloom, about 1 cm. in diameter. — ■
Sandy and rocky shores, e. Que. to Fa., n. Ind., Wise, and Man.
12. P. AVIUM L. (Sweet C, Mazzard.) Tree of pyramidal form and
reddish-brown bark; flowers large; petals mostly 12-15 mm. long ; inner hnd-
scales at the base of the pedicels greenish^ large, widely spreading, very hairy
on the inner surface and conspicuously glandular-senate ; fruit depressed-glo-
bose, yellow or red, sweet and juicy. — Often escaping from cultivation and
formnig thickets in hedgerows, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
13. P. Cerasus L. (Sour or Morello C.) Tree of lower growth and
rounder head than the preceding ; bark gray ; flowers as in the preceding but
inner bud-scales small, not conspicuously spreading ; fruit depressed-globose,
red, acid. — Commonly cultivated, and occasionally escaping to hedgerows,
woods, etc. (Introd. from s. Eu.)
14. P. nigra Ait. (Wild or Canada P.) Shrub or .small tree (2-8 m. high),
armed ; leaves thin, broadly obovate, subcaudately aciaiuinate, doubly crenate-
serrate, the teeth usually gland-tipped ; petioles mostly with 2 glands at the
summit ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous within ; petals white, broadly
obovate, 12-14 mm. long; fruit orange-red or yellow, 2.5 cm. long, compressed-
ovoid to subglobose, almost without bloom. — River-banks and roadside thickets,
Nfd. to s. N. E. and westw. along the Great Lakes.
15. P. hortulana Bailey. (Wild Goose P.) Small unarmed tree; leaves
ovate- or lance-oblong, caudate-acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, at
maturity 9-15 cm. long, rounded at base, finely and somewhat unevenly crenate-
serrate ; the teeth mostly ghujd-tipped ; flowers 2-4 in a fascicle ; pedicels gla-
brous ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; petals obovate, about 8 mm. long ; fruit
globular, thin-skinned, light yellow to red. — "Rich bottom lands, 111. and Mo.
16. P. americana Marsh. (Wild P.) Tree, 3-10 m. high, armed ; leaves
rather narroidy obovate, long-acuminate, sharply and doubly sprrate, the teeth
not glandular ; petioles with or without glands ; petals narrowly obovate, about
1 cm. long ; calyx-lobes entire, hairy on the inner surface ; fruit subglobose,
becoming red at full maturity, about 2 cm. in diameter. — River-banks and
borders of woods, Ct. to Fla., and westw. to Col.
Var. m611is T. & G. Leaves permanently soft-pubescent or tomentose
beneath. — la. to La. and Tex.
§ 3. AMYGDALUS (L.) B. & H. Drupe velvety -tomentose ; the stone deeply
sculptured and pitted; floicers subsessile, from a scaly bud, opening
before the leaves appear; the latter conduplicate in hud. Amygdalus
[Tourn.] L. Persica [Tourn.] Borkh.
17. P. Persica (L.) Stokes. (Peach.) Small tree; leaves lance-oblong,
attenuate, serrate ; flowers pink; fruit subglobose. {Amygdalus Ij.) — Abun-
dantly cultivated, and tending to become established in thickets, etc., "f^^. Y.,
and southw. (Introd. from Asia.)
LEGUMIN6SAE (Pulse Family)
Plants with jiapilionaceoiis or sometimes regular Jloive^'s, 10 {rarely 5 and
sometimes many) monadelphous. diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and
a single simple free iiistil becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly without
albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, visually compound. One of the
500 LEGL■M1^'U«AE (PULSE FAMILY)
sepals inferior (i.e. next the bract); one of the petals superior (i.e. next the
axis of the inflorescence). — A very large family.
Subfamily I. MIMOSOfDEAE .
Flowers regular, small. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a
4-5-lobed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens.
Embryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate.
* Stamens numerous.
1. Acacia. Filaments distinct. Pod and stem (in ours) unarmed.
2. Abizzia. Filaments united into a tube at base. Unarmed shrubs or trees.
* * Stamens 5-10.
3. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pods smooth, flat. Herbaceous or nearly
4. Schrankla. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered vdih. small
prickles or rough projections.
Subfamily II. CAESALPINIOfDEAE
Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular,
imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and inclosed by the others.
Stamens 10 or few^er, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatro-
pous, often with albumen. Embryo straight.
* Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dioecious ; trees.
5. Gymnocladus. Unarmed. Leaves doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit
licariiig 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10.
6. Gleditsia. Thorny. Leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short; its lobes,
as well as the petals and stamens, 8-5.
* * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect ; calyx 5-parted ; herbs.
7. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate.
* * * Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect ; trees.
8. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod tlat, ^^'ing-margined. Leave.s simple.
Subfamily IIL PAPILIOXOfDEAE
Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted
into the base of the calyx, of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more
or less distinctly papilionaceous:., i.e. with the upper or odd petal (yexilhim or
standard) larger than the others and inclosing them in the bud, usually turned
backward or spreading ; the two lateral ones (wings) oblique and exterior to
the two lower, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent
by their anterior edges, forming the carina or keel, which usually incloses the
stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, mona-
delphbus, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube which is cleft on the
upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or
transversely 2-many-celled by cross-division into joints ; style simple ; ovules
amphitropous, rarely anatropous. Cotyletions large, thick or thickish ; radicle
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earlie.st ones in germina-
tion usually opposite, the rest alternate ; leaflets almost always quite entire.
Flowers perfect.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 501
I. Stamens (10) distinct.
* Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; herbs.
9. Baptisia. Pod inflated.
10. Thermopsis. Pod flat, linear.
* * Leaves pinnate ; cal}'x-teeth short.
IL Cladrastis. Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree.
12. Sophora. Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herbaceous.
IL Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5), nearly
distinct in no. 25.
* Anthers of two forms ; stamens monadelphous ; leaves digitate, simple, or rarely phyllodial.
+- Calyx 5-lobed ; pod inflated.
13. Crotalaria. Herbs with simple leaves.
4- -i- Calyx 2-lipped ; pod flat.
++ Shrubs with simple leaves.
14. Genista. Seeds estrophiolate. Corolla yellow.
■H- -H- Shrubs with 1-3-foliate leaves.
15. Cytisus. Seeds strophiolate. Corolla yellow.
■H- ++ ++ Shrubs ; leaves reduced to pungent petioles.
16. Ulex. Seeds strophiolate. Corolla yellow.
++++++++ Herbs ; leaves (in ours) 7-11-foliolate.
17. Lupinus. Seeds estrophiolate. Corolla (in ours) blue, roseate, or rarely white.
* * Anthers uniform (except in nos. 24 and 40).
4- Leaves digitately (rarely pinnately) 3-foIiolate ; leaflets denticulate or serrulate; stamens diadel-
phous ; pods small, 1-few-seeded, often inclosed in the calyx or curved or coiled.
18. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1-6-seeded. Petals adherent to the
stamen-tube.
19. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded.
20. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1-few-seeded.
-t- -J- Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in no. 24) ; leaflets entire ; pod not jointed ; neither
twining nor climbing (except in no. 81).
++ Herbage not resinous-dotted ; flowers umbellate, loosely capitate or solitary and axillary ; herbs.
= Filaments all connate.
21. Anthyllis. Leaves odd-pinnate (the basal sometimes 1-foliolate). Flowers loosely capitate.
Pud subindehiscent, included in the calyx.
= = One fllament free, the others connate.
22. Hosackia. Leaflets (in ours) 1-3. Flowers (in ours) solitary on leafy-bracted peduncles.
23. Lotus. Leaflets (in ours) 5, the lower pair simulating foliaceous stipules. Flowers (in
ours) umbellate.
H- ++ Herbage glandular-dotted ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pod small, indehiscent, mostly
1-seeded ; leaves pinnate (except in no. 24).
24. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the anthers often smaller or
less perfect. Leaves mostly palmate, 3-o-folioiate.
25. Amorpba. Corolla of one petal I Stamens 10, monadelphous at base.
26. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10 ; the cleft tube of filaments
bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.
27. Petalostemum. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5; the cleft tube of fila-
ments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.
*-»■ -fr* ++ Herbage not glandular-dotted (except in no. 34); stamens mostlj' diadelphous; pod 2
valved, several-seeded ; leaves pinnately several-foliolate ; flowers racemose.
== Wings cohering with the keel ; pod flat or 4-angled ; hoary perennial herbs.
28 Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets oinnatelv veined.
502 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
= = Flowers large and showy ; standard broad ; wings free.
29. Sesbania. Leaves even-pinnate. Ours herbs.
SO. Robinia. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs.
31. Wisteria. Pod tumid, marginless. "Woody twiners. Leaiiets obscurely stipellate.
^ = = Standard narrow, erect; pod turgid or inflated ; perennial herbs.
32. Astragalus. Keel not tii)ped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod with one or both the
sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two.
33. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect point ; otherwise as AHtragaluH.
34. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of J[«^ragraZw«, Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or muri-
cate, short, nearly indehi scent.
*--(--(- Herbs ; no tendrils ; pod transversely 2-several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints
indehisc«nt, or sometimes reduced to one such joint.
++ Leaves pinnate, -with several leaflets, not stipellate.
35. Aeschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-
jointed ; joints square.
36. Coronilla. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. Joints subcylin-
dric. 4-angled. Flowers umbellate.
37. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several-jointed ;
joints roundish.
++ -H- Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-folioIate.
33. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and l) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod
.-everal jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate.
39. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod 1-2-jointed. Flowers
often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.
40. Stylosanthes. Stamens monodelphous ; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1-2-jointed. Calyx de-
ci<luous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate.
++ -H- ++ Leaves digitately 2- or 4-foliolate.
41. Zornia. Flowers spicate, each enveloped bj' 2 veiny leaf-like bracts.
+--»--»--}- Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated bj' a tendril or bristle ; stamens diadel-
phous; pod continuous, 2-valved, few-several- seeded.
42. Vicia. "Wings coherent with the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs at
the apex.
43. Lathyrus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded
down the inner face.
-t- -»- 4- -•- ■•- Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs ; leaves pinnately 3(rarely 1 or 5-7)-foliolate;
no tendrils ; peduncles or flowers axillary ; pod not jointed, 2-valved.
++ Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate.
44. Apios. Herbaceous twiners ; leaflets 5-9. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled.
++ ++ Leaves 3-foliolate ; ovules and seeds several.
= Style bearded lengthwise on the upper surface.
45. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled ; standard recurved-spreading. Flowers racemose. Corolla
(in ours) purple. Seeds round-reniform.
46. Vigna. Keel strongly curved but not forming a spiral. Flowers few in pedunculate heads
or very -hort racemes. Corolla (in ours) pale yellow.
47. Strophostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved but not forming a spiral. Flowers few in
pf liuDculate heads. Corolla purple. Seeds oblong, mostly pubescent.
48. Clitoria. Keel scythe-shaped ; standard spurred at the base, large and showy, pale blue.
-= = Style bearded at the summit about the stigma.
49. Centrosema. Standard much longer than the other petals. Pod linear, narrow ; the valves
spirally twisted after dehiscence.
50. Dolichos. Standard little exceeding the other petals in length. Pod lunate-oblong; the
valves broad, not spirally coiled in dehiscence.
-= -= = Style beardless.
61. Amphicarpa. Talyx tubular, 4-.5-toothed. Standard erect; keel almost straight. Some
apitalou.s especially fertile flowers at the base of the plant. Bracts persistent.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 503
52. Galactia. Calyx deeply 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bract and bractlets
• mostly minute and deciduous.
++ -H- ++ Leaves 1-3-foliolate ; ovules and seeds 1-2 ; flowers yellow.
53. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4-6-parted. Pod short.
1. ACACIA [Tourn.] MiU.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular, small, capitate or spicate. Sepals
4-5, nearly distinct or united into a 4-5-toothed campanulate cup. Petals as
many, narrow. Stamens co , exserted. Pod oblong to linear, compressed or
turgid. — Shrubs or trees (mostly armed), with bipinnate or (in certain Aus-
tralian species) vertically expanded phyllodial leaves. (Ancient Greek name of
an Eg}^ptian species.)
1. A. angustissima (Mill.) Ktze., var. hirta (Xutt.) Robinson. Unarmed
hirsute undershrub ; pinnae 8-14 pairs and leaflets mostly 18-40 pairs (both less
numerous in young shoots) ; flowers in yellow or salmon-colored paniculate glo-
bose heads. (A. hirta Nutt.; A. fiUcioides Trel.) — Dry bluffs, McDonald Co.,
Mo. (Bush), Kan. {Hitchcock), and southw. — The typical form (Mimosa an-
gustissima Mill.) of Mex. has fewer pinnae and more numerous leaflets.
2. ALBIZZIA Durazzini.
Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-dentate. Petals united for
more than half their length into a tubular somewhat salver-formed corolla. Sta-
mens numerous ; the filaments much elongated. Pod narrowly oblong, the
valves neither twisted nor elastically spreading. — Unarmed trees with bipinnate
leaves. (Dedicated to the Alhizzi, a noble Italian family, one of whom is said
to have introduced this genus into European cultivation.)
1. A. juLiBRissix Durazzini. Flowers in tassel-like clusters at the end of
slender naked peduncles. — Frequently cultivated in the Southern States, and
locally established as far n. (according to Small) as Va. (Introd. from Asia
and Afr.)
3. DESMAnTHUS Willd.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed.
Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat
coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves
of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous
stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers.
(Name composed of deaix-n, a bundle, and Evdos, flower.)
1. D. illinodnsis (Michx.) MacM. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect,
3-24 dm. high; pinnae 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; peduncles 2.5-7.5
cm. long ; stamens 5 ; pods numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceo-
late, curved, scarcely 2.5 cm. long, 2-6-seeded. (Mimosa Michx. ; Acuan Ktze.;
D. brachylobus Benth.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, O. and Ky. to S. Dak.,
Mo., Tex., and Fla.
4. SCHRAnKIA Willd. Sensitive Brier
Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into
a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12. distinct, or the filaments united
at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i.e.
the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Per-
ennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa) ; the pro-
cumbent stems and petioles recurved-prickiy, with twice pinnate sensitive leaves
of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-
colored flowers. (Named for Franz von Paula von JSchrank, a German botan-
ist, 1747-1835.) Morokgia Brittou.
504 LEGTMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
1. S. uncinata Willd. Prickles hooked ; pinnae 4-0 pairs ; leaflets elliptical,
reticulated ^'vWXi strong veins beneath; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete, short*
pointed, densely prickly, 5 cm. long. {Morongia Britton.) — Dry prairies and
open woods, Va. to Fla. and Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to la. and 111. June,
July.
2. S. angustata T. & G. Leaflets oblong-lineai\ scarcely veined; pods slen-
der, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly, 1 dm. long. {Morongia Britton.) — Dry
sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla., Tenn., and Tex. June- Aug.
5. GYMN6CLADUS Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below,
5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube.
Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened,
hard, pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall unarmed tree,
with rough bark, stout branchlets, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves.
Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. (Name from yvfivos, naked, and /cXdSos,
a branch, alluding to the stout branches for many months destitute of spray.)
1. G. dioica (L.) Koch. Leaves 6-9 dm. long, with several large partial
leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets ;
stipules wanting; pod 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad; seeds over 1.3 cm.
across. {G. canadensis Lam.) — Rich woods, centr. N. Y. and Pa. to Minn., e.
Neb., Okla., and Tenn. May, June.
6. GLEDiXSIA L. Honey Locust
Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals
as many as the sepals and equaling them, the two lower sometimes united.
Stamens 3-10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod
flat, 1 -many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny tree.s, with abruptly once or twice
pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns
above the axils. (Simplified and Latinized name of J. G. Gleditsch, a botanist
contemporary with Linnaeus.)
1. G. triacanthos L. (Honey Locust.) Thorns stout, often triple or com-
pound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate ; pods linear, elongated
(2-4.5 dm. long), often twisted, filled with sweet jjulp between the seeds. — Rich
woods, w. N. Y. and Pa. to Ga., w. to e. Neb., Kan., and Tex.; common in
cultivation, and establishing itself northeastw. May, June.
2. G. aquatica Marsh. (Water Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly simple ;
leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, 1-seeded, pulpless. — Deep swamps, S. C. to
Fla. and Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., Ill, and Mo. — A smaller
tree, 8-12 m. high.
7. CASSIA [Tourn.] L. Senna
Sepals 5 , scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Sta-
mens 5-10, unetiual, and some of them often imperfect, spreading ; anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.)
* Leaflets large ; stipules deciduous ; the three upper anthers deformed and
imperfect; flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled;
herbage glabrous.
1. C. marildndica L. (Wild S.) Root perennial; stem 9-12 dm. high;
stipules linear-setaceous, caducous ; leaflets 5-9 pairs, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse;
petiole with a slender club-shapi'd gland near the base ; pods linear, slightly
curved, flat, at first hairy, 6,5-11 cm. long, their segments as long as broad;
seed flat, quadrate-orbicular. — Alluvial soil, N. E. to O., Tenn., and N. C.
July, Aug.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 505
2. C. Medsgdri Shafer. (Wild S. ) Similar; root biennial (?); stipules
linear-lanceolate ; petiolar gland shurt-cylindric to conic-ovoid ; leaflets 7-10
pairs ; porfs thickish, 5-9 cm. long, their segments much shorter than broad;
seed plump, oblong-obovoid, twice as long as thick, (C. wxirilandica Man. ed.
6, in part ; C acuminata Moench ?) — Dry gravelly soil, Pa. to la. and Kan.,
s. to Ga. and Tex. Aug.
3. C. T5ra L. Annual ; leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with
an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slender,
1.5 dm. long, curved. (C. obtusifolia L.) — River-banks, etc., s. Va. to Fla. and
Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to Kan., Mo., and Ind. July-Sept. (Trop.
regions, )
4. C. occidentIlis L. Annual; leaflets 4:-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute ;
an ovoid gland at the base of the petiole ; pods long-linear (12 cm. long), with
a tumid bojder, glabrous. — Waste places and shores, Va. to Fla. and Tex. ;
northw. in Miss, basin to Mo. and Ind. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from the tropics.)
** Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch; stipules striate, persistent ;
a cup-shaped gland beneath the loioest pair of leaflets ; anthers all perfect ;
flowers in small clusters above the axils ; pods flat.
5. C. Chamaecrista L. (Partridge Pea.) Annual, suberect; branches
usually simple, ascending ; pubescence subappressed, usually scanty ; leaflets
10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers (large) on slender pedi-
cels, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at base ; anthers
10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple); style slender. —
Sandy fields, Mass. to Minn., and south w., except in the upland regions.
July-Sept.
Var. robiista Pollard. Stouter, hirsute with spreading hairs. — Ky. (Short),
111. (McDonald), and southw.
6. C. depressa Pollard. Slender procumbent perennial (?) ; branches starting
from near the base, usually again branched; leaflets (4-10 pairs) smaller and
less numerous and flowers larger and later than in the otherwise similar C.
Chamaecrista. — Potosi, Mo. (Pech) to Miss, and Fla. July-Sept.
7. C. nictitans L. (Wild Sensitive Plant.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong-
linear ; flowers very small, on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly equal;
style short. — Sandy fields, N. E. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Ariz. July-Sept. -
8. CERCIS L. Redbdd. Judas Tree
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; standard smaller than
the wings, and inclosed by them in the bud ; the keel-petals larger and not
united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, -tlie
upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded
heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel-
like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before
the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the oriental Judas Tree.)
1. C. canadensis L. (Redbud.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile above
the calyx. — Rich soil, X. Y. and N. J. to Fla., w. to s. Ont., e. Neb., and Tex. —
A small ornamental tree, often cultivated.
9. BAPTISIA Vent. False Indigo
Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed ;
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct.
Pods stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or subcylindric, inflated, pointed,
many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately o-foliolate (rarely simple)
leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and raceined flow^ers. (Name from
^aiTTi^eLv, to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a poor
iftdigo.)
506 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
* Racemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at hase ; flowers yellow.
1. B. tinctbria (L.) R. Br. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender, 8-9 dm.
high, rather ghiucous ; leaves almost sessile; leaflets wedge-obovate, 1,5-2.6
cm. long ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; pods ovoid-globose, on a
stalk longer than the calyx. — Dry woods and plains, s. N. H. to Fla., locally
westv*^. to Ky. and Minn. June-Sept.
* * Bacemes fewer, opposite the leaves.
-t- Floicers yellow.
2. B. villbsa (Walt.) Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescent
when young, erect, 6-9 dm. high, with divergent branches ; leaves almost
sessile ; leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and
persistent, on the branchlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-flowered ,
pedicels short ; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous ; pods ovoid-ellipsoid, taper-
pointed, minutely pubescent. — Va. to N. C. and Ark. May, June.
-1- -t- Flowers white or cream-color.
3. B. bracteata (Muhl.) Ell. Hairy, loio (3 dm. high), with divergent
branches ; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ;
stipules and bracts large and leafy, persistent; racemes long (often 3 dm.),
reclined ; tloioers on elongated pedicels, cream-color ; pods pointed at both ends,
hoary. (B. leiicophaea Xutt.) — Prairies, Mich, to Minn., s. to Tex. May.
4. B. leucantha T. & G. Smooth, tall, and stout ; leaflets oblong-wedge-
form, obtuse; stipules early deciduous; flowers white; pods ovoid-ellipsoid,
on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Out. and O. to
Minn., s. to Fla. and La. June, July.
5. B. alba (L.) R. Br. Smooth, 3-9 dm. high, the branches slender and
xmlely spreading ; petioles slender; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous;
leaflets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender, on a long naked peduncle ;
pods linear-oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, short-stalked. — Dry soil, N. C. to Fla. and
Ala.; and reported from Ind., Mo., etc. May.
+--)--(- Flowers indigo-blue.
6. B. australis (L.) R. Br. (Blub F.) —Smooth, tall and stout (L2-L6 m.
high.); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the
petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (3-6 dm.) and many-flowered,
erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the ovoid-ellipsoid pods about the length of
the calyx. — Alluvial soil. Pa. to Ga., w. to s. Ind., Kan. and Ark.; cultivated
eastw., and established on alluvium of Ct. R. and tributaries, Vt. May, June. —
Hybridizes with B. bracteata, according to Hitchcock.
10. THERM6pSIS R. Br.
Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved.
Otherwise nearly as Baptisia. — Perennial herbs, with palinately 3-foliolate
leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, and yellow flowers in
terminal racemes. (Name from dipixos, the lupine, and 6\pLs, appearance.)
1. T. m611is (Michx.) M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubeseent, 4-() dm.
high; leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; stipules narrow, mostly
shorter than the petiole ; raceme elongated ; pods narrow, short-stipitate, some-
what curved, 5-10 cm. long. — Mts. of s.Va., N. C, and Tenn. May.
11. CLADRASTIS Raf. Yellow Wood. Virgilia
Calyx 5-to()the(l. Standard large, roundisli, refloxcd ; the distinct keel-petals
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments slender, incurved
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-
seeded, at length 2-valved. — A handsome tnje, with yellow wood (yielding a
dye), smooth bark, nearly smooth {)innatp leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets,
and ample paniclcd racemes (2.5— J dm. long) of showy white flowers drooping
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 507
from the ends of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow,
inclosing tlie leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name
from kXoloos, a branchy and ftpavcrrds, brittle.)
1. C. lutea (Michx. f.) Koch. Sometimes 15 m. high ; pods 7.5-10 cfti. long.
(C. tinctoria Raf.) — Rich woods and calcareous bluffs, Ky. to N. C, n. Ala„,
and Mo. ; also in cultivation. May.
12, SOPHORA L.
Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded ; keel nearly
straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipilate, terete,
more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose. —
Shrubby or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate with numerous
leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. (Said by Linnaeus
to be the ancient name of an allied plant.)
1. S. sericea Nutt. Silky-canescent, erect, 3 dm. high or less; leaflets
oblong-obovate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers white; pods few-seeded. — Prairies,
Neb. and Kan. to Col,, Tex., and Ariz, Apr,, May. (Mex.)
13. CROTALARIA [Dill.] L, Rattle-box
Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped, Standard large, heart-shaped ; keel scythe-
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side ; 5 of
the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, subcylindric, many-seeded. —
Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from KporoKov^ a rattle;
the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)
* Pubescence spreading-ascendAng^ prominent.
1. C. sagittalis L, Annual, hairy, suberect., 7.5-25 cm. high ; leaves oval
or oblong -lanceolate., scarcely petioled, narrowed to each end; stipiiles often
conspicuous.! united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-
shaped -, peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than the calj'x ; pod black-
ish.— Sandy soil, e. Mass, and s, Vt, to Fla, and Tex., chiefly coastal; and
northw. in Miss, basin to Ind. and S. Dak. June-Sept. (Mex,)
2. C. rotundifblia (Walt.) Poir, Thick-rooted jyerennial ; stems several,
pmstrate or nearly so; leaves snborbicular or oval, rounded at each end;
stipules few or vjanting. (C, ovalis Pursh.) — Sandy soil, s, Va. to Fla. and
La. May-July.
* * Pubescence appressed and inconspicuous.
3. C. Purshii DC. Perennial ; stems several, erect or ascending ; leaves
linear to oblong ; stipules usually large and conspicuous. — Sandy soil, s. Va.
to Fla. and Tex. May-July.
14. GENISTA L. Woad-waxen. Whin
Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading ; keel oblong, straight,
deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers
shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple
leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)
1. G. TINCTORIA L. (Dyer's Greenweed.) Low, not thorny, with striate-
angled erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in si)iked racemes. — Estab-
lished on sterile hills and roadsides, s. Me. to Mass. and e. N. Y. June, July.
(Nat. from Eu.)
15. CYTISUS [Tourn.] L. Broom
Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel obtuse
and slightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Pod flat, much longer than
the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the liilum. — Shrubs, with stiff
508 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
green branches, leaves mostly digitately 3-foliolate, and large bright yellow
flowers. (The ancient Roman name of a plant, probably a 3Iedicngo.)
1. C. scopXrius (L.) Link. (Scotch B.) Glabrous or nearly so, about 1
m. high; leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one ; flowers solitary
or in pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, forming leafy
racemes along the upper branches ; style very long and spirally incurved.
{Sarothamnus Wimmer.) — Sandy barrens, etc., N. S. ; s. e. Mass. to Va., and
southw. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)
16. triEX L. Furze. Gorse
Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Standard ovate ; wings and keel oblong, of about
equal length. Stamens monadelphous. Pod short-oblong. — Low densely
branched shrubs with spine-like phyllodial leaves. (An ancient name, used
by Pliny for some not certainly identified plant.)
1. U. EUROPAEUS L. Calyx large, yellow, tomentulose. — Sometimes culti-
vated as a sand-binder and now somewhat extensively established locally near
the coast from Nantucket to Va. (Introd. from Eu.)
17. LUPINUS [Tourn.] L. Lupine
Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed ; keel scythe-
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire ; anthers
alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by con-
strictions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Herbs, wath
palmately 1-15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy
flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from lujms, a wolf, because
these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)
L L. per§nnis L. (Wild L.) Perennial, somewhat hairy; stem erect,
3-6 dm. high; leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long raceme, sho\^^,
purplish-blue (rarely pale); pods broad, very hairy, 5-6-seeded. — Sandy soil,
s. w. Me. to Minn., and s. to the Gulf. May, June. Var. occidentalis Wats,
has stems and petioles more villous. — Mich., n. Ind. (C. P. Smith) , and Wise.
18. TRIF6LIUM [Tourn.] L. Clover. Trefoil
Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth usually bristle-form. Corolla mostly
withering or persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong
or ovate standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube ; keel short
and obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous,
often included in the calyx, 1-G-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the
sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately (sometimes pin-
nately) 8-foliolate ; leaflets usually toothed. Stipules united with the x^etiole.
Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium^ a leaf.)
a. Flowers ses.sile in dense heads.
Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, surpassing the corolla . . '. . \. T. arvenae.
Calyx-teeth ciliate, villous, or glabrous, surpassed by the corolla.
Ileads cylindrical ; corolla scarlet to deep red 2. 7*. incarnatum.
Heads globose or ovoid ; corolla magenta or purple (rarely white).
Calyx soft-hairy 3. T. pratenae.
Calyx nearly glabrous 4. T. medium.
a. Flowers pedicellate, io looser heads ; pedicels reflexed in ag% b.
b. Corolla white, roseate, or purple c.
c. Calyx-teet'ii bristle-tipj»ed.
Calyx villous or hispid.
Leaflets narrowly oblong 5. 71 virginieum
Leaflets obovate 6. T. reflexum.
Calyx essentially glabrous.
Stoloniferous.
Flowers 1-1.8 cm. long; corolla red ; peduncles rarely more
than twice the length of the head 1. T. atolonifirum.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 509
Flowers 6-9 mm. lon^ ; corolla white or pink ; peduncles
mostly 3-many times the length of the heads . . . 8. 7*. repens.
Not stoloniferous %. T. hybridum.
c. Calyx-teeth deltoid-lanceolate, herbaceous 10. T. carolinianti/m.
6. Corolla yellow.
Corolla conspicuously striate-sulcate in age.
Leaflets all sessile 11. 7". agrarium.
Terminal leaflet stalked 12. T'^ procumhens.
Corolla not striate-sulcate 13. 7'. duhium.
1. T. ARVEN8E L. (Rabbit-foot or Stone C.) Silky branching annual.
1-4 dm. high ; leaflets ohlanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-silky and grayish^
ovoid-cylindrical. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, roadsides, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. T. ixcarnatum L. (Crimson or Italian C.) Suberect soft-puhe scent
annual, 3-5 dm. high ; heads cylindrical, often 5 cm. long ; leaflets obovate. —
Often cultivated, and sparingly escaping. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. T. pratense L. (RedC.) Perennial ; stems ascending, somewhat hairy :
leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side
with a pale spot ; stipules broad, hristle-poitited ; heads ovoid, sessile or not rarely
pedunculate; corolla magenta to whitish ; calyx soft-hairy. — Fields and mead-
ows ; extensively cultivated, (Introd. from Eu.)
4. T. MEDIUM L. (Zigzag C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets oblong,
entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked ; flowers deeper purple ; calyx-tube
nearly or quite glabrous ; teeth slightly rigid, scarcely ciliate, — Dry hills, e.
Mass. ; several reports from other Am. localities appear to refer to the preceding
species. (Nat. from Eu.)
5. T. virginicum Small. Low villous perennial, not stoloniferous ; leaflets
narroidy oblong, denticulate ; flowers nearly white, in large heads; short calyx
canescent-pubescent. — Rocky slopes, Kate's Mt., W. Va.
6. T. reflexum L. (Buffalo C.) Annual or biennial; stems ascending,
dovmy ; leaflets ob ovate-oblong, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; standard
rose-red; wings and keel whitish; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3—5-seeded. —
Borders of fields and woods, w. N. Y. and Ont. to la., "Neb.," Kan., and
southw.
7. T. stolonifenim Muhl. Smooth perennial ; stems imth long runners from
the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely toothed ; heads loose ;
flowers white, tinged with purple ; pods 2-seeded. — Open woodlands and prai-
ries, O. and Ky., w. to la., "Neb.," and Kan.
8. T. repens L. ("White C.) Smooth perennial; the ^len^ev stems spread-
ing and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely
toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very
long ; heads small and loose ; calyx much shorter than the white corolla ; pods
about 4-seeded. — Fields and copses, everywhere ; indigenous only in the north-
ern part of our range, if at all. (Eurasia.)
9. T. hybridum L. (Alsike C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems
erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; leaflets ovate, rounded at apex;
flowers rose-tinted. — Generally common. (Introd. from Eu.)
10. T. carolinianum Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, pro-
cumbent, in tufts; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ; stipules ovate,
foliaceous ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly
equaling the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. — Rocky places,
Va. to Fla., Tex., and Kan.; introd. on waste ground near Philadelphia.
XL T. agrA-Rium L. (Yellow or Hop 0.) Smoothish annual, somewhat
upright, 1-3 dm. high ; leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point
(palmate) and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering icith the petiole for more
than half its length; corolla yellow, persistent, becoming dry and brown in age.
{T. aureujn at least of Am. auth.) — Sandy fields and roadsides ; N. S. to Va. ;
also in w. N. Y., Ont., and la. (Nat. from Eu.)
12. T. procumbens L, (Low Hop C.) Similar; steins spreading or ascend-
ing, pubescent, 1-1.5 dm. high ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the
lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliola.te) ; stipules ovate,
short. — Sandy fields and roadsides, common. (Nat. from Eu.)
510 LEGL'MINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
13. T. DtjBiuM Sibth. Similar to the preceding but smaller throughout,
head? loosely few-flowered ; standard 4 mm. long, about U-nerved, scarcely or
not at all striate in age. (T. pi'ocumbens, y?Lr. minus Man. ed. 6.) — Similar
situations, Mass. to Va. and Tenn. ; also locally established westw. (Xat. from
Eu.)
19. MELILOTUS [Touru.J Hill. Melilot. Sweet Cloves
Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small. Corolla de-
ciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer
than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2 -seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fra-
grant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves. (Name from /xAt, honey, and
XwTos, some leguminous plant.)
1. M. OFFICINALIS (L.) Lam. (Yellow M.) Upright, usually tall ; leaflets
obovate-oblong, obtuse, closely serrate ; petals yellow, of nearly equal length. 6-9
mm. long ; pod 2.5-3.5 ram. long-, glabrous or glabrate, prominently cross-ribbed.
— Waste or cultivated ground, common. (Nat. from Eu. )
2. M. .\LTfssiMA Thuill. Similar ; leaflets linear- to lance-oblong, subentire or
remotely toothed ; pod gibbous, 4.5-6 mm. long, pubescent, obscurely reticulate.
— Ballast about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. M. ixDiCA (L. ) All. Low; leaflets cuneate-oblanceolate or -obovate,
truncate or emarginate, toothed above the middle; corolla yelloio. 2-2.5 mm.
long; pod gibbous, about 2 mm. long, alveolate. — Ballast and waste places
about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
4. M. ALBA Desr. (White M.) Tall ; leaflets narrowly obovate to oblong,
serrate, truncate or emarginate ; corolla white, 4-5 mm. long, the standard longer
than the other petals ; pod 3-4 mm. long, somewhat reticulate. — Rich soil, road-
sides, etc., common. (Nat. from Eu.)
20. MEDICAgO [Tourn.] L. Medick
Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 -several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in-
curved , or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaflets toothed ;
stipules often cut. {^IrjdiKrj, the name of the Alfalfa, because it came to the
Greeks from Media. )
* Perennials ; pods straighiish or loosely coiled, unarmed.
1. M. SATivA L. (Lucerne, Alfalfa.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaf-
lets obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers bluish-purple, racemed ; pods twisted. —
Cultivated for green fodder and often spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.)
2. M. falcXta L. Similar ; leaflets linear ; flowers yellow ; pod straightish
or scarcely coiled. — Waste ground, eastw., rare and casual ; perhaps not
persisting. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Annuals ; pods (often armed) reniform or tightly coiled.
3. M. lupulina L. (Black M., Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pubescent,
annual ; leaflets wedgQ-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers yelloic, in short
spikes; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded. — Waste places, common. (Adv. from
Eu.)
4. M. ARABiCA Hud.s. (Spotted M.) Spreading or procumbent annual, some-
what i)>ihescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely toothed ;
peduncles ?>-b-flovjered ; flowers yellow ; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 turns,
compressed, furroived on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of
curved prickles. (M. maculata Sibth.) — Middle Atlantic States to N. B., on
waste ground, not common. (Adv. from Eu. )
5. M. HfspiDA Gaertn. (Bur Clover.) Nearly glabrous ; pods deeply re-
ticulated, and witli a thin keeled edge ; otherwise as the last. (3/. dentirulata
WilM.) — Waste places, frequent ; a fodder plant westw. (Introd. from Eu.)
LEGUMINOSAfc: (PULSE FAMILY) 511
21. ANTHYLLIS [Rivinius] L.
Calyx 5-toothed, loose, persistent and somewhat vesicular in age. Corolla
yellow to ci-imson. Keel blunt or short-pointed. Pod mostly stalked, included
in the calyx, nearly or quite indehiscent, 2-several-seeded. — Herbs, with
pinnate leaves and large loose clover-like heads. (An ancient plant-name
employed by Dioscorides.)
1. A. VuLXEKARiA L. Pubesccnt, 2-3 dm. high; leaflets mostly 5-18 (on
the basal leaves often fewer and sometimes reduced to a solitary enlarged
terminal leaflet); heads ovoid or subglobose. involucrate. — In clover fields,
Oxford Co., Out. (Burgess); also occasional as a ballast plant about Atlantic
ports. (Adv. from Eu.)
22. HOSACKIA Dougl.
Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens ; stand-
ard ovate or roundish, its claw often remote from the others ; wings obovate
or oblong ; keel incurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile,
several-seeded. — Herbs, with pinnate leaves (in oui"s 1-3-foliolate, with gland-
like stipules), and small yellow or reddish flowers in umbels (ours solitary)
upon axillary leafy-bracteate peduncles. (Named for Dr. David Hosack, 1769-
1835, professor of botany and materia medica in Columbia College.)
1. H. americana (Nutt.) Piper. Annual, more or less silky-villous or sub-
glabrous, often 3 dm. high or more ; leaves nearly sessile, the 1-3 leaflets ovate
to lanceolate (0.6-1.8 cm. long): peduncles often short, bracteate with a single
leaflet. (Lotus Bischoff; H. Purshiana Benth.) — Dry soil, w. Minn, to Ark.,
and westw. ; also introduced in Greene Co., 111. (according to McDonald).
23. l6tUS [Totirn.] L. Bird's-foot Trefoil
Similar to the preceding genus but with pinnately 5-foliolate leaves, the
basal pair of leaflets simulating stipules. (Ancient Greek plant-name.)
L. 'coRxicuLATus L. Diffusc many-stemmed perennial ; flowers yellow in
slender-peduncled capitate umbels. — Dry meadows, Washington, D. C. (Pech),
and on ballast, etc., to N. S. (Adv. from Old World.)
24. PSORALEA L.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often
wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all oyer
or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) with glandular dots or points.
Leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly
blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, i^wpaX^os,
scurfy, from the glands or dots.)
* Leaves pinnately S-foUolate.
1. P. On6brychis Ntitt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect, 1-2 m.
high; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, tapper-pointed, 7-8 mm. . long ; stipules and
bracts awl-shaped ; racemes elongated ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ;
pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks and deciduous woods, O. to 111.
and Mo.; also s. and e. to S. C.
2. P. stipulata T. & G. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems diffuse ; leaflets
ovate-elliptical, reticulated; stipulps ovate; floicers in heads on rather short
peduncles; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Limestone ledges, Ohio R.
above Louisville, Ky., and New Albany, Ind. ; very local. June.
3. P. pedunculata (Mill.) Vail. Somewhat ptibe.'^cent, more or less glandu-
lar; stems erect, 3-0 dm. high, slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong ;
spike cylindrical, long-peduncled ; stipules aid-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceo-
late, taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (P. melilotoides
512 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE EAMILY)
jVlichx.) — Dry soil, Fla. to Tenn., Sandusky, (). (Moseley), s, Ind., and Kaa
June.
* * Leaves palmately 3-o-foliolate ; roots not tuberous.
-t- Fruit more or less compressed, ovate.
4. P. tenuifl5ra Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy, 6-12
dm. high, minutely hoary-pubescent when young ; leaflets varying from lineal"
to obovate-oblong, 1.2-3.0 cm. long, glandular-dotted ; flowers (4-6 mm. long)
in loose racemes ; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute ; pod glandular. —
Prairies, 111. to Minn., Tex., and westw. June-Sept.
Var. floribiinda (Nutt.) Rydb. Flowers more numerous, slightly larger and
in denser racemes. {P. floribunda Nutt.) — Same range.
5. P. argophylla Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently
branched, 8-9 dm. high ; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted ; flowers
8-10 mm. long ; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, n.
Wise, to la., Mo., and westw. June.
6. P. digitata Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets
linear- oblanceolate ; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate ; calyx-lobes
oblong, acute. — Sandy soil, Kan. to Col. and Tex. June, July.
H- -t- Fruit globose.
7. P. lanceolata Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish-green, densely
punctate ; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate ; flowers small, in very short spikes ;
calyx 2 mm. long, with short broad teeth. (P. micrantha Gray.) — la. and
Kan. to the Sask., and westw.
* * * Leaves palmately b-foUolate ; root tuberous ; spike-like racemes dense.
8. P. esculenta Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout, 1-4 dm. high,
erect, from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root ; leaflets obovate- or
lanceolate-oblong ; spikes ellipsoid, long-peduncled ; lobes of the calyx and
bracts lanceolate, nearly equaling the corolla (1.2 cm. long). — High plains.
Wise, to Tex., and north westw. May-July. — The Pomme blanche, or Pommb
DE Prairie, of the voyageurs.
25. AM6RPHA L.
Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals
entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, mona-
delphous at the verj'^ base, otherwi.se distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the
calyx, 1-2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate
leaves ; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate, the midvein
excurrent. Flowers violet or purple, crowded in clustered terminal spikes.
(Name, &ixop(pos, deformed, from the absence of four of the petals.)
* Leaflets small (1.2 cm. long or less), crowded.
1. A. canescens Pursh. (Lead Plant.) Whitened with hoary down, 3-14
dm. high ; leaflets 31-51, oblong-elliptical, becoming smoothish above ; spikes
usually clustered at the summit. — Hills and prairies, Ind. to Man., and southw.
June- Aug.
2. A. microphylla Pur.sh. Nearly glabrous throughout, 3 dm. high or less ;
leaflets rather rigid ; spikes usually solitary. — Prairies, Minn, and Man. to
Kan. June, July.
* * Leaflets larger, scattered.
3. A. frutic5sa L. (False Indigo.) A tall shrub, rather pubescent or
smoothish; leaflets 9-25, oblong to broadly elliptical. — River-banks, s. Pa. to
Fla., w. to Sa.sk., Tex., and the Rocky Mts.; often cultivated, and escaping
eastw. May, June. (Mex.) — Very variable.
Var. angustifblia l\irsh. Leaflets narrower, lance-oblong or lance-elliptic,
of firmer texture ; fruit somewhat smaller, 6-8 mm. long. {A. ungustifolia
Boynton.) — Banks of streams, la., westw. and south westw.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE I^AMILY) 513
26. dAlEA JiisB,
Calyx 5-cleft or -toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals all on
claws ; the standt^/cd heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx ; the
keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments,
which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous,
1-seeded, indehiscent, inclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more
or less glandular-dotted, with minute stipules ; the small flowers in terminal
spikes or heads. (Named for Samuel Dale, 1659-1739, an English botanist.)
Parosela Cav,
1. D- alopecuroides Willd. Erect annual^ 3-6 dm. high; leaflets 19-35, gla-
brous, linear-obiong ; flowers light rose-color or whitish, iri cylindrical spikes ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous ; calyx very villous, with long
slender teeth. {Parosela Dalea Britton.) — Alluvial soil, 111. to Minn, and
Ala., w. to the Rockj^ Mts. Aug., Sept. (Mex.)
2. D. enneandra Xutt. ^vcoX perennial, 3-12 dm. high, branching; leaflets
5-13, linear, 4-6 mm. long ; spikes loosely flowered ; bracts conspicuous, per-
sistent, almost orbicular and very obtuse ; petals white ; calyx densely villous,
the long teeth beautifully plumose. (Z>. laxifiora Pursh.) — Dry soil, la. and
Mo. to Tex. and Col. May-Aug.
27. PETALOSTEMUM Michx. Prairie Clover
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous ; petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly alike and spreading, borne on the top of the
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, inclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, ^^ith crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flo^^'ers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads
or spikes. (Name, often but not originally spelled Petalostemon, combined of
the two Greek words for petal and stamen, alluding to the peculiar union of
these organs in this genus.) Kuhnistera Lam.
* Corolla rose-colored.
1. P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. Smoothish ; leaflets 5, narrowly linear;
heads globose-ovoid or short-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer
than the silky -hoary calyx. (P. violaceum Michx.; Kuhnistera MacM.) — Dry
prairies, Ind. to Man. and La., w. to the Rocky Mts. June-Aug.
2. P. vill5sum Nutt. Soft-downy or silky all over; leaflets 13-17, linear or
oblong, small (8-10 mm. long); spikes cylindrical. 2.5-12 cm. long, short-
peduncled, soft-villous. {Kiihniastera Ktze.) — Sandy soil, Wise, to Sask. and
Tex., w. to Rocky Mts. July.
3. P. foli5sum Gray. Smooth, very leafy; leaflets 15-29, linear-oblong;
spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate
base, exceeding the glabrous calyx. (Kuhniastera Ktze.) — River-banks and
rocky hills, 111. and Tenn. July-Sept.
* * Corolla white.
4. P. multiflbrum Nutt. Glabrous throughout, erect, branching ; leaflets
3-9, linear to oblong ; heads globose, the subulate-setaceous bracts much
shorter than the acutely toothed calyx. (Kuhnistera Heller.) — Praiiies, w.
la. (Pammel) to Ark. and Tex. Aug.
5. P. candidum ^lichx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-oblong;
heads short-cylindrical ; bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx.
{Kuhniastera Ktze.) — Dry prairies, lud. to Man., La., and w. to the Rocky
Mts. June, July.
gray's manual — 33
514 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY^
28. TEPHROSIA Pers. Hoary Pea
Calyx about equally 5-clett. vStandard roundish, usually silky outside, turned
back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens nionadelphous
or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Iloary perennial
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowei-s. Leaflets
mucronate, veiny. (Name from Tempos, ash-colored or hoary.) Ckacca L.
1. T. virginiana (L. ) Pers. (Goat's Ri:e, Catglt.) Silky-villoiis with
whitish hairs when young ; stem erect and simple, 3-0 dm. high, leafy to the
top ; leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a
terminal ellipsoid dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with pur-
ple. (Cracca L.) — Dry sandy soil, s. N. H. to Minn., and southw., chiefly
at low altitudes. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. Var.
HOLosERicEA (Nutt.) T. & G. lias more copious or even woolly pubescence and
usually narrower leaflets. — With the typical form, westw.
2. T. spicata (Walt.) T. & G. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched
below, straggling or ascending, 6 dm. long, few-leaved ; leaflets 9-15, obovate
or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers few, in a loose and interrupted
very long-peduncled spike, reddish. {Cracca Ktze.) — Dry soil, Del. and Va. to
Fla. and La. May-July.
3. T. hispidula (Michx.) Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only
minute and appressed pubescence ; stems slender, 2-6 dm. long, divergently
branched, straggling; leaflets 5-17, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped
and oblanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 'I^-jiowered ; flowers red-
dish-purple. {Cracca Ktze.) — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. May -July.
29. SESBANIA Scop.
Calyx campanulate, equally toothed. Standard large, round. Stamens dia-
delphous. Ovary many-ovuled ; pod long. — Herbs or shrubs ^\1th long even-
piimate leaves. Flowers on axillary peduncles or lateral racemes. (Name
latinized from the earlier Sesban Adans., said to be of Arabic origin.)
1. S. macrocarpa Muhl. Erect annual, 0.7-3 m. high; leaflets 12-25 pairs,
narrowly oblong; corolla pale yellow, often spotted; pods 2 dm. in length,
narrow, with thickened margins. — Mo. to Fla. and Tex. ; introd. in s. Pa.
30. ROBINIA L. Locust
Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned
back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. P(kI
linear, flat, several-seeded, at length 2-valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with
spines for stipules. I>eaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate.
Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. (Named for John liobin, herbalist
to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespasian liobin, who first cultivated the
Locust-tree in Europe.)
1. R. Pseudo-Acacia L. (Common L., False Acacia.) Branches glabrous
or glabrnte ; racemes slender, loose; flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth. —
Along the mts.. Pa. to Ga., and in the Ozark Mts. of Mo., Ark., and Okla. ;
cofnrrionly cultivated as an ornamental tree, and for its valuable timber, and
naturalized in many places. May, June.
2. R. viscbsa Vent. (Clammv L.) Branchlets and leaf-stalks clammy;
flowers croioded in short racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous ;
pod glandular-hispid. — Va. to G'a., in the mts.; cultivated, like the last, and
often escai)ing. May, June.
3. R. hlspida L. (Bristly L., Pose Acacia.) Shrub, 1 to 3 m. high;
branchlets and stalks bristly; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous;
pods glandular-hi.si)id. — Mts. of Va. to Ga. , cultivated and established northw.
May, June.
LEGUMINOSAE (^PULSE FAMILY) 515
31. WISTERIA Nutt.
Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, larue, turned back, with 2 callosities
at its base j keel scythe-shaped ; wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens
diadelphous. Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, stii^itate, many-seeded, at
length 2-valved. Seeds large. — Ovate-lanceolate leaflets 9-13 ; racemes of large
and showy lilac-purple flower.s. (Dedicated to Professor Caspar Wistar, dis-
tinguished anatomist of Philadelphia.) Krauxhia Kaf. Wistaria Spreng. (a
later spelling).
1. W. frutescens (L.) Poir. Downy or smoothish when old, vnthoiit club-
shaped hairs; racemes short and dense; calyx-teeth very short. {Kraunhia
Kaf. ; Bradleya Brilton. ) — Alluvial grounds, Va. to Fla. May, — Sometimes
cultivated for ornament as is the still handsomer and more showy Chinese
species, W. chinensis\)C
2. W. macrostachya Nutt. Racemes 1.5-2 dm. long ; ptihescence of the pedi-
cels and calyx mixed, including club-shaped hairs; calyx-teeth half to three
fourths the length of the tube; standard less strongly auricled than in the pre-
ceding. (Krau)ihia raacrostachys Small ; Bradleya Small.) — Rich soil, swamps,
etc., Ind. (?) to Mo., Kan.(?), and La. May.
32. ASTRAGALUS [Tourn.] L. Milk Vetch
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow ; standard narrow, equal-
ing or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides refiexed or spreading. Sta-
mens diadelphous. Pod several-many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or
both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the
cavity lengthwise into two. — Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate
leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are iLsually necessary for
certain identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous
plant, as also of the ankle-bone.)
§ 1. Pod turgid^ comp)letely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal
suture^ the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply inflexed.
* Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stipi-
tate, completely 2-celled.
1. A. caryocarpus Ker. (Ground Plum.) Pale and minutely appressed-
pubescent ; leaflets narrowly oblong ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ;
corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovoid-globular, more or less pointed, about
1.6 cm. in diameter, very thick-i'mlled, cellular or corky when dry. {A. crassi-
carpus Nutt.) — Prairies, Sask. and Minn, to Mo., s. w. and w. to Tex. and
Col. Apr., May.
2. A. mexicanus A. DC. (Ground Plum.) Smoother, or pubescent with
looser hairs, larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (2-2.5
cm. long) ; calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit
globular, very obtuse and pointless, 2.5 cm. or more in diameter ; otherwise like
the last. — Prairies and open plains, 111. to Kan., s. to La. and Tex. Apr., May.
■ — The unripe fruits 'of this and the preceding species resemble green plums
(whence the popular name) and are eaten raw or cooked.
3. A. plattensis Nutt. Loosely villous ; leaflets oblong, often glabrous above ;
flowers crowded in a short spike or head, cream-color, often tinged or tipped
with purple ; /r?nY ovoid, pointed, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, with surface even; calyx
villous. — Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn, to Col. and Tex. Apr.-June.
4. A. tennesselnsis Gray. Hirsute ; stipules large ; leaves and flowers as in
the last ; fr^iit 2.4-2.8 cm. long, pointed, strongly lorinkled. {A. plattensis, var.
Gray.) — 111., Morris (Vasey), Ogle Co. {Bebb) \ Tenn. and Ala.; reported also
from Mo, Apr., May.
516 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY^
* * Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or memhranous, dehiscent.
t- Pod completely '2-celled, sessile.
5. A. canadensis L. Tall and erect, 3-16 dm. high, somewhat pubescent of
glabrate ; leaflets 21-27, oblong ; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous,
in long dense spikes; pods crowded, oblong (1.2 cm. long), glabrous, terete,
scarcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight. (^A. carolinianus L.) — ■
Dry or gravelly soil, w. Que., shores of L. Cham plain, Vt, (Brainerd), N. Y. to
n. Ga., and far westw. July, Aug.
6. A. adsiirgens Pall. Ascending or decumbent, 1-4.5 dm. high, cinereous
with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate ; leaflets about 21, narrowly ob-
long ; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or purplish flowers ; pubescence of
calyx appressed; pod oblong, 8-10 mm. \oxv^, finely pubescent, triangular-com-
pressed, vrlth a deep dorsal furrow, straight. — Keewatin to Minn., w. Kan., and
westw. (Asia.)
7. A. hypogl6ttis L. Slender; stems 1.5-6 dm. long, diffusely procumbent
©r ascending, v-ith a rather loose pubescence or nearly glabrous ; leaflets 15-21,
oblong, obtuse or refuse ; flowers violet, capitate ; calyx loosely pubescent ; pod
as in the last, but ovate and silky -villous. — Minn, to centr. Kan., and uorth-
westw. May-July. (Eurasia. )
t- •*- Pod not completely 2-celled.
++ Pod stipitate, pendent.
8. A. alpinus L. Diffuse, from a very loosely forking base, the prostrate or
decumbent branches 0.5-1.5 dm. long, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaflets 11-23 ;
flowers violet-pnirple, or at least the keel tipped with vic^let or blue ; calyx cam-
panulate ; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, intensely black-pubescent inith
long slightly spreading hairs, triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back,
straight or curved, its stipe usually rather exceeding the calyx. — Rocky banks
and gravelly shores, Arctic Am., s. to Nfd., e. Que., and Col. (Eurasia.)
Var. Brunetianus Fernald. Commonly larger, the branches mostly 2-6 dm.
long ; leaflets usually 15-29 ; mature pods greenish or pale brown, strigose with
shorter black or even whitish hairs. — Limestone ledges and gravelly shores, e.
Que. to Hudson B., s. to s. N. B., centr. Me., and Vt.; also in the Rocky Mts.
May-Sept.
9. A. Robbinsii (Oakes) Gray. Nearly smooth and erect, 8 dm. high, slender ;
leaflets 7-11 ; calyx more oblong; floicers ichite ; pod oblong (1.2 cm. long),
obtu.se or acutish, minutely darkish-pubescent, somewhat laterally compressed,
not dorsally sulcate or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather ab-
ruptly narrowed at base into the often included stipe. — Rocky ledges of the
Winooski R., Vt. (station now extinct).
10. A. Blakei Eggleston. Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding, more
robust ; corolla larger, bluish-purple ; pod triangular in section, sulcate dorsally.
{A. Robbinsii, var. occidentalis Wats., var. jesupi Eggleston & Sheldon ; A.
Jesupi Britton ; A. occidentalis Jones.) — Rocky banks, n. Me. to Vt.; also in
Rocky Mts.
11. A. racem5sus Pursh. Stout, 3-0 dm. high, erect or ascending, appressed-
pubescent or glabrate ; leaflets 13-25 ; flowers numerous, vMte, pendent ; calyx
campanulate, gibl^ous, white-pubescent ; pod straight, narrow, 2.5 cm. long,
acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the back, the ven-
tral edge acute. — Neb. to Mo., westw. and north westw.
t-1- •+-*■ Pod sessile.
12. A. parviflbrus (Pursh) MacM. Subcinereous, slender, 3 dm. or more
high ; leaflets 11-17, linear-filiform, 1.4-2 cm. long, olituse or retnse ; racemes
loose; flowers small (0 mm. long); pod pendent, 4-0 mm. long, coriaceous,
ellijjtic-ovate, concave on the back, the ventral suture prominent, v^hite-hairy, at
length glabrous, transversely veined. {A. gracilis Nutt.) — Minn, to Mo., and
westw. A. microlobus Gray, witli leaflets linear-oblong, refuse, 1-1.2 cm. long,
said to have been collected in Mo., is scarcely more than a variety of this.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 517
13. A. dist6rtus T. & G. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subsrlabrous ; leaflets
17-25, oblong, eniarginate ; floioers in a short spike, pale purple ; pod ovate- or
lance-oblong, curved, L2-1.8 cm. long, glabrous, thick-coriaceous, somewhat
grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat. — " W. Va." and Miss, to
111., la., and Tex.
14. A. lotiflorus Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs ; stems very
short ; leaflets 7-1 ;J, lance-oblong ; flowers yellowish, in few-flou-cred heads, witli
peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short ; calyx campamtlate. the suhnlate
teeth exceeding the tube ; pod oblong-ovate, 1.8-2.4 cm. long, acuminate, acute at
base, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral suture nearly
straiglit. — Man. to Mo. (Bush), Tex., and B. C.
§ 2. Pud l-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded
titan the dorsal.
* Pod sessile in the calyx ; valves strongly convex.
15. A. neglectus (T. & G.) Sheldon. Nearly smooth, erect, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaflets 11-21, elliptical or oblong, somevphat retuse, minutely hoary beneath ;
flowers white, ratlier numerous, in a short spike ; calyx dark -pubescent ; pod
coriaceous, inflated, ovoid-globose, 1.2-1.8 cm. long, acute, glabrous, slightly sul-
cate on both sides, cavity webby. (.4. Cooperi Gray.) — Cliffs and clayey banks,
6. Que. (according to Macoun) ; Ont., and w. X. Y. to Minn, and la.
10. A. flexuosus Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending, 3 to 6 dm. high ; leaf-
lets 11-21, mostly narrow ; floicers small, in loose racemes j pod thin-coriaceous,
cylindric, 1.6-2.2 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, pointed, straight or curved, puberulent,
very sliortly stipitate. — Minn, to Col., and northw.
17. A. euc6smus Robinson. Decumbent, ashy-puberulent, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaflets 13-15, oblong, 1.2-2.8 cm. long, glabrous above ; long-peduncled racemes
at length loose ; flowers small, pale blue or purple ; pod sessile, ovate-oblong,
strongly compressed. (A. oroboides, var. americanus Gray ; A. elegans Britton,
not Bunge.) — Gravelly banks, Lab. to n. Me. ; Rocky Mts.
* * Pod slender- stijied ; valves flatfish.
18. A. tenellus Pursh. Slender, decumbent, branched from the base, 2-4 dm.
high; leaflets 11-15, narrowly oblong to linear, obtuse, pale green; racemes
axillary, short-peduncled ; flowers small. 7-9 mm. long ; jietals ochroleucous,
sometimes pink-tinged ; pod lance-oblong, 1-1.2 cm. long, thin. (A. multiflorus
Gray ; Homalobus tenellus Britton.) — Dry sandy plains, w. Minn, to N. Mex.
and B. C.
33. OXYTROPIS DC.
Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage ; otherwise as in
Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral
suture. — Our sj)ecies low nearly acaulescent perennials, with tufts of numerous
very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly
adnate stipules ; pinnate leaves of many leaflets ; peduncles scape-like, bearing
a head or short spike of flowers. (Name from o^vs, sharp, and rpdiris, keel.)
Spiesia Neck. Aragallus Neck.
* Leaves simply pinnate.
t
1. 0. campestris DC, var. johannensis Fernald. Villous, 3-5 dm. high ; leaf-
lets lanceolate or oblong ; flowers showy, ros6-co7o7'^f?, drying purplish-blue ; pods
2-2.5 C7n. long, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, thin and papery. (Var. caerulea
Man. ed. 6, not Koch : Spiesia campestris Britton, in part ; Aragallus johan-
nensis Rydb.) — Gravelly shores, G.'isp^ Co. to Isle of Orleans, Que., s. to the
Restigouche R., N. B., and the Aroostook R., Me.
2. 0. Lambert! Pursh, Silky with fine appressed hairs; leaflets mostly
linear ; flowers larger, ])urple, violet, or sometimes white ; pods cartilaginous
or firm-coi'iaceous in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous-
lanceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral sutura
518 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
(Spiesia Ktze. ; Aragallus Greene.) — Dry plains, Sask. and Minn, to Mo. and
Tex., w. to the mts.
* * Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles o/3-4 along the rhachis.
3. 0. splendens Dougl. Silky-villous, IJj-S dm. high ; scape spicately several-
many-tiowered ; flowers erect-spreading ; pod ovate, erect, 2-celled, hardly sur-
passing the very villous calyx. {Spiesia Ktze. ; Aragallus Greene.) — Plains of
Sask. and w. Minn, to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts.
34. GLYCYRRHIZA [Tourn.] L. Liquorice
Calyx ^\ith the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con-
fluent al the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-lhiear,
compressed, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., otherwise as in
Astragalus. — Long perennial root sweet (whence the name, from jXvkvs, sweet,
and pi^a, root) ; herbage glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute
stipules ; flowers in axillary spikes, white or bluish.
1. G. lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. (Wild L.) Tall (6-9 dm. high) ; leaflets
1.5-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when
young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled, short ; flowers
whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles. — Hudson B. and Minn, to
Mo., N. Mex., and westw. ; also sporadically on waste land, etc., eastw.
35. AESCHYN6mENE L. Sensitive Joint Vetch
Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish ; keel
boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com-
posed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with several pairs
of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name,
from alax^'vofi^PT), being ashamed).
1. A. virginica (L.) BSP. Erect bristly annual; leaflets 37-51, linear;
racemes few-flowered ; flowers yellow, reddish externally ; pod stalked, 6-10-
jointed. {A. hispida Willd.) — Along rivers, N. J. and s. Pa. to Fla. and La.
36. COROWILLA L.
Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9
and 1 . Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed ; the joints subcylindric. — Glabrous herbs
or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary
peduncles. (Diminutive of coi'ona, a crown, alluding to the inflorescence.)
1. C. vXkia L. a perennial herb with ascending .stems ; leaves sessile ; leaf-
lets 15-25, oblong ; flowers rose-color ; pods coriaceous, 3-7 -jointed, the 4-angled
joints 6-8 mm. long. — Roadsides and waste places, N. E. to N. J. (Nat. from
Eu.)
37. HEDYSARUM [Tourn.] L.
Ca]yx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, not appejidaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel-
phous, 9 and 1. Pod flattened, compo.sed of several equal-sided .separable
roundish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate.
(Name composed of 7?5us, sweet, and 6,pwixa, smell.)
1. H. boreale Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous ;
stipules .scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed magenta to
white flowers; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3-4, smooth,
reticulated. {H. ampricanura Britton.) — Rocky or gravelly banks, Nfd. and
Lab. to Alaska, s. to St. John Valley, N. B. and Me., mts. of n. Vt,, n. shore
of L. Superior, S. Dak., and Rocky Mts. to Col. June-Aug.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
519
38. DESM6dIUM Desv. Tick Trefoil
Calyx usually 2-lippecl. Standard obovate ; wings adherent to the straight
or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little transverse append-
age on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, U and 1, or monadelphous
below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into flat reticu-
lated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs). — Perennial herbs,
with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers in axil-
lary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or
purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like, often
striate. (Name from decr/xds, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of the
pods.) Meibomia Adans.
K.B. — In this genus the figures of the loments are on a scale of 1|.
§ 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed
calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply
sinuate on the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly
half-ohovate and concave on the back; sta-
mens monadelphous below; plants nearly
glabrous; stems erect or ascending ; raceme
terminal, panicled ; stipules bristle-form,
deciduous.
nudiflorum.
grandiflorum.
1. D. nudiflorum (L.) DC. Leaves all crowded
at the summit of sterile stems; leaflets broadly
ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elon-
gated on an ascending mostly leafless stalk or scape
6-10 dm. high. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry woods,
s. Me. tow. Que., Out., Minn, and southw. Fig.
785.
2. D. grandiflbrum (Walt.) DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the
stem from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle ; leaflets round-
ovate, taper-pointed, green both sides, the
end one round (1-1.8 dm. long). (D. acu-
minatum DC. ; Meibomia grandiflora Ktze.)
— Tiich woods, centr. Me. to Ont., S. Dak.,
and southw. Fig. 786.
3. D. pauciflbrum (Nutt.) DC. Leaves
scattered along the low (2-4 dm. high)
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate,
bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few-flowered,
terminal. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Woods, Ont. to Pa., Mich., Kan., and southw.
§ 2. Pod raised on a stalk {stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply cleft calyx ;
stems long and prostrate or decumbent ; racemes axillary and terminal.
* Stiptdes conspicuous, ovate, attenuate, striate, persistent ; racemes mostly simple.
4. D. rotundifolium (Michx.) DC. Soft-hairy all over, tvu\y T^ro&iYsXQ \ leaf-
lets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers purple ; pods almost
equally sinuate on both edges, .3-5-iointed ;
the joints rhomboid-oval. {Meibomia Mich-
auxii Vail.) — Dry woods, e. Mass. to Fla.,
w. to Minn., Mo., and La. — A form with
ovate leaflets occur.s in Va. (Curtiss).
5. D. ochroleucum M. A. Curtis. Stems
sparsely hairy, decumbent ; leaflets nearly
glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely
reticulated beneath, the lateral ones smaller
or sometimes wanting ; racemes much elon-
gated ; corolla whitish; pods twisted, 2-4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints
smooth and reticulated but the margins downy. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Wood-
lands, N. J. and Del. to Ga. and Mo. Fig. 787.
D. ochroleucum.
520
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
* * Stipules smaller^ lanceolate and awl-shaped^ less persistent ; racemes panicled.
6. D. glabellum (Michx.) DC. Glabrous
or nearly so, procumbent ; leaflets ovate or
ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller
than in the two preceding ('-yS cm. long) ;
corolla purple ; pods 2— i-jonited, flat, the oval-
rhomboid joints minutely scabrous through-
out. (Z>. humifiisuni Beck ; Meibomia gla-
bella Ktze.) — Dry sandy soil, Mass. to s. Pa.,
7S8. D. glabellum. Md., and south w. Fig. 788.
§ 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; racemes panicled.
* Stems tall (1-2 m. high) and erect; the persistent stiprdes and deciduous bracts
large and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; flowers rather
large.
•*- Pods of 4-7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than
broad (about 1.2 cm. long).
7. D. canescens (L.) DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy, branches clothed
with both minute and hooked as well as longer spreading rather glutinous
hairs ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and
789. D. canescens.
reticulated beneath, both sides roughish with a close fine pubescence ; joints
of the pod very adhesive. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry chiefly sandy soil, Mass. to
Minn, and southw. Fig. 789. Var. hirsutum (Hook.) Robinson. Panicle
and upper part of the stem very villous ; leaflets oblong-ovate. (Z>. canadense,
var. Hook. ; D. canescens, var. villosissimum T. & G. ; Meibomia canescens,
var. hirsutn Vail.) — 111. and Mo. to Tenn.
8. D. bracteosum (Michx.) DC. Venj smooth except the panicle; stem
straiglit ; U^aflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green and glabrous on both
sides, longer than
the petiole ; the
conspicuous bracts
and stipules 1-1.5
cm. long ; joints of
the pod rhomboid-
oblong, smoothish.
(Z>. cuspidatum
Hook. ; Meibomia.
bracteosa Ktze.) —
Thickets, s. N. H.
to Minn., and
southw. Fig. 790.
Var. longifblium (T. & G.) Robinson. Stem with some persisting pubes-
cence ; leaflets .scal)rous above, villous benc^atli. (D. canadense, var. T. & G. ;
Meibomia Jongifolia Vail.) — Mich, to Kan. and Ark.
H- -t- Pods of 3-5 oval joints (not over (5 mm. hmg).
\). D illinoense Gray. Erect, 1-2 ni. Iiigh ; stem and leaves with short
rough pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong or -lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, obtuse,
bracteosum.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
521
D. illinoense.
792. D. laevigatum.
subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and vein-
lets prominent, strongly reticulated, the lower
leaflets nearly equaling the petiole ; pods scarcely
over 2. 5 cm. long, sinuate on both margins (more
deeply below). {Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry ground,
Lakeside, 0. (Moseley) ; Jackson Co., INIich.
(Wheeler); 111. to Neb., Kan., and Ukla. Fig. 791.
** Stem 6-15 dm. high, erect; stipules and bracts mostly deciduous., small and
inconspicuous ; joints of the pod 3-5, triang^ilar or half-rhombic or very
ujiequal-sided and rhomboidal, longer than broad, 6 mm. or less in length ;
flowers middle-sized.
10. D. laevigatum (Xutt.) DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem
straight ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath, 5-7.5 cm. long, thin and
without prominulous reticulation ; panicles mi-
nutely rough-pubescent. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Pine
woods, s. N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.
Fig. 792. From Va. southw. passing to D. rhom-
BiFOLiuM (Ell.) DC, a more pubescent plant,
with thickish leaves, the veins
prominulous beneath. {Mei-
bomia Vail.)
11. D. viridiflorum (L.)
Beck. Stem very downy, rough
at the summit ; leaflets broadly ovatp, very obtuse, rough
above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath,
5-7.5 cm. long. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry open woods,
viridiflorum. common, s. N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo., and Tex. Fig.
793.
12. D. Dillenii Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate,
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent, mostly thin, 5-7.5
cm. long. {Meibomia Ktze.) — Open woodlands, centr. Me.
to Ont., Minn., and southw. Fig. 794.
13. D. paniculatum (L.) DC. Essentially smooth
throughout ; stem slender, tall ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
tapering to a blunt
point, thin, 7.5-12.5
cm. long ; racemes
much panicled. {Mei-
bomia Ktze.) — Copses,
s. w. Me. to Ont.,
Minn., and southw.
Fig. 795.
Var. angustifblium T. & G. Leaflets
narrower, lance-linear. {Meibomia pani-
culata, var. Chapmani Britton.) — Va,, Ky., and southw.
Var. pubens T. & G. Stem puberulent ; leaves sparingly pubescent beneath.
{Meibomia paniculata, var. Vail.) — N. J. to Kan., and southw.
U. D. striatum (Pursh) DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple,
6-9 dm. high, the upper part and narrow panicle rough-
glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish,
very smooth, 2.5-5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide ; joints ol" the
pod 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous, only 4 mm. long.
{Meibomia Ktze.) — Pine woods, N. J. to Fla. and La.
Fig. 796.
* * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous ; pods of few roundish
or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints 3-5 mm. long.
•t- Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous ; racemes densely flowered.
15. D. canadense (L.) DC. Stem hairy, 5-15 dm. high ; leaflets oblo)i(j-
704. T). Dillenii.
795. D. paniculatum.
796. D. strictum.
522
LEGUMI2sOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
canadense.
s. e, Mass. to
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numer.
ous straightish veins, much longer than the petiole^
S.7-7.0 cm. long ; flowers showy, larger than in any
of our other species, 8-12 mm. long. {Meibomia
Ktze.) — Open woods and banks of streams, N. B.
to N. C, L. Winnipeg, Kan., and Okla. Fig. 797.
16. D. sessilifblium (Torr.) T. & G. Stem pubes-
cent, 6-12 dm. high'; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets
linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,
rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the
panicle long ; floicers small. (Meibomia Ktze.) —
Pa. : and from O. and Mich, to 111., s. to Miss.
Sandy soil,
and Tex.
-t- H- Stems ascending , 3-9 dm. high; bracts small; racemes or panicles elon-
gated and loosely floicered ; flowers small.
17. D. rigidum (Ell.) DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower
surface of the leaves, ^^ith a close roughish pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer
than the petiole. (Meibomia Ktze.) — Dry hillsides, s. N. H.
and e. Mass. to Fla., Mich., Neb., and La. Fig. 798.
18. D. obtusum (Muhl.) DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-
pubescent; leaves crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets
round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins
and underneath, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. (D. ciliare DC. ; Meibomia
obtusa Vail.) — Dry hills and sandy fields, Mass. to Fla., w. to
Ont., Mich., Mo., and Tex.
19. D. marilandicum (L.) DC. Nearly smooth throughout, slender; leaflets
ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the
slender petiole; other\vise resembling the preceding. (Meibomia
Ktze.) — Copses, Mass. to Fla., w. to Minn., Mo., and La.
H- H- -(- Sterns reclining or prostrate ; racemes loosely flowered.
20, D. lineatum (Michx.) ''DC. Stem minutely pubescent,
striate-angled ; leaflets orbicular, smoothish, 1-2.5 cm. long,
much longer than the petiole ; pod scarcely stalked in the calyx.
(Meibomia arenicola Vail.) — Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and
La. ; also (?) Erie Co., O. (^Moseley). Fig. 799.
798.
rijridum.
799. D. lineatum.
39. LESPEDEZA Michx. Bush Clover
Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and
1) ; anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. —
Herbs with pinnately 3-folioiate leaves, not stipellate. Flowers often polyga-
mous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of
Florida in the time of Michaux.)
a. Stipules subulate-setaceous; bracts minute; calyx-lobes attenuate;
perennials h.
b. Flowers of 2 kinds ; the larger (violet-purple) perfect but seldom
fruitful, racemose or panicled ; the smaller pistillate and fertile
but mostly apetalous, in small sessile clusters or intermixed with
the others c.
c. Petaliferous flowers 1-fi, on elongate filiform peduncles, which are
mostly 2-4 times as long as their subtending leaves.
Stems soft-downy with siiort spreading hairs .....
Stems gliibrate or sparingly appressed-puboscent.
Stems prostrate or trailing ; stipules mostly 2-4.5 mm. long
Stems upright: stipules mostly 5-8 mm. long ....
C. Petaliferous flowers ft \v many ; peduncles stouter, some or all of
them shorter than the leaves d.
d. Many of the peduncles elongate and exceeding their subtending
leaves.
1. L. procumbtns.
2. L. repens.
3. L. violac4a.
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 523
Calyx 4-5 mm. long, much shorter than the pod.
Leaflets densely velvety beneath 4. Z. Briitonii.
Leaflets appieshed-pubescent or sparingly villous beneath . 5. L. Xuttallii.
Calyx 6-9 uun. long, about equaling the pod . . . . 6. Z. Manniana.
ct. Few if any of the peduncles exceeding the leaves e.
e. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers 3—5 mm. long, rarely half as
long as the pod.
Leaflets densely woolly or velvety beneath .... 7. L. Stuvei,
Leaflet? glabrate or appressed-pubescent beneath.
Leaflets linear to linear-oblong ; petaliferous inflorescences
mostly sessile or subsessile 8. Z. mrginicct
Leaflets oval to oblong ; petaliferous inflorescences often
short-peduncled 9. L. frutescem.
e. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers 6-8 mm. long, two thirds as
long as the pod 10. Z. siiuulata.
t. Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads ; corolla whitish
or cream-color, with a purple spot on the standard, about the
length of the calyx /.
/. Peduncles mostly shorter than the dense subglobose heads ; flowers
closely appressed-ascending.
Stem pubescent with long spreading or loosely ascending hairs,
rarely glabrate ; calyx 8-12 mm. long 12. L.capitata.
Stem short-pubescent with chiefly appressed hairs or glabrate ;
calyx 5-7 mm. long . .' 13. L. angusti/olia.
f. Peduncles elongate, chiefly equaling the cylindric or subcylindric
spikes.
Spikes thick-cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. thick.
Stems with" long spreading or loosely ascending pubescence ;
leaflets oblong to orbicular ; flowers spreading or loosely
ascending 11. Z. hirta.
Stems chiefly appressed-pubescent or glabrate; leaflets linear to
linear-oblong; flowers appressed-ascending . , . .13. L. anguf,tifolia.
Spikes slender-cylindric, 5-S mm. thick . , , . . . 14. Z. leptostachya.
a. Stipules and bracts broad and scarious ; calyx-lobes broad ; annual . 15. L. striata.
1. L. prociimbens Michx. Stem trailing., prostrate or nearly so, soft-downy
with short spreading haii-s ; leaflets do\Miy, oval or obovate-elliptical, 6-18 mm.
long ; peduncles very slender, few-flowered ; keel equaling the wings ; pod small,
roundish. — Dry sandy soil, chiefly near the coast, s. N. H. to 11a. and Tex. ;
inland in Miss, basin to Mo,, 111., and Ind. Fl, late Aug,, Sept,
2. L. repens (L.) Bart. Like the preceding but more slender and glabrous
or finely appressed-puhescent; stipules subrigid, mostly 2-4.5 mm, long. —
Sandy or rocky soil, chiefly near the coast, Ct. to Fla. and Tex., inland in
Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., and Minn. ; common and said to flower earlier than
the preceding.
3. L. vioiacea (L,) Pers. Stems upright or spreading, slender, branched,
2-7 dm. high, rather sparsely leafy and sparingly lubescent ; stipules setaceous,
mostly 5-8 mm. long; leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong, finely appressed-
pubescent beneath, those of the stem-leaves mostly 2-5 cm. long, 1,2-2.2 cm.
broad ; peduncles very slender, loosely feiofloicered, mostly longer than the
leaves ; petals 6-8 mm. long, the keel often the longest ; pod ovate. 4-0 mm,
long, minutely strigose, — Dry copses, s. N. H, and Vt. to Minn., e, Kan., La.,
and Fla., chiefly at low altitudes, July-Sept. Var. prairea Mackenzie &
Bush, Principal leaflets 1-2 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. broad. (Z. prairea Britton,)
— Dry prairies, Mo. and Kan,, southw.
4. L. Brittbnii Bicknell. Densely cinereous-velvety or -tomentose ; stems
loosely ascending or arching, 6-18 dm. long ; leaves mostly short-petioled, the
thick oblong or lance-elliptic leaflets velvety beneath, cinereous-pilose or glabrate
above, the principal ones 1,5-4 cm, long; inflorescences numerous along the
upper half of the stem or on short lateral branches ; peduncles various, some
shorter than the leaves, others elongate ; calyx 4-5 mm. long ; corolla 6-8 mm.
long, pink and purple, the standard deeper purple at base ; pod tomentose,
sharply acute or acuminate. — Dry soil, near the coast, e. Mass. to Md. ; local
and little known.
5. L. Nuttallii Darl. Stems erect, stoutish, 6-12 dm. high, villous; leaves
mostly long(l-3 cm.)-petioled, the oval leaflets glabrous or glabrate above,
appresspd-pubescent or sparingly villous beneath, the principal ones 2.5-4 cm.
long ; peduncles of various lengths ; calyx 4-6 mm. long, much .shorter than the
5^4 LEGUMIXOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
narrowly oval strigose pod. — Dry rocky woods, s. N. H. to Mich., s. to N. C.
and Ky.
6. L. Manniana Mackenzie & Bush. Erect or ascending^ 3-7 dm. high, the
rather slender stems appressed-pubescent or slightly pilose ; leaves mostly short
(0.5-1.5 cm.)-petioled, the linear-oblong to narroicly elliptic thick leaflets
strigose-puhescent beneath ; peduncles various, many of them elongate ; cahjx
6-1) mm. long, about equaling the corolla and the strigose pod. — Barrens and
dry open woods, Mich, to Kan. and Ark.
7. L. Stuvei Xutt. Stem upright-spreading, 3-12 dm, high, very leafy,
doiuny vith spreading pubescence, simple or with few densely flowered icand-
like branches ; leaves cromded, short-petioled ; the elliptical tirm leaflets icooll//
or velvety beneath and sometimes above, mostly 1-2.5 cm. long ; peduncles all
short, the crowded racemes appearing sessile or subsessile ; calyx 3-5 mm. long,
much shorter tliau the villoiis-cane.^cent pod. — Dry soil, e. Alass. and s. Vt. to
Mich., and south w\ Var. neglecta Britton. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong.
— N. J. to Mo., and south w.
8. L. virginica (L.) Britton. Stems upright, 3-11 dm. high, vmnd-like or
with few erect branches, mi)iutely appressed-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves verj^
crowded ; the principal cauline ones with slender rather long petioles, their
thicki.sh linear or linear-oblong leaflets 1.5-4 cm. long,S-7 mm. bruad, finely
appressed-pubescent ; flowers on very crowded short peduncles ; keel shorter than
the standard ; calyx 3-5 mm. long., shorter than the strigose pod. (Z,. reticulata
Pers.) — Barrens and dry open woods, s. N. H, to Fla. ; and from s. Ont. to
Kan., La., and Tex.
9. L. frutescens (L.) Britton. Stems erect, slender, 1.5-7 dm. high, slightly
appressed-pubescent or glabrate; leaves mostly with slender long (1.5-3 cm.)
petioles ; the oval to oblong firm leaflets finely appressed-pubescent or glabrate.,
those of the cauline leaves 1.5-1 cm. long ; peduncles of various lengths, mostlj'
very short, a few sometimes nearly equaUng the leaves ; calyx :3-5 mm. long,
nmch shorter than the strigillose pod. {L. Stuvei, var. intermedia Wats.) —
Open rocky woods, etc., s. Me. to Minn., and southw.
L. AcuTiCARPA Mackenzie & Bush, described from Mo. and Ark., but unknown
to us, seems from its description to resemble no. 9, but to have more elongate
peduncles.
10. L. simulata Mackenzie & Bush. Stems erect, with few upright branches,
rather stout, 3-9 dm. high, short-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves short-petioled,
the linear-oblong to elliptic firm leaflets appressed-pubescent. often silvery, those
of the cauline leaves 1.5-4 cm. long; petaliferous flowers in subcapitate sessile
or short-peduncled cluster's; calyx 6-8 mm. long, nearly equaling the corolla
and the strongly pubescent pod. — Dry open woods and plains, Ct. to O., Mo.,
a.nd southw. — Resembling no. 12.
11. L. hirta (L.) Hornem. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence ; petioles
4-12 mm. long; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate, hairy; spikes thick-
cylindric, on elongated jieduncles ; pod (at maturity) oblong-ovate, i)ubescent,
nearly 0 mm. long, hardly .shorter than the calyx. (L. polystachya Michx.) —
Dry hills and plains, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Var. oulonoifolia
Britton. Leaflets narrowly oblong. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.
12. L. capitata Michx. Stems rigid, tomentose (rarely glabnms or glabrate),
0.6-1.2 m. high; petioles very short; leaflets oblong to narmvly elliptical, thiek-
ish, reticulated and smooth or silky above, silky beneath; heads of flower/i
globular, on peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pod oblong-ovate, pubescent, mucfi
shorter than the calyx. — Dry and sandy soil, N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn., Neb.,
and La. Passing gradually to
Var. velutina (Bicknell) Fernald. Stems and both faces of the \e?ives velvety
with short dull ashy tomentum. (L. velutina Bicknell ; L. Bicknellii House.) —
N. H. to X. J.
Var. longifolia (DC.) T. & G. Leaflets narrower, lance-oblong to linear,
acute, glabrous above. — 111. and Mo. to Ky. and La.
13. L. angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky ,
leaflets linear ; the smaller often short-cylindric heads on distinct and sometimes
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 525
slender peduncles; the pod round-ovate^ acutish, 3-4 mm. long, hardly shorter
than the calyx. ^ Sandy barrens, e. ]\Iass. to Fla. and La.
14. L. leptostachya Engelm. Clothed with appressed .silky pubescence ,
stems often branched, slender; leaflets linear to narrowly oblorig ; sjnkes slen-
der, somewhat loosely flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves ; pod ovate,
small (3 mm. long), about equaling the calyx, densely pubescent. — 111., Wise,
Minn., and la.
15. L. STRIATA (Thunb.) H. & A. Diffusely branched decumbent sub-
pubescent annual ; petioles very short ; leaflets oblong-obovate, 1.2 cm. long or
less ; peduncles very short, 1-5-flowered ; pod small, little exceeding the calyx. —
Roadsides and open soil, D. C. to Mo., and southw. (Nat. from e. Asia.)
40. STYLOSANTHES Sw.
Calyx early deciduotis ; tube slender and stalk-like ; limb unequally 4-5-cleft5
the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens inserted at
the summit of the calyx-tube ; standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Anthers 10,
in two series. Style filiform, its upper part deciduous, the lower incurved or
hooked, persistent on the 1-2-jointed short reticulated pod ; the lower joint when
present empty and stalk-like. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with
wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow flowers in teiTuinal
heads or short spikes. (Name composed of cttOXos, a column, aud dvdos, a flower,
from the stalk-like calyx-tube. )
1. S. biflora (L.) B SP. Erect or spreading, pubescent and tawny-seto.se about
the few-flowered heads; leaflets narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends;
uppermost floral bracts entire ; style not quite apical on the fruit. (^S. elatior
Sw.) — Pine barrens and dry soil, near the coast, L. I, and X. J. to Fla. and
Tex. ; northw. in Miss, basin to Kan.. ]Mo., 111., and Ind, June-Aug.
Var. hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball. Stems covered with tawny
setose pubescence. {S. elatior, var. T. & G.) — Va., Okla., and southw.
2. S. riparia Kearney. More slender and decumbent, scarcely setose ; stems
tomentulose in lines ; leaflets oval or ellipticaL obtuse, mucronulate ; uppermost
bracts cleft ; terminal joint of the loment symmetrical. — Del, to Ala. July,
Aug.
41. ZORNIA Gmel.
Calyx bilabiate, 5-toothed, the tube not elongated. Corolla yellow. Stamens
inonadelphous. Ovary sessile. — Prostrate wiry-stemmed perennials with long
tough root. (Named presumably for Johann Zorn, a German apothecary of the
18th century.)
1. Z. bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. Leaves 4-foliolate. — Sandy fields, s. e. Va.
{Heller), and southw. (Mex.)
42. ViCIA [Tourn.] L. Vetch. Tare
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest
longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens more
or less diadelphous (9 and 1) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. Style filiform,
hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2-several-
seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in
germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril at the end of
the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or peduncles axillary.
(The classical Latin name.)
Peduncle very short or wantini? ; flowers few, 1-3 cm. long.
Annuals ; calvx-teeth nearly equaling the tube.
Flower 2-3"cm. Ion? . " 1. F. miiva.
Flower 1-1. S cm. lonir 2. V. angustifoUa,.
Perennial ; cal^'x-teeth much shorter than the tube 3. K. sepium.
526 LEGUMINOSAE (I'ULSE FAMILY)
Peduncle -veil developed.
Flowers 1-6, tiny (2-4 mm. long); seeds 2-4 ; annuals.
Pods glabrous, 4-seeded 4. F. tetrasperma.
Pods hairy, 2-seeded b. V. hirstUa.
Flowers usually more numerous, larger; perennials except no. 10.
Smooth or merely appressed-pubescent perennials.
Flowers 6-l'2 mm. long.
Flowers 2-8; seeds 4-6 . 6. F. ludoticiana.
Flowers more numerous ; seeds 6—12.
Flowers 1-1.2 cm. long, blue and purple 7. V. Cracca.
Flowers barelj' I cm. long, white, the keel tipped with blue . . 3. F. carotin iana.
Flowers 1.5-l.S cm. long 9. F. umcricana.
Villous aimual or biennial 10. F. viUona.
1. V. SATivA L. (Spring V.) Annual (or winter-annual), pj/^e-scen^, becom-
ing glabrate ; the stein simple or branched at base ; leaves essentially uniform ;
leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong to oblong-obovate, truncate to emarginate and mucro-
nate at apex, l.o-o cm. long, 5-13 mm. broad; flov'ers chiefly in twos in the
upper axils, 2-Zcm. lonrj, showy, purple and rose-color; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long;
pod pubescent when young, torulose, 4-8 cm. Jong, 7-8 mm. wide. — Cultivated
for forage in eastern Canada and occasionally elsewhere, and sonjetimes persist-
ing or spreading to waste ground. July, Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
2. V. AXGusTiFOLiA (L.) Rcichard. (Commox V.) Similar, glabrous or
glabrate ; leaflets 2-5 (rarely (3) pairs, those of the lower leaves oblong and trun-
cate, of the upper linear- to lance-attenuate, mucronate, 1.5-8 cm. long. 1-4 mm.
broad; Jlowfrs smaller (1-1.8 cm. long) ; calyx 7-11 mm. long; pod 4-5.5 cm.
long, 5-7 mm. wide, less torulose. — Gravelly waste places, chiefly eastw. May-
Sept. (Xat. from Eu.) Var. skgetalis (Thuillier) Koch. Leaflets of the upper
leaves truncate or emarginate and mucronate at apex, oblong to oblong-obovate,
2-8 mm. broad. {V. sativa Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Roadsides, waste places, etc.,
common. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. V. SEPiuM L. Perennial ; leaflets 5-8 pairs, elliptic-ovate ; flowers 3-4, in
subsessile racemes; pod oblong, obliquely acuminate, many-seeded. — Locally
in fields and waste places, Me. to Ont. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. V. TETRASPEUMA (L.) Mocuch. Peduncles \-2-flowered ; leaflets 4-6
pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; corolla bluish ; pods narrov\
i-seeded, smooth. — Waste places, e. Que. to Ont., Fla., and Miss. May-Sept.
(Nat. from Eu.)
5. V. HiRSUTA (L.) S. F. Gray. Peduncles S-ij-flovjered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs,
truncate ; calyx-teeth equal ; corolla whiti.sh ; p>ods oblong. 2-seedfd, hairy. —
Waste places, e. Que. to Ont. and Ga. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. V. ludoviciana Nutt. Peduncles f-H times as long as the leaves, 2-8-
flowered; leaflets 7-11, elliptical to oblong; flowers 6-8 mm. long, blue or pur-
ple.— Greene Co., Mo. (Blankinship), and south w. Apr., May.
7. V. Cracca L. Appressed-pubescent; leaflets 8-24, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate; racemes densely many-flowered, 1-sided; flowers blue,
turning purple (rarely white), 1-1.2 cm. long, reflexed ; calyx-teeth shorter than
the tube. — Borders of thickets or in fields, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ky., la., and
Minn. June-Aug. (Eu.)
8. V. caroliniana Walt. Nearly smooth ; leaflets 8-24, oblong, obtuse,
scarcely mucronate ; pediuicles loosely flowered ; flowers small, more .scattered
than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue ; calyx-teeth very short.
— River-l)anks, Ont. to Ga., Minn., and Kan. Apr.-Junc.
i>. V. americana Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-oblong,
very obtuse, many-veined ; peduncles 4-S-flowered ; flowers purplish (1.5-1.8 cm.
long). — Moist soil, N. Y. to Va., Minn., Kan., and westw. May, June. Var.
truncXta (Nutt.) Hrew^er. Leaflets conspicuously truncate. — Reported frf)m
e. Kan, Var. angustif6lia Nees. Leaflets linear. (Var. linearis Wats.) —
Minn., westw. and southw.
10. V. viLLosA Roth. (Hairy or Winter V.) Resembling V. Cracca, but
annual or biennial ; the stems, peduncles, and leaves villous; the violet and
white flowers larger. — Frequently planted for fodder, and inclined to persist or
escape into dry open .soil. May-bept. (Introd. from Eurasia )
LEGUMIXOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 527
43. LATHYRUS [Tourn.J L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea
Style dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner side
(next the free stamen). Sheath of the filauients scarcely oblique at the apex.
Otherwise nearly as in Mcia. — Our species perennial and mostly smooth plants
{\ddvpos, aleguuiinous plant of Theophrastus.)
Stipules bruatUy ovate, regularly lialberd -shaped 1. Z. maf'itimus.
Stipules semi-cordate, seaii-sagiltate, ur with unequal sides.
Flowers purple or purplish to pink or white.
Leaflets 4-12.
Principal leaves with 4-S leaflets ; flowers 2—8 2. Z. paluHiris.
Principal leaves with &-12 leaflets ; flowers 10—25 (rarely as few as 6) . 3. L. venosus.
Leaflets 2.
Stems and petioles winged 5. Z. httifolius.
Stems and petioles slender and wingless , 6. Z. tuherosus.
Flowers yellow or yellowish.
Leaflets 4-0: flowers yellowish-white 4. L. ochroleucus.
Leaflets 2 ; flowers bright j^ellow 7. Z. pratensis.
1. L. maritimus (L.) Bigel. (Beach Pea.) Stout, trailing or climbing. 0.3-
1 m. high; stipules nearly as large as the leaflets, the lower lobe larger and
usually coarsely toothed ; leaflets mostly 0-10, thick, ovate-oblong, 2-6 cm. long ;
peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6-10-flowered ; floicers large (1.8-2.5
cm. long), purple. — Seashores from N. J. and Ore. to the Arctic Sea; also on
Oneida L., N. Y.. and the Great Lakes. June-Sept. (Eurasia.)
2. L. palustris L. Slender, glabrous, the usually xringed stems 0.5-1 m.
high ; stipules obliquely lanceolate to ovate, sharp -pointed at both ends; leaflets
3-i (rarely 5) pairs, mostly' 3.5-7 cm. long, lanceolate to elliptic, rather firm ;
peduncles S-o()'arely S) -flowered ; floicers ijurp\e, 1.6-2.5 c??i. long. — Banks of
rivers and lakes. Que. to Alaska, s. to Me., Vt., w. N. Y., and the Great L.
region. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. piloses (Cham.) Ledeb. Lower surface
of leaves, peduncles, calyces, etc., pubescent. (L. myrtifolius, var. macranthus
T. G. White.) — Nfd. and e. Que. to e. Me. (E. Asia.)
Var. linearifblius Ser. Stems winged, 2-7 cm. high ; leaflets 2-3 (rarely 4)
pairs, linear to lanceolate, firm; peduncles 2-5-flowered ; floicers 1.4-1.7 cm.
long. — Meadows (often brackish), shores, and open woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to
li. I., w. X. Y., and Minn.
Var. myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray. Stems very slender, icingless, 0.3-1 m. high ;
stipules sometimes broader ; leaflets 2-3 pairs, elliptical, thinner, mostly 2-
4 cm. long; peduncles 3-9-flowered ; floicers 1-1.5 cm. long. (L. myrtifolius
Muhl.) — By lakes and streams, w. Que. to ]Man., s. to N. C. and Tenn.
3. L. venosus Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy ; stipules
very small and mostly slender ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse,
about 5 cm. long; peduncles many-flowered ; flowers 1.2-1.6 cm. long. — Shady
banks, N. J. and Pa. to the Sask., and southw. May-July.
4. L. ochroleucus Hook. Stem slender, 3-9 dm. high; stipules semicordate,
half as large as the thin ovate leaflets ; peduncles 7-10-flowered ; flowei-s 1.5-1.8
cm. long, yellowish-white. — Hillsides, w. Que. to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa.. Great
L. region, la., S. Dak., and ^Vyo. May-.July.
5. L. latif6lids L. (Everlasting or Perennial Pea.) Tall perennial
with broadly winged ste7ns ; leaves and stipules coriaceous and veiny ; petioles
mostly icing ed ; the 2 elliptic to lanceolate leaflets 0.5-1 dm. long; peduncles
stiff, many-flowered; flowers showy, pink, purple, or white. — Fnquently
cultivated, and escaping to roadsides and thickets, Ct. to D. C. (Introd.
from Eu.)
6. L. tuber6sds L. Slender perennial ; the rootstocks bearing numerous
tubers ; stems glabrous ; leaves and stipules thin; petioles and tendrils filiform ;
the 2 oblong leaflets 2-3.5 cm. long ; peduncles filiform, 3-6-flowered ; the fra-
grant violet floicers about 1.5 cm. long. — Fields and meadows, locally established
in Vt. and Out. June-Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
7. L. PRATENSis L. Low and straggling ; the 2 bright green leaflets narrowly
528 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)
lanceolate to linear, acute; peduncles 4-9-flowered ; the yellow flowers 1.5-2
cm. long. — Fields and waste places, local, N. B. to N. Y. and Ont. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)
44. ApIOS [Boerh.] Ludwig. Groundnut. Wild Bean
Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper
very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reliexed ; the long
scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. —
Perennials, twining and climbing over bushes ; the rootstocks with tuberous
enlargements. Leaflets 3-9, ovate-lanceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers
in dense and short often branching racemes. (Name from diriop^ a pair, from
the shape of the tubers.)
1. A. tuberosa Moench. Bootstocks moniliform, the tuberous enlargements
numerous; flou-ers hroimi-purple, violet-scented; standard unappendaged at the
summit. {A. Apios MacM.) — Thickets, N. B. to Fla., Minn., Kan., and La.
July-Sept.
2. A. Priceana Robinson. Tuher solitary, very large; flowers pale rose-
color; standard bearing a fleshy knob at the apex. — Woods and thickets,
Warren Co., Ky. {Miss S. F. Price). July-Sept.
45. PHASEOLUS [Toum.] L. Kidney Bean
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often shallower. Stamens
diadelphous. Stigma oblique or lateral. Pod scythe-shaped, several-many-
seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and
fleshy, rising out of the gi-ound nearly unchanged in germination. — Twining
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, produced
in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.)
1. P. polystachyus (L.) BSP. (Wild Bean.) Perennial; leaflets round-
ish-ovate, short-X)ointed ; flowers purple, handsome, but small ; pods drooping,
4-5-seeded. (P. perennis Walt.) — Copses, chiefly near the coast, Ct. to Fla.
and La.; north w. in Miss, basin to Mo., 111., and Ind.; reported north w. to
Minn, and Neb. July-Sept.
46. VIGNA Savi
Habit and floral characters nearly as in Phaseolus, but the keel merely arcu-
ate not spirally coiled at the tip. — Twining herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate
leaves. (Dedicated to Dominico Vigna, Italian scientist of the 17th century.)
1. V. SINENSIS (L.) Endl. (Cow Pea.) AniAial ; leaflets broadly ovate,
often very oblique or sometimes slightly contracted al3ove an obtusely hastate
base ; flowers few, loosely subcapitate at the end of the long stififish peduncle ;
pods 1-2 dm. long. ( F. Catjang Walp.) — Cultivated, and tending to escape,
Mo. (Bush), s. to the Gulf. (Introd. from Asia.)
47. STROPHOSXtLES Ell.
Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, strongly
incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish. straight or nearly
.so. Seeds (quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, mealy-pubescent or glabrate ;
liilum linear. Otherwise as Phaseolus. — Stems pro.strate or climbing, more or
less retrorsely hairy. Stipules and Ijracts striate. (Name from <TTpo<f)-n, a turn-
ing, and cTTvXos, a style.)
1. S. helvola (L.) Britton. Annual; stems branched, 0.3-2 m. long; leaf'
lets ovate to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), loith a more or Jess prominent
rounded lobe toward the base (the terminal 2-lobpd), or some or all often entire,
LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 529
1.2-4 cm. long ; corolla greenish-white and purplish ; pod terete, 5-7.5 cm. wide,
4-8-seeded. nearly glabrous ; seeds oblong, about 6 mm. long., usually very pu-
bescent. {S. angulosa Ell.) — Sandy shores and river-banks, coast of ]Mass. and
south w,; along the Great Lakes to Minn., and s. to Kan. and Tex. June-Sept.
Var. missouriensis (Wats.) Britton. Climbing high (3-10 m.) ; leaflets often
8 cm. long, rhombic-ovate, rarely at all lobed ; seeds 6-8 mm. long. — River bot-
toms, D. C.-. 111.. Mo., and Kan. Flowering somewhat later.
2. S. umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. Stems wore slender, 6-12 dm. long, from
a perennial rootstock ; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, rarely at all lobed, 2.5
cm. long or less ; pod r3.5-5 cm. long, scarcely 4 mm. wide; seeds much smaller,
short-oblong to quadrate. (S. peduncnlans Ell.) — Damp sandy ground, L. I.
to Fla. and Tex.; north w. in Mi.ss. basin to s. Ind. Sept., Oct.
0. S. paucifl5ra (Benth.) Wats. Annual, slender, low-climbing, pubescent:
leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not lobed, 2.5 cm. long ; pod
pubescent, 2-;iJ cm. long, flattish ; seeds as in the last, very finely mealy, soon
glabrate. — River-banks, Ind. to Minn., Kan.. Tex., and Miss. July, Aug.
48. CLIT6RIA L. Butterfly Pea
Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, erect, rounded, notched at
the top, not spurred on the back ; keel small, shorter than the N^ings, incurved,
acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, sev-
eral-seeded, pointed with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials,
with mostly pinnate 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Pedun-
cles 1-o-flowered ; bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.")
1. C. mariana L. Low, ascending or twining, smooth ; leaflets oblong-ovate
or ovate-lanceolate ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; peduncles short ; the showy
pale blue flowers 5 cm. long. — Dry banks, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., northw. in
Miss, basin to III. and Mo. June-Aug.
'©•
49. CENTROSEMA (DC.) Benth.
Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the spreading standard with a spur-
shaped projection on the back near the base ; keel broad. Pod long and linear,
flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges,
the valves marked witli a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining
perennials, with 3-foliolate stipeUa,te leaves, and large showy flowers. (Name
from KevTpov, a spjir, and crrj/xa. a standard.) Bradburta Raf.
1. C. virginianum (L.) Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets
varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun-
cles 1-4-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla violet, 2.5 cm. long;
pods straight, 1-1.2 dm. long. — Sandy woods, " N. J." and Md. to Fla., Ark.,
and Tex. July, Aug.
50. d6lichos l.
Calyx bell-shaped, with deltoid teeth, the upper pair united nearly or quite
to the apex. Standard orbicular, with incurved auricles at base. Flowers fas-
ciculate-racemose. Pods linear and falcate, or oblong-lunate, compressed ; seeds
several. (The Greek doXix^s, long, a word also employed by Theophrastus as
the name of some kind of pulse.)
1. D. LXblab L. (Hyacinth Bean.) Stoutish twining annual, 3-6 m. in
length ; leaflets large, deltoid-ovate ; flowers purple ; pods 2 cm. broad. — Often
cultivated for ornament and in tropical countries for its seeds ; tending to escape,
D. C. to O, (Introd. from India.)
51. AMPHICARPA Ell. Hog Peanut
Flowers of 2 (or 3) kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches
perfect ; those near the ba.se and on filiform creeping brandies with the corolla
gray's manual — 34
530 LEGUMINOSAE (iTLSE FAMILY)
none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful ; reduced flowers of
sliglitly different form sometimes also on aerial racemes. Calyx about e(j[ually
4(rarely 5)-toothed. Stamens diadelphous. Pods of the upper flowers, when
formed, somewhat scimiter-shaped, stipitate, 3-4-seeded ; of the lower ones
commonly subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, ripening usually
but one large seed. — Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed
with brownish haii"s. Leaves pinnately o-foliolate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sti-
pe! late. Petals purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasping, striate, as
well as the stipules. (Xame from d/jLcpi, both, and KapirSs, fruit, in allusion to the
two kinds of pods.) Falcata Gmel.
1. A. monoica (L.) Ell. Leaflets thin, L3-5 cm. long; racemes nodding;
calyx of the upper flowers 4 mm. long ; the ovary glabrous except the mostly
appressed hairy margin ; pod 2.5 cm. long ; ovary and pod of the rudimentary
flowers hairy. {Fdlcata comosa Am. auth.; Glycine comosa L. ?) — Kich damp
woodlands, common. Aug., Sept.
2. A. Pitcheri T. & G. Leaflets usually 5-10 cm. long ; rhachis of the ra-
cemes usually villous ; calyx 6 mm. long, the teeth acuminate ; pod sometimes
hairy on the valves, the margins retrorse-hispid. (Falcata Ktze.) — Rich woods
and thickets, near the coast, Mass. to D. C; and from w. N. Y. to S. Dak., s. to
La. and Tex. July-Sept.
52. GALACTIA P. Br. Milk Pea
Keel scarcely incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Pods linear, flat,
several-seeded (a few of them rarely subterranean and flesh}' or deformed). —
Low mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 8, stipellate.
Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish ; in summer.
(Xame from yd\a, milk ; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which
is unlikely.)
1. G. regularis (L.) BSP. Stems nearly smooth, 'p'^'^ostra.te ; leaflets elliptical
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4-8-flowered ;
pods somewhat hairy. {G. glabella Michx.) — Sandy woods, near the coast,
s. N. Y. to Fla. and Miss.; locally northw. in Miss, basin to Kan. July, Aug.
2. G. volubilis (L.) Britton. Stems decumbent and somewliat twining,
hoary-puhescfnt ; leaves glabrous above, soft-downy and hoai^ beneath; leaflets
oval; racemes many-flowered; pods very dovmy. {G. pilosa Ell.) — Dry soil,
near the coast, L. L to Fla. and Tex. Var. mississippiensis Vail. Leaves
pubescent above. — Miss, basin, from Mo. southw.
53. RHYNCH6SIA Lour.
Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1-2-seeded, flat, 2-valved. — ■
Pereiniial herbs, with leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not;
stii>ellaie. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. . (Name from pi;7xos, a beak^
from the shape of the keel.)
* Stem elongated, trailing or twining ; leaflets 3.
1. R. tomentbsa (L.) IL & A. Trailing and twining ; the stem and leaves
mure or l^si^, pubescent with spreading hairs ; leaflets 3, roundish or roiDul-rhom-
bic, acute or acutish ; racemes short, few-flowered, almost sessile; calyx 8-10
mm. long, about equaling the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleit ; pod
obloiig. — Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
2. R. latifolia Nutt. Soft-pubescent ; leaflets large, ovate, rounded at the
base; rac^min long, many-flowered, equaling or usually exceeding the leaves;
calyx-lobes lance-linear, 1.1-1.3 cm. long, eijualing the corolla. — .Mo. (Bush)
to La. and Tex.
* * Erect ; stem shorter.
3. R. er^cta (Walt.) DC. Stem (3-6 dm. higli) and leaves more or less to-
mentdse ; Uaflt'ts 3, oval to oblong, obtuse or acutish; racemes short and
shortly pedunculate. — Dry soil, Del. to Fla. and Miss.
LINACEAE (flax FAMILY) 531
4. R. simplicif51ia (Walt.) Wood. Dwarf (1-2 dm. high) ; pubescence
spreading ; leaflets solitary (rarely 3), round- re niform, very obtuse or apiculate ;
racemes few-flowered, sessile in the axils, {li. reniformis DC.) — Va. to Fla.
and Miss.
LINACEAE (Flax Family)
Herbs {rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynons flowers
4r-6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 5 sta-
mens monadelphous at base, and an 8-lO-seeded pod having twice as many cells
as there are styles.
1. Linum. Flowers 5-inerous.
2. Millegrana. Flowers 4-merous.
1. LINUM [Tourn.] L. Flax
Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with
each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence),
5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or
completely divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the
carpel, the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatrop^us, mucilaginous, flat-
tened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with
tough flbrous cortex, simple and sessfle entire leaves, with(Uit stipules, but often
with glands in their place, and with corymbose or panicled flowers. Corolla
usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)
Petals blue, large (1 cm. or more in length); capsule 10-12 mm. in
diameter.
Annuals : stigmas elongated.
False septa of the capsule not ciliate 1. Z. nsitatissimum.
False septa of the capsule ciliate 2. L. humile.
Perennial ; stigmas scarcely longer than broad Z. L. Lerciaii.
Petals yellow or white ; capsule 3-6 mm. in diameter.
Petals more than 1 cm. long ; western 4. Z. rigidum.
Petals 4— S mm. long.
False septa very incomplete, conspicuously ciliate.
Petals white ; leaves chiefly opposite ; fruiting pedicels 4-10 mm.
long . . . . ' 5. Z. caikarticum.
Petals yellow ; leaves chiefly alternate ; pedicels 1-3 mm. long . . 6. L. sulcatum.
False septa nearly complete, not cihate.
Stem-leaves chiefly opposite ; branches striate-angulate ... 7. L. striatum.
Stem-leaves chiefly alternate ; branches subterete.
Capsule depressed-globose.
Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, deep green ; flowering branches
filiform, flexuous, ascending-spreading 8. Z. virginianum.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, dull or pale green ; flowering
branches slightly rigid and fastigiate 9. Z. medium.
Capsule globose-ovoid 10. L. florid anum,.
1. L. usiTATissiMUM L. (CoMMON F.) Ei'cct annual; stem 3-5 dm. high,
corymbosely branched at top ; sepals acute, ciliate; fruit nearly indehiscent,
its septa not ciliate. — Occasionally spontaneous in fields and on roadsides.
(Introd. from Eu.)
2. L. HUMILE Mill. Similar but of lower growth ; capsule dehiscent, its
septa ciliate. — Similar situations. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. L. Lewisii Pursh. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous, 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves linear, acute ; flowers rather few on long peduncles ; sepals obtuse or
acutish, not glandular-serrulate; styles distinct; pod. ovoid. — Plains, Wise,
to Tex. and Alaska.
4. L. rigidum Pursh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulent, often low
and cespitose, the rigid branches angled; leaves narrow, erect, usually irith
stipular glands; flowers large; sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate; styles
united; capsule ovoid, 5-valved. — Dry soil, Sask. and Minn, to Kan., and
southwest w. (Hex.)
632 OXALIDACEAE (^yOOD SORKEL FAMILY)
o. L. CATHARTicuM L. Delicate annual. 1-2 dm. high, corymbosely branched •,
Ifaves small (3-8) mm. long), elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse. — Old fields, etc.,
N. S. and Ont!^ (Adv. from Eu.)
6. L. sulcatum Riddell. Annual; branchlets grooved; leaves linear or
sulnilate, commonly with dark glands in the place of stipules ; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, glandular-ciliate. — Dry or sandy soil, e.
Mass. and Vt. to Man., and southwestw.
7. L. striatum Walt. P^rect from a slightly decumbent base ; flowers small,
somewhat cirnrded on the stiffish spreading-ascending angulnte branches. — Wet
woods, sandy shores, etc., Mass. to Ga., Mo., and Tex. — The fruiting plant has
much the habit of Lechea.
.8. L. virginianum L. Tall, 3-5 dm. high ; stem and branches subterete^
leaves thin, deep green, elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, the lower spatu-
late and often opposite, chiefly spreading-ascending ; flowers scattered on a few
often subsimple branches; sepals ovate, short-pointed, nearly or quite entire;
capsule depressed-globose. — Dry woods and barrens, s. Me. to Ga., Ky., and s.
Ont.
0. L. medium (Planch.) Britton. Leaves of flrm texture, acute, erect or
ascending ; pedicels short (1-7 mm. long); the inner sepals commonly erose or
somewhat glandular-ciliolate ; capsule depressed-globose. — Dry or sandy soil^
Vt. to Ont! and Mich., southw. and southwestw.
10. L. floridanum (Planch.) Trel. Similar to the preceding, perennial'
leaves firm, erect, pale, narrowly lanceolate to oblong, acute ; branches few,
slender, arched-ascending ; sepals glandular-ciliate on the covered margins ;
capsule ovoid., pointed. — Bogs and sterile soil, e. Mass. to Fla.
2. MILLEGRAnA Adans. All-seed
Sepals (toothed), petals, stamens, and styles 4. Pod of 4 almost 2-celled
carpels, each carpel 4-seeded. Seeds without albumen. — A minute annual
with filiform simple stems or forking branches, opposite leaves, and tiny corym-
biform cymes. Corolla fugacious. (Name from ntille, thousand, and granum,
seed.) Radiola Roth.
1. M. Radiola (L.) Druce. The only species. (Eadiola Linoides Roth.}
— Ditches, Louisburg, Cape Breton {Macoun). (Nat. from Eu.)
OXALIDACEAE (Wood Sorrel Family)
Plants with regular o-merous \0-lo-androus flowers. Ovary superior,
5-celled, the carpels 2-3o -ovuled, usually distinct above, loculicidal. — Ours
low herbs with sour watery juice and delicate impunctate palmate alternate or
radical leaves with 3 obcordate leaflets.
1. 6XALIS L. Wood Sorrel
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes united at base, withering after
expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter.
Styles 5, distinct. Pod prismatic, cylindric, or awl-shaped, membranaceous ;
valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by the partitions. Seeds pendulous
from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large
and straight in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat. — Several species produce small
peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in the bud and particularly fruitful ; and
the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even triniorphous in the relative
length ot the stamens and styles, (Name from o^vs, .sour.)
N. B. — In this genus the figures are on the scale of |.
OXALIDACEAE (WOOD SOKKEL FAMILY)
533
Steinless ; petals white or purple,
Rootstock creeping ; scapes 1 -flowered
Hulbose ; scapes umbellately several-flowered
Caulescent ; petals yellow,
riowers large ; petals 1.4-2 cm. long ; Pa. and southward.
Petals hairy on the margin ; leaflets 8-15 mm. broad
Petals essential]}' glabrous ; leaflets 2—4 cm. broad
Flowers smaller ; petals 8-12 mm. long.
Stems erect or decumbent but not extensively creeping.
Peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; pedicels appressed-pubescent or strigillose,
deflexed in fruit.
Stem covered with closely appressed short hairs
Stem covered with loose spreading woolly pubescence . . . .
Peduncles mostly several-flowered ; pedicels ascending or widely dive. •
gent, their pubescence sparse, spreading
Stems prostrate, elongated, rooting at the nodes
1. O. Acetosella.
2. 0. violacea.
3. 0. Priceae.
4. O. grandis.
5. 0. siricta.
6. O. filipes.
7. O. eorniculata.
S. 0. repens.
1. 0. Acetosella L. (Common W.) Creeping; leaves radical; scapes
1-flowered, 5-15 cm. high ; petals white, with rose-colored or purple veins. —
Deep woods, N. S. and e. Que. to Sask., s. to N. E., N. Y., and in the mts. to
N. C. (Eu.) Var. subpurpurascens DC, with petals rose-colored or purple,
has been found at Chesterville, Me. (Miss Eaton), and at Manchester, Vt.
{Grout). (Eu.)
2. 0. violacea L, (Violet W.) Nearly glabrous; base bulbous, scaly;
leaves radical; scopes umbellately several-flowered, 1.2-2.5 dm. high, exceeding
the leaves; petals violet. — Rocky places and open woods, e. Mass to Minn,
and southw.
3. 0. Priceae Small. Caulescent ; stems erect, soft-villous, from a long
slender dark-colored rootstock ; leaflets 8-12 mm. broad ; pedicels in 2's or 3's
at the ends of long slender peduncles, deflexed in fruit ; petals yellow, ciliats. —
Bowling Green, Ky. (Miss Price) ; and Ala.
4. 0. grandis Small. Tall
(3-4.6 dm. high), smoothish or
covered with soft spreading pu-
bescence ; leaflets large (often
3.5-4.1 cm. broad), frequently
brownish-piirple at the margin ;
long-peduncled inflorescences 3-
several-flowered ; petals yellow,
1.4-1.8 cm. long, not ciliate. —
Sandy woods and alluvial soil, Pa.
to 111. and southw. May-Aug.
5. 0. stricta L. Pale green,
appressed-pubescent or strigose ;
stems usually several, decumbent,
stoutish ; stipules evident ; pedi-
cels 1-4 (mostly 2), subumbellate
at the end of the peduncle, at length deflexed ; the fruit large, columnar,
short-pointed, 15-23 mm.
long. — Dry or sandy soil,
s. Me. to Dak. and southw. ,
common. — The petals pale
yellow, often with a reddish
spot near the base. Fig. 800.
6. 0. filipes Small. Very
slender, pubescence of the
stem loose and spreading;
petioles and peduncles fili-
form, elongated ; umbels
chiefly 2-flowered ; petals
yellow. (O.Brittonae^m^W.)
— Sandy soil, s. Me. (Cham-
berlain & Collins) to n. N. Y.,
Ct., Fla., and Tex. Fig. SOL 801. O. filipes.
800. O. stricta.
534
GERANIACEAE (GEKAI^IUM FAMILY)
7. 0. corniculata L. (Lady's Sorrel.) Erect or decumbent, apparently
flowering the first year but perennial by numerous slender pale runners ; leaflets
green or often purplish ; pedicels
subombellately or at length cy-
mosely arranged at the summit of
the peduncle, ascending, sparingly
pubescent, the hairs spreading;
petals yellow. (O. cymosa, Bushii,
& rnfa Small ; 0. stricta of many
802. O. corniculata.
auth., not L.) — Dry or moist open soil, a
very common weed. (Eu.) Fig. 802.
8. 0. repens Thunb. Stems several, pros-
trate and creeping, the numerous erect
branches low, seldom 1 dm. high ; leaflets
803. O. repens.
small ; flowers small, 2-5 on very short at length dejlexed. pedicels. (O. corni-
culata of L., in part, and of many later authors.) — A weed, chiefly in and
about greenhouses. (Cosmopolitan.) Fig. 803.
GERANlACEAE (Geranium Family)
Plants with perfect regular b-merous hypogynous flowers. Sepals imbricated
in the bud, persistent. Glands of the disk 5, alternate with the petals. Stamens,
counting the sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice as many as the sepals.
Ovary deeply lobed; carpels 2-ovuled, 1-seeded, separating elastically with their
long styles, when mature, from the elongated axis. Cotyledons x>licate, incum-
bent on the radical. — Our species herbs with lobed or divided stipulate leaves,
and astringent roots.
1. Geranium. Stamens -with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or tails of
the carpels in fruit naked inside.
2. Erodium. Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, often
spirally twisted. '
1. GERAnIUM [Tourn.] L. Cranesbill
Stamens 10 (rarely 5), all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at
their ba.se (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth inside in fruit when they
separate from the axis. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. (An old
Greek name, from -y^pavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to
resemble tlie bill of that bird.)
Perennials with stoutish caudex and tough fibrous roots.
Petals more tlian 1 cm. long.
Pedicels puberulent but not glandular ; petals light purple .
Pedicels glandular-puberulent; petals deep purple
Petals less than 1 cm. long.
Sepals strontrly awned ; flowers mostly solitary
Sepals merely ftointed ; tlowers in pairs
Annuals or biennials ; flowers small ; petals not over 1 cm, long.
Petals about 1 cm. long, twice the length of the sepals.
Petals entire ; leaves ternately dissected
Petals deeply ret use ; leaves [.almately lobed
Petals less than 1 cm. long. 1-1% timesthe length of the sepals.
Fertile part of the carpel pubescent.
1. O. maculatum.
2. G. pratense.
8. G. siTjiHcum.
5. G. pyf'^nuicum.
4. G. Rohertianum.
5. G. pi/renaicum.
GEKANIACEAE (GEKAXIUM FAMILY)
535
Fruit 1.7-2.4 cm. long; seeds pitted.
Flowers crowded . . . . ,
Inflorescence lax . . . . ,
Fruit 1-1.5 cm. long.
Seeds pitted ; sepals short-awned
Seeds smooth ; sepals awnless .
Fertile part of the carpel essentially glabrous.
Pedicels S-15 mm. long . . . ,
Pedicels y-<5 cm. long
6. G. carolinianinn.
1. G. Bicknellii.
8. G. rotundifolium.
9. G, pusillum.
10. G. molU.
11. G. columbinum.
1. G. maculatum L. (Wild C.) Erect, hairy; leases about o-parted. the
wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; sepals slender-pointed ; pedi-
cels and beak of fruit hairy but not glandular ; petals entire, light purple,
bearded on the claw. — Open woods and fields, centr. Me. to Man., and southw.
Apr. -July.
2. G. PRATEXSE L. Tall (7 dm. high) ; leaves mostly 7-parted, the narrow
lobes incised; pedicels and beak glandular-pubescent ; petals deep purple. —
Fields and meadows, n. e. Me., X. B., and Que. ; also locally, e. Mass. (Introd.
from Eu.)
3. G. siBTRicuM L. Weak, diffusely branched; stem leafy; leaves 3(-5)-
parted, the segments broadly lanceolate or rhombic, sharply cut-toothed, acute ;
carpels finely pubescent ; seeds lineolate. — Said to be established on Manhattan
I. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
4. G. Robertianum L. (Herb Egbert.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, strong-
scented ; leaves S-divided or pedately b-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid ;
sepals awned ; petals red-purple, long-clawed ; carpels wrinkled ; seeds smooth.
— Moist woods and shaded ravines, e. Que. to Minn., s. to N. J., Pa., and Mo.
June-Oct. (Eu.)
5. G. PYRExXicuM Burm. f. Soft-pubescent and somewhat glandular, 2-6 dm.
high ; leaves orbicular, 5-7-cleft two thirds of the way to the base, the lobes
obovate-oblong, again toothed ; sepals puberulent,
merely pointed^ not awned ; jjjc^r? 7s rose-colored, deeply
notched ; carpels puberulent ; seeds smooth. — Road-
sides and waste places, about Quebec ; also at Bethle-
hem, Pa. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. G. carolinianum L. Diffusely branched, hairy ;
leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cut and cleft into
many oblong-linear segments ; flowers glomerate-
cymose ; sepals ovate, about as long as the ichitish or
very pale pink petals ; beak of fruit tipped with a
short filiform style; seeds ovoid, minutely reticulated.
— Rocky places, etc., mostly in poor soil, e. Mass.,
southw. and westw., common ; ^laj'-June. Fig. 804.
7. G. Bicknellii Britton. Diffusely branched ; leaves somewhat angular in
contour, deeply cleft into narrow segments and lobes ;
flowers in pairs., the peduncles scattered; petals rose-
colored, somewhat exceeding the sepals ; hcak of fruit
tipped with a prolonged filiform style (4-6 mm. in length) ;
seeds nearly black, finely reticulated. — Open woods, clear-
ings, etc., ^id. to B. C, s. to N. E., N. Y., Mich., Utah, etc.
Fig. 805.
8. G. rotcxdif6lium L. Weak, diffusely branched, vil-
lous with gland-tipped hairs ; leaves orbicular in outline,
cleft half to two thirds the way to the base, the broadish
segments crenate-toothed or lobed ; petals rose-color,
enrire ; seeds finely reticulated. — Waste places about New
York City, Philadelphia, etc., rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
9. G. pcsiLLUM Burm. f. Similar to the preceding in
habit and foliage ; flowers very small ; petals purplish,
about equaling or little exceeding the awnless sepals : sta-
mens 5 ; fruit pubescent ; seed smooth. — Waste places and cultivated ground,
Mass., southw. and westw., casual. (Adv. from Eu.)
804. G. carolinianum. x ^.
805. G. Bicknellii. x 14.
536 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (CALTKOP FAMILY)
10. G. MOLLE L. Weak, spreading, soft-pubescent; leaves orbicular, cleft
to the middle, the segments crenate or incised; sepals ovate-obloiiir, not awned
villous ; petals rose-colored, notched ; stamens 10 ; carpels transversely icrinkled,
glabrous. — Kecently seeded lawns, etc., casual but not rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
11. G. coLUMBixuM L. (LoNG-STALKKi) C, ) Miuutelv hairy, with slender
decumbent stems; leaves -'v-T -parted, and cut into narroio linear lobes; pedun-
cles and pedicels Jiliform, much elongated ; sepals aicned, about equaling the
retuse purple petals ; carpels subglabrous ; seeds minutely reticulated. — Borders
of fields, etc., N. J. and Pa. to Va. ; also Dak. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. EROdIUM L'H^r. Storksbill
The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally,
bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium- (Name from epwStos, a heron.)
1. E. cicltAbium (L.) L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading;
stipules acute ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, 1-2-pinnatifid ; sepals bristle-
tipped; Jilame7its not toothed. — About cities, not rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. E. MOSCHA.TUM (L.) L'Her. Similar, but stouter ; leaflets less divided ;
sepals not bristle-tipped; antheriferous filaments 2-toothed. — Waste ground,
etc., eastw., infrequent. (Adv. from Eu.)
ZYGOPHYLLAcEAE (Caltrop Family)
Herbs (or southward woody plants)., with cjpposite {or alternate) in our spe-
cies abruptly pinnate undotted leaves., and perfect regular mostly b-merous flowers.
Stamens free, essentially hypogynous., in ours ticice as many as the petals. Pistil
of several united l-few-ovuled carpels. Ovules anatropous with superior micro-
pyle and large straightish embryo. — Chiefly tropical.
1. Tribulus. Carpels 5, several-ovuled, prickly.
2. Kallstroemia. Carpels 10, one-ovuled, tuberculate.
1. TRIBULUS [Tourn.] L.
Sepals and petals (4-)5. Filaments slender, unappendaged ; those before the
petals sometimes slightly united with them, the alternate ones subtended by
glands. Cells of ovary as many as the petals, 3-5-ovuled. — Ours spreading
annuals. (The Latin name of the caltrop., Avhich in form its prickly fruit suggests.)
1. T. TEKKESTRis L. (Caltrop.) Branched from the base ; leaflets 5-7 pairs ;
flowers small, short-peduncled ; petals pale yellow ; mature carpels crested and
armed with 2-4 spreading prickles. — Occasional in Atlantic States; also 111.,
Neb., and Kan. ; chiefly on dumps. (Adv. from Old World.)
2. KALLSTRO]fcMIA Scop.
Sepals, petals, and stamens as in Tribuhis. Cells of the ovary twice as many
as the petals, each 1-ovuled, becoming 1-seeded nutlets, dorsally rounded,
smooth or tuberculate but not prickly, at maturity falling away from the per-
sistent stylar axis. — Diffuse annuals. (Name unexplained, given presumably
in honor of some obscure botanist.)
1. K. maxima (L.) T. & G. Prostrate, grayish-hirsute; leaflets 4-6 pairs,
oblong, obtu.se, about 1 cm. long; flowers 0-15 cm. in diameter; petals yellow ;
fruit depressed-ovoid, beaked with a stoutish columnar style. — Railroad yards,
etc., w. Mo. :)nd e. Kan., where presumably adventive from the Southwes*
(Troj). Am.)
-KUTACEAE (RUE FAMFLY) 637
- RUTACEAE (Rue Family)
Plants with simple or compound leaves^ dotted with pellucid glands and
aboundinr/ with a pungent or hitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hypogy-
nous almost always regular S-o-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice
as many as the sepals {rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com-
bined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of the
receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. Embryo large, usually in fleshy
albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves
in ours alternate. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old World
and the southern hemisphere.
1. Zanthoxylum. Flowers dioecious; ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods.
'2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous ; ovarj- 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Ehn.
3. Ruta. Flowers perfect ; ovary 4-5-lobed, forming a several-seeded capsule.
1. ZANTHOXYLUM L. Prickly Ash
Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5,
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the
petals. Pistils 2-5. separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods
thick ami fleshy, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth
and shilling. P>mbryo straight, with broad cotyledon.s. — Shrubs or trees, with
mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small,
greenish or whitish. (From ^avdbs, yellow, and ^v\ov, icood.)
1. Z. americanum Mill. (Northerx P., Toothache-tree.) Leaves and
flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters ; leaflets 2-4 pairs and an odd one,
ovate-oblojig. downy when young; calyx none; petals 4-5; pistils 8-5, witb
slender styles; pods short-stalked. {Xanthoxylum, of auth.). — Rocky woods
and river-banks, w. Que. to Minn., s, to Va., Ky., Mo., and e. Kan. Apr, May.
— An aromatic shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves.
2. Z. Clava-Herculis L. (Southern- P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-8 pairs and
an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flowers in an
ample terminal cyme ; sepals and petals 5 ; pistils 2-3, with short styles ; pods
sessile. (Z. carolinianum Lam.) — Sandy coast of Va., and southw. June. —
A small tree with very sharp prickles.
2. PTELEA L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree
Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Sta-
mens as many. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and
2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foliolate
leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The
Greek name of the Elm. here applied to a genus with similar fruit.)
1. P. trifoliata L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky
places, L. L to Out. . Minn., and southw. ; cultivated and often established else-
where. June. — A tall .shrub. Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor
of the flowers disagreeable.
Var. m611is T. & G. Branchlets, petioles, and both surfaces of the somewhat
thickish leaflets densely and permanently velvety. — Shore of L. Mich., Sauga-
tuck, Mich. {Wheeler)) also Tex., etc.
3. RUTA [Tourn.] L. Rue
Flowei*s perfect, 4-5-merous. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow, the sides
and apex strongly inrolled, the margin denticulate or ciliate-dentate. Stamens
8-10, inserted about the ba.se of the torus, the alternate ones smaller. Capsule
4-5-lobed, dehiscent at the summit, many-seeded. — Heavy-scented herbs or
538 SIMARUBACEAE (QUASSIA FAMLLY)
undershrubs with alternate simple or variously compound leaves. (The ancient
name.)
1. R. GRAVEOLENS L. (CoMMON R.) Suffruticose, glaucous, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves thickish, 2-3-pinnatifid, ultimate lobes or divisions obovate-cuneate ;
petals denticulate. — Formerly much cultivated for aromatic qualities and sup-
posed medicinal value ; now locally established in pastures, Weybridge, Vt.
{Brainerd), Peaks of Otter, Va. (Citrtiss), and very likely elsewhere. (Introd.
from Eu.)
SIMARUBACEAE (Quassia Family)
Trees and shrubs with floral structure much as in the Rutaceae but the foliage
destitute of pellucid dots. — Chiefly tropical.
1. AILANTHUS Desf. Tree op Heaven
Flowers polygamous. Calyx regular, 5-parted, the lobes imbricated. Petals
5, infolded-valvate. Stamens in staminate flowers 10, in perfect flowers 2-8, in
pistillate flowers none. Disk lobed. Ovary 2-5-parted, becoming in fruit 1-5
narrowly oblong membranaceous samaras (1-seeded in the middle). — Handsome
trees of rapid growth. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers small, green or yellowish,
in ample terminal panicles, especially the staminate of unpleasant odor. (Name
said to be from a vernacular Moluccan designation, meaning tree of heaven, in
allusion to the height in the native habitat. )
1. A. glandul6sa Desf. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, 11-23-foliolate ; leaflets
ovate, acuminate, entire or sparingly toothed toward the base. — Extensively
cultivated as a shade tree, freely spreading by suckers, and locally self-sown.
(Introd. from Asia.)
, POLYGALACEAE (Milkwort Family)
Plants icith irregular hypogynous flowers, 4-8 diadelphous or monadelphous
stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink; the fruit
a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod.
1. POLYGALA [Tourn.] L. Milkwort
Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper-
most and the 2 lowest) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or
inner (called icings) are much larger and colored like the petals. Petals 3,
hypogynous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle
(lower) one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 ; their
filaments united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with
the petals, free above ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with an anatropous
ovule pendulous in each cell ; style prolonged and curved ; stigma various.
Fruit a small loculicidal 2-seedt'd pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex,
much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds carunculate.
Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty albumen. —
Hitter plants (low lierbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted
leaves, and no stipules. (An old name composed of woXus, much, and ydXa, milk,
applied by Dioscorides to some low shrub reputed to increase lactation.)
* Perennial or biennial ; flowers purple or white; leaves alternate.
-»- Flowers showy, commonly rose-purple, conspicuously crested; also some
inconspicuoiis colorless cleistogamous flowers on subterranean branches.
1. P. paucifblia Willd. (Fringed Polvgala, Flowering Wintergreen.)
Perennial ; flowering stems short (7-10 cm. high) ; lower leaves small and
scale-like, scattered, the upper ovate, petioled, crowded at the snininit ; flowers
1-3, large. ])eduiK'ied ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the fringe-crested
keel; stamens (> ; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed. —
POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY) 539
Woods, in light soil, e. Que. to Man., s. -to Ga., 111., and Minn. May, June. —
A delicate plant, its handsome flowers 1.8 cm. long, rarely white.
2. P. polygama Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly
simple, ascending, very leafy, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or oblong ;
terminal raceme loosely raany-Jlowered^ the broadly obovate winiis longer than
the keel ; stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short subterranean runners ;
lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil,
N. S., westw. and south w. July.
-f- -i- Flowers ichite, in a solitary close spike ; none cleistogamous.
3. P. Senega L. (Sp:xeca Sxakeroot.) Stems several from thick and
hard knotty rootstocks, simple, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, with rough margins ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest .short ;
caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay, Alberta,
and south w. May-July.
Var. latifblia T. & G. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate or lanceo-
late, 5-10 cm. long, tapering to each end. — Md. to L. Huron, Dak., and Tenn.
* * Annuals, with all the leaves alternate ; flowers in terminal spikes, heads, or
racemes, chiefly purple or rose-color, in summer ; none subterranean.
+- Keel conspicuously crested ; claws of the true petals united into a long and
slender cleft tube much surpassing the icings.
4. P. incarnata L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves
minute and hnear-awl-shaped ; spike cylindrical ; flowers flesh-color ; caruncle
longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry sofl, N. J. to s. Ont.,
Wise, Neb., and southw., rather rare.
■f- -t- Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested; the true petals not longer but
mostly shorter than the wings ; seed pear-shaped.
5. P. sanguinea L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ;
leaves oblong-linear ; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (8-10 mm.
thick), bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white); pedicels scarcely any;
icings broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod ; the 2-parted caruncle
almost equaling the seed. (P. viridescens L.) — Sandy and moist ground;
common, N. E.. westw. and southw.
6. P. mariana Mill. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched ; leaves
narrowly linear, acute, 6-16 mm. long ; spikes short and dense (6 mm. in diam-
eter); the small rose-purple flowers on pedicels of about the length of ihe pod;
Avings obovate- or oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the
pod ; bracts deciduous with the flowers or fruits ; caruncle as long as and nearly
enveloping the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed. (F. fastigiata Nutt.)
— Pine barrens of N. J. to Ky., Fla., and Tex.
7. P. Nuttallii T. & G. Resembling the last, but usuafly lower; spikes
cylindrical, slender ; flowers duller or greenish-purple, on very short pedicels;
the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after the flowers or fruits fall ;
seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller. — Dry sandy sofl, coast of Mass. ro Del.,
Md., and southw. — Spike sometimes rather loose.
8. P. Curtissii Gray. Slender, 2.5 dm. high ; leaves, etc., as in the two
preceding ; flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes ; pedicels about equal-
ing or exceeding the persistent bracts ; the narrow oblong erect icings fully twice
the length of the pod; caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of
the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at the broader end. — Md.
to Ky., Ga., and Ala. — Founded upon an abnormal form with elongated
racemes and pedicels.
* * * A7inuals with at least the loicer stem-leaves whorled in fours or fives;
spikes terminating the stem and branches; floicering summer and autumn.
■*- Spikes short and thick (8-18 mm. in diameter) ; bracts persisting after the
fall of the middle-sized rose- or greenish-purple flowers ; crest small.
9. P. cruciata L. Stems 1-2.5 dm. high, almost winged at the angles,
with spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some-
540 EUPHOKBIACEAE (SPL'RGE FAMILY)
what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearhj so; wings broadly
ileltoid-ovate, sUghtbj heart-shaped, tapering to a hristhj point cr rarely point-
less ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Margins of swamps, and occasionally
in drier places, s. Ale. to S. C, mostly near the coast ; and from Mich, to Minn,
and Neb.
10. P. brevi'folia Nutt. Kather slender, branched above ; leaves scattered
on the branches, narrower ; spikes peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless
or barely mucronate. — Margins of sandy bogs, R. I., N. J., and southw.
^ H_ Sjnkes slender (about 4 mm. thick), the bracts falling with the Jloicers,
which are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the
keel larger.
11. P. verticillata L. Slender, 8-2."> cm. high, much branched ; stem-leaves
all whorled, those of the mostly opposite branches scattered, linear, acute ;
spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, acute ; wings round, clawed ; the
2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil, N. E., westw. and
southw.
Var. ambigua (Xutt.) Wood. Usually taller (2-3.5 dm. high) ; leaves (and
branches) all scattered or the lowest in fours; spikes long-peduncled, more
slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered. (P. ambigua Nutt.) — Me. to
Mich., and southw.
* * * * Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, cuid yellow flowers, which
are disposed to turn greenish in drying ; crest small ; flowering all summer.
12. P. lutea L. Low; flowers bright orange-yellow, in solitary ovoid or snb-
cylindric heads (1.8 cm. thick) terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves
2-5 cm. long» obovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the
seed. — Sandy swamps, L. I. to s. e. Pa., and southw. near the coast.
13. P. ramosa Eil. Flowers lemon-yellow, in numerous short and dense
spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme; leaves oblong-
linear, the lowe.st spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the
length of the caruncle. — Damp pine barrens, Del., and southw. June-Sept.
14. P. cymbsa Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes in a
u.sually almost simple cyme ; leaves narrow, acuminate ; seeds globose, icithout
caruncle. — Del., and southw. ; fl. midsummer.
EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)
Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monoecious or dioecious flowers,
mostly apetalous, somHimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypetalous or gamo-
pftalous) ; the ovary free and usually '^-celled, with one or sometimes two ovules
hanging from the summit of each cell ; stigmas or branches of the style as many
or twice as many as the cells ; fruit commonly a S-lobed capside, the lobes or
carpels separating elastically from a persistent axis and elastically 2-valved ;
seed anatropous; embi'yo straight, almost as long as and the flat cotyledons
mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen. Stipules often present. — A vast
family in the warmer parts of the world ; most numerously represented in
northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very reduced flowers
within a calyx-like involucre.
* Flowers with a calyx, without involucre.
+- Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.
++ Flowers apetalous, in cymose panicles (2-8-chotomous) ; stamens 10, erect in the bud.
1. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form. Armed with stinging hairs.
*+ -M- Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes ; stamens inflexed in the bud ; stollate-downy or scurfy
or hairy and glandular ; leaves mostly entire.
2. Croton. Flowers spiked or glfunerate. Ovary and fruit .3 (rarely 2-4) -celled.
■^. CrotonOQSis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovarv and fruit 1 -celled.
EUPHOKBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) 641
•.• ++++ Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except no. 7), apetalous (except no. 4) ; stamens S or
more ; anthers erect in the bud.
4. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10-15, united. Styles bifid, linear.
5. Mercurialis. Sepals 3 or calyx 3-parted. Stamens S-20; anther-cells attached at tip, pen-
dulous. Styles (slightly united at the base) strongly papillose, undivided.
6. Acalypha. Calyx 4(:3-5)-parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers in the axils of leafy
bracts. Stigmas finely dissected.
7. Ricinus. Racemes terminal, subpanlcled. Calyx 3-5-parted. Stamens verj' numerous ;
the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted.
++++++ ^+ Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base ; stamens 2 or 3 ; styles simple.
S. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent.
9. Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile bracts glanduliferous.
Glabrous.
■i- -»- Seeds and ovules 2 in ?ioh cell ; flowers monoecious.
10. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stazaens 3, m "^ed.
11. Andrachne. Stamens 5 or 6. Flowers axillary, the staminate petaliferous.
* * Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre, — the whole liable to
be mistaken for a single flower.
12. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked stamen)
and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil).
1. JATROPHA L.
Flowei-s monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme : the
fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate
flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; in the pistillate 5-parted, imbricated or
convolute in the bud. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens
10-80, monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled ; stj'les 3, united below
their summits once or twice forked. Capsule separating into 3 two-valved car-
pels. Seed carunculate. — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly
tropical, with alternate mostly long-petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stip-
ules. Our species has apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-form, and
is armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by Linnaeus, without entire clear-
ness or classical accuracy, to be fonned of larpov, a remedy, and (pdyoj, I eat.)
1. J. stimulosa Michx. (Tread-softly. Spurge Nettle.) Herbaceous,
from a long perennial root, branching, L5-6 dm. high; leaves roundish-heart-
shaped, 3-5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles ; the divisions entire or
acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored ; flowers white, fra-
grant, 1.8 cm. long or more; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the woolly
base, the outer set almost distinct. — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La.
June-Sept.
2. cr6ton l.
Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes
or spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5 (rarely 4-6) -parted ; the divisions lightly imbri-
cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many, but mostly
small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or IoIdcs of the disk as many as and
alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens 5 or more ; fila-
ments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. Pert. Fl. Calyx 5-10-cleft or
-parted, nearly as in the staminate flowei-s ; but petals none or minute rudiments.
Ovary 3(rareiy 2-4)-celled, with a single ovule in each cell ; styles as many,
from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded
carpels. Seeds carunculate. — Stellate-downy, scurfy, or hairy and glandular
plants, mostly strong-scented ; the fertile flowers usually at the base of the
sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite,
with or without obvious stipules. (Kootwj/, the Greek name of the Castor-oil
J'lant, of this family.)
542 EUPHORBIACEAE (SPCRGE FAMILY)
* Sterile flowers irith i-partecl calyx, as many petals, a i-rayed disk, and 8
stamens; fertile floioers withb-parted calyx, very minute rudimentary petals,
and the 3 styles 2-cleft.
1. C. glandul5sus L., var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Annual, rough-
hairy and glandular, 3-6 dm. high, somewhat umbellatelj'^ branched ; leaves
oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland
on each side ; fertile flow^ers captitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike,
sessile in the forks and terminal. — Open waste places and sandy barrens, Va.
to Fla., and Tex. ; north w. in Miss, basin to Kan., la., 111., and Ind. ; rarely on
ballast northeastw.
* * Sterile flowers with b-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the petals,
and 10-14 stamens ; fertile flowers vjith 7-12-parted calyx, no petals, and
the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted. ,
2. C. capitatus Michx. Annual, densely soft- woolly and somewhat glandu-
lar, 2-6 or more dm. high, branched ; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or
elongated-oblong, rounded at base, entire ; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely
fimbriate ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter-
minal sterile spike. — Barrens, N. J. to Fla, and Tex. ; northw. in Miss, basin to
Ind., 111., Mo., and Kan. July-Sept.
* * * Sterile flowers vnth unequally S-6-parted calyx, as many petals and scale-
like glands, and 3-8 stamens; fertile flowers loith equally b-parted calyx, no
petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas.
3. C. monanth6gynus Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and rusty-
glandular ; stems 1.4-6 dm. high, slender, erect, below often umbellately 3-4-
forked, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong-ovate
or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish, 1.5-3 dm. long, about twice the length
of the petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short
and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short
recurved peduncles ; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and 1-
seeded ; the seed broadly oval. — Barren and dry prairies, s. Ind. to N. C. and
Fla., w. to la., e. Kan., and Tex. ; occasionally adv. northeastw. June-Sept.
**** Dioecious ; calyx equally b-parted; petals none; stamens 10 or more;
styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted.
4. C. texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. Annual, covered with a close canescent
stellate pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves
narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear ; staminate spikes or racemes very short,
often sessile ; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate. — Sandy soil,
Del. {Commons) ; and from Ala. to Wyo., Col., Ariz., and Mex. ; rarely on
ballast northw.
3. CR0T0N6pSIS Michx.
Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the
lower fertile. Ster. Fl. Calyx equally 5-parted, Petals 5, spatulate. Sta-
mens 5, opposite the petals ; filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged
at the apex. Fert. Fl. Calyx unequally 3— 5-parted. Petals none. Glands
(petal-like scales) o, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled,
bearing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1-seeded.
Seed without ^caruncle. — A slender low annual, with short-petioled linear or
elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and sinoothish above, but silvery-
hoary with stellate hairs and scurfy with brownish .scales underneath. (Croton
and 6\f/is, appearance, from likeness to Croton.)
1. C. linearis Michx. Fruit about 2 mm. long. — Dry sandy soil, s. Ct.
( Fames) to Pa., southw. near the coa.st to Fla. and Tex.; inland in Miss.,
basin to 111., Mo., and Kan. July-Sept.
EUPHOKBIACEAE (^SPURGE FAMILY) 5-1:3
4. ARGYTHAMNIA P. Br.
Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-parted. valvate in tlie staminate flowers, im-
bricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the
pr»>niinent lobes of the glandular disk, .Stamens 5-15, united into a central
column in l-o whirls. Styles 1-3-cleft. Capsule depressed, 3-lnbed. Seeds
subglobose. roughened or reticulated, not caruiiculate. — P^rect herbs or under-
shnibs, with purplish juice, and alternate usually stipulate leaves. (Name from
dpyvpos. silver, and ddfxvos, hush, from the hoariness of the original species.)
1. A. mercurialina Muell. Arg, Stem erect, nearly simple, o-O dm. high,
sericeous ; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent with
appre-ssed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid ; raceme many-flowered, exceeding
the leaves ; spatulate petals of the sterile flowers as long as the calyx-lobes ;
ovary sericeous ; capsule appressed-pubescent, 8-10 mm. in diameter. {Ditaxis
Coult.) — Kan. to Ark. and Tex.
5. MERCURIALIS [Tourn.] L. Mercury
Dioecious or monoecious. Flowers apetalous, in interrupted axillary spikes.
Stamens 8-20, distinct. Calyx small, green, globose in bud, 8-parted. Carpels
2(-3). — Herbs, with opposite pinnateh' veined leaves. (A plant-name used
by Pliny and meaning belonging to the god Mercury.)
1. M. AxxuA L. Weak erect leafy-stemmed annual ; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, crenate-.serrate ; carpels hispid. — Waste places and ballast
ground, N. S. to S. C. and O. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. ACALYPHA L. Three-seeded Mercury
Flowers monoecioas ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes ; the few or
solitary fertile flowers at the base of the same spikes, or sometimes in separate
ones. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in bud ; of the fertile,
3-5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 8-16 ; filament short, monadelphous at
base ; anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex
of the filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red) .
Capsule separating into 3 globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel. —
Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or
Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile
flowers with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like
cut-lobed persistent bract. ('AA:aXr/097, an ancient name of the Nettle.)
* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent ; seeds nearly smooth.
1. A. virginica L. Smoothish or hairy, 3-6 dm. high, often turning purple ;
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-petioled ;
sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large leaf-like pal-
mately 5-fl-cleft fruiting bracts; fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil. — Fields
and open places, N. S. to Ont. and ]Minn., s. to the Gulf. July-Sept.
2. A. gracilens Gray. Finely pubescent and often villous ; leaves lanceolate
or even linear, less toothed and shorter-petioled ; the slender sterile spike
often 2 cm. long, and much surpassing the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting
bracts. (A. virginica, var. Muell. Arg.) — Sandy or dry soil, s. N. H. to Fla.,
w. to e. Kan. and Tex. — Carpels by abortion sometimes reduced to one (.1.
monococca Engelm.).
* * Friiit echinate with soft bristly green projections ; seeds rough-wrinkled.
3. A. ostryaefblia Riddell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely
serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short, axillary ;
the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their bracts deeply cut into
many linear lobes. (A. caroliniana Ell., not Walt.) — N. J. to Fla., w. to ().,
Kan., and Tex.
544- EUPHOKHIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY)
7. RICINUS [Tourn.] L. Castoh-oil Plant
Flowers in racemose or panicled cliLsters, the fertile above, the staminate
below. Calyx o-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly branching
filaments. Styles 3, united at base-, each bifid, red. Capsule large, 3-lobed,
with 3 large seeds. — A tall stately annual, with very large alternate peltate
and palmalely T-ll-cleft leaves often 3-6 dm. broad. (Ancient Roman name.)
1. R. COMMUNIS L. — Cultivated for ornament, and sometimes spreading to
waste ground. (Introd. from the tropics.)
8. TRAGIA [Plumier] L.
Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-5(chiefly
3)-parted. valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 ; filaments short ; anther-cells
united. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3-8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ;
the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three
2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. — Erect or climbing plants
(ours perennial herbs), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly
alternate stipulate leaves ; the small-tiowered racemes terminal or opposite
the leaves ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small
bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.)
1. T. urens L. Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy, 1.5-3 dm. high;
leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at base, obtusely
or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sessile,
paler beneath ; sterile calyx usually 4-parted ; stamens 2. (T. innocua Walt.) —
Dry sandy soil, e. Va to Fla. and La. May-Aug. — Not stinging.
2. T. nepetaefolia Cav. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute
with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the
lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at base, coarsely cut-toothed,
short-petioled ; sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T*. urticaefolia
Michx.) — Va. (Pursh), and common southw. to Fla. and Tex.; Mo., Kan.,
and westw. T. ram6sa Torr. (T. stylaris Muell. Arg.), with 4-6-parted sterile
calyx, 4-0 stamens, and elongated styles, is probably only a variety. — Mo. to
Kan. and southwestw.
3. T. macrocarpa Willd. Twining, somewhat hii-sute ; leaves deeply cor-
date, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate, 6-11 cm. long, all but
the uppermost long-petioled ; pod 1.3 cm. broad. (T. cordata Michx.) — Ky.
and Mo. to Ga., Fla., and Tex.
9. STILLINGIA Garden.
Flowers iionoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of
the disk none. Calyx 2-3-cIeft or -parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 2 or 3 ; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick ; stigmas 3,
diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. —
Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at base ;
the fertile flowe;>: few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separated) ;
the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B.
Stillingfleet, English naturalist of the 18th century.)
1. S. sylvatica L. Herbaceous, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves almost sessile, oblong-
lanceolate, serrulate; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry soil,
Va. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Tex. May-Oct. — Sometimes called Queen's-root
or Queen's-delight.
10. PHYLLATfTHUS L.
Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually .5-6-parted, imbricated in the
bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules
2 in each cell of the ovary. Cap.sule depressed ; each carpel -i-valved, 2-seeded.
Seeds not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. Name
EUPHORBrACEAE (^SPURGE FAMILY) 54;")
composed of (pv\\oi>, 7raf, and avdos, hJosfiom, hecause the flowers in a few species
are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)
1. P. carolini^nsis Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves obovate
or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, one
staminate, the other fertile ; calyx 0-parted ; stamens 3 ; styles 3, each 2-cleft ;
glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united into a cup. — Gravelly banks,
©. Pa. to ceutr. 111., s. e. Mo., and southw.
11. ANDRACHNE L.
Flowers monoecious, pedicellate, the sterile petaliferous, fasciculate, the
fertile often petaliferous, iLSually solitary in the axils. Stamens and calyx-
segments 5-t). Pod dry, splitting into three 2-Yalved carpels. — Shrubs anH
undershrubs, with many ascending leafy branches. Leaves oval or obovate,
entire. (From dvdpdxi^-, classic Greek for the purslane.)
1. A. phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Muell. Arg. Nearly glabrous shrub ; stems and
ascending simple branches lithe; leaves broadly obovate, membranaceous, 1.5
cm. long, shortly petiolate ; pedicels capillary, 7-14 cm. long ; petals in the
sterile flowers about as long as the obovate calyx-segments, in the fertile obsoles-
cent. — Rocky and gravelly places, s. Mo. to Tex.
12. EUPHORBIA L. Spurge
Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4-5-lobed involucre (Jloicer of
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick
glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers nu-
merous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little bract,
and consisting merely oi a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the filament ;
anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the
involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-celled
ovary with no calyx (or a mere vestige). Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stigmas
therefore 6. Pod separating into three 1-seeded carpels, which split elastically
into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in §§ 5 and 6), — Plants (ours
essentially herbaceous) with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often
umbedate-clustered ; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really
axillary. (Named for Euphorhus^ physician to King Juba.)
A. Glands of the involucre icith petal-like usually white or rose-colored margins
or appendages ,* these almost obsolete in no. 1.
I 1. ANISOPHYLLUM "Roper. Leaves all opposite, shoi't-petioled, small , oblique
at base; stipules awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed, persistent ; stems
much branched, spreading or usually procumbent ; involucres solitary in the
forks or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands;
annuals.
* Seeds smooth and even ; leaves entire ; whole plant glabrous.
••- Leaves oblong to linear, 6-20 mm. long ; pod 2-3 mm. in length.
■^ Appendages of the involucral glands minute or none.
1. E. polygonif51ia L. (Seaside S.) Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong-
linear, obtuse, mucronate. slightly cordate or obtuse at base, 8-16 mm. long :
stipules setaceou.sly divided ; peduncles in the forks, as long as the petioles •
lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands; pods
obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, over 2 mm. long, the largest of this section. —
Sandy shores of the Atlantic (from N. S. southw.) and of the Great Lakes ; also
reported from centr. la. and westw.
2. E. Geyeri Engelm. Procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, slightly
mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate, ()-12 mm. long ; stipules
setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as the petioles, at length in loose foli-
aceous lateral clusters ; glands with narroio white or red appendages ; pods
gray's manual — 35
646 EUPHOKBIACEAE (^SPUKGE FAMILY^
acutely aiiijlerl ; seeds ovat<', acute at one encl, 1 mm. long. — Randy soil, 111. to
Wise, Minn., and Kan. June-Sept.
-*-* ** Appendages of the involucral glands broad and conspicuous, white and
petaloid.
3. E. petaloidea Engelm. Half-erect and spreading ; leaves narroichj oblong,
retuse or ernaryinate ; peduncles 2 mm. in lengtli, longer than the petioles ; pod
obtusely angled; seeds nearly 2 mm. long. — la. and Mo., westw. and south-
westw. June-Sept.
4. E. zygophylloides Boiss. Habit of the preceding but taller and more
slender; leaves linear; peduncles capillary, 5 ram. long ; capsule deeply 3-sul-
cate, the lobes carinate ; seeds obscurely 4-angled. {e. Nuttallii Small.) —
Limestone barrens, Greene Co., Mo. (Blankinship) to Kan., and southvvestw.
-»- -*- Leaves suborbicular, 1-3 mm. long ; pod 1-1.5 mm. long.
5. E. serpens HBK. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting; leaves
roiind-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, only 1-3 mm. long ; stipules membrana-
ceous, triangular; peduncles much longer than the petioles, at length in loose
foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the very small involucre with minute crenu-
late appendages; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled, 1 mm. long or
less. — Kich soil, s. w. Ont., 111., and la. to Kan., and southw. ; rarely adv. eastw.
** Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled; leaves more or less
serrulate.
•*- Glabrous or nearly so.
•*-*■ Seeds acutely angled ; leaves 4-12 mm. long.
6. E. serpyllifolia Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading ; leaves obovate-ob-
long, narrovs^ed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the obtuse apex,
6-12 mm. long, often with a red spot ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles
as long as or longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clus-
ters ; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewiiat toothed appendages ;
pods sharply angled ; seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-v'rinkled, often
pitted, nearly 1.5 mm. long. — Sandy and alluvial soil, n. ^lich. (Farwell) to Mo.,
Tex., and westw.
7. E. glyptosperma Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), erect-
spreading ; leaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base, slightly
serrulate toward the obtuse apex, 4-10 mm. long ; stipules lanceolate, seta-
ceously divided ; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clus-
ters ; glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages ;
pods sharply angled ; seeds sharply 4:-angled and icith 5 or 6 sharp transverse
wrinkles. 1 mm. long. — Oxford Co., Me. (Parlin, Miss Furbish) ; Fi.sher's I.,
N. Y. ; Ont. to Wise, Mo., and westw.
•»-*• 4-h Seeds obtusely angled; leaves 1-3 cm. long.
8. E. Preslii Guss. Stem often subsimple below, erect or obliquely ascend-
ing, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-
oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate, 1-3 cm. long, usually with a
red spot or red margins; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the petioles,
collected in loo.se leafy terminal cymes ; appendages entire, larger and wliite, or
smaller and sometimes red ; pod glabrous ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled
and tubercled, 1 mm. long, blackish. {E. liypericifolia Man. ed. '\ not L.? E.
nutans Lag.) — Dry open soil, Mass. to Ont., Wise, Neb., and southw.
H- H- Puberulent to hirsute.
9. E. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. Of lower stature and more procumbent than
the piceedhig ; stems hirsute, copiously branched from near the base ; leaves
smaller, 8-14 mm. long, oblong to ovate ; seeds black with pale semi-transparent
envelope, sharply 4-angled, the flatti.sh or concave sides ob.scurely wrinkled,
(E. hypericifoUa, var. Tnrr.) — Dry sandy soil, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to N. J.,
Pa., O., and 111., common.
EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) 647
10. E. maculata L. (Milk Pcrslane.) Prostrate ; stems puberulent or
hairy ; leaves oblong-linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upward, more or less
pubescent or sometimes smoothish, 8-12 mm. long, usually with a brown-red
spot in the center ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as the peti-
oles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the small involucre minute,
witli narrow slightly crenate usually red appendages ; pods acutely angled, pu-
berulent ; seeds 0.4 mm. long, red, icith pale envelope, sharply ^-angled and irith
about 4 shallow grooves across the concave sides. — Open places, roadsides, etc..
common.
11. E. humistrata Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy ; leaves
plliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, sparsely
hairy underneath. 8-18 mm. long, sometimes with a brown spot above ; stipules
lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles rather shorter than the petioles, in dense
scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters; involucre cleft on the back, its red or white
appendages truncate or crenate : pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate,
red. with pale envelope, obtusely angled, minutely roughened. 1 mm. long. —
Rich soil, Ont. to .Minn., and southw,
12. E. stict6spora Engelm. Similar in habit and pubescence ; leaves mostly
shorter, oval or suborbicular. not spott:d ; seeds at maturity reddish-gray,
finely and distinctly pitted. — Kan., westw, and south westw.
§ 2. ZYGOPHYLLfDIUM Boiss. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not
oblique, with stipular glands ; stems dichotomously branched, erect; cymes
terminal; involucres with o glands ; seeds tuberculate.
13. E. hexagona Nutt. Somewhat hairy, 3-15 dm. high ; branches striate-
angled ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire ; involucre hairy without and within ;
glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice their length ; capsule smooth ;
seeds ovate. — la. to Tex., w. to Col. and Mont.; also on waste ground, Wih
mington, Del. (Commons').
§ 3. PETALOMA Boiss. Uppermost leaves icith conspicuous white petal-like
margins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered; erect annuals, with
leaves equal at base and entire, and icith lanceolate deciduous stipules;
involucres b-lohed, in an umbel-like inflorescence.
14. E. marginata Pursh. (Syow-oN-THE-MouxTAiy.) Stem stout. 3-9 dm.
high, erect, hairy ; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, acute ; umbel with three
dichotomous rays ; glands of the involucre with broad white appendages. —
Minn, to Mo., Col.. Tex., and S. C; spreading eastw. to 0., and frequently
escaping from flower-gardens.
§ 4. TITHYMAL6pSIS (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. Only the uppermost
leaves whorled or opposite; erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at
base; stipules none; involucres mostly b-lobed, in the forks of the
branches and terminal ; inflorescence umbelliform.
15. E. coroUata L. (Flowering S.) Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy,
4-10 dm. high ; root deep; stem usually simple for more than half its length;
leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtme ; umbel 5(3-7)-forked, and the
forks again 2-:](or rarely 5)-forkcd; involucres long-peduncled, with sho%\y
white appendages (appearing like petals), the lobes minute and incurved; pod
slender-pediceled, smooth ; seeds thick, 2 mm. long or more, ash-colored, slightly
uneven. — Rich or sandy soil, N. Y. to Fla., w. to Minn, and La. ; also locally
naturalized in N. E. July-Oct.
16. E. marilandica Greene. Pale green ; root or rootstock horizontal, near
the surface; stem 3 dm. high, trichotomous from near the base; leaves lance-
linear, whorled below, the upper opposite, and floral reduced to subulate bracts.
— Sand hills, Anne Arundel Co., Md. (^Greene). — Not seen; description
compiled.
548 EUPHOKBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY)
AA. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages.
§ 5. POINSETTIA (Graham) Baill. Involucres in terminal clusters^ i-b-lobed.
with few (or often solitary) cup-shaped glands; erect annuals, icith entire,
dentate, or sinuate leaves, all or only the iipper ones opposite^ the iippermost
often colored, especially at base ; stipules reduced to small glands.
17. E. dentata Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy, 2.5-12 dm. high; leaves
ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed, 4-8 cm. long, only the
lowest alternate, the upper often paler at base ; involucres almost sessile, with
5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked glands ; seeds
ovoid-globular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Pa. to Wyo, and Tex. July-Sept.
18. E. heterophylla L. (Painted Leaf.) Erect. 3-0 dm. high, glabrous ;
leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate
or linear and entire, often only those of the branches linear ; the upper usually
^\ith a red base ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with -5 ovate incised
lobes and one or few almost sessile glands; seeds nearly globular, tubercled. —
Slopes and rocky soil, Minn, to w. 111., Kan., Tex., and Fla.
§ 6. TITHYMALUS [Tourn.] Pers. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or
commonly umbelliform inflorescence, 5- or usually ^-lobed, xoith as many
flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands; seeds carunculate {except
in no. 19) ; ours ascending or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules.
* Perennials icith entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite ; involucres long-
peduncled in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 transversely oblong
glands; seeds without caruncle.
19. E. Ipecacuanhae L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular root,
erect or diffusely spreading, 1-2.5 dm. long, forking from near the base ;
leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile,
glabrous; peduncles elongated (1. .3-2.5 cm. long) ; pod long-pediceled, obtusely
angled, nearly smooth ; seed ovoid, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots.
— Sandy soil, near the coast, Ct. to Fla. ; also barrens of s. Ind.
* * Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or
opposite and of a different shape ; glands mostly 4.
•»- Leaves serrulate or rarely entire; glands transversely oval, obtuse.
++ Seeds smooth and even ; pod warty or rough.
20. E. Darlingtbnii Gray. Tall perennial, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves entire,
minutely downy beneath; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow
base ; the floral oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate
base ; umbel 5-8-rayed, then simply forked ; pod minutely warty ; large globular
seed with a small caruncle. — Cop.ses, Pa. to the mts. of N. C. July-Sept.
21. E. obtusata Pursh. ^rect annual, ^-Q dm. higla.; leaves oblong-spatidate,
minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base ; floral (mes
ovate, dilated, barelj'- mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then
into 2 ; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands ; styles distinct,
longer than the ovary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle ; pod beset with long warts. —
Damp woods. Pa. to S. C, w. to la , Kan., and (?) Tex.
22. E. PLATYPHYLLA L. Ercct annual. 2-4.5 dm. high ; upper stem-leaves
lanceolate-oblong , acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scat-
tered hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-rayed ;
involucre with ciliate lobes and large sessile glands ; styles longer than the
ovary, united at base, slightly '2-cleft; pod covered with depressed warts. —
L. Champlain to w. Pa. and Man. June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
t-t- ++ Seeds rugose or reticulated ; leaves serrulate; annuals.
23. E. dictyosperma Fi.sch. & Mey. Stem erect, 2-4.5 dm. high ; leaves
oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper
ones cordate at base ; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped,
slightly uuicronate ; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; involucre
CALLITRICHACEAE (WATEli STAR WORT FAMILY) 549
with nearly naked lobes and smaJJ aJmost sfissile glands; styles shorter than
the ovary, spreading or recurved; pod v:ar(y ; seeds deUcately reticulated.
(E. arkansana and var. missouriensis Norton.) — Prairies and roadsides, Mo
to Ala., and westw^. May-July.
24. E. Helioscopia L. (Wartweed.) Stems ascertding, 1.5-3.5 dm. high,
stout ; leaves all obovate and very rounded or retuse at the eiid,jinely serrate,
smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped : umbel divided into 5
rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; glands orhirnlar, stalked; pod,^
smooth and even ; seeds icith coarse honeycomb-like reticulations. — Waste places.,
and dry open soil, e. Que. to Ont., abundant ; locally s. to Pa., 0., and 111. (Xa.<.
from Eu.)
■*- -i- Leaves entire ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned.
■*-*■ Seeds smooth and dark-colored ; perennials, icith running rootstocks.
25. E. EsuLA L. Stems clustered, 3-4 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate to linear,
the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many
rays, then forking ; glands short-horned (brown) ; pods smoothish and granular.
— Sandy banks, s. Me. {Parlin^ to N. J., Pa., and Mich. (Nat. from Eu.)
26. E. Cyparissias L. (Cypress S.) Stems densely clustered, 1.2-3 dm.
high; stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped ; umbel many-rayed ;
glands crescent-shaped; pods granular. — Escaped fi'om gardens, common.
(Introd. from Eu.)
27. E. LiciDA Waldst. & Kit. Stout and tall glabrous perennial ; leaves
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; termi-
nal umbel many-raj^ed. the rays forking; glands short-horned: pods flnely
wrinkled. (E. nicaeensis Man. ed. 6, not All.) — Eield and roadsides, Sus-
quehanna Valley, N. Y. and Pa. (Nat. from Eu.)
++ -^ Seeds sculptured, ash-colored ; pod smooth ; annuals or biennials.
28. E. Peplus L. (Petty S.) Erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands
long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-u-ing-crested on the back ; seeds 2-grooved on
the inner face, pitted on the back, scarcely over I mm. long. — Waste places
and cultivated ground, N. B. to N. J., Pa., and la. (Adv. from Eu.)
29. E. commutata Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly decumbent
base, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves obovate, obtuse, the upper all sessile, the upper
floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; glands with
slender horns ; capsule obtusely angled; seeds ovoid, pitted all over, 2 mm. long.
— Along streams and shady slopes. Pa. to Fla. , Mo., and Minn.
* * * Glabrous annual or biennial icith entire opposite and decussate leaves, an
umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands.
30. E. LathyrusL. (Caper S., Mole Plant.) Stem stout, 3-9 dm. high;
leaves thick, linear or oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel
4-rayed, then forking. — Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ct. and N. Y. to N. C.
(Introd. from Eu.)
CALLITRICHACEAE (Water Starwort Family)
Low slender and usually ttifted chiefly aquatic herbs (glabrous or beset with
microscopic stellate scales), with entire spatulate or linear leaves, monoecious
flowers {solitary or 2 or S together in the axil of the same leaf) wholly naked or
inclosed by a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen,
the filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes
1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, bear-
ing 2 distinct filiform stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled,
separating at maturity into as many closed l-.seeded portions. Seeds pendulous ;
embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumen
550 BUXACEAE (BOX FAMILY)
1. CALLITRICHE L. Water Starwort
The only genus. (Name from Ka\6$, beautiful^ and 6pi^^ hair, from the
slender stems.)
* Small annuals, forming Uifts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales ; leaves
uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, ^nerved, crowded; bracts
none.
1. C. defl^xa A. Br., var. Austini (Engelm.) Hegelm. Stems 1-2. '> cm. high ;
fruit 0.7 mm. wide, broader than high, deeply notched above a)id below, on a
pedicel often nearly of its own length or almost sessile ; lobes of the fruit nar-
rowly winged and with a deep groove between them ; persistent stigmas shorter
than the fruit, spreading or reilexed ; leaves 2-4 mm. long. (C. Austini Engelm.)
— Damp soil, Ct. to Del.; also from Tenn. to Mo. and Tex. (Mex., S. A.)
* * Amphibious perennials ; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate
and Z-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrowly oblong in
terrestrial forms) ; flowers usually between a pair of bracts.
2. C. palustris L. Fruit 1 mm. long, higher than broad, obovate, slightly
obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very
narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them ; stigmas shorter
than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous ; floating leaves crowded in a
tuft, obovate. narrowed into a petiole. (C. verna L., in part.) — Common in
quiet waters. (Eu. )
3. C. heterophylla Pursh. F^'uit smaller, as broad as or broader than high,
deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes obtusely
angled, with a small groove between them ; stigmas as long as the fruit, erect,
persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse,
abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. — Quiet water, Nfd. to Md., La., and
westw.
* * * Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear l-nerved leaves ; flow-
ers vnthout bracts ; carpels separate nearly to the axis.
4. C. autumnalis L. Stems 7-15 cm. high ; fruit large (2 mm. wide or
more), flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its
lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow gi-oove between them ;
stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ; leaves all linear from a broader base,
retuse or notched at the tip, 4-12 mm. long. (0. bifida Morong.) — Lakes and
cold streams, w. Mass., L. Champlain, and w. Que. to L. Superior, and westw.
(Eu.)
BUXACEAE (Box Family)
Perennial herbs or more often trees or shrubs, with simple opposite or alter-
nate usually evergreen leaves, watery juice and small greenish monoecious or
dioecious apetalous flowers ; sepals imbricated or none ; stamens opposite the
sepals or indefinite ; carpels 8 ; ovary ^-celled ; styles 3, simple ; ovules (in ours)
geminate in the cells, suspended, the rhaphe dorsal. — A small family, often
united with the Euphorbiaceae.
1. PACHYSANDRA Michx.
Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals none.
Ster. Fl. Stamens 4, separate ; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat ; anthers
oblong-linear. Fert. Fl. Styles thirk, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down
their whole length inside. Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at
length 2-valved 2-.seeded carpels. — Nearly glabrous low and procumbent peren-
nial herl)S, with matted creeping root.stocks, and alternate ovate or obovate
coarsely toothed 1* uvcs narrowed jit base into a petiole. Flowers each 1-3-
bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at base, un[)leasantly scented ;
LIMKANTHACEAE (FALSE MERMAID FAMILY) 551
sepals greenish or purplish ; filaments white (their size and thickness giving the
name, from Traxi^s, thick, and av-qp^ ust d for stamen).
1. P. procumbens Michx. Stems 1. 0-2.0 dm. long, bearing several approxi-
mate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered spikes
along the base; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. —
Woods, mts. of Ky., W. Va., and south w^ ; adv. north w. March-Maj'.
EMPETRACEAE (Crowberry Family)
Low shrubby evergreens., icith the foliage., aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, b^it the divided or laciniate
stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae. — Probably only an apetalous and degen-
erate form of Ericaceae, and comprising three genera, two within the limits of
this work, the third farther south.
1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, petaloid.
2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.
1. EMPETRUM [Tourn.] L. Crowberry
Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves, incon-
spicuous, scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 8. Style very short ; stigma (j-O-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with
(5-1) seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. (An ancient
name, from ev, upon, and Trerpos, a rock.)
1. E. nigrum L. (Black C.) Procumbent and spreading ; branchlets and
scattered linear-oblong leaves glabrous or merely pulverulent; fruit black. —
Arctic Am., s. to the coast of e. Me., mis. of n. N. E. and N. Y., n. Mich., and
coast of Ore. (Eurasia.) Var. puRPtjREuai (Kaf.) DC. Fruit red or purple. —
Less common.
Var. andinum (Philippi) DC. Branchlets and young leaves tomentose ; ber-
ries reddish or plum-colored, larger and more juicy. — Nfd., and mts. of Me. and
N. H. (Chili.)
2. COREMA D. Don. Broom Crowberry
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly
bract, and with 6 or 6 scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Sta-
mens 3, rarely 4. Style slender, 3(or rarely 4-5) -cleft ; stigmas narrow, often
toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nutlets. — Diffusely branched little
shrubs, with subverticillate narrowly linear heath-like leaves. . (Name Koprjua, a
broom, from the bushy aspect.)
1. C. Conradii Torr. Shiub, 1.5-6 dm. high, diffusely branched, nearly
smooth ; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. — Sandy pine-barrens
and dry rocky places, N, J. and L. I. (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of
s. e. Mmss. and Me. to Nfd. — The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account
of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.
LIMNANTHAcEAE (False Mermaid Family)
Herbaceous plants with perfect regular S-6-merous slightly perigynoiis sym-
metrical flowers, the persistent sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals.
Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly distinct, loith a common style, l-ovuled, at
length fleshy and indehiscent. not beaked, separating from a very short axis.
Embryo straight; cotyledons very thick; radicle very short. — Low tender
annuals, witli alternate pinnate ex.stipulate leaves.
552 ANACAKDIACEAE (CASHEW FAMILY)
1. FLOERKEA Willd. False Mermaid
Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3,
opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the center ; stig-
mas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous, erect. —
Small and inconspicuous herbs, with minute solitary flowers on axillary pedun-
cles. (Named for (riistav Heinrich FJorke, a German botanist.)
1. F. proserpinacoides Willd. Leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, sometimes 2-3-cleft.
— Marshes and river-banks, w. Que. to Del., Ky., and westw. Apr. -June. —
Taste slightly pungent.
ANACARDlACEAE (Cashew Family)
Trees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves,
and small often polygamous regular o-merous Jloivers, hut the ovary 1-celled and
1-ovuled, with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the bud. Fruit mostly
drupaceous. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises from the
base of the cell. Stipules none. Some species pervaded by an exceedingly ac-
tive poisonous principle.
1. RHUS L. Sumach
Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or be-
tween the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and
indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves usually compound. Flowers green-
ish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name. )
§ 1. StiMAC DC. (in part). Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid pan-
icle; fruit globular, symmetrical, clothed with acid crimson hairs; stone
smooth; leaves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.)
1. R. typhina L. (Staghorn S.) Shrub or tree, 1-10 m. high, with orange-
colored wood; branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale
beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. (B. hirta Sud worth.) — Dry or
gravelly soil. e. Que. to Out., s. to Ga. , Ind., and la. June, July. — Apparently
hybridizes with the next species. Forma lacixiata (Wood) Rehder. Leaflets
and bracts more or less deeply and laciniately toothed. ^ A frequent form, at
least in some cases pathological and with inflorescence transformed in part into
contorted bracts (the Datisca hirta of L.). Forma dissecta Rehder. Leaves
bipinnatitid to bipinnate. — An occasional form, now in cultivation.
2. R. glabra L. (Smooth S. ) Smooth glaucous shrub, 6-30 dm. high;
leaflets 11-31, whjtened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Common
in dry soil, centr. Me., westw. and soutlnv. June, July. Forma laciniXta
(Carr.) Robinson. Leaves laciniately bipinnatitid to bipinnate. — Pa. and Del.
3. R. copallina L. (Dwarf S.) Shrub, 0.3-2 or (especially .southward)
even 10 m. high; branches and stalks dotvny ; petioles wing-margined between
the 0-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate often entire leaflets, which are oblique or
unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky hills, s. Me., southw.
and westw. July.
§2; VENENAtaE Engl. Fl outers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary
panicles; fruit symmetrical, globular, glabrous or pubescent, whitish or
dim-colored ; the style terminal; stone striate; leaves odd-pinnate or •t-foli-
olate, thin. (Poisonous.) ToxicoDENnRox Mill.
4. R. Vernix L. (Poison S. or Dogwooi>.) Shrub, 2-5 in. high, smooth or
nearly so ; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. (B. venenata DC.) — Swamps,
w. >Ie. to w. Ont., and southw. June. —Our mo.st poisonous species; also
called Poison Eldkh.
5. R. Toxicodendron L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.) Suberect and bu.shy,
CYRILLACEAE (CYKILLA FAMILY) 553
scrambling over fences, walls, etc., or in woods climbing by rootlets to consid-
erable heights (var. RADicAXS (L.) Torr.), sparingly pubescent or glabrate ;
leaves pinnately o-foliolate, leaflets ovate to rhombic, mostly acuminate, entire,
crenulate, or irregularly and coarsely few-toothed, paler and with some persist-
ent or tardily deciduous pubescence beneath ; berries whitish or cream -colored,
subglobose, glabrous or nearly so, 5-6 mm. in diameter, in age sulcate. —
Abundant in hedgerows, thickets, and woods. June, July. — To many persons
poisonous to the touch. Passing on our western limits to a thicker-leaved
smoother form (JR. Eydbergi Small).
Var. microcarpa Michx. Similar ; fruit 3-4 mm. in diameter, (i?. micro-
carpa Steud.) — Apparently local, w. Que. to Fla., and westw.
6. R. quercifblia (Miciax.) Steud. (Poison Oak.) Erect, 3-5 dm. high :
leaflets broadly rhombic-ovate, conspicuously S-1-lobed, permanently and some-
what copiously pubescent beneath, rather firm in texture and somewhat veiny ;
fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, at first pubescent, in maturity glsLhrsite hut papillose.
— Woods and barrens, Va., southw. and southwestw.
§3. LOBAdIUM (Eaf.) DC. Floicers polygamo-dioecious, in small solitary
or clustered spikes or heads ichich develop in spring before the leaves ; leaves
S-foliolate; fruit as in the first groiip. Schmaltzia Desv.
7. R. canadensis Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, becoming gla-
brate; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed. 2.5-7.5 cm.
long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft ; flowers pale yel-
low. {B. aromatica Ait.) — Dry rocky banks, w. Vt. to Minn., and southw. —
A straggling bush, 1-2 m. high ; the crushed leaves not unpleasantly scented.
Var. illinoensis (Greene) Fernald. Branchlets and petioles tomentuiose ;
2eaves permanently appressed-pubescent above, velvety beneath. {Schmaltzia
illinoensis Greene.) — Dry sandy banks, centr. 111.
Var. trilobata (Xutt.) Gray. With smaller somewhat flabelliform and ob-
tusish leaflets, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, crenately few-lobed or incised toward the sum-
mit. — 111. (Hall), and common westw. — Unpleasantly scented.
§4. COTINUS (Adans.) DC. Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, icith the
remains of the styles lateral ; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels
elongating and becoming plumose ; leaves simple, entire.
8. R. cotinoides Nutt. A tree, 8-12 m. high, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves
thin, oval, 7-15 cm. long. (Cotinus Britton.) — Wooded calcareous banks, s. e.
Mo. to Tenn. , and southw. , rare and local. — Flowers and fruit much as in the
cultivated Smoke-tree (i?. Cotinus L.), which is an occasional escape within
our range.
CYRILLACEAE (Ctrilla Family)
Shrubs or small trees with alternate entire thickish leaves, no stipules, and
(4-)6-parted small regular and perfect flowers. Stamens hypogynous, 5 or 10, •
ichen 5 alternate with the petals. Ovary '2-b-celled ; cells l-A-ovided. Petals
(white or roseate) imbricated or convolute in bud, sessile or unguiculate.
Fruit a small corky drupe or tardily dehiscent pod. Flowers racemose-spicate.
1. CYRILLA Garden. Leatherwood. Black Ti-ti
Petals sessile. Stamens 5. attached with the petals under a disk ; anthers
somewhat sagittate. Ovary 2-i3-celled ; ovules anatropous or half-anatropous ;
cotyledons terete, small ; radicle superior. — Leaves oblanceolate, coriaceous,
evergreen or nearly so. (Named in honor of Dominico Cyrillo, professor of
medicine at Naples.)
1. C. racemifldra L. Glabrous shrub, with shining somewhat veiny leaves
and innumerable small flowers in clustered racemes. — Edges of swamps, s. e.
Va., and southw. (W. I.; S. A.)
65-i: AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY Ji
AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family)
Trees or shrubs, icith small axillary i-S-merous flowers, a minute cafyx free
from the 4-S-celled ovary and the 4-8-seeded berry-like drupe; the stamens as
many as the divisioiis of the almost or quite A-S-petaled corolla and alternate
with them, attached to their very base. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers
opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds
suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy
albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenish, mostly
polygamo-dioecious. — Small family, related to the Ebenaceae.
1. Ilex. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Stamens adnate to the base of the corolla.
2. Nemopanthus. Petals linear, free from each other and from the stamens.
1. ILEX L. Holly
Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate or united only at the base, oval or
obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing
4-6 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary,
and the sterile or partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient
Latin name of the Holly Oak, rather than of the Holly.)
§ 1. AQUIFOLIUM [Tourn.] Gray. Parts of the flower commonly in 4's,
sometimes in 5's or 6's ; drupe red or yellow, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or
1-grooved on the back; leaves mostly smooth, coriaceous and evergreen.
* Leaves armed with spiny teeth ; trees.
1. I. opaca Ait. (American H.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins with
scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young
branches and in the axils ; calyx-teeth acute ; fruit red. — Moist woodlands^
Mass. to N. J., near the coast, w. to s. Mo,, and southw. June. — Tree, 6-12
m. high ; the deep green foliage less glossy than in the European Holly. Forma
XANTHOCARPA Rchder. Fruit bright yellow. —New Bedford, Mass. (Ilervey).
* * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny ; shimbs.
2. L vomit5ria Ait. (Cassena, Yaupon.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical,
crenate, 2.o-:i8 cm. long; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth
obtuse. (/. Cassine Man. ed. 6, not L.)— Va. to Fla., Ark., and Tex. May.
— Leaves used for tea by the people along the coast, as they were also to make
the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. (W. I.)
3. I. Cassine L. (Dahoox H.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, entire, or
sharply serrate toward tlie apex, with revolute margins, 5-7.5 cm. long, the
midrib and peduncles pubescent; calyx-teeth acute. (/. Dahoon Walt.) —
Swamps, s, Va., and southw. May, June.
Var. myrtifolia (Walt.) Sarg. Leaves smaller (2.5 cm. long or less) and
narrower. (/. myrtifolia Walt.) — Same range. May.
§ 2. PRINOtDES Gray. Parts of the polygamous or dioecious flowers in 4'.<?
or 5'i; {rarely ()'s) ; drupe red or purple; nutlets striate-many-ribbed on the
hack; leaves deciduous ; shrubs.
4. I. decidua Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate,
downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming tliickish ; peduncles of
the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth
smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Va, to Mo., Kan., and southw. May.
5. I. monticola Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (6-12 cm. long),
taper-pointed, thin-niembranaceous, .smooth, .sharply serrate; fertile flowers
very short-peiiuncled ; calyx ciliate. — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mts.,
and Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., and southw. along the Alleghenies. May.
AQUIFOLIACEAE ( HOLLY FAMILY) 555
Var. m611is (Gray) Britton. Leaves soft-downy beneath. (7. mollis Gray.")
— Taconic Mts., Mass. (Hoffmann) to N. C. At the South appearing to pass
without clear limits into a form with shorter rounder leaves and tomentose
caJyx (7. Beadlei Ashe).
§ 3. PRInOS Gray. Parts of the sterile flowers commonly in 4's, 5's, or 6''s,
those of the fertile flowers commonly in G's (rarely in 5's, 7's, or 8's) ; nut-
lets smooth and even ; shrubs.
* Leaves deciduous ; fruit red or yellow.
6. I. verticillata (L.) Gray. (Black Alder, Wixterberry.) Leaves 3-7
cm. long, oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at base, serrate,
downy chiefly on the veins beneath; flowers all very short-peduncled ; calyx-
lobes ciliate on the margins; fruit red. — Low grounds, common. May, June.
Forma chrysocarpa Robinson. Fruit yellow, — Georgetown, Mass. (Mrs.
Horner).
\'ar. tenuifblia (Torr.) Wats. Leaves thinner, smoother, pellucid-puncticv-
late under a lens ; fertile flowers more inclined to be solitary. (7. bronxensis
Britton.) — A northeastern woodland form, N. S. to Ont., Mich., and N. J.
Var. cyclophylla Robinson. Leaves small, suborbicular, finely pubescent
upon the veins beneath, tending to be clustered at the ends of the branchlets.
(Var. padifolia Britton, not T. & G.) — Shores of L. Erie ; a similar form with
small and clustered but narrower leaves on Mt. Desert I., Me. (Band):
Var. padifblia (Willd.) T. & G. Leaves 5-12 cm. long, as in the typical
form, but tomentulose on the surface (as well as the vems) beyieath. — Mass. to
Minn., and south w.
7. I. laevigata (Pursh) Gray. (Smooth Winterberry.) Leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, appressed-serrulate. shining above, mostly glabrous be-
neath ; sterile flowers long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes not ciliate. — Wet grounds,
N. H. to the mts. of N. C. June. — Fruit larger than in the last, ripening
earlier. Forma Herv^yi Robinson. Fruit bright yellow. — New Bedford,
Mass. (Hervey).
* * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining, often dotted beneath ; fruit black.-
8. I. glabra (L.) Gray. (Ixkberry.) Shrub, 6-9 dm. high, the twigs ashy-
puberulent ; leaves ivedge-lanceolate or oblong, sparingly toothed toward the
apex, smooth, 1.4— 4.8 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide ; peduncles (1.2 cm. long) of
the sterile flowers 3-6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered ; calyx-teeth rather
blunt. — Low sandy grounds, s. w. N. S. ; and from Cape Ann, Mass., to Fla.
and La., near the coast. June.
9. I. luci^a (Ait.) T. & G. Larger shrub, with glabrous or viscid-puberulent
hmnchlets ; leaves obovate to oblanceolate. coriaceous, entire or remotely toothed,
short-acuminate, mostly 3-7.5 cm. long, 1.6-2.8 cm. wide, on thickish petioles
0-10 mm. in length. — Swamps, Va. to Fla. and La.
2. NEMOPANTHUS Raf. Mountain Holly
Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute
deciduous teeth, in the fertile ones oljsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, spread-
ing, distinct. Stamens 4-5 ; filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets,
light red. — A much branched shrub, with ash-gray^ bark, alternate deciduous
entire or slightly toothed smooth leaves on slender petioles. Flowers on long
slender axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clustered. (Name said by
the author to mean "flower with a filiform peduncle," presumably from
vrifxa, a thread, ttoi's, foot, and 6.vdos, flower.)
1. N. mucronata (L.) Trel. Erect. 0.3-3 m. high ; bark gray; leaves ellip-
tic-oblong, thin, .slightly paler beneath. — (Xemopanthps fascicularis Raf.;
Ilicioides mucronata Britton.) — Damp cool woods, from the mts. of Va. to
Nfd., Ind., Wise, and northw.
OoO CELASTKACEAE (STAFF TKEE FAMILY)
CELASTRACEAE (Staff Trke Family)
Shrubs with simple leaves^ and small regular ^ffowers, the sepals and the
petals both imbricated in the bud^ the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom
of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. Ovule anatropous ;
styles united into one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embiyo large,
in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious.
Pedicels jointed.
* Leaves opposite ; flowers in axillary cymes or solitary.
1. Evonymus. Erect shrubs. Leaves deciduous. Fruit 3-5-lobed, 3-5-valved. Aril red.
2. Pachistima. Dwarf evergreen shrub. Flowers very small. Fruit oblong, 2-valved. Aril
white.
* * Leaves alternate ; flowers in terminal racemes.
3. Celastrus. A shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, 3-valved. Aril scarlet.
1. EV6NYMUS [Tourn.] L. Spindle Tree
Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens short, borne on the edge or
face of a broad and flat 4-")-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx and is
stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or none,
l^od 3-5-lobed, 3-5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-4 in each cell, inclosed in a
red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose
])edunculate cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name from eC,
(food, and 8vofM, name, but used ironically, the plants having had the bad
reputation of poisoning cattle.)
1. E. atropurpureus Jacq. (Burning Bush, Waahoo.) Tree-like shrub,
2-4 m. high ; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed ; parts of the dark-pin'ple
flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — N. Y. to ^Visc., Neb.;
south w. and westw.; also cultivated, and locally establishing itself northeastw.
June. — Ornamental in autumn, its copious crimson fruit drooping on long-
peduncles.
2. E. EDROPAEUS L., the European Spindle Tree, with similar foliage
but less numerous greenish or yellowish-v^hite fioivers, occasionally escapes from
cultivation in the Atlantic States. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. E. americanus L. (Strawberry Bush.) Shrub, low, upright or strag-
gling, 1-2 m. high ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, acute or pointed; parts of the greenish-purple flowers mostly in 5's ;
petals distinctly clawed ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe ; the
aril and dissepiments scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, N. Y. to 111., Fla. and
Tex. June.
4. E. obovatus Nutt. Trailing, vnth rooting branches ; flowering stems 3-0
dm. high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong, obtuse; petals without
distinct claw. (E. americanus, var. T. & G.) — Low or wet places, w. Ont. to
Pa., Ky , and 111.; commoner than the preceding.
2. PACHfSTIMA Raf.
Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the broad
disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free ; style very short. Pod small, oblong,
2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. vSeeds 1 or 2, inclosed in a white membrana-
ceous many-cleft aril. — Low evergreen shrubs, with smooth serrulate coria-
ceous opposite leaves and very small green flowers solitary or fascicled in the
axils. (Name from Traxi^s, thick, and ariy/xa, stigma.)
ACERACEAE (mAPLE FAMILY^ 557
1. P. Canbyi Gray. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse,
6-25 ram. long; pedicels very slender, often solitary, shorter than the leaves;
fruit 4 mm. long. — Steep rocky slopes, mts. of s. Va. and W. Va.
3. CELASTRUS L. Staff Tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet
Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod globose,
orange-color and berry-like, 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in
each cell, erect, inclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves aker.iate. Flowers
small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient
Greek name for some evergreen.)
1. C. scandens L. (Waxwork, Climbixg Bitter-sweet.) Twining
shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and in
thickets. Me. to Man., and southw. June. — The opening orange-colored pods,
displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.
STAPHYLEACEAE (Bladder Nut Family)
Shrubs or small trees with opposite chiefly pinnate stipulate leaves and perfect
flowers. Stamens as many as and alternate vnth the petals., home outside a
large disk. Fruit (in ours) a bladdery inflated 2-3-horned capsule. Seeds (in
ours) with scanty albumen and straight embryo. — Chiefly Asiatic.
1. STAPHYLEA L. Bladder Nut
Calyx deeply o-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate.
Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long styles lightly
cohering. Pod large, inflated, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; the
cells containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Cotyledons broad and thin. — Up-
right shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white
flowers in drooping raceme-like clusters terminating the branchlets. Stipules
and stipels deciduous. (Name from a-racpvXri, a cluster.)
1. S. trif51ia L. (American B.) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. — Thickets, in
moist soil, w. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., and southw. May. — Shrub, 3 m.
high, with greenish striped branches.
ACERACEAE (Maple Family)
Trees and shrubs with vmtery saccharine sap, opposite simple and palmately
lobed or more rarely palmately or pinnately divided leaves, small regular mostly
polygamousor dioecious sometimes apetalous flowers. Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed;
ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo coiled or folded ; cotyledons long and thin. —
Chiefly trees of temperate regions.
1. ACER [Tourn.] L. Maple
Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx colored, 5(rarely 4-12)-lobed or -parted.
Petals either none or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws
if any, inserted on the margin of a perigynous or hypogynous disk. Stamens 3-
12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell ; styles 2, long and slender,
united only below, stigmatic down the insidi'. From the back of each carpel
grows a wing, converting the fruit into two l-.seeded at length separable saiiiara.s
or keys. — Trees or sometimes shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed leaves, and
small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. (The classical luuue, from the Celtic ar,
hard.)
558 ACERACEAE (mAPLE FAMILY)
§ 1, Acer proper. Disk usually present. Leaves in ours simple, palmatehj
lobed or cleft.
* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves; stamens
6-8.
1. A. pennsylvdnicum. L. (Striped M., Moosewood.) Leaves 3-lobed at
the apex, finely and sharply double-serrate, the short lobes taper-pointed and
also serrate; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverg-
ing wings. — Rich woods, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to N. E., N. Y., Great L.
region, and in the mts. to Ga. June. — A small and slender tree, with light
green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit.
2. A. spicatum Lam. (Mointain M.) Leaves downy beneath, 3(or
slightly 5)-lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; racemes upright,
dense, somewhat compound; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small erect or
divergent wings. — Moist woods, Nfd. and Lab. to Hudson B. and Man., s. to
N. E., N. Y., Great L. region, e. la., and in the mts. to Ga. June. — A tall
shrub or small tree, with reddish fruit.
* * Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral umbellate-corymbs, greenish-
yellow, appearing with the leaves.
3. A. saccharum Marsh. (Sugar or Rock M.) Leaves 3-5-lobed, with
rounded , sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-
shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on
the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds,
drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ;
wings of the fruit broad, usually slightly diverging. (A. saccharinum "Wang.,
not L.) — Rich woods, especially northw. and along the mts. southw. Apr.,
May. — A large and handsome tree.
Var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britton. (Black Sugar M.) Leaves green and
scarcely paler but usually dovmy beneath, the lobes wider, ofte:" shorter and
entire, the sinus at the base commonly closed; stipules often conspicuous.
— Rich soil, w. Que. and w. N. H., southw. and westw. ; sometimes appearing
distinct.
* * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and much
preceding the leaves ; stamens 3-0.
4. A. saccharinum L. (White or Silver M.) Leaves very deeply 6-lobed,
with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy) under-
neath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed; flowers on short pedicels;
petals none ; fruit woolly when you7ig, with large divergent wings. {A. dasy-
carpum P^hrh.) — River-banks. March, Apr. — A fine ornamental tree.
5. A. rubrum L. (Red or Swamp M.) Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular,
truncate or cordate at base, tomentose when young, soon glabrate, whitened
beneath, 8-lo cm. long ; the 3-5 acuminate lobes irregularly serrate and notched,
the middle one oblong at base ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers (scarlet, crimson,
or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro-
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods, e. Que. to w. Ont., and
southw. Apr. — A medium-sized tree, with reddish twigs; the leaves varying
greatly in shape, turning bright crimson in early autumn.
Var. Drumm6ndii (H. & A.) T. & G. Leaves large and firm, permanently
tomentose beneath, (A. Drummondii II. & A.) — Mo., and southw.
Var. tridens Wood. Leaves small (5-10 cm. long), obovate, narrowed or
rounded and subentire or sparingly toothed below the 3 short lobes ; the middle
lobe broadly triangular. (A. carolinianum Britton, perhaps Walt.) — Local,
Mass. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.
§ 2. NEGtiNDO (Moench) Koehne. Flowers strictly dioecious. Disk none.
Leaves pinnate. Negundo Moench.
0. A. Negundo L. (Box Elder.) Leaflets 3-5 (-9), smoothish when old,
very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed: petals none; fruit smooth, with large
SAPIXDACICAE (sOAPIiERRY FAMILY) 559
rather incuned wings, (yerjundo aceroides Moench.) — River-banks, w. N. E.
to Man., soutliw. and westw. ; extensively cultivated and frequently seeding
itself eastw. Apr. — A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and
very delicate drooping clusters of small greenish flowers rather earlier tlian the
leaves.
SAPINDACEAE (Soapberry Family)
Trees, shrubs, rarely herbaceous climbers, with exstipuJate chiefly alternate and
compound leaves. Flowers often polygamous, mostly unsymmetrical. Stamens
commonly more numerous than the petals, rarely tirice as many. Embryo
curved or convolute, rarely straight; cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Large
family, chiefly woody climbers in the tropics.
1. Sapindus. Flowers subregular. Leaves alternate, pinnate.
2. Aesculus. Flowers irregular. Leaves opposite, palmate.
1. SAPINDUS [Toum.] L. Soapberry
Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals
4-5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8-10, upon the hypogynoiLs disk. Ovary
3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or 2-8-lobed
berry, 1-o-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose. — Trees or shiiibs, with alternate
abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or
panicles. (Name a contraction of sapo indicus, Indian soap, having reference
to the saponaceous character of the berries.)
1. S. Dnimm6ndi H. & A. Tree, 0-18 m. high ; leaflets 4-9 pairs, obliquely
lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 3.7-7.5 cm. long; the rhachis of the leaf
not -winged ; flowers white, in a large panicle ; fruit, mostly globose, 1.2 cm. in
diameter. (Sii acuminatus Man. ed 6, not Raf.) — Kan. to La. and Mex.
Cardiospermum HalicAcabdm L., the Balloon Vine of cultivation, an
herbaceous climber with bi-ternate leaves and bladdery pods, is occasionally
spontaneous. (Introd. from Tropics.)
2. AESCULUS L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye
Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4-5, more or
less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8) ; flla-
ments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1 ; ovary S-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 8-celled and o-seeded, or usually by abortion
1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidaUy 3-valved. Seed very large, with thick shin-
ing coat, and a large round pale scar. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their
contiguous faces coherent, remaining under ground in germination ; plumule
2-leaved ; radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate ; leaf-
lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrse
or dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imperfect pistils and
sterile ; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and nar-
cotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing tree.)
§1. EUAESCULUS Pax. Fruit covered loith prickles tchen young.
1. A. HippocAsTANrM L. (Common H.) Corolla spreading, white, spotted
with purple and yellow, of 5 petals; stamens declined; leaflets 7. — Com-
monly planted and occasionally self-so^^Tl. (Introd. from Asia via Eu.)
2. A. glabra Willd. (Fktid or Ohio B.) Stamens curved, longer than the
pale ycllov: cornUa of 4 upright petals ; leaflets usuaUy 5. — Kiver-banks. w\ Pa.
to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southw. June. — A large tree; the bark exhaling an
unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy.
560 BALSAMIXACEAE (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY^
Var. arguta (Buckley) Robinson. Leaflets mostly 0 or 7, lanceolate, attenu-
ate, sharply serrate. {A. arguta Buckley.) — la. {Mills), Mo. {Bnsh), to Kan.
and Tex.
§2. pAVIA [Boerh.] Pers. Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniviyig ; the 2 upper
smaller and longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very
long claw.
3. A. octandra Mareh. (Sweet B.) Stamens included in the yellow corolla ;
calyx ohlong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often minutely
downy underneath. {A. flava Ait.) — Rich woods, Pa. to Wise. , la., and southw.
May. — A laro:e tree or a shrub.
Var. hybrida (DC.) Sarg. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color or dull-
purple ; leaflets commonly downy beneath. {A. flava, V2ir. purpurascens Gray.)
— W. Va. , southw. and westw.
4. A. Pavia L. (Bt.d B.) Stamens not longer than the corolla, which is
bright red, as well as the tubular calyx; leaflets glabrous or soft-downy beneath.
— Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and southw. May. — A shrub or small tree.
BALSAMINACEAE. (Touch-me-not Family)
Herbs or undershrubs with bland watery juice, alternate simple exstipulate
leaves, irregular flowers, and petaloid imbricated spurred calyx. Stamens 5,
with short flat filaments and introrse more or less connivent anthei's. Ovary
6-celled. Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. — Ours glaucous succulent
annuals.
1. IMPAtIENS [Rivinius] L. Balsam. Jewelweed
Sepals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one notched at the apex (probably
two combined) ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its
stalk) largest, and forming a usually spurred sac. Petals 2, 2-lobed (each a pair
united). Filaments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales con-
nivent over tbe stigma ; anthers introrse. Pod with evanescent partitions, and
a thick axis bearing several anatropous seeds; valves 5, coiling elastically and
projecting the seeds in dehiscence. — Leaves in ours ovate or oval, coarsely
toothed, petioled. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., the
larger ones which seldom ripen seeds ; and very small ones which are fertilized
early in the bud, their floral envelopes never expanding but forced off by the
growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting
of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation.)
1. I. pallida Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-xot.) Floii^ers pale-yellow, sparingly
dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtu.se, broader than long, tipped
with a short incurved spur. (/. aurea Muhl. ?) — Moist shady places and along
rills, in rich soil, n. Me. and w. N. E., westw. and south v/. July-Sept. — Larger
and greener than the next, with larger flowers. A form with unspotted flowers
occurs.
2. I. biflbra Walt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers orange-color, thickly
spotted with reddish brov\n ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering into
& strongly inflexed spur half as long as the sac. (/. fulva Nutt.) — Rills and
shady moist places. June-Sept. — Plant 6-8 dm. high. Forms with spotless,
whitish, or roseate flowers have been found.
L NoLi-TAVGERE L., of Eurasia and n. w. Am., with pale yellow flowers and
the sac much longer than broad, is reported from Ottawa, Out. {Macoun).
RHAMNAcEAE (Buckthorn Family)
Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers {some-
times apetaUnis). irith the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate
sepals and alternate toith them, accordingly opposite the petals I Drupe or pod
RHAMNAOEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY) 561
vnth only one erect seed in each cell, not ariUed. Petals folded inwards in the
bud, hooded or concave, inserted with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy
disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and sometimes unites it to the
lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2-5.
Embryo large, with broad cotyledons, in sparse fleshy albumen. Flowers often
polygamous, sometimes dioecioas. Leaves mostly alternate ; stipules small or
obsolete. Branches often thorny. — Slightly bitter and astringent ; the fruit often
mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.
* Calyx and disk free from the ovary.
1. Berchemia Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 2-celled
bony putamen.
2. Rhamnus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with 2-4 sepa-
rate seed-like nutlets.
* * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary,
3. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.
1. BERCHEMIA Neck. Supple-jack
Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equaling the 5 oblong
sessile acute, petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe ellipsoid, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins
of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small
panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.)
1. B. scandens (Hill) Trel. Glabrous ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate ; style short. {B. voluhilis DC.) — Damp soils, Va. to Mo., and south w.
June. — Stems tough and very lithe, whence the popular name.
2. RHAMNUS [Tourn.] L. Buckthorn
Calyx 4-5-cleft ; the tube campanulate. lined with the disk. Petals small,
shoit-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some-
times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry -like (black), containing 2-4
separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture. — Shrubs or small trees, with
loosely pinnate-veined leaves, and greenish perfect, polygamous, or dioecious
flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name.)
§ 1. EURHAMNUS Griseb. Flowers usually dioecious; nutlets and seeds
deeply grooved on the hack; rhaphe dorsal; cotyledons foliaceous, the mar-
gins revolute.
* Calyx-lobes and stamens 6 ; petals wanting.
1. R. alnifblia L'H^r. A low shrub; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly
straight- veined ; fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Nfd, to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Hi.,
Neb., Wyo., etc. June.
* * Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4.
2. R. CATHARTicA L. (CoMMON B.) Leavcs ovate, minutely serrate ; fruit
?i-4-seeded; branchlets rigid, often spine-like. — Cultivated for hedges; locally
naturalized eastw. May. June. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. R. lanceolata Pursh. Tall unarmed shrub ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and
acute, or on flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or
minutely downy beneath ; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct
plants, both perfect ; one with short pedicels clustered and with a short included
style ; the other with pedicels oftener solitary, style exserted ; petals deeply
notched; fruit 2-seeded. — Hills and rivtr-banks. Pa. to Neb., southw. and
westw. May.
gray's manual — 36
5G2 RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY)
§ 2. FRANGTTLA S. F. Gray. Flowers perfect ; nutlets and seeds notfnrroiced ;
cotyledons Jlat^ thick; rhaphe lateral.
4. R. caroliniana Walt. Thornle.ss shrub or small tree ; leaves 7-13 cm.
long, oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; flowers 5-merous,
in one form solitary in the axils, in another in short-peduncled umbels; drupe
globose, 3-seeded. — Swamps and river-banks, rarely on dry rocky hills, N. J. to
Kan., and southw. June.
0. R. Frangula L., wth sessile umbels, is established in Ont., on L. I., and
in u. N. J. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. CEAN6THUS L. Red-root
Calyx 5-lobed, incurved ; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to the
ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on slender
claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and s])lit-
ting into its 3 carpels when ripe. — Shrubby plants ; flowers in little umbel-like
clusters, forming dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-
branches ; calyx and pedicels -colored like the petals. (An obscure name used
by Theophrastus, probably misspelled.)
1. C. americanus L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
2.4-5.5 cm. broad, acutish to acuminate, 3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubes-
cent, often slightly heart-shaped at base ; common peduncles elongated. — Dry
woodlands and gravelly shores, centr. Me. to w. Ont., and southw. July. —
Stems 3-9 dm. high from a dark red root ; branches downy. Flowers in pretty
white clusters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea
during the American Revolution.
2. C. ovatus Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, 7-22 (-26)
mm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or
nearly so, as well as the short common peduncles. — Dry rocky or sandy soil,
w. Vt. and e. Mass. to Man., Minn., 111., and southwestw. ; rare eastw. May.
Var. pubescens T. & G. has leaves permanently sordid-tomentose. — la. and
southwestw.
VITACEAE (Vine Family)
Shrubs with watery acid juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular
greenish commonly polygamous flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb
mostly obsolete, and the stamens as many as the valvate petals and opposite
thf^m! Berry 2-celled, usually "^-seeded. Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogy-
nous or perigynous. Filaments slender ; anthers introrse. Style short or none ;
stigma slightly 2-lobed ; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules from the
base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of the hard
albumen. Stipules deciduous. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or com-
pound ; tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves.
* Ni( distinct hypogynous disk ; some or all the tendril-branches with dilated adhesive tips.
1. Psedera. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate.
* * Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or glanduliferous disk ; tendrils coiling, naked-tipped.
2. Cissus. Corolla expandin<,-. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp, inedible. Leaves
simple or pinnately compound.
3. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the
stamens. Fruit pulpy. Leaves simple.
1. PSEDERA Neck. Virginia Creeper. Woodbine
Calyx slightly 5-t()(»lhed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none. — Woody climbers, with digitate leaves; leaflets 5 (3-7), oljlong-
VITACEAE (^VINE FAMILY) 568
/anceolate, rather coarsely serrate. Flower-clusters cymosel}' compound. Ten-
drils branched, their tips twining or affixing themselves by enlarged terminal
adhesive disks. (Name supposedly intended as a contraction of i/'eOSos, false.
and ^e(:Ze?'«, the Ivy.) Ampelopsis Michx., in part. Parthenocissus Planch,
1. P. quinquef51ia (L.) Greene. Glabrous even upon the young shoots ;
leaflets dull green, decidedly paler beneath, disiinctlj petiol id ate ; tendrils vith
0-12 rather long branches mostly ending in adhesive disks ; peduncles 1-4 cm.
long; inflorescence paniculate, its main branches unequal; fruit subglobose.
scarcely fleshy, about 6-7 mm. in diameter. (Ampelopsis Michx.; Pai'theno-
cissus Flsinch.) — Copses, etc., s. X, H., westw. andsouthw., common. (Mex.,
W. I.)
Var. hirsiita (Donn) Kehder. Branchlets, tendrils, petioles, and to some
extent the lea^ets pubescent at least when young ; aerial rootlets often present ;
otherwise like the typical form. (Ampelopsis quinquefolia, var. pubescens
Bailey.) — Vt. to la., southw. and southwestw.
Var. Saint-Paiilii (Koehne & Graebner) Kehder. Somewhat pubescent upon
the younger parts ; aerial rootlets more prevalent than in the other forms of
the species; leaflets cuneate to a sessile or scarcely petiolulate base ; cymules
somewhat racemosely arranged, rendering the elongated main branches of the
inflorescence subcylindric. — la., 111., and southwestw.
2. P. vitacea (Knerr) Greene. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; leafl.ets
deep green, thin, somewhat shining above, scarcely paler beneath; tendrils vnth
2—5 long twining branches, these only exceptionally ending in adhesive disks;
aerial rootlets none; peduncles mostly 4-8 cm. long; inflorescence regularly
dichotoraous, the primary branches nearly equal ; fruit somewhat obovoid,
6-10 nun. in diameter, more fleshy than in the preceding species, (Ampelopsis
quinquefolia of auth., in part, not Michx.; Parthenocissus vitacea Hitchc.) —
Moist woods, alluvial thickets, etc., centr. Me. to Assina. and Tex., common.
2. cissus L.
Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous. 4-merous or (in otirs) 5-merous.
Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the ovary. Berry
inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually triangular-obovate. Tendrils in our
species few and mostly in the inflorescence. — A vast genus, mainly tropical.
(Greek name of the Ivy.) Ampelopsis Michx., in part.
1. C. Ampel6psis Pers. Nearlj'^ glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or truncate at
the base ; coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle small
and loose ; style slender ; berrir-s of the size of a pea, 1-o-seeded, bluish or
greenish. (Ampelopsis cordata Michx., not C. cordata Iloxb.) — River-banks,
Va. to Neb., Tex., and Fla. June.
2. C. arbbrea (L.) Des Moulins. (Pepper-vine.) Nearly glabrous, bushy and
rather upright; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; flowers
cymose ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary ; berries black,
obovoid. (C. stans Pers.; Ampelopsis arborea Rusby.) — Rich soils, Va. to
Mo., and southw.
8. C. incisa (Nutt.) Des Moulins. A stout vine, with somewhat succulent
deeply S-parted or pinnately S-foliolate leaves, the leaflets ovate or obovate,
cuneate. coarsely and irregularly toothed ; inflorescence suggesting a compound
umbel. — Open sandy or rocky woods, ''Mo." and Kan. to Tex. and Fla.
3. VITIS [Tourn.] L. Grape
Flowers polygamo-dioeclous (some plants with perfect flowers, others stami-
nate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very short, usually
with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals separating only at base and
falling off without expanding. Hypogynous disk of f) nectariferous glands
alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. Seeds pyrifi>rm, with beak-like
base. — Plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a
564 VITACEAE (vine FAMILY)
compound thyrse, very fragrant ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves
simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.)
Lower surface of leaves velvety-tomeutose or covered with flocculent wool.
Berries large, 1-i-lS mm. in diameter 1. F. labrusca.
Berries smaller, rarely over 12 mm. in diameter.
Branchlets terete or nearly so, glabrous, glabrate, or retaining only floccu-
lent remnants of wool.
Branchlets, petioles, and lower surface of leaves covered with somewhat
persistent reddish flocculent wool 2. V. aestivalie.
Branchlets even when young glabrous or nearly so ; lower surface of
leaves very jiale and glaucous, at length nearly smooth , . . 3. F. bicolor.
Branchlets distinctly angled, covered with a fine "dense and persistent
grav tomentum 4. F. cinerea.
Lower surface of the leaves merely pubescent (chiefly along or in the axils of
the nerves) or glabrous.
Leaves very glaucous or even whitened beneath 3. F. bicolor.
Leaves green beneath.
Bark of stem loose and shredding ; berries 7-10 mm. in diameter.
Leaves ovate to suborbicular ; berries mostly acid ; tall climbers.
Teeth of leaves narr<iwly deltoid or even lanceolate, sharply acumi-
nate, and often sllght\y falcate ; berries blue, with Copious bloom 6. F. vulpina.
Teeth of leaves broadly deltoid, cuspidate; berries black or dark
purple, with httle or no bloom.
Leaves scarcely or not at all :3-lobed ; the basal sinus mostly rather
deep, narrow, and acutish 5. F. cordifolia.
Leaves habituallv and rather incisely 3(-5)-lobed ; the basal sinus
mostly wide, shallow, and rounded T. F. palmata.
Leaves reniform or depressed-ovate, broader than long ; berries sweet ;
bushy or sprawling . 8. F. rupestrin.
Bark of stem close and firm ; berries 12-18 mm. in diameter . . .9. V. rotund if olia.
§ 1. EUVItIS Planch. Bark loose and shreddy ; tendrils forked; nodes solid.
* A tendril {or inflorescence) opposite each of several successive leaves.
1. V. labrusca L. (Northern Fox G.) Branchlets and young leaves very
woolly ; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate, continuing rusty-
woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ; berries large, — Moist or dry thickets,
N. E. to the Allegheny Mts., and s. to Ga.; also n. w. Ind. — Fruit ripe in Sept.
or Oct., dark purple or ambei-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by
cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other
varieties.
* * Tendrils intermittent {none opposite each third leaf).
•«- Leaves pubescent and floccose^ especially beneath and when young.
2. V. aestivalis Michx. (Summer or Pigeon G.) Branchlets terete^ loosely
pubescent ; leaves large, unlobed or more or less deeply and obtusely 3-5-lobed,
with short broad teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young, tawny-
flocculent even in age; petioles rather short, pubescent ; berries middle-sized,
black, with a bloom, in compact bunches. — Thickets, s. N. H. to Fla., w. to
• f»nd Tex. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in Sept.
. bicolor Le Conte. (Summer G.) Branchlets terete, g\?i\>vovii>, or we^wXy
>, pc^oles long, glabrous; leaves thickish, very glaucous and early glabrate
I neatu ; teeth less salient; otherwise resembling the preceding. — N. H. to
' ., and westw.
. V. cinerea Engelm. (Sweet "Winter G.) Branchlets angular; pubes-
cence whitish or grayish, persistent ; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed ; inflores-
cence large and loose ; berries small, black, without bloom. — Centr. 111. to Kan.
and Tex.
-*- •«- Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially on the 7'ibs
beneath, incisely lobed or undivided.
5. V. cordifolia Michx. (Frost or Chicken G.) Leaves 7.r)-10 cm. wide,
unlobed or sliuhtly 3-lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus, acuminate, coarsely
and shar])ly toothed ; stipules simdl ; iiiflort^scence ample, loose ; berries small,
black and shining, very acerb, ri])(Miiiig after frosts ; seeds 1 or 2, with promi-
nent rhaphe. (F. Baileyana Muii.^oii.~) — Thickets and stream-banks, Pa., s
TILIACEAE (LINDEN FAMILY) 565
N. Y. ? to centr. HI., Mo., Neb., and south w. May, Juno. Var. foktipa
Engelm., of the Mississippi Valley, has unpleasantly aromatic fruit.
6. V. vulpina L. (River-bank or Frost G.) Differing from the last in the
larger and more persistent stipules (4-6 mm. long), more shining and usually
.S-lobed leaves with a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or acumi-
nate teeth ; smaller compact inflorescence ; berries 8-10 mm. in diameter, hlue^
with a bloom., acid and very juicy, ripening from Sept. to Nov. ; rhaphe indistinct.
( V. riparia Michx.) — Stream-banks or near water, N. B. to W. Va., N. Dak.,
and Kan. Var. praecox Bailey has small sweet early fruit. — Mo.
7. V. palmata Vahl. (Red or Cat G.) Branches bright red; leaves dark
green and dull, 3-5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate ;
inflorescence large and loose ; berries black, idthont bloom, ripening late ; seeds
very large and rounded ; otherwise like no. 6. (F. rubra Michx.) — 111., Mo.,
and south w.
8. V. rup6stris Scheele. (Saxd or Sugar G.) Usually low and bushy, often
imthout tendrils; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate, abruptly pointed,
with broad coarse teeth, rarely a little lobed ; berries rather small, siceet, in
very small close bunches, ripe in Aug. — Sandy banks, hills, etc., s. Pa. (Porter)
to Mo., and southw. Var, dissecta Eggert has more ovate and somewhat
laciniately toothed leaves. — Mo.
§ 2. MUSCADINIA Planch. Bark closely adherent on the branches; pith con-
tinuous through the nodes ; tendrils simple, intermittent ; seeds with trans-
verse wrinkles on both sides.
9. V. rotundifblia Michx. (Muscadine, Bullace, or Southern Fox G.)
Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, with broad
and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; panicles small, densely flowered ; berries
large (1.2-1.8 cm, in diameter), musky, purplish, without a bloom, with a
thick and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. ( V. vulpina ]\Ian. ed. 5, not L.) —
River-banks, Del. (^Commons) to Ky., Mo., Kan., and southw. May. — Branch-
lets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scuppernong Grape, etc.
TILlACEAE (Linden Family)
Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous p)roperties, fibrous bark, valvate
calyx, etc., of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in
the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 2-celled. — Repre-
sented in northern regions by the single genus
1. TILIA [Tourn.] L. Linden. Basswood
Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous ; filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with
a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a
5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent, globular, becoming 1-celled
and 1-2-seeded, Embryo in hard albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin, 5-lobed,
crumpled. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very fibrous and tough inner
bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (oblique and often
truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers hanging
on an axUlary peduncle which is united to a ligulate membranaceous bract.
Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant, (The classical Latin name.)
1. T. americana L. (Basswood.) Leaves large, green and glabrous or
nearly so ; floral bract usually tapering or stalked at base ; fr?iit ovoid, obscurely
ribbed. — Rich woods. May, June. — Here rarely called Lime-tree, oftener
Whitewood. commonly Basswood ; the last name now obsolete in England.
2. T. Michaiixii Nutt. Leaves smaller (5-7.5 cm. long), rather densely i)?(-
bescent and grayish-green beneath; floral bract usually rounded at base; fruit
566 MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY^
globose, smaller, 6 mm. thick. {T. puhescens Man. ed. 6, not Ait.) — Ct. to
Fla., and westw.
3. T. heterophylla Vent. (White B.) Leaves larger, smooth and bright
green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath ; bract usually taper-
ing at base. — Chiefly on limestone, s. N. Y. and mts. of Pa. to s. 111. , and
southw.
MALVACEAE (Mallow Faaiily)
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the calyx
valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens monadelphous
in a column and united at base with the short claws of the petals, 1-celled
anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent, often
involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of exterior calyx. Petals
5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, the ovaries
united in a ring or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen ;
embryo curved, the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous in-
nocent plants, with tough bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks
with a joint, axillary.
Tribe I. MALVEAE. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and carpels 5-20
or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening.
* Stigmas terminal, capitate ; carpels 1-few-seeded, usually dehiscent.
1. Abutilon. Involucel none. Seeds 3-9 in each cell.
2. Sphaeralcea. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 or. 3 in each cell.
3. Modiola. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a transverse partition between them.
4. Malvastrum. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seed solitary, filling the cell, ascending.
5. Sida. Involucel none. Seed solitary in each cell, pendulous.
* * Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles ; carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.
6. Althaea. Involucel of 6-9 bractlets.
T. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.
8. Callirhoe. Involucel of 1-3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.
9. Napaea. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few (15-20). Carpels beakless.
Tribe II. HIBfSCEAE. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length,
naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leaving scarcely any
axis in the center after opening.
10. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.
11. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.
1. ABUTILON [Tourn.] Mill. Lxdian Mallow
Carpels 2-9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in-
ward. Otlierwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)
L A. Theophrasti Medic. (Velvet Leaf.) Tall annual, 6-12 dm. high ;
leaves roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter tlian
the leaf-stalks; corolla yellow; carpels 12-15, hairy, beaked. (A. Avicennae
Gaertn.; A. Abutilon Rusby.) — Waste places, vacant lots in cities, etc. (Nat.
from India.)
2. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil.
Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in
Malvastrum. (Name from crcpaipa, a sphere, and dXKia, a mallow — from the
cominoiily spherical fruit.)
1. S. rembta (Greene) Fernald. Perennial, erect, bushy-branched, 1-2 m.
high, densely and stellately pubescent ; leaves maple-shaped, 5-7-cleft ; flowers
clustered in the up])er axils and sub.spicate ; calyx densely pubescent, its cau-
date-acuminate loljes 1-1.5 cm. long ; petals rose-color. (S. acerifolia Man. ed.
6, not Nutt.) — Known only from a gravelly island in the Kankakee- R., 111.
MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) 567
3. MODIOLA Moench.
Calyx with a o-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas
capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the
lop ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each
cell, — Humble procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves
and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad
and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.)
1. M. caroliniana (L.) G. Don. Hairy ; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised ; fruit
hispid at the top. {M. muUifida Moench.) — Low grounds, Va. and southw.
(Trop. Am.)
4. MALVASTRUM Gray. False Mallow
Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the
end or entire. Styles 5 or more ; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or else
as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle point-
ing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from Malva.)
"l. M. angustum Gray. (Yellow F.) Annual, slightly hairy, erect, L5-:^>
dm. high ; leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth ;
flowers in the upper axils, on short peduncles ; bractlets and stipules setaceous ;
petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx ; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth,
at length 2-valved. — Gravelly and rocky hUls, centr. Tenn. to la. and Kan.
Aug.
2. M. coccineum (Pursh) Gray. (Red F.) Perennial, low and hoary ;
leaves 5-parted or pedate ; flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red
petals very much longer than the calyx ; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the
sides and indehiscent. — Man. and w. la. to Tex., and westw.
5. SIDA L.
Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5
or more, tipped with capitate stigmas ; the ripe fruit separating into as many
1-seeded carpels, which are closed, o: commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily
separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle
pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus. )
1. S. hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. A smooth tall (1.2-3 m. high) perennial ;
leaves S-l-cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; floioers white, umhellate-
corymhed, 2.5 cm. wide; carpels 10, pointed. (iS. Napaea Cav.) — Glades and
river-banks. Pa. to Tenn., rare ; cultivated in old gardens.
2. S. Elli6ttii T. & G. A smooth erect perennial, 3-12 dm. high; leaves
linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short ; flowers
yellow, rather large ; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a
depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, s. Va. to s. Mo., and southw. May-Aug.
3. S. spixosA L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (2.5-5
dm. high), much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather
loniz-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; floioers
yellow, small ; carpels 5, combined into an ovoid fruit, each splitting at the top
into 2 beaks. — Waste places, Mass. to Mich., Kan., and southw.. where com-
inon. — A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives
the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. (Nat. from the Tropics.)
6. ALTHAEA L. Marsh Mallow
Calyx surrounded by a (3-0-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old
Greek and Latin name, from dMeiv. to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)
1. A. officinXlis L. (Maksh Mallow.) Stem erect, (M 2 cm. high ; leaves
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy ;
peduncles axillary, many-flowered; flowei-s i>ale rose-color. — Salt marshes,
568 MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY)
coast of N. E. and N. Y., also locally westw. to Mich, and Ark. Aug., Sept. —
Perennial root thick, abounding in mucilage. (Nat. from Eu.)
A. CANNABiNA L., wlth digitatelv 5-parted leaves, is said to be somewhat
established at Washington, D. C. (Adv. from Eu.)
A. ROSEA Cav., the Hollyhock of gardens, sometimes persists after culti-
vation.
7. MALVA [Tourn.] L. Mallow
Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals
obcordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An old
Latin name, from the Greek name, fmXdxv^ having allusion to the emollient
leaves. )
* Flowers fascicled in the axils.
1. M. rotundif6lia L. (Common M., Cheeses.) Stems procumbent iTom
a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-sTiaped, on very long petioles, crenate,
obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; caipels pubes-
cent, even. — Waysides and cultivated gi-ounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. M. vertictllXta L. Erect annual, with round crenatehj b-l-lohed leaves ;
flowers small, pale, sessile, crowded in the axils ; carpels slightly reticulated. —
Roadsides, waste places, etc., N. S., Que., and w. Vt. ; Pa. (Nat. from Asia.)
M. crispa L. (the Curled M.), which scarcely differs save in its crisped leaves,
is occasionally spontaneous about gardens, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)
8. M. sylvestris L. (High M.) Biennial; stem erect, branched, 6-9 dm.
high; leaves sharply b-1-lohed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large,
purple and rose-color ; carpels wrinkled-veiny. — Waysides and about gardens,
rarely escaped from cultivation. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or paniculate.
4. M. iroscnXTA L. (Mr:sK M. ) A low perennial, with mostly simple
pubescence ; stem-leaves 5-parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft
into linear lobes, faintly musky-scented ; flowers rose-color or white, large, on
short peduncles crowded on the stem and branches ; fruit downy. — Fields and
roadsides, abundant in e. Canada and n. N. E., occasional elsewhere. (Nat.
from Eu.) ^
0. M. Alcea L. Similar, with short stellate pubescence ; stem-leaves only
once ^-parted or -cleft, the lobes incised ; large flowers as in the last ; fruit
smooth ; bractlets of the involucel ovate. — Escaped from gardens in N. E., Pa.,
and Mich. (Introd. from Eu.)
8. CALLIRHOE Nutt. Poppy Mallow
Calyx either naked or with a 8-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in Malva. Carpels
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded
cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing
downward. (Name drawn from Greek mythology.)
* Involucel ^-leaved.
1. C. triangulata (Leavenw.) Gray. Stellate-pubescent; stems nearly cr^c^,
0 dm. high, from a fusiform root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the
lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3-5-cleft ;
flowers panlcled, .short-pediceled, purple ; involucel as long as the 5-cleft 5-nerved
calyx ; carpels not rugose. — Dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., and .southw.
2. C. involucrata (T. & G.) Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent ; leaves
rounded, o-1-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed ; peduncles elongated,
1 -flowered; calyx o-parted, the lanceolate 3-5-nerved .sepals twice as long as
the involucel ; petals red or purplish ; carpels indehiscent, rugose-reticidated. —
Mmn. to Tex., and westw.
MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) 669
* * Involucel none ; calyx o-parted; carpels strongly rugose.
3. C. alcaeoides (Michx.) Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender, 3 dm.
high, erect from a perennial root ; loicer leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised,
the upper 5-7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ;
flowers rose-color or white, corj^mbose, on slender peduncles. — Barren oak
lauds, s. Ky. to Neb. and Tex.
4. C. digitata Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect ; leaves few, round-
cordate, 5-7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions ; peduncles sub-
racemose, long, filiform ; flowers red-purple to white. — 111. to Kan. and Tex.
9. NAPAEA [Clayt.] L. Glade Mallow
Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers dioecious ; the
staminate destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short col-
umn of usually antherless filaments. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside.
Fruit depressed-globular, separating into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded beak-
less scarcely dehiscent carpels as styles. Radicle pointing downward. — Tall
roughish perennial herb, with very large 9-11-parted lower leaves, the pointed
lobes pinnatifid-cut, and small white panicled flowers. (Named from vdTnrj^ a
glade, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.)
1. N. dioica L.^ Stems nearly simple, 1.5-3 m. high. — Pa. to Va., w. to
la. and Minn., rare. July.
10. KOSTELETZKYA Presl.
Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. —
Shrubs or, as in the case of our single species, perennial herbs, chiefly of tropical
America. (Named for V. F. Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)
1. K. virginica (L.) Fresl. Roughish-hairy perennial. 0-12 dm. high ; leaves
halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed ; corolla 5 cm. wide, rose-
color ; column slender. — Marshes on the coast, N. Y., and southw. Aug.
11. HIBISCUS L. Rose Mallow
Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. Col-
umn of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united,
stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in
each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old
Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)
a. Calyx herbaceous, not inflated about the capsule ; perennials 5,
b. Shrub, with rhombic-ovate glabrous leaves 1. ff. syriacus.
b. Herbs c.
c. Stems and lower surfaces of leaves pubescent.
Capsule smooth ; leaves glabrous or glabrate above.
Corolla rose-color ; capsule depressed-globose, abruptly beaked . 2. ff. Moscheutos.
Corolla white, with crimson center ; capsule ovoid, gradually
pointed Z. II. oculiroseus.
Capsule hirsute ; leaves pubescent above.
Leaves minutely stellate-canescent ; capsule beaked . . . i. U. incanus.
Leaves looselv and coarsely stellate-tomentose ; capsule rounded
or truncate at tip 5. ff. lasiocarpos.
c. Stems and leaves glabrous 6. /T. militaris.
a. Calyx bladdery-inflated, soon becoming scarious ; annual . . . . 1. H. Trionum.
1. H. SYRIACUS L. (Shrubby Althaea of gardens.) Tall shrub, smooth;
leaves rhombic- or wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed ; corolla usually
rose-color. — Established in thickets and by roadsides, N. J., Pa., and southw.
July-Sept. (Introd. from Asia.)
2. H. Moscheutos L. (Swamp R.) Tall perennial (1-2.5 m. high); the
Stem puberulent above; leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower and sometimes
570 TERNSTROEMIACEAE (TEA OK CAMELLIA FAMILY)
the upper 3-lobecl, downy -whitened underneath, gJahrous or slightly dowi^
above ; calyx and bracts densely stellate-puberiilent ; calyx in anthesis 2-8 cm.
long, its lobes ovate or ovate-oblong; petals 6-12 cm. lung, rose-color; capsule
glabrous, siibglobose, abruptly beaked. — River-banks and fresh or brackish
marshes, near the coast, e. JNLass., southw. ; also lake-shores and swamps
(especially near salt springs) westw. to Ont. and Mo. July-Sept.
3. H. oculirbseus Britton. (Crimson-eyed or Wuite Hibiscus.) Similar;
calyx in anthesis 3-4 cm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate ; petals lohite, vnth a
crimson blotch at base; capsule ovoid, gradually pointed. — Marshes near the
coast, N. J., and southw. July-Sept.
4. H. incanus ^Yendland. Resembling the preceding ; Zeaves ovate to lanceo-
late, toothed, rarely lobed; calyx in anthesis 2.5-3 cm. long; petals white,
yellowish, or pink, crimson-blotched at base ; capsule ovoid, beaked, closely
stellate-tomentose and loosely hirsute. — Swamps, Md., and southw.
5. H. lasiocarpos Cav. Leaves broadly to narrowly ovate, soft-pubescent
upon both surfaces, the upper surface bearing many simple or subsimple hairs;
bractlets ciliate ; petals white or Vose-color, crimson-blotched at base ; capsule
short-cylindric, subtruncate, densely villous-hirsute^ — Marshes, Ga. to Tex.,
northw. in Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., 111., and Mo. July-Sept.
6. H. militaris Cav. (Halberd-leaved R.) Smooth throughout ; lower
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves commonly halberd-
form; peduncles slender ; corolla 5-7.5 cm. long, flesh-color, with purple base ;
fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. — River-banks, Pa. to Minn., and southw.
7. H. Tri6xum L. (Flower-of-ax-hour.) A low rather hairy annual;
upper leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle, one much the
longest ; fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, b-ioinged, icith numorous dark
ciliate nerves; corolla sulphur-yellow, with a blackish eye, ephemeral. — Culti-
vated and waste ground, rather local. (Nat. from Eu.)
TERNSTROEMlACEAE (Tea or Camellia Family)
Trees or shrubs, toith alternate simple feather-veined leaves and no stipides,
the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both
imbricated in aestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each
other {monadelphous or S-b-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. Anthers
2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds few, with
little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons. — A family with
showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known Camellia aud the more
important Tea Plant.
1. Stewartia. Stamens monadelphous. Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending.
2. Gordonia. Stamens 5-adelphous. Ovules 4-8 in each cell, pendulous.
1. STEWARTIA L.
Sepals 4, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate.
Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crusta-
ceous, anatropous, ascending. Radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs
with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy
beneath, and large short-peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named
for John Stuart, — or as formerly often written Stewart, — Marquis of Bute.)
1. S. Malachodendron L. Petals 5, white, 2.5 cm. long; sepals ovate ; style
1; stigma 5-tooihed ; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. (^S'. virginira
Cav.) — Woods, Va., and southw.
2. S. pentagyna LMIer. Leaves larger, L3-L5 dm. long; sepals acute;
petals often ('» ; styles 5, distinct; pod angled, pointed ; seeds wing-margine<l.—
Mts. of Ky. and N. Car. to Ga.
HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN'S-AVORT FAMILY) 571
2. G0RD6nIA Ellis. Loblolly Bay
Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the
valves separating from The persistent axis ; cells 2-8-seeded. Seeds pendulous ;
radicle short; cotyledons thin, longitudinally plaited. — Shrubs or small trees,
with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr.
(iarden to his ••old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to
a London nurseryman of the same name.)
I. G. Lasianthus L. (Tan Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, lanceo-
late-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining ; petals
3-4 cm. long ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. — Swamps near the coast, Va.,
and south w. May-July.
HYPERICACEAE (St. John's-wort Family)
Herbs or shriibs, with opposite entire dotted mostly sessile leaves and no
stipules., regular hypogynous flowers., the petals mostly oblique and convolute in
the bud, and many or few stamens sometimes collected in 3 or more clusters or
bundles. Pod l-celled with 2-5 parietal placentae., and as many styles, or 3-7-
celled by the union of the placentae in the center; dehiscence mostly septicidal.
Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5,
mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds numerous,
small, anatropous, with no albumen. — Plants usually smooth. Flowers solitary
or cymose.
1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, in 2 very unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, distinct.
•2. Hypericum. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and often in 3 or 5 clusters.
1. ASCYRUM L. St. Peter's-wort
Sepals 4 ; the two outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller.
Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ;
the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly l-celled, 2-4-
valved. — Low rather shrubby smooth pale green plants, with nearly solitary
light yellow flowers. (Ancient Greek name for some plant probably of this
family.)
1. A. stans Michx. (St. Peter's- wort.) Stem suberect, 2-edged, 3-6 dm.
high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thickish ; flowers showy ;
outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate; petals obovate; styles 3 or 4. —
Pine barrens, L. I. to Pa., and southwestw. July, Aug.
2. A. hypericoides L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much branched and
decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin ; petals
linear-oblong; styles 2, very short; pod flat. (J.. Criix-Andreae L. 176o, not
1753.) — Wet sand or rocky barrens, Nantucket I., Mass., to s. 111., Neb., and
southw. July-Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching
each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross.
2. HYPERICUM [Tourn.] L. St. John's-wort
•
Sepals 5, usually subequal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud (except
in § 6). Stamens frequently united or clustered in 3-5 parcels ; no interposed
glands. Pod l-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or
shrubs, with cymose yellow, flesh-colored, or purplish flowers. (An ancient
Greek name of obscure meaning.)
572
HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN S-WORT FAMILY)
a. Ppt-als yellow (at most mottled or strijied with red, jmiple, or ])laek) f>.
b. Styles 5 : iHids 5-celled.
Tall herb ; tlowers 4-1) cm. broad ; pods 2-;i cm. lontr 1,
Slender shiub ; flowers 1.5— 3 cm. broad; i)od.s .V-Ki mm. long ?.
&. Styles 3, rarely 4 ; pods 8( rarely 4 )-celled c.
c. Stamens very numerous (more than 12) d.
d. Shrubs, 0.5-2 m. high.
Pods 1-1.5 cm. long 6.
Pods 5-8 mm. long 7.
d. Herbs, at mo.st shghtly woody at base e.
e. Stamens in '6-b clusters ; petals marked with black dots
or lines /.
f. Petals bearing black dots only on the margin.
Flowers and leaves few. the latter 1.5-3 cm. broad . 2.
Flowers and leaves very numerous, the latter rarely
1 cm. broad . ". .3.
f. Petals bearing several rows of black dots or lines.
Leaves rounded at tip ; sepals blunt or acutish ; pods
4-6 mm. long ........ 4.
Leaves (at least the upper) narrowed to the tip ; sepals
acuminate; pods 6— S mm. long .... 5.
e. Stamens obscurely if at all clustered ; petals without black
dots g. '^
g. Stems herbaceous, from slender creeping freely stolonif-
eroiis bases.
Leaves and linear-lanceolate acute tirm sepals with
revolnte margins 10.
Leaves and oblanceolate or obovate thin foliaceous
sepals plane 14.
g. Stems woody at base, or if herbaceous without slender
stolons h.
h. Stems freely branching, woody at base ; cymes leafy-
bracted ; styles united below ; stigmas elongate i.
i. Cap.sule thick-ovoid to subglobose, somewhat 3-
angled, essentially 1 -celled.
//. AxcyroJi.
II. Kalmianum.
IT. prolificum.
II. Jeitfiiilorum.
IT. graveolens.
IT. perforatum.
IT. punctaUim.
H. pseudomaculaiutn.
IT. adpressum.
IT. ellipticujn.
a.
Sepals 6-13 mm. long ; corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad.
Sepals (>-10 mm. l{)ng, 2-5 mm. broad
Sepals variable, the larger 1-1.3 cm. long, 6-S
mm. wide
Sepals 3-5 mm. long; corolla 1-1.5 cm. broad
i. Capsule conic-subulate, distinctly 3-celled
h. Stems simple below the loosely forking essentially
naked inflorescence, herbaceous : styles distinct ;
stigmas capitate . . . . " .
C. Stamens 5-12 j.
j. Stem simple or loosely branched ; leaves linear to ovate,
spreading k.
k. Bracts of the inflorescence foliaceous, resembling reduced
stem-leaves . . . . , ....
k. Ultimate bracts of the inflorescence setaceous to linear-
subulate.
Leaves orbicular, ovate-deltoid, or rounded-oblong,
clasping.
Leaves ovate-oblong or short-elliptic, rounded at tip ;
pod short-ellipsoid
Leaves ovate-deltoid, acutish or blunt ; pod slender-
conical
Leaves lanceolate to linear, merely sessile (if clasping
with lance-attenuate outline).
Leaves lanceolate, chiefly 5-T-nerved at base
Leaves linear, 1-3-nerved
j. Stems fastigiately branched ; leaves scale-like or linear-
subulate, strongly ascending.
Leaves 0-20 mm. long; pods ovoid, slightly exceeding the
caly.t
Leaves shorter, scale-like ; pods lance-subulate, much
exceeding the calyx
Petals flesh-color or pur{»lish.
Leaves sessile or clasi)ing
Leaves uarrowed to distinct petioles
11. H. dolahriforme.
12. H. BUseUii.
13. //. cintifoHum.
9. //. galioides.
15. H. virgatum.
16. IT. horeale.
17. n. mutilum.
IS. IT. gymnanthum.
19. H. 7naju.<i.
20. //. eanadense.
21. a. Drummondii.
22. II. gentianoides.
23. IT. rirghiicnm.
24. H. petiolatum.
§ \. ROSCVNA (Spach) Endl. Stamens very numerous, 5-adeIphous ; styles
;"), aaii.pd ItHow, the stigmas capitate; pod ^)-ceUed, the placentae turned far
hark i)it(> the cells; perennial herb ; floioers very lar(fe.
1. H. Ascyron L. (Great iS.) Stems 5-15 dm. hidi ; branches 2-4-angled ;
leaves 4-9 cm. long, ovate-oblong, partly clasping j petals narrowly obovate, 2.5
HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY) 573
cm. long, not deciduous until after they wither; pod 2-3 cm. lone;, conical. —
Banks of rivers, w. Que. to Man., s. to Pa., 111., Mo., and Kan. July, Aug.
§ 2. EUHYPERICUM Boiss. Stamens very many, in 3 or 5 dusters; styles 3,
separate and usually diverging ; pod Z-celled ; calyx erect; petals and an-
thers icith black dots; perennials.
2. H. graveolens Buckley. (Mountain S.) Leaves elliptic-oblong, 5-7 cm.
long ; flowers large, 2-5 cm. broad ; petals sparingly dotted on the margin ; pod
rather large, 7-10 mm. long. — Summits of the higher mts. of s. w. Va. and N. C.
3. H. PERFORATUM L. (CoMMON S.) Stem much branched and corymbed,
somewhat 2-edged, producing runners from the base ; leaves elliptic- or linear-
oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals deep yellow, black-dotted along the margin,
twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy
cymes. — Fields, etc. June-Sept. — A pernicious weed. difBcult to extirpate;
juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu. )
4. H. punctatum Lam. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid
dots ; stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, rounded at tip, the base
either subclasping, sessile, or subpetiolate ; flowers croicded ; petals pale yellow,
marked with dark lines and dots, about tv:ice as long as the oblong bluntish or
acute sepals; pods 4-6 mm. long. (H. maculatum Walt., not Crantz; H. corym-
bosum Mulil.) — Damp places, e. Que. to Ont., and southw. Julj^-Sept.
5. H. pseudomaculatum Bush. Similar ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
at least the upper narrov'ed to the tip ; petals three or four times as long as the
acuminate sepals; pods 6-8 mm. long. — Woods and prairies, 111. and Mo. to
Tex. and Ga.
§ 3. MYRIANDRA (Spach) Endl. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all
clustered; styles more or less united, the stigmas elongate ; pod more or less
3-b-celled ; placentae central or parietal.
* Bushy shrubs, 5-20 dm. high, leafy to the top.
•<- Styles 3 ; pod completely o-celled.
6. H. prolificum L. (Shrubby S.) Branchlets 2-edged ; leaves narrowly
oblong, 3-7 cm. long, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers numerous,
in simple or compound clusters ; pods subulate to ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. — N. J.
to s. Ont., Minn., and southw. July-Sept. — Varies greatly in size, etc.
7. H. densiflbrum Parsh. Exceedingly branched above, 0.5-2 m. high, the
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves ; flowers smaller (1.2-1.7 cm.
in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes ; pod 5-8 min.
long. — Pine barrens of N. J. to glades of Ivy., Ark., and southw.
-I- -*- Styles 5 ; pod completely 5-celled.
8. H. Kalmianum L. (Kalm's S.) Branches 4-angled ; branchlets 2-edged ;
leaves crowded, glaucous, linear to oblanceolate. 3-4.5 cm. long; flowers few in
a cluster, 3-5 cm. wide ; pods ovoid. — Rocky or sandy soil, Pontiac Co., Que.,
to Niagara Falls, and along the Great Lakes to w. Ont., Mich., and 111.
* * Perennials, herbaceous or a little woody at base ; pod incompletely S-4:-celled.
9. H. galioides Lam. Slender, branching, woody below; leaves linear-ob-
lancenlate, narrowed downward, 1.5-7 cm. long, mostly acute ; flowers small in
terminal and axillary cymes ; sepals very narrow, 3-5 mm. long ; pod 5-6 mm.
lon^:, ovoid. — Del. to Ga. and e. Tenn.
10. H. adpressum Bart. Stem simple. 3-6 dm. high, herbaceous, from a
slender creeping freely stolonifcrous base, obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged
above ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin, 4-5 cm.
long ; cyme terminal, leafy at the base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ;
petals bright yellow, 7-10 nmi. long ; pods ovoid. — Moi.'^t sandy shores, e. Mass.
to Pa., and southw., chiefly near the coast. July, Aug. \'av. spongiosum Rob-
inson. Taller (7 dm. or more high), the stem spongy-thickened at base; leaves
oblong. — Marshy borders of ponds, s. e. Mass.
574 HYPEKICACEAE (ST. JOHN\s-WOKT FAMILY)
§ 4. BRATHYDIUM (Spach) Endl. Similar to % Z \ pod l-celled, with 3
parietal placentae.
11. H. dolabrif6rme Vent. ^S^ewis branched from the decumbent base, woody
below, 1.5—5 dm. high, terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading, vein-
less ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the
length of the very oblique petals (1-1.2 cm. long) ; 2'>ods ovoid-conical, the walls
very thick and hard. — Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. Juue-
Aug.
12. H. Biss611ii Robinson. Stems siibsimj^le or with short ascendiug branches,
somewhat woody below, 4-5 dm. high ; leaves narrowly oblong, obtxisish, as-
cending, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, 1-nerved, deep green above, pale
beneath; cyme about 20-flowered, leafy-bracted, the bracts ovate; flowers 1.5
cm. broad ; sepals very unequal, the largest broad-ovate, 1.3 cm. long, 8 mm.
vjide, subcordate, acuminate ; petals oblong-obovate, oblique, with a mucro on
one side near the tip. — Southington, Ct. (Bissell).
13. H. cistif51ium Lam. Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, 3-5 dm. high,
with a somewhat looody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines ; leaves
narrowly oblong to nearly linear, 3-7 cm. long, sessile'with a somewhat clasping
base; the cyme naked, compound, usually many-flowered; sepals ovate; pods
depressed-globular or ovoid-conical; seeds large, oblong, very rough-pitted.
(II. sphaerocarpiim Michx.) — Rocky river-banks, s. w. 0. to la., and south w.
July-Sept. — Flowers small.
14. H. ellipticum Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous, 2-5 dm. high, obscurely
4-angled, from a slender creeping stoloniferoKS bas3 ; leaves spreading, elliptical-
ohlong, obtuse, usually narrower toward the subclasping base, thin ; cyme nearly
naked, rather few-flow^ered ; petals bright yellow, 6-10 mm. long ; sepals oblong ;
pods ovoid, very obtuse; seeds minutely striate. — Wet places, N. B. to Man.,
s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, and Minn. July, Aug. — Aberrant plants often have
small red or purplish petals.
§ 5. BRAtHYS (Mutis) Choisy. Stamens distinct or in 3 clusters; pod
1-celled, vnth 3 strictly parietal placentae; styles short, distinct, vylth capi-
tate stigmas ; petals small, oblong or linear; sepals narrow, erect; slender
plants, with 4^-angular branches, flowering all summer.
* Stamens oo .
15. H. virgitum Lam. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled, her-
baceous, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves ascending, opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, 1.5-2.7 cm. long, closely sessile by a broad base; inflorescence compound,
naked, the scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches; petals copper-
yellow, 8-10 mm. long ; sepals herbaceous, erect, inclosing the ovoid pod. {H.
angulosum Michx.) — Wet pine barrens, Pa. to Ga., westw. to O., Ky., and
(?) 111. July-Sept.
Yar. ovalifolium Britton. Leaves oval, erect, 1-1.8 cm. long, more than half
as broad. — Pine barrens, N. J. and south w.
* * Stamens 5-12.
+- Stem simple or loosely branched ; leaves linear to ovate, spreading.
16. H. boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Perennial ; the stems decumbent and
leafy-bracted at base, slender, 5-30 cm. high (rarely submersed and very elon-
gate) ; leaves elliptic, rounded at tip, sessile, 3-20 mm. long, 3-5-nerved ; cymes
leafy-bracted, all the bracts foliaceous and broad; pedicels short ; sepals linear,
blunt, shorter than the rounded short-ellipsoid pod (3-5 mm. long). (H. cana-
dense, var. minimum Man. ed. 6.) — Bogs, margins of ponds, etc., Nfd. to w.
Ont., s. to N. J., Pa., O., and Ind. July, Aug.
17. H. mutilum L. Stem flaccid, widely branching, annual, or perennial
with leafy-bracted decumbent bases ; leaves ovate to narrov^ly oblong, obtuse,
jmrtly clasping, ^-nerved; cyme (in well developed plants) diffuse, somewhat
leafy bracted, the ultimate bracts setaceous ; flowers 4 mm. broad ; sepals linear-
ELATINACEAE (WATRinVORT FAMILY) 576
.ancedate, acute ; pods 2.5-8.5 mm. long. s^liort-eUipsoid., rounded at apex. —
Low grounds, coniinon. July, Aug.
18. H. gymnanthum Eiigeliii. & Gray. Almost simple, with strict stem and
branches, 8-9 dm. high ; leaves clasping., heart-shaped, acute or obtuse ; cyme
naked, the floral leaves reduced to small awl-shaped bracts ; pods slender-coni-
cal, pointed, 4-5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the lance-acuminate sepals. —
AVet sandy barrens, N. J. and e. Pa. to Fla. and Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to
Mo., 111., Ind., and O. ; reported also from Minn.
19. H. ma jus (Gray) Britton. Annual, or perennial by short leafy offshoots ;
stems solitary or tufted, erect, rather stout, 1-7 dm. high ; leaves chiefly u-7-
nerved at the rounded or subcordate sessile or clasping base, lanceolate, the upper
acute or bluntish, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, 3.5-13 mm. broad ; cymes essentially naked,
the bracts slender; sepals lance-atlenuate, 5-7 mm. long, nearly equaling the
conic-ellipsoid bluntish j)ofZ. {H. canadense, var. Gray.) — Wtt or dry open
soil, e. Que. to Man., s. to L. I., N. J., Pa., 111., la., and S. Dak.; also e. Wash.
July, Aug.
20. H. canadense L. Annual, or perennial by short leafy offshoots ; stems
slender, 1-4 dm. high ; leav(-s \^^-nerved, linear to lincar-oblanceolate, rotinded
at tip, narrovjed to the sessile or subpetiolar base, 1-4 cm. long, 1-6 mm. broad ;
cymes naked except for the linear-setaceous bracts ; sepals linear-lanceolate,
blunt or acutish. 2.5-5 mm. long, much shorter than the slender-conical red or
purplish pod. — Wet or dry. chiefly exsiccated places, Xfd. to Man., s. to Ga.,
Ky., Wise, and Minn. July-Sept.
H- ■*- Stems fastigiately branched; leaves linear or bract-like, ascending or
^ appressed.
21. H. Dnimm6ndii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect, 1.5-8 dm. high ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect,
l-nerved, 6-20 mm. long ; floicers scattered along the upper part of the leafy
branches, short-pediceled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. — Dry soil,
Ashtabula Co., O. {Louth), 111., la., Kan., and south w.
22. H. gentianoides (L.) B S P. (Orange Grass, Pineweed.) Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry, 1-3 dm, high ; leaves minute awl-shaped scales,
appressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ;
podti ovoid-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. {Sarothra L. ; H.
nudicaule Walt.) — Sandy or rocky soil. Me. to Fia. and Tex., chiefly e. of the
Alleghenies ; and from s. w. Out. to 111., and southw.
§ 6. ELODEA (Juss.) Choisy. Petals imbricated in bud, flesh-colored or pur-
plish. Stamens mostly 9, in o bundles. Styles 3, distinct. — Elodea Juss.;
Elodes Man. ed. 6, not Adans.
23. H. virginicum L. (Marsh S.) Stoloniferous ; leaves closely sessile or
clasping by a broad base, oblong or ovate, very obtuse ; filaments united below
the middle. {Triadenum Raf.; Elodea campanulata Pursli.) — Common in
swamps. July, Aug. — The entire plant frequently has a pink or crimson
tone.
24. H. petiolatum Walt. (Marsh S.) Taller, more branching ; leaves taper-
ing into a short petiole, oblong; filaments united beyond the middle. {Triade-
num Britton.) — Cypress swamps, etc., N. J. to Mo., and southw.
ELATINACEAE (Waterwort Family)
Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite dot-
less leaves, minute axillary floioers like those of the Chickweeds, but the pod
2-6-celled, and the seeds as in St. John's-wort.
1. Elatine. Flowers 2-4-merous. Capsule globose. Glabrous, growing in or near water.
2. Bergia. Flowers 5-iTierous. Capsule ovoid. Plant pubescent, terrestrial.
576 CISTACEAE (KOCKROSE FAMILY)
1. ELATINE L. Waterwort
Sepals 2-4, obtuse. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely twice
as many. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-4. Pod membranaceous, 2-4-
celled, several-many-seeded, 2-4-valved ; the partitions left attached to the axis,
or evanescent. — Dwarf plants, often rooting at the nodes. (A Greek name for
an obscure herb.)
1. E. americana (Pursh) Arn. Tufted, 1-2.5 cm. high, creeping; leaves
obovate^ obtuse, 2-G mm. long; flowers sessile, rarely opening in the aquatic
form ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stigmas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell,
rising from the base, relatively large, marked by 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and
20-30 crossbars. — Margin of ponds, etc., e. Que. to B. C, s. to Va., Mo., and
in the Rocky Mts. to Mex.
2. E. triandra Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate ; petals
and stamens commonly 3 ; seeds more slender, covering the axis. — Ponds, 111.
to Neb., and westw. (Eu.)
3. E. brachysp^rma Gray. Leaves oblong or oval, with narrowed base ;
flowers mostly dimerous ; seeds short-oblong, with 6 or 7 longitudinal lines and
10-12 crossbars. — 111. and south westw.
2. BERGIA L.
Sepals 5, acuminate, with thickened midnerve and scarious margins. Petals
5. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod of firm texture. — Diffuse or ascending plants, chiefly
tropical. (Named for P. J. Bergius, a Swedish botanist of the 18th cen.tury.)
1. B. texana (Hook.) Seubert. Branched from the base ; branches 1-4 dm.
long ; flowers scarcely peduucled in the axils of the lance-oblong serrulate
leaves. — Swamps and wet banks, s. 111. to Kan., south w. and westw.
CISTACEAE (RocKROSE Family)
Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct arid hypogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled o-ij-valved capsule with as many
parietal placentae borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albumi-
nous seeds. Sepals 5 ; the two external much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes
warning ; the 3 others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in
the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on
slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender
stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or
curved, in mealy albumen ; cotyledons narrow. Leaves simple and mostly
entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. — Inert plants.
1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). Stigma nearly sessile.
Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers.
2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 1-celled,
'J-()-see(l('(l. Heath-like.
3. Lechea. i'etals 8, flat in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod
partly 3-celled, the imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae.
1. HELIANTHEMUM [Tourn.] Mill. Rockrose
Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring.
Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., primary or earlier
ones, with large yellow petals, indefinitely immerous stamens, and many-seeded
pods ; and secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clusters,
with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3-few-seeded pods
CISTACEAE (KOCKKOSE FAMILY) 577
— The large flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast tlieir petals by the next
day. (Name from r/Xtos, the sun^ and avdefxou, flower.)
1. H. canad^nse (L. ?) Michx, (Frostweed.) Erect, hoary-pubescent, C-5
dm. high, at tirst simple ; leaves lance-oblong, pale beneath ; large flowers
solitary^ 2.5 cm. broad, soon surpassed by lateral branches, their puds G mm,
long ; the small flowers clustered on short \-^-flowered branchlets, their pods
light brown, unequal, those of the terminal flowers commonly larger, 3-4 mm.
in diameter. — Sandy or gravelly dry soil. Me. to Mich., N. C, and Miss. June-
Aug. — Late in autumn crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the base
of this and the next species, whence the popular name. A dwarf and rather
more cespitose plant with crowded stems only 1-2 dm. high, common on ster-
ile shores and sandy hills near the sea, from e. Mass. southw. (//. propinquum
Bicknell) appears to be only a stunted form of this species.
2. H. majus BSF. (Frostweed.) Similar in habit and more canescent ;
primary flowers clustered at the summit of the stem, not surpassed by branches ;
petals slightly paler yellow than in the preceding ; secondary flowers very small,
numerous, closely clustered along slender branches, their pods dark brown, 2
mm in diameter. — Similar situations, N. S. to Minn., Col., and southw. — This
is H. majus BSF., at least in part, and of recent auth. It seems probable,
however, that Lechea major L. represented rather the preceding species. Until
the Linnean types both of Cistvs canadensis and of Lechea major can be
definitely identified, it seems best to allow the current interpretation of the
names under Helianthemum to stand as above.
3. H. corymbosum Michx. Flowers all corymbosely clustered at the summit
of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks ;
calyx woolly. — Fine barrens, N. J., and southw. along the coast.
2. HUDSdNIA L.
Fetals much larger than the calyx. Style long and slender ; stigma minute.
Fod terete, inclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached
near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a
closed hook. — Bushy heath-like little shrubs, covered with the small awl-shaped
or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous small but
showy bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches.
(Named in honor of William Hudson, an early English botanist.)
1. H. ericoides L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped, loose;
flowers on slender naked stalks; ovary hairy. — Dry sandy soil near the coast,
Nfd. to Va. May.
2. H. tomentosa Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or narrowdy oblong,
2 mm. long, close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile or nearly so. — Sandy
shores, dunes, etc., N. B. to Va., and along the Great Lakes to Minn. ; rarely
on banks uf streams inland. May, June. Fassing into var. intkrmedia Peck.
Leaves tending to be more awl-shaped; flowers obviously peduncled. — Sand
hills, etc., e. Que. to Mackenzie, s. to e. N. B., Saco Valley, Me. and N. H.,
shores of L. Champlain, Vt., and the Great L. region.
3. LECHEA [Kalm] L. Finweed
Stigmas 3, plumose. Fod globular or obovoid. Embiyo straightish. — Slen-
der erect paniculately branched perennial herbs, developing leafy shoots from
the base. Flowers very small, greenish or purplish, in summer. (Named in
honor of Johan Leche, a Swedish botanist.)
Leaves of the basal shoots elliptical or oblong.
Pubescence of the stem spreading ; panicle of small dense corymbose
clusters 1. Z. villosa.
Pubescence of the stem appressed ; panicle more open.
Outer sepals exceeding the inner . 2. L. minor.
Outer sepals shorter than the others.
gray's mam: a I, — 37
578 CISTACEAE (^ROURROSE FAMILY^
Fruitin? calyx narrow, obovoid or pyriform ; leaves of the basal shoots
f^recd 8. L. raceniufofia
Fruit i iii: ralyx subfrlobose ; leaves of tht^ basal shoots hoary-pubescent . 5. L. muritima.
r.eaves ftf tlse basal sh<»<its narrowly lanceolate to linear.
Inner se|ials I nerved, usually e.vceeded by the narrow outer ones . . . 6, L. tenuifolia.
Inner se[ials :i-nerve(i. e<|ualing or longer than the out^r.
Caneseeutpulie scent.
Panicle strict, fastigiate, spire-like 4. Z. stricta.
Panicle broadly pyramidal b. L. maritima.
Green, more sparingly pubescent.
Fruiting calyx depressed-globose, 2.5-3 mm. broad 3. Z. intermedia.
Fruiting calyx obovoiil, 1.5-2 mm. broad 7. L. Leggettii.
* Puhescence villous^ spreading ; leaves oblong ; flowers very short-pediceled, in
cymulose clusters.
1. L. vill5sa Ell. Stem upright, 3-7 dm. high, stout, simple, very leafy,
producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucro-
nate-poiiited. alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely
crowded ; pedicels shorter than the very small depressed-globose pod ; sepals
narrower than the valves of the capside. (L. mayo ?• Michx., not L.) — Sterile
grounds, s. N. H. and s. Vt. to Fla. ; also from s. Out. and O. to Neb., and
south w., common.
* * Pubescence appressed; floicers open-paniculate.
-t- Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin.
2. L. minor L. Erect, about 3-6 dm. high; stem -leaves oval or oblong,
6-12 mm. long, commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite, those
(»f the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovoid-globose. (L. thyrai-
folia Michx.) — Dry soil, s. N. H. and s. Vt. to Fla. and Miss. : also s. Out. and
Mich.
-»- -1- Leaves firmer^ narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate ; panicles
more naked and racemiform.
++ Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid; pod nearly globose.
8. L. intermedia Leggett. Rather strict, 3 dm. high or more, tisually gla-
brate in age; leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate, 3-<i mm. long, the cauline
iinear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long; panicle elongated, subcylindrical ; pod large
for the genus, depressed-globose^ 2-3 mm. in diameter. (L. minor Man. ed. 6,
in part.) — Dry soil, N. B. to e. N. Y. and Pa.; also s. Ont., Mich., and Wise,
i^assing to
Var. juniperina (liicknell) Robinson. Branches short, fastigiately appressed ;
leaves erect, mostly appressed; pedicels short; leafy panicle spiiv-like. (L.
juniperina l»icknell.) — Sandy soil, coast of s. Me., extending inland in the
Androscogirin and Saco valleys to n. N. H.
4. L. striata Leggett. Virgate, fastigiately branched, very pale icith fine
appressed pnbfscence ; inflorescence close, spire-like ; pod 1.7-2 mm. in diameter.
— Boi'ders of woods, etc., w. N. Y. to 111. and Miim.
T). L. maritima Leggett. Stout and rigid for the gentis. 3-5 dm. high, pale ;
leaves of th(^ has(d shuots lance-oblong, hoary-pubtscent, thickish, those of the
stem and inflorescence linear or nearly so; panicle broadly pyramidal ; calyx
cane.scent-pubescent, globular in fruit; pedicels 0..>-l. 5 mm. long. (L. minor,
var. Gray.) — Sandy soil near the coast, from the mottth of the Kennebec, Me.,
to (ia. Passing inland to
Var. interior Robinson. Lower (2-3 dm. high), more slender, tldnner-leaved
and greener; pedicels filiform, 2-3 mm. long. — Open sandy places, s. N. II. to
w. .Mass. — Distinguished from L. intermedia by its pyramidal inflorescence
and slightly smaller puds.
G. L. tenuifolia .Michx. Low. slender and diffuse, mintitely pttbescent or
glabrous; h'dvf^s all small and very narrow ; flowers mostly on very short pedi-
cels, difl'uscly racemose-paniculate ; one or botli the narrow outer sepals exceed-
ing the inner ones, tli(» latter strictly 1-nerved; pod subglobose. — Dry sterile
soil, s. X. 11. to Wis., Neb., and southw.
VIOLACEAE (^VIOLET FAMILY) 579
+H- ■*-*. Smaller-floicered; fruiting calyx narrower, ellipsoidal or pyriform.
7. L. Leggettii Britton & Hollick. Slender, '6-0 dm. high, glabrate ; all
leaves lanct-Unear to narroidy linear, green ; panicle open, diffuse, ovoid-
pyramidal, the flowers often inclining to be secund-racemose ; fruiting calyx
obovoid or pyriform. {L. moniliformis Bicknell.) — Nantucket to Ind. and
southw.
8. L. racemulosa Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly
glabrous ; leaves of radical shoots oblong, the cauHne oblong-linear, 1-2 cm.
long ; inflorescence loose and diffuse ; fruiting calyx glabrous, ellipsoidal. —
Dry and rocky soil, L. I. to Ky. and southw.
VIOLACEAE (Violet Family)
Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred or gibbous corolla of 5 petals,
5 hypogynous stamens with adnate intrnrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and
a l-celled S-valved pod icith 3 parietal placentae. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals
imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments continued
beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually
club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side. Valves of the cap.sule
bearing the several-seeded placentae on their middle ; after opening, each valve
as it dries folding together lengthwise firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds
anatropous, with a hard seed-coat, and a large straight embryo nearly as long
as the albumen; cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers
axillary, nodding.
1. Hybanthus. Sepals not auricled. Petals (in ours) equal in length. Stamens united into a
sheath.
2. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the two lower spurred.
1. HYBANTHUS Jacq. Green Violet
Petals nearly equal (or in extralimital species very unequal) in length,
but the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than
the others at the apex. Stamens (in ours) completely united into a sheath
inclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked
at the summit. — Perennials, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-^3 small greenish-
wljite flowers on short recurved axillary pedicels. (Name from v^os, hump-
hacked, and dvdos. flower, from the dorsal gibbosity.) Calceolaria Loefl.
SoLEA Spreng. Ioxidium Vent. Cubelium Paf.
1 . H. concolor (Forster) Spreng. Plant 4-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire ; pod 2 cm. long. (Solea Gingins ; Cubelium Raf.) —
Kich woods, moist ravines, etc., N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southw. Fl. Apr.-
June ; fr. July.
2. VIOLA [Tourn.] L. Violet. Heart's-ease
Revised by E. Brainerd
Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely
surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other; the two lower
bearing spurs which project inU) the spur of the corolla. Besides these con-
spicurtus blossoms, which appear in spring, others are produced later, on shorter
peduncles or on runners, often concealed under the leaves ; tlie.se never open
nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the bud and are far more fruitful than
the ordinary blossoms. — The closely allied species of the same section, when
growing together, often hybridize with each other, producing forms that are
confusing to the student not familiar with the specific types. The hybrids
5S0
violaceap: (violet familyJ)
commonly display characters more or less intermediate between those of the
parents, and show marked vegetative vigor but greatly impaired fertility. (The
ancient Latin name of the genus.)
X.B. — In this genus the figures are of the stigmas, styles, and upper part of
the ovary, and are on a scale of 5.
I. Plants stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from
runners. (For Group II. see p. 585. )
§ L Style clnh-shaped, bcakless, obliquely concave at the summit ; stigma within
a small protuberance near the center of the cavity (Fig. 806).
1. V. pedata L. (Bird-foot V.) Nearly glabrous; rootstock short, erect,
not scaly ; leaves 3-divided, the lateral divisions o-5-parted or -cleft, the segments
all linear or narrowly spatulate, often 2-3-toothed or cut near the
apex ; the leaves of early spring or of autumn often less dissected ;
flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; the upper petals dark violet, the others
pale to deep lilac-purple, all beardless ; the orange tips of the
stamens large and conspicuous at the center of the flower ; cap-
sules green, glabrous ; seeds copper-colored ; apetalous flowers
wanting, but petaliferous flowers often produced in late summer
and autumn. (Var. bicolor Pursh.) — Open sunny slopes in
sandy soil, s. N. E. (where rare) to Md. Var. lixeariloba DC.
All the petals of the same lilac-purple color. ( V. pedata Man,
^ „ , ^ ed. 6, not L.) — Locally abundant, e. Mass. to Minn., and south w.
806. Y. pedata, ^ ' ^^ j J ^ ?
V. lineariloba. ^^^- ^^*^-
§ 2. Style dilated upward in a vertical plane, capitate, with a conical beak on
the lower side ; stigma loithin the tip of the beak (Fig. 807).
a. Rootstock fleshy and thickened, without runners; petals violet-blue
to purple, the lateral bearded (Blue Violets) h.
b. Leaves heart-shaped, the margins raerelj' crenate-serrate, or in
nos. 8-10 some leaves lobed but the cleistogamous flowers on
prostrate peduncles c.
c. Plants essentiallv glabrous.
Beard of lateral petals strongly knobbed ; cleistogamous flow-
ers long and slender
Beard of lateral petals not strongly knobbed ; cleistogamous
flowers ovoid or ovoid-acuniinate.
Cleistogamous flowers mostly on ascending peduncles ;
capsules .5-10 mm. long.
Leaves and sepals obtuse ; capsules green ....
Leaves and sepals acute ; cleistogamous capsules usually
purplish , .
Cleistogamous flowers mostly on short prostrate peduncles ;
capsules 10-15 mm. long.
Leaves all undivided.
Vernal leaves purplish beneath ; plantsof sandy or dry soil
Vernal leaves green beneath ; plants of moist soil.
Leaves narrow, gradually attenuated ; flowers pale
violet
Leaves broad, merely acute or abruptly pointed ;
flowers deep violet
Leaves palmately lobed or parted
c. Plants more or less jtubescent d.
d. Leaves for the most i)art palmately 5-9-lobed ....
d. Some leaves hastatel}' '5-5-Iobed
d. Leaves all undivided e.
«. Spurred petal glabrous or bearing only scattered hairs ; cap-
sules 8-1 2 mm. long
6. Spurred petal villous ; capsules r)-S mm. long.
Pubescent only on upper surface of leaves ....
Pubescent on petioles and lower surface of leaves.
Sepals and their auricles ciliolate .....
Sepals and their auricles not ciliolate ....
6. Leaves not heart-shaped, usually sharply dentate toward the base
or lobed ; cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on erect peduncles ;
cai»sules ^reen /.
f. Spurred petal villous g.
g. Leaves ovate-oblong, pubescent, short-petioled .... 1.5. V. iimhriatula.
g. Leaves lanceolate, usually glabrous, long-petioled ; basal lobes
often dilated and incised 16. V. sagittaUt.
2. V. cucullata.
3. V. nephrophylla.
4. V. affinis.
6. V, laUuacula.
6. V. misnouriensis.
7. V. papilionacea.
8. V. Stoneana.
9. V. palmata.
10. V. triloba.
It. V. sororia,
12. V. hirsutula.
18. V. Kept entriov alia
14. V. novae-angliae.
VIOLACEAE (violet FAMILY) 581
g. Leaves deltoid, glabrous, sharply dentate below the middle . 17. V. emarginata.
g. Leaves parted into narrow lobes ; species of the Atlantic coast 18. V. Brittoniana.
g. Leaves ovate-deltoid, the margins closely pectinate or sharply
dentate 19. F. pectinaia.
g. Leaves parted into many linear segments, or sometimes only
cleft ; species of the Middle West 20. V. pedatifida.
f. Spurred petal glabrous, narrow 21. V. viarxim.
a. Kootstock long and filiform, producing slender runners except in
no. 29 h.
h. Petals lilac or pale violet.
Leaves minutely hairy on the upper surface ; spur large . . 22. V. Selkirkii.
Leaves glabrous ; spur very short 28. V. pjalustris,
h. Petals white, with purple lines on the three lower (White Violets) i.
i. Leaves glabrous on both sides, rarely pubescent in no. 25 ;
cleistogamous capsules ellipsoid, green, on erect peduncles.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 24. V. lanceolata.
Leaves ovate, acute, base subcordate or tapering . . .25. V. primulifoUa.
Leaves heart-shaped, usually obtuse 26. F. pollens.
i. Leaves pubescent on one or both sides ; cleistogamous capsules
ovoid, usually purplish, on erect peduncles only when ripe ;
seeds brown, 1.5-2 mm. long.
Leaves heart-shaped, minutely hairy above ; plant elsewhere gla-
brous ; lateral petals beardless' 27. V.Manda.
Leaves broadly heart-shaped ; plant more or less pubescent ;
lateral petals bearded 28. F. incognita.
Leaves reniform, pubescent ; lateral petals beardless . , 29. V. renifolia.
2. V. cucullata Ait. Leaves except the earliest acute or pointed ; petalif-
erous flowers violet-blue becoming darker toward the throat, commonly on
peduncles much taller than the leaves ; spurred petal glabrous, generally some-
what shorter than the lateral ; sepals narrowly lanceolate ; cleistogamous flowers
on erect or ascending often elongated peduncles ; capsules ovoid-cylindric, green,
10-15 mm. long, but little exceeding the long-auricled sepals ; seeds dark brown,
1.5 mm. long. {V. pahnata, var. Gray, in part.) — Wet places, common. —
Forms with flowers white or pale lavender are not infrequent.
3. V. nephrophylla Greene. Nearly or quite glabrous ; earliest leaves orbic-
ular or slightly reniform, later leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, obscurely
crenate, 3-6 cm. wide ; flowers large, violet, on peduncles generally exceeding
the leaves ; spurred petal villous, the upper pair often with scattered hairs ;
sepals ovate to lanceolate, obtuse and often rounded ; cleistogamous flowers on
erect or recurved peduncles ; capsules green, glabrous, short-ellipsoid ; seeds
olive-brown. (F. vagula Greene.) — Cold mossy bogs, and borders of streams
and lakes, e. Que. to B. C., s. to centr. Me., n. w. Ct., s. Ont., Wise, Col.,
and Wash.
4. V. affinis Le Conte. Leaves that unfold at flowering time narrowly heart-
shaped and commonly attenuate toward the apex, becoming 4-6 cm. broad in
summer, the margins noticeably crenate-serrate or sometimes irregularly sinu-
ate ; petioles slender ; petals violet, with the white base conspicuous, spurred
petal more or less villous ; cleistogamous flowers small, ovoid, on rather long
ascending peduncles ; capsules ellipsoid, usually purple-dotted, sometimes green,
either glabrous or clothed with minute dense pubescence ; sepals acuminate, half
the length of the capsule, with small appressed auricles ; seeds buff-colored.
(F. venustula Greene.) — Moist thickets and boggy meadows, w. N. E. to Wise,
and south w.
5. V. latiuscula Greene. Earliest leaves round-cordate, 2-3 cm. wide, ob-
tuse ; mature leaves 4-10 cm. wide, often dilated and abruptly pointed, glabrous
except for occasional puberulence or granular roughness on the edges of the
petiole near the blade ; flowers large, rich violet ; spurred petal somewhat vil-
lous ; outer sepals lanceolate, glabrous, with short rounded auricles ; cleistoga-
mous capsules ovoid or ellipsoid, flecked with purple, 8-12 mm. long, the per-
sistent sepals one third as long ; seeds brown. — Dry open woods, in light soil,
Vt. to N. J.
6. V. missouriensis Greene. Aestival leaves narrowly deltoid with a cordate
base, or sometimes l)roader with rounded basal lol)es and pointed apex, rather
coarsely crenate-serrate ; flowers pale violet, witli a darker band above the wliite
center ; spurred petal glabrous ; sepals ovate-oblong to lanceolate, narrowly
582 VIOLACEAE (violet FAMILY)
white-margined, slightly ciliolate ; capsules from apetalous flowers broadl}' ellip-
soid, finely dotted with purple; seeds buff-colored. — River bottoms and low
woods, Mo. and southw.
7. V. papilionacea Pursli. Plants commonly robust from a stout horizontal
branching rootstock ; leaves often 12 cm. broad, sometimes deltoid in outline
above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly
pointed ; petioles often sparingly pubescent ; petals detp
violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly
white ; the spurred petal often narrow and boat-shaped, usu-
ally glabrous ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, rarely ciliolate :
cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually
underground but lengthened and erect when the capsules
ripen ; capsules ellipsoid to cylindric, green or dark purple,
10-15 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. long, dark brown. (V. p<il-
mata, var. ciicuUata Gray, in part.) — Moist meadows and
groves, frequently about dwellings, Mass. to Minn., and
807. V. papilionacea. south w. Fig. 807.
8. V. Stoneana House. Leaves variously 3-9-lobed or
parted, the outer segments broadly lunate, all somewhat dentate or incised,
narrowed toward the base ; the vernal and late summer leaves less deeply cut
or not at all, glabrous except for minute hairs on the margin and sometimes
on the veins ; flowers large, violet, darker towards the throat ; spurred petal
glabrous ; capsules from the cleistogamous flowers ovoid, blotched with purple ;
seeds buff -colored. — Moist woodlands, N. J., e. Pa., and Md.
9. V. palmata L. Leaves of early summer palmately 5-9-lobed or -parted,
the segments variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest ; the
first leaves of spring sometimes undivided ; petioles and veins of the lower sur-
face densely villous, upper surface often glabrous ; flowers violet-purple, 2-3 cm.
broad ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt ; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate
peduncles, their capsules ovoid, purple-dotted, 8-12 mm. long ; seeds brown. —
Dry rich woodlands, Mass. to Minn., and southw.
10. V. triloba Schwein. Early foliage purpli.«:h, turning yellowish-green at
flowering time ; some leaves broadly heart-shaped, others 3-5-lobed, the middle
segment always broad, the basal segments lunate, the lateral if present narrow,
the blade 10-15 cm. wide when mature ; petioles densely villous ; peduncles
mostly glabrous, shorter than the leaves ; petals deep violet within, paler with-.
out ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly ciliolate ; cleistog-
amous capsules ovoid, purplish; seeds buff or pale brown. (F. congener
Le Conte ; V. palmata, var. dilatata Pollard, not Ell.) — Dry woodlands, s.
N. E., .s. N. Y., and southw. — Freely intergrades with the following.
11. V. sorbria Willd. In size and habit like no. 7, into which it passes ;
leaves villous-pubescent especially on the petioles and under surface when
young ; vernal flowers on peduncles about the length of the leaves, violet to lav-
ender and occasionally white ; outer sepals ovate-oblong, commonly obtuse, cili-
olate below the middle and on the short rounded auricles ; cleistogamous flowers
ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; capsules of these usually purple ; seeds
dark brown. ( V. palmata, var. Pollard.) — Moist meadows, alluvial woods, shady
ledges and dooryards, w. Que. to Minn., and southw.
12. V. hirsutula Brainerd. The smallest species of the •:roup ; leaves com-
monly appres.sed to the ground, 2-4 cm. wide, broadly cordate, obtuse, puriilish
and glabrous beneath, silvery-pubescent above and marked with varying shades
of green ; petaliferous flowers violet-purjjle, on peduncles taller than the leaves ;
apetalous flowers small, ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; their cajjsules
ovoid, G-8 mm. long, purple, when ripe raised 3-4 cm. above tiie leaves ; seeds
yellow-brown, 20-30 in a capsule. (V. villosa of recent auth., not Walt.) —
Dry rich woods, s. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. — V. villosa. var. conlifolia Nutt., with
broader acute leaves less pubescent above, and with infertile capsules and darker
seeds, seems to be a cross between V. hirsutnla and F. papilionacea.
13. V. septentrionalis Greene. Leaves 3-7 cm. wide, liirsutulous especially
on the margins, veins, and petioles, somewhat pointed but the apex blunt
VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY^ 583
petioles slender, wiry, often purplish at base ; petals variable, 4-12 mm. wide,
deep violet to pale lilac, rarely pure white or white suffused with violet, all occa-
sionally bearing scattered hairs ; sepals ovate, usually obtuse, closely ciliolate
nearly to the tip ; cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on horizontal or recurved
peduncles; their mature capsules purple (sometimes green), subglobose, 5-8
mm. long, subtended by the spreading ciliolate auricles of the sepals ; seeds
brown. — Moist open woodlands, especially under conifers, F. E. I., Que., and
Ont. to Ct. and w. N. Y.
14. V. nbvae-angliae House. Differs from the last in its narrow cordate-
triangular leaves, 2-4 cm. wide at time of petaliferous flowering, in not having
ciliolate sepals and auricles, and in flowering a week or two later ; in late sum-
mer the breadth of leaf often equals its length, — Gravelly beaches of the St.
John R., n. Me. {Fernald); rocky banks of the Penobscot R., Me. {Knight).
15. V. fimbriatula Sm. Rootstock becoming long and stout in age, usually
erect; the earliest leaves ovate, obtuse, the later ones ovate-oblong, acute,
finely pubescent, obscurely crenulate toward the apex, the basal lobes sometimes
sharply toothed or incised ; flowers violet-purple, on peduncles commonly longer
than the leaves ; cleistogamous capsules green, ovoid, 6-10 mm. long ; auricles
of the sepals spreading and ciliate ; seeds brown. (F. ovata Nutt.; T'. sagittata
Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Sandy fields and dry hillsides, X. S. to Wise, and southw.
16. V. sagittata Ait. Mature leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the
blades 4-8 cm. long, hastately or sagittately incised or toothed at the base ; the
earliest and those produced in late summer often nearly deltoid, obtuse, merely
crenate at the base; petals violet-purple; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute,
glabrous ; cap.sules 8-14 mm. long, containing 50-70 brown seeds. — Moist banks
and fields, Mass. to Minn., and southw., especially near the coast. — In 0. and
westw. a pubescent form of the species is prevalent {V. subsagittata Greene).
17. V. emarginata Le Conte. Mature leaves approximately triangular, the
base truncate or slightly cordate, often decurrent, obscurely crenate-serrate
above the middle, coarsely toothed or incised below ; petals violet-blue, fre-
quently emarginate ; cleistogamous capsules narrowly ovoid, 8-14 mm. long, on
peduncles somewhat shorter than the leaves; seeds brown. — Dry woods and
hillsides, N. J. jind southw.
18. V. Brittoniana Pollard. First leaves reddish beneath, merely dentate ;
later leaves reniform to ovate in outline, 5-9-lobed or -parted, the lateral seg-
ments narrow, the middle segment often much the widest, glabrous except for
minute pubescence on the upper surface and margin ; flowers large, rich violet,
with the white throat conspicuous ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; capsules
ovoid-cylindric, 10-18 mm. long, on peduncles about the length of the petioles ;
seeds about 1.6 mm. long, buff-colored. (T'. septemloi)a of auth., not Le Conte ;
T'. atla.ntica Britton, not Pomel.) — In moist sandy or peaty soil near the
coast, s. Me., and southw.
10. V. pectinata Bicknell. Leaves ovate-deltoid in general outline, some-
times narrower but often much wider than long, the base truncate, subcordate,
or somewhat decurrent on the petiole, the apex acute to acuminate or occa-
sionally blunt, the margin sharply dentate or below the middle closely pectinate ;
in. pubescence, flower, fruit, and seed quite the same as V. Brittoniana^ with
which it is associated in all the known stations. — Damp meadows, Dedham,
Mass. ; Stratford. Ct. ; Woodmere, N. Y. ; Dayton, N. J.
20. V. pedatifida G. Don, Rootstock short, vertical ; leaves palmately
parted, the divisions variously cleft and incised into linear lobes ; leaves usually
cuneate at the base, with prominent flabelliform veins, minutely pubescent on
the margin ; scapes exceeding the leaves, bearing showy violet flowers ; cleistoga-
mous capsules light gray when ripe, 10-15 mm. long, on peduncles commonly
shorter than the petioles ; seeds 2 mm. long, light brown. — Prairies, n. 0. to
Sask. , south w^estw. to N. Mex. — Varies much in leaf-pattern, passing through
forms less deeply dissected and with wider oblong lobes ( T'. Bernardi Greene)
to forms with leaves somewhat rhomboidal in outline, the base broadly cuneate
and entire, the upper contour rounded, sharply cleft and toothed ( T. indivis^
Greene).
584 VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY)
21. V. vi^rum Pollard. Leaves broadly deltoid, with the basal angles
rounded, some undivided, merely crenate-se irate or with a few slight incisions,
others hastately 3-7-lobed or -parted, tlie middle segment broad, acute, serrate ;
petals rich violet, spurred petal glabrous, narrow, eraarginate, nearly tubular
from the inrolling of the margins, lateral pair narrow, convergent about the
spurred petal, bearing a sparse short clavate beard, upper pair broader, diver-
gent, emarginate ; sepals narrowly lanceolate, with rather short entire auricles ;
cleistoganious fruit on peduncles somewhat shorter than the petioles, pale green
when ripe, cylindric-ovoid ; seeds olive-brown. — Open ground, waysides and
river-banks. Mo. to Kan. and Okla.
22. V. Selkirkii Pursh. (Great-spurred V.) Small and delicate ; runners
all underground ; leaves round-cordate, the basal lobes converging or over-
lapping, crenate, at vernal flowering about 2 cm. wide, when mature 8-4 cm.
wide, the upper surface bearing minute spreading hairs, plant otherwise gla-
brous ; scapes about as tall as the leaves ; petals all beardless ; peduncles of
cleistoganious flowers erect or ascending, the capsules subglobose, dotted with
purple ; seeds small, straw-colored. — Shaded ravines and cold w^oods, N. B. to
w. Mass., n. Pa., L. Superior, and north w., rare. (Greenl.)
2;-}. V. paliistris L. Smooth ; leaves round-cordate and reniform, slightly
crenate; flowers small; petals pale lilac, with purple lines, the lateral pair
somewhat bearded, spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine region of the White
Mts., N. H., and far northw. (Eu.)
24. V. lanceolata L. (Lance-leaved V.) Stolons leafy, often bearing
apetalous flowers ; leaves and scapes glabrous, 5-8 cm. high at time of vernal
flowering ; later leaves 20-30 cm. high, the blades obscurely crenulate, gradually
tapeiing into a long margined often reddish petiole ; lateral petals usually
beardless ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; cleistogamous capsules 6-12 mm. long, on
erect peduncles that are usually shorter than the leaves ; seeds dark brown. —
Open bogs, moist meadows, and shores, N. S. to Minn., and south w.
25. V. primulifolia L. (Primrose-leaved V.) Leaves oblong or ovate,
with either subcordate, obtuse, or tapering base, obscurely crenate-serrate,
commonly glabrous; stolons, flowers, and fruit as in the preceding; seeds
reddish-brown, about 1.5 mm. long. — Moist or almost dry soil, N. B., southw.
along the coast.
26. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Leaves heart-shaped, obtuse or rarely
acute ; petioles and scapes often with scattered hairs, sometimes dotted with
red ; lateral petals usually bearing a small tuft of hairs, upper petals broadly
obovate ; seeds small, 1 mm. long, almost black. ( F. blanda of "recent Am.
auth., not Willd.) — Springy land and along brooks. Lab. to B. C, s. to the mts.
of S. C. and Tenn., Mich., and Wyo. — This and the two species following are
commonly known as Sweet White V.
27. V. blanda Willd. Glabrous except for minute white hairs on the upper
surface of the leaves especially on the basal lobes ; leaves commonly acute,
often pointed ; midribs, petioles, and scapes usually tinged with red ; lateral
petals beardless, the upper pair often long, narrow, and strongly reflexed,
sometimes twisted ; in flower 10-15 days later than the two following ; freely
producing in summer slender leafy runners. ( V. amoena Le Conte ; V. blanda,
var. paluHtriformis Gray.) — Moist rich woodlands, w. Que. to Minn., and
southw. to Ga. and La.
28. V. inc6gnita Brainerd. Peduncles, petioles, and lower surface of leaves
more or less pubescent with soft white hairs especially when young, the upper
leaf-surface often glabrous ; aestival leaves large, rugose, broadly heart-shaped,
acute ; lateral petals bearded, upper pair obovate ; flowering early ; in summer
producing numerous filiform runners. — Mountain slopes and low moist wood-
lands, Nfd. and e. Que. southw. to Pa., and westw.
20. V. renifolia (iray. Leaves reniform, often abruptly pointed, more or
less pubescent, but upper surface often quite glabrous ; petals all beardless, the
upper pair oibicular ; flowering early ; runners rarely present, very short,
raceme-like, bearing cleistogamous flowers. — Arbor \'itae swamps and cold
woods, Nfd. to the Mackenzie R., s. to N. E., Pa., Mich., and Minn.
VIOLACEAE (violet FAMILY)
585
§ 3. Style enlarged upward, abruptly capitate^ heakless ; stigma within a small
orifice on the lower side of the summit (Fig. 808) ; petals yellow.
30. V. rotundif51ia Michx. (Round-leaved or Early
Yellow V.) Rootstock stout, jagged with the persistent
bases of former leaves ; runners short, usually without roots
or leaves, bearing 1-5 cleistogamous flowers, thus simulating
racemes ; leaves oval or round-cordate, obtuse, repand-crenu-
late, with short and narrow basal sinus, at flowering time
minutely pubescent, 2-3 cm. wide, in midsummer mostly
glabrous, 0-10 cm. wide, prostrate ; petals bright yellow, the
three lower with brown veins, the lateral bearded ; capsules
ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, closely dotted with purple ; seeds nearly
— Cold woods, centr. Me. to s. w. Ont., O., Pa., Del., and
Fig. 808.
808. Y. rotundifolia.
the Alleghenies to n. Ga.
white,
along
§ 4. Style not club-shaped nor capitate, ending in a small hook
pointing downward (Fig. 809); petals violet or sometimes
white.
31. V. odorXta L. (English or Sweet V.) Producing
above ground leafy stolons ; leaves broadly cordate, finely pu-
bescent ; flowers very fragrant ; summer-capsules broadly ovoid,
angled, pubescent, purple ; seeds relatively large, cream-colored.
— Often cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous. (Introd. from
Eu.) Fig. 809.
809. Y. odorata.
n. Plants with leafy stems
§ 5. Style capitate^ heakless, bearded at the summit (Fig. 810); spur short ; stip-
ules entire.) the lower more or less scarious.
Stems numerous, ascending, bearing leaves and flowers from near the
base 32. F. Nuttallii.
Stems few, mostly erect, not leafy below.
Petals yellow.
Nearly glabrous ; stem-leaves halberd-shaped or narrowly heart-shaped
Softly pubescent ; root-leaves often wanting ; stem-leaves broad, often
over 7 cm. wide
Sparingly pubescent ; root-leaves usually 1-2 ; stem-leaves rarely over 7
cm. wide
Petals white inside, outside tinged with violet
3.3. F. hastata.
34. F. pubescens.
35.
36.
F. scabriu-scula.
V. canadensis.
32. V. Nuttallii Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, tapering into margined
petioles; petals yellow, sometimes violet on the outside. — Prairies, Mo., N.
Dak., and westw.
33. V. hastata Michx. (Halberd-leaved V.) Stem slender. 1-2.5 dm.
high, from a horizontal fleshy rootstock ; stem-leaves 2-4 near the sumnut,
halberd-shaped or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ; stipules ovate,
small. — Woods, n. 0., mts. of Pa., and south w.
34. V. pubescens Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Softly pubescent, 2-3.5 dm.
high ; stems often solitary ; leaves 2—4 near the summit (or occasionally a long^-
petioled root-leaf), broadly ovate with cordate or truncate-decurrent base,
crenate-dentate, somewhat pointed ; stipules large, ovate-oblong ; petals purple-
veined, the lateral bearded ; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute ; apetalous flowers
abundant in summer on short peduncles ; capsules ovoid, glabrous or woolly ;
seeds light brown, large, nearly 3 mm. long. — Dry rich woods, s. Me. to Ont.,
Kan., and Md.
35. v. scabriuscula Schwein. (Smooth Yellow V.) Similar to the preced-
ing, with which it intergrades ; the more pronounced forms have commonly 2-4
stems and 1-3 radical leaves from one rootstock, the stems shorter and more
leafy, the leaves smaller and sparingly pubescent to glabrate, the time of flower-
586
VIOLACEAE (violet FAMILY)
810. Y,
n. Vt.
canadensi
, thence
ing earlier ; flowers, capsules, and seeds as in the preceding.—
Moist thickets, often in heavy soil, e. Que. to L. Winnipeg, and
south w.
36. V. canadensis L. (Canada V.) Usually 3-4 dm. high,
minutely pubescent, glabrate ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed,
serrate ; stipules sliarply lanceolate ; petaliferous flowers often
borne throughout the summer, lateral petals bearded, spurred
petal yellow at the base and striped with fine dark lines ;
s. sepals slender, acuminate ; capsules subglobose, 0-10 mm. long,
often downy or puberulent ; seeds brown. — Woods, Nfd. to
south w. and westw. Fig. 810.
§ 6. Style not capitate, slender (Fig. 811); length of spnr at least twice its
loidth; stipules fringed-toothed^ somewhat herbaceous.
Tip of the style bent downward, slightly pubescent near the summit;
lateral petals bearded ; spur less than 8 mm. long.
Petals white or cream-colored 37. F". striata.
Petals pale violet or violet-purple.
Stems ascending.
Plants glabrous or nearly so.
Stipules ovate-lanceolate ; later leaves subacuminate . . .38. V. conspersa.
Stipules lance-linear ; later leaves rounded to an obtuse apex ; alpine
and northern 39. F. lahradorica.
Plants densely puberulent 40. V. arenaria.
Stems prostrate ; leaves suborbicular 41. F. Walteri.
Style straight and glabrous ; lateral petals beardless, spur slender, 10-12
mm. long _ 42. F. rostrata.
37. V. striata Ait. Usually 15-30 cm. high when in flower, often in late
summer 6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves heart-shaped, finely crenate-
serrate, often acute ; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate ; spur rather tliick, shorter
than the petals ; sepals ciliate, narrow, attenuate ; capsules ovoid, glabrous, 4-6
mm. long ; seeds light brown. — Low or shady ground, Ct. to Minn., and southw.
38. V. conspersa Reichenb. Rootstock oblique, often much branched ; at
lime of vernal flowering stems 8-16 cm. high ; lower leaves round-reniform,
upper round-cordate, crenate, 1.5-3 cm. wide; flowers numerous,
usually pale, sometimes white, raised above the leaves on axillar}'
peduncles 5-8 cm. long ; in summer the leaves becoming wider, the
stems elongating and bearing cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles
from the same axils that bore vernal flowers or from the axils of
later leaves ; seeds straw-colored. ( V. Muhlenherfiii Torr. ; V. lahra-
dorica of recent Am. auth., not Schrank.) — Common in low or
shaded ground, e. Que. to Minn., and southw. Fio. 811.
39. V. Iabrad6rica Schrank. Habit of the preceding but more
dwarf ; stems and petioles nearly or (juite glabrous ; stijuiles narrow,
lance-linear ; leaf-blades more or le.ss hi.spidulous above, the later
ones rounded to an obtuse (not in the least acuminate) apex ; petals
commonly deep violet, more rarely paler ; seeds light brown. ( V. Muhlen-
herqiana, var. minor Hook.) — Greenl. and Lab., s. to cool or alpine situations
of Me., N. H., and n. N. Y.
40. V. arenaria DC. Low, tufted ; stems several or many ; leaves 1-2
cm. broad, thicki.sh, densely puberulent on both surfaces, ovate, often subcor-
date, narrowed above to an obtuse apex ; spur usually straight and blnnt, but
sometimes with a sharp point abruptly bent inward ; cleistogamous flowers and
capsules abundant in late summer; seeds brown. (V. canina^ var. puherula
Wats.) — Sandy and sterile soil, e. Que. to n. e. Mass., westw. to Minn, and
Sask. (Eu.)
41. V. Walteri House. Blossoming first from rosettes of radical leaves,
afterwards producing prostrate leafy stems that bear cleistogatnous flowers ;
leaves orbicular to reniforni, with cordate base. 1-4 cm. wide, crenulate, often
dark-colored along the veins : (lowers and fruit mxwh as in V. conspersa. (F.
multicaulis Britton, not Jord.) — Rocky or sandy ground, Ky. to Fla. and Tex.
con-
PASSIFLORACEAE (PASSION FLOWER FAMILY) 587
42. V. rostrata Pursli. (Loxg-spurred V.) Stems often numerous, com-
monly 1-1.2 dm. high ; leaves round-heart-shaped, nearly or quite glabrous, ser-
rate, the upper acute or pointed ; petals lilac-colored with a violet spot near the
center, borne on long peduncles above the leaves ; cleistogamous flowers with
minute or abortive petals appearing later on short peduncles from the axils of the
upper leaves ; capsules ovoid, 8-5 mm. long, glabrous ; seeds yellowish-brown. —
Shaded hillsides, w. Que. to Mich., and south w\ in the Alleghenies to Ga.
§ 7. Stiile much enlarged npimrcl into a globose hoUoin summit with a wide ori-
fice on the lower side (Fig. 812) ; stipides large, leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatijid.
Stipules pinnatisect at the base ; upper leaves crenately serrate ; iutroduced
species.
Petals 2-0 times as long as the sepals 43. F. tricolor.
Petals seldom longer than the sepals 44. F. arvensis.
Stipules palui.itelv pectinate at the base ; upper leaves entire or nearly so ;
indigenous " 45. F. Rafinesquii.
43. V. TRfcoLOR L. (Pansy, Heart's-ease.) Stems angled, 1.5-3 dm.
high ; lower leaves roundish or cordate, upper oblong, crenate ; flowers large
and widely spreading, variously marked with yellow, white, and
purple ; capsules ovoid ; seeds brown. — An escape from cultiva-
tion, rarely persisting. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 812.
44. V. ARVENSIS "Murr; (Wild Pansy.) Similar to the pre-
ceding, but smaller; petals all pale yellow, iLsually shorter than
the rather long lanceolate acute sepals ; capsules globose. — (Jld
fields, frequent, Nfd. to N. E. and Out. (Nat. from Eu.)
45. V. Rafinesquii Greene. (Wild Pansy.) Very slender,
often branched from the base ; root annual ; leaves small, the
earliest suborbicular, on slender petiole.'*, the later obovate to
linear-oblanceolate, attenuate at the base ; internodes usually
exceeding the leaves ; flowers small. 7-10 mm. long, the obovate
812. V. tricolor, bluish-white to cream-colored petals nearly twice the length of
the sepals. ( V. tenella Raf., not Poir. ; V. tricolor, var. arvensis
Man. ed. 6, not DC.) — Woods and open places, N. Y. to Mich., Tex., and Ga.
PASSIFLORACEAE (Passion Flower Family)
Herbs or xcoody plants, climbing by tendrils, icith perfect flowers, 5 monadel-
phous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4
parietal placentae, and as many club-shaped styles.
^ 1. PASSIFLORA L. Passion Flower
Calyx of 5 sepals shortly united at the base ; the throat crowned with a double
or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Filaments united into a
tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above ; anthers large,
fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded. Leaves alternate,
generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. — Ours
are perennial herbs. (An adaptation otjlos passionis, a translation of Jior della
passione, the popular Italian name early applied to the flower from a fancied
resemblance of its parts to the implements of the crucifixion.)
1. P. lutea L. Smooth, slender ; leaves obtusely S-lobed at the summit, the
lobes entire; petioles glandless ; flowers greenish-yellow, 2.5 cm. broad; fruit
1.2 cm. in diameter. — Damp thickets, s. Pa. to Mo., Tex., and Fla.
2. P. incarnata L. Puliescent : leaves ?)-5-cleft. the lobes serrate, the base
bearing 2 glands ; flower large (5 cm. broad), nearly white, with a triple purple
and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved ; fruit as large as a hen's egg. —
Dry soil, Ya. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. — Fruit called Maypops.
588 LOASACEAE (lOASA FAMILY)
LOASACEAE (Loasa Family)
Herbs, with a rough or stinging piihesrence, no stipules, the calyx-tube adher-
ent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 8 parietal placentae ; — represented here only by
the genus
1. MENTZELIA [Plumier] L.
Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in-
serted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 8, more or less united
into 1 ; stigmas terndnal, minute. Cap.sule at length dry and opening at the
summit. Seeds flat, anatropous. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate, very adhe-
sive by the barbed pubescence. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German
botanist.)
1. M. oligosperma Nutt. (Stick Leaf.) Much branched, 3-9 dm. high;
leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled, often petioled ; Jloioers yellow,
Lo-2 cm. broad, opening in sunshine ; pet(ds 5, wedge-oblong, pointed ; stamens
20 or more ; capsule small, aijout 9-seeded. — Limestone hills and banks, 111. to
Kan. and Col., s. to Tex. May-Aug.
2. M. decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg. Larger in all its parts ; leaves
elongate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely dentate ; floivers white or pale yellow,
7-12 cm. broad, opening in the evening ; petals 10, lanceolate ; stamens abun-
dant ; seeds numerous. — Kocky hillsides and dry prairies, n. w la. to Sask.,
Tex. , and westw. July-Sept.
CACTACEAE (Cactus Family)
Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, globular or columnar and^ many-
angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile ;
the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, the bases adherent
to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens numerous, inserted on the inside of the tube or
cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 ; stigmas numerous.
1. Mamlllaria. Globose or ovoid plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from
between the tubercles. Ovary naked ; berry succulent.
2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants ; the joints flattened or cylindrical.
1. MAMILLARIA Haw.
Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped.
Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent
berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crnstaceous. — Globose or
ovoid plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, ovoid, or conical tubercles,
the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from
mamilla, a nijiple, referring to the tubercles.)
1. M. vivipara (Nutt.) Haw. Single or tufted, 2,5-12 cm. high, the almost
terete tubercles bearing bundles of 5-8 reddish-brown spines (2 cm. long or less)
surrounded by 15-20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and rigid ; flovj-
erx rfd or purple, with fringed sepals and lance-.subulate petals ; berries ovoid,
green; seeds pitted, light brown. (Cactus Nutt.) — Granite ledges, w. Minn.
(Moyer), and on prairies and dry plains to Alb. and Cal.
2. M. missouriensis Sweet, var. caespit5sa (Kngelm.) Wats. vSmaller, stems
globose, clu.stered, the tubercles with fewer (10-20) weaker ash-colored spines;
flowers yellov), 2.5-5 cm. broad ; beri'y subglobo.se, scarlet; seeds few, pitted,
black. {Cactus missouriensis, var. similis Coult.) — Dry prairies, e. Kan. to
'I'ex., and westw.
THYMELAEACEAE (MEZEREUM FAMILY) 589
2. OPUNTIA [Tourn.] Mill. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig
Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the
inner roundish. — Stem composed of joints (flattened in ours), bearing very
small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with
clusters of barbed bristles and often spines in their axils. Flowers in our spe-
cies yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theo-
phrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.)
* Spines small or none; fruit x>ulpy.
1. 0. vulgaris Mill. Prostrate or spreading, Wjht green; joints broadly ob-
ovate, 5-10 cm. long; leaves minute (4-5 mm. long), ovate-subulate, generally
appressed; bristles short, greenish-yellow; spines solitary or more often none;
Jtovers pale yellow, about 5 cm. broad, icith about 8 petals ; fruit 2.5 cm. long.
— Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C, near the coast ; Falls of the
Potomac.
2. 0. Rafin^squii Engelm. Prostrate, deep green ; joints broadly obovate oi
orbicular, 7-12 cm. long ; leaves 6-8 myn. long, spreading; bristles bright red-
brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (1.8-2.4 cm. long) oi
none; flowers yellow, 6-9 cm. broad, sometimes with a reddish center ; petah
10-12 ; fruit 3.6 cm. long, with an attenuated base. (Probably O. cespitosa.
mesacantha, and humifusa Raf., in part.) — Sandy soil, limestone bluffs, etc.,
n. (). and Mich, to Minn., and s. to Ky. and Tex.
Var. minor Engelm. Dwarf^; joints orbicular, 5 cm. in diameter, nearlj
spineless. — Sandstone rock, s. Mo. (Engelmann according to Coulter.)
* * Very spiny ; fruit dry and prickly.
3. 0. polyacantha Haw, Prostrate, joints light green, broadly obovate, flai
and tubercidate, 5-15 cm. long; leaves small (3-4 mm. long), their axils armed
vnth a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 slender radiating spines (2.5-5 cm.
long) ; flowers light yellow, 5-7.5 cm. broad ; fruit with spines of variable length
( O. missouriensis DC. ) — Wise. to. Mo. , and westw. across the plains ; verj
variable.
4. 0. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Subdecumbent ; joints small (2.5-5 cm. long oi
le.ss), ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete ; leaves hardly 2 mm. long, red ;
bristles feiG, larger spines 1-4, cruciate, vnth 4-6 smaller white radiating one>-
below ; flowers yellow. — Minn., la., Kan., and westw.
THYMELAEACEAE (Mezereum Family)
Shrubs, xoith acrid and venj tough {not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regidar and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-cellecl and 1-ovuled ovary, which
forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed.
Embryo large ; albumen little or none.
1. Dirca. Calyx tubular, without spreading lobes. Stamens (8) and style exserted.
2. Daphne. Calyx-lobes (4) spreading. Stamens (8) included. Style short or none.
1. DIRCA L. Leatherwood. Moosewood
Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or ob-
scurely about 4-toothed. Stamens inserted on the calyx above the middle, the
alternate ones longer. Style thread-form. Drupe ovoid, reddish. — A much
branched bush, with jointed branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves on very
short petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers
light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many
dark-hairy scales, these forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds
a leafy branch. (Name of uncertain derivation.)
590 ELAEAGNACEAE (OLEASTER FAMILY)
1. D. palustris L. (Wicopy.) Shrub, 1-2 m. hii,^h ; the wood white, s">ft,
and very brittle ; but the fibrous barlv remarkably tough (used by the Indians
for thongs, whence the popular names). — Damp rich woods, N. B. to Ont., and
southw. Apr.
2. DAPHNE li. Mezereum
Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped. Anthers nearly sessile on
the calyx-tube. Stigma capitate. Drupe red. — Hardy low shrub. (Mytho-
logical name of the nymph transformed by Apollo into a Laurel.)
1. D. ]MEzi:KELM L. Shrub, S-{) dm. high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely
white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of the preceding year, before the
lanceolate smooth leaves. — Escaped from cultivation, and locally established,
w. Que. and Ont. to Mass. and N. Y. Early spring. (Introd. from Eu.)
ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family)
Shrubs or srn.all trees^ with silvery-scurfy leaves and perfect, or dioecious
flowers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or
ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube which becomes pulpy and berry-
like in fruit, strictly inclosing the achene.
1. Elaeagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate.
2. Shepherdia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.
1. ELAEAGNUS [Tourn.] L. •
Calyx cylindric-campanulate above the persistent cylindrical or globose base,
the limb valvately 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 4, in the throat. Style linear,
stigmatic on one side. Fruit drupe-like, with an ellipsoid 8-striate stone, —
Leaves alternate, entire and j)etioled, and flowers axillary and pedicellate.
(From eXat'a, the olive, and A-yvos^ the Greek name of the Chaste-tree, Vitex
Agnus-castus.)
1. E. argentea Pursh. (Silverberry.) A stoloniferous unarmed shrub,
2-4 m. hlgli, the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales ; leaves elliptic
to lanceolate, undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous ; flowers
numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant ; fruit round-
ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 8-10 mm. long. — Bonaventure K.. Que, (Post) ;
and from Isle of Orleans, Que., to Hudson Bay and B. C, s to Minn., S. Dak.,
and Utah.
2. SHEPHERDIA Nutt.
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud)
and 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile
with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, inclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the
teeth of the disk) and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender; stigma
1-sided. — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile
in their axils on the branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary, (Named for
John Shepherd, once curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden,) Lepargyrea
Raf.
1. S. canadensis (L.) Nutt. Shrub, 1-2 m. high ; Ipuvps flliptical or ovate,
nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales
beneath; fruit yellowish-red, nauseous. {Lppnrqyrca Greene.) — Calcareous
rocks and banks, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. S., Me., Vt., n. and w. N. Y., Mich,,
Wise, and along the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. May.
2. S. argentea Nutt. (Buffalo Bkkry.) Somewhat thorny, 1-6 m. high ;
leaves cuneate-ohlomj, silvery on both sides ; fi-uit ovoid, scarlet, acid and ediWe
(Lepargyrea Greene.) — Man. and n. Minn, to Kan., and westw
LYTHllACEAE (LOUSESTUIFE FAMILY) 591
LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family)
Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stiptdes, the calyx inclosing
but free from the 1-4^-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, a)id
bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat, the latter lower
down. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. Flowers axillary or wborled,
rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on
different plants with filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter.
Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away
of the thin partitions ; placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without
albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.
* Flowers regular or nearly so.
+- Calyx short, campanulate or globular.
1. DidipliS. Calyx without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule globular, indehis-
cent, 2-eelled. Small aquatic.
2. Rotala. Calyx with the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsules 4-celled,
septicidal, with 3-4 valves.
3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4-8. Capsule
gl-jbular, 2— 4-celled, bursting irregularly.
4. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens S-10. Capsules 3-4-valved,
loculicidal. Leaves often whorled.
+- -i- Calyx tubular, cylindrical.
5. Lythrum. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12.
* * Flowers irregular and un symmetrical, ^\ith 6 petals and 11-12 stamens In 2 sets.
6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.
1. DIDIPLIS Eaf. Water Purslane
Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite
linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. (In the
words of Rafinesque " Didiplis means tico doubling ;"" from dls, ttoice, and
5nr\6os, double, in reference presumably to the stamens.)
1. D. diandra (Nutt.) Wood. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin,
closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base ;
calyx with broad triangular lobes ; style very short ; capsules very small. (Z>.
linearis Raf.) — Minn, and Wise, to Tex., e. to N. C. and Fla.
2. ROTALA L.
Petals 4 (in ours). Capsule-valves (under a strong lens) transversely and
closely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the whorled leaves
of the original species.)
1. R. rambsior (L.) Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole,
linear-oblanceoiate or somewhat spatulate ; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the
axils, sessile ; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (Am-
mannia humilis Michx.) — Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla. and Tei., and in
the interior from O. to Minn., and southw. (Trop. Am.)
3. AMMANNIA [Houston] L.
Flowers small, in 3-many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-
shaped, 4-angled, 4-tootlied, u.sually with a little horn-sliaped appendage at each
sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, somttimes wanting. — Low
and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves. (Named foi
Paul Ammaiin. a German botanist prior to Linnaeus.)
592 LYTHRACEAE (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY)
1. A. coccinea Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, with abroad
auricled sessile base ; cymes snbsessile, dense ; petals purplish ; stamens more
or less exserted ; style long and slender. — Muddy banks and wet sandy shores,
N. J. to Fla. ; and from O. to Dak. and south \v.
2. A. Koehnei Britton. Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, the lowest con-
tracted, the others broadly auricled at the base ; cymes sessile or nearly so ;
style very short; petals minute, pink, fugacious. — Swamps, N.J. (according
to Britton) to Fla. — Differs from the tropical A. latifolia L. only in having
petals.
3. A. auriculata Willd. Erect, few-branched ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly
oblong, acute; cymes on slender pedAuicles (4-6 mm. long); fruit small; style
relatively long. — Borders cf ponds, etc., w. Mo. and Neb. to Tex., and south westw.
4. DECODON J. F. Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife
Calyx with 5-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and sijreading horn-like
processes at the sinuses. Stamens exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose,
.3-5-celled, loculicidal. — Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite
or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from
5^/ca, ten, and oSoi^s, tooth.)
1. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. (Water Willow.) Smooth or downy ; stems
recurved, G-25 dm. long, 4-G-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite
or whorled, the upper with clustered short-pediceled flowers in their axils ;
petals 5, wedge-lanceolate, magenta, 1.2 cm. long; stamens 10, half of them
shorter. — Swampy grounds. Me. to Fla., La., and Minn. — Bark of submersed
parts of the stem often spongy-thickened.
5. LYTHRXJM L. Loosestrife
Calyx cylindrical, striate, .5-7-toothed, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number,
inserted low down on the calyx. Capsule subcylindrical, 2-celled. — Slender
herbs, with pink or magenta (rarely white) flowers in summer. (From Xvdpov,
blood; perhaps from the styptic properties.)
* Stamens and petals 5-7 ; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils
of the mostly scattered upper leaves ; proper calyx-teeth often' shorter than
the intermediate processes ; plants smooth.
L L. Hyssopif51ia L. Annual, 1-6 dm. high, pale ; leaves oblong-linear,
obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers ; petals pale-purple ; stamens
usually 4-6, included. — Marshes and sterile soil, near the coast. Me. to N. J. ;
also on the Pacific coast. (Eu.)
2. L. lineare L. Stem slender and tall (1-1.3 m. high), bushy at top, with
2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite ; petals whitish ; flowers with
6 included stamens and a long style, or the stamens exserted and style short ;
ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring. — Brackish marshes,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
3. L. alatum Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; branches loith mar-
gined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cord<ite or
rounded base, the upper mostly aUermde ; calyx aboMt 4-6 mm. long; petals;
rather large, deep purple; .stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy
hypogynous ring prominent. — Swamps and meadows. Out. to Minn., s. to Ga.,
La. , and Col. ; also locally in e. Mass. and Ct.
The allied Mexican L. VulnehXhia Ait., with calyx f)-12 mm. long, has been
reported from the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo.
* * Stamens 12 {rarely 8 or 10), tiijice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6
shorter ; flowers large, crowded and whoi'led in an interrupted spike.
4. L. SalicXria L. (Spiked L.) More or less downy and tall; leaves
lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes ; flowers magenta,
MELASTO:\rACEAE (mELASTOMA FAMILY) 593
trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style ; calyx and bracts
greenish, somewhat pubescent^ the calyx-lobes much shorter than the subulate
appendages. — Wet meadows, local, N. E. to Del. and D. C. (Introd. from Eu.)
June-Sept. Var. toment6sum (Mill.) DC. Calyx and bracts white-tomentose.
— Wet meadows and shores, e. Que. to Vt. and s. Ont. (Nat. from Eurasia.)
5. L. virgAtum L. Similar, glabrous throughout; leaves narrowed to the
sessile or short-petioled base; the calyx-lobes shorter than or equaling the
appendages. — Locally established, e. Mass. {S. F. Poole). (Introd. from Eu-
rasia.)
6. CtrPHEA P. Br.
Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side,
6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses.
Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1-2-celled ;
style slender ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured
through one side. — Flowers solitary or racemose, stalked. (Name from KV(p6s,
gibbous., from the shape of the calyx. )
1, C. petiolata (L.) Koehne. (Clammy C.) Annual, very viscid-hairy,
branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple ; seeds
flat. (C. viscossima Jacq. ; Parsonsia Rusby.; — Dry fields, N. H. {Miss
Scorgie) to Ga., w. to Kan. and La.
MELASTOMAcEAE (Melastoma Family)
Plants with opposite S-7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers
opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the Onagraceae. — All
tropical, except the genus
1. RHEXIA L. Deergrass. Meadow Beauty
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, adherent to the ovary below, and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique,
inserted with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long,
1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 ; stigma 1. Capsule 4-celled, with 4
many-seeded placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a
snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial often bristly herbs with showy
cymose flowers in summer ; the petals falling early. (A name used by Pliny
for some unknown plant.)
* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of
the filament above its base; fiowers cymose, peduncled.
1. R. virginica L. Stem square, with wing-like angles ; leaves oval-lanceo-
late, sessile, acute ; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped
hairs ; petals magenta. — ^ Sandy swamps and shores. Me. to Fla. ; also from s. w.
Ont. to s. e. la., and south w. July-Sept. — Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.
2. R. arist5sa Britton. Branches somewhat wing-angled ; leaves linear-
oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy ; hairs of the
calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped ; petals sparsely villous, phik
or purplish. — Wet pine barrens. Egg Harbor City, N. J. (J. E. Peters) to Ga.
July, Aug.
3. R. mariana L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below,
mostly petiolate ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, L.I. to Fla., w. to Mo. and
Tex.
* * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur ; flowers few, sessile.
4. R. cili5sa Michx. Stem square, glabrous ; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate
with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Md. to Fia. and La.
gray's manual — 38
594 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY)
ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family)
Herbs, luith i-merous (sometimes 2-8- or b-(i-mero2is) perfect and symmetrical
flowers ; the tube of the calyx adhering to the 2-i-celled ovary, its lobes valvate
in the hud or obsolete ; the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting ; and
the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on
the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slender; stigma 2-4-lobed or capi-
tate. Pollen-grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous,
small, without albumen. — Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stip-
ules none or glandular.
♦ Parts of the flower in fours or more numerous.
■I- Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.
•H- Calyx-limb (divided to the summit of the ovary) persistent.
1. Jussiaea. Petals 4-6. Stamens t«ice as many. Capsule elongated, 4-6-celled.
2. Ludvigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short.
++ ++ Calyx-tube or deeply cleft limb deciduous from the summit of the capsule ; petals 4 :
stamens 8.
3. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers (in ours) not yellow. Lower leaves often opposite.
4. Oenothera. Seeds not tufted. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate.
-»- -H Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1-4-seeded.
++ Terrestrial ; leaves alternate ; stamens 6-8.
5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base.
6. Stenosiphon. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments (S) not appendaged.
■H- ++ Aquatic ; leaves opposite or whorled ; stamens 4.
7. Trapa. Calyx-tube short. Filaments unappendaged. Fruit large, coriaceous, turbinate.
* * Parts of the flower in twos ; leaves opposite.
8. Circaea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1-2-seeded, bristly.
1. JUSSIAEA L. Primrose-willow
Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6,
herbaceous and persistent. — Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), witli mostly
entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers In summer. (Dedicated
to Bernard de Jttssitn, the founder of the Natural System of Botany.)
1. J. decurrens (Walt.) DC. Stem erect, 8-6 dm. high, winged by the decur-
rent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; capsule cylindrir-
club-shaped, wing-angled ; seeds in several rows in each cell. — Wet places,
" Md." and Va. to Fla.; s. 111. and Mo. to La. and Tex.
2. J. diffusa Forsk. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong,
tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobrs and
ob ovate petals 5; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base ; seeds quadrate,
in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp. (./. repens of auth.,
probably not of L.) — In water or on muddy banks, Ky. and 111. to e. Kan., and
south w.
2. LUDViGIA L. False Loosestrife
Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per-
sistent. Capsule slu^rt or cylindrical, many-seeded. — Pen nnial herbs, with
axillary (rarely capitate) flowers through summer and autumn. (Named loi
C. (t. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.)
ONAGPwACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 595
* Leave:? all alternate, sessile or nearly so.
■i- Flowers ppduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (8-16
mm. long)., equaling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.
1. L. alternifblia L. (Seedbox.) Smooth or nearly so, branched, 1 m.
hii2;h ; roots fascicled, fusiform ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or
pointed at both ends; capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled. — Shady-
banks, low wet woods, and swamps, e. Mass. to Fla. and Tex.; and in the
interior from s. w. Ont. to Kan., and southw.
Var. linearifblia Britton. Leaves linear ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate. —
\V. Va.
2. L. hirtella Raf. Hairy; roots clustered, fusiform-thickened; stems
nearly simple, ;>-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at
both ends; capsules nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — ^Nloist
phie barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
■*- -s- Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils ; petals
small and greenish or none; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect
stems (3-9 dm. high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creepfing
sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate
or spatulate leaves. {Our species glabrous, except no. 3.)
■tH- Capsule about as broad as long.
3. L. sphaerocarpa Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly
glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those of the run-
ners obovate with a wedge-shaped base, glandular-denticulate ; bractlets minute,
obsolete, or none ; capsules globular or depressed (sometimes acute at base), not
longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 4 mm. long). — "Water or wet swamps, e.
Mass. to Fla. and La. — Bark below often spongy-thickened.
4. L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Stoutish ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute
at both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire ; bractlets
linear-aicl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the i-sided somewhat tojy-shaped
capsule, which is longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Wet places, e. Mass.
to Ct. ; s. w. Ont. and O. to Neb., s. to Tenn. and Kan.
5. L. alata Ell. Very similar to the preceding but more slender ; calyx-lobes
short, broadly deltoid. — Jackson, Mo. (^?/s;i according to Tracy); N. C. to
Fla and "La.'^'
•^ ++ Capsule decidedly longer than broad.
6. L. linearis Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those of
the short runners obovate ; minute petals usually present ; bractlets minute, at
the base of the elongated top -shaped i-sided capsule, which is 6 mm. long and
much longer than the calyx-lobes. — Bogs, pine barrens of "N. Y.," N. J., and
southw.
7. L. glandulosa Walt. Much branched ; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceo-
late, tapering at the base or even petioled ; bractlets very minute at the base of
the cylindrical capsule, which is 6 mm. long, and several times exceeds the calyx-
lobes. (L. cylindrica Ell.) — Low shady woods, about ponds, and in swamps,
s. 111. to Fla. and Tex.
* * Leaves all opposite ; stems creeping or floating.
8. L. palustris (L.) Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth; leaves ovate or
oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the
plant grows out of water ; calyx-lobes very short ; capsules 4-sided, not tapering
at base, sessile in the axils, 4 mm. long. {Isnardia L.) — Ditches and wet
shores, common. (En.)
S>. L. arcuata Walt. Smooth, .small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate, nearly
sessile ; flowers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yellow, exceeding the calyx
(6 mm. long); capsules club-shaped, somewiiat curved, 8 mm. long. (Ludwigi-
aniha Small.) — Swamps, Va. to Fla.
596 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY)
3. EPIL6BIUM L. Willow-herb
Calyx-tube scarcely or not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft or
-divided. Petals 4, violet, magenta, pink, or white. Capsule slender, many-
seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. — Mostly perennial herbs
with nearly sessile leaves. (Name from eirl, on, and \6^iou, a little pod.)
§ 1. CHAMAENERION [Tourn.] Tausch. Petals entire, large, magenta
{rarely lohite) ; calyx-limb divided essentially to the summit of the ovary;
stamens and style successively deflexed; stigma of 4 long lobes; flowers
racemed.
1. E. angustifblium L. (Great W., Fireweed.) Tall (0.3-2 m. high),
simple ; leaves scattered, long, lanceolate, subentire, pinnately veined. (E.
spicatum Lam.; Chamaenerion angustifoliiim Scop.) —Low ground, especially
in clearings and newly burned lands, common. July, Aug. (Eurasia.)
§ 2. LYSIMACHION Tausch. Petals notched at the summit ; calyx-tube pro-
longed a little beyond the ovary ; stamens and style erect; flowers corymbed
or panicled or few in the upper axils.
a. Stigma 4-parted ; petals 1-2 cm. long . ... . . 2. E.hirsutum.
a. Stigma entire ; petals smaller b.
6. Stems terete, no decurrent lines running down from the bases of
the leaves ; leaves entire or subentire, with revolute margins.
Stem and pods densely covered with fine short straight spread-
ing hairs Z. E. molle.
Stems and pods cinereous with appressed or incurved hairs, or
glabrous.
Leaves closely and evenly pubescent above ; well developed
plant freely branching A. E. densum.
Leaves glabrous above, or with scattered hairs ; plant simple
or subsiuiple 5. E. palustre.
b. Stems subterete, with decurrent lines running down from the
bases of the leaves ; leaves toothed (rarely entire), flat, the
margins not revolute.
Stems solitary ; the basal shoots (developing in late autumn)
in the form of sessile or short stalked rosettes.
Seed abruptly contracted above ; mature coma cinnamon-
color ; leaves elongate-lanceolate . . . . . 6. E. cnloratum.
Seed gradually contracted to a hyaline neck ; coma whitish ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate . . .I.E. adenocaulon.
Stems tufted ; the basal shoots quickly developing into elongate
branches.
Seed (under a microscope) smooth.
Stems erect ; flowers chiefly 3-6, the lowest in the axils of
the foliage-leaves 8. JS". alpinum.
Stems stronglv decumbent ; flowers 1 or 2 (rarely 3), es-
sentially terminal 9. jF. anagalUdifolium.
Seed (under a microscope) papillose 10. £". Hornemanni.
2. E. HiRStiTHM L. Tall (1-2 m. high), the much branched stem densely
covered by rather long fine straight spreading hairs; leaves oblong, serrulate,
sessile and clasping ; petals magenta, showy. — In waste places and about
dwellings, local, s. Me. to Ont. and s. N. Y. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. E. m611e Torr. Erect, 2-15 dm. high, simple or with few upright
branches toward the summit, stems, leaves, and pods grayish-velvety ; leaves
narrowly lanceolate to linear, entire or undulate, the margins revolute ; petals
pink, 7-8 mm. long ; seed nearly 2 mm. long, minutely papillate, coma dingy.
(E. strictum Muhl.? as nomen subnudnm.) — Bogs and mossy meadows, rather
local, e. Que. to Athabasca, s. to Va. , 111., and Minn. July-Sept.
4. E. densum Raf. Minutely hoani-pubescent, 3-10 dm. high, usually much
branched and very leafy, rarely stoloniferous ; leaves linear or nearly so, revo-
lute, acute, canescent above {the lateral veins inconspicuous), erect, usually much
exceeding the internodes, commonly proliferous in the axils ; pedicels \~^ as
long as the canescent pods; petals 3-5 mm. long, pink or white ; seed 1.5 mm.
long. {E. lineare Muhl. ? as nomen subnudnm.) —Open low grounds, e. Que.
to Alb., s. to Del., W. Va., Kan., and Col. Julj^-Sept.
ONAGRACEAE (EVEXIXG PRniROSE FAMILY) 591
5. E. palustre L. Decumbent, stoloniferous, 1-6 dm. high, the simple oi
sparingly branched stem minutely pubescent above or glabrate ; leaves thin^
gr£'e?i, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, subacute, spreading -ascending, rather re-
mote, the middle ones 3-6 cm. long, 4-10 mm. broad; flowers few; pedicels
much shorter than the slightly pubescent or glabrate pods ; petals pink or white,
5-7 mm. long. — Bogs and wet banks, Nfd. and Lab. to Alaska, s. to n. N. E.
and L. Superior. July, Aug. (Eurasia.)
Var. Iabrad6ricum Haussk. Dwarf, 6-15 cm. high, often freely branched ;
leaves elongate-oblanceolate to linear, approximate, with rounded tips and definite
petioles, 1.5-^3 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; pedicels mostly as long as the pods. —
Lab. to the alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H, (Greenl.)
Var. monticola Haussk. Mostly simple, 1-5.5 dm. high ; leaves thick, mostly
linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, strongly ascending, remote, the middle ones 1-3
cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide; pedicels various. (E. oliganthurn .Michx. ; E.
li)ieare, yn,r. oliganthurn Trel.) — Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd. and Lab. to
Man., s. to Mass., Pa., and the Great L. region. (Eu.)
6. E. coloratum Muhl. Stem erect, not stoloniferous (often developing in
late autumn sessile or subsessile basal rosettes), 3-9 dm. high, usually much-
branched, glabrous below, canescent at least in lines above with incurved hairs ;
leaves elongate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, distinctly short-
petioled, closely and irregularly serrulate; flowers abundant on the divergent
branches; pet lis pink, 3-5 mm. long; pedicels short; seed 1.5 mm. long,
abruptly rounded at tip, minutely papillate ; mature coma cinnamon-colored. —
Low ground. Me. to Neb., and southw. July-Sept.
7. "e. adenocaulon Haussk. Similar in habit, 1-10 dm. high ; stem glabrous
below, minutely pubescent above vnth more or less incurved pale hairs, sometimes
glandular or viscid; leaves oblong-lanceolate to narroioly ovate, short-petioled
or subsessile, rounded or cordate at base, less toothed than in the preceding,
the middle ones 2-8 cm. long, 7-30 mm. broad ; seed about 1 mm. long, short-
leaked, papillate; coma ^vhitish. — Rich damp soil, Nfd. to B. C, s. to Del.,
AV. Va., Great L. region, Neb., Col., and Cal. July-Sept. Var. perplexaxs
Trel. Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent above; leaves flaccid, gradually
narrowed to the distinct petiole. — A somewhat local extieme, e. Que. to B. C,
s. to N. E., N. Y., Wise, N. Mex., and Cal.
8. E. alpinum L. Glabrous or essentially so, tufted, the erect stems 1.5-3.5
dm. high, ivith elongated internodes ; leaves elliptical or the lowest obovate-
spatulate, distinctly petioled, slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long,
7-17 mm. broad ; floivers mostly 3-6 (rarely 12), terminal and in the upper
axils; petals white or pinkish, 3-6 mm. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the
green or red-tinged pod; seed 1.2-1.5 mm. long, smooth. {E. lactijiorum
Haussk.) — Arctic Am., s. to alpine slopes and cliffs of the White Mts., N. H.,
Col., and Ore. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
9. E. anagallidifblium. Lam. Divarf, the fruiting stems decumbent, finally
5-20 cm. higli, the basal shoots wide-spreading and leafy; leaves narrowly
elliptic to oblong, obscurely petioled, subentire or remotely denticulate, obtuse,
1-1.7 cm. long, 2.5-8 mm. broad ; flowers 1 or 2 (rarely 3), terminal, often
nodding; petals pink, 4-6 mm. long; pedicels upright in fruit, mostly equaling
or exceeding the purplish pod; seed 1.5 mm. long, smooth. — Arctic Am., s. in
alpine districts to e. Que., Me.'?, Col., and Cal. — Immature specimens from
Mt. Katahdin, Me., are apparently of this species, although Haussknecht's
records of its occurrence in the White Mts. and the Adirondacks have not been
confirmed. July, Aug. (Eurasia.)
10. E. Hornemanni Reichenb. Resembling no. 8 ; the upper leaves usually
exceeding the internodes, ovate and mostly acutish, pellucid, 2-4.5 cm. long,
7-23 mm. broad ; flowers 2-several, in the upper axils ; petals pink to crimson,
6-7 mm. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the pod; set^d 1 mm, long, papillate.
{E. alpinum, var. fontanum Wahlenb.) — Arctic Am., s. in cold and alpine
situations to N. S., Me., N. H., Col., and Cal. July, Aug. — The plant from the
Dells of the Wisc(jnsin R. formerly reported as E. Hornemanni is apparently
E. adenocaulon, var. perplexans. (Eurasia.)
598 ONAGKACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY^
4. OENOTHERA L. Evening Primrose
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed.
Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds naked or with an obscure membranaceous crest. — Leaves
alternate or rarely all basal. Flowers yellow, white, or rose-color. (An old
name of unknown origin, for a species of Epilobium.)
§ 1. ONAGRA (Adans.) Ser. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated ; floiver-hnds up-
right; petals yellow; fruit suhcylindricaL elongated; seeds in 2 rows in
each cell ; caulescent annuals or biennials. Onagra Adans.
</. Pods lance-cylindric or -prismatic, i.e. tapering from a tbickisli base b.
b. Petals linear \. O. cruciata.
b. Petals obiovate c.
c. Pods glabrous even wben young . . ' "i. O. argillicola.
c. Pods more or less pubescent at least when j'oung.
Bracts decidedly leaf-like. i.e. at least the lower tlowers in the axils
of foliage leaves, even the tipper bracts exceeding the pods.
Sepals appendaged on the back somewhat below the tip ; pubes-
cence of the stem altogether fine and appressed . . .8. 0, Oakesiana.
Sepals appendaged essentially at the tip ; pubescence of the
stem usually including long si)reading hairs with reddish or
purplish enlarged bases 4. 0. muricata.
Bracts reduced and somewhat deciduous, the flowers and espe-
cially the pods in elongated exposed spikes, the upper bracts
usually shorter than the pods 5. 0. biennis.
a. Pods more slender and of essentially uniform diameter.
Flowers in a distinct terminal spike &. 0. rhombipetala.
Flowers in the axils of foliage leaves.
Grayish-pubescent and somewhat silky ; floral leaves mostly entire
or nearly so ; seed smoothish 1.0. humifiisa.
Green, more loosely and sparingly pubescent; floral leaves mostly
pinnatifid toward the base ; seed distinctly pitted . . . S. 0. laciniata.
1. 0. cruciata Nutt. Simple or sparingly branched, 3-8 dm. high ; stem com-
monly reddish, smooth or somewhat strigose ; stem-leaves lanceolate, remotely
and shallowly dentate ; sepals appendaged somewhat below the tip ; petals veiy
narroin., linear, 5-12 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, light yellow. (0. biennis, var.
T. & G.; Onagra cruciata Small.) — Sandy or gravelly soil, centr. Me. to w.
Mass. and n. N. Y.
2. 0. argillicola Mackenzie. Glabrous, 5-15 dm. high ; stem stoutish, very
leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, only jVS mm. wide, subentire or remotely and
ob.scurely few-toothed ; flowers large ; calyx glabrous ; petals bright yellow,
broadly obovate, 3-4 cm. long ; capsules crowded, mostly curved, 2-3 cm. long,
glabr(jus, tapering to a slender summit. (Onagra Mackenzie.) — Mts. of Va.
and \V. Va.
3. 0. Oakesiana Robbins. Finely puberulent, the hairs m2iin\y appressed ;
stem-leaves lanceolate, shallowly denticulate, 8-15 mm, broad ; sejyals append-
aged considerably below the tip; petals obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long; pod.^^ rather
large, slightly .spindle-form, 3.5-4 cm. long, appressed-puberulent. (0. biennis,
var. Gray ; Onagra Britton, in part.) — Sandy fields, etc., e. Mass. to Ct.
4. 0. muricata L. Simple or nearly so, 2-8 dm. high, vei'y leafy; stem pu-
berulent and usually beset at least above with lougav spreading hairs on enlarged
reddish tuberculate bases; leaves lanceolate, ascending, entire or si)ariiigly and
very shallowly denticulate, pa.ssing without marked transition into the foliaceous
bracts; flowers axillary, the lower much exceeded by the bracts; sepals not
prominently appendaged ; petals obovate, light yellow, 1.2-2 cm. long; capsule
more or less hirsute, subfu.siform-cylindric, 2.5-3 cm, long. — Sandy or gravelly
shores, Nfd. and e. Que. to N. Y. Var. oanesckns (T. & G.) Robinson. Hoary-
pubesct'ut or somewhat silky throughout, the tuberculate-based hairs few or
none. (0. biennis, var. T. & G.; Onagra strigosa Rydb.) — From the Grt^at
Lakes to Mo., Col., and north westw.
5. 0. biennis L. (Common E.) Rather stout, erect, 3-15 dm. high, usually
simple, n)ore or less spreading-pubcscent to hirsute ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-
or rarely ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate, acute or acuminate ; bracts
ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 599
lanceolate, shorter than or scarcely exceeding the capsules; calyx-tube 2.5-3.5
cnr*. long; petals yellow, obovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pods more or less hirsute^
narrowed almost from the base, 2-3.5 cm. long. {Onagra Scop.) — Open places,
common.
O. gkandifl6ra Ait. (0. biennis, var. Lindl.; Onagra Cockerell), a related
species of Alabama, with much larger flowers, the petals 4-6 cm. long, was for-
merly cultivated and has on rare occasions been found, presumably as an escape,
within vuY ranije.
(). 0. rhombipetala Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and sub-
canescent ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate or snbentire, the
lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing vpward into tlie
close elongated conspicuously bracted spike ; calyx silky-canescent, the tube
2-3.5 cm. long; petals rhombic-ovate^ 1.2-2.5 cm. long. — Ind. to Minn., Neb.,
and Tex.
7. 0. humifusa Nutt. Hoary icith short dense appressed hairs; stems de-
cumbent or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. long; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate, 1—4 cm. long, sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves
pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; petals 1.2-2.5 cm. long; capsule 2-3.5 cm.
long, silky ; seeds smoothish. — Sandy coast, N. J. to Fla.
8. 0. laciniata Hill. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched,
1-7 dm. high, more or less strigose-ptibe scent and ])uberulent ; leaves oblong or
lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid, the floral simi-
lar ; petals 5-12 mm. long ; capsules 2-3 cm. long ; seeds strongly pitted. ( 0.
sinuata L.) — Dry open mostly sandy places, N. J. to Fla., Tex., and S. Dak.;
also adventive northeastw.
Var. grandiflbra (Wats.) Robinson. Flowers larger; the petals 2.5—4 cm.
long. (0. sinuata, var. Wats.; 0. laciniata, var. grandis Britton.) — Common
in sandy fields, etc., Mo. and Kan. to Tex.
§ 2. ANOGRA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated ; flowers nodding
in the bud; seeds in a single row in each cell; fruit subcylindric or pris-
matic, elongated; caulescent perennials. Anogra Spach.
9. 0. pallida Lindl. Stems erect, 1.5-12 dm. high, commonly branched,
white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent ; leaves linear to oblong-ob-
lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid
toward the base ; calyx-tips free in bud, throat naked ; flowers axillary ; petals
white, turning rose-color, suborbicular, obcordate, 1.5-3 cm. long ; pods 2-5 cm.
long, often curved or twisted ; seeds lance-linear, smooth. (0. albicaulisMiiw.
ed. 6. not Nutt.; Anogra pallida Britton.) — Dry plains and prairies, Sask. to
w. Minn., westw. and southwestw. (Mex. )
§ 3. KNEfFFIA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated ; flowers yellow,
erect in the bud {the iclwle floral axis recurved in no. 11); fruit short, obo-
void, tetragonal ; seeds clustered in each cell, not in distinct rows, not
crested; caulescent. Kneiffia Spach.
a. Pods 4-6 mm. long^; calyx-tube about 2 mm. long; stem-leaves al-
most filiform 10. (?. linifolia.
a. Pods .7-12 ram. long: calyx-tube 7-15 mm. long; stem-leaves linear
to linear-oblong or ovate b.
b. Pods smooth to sparingly puberulent with spreading gland-tipped
hairs.
Petals 5-10 mm. long 11. ^. pumila.
Petals 1.4-8 cm. long.
Leaves ovate, glaucous, entirely glabrous ; capsule more than
9 mra. long . . . ' 12. O. fflaitca.
Leaves lance- to linear-oblong, pubescent or at least ciliolate ;
cai)sule usually less than 9 mm. long 13. ^. fruticosa.
h. Pod.i grayish pubescent with tine incurved glandless hairs . . 14. O. linear'is.
b. Pods cu\ei-ed with copious widely spreading straiglit glandless liairs.
8teiii. pedicels, calyx, etc., finely and softly puberulent ; sepals
wholly connivent or tlieir free tips very short (1 mm. long
or less) 15. O. longipedicellata.
Stem, pedicels, calyx, etc.. coarsely hirsute; tips of sepals free
in bud, usually spreading, 2 mui. long 16. (?. pratensis.
600 ONAGllACEAE (EVENLNG PRIMROSE FAMILY)
10. 0. linifblia Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple or
diffuse, 1-4 dm. high, glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberuleiit; cauline
leaves linear-filiform, 1.5-4 cm. long, the radical oblanceolate ; spikes loosely-
flowered, the bracts inconspicuous; corolla 4-6 mm. long; stigma-lobes short;
pods obovoid to short-clavate, glandular-puberulent, 4-G mm. long, not winged,
nearly sessile. {Kneiffia wSpach.) — Prairies and rocky hills, III. to e. Kan.,
Tex., and Ga.
11. 0. piimila L. Perennial, puberuleiit, 1-0 dm. high ; leaves mostly gla-
brous, entire, obtuse or obtusisb, the basal spatulate, the cauline narrowly
oblanceolate to lanceolate; spikes loose, at first nodding; petals 5-10 mm.
long ; pods obscurely glaAdular-puberulent, clavate, 6-12 mm. long, ses.sile or
shortly pediceled, slightly winged. {Kneiffia Spach.) — Open places, e. Que
to Man., s. to Wise, O., and in the mts. to Ga. ; common.
12. 0. glaiica Michx. Perennial, erect, 5-0 dm. high, glabrous and glau-
cous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, repand-denticulate ; 7?oioers
in short leafy corymbs; petals 2.5-3.5 cm. long; capsule glabrous, glaucous,
ovoid-ellipsoid, broadly winged, rather abruptly contracted at base. (Kneiffia
Spach.) — Mts., Va., Ky., and southw.
13. 0. fruticosa L. (Suxdrops. ) Perennial, erect, 3-9 dm. high, puberu-
lent or nearly glabrous : leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate,
ciliolate ; spikes short narrow-bracted, usually on naked peduncles ; petals
1.4-2.6 cm. long ; capsule glabrous or sparingly glandular-puberulent, ellip.soid
to slightly clavate, winged. {Kneiffia Raimann.) — Dry sandy soil, s. N. E. to
S. C. ; also O., Mich., and Ind. Var. hirsuta Nutt. Stem spreading-pilose ;
the leaves also with more copious and looser pubescence. {Kneiffia fruticosa,
var. pilosella Britton. ) — In similar situations and extending northeastw. to
centr. Me.
14. 0. linearis Michx. Erect, puberulent, 2-9 dm. high ; leaves linear to
narrowly oblanceolate, entire or nearly so, minutely puberulent ; x>etals 1.2-3
cm. long ; capsule clavate, 6-10 mm. long, canescent loith fine incurved glandless
hairs, on a pedicel usually as long as itself. {Kneiffia Spach ; O. fruticosa,
var. Wats.) — Meadows and open woods, along the coast, e. Mass. to Fla. and
Ala. ; also Ark. and Mo. 0. fruticosa, var. humifusa Allen {Kneiffia Alleni
Small) appears to be merely a stunted decumbent or sprawling form growing in
sterile sands (L. I., etc.) and smaller in all its parts. Var. Eamesii Robinson.
Decumbent; leaves elliptical, the larger ones 2.7 cm. long, 11 mm. wide. —
Sandy shore of a salt pond, Stratford, Ct. {Fames).
15. 0. longipedicellata (Small) Robinson. Perennial, erect and subsimple,
2-6 dm. high (rarely bu.shy-branched and sprawling), short-hirsute ; capsule as
in the preceding, but spreading-hirsute ; the pedicels of variable length, the
lowest often exceeding the fruit. {Kneiffia Small.) — Low ground, near the
coast, Ct. to Fla.
16. 0. pratensis (Small) Robinson. Perennial, erect or nearly so, 3-6 dm.
high; stems covered with soft long widely spreading hairs; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, 1-2 cm. broad, somewhat hirsute on both faces ; lower flowers in
the axils of decidedly foliaceous bracts ; calyx with conspicuous caudiform
free green densely hi.spid tips, the limb considerably shorter than the tube ;
petals 1.5-2.5 cm. long ; capsule clavate, sessile, hispid-pilose. {Kneiffia Small.)
— Low grounds, s. Me. to Ct. ; n. w. Pa. to la. and Ark.
§ 4. IIARTMAnNIA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear ; flowers vihite or
rose-colored, nodding in bud ; fruit short, obovoid to ellipsoid, i-angled and
strongly ribbed; caulescent.
17. 0. specibsa Nutt. (White E.) Perennial, erect or subdecumbent,
puberulent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate or more or
le.ss deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; petals 2.5-4 cm. long ; capsule clavate-obovoid,
strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pediceled. {Hartmannia Small.) —
Prairies and plains, Mo. and Kan. to Tex., spreading eastw. into III., S. C,
and Ga.
ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PFwIMKOSE FAMILY^ 601
§ 5 LAVAUXIA (Spacli) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear ; flowers white or rose-
colored ; fruit ovoid, A-winged ; acaulescent.
18. 0. triloba Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous ; leaves 1-3 dm.
long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or oblanceolate and
only sinuate-toothed ; calyx-tips free, the tube slender, 6-20 cm. long ; petals
1.2—4 cm. long; capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, 2-3.5 cm. long, strongly winged,
net-veined. (Lavauxia Spach.) — Shaly limestone crevices, etc., Ky. and Tenn. ;
Assina. to Kan., Tex., and westw. (Mex.)
Var. (?) parviflbra Wats. Seemingly annual ; flowers very small, 2.5-5 cm.
long, fertilized in the bud and rarely opening fully ; fruit abundant, forming
at length a den.sely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 5 cm.
in diameter and often 5-7 cm. high. (Lavauxia triloba, var. Watsoni
Britton.) — Plains, Kan. and Neb. — Little known.
§6. MEGAPTERIUM (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear ; flowers yellow;
fruit ellipsoidal to snborbicnlar. broadly A-xoinged; seeds in a double row
in each cell, crested; caulescent.
19. 0. missouri^nsis Sims. Decumbent, canescent-puberulent or glabrate ;
leaves thick, lanceolate to lance-elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate,
entire or repand-denticulate ; calyx-tube 5-1-4 cm. long; petals broad, .3-6 cm.
long; cap.sule 5-8 cm. long. (Megapterium Spach.) — Limestone cliffs and
barrens. Mo. to Neb., Col., and south westw.
§ 7. CALYLOPHIS [Spach] T. & G. Stigma disk-lil-e, scarcely lobed ; calyx-
tube funnel-form vnth broadly dilated throat; flowers yellow; capsule
linear-cylindric, elongated; suffrutescent.
20. 0. serrulata Nutt. Slender, 1-5 dm. high, simple or branched, canescent
on the younger parts ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, sub-
entire or shallowly denticulate ; calyx-tube 6-13 mm. long, the flaring throat
stronglj" nerved; petals broadly obovate. 8-17 mm. long, crentilate ; capsule
1.8-3 cm. long. (Meriolix \yalp. ; J/, intermedia Rydb.?) — Sandy and rocky
places, Man. and w. Wise, to Mo., and south westw,
5. GAURA L.
Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long stjde. A small scale-like
appendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a
ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, :>-4-ribbed or -angled, inde-
hiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1-4-seeded. Seeds naked. —
Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in
fading, in spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name,
from yavpos, superb, does not seem appropriate),
* Fruit sessile or nearly so.
1. G. biennis L. Soft-hniiij or downy, 1-3.2 m. high ; leaves oblong -lanceo-
late, denticulate ; spikes wand-like ; fruit ovoid-fusiform, 4-angled, acute at
both ends, 4-6 mm. long, ribbed, downy. — Dry banks, w. Que. to Ct. (Bishop),
Minn., Neb., and south w. ; casual. in e. N. E.
2. G. parviflbra Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, ISA) m. high ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, soft-pubescent; spikes dense; fruit fusi-
form or clavate, narrowed to both ends, i-nerved, obtusely angled above, 6-8
mm. long. — la. and Neb. to Mo., La., and westw.
3. G. coccinea Pursh. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate, 1.5-4 dm. high,
very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or
entire ; flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet ; fruit terete below,
i-sided and broader above, 4-() mm. long. — Man. to Mo. (Bush), N. Mex., and
westw,; introduced about Rochester, N. Y. (3/. >S'. Baxter, V. Dewing).
602 HALORAGIDACEAE (WATER MILFOIL FAMILY)
* * Fruit slender-pediceled.
4. G. f ilipes Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves
linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base ; branches of the panicle very slender,
naked ; fruit obovoid-club-shaped. 4-angled at the summit. (G. Michauxii
Spach.) — Open places, S. C. and Fla. to Tenn. and Okla. ; also said to occur
from Va. to O. and Kan., — a range in need of further confirmation.
6. STENOSiPHON Spach.
Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Fruit 1-celled,
1-seeded. Habit of Gaura. (From arevos, narrow, and <Ti<po}v, a tube.)
1. S. Iinif51ius (Nutt.) Britton. Slender, 6-12 dm, high, glabrous, leafy ;
leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above ;
rtowers numerous in an elongated spike, white, 1.2 cm. long; fruit pubescent,
ovoid, 8-ribbed, 2.5-3 mm. long. {S. virgatus Spach.) — Gravelly hills and dry
prairies, e. Kan. to Col. and Tex.
7. TRApA L. Water Nut. Water Caltrop
Calyx-tube short, inclosing the base of the ovary ; limb 4-parted, the seg-
ments persistent and becoming spinescent. Fruit indehiscent, large, with 2^
strong spines, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Aquatic plants, with opposite or whorled
leaves, the upper crowded, with inflated petioles, rhombic, coarsely toothed, the
submersed remote, with capillary segments ; flowers borne among the floating
leaves. (Name abridged from calcitrapa, a caltrop, in allusion to the spreading
points of the fruit.)
1. T, natans L. (Water Chestnut.) Fruit 4-horned ; seed edible. — Quiet
streams and ponds, Middlesex Co., Mass. ; Schenectady Co., N. Y. (Introd.
from Eurasia.)
8. CIRCAEA [Tourn.] L. Enchanter's Nightshade
Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ;
lobes 2, reflexed. Fruit indehisoent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked
hairs, 1-2-celled ; cells 1-seeded. — Low perennials, with opposite leaves on
slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer.
(Named for Circe, the enchantress.)
1. C. lutetiana L. Tall (3-9 dm. high); leaves ovate, tending to ovate-
oblong, mostly rounded at the base, of rather firm texture, slightly toothed ;
bracts none; hairs of the roundish pyriform 2-celled fruit bristle-like (rarely
wanting). — Common in dry open woods, N. S. to Out., and southw. (Eu.)
2. C. intermedia Ehrh. Lower, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves thin, ovate, the
middle and upper more or less cordate, the teeth salient ; minute bracts
usually present ; petals as long as the calyx ; fruit nearly as in the preceding. —
Deep shade, e. Que. to Ont., la., and Tenn. (Eu.) — Not always well marked.
3. C. alpina L. Low (7-20 cm. high), smooth, weak; leaves, heart-shaped,
thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; petals usually shorter than the
calyx ; hairs of the obovoid l-celled fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods, Lab.
to Ala.ska, s. to Ga., Ind., Mich., n. e. la., and S. Dak. (Eu.)
HALORAGIDAcEAE (Water Milfoil Family)
Aquatic or marsh plants (at least i7i northern countries), loilh the incon-
spicuous symniHtrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils of
leaves or bracts, calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, lohich consists of 2-4 more
or less united carpels (or in Hippnris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile
stigmas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers
HALORAGIDACEAE ( WATER MILFOIL FAMILY) 603
Petals small or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1— 4-celled, with a
single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in
the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.
1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without
petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed commonly pinnately
dissected.
2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, the
immersed pinnately dissected.
3. Hippurls. Flowers apetalous. Stamen and style only one. Leaves entire, whorled.
1. MYRIOPHYLLUM [Yaill.] L. Water Milfoil
Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted,
of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like,
4-ceIled, deeply 4-lobed ; stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorled ; those under water pinnately parted into capillary
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water,
in summer ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from ixvpioi, numberless, and
(pvWov, a leaf, alluding, like Milfoil, to the innumerable divisions of the leaves.)
a. Flowering stems leaiV ; foliage leaves pectinate 6.
b. Flowers in terminal naked spikes or in the axils of greatly reduced or
modified leaves c.
c. Leaves in definite whorls d.
d. Leaves 5-12 mm. long ; flowers chiefly 1 or 2 at each node of the
spike ' 1. M. altemiflorum.
d. Leaves chiefly longer ; flowers numerous, in remote verticels e.
6. Verticels apparently naked, the floral leaves shorter than or
only slightly exceeding the flowers.
Ehachis and segments of the foliage leaves capillary and of
uniform diameter ; floral leaves entire or merely dentate . 2. M. »picafum.
Ehachis flattish and somewhat broader than the segments of
the foliage leaves ; floral loaves pectinate . (3) J/", verticillatum, v. pectinatwn.
e. Verticels subtended by elongate floral leaves /.
/. Petals quickly deciduous ; st-amens 8 ; carpels plump and
rounded on the back Z. M. verticiUatum.
f. Petals tardil_v deciduous; stamens 4; carpels 1-2-ridged or
-angled on the back.
Floral leaves ovate to oblanceolate ; carpels papillose-
roughened 4. 3f. heteropTiyllum.
Floral leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; carpels smooth . 5. M. hippuroides.
c. Leaves variously arranged (verticillate, falsely verticillate, oppo-
site, or alternate) on the .^ame plant.
Carpels with flat sides and tuberculate-ridged back . . .'6. M. scabratuin.
Carpels plump, smooth or minutely papillose . . . , %. M. humile.
b. Flowers in the axils of unmodified foliage leaves.
Carpels smooth or barely papillose, plump, not ridged on the back . 8. M. humile.
Carpels \\ith flat sides and prominent tuberculate dorsal ridges.
Fruit -2-2.5 mm. long 1. M. Fatncellii.
Fruit 1-1.5 mm. long 6. J/, scabiatum.
a. Flowering stems naked or with few scattered filiform uncleft leaves . 9. M. tenellum.
§ 1. PENTApTERIS DC. Stamens 8 : petals early deciduous ; leaves ichorled.
* Floral leaves (bracts) scattered ; flowers rarely in verticels.
1. M. altemifl5rum DC. Very slender ; leaves 5-12 mm. long, the rhachis
and segments capillary ; floicers solitary or in paira, in simple or branched
nearly naked spikes ; lowermost bracts pectinate, the others entire or nearly so,
shorter than the flowers. — Ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to Ont., s. to Middlesex
Co., Ma.ss., and L. Champlain, Vt. (Greenl., Eu.)
* * Floral leaves and flowers in verticels.
2. M. spicatum L. Leaves somewhat rigid, 1-3 cm. long, the rhachis and
capillary segments of uniform diameter; flowers verticillate, in an interrupted
apparently naked spike; the bracts shorter than or slightly exceeding the flower.s.
entire or merely dentate ; stigmas roundish, closely sessile, not elongated ; sepale
604 HALORAGIDACEAE (WATER MILFOIL FAMILY)
of the staminate flowers deep purplish ; fruit globose, 4-furrowed, 2-3 mm. long.
— Brackish or fresh pools or slow streams, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Ct., Great L.
region, Kan.. N. Mex., Ariz., and s. Cal. (Eurasia.)
3. M. verticillatum L. Lf^aves flaccid, 1.5-4 cm. long, the flnttlsh rhachis
soinewhat broader than the luiear-fl.liform segments; floral leaves or bracts
similar but firmer, 6-20 mm. long, uniform or nearly so, all much exceeding the
flovaers ; stigmas somewhat elongate, recurved ; sepals of the staminate flowers
pale green to pinkish ; fruit subglobose, the 4 carpels plump, 2.5-3 mm. long. —
The typical European plant, rare or local with us ; examined only from w. N. Y.
and 111. Represented in America chiefly by
Var. pectinatum NVallr. Spike appearing naked or nearly so, much as iu
M. spicatani, all or most of the pectinate bracts shorter than or only slightly ex-
ceeding the flowers. — Fresh or bracki.sh pools, Gasp6 Co., Que., to Sask. and
B. C, s. to n. Me., L. Memphremagog, Que., centr. and w. N. Y., Great L.
region, Minn., and Utah. (Eurasia.)
§2. TESSAR6nIA Schindler. Stamens i ; petals rather persistent.
* Carpels l-2-ridged on the back.
•1- Flowers on emersed spikes, the floral leaves chiefly modified.
4. M. heterophyllum Michx. Stem stout (the base of the spike 2-5 mm.
thick) ; leaves whorled in 4's, 5's, or 6's, the submersed 1.5-5 cm. long, the
flattened rhachis slightly broader than the linear-liliform segments ; spikes 1-3
dm. long ; floral leaves whorled, crowded, ovate to oblanceolate, entire or den-
ticulate, thickish. 4-1(3 mm. long; fruit 1-1.5 7nm. long, about as thick, papil-
lose-roughened, the carpels 2-ridged on the back, convex on the sides, their styles
prominent. — Ponds and slow streams, near the coast, Va. to Fla.; also from
w. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., s. to Mo. and Tex.
5. M. hippuroides Nutt. Similar, more slender ; floral leaves linear to linear-
lanceolate, entire to pectinate ; fruit 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, the smooth-
ish carpels flattish on the sides, their styles very short. — Apparently local,
s. Ont. ; also from ^Vash. to Cal.
6. M. scabratum Michx. Slender ; leaves variously arranged, verticillate,
subverticillate, or scattered, on the same plant, the submersed with linear-capil-
lary segments ; the emersed and the floral leaves linear, pectinate-toothed or cut-
serrate; fruit 1-1.5 mm. long, about as broad, the carpels with flat sides and 2
tuberculate ridges on the back. {M. pinnatum BSP., at least in part ; possibly
Potamogeton pinnatum Walt.) — Shallow ponds and muddy shores, e. Mass. to
S. C, near the coa.st ; also from w. Ky. and w. Tenn. to la. and Tex.
-*- -)- Flowers in the axils of unmodified submersed leaves.
7. M. Farw^Uii Morong. Slender, flowering below the surface of the water ;
leaves all divided into filiform segments, subverticillate or scattered ; flowers
solitary in the middle axils ; fruit 2-2.5 mm. long, somewhat narrower, the flat-
sided carpels with prominently tuberculate dorsal ridges, — Ponds and slow
streams, Gasp6 Co., Que., to n. Mich., s. to s. Me., s. N. H., s. Vt., and centr.
N. Y.
* * Carpels rounded and even on the back ; leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting
on the flowering stems.
8. M. humile (Raf.) Morong. Stems slender, 5-15 cm. high, erect or decum-
bent, rooting in the mud; leaves subopposite or alternate, the lower 4-8 mm.
long, pinnately divided; floral leaves similar or linear and serrate or entire;
flowers mostly perfect ; fruit 0.7 mm. long, the subcylindric carpels smooth or
minutely papillo.se. (M. ambiguum, var. limosum Nutt.) — Muddy shores and
shallow pools, centr. Me. to Vt., s. to Md.; reported from Ind. and 111. to Tenn.
and Mo. Forma xXtans (DC.) Fernald. Stems elongate and partly submersed ;
foliage leaves crowded, sometimes verticillate, larger, with long capillary divi-
sions ; spikes emersed ; floral leaves as in the typical form. {M. ambiguum
Nutt.) — Shallow ponds and slow streams. Forma (apiliAceum (Torr.j Fer-
ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY)
605
nald. Steins elongate, completely submersed ; flowers in the axils of elongate
capillary-divided leaves. (3/. ambiguum, var. capillaceum T-. & G.) — Ponds
and streams.
9. M. tenellum Bigel. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like, 7-35
cm. high, erect, simple ; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted ; leaves filiform,
undivided ; bracts small, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. —
Borders of ponds and streams, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J., Pa., and Mich.
2. PROSERPINACA L. Mermaid-weed
Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the lin^.b 3-parted. Petals none. Sta-
mens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-
like.— Low perennial herbs, with the stems creeping
at base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile
in the axils, solitary or .3-4 together, in summer.
(Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning
pertaining to Proserpine.^
1. P. paliistris L. Fertile leaves (those with
flowers or fruit in their axils) lanceolate, sharply
serrate, the sterile (often occurring above as well as
below the fertile) usually pectinate. — Muddy border?
of ponds or in shallow water,
N. B. to Fla., Tex., and Minn.
Fig. 813.
2. P. pectinata Lam. Leaves
uniform, both fertile and sterile
divided to the rhachis ; the divisions slightly rigid, linear-
awl-.shaped. — Sandy swamps, near the coast, s. Me. to Fla.
and La., local. Fig. 814.
813. P. palustris x %.
814, P. pectinata x %.
3. HIPPURIS L. Mare's-tail
Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Style thread-shaped, stig-
matic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large
anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with simple
entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils, in summer.
(Name from tTrwos, a horse, and ovpd, a tail.)
1. H. vulgaris L. Stems simple, 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves in whorls of 6-12,
linear, acute ; fruit nearly 2 mm. long. — Ponds and streams. Lab. to Alaska,
s. to N. S., Me., Vt., N. Y., Ind., 111., Minn., Neb., and N. Mex. (Eu.)
ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with much the same characters as Umbelliferae, but
loith usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few-several-celled drupe.
Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals 5, epigynous, not iuflexed. Stamens 5, epigy-
nous, alternate with the petals.
* Leaves compound.
1. Aralia. Leaves alternate, compound, the ultimate divisions pinnate. Carpels 5; fruit black.
2. Panax. Leaves whorled, palmately 3-T-foiiolate. Carpels 2-3 ; fruit red or yellow.
* * Leaves simple but palmately lobed.
3. Fatsia. Leaves orbicular, cordate, palmately lobed, scattered. Cari»els 2 ; fruit red, 2-seeded.
1. ARAlIA [Tourn.] L.
Flowers polygamous. Petals slighth' imbricated in the bud. Ovary 5-celled ;
ovules solitary, anatropous, suspended in the cells. — Leaves compound or de-
compound. Flowers white or green, in umbels or panicles. Qualities aromatic.
(Derivation obscure.)
606 ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY)
* Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle ; leaves very large, decompound.
1. A. spin6sa L. (Angelica-tree, Hekcules' Club.) Shrub, or a low
tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leatlets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale
beneath. — River-banks, s. N. Y. to Mo., and soutliw. July, Aug.
2. A. racem5sa L, (Spikenard.) Herbaceous ; stem vndely branched ; leaf-
lets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy ; umbels racemose ;
styles united. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its spicy-aromatic
large roots.
* * Umbels mostly 2-7, corymbed ; stem short, somewhat woody.
3. A. hispida Vent. (Bristly Sarsaparilla, Wild Elder.) Stem 4-9
dm. high, bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels;
leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky and
sandy places, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, s. to N. C, W. Va., Ind., Mich., and Minn.
June, July.
4. A. nudicaulis L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Stem scarcely rising out' of the
ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf (2-4 dm. high) and a shorter
naked scape, with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate,
5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; Nfd. to Ga., Col., and Ida.
May, June. — The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsa-
parilla. Var. elongXta Nash, from the Catskill Mts., has been distinguished
becau.se of its somewhat longer narrower leaflets (13-15 cm. long, 4 cm. wide),
which are paler beneath. Var. prolifera Apgar, of w. N. J., has more divided
leaves with 25-40 leaflets and proliferous inflorescence with 5-70 umbellets.
2. pAnAX L. Ginseng
Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Umbel solitary, simple, terminal. Carpels
2-3. — Herbaceous perennials, springing from thickish roots or tubers, the erect
simple stems bearing a solitary whorl of 3 palmate leaves. (Name from tras, all,
and &KOS, cure, that is, all-healing, a panacea.) Often included in Aralia.
1. P. quinquefolium L. (Ginseng.) Boot large and spindle-shaped, often
forked, 1-2 dm. long, aromatic ; stem 3 dm. high ; leaflets long-stalked, mostly
5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red.
(Araiia Dene. & Planch.) — Rich and cool woods. Que. and Ont., s. to N. E.,
N. Y., Great L, region, e. la., Mo., and along the mts. to Ga. July. — Much
sought for the root, which is purchased by the Chinese and extensively employed
by them in their medicine, as is also the even more highly prized Asiatic
P. ginseng C. A. Mey.
2. P. trifolium L. (Dwarf G., Ground-nut.) Root or tuber globular, deeip
in the ground ; stem 1-2 dm. high ; leaflets 3-5, .sessile at the summit of the leaf-
.stalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles usually 3 ; fruit yellovnsh. {Aralia Dene.
6 Planch.) —Rich woods, N. S. to w. Ont., s. to Del., Md., 111., la., and along
the mts. to Ga. Apr., May.
3. FATSIA Dene, & Planch.
Flowers perfect or polygamous. Umbels numerous in simple or compound
racemes or paniculately dispo.sed. Calyx-margin narrow or obsolete, obscurely
crenate-lobf'd. Carpels (in ours) 2. — Stout sometimes arborescent shrubs, ours
very prickly. Leaves simple, long-petioled, the limb suborbicular. palmately
lobed. (Name from the Japane.se vernacular (designation of one of the species.)
EcniNopANAx Dene. & Tlanch. Oplopanax Miquel.
1. F. h6rrida (Sm.) B. & H. (Devil's Club.) Coar.se shrub, thickly beset
with stramineous prickles ; leaves 1-3 dm. in diameter, with 5-13 deltoid acute
lobes, the margin sharply and unevenly serrate, the ribs prickly beneath.
(Erhinopnnax Dene. & Planch.) — Rocky cliffs, etc., Isle Royale, L. Superioi
(IF. A. Wheeler); and from the Rocky Mts. to Cal. and s. Alaska. (Japan.)
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 607
UMBELLIFERAE (Parsley Family)
Hei'bs, icith sjiiall flowers in umhels {or rarely heads), the calyx entire or
6-toothed, the tube lohoUy adhering to the 2-ceUed and 2-ovuled ovary, the o
petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the
base of the 2 styles. Fruit of 2 seed-like dry carpels (called mericarps) cohering
by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other
and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis
{carpophore) ; each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often
with 4 intermediate {secondary) ones ; in the interstices or intervals are com-
monly oil-tubes {vittae), longitudinal canals containing aromatic oil. (These are
best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed suspended from the summit of
the cell, anatropous. Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound,
the petioles expanded or sheathing at base. Umbels usually compound, the
secondary ones being termed umbellets ; the bracts which often subtend the
general umbel form the involucre, and those of the umbellets the involucels.
The frequently thickened base of the styles is called the stylopodium. — A large
and difficult family, some of the species innocent and aromatic, others with
very poisonous properties.
N. B. — In this family the figures represent the mature fruit entire and in
cross section.
I. Fruit with primary ribs only, hence 3 dorsal ones on each carpel (these
sometimes obscure or obsolete in the first group.)
* Fruit ovoid, obovoid, or globose, not ribbed, scaly or densely covered with hooked prickles.
1. Eryngium. Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. Leaves mostly rigid,
more or less spinose.
2. Sanicula. Flowers in irregular compound few-rayed umbels, yellow or green. Leaves
palmate.
[Spermolepis may be sought here.]
* * Fruit flattened laterally.
+• Carpels also strongly flattened laterally,
++ Seed straight, not sulcate ; umbels simple (often proliferous.)
3. Hydrocotyle. Fruit suborbicular ; carpels with 3 dorsal ribs, not reticulated. Petals small,
suiiiewhat tubular. Low perennials in or near water. Leaves simple, roundish.
4. Centella. Fruit orbicular ; carpels with 5 dorsal ribs, and somewhat reticulated. Petals flat.
Leaves ovate.
++ ++ Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face ; umbels compound, leafy -bracted.
5. Erigenia. Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, nearly acaulescent from a
deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately decompound.
•*- -r- Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally ; petals white (greenish-yellow in Petroaelinum)
++ Seed -face concave ; fruit linear-oblong (rarely broader), with usuafly conical stylopodium.
6. Chaerophyllum. Fruit glabrous, with small mostly sohtary oil-tubes.
7. Osmorhiza. Fruit bristly, the oil-tubes obsolete.
++ ++ Seed-face concave ; fruit ovate ; leaves finely divided.
S. Spermolepis. Fruit warty or bristly, the ribs obsolete. Slender annuals.
9. Conium. Fruit smooth, with conspicuous often undulate ribs. Ours biennial
++++++ Seed-face flat.
= Leaves finely dissected ; ofl-tubes solitary ; very slender annuals
10. Ptilimnium. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky.
608 UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
= == Leaves d«c<nni>onn(1 ; oil-tubes solitary or none; perennials.
11. Aegopodium. liihs equal, tiliforui. Oil-tubes none ; styloi)odiuui conical. Leaves biternat*.
12. Cicuta. liibs tiattish, corky, the lateral largest. Mar.sh plants.
i;i. Carum. Uibs filiform, inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments filiform.
IVtals unite or roseate.
14. Petroselinum. Kibs filiform, inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments
incised. Petals greenish-yellow.
= = = Leaves once pinnate ; oil-tubes &-many ; stylopodium depressed ; aquatic perennials.
15. Berula. Fruit nearly globose ; ribs inconspicuous ; pericarp thick and corky.
16. Sium. Fruit ovate to oblong ; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.
= = = == Leaves 3-foliolate ; stylopodium conical ; oil-tubes solitary, beneath and between the ribs.
17. Cr3rptotaenia. Kibs obtuse, equal ; fruit linear-oblong, glabrous.
-I- H- ->- Carpels terete or sliglitly flattened laterally ; petals golden yellow.
Is. Zizia. Fruit ovate to oblong; ribs filiform ; stylopodium none ; seed terete.
-(- -i- -i- -1- Carpels depressed dorsally ; fruit short.
++ Seed-face flat or nearly so ; petals mostly yellow.
11). Foeniculum. Ribs prominent ; oil-tubes solitary. Leaves filiform -dissected.
20. Pimpinella. Ribs filiform; oil-tubes numerous; stylopodium depressed-conical. Leaves
pinnate. Petals white.
21. Taenidia. Ribs filiform; oil-tubes numerous; stylopodium none. Leaves palmately com-
pound. Petals yellow.
++ -H- Seed-face decidedly concave ; petals white (except in Bapleurwn).
= Leaves compound.
a. Fruit beakless ; oil-tubes numerous.
22. Eulophus. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from fascicled tubers. Leaves pin-
nately compound.
h. Fruit (in ours) conspicuously beaked ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or none ; leaves 2-8
ternately or -pinnately divided.
2:3. Anthriscus. Beak not more than one third to one half as long as the body of the fruit, smooth.
24. Scandix. Beak much exceeding the body of the fruit, its margins upwardly hispid.
■= = Leaves entire.
25. Bupleurum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylopodium.
Leaves simple, perfoliate.
* * * Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly.
-»- Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary.
2C. Lilaeopsis. Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, with small simple
umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles.
2T. Cynosciadium .V'lnuals with compound leaves and compound umbels.
+- -!- Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged ; flowers white or roseate.
++ Ribs acutish or rounded, narrower than the intervals between them.
2S. Ligusticum. Stoutish perennials. Leaves 2-i-ternate ; leaflets ovate, obovate, or oblong.
29. Coriandrum Slender annuals. CauUne leaves' cleft or dissected into linear .segments.
+<- ++ Ribs thickish and corky, broader than the intervals.
30. . Aethusa. Slender annual with finely divided leaves. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on
the (•iiiiiiiiissure.
:n. Coelopleurum. Stout maritime perennial. Oil-tubes under the ribs as well as in the inter-
vals, 2-4 on the commissure.
^_ +- ^_ Kibs all conspicuously winged ; stylopodium depressed or wanting ; perennials.
'ii. Cymopterus. Low :uh1 glabrous, mostly cespitose, with pinnately comi)Ound leaves and
white flowers. Oil-tubes 1-several. Western.
:«. Thasplum. Tall, with ternately divided or .simple leaves, and yeUow flowers (rarely purple).
Oil tul'e.s solitarv in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.
UMBELLIFERAE (PAIlSLEY FAMILY) tjUU
* ♦ * * Fruit strongly flattened dorsally. the lateral ribs prominently winged.
■«- Acaulescent or nearly so, with Aliform dorsal ribs, thin coherent wings, and no stylopodium.
84. Lomatium. Fruit orbicular to oblong, oil-tubes 1-4 in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure.
«- +- Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow petals (these unknown
in no. 35).
++ Leaflets entire.
85. Pseudotaenidia. Fruit lance-oblong ; lateral wings connivent, somewhat corky ; stylopo
dium obscure ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or double in the lateral intervals.
++ -M- Leaflets serrate or incised.
-= Involucre none.
36. Poly taenia. Fruit with thick corky margin, obscure ribs, and very numerous oil-tubes.
37. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.
= = Involucre conspicuous, of several lanceolate deflexed bracts.
38. Levisticum. Fruit strongly ribbed ; oil-tubes solitary.
++++++ Leaves decompound, their divisions dissected into linear-filiform segments.
39. Anethum. Fruit elliptical, rounded at each end ; dorsal ribs thin and sharp, the lateral with
distinct narrow wings.
-t- -t- -H Caulescent branching plants, with petals white or nearly so.
++ Lateral wings closely contiguous ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium thick -conical.
»= Oil-tubes conspicuous, obclavate, extending only one half or two thirds the way to the base ol
the fi-uit.
40. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings mth a marginal nerve. Petals con-
spicuous. Tall stout pubescent perennials, with ternate or pinnate leaves and large
incised and toothed leaflets.
= = Oil-tubes of more uniform diameter, extending essentially to the base of the fruit.
41. Imperatoria. Leaves ternately compound ; leaflets broad, ovate to obovate, serrate and
incised. Stout, terrestrial.
42. Oxypolis. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Leaves pinnate or reduced to hollow cylin.
drical petioles. Glabrous swamp plants.
++ ++ Lateral wings distinct ; oil-tubes usuallj' more than one in each interval.
43. Conioselinum. Stjiopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender glabrous
perennial, with thin finely and pinnately compound leaves.
44. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate. Dorsal
ribs strong. Stout perennials, with coarse 2-3-ternately or -pinnately divided leaves.
II. Fruit with, secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with
barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly.
45. Torilis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcate.
46. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat.
1. ERYNGIUM [Tourn.] L. Ertngo
Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid »nd persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate
or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and
usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous,
toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile
in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.)
* Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves.
1. E. yuccifolium Michx. (Rattlesnake Master, Bftton Snakeroot.)
Branching above, 0.5-1.7 m. high ; leaves rigid, tapering to a point, the lower
4-9 dm. long, the margins remotely bristly ; heads ovoid-globose, 1.8 cm. long,
with ovate-ianceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the
gray's manual — 39
610
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILYJ)
head, and similar bractlets. {E. aquatinim L. 1762, in part, not L. 1753.) —
Ct. to Minn., Kan., Tex., and Fla. July-Sept.
* * Tall and often stout ; leaves thick, not parallel-veined.
2. E. aquaticum L. Slender, 3-i) dm. high ; radical and loioer stem-leaves
linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long (sometimes 3 dm.) fistulous petioles, entire
or with small hooked teeth; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate ;
heads ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.2 cm. long, with reflexed bracts, and bractlets with 0
spiny cusps (the middle one largest). (E. virginianum Lam.) — By ponds and
streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept.
3. E. Leavenw6rthii T. & G. Stout, 4-0 dm. high ; loicest stem-leaves
broadly oblanrr^olate, spinosely toothed, the rest ses.sile and deeply and palmately
parted into narrow incisely pinnatifid spreading pungent segments; lieads
ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 cm. long, with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3-7 -cuspidate
bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts. — Dry
soil, e. Kau., Ark., and Tex.
* * * Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small
thin unarmed leaves and very small heads.
4. E. prostratum Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed
at base ; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed
or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones) ; reflexed bracts longer than
the ellipsoid heads (4-7 mm. long). — Wet places, s. Mo. to Fla. and Tex.
2. SANICULA [Tourn.] L. Sanicle. Black Sxakeroot
Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles. — Perennial rather
tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately lobed or parted leaves,
o-^>.^ y^ those from the base long-petioled. Umbels irregular or com-
J\jf pound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbel-
^^^^2 lets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and
involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from sanare, to heal:
or perhaps from San Nicolas.) '
* Styles much exceeding the bristles of the fruit, recurved.
1. S. marilandica L. Stem erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaves
5-7-parted, the divisions sharply serrate, acute ; sterile flowers
pedicellate, often in separate umbels ;
fruit 6-7 mm. long, sessile. — Nfd. to
Ga. and w. to the Rocky Mts., common.
Fig. 815.
S. gregaria Bicknell. Stem slender, 6 dm. liigh ;
leaves 5-foliolate ; leaflets obovate,
cleft and serrate ; fruit only S-4(-'))
mm. long, somewhat stipitate. —
Kiel) woods, St. John Valley, N. B.;
s. N. H. to Minn., Ark., and Ga.
Vui. 816.
*■ * Styles shorter than the bristles,
3. S. canadensis L. Simple,
erect, 5-8 dm. high ; leaves 3-5-
foliolate, leaflets narrowly obovate,
sliarply serrate ; sterile fioioers
few, short-pediceled ; fruit nearly si6. S. gregaria x 4.
sessile, subglobose, 3-6 mm. long.
— N. H. t'> Fla., Minn., Neb., and Tex., common. Fig.
817.
=^17. s. caiiaiieiisib X 4. 4. S. trifoliata Bicknell. Similar in habit,the leaflets
*815. S. marilan-
dica X 2.
UMBELLIB^EKAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
611
818. S. trifoliata x -22/3.
broader ; stej'ile flowers on long slender pedicels ;
fi'uit ovoid or at maturity somewhat fusiform, tipped
with the conspicuous beak-like calyx. — Rich soil,
Kennebec Valley, Me. {Scribnei'); and from the Ct.
Valley to Ont., Minn., and W. Va. Fig. 818.
3. HYDROCOTYLE [Toum.] L. Water Pennywort
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Carpels with 2 of the ribs
enlarged and often formini; a thickened margin ; oil-
tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer
beneath the epidermis. — Low mostly smooth marsh or
aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, round
shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, and scale-like
stipules. Flowers small, white, in simx'le umbels or
clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above
another), appearing all summer. (>.'ame from ySajp,
water, and kotvXv. a flat cnp, the peltate leaves of
several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)
* Pericarp thin except at the broad corJcy dorsal and lateral ribs ; leaves round,
peltate, crenate ; peduncles as lonrj as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks.
-t- Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky.
1. H. umbellata L. Umbels many-flowered, simple (sometimes proliferous);
pedicels 4-12 mm. long ; fruit about 3 mm. broad, strongly notched, the dorsal
ribs prominent but obtuse. — Mass. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly on the coastal
plain ; also Mich, and Ind., and reported from Minn.
2. H. Canbyi Coult. & Rose. Umbels S-9-flowered, generally proliferous ;
pedicels very short, but distinct; fruit 3-3.5 mm. broad; carpels broader and
more flattened than in the preceding, sharper-margined, the dorsal and lateral
ribs much more prominent ; seed-section much narrower. — N. J. to Md.
-i- -i- Fruit not notched ; intermediate ribs not corky.
3. H. verticillata Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an
interrupted spike ; pedicels very short or none ; fruit 3^ mm. broad, subsessile;
dorsal and lateral ribs very proTninent. — Mass. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.
4. H. australis Coult. & Rose. Very like the preceding ; flowers pediceled.. —
Dismal Swamp, Va. (Pollard according to Coult. & Rose), and south w.
* * Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform ; leaves not peltate ;
peduncles much shorter than the 'petioles.
5. H. americana L. Propagating by slender tuberiferous stolons ; stems
filiform, brandling and, creeping ; leaves thin, round-reniform. crenat(-lobed and
the lobes crenulate, shining ; few-flowered umbels axillary and
almost sessile ; fruit less than 2 mm. broad ; intermediate ribs
prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval. —
Common. Fig. 810.
6. H. ranunculoides L. f. Usually floating ; leaves thicker,
round-reniform, 3-7-cleft, the lobes crenate ; peduncles 2.5-7.5
cm. long, reflexed in fruit; capitate umbel 5-10-flowered ; fruit
2-3 mm. broad; ribs rather obscure; seed-section oblong. — si9.
Muddy shores, e. Pa. to Fla., thence westw\ (Trop. regions.)
H. americana
X4.
4. CENTELLA L.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals white, imbricated in bud. Carpels 7-9-ribbed
and somewhat reticulated. — Creeping perennials with simple ovate leaves.
Umbels subtended by 2 conspicuous bracts. (Name of obscure origin. )
1. C. asiatica (L.) Urban. r>eaves repand-tnotlipd, tliickish ; umbel 2-4-
flowered ; pedicels very short. (0. repanda Small; Hydrocotyle asiatica L.) —
Md. to Fla. (Tropics.)
U12
UMBELLIFEKAE (^PARSLEY FAMILY^
6. ERIGENIA Nutt. Harbinger-of-Spring
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire, white. Fruit
didymous, laterally flattened, the carpeis incurved at top and bottom, nearly
kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1-3) small oil-tubes in the
intervals. — A small glabrous vernal plant, with a simple stem, bearing one or
two 2-3-ternately divided leaves, and a few-flowered leafy-bracted umbel.
(Name from rjpiy^veia, horn in the spring.)
1. E. bulbbsa (Michx.) Nutt. Stem 1-2.3 dm. high; leaf-segments linear-
oblong ; fruit 2 mm. long, 3 mm. broad. — Deciduous woods, etc., s. Ont. and
w. N. Y. to Minn., and southw.
6. CHAEROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to Imear, notched at base, with
short beak or none, and equal ribs, oil-tubes solitary in the intervals ; seed-face
more or less deeply grooved. — Annuals, with ternately decom-
pound leaves, pinnatiiid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly
no involucre, involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers.
(Name from xat/JCii'. to gladden, and (pvWov, a leaf, alluding to the
agreeable odor of tlie foliage.)
1. C. prociimbens (L.) Crantz. More or less hairy ; stems
slender, spreading, 1.5-5 dm. high ; umbels few-rayed ; fruit nar-
rowly oblong, 5-10 mm. long, glabrous, contracted but not tapering
at the summit, the intervals broader than the ribs. — Moist ground,
N. X. to N. C, w. to Mich., la.. Ark., and Miss. Fig. 820.
Var. Sh6rtii T. & G. Fruit more broadly oblong to ovate (often
somewhat pubescent), not at all contracted at the summit. — Pa. to
Va., Ky., and O.
2. C. Tainturieri Hook., var. floridanum Coult. & Kose. Stouter
and more pubescent than the preceding species ; fruits 7-8 in each
umbel, sessile or pediceled, glabrous, the ribs narrower than the
intervals. — Barrens, Eagle Rock, Mo. {Bush)) S. C. to Fla.
820. (,'. pro-
cumbens x 8
7. OSMORHIZA Raf. Sw^eet Cicely
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit with prominent caudate attenuation at base, and
equal ribs. — Glabrous to hirsute perennials with thick aromatic roots, ternately
compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved in-
volucres, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels.
(Name from dafirj, a scent, and pi'^a, a root.) Washingtonia Raf.
* Bays of the umbel mostly bearing involucels.
1. 0. Claytbni (Michx.) Clarke. Stems rather slender, 3-i)
dm. hi^h, villous-pubescent; leaves 2-3-ternate, crisp-hairy ; leaf- ^.m
lets mostly 4-7 cm. long, acuminate, crenate-dentate and somewhat JlRi
cleft; stipules ciliate-hispid ; fruit (not including the attenuate ■'"
base) 1-1.3 cm. long; stylopodium and style 0.7-1 mm. long.
{0. hrevistijlis DC; Washingtonia Claytoni Britton.) — Open
woods, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to N. C, Ala., Mo., and Kan.
2. 0. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Coarser; stems i-\2 dm. high,
glabrous or essentially so except at the nodes ; leaflets mostly
longer, le.ss cleft ; .stipules densely pilose on (he margin ; fruit
(excluding the attenuate base) 1.2-1.5 cm. long; the seed-face
more deeply and broadly concave than in the preceding ; stylo-
podium and style 2-4 mm. long. (Washingtonia Britton.) —
Rich woods, e.' Que. to Assina., s. to N. C. 111., la., S. Dak., and Col. Fig
821, Var. viLMCAUMS Fernald. Stems vvhite-villous. — Pa. to 111. and Kan.
821. O. ]ongi-
stylis X 2.
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
613
* * Bays of the umbel icithout involucels.
3. 0. obtusa (Coult. & Rose) Feriiald. Stems glabrous or sparingly pubes-
3ent, 1.5-7 dm. high ; leaves 2-o-teriiate, more or less crisp-pubescent ; leaflets
L5-6 cm. long, acuminate, the teeth mucronate ; umbels naked or obsoletely
involucrate, ivith 3-5 naked finally very divergent rays ; fruit on divergent long
pedicels, the enlarged portion 8-12 mm. long, round fd or short-beaked at tip;
stylopodium depressed, broader than high, with the style 0.3-0.5 mm. long.
{Washingtonia Coult. & Rose.) — Rich chiefly coniferous woods, Nfd. and
s. Lab. to the upper St. John Valley, N. B. ; and from Assina. and B. C. to
N. Mex. and Ariz.
4. 0. divaricata Nutt. Similar, usually taller (4-10 dm. high); umbels icith
3-7 ascending-spreading rays ; fruit on ascending pedicels. 11-17 mm. long, with
a conical beak 2 mm. long ; stylopodium conical, with the style about 1 m,m. long.
(Washingtonia Britton.) — Rich chiefly coniferous woods, Gasp^ Co., Que., to
the White Mts., X. H.; also B. C. to Cal., Nev., etc.
8. SPERMOLEPIS Raf.
Involucre none but involucels present. Flowers small in pedunculate com-
pound irregular umbels. Stylopodium small, conical. Fruit thin-walled ; oil-
tubes present. — Slender smooth branching plants. (Name from o-rrepfxa. seed,
and XcTTts, scale, alluding to the scurfy or bristly fruit.) Leptocaulis Nutt.
1. S. patens (Nutt.) Robinson. Stem geniculate, 3-5 dm. high ; leaf-seg-
ments linear-filiform ; fruit merely icarty ; oil-tubes many. (Leptocaulis Nutt.;
Apiastrum Coult. & Rose.) — Sandy soil and barrens, n. e. Ind. to Neb., and
southwest w.
2. S. echinata (Nutt.) Heller. Similar in habit ; fruit bristly ; oil-tubes 6.
(Leptocaulis Nutt.) — Scott Co., Mo. (Eggert), and southw.
822. c.
maculatum
X4.
9. CONIUM L. Poison Hemlock
Fruit somewhat flattened at the sides, glabrous, with promi-
nent wavy ribs ; oil-tubes none, but a layer of secreting cells
next the seed, the face of which is deeply and narrowly con-
cave.— Poisonous biennial, with spotted stems, large decom-
pound leaves with lanceolate pinnatitid leaflets, involucre and
involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (Kibveiov, the
Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philoso-
phers were put to death at Athens.)
1. C. MACULATUM L. A large branching herb, in waste
places. Que. to Del., Pa., and westw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.
822.
10. PTILIMNIUM Raf. Mock Bishop's-weed
.Fruit ovate, glabrous : carpel with dorsal ribs filiform to broad and obtuse,
the lateral very thick and corky, those of the two carpels closely contiguous and
forming a dilated obtuse or acute corky band; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium
conical; seed nearly terete. — Smooth annuals, with involucre of
foliaceous bracts, involucels of prominent or minute bractlets, and
white flowers. (Name unexplained by Rafinesque. presumably from
tttLXov, a feather, or down, in allusion to the finely divided leaves.)
DiSCOPLEURA DC
1. P. capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. Plant 3-6(-18) dm. high;
leaf-divisions filiform ; umbel 5-20-rayed ; involucre of filiform
bracts usually cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent ;
fruit 2-3 mm. long, acute. (Discophura DC.) — Brackish (rarely
fresh) marshes, along the coast, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. ; locally n. in §23. P. capii
Miss, basiu to Mo. and Kan. June-Oct. Fig. 823. iaceum x 4
614
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
2. P. Nuttallii (l^C.) Britton. Similar in habit ; involiicral bracts shon and
entire ; fruit onhj 1 ram. long, as broad as liigli, hhinl. {Discopleura DC.) —
m. to e. Kan., La., and Tex.
824. A. Podagraria
X4.
11. AEG0P6dIUM L. Goutweed
Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, and no
oil-tubes ; stylopodium conical and prominent ; seed nearly
terete. — A coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping root-
stock, sharply toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked
umbels of white flowers. (Name from at^, goat, and irodiov,
a little foot, probably from the shape of the leaflets.)
L A. PoDAGUAHiA L. — Wastc-hcaps, etc., e. Mass. to Del.
(Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 824.
825. C. macu-
lata X 4.
12. CICUTA L. Water Hemlock
Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovoid to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with
strong flattlsh corky ribs (the lateral largest) , oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary ;
stylopodium depressed ; seed nearly terete. — Very poisonous
plants, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, in-
volucre usually none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and
white dowers. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)
1. C. maculata L. (Spotted Cowbane, Mlsquash Root,
Beaver Poisox.) Stem stout, 1-2.2 m. high, streaked with
purple ; leaves 2-3-pinnate, the lower on long petioles ; leaflets
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate ; petlicels
in the umbellets numerous, very unequal ; fruit broadly ovate to
oval, 3-8.5 mm. long, shallowl;/ or not at all grooved at the com-
missure.— N. B. to V'a., and westw., common. Fig. 825.
2. C. Curtissii Coult. & Rose. Coarser ; fruit 2-3 mm. long,
subglobose, grooved at the junction of the carpels. — Va. to Ky.,
and southw. — Perhaps only a variety of the preceding.
3. C. bulbifera L. Bather slender, 3-10 dm.
high; leaves 2-3-pinnate (sometimes appearing ternate); leaflets
linear, sparsely toothed, 2-5 cm. long; upper axils hearing clus-
tered hulUets; fruit (rare) scarcely 2 mm. long.-- Common in
swamps, N. S. to Md. and Ida.
13. cArUM L. Caraway
Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, with filiform or in-
conspicuous ribs ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium conical ; seed-
face plane or nearly so. — Smootli erect slender herbs, v/ith fusi-
form or tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, involucre and involucels
of few to many bracts, and white (rarely pink) flowers. (Name
perhaps from the country, Caria.^
1. C. CArvi L. (Caraway.) Leaves with filiform divisions.
826. c. Carvi — Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from
x-t. Eu.) Fig. 826.
14. PETROSELtNUM Hoffm. Parsley
Calyx-teeth obsolete. I'etals greenish-yellow, with attenuate incurved points.
Fruit ovate, glabrous, laterally compressed ; carpels pentaironal, the primary
ribs filiform, snbequal ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals ; stylopodium cushion-
like.— Chiefly biennials, with ternately pinnate decom])ound leaves, toothed
leaf-segments, compound innbels, few-parted involucres, nnd several-many-
parted involufuls. (Name from iriTpa. a rock, and aiXtvov. parsley.)
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
615
L P. HORTENSK Hoffm. (CoMMON P.) Leaflets small, ovate, 3-cleft or
-toothed. (F. sativum Hoffm.; Carum Fetroselinum B. & H.) — Commoniy
cultivated in market gardens, and occasionally found as an escape. (Introd.
from the Mediterranean region.)
15. BERULA Hoffm.
Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit emarginate at base, glabrous; carpels nearly
globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick corky pericarp ; oil-tubes
numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity ; seed terete. —
Smooth aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and vari-
ously cut leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels
of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (The Latin name of the
\Yater Cress, of Celtic origin. )
1. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville. Erect, 2-9 dm. high; leaflets
5-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often
laciniately lobed, sometimes crenate, 2-8 cm. long ; fruit scarcely
2 mm. long. {B. angustifolia Mertens & Koch ; Shim angusti-
foliinn L.) — Swamps and streams, s. Ont. and Mich, to Minn.,
827. E. electa xs. south w. and westw. July, Aug. Fjg. 827.
82S. S. ciciitae-
folium X 4.
16. SiUM [Tourn.] L. Water Parsnip
Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent corky
nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1-8 in the intervals; stylopodiura depressed; seed-
face pLtne. — Smooth perennials, with pinnate leaves and .serrate
or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of numerous narrow
bracts, and white flowers. (From aiop; the Greek name of some
marsh plant.)
1. S. cicutaefolium Schrank. Stout, 0.8-2 m. high ; leaflets
3-8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acumi-
nate, 5-12 cm. long, the lower leaves sometimes submersed and
flnely dissected ; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, with prominent ribs. (S.
lineare Michx.) — Muddy banks, common. Fig. 828. S. Carsonii
Durand appears to be merely a weak aquatic state or perhaps
variety, 2-6 dm. high, with leaflets 1-3 2Km's. linear,
2-5 cm. long ; when submersed or floating, very thin,
ovate to oblong, usually laciniately toothed or dissected,
the leaf sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet ; fruit slightly
smaller.
17. CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Honewort
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse
equal ribs ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib ;
.stylopodium slender-conical; seed-face plane. — A glabrous peren-
nial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, no involucre, involucels of minute
bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name from Kpy-nrds, hidden,
and Taivia, a fillet, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.)
1. C. canadensis (L.) DC. Plant 3-9 dm. high ; leaflets large,
ovate, 5-10 cm. long, pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed ; umbels
irregular and unequally few-rayed ; pedicels very unequal ; fruit
4-6 mm. long; often curved. {Deringa Ktze.) — N. B. to Ga.,
w. to Tex. and w. Ont. June-Sept. Fig. 829.
S-^9. C. ^
den sis
18. ZIZIA Koch.
Calyx-teeth pron)inent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glal)!ous, with filiform ribs.
Oii-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small one in each rib.
616
UM BELLI FERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
stylopodium wanting ; seed terete. — Smooth perennials, with mostly Thaspinm-
like leaves, no involucre, involiicels of small bractlets, yellow flowers, and the
central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Flowering in spring. (Named
for /. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.)
1. Z. aiirea (L.) Koch. (Golden Alexanders.) Leaves (except
the uppermost) 2-3-ferwa^e, the radical very long-petioled ; leaflets
ovate to lanceolate^ sharply serrate, acuminate; rays 15-25, stout,
2-5 cm. long ; fruit oblong, about 4 mm. long. — River-banks,
meadows, and rich woods, e. Que. to Sask., s. to Va., Ark., and
Tex. Fig. 830. Var. obtusif6lia Bissell. Leaflets broader,
rounded at tip. — Local, w. Ct.
2. Z. Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Britton. Slender ; leaflets some-
what coarsely serrate, the lower leaves small, inclined to be simple ;
rays 2-8, slender, 5-7 cm. long ; fruit oval, 2-8 mm. long. (Z. aurea,
var. Coult. & Rose.) — Mts., W. Va. to Ga. and Tenn.
3. Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Badical leaves mostly long-petioled,
cordate or even rounder, crenately toothed, very rarely lobed or
divided ; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, with the ovate or
lanceolate leaflets serrate, incised, or sometimes parted ; fruit ovate, 3 mm. long.
— Ct. {Fames) to N. C, w. to Alb., Col., and westw.
880. Z. aurea
x4.
19. FOENICULUM [Tourn.] Hill. Fennel
Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and solitary oil-tubes. — Stout
glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform segments,
no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin
name, from foenum, hay.)
1. F. vulgXre Hill. (F. officinale All.; F. Foeniculum Karst.), the culti-
vated Fennel from Europe, is a common escape, and somewhat naturalized in
Md. and Va.
20. PIMPINELLA L.
Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes,
and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium. — Smooth perennials, with involucre
and involucels scanty or none ; ours with white flowers. (Name
said to be formed from bipinnula, referring to the bipinnate
leaves.)
1. P. SAxfFRAGRA L. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply
toothed leaflets ; fruit oblong, 2 mm. long; stylopodium cushion-
like.— Roadsides and waste places, local, N. B. to Del., Pa.,
and 0. (Nat. from Eu.)
21. TAENIDIA Drude.
Fruit short-oblong, flattened laterally, wingless, glabrous ;
oil-tubes mostly 3 in the intervals ; seed subterete but the face
slightly concave. Involucre and involucels mostly wanting.
Flowers yellow. — Glabrous glaucous perennial, with ternate
leaves. (Name from TaLvLSiov, a little band, in reference to
the small scarcely prominent ribs.)
1.. T. integ6rrima (L.) Drude. Slender, 5-10 dm. high;
loaves 2-3-ternatf' ; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, entire ; fruit oblon
long. (Pimpinella Gray.) — Dry gravelly woods and thickets, w
w. N. E. to N. C, Ark., and Minn. Fig. 831.
831. T.
integerrima
xR.
g, 4 mm.
Que. and
22. EULOPHUS Nutt.
Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or ol)l(»ng, glabrous, with equal filiform
ribs; oil-tnl)os 1-5 in tlie intervals; stylo))0(liuui conicnl. with long recurved
styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central iongitutlinal ridge. — Ours
UMBELLIFERAK ( PARSLEY FAMILY)
617
with pinnately compound leaves, involucels of numerous nar-
rowly lanceolate acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled
umbels of white flowers, (Name from tf'. \oeU^ and \6(pos, a
crest, alluding to the calyx or perhaps to the phime-like leaves.)
\. E. americamis Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves
large, 1-2-pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short
narrow segments : upper stem-leaves ternate, with narrowly
linear elongated leaflets; fruit 4-6 mm. long. — O. to Mo.,
Tenn., and Ark. July. Fig. 832.
23. ANTHRISCUS Bernh. Chervil
Fruit linear, notched at base, beaked, glabrous, without
832. E. auiericanus ribs (but beak ribbed) ; oil-tubes none, stylopodium conical,
X 4. seed-face sulcate. — Resembling ChaerophyUum in vegetative
characters. (The ancient Roman name.)
1. A. CEREF6LirM (L.) Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. — Waste
places, fields, etc.. Que. and e. Pa. (Introd. from Eu.)
24. SCANDIX [Tourn.] L. Vends' Comb
Fruit narrowly oblong, terminating in a long linear beak. Oil-tubes solitai^
at the intervals or none. Carpels subterete. Seed concave on the inner face. —
Slender annuals with pinnately much divided leaves and white flowers. (An-
cient Greek name of the Chervil.)
1. S. Pectex-Veneris L. Sparingly pubescent. 2—5 dm. high, commonly
branched from the base ; flowers nearly sessile ; the beak of the fruit 4-6 cm.
long, densely ciliate on the edges. — Waste places, especially near Atlantic
ports, more sparingly westw. (Adv. from Eurasia. )
25. BUPLEURUM [Tourn.] L, Thorough-wax
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no oil-tubes,
depressed stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat concave. — Smooth annual,
with ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no involucre, involucels of 5 very con-
spicuous ovate mucronate bractlets, and yellow flowers. (Name from jSoOs, an
ox, and irXevpdv, a rib.)
1. B. rotundif6lium L. — Frequent in fields, etc., N. H. to N. C, S. Dak.,
and Ariz. (Nat from Eu.)
26. LILAe6pSIS Greene.
Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally ; dorsal ribs
filiform, the lateral thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on
the commissure. — Dwarf creeper with hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose
petioles in place of leaves, simple few-flowered umbels, and white flowers.
(Named from its resemblance to Lilaea.) Crantzia Nutt.. not Scop.
1. L. lineata (Michx.) Greene. Leaves very obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
broad ; fruit 2 mm. long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.
{Crantzia Nutt.) — In mud of brackish marshes along the coast, N. E. to Miss.
July. (Widely distributed.)
27. CYNOSCIADIUM DC.
Calyx-teeth distinct. Fruit short, glabrous, scarcely flattened ; lateral ribs
forming a corky margin; stylopodium conical. — Slender annuals, with pin-
nately divided leaves. Involucre and involucels ]nvsent. Petals white. (Name
from -h-i/wv, (log, and aKidbiov, a sinishade, a fanciful designation referring t(» tlit
umbels.)
618
umbellifehaf: (parsley family)
1. C. pinnatum DC. Segments of the leaves 2-0 pairs, narrow, distant, the
terminal one the longest. — McDonald Co., Mo. {Bush) to Kan. and Tex.
833. L. scothi-
cum X 4.
28. LIGUSTICUM L. Lovage
Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous;
carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals.
t)il-tubes 2-0 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commissure. Stylo-
podium conical. — Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots,
with large ternately compound leaves, mostly no involucre,
involucels of narrow bractlets, and white flowers in large many-
rayed umbels. (Named from the country Ligiiria, where the
officinal Lovage of the gardens abounds.)
1. L. canad^nse (L.) Britton. (Xondo, Axgklico.) Stem
stout, branched, 1-2 m. high; leaves very large, S-i-ternate ;
leaflets broadly oblojig, 5-12 cm. long, coarsely serrate; fruit
ovate, 4-6 mm. long ; seed with angled back. (L. actaeifolium
of auth., not Michx.) — Kich ground, s. Pa. to Mo., and southw.
2. L. sc6thicum L. (Scotch L.) Stem simple, o-6 dm. high ;
leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, 2.5-5 c?>i. long, coarsely toothed;
fruit narrowly oblong. 8-10 mm. long; seed with round back.
— Salt marshes and rocks, along the coast from N. Y. north w.
Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 833.
29. CORIANDRUM [Tourn.] L. Coriander
Fruit nearly globose, not at all narrowed at the commissure ; ribs filiform
or acutish. Seed dorsally compressed, somewhat concave on the inner face. —
Slender glabrous herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, compound umbels, no
involucre, few-parted involucels, and white or roseate unequal
petals. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. C. SATIVUM L. Lower leaves pinnate, the leaflets flabelli-
form, many-cleft, cuneate at the base, upper leaves deeply cut
into linear segments. — Waste places, becoming frequent. (Adv.
from Eurasia.)
30. AETHUSA L. Fool's Parsley
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-globose, slightly flattened
dorsally ; carpel with 5 thick sharp ribs ; oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals, 2 on the commissure. — l*oisonous annuals, with
2-3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate, ultimate seg-
ments small and many-cleft, no involucre, long narrow involu-
cels, and white flowers. {AWovcra, burning, in allusion to the
bright or shining foliage, probably in translation of the Swedish vernacular
name glis.)
1. A. CynXpium L. a fetid poisonous herb, in waste or cultivated grounds,
from N. S. to Pa., Minn., and Ont. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 834.
b34. A. Cynai)ium
X4.
3L COELOPLEtRUM Ledeb.
Fruit globose to ellipsoid, with prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs
(none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and under the ribs.
2-4 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp. — Stout glabrous (or inflo-
rescence puberulent) maritime perennials, with 2-3-ternate leaves on very large
inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small
linear-lanceolate bractlets (often conspicuous or even leaf-like), and greenish-
white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From koiXos, hollow, and irXevpbv, a rib.)
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
619
1. C. actaeifolium (Michx.) Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-12 dm.
high ; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate, 5-7 cm. long ; fruit
4-7 mm. long. (C Gmelini of auth., not Ledeb.) — Rocky coasts,
Mass. to Greenl. Eig. 835.
32. CYM6pTERUS Raf.
Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with
all the ribs conspicuously winged ; oil-tubes 1-several in the inter-
vals, 2-8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face
slightly concave. — Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous peren-
nials, from a thick elongated root, with more or less pinnately
compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involu-
cels, and white flowers (in ours). (From KVfxa, a icave, and
irrepov, a wi)ig, referring to the often undulate wings.)
1. C. acaulis (Pursh) Rydb. Low (1-2 dm. high), with a short
erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous ;
rays and pedicels very short, making a compact cluster ; involucre none ; involu-
cel of a single palniately 5-7-parted bractlet ; fruit globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter ;
wings rather corky; oil-tubes 4-5 in the intervals. (C*. glomeratus Raf.) —
Minn, to la., Ark., and westw.
885. C. actaei-
folium X '■].
33. THASPIUM Nutt. Meadow Parsnip
Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Frtiit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally ;
carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged ; oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting, styles long. — Peren-
nials, with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and
broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and
all the fruit pediceled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called
from the island of Thapsus.)
1. T. aiireum Nutt. Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate^
serrate; stem-leaves simply ternate (rarelv biternate); leaflets
ovate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate ; flowers
deep yellow ; fruit globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. long, all the ribs
equally icinged. — Thickets and woodlands, n. O. to Md., Ga.,
Ark., and Wyo. — Fl. summer. Fig. 83(3.
Var. atropurpureum (Desr.) Cotilt. &. Rose. Petals dark-
purple. — N. J. to Ga. and 111.
2. T. barbinbde (Michx.) Nutt. Loosely branched, pubes-
cent on the joints, sometimes puberulent in the umbels ; leaves
l-S-teitnate ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, actite, with cuneate
base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted ;
flowers light yellow ; fruit broadly oblong, about 6 mm. long
and 4 mm. broad, icith mostly 1 prominent icings. — Banks of
streams, N. Y. to Minn., and south w. i\Liy-.June. Yar. an-
GusTiFOLiuM Coult. & Rosc, has narrower more sharply cut
leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent. — Pa. to Pt. Pelee,
Ont., and 111.
3. T. pinnatifidum. (Buckley) Gray. Resembling the last, hwt puberulent on
the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, icith feioer leaves ; leaflets \ -2-pin nati fid, tlie
lobes linear or oblong ; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-
petioled ; flowers light yellow ; fruit oblong, 3-5 mm, long and 2-3 mm. broad,
all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. — Barrens and mts.,
Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.
34. LOMATIUM Raf.
Fruit flattened dorsally, oblong to nearly orbictilar, laterally winged : oil-
tubes usually many. Roots fusiform. Leaves dissected. Involucre none.—
S36. T. aureum.
Fruit X 4.
Cross-section of
fruit X 5.
620
UMBELLIB^ERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)
Perennials of dry f^rouncl. nearly or (luite acaulescent. Petals yellow or white.
(Name from Xw/Aa, a b(»rder, referring to the winged fruit.) Pelxedanum of
Am. auth., but scarcely of L.
1. L. orientale Coult. & Rose. Pubescent. 1-2 dm. high ; leaves bipinnate ;
petals wliite or pinkish ; fruit nearly round ; dorsal ribs indistinct. (Peuced-
anum nudicaule Nutt., in part.) — Gravelly soil, Minn, to la., Kan., and westw.
2. L. daucif51ium (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Leaves finely dissected; petals
yellow; fruit oval; dorsal ribs prominent. {Peucedamtm viUosum Nutt., in
part.) — Barrens, w. Mo. to Neb. and Tex.
35. PSEUDOTAENIDIA Mackenzie.
Calyx-teeth short, thickish. Petals inferentially yellow. Fruit thickish,
strongly compressed dorsally, oblong-lanceolate ; carpels obcompressed, with
slender dorsal ribs and broad somewhat corky lateral wings. Oil-tubes mostly
solitary in the intervals. — Glabrous erect perennial, with 2-3-ternate leaves,
entire leaflets and exinvolucrate compound umbels. (Name from xpevSos, false,
and Taenidia, to which this recently discovered genus possesses a marked habital
resemblance.)
L P. montana Mackenzie. Slender, erect, 5-8 dm. high; root slightly
thickened ; petioles broad and clasping ; leaflets elliptical to lance-ovate or
-oblong, entire, thin ; umbels 6-12-rayed ; involucels none or inconspicuous ;
fruit 6 mm. long. — Clayey and rocky mountain slopes, Kate's
Mt., W. Va. {Mackenzie) and Luray Cavern, Va. {Steele).
36. POLYTAENIA DC.
Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flat-
tened dorsally ; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back,
the lateral with broad thick corky closely contiguous wings form-
ing the margin of the fruit ; oil-tubes 12-18 about the seed and
many scattered through the thick corky pericarp. — A perennial
mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and
3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow
involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from
TToXv-, many, and raivla, a fillet, alluding to the
numerous oil-tubes.)
1. P. Nuttallii DC. Plant 6-10 dm. high ;
pedicels and involucels pubescent. — Barrens, Mich, to n. Ala.,
Tex., Okla., la., and Wise. Fig. 837.
37. PASTINACA L. Parsnip
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dor-
sally ; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings,
which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin ; oil-tubes
small, solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure ; stylo-
podium depressed. — Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately
compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow
flowers. (The Latin name, from pastus, food.)
1. P. SATIVA L. Stem grooved ; leaflets ovate to oblong,
cut-toothed. — Waste places, open rich soil, etc. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 838.
837
P. Nuttallii
x3.
838. P. sativa x8.
38. LEViSTICUM [Rivinius] Hill. Lovage
Calyx-teeth obscure. Petals greenish-yellow. Fruit oblong, rounded at each
end, .strongly riljbed, the lateral ribs moderately winged ; oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals, 2 on the commissure; seed flattish oai the inner face. — Stout
UMBELLIFEKAE (^PAllSLEY I^A.MILY) 621
perennial herb, with branched stems, large bipinnate leaves with rhombic-
obovate and compound conspicuously involucrate umbels. (Name said to be a
corruption of Ligusticum.)
1. L. OFFICINALE (L.) Koch, Esseutiall}^ glabrous ; leaflets coarsely toothed
toward the apex, entire at tlie cuneate base. {L. Levisticum Karst.) — Culti-
vated for the aromatic qualities especially of its seeds, and now occasionally
found as a local escape. (Introd. from s. Eu.)
39. ANETHUM [Tourn.] L. Dill
Petals yellow. Fruit elliptical, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs winged.
Involucre and involucels none. — Slender caulescent annuals with finely divided
leaves, and compound umbels. {"AvT}dov^ ancient Greek name of tlie dill, thought
to come from idetv, to burn, in allusion to the pungent seeds.)
1. A. GRAVEOLEXS L. Erect, glabrous, usually branched. o-lO dm. high :
leaves finel}^ dissected, fennel-like. — Thoroughly established at Bridgeport, Ct.
iEames), and casual on waste ground, etc., elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.)
40. HERACLEUM L. Cow Parsnip
Fruit obovate, as in Pastinaca, but with a thick conical stylopodiuni, and
the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below
the middle. — Tall stout perennials, with large compound
leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved
involucels, white or purplish flowers, and obcordate petals,
the outer ones commonly larger and •2-cleit. (Dedicated to
Hercules.)
1. H. lanatum Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 1-2 8 m.
high ; leaves teniate ; leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed.
— Wet ground, Nfd. to the Pacific, and southw. to N. C,
Ky., and Kan. June. Fig. 830.
2. H. Sphondylium L. Spreading-pubescent and some-
vs-hat scabrous; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-7, coarsely and
rather bluntly toothed. — Casual on waste land, etc., chiefly
839. H. lanatum X 2. about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)
41. IMPERAT6rIA [Tourn.] L.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals small, white. Fruit suborbicular or broadly
elliptical, distinctly cordate at base and apex, smooth, the ribs filiform except
the lateral, which are developed into a broad thin wing ; stylopodium conical ;
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and as long or nearly as long as the fruit. —
Stately smoothish perennials, with ternately compound leaves. (From m-
perator, master, emperor, in allusion, it is said, to its powerful medicinal
qualities.)
1. I. OsTRfjTHicM L. (Masterwort.) Stciu hoUow, 8-15 dm. high ; leaflets
large, ovate or obovate, serrate and commonly incised, nearly or quite glabrous ;
umbels with very numerous rays exinvolucrate or nearly so ; bracts of the
involucels few, narrow, inconspicuous. — Formerly cultivated, now locally estab-
lished in e. Pa., Mich., and perhaps elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.)
42. OXYPOLIS Kaf.
Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally ; dorsal ribs
filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved next
to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs); oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals. 2-6 on the commissure ; stylopodium short, thick-conical. — Glabrous
erect aquatic herbs ; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white, (Deri-
vation unexplained.) Tiedemannia DC.
622
UMBELLIFEIIAE (rAKSLEV FAMILY)
840. O.
X
rigidior
4.
1. 0. filif6rmis (Walt.) Britton. Stem hollow, 4-20 dm.
high ; leaves reduced to cylindrical hollow pointed nodose
petioles; fruit ohovate, rounded or truncate at the ends.
( Tiedemannia teretifolia DC.) — Ponds, Va. to Fla. and La.
Auu., Sept.
Var. Canbyi Coult. & Rose. Fruit short, suborbicular, retuse
at both ends. — Ellendale, Del. (Canby^ Commons).
2. 0. rigidior (L.) Coult. & Rose. (Cowbaxk.) Stem 6-15
dm. high; leaves simply pinnate, with 8-9 linear to lanceolate
remotely toothed leaflets; oil-tiibes mostly small. {Tiedeman-
nia rigida Coult. & Rose.) — Swamps, X. Y. to Minn,, s. to the
Gulf. Aug. — Poisonous; roots tuberiferoiLS. Var. ambigia
(Ntitt.) Robinson (Var. longifolia l^ritton) with entire leaflets,
occurs in X. J., and southw. Fig. 840.
43. CONIOSELINUM Fisch. Hemlock Parsley
Fruit oval, flattened dorsally, glabrous, the lateral ribs extended into broad
■wings; seed slightly concave on the inner face. — Tall slender glabrous peren-
nials, with finely 2-3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved
involucre or none, involucels of elongated (in oL.rs) linear-vseta-
ceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Compound of Conium and
Selinum, from its resemblance to these genera.)
I. C. chinense (L. ) BSP. Leaflets pinnatifid ; wings nearly
as broad as the seed ; oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, sometimes 1
or 4. (C canadense T. & G.) — Swamps and cold cliffs, Nfd.
to Out., s. to N. E., N. Y. , Ind., Minn., and in the mts. to N. C.
Fig. 84L
Aug. -Oct.
44. ANGELICA L. Angelica
841. C. chinense
X4.
Fruit strongly flattened dorsally ; primary ribs very prominent,
the lateral extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double-
winged margin to the fruit ; oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals
or indefinite, 2-10 on the commi.ssm'e. — Stout perennials, with
ternately or pinnately compound leaves, large terminal umbels,
scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved involucels, and white- or greenish
flowers. (Named angelic from its cordial and medicinal properties.)
* Seed adherent to the pericarp ; oil-tuhes l-several in the intervals; uppermost
leaves mostly reduced to large injiated petioles.
1. A. Curtisii Buckle3\ Glabrous ; leaves twice ternate or the divisions
quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate-lanceolate, sharply and irregularly
toothed, 2.6-8 cm. broad ; fruit glabrous, o-'.> mm. broad ; oil-
tubes mostly solitary (rarely 2-3) in the intervals. — Along the
Alleghenies from Pa. to N. C. Aug.
2. A. vill5sa (Walt.) BSP. Pubescent above; leaves twice
pinnately or ternately divided ; leaflets thickish, lanceolate to
oblong, 1-2 cm. broad, serrate; fruit puhescent. 4 mm. broad ;
oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals. (^1. hirsuta Muhl.) — Rocky
woods, w. Mass. to Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July.
3. A. sYLVESTRis L. Puberuk'nt above ; leaves ternately bi-
pinnate ; leaflets thin, ovate to lanceolate, finely serrate ; fruit
glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; oil-tubes mostly I in each
interval. — Old fields, Louisburg, Cape Bret(Mi I. {Macoun).
(Nat. from Eu.)
* * Seed loose ; oil-tubes indefinite (26-.30); tipper petioles not
842. A. atn.pur- «^ prominent.
purea x 3. 4. A. atropuipurea L. Very stout, glabrous throughout,
COKNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) 623
with dark purple stem ; leaves 2-o-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of
5-7 lanceolate to ovate leaflets, 2-4 cm. broad, sharply mucronate-serrate.
{Archanqelica Hoffm.) — Alluvial soils, Nfd. to Del., 111.. la., Minn., and w.
Unt. Fig. ^42.
45. TORILIS Adans.
Calyx-teeth short, triangular, persistent. Fruit bristly with hooked prickles
or warty, the primary ribs not so prominent as the secondary'. — Erect slender
caulescent annuals with bipinnate leaves, compound umbels, and dense heads of
white flowei-s, the involucres and involucels of linear bracts. (Etymology un-
known.) CArcALis of auth., in part.
1. T. Anthri'scus (L ) Bernh. Umhels open, loose, long-peduncled, raised
above the leaves ; prickles evenly distributed on the fruit. {Caucalis Huds. ) —
Open woods and waste places, X. Y. to D. C, Ky., and O. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. T. NODOSA (L.) Gaertn. Umbels dense, subcapitate ; peduncles much
shorter than the leaves ; prickles often confined to one side of the elsewhere irarty
carpels. {Caucalis Scop.) — Similar situations, from the Middle Atlantic Slates
westw. (Adv. from Eu.)
46. DAUCUS [Toum.] L. Carrot
Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally ; stylopodium depressed ;
carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary
ones, each of the latter bearing a sinde row of barbed prickles ;
oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on the commis-
sural side. — Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decom-
pound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and C(^mpound
umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek
name.)
1. D. Car6ta L. Biennial ; stem bristly ; ultimate leaf-seg-
ments lanceolate and cuspidate ; rays numerous. — Fields and
waste places ; a pernicious weed. — The flowers \?iv\ from white
843. D. Carota to roseate or pale yellow, the central one in each umbel usually
x3%. dark puri)le. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 843.
CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family)
Shrubs or trees {rarely herbaceous) ., xoith opposite or alternate simple leaves,
the calyx-tube adherent to the 1-2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals
{valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigynous
disk in the pierfect flowers ; style one; a single anatropous ovule hanging from
the top of the cell; the fruit a l-2-seeded drupe ; embryo nearly as long as the
albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons. — Including two genera with us, of
which Xyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic.
1. Comus. Flowers perfect, 4-raerous. Leaves mostly opjjosite.
2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate.
1. C6RNUS [Tourn.] L. Cornel. Dogwood
Flowers perfect (or in some foreign s])ecies dioecious). Calyx minutely
4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 ; filaments slender. Style
slender; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and
2-seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except \n one species), entire. Flowers
small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surroun(h'd by a corolla-like
involucre. (Name from cornu., a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)
024 CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY^
§ 1. FJomfirs f/rpenish nr piirplr in <t, chisr cluster, siirrnunded h)/ a shoii'jy
usnaUy i-hracled <:<>roUa-li/cc white or pinkish involucre ; fntit bright red.
1. C. canadensis L. (Dwakk C, Blinchbekhy.) Stems low and simple^
9-22 cm. hiijh, from a slender creeping and subterranean rootstock ; leaves
scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl
in sixes or fours ^i-arely opposite), ovate or oval, pointed ; bracts of the involucre
ovate, short-acuminate ; flowers greenish-white or the petals purple-tipped ; fruit
globular. — Damp cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., W. V^a., Ind., Minn.,
etc. Juue, July. (E. Asia.) — Leaves and involucres (rarely 3) often modified
and variously colored,
2. C. suecica L. Similar but more slender ; leaves short-oval, in S-several
pairs^ not verticillate ; flowers deep violet; involncral bracts ovate, obtusish,
usually smaller than in the preceding. — Wooded crests of headhuids and cliffs.
Kivi^re du Lonp, Que,, and Nfd, to Greenl. and Alaska. July. (Boreal
Eurasia, )
3. C. fl6rida L. (Flowering D.) Tree. 4-12 m. high ; leaves ovate, pointed,
acutish at the base ; bracts of the involucre ohcoi'date, 3-6 cm. long ; finiit ovoid.
— Dry woods, from s. Me. to Out. a'.id s. Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.
— Very showy in flower, scarcely le.ss so in fruit.
§ 2. Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes; involucre none; fruit spher-
ical; leaves all opposite {except in no. 11.)
* Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading.
■*- Fruit light blue.
4. C. circinata L'Her. (Round-leaved C. or D.) Shrub, 2-3 m. high ;
branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly
beneath, 5-12 cm. broad ; cymes flat ; fruit light blue. — Copses, in rich or
sandy soil, or on rocks, e. Que. to Man., s. to Va., Ind., Ill, la., and N. Dak.
Juue, July.
5. C. Amomum Mill. (Silky C, Kinxikixnik.) Shrub, 1-3 m. high;
branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the ovate or ellip-
tical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull, not microscopically
papillose ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. ( C. sericea
L.) — Wet places, Nfd. to N. D., s. to Fla. and La, June. — C. Purpusi Koehne,
with slightly narrower leaves microscopically papillose but not rusty -pubescent
beneath, appears to be an inconstant form rather than a distinct species.
-*- -t- Fruit white.
6. C. asi)erif51ia Michx. Branches brownish; the branchlets, etc., roiigh-
pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on short jietioles, pointed, rough with a harsh
pubescence above, and dovjny beneath; corolla subcylindric in bud, petals rather
long ; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit white, 5-0 mm. in diameter. — Dry or sandy
soil, n. shore of L. Erie to Minn., Kan., and southw. May, Juue. — A rather
tall shrub. C. Priceae Small, of Ky. and Tenn., is said to have smaller fruit
(about 3 mm. in diameter).
7. C. Baileyi Coult. & Evans. Branchlets brownish, spreading-pubescent,
not scabrous ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, not scabrous, appressed-pubesceiit
above, covered beneath with spreading and subappressed pubescence ; corolla
ovoid in bud ; petals short; fruit pure white. — Sandy shores, etc., w. Pa. and
s. Ont. to Minn, and Man.
* * Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none.
8. C. stolonifera Michx. (Red-osier D.) Branches, especially the osier-
like shoots of tlie season, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at
base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish wiih a minute close pubescence on both
sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth;
fruit whitt' or leail-rolor (rarely blue). — Wet places, Nfd. to Mackenzie, s. to
D. C, Great L. region, la., Neb., N. Mex., etc.; common, especially northw. —
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 1)25
Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps
1-2 m. high, June-Aug.
9. C. stricta Lam. (Stiff C.) A shrub 2-5 m. high ; branches brownish or
reddish, smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at base,
glaJjroiis, of nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, Jlattish ; anthers and
fruit pale blue. — Swamps, Va. and Mo., southw. Apr., ]\[ay.
10. C. paniculata L'Her. Shrub 1-2.5 m. high, much branched; branches
gray, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at base, whitish t,e-
neath but not downy ; cymes convex, loose, often panicled ; fruit ichite, de-
pressed-globose, on bright red pedicels. (C. candidissima Marsli. ?, not Mill.) —
Thickets and river-banks, centr. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. June,
July.
11. C. altemifblia L. f. Shrub or tree 2-6 m. high ; branches greenish,
streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends, ovate or oval,
long-pointed, acute at. base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath; cymes
very broad and open; fruit deep blue, on reddish stalks. — Copses, e. Que. to
w. Ont., Minn., and la., s. to Ga. and Ala. May, June.
2. NYSSA L. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour Gum
Flowers borne at the summit of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. Stamens 5-12,
oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk. No pistil. Fist. Fl. soli-
tary, or 2-8, sessile in a bracted cliLster. much larger than the staminate flowers.
Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5-10, with
perfect or imperfect anthers. Style elongated. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid. — Trees
with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed alternate leaves and greenish flowers.
(The name of a Nymph: "so called because it [the original species] grows in
the water.")
1. N. sylvatica Marsh. (Black Gdm.) Middle-sized tree, with horizontal
branches ; leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-
pubescent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when
old ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit ovoid, acid,
bluish-black, about 1.2 cm. long. (^N. multiflora Wang.) — Rich soil, either
moist or nearly dry, s. Me. and n. Vt. to Mich., s. to Fla. and Tex. Apr., May.
— Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Wood Arm, close-grained.
Var. biflbra (Walt.) Sarg. Leaves narrower, subcoriaceous, more obtuse;
stone decidedly furrowed. (^Y. biflora Walt.) — Marshes, southw.; sometimes
well marked.
2. N. aquatica L. A large tree ; leaves oblong or ovate, sometimes slightly
cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubes-
cent beneath, at least when young, 1-3 dm. long ; fertile flower solitary on a
slender peduncle ; fruit ellipsoid, blue, 2.5 cm. or more in length. (.V. unifiora
Wang.) — Deep swamps, s. Va. to s. 111. and Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex. Apr. —
Wood soft ; that of the roots very light and spongy.
ERICACEAE (Heath Family)
Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as
many or twice as many as the 4r-^-lobed or "k-b-petaled corolla, free from but in-
serted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening by terminal
chinks or pores, introrse (except in Subfamily I); style 1; ovary '6-\0-celled.
Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Subfamily II). Seeds small,
anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A
large family, very various in many of the characters, ours comprising four
well-marked subfamilies.
Cray's manual — 40
626 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY^
Subfamily I. PYROLOIDEAE (Pyrola Subfamily)
Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the
bud, opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose
and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.
Tribe I. CL^THREAE. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains simple.
Capsule 3-celled.
1. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.
Tribe II. PYR6LEAE. Herbaceous or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound.
Capsule .^(rarely 4)-celled.
2. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbeled. Petals widely spreading. Style
very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.
3. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals wdely spreading. Style straight, exserted ; stigma
5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.
4. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-
shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.
Subfamily II. MONOTROPOIDEAE (Indian Pipe Subfamily)
Flowers nearly as in Subfamily I or III, but the plants herbaceous, root-para-
sitic or saprophytic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of
Beech Drops. Seeds as in Subfamily I.
* Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals ; calyx imperfect or bract-like.
5. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.
* * Corolla gamopetalous ; anthers 2-celled.
6. Pterospora. Corolla ovoid, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.
7. MonotropSiS. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top.
Subfamily III. ERICOfDEAE (Heath Subfamily)
Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous,
hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees.
Tribe I. RHODODENDREAE. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.
* Flowers developed from scaly buds.
+■ Scales or bracts caducous ; anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.
8. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5-10. Leaves evergreen.
9. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed or
i:>arted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.
10. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous,
-»- +■ Bud-scales firm and persistent ; anther-cells opening lengthwise ; leaves evergreen.
11. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.
12. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.
* * Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous,
13. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many
anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.
14. Phyllodoce. Corolla ovoid or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.
Tribe II. ANDROM^DEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in no. 22). Corolla deciduous,
* Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.
+■ Anther-cells opening only at the top ; corolla not .salver-shaped.
+-•• Corolla campanuiate, 4-5-lobed or -parted ; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.
t5. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4-5-valved, the valves
2-cleft.
ERICACEAE (^HEATH FAMILY) 627
++ ++ Corolla Qrceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed ; not heath-like.
16. Leucothoe. Calyx slig'htly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla ovoid or
cylirniraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.
IT. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Anthers 2-4-awned. Capsule de-
pressed-globose to obovoid, not thickened at the sutures. Seeds mostly hanging on the
central placenta.
18. Lyonia. Calyx, etc., much as in Andromeda. Anthers awnless. Capsule 5-angled, the
sutures with corky or spongy thickenings.
19. Chamaedaphne. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous.
( apsiile splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.
20. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule slender-pyramidal. Seeds all
ascending. A small tree.
-t- -!- Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.
21. Epigaea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.
* * Calyx becoming enlarged and berry -like in fruit.
22. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit inclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.
Tribe III. ARBUTEAE. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.
28. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry -like, 5-10-seeded.
Tribe IV. ERICEAE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.
"2-1. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, -l-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.
Subfamily IV. VACCINOfDEAE (Whortleberry Subfamily)
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like
fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex. —
Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.
25. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled. many seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into
a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.
26. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, ^vlth a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berry-like drupe
with 10 small seed-like nutlets.
27. Vaccinium. Berry 4-5-cel]ed (or imperfectly S-10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded.
Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.
1. CL^THRA [Gronov.] L. White Alder
Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals obovate-oblong. Anthers arrow-shaped,
erect in the bud, becoming inverted. Style slender. Capsule 3-valved, many-
seeded, inclosed in the calyx. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate decidu-
ous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous.
(KX^^pa, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat
resembles in foliage.)
1. C. alnifblia L. (Sweet Pepperbush.) Shrub 1-3 m. high ; leaves 3.5-7
cm. long, rcedge-ohovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently
straiiiht-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, usually panicled ;
petals white, rarely pink ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; filaments smooth. —
Wet copses, Me. to Fla., mostly near the coast. July-Sept.
2. C. acuminata Michx. A tall shrub or small tree ; leaves oval or ohlovg.
pointed, thin, finely serrate, 7-15 cm. long, pale beneath ; racemes solitary,
flexnous or drooping ; bracts longer than the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy.
— Woods in the AUeghenies, Va. to Ga. July, Aug.
2. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Pipsissewa
Petals 5, concave, orbicular. Stamens 10 ; filaments enlarged and hairy in
the middle ; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspicuouslj'' 2-horned.
Style nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary ; stigma
628 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)
broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in
Pyrola^ but splitting from the apex downward. — Low nearly herbaceous plants,
with long running- underground shoots, and tliick shining leaves, somewhat
whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems ; the flowers pink or
roseate, on a terminal peduncle. (Name from x^'M^, winter, and (pLKelv, to love,
in allusion to one of the popular names, viz. Wintergre<ni.)
1. C. umbellata (L.) Xutt. (Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa.) Leafy, 1-4 dm.
high ; leaves ivedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncUs 2-8-
flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet. — Dry woods, N. S. to Ga., w. to
the Pacific. July, Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.)
2. C. maculata (L. ) Pursh. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Stem 1-2.') dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed,
the upper surface variegated with white ; peduncles 1-5-flowered. — Dry woods,
Mass. to Out., Minn., and southw. June, July.
3. MONESES Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola
Petals 5, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked ; anthers as in Pyrola, but
conspicuously 2-horned. Stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous
radiating lobes. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) — Intermediate between
Pyrola and Chimaphila. (Name formed of /jlSvos, single, and •^o-ts, delight, from
the pretty solita^ry flower.)
1. M. uniflora (L.) Gray. A small perennial; the rounded and veiny
serrate thin leaves, 1-3 cm. long, clustered at the ascending apex of creeping
subterranean shoots; the 1-2-bracted scape, 3-13 cm. high, bearing a fragrant
waxy-white or rose-colored terminal flower 1-2 cm. wide. (M. grandifl.ora
S. F. Gray.) — Deep cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Mich., Minn., and in
the Rocky Mts. June, July. (Eurasia.)
4. PYROLA [Tourn.] L. Wintergreen. Shin Leaf
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10 ; filaments naked ; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in
the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more or less
4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base
(by inversion the apparent apex).. Stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule de-
pressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-valved from the base upward (loculicidal). Seeds
minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of roundish petioled evergreen basal leaves, and a simple raceme
of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name
a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the
foliage.)
* Style straight, much narrovjer than the peltate b-rayed stigma; petals and
stamens erect and connivent ; anthers not narrowed beloio the openings.
L P. minor L. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves roundish, slightly crenulate,
thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; flowers small, crowded, white
or rose-color ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly
globose corolla; style short and included. —Cold woods. Lab. to Alaska, s. to
N. S., X. B., n. N. E., Mich., Minn., etc. (Eurasia.)
2. P. secunda L. Subcaulescent, 1-2.5 dm. liigh ; leaves ovate, mucronate,
longer than the petiole, scattered, crenate-serrate ; racemes dense and spike-like,
the nuinerr)us small greenish-white flowers all turned to one side, .scarcely
nodding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals;
style long, exsrrted. — Rich woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Md.. Mich., Neb., etc.
June-Anj. '' I%nrasia.)
V'ar. obtusata Turcz. is a smaller plant, with thin pale rounded leaves more
crenulate, and a 3-8-flo\vered scape of whiter flowers. (Var. pnmtla Gray.)--
EHTCAC^EAE (HEATH FAMILY) t)29
Peat-bogs and cold mossy woods, s. to N, S., n. and w. N. E., mts. of Pa., Mich.,
etc. (Asia.)
* * Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent
or spreading petals ; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated
ring-like apex of the style ; anthers contracted below the openings^ forming
a short neck ; leaves denticulate or entire.
-(- Petals white or greenish-ivhite.
3. P. chlorantha Sw. Leaves small (rarely 3 or 4 cm. Ions:), roundish, thick,
dull, shorter than the petiole, or even ic anting ; scape few-flowered, naki d or
with a single small bract, 0.5-3 dm. high ; calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short :
the elliptical obtuse petals converging, greenish-white ; anther-cells contractt^d
into a distinct neck ; style little exserted. — Open woods, Lab. to B. C, s. to I). ('.,
111., Mich., Wise, etc. June, July. (Eu.)
P. oxYPETALA Aust., dcscribcd in 1867 from a wooded hill near Deposit,
Delaware Co., N, Y., has not since been collected. It was probably an anoma-
lous development of no. 3, in which the leaves and petals were acute or even
subacurainate.
4. P. elliptica Xutt. (Siiix Leaf.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or oho-
vate-oval, longer than the margined p)etiole; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-lobes
ovate, acute^ not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading whitish
petals; anther-cells blunt. — Dry woods and thickets, e. Que. to B. C, s. to
D. C, 111., Mich., Wise, la., etc. June, July.
5. P. americana Sweet. Leaves orbicular to broadly elliptic, thick, shini)ig,
usually as short as the petiole; scape bracted, 1-3.5 dm. high; raceme elon-
gated, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with
somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third thf length of the roundish-
obovate rather spreading thick white petals; corolla 1.6-2 cm. broad; anther-
cells mucronate. (P. rotundifolia Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Open or sandy woods,
P. E. I. and N. S. to S. Dak, and Ga. June-Aug.
-<- -i- Petals pink or rose-purple.
6. P. asarifblia Michx. Ijeaves transversely broad-elliptic or round-reniform,
cordate, coriaceous, glossy; scapes 1-3 dm. high, bracted; raceme loose, elon-
gated, the flowers 1-1.5 cm. broad; cah'x-lobes ovate or ovate-triangular.
(P. rotundifolia, var. Hook.) — Alluvial woods and swamps, e. Que. to Yukon,
s. to N. S., n. N. E., n. N. Y., n. Mich., and Col. June-Aug. (Asia.) Passing to
Var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. Leaves obovate to suborbicular, rounded
at base, rather dull; scapes 1-5 dm. high. (P. idiginosa Torr.) — Bogs and
mossy woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to n. N. E., centr. N. Y., Mich., Wise, Col., and
Cal. (Asia.)
5. M0N6TR0PA L. Indian Pipe. Pinesap
Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of erect spatu-
late or wedge-shaped scale-like. petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base,
and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 ; filaments awl-shaped ; anthers becom-
ing 1-celled. Style columnar ; stigma disk-like, 4-5-rayed. Capsule ovoid,
8-10-grooved, 4-5-celled, loculicidal ; the very thick placentae covered with
innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy
herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing
vegetable matter ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous
rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1-several-flowered ;
the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of fibvos, one, and
TpoTos, turn, the summit of the stem being turned to one side.)
§ 1. EUM0N6TR0PA Gray. Plant inodorous, l-floioered ; calyx o/2-4 irreg-
ular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks;
style short and thick.
L M. uniflbra L. (Indian Pipe, Corpse Plant.) Smooth, waxy- white,
tlesh-colur, or rarely deep red, turning blackish in drying, 0.5-3 <\\\\. high:
630 ERICACEAE (hEATH FAMILY)
stigma naked. — Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout the contfnent. June-
Aug. (Mex., Asia.)
§2. HYPOPITYS [Dill.] Gray. Plant commonly fragrant; Jloicers several
in a scaly raceme, the terminal one usually b-merous, the rest S—i-merous ;
bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a con-
tinuous line into 2 vei'y unequal valves; style longer than the ovary,
hollow.
2. M. Hyp6pitys L. (Pinesap, False Beech Drops.) Somewhat pubes-
cent or downy, tawny, whitish, or red, 1-4 dm. high; pod globular or ovoid;
stigma ciliate. (Hypopitys Small ; H. lanuginosa Nutt. ; H. americana Small.)
— Rich woods. June-Oct. (Mex., Eurasia.)
6. PTER6SP0RA Nutt. Pine Drops
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, persistent. Stamens 10. Style
short ; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculici-
dal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid,
tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many
times larger than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown
clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb, 3-9 dm. high ; the wand-like stem fur-
nished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves,
above bearing many nodding white flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name
from TTTepov, a vjing, and o-n-opd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by
the seeds.)
1. P. andromedea Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the roots
of pines, P. E. I. to B. C, s. to Pa., Mich., and in the mts. to Mex.; rare.
June-Aug.
7. M0N0TR6pSIS Schwein. Sweet Pinesap
Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla
persistent, rather fleshy, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10 ; anthers
much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless, with two sac-
shaped cells. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large
5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A low and smooth brownish plant,
O.o-l dm. high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several
in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets.
(Name from Monotropa and Sy-is, appearance, from resemblance to that genus.)
SCHWEIXITZIA Ell.
1. M. odorata Ell. — In woods, Md. to N. C. Apr., May.
8. LEDUM L. Labrador Tea
Calyx 6-toothed, very small. Corolla of 6 obovate and spreading petals.
Capsule o-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded ; placentae borne
on the summit of the columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves
clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute ; herbage
fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal .unibel-like clusters.
(Ayjooj/, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)
1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. Erect, 1 m. or less high ; leaves oblong or
linear-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, very obtuse ; stamens 5-7 ; capsule slender, snb-
cylindric, acutish. (L. latifoliuin Ait.) — Bogs, damp thickets, and mountain-
slopes, common northw., s. to Ct., N. J., Pa., Mich., Wise, Minn., etc. May,
June, rarely to Aug. (Greenl.)
2. L. palustre L. Lower, at most 6 dm. high ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3
cm. long; stamens mostly 7-11; capsule ellipsoid-ovoid. — Arctic regions, s.
to Nfd.
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 631
Var. dilatatum Wahlenb. Leaves broader, linear-ohlong, 1-4 cm. long. —
Nfd., e. Que., xMt. Katahdin, Me., and apparently on the Great Lakes, and
northw. (Eurasia.)
9. RHODODENDRON L.
Calyx mostly small or minute. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-
lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined ; auther-cells opening by
a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-
like.— Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly
alternate entire leaves, a.nd large and showy flowers in unibeled clusters from
terminal buds. ('Po868€p8pov, rose-tree; the ancient name.)
§ 1. AZAlEA (L.) Planch. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens
(5-10) and style more or less exserted and declined.
* Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous
funnel-form tube; stamens {chiefly 5) and style lo ng -exserted ; 0.6-6 m.
high., with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.
-t- Flowers appearing after the leaves.
1. R. arborescens (Pursh) 'J'orr. (Smooth Azalea.) Branchlets smooth;
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath,
the margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous; corolla slightly
clammy, rose-colored, fragrant. {Azalea Pursh.) — Mts. of Pa., southw^ June.
2. R. viscbsum (L.) Torr. (C'lammy Azalea, White Sw^\mp Honey-
SLCKLE.) Branchlets bristly., as well as the margins and midrib of the
oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy,
the tube much longer than the lobes. {Azalea L.) — Swamps, mostly near the
coast, Me. to O., Ark , and southw. June, July. Var. glaucum (Michx.) Gray.
Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes
rough-hairy. — N. E. to Va. Var. sitidcm (Pursh) Gray. Dwarf, with oblance-
olate leaves green both sides. — N. E. to Va.
-t- -i- Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.
3. R. nudifl5rum (L.) Torr. (Purple A., Pinxter Flower.) Leaves
oblanceolate to obovate., sparingly pubescent, or glabrate except on the ciliolate
margins and strigose midrib {beneath); pedicels strigose-hairy ; corolla flesh-
color, pink or purple, the tube strigose or slightly glandular, scarcely longer than
the ample lobes; capsule strigose., 1.5-8 cm. long. {Azalea L.) — Open woods
and swamps, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. ; locally n. in Miss, basin to Union Co., 111.
{Gleason.) May, June.
4. R. canescens (Michx.) G. Don. Similar ; leaves ovate, obovate, or ellip-
tic, softly pubescent beneath, especially when young ; pedicels, corolla-tube, and
capsule (1.2-1.8 cm. long) glandular. {Azalea Michx.) — Woods and gravelly
shores, N. H. to N. Y., and southw. May, June. — Sometimes too near the
preceding species.
5. R. calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. (Flame-colored A.) Leaves hairy;
tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea Michx.; A. lutea L.,
not i?. luteum Sweet.) — Woods, s. X. Y. and mts. of Pa. to Ga. May. — Cov-
ered as the leaves appear with large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-
color, not fragrant.
* * Flower-buds of fevmr and early caducous scales ; corolla irregular {usually
earlier than the leaves), with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to
the base; the limb equaling the 10 stamens and style.
6. R. canadense (L.) BSP. (Khodora.) Shrub, 1 m. or less high; young
parts sparingly strigose-hairy ; leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent ;
corolla rarely 2 cm. long, purplish-rose-color (rarely white), bilabiate, with the
posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or
quite distinct petals. {Bhodora L. ; Bhododendron Bhodora Gmel.) — Swamps
and damp slopes, Nfd. to w. Que., Pa. and N. J. May, June (rarely July).
OS'^ ERICACEAE (HEATH FAxMILY)
§ 2. EURHODODENDRON DC. Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens
{commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes
equally spreading.
7. R. maximum L. (Great Laurel.) Shrub or tree, 2-10 m. high ; leaves
0.8-2 dm. long, very thick, elliptical-oblong, or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed
toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins ; pedicels viscid ,
corolla bell-shaped, 3,5-5 cm. broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in
the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. — Damp deep
woods, rare from N. S., Me., and Que. to Ont, and O., but very common through
the Alleghf nies from N, Y. to Ga. June, July.
8. R. catawbiense Michx. (Mountain Rose Bat.) Leaves oval or oblong,
rounded at both ends, smooth^ pale beneath, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; corolla broadly
l)ell-shaped, lilac-purple ; pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghenies, Va. to Ga.
June.
9. R. Iapp6nicum (L.) "Wahlenb. (Lapland Rose Bay.) Z)«/jarf, prostrate
in broad tufts; leaves 0..5-1.5 cm. long, elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the
branches) with rusty scales ; umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped,
dotted, violet-purple; stamens 5-10. — Alpine summits, N. Y., N. H., and Me.
to the Arctic regions. June, July. (Arctic Eurasia.)
10. MENZIESIA Sm.
Calyx small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-
shaped, soon beli-shaped. Stamens included ; anther-cells opening by an oblique
pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow,
with a loose coat. — Low shrubs, the straggling branches and the alternate
leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers
small, developed with the leaves, in terminal cluster's, greenish-white and
purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage
brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)
1. M. glabella Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting ; leaves ohovaXe,
barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so ; filaments ciliate below ; capsule
glabrous or nearly so; seeds long-caudate at each end. — Minnesota Point, L.
Superior, and northwestw. June, July.
2. M. pilosa (Michx.) Pers. More or less chaffy; leaves obovate-oblong,
prominently glandular-mucronate, stria ose-hirsute especially above ; filaments
glabrous ; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate.
(M. globularis Salisb.) — In the Alleghenies from Pa. to.Ga. May-July.
11. LEIOPHYLLUM Pars. Sand Myrtle
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Style filiform.
Capsule 2-.>-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low
much branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of Ledum, but the
crowded leaves sometimes opijosite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in
terminal umbel-clusters, (Name formed of Xetos, smooth, and <pv\\ov, leaf.)
Dkndrium Desv.
1. L. buxifolium (Berg.) Ell. Shrub, 1-9 dm. high ; leaves oval or oblong,
smooth and shining, 6-13 mm. long. — Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May,
June.
12. LOISELEURIA Desv. Alpine Azalea
Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-.shaped regular corolla. Stamens
not declined. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2-3-celled, many-seedt-d, 2-3-vahTd ;
valves 2-cleft from the aj)ex ; placentae borne on the middle of the columella. —
A small depre.«ed shmhhy evergreen, jnuch branched and tufted, smooth, with
coiiaceous oppo.site elliiAical leaves, on .^hort petioles, with revolute man:ins.
Flowers small, wliite or rose-<!olor, 2-5 in a clu.ster. ( Xanjtd for J. L. A.
Loiseleu? -Uf'longchamps, a French botanist.) Cha.maecistus ( )ed(r. •
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 633
1. L. prociimbens (L.) Desv. — Alpine summits, N. H., Me., and Que. ; and
in humus, Bay of Fundy, N. S., Xfd., and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.)
13. KALMIA L. Laurel (of America)
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-1 obed. Filaments long and thread-form. Capsule
globose, o-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alter-
nate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers.
(Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus, who traveled in America.)
§ L Flowers in simptp or chistered naked umbel-like corymbs ; pedirrls from the
axils of small and Jinn foliaccous persistent bracts ; calyx smaller than the
pod, persistent ; leaves and branches glabrous^ or nearly so.
1. K. latifolia L. (Mountain L., Calico Bush, Spoox-wood.) Leaves
mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at
each end. petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent :
flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, pink or white ; pod depressed, glandular, — Rocky
hills and damp soil, N. B. to Out., and southw. Usually a shrub, but in the
mts. from Pa. southw., often tree-like. May-July.
2. K. angustifblia L. (Sheep L., Lambkill, Wicky.) Shrub rarely 1 m.
high ; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale and glabrate underneath,
bright green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing
later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, uiany-flowered ; flowers
rarely 1 cm. broad, crimson; calyx glandular ; pod depressed, nearly smooth;
pedicels recuiTed in fruit. — Hillsides, pastures, and bogs, Lab. to Ont., and
southw. June, July.
3. K. Carolina Small. Similar; leaves permanently pale-puberulent beneath ;
calyx puberulent, not glandular. — Swamps and woods. Ya. to S. C. May.
June.
4. K. polifblia Wang. (Pale L.) Straggling, 1-6 dm. high; branchlets 2-
edged ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revo-
lute margins ; corymbs terminal, few-Jloicered, smooth ; bracts large : floicers
1-2 cm. broad, rose-purple ; pod ovoid, smooth. (JT. glauca Ait.) — Cold
bogs and mts., Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Minn., and Cal. May-
July.
§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod,
nearly equaling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches bristly-hairy.
5. K. hirsuta Walt. Shrub 2-6 dm. high ; branches terete ; leaves oblong
or lanceolate, 0.5-1 cm. long, becoming glabrous; corolla rose-color. — Sandy
pine barren swamps, Ya. to Fla. May-Aug.
14. PHYLL6dOCE Salisb.
Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments.
Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Low alpine heath-like evergreen
undershrubs, clothed with crowded linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves.
Flowers nodding on solitary or umbeled peduncles at the summit of the
branches. — Sometimes united with Bryanthus. a Siberian genus with 4-parted
umbeled flowers. (Phyllodoce, a sea-nymph mentioned by Yirgil.)
1. P. coenilea (L.) Bab. Calyx pubescent : corolla cylindric-urn-shaped,
5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Bryanthus taxifolius Gtrj.) —
Arctic Am., s. to alpine summits of Me. and N. H. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) —
Corolla turning bluish in drying.
15. CASSiOPE D. Don.
Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 6 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in
the l)ud. Corolla ()pen-cami>anulate, 4-5-lobed or -cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 ;
anthers fixed by the apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore,
634 ERICACEAE (hEATH EAMILY)
and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule 4-5-celled ; placentae many-
seeded, pendulous from the summit of the cokiuiella. Seeds smooth and wing-
less.— Small arctic or alpine evergreen plants, with scale-like or needle-like
leaves, and solitary white or rose-colored flowers nodding on slender erect
peduncles. (Named for Cassiope^ mother of Andromeda.)
1. C. hypnoides (L. ) D. Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like, 1-12 cm.
high ; leaves needle-shaped, loosely imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft ; style short and
conical. — Alpine sunmiits. Me., N. H., and N. Y., cliffs of L. Superior, and
high north w, June, July. (Eurasia.)
16. LEUC6tH0E D. Don. Fetter Bush
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10 ; anthers
naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore.
Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not
thickened ; the many-seeded placentae bor»e on the summit of the short colu-
mella. Seeds mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves,
and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes.
(Leiicothoe, daughter of Orchamiis, King of Babylonia, referred to by Ovid.)
* Anthers awnless ; stigma 5-rayed ^ racemes sessile., dense., with persistent bracts,
in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves ; calyx not hracteolate.
1. L. axillaris (Lam.) D. Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly
pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals
broadly ovate. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.-Apr.
2. L. Catesbaei (Walt.) Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ser-
rulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled, 7-15 cm.
long; sepals ovate-oblong, often acute. — Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga.
along the mts. May. — Shrub 1 m. high, with long spreading or recurved
branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.
* * Anthers awned ; stigma simple ; flowers very short-pediceled, in long one-
sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves
membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate ; calyx bibracteolate.
■ 3. L. recurva (Buckley) Gray. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ;
leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; sepals ovate ; anther-cells \-awned ;
pod o-lobed ; seeds flat and cellular-winged. — Dry hills, Alleghenies of Va. to
Ala. Apr. — Lower and more straggling than the next.
4. L. racembsa (L. ) Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves
oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate; anther-cells each
2-awned ; pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless. — Moist thickets, Mass. to
Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June. — Shrub 1-3 m. high. Corolla
cylindrical.
17. andr6meda L.
Calyx of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very
soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate. Stamens 10 ; filaments unap-
pendaged ; anthers fixed near the middle, each cell bearing 1-2 awns. Capsule
subglobose, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened ; the many-seeded
placentae borne on the summit or middle of the columella. — Evergreen slirubs,
with umbeled, clustered, or panicled and racemed pink or white flowers.
(Fancifully named by Linnaeus for Andromeda of Greek mythology.)
* Anthers atoned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen.
§ 1. EUANDB6mEDA Gray. Corolla globose-urceolate ; each anther-cell
bearing a slender ascending awn; seeds oval, with a smooth and shining
criistacrutUH coat.
1. A. Polifolia L. Low shrub, with elongate creeping base ; stem simph^
or with ascending branches, 5-30 cm. high ; leaves linear to narrowly oblong.
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)
635
844, A. Polifolia.
End of fruiting
branch x %.
S45, A, glaucophylla.
End of fruiting
branch x %.
either flat or revolute, glabrous, generally whitened beneath with a varnish-like
coat, later often green ; bud-scales scarcely glaucous ; pedicels in terminal umbels,
filiform, straightish, 2-4 times exceeding the nodding flower
and erect fruit ; corolla pink or white ; calyx with pale or
usually :^eddish slightly ascending lobes ; capsule brown or
reddish, obovoid or subglobose, as high as broad.. — Arctic
regions, extending very locally s. to the Adirondack Mts.,
N. Y.C?), L. Huron, etc. May-J'uly. (Eurasia.) Fig. 844.
2. A. glaucophylla Link. (Boo Rosemary.) Similar in
habit ; leaves white beneath ivith close fine pubescence ; branch-
lets and bud-scales glaucous; floioers on
thickish curved pedicels rarely tioice their
length; calyx-lobes whitish, usually spread-
ing ; capsule depressed, turban-shaped, glau-
cous. {A. Polifolia mostly of Am. auth.,
not L.) — Bogs and wet shores. Lab. to
Man., s. to N. J,, Pa., and Minn. May-July; rarely Sept.,
Oct. Fig. 845.
§ 2. PORTtlNA (Nutt.) Gray. Corolla ovoid-urceolate ; each
anther-cell bearing a deflexed awn; seeds scobiform.
3. A. floribunda Pursh. Very leafy, 5-15 dm. high ;
young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy ; leaves lanceolate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted
beneath, 4-6 cm. long ; racemes crovxled in short terminal panicles, densely
flowered. {Pier'is B. & H.) — Moist hillsides, in the Alleghenies from Va. to Ga.
May.
18. LY6NIA Nutt.
Similar to Andromeda. Filaments hairy and often toothed or appendaged ;
anthers oblong, unappendaged. Capsule 5-angled, the dorsal sutures with a
thickened ridge, which usually divides in dehiscence of the capsule ; the placentae
borne both upon the columella and the walls of the cells. Seeds scobiform, with
a loose thin testa. — Shrubs with fascicled, racemose, or panicled white flowers.
(Named for John Lyon, early American botanist and explorer of the southern
Alleghenies.)
* Leaves coriaceous and evergreen.
• 1. L. nitida (Bartr.) Fernald. (Fetter Bush.) Glabrous shrub, 0.5-1.5 m.
high; branches sharply triangular; leaves glossy, oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, with a conspicuous nerve next the revolute margin; flowers
in axillainj umbels ; filaments appendaged at summit ; capsule subglobose.
{Andromeda Bartr. ; Pieris B. & H.) — Low woods and barrens, Va. to Fla.
and La. May.
* * Leaves thinnish and deciduous.
2. L. mariana (L.) D. Don. (Stagger-bush.) Mostly glabrous, 5-10 dm.
high ; leaves oblong or oval, 3.5-8 cm. long ; fascicles of nodding flowers race-
mose on leafless shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovoid-
pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex. {Andromeda L. ; Pieris B. & H.)
— Low grounds, R. L to Fla., Tenn., and Ark. — Foliage said to poison lambs
and calves.
3. L. ligustrina (L.) DC. (Male Berry.) Minutely pubescent, 0.5-3 m.
high ; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong , 2.5-8.5 cm. long, serrulate or entire ;
racemes crowded in chiefly naked panicles ; filaments flat, not appendaged ; cap-
sule globxilar. {Andromeda 'Mxihl.', Xolisma Britton.) — Moist thickets, centr.
Me. to centr. N. Y., and south w. June, July.
Var. foliosiflbra (Michx.) Fernald. Racemes less crowded, often more elon-
gate, conspicuously leafy-bracted. {Xolisma foliosiflora Small.) — Common
southw\ , local and less characteristic north w.
836 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)
19. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. Leather Leaf. Cassandra
Calyx of 5 distinct acute sepals. Stamens 10 ; anther-cells tapering into a
tubular beak, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds flat-
tened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and
coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in
the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes. (From
Xo-fJ^o-^1 <^'n the ground, and ddcpvT], laurel.) Cassandra D. Don.
1. C. calyculata (L.) Moench. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Cassandra
I). Don.) — Bogs, Lab. to B. C, s. to Minn., Wi.sc, 111., and (ia. Apr., May.
(Eurasia.)
20. OXYDENDRUM DC. Sorrel-tree. Sodr-wood
Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, puberu-
lent. Stamens 10 ; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells taper-
ing upward. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentae at the base
of the cells. Seeds slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both
ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous oblong-lanceolate
pointed soon smooth serrulate leaves on slender petioles, and white flowers in
long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminating the branches
of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence
the name, from 6^vs, sour, and 5^u5pov, tree).
1. 0. arbbreum (L.) DC. — Rich woods, from Pa. to Ind., and southw.,
mostly along the Alleghenies, to Fla. and La. June, July.
21. EPIGAEA L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus
Corolla-tube hairy Inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale-like nearly
distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments ; anthers oblong. Style
slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or cf^llar around and
partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular,
5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant,
bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-
shaped alternate leaves on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in
small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of ^irt, upon., and
7^, the t'arth, from the trailing growth.)
1. E. repens L. (Mayflower.) — Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially
in the shade of pines, Nfd. to Sask., Wise, Mich., Ky., and Fla. — Flowers
appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to
style and stamens, and subdioecious.
22. GAULTHERIA [Kalm] L. Aromatic Wintergreen
Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in-
cluded. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, inclosed
when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a
globular red berry ! — Shrubs, or almo.st herbaceous plants, with alternate ever-
green leaves and axillary nearly white flowers ; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedi-
cated to Huf/ues Gaidtier — also spelled Gaidthier., Gauthier, and Gautier —
naturalist and court-physician at Quebec, in the middle of the 18th century.)
1. G. procumbens L. (Tkabekkv, Checkerbeury.) Stems slender and
extensively creepin-j; on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascending,
leafy at the suminit, ')-l-') cm. high ; leaves obovate or oval, ob.scurely serrate •
flowers few, mostly simple in the axils, nodding. — Woods and clearings, Nfd. to
Man., and southw. July, Aug. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx)
and the foliage have the well known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch.
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 637
23. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Bearbebrt
Corolla with a short re volute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included ; anthers
with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. —
Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal
racemes or clusters. (Name composed of dp/cros, a bear, and araipvXrj, a bunch
of grapes, the Greek of the popular name.)
1. A. Uva-iirsi (L.) Spreng. (Bearberry.) Trailing; leaves thick and
evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth ; fruit reel, inedible. — Rocks and
bare hills, N. J. and Pa. to Mo., and far north w. and westw. May. (Eurasia.)
2. A. alpina (L.) Spreng. (Alpine B.) Depressed ; leaves deciduous, ser-
rate, wrinkled, with strong netted veins, obovate ; fruit black, juicy and edible.
(Mnirania Desv.) — Arctic Am., s. to alpine summits of Me. and N. H. (Arctic-
alpine Eurasia.)
24. CALLUNA Salisb. Heather. Ling
Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla much shorter and less conspicuous than
the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct ; anthers
with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long
chink. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. — Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds,
opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles),
crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating
very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided
spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by
2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named
from KaWvuecv, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.)
1. C. VULGARIS (L.) Hull. — Low grounds, in the coastal region, very locally
from R. I. to Nfd. ; probably introduced from Eu.
Two European heaths. Erica cinerea L. and E. Tetralix L., have been
^ound slightly established in small patches on Nantucket I., Mass.
25. CHI6GENES Salisb. Creeping Snowberry
Calyx-limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Sta-
mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad ;
anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely
2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry
white, globular. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and
scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short
petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the
branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the
axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx.
(Name from x"^''? snow, and yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white
berries.)
1. C. hispidula (L.) T. & G. (Moxie Plum, Capillaire.) Leaves 0.5-1
cm. long ; berries 5-7 mm. thick, bright white, delicately acid and aromatic.
(C serpyllifolia Salisb.) — Peat-bogs and mossy woods, Lab. to B. C, s. to Minn.,
Mich., and N. C. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or of
Sweet Birch.
26. GAYLUSSACIA HBK. Huckleberry
Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-.^haped ; the border o-cleft. Stamens 10;
anthers awnless ; cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening
by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry -like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nut-
lets.— Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled
with resinous dots ; the flowers (pale, tinged with purple or red) in lateral and
bracted racemes. ^^Named for the chemist, Oay-Lussac. )
638 EKICACEAE (hEATH FAMILY)
* Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted.
1. G. brachycera (Michx.) Gray. (Box H.) Very smooth, 2-4 dm. high ;
leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile ; pedicels
very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Wooded hills, Perry Co., Pa., to
Del. and Va. M^ay. — Leaves resembling those of the Box.
* * Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.
2. G. dumbsa (Andr.) T. & G. (Dwarf H.) Someiohat hairy and glan-
dular, low, 2-15 dm. high, from a creeping base, bushy; leaves obovate-oblong,
mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elon-
gated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or
glandular ; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black. — Sandy swamps, Nfd. to Fla. and
La., mostly on the coastal plain. June.
Var. hirtella (Ait. f.) Gray. Young branchlets, racemes, and often the
leaves bristly-hairy. — Va. to Fla., etc.
3. G. frondbsa (L.) T. & G. (Blue Tangle. Daxgleberrv.) Slender,
5-L5 dm. high ; branches smooth, divergent ; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale,
finely pubescent and glaucous beneath, in maturity 2. 0-6.0 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm.
broad ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than
the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark blue with
a white bloom, sweet and edible. — Low copses, coast of N. H. to O. and La.
May, .June.
4. G. ursina (M. A. Curtis) T. & G. (Bear H.) Similar; branches smooth
or slightly hairy ; leaves green both sides, thin, oblong to lance-obovate, acumi-
nate, in maturity 5-12 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. broad ; fruit reddish, becoming
black, insipid. — Woods, Ky. to N. C. and Ga. May, June.
5. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. (Black H.) ^Nluch branched, rigid,
slightly pubescent when young, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining
resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length
of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets reddish ; corolla ovoid-conical, or at length
cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, ^vithout bloom, pleasant. {G.
resinosa T. & G.) — Rocky woodlands and swamps, Nfd. to Man., s. to e. la.,
Wise, Mich., 111., and Ga. May, June. Forma glaucocarpa (Robinson) Mac-
kenzie. (Blue H.) Fruit blue, with a bloom, generally larger and juicier. —
Me, to N. C. Forma LEccociRPA (Porter) Fernald. (White H.) Berries
white to pinkish, somewhat translucent. — Local, but occasionally abundant and
fruitful.
27. VACCINIUM L. Blueberry. Cranberry
Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10;
anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells opening by a hole at the
apex. Berry 4-5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false
partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with
solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers, in spring or early summer ; the corolla
white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)
§ 1. BATODEXDROX (Xutt.) Gray. Corolla open-campanuJatP, ^-lobpd; an-
thers with long tubes., and '2-awned on the back ; berry spuriously \0-celled ;
leaves deciduous but firm ; fioicers solitary or in leafy-bracted racem^Sy
slender-pediceled.
* Flowers articulated ivith the pedicel ; anthers included.
1. V. arbbreum Marsh. (Farkleberry.) Tall (2-0 m. high), smooihish ;
leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining
above, at the South evergreen; corolla white; berries black, gloliose, small,
manv-seeded. ( Batodendron Nutt. ; B. and rachne forme Small.) — Sandy soil,
s. 111. to Tex,, Fla., and N. C.
I
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 639
* * Flowers not articulatal 2oith the pedicel ; anthers ezserted.
-t- Leaves and branchlets pubescent.
2. V. stamineum L. (Deerberrv, Squaw Huckleberry.) Diffusely
branched, 3-9 dm. high, somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate or oval, pale,
glaucous or whitish underneath ; calyz glabrous or essentially so ; corolla
greenish-'white or purplUh ; anthers much exserted ; berries greenish oryelloicish,
globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded, tart. {Polycodium Greene ; P.
candicans Small.) — Dry woods and plains, Mass. to Ont., and southw.
3. V. melanocarpum Mohr. (Soitherx Gooseberry.) Similar, the young
parts minutely white-pubescent; calyx white-tornentose ; fruit dark purple,
lustrous, palatable. {Polycodium Small.) — Upland woods, N. C. to Mo., and
southw.
■4- ■*- Leaves and branchlets glabrous.
4. V. neglectum (Small) Fernald. Glabrous essentially throughout ; leaves
thin, at most ciliolate, becoming slightly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly
obovate, short-acuminate, green to slightly glaucous beneath ; calyx glabrous ;
corolla white or pink ; fruit greenish or yellowish, hardly edible. {Polycodium
Small.) — Dry woods, Va. to Kan., and southw.
§ 2. CYANOCOCCUS Gray. (Blueberries.) Corolla cylindraceous to cam-
panulate, b-toothed ; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless ; berry
edible, mostly blue or black, completely or incompletely lO-celled ; floirers in
fascicles or short racemes, short-pediceled, appearing from large scaly buds
with or before the leaves.
* Leaves coriaceous, evergreen; bracts firm, tardily deciduous.
5. V. Myrsinites Lam. (Evergreen- B.) Low (2-6 dm. high), with branches
puberulent when young ; leaves from obovate to oblong-lanceolate or spatulate,
1-3 cm. long, smooth and shining above, puberulent or glabrate and strongly
veiny beneath, entire or denticulate ; calyx with acute tee"" i ; corolla cylindra-
ceous, 6S mm. long; fruit globose, blue-black. — Sandy uarrens, Va. to Fla.
and La.
* * Leaves deciduous ; bracts scaly, early deciduous.
•t- Corolla cylindraceous ichen developed.
6. V. virgatum. Ait. Low, more or less pubescent ; leaves ovate-oLlong to
cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at
least above, in maturity 2.5-5 cm. long ; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on
naked branches; corolla rose-color, 7-10 mm. long; berry black. — In swamps
and pine baiTens, Staten I. and N. J. (according to Mackenzie) to Fla., etc.
Var. tenellum (Ait.) Gray. Lower; the mostly small (1-3 cm. long) leaves
and smaller (6-8 mm. long) nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters. —
Va. to 111., Mo., and southw.
-f- H- Corolla globose-urceolate to ellipsoid.
++ Low shrubs, mostly less than 1 m. high.
7. V. penDsylvanicum Lam. (Low Sweet B., Early Sweet B.) Dwarf
(2-6 dm. high); the green warty stems and branches glabrous (or pubescent
northward) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly seiTulate with bristle-pointed
teeth (rarely entire), bright green, smooth and shining both sides (or some-
times hairy on the midrib beneath), in maturity 2-3.5 cm. long, 8-15 mm.
broad; corolla short (6-7 mm. long), cylindric-bell-shaped ; hemes bluish-
black and glaucous, varying to black or red, either with or without a bloom,
and rarely dull white (forma leucocarpum Deane). — Dry hills, barrens, etc.,
Kfd., to Sask., s. to Va., 111., and ^Visc. — The lowest and earliest ripened of
the blueberries. Var. an'gustif6lium (Ait.) Gray. A dwarf er high-mountain
or northern form, with naiTower lanceolate leaves, 7-20 mm. long, 3-7 mm.
broad. — Ct. (Graves) ; mts. of N. Y. and N. E. to Xfd., and far north w.
Var. nigrum Wood. (Low Black B.) Leaves firmer, blue-green, glaucous
(J40 ERICACEAE (^HEATH EA.MILY)
beneath; berries black, usually without bloom. (V. nigrum 'Rritton.) — Often
associated with the species, or by itself, N. B. to N. J., Pa., and Mich.
8. V. canadense Kahu. (Sour-top or Vklvet-leaf B.) Low (2-6 dm.
high) ; leacps ohhnHj-lanrenlnfc or cUijytical, entire, downy both sides, as well
as the crowded branchlets, in maturity 2-4 cm. long, o-L') mm. broad; corolla
shorter (4-6 mm. long) ; berries blue with much bloom (rarely black), ripening
later than those of no. 7. — Dry plains, swamps or moist woods, Lab. to Man.,
s. to N. E., 111., Minn., and along the mts. to Va. Forma chiococcum Deane
is a rare form with white fruit.
9. V. vacillans Ivalm. (Late Low R.) Low (3-9 dm. high), glabrous,
with yellowish-green branchlets ; leaves obovate or oval, in maturity 2.5-4.5 cm.
long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, entire
or minutely ciliolate-serrulate ; calyx usually reddish ; corolla 5-8 mm. long,
greenish-yellow, often tinged with red ; berries blue, with a bloom, ripening later
than those of no. 7. — Dry places, especially in sandy soil, N. E. to Mich., and
southw.
++ ++ Shrubs 1-4 m. high.
10. V. corymb5sum L. (High or Swamp B.) Tall (1-4 m.) ; leaves ovate to
elliptic-lanceolate, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath, half-grown at flowering
time, in maturity 4-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad, the margins entire ; calyx
usually glaucous, the lobes acutisli or blunt ; corolla white or pinkish, 6-10 mm.
long, varying from ovoid to cylindric-urn-shaped ; berries blue-black, with a
bloom, 7-10 mm. in diameter. — Swamps, low woods, or even dry pastures. Me.
to Minn., and southw. ; chiefly eastw.
Var. amoenum (Ait.) Gray. Similar; leaves bright green both sides, ciliate-
serrulate or bristly-ciliate. — Similar range, less abundant.
Var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray. Glaucous; leaves ciliate-serrulate, whitened
beneath. ( V. pallidum Ait.) — Throughout the range.
11. V. atroc6ccum (Gray) Heller. (Black High B.) Resembling the
preceding ; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, unex-
panded at flowering time; calyx not glaucous, the lobes obtuse or rounded;
corolla turgid-ovoid to ellipsoid, yellowish- or green ish-ivhite, tinged with red,
5-8 mm. long; berries polished black, without bloom, 5-8 mm. in diameter.
{V. corymbosum, var. Gray.) — Swamps, low woods and barrens, s. Me. to N. C.
and Ont. — Flowering and fruiting a week or ten days earlier than no. 10, with
which it is often associated.
§ 3. EUVACCfNIUM Gray. (Bilberries.) Corolla ellipsoid to globular,
4r-b-toothed ; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-aioned on the back, included;
berry 4-6-celled ; leaves deciduous ; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary
or few together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous.
* Parts of the flower mostly in fours ; stamens 8.
12. V. uligin5sum L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading stout shrub
2-60 cm. high ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, in maturity 5-20 mm.
long, 3-15 mm. wide, pale and slightly pubescent underneath ; flowers single or
2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile ; corolla short, urn-shaped;
berries black, with a bloom, sweet. — Arctic Am., s. to the barrens of Washington
Co., Me., mts. of n. N. E. and n. N. Y., and n. Mich.
** Parts ofthefloioer in fives ; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers
solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.
13. V. caespitosum Michx. (Dwarf Bilberry.) Dwarf tufted slender
shrub (5-30 cm. high), with rounded branches ; leaves obovate, cuneate-lanceo-
late or cuneate-spatulate, narrowed at base, smooth and shining, serrate, in
maturity 1-4 cm. long, 4-20 mm. broad ; corolla ellipsoid, slightly urn-shaped,
usually pink or coral-red; berries blue, sweet. — Gravelly or rocky woods and
shores, Lab. to Alaska, s. to s. Me., s. Vt. , n. Mich., n. Wise, Col., and Cal. ;
alpine summits, N. E. and N. Y.
14. V. membranaceum Dougl. More erect, 3-15 dm. high ; branchlets some-
what angled ; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, in maturity 2-7 cm. long,
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 641
1.5-3 cm. broad, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth ;
border of the calyx almost entire ; corolla depressed-globular, rather large ; ber-
ries large, black, rather acid. ( F. myrtilloides Man. ed. 6, not Michx.) —
Damp woods, L. Superior, and northwestw. — Pedicels 5-15 mm. long, drooping
in flower, erect in fruit.
15. V. ovalifblium Sm. Similar, straggling, 5-15 dm. high ; leaves elliptical,
obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth ; corolla ovoid ;
berries blue. — Low woods and mountain slopes, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Nf d. ,
e. Que., n. Mich., and Ore.
§ 4. VtTIS-IDAEA [Tourn.] Koch. Corolla, berry, etc., as in ^ Z ; filaments
hairy; anthers aionless ; leaves coriaceous and persisteiit ; flowers in clus-
ters from separate buds, 4-merous {in our species); mostly glabrous.
16. V. Vitis-Idaea L. (Cowberry, Foxberry.) Low (1-2.5 dm. high);
branches erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate with revolute mar-
gins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted loith blackish bristly points
underneath, 1.5-3 cm. long, 7-16 mm. broad ; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, white
or pink : berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. ( Vitis-
Idaea Britton.) — Eu. Represented v;ith us by
Var. minus Lodd. (Mountain or Rock Cranberry.) Dwarf, forming close
or loose mats 2-10 (rarely even 20) cm. high ; leaves very thick and coriaceous,
5-18 mm. long, 4-9 mm. broad ; corolla rose-pink or red. — Dry or rocky banks,
rarely wet moss, Arctic Am., s. to the mis. of Me., N. H., and Vt., L. Superior,
etc.; and along the coast to Cape Ann, Mass. (Greenl., e. Asia.)
§ 5. OXYCOCCOS [Tourn.] Hook. Corolla deeply ^-parted or -cleft, icith linear
reflexed lobes; cmthers exserted, aicnless, icith very long terminal tubes;
berry 4:-celled; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.
* Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries ; floivers axil-
lary and solitai^ ; corolla deeply 4:-cleft; berries light red, turning purple,
insipid.
17. V. erytlirocarpum Michx. Smooth, divergently branched, 3-18 dm.
high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly-serrate, thin. (Oxycoccus
Pers.) — Damp woods, higher Alleghenies, Va. to Ga. July.
** Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, lohitened be-
neath, evergreen ; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding ; corolla
4r-parted ; berries red, acid. — Cranberries.
18. V. Oxyc6ccos L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender, the branches
almost capillary, erect or ascending ; leaves oblong or ovate, 3-8 mm. long, 1-3
mm. broad, strongly revolute, becoming narrowly triangular in outline, con-
spicuously lohitened beneath ; pedicels 1-4, springing from a terminal (rarely
proliferating) short rhachis (at most 3 or 4 mm. long), and bearing near or
below the middle 2 lanceolate or lance-ovate often involute colored bractlets
(1-2.5 mm. long); corolla-segments 5-6 mm. long; filaments ^ as long as the
anthers; berry 6-8 mm. in diameter. (Oxycoccus MacM.; O. palustris Pers.) —
In sphagnum and wet humus, Arctic Am., s. to Pa., ]Mich., and Wise. (Eurasia.)
Var. intermedium Gray. Coarse) ; leaves 6.5-15 mm. long, 3-6.5 mm. broad,
acute or obtuse, only slightly revolute; pedicels 2-10, from a longer (often 5-10
mm. long) rhachis; corolla-segments 6-8 mm. long; beriy 8-10 mm. in diam-
eter. — Nfd. to B. C., s. to Mich., and in the mts. to N. C. (Asia.)
19. V. macrocarpon Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems com-
paratively stout, elongated, the flowering branches ascending ; leaves oblong-
elliptic, blunt or rounded at tip, 6-17 mm^ long, 2-8 mm. broad, pale or slightly
whitened beneath, flat or slightly revolute ; pedicels 1-10, springing from an
elongated (1-3 cm. long) rhachis which is terminated by a long leafy shoot, and
bearing toward the tip 2 flat leaf-like bractlets (4-10 mm. long) ; corolla-segments
6-10 mm. long; filaments scarcely i the length of the anthers; berry 1-2 cm.
in diameter. (Oxycoccus Pers.) — Open bogs, swamps, and wet shores, Nfd. to
I;. Erie, w. Wise, and south w. to W. Va. and Ark., mostly northeastw.
qeay's manual — 41
642 DIAPENSIACEAE (l>I APENvSIA FAMILY)
DIAPENSIACEAE (Diapensia Family)
Loio perennial herbs or suffruticxdose tufted plants^ glabrous or nearly so,
loith simple leaves, no stipules, regular b-merous flowers {except the ^-celled
ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous (those oppo-
site its lobes when present reduced to staminodia); pollen simple; loculicidal
capsule and seeds of Ericaceae. Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with
3-lobed stigma. — Distinguished from the Ericaceae chiefly by the insertion of
the stamens upon the corolla.
Tribe I. DIAPENSiEAE. Dwarf woody evergreens, Avith small entire crowded coriaceous leaves.
Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses; anthers 2-
celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.
1. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, obliquely
dehiscent. Sepals concave, coriaceous.
2. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base,
opening transversely. S»pals thin.
Tribe II. GALACfNEAE. A caulescent, Avith creeping rootstocks sending up long-petioled ever-
green leaves, and a 1-several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.
3. Galax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled.
1. DIAPENSIA L.
Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, ad-
herent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short ; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid cells,
diverging below. Cay^sule, inclosed in the calyx, cartilaginous ; cells few-seeded.
— Alpine, growing in very dense convex tufts, the stems covered below by imbri-
cated cartilaginous narrowly spatulate mostly opposite leaves, and terminated by
a 1-flowered peduncle, 8-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white, 1.5-2 cm. wide.
(Said to be an ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely
applied by Linnaeus to this plant.)
1. D. Iapp6nica L. Leaves 5-15 mm. long; peduncle at length 1.5—3 cm.
long. — Alpine summits, N. E., N. Y., and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.)
2. PYXIDANTHERA Michx.
Prostrate and creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves,
mostly alterjiate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base.
Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color, (Name from
TTviiLi, a small box, and anthera, new Latin for anther, the anther opening as if
by a lid.)
1. P. barbulata Michx. (Flowering Moss, Pvxie.) Leaves 3-8 mm. long,
— Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. Apr., May.
3. gAlax L.
Calyx imbricate, persistent. Petals hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, rathei
erect, deciduous. Filaments united into a 10-toothed tube, slightly adhering to
the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones
shorter and l)earing roundisli anthers, which open across the top. Style short.
Cai)siile ovoid, 3-celled ; columella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose
coat taperiny; to each end. — Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly
creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up round-heart-shaped
crenate-tootlicd and veiny shining leaves (8-10 cm. wide), and a slender naked
.scape, 8-8 dm. high, bearint,^ a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely
bracted white flowers. (Name from 7ciXa, milk, — of no conceivable application
to this T)lant.)
\. G. aphylla L. — Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.
PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 643
PLUMB AGIN ACEAE (Leadwort Family)
Herbs, with regular b-merous jiowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens opposite
the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary l-ceUed, with a
solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell. —
Represented in our flora by the single genus
1. LIMONIUM [Tourn.] Hill. Sea Lavender. Marsh Rosemary
Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2-3-bracted.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their
bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in the
bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side perennials^
with thick and stalked radical leaves ; the naked flowering stems or scapes
branched into panicles. {Xeifxd^vLov, the ancient Greek name, presumably from
\€Lnu)v, a meadow.) Statice Willd., not L.
1. L. carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Root thick and woody, very astringent ;
leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous
bristly point, petioled ; scape much-branched, panicled, 1.5-6 dm. high ; spike-
lets 1-3-flowered ; flowers lavender-color ; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, tha
lobes acute or acuminate, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (^Statice Limonium,
var. Gray. ) — Salt marshes, Lab. to Tex. July-Sept.
PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family)
Herbs, icith simple leaves, and regular perfect flov^ers, the stamens as many
as the lobes of the gamopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla {none in Glaux)
and inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary with a
central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds.
Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly adherent. Stamens 4 or 5,
rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy
albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except in Hottonia.
* Corolla or petaloid calyx with erect or spreading segments.
+- Stemless ; leaves all in a cluster from the root ; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.
1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included,
2. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.
-!- — Stems leafy.
++ Aquatic ; immersed leaves pectinate.
3. Hottonia. Corolla short-salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.
++ -H- Terrestrial or marsh plants ; leaves entire.
= Ovary adnate at base to the base of the calyx.
4. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.
= = Ovary wholly free.
a. Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.
5. Lysimachia. Corolla 5-6-parted or 5-6-petaled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted.
6. Steironema. CoroUa and calyx 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile
stamens.
7. Trientalis. Corolla and calyx mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.
8. Glaux. Corolla none ; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.
h. Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid ; flowers axillary.
9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.
10. Centunculus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4-5-cleft. Leaves alternate.
* * Corolla and calyx with reflexed segments.
11. Dodecatheon. Corolla 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.
644 PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY)
1. PRIMULA L. Primrose. Cowslip
Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla enlarging above the insertion of the
stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Capsule many-
seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs,
with tufted and simple scapes, the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of
primus, from the flowering of the true primrose in early spring.)
1. P. farinbsa L. (Bird's-eye P.) Scape 0.5-3 dm. high ; leaves oblanceo-
late to narrowly obovate, denticulate, 1.5-6 cm. long, the lovjer side and the
l-20-flov7ered involucre^ etc., covered with a I'jhite mealiness, at least when
young; involucral bracts lance-attenuate, 3.5-G mm. long; pedicels in anthesis
mostly shorter than the calyx, in fruit becoming slightly longer ; calyx 3-5 mm.
long; corolla pale lilac, with a yellow eye, its tube barely exserted; capsule
6-8 mm. long, slightly exserted. — Nfd. and Lab. to n. Mich. (Eurasia.) Var.
AMKRiCAXA Torr. Similar; leaves narrow, stiff, 2-6 cm. long, sulphur-yellow
beneath ; pedicels elongate, often 2-5 times as long as the calyx ; capsule much
exserted. — Shores of L. Huron and L. Michigan.
Var. macr6poda Fernald. Scape 1-4.5 dm. high ; leaves spatulate to rhom-
bic-ovate, long-petioled, 2.5-10 cm. long, usually whitened beneath; bracts
involute in drjing, 6-11 mm. long; pedicels usually elongate, 1-5 cm. long;
calyx in anthesis 6-8 mm. long ; capsule 9-12 mm. long, exserted. — Calcareous
cliffs and shores. Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to N. S., Me., and Sask.
2. P. mistassinica Michx. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves spatulate or wedge-
oblong, thin and veiny, scarcely or not at all mealy, 1-4 cm. long; involucre
l-8-flo\vered, the lance-subulate bracts 2-4 mm. long; pedicels filiform, in
anthesis mostly exceeding the calyx, loosely a.scending, in fruit much elongate ;
calyx 3-5 mm. long ; corolla flesh-color (rarely white), its tube conspicuously
exserted; capsule 5-8 mm. long. — Wet calcareous banks and shores, Nfd. to
Sask., s. to N. B., Me., Vt., N. Y., Mich., Wise, and Minn. May-July.
2. ANDROSACE [Tourn.] L.
Calyx 5-cleft ; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form ; the tube
shorter than the calyx ; limb 5-parted. Capsule 5-valved. — Small herbs, with
clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbeled flowers, (An ancient
Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)
1. A. occidentalis Pursh. Sinoothish annual ; scapes diffuse, 2-8 cm. high,
several-flowered ; leaves and bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, ses-
sile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the white corolla. —
Bare hills and barrens. 111. to Man., and westw. Apr., May.
3. H0TT6nIA [Boerh.] L. Featherfoil. Water Violet
Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla with a short tube ; limb 5-parted.
Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved ; the valves cohering at
the base and summit. Seeds anatropous. — Perennials, with the erect hollow
flower-sterns ahnost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints,
forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Peter Hotton, early Dutch
botanist.)
1. H. inflata Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on
the floathig and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of
peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints; pedicels short. — ■
Pools and ditches, s. Me. to Fla. and La., near the coast; inland in the Miss,
basin to Mo. and Ind, May-Aug.
4. SAMOLUS [Tourn.] L. Wati;i! Pimpernel. Brook-weed
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat bcll-slmiied, 5-cleft. True stamens 5, on
the cnri»lla-tube. included. Cap.sule globose, 5-valved at the summit, many-
seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers
PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 645
(Ancient name of Celtic origin, said to refer to curative properties of this genus
in diseases of cattle and swine.)
1, S. Valerandi L. Stem erect, 0.5-8 dm. high, leafy; leaves obovate or
spatulate, the basal rosulate ; bracts none ; slender pedicels ascending^ bracteo-
late in the middle, in maturity 6-11 mra. long ; capsule 3-4 mm. long. — Ballast,
Philadelphia, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. S. floribundus HBK. More slender, becoming diffuse; racemes often
panicled, the pedicels longer (11-18 mm. long) and spreading ; capsule 2^3 mm.
long. (S. Valerandi^ var. americanus Gray.) — Wet places, chiefly near the
coast, and at low altitudes inland. June-Sept.
5. LYSIMACHIA [Tourn.] L. Loosestrife
Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud.
Filaments commonly monadelphous at base ; anthers oblong or oval. Capsule
few-several-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glan-
dular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from Xvo-ls, a release from,
and fxdxri-, strife.)
§ 1. LYSIMASTRUM Duby. Corolla yellow., rotate., very deeply parted, and
icith no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, often
unequal ; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.
* Corolla plain yellow, without dark markings.
1. L. VULGARIS L. Coarse and tall, softly often viscidly pubescent, branch-
ing above ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, distinctly short-petioled ; flowers
1.5-2 cm. broad, in terminal leafy panicles; calyx 4-5 mm. long, with dark
margin; glandular filaments united to near the middle. — Roadsides and
thickets near towns. Me. to Ont. and O. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. L. PUNCTATA L. Similar, but with flowers often merely whorled in the
upper axils; calyx 7-10 mm. long, green throughout ; corolla-lobes with glan-
dular-ciliolate margins. — Roadsides, etc., N. S. to N.J. and Pa. June-July.
(Nat. from Eu.)
* * Corolla dark-dotted or streaked ; filaments conspicuously monadelphous,
unequal.
3. L. quadrifblia L. Somewhat loosely hairy, or smooth ; stem simple, 3-9
dm. high ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes,
rarely only opposite or partly alternate), lanceolate to lance-ovate ; flowers on
long capillary peduncles //-ov^i the axils of the leaves ; coroUa 1-1.5 cm. broad, its
lobes ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil, N. B. to Ont., Minn., Mich., and Ga.
June, July.
X L. producta (Gray) Fernald. Stem smooth, 0.5-1 m. high, simple or
slightly branched ; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3-5, lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate ; floicers in terminal bracted racemes (0.5-5 dm. long), the lower
from the axils of the iipper foliage leaves; corolla 1-2 cm. broad, the lobes
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate. {L. foliosa Small.) — Damp thickets and
shores. Me. to N. C. and Mich. July, Aug. — Apparently a widely distributed
and fertile hybrid of nos. 3 and 4.
4. L. terrestris (L. ) BSP. Stems 2-8 dm. high, often bearing oblong or
moniliform bulblets in the axils, smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves
opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flotcers on slender
pedicels, in a bracted raceme (0.5-2.5 dm. long) ; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.
{L. stricta Ait. ) — Low grounds, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, and south w. June-Aug.
* * * Flowers 2-3 cm. broad, solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves ; corolla not
dark-dotted nor streaked ; filaments slightly monadelphous.
5. L. NummuiAria L. (Moneywort.) Smooth ; stems trailing and creep-
ing ; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled ; divisions of the corolla broadly
ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens. — Escaped
from gardens into damp ground in some places. June-Aug. (Introd. from Eu.)
646 PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY)
§ 2. NAUMBT^RGIA (Moench) Koch. Corolla very deeply b{or Q-1)-parted
into linear somewhat purplish-dotted divisions, with or without a small tooth
in each sinus; fiiaments distinct^ equal; leaves opposite (rarely whorled),
the lowest scale-like.
6. L. thyrsiflora L. (Tufted L.) Smooth (or with loose scurfy pubescence
above when young); stem simple, 2.5-8 dm. high ; all but the lower leaves lan-
ceolate, the axiis of 1-4 middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-
like chisters of small light yellow tlowers. — Cold swamps, Que, to Sask., s. to
Pa., 111., Mo., etc. May-July. (Eu.)
6. STEIRONEMA Raf.
Corolla rotate, with no proper tube ; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-
denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments
distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla ; anthers linear. Capsule
10-20-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles,
not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flow-
ering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From
areTpos, sterile, and j'^/ua, thread, referring to the staminodia. )
1. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Stem erect, 3-12 dm. high; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late to broadly ovate, 5-13 cm. long, tapering to an acute point, rounded or
heart-shaped at base, all on long ciliate-f ringed petioles ; corolla longer than the
calyx ; fruiting calyx 6-10 mm. long, commonly exceeded by the capsule. — Low
grounds and thickets. June-Aug.
2. S. intermedium Kearney. Comparatively low, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves 3-8
cm. long, the petioles naked except at base; calyx-lobes commonly exceeding the
capsule. {S. tonsum Bicknell.) — Usually in drier rocky soil, Va., Ky., and
south w.
3. S. radicans (Hook.) Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated
branches often rooting in the mud ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly
rounded at base, 2.5-9 cm. long, on slender petioles ; corolla about the length
of the calyx; fruiting calyx 3-5 mm. long. — Swampy river-banks, Va. to Mo.
and Tex. June-Aug.
4. S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray. Stem erect (or rarely reclined and rooting
at the joints) ; leaves lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, narrowed into a short margined
petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles ; corolla
longer than the calyx ; fruiting calyx 5-8 mm. long. — Low grounds and thickets,
Me. to N. Dak., and southw. Var. hybridum (Michx.) Gray, withcauline leaves
oblong, is less frequent.
5. S. quadriflbrum (Sims) Hitchc. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender, 2-9 dm.
high, often branched below ; stem-leaves sessile, narroivly linear, elongated, 3-9
cm. long, smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little
revolute, the veins obscure ; the lowest leaves oblong or spatulate ; corolla longer
than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed ; fruiting calyx 5-7 mm. long.
(S. longifolium Gray.) — Banks of streams, N. Y. to Man., s. to Va. and Mo.
June-Sept.
7. TRIENTALIS L. Chickweed Wintergreen
Corolla spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at
the base ; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded. — Low
and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually
minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the sum-
mit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-
shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to
the height of the plant.)
1. T. americana (Pers.) Pursh. (Star Flower.) Spreading by very slen-
der elongat(;d ri)otstocks, rarely producing long stolons from the upper axils ;
leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed.—'
Woods, Lab. to Man., Minn., 111., and Va. May-July.
PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 64V
8. GLAUX [Tourn.] L. Sea Milkwort
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; lobes ovate or oblong, petal-like. Corolla want-
ing. Stamens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule
5-valved, few-seeded. — A low and leafj^ fleshy perennial, with opposite entire
sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (white, pink, or lavender and crimson)
flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from yXavKos, sea-green.)
I. G. maritima L. Diffusely branched (rarely simple), the branches pros-
trate, loosely ascending or sometimes erect. 3-15 cm. high ; leaves linear to
ohiong, the larger 3-12 mm. long, 1.5-6 mm. broad, bluntly pointed; flowers 8-5
mm. long; mature capsule 2-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad. — Seashores from
Cape Cod northw. ; also in subsaline soil, Minn, to Sask., and westw. June,
July. (Eurasia) Passing to the commoner
\'ar. obtusifblia Fernald. Erect, 0.5-^3 dm. high, simple or with few erect
branches ; leaves oval or broadly oblong, the principal ones 8-15 mm. long,
4-8 mm. broad, icith rounded tips; mature capsule 2.5-4 mm. broad, — N. J.,
northw.; also Pacific coast. (Japan, etc.)
9. ANAGALLIS [Tourn.] L. Pimpernel
Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube ; the di\isions broad. Stamens 5 ;
filaments bearded. Capsule membranaceous, many-seeded. — Low spreading
or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves,
and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably
from dm, again, and dydWeLv, to delight in.)
1. A. ARVExsis L. (Common P.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the
peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth and stalked glands.
— Waste sandv fields. June-Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet or white,
quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; whence the English popular
name of '-Poor Moji's Weatherglass.'''* (Nat. from Eu.) Var. caekulea
(Schreb. ) Ledeb. Petals blue, often nearly or quite destitute of glandular
ciliatiou. — Cultivated ground, etc., rather rare. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
10. CENTUNCULUS [Dill.] L. Chaffweed
Corolla wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on
the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5 ; fila-
ments beardless. — Small annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous
fliiwers in thnir axils. (Derivation obscure.)
1. C. minimus L. Stems ascending, 3-8 cm. long; leaves ovate, obovate,
or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. — Low
grounds, P. E. I. (according to Macoun); and from 111. and Minn, to Fla., Tex.,
and westw. (Eu.)
11. DODECAtHEON L. American Cowslip
Calyx deeply S-cleft, the divisions lanceolate. Corolla with a very short tube
and thickened throat ; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, mona-
delphous at base ; anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone. —
Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of basal leaves, and a simple
nakf^d scape, involucrate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample
umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or
sometimes white. (Name from SwSexa, twelve., and deol., gods, given by Pliny
to the primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.)
1. D. Meadia L. (Snooxixci Star.) Leaves oblong or spatulate, gradually
narrowed at base. — Woods, prairies, and moist cliffs, Pa. and Md. to Man., and
souihw. May, June.
Var. Frenchii Vasey. Leaves ovate or elliptic, abruptly narrowed at base. —
Pa. to 111. and Ark.
648 SAPOTACEAE (SAPODILLA FAMILY^
SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family)
Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves
(often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers ustially in axillary
clusters; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens commonly as many
as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its
tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens) ;
anthers turned otitward; ovary 4-l2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in
each cell ; seeds large. Albumen mostly none ; but the large embryo with
thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — A small mostly tropical family.
1. BUMELIA Sw.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each
sinus. Fertile stamens 5 ; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling
a cherry, black, eostaining a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar
at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves.
Branches sometimes spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very
hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)
1. B. lycioides (L.) Pers. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny, 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves ivedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering Ijase, often acute,
reticulated, nearly glabrous, 3-12 cm. long; clusters densely many-flowered,
glabrous ; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Va. to s. 111., Fla., and Tex. June, July.
2. B. lanuginbsa (Michx.) Pers. (False Buckthorn.) Spiny, 3-18 m.
high ; leaves oblong-obovate or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse,
2.5-9 cm. long; clusters 6-12-flowered, pubescent; fruit globular. — Woods,
s. 111. to Kan., southw. to Fla. and Tex. July.
EBENAcEAE (Ebony Family)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers
which have a calyx free from the S-l'2-celled ovary ; the stamens 2-4 times as
many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned
inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry ; ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the
summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and
flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the ^mbryo shorter than the hard
albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly sep-
arate. Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly
tropical.
1. DIOSPYROS L. Persimmon
Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla 4-6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com-
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4-8-celled,
4-8-seeded. — Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name from At6s, of Jove, and irvpds,
grain.)
1. D. virginillna L. (Common P.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, smooth
or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla pale yellow,
thickish, between bell-shaped and um-sliaped, 1-1.5 cm. long in the fertile
flowers, much smaller in the sterile ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary
8-celled. — Woods and old fields, Ct. to s. e. la., and southw. June. — Tree,
0-30 m. higli, nith very hard blacki.sh wood ; the plum-like fruit 2-4 cm. in
diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and
sometimes edible after exj)o.sure to frost.
STYRACACEAE (STOKAX FAMILY) 649
STYRACACEAE (Storax Family;
Shrtibs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect
regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the '2-o-celled ovary; the
corolla of -is petals^ commonly more or less iniited at base ; the stamens twice as
many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base;
style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1-b-celled, the cells commonly l-seeded. Seeds
anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen ; radicle slender, as long
as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is
free ; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A
small family, mostly of warm countries.
* Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate ; stamens in several series ; anthers short, innate ; embryo terete ; flowers
yellow ; pubescence simple.
1. Symplocos. Calyx adherent to the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, united merely
at the base.
* * Cah'x 4-8-toothed or entire ; stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals, in one series ; anthers
linear or oblong, adnate, introrse ; cotyledons flat ; flowers white ; pubescence soft and mostly
stellate.
2. Halesia. Calyx adherent to the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is 2-4-winged
and 1— i-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.
8. Styrax. Calyx adherent only to the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted.
Fruit 1-celled, mostly l-seeded.
1. SYMPLOCOS Jacq. Sweet Leap
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens in 5 clusters, one adhering to the
base of each petal ; filaments slender. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled
and l-seeded. — Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowLsh in
drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes,
yellow. (Name aufxirXoKos, connected, from the union of the stamens.)
1. S. tinctbria (L.) L'H^r. (Horse Sugar.) Leaves elongated-oblong,
acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and
pale beneath, 7-15 cm. long ; flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters,
odorous. — Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. Apr. — Leaves sweet, greedily
eaten by cattle.
2. HALESIA Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell Tree
Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed. Petals 4, united at
base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-10 ; filaments united into a ring at base,
and usually a little adherent to the base of the corolla ; anthers linear-oblong.
Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, bony within. Seeds single, cylin-
drical.— Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves ;
the snowy white flowers drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short
racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate,
(Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, etc.) Mohrodendron
Britton.
1. H. Carolina L. (Opossum Wood.) Leaves (»blong-ovate ; fruit 4-winged,
3-4 cm. long. (H. tetraptera L. ; Mohrodendron carolimim Britton.) — Banks
of .streams, Va. to 111., s. to Fla. — Flowei*s opening while still small and green
(according to Harper).
650 OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY)
3. STYRAX [Tourn.] L. Storax
Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed. Corolla r)(rarely 4-8)-parted, large ,
the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the
corolla; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube; anthers linear.
Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, dry, often 3-valved.
Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat. — Slirubs or small trees, with commonly
deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on
drooping peduncles, produced in spring. (The ancient Greek name of the tree
which produces stoirix.)
1. S. grandifolia Ait. Shrub, 1—3.5 m. high ; leaves obovate, acute or
short-acuminate, white-tomentose beneath^ 0.5-1.5 dm. long; flowers mostly in
elongated racemes ; corolla 1.5 cm. long, convolute-imbricated in bud. — Woods,
s. Va. to Fla.
2. S. pulverulenta Michx. Shrub, 0.8-1.2 m, high ; leaves oval or obovate,
3-6 cm. long, sparin(jhj puhn^nlent above, and scurfy-tomentose beneath; floicers
1-1.5 cm. long, 1-3 together in thp axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant.
— Low pine barrens, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
3. S. americana Lam. Shrub, 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves oblong, acute at both
ends, 2.5-9 cm. long, smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or
in S-4-floicered racemes ; comlla valvate in the bud. — Along streams, in cypress
swamps, etc., Va. to Fla., La., and northw, in the Miss. Valley to Mo. and 111.
OLEAcEAE (Olive Family)
Trees or shrubs, vjith opposite and jxinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a n^gular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla,
sometimes apetalous ; the stamens only 2 (rarely 3 or 4); the ovary 2-ceUed, with
2 {rarely more) ovules in each cell. Seeds anatropous, with a large straight
embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen.
Tribe I. FRAXfNEAE. Fruit dry, indehiscent, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.
1. Fraxinus. Flowers mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.
Tribe II. SYrInGEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves simple.
2. Syringa. Corolla salver-form, the lobes mostly 4, valvate in bud.
Tribe III. OLElNEAE. Fruit a drupe, or rarely a berr^'. Leaves simple.
3. Adelia. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Pta-
ncns 2-4.
4. Chlonanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous, the
latter with long and linear divisions.
5. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.
1. FRAXINUS [Tourn.] L. Ash
Flowers dioecious, i)olygamous, or monoecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species.
Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4 ; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single ;
stigma 2-cleft. Fruit 1-2-celled, flattened, 1-2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical ;
radicle slender. — Timber-trees, with petioled pinnate leaves ; tiie small flowers
in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The
classical Latin name.)
* Leaflets petiolulate ; anthers linear-oblong.
-t- Calyx .small, persistent in fruit.
-t-t- Fruit icith a terete or nearly terete body.
1. F. americana L. (Whiik A.) Bra7ichlets and petioles glabrous ; lesi^et?
5-0, ovate- or iance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or puliesdent under-
OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY)
651
M
846. F. americana
Fruit X %.
847. F. pennsylvanica.
Fruit x %.
neath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate ; fruit 2.5-5 cm. long, margin-
iess below, abruptly dilated into a lancf^olate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing
2-3 times as long as the cylindraceous body (1.8-2 cm. long,
3-4 mm. thick). — Rich or moist woods, N. S. to Ont., and
southw. Apr., May. — A large and very valuable forest tree,
with gi'ay furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets, and rust-
colored buds. Monoecious flowers rarely occur. Fig. 846.
2. F. biltmoreana Beadle. Branchlets, petioles, etc., pnles-
cent or tomentose ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate, acuminate, decidedly
paler and sparingly pubescent beneath ; fruit linear-oblong,
scarcely narrowed to the rounded apex, the body short and
stout (i-1.4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick). — Pa. to Ga.
3. F. pennsylvanica ]Marsh. (Red A.)
Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent ;
leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less
pubescent beneath; fruit 2.5-7 cm. long,
the edges gradually dilated into the linear
or spatulate icing, the body 1.4-2 cm. long,
2-3 mm. thick. (F. pubescpns Lam., in-
cluding the narrowest-fruited form, F. Dar-
lingtonii Britton.) — Low ground. Me. to
Dak., and southw. — Tree of middle or
large size ; inner face of outer bark of the
branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.
Fig. 847. Passing to
Var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (Green A.) Glabrous
throughout ; leaflets often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright
green both sides. {F. viridis Michx. f.) — Along streams, Me. to Sask., and
southw.
++ ++ Fruit with aflattish body passing insensibly into the wing.
4. F. profunda Bush. (Pumpkin A.) Terete branchlets velvety-pubescent,
as are the petioles, rhachises, etc. ; leaflets 7-9, ovate-lanceolate, long-petiolulate,
subentire ; fruit linear-obloiw. rounded or retuse at the apex,
somewhat narrowed to the tfiickish base but without distinctly
limited body. — River-swamps, etc., w. N. Y. to Mo., and
southw.
5. F. caroliniana ^lill. (Water A.) Branchlets terete,
glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at
both ends, short-stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely
3-winged), elliptic or oblanceolate. acutish at apex, with a
tapering base. (F. platycarpa Michx.) — River-swamps, Va.
to Fla., La., and Mo. March. — Tree of middle size. Fig. 848.
•4- -i- Calyx wanting or a mere disk-like ring.
6. F. quadrangulata Michx. (Blue A.) Branchlets square
(at least on vigorous shoots), glabrous; leaflets 7-11, short-
stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate,
green both sides ; fruit oblong, blunt, and of the same icidth
at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched
at the apex, 2.5-5 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide. — Dry or moist
rich woods, O. to Mich, and Minn., Ala., Ark., etc. — Large timber-tree, the
inner bark yielding a blue color to water.
* * Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong ; flowers wholly naked.
7. F. nigra Marsh. (Black A.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous ; leaflets
7-11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the
base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along
the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly ehiptical, blunt at both ends. t^F.
mmbucifolia Lam.) — Swamps and wet banks, Nfd. to Man., Del., Va., and
/
&4S. F. caroliniana
Fruit X 2/3.
652 LOGAXIACEAE (LOGANIA FAMILY)
Ark. — Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood Bruised
foliage exhales the odor of Elder.
2. SYRiNGA L. Lilac
Corolla salver-formed, much exceeding the 4-toothed calyx, pale violet to
roseate or white. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. — Upright
shrubs with simple opposite ovate or lanceolate leaves and numerous flowers
in thyrsoid or pyramidal panicles. (Name from avpiy^, a pipe or tube, perhaps
in reference to the tubular corolla, perhaps to the use of the wood for pipe-stems
or whistles.)
1. S. VULGARIS L. (Common L.) Leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, truncate
or subcordate at base, slender-petioled ; corolla lilac-purple, rarely white. —
Long popular in cultivation and not rarely found in a wild state. (Introd.
from Eu.)
3. ADELIA P. Br.
Calyx of 4 minute sepals. Anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled, with 2
pendulous ovules in each cell ; style slender ; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe
small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled
deciduous leaves, and small flowers from the axils of the preceding year. Fertile
peduncles short, 1-3-flowered. (Name from adTjXos, ohsciire, from the minute
flowers.) FoRESTiERA Poir.
1. A. acuminata Michx. (Swamp Privet.) Glabrous, somewhat spines-
cent, 1.5-0 m. high ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
at both ends, often serrulate ; drupe elongated-ellipsoid, usually pointed.
(Forestiera Poir.) — Wet river-banks and swamps, s. w. Ind. to Mo., s. to
Tex.
4. CHIONANTHUS L. Erixge-tree
Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Petals barely united at base. Stamens
2 (rarely 3 or 4) , on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched.
Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled, 1-3-seeded. — Low trees or shrubs,
with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and
drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from %"*'''» snow, and
8.vdos, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.)
1. C. virginica L. (Old Max's Beard.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-
lanceolate ; flowers on slender pedicels ; petals 2-2.5 cm. long, narrowly linear,
acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number ; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid, 1-1.8 cm.
long. — River-banks, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Tex., and Mo. — Very ornamental
in cultivation. May, June.
5. LIGUSTRUM [Tourn.] L. Privet
Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the
corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1-2 -seeded. — Shrubs with entire leaves and
small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)
1. L. vi^lgXre L. (Privet or Prim.) Leaves very smooth ; berries black.
— U.sed forTow hedges, and naturalized from Me. to Ont. and N. C. June,
July. (Introd. from Eu.)
LOGANlACEAE (Logania Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a
stipular membrane or line between them, and loith regular A-b-merous 4-5-
androus perfect floioers, the ovary free from the calyx ; a connecting group
between Gentianaceae. Apocynaceae^ Scrophulariaceae (from all which they
are known by their stipules) and Bubiaceae^ from which they differ in their
LOGANIACEAE (LOGANIA FAMILY) 653
free ovary ; our representatives of the family are related most nearly to the
Rubiaceae, to which, indeed, they have been appended.
* Woody twiners ; leaves evergreen ; stigmas 2, each 2-parted.
1 . Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.
* * Herbs ; stigmas single, entire or 2-lobed.
2. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.
B. Cynoctonum. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at
tlie summit, and with a common stigma.
4. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.
1. GELSEMIUM Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine
Corolla open-funnel-form. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Divi-
sions of stigma linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow
partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged.
Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons much shortCx'
than the slender radicle, — Smooth twining shrubby plants with ovate or
lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow dimorphous
flowers. (Gelsomino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)
1. G. sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. Stem climbing high ; leaves short-petioled,
shining, nearly persistent ; flowers in short axillarv^ clusters ; pedicels scaly
bracted ; flowers very fragrant ; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long ; capsule flat, pointed. —
Low grounds, e. Va. to Ela. and Tex. Mar., Apr.
2. SPIGELIA L. Pi>K-ROOT. Worm-grass
Corolla tubular-funnel-form, o-lobed at the summit. Stamens 5 ; anthers
linear. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally
flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which
open loculicidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by
stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian
Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and
was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)
1. S. marilandica L. (Indian Pink.) Stems simple and erect, 3-6 dm.
high, from a perennial root; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike
simple or forked, short ; corolla 3-5 cm. long, rr.d outside, yellow within ; tube 4
times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. —
Rich woods, O. and Ky. to Ela., Mo., and Tex. May, June.
3. CYNdCTONUM J. F. Gmel. Miterwort
Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form. Stamens 5,
included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled.
Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or miter-shaped, opening down the inner
side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, 1-7 dm. high, with
small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side
of the branches of a terminal peduncled cyme. (Ki/wi', dog, and Kreiveiv, to
kill.) Mitreola R. Br.
1. C. Mitreola (L,) Britton, Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled. (M.
petiolata T. & G.) — Damp soil, from e. Va. to Tex. June-Nov.
4. POLYPREMUM L.
Calyx 4-parted ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined
base. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, very
short; anrliers globular. Style very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule
ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, locuhcidally 2-valved,
654 GENTIAISTACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY)
many-seeded. — A smooth diffuse much branched small annual, with narrowly
linear or awl-shaped leaves connected at base by a slight stipular line ; the
small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ;
corolla inconspicuous,' white. (Name altered from TroXvirpe/xpos, 'many-stemmed.)
1. P. prociimbens L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Tex.,
and Mo. ; also adventive in N. J. and Pa. June-Oct.
GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family)
Smooth herbs, with a colorless hitter juice^ opposite and sessile entire and
simple leaves (except in no. 9) without stipules, re(^ular flowers with the stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute {rarely imbricated and
sometimes valvate) in the bud, a l-celled ovary loith 2 parietal placentae, or
nearly the u-hole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit usually a 2-valved
and sppticidal many-seeded capsule. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly with-
ering-persistent ; the aitamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a
minute embryo in fleshy albumen. — Bitter-tonic plants.
Subfamily I. GENTIANOfDEAE
Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. Aestivation of
corolla never valvate.
* Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.
-«- Style filiform, usually deciduous ; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age.
1. Sabatia. Parts of flower 5-12. Corolla rotate. Anthers recurved or re volute.
2. Centaurium. Parts of flower 5 or 4. Corolla salver-form. Anthers twisting spirally.
-i- +- Style stout and persistent or none ; anthers remaining straight.
++ Corolla ^-ith scale-like appendages but no large pits or glands at base.
3. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses. Calyx 4-5-cleft.
4. Pleurogyne. Corolla rotate. Calyx 4-5-parted.
■H- -H- Corolla with a large pit or gland at the base of each lobe.
5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.
6. Halenia. Corolla 4-5-cleft, campanulate, and usually 4-5-spurred at the base.
* * Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud ; no appendages nor glands.
7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.
8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.
Subfamily II. MENYANTHOtDEAE
Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate.
Aestivation of corolia indupiicate- valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials.
0. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.
10. Nymphoides. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded.
1. SABAtIA Adans.
Calyx 5-12-parted, the lobes slender. Corolla .5-12-parted, wheel-shaped.
Stamens 5-12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender. —
Biennials or annuals (rarely perennial by stolons), with slender stems, and
cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers in summer. (Dedi-
cated, it is said, to L. Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) Sabbatia Salisb.
GENTIAXACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) 655
* Corolla i)-parted, or rarely Q-1-parted.
•- Blanches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled ; flowers cymose ; calyx
icith lonp and slender lobes.
•M- Corolla ichite, often turning yellowish in drying.
1. S. paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. Stem much branched^ 2-7 dm. high :
leaves linear or the lower oblong^ obtuse^ \-nerved, nearly equaling the inter-
nodes ; calyx-lobes nmch shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds. Va. to Fla,
'1. S. lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. Stem simple, 4-0 dm. high, bearing aflat-
topped cyme ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate., 3-7ierved, the upper acute, much
.shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in no. 1.
— Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.
•*-<• ++ Corolla rose-pink, rarely white., with a yellowish or greenish eye.
3. S. brachiata Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below, 3-6 dm. high ;
leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse., or the upper acute ; branches rather
few-flowered, forming a panicle ; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the
corolla. {S. angustifolia Britton.) — Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La.
and Fla.
4. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Stem somewhat -i-icing-angled. much branched
above, 3-9 dm. high, many-flowered ; leaves ovate, acutish, 6-nerved. with a
someichat heart-shaped clasping base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length
of the corolla. — Rich sofl, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Fla. and La.
^ -t- Branches alternate {or the lower opposite in no. 5) ; peduncles 1-flowered.
■^ Calyx-lobes foliaceous.
5. S. calycina (Lam.) Heller. Diffusely forking, pale, 1-5 dm. high; leaves
oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate, 1-2
cm. long, exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla. {S. calycosa
Pursh.) — Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex.
•M. ++ Calyx-lobes slender and tube vei'y short {prominently costate in no. 6, ayid
longer, nearly or quite inclosing the refuse capsule).
6. S. campestris Nutt. Stem 0.5-4 dm. high, divergently branched above ;
leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base, 1-3 cm. long, on the branches lan-
ceolate ; calyx equaling the lilac corolla (3-4,5 cm. broad). — Prairies, Mo. to
Tex.
7. S. stellaris Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to
lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear ; calyx-lobes aicl-shaped-linear , varying
from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla ; style nearly
2-parted. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. — Appears to pass into the next ; corolla
in both at times pink or white.
8. S. gracilis (:Michx.) Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely
branched ; branches and long peduncles fllifoiin ; leaves linear, or the lower
lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyoc-lobes, which equal the
rose-purple corolla; style cleft to the middle. (S. campanulata Torr.?) —
Brackish marshes, s. e. Mass. and N. J. to Fla. and La.
* * Corolla S-12-parted, large (3-5.5 cm. broad).
9. S. dodecandra (L.) BSP. Stem 1-6 dm. high, loosely panicled above;
peduncles slender, 1-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear,
half the length of the deep rose-colored (rareiy white) corolla. {S. chloroides
Pursh.) — Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to N. C.
2. CENTAURIUM Hill. Centaury
Calyx 4-5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form,
with slender tube and 4-5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting
spirally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small
branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers in summer. ^An
656 GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY)
old name, variously applied by the herbalists, from centum, hundred, and aurum^
j;()ld or gold-piece, alluding, it is said, to the priceless medicinal value ; com-
pare the German vernacular name TansendgiUdenki'aut.) Erithrea Neck.
Erythraea Borkh.
* Flowers in spikes.
1. C. spicXtum (L.) Fernald. Stem strictly upright, 1-4 dm. high ; the
flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ;
leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish ; tube of the rose-colored or
whitish corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. {Erythraea
Pers.) — Sandy coast, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Flowers in cymes or panicles.
-«- Floioers m definite terminal cymes, at least the central flower sessile.
2. C. LTMBELLATUM Gilib. (CENTAURY.) Stem Upright. 1-5 dm. high, coH/wi-
bosely branched above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate,
the uppermost linear ; cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile;
tube of the purple-rose-colored corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes.
{Erythraea Centaurium Pers.) — Waste grounds, N. S.; Mass. to Ind. and Mich.
(Nat. from Eu. )
H- — Flowers loosely paniculate or paniculate'-cymose, all pediceled.
•^ Corolla-lobes 3-5 mm. long ; anthers oblong.
3. C. PULCHELLUM (Sw. ) DrucB. Low (0.5-3 dm. high); sie*)' many times
forked above and forming a diffuse cyme; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosu-
late below; pedicels shorter than the calyx; tube of the pink-purple corolla
thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (Erythraea ramosissima Pers.)
— Wet or shady places, N. Y. to 111., and south w. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. C. texense (Griseb.) Fernald. Similar to the preceding, but more diffusely
forked ; cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the upper reduced to subulate
bracts ; pedicels equaling or exceeding the calyx; corolla-tube twice the length of
the lance-oblong lobes. {Erythraea Griseb.) — Dry soil, Moi to Tex.
++ ++ Corolla-lobes 7-10 mm. long ; anthers linear.
5. C. calycbsum (Buckley) Fernald. Simple or corymbose-branched, 1-6 dm.
high ; leaves oblong to lance-linear ; pedicels equaling or exceeding the calyx ;
corolla-tube nearly equaled by the oblong or oval lobes. {Erythraea Buckley.)
— Damp soil, Mo. to Tex.
3. GENTIAnA [Tourn.] L. Gentian
Corolla 4-5Tlobed, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear ap-
pendages or teeth at the sinuses. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla.
Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Cap.sule ellipsoid, 2-valved, the
innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most
of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. — Flowers .solitary
or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of
Illyria, who according to Pliny discovered the plant, i.e. its medicinal virtue.)
§ 1. GENTIAN^LLA [Rupp.] Reichenb. Corolla {not rotate) destitute of ex-
tended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses ; root annual or biennial.
* Fhnners large, solitai^ on long terminal peduncles, mostly i-mej'ous ; corolla
campnniihite-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned;
a row of glands between the bases of the filaments.
1. G. crinitd Froel. (Fringed G.) Stem 1-9 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the
4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of
the blue (rarely white) corolla (2.5-0 cm. long), the lobes of which are loedge-
obovate, and .strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate. — Low
grounds, centr. Me.' and w. Que. to Dak., la., O., and Ga.
GENTIAN ACE AE (GENTIAN FAMILY) 657
2. G. pr6cera Holm. Stem 1.5-5 dm. high; leaves linear or lanre-Unear,
acute, the basal spatulate; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, alternately lance-
triangular and linear-lanceolate, all pointed and keeled and scabrous on the back ;
lobes of the sky-blue corolla roundish, icith ciliate-f ringed margins and merely
dentate summit; ovary elliptical. {G. serrata Man. ed. 6, not Gunner; G.
detonsa Am. auth., not Rottb.) — Moist grounds, N. Y. and Ont. to Man. and la.
* * Flowers smaller, -i-o-merous ; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form,
its lobes entire ; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-
angled stem.
3. G. Amarella L. Stems 0.5-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly
oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutelj^ scabrous ; calyx-
lobes (4-5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear ; corolla blue, lavender, or white,
8-15 mm. long, with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes;
capsule sessile. Eurasia.
Var. acuta (Michx.) Herder. Calyx almost 5-parted ; crown usually of fewer
and sometimes very few setae. {G. acuta Michx.) — Barrens, meadows, and
rocky banks. Lab. to Alaska, s. to n. N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., Minn,, N. Dak.,
N, Mex., and Cal. (Asia.)
4. G. quinquefblia L, Slender, simple or branching, 0.5-6 dm, high ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3-7-nerved,
tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered
at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ; corolla pale
blue or ochrolencous, 1-2 cm. long, its lobes triangiilar-ovate, bristle-pointed,
loithout croicn, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest ;
capsule stipitate. {G. quinqueflora Hill, a more appropriate but later name.) —
Moist hills, s. Me, to Ont,, 111., and Fla. Var. occidextXlis (Gray) Hitchc.
Often taller and paniculately much branched ; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-
form corolla. — O. to Mmn. , and southw.
§ 2. PNEUMONANTHE [Gleditsch] Link. Corolla {funnel-form or salver-
form) with thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no
crown nor glands; capsule stipitate; aiitumn-floicering perennials, the
flowers large, sessile or short-pedunculate and bibracteate (except in no. 12).
* Anthers unconnected or soon separate ; leaves rough-margined ; seeds winged.
5. G. affinis Griseb. Stems clustered, 1-4.5 dm. high; leaves oblong or
lanceolate to linear; flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose or few or rarely
almost solitary ; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equaling the tube, the
shortest sometimes minute ; corolla blue or bluish, 2-3 cm, long, rather nar-
rowly funnel-form, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous
laciniate appendages sometimes equaling the lobes. — Damp soil, Minn, and
westw.
6. G. puberula Michx. Stems mostly solitary, erect or ascending, 1.5-5 dm.
high, mostly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm, long ; flowers clustered, rarely solitary ; calyx-
lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell-funnel-form open bright bUie corolla,
the spreading ovate lobes of which are twice or thrice the length of the cut-
toothed appendages. — Dry prairies and barrens, Md. to Ga., Kan., and Minn.
Oct.
** Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often
axillary clusters.
*-- Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous ; seeds conspicuously wiiiged ; leaves
somewhat rough-margined.
7. G. Saponaria L. (Soapwort G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, olilong, or lanceolate-obovate. narrowed at the base •
calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equaling or exceeding the tube, half the
length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light blue corolla obtuse,
gray's max[:al — 42
658 GENTIANACEAE (^GENTIAN FAMILY) •
erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct^ and more or less longer than
the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed app(nidages. — Moist woods, Ct. to
Ont., and south w.
8. G. Andrewsii Griseb. (Closed G.) Stems upright, smooth ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed ; calyx-
lobes lanceolate to obovate^ recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much
shorter than the more cylindric and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed
at the mouth, the proper lobes equaled by the broad notched appendages. —
Moist ground, s. Me. to Man., and south w. — Corolla blue with white plaits, or
sometimes all white.
t- -^ Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cluster
leafy-involucrate ; seeds winged.
9. G. fldvida Gray. Stems upright, stout ; flowers sessile and crowded in
a dense terminal cluster ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely
clasping base, gradually tapering ; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times
shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white, more or
less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its
short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.
{G. alba Man. ed. 6, not Muhl.) — Sandy woods and meadows, Ont. to Mo.,
Ky., and Va.
10. G. linearis Froel. Stems slender and strict, 2.5-7 dm. high ; flowers 1-5
in the terminal cluster ; leaves linear or lanceolate, with somewhat narroiced
base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous ; calyx-lobes appressed-ascending,
linear or lanceolate, mostly subequal ; corolla blue or white, slender-funnel-form,
its erect roundish-ovate lobes a little longer than the triangular appendages.
(G. rnbricaulis Schwein.) — Bogs and wet rocks, N. B. to Ont., Minn., N. Y.,
and Md.
Var. Iatif51ia Gray. Stout ; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base,
the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate-; calyx-lobes unequal;
appendages broad, acute or subtruncate, mostly thrice exceeded by the corolla-
lobes. — L. Superior; N. B.
^ t~ ■*- Calyx-lobes and bracts with the margins smooth or nearly so; seeds
completely marginless.
11. G. vill5sa L. (Sampson's Snakeroot.) Stems ascending, smooth ;
leaves from broadly obovate and obtuse to somewhat lanceolate, all naiTowed
at base; calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than the tube, rather shorter
than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins
and lilac-purple stripes ; corolla-lobes ovate, much exceeding the small sparingly
toothed oblique appendages. (G. ochroleuca Froel.) — Dry or damp grounds,
N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and La.
• * * Anthers not connected ; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled
and naked; seeds wingless.
12. G. Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. Stems slender and ascending, 1-4.5 dm. high,
mostly simple ; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open-
funnel-form, 4-6 cm. long, azure-blue, rarely greenish or white, about twice the
length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as
the cut-toothed appendages. (6r. angustifolia Michx.) — Moist pine barrens,
N. J. to Fla.
4. PLEUR6GYNE Esch.
Acute divisions of the showy corolla with a pair of scale-like appendages at
base. Stamens inserted at base of corolla. Style none; stigmas decurrent. —
Small annuals of cold regions. (Name from irXevfov, rib or side, and yw-n,
female; referring to the decurrent lateral, not terminal, stigmas.")
1. P. rotata (L.) Griseb. (Marsh Felwort.) Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, from
simple and 1 -flowered to fastigiate-branchcd and many-flowered ; leaves linear
or lanceolate, or the lowest spatulate ; sepals linear to lancecjlate, resemliling the
upper leaves, and often much elongated ; corolla blue or white, the 3-5 ovate-
GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) 659
oblong or lanceolate lobes (5-15 mm. lon<r) shorter than or exceeding the calyx-
lobes. (Including P. carinthiaca, var. pusiUa Gray.) — Brackish shores and
marshes, e. Que., Nfd., Lab., and northw. ; Rocky Mts. — Pursh's report of
the plant from the White Mts., N. H., was probably erroneous. Aug., Sept.
(Greenl., n. Eurasia.)
5. FRASERA Walt. American Colcmbo
Calyx deeply 4-parted. Filaments awl-shaped, usually monadelphous at
base ; anthers oblong, vei'satile. Style persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and
showy herbs, with thick root, upright mostly simple stems, whorled leaves, and
numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated
panicle. (Named for John Fraser, an 18th century collector.)
1. F. caroliniensis Walt. ' Smooth biennial or triennial, 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves
mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle pyramidal,
loosely flowered ; corolla 2-3 cm. broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with
small brown-purple dots, its divisions obJong, mucronate, longer than the nar-
rowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle ;
capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry soil, N. Y. and
Ont. to Wise, and southw. May, June.
6. HALENIA Borkh. Spurred Gentian
Calyx 4-5 parted. Corolla without folds or fringe, usually prolonged at the
base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, w'hich are glandular in the bottom.
Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flatfish capsule. Seeds rather
numerous, oblong. ■ — Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish
Xjanicled-cymose flowers. (Named for Johann Halen^ a German botanist.)
Tetragoxaxthus Gmel.
1. H. deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Leafy annual or biennial. 1-9 dm. high, sim-
ple or branched above ; leaves o-5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and
petioled, the others ohJong-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, the nodes mostly
remote; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the
acutely ^-lohed corolla. {Tetragonanthus Ktze.) — Damp and cool woods, Nfd.
and Lab. to Sask., s. to centr. Me., w. Mass., centr. N, Y., Mich., and Minn.
July-Sept. Yar. heterantha (Griseb.) Fernald. Lower or sometimes all the
flowers without spurs. — Nfd. and Lab. to Me. and Mich.
7. BARTONIA Muhl.
Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at
length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner
surface of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials with thread-like stems, and
little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, peduncled. (Dedi-
cated to Frof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.)
* Corolla-lobes oblong to spatulate, obtuse, usually denticulate.
■*- Flowers 7-9 mm. long ; corolla-lobes spatulate, more than twice as long at
the calyx-lobes.
1. B. v6rna (Michx.) Muhl. Stem 1-few-flowered, 4-25 cm. high, nearly
naked ; leaf-scales inconspicuous, remote, mostly opposite or nearly so ; corolla-
lobes narrowly spatulate to spatulate-obovate, obtuse, denticulate or subentire,
2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. — Bogs near the coast, s. Ya. to Fla. and
La. Mar. -May.
♦- -^ Flowers 3-4 mm. long ; corolla-lobes one third to one half longer than the
calyx-lobes or rarely twice their length.
2. B. virginica (L.) BSP. Stems yellowish, 5-30 cm. high, erect and straight
or irregularly flexuous, mostly sharp-angled, simple or forked at the hard sub-
660 GENTIANACEAE fGENTIAN FAMILY)
ligneous base, with numerous mostly opposite or subopposite subulate scales
below ; the branches or peduncles chiefly opposite, 1-few-flowered ; flowers yel-
lowish-white ; corolla-lobes oblong, commonly denticulate, obtusish to rounded
at the apex ; stigma columnar, about 1 mm. long. (B. teneJla Muhl.) — Sandy
or boggy places, N. S. to Minn., and southw. July-Sept,
* * Corolla-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, essentially
entire.
3. B. paniculglta (Michx.) Robinson. Tall and very slender, 2-4 dm. high,
more apt to be irregularly and paniculately branched above, but mostly simple
at the base ; branches and leaf-scales often alternate ; the peduncles curved-
ascending ; flowers 2-4(-5) mm. long; corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute, yellow-
ish- or greenish- white, about twice as long as the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes ;
stigmr. short, scarcely columnar, 0.5 mm. in length ; anthers yellow. (B. lance-
olata Small ; Centaurella paniculata Michx. ; C. Moseri Steud. & Hochstetter. )
— Wet sandy woods, swamps, etc.. e. Mass. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct.
4. B. iodandra Robinson. Dwarf and subsimple, 1-2 dm. high ; scales few
and often alternate as are the rather long curved-ascending peduncles ; flowers
for the most part nearly twice as large as in the preceding, purplish-tinged, 6
mm. long; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish, about twice the length of
the lance-oblong calyx-lobes; anthers chiefly brovmish-purple ; stigma short. —
Sphagnous bogs, Nfd. and N. S. Aug., Sept.
8. OBOLARIA L. Pennywort
Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla wither-
ing-persistent ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the
bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, per-
sistent ; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, l-celled, the cell cruciform ; the seeds
covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very smooth purplish-green
perennial 6-15 cm. high, with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite
wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters
of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile, in spring. (Name from 6^oX6s,
a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)
1. 0. virginica L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like ;
flowers 1 cm. long. — Moist woods, N. J. to 111., s. to Ga. and Tex^ Mar.-May.
9. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Buckbean
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole
upper surface white-bearded. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth and
shining. — A perennial herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by
the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong
leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1-3 dm. high), white or
slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from fxriv, month, ^
and dvOos. a flrnrer, some say from its flowering for about that time.)
1. M. trifoliata L. — Bogs and shallow water. Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J.,
Pa., Great L. region, la., etc. Apr.-June. (Eurasia.)
10. NYMPHOIDES [Tourn.] Hill. Floating Heart
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions bearing
a glandular appendage near the base. Style sliort or none ; stigma 2-lobed,
persistent. Capsule few-many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with floating leaves on very long petioles, which,
in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of polygamous flowers, often
along with a clnst<^r of slioi-t and spur-like roots ; flowering all summer. (Name
from yi>naphae<i and efoos, appearance.) Limnantukmi'.m S. P. Cmel.
1. N. lacunosum (Vent.) Fernald. Floating leaves round-heart-shaped, 1.5-6
APOCYNACEAE (DOGBANE FAMILY) 661
cm. broad, thickisli ; petioles filiform ; lobes of the white corolla broadly oval,
about 1 cm, long, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice
the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style none ; seeds smooth and even.
(Limnanthemum Griseb.) — Shallow^ water, N. S. to Fla., and locally westw.
July-Sept.
2. N. aquaticum (Walt.) Fernald. Leaves larger (0.5-1.5 dm, broad) and
rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate
or pitted beneath ; petioles stouter ; flower 1-2 cm. broad ; seeds glandular-
roughened. {Limnanthemum Britton ; L. trachyspermum Gray.) — Ponds
and streams, N. J, to Fla. and Tex.
3. N. PELTATUM (S, P. Gmel.) Britten & Rendle. Stout and branching;
petioles hearing no spur-like roots; cxtrolla large (2-3 C7n. broad), bright yellow,
the segments somewhat fringed ; seeds with fringe-like margin. {Limnan-
themum nymphoides Hoffmannsegg tSb Link.) — Ponds about Washington, D. C. ;
often cultivated. (Introd. from Eu.)
APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)
Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire chiefly opposite leaves without
stipules, regular 6-merous and b-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the corolla
convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla,
and the pollen glandular ; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera)
are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into
one. Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing
albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly tropical acrid-
poisonous plants.
* Leaves alternate.
1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments.
Plant upright.
* * Leaves opposite.
2. Vinca. Seeds naked, CoroUa-tube naked. Plant creeping or traiUng.
3. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slender.
Calyx glandular inside.
4. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short,
broad and flat. Calyx not glandular.
1, AMS6nIA Walt,
Calyx small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube ; the limb divided into
long linear lobes. Stamens inserted on the tube, included ; anthers obtuse at
both ends. Ovaries 2 ; style 1 ; stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like
membrane. Pods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylin-
drical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row. — Perennial herbs, with alternate
leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Named for Dr.
Amson, physician of Gloucester. Virginia, in 1760, and friend of John Clayton.)
1. A. Tabernaemontana Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young,
soon glabrous ; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed ;
calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the
lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous, {A. salicifolia
Pursh ; A. Amsonia Britton.) — Low grounds. Pa. to Mo., and southw. ; introd,
in N. J. May, June.
2. VINCA L. Periwinkle
Calyx-lobes acuminate. Corolla-tube funnel -form ; the limb salver-form.
Stamens inserted below the throat ; filaments short. Style slender. Pods
short-cylindric. Seeds rough, — Smooth trailing hardy plants (or in the Tropics
062 APOCYNACEAE (DOGBANE FAMILY)
tender annuals) with evergreen firm leaves and axillary flowers. (Ancient
Latin name of uncertain derivation.)
1. V. MINOR L. (Common 1'., '' Mvktle,") Spreading by creeping stems ;
leaves glossy, ovate to oblong, 1.5-^3 cm. long, flowers peduncled ; corolla blue,
with truncate lobes. — Roadsides, etc., escaped from cultivation. Apr.-June.
(Introd. from Eu.)
3. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. Climbing Dogbane
Calyx with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Stamens included ; anthers
arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded.
Seeds oblong. — Twining plants, more or less wood}', with small flowers in
cymes. (Name from rpdx^Xos, a neck^ and airep^ia^ seed, upon the supposition
that the seed was beaked.)
1. T. diff6rme (Walt.) Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, pointed, thin ; calyx-lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow. —
Damp grounds, Del. to Fla. and Tex. June, July.
4. AP6CYNUM [Tourn.] L. Dogbane. Indian Hemp
Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, bearing 5 triangular appendages
below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens on the very base of the corolla ;
filaments shorter than the arrow-shaped convergent anthers, which slightly
adhere to the stigma. Style none ; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit
of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds with a tuft of long silky down at the
apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-
pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on
short pedicels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of d7r6, from, and
Kvuif, a dog.)
* Corolla pink or pink-striped or vnhite, 4-9 mm. long, the lobes more or less
spreading.
•*- Inflorescences both terminal and axillary cymes of nodding flowers 6-9 mm.
long; corolla campanulate, the lobes prominently flaring.
1. A. androsaemifblium L. (Spreading D.) Stems smooth, 3-5 dm. high,
loosely 10 ide-b ranched above tvith ascending often dichotomons branches; loaves
ovate to ovate-oblong, mucronate-tipped, slender-petioled, loosely spreading
or drooping, dull dark green and smooth above, pale and usually somewhat
pubescent beneath ; cymes flowering simultanf07(sly, the terminal usually largest ;
flowers fragrant, mostly nodding ; calyx rarely half as long as the corolla-tube ;
corolla pink, with deeper stripes in the tube, the finally recurved lobes blunt. —
Dry thickets, open woods, etc. June- Aug.
H- •»- Inflorescences terminal or at the tips of leafy branches, of spreading or
slightly nodding flowers 4-7 mm. long ; corolla from urceolate to short-
tubular, the tube somewhat pentagonal, the lobes slightly spreading.
2. A. m§dium Greene. Similar to no. 1 ; the branches ascending or spread-
ing ; leaves firm, ovate-oblong to elliptic, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath ;
central cyme flovjering earlier than those at the tips of the elongate branches;
corolla white or pink-tinged, the blunt lobes slightly spreading but not recurved.
(Intermediate between the preceding and the following, including A. speriosiim
and A. urceolifer G. S. Miller, A. Milleri Britton, and some otlier recently
propo.sed species.) — Open dry or moist ground, rocky shores, etc., e. Que. to
Md., w. to Col. June- Aug.
* * Corolla greenish to greenish-iohite, tubular, pentagonal, 3-4.5 mm. long, the
lobes ascending ; cymes terminal, of mostly ascending flowers.
3. A. cannabinum L. (Indian Hemp.) Glabrous, 2-24 dm. high, the stems and
branches ascendinf^ (but on gravel beaches, etc., depres.scd and wide-spreading) ;
leaves mostly ascending, usually pale green, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, glabrous
ASCLEPIADACEAE (^MILKWEED FAMILY) 66o
or sparingly pubescent beneath, those of the chief axis narrowed at base to distinct
petioles {'2.-1 mm. long), those of the branches often subsessile ; central cyme
flowering first ; fiowers erect ; calyx glabrous, its looes about equaling the corolla-
tube. — Gravelly or sandy soil, mostly near streams; on beaches becoming
dwarfed and diffuse, with smaller and narrower leaves {A. album Greene).
Juue-xVug. Varying greatly, the most recognizable extremes being
Var. pub^scens (K. Br.) DC. Calyx and pedicels pubescent ; leaves white-
pubescent beneath. {A. pubescens H. Br.) — K. I. to Ont., la., and southw.
Var. nemorale (G. !S. AiiUer) Fernald. Leaves mostly spreading or drooping
on elongate (1-1.5 cm. long) slender petioles. {A. nemorale G. S. Miller.) —
Open woods, Fairfax Co., Va.
Var. hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray. Principal leaves sessile or subsessile,
rounded ui subcordate at base. (A. hypericifolium Ait.) — Que. to Sask. and
B. C, s. to w. Me., centr. N. Y., 0., Kan., Col., and Cal. ; chiefly w^estw.
ASCLEPIADAcEAE (Milkw-eed Family)
Plants with milky juice., and opposite or ichorled (rarely scattered) entire
leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible
properties, etc., as in the preceding family, from which they differ in the commonly
valvate corolla, and in the singidar connection of the anthers with the stigma,
the cohesion of the pollen Anto wax-like or granular masses (pollinia), etc., as
explained under the typical genus Asclepias.
Tribe I. CYNANCHEAE. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious mem-
brane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma ; pollinia suspended.
* Stems erect or merely decumbent.
1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, with a
salient crest in each. Leaves alternate.
2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as la no. 1, but with an incurved horn
rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite.
3. Acerates. Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in no. 1, but with neither crest
nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate.
* * Stems twining ; leaves mostly opposite.
4. Gonolobus. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-cleft
tail or awn.
5. Cynanchum. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10-lobed ring or disk.
Tribe II. VINCETOXfCEAE. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the margin of
or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia horizontal.
6. Vincetoxicum. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining.
1. ASCLEPI0d6RA Gray
Pesembling Asclepias ; but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and the
hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-
shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like
partition. — Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered. Folli-
cles ovoid, often somewhat mttricate with soft spinous projections. ('Ao-/c\777ri6s,
and dQpov or duped, the gift of Aesculapius.)
1. A. viridis (Walt.) tiray. Almost glabrotts ; stems 3-7 dm. high; leaves
alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 3-13 cm. wide ; umbels
several in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (2-3 cm. broad), green,
wdth a purplish crown. — I'rairies, 111. to Tex. and S. C. May, June.
2. ASCLEPIAS [Tottrn.] L. Milkwkkd. Silkweed
Calyx persistent ; divisions small, reflexed. Corolla dee]ily i")-i>arted ; divisions
valvate in bud, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of
66-4 ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY)
stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base
of the corolla ; filaments united into a tube which incloses the pistil ; anthers
adherent to the stigma, eacli with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous
appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ;
the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang
by a slender prolongation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on
the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and directing
copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the style).
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles ; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy
stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft,
ovoid or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long
silky hairs (coma) at the hilum, downwardly imbricated all over the large
placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with
broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial herbs ; peduncles
terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple
many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of Aesculapius, to whom
the genus is dedicated.)
§ 1. Anther-wings broadest and usually anguJate-truncate and salient at base ;
horn conspicuous.
* Flowers orange-color ; leaves mostly scattered ; juice not milky.
1. A. tuber5sa L. (Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy-root.) Roughish-hairy,
3-9 dm. high ; stems ascending or decumbent, very leafy, branching at the
summit, and bearing umbels in a terminal corymb, or scattered in racemes along
the branches ; leaves from linear to oblong-ovate, sessile or slightly petioled ;
divisions of the corolla oblong, greenish-orange ; hoods narrowly oblong, bright
orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ;
pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels. (Including A. decumbens L.) — Dry fields
and banks, N. H. to Ont., Minn., south w. and south westw. June-Aug.
* * Corolla bright red or purple; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed
pedicels (except in no. 5) ; leaves opposite, mostly broad.
H- Flowers rather large; hoods about 6 mm. long and exceeding the anthers;
leaves transversely veined.
2. A. lanceolita Walt. Glabrous ; stem slender. 6-15 dm. high ; leaves
elongated-lanceolate or linear, 1-2 dm. long, tapering to both ends, slightly
petioled; umbels 6-V2-floicered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong;
the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved
horn. (A. paupercula Michx.) — Wet pine barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla.
and Tex. July.
3. A. rubra L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a
rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so, 0.5-1.8
dm. long, 1-6.5 cm. wide, bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of
the corolla and hoods oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender,
straightish. — Wet pine barrens, etc., N. J. and Pa. to Fla., La., and Mo. July.
4. A. purpurascens L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender, 1 m. or less
high ; haves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely vdvety-
downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole ; pedicels
shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-
ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above ; the horn
broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point. —
Dry ground, N. H, to Ont., Minn., Kan., and southw. — Flowers 1.5 cm. long.
June, July.
-♦- •*- Flowers small; hoods 2-3 mm. long, equaling the anthers; veins
ascending.
6. A incarnaita L. (Swamp M.) Smooth or nearly so ; the stem 5-10 dm.
high, very leafy, with two downy lines above and (^n the branches of the pedun-
cles ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or ])ointed, obtu.se. ob.scurely heart-shaped or
narrowed at base ; flowers rose-purple (rarely whitish) ; hoods scarcely equaling
ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) 665
the slender ueedle-pointed born. — Swamps, X. B., westw. and southw. July,
Aug.
Var. pulchra (Ehrh.) Pers. Leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more
or less hairy, as well as the stem ; flowers paler. (A. pulchra Ehrh.) — N. 8.
to N. C. and Ga., rarely w. to Minn.
* * * Floioers greenish, yelloicish, white, or merely purplish-tinged ; leaves oppo-
site or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.
•*- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and
only minutely echinate at the apex in no. 8), large (8-13 cm. long), ovoid
and acuminate, erect on dpjlc:red pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-
petioled ; umbels terminal and lateral.
6. A. specibsa Torr. ^Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many-
flowered iimbel and calyx densely tomentose ; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong;
corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 1 cm. long ; hoods slightly longer, with a
short inflexed horn, tJie truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long
lanceolate-ligulate appendage. — Along streams, Minn, to Ark., and we.stw.
June-Aug.
7. A. syriaca L. (Common M. or Silkweed.) Stem tall and stout, finely
soft-pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong to broadly oval, 1-2 dm. long, pale, minutely
downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc. ; corolla-lobes dull purple to white,
6-9 mm. long : hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, inith a tooth
each side of the short stout claw-like horn. (A. Cornuti Dene.) — Rich ground,
N. B. to Sask., and southw. June-Aug. — Intermediates, perhaps of hybrid
origin, occur between this and some of the related species.
8. A. SuUivantii Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate-
oblong with a .somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile ; hoods obovate,
entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside ; flowers larger (1.5-2 cm. long) and
more purple than in the preceding ; anther- wings 2-toothed at base ; pod nearly
glabrous, obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak. — Rich ground, s. Ont. and 0.
to Kan., Neb., and Minn. June. July.
•*- ■*- Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentidose-puhescent.
** Follicles erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels.
— Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle ; leaves sessile, broad, trans-
versely veined, loavy ; glabrous and pale or glaucous.
9. A. amplexicaulis Sm. Stem 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong, icith a heart-
shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse, 4-12 cm. long; peduncle 3-20 cm.
long ; corolla pale greenish -purple ; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the
summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn. (A. obtusifolia Michx.) —
Sandy woods and fields, X. H. to Neb., and southw. June, July. — A second
umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally occurs.
10. A. Meadii Torr. Stem slender, 4-0 dm. high ; leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, obtuse or acutish, 3-7 cm. long; peduncle only twice the length of the
upper leaves ; pedicels rather short ; corolla greenish-white ; hoods rounded-
truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding
the stouter horn. — Dry gi'ound. Wise, 111., and la. June.
= = Umbels mostly more than one ; peduncle not overtopping the leaves.
a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate ; hoods broad, little if at all
exceeding the anthers ; glabrous or loith some minute j)ubescence on young parts.
n. A. phytolaccoides Pursh. (Poke M.) Stem 5-15 dm. high ; leaves
broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-
petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath, 1-3 dm. long ; lateral umbels
several ; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, slender, 2-5 cm. long, equaling
the peduncle ; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish ; hoods (white) truncate, the
margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped
point. (A. pfoltdta Muhl. ? nomen snhnudum.) — Moi.st copses, N. E. tt) Mimi...
8. to Ga. and Ark. June-Aug.
666 ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY)
12. A. variegata L. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves (4-5 pairs) ovate, oval, or
obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometimes
whoiied ; pedicels {numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy; divi
sions of the corolla ovate, whits; hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish,
the horn semilunar with a horizontal point. — Dry woods, L. I. to Ind., s. to
Fla., and w. La. May, June. — Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly
white flowers.
h. Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent ; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice
the length of the anthers.
IS. A. ovalif51ia Dene. Low, 1.5-6 dm. high, soft-downy especially the
lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves
(3.5-8 cm. long); umbels loosely 10-18-flowered, sessile or peduncled ; pedicels
slender ; hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the
oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside). — Prairies and
oak openings. 111. and Wise, to S. Dak. and ]Man. June, July.
++ 4H. Follicles and pedicels erect; leaves often v'horled ; glabrous or nearly so.
= Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled.
14. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Stem slender, 3-8 dm. high, mostly leafless below,
bearing usually one or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs
of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (0.5-1 dm. long); pedi-
cels slender; corolla-lobes pale pink, ohlong; hoods white, elliptical-ovate, the
incurved horn shoit and thick. — Dry woods and hills, N. H. to Ont. and Mhm.,
s. to N. C. and Ark. May-July.
15. A. perennis Walt. Stems 3-7 dm. high, persistent or somewhat woody
at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin,
rather slender-petioled ; flowers white, small ; the small hoods of the crown
shorter than the needle-shaped horn ; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma ! —
Low grounds, Ind. to Mo., Fla., and Tex. May-Aug.
= = Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate.^ exserted; column
conspicuous.
16. A. verticillata L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, 3-0 dm.
high, from a fibrous root, very leafy to the summit ; leaves linear, with revolute
margins, 3-6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and terminal ; divisions of the
corolla ovate, greenish-white ; hoods roundish-oval, about half the length of the
incurved claw-shaped horns. — Prairies and open woods, Mass. to Sask., and
southw.
17. A. pumila (Gray) Vail. Similar; loio (1-1.5 dm. -high) and many-
stemmed from a woody caudex; leaves much crowded, spirally arranged, filiform
or filiform-linear. {A. verticillata, var. Gray.) — Dry plains, w. la. and Neb.
to Col. and N. Mex.
§ 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notchcd
just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lnbed apex.
18. A. stenophylla Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems slender,
0.3-1 m. high ; leaves narrowly linear, the upper alternate, lower opposite ;
umbels several, short-peduncled, 10-15-flowered ; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish ;
hoods whitish, ecjualing the anthers, conduplicate-concave ; follicles erect or.
ascending pedicels. (Acerates angustifolia Dene.) — Dry prairies. Neb. to Mo.,
southw. and westw. June- Aug.
*^o*
8. ACERAtES Ell. Green Milkweed
Nearly like Asclepias ; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the
name, from a- privative, and K^pas, a horn). — Flowers greenish, in compact
many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-petioU'('
or sessile. I*ollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles not tubenuhift'. ,
ASCLEPIADACEAE (mILKWEED FAMILY) 667
•^ Crowji upon a column shorter than the globular mass of anthers and stigmas ^
leaves mainly alternate-scattered.
1. A. auriculata Engelm. Glabrous, or puberalent above, 1 ra. or less high ;
leaves narrowly linear or Miform, 1 or 2 dm. long; umbels numerous, lateral,
on peduncles about as long as the slender pubescent pedicels ; column vei'y
short and inconspicuous; hoods emarginate, appendaged below with a pair oj
broad auricles. — Dry ground, Neb. and Kan., westw. and southw. June-Aug.
2. A. floridana (Lam.) Hitchc. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish ;
leaves linear to lanceolate ; umbels few, terminal or lateral, on peduncles of
about the length of the slender pedicels; column about 1 mm. long; hoods
entire^ not auricled. (^A. longifolia Ell.) — Prairies and pine barrens, O. to Ont.,
Minn., Tex., and Fla. June-Sept.
** Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equaling the anthers; leaves often
opposite and broader.
3. A. viridifl5ra Ell. ^Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish ; stems
ascending, 8-8 dm. high ; leaves oval to oblong, thick, 4-10 cm. long ; umbels
nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose ; flower (when the corolla is reflexed)
1 cm. long, short-pediceled. — Dry soil, jiass. to Sask., and southw. June-8ept.
Var. LAxcEOLAT.v (Ives) Gray. Leaves lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long. (Var. Ivesii
Britton.) — Range of the typical form. Var. lixe.Vris Gray. Leaves elon-
gated, linear ; stems low ; umbels often solitary. — Man., N. Dak., and southw.
4. A. lanuginbsa (Nutt. ) Dene. Hairy, low (1-2.5 dm. high) ; leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled; flowers
smaller ; pedicels slender. — Prairies, 111. to Minn., and westw. July.
4. GON6lOBUS Michx. Angle-pod
Crown of free leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex,
where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers nearly as in
Asclepias ; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit
of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles elongate-ovoid to lanceolate,
smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, smooth,
with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish
flowers in raceme-like clusters on slender axillary -peduncles. (Name from yuvia,
an angle, and \o^6s, apod, from the angled fruit.) Exslexia Nutt.
1. G. laevis Michx. Climbing, 3— 4 m. high ; leaves 3.5-12 cm. wide. {Ens-
lenia albida Nutt.; Ampelanus aJbidus Britton.) — River-banks and thickets,
Pa. to 111., Kan., and southw. July-Sept.
5. CYNANCHUM L.
Crown flat, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles, and seeds much as in Asclepias.
— Herbs, often twining. (An ancient name for some plant supposed to be
poisonous to dogs, from kvwv, dog, and &yx€(-f, to strangle.) Vixcetoxicum
Medic, Moench, etc., not Walt.
1. C. xiGRUM (L.) Pers. Twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate or lance-
ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter
than the leaves ; corolla pubescent within. — Waste places and old fields, e.
Mass. and Vt. to Pa, and O. June-Sept. (Introd. from Eu.)
2 C. Vixcetoxicum (L.) Pers. Suberect, 3-<) dm. high ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers greenish-white ; corolla glabroufi. — Escaped from cultivation
in s. Ont., near Niagara Falls (according to J. M. Macoun). (Introd. from Eu.)
6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Angle-pod
Corolla wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading ; the lobes convolute in
the bud. Crown small, aimular or cup-shaped, in the throat of the corolla.
Anthers partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-
GG8 CONVOLYULACEAE (COXVOLVTTLUS FAMILY)
masses o pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty
projections, sometimes ribbed. Seed with a coma. — Herbs or shrubs with
opposite heart-shaped leaves and corymbose-umbeled greenisli or dark purple
flowers on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong
to the typical section, with the crown simple and iinappendaged, and the corolla
nearly veinless. (Name from vincere, to conquer, and toxicum., poison, applied
originally to species of the preceding genus in allusion to supposed curative
properties.) Gonolobus Michx., in part.
* Crown a low undulately lO-lobed fleshy disk ; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3-5-
costate or -angled.
1. V. suber5sum (L.) Britton. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or
sometimes deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy, 6-14 cm. long ;
umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole ; corolla broadly conical in
bud, abruptly pointed^ twisted ; lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, pubes-
cent inside; calyx half as long. {Oonolobus R. Br.) — Near the coast, Ya. to
Fla. June-Aug.
2. V. gonocarpos Walt. Leaves cordate with a deep and narrow often closed
sinus, conspicuously acuminate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, finely pubescent beneath;
umbels 5-10-flowered, barely equaling the petiole ; corolla elongated-conical in
bud, not twisted ; lobes narroioly lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 8-4 times
as long as the calyx. (Gonolobus laevis Man. ed. 6, not Michx.) — River-banks,
Va. to s. Ind., Mo., S. C, and Tex. June, July.
* * Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers ; follicles muricate, not costate.
•*- Crown fleshy, merely lO-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate.
3. V. obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a
narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate, 0.7-2.5 dm. long; umbel many-fl(ncered ;
corolla in bud conical, its lobes linear-ligulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 2 nmi. wide,
crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and mimitely pubescent outside. {Gono-
lobus R. Br.) — River-banks, Pa. and Ya. to O. and Mo. June, July.
4. V. hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. Commonly more hairy ; leaves with the
basal lobes sometimes overlapping; peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud
ovoid, its lobes elliptical-oblong, rarely 1 cm. long, barely puherulent outside,
brownish-purple to yellowish. {Gonolobus Michx.) — Md. and Ya. to Tenn.
and Fla. May-Aug.
-*- -»- Crovsn thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the preceding .
5. V. Sh6rtii (Gray) Britton. Resembles no. 3, but larger-leaved ; corolla
conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate, 1.5 cm. long ; crown about
lO-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate
or 2-parted. (Gonolobus Gray.) — Ky., and southw.
6. V. carolinense (Jacq.) Britton. Flower-bud elongate-ovoid; corolla
brownish-purple, its lobes oblong or linear-oblong, rarely 1 cm. long ; crown
undulately and very obtusely ^-lobed, with a longer bifid subulate process in each
sinus. (Gonolobus R. Br.) — Ya. to Mo., and southw. May-July.
7. V. Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Corolla whitish, with spreading
oblong or spatulate lobes (at most 1 cm. long) ; crown deeply cleft into 5 usually
emarginate lobes half as long as the pair of subulate processes in each sinus.
(Gonolobus Sweet.) — Ga. to Mo. and Ark. May, June.
CONVOLVULAcEAE (Convolvulus Family)
Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often loith some milky juice, icith alternate
leaves (or scales) and regular b-androus flowers ; a calyx o/5 imbricated sepals ;
a b-plaited or b-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud (imbricate in no. G);
a 2(rarely S)-ceUed ovary (or in one tribe 2 separate pistils), vnth a pair of
erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition bfticeen
the seeds, so becoming ^-celled ; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilagi-
COXYOLVULACEAE (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY) 669
nous albumen. Fruit a globular 2-6-seed.ed capsule. Flowers mostly sho^^7■, on
axillary peduncles; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. — Many are cultivated
for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots ; those
of several species are carthartic, e.g. Jalap.
Tribe I. DICHONDREAE. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so ; styles 2, basilar. Creeping herbs.
1. Dichondra. Curolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.
Tribe II. CONVOLVtrLEAE. Ovar>- entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.
"2. Breweria. Style •2-cleft or 2-divided ; the divisions simple ; stigmas capitate.
3. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft ; stigmas linear-fiUform. Not twning.
4. Ipomoea. Style undivided, mth stigma capitate or 2—S-globose.
5. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex ; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate
or ovate.
Tribe III. CUSCtrTEAE. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo
filiform, coiled, ^^•ithout cotyledons.
6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.
1. DICHONDRA Forst.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped. Stamens included. Styles,
ovaries, and utricular 1-2-seeded capsules 2. distinct. Stigmas thick. — Small
and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves,
and axillary 1-flowered bractless pedtmcles. Corolla small, yellowish or white.
(Name from 5is. double., and x<^vbpos, a grain., from the fruit.)
1. D. repens Forst. Leaves round-kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both
sides ; corolla not exceeding the calyx. (Z>. evolvvlacea Britton. ) — \Yet ground,
Ya. to Tex., near the coast.
2. BREWERIA R. Br.
Stjdes 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below ;
stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Peren-
nial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs ; flowers small, in summer ; corolla
more or less hairy or silkj^ outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer.^ an English
botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)
1. B. humistrata (Walt.) Gray. Sparsely liairy or nearly smooth; leaves
varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate
or emarginate ; peduncles 1-7 -flowered ; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; sepals
pointed^ glabrous or nearly so; corolla ichite ; filaments hairy; styles united,
at base. — Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.
2. B. aquatica (Walt.) Gray. Minutely soft-downy and somewhat hoary;
peduncles l-;5-flowered ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple ; filaments smooth ;
styles almost distinct ; otherwise nearly as no, 1. — Wet pine barrens and margins
of ponds. N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.
0. B. Pickeringii (^L A. Curtis) Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish ; leaves
very uarroicly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly
sessile; peduncles 1-3-flowered ; bracts resembling the leaves^ mostly exceeding
the flowers; sppals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles {united far
above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. — Dry pine barrens and
prairies, N. J., and southw. ; also 111., la., and south w.
3. ev6lvulus l.
Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open-funnel-form or almost rotate.
Styles 2. each 2-cleft ; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. —
Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining
(hence the name, from evolvere, to unroll, in contrast witli Convolvulus).
1. E. argenteus Pursh. Many-stemmed fn)m a somewhat woody base, dwarf,
silky-villous all over ; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lowei
670 CONVOLVULACEAE (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY)
oblong-spatulate and ehort-petioled ; flowers almost sessile in the axils ; corolla
purple, about 1 cm. broad. {E. pilosus Nutt.) — Sterile plains and prairies,
N. Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex. May-July.
4. IPOMOEA L. Morning Glory
Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla
salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate ; the limb entire or slightly
lobed. Capsule globular, 4-6(by abortion fewer)-seeded, 2-4-valved. (Name,
according to Linnaeus, from f^, a Bindweed^ and b/xoios, like ; but ixp is a worm.)
§ 1. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Gray. Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat
funnel-form hut slender tube; stamens and style exserted ; flowers red;
annual twiners.
\. I. QuImoclit L. (Cypress Vine.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-
thread-shaped parallel lobes ; peduncles 1-2-flowered ; corolla slender, 3.5-4 cm.
long, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. {Quamoclit Britton.) — Sparingly spon-
taneous, especially soutliw. July-Oct. (Introd. from Trop. Am.)
2. I. cocciNEA L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled ; pedun-
cles 2-several-flowered ; sepals awn-pointed ; corolla light scarlet, 2-3 cm. long.
{Quamoclit Moench.) — River-banks and waste places, N. Y. to Mo., and
southw. July-Oct. (Indigenous southwestw. ) Var. hederifolia (L.) Gray.
Leaves deeply palmate-lobed. — River-flats, waste land, etc., from Mass. westw.
and southw. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)
§ 2. EUIPOMOEA Gray. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate^ con-
torted in the hud; stamens and style not exserted.
* Lobes of stigma and cells 3, sepals long and narrow, attenuate upward, mostly
hirsute below; corolla purple, blue, or white. (Morning Glory.)
3. I. hederA-cea Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, S-lohed,
the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short or rather long, 1-3-flowered ;
calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale blue, 3-4.5 cm.
long. — "Waste and cultivated ground, from s. Me. westw. and southw. July-
Sept. (Introd. from Trop. Am.)
4. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. (Common M.) Annual ; stems retrorsely hairy ;
leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire ; peduncles long, umbellately 3-5-flow-
ered ; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form, 4.5-7 cm. long, purple,
varying to white. — Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Introd. from Trop. Am.)
* * Stigma 2-lobed or entire ; cells 2, each 2-seeded ; sepals broader, imbricated ;
leaves cordate, acuminate.
5. I. pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. (Wild Potato-vine, Man-of-the-
Earth.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twin-
ing ; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped ;
peduncles longer than the petioles, 1-5-flowered ; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong,
very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form, 4.5-8 cm. long, white, with purple in the
tube. — Dry ground, Ct. to Ont., southw. and southwestw. June-Sept. —
Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 4-8 (-11) kg.
6. I. lacunbsa L. Annual ; rather smooth ; stem twining and creeping, slen-
der ; leaves entire or angle-lobed ; peduncles short, l-;^)-flowered ; sepals lance-
oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed
(white, 1-2 cm. long) corolla. — River-banks and low grounds. Pa. to 111., Kan.,
and southw.; adv. on ballast northw.
5. C0NV6lVULUS [Tourn.] L. Bindweed
Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Cap.sule globose,
2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, or
by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2-4-valved. — Herbs or somewhat .shrubby plants,
twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolvere, to entwine.)
CONVOLVULACEAE (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY) 671
§ 1. CALYSTEGL\ (K. Br.) Gray. Stigmas oval to oblong ; calyx inclosed in
2 broad leafy bracts.
* Erect; petioles at most one fourth as long as the leaf-blades.
1. C. spithamaeus L. Down>j ; stem low and mostly simple, upright or as-
cending, 1.5-3 dm. long ; leaves broadly oblong, with or without a heart-shaped
or auricled base ; corolla white, 4-5 cm. long ; stigmas oval. — Dry and sandy
or rocky soil, local. May-Aug.
* * Twining or trailing ; petioles longer.
+- Flowers double.
2. C. jAPONicus Thunb. Pubescent; leaves narrowly hastate ; ^oi^ers usu-
ally double, pink. — Waste places, etc., escaped from cultivation. (Introd. from
Asia.)
•♦- H- Flowers single.
3. C. sipium L. (Hedge B.) Glabrous or essentially so; stem high-ticining
or sometimes trailing extensively ; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped, acute or
pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or siuu-
ate-lobed or merely rounded ; peduncles chiefly elongated, 4-angled ; bracts
rounded to sharp-acuminate at tip ; corolla white or rose-color, 3-5 cm. long.
(Including var. americanus Sims.) — Moist alluvial soil or along streams. June-
ISept. (Eurasia.) Passing freely to
Var. pubescens (Gray) Femald. More or less pubescent; stems trailing or
sprawling, ?y-l dm. long ; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, the basal lobes obtuse or
rounded and entire. (Var. repens Gray; C.repens L.) — Gravelly or marshy
sea-coast, e. Que. to Fla'; rare about the Great Lakes.
Var. fraternifl5rus Mackenzie & Bush. More or less pubescent; leaves has-
tate ; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, theiv peduncles mostly short and wing-angled.
— D. C. to Mo., and southw.
§ 2. STROPHOCAULOS G.Don. Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the
base of the calyx.
4. C. ARVExsis L. (Field B.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining,
and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow- or halberd-shaped, with the lobes at the
base acute ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote ; corolla 1.5-2
cm. long, white or tinged with red. — Old fields and in waste places. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.) Var. obtcsif6lids Choisy. Basal lobes of the leaves rounded.
— Less common. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Dodder. Love Vine
Calyx 5(rarely 4)-cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-
shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5 (rarely 4) -cleft, imbricate.
Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled ; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo
spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, sometimes with a few alternate
scales (belonging to the plumule) ; germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless
annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute
scales in place of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic
on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere
by means of suckers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small,
cymose-clustered, mostly white, usually produced in summer and autumn.
(Name supposed to be of Arabic derivation.)
§ 1. Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile.
* Styles longer than the ovary and capsule.
1. C. Epi'ltkum "Weihe. ''Flax D.) Steins very slender, \ovf \ flowers yel-
lowish, globular, sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla 5-parted, short-cylin-
drical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx,
«
i>72 COMVOLVULACEAE (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY)
persistent around the capsule ; stamens included ; scales short, broad, crenu-
late, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious;
sparingly introduced with flax-seed into tlie Northern States. June-Aug.
(In trod, from Eu.)
2. C. EpfTHYMCM Murr. Stems very slender ; flowers whitish or pinkish,
capitate ; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect
acute sepals; scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted. (C. Trifolii
Bab.) — Occasionally found on clover, etc. July, Aug. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Styles shorter than the ovary and capsule,
3. C. EUROPAiiA L. Slender ; flowers subglobose, in dense globular clusters ;
corolla 4-5-parted, the lobes obtuse ; scales truncate or bifid, very small and
thin or seemingly obsolete ; calyx with obtuse lobes ; capsule comparatively
large, often loosely capped by the old corolla. — On Solidago, Viburnum, etc.^
in a hedge-row, Gilead, Me. (Miss Furbish). July, Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
§ 2. Stigmas capitate ; capsule indehiscent.
* Calyx gamosepalous ; ovary and capside depressed-globose.
•*- Flowers in dense or globular clusters ; corolla with short and wide tube, per-
sistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.
4. C. obtusiflbra HBK. Stems coarse, orange-colored; flowers white, 2—3 mm.
long ; lobes of calyx oblong, obtuse, of corolla obtuse or acutish, often longer
than the tube ; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth ; the thin cap-
sule pale greenish-yellow. ( C. chlorocarpa and C. Polygonorum Engelm. ) — Wet
places, Del. and Pa. to Minn., and south w.; often on "Polygonum. July-Sept.
(Trop. Am., Eurasia.)
5. C. arvensis Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low ; flowers smaller (1.5-2
mm. long) ; calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad ; lobes of the corolla acu-
minate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points; scales large, deeply fringed.
— Rather dry soil, on various low plants, Mass., westw. and south w. July-Oct.
H- -!- Flowers in panicled often densely compound cymes ; styles slender, mostly
longer than the ovary ; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.
6. C. Cephalanthi Engelm. Stem coarse and yellow, usually rather high-
climbing ; flowers 2 mm. long, on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous ; lobes of
calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender
deeply campanulate tube ; scales shorter than the tube, fringed. (C. tenuiflora
Engelm.) — On tall herbs and shrubs. Pa. to Minn., and south w. July, Aug.
** Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or
capped by the marcescent corolla ; flowers in loose panicled cymes.
•t- Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.
7. C. indecbra Chois. Stems coarse ; flowers fleshy and more or less papillose,
.^-6 mm. long ; calyx-lobes triangular, acute or acutish ; lobes of the broadly
campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales
large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla ; anthers and
stigmas yellow or deep purple. (C. decora Engelm.) — Wet prairies, on herbs
and low shrubs (principally Leguminosae and Compositae), from 111. to Fla. ,
Tex., and westw. June-Sept. (Trop. Am.)
8. C. C6ryli Engelm. Similar to the preceding ; flowers of the same struc-
ture, but smaller (2 mm. long), generally 4-merous ; corolla deeper, with erect
lobes, finally capping the capsule ; scales reduced to a few teeth. ( C. inflexa
Engelm.) — Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse
herbs, Ct. (according to Britton); Va. to Minn., Neb., and south w.
•4- ■»- Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.
9. C. Gronbvii Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing hish ; corolla-lobes
shorter than or equaling the deeply campanulate tube ; scales copiously fringed ;
capsule globose, umhonate. — Wet shady places, N. S. to Man., and southw. —
POLEMONIACEAE (POLEMONIUM FAMILY) 673
The commonest of our species. Very variable in size and compactness of
clusters.
10. C. rostrata 8huttlw. Similar to the preceding ; flowers larger (4-6 mm.
long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than the
tubes ; slender styles longer ; ovary bottle-shaped ; capsule long-pointed. — Shady
valleys in the mts., Md. and Va., south w.; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs.
*** Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts ; styles capillary;
scales large, deeply fringed ; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.
11. C. cuspidata Engelm. Stems slender ; flowers 3-5 mm. long, thin, on
bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles ; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and
the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the
cylindrical tube ; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted. —
Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosae, etc.. Neb. to Mo.
and Tex.
12. C. compacta Juss. Stems coarse ; flowers closely sessile in densely com-
pact clusters; bracts (3-5) a7id sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, ap-
pressed, nearly equaling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla ;
stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter. — In damp
woods, almost always on shrubs, Mass. to Ont., and south w.
13. C. glomerata Chois. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty
masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with
scarious oblong bracts, thpir tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar,
shorter than the short-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes ; style several
times longer than the ovary. (C. paradoxa Raf. ?) — Wet prairies, O. to Minn.,
Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositae. — The rope-like twists (1-3 cm.
thick) of white flowers, with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly
bracts, have a singular appearance.
POLEMONIACEAE (Polemonium Family)
Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and b-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a Z-ceUed ovary and S-lobed
style; capsule S-celled, S-valved, loculicidal, few-many-seeded ; the valves usu-
ally breaking away from the triangular central column. Seeds amphitropous,
the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads.
Embryo straight, in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated.
Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. — Insipid and innocent
plants, many ornamental and in cultivation.
1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx slender. Leaves opposite, entire.
2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx slender, partly scarious. Leaves
mostly alternate.
3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell-shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender,
equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.
1. phl6x l.
Calyx somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla with a long tube.
Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule
ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell. —
Perennials (except a few southern species), with opposite and sessile perfectly
entire leaves, the floral often alternate Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; tlie
open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. {^\6^, flame, an ancient
name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our
species are cultivated in gardens.
gray's manual — 43
(>74 POLEMONIACKAK (I'OLEMONILJM FAMILVy
§ 1. Hcrbaceonfi^ with flat (broad or narroio) leaves.
■' IStem strictly erect ; panicle pijramidal or ellipsoid, maiiy-jlowered ; peduncles
and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire.
1. P. paniculata L. Stem stout, 0.5-1.5 m. high, smooth, or puberulent or
villous above; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large,
tapering or rounded, the upper often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample,
pi/ramidal-corymbed ; calyx smooth or glandular-hispid, the teeth awn-pointed;
(•I )rolla pink-purple varying to white. (Including P. acuminata Pursh, P. glan-
duJosa Shuttlw., and P. amplifoUa Britton.) — Open woods. Pa. to 111., Kan.,
and southw. ; escaped from cultivation northw. July-Sept. — Highly variable
in outline of leaf, pube.scence of leaves, stems, calyx, and corolla, but without
concomitant characters.
2. P. maculata L. (Wild Sweet William.) Smooth, or barely roughish ;
stem spotted with purple, rather slender, 3-9 dm. high ; lower leaves lanceolate,
the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and
rounded or somewhat lieart-shaped base ; panicle narrov), ellipsoid, leafy below ;
calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla pink-purple. —
Rich woodlands and along streams, Ct. to Minn., and southw. June-Sept.
Var. CANDIDA Michx. White-flowered; commonly with spotless stem. — With the
ordinary form.
* * Stems, at least the floweriwj ones, ascending or erect ; flowers in corymbed
or simple cymes ; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate.
+- Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded^ entire; glabrous or
nearly so.
3. P. ovata L. Stems ascending, 2.5-6 dm. high, often from a prostrate base ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-
shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-
peduncled ; calyx-teeth short and broad, acute. — Woods, Pa. to Ala. May-
July.
4. P. glab^rrima L. Stems slender, erect, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves linear-Ian'
ceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and .some-
times revolute margins), 5-12 cm. long, tapering gradually to a point; cymes
few-flowered and loosely corymbed ; flowers peduncled, pink or whitish ; calyx-
teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed. — Prairies and open woods, n. Va. to O.
and Minn., s. to Fla. and Mo. June, July.
t- -t- Calyx-teeth long and slender ; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent.
++ No runners or prostrate leafy shoots.
5. P. pilbsa L. Stems slender, nearly erect, 2-5 dm. high, usually hairy,
as are the lanceolate or linear leaves (2.r)-10 dm. long), which commonly taper
to a sharp point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender, awl-shaped and
aicn-like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or
rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies,
etc., Ct. to Ont. , Man., and .southw. May, June.
6. P. amoena Sims. Stems ascending, 1.5-5 dm. high, mostly simple ; leaves
broadly linear, lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt, 2—") cm. long,
on sterile shoots often ovate ; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted',
calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer
than the tube, straight ; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely
notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. — Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky.,
s. to Fla. May, June.
++ ++ Leafy shoots from the base creeping or decumbent ; leaves rather broad.
7. P. stolonlfera Sims. Runners creeping , bearing round ish-obovate smooth-
ish and thickish heaves; flowering stems (1-2.5 dm. high) and their old.ong or
ovate obtuse leaves (1-2.5 cm. long) pubescent, often clammy ; cyme close, few-
flowered ; calyx-tt-etii linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of
the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. (P. reptans Michx.) —
POLEMONIACEAE (^POLEMONIUM FAMILY) 675
Damp woods, in the Allegheny region, Pa. to Ky. and Ga.; locally introd.
northw. May, June.
8. P. divaricata L. (Blue Phlox.) Steins spreading or ascending from a
decumbent base, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-
lanceolate, 2-0 cm. long, acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely
flowered ; calyx-teeth slender a^vl-shaped, longer tlian the tube ; lobes of the
pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end,
or often entire^ equaling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses be-
tween them. — Rocky damp woods, w. Que. to Minn., and southw. May, June
— A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, the narrow
entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.
*** Stems low, diffuse and branching ; flowers scattered or barely cymulose;
corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid ; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate.
9. P. bifida Beck. Minutely pubescent ; stems ascending, branched, 1-2 dm.
high; leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous, 1-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide;
flowers few, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the
tube ; lobes of the pale purple corolla, 2-cleft to or below the middle, equaling the
tube, the divisions linear-oblong. — Sandy soil, Ind. to Mich., la., and Mo
]\Iay. June.
10. P. Stellaria Gray. Very glabrous; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at
base, linear, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, 1-3.5 mm. wide, acute, rather rigid ; flowers
mostly long-peduncled ; lobes of the pale blue or almost ichite corolla bifid at the
apex into barely oblong lobes. — Limestone cliffs of Ky. R., s. 111., and barrens
of Tenn. Apr., May.
§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, icith mostly crowded and
fascicled subulate and rigid leaves.
11. P. subulata L. (Ground or Moss Pixk.) Depressed, in broad mats;
stems villous above, or somewhat glandular; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or
narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 cm. long ; cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teetli awl-shaped,
rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker center, sometimes white ;
lobes wedge-shaped, notched, or entire. (P. Hentzii Nutt. =P. Brittonii Small,
the most glandular state.) — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, N. Y. to Mich.,
Ky., and Fla. ; naturalized in N. E. Apr. -June.
2. GILIA R. & P.
Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Stamens
equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds. —
Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. (Dedicated to Felipe Gil., a Spanish
botanist. )
§ 1. COLLOMIA (Nutt.) Gray. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliose-
bracted ; stamens unequally inserted in the narroio tube of the salver-form
corolla; ovules solitary ; leaves sessile and entire ; annuals.
1. G. linearis (Nutt.) Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 1.5-5 dm.
high ; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate,
acute ; corolla 1 cm. long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very .slender, with
small limb. (Collomia Nutt.) — Dry open soil, n. e. N. B. and adjacent Que.;
Minn, and Man. to B. C, s. to Ariz, and Cal. ; slightly adv. eastw.
§ 2. IPOMOPSIS (Michx.) Benth. Flowers in long thyrsoid panicles ; stamens
equally inserted at or below the throat of the narrow funnel-form corolla;
ovules many ; leaves mostly divided; biennials.
2. G. KUHUA. (L.) Heller. (Standing Cypre.«;s.) Simple, 0.5-1 m. high;
leaves crouvled. divided into filiform segments; tiiyrse 2-4 dm. long ; calyx with
long setaceous lobes; corolla red, pink, or white, 2,-V-.3.5 cm. long; stamens
included (M^ barely ox.serted. (G. coronopifolia Pers. ) — Pastures and roadsides,
local, Franklin Co., Mass., and O. June-Aug. (Nat. from the Southwest.)
676 HYDROPHYLLACEAE (WATERLEAF FAMILY)
3. POLEMONIUM [Tourn.] L. Greek Valerian
Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-
bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla ; filaments declined, hairy-appendaged
at the base. Capsule few-several-seeded. — Perennials, with alternate pinnate
leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; the corymbose flowers nearly
bractless. (An ancient name, from 7r6Xe/Aos, vmr^ of doubtful application.)
1. P. reptans L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent ; stems icea/c and
spreading, 2-4 dm, high, never creeping as the name denotes ; leaflets 5-1 ^j,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes
ovate, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included; corolla liiiht blue,
about 1-1.5 cm. ivide ; capsules about ^-seeded. — Woods, N. Y. to Minn., and
southw. Apr.-June.
2. P. Van-Bruntiae Britton. Stem erects 1 m. or less high, nearly or quite
glabrous ; leaflets 9-21, ovate to lanceolate, or the upper leaves rarely simple ;
flowers in close cymes forming a thyrse or contracted panicle ; calyx enlarged
in fruit, becoming 1 cm. or more long, the acutish lobes about equaling the tube ;
stamens and style exserted; corolla blue, 1.5-2 cm. broad ; capsule several-seeded.
(P. coeruleum Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Mountain swamps, Vt., n. w. Ct., and
N. Y. to Md. May-July.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family)
Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and
5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next family ; but the
ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4-many-ovuled placentae, or rarely
2-celled by the union of the placentae in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate
styles; fruit a 2-valved ^-many-seeded capsule. Seeds mostly reticulated or
pitted. Embryo small, in copious albumen. Flowers chiefly blue or white, in
1-sided cymes or false racemes, w^hich are mostly bractless and coiled from the
apex when young, as in the Borage Family. — A small family of plants of no
marked properties ; some cultivated for ornament.
Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEAE. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Seeds pitted or reticulated ; albumen
cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed, ^or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.
* Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which inclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants
only 4) like an inner pericarp.
1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted ; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.
2. Nemophila. Stamens included ; anthers ovoid or cordate. Calyx with reflexed appendages
at the sinuses, enlarged in fruit.
3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.
* * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inward more or less.
4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.
Tribe II. HYDR6lEAE. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentae often projecting from the axis
f:ir into the t•(.•ll^^. Albumen lleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.
5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Waterleaf
Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes' convolute in the bud ; the
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite th(^ lobes, forming
a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted ; filaments more or
less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the placentae soon
free from the walls except at the top and bottom. Capsule ripening 1-4 seeds,
spherical. — Perennials, with petioled ampte leaves, and white or bluish-purple
HYDROPHYLLACEAE (WATERLEAF FAMILY) 677
rymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of vdwp, vKder^ and (f)i\\ov^ Icnf; of
no obvious application.)
* Calyx \mth minute if any appendages ; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.
1. H. macrophyllum Nutt. Bough-hairy ; leaves ohlong^ pinnate and pinnati-
fid ; the divisions 9-lS, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed ; basal leaves 2-3.5 dm.
long; peduncle shorter than the petiole; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a
broad base, very hairy; flowers 1 cm. or so long, crowded in a globular cluster;
anthers short-oblong. — Rich woods, Va. to O., 111., and southw\ May, June.
2. H. virginianum L. Smoothish, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves pinnately divided ;
the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the
lowest mostly 2-parted, the upperuiost confluent ; peduncles longer than the
petioles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate ;
flowers 1 cm. or less long; anthers oblong-linear. — Rich woods, N. H. and
w. Que., westw. and southw. May- Aug. — H. patens Britton, Indistinguishable
as to foliage, is said to differ in its somewhat more ciliate petioles, appressed
calyx-lobes, and more spreading corolla-lobes.
3. H. canad^nse L. Nearly smooth, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves 0.5-2.5 dm. broad,
palmately o-1-lobed, rounded., heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those
from the base sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets ; peduncles
mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short
pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth
\n the sinuses. — Damp rich woods, s. w. Vt. and w. Mass. to Out., 111., Ky.,
and N. C. June-Aug.
* * Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus ; stamens little exserted.
4. H. appendiculatum Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmately 5-Iobed,
rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the low^est pinnately divided ; cymes
rather loosely flowered ; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly -hairy. — Damp woods,
N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., and southw. May, June.
2. NEMOPHILA Nutt.
Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; lobes convolute in the bud ;
tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Placentae (bearing each 2-12
ovules), capsule, and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diffuse fragile annuals, with
opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles.
(Name from ve/xo?, a grove, and (pCKelv. to love.^)
1. N. micr6calyx (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems
diffusely spreading, 0.5-4 dm. long ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5
roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper all alternate ;
peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute ;
corolla white, longer than the calyx ; placentae each 2-ovuled ; capsule 1-2-
seeded. — Moist woods, Va. to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. Apr.-tTune.
3. ELLISIA L.
Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed
above , the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute
appendages within. Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in
Hydrophyllum. — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves,
the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, distin-
guished naturalist and correspondent of Linnaeus.) Macrocalyx Trew.
1. E. Nyctelea L. Minutely or sparingly roughish- hairy, divergently
branched, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or
linear-oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks
or opposite the leaves, 1-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the
length of the cylindraceous corolla, in fruit ovate-lanceolate, 1 cm. long ; cap-
sule pendulous. — Shady damp places, N. J. to Sask., and southw. ; casual
northeastw. Apr. -July.
678 HYDKOPHYLLACEAE (WATEKLEAF FAMILY)
4. PHACELIA Juss.
Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft
style) exserted ; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 linear placentae adher-
ent to the walls, the two often forming an imperfect partition in tlie ovoid
4-many-seeded capsule. Ovules 2-30 on each placenta. — Perennial or mostly
annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue,
purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes (to which the name,
from 0dKeXos, a fascicle^ doubtless alludes).
§ 1. EUPHACELIA Gray. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta);
corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within^ the lobes
entire.
1. P. bipinnatifida Michx. Biennial ; stem upright, hairy, 2.5-6 dm. high ;
leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the divisions ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatitid ; racemes elongated,
loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ; pedicels about the length of the
calyx, spreading or recurved ; corolla bright blue, 1-1.5 cm. broad, with 5 pairs
of longitudinal ciliate folds ; stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.
— Rich shaded banks, O. to Mo., and southw. May, June.
§ 2. COSMAXTHUS (Nolte) Gray. Ovules and seeds as in § 1 ; corolla almost
rotate, with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within ; filaments villous-
bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.
2. P. Piirshii Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched,
1.5-5 dm. high ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute ; raceme
many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white,
1 cm. or so broad. — Moist woods, etc., Pa. to Minn., and southw.; locally
introd. in e. Ont, and Ct. Apr.-June.
3. P. fimbriata Michx. Slightly hairy, slender ; steins spreading or ascend-
ing, \-?j dm. long, few-leaved ; lowest leaves divided into 3-5 roundish leaflets ;
the upper 5-7-clef t or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse ; raceme S-lO-floicered ;
calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate ; corolla white, barely 1
cm. broad. — Woods, high rats. , Va. to Ala. May, June.
§3. COSMANTHOtDES Gray. Ovules and seeds 2-8 on each placenta;
corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.
4. P. dubia (L.) Small. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading, 1-3
dm. higli ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-5 short lobes ;
racemes solitary, loosely 6-\o-flowered ; pedicels filiform., mostly longer than
the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white, 8-14 mrn.
broad; filaments hairy ; capsule globular, 6-12-seeded, one half shorter than the
calyx. (P. parviflora Pursh.) — Shaded banks, N. Y. to Kan., and southw.
Apr.-June.
5. P. hirsuta Nutt. More hirsute and less slender ; corolla larger, 13-15 mm.
in diamHer ; seeds 4-8. — Prairies and barrens, Va. to Kan,, and southw.
6. P. Covillei Watson. Like the preceding ; racemes 2-b-flowered ; calyx-
lobes linear, in fruit 6 mm. long or more ; corolla tubular-campanulate, with
erect limb ; filaments glabrous ; capsule depressed-globose ; seeds 4, large. —
Alluvial soil, D. C. ; "111.'' Apr., May.
§4. EtiTOCA (R. Br.) Gray. Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta ;
corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellae within.
7. P. Franklinii (R. Br.) Gray. Soft-hairy; stem -rect, 2-6 dm. high,
rather stout ; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear
lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short,
dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue. — Dry
soil and recent clearings, Out. and Mich, to the Rocky Mts., and far northw.
June- Aug.
BORAGINACEAE (BUKAGE FAMILY) 67U
5. hydr6lea L.
Corolla 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Capsule globular, with very
large and fleshy many-seeded placentae, thin-walled, 2- 1-valved or bursting
irregularly. iSeeds minute, striate-ribbed. — Herbaceous or scarcely shrubby,
growing in water or wet places, often having spines in the leaf-axils, and clus-
tered blue flowers. (Name unexplained, doubtless in part from vdup, water, in
allusion to the aquatic habitat.) Nama L., in part.
1. H. af&inis Gray. Glabrous throughout ; stem ascending from a creeping
base ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very .short petiole ; Jloicers in small axillary
leafy-hracted clusters ; divisions of calyx lance-ovate, equaling the corolla and
the irregularly bursting globose capsule. — Banks of streams, etc., 111. to Tenn.
and Tex. June-Aug.
2. H. quadrivalvis Walt. Similar, but villous-hispid above ; divisions of
calyx linear or linear-lanceolate. — Wet ground, Va., and southw. July-Sept.
■i. H. ovata Nutt. Hirsute or puberulent ; leaves ovate : flowers in terminal
leafy panicles ; calyx hirsute, icith lanceolate divisioiis shorter than the corolla.
— Mo. to La. and Tex. June-Aug.
BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family)
Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical
flowers with a b-parted calyx, a regular b-lobed corolla (except in P^chium),
5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply ^-lobed ovary
(as in Labiatae), /or?'/i««^ in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into
two 2-se.eded or four 1-seeded nutlets. Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-
convex ; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx
valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers
mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or
raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms
expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. — A rather large family of
innocent mucilaginous and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of some species
yielding a red dye.
N.B. — In this family the figures represent the inflorescence (or a portion
of it) X f and details (flower, fruiting calyx, or nutlet) x 2.
Tribe I HELIOTROPIeAE. Ovary not lobed ; fruit separating into 3-4 nutlets.
1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Xutiets 1-2-celled.
Tribe n. BORAGInEAE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in
fruit ; style rising from the center between them.
* Nutlets attached laterally.
-*- Nutlets armed with prickles ; throat of corolla closed bj' 5 scales.
2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barb«d
prickles.
3. Lappula. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles.
-t- -»- Nutlets at most granular-roughened.
4. Amsinckia. Calyx simply but deeply 5-cleft. Corolla yellow, with slender tube and open
throat.
5. Asperugo. Calyx with 5 broad flat veiny lobes and 5 smaller alternating ones. Corolla blue.
* * Nutlets attached at or near the base, smooth or merely wrinkled, not prickly.
+- Throat of corolla closed by 5 scales.
++ Corolla and stamens regular ; achene with large excavated .*;ear.
6. Symphytum. Corolla short-tubular, enlarged above, closed by 5 linear-subulate scales.
680
BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)
++ ++ Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique, and lobes unequal.
7. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved. Stamens included.
4- -i- Throat of corolla open or merely vnih folds or crests (not scales).
++ CoroUa and stamens regular.
8. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested. Racemes not
leafy-bracted (or only exceptionally so at base) .
9. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet- or funnel-shaped, ^^^th open or crested throat, usually blue.
Nutlets fleshy or becoming dry, attached just above the base.
Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading ; the throat
either naked or with low crests. Racemes leafy-bracted.
Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute. Racemes leafy-bracted.
++ -H- Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique, and lobes unequal.
12. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.
10
11
1. HELIOTROPIUM [Tourn.] L. Turnsole. Heliotrope
Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in
the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short ; stigma conical or capitate.
Fruit separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more
commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or low shrubby plants ; leaves
entire ; fl. in summer. (The ancient name, from r/Xtos, the sun, and r/joTnJ, a
turn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)
§ 1. EUHELIOTROPIUM Griseb. Fruit 4-Iobed, separating into four 1-celled
l-seeded nutlets ; style short.
* Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.
1. H. EUROPAEUM L. Erect annual, 1.5-8 dm. high,
hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes
single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in fruit,
hairy ; corolla white, rarely 4 mm. broad. — Waste and
ballast ground, Mass. to D. C. and Ela. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. H. curassavicum L. (Seaside H.) Apparently
annual, glabrous ; stems ascending ; leaves lance-linear
or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless ; spikes in
pairs ; flowers white or bluish. — Sandy seashores and salt
marshes, from Del. southw. : saline soils, s. HI., southw.
and westw. ; ballast and waste places near the coast,
locally northw. to Me. Fig. 849.
849. H. curassavicum.
* *
Inflorescence not at all scorpi-
oid ; flowers scattered.
3. H. tenellum (Nutt.) Torr.
Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, paniculately
branched, slender, strigose-can-
escent ; leaves narrowly linear,
with revolute margins ;, flowers
white, often bractless. — Open
dry ground, Ky. to Kan., and
southw. Fig. 850.
§2.
860. H. tenellum.
TIARIdIUM (Lehm.) Gray. Fruit 2-lobed, sepa-
rating into tv}0 2-cellcd 2-seeded carpels, vjith some-
times a pair of empty false cells ; style von/ short;
flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes.
Erect and liairy annual ; leaves petiolfd, ovate or oval and
somewhat heart-shai)ed ; spikes single ; corolla bhie ; fruit L*-c)eft, miter-shaped,
with an empty false ceil before earh seed-bearing ceil. — Waste placf^s, Ky. to Ind.,
Mo., and southw. ; also on ballast northw. (Adv. from India.) Fia. 851.
851. H. indicum.
4. H. fNDlCUM L.
BORAGINACEAE (B(JKAGE FAMILY)
681
2. CYNOGLOSSUM [Toum.] L. Hound^s Tongub
Corolla funuel-form. the tube about equaling the 5-parted calyx ; lobes
rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near
the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked
prickles. — Coarse herbs, with petioled lower leaves ; the mostly panicled (so-
called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. (Name from kvwv, a dog,
and yXQaaa, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)
1. C. OFFICINALE L. (CoMMox H.) Bicnuial, clothed v:ith short soft hairs,
leafy, panicled above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded
or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ;
corolla reddish-purple (rarely white) ; nutlets flat on the
broad upper face, somewhat margined. — Waste ground and
pastures, locally abundant, the large nutlets adhering to the
sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu. ) — Strong-scented.
fleece of
Fig. 852
2. C.
roughish
leaved,
virginianum L. (Wild Comfrey.) Perennial,
icith spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, feic-
-8 dm. high ; stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasp-
ing by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymhed,
raised on long naked peduncles, bractless ; calyx in anthesis
3.5-4.5 mm. long ; corolla pale blue, 1-1.2 cm. broad, with
suborbicular lobes and closed sinuses ; nutlets strongly
echinate, compressed-orbicular-obovoid. cuneate at base, 7-9
mm. long. — Open deciduous woods, N. J. to Mo., southw.
and southwestw. May.
3. C. boreale Fernald. Similar, but more slender ; stems
852. C. officinale. villous-hispid at base, appressed-pubescent above ; only the
upper stem-leaves clasping; calyx in anthesis 2-2.5 mm.
long; corolla 6-S mm. broad, the lobes oblong-ovate, the sinuses open; nutlets
compressed-pyriform-obovoid, 4-5 mm. long. (C virginicum Man. ed. 6, in
part.) — Open woods and alluvial banks, e. Que. to B. C, s. to Ct., N. Y., Mich.,
and Minn. May, June.
3. LAPPULA [Rivinius] Moench. Stickseed
Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included. Nutlets
fixed to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the
back armed with prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. —
Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes
or spikes ; flowering all summer. (Name a diminutive of lappa, a bur.)
ECHIXOSPERMUM Sw.
* Slender pedicels recurved, or deflexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length
rejlexed; biennial or perennial, not hispid.
1. L. virginiana (L.) Greene. (Beggar's Lice.) Stem .3-12 dm. high ;
radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline 0.5-2.5 dm,
long, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate at both ends ; loosely pani-
culate racemes divaricate ; pedicel and
flower each about 2 mm. long ; nutlets
of the globose fruit equally short-glo-
chidiate over the whole back. (Echino-
spermum virginicum Lehm.) — Woods,
thickets, and waysides. Me. and w. Que.,
westw. and southw. Vmv. 85:^.
2. L^ deflexa (Wah- 853. L. vir.inia.a.
lenb.) Garcke. Diffusely
branched, 0.8-1 m. high ; leaves oblong to lanceolate : racemes lax,
85t. L. deflexa. loosely paniculate ; flowers small ; the globular-pyramidal fruit
682
BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY^
3-4 mm. long, the nutlets only marginally glochidiate. {Echino-
spermum Lehm.) — Calcareous mountains and cliffs, e. Que.; road-
sides and waste places, N. B. to Minn., local. (Eurasia.) Fig. 854.
855 L defl ^^^^r. ameiicana (Gray) Greene. Nutlets with a fuw prickles
V. amer. ' along the middle. — Thickets and open woods, la. to Man., westw.
and north w. Ficj. 855.
3. L. floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. Rather strict, 0.3-1.5 m. high; leaves
oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined
petioles ; racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit
rather strict; corolla larger, blue, sometimes white, 0.5-1 cm.
in diameter ; mitlets 4-6 mm. long, scabrous and margined with
a close row of flat-subulate prickles. {Echinospermum Lehm.)
. — Ont. and Minn, to Sask., and westw. Fig. 856. 856. L. floribunda.
** Stout pedicels not dcflexed ; calyx becoming foliaceous ; leaves
linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate ; hispid annuals.
4. L. echixXta GUibert. Erect, 1.5-6 dm. high ; nutlets
rough-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins v'ith a
double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregularly dis-
tributed over most of the back. {Echinospermum Lappula
Lehm.) — Waste and cultivated grounds, local. (Nat. from Ya\.)
Fig. 857.
5. L. Red6wskii (Hornem.) Greene, var. occidentalis (Wats.)
Rydb. Erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregu-
larly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the mar-
gins armed with a single row of stout flattened
prickles sometimes confluent at base. {L. tex- ^j
ana Britten.) — Out. to Sask. and Tex., and
westw. ; ballast and waste places, eastw. Fig. ^58. L. Redowskii,
858.
857. L. echinata.
V. occ.
4. AMSINCKIA Lehm.
Corolla salver-form or tubular-funnel-form. Style filiform. Nutlets rough,
dull, ovoid-trigonous, attached below the middle. — Rough-hairy annuals, with
oblong or narrower leaves and scorpioid-spicate yellow flowers,
at least the lowest leafy-bracted. (Dedicated to the memory
of Wilhelm Amsinck, a burgomaster of Hamburg, who gave
Important support to the botanical garden of that city.)
1. A. LYCopsoiDES Lehm. Decumbent, loo.sely branched,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the lower
0.5-1 dm. long, the upper shorter;
flowers mostly bractless ; corolla pale
yellow, 7-10 mm. long, the slender tube
exceeding the calyx. — Waste places,
etc., locally established, e. Mass. to
Ct. May-July. (Adv. from Cal.)
Fig. 859.
859. A. lycopsoides.
5. ASPERUGO [Tourn.] L.
Madwort
Corolla with short tube slightly enlarged above, and
with spreading limb, smaller than the conspicuous calyx.
Stamens included. Nutlets granulated. — Low annual
with harsh slender .stems, oblong or .spatulate leaves,
and few axillary flowers on short recurved pedicels.
(Name from aspcr, rough.)
1. A. PHociMUKNs L, — Ballast and ma<h* land,
Mass. to D. C. and Minn. May-July. (Adv. from Eu.)
860. A. [nocuinbens.
Fig. 860.
BORAGIXACEAE (buRAGE FAMILY)
683
6. SYMPHYTUM [Toiirn.] L. Comfrey
Corolla 5-toothed, the short teeth spreading. Stamens included ; anthers
elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets erect, fixed by the large hollowed base,
which is finely toothed on its margin. — Coarse
perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilagi-
nous roots ; the nodding raceme-like clusters either
single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name from
<xv/x(pv€Lv, to cause to groiv together^ probably for
its reputed healing virtues.)
1. S. OFFICINALE L. (CoM3iox C.) Hairy ^
branched ; upper leaves decurrent upon the stem
171 broad cnneate wings, the lower large, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-segments lance-linear ;
corolla yellowish- or pinkish-white to bluish- or
roseate-purple ; nutlets nearly smooth^ someichat
shining. — ^loist places, escaped from, gardens.
June, July. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 861.
2. S. tuber6si:m L. Erect and rather slender
from a knotted tuberous base, pubescent; leaves
mostly elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate, petiolate, the
petioles decurrent as very narrow wings upon the
stem ; calyx-segments lanceolate, finely appressed-
pubescent and somewhat hirsute ; corolla yellowish-
white ; nutlets granulate-tuberculate. dull. — Low
sandy meadows, Southington, Ct. {Andrews), and
very likely elsewhere. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. S. ASPERRTMCM Douu. Hcu'sh loith short recurved piickle-like hairs ;
leaves not decurrent ; calyx very small, in anthesis 2-4
mm. long, i)rickly-hispid all over ; corolla chiefly purple. /^^^"V^
— Low ground, not rare. (Introd. from Eu.) ^^^^'^^b^.
7. LYC6pSIS L. Bugloss
Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly
unequal limb ; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse
bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens and style in-
cluded. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-
out base. — Annuals. (Name from Xi^/cos, a wolf^ and 5^ts,
appearance.)
1. L. ARVENSis L. (Small B.) Very rough-bristly,
1-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-
like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue
corolla. — Dry or sandy fields and waste places. Que. to
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 862.
offi':inale.
Va., Minn., and Ont.,
862. L. arvensis.
8. MY0S6tIS [Rupp.] L. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not
Corolla-tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat
with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes ; the
latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets
compressed. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of
the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely
bractless, or occasionally with small leaves next the base, prolonged and straight-
ened in fruit. (Name composed of juOs, mouse., and o5s, ear, from the short and
soft leaves in some species.)
* Calyx open in fruit., its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.
1. M. scorpioides L. (True F.) Perennial; stems ascending from an
oblique creeping base, ?i-
dm, high, loosely branched,
smoothish ; leaves
684
BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)
rough-pubescent,
oblong-lanceolate
or
linear-oblong
lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla .'
broad, sky-blue, with a yellow eye. (J/, palustris
Hill.) — In wet ground, NM. to w. N. Y., and
southw. May-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 868.
2. M. laxa Lehm. Perennial from filiform
subterranean shoots ; .stems very slejider, decum-
bent ; pubescence all appressed ; leaves lance-
olate-oblong or somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes
as long as the tube; limb of corolla rarely 5 mm.
broad, paler blue. — In water and wet ground, Nfd. to Out., and
southw. May-Aug. (Eu.) Fig. 864.
calyx-
-8 mm.
863. M. scorf)ioides.
;i\u.
* * Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruity clothed ivith spreading hairs, some
minutely hooked or gland-tipped ; corolla small; annual or biennial.
■*- Calyx about equally o-cleft.
++ Pedicels in fruit longer than the calyx.
3. M. arvensis (L.) Hill. Hirsute with spreading hairs,
erect or ascending, 1-4.5 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acutish ; racemes naked at the base and stalked ; corolla blue,
rarely white. — Fields, etc., Nfd. to Minn, and W. \'a. June-
865. M. arvensis.
Aug.
(Eu.) Fig. 865.
4. M.
++ Pedicels shorter than the calyx, the latter about 4 mm. long.
VERSICOLOR (Pers.) Sm. Slender, 1-8 dm. high, mostly simple at
base, often branched above; stems and leaves
uniformly pubescent with ascending straightish
hairs; upper leaves so7ne what pointed ; racemes
loose, mostly naked at base ; pedicels apjyressed-
pubescent; corolla pale yellow, changing to
blue, then to violet, the tube exceeding the
calyx ; style distinctly lonqer than the nutlets. —
Fields, "N. Y.,"and Del. May-July. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 866.
5. M. MicRAXTHA Pallas. Stems 0.5-2 dm.
high, branching from the base, with the oblong
or lanceolate blunt leaves pubescent 'with mixed
straight and divergent hooked hairs; scattered
flowers produced from the loioer axils ; pedicels
very short, mostly I'n'th some divergent hooked
hairs ; corolla blue, the tube barely equaling
the calyx ; style rarely equaling the nutlets.
(M. collina Am. auth., not Hoffm.) — Road-
sides, old fields, etc., Mass. to Ont. and O.
May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 867.
860. M. versicolor.
M- -t- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, uneqii ally and deeply 5-cleft.
867. M. micrantha. 6. M. vlrginica (L.) BSP. Bristly-hirsute, branched from
the base, erect, 0.5-4 dm. high; loaves obtuse, linear-oblong,
or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes leafy at the base ;
corolla very small, white, with a short limb ; pedicels in fruit
erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward
near the apex; calyx very hispid, 8-5 mm. long. (3/. verna
Nutt.) — Dry banks and rocky woods. Me. to Ont. and Minn.,
westw. and southw. Apr.-.Iuly. Fig. 868. Passing westw.
and southw. to the larger formal var. matrospkrima (Engelm.)
Fernald ( M. macrosperma Engelm.), with loo.ser inflorescence and larger calyx
and nutlets.
SC^. M. virgin ica.
BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)
685
869. M. Tirfjinica.
9. MERTENSIA Roth. Lungwort
Corolla longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5
small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or
arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh,
smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached by a prominent
internal angle ; the scar small. — Smooth or soft-hairy
perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and hand-
some purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and
short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the
lower one leafy-bracted ; pedicels slender. (Named for
Franz Karl 3Iertens, a German botanist.)
* Corolla trumpet-shaped^ with spreading nearly entire
limb and naked throat ; filaments slender^ exserted ;
hypogynous disk 2-lobed.
1. M. virginica (L.) Link. (Virginian Cowslip,
Bluebells.) Very smooth, pale, erect, 2-6 dm. high;
leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root 1-1.5 dm. long,
petioled ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 2-2.5'Cm. long, many
times exceeding the calyx, light blue (pinkish in bud), rarely white ; nutlets
dull and roughish. — Alluvial banks, N. Y. and Ont. to Neb., and southw.
Apr., May. Fig. 869.
* * Corolla with conspicuously b-lohed limb and crested throat.
•*- Filaments broad and short ; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.
2. M. paniculata (Ait.) G. Don. Roughish and more or
less hairy, erect, 0.3-1 m. high, loosely branched ; leaves ovate
and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla 1-1.5
cm. long, somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the
lance-linear acute divisions of the calj'x ; filaments broader and
shorter than the anthers. — Shore of L. Superior, northw. and
westw. July, Aug.
•f- -i- Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets
shining, utricular.
3. M. maritima (L.) S. F. Gray. (Sea L.) Spreading or
decumbent, smooth, glaucous ; leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate,
fleshy, the upper surface becoming papillose ; corolla white,
rose-pink, or blue, bell-funnel-form, 5-7 mm. long, twice the
length of the calyx. (Pneumaria Hill.) — Sea-coast, on rocks
and sand, Nantucket, Mass., and northw. June-Sept. (Eura-
sia.) Fig. 870. 8'^ti. M. maritima.
10. LITHOSPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Gromwell. Puccoon
Throat of corolla naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or
scale-like appendage opposite each lobe ; the limb 5-cleft. Anthers oblong,
almost sessile, included. Nutlets smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony ;
scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile
leaves ; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, some-
times dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed
of Xt'^os, stone, and cnr^pixa, seed, from the hard nutlets.)
§ 1. RHYTISPERMUM (Link) Reichenb. Xiitlets tubercled or rough-
ivrinkled and. pitted, gray and dull; throat of the (^nearly white) corolla
destitute of any evident folds or appendages.
1. L. ARVENSE L. (Corn G.) Minutely roughened and hoary, annual or
biennial ; stems erect, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ;
686
BORAGINACEAE (BOKAGE FAMILY)
871. L. arvense.
872. L. officinale.
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. — Sandy fields and road-
sides, Me. to Ont., Kan., and south w. May-Aug. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 871.
§ 2. EULITHOSPERMUM DC. Nutlets
smooth and shining, ichite like ivory ;
corolla greenish-ichite or pale yellow,
small, irnth 5 distinct pubescent crests
in the throat ; perennial.
2. L. OFFICINALE L. (CoMMON G.)
Much branched above, erect, 0.3-1 m.
high ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate,
acute, with a few distinct veins, rough
above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla
exceeding the calyx. — Roadsides and pastures, e. Que. to
Minn, and N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 872.
3. L. Iatif51ium Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect, 5-9
dm. high, rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly
taper-pointed (even the floral ones 3-9 cm. long), ribbed-veined,
roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the basal leaves
large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx. — Open
ground and borders of woods, w. Que. and N. Y. to Minn.,
s. to Va. and Ark. Fig. 873.
§ 3. BATSCHIA (G. F. Gmel.) Endl. Xutlets white, smooth
and shining ; corolla large, salver-form or nearly so, deep
orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much exceed-
ing the calyx, and the throat appendaged ; roots perennial^
long and deep, yielding a red dye.
* Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much
longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages
little if at all projecting.
873. L. latifolium. 4 j^ Gmelini (Michx.) Hitchc. Hispid v^ith. bristly hairs,
2-8 dm. high ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the
flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla
woolly-bearded at the base inside, the limb 1.5-2.5 cm.
broad ; flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy ;
fruiting calyx 1 cm. or more long, 3-4 times longer
than the nuthts. (L. hirtum Lehm.) — Pine barrens,
etc., N. Y. to Minn., southw. and westw. Apr.-June.
5. L. can^scens (Michx.) Lehm. (Puccoox. )
Softly hairy and more or less hoary, 2-6 dm. high ;
leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong,
more or less downy benr-oth and roughish with close
appressed hairs above ; flowers sessile ; corolla naked
at the base within ; fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, barely
twice the length of the nutlets. — Plains and open
woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to N. J., Va., Ala., and
westw. Apr., May. Fig. 874. 874. L. canescens.
* * Corolla-tube in well developed flowers 2-4 times the length of the calyx and
of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching ;
later flowers small, cleistogamous.
6. L. angustifblium Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 1-5
dm. high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pediceled,
leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and sliowy (corolia-tul)e 1.5-3.5
cm. long), the later and tliose of more diffusely branching plants with incon-
spicuous or small and pale corollas, without civsts, and tile pcdireLs commonly
recurved in fruit; nutlets usually ynnctate. (L. linearifolium Goldie.) — Dry
BORAGIXACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)
68?
875. O. virginianum.
and sterile or sandy soil, s. Ont. , Ind. , and Mich, to N. Dak. , Tex. , and westw.
Apr. -July.
11. 0N0SM6dIUM Micbx. False Gromwell
Divisions of calyx linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-fun n el-form
(the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or barely
spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-shaped,
mucrouate, inserted in the throat. Style ihread-
form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, erect ;
the scar not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs,
coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile rib-veined
leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers in
at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like
clusters ; fl. in summer. (Named from a likeness to
the genus Onosma, meaning ass-smell.)
* Corolla-lobes laiice-sitbulate, 2-3 times as long as
icide.
1. 0. virginianum (L.) A. DC. Clothed with harsh
and rigid appressed short bristles; stems rather
slender, SS dm. high ; leaves narrowly oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long, the lower narrowed
at base; nutlets 2-2.8 mm. long, irregularly pitted,
not conspicuously constricted at base. — Dry banks,
sandy hillsides, etc., Mass. to Fla. and La. Fig. 875.
* * Corolla-lobes deltoid, scarcely longer than broad.
■«- Stem hispid, villous, or hirsute to the base.
++ Silky-pubescent; nutlets conspicuously pitted.
2. 0. m611e Michx. Finely grayish-pubescent ; the lowest leaves oblanceo-
late, the others ovate to ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously veined, acutish ; calyx
silky as well as sparingly hirsute ; nutlets 3 mm. long, pitted, sometimes slightly
constricted at the base. (0. carolinianum, var. Gray, in part.) — Old fields and
cedar barrens, Ky\ and Tenn.
++ -w. Strigose to hirsute ; nutlets scarcely or not at all pitted.
3. 0. occidentale Mackenzie. Stoutish and somewhat rigid, 4-6 dm. high,
rather finely but copiously grayish-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly
lance-ovate, strongly rib-veined, 4-8 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm.
wide, with pubescence mostly appressed or subappressed ;
nutUts rounded and not at all constricted at the base. (0.
carolinianum. var. molle Gray, in part.) — Alluvial soil,
sandy or gravelly banks, etc., 111. to Sask., Col., and N. Mex.
Var. SYLVESTRE Mackenzie. Taller, 1 m. or more high, less
canescent and more shaggy-hirsute in the manner of the
next species, but with nutlets unconstricted at the base. —
111. and Mo.
4. 0. hispidissimum Mackenzie. Stout, erect, 10-12 dm.
high, green, coarsely^ hirsute throughout ; stem-leaves ovate,
8-10 cm. long, 1.8-4 cm. wide, the pubescence mostly spread-
ing ; nutlets about 3 mm. long, icith a very short neck or
constriction at the base, brownish tinged. (O. carolinianum
Man. ed. 6, not DC.) — River-banks, rich bottoms, etc.,
N. Y. and s. Ont. to Neb., and south w. Fig. 876. Yar. macrospermim Mac-
kenzie & Bush, with larger and more shining white nutlets nearly 4 mm. long,
is distinguishable in 111. and Mo.
-t- -(- Stem essentially smooth and glabrous below.
5. 0. subsetbsum Mackenzie & Bush. Stem erect, nearlj^ or quite glabrous
to the middle, 0 dm. or more in height ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, finelv
876. O. hi.sj)idissimum.
388
VERBENACEAIi (VERVAIN FAMILY)
appressed-pubescent upon both surfaces, 6-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide ; nutlet.«
brownish-white, not constricted at the ba,se, usnally pitted, 2-3 mm. long. —
Rocky hills and barrens of the Ozark region, Mo. and Ark.
87T. E. vulgare.
12. ECHIUM [Toum.] L. Viper's Bugloss
Corolla with a cylindraceous or f uimel-form tube ; lobes
rounded, spreading. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style
thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat
base. (A plant name used by Dioscorides from exts, a viper.)
1. E. VULGARE L. (Blue-weed, Blue Devil.) Rough
bristly biennial ; stem erect, ;^9 dm. high ; stem-leaves linear-
lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, in short lateral clusters, dis-
posed in a long and narrow thyrse or in an open panicle ; buds
pink ; corolla brilliant blue (rarely pale or roseate) . — Roadsides
and meadows, locally abundant. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 877.
VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family)
Herbs or shrubs^ xoith opposite leaves^ more or less 2-Upped or irregular
corolla^ and didynartious stamens, the 2-4-ceUed fruit dry or drupaceous, usnally
splitting when ripe into as many l-seeded indehiscent nutlets; resembling the
following family, but the ovary not 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and
the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. Seeds with straight
embryo and little or no albumen. — A large family in the Tropics, sparingly rep-
resented in cool regions.
1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.
2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.
3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit beiTy-Uke, with 4 nutlets.
Corolla
5-cleft.
1. VERBENA [Toum.] I-. Vervain
Calyx 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others,
tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally
Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers.
Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. — Flowers sessile, in single
or often panicled spikes, bracted, produced all summer. (The
Latin name for any sacred heib ; derivation obscure.) — The
species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.
§ 1. Anthers not appendaged ; flowers small, in slender spikes.
* Spikes filiform, ivith flowers or at least fruit scattered, naked, the
inconspicuous bracts shorter than the calyx.
1. V. officixXlis L. (European V.) Annual, glabrous or
nearly so, loosely branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves pinnatifid or
i)-cleft. I >hlong -lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and
toothed; spikes panicled ; Jfoi(7^?'s purplish, very small. — Road-
sides, waste places, and old fields, especially from the Middle
States westw. and southw. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 878.
2. V. urticaefblia L. (White V.) Perennial, from minutely
pubescent to almost glabrous, rather tall (O.o-l.;') m. hich) ; leaves
oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes at length much
elongated, loosely panicled; flowers very small, white. — Thickets, roadsides,
and waste ground. (Trop. Am )
Var. riparia (Raf.) Britton. Leaves deejdy cleft or incised ; flowers blue. ~
N. J. to Va. and N. C.
878. V, offici-
nalis X %.
VERBEXACEAE (VERVAIN FAMILY)
689
879. V. angustifolia x %.
* * Spikes thicker or densely jirmtered ; the fruits crowded^ mostly overlapping
one another ; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the Jloicers ; perennial.
3. V. angustifolia Michx. Low, 2-6 dm. high, often simple ; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes
few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger
than in the next. — Dry or sandy ground, Mass. and
s. Vt. to Minn., and south w. ; rarely adventive further
northeastw. Fig, 879.
4. V. hastata L. (Blue V.) Tall (0.5-2 m.
high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed
and sometimes halberd-shaped at base ; spikes linear,
erect, corymbed or panicled ; flowers violet-blue
(rarely pink or white). — Damp grounds, etc.
5. V. stricta Vent. (Hoary V.) Doicny with
soft whitish hairs, erect, simple or branched. 3-9
dm. high; leaves sessile, pbovate or oblong, serrate;
spikes thick, somewhat clustered, hairy ; flowers
rather large, purple. — Barrens and prairies, Ont.
and O., westw. and south w.; rarely nat. eastw.
* * * Spikes thick, sessile and leafy -br acted ; annual.
6. V. bracte5sa Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, re-
motely flowered ; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple
flowers. — Prairies and waste grounds, Va. to
O., westw. and south w. ; on ballast and in waste
places northeastw.
§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-
tipped; floicei's showy, from depressed-
capitate becoming spicate.
7. V. bipinnatifida Nutt. Hispid-hirsute,
1-4 dm. high ; leaves bipinnately parted, or
3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divi-
sions, the lobes commonly linear or broader ;
bracts mostly sui'passing the calyx; limb of
bluish-purple or lilac corolla 1-1.5 cm. broad.
— Plains and prairies, Mo. to S. Dak. and Mex. Fig. 880.
8. V. canadensis (L.) Britton. Slender, 5 dm. high or less, soft-pubescent
or glabrate ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a lo edge-shaped base,
incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply
3-cleft ; bracts shorter than or equaling the calyx;
limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) co-
rolla i. 5-2.5 cm. broad. {V. Aiibletia Jacq.; V.
Drummondi of auth.) — Open woods and prairies,
Va. to Fla. ; also Ind. to Kan., and south w.
2. LiPPIA [Houston] L.
Calyx often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped.
Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender ;
stigma obliiiuely capitate. (Dedicated to Agostiiw
Lippi, Italian naturalist.)
1. L. lanceolata Michx. (Fog-fruit.) De-
cumbent or procumbent, green ; leaves oblance-
elate to lanceolate, serrate al)ove ; peduncles axil-
lary, slender, exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary
880. V. bipinnatiflda x %.
881. L. lanceolata x y^.
gray's manual
— 44
890
LABIATAE (mINT FAMILY)
closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers ; bracts mncronate
or pointless. — River-banks, N. J. to s. Ont. and Minn., s. to
Fla. and Tex. May-Sept. Fig. 881.
2. L. nodiflora (L.) Micbx. Similar, but more depressed,
cinereous or greenish ; leaves blunter and more spatulate ; corolla
rose-purple or white. — Mo. to N. C and Tex. May-Sept.
Fig. 882.
3. L. cuneif61ia (Torr.) Steud. Diffusely branched from a
woody base, procumbent {not creeping), minutely canescent
throughout; leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, incisely 2-C-toothed
above the middle ; peduncles axillary, often shorter than the
leaves; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate; corolla pale. ~
Plains, Neb., Kan., and westw. May-Sept.
882
L. nodiflora
883. C. americana x %.
3. CALLICARPA L
Calyx 4-6-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell-
shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly Regular. Stamens 4,
nearly equal, exserted ; anthers opening at the
apex. Style slender, thickened upward. —
Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small
flowers. (Name formed of /cdXXos, beauty, and
Kapirds, fruit.)
1. C. americana L. (French Mulberry.)
Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, acu-
minate, toothed, whitish-tomentose beneath;
cymes many-flowered ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed;
corolla bluish ; fruit violet-color. — Rich soil,
Va. to Mo. and Tex. May- July. Fig. 883.
2. C. PLRPtREA Juss. Leaves elliptic, gla-
brous beneath, glandular-dotted ; corolla pink.
— Swamp, Wilmington, Del. {Tatnall). Aug.
(Introd. from Asia.)
LABI At AE (Mint Family)
Chiefly herbs, ordinarily with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or
less 2-lipped corolla, didynamous stamens or these only two, and a deeply i-lobed
ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes, surrounding the
base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a
single erect seed. Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their base,
except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in
Scutellaria) ; radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed
or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the
corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters,
these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. — Foliage mostly dotted
with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and
aroma of the plants of this large and well known family.
I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventrally ; ovary merely
4-lobed.
Tribe I. AjtlGEAE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, mostly exserted from the upper side of
the corolla. Calyx 5-10-nerved.
* Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down or very
short ; stamens exserted from the cleft.
1. Ajuga. Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip.
2. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip.
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 691
* * Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes,
3. Isanthus. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included.
4. Trichostema. CoroUa-lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens much exserted.
II. Nutlets smooth or granulate ; scar basal, small ; ovary deeply 4-parted.
Tribe II. SCUTELLARIEAE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate, closed in fruit ;
the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched.
5. Scutellaria. Calyx vnth a helmet-like projection on the upper side.
Tribe III. STACHi'EAE. Stamens ascending or spreading, extended straight forward. Calyx
usually open in fruit, without a projection on the upper side.
* Stamens and style included in the corolla-tube.
6. Marrublum. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth.
* * Stamens exserted beyond the corolla-tube.
•«- Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower, ascending or diverging ; corolla 2-lipped ;
the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading ; calyx mostly 15-nerved.
++ Anthers not approximate in pairs ; their cells parallel or nearly so.
7. Agastache. Stamens divergent, exserted ; upper pair declined, lower ascending.
8. Meehanla. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla.
++ ++ Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate or divergent ; filaments
ascending, not exserted.
9. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 5-toothed.
10. Dracocephalum. Calyx siraight, the uppermost tooth much the largest.
+- +- Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair
longer (except in nos. 14 and IT) ; calyx 5-10-nerved, not 2-lipped (except in no. 11).
++ Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit.
11. Prunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cieft.
++ -H- Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3-5-lobed, open.
12. Physostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther-cells parallel.
13. Synandra. Calyr almost equally 4-lobed ! Anther-ceUs widely divergent.
++++++ Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or -striate, 5-10-toothed,
= Stamens not deflexed after anthesis ; naturalized from the Old "World.
14. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched.
15. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers transversely
2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate.
16. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate.
17. Leonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets trun-
cate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised.
18. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed border.
Nutlets roundish at top. Upper Up of the coroUa erect.
= = Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis.
19. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally; 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united into 1.
Nutlets rounded at top.
■»--»--»- Stamens 2, ascending and parallel ; anthers apparently or really 1-celled ; corolla strongly
2-lipped.
20. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear
cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.
21. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells confluent into
1, the connective inconspicuous.
22. Blephilia. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 2-hpped. Anthers as in the preceding.
692
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)
•t^ ■*-•*- +■ Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting ; anthers 2-celled ; upper lip of corolla neither
galeate nor concave.
♦+ Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate.
= Corolla more or less 2-lipped.
a. Stamens (often only 2 in no. 23) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or ascend-
ing parallel under the erect upper lip in no. 25).
23. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.
24. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward.
25. Satureja. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, lO-13-nerved. Tube of corolla straight.
b. Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.
1. Stamens 4 ; calyx 10-15-nerved, hairy in the throat (except no. 26).
26. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens exserted.
27. Origanum. Calyx ovoid-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes vrith large colored bracts.
28. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovoid or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped,
Flowers in dense heads or clusters.
29. Thymus. Calyx ovoid, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute. Leaves very small.
2. Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair.
30. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.
= = Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small ; stamens erect, distant.
31. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2 ; often also 2 sterile filaments ^vithout anthers.
32. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.
•t-t- ++ Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes ; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit.
33. Collinsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the larger. Stamens 2.
34. Perilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included.
++ ++ -H- Flowers in dense spikes ; calyx hardly 2-lipped, the teeth equaL
35. ElSholtzia. Corolla slightly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, exserted.
A. genevensis.
Inflorescence x y^- Flower x I14.
and Pa. (Introd. from Eu.)
1. AjUGA L. Bugle Weed
Calyx 5-toothed. The large and spreading lower
lip of the corolla with the middle lobe emarginate
or 2-cleft. Stamens as in Teucrium, but anther-
cells less confluent. (From a- privative, and ^vyov,
— 'L?itm jugum, — yoke, from the seeming absence
of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla. )
1. A. REPTAys L. Perennial, 1-2.5 dm. high,
smooth or but slightly pubescent, with copious
creeping stolons; leaves obovate or spatulate,
sometimes sinuate, the cauline sessile, the floral
approximate, subtending several sessile blue flow-
ers.— Locally in fields. Me. and Que. to s. N. Y.
May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. A. CEXEVENSis L. Similar ; the stems copi-
ously soft-pubescent, tufted, not stoloniferons ;
leaves somewhat pubescent ; flowers larger. —
Locally in fields, waste places, etc., N. E., N. Y.,
Fig. 884.
2. TEtrCRIUM [Tourn.] L. Germander
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly e(iual, oblong, turned
forward, so that there seems to be no u])per lip ; the lower lobe much larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla ;
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)
693
* Perennials ; leaves merely dentate or serrate ; injlorescences terminal, spiciform.
+- Inflorescence cylindric ; calyx densely pubescent.
1. T. canadense L. (American G., Wood Sage.) Stems 1 m. or less high,
appressed-imhescent, simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, serrate,
2.5-5 cm. broad, rounded or narrowed at base, short-petioled, hoary beneath,
green and glabrous or sparingly appressed-pubescent but scarcely papillose above ;
whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in long and simple wand-like racemes ; calyx
canescent-pannose, the 3 upper lobes very obtuse, or the middle one acutish ;
corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, purplish, pink, or sometimes cream-color. — Kich low
ground, N. E. to Neb., and southw. July-Sept.
Var. littorale (Bicknell) Fernald. Stiff, usually simple, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves
lanceolate to lance-ovate, 1.5-3 cm. broad, mostly tapering at base, thick and
somewhat rugose, the upper surface papillose beneath the dense appressed pubes-
cence ; flowers slightly smaller, ( T. littorale Bicknell.) — Near the coast. Me.
to Fla. and Tex., and northw. in the Miss, basin to Okla.
2. T. occidentale Gray. Stem villous, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves lance- to ovate-
oblong, white-villous beneath ; calyx and bracts villous with viscid hairs and
with shorter capitate or stipitate glands; the upper calyx-lobes acute or the
middle one acuminate; corolla 8-12 mm. long. — Alluvial soil, Me. to B. C, s.
to Pa., O., Mo., N. Mex., and Cal.
Var. boreale (Bicknell) Fernald. Stem more closely pubescent ; calyx and
bracts with few or no capitate glands amongst the often viscid hairs ; corolla
slightly longer. (T. boreale Bicknell.) — Similar situations, n. N. H. to Wash.,
s. to w. N. Y., 111., and Tex.
H- -t- Inflorescence secund ; calyx glabrous or glabrate.
3. T. Scorod6nia L. (Wood Sage, Germander Sage.) Stems ascending
from a freely creeping rootstock, villous, 2-5 dm. high, simple or with few erect
branches ; leaves deltoid-lanceolate to -ovate, crenate, rugose, cordate or trun-
cate at base, short-petioled ; flowers pale yellow, paired in slender 1-sided
racemes ; upper tooth of the calyx large and recurved. — Said to be established
in Ont. and O. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Annual ; leaves pinnatifld ; flowers in axillary verticels.
4. T. b6trys L. (Cut-leaf G.) Erect or decumbent, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves
long-petioled, rhombic-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, divided into few linear or oblong
segments ; flowers slender-pediceled ; corolla reddish-purple ; calyx gibbous-
campanulate, the lower side saccate, the subequal deltoid teeth short. — Dry
pastures, waste places, etc., local, w. Mass. to Ont. and O. (Nat. from Eu.)
385. I. brachiatus
3. ISANTHUS Michx. False Pennyroyal
Calyx equally 5-lobed, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer
than the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with obovate lobes.
Stamens slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely ex-
ceeding the corolla. — A low much branched annual, clammy-
pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and
small pale blue flowers on axillary 1-3-flowered peduncles.
(Name from taos, equal, and dvdos, flower, referring to the
almost regular corolla.)
1. I. brachiatus (L.) BSP. Corolla 5 mm. long, little ex-
ceeding the calyx. (/. caeruleus Michx.) — Dry or sterile
ground, Vt. and w. Que. to Minn., and southw. July, Aug.
Fig. 885.
4. TRICHOSTEMA L. Blue Curls
Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly
united, the 2 lower very short. Stamens with very long curved capillary fila
694
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)
ments ; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some-
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1-flowered pedicels terminating the branches,
becoming lateral by the production of axillary branch-
lets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely,
the short teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue,
varying to pink, rarely white, small ; fl. in summer and
autumn. (Name composed of Opi^, hair, and crTij/xa,
stamen, from the capillary filaments.)
1. T. dich6tomum L. (Bastard Pexnyroval.)
Viscid with rather minute pubescence ; leaves lance-
oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-
petioled ; lower lobe of the corolla oblong, longer than
the remaining broader ones. — Sandy fields, Me. and
Vt. to Ky., Mo., and Tex. Fig. 886.
2. T. lineare Walt. Puberulent, more slender and
less forked ; leaves linear, nearly smooth. — = In sandy
886. T. dichotomum x Vj- ground near the coast, Ct. to La.
5. SCUTELLARIA L. Skullcap
Calyx bell-shaped in flower, splitting to the base at maturity, the lips entire,
the upper usually falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending
tube, dilated at the throat ; the upper lip entire or barely notched, the lateral
lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe
or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens ascending under
the upper lip ; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of the
lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter
perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite,
1-flowered, often 1-sided, axillary or spiked or racemed ; fl. in summer. (Name
from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the appendage of the fruiting calyx.)
§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase.
* Flowers small (5-8 mm. long), in axillary and sometimes terminal 1-sided
racemes.
1. S. Iaterifl5ra L. (Mad-dog S.) Smooth ; stem upright, much branched,
1-8 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coareely serrate,
rounded at base, petioled, 3-9 cm. long, the lower floral ones similar ; flowers
blue, rarely pink or white. — Wet shaded places, common. July-Sept.
* * Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves or in terminal single or
panicled racemes ; the floral leaves mostly smaller than the cauline.
-^ Flowers 1-3 cm. long ; principal stem-leaves more than 2 cm. long.
•^ Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-peti-
oled ; lateral lobes of the corolla almost equaling the
short upper lip.
2. S. versicolor Nutt. Soft-hairy, the hairs of the
inflorescence, etc., partly viscid-glandular ; stem mostly
erect, 3-1) dm. high ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, very
veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate subentire
bracts about equaling the glandular-hairy calyx ; racemes
mostly simple ; corolla tjriglit blue, with lower side and lip
whitish. (S. cordifoUa Mulil. ?, nomen subnudum.) —
Banks of streams, Pa. to Wise, Minn., and soutiiw.
June, July. Fio. 887.
3. S. saxatilis Kiddell. * Glabrous or slightly hairy;
stem weak, ascending, 1-5 dm. long, often producing run-
ners, branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 1.5-5 cm.
long.
thin, obtuse ; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small, bsT. s. versicolor x Vj
LABIATAE (MIXT FAMILY) 695
entire ; raceme simple, loose. — Moist shaded banks, Del. to O., s. in the mts. to
Va. and Tenn. June, July.
** ++ Stem-leaves if slender-petioled not cordate (or only the very lowest some-
times so) ; lateral lobes of the usually violet-blue corolla shorter than the
galeate upper lip.
= Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate.
a. Stem-leaves on distinct petioles (8 mm. or more lo}ig).
1. Flowers in terminal single or panicled racemes ; the floral leaves gradually
reduced to entire inconspicuous bracts.
4. S. serrata Andr. Green and nearly glabrous ; stem rather simple, 2.5-7
dm. high, with single loosely flowered racemes ; leaves serrate^ acuminate at
both ends., ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy ; corolla 2-2.5 cm.
long., slender., its lips equal in length. — Woods, N. Y. and Pa. to 111. and N. C.
May, June.
5. S. canescens Nutt. Stem branched above, 0.6-1.2 m. high, with the
panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or
lance-ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish
with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceo-
late; corolla 2 cm. long. {S. incana Muhl. ? , nomen subnudum.) — Woods
and river-banks, Pa. to s. Ont., Mich., and southw. July-Aug.
6. S. pil5sa Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs ; stem nearly simple,
2-7 dm. high ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to
roundish-ovate, 2-5 cm, long, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at base and long-
petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ;
racemes short, often branched; corolla 1.2-1.7 cm. long, rather slender, the
lower lip a little shorter. — Dry or sterile ground, s. N. Y. to Mich., s. to Fla.
and Tex. May, June.
Var. hirsuta (Short) Gray. A large form (8-9 dm. high), more hirsute,
with larger very coarsely crenate leaves. — Richer soil, Ky. and Va.
2. Flowers mostly borne on elongate branches even from the base of the plant,
solitary in the axils of mostly dentate leaves.
7. S. Churchilliana Fernald. Stems ascending from a slender rootstock,
3.5-6 dm. high, minutely pilose, freely branching; the branches simple or
forked, flexuous, mostly l.o-^B dm. long; leaves ovate-acuminate, thin, glabrous
above, minutely pilose on the nerves beneath, those of the primary stem 4-6
cm. long, crenate-dentate, those of the branchlets smaller (1.5-3.5 cm. long);
corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, slender-funnel-form, gradually enlarged upward. —
Alluvial soil, N. B. and Me. July-Sept.
b. Stem-leaves subsessile or on short petioles (1-4 mm. long).
8. S. galericulata L. Herbaceous ; subterranean stolons not tuheriferous ;
smooth or a little do^^'ny, erect, 1-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base, 1.5-6 cm. long;
flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; corolla violet-blue, 1.7-2.2
cm. long, with slender tube, the large lower lip nearly erect. — Wet places, Nfd.
to B. C, s. to N. C, O., and Xeb. "june-Aug.
= = Stem-leaves (or all but the loicest) entire.
9. S. integrifolia L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stems soli-
tary and commonly simple, 3-8 dm. high, from a slender base ; upper leaves
oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled, the lowest long-
petioled, ovate, dentate ; flowers in the axils of the upper more or less reduced
leaves or in terminal single or panicled racemes ; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, much
enlarged above, the ample lips subequal in length. — Moist ground, e. Mass. to
Fla. and Tex., chiefly near the coast. May-July.
10. S. Biishii Britton. Stems numerous, from a short ligneous candex,
1.5-3 dm. high, closely puberulent ; leaves uniform, oblanceolate, obtuse, all
entire; flowers axillary, along the upper two thirds of the stem; corolla 2-2.5
cm. long. — Barrens, s. Mo. May, June.
696
LABI AT A E (mTNT FAMILY)
-»• -1- Floii^ers 5-10 mm. long ; leaves at most 2 cm. long.
11. S. par vula Mich X. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons monilifof iK-tuher-
iferous; pubescent throughout with spreading often viscid hairs, dwarf (0.8-^^
dm. high), branched and spreading ; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire
or sparingly toothed, the lowest round-ovate, the others ovate or lance-ovate,
slightly heart-shaped ; flowers axillary. (Including var.wo^
lis Gray; S. campestris Britton.) — Sandy banks, Vt. and
w. Que. to Mich., s. to Tenn. and Tex. Apr.-July.
Var. amblgua (Nutt.) Fernald. Minutely puberulent or
glabrate. (*S'. parvula Britton, not Michx.) — Me. to Wise,
Ky., and Tex.
§ 2. Nutlets conspicuously loinged., each raised on a slender
base.
888. S. nervosa.
An upper node x i/^,
Nutlet X 5.
12. S. nerv6sa Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched,
slender, 1.5-5 dm. high ; lower leaves roundish, the middle
ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped, 2-4.5 cm. long, the
floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; nerve-like veins prominent beneath ; corolla bluish,
1 cm. long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one. — Moist thickets and
rich woods, s. Ont. and N. Y. to Mo. and N. C. Fig. 888.
6. MARRUBIUM [Tourn.] L. Horehound
Calyx-teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper
lip of the corolla erect, notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe
broadest. Stamens 4. — Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic perennials, branched
at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves,
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name used -'-^11"^- \^|
by Pliny, from the Hebrew marrob, a l3itter juice.) -^s^^^y Ym
1. M. vulgAre L. (Common H.) Stems ascend- .^^^r:^^^^^^^ i^ : ij
ing ; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ;
whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the
alternate ones shorter ; corolla small, white. — Waste
places, Me. to Ont., westw. and southw. June-Aug. 889. M. vulgare.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 889. Node x 1/3. Fruiting calyx X 2.
7. AGASTACHE Clayt. Giant Hyssop
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth
rather longer than the others. Upper lip of corolla nearly erect, 2-lobed, the
lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper
pair declined, the lower and shorter pair ascending-, so
that the pairs cross ; anther-cells nearly parallel. — •
Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and
small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes
in summer. (From d7aj', mrich, and o-rdxi^s, an ear
of corn, in reference to the numerous spikes.) Lo-
PHANTurs Benth.. in part.
1. A. nepetoides (L.) Ktze. Stem stout, 0.7-1.5 m.
high, sharply 4-angled, smooth or nearly so ; leaves
ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed,
5-12 cm. long ; spikes 8-12 cm. long, crowded with
the ovate pointed bracts ; calyx-teeth ovate, rather
obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow
corolla. (Lophanthus Benth.) — Borders of woods,
e. Mass., Vt., and w. Que. to Minn., and southw.
2. A. scrophulariaef51ia (Willd.) Ktze. Stem (ob-
tusely 4-anul(Ml) and lower surface of the ovate or
somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves slightly pubescent ;
890. A. scrojihulariaefolia.
Node and spike x y^-
Flower x 2.
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 697
Bpikes 0.5-5 dm. long; calyx-teeth lanceolate^ acitte, shorter than the purplish
corolla; otherwise like the preceding. (Lophanthns Benth.) — N. H. to Ont.,
Mo., Ky. ,and Ya. Fig. 890. Yar. mollis (Fernald) Heller. Stems and lower
surfaces of leaves densely villous. — Vt. and Ct. to 111.
3. A. Foeniculum (Pursh) Ktze. Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-
white rinderneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. {Lophan-
thus anisatus Benth.; A. aneth'iodora Britton. ) — Plains, L. Superior and Man.
to Neb. , and westw. — Foliage with the scent of anise.
8. MEEHANIA Britton.
Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at
the throat ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, the
middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair shorter ; anther-
cells parallel. — Low stoloniferous herb, with pale purplish flowers. (Named
for the late Thomas Meehan. Philadelphian botanist.)
1. M. cordata (Nutt.) Britton. Low, with slendor runners, haiiy ; leaves
broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ;
whorls few-flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy
inside, 2-3.5 cm. long; stamens shorter than the upper lip. {Cedronella
Benth.) — Moist shady banks, w. Pa. to 111., Tenn., and N. C. June.
9. NEPETA L. Cat Mint
Calyx tubular, often incurved. Corolla dilated in the throat ; the upper lip
erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-cleft, the middle lobe
largest, either 2-lobed or entire, — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought
to be derived from Xepete, an Etruscan city. )
§ 1. CATAeIA [Tourn.] Reichenb. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-
floicered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes ; upper floral leaves small
and bract-like.
1. N. CatXria L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched ; leaves heart-shaped,
oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, dotted
with purple. — Near dwellings ; a common weed. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu. )
§ 2. GLECHOMA (L.) Benth. Leaves all alike ;
the axillary clusters loosely feic-floivered.
2. N. hederXcea (L.) Trevisan. (Ground
Ivy, Gill-over-the-Ground.) Creeping and
trailing ; leaves petioled. round-kidney-shaped,
crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice the
length of the calyx, light blue. {Glecoma L. ;
891. N. hederacea. ^- Glechoma Benth.) — Damp or shady places,
Node X y,. near towns. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)
Longitudinal section of flower X 2. FlG. 891.
-■o'
10. DRACOCEPHALUM [Tourn.] L. Dragon Head
Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla slightly
arched and notched ; the lower 3-cleft. with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft
or notched at the end. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and
with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from 5pdK0Jv, a dragon, and
K€(pa\Tj. head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the original species.)
1. D. parvifl5rum Nutt. Annual or biennial ; stem erect, leafy, 1.6-8 dm.
high : leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded
in a terminal head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equaling
698
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)
the small slender bluish corolla. — Rocky or gravelly
calcareous soil, chiefly in recent clearings, e. Que. to
Yukon, southw. to n. and w. N. Y., Mich., Wise, la.,
N. Mex., and Ariz.; occasionally adventive in N. E
June- Aug. Fig. 892.
11. PRUNELLA L. Self-heal
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved,
naked in the throat, closed in fruit ; upper lip broad,
truncate. Corolla ascending, slightly contracted at the
throat and dilated at the lower side just beneath it,
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower
reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the
middle one rounded, concave, denticulate. Filaments
2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the
anther; anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging. — Low perennials,
with nearly simple stems, and S-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils
of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike
or head. (Name said to be from the German Brdune^ a disease of the throat,
for which this plant was a reputed remedy. Often written Brunella^ which
was a pre-Linnean form.)
L P. vulgaris L. (Heal-all, Carpenter-weed.) Leaves ovate-oblong,
entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; corolla violet or flesh-color,
rarely white, not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields,
Nfd. to Fla. , westw. across the continent. June-Sept. (Eu.) Var. laciniXta L.
Some upper leaves tending to be pinnatifid. (P. laciniata L.) — Said to be
introd. near Washington, D. C. (Adv. from Eu.)
892. D. parviflorum.
Inflorescence x i/^.
Fruiting calyx x 2.
12. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. False Dragon Head
Calyx obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, more or less enlarged
and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, with a nnich inflated throat,
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, nearly entire ; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its
middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. —
Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems,
and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves.
Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color varie-
gated ^^^th purple, opposite, crowded in simple or
panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from (pvaa^
a bladder^ and a-T^yi], a covering, in allusion to the
calyx, which is at length somewliat inflated.)
* Stem conspicuously leafy up to the inflorescence.
1. P. virginiana (L.) Benth. Stem 0.5-1.8 m.
high, terminated by a simple virgate spike or several
panicled spikes ; leaves thickish, mostly sharply
serrate ; calyx tuhular-campanulate, its teeth half
the length of the tube, acuminate, at length acerose-
tipped; corolla 1.8-2.3 cm. long. — Wet grounds,
from w. Que. westw. and southw. ; frecjuently
escaped from cultivation in e. N. E. June-Sept.
Fig. 893.
P. parvifl5ra Nutt. Stem 2-0 dm. high, simple
to the inflorescence; leaves thin, lanceolate, den-
ticulate to serrate ; s])ikes short and dense ; calyX'
teeth short and hhint ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long. — 8!>.3. P. rlrfrfniana.
Wet banks, Wise, to Sask., N. Dak., and westw. Louf and bit of spike x%,
July-Sept Antlier X 3.
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 699
* * Stem-leaves greatly reduced upward^ the injiorescences long-pedunculate.
?. P. denticulata (Ait.) Britton. Slender, simple, or the inflorescence
branched, 0.0-1.2 dm. high ; leaves thick, pale green, from crenate-dentate to
serrate ; spikes solitary or in large plants several and paniculately disposed,
rather loose ; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long. (P. virginiana, var. Gray.) — Prairies,
river-banks, etc.. Va. to 111., Kan., and south w. June-Aug.
4. P. intermedia (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray. Slender, 3-15 dm. high, remotely
leaved; leaves linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; rhachis filiform, ratlier
remotely flowered; calyx short and broadly campanulate ; corolla 1-1.5 cm.
long, much dilated upward. — Barrens, w. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex.
13. SYNANDRA Nutt.
Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny. Corolla with
a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ; the upper lip slightly
arched, entire, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, tne middle one
broadest and notched at the end. Filaments hairy ; anthers approximate in
pairs under the upper lip ; the two upper each with one fertile and one smaller
sterile cell, the latter cells cohering together (whence the name ; from avv,
together, and dvrjp, for anther).
1. S. hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Hairy biennial, 3-6 dm. high ; lower
leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral sessile,
gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower ; corolla 3-4 cm.
long, yellowish-white. (S. grandiflora Nutt.) — Shady banks of streams, 0. to
111., Tenn., and Va. June.
14. PHL6mIS [Tourn.] L. Jerusalem Sage
Upper Up of the corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cieft. Stamens as-
cending under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair longer than the
others in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base ; anther-cells di-
vergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flowered,
axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.)
1. P. tuber6sa L. Tall perennial, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped,
crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped, hairy ; upper
lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside. — Shore
of L. Ontario, N, Y., local. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)
15. GALEOPSIS L. Hemp Nettle
Calyx about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal teeth. Corolla dilated at the
throat ; upper lip ovate, arched, entire ; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral
lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the
sinuses. — Annuals, with spreading branches, and several-many-flowered whorls
in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name com-
posed of yaXev, a weasel, and 6\l/is, appearance, from some fancied likeness of
the corolla to the head of a weasel.)
1. G. Tetrahit L. (Commox H.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-
hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish, white, or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx. — Waste places and fields, common. June-
Sept. (Xat. from Eu.)
2. G. Ladaxtm L. (Red H.) Stem can escent icith appressed pubescence ;
leaves linear or lanceolate, more or less downy, entire or obscurely serrate ;
corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx.
— Ballast and waste places, N. B. to Mich, and N. J., local. (Adv. from Eu.)
Var. latif6lia Wallr. Leaves ovate-oblong, shaiply toothed; upper parts of
the plant copiously glandular. — Similar places, casual. (Adv. from Eu.)
TOO
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY^
16. LAMIUM L. Dead Nettle
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar-
rowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. — Decumbent herbs, the lowest leaves small and long-
petioled, the middle heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the
whorled flower-cluster. (Name from \atu6s, throat, in allusion to the ringent
corolla.)
* Annuals or biennials, low; flowers small, purplish, at most 1.5 cm. long.
1. L. AMPLExicAULE L. (Henbit.) Zeaves rouudcd, deeply creuate-toothed
or cut, the 7q)per ones clasping ; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower
spotted, lateral lobes truncate. — Waste and cultivated places. Apr.-Oct.
(Nat. from Eu.)
2. L. PURPUREUM L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-
toothed, allpetioled. — 'N. E. to N. C. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Perennial, taller ; flowers larger.
3. L. ALBUM L. Hairy ; leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth very slender, spread-
ing ; corolla white, the tube curved upward,
obliquely contracted near the base, where there is
a ring of hairs inside ; lateral lobes of lower lip
bearing a long slender tooth. — Roadsides and
waste places, mostly escaped from cultivation.
May-July. (Introd. from Eu.) Fig. 894.
4. L. MACULATUM L. Like the last, but leaves
more frequently marked with a white spot on the
upper face, and flowers purplish or white, ivith
the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique. —
Sparingly escaped to roadsides and thickets. May-July. (Introd. from Eu.)
B94. L. album X %.
17. lEONURUS L. Motherwort
Calyx 5-nerved, -with o nearly equal teeth. Upper lip of the corolla oblong
and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe
larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. — Upright herbs,
with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils ; in summer.
(Name from X^cxjv, a lion, and ovpd, tail, i.e. TAon''s-tail.)
1. L. Caudiaca L. (Common M.) Tall perennial ; leaves long -petioled, the
lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral loedge-shaped at base, sidjentire or
H-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. —
Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. L. Marrtbiastrum L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem-
leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx-
teeth, the tube naked xcithin ; lower lip rather erect. — Waste places, etc., Pa.
and Del. (Adv. from Eu. )
3. L. siBTHiciis L, Tall biennial ; leaves S-parted, the divisions 2-5-cleft, or
deeply ?y--l-cleft and incised; corolla purplish, twice as long as the calyx, the
upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading. — Waste grounds, Pa. and Del.
(Adv. from Eurasia.)
18. BALL6TA L. Fetid Horeiiound
Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spread-
ing regular border, with r)-lO teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the
corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marruhium. (The Greek
name, of uncertain origin.)
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 701
1. B. NIGRA L, (Black Horehound.) More or less hairy, but green, erect ;
the root perennial ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-
teeth 6, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, N. E., Pa.,
etc., rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
19. STACHYS [Tourn.] L. Hedge Nettle
Corolla not dilated at the throat ; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often
arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually longer and spreading, .3-lobed,
with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the
upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering); anthers approximate in
l^airs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — Whorls 2-many-flowered, approximate
in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from ffrdxvs, a spike).
a. Annuals.
Stem smoothish ; corolla yellow, much exceeding- the calyx . . , \. S. annua.
Stem hirsute ; corolla purplish, about equaling the calyx . . . 2. & a/rven^s.
a. Perennials h.
b. Stems glabrous on the sides, smooth or bristly on the angles c.
c. Calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, about equaling the tube.
Leaves entire or obscurely toothed, linear or linear-oblong . . 3. <S. hyssopifolia.
Leaves regularly serrate or serrulate.
Leaves 5-13 ram. broad, their petioles 1-8 mm. long . . . 4. S. ambigua.
Leaves broader, their petioles 5-15(-20) mm. long.
Leaves rounded-truncate to cuneate at base, acute or merely
acuminate at tip 5. ^S". tenuifolia.
Leaves heart-shaped at base; caudate-acuminate at tip . . 6. »?. Nuttallii.
c. Calj'x-teeth broadly deltoid, much shorter than the tube . . , 1, S. latidens.
h. Stems pubescent (or puberulent) on the sides as well as on the angles.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 10-12 times as long as broad . . %. S. ar'enicola.
Leaves broader, oblong to cordate-ovate.
Leaves subsessile or very short-petioled, the lower petioles not
conspicuoush' longer than the upper 9. 8. palustris.
Lower leaves on elongate petioles, the upper on shorter petioles or
subsessile.
Calyx-teeth broad-deltoid, much shorter than the tube . . 10. S. cordaia.
Calyx-teeth lance-deltoid, nearly equaling the tube . . .11. S. salvioides.
1. S. X.NXUA L. Erect smoothish annual ; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, the
lower crenate, the upper subentire ; calyx pilose and glandular-puberulent, 6-8
mm. long, the subequal lanceolate lobes about equaling the tube ; corolla yellow^
1.5 cm. long. — Waste places and ballast, chiefly alK)ut Atlantic ports. July,
Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. S. ARVENsis L. Low decumbent annual; stems hirsute; leaves ovate,
crenate, subcordate, hirsute, the lower long-petioled ; calyx 4.5-6 mm. long,
hirsute, about equaling the purplish corolla. — Waste places and ballast, chiefly
near Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. S. hyssopifblia Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or the nodes hirsute ; stems
slender. 2-5 dm, high ; leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear., sessile, entire or
obscurely toothed toioard the apex, 2-5 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide ; whorls 4-6-
flowered, rather distant ; corolla twice or thrice the length of the triangular-
awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places, Mass. to Ela. ; s. Mich.
July-Sept.
4. S. ambigua (Gray) Britton. Resembling the preceding, but stouter, with
scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem, and with serrulate leaves
about 1 cm. broad. {S. hyssopifolia, var. Gray.) — Pa. to Wise, and southw
June-Aug.
5. S. tenuifolia Willd. Rootstock slender; stem slender, smooth and gla-
brous throughout, or with few minute bristles on the angles ; leaves lanceolate
to oblong, taper-pointed, sharply toothed, mostly 5-10 cm. long, short-petioled,
only the lower floral longer than the flowers ; spike .slender and interrupted ;
calyx glabrous, the tube rather .slender, the lance-subulate tr<th somewhat
spreading. {S. aspera, var. glabra Gray.) — Wet ground, N. Y. to la., and
southw.
Var. aspera (Michx.) Fernald. Angles of fhe stem beset ri'ith long re.Hexed
bristles; leares oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, more or less hairy;
702 liABiATAE (^n^'T family)
calyx slightly larger, the teeth often less spreading. (S. aspera Michx.) — Vt.
ande. Mass. to Out., and southw. July, Aug.
6. S. Nuttallii Shuttlw. Tall, very hirsute on the angles ; leaves cordate-
ovate to -oblong, liirsute on the veins, serrate-dentate, caudate-acuminate; spike
very interrupted, the lower verticels borne in the axils of the short-petioled foli-
age h-aves; calyx hirsute, the spiny teeth nearly equaling the corolla-tube. —
O. and Va. to Tenn.
7. S. Idtidens Small. Stem stout, G-7 dm; high, smooth, or finely setose on
the angles ; leaves ovate-oblong, subcordate, glabrous or sparingly setulose,
short-petioled, mostly 1-1.3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, coarsely crenate-dentate ;
spike slender and interrupted, the lowest floral leaves large ; calyx pubescent,
short-campaiiulate, with short deltoid firm teeth. — Mts. of Va., N. C, and Tenn.
8. S. arenicola Britton. Stem 3-6 dm. high, copiously retrorse-hispid on the
sides and angles ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm.
wide, densely pubescent on both faces, crenate-serrate ; spike dense, slightly
internipted ; the lower^bracts much exceeding the flowers, the upper short, ail
densely hispid ; calyx hispid, the lobes acicular ; corolla inconspicuous, the upper
lip hispid. — Sandy soil, N. Y. to III. and Mich.
9. S. paliistris L. (Wouxdwort.) Rootstock tuberous-thickened, freely
stoloniferous; stem 3-10 dm. high, leafy, hirsute on the angles vnth spreading or
reflexed hairs, the sides more finely appressed-pubescent ; leaves sessile, or the
lower short-petioled, lanceolate to ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate, rounded at base,
downy or hairy, obtusish, 4-10 cm. long, only the uppermost floral ones shorter
than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6-10-flowered, the upper crowded into an
interrupted spike ; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half
the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet ground, Nfd. to the INIacken-
zie, s. to N. C, O., 111., Minn., Col., etc. (Eurasia.) Var. homotricha. Fer-
nald. Sides of the stems and the angles almost uniformly hirsute with long
retrorse hairs. — N. B. to Ct., centr. N. Y., and westw.
10. S. cordata Riddell. Stem rather weak, long-hirsute on the angles, 6-8
dm. high ; leaves long-petioled, all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate,
7-15 cm. long, the floral mostly minute ; spikes slender, of numerous few-
flowered clusters ; calyx small, loith very short teeth ; corolla about 1 cm. long. —
Thickets, s. O. to Va. and Tenn.
11. S. salvioides Small. Stems closely glandular-puberulent to short-hirsute,
3-J) dm. high ; leaves petit»led, the petioles glandular-short-hirstite, the closely
pubescent cordate-ovate dentate acuminate blade 6-12 cm. long ; spike slender,
few-flowered ; the bracts ovate, about equaling the calyx ; calyx-lobes lance-
deltoid, about equaling the tube; corolla about 1 cm. long. — Stony soil, Va.
and W. Va. to Tenn.
20. SALVIA [Tourn.] L. Sage
Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply
2-lipped, ringent ; upper lip straight or scythe-shaped, entire or bartly notched,
the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Stamens on
short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of
which, ascending under the upi)er lip, bears a linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the
other, usually descending, bears an imperfect or deformed (half-) anther or
nojic at all. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racenicd, or panicled
whorls. (Name from salvare, to save, in alltision to the reputed healing qualities
of Sage.)
* Both anther-cells polliniferous ; leaves mostly lyrately lobed or pinnatifid.
1. S. lyrata L. (Lyrp>leavi:d S.) Low- perennial, 2-6 dm. high, some-
what hairy ; .stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves lyre-shaped or sinuate-
pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; tho.se of the stem mostly a single pair,
snjaller and narrower; bracts oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls
loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; ujiper lip of the blue-purple
pubescent corolla (2-3 cm. lonu;) short, straight, not vaulted. — Sandy woods
and barrens, Ct. to 111., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 703
* * Lower anther-cell wanting; the sterile ends of the connectives mostly united.
-^ Calyx obscurely bilabiate ; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long, loith prominently exserted
tube.
2. S. azurea Lam., var. grandiflora Benth. Ciiiereous-puberulent, 0.5-L5
m. high ; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate,
taperino; to a short petiole ; upper narrower, often linear, entire ; inflorescence
spike-like, tomentulose-sericeous ; calyx-teeth short, the broad upper lip entire :
corolla blue or white. {8. Pitcheri Torr.) — Minn, to Mo., westw. and southw.'
July-Sept.
•«- •<- Calyx deeply bilabiate; corolla-tube hardly at all exserted.
•w- Annual.
3. S. Ianceaef51ia Poir. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, 1-12 dm. high ;
leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong., irregularly serrate or nearly entire, tapering
to a slender j)etiole ; inflorescence virgate-spiciform, interrupted; upper lip of
calyx entire., lower 2-cleft ; corolla blue, 1 cm. long, little exserted; style gla-
brous or nearly so. (S. lanceolata Broussonet, not Lam.) — Plains and open
soil, lad. (0. P. Smith) to Neb., Tex., and Ariz. ; introd. at Columbus, O.
(^Keller man). May-Oct.
t-t- ++ Perennials.
= Pedicels about equaling the fruiting calyx.
4. S. urticif51ia L. Villous-pubescent and someiohat viscid, or glabrate, 3-6
dm. high ; leaves coarsely serrate, ovate, with truncate or cuneate base decurrent
into a winged petiole ; inflorescence racemose-spicate, of numerous distant clus-
ters ; calyx-lips divergent, the upper S-toothed, lower 2-cleft ; corolla blue and
white, 1-1.6 cm. long, twice the length of the calyx; style strongly bearded. —
Woodlands, Pa. to Ky., s. to Ga. and La. May-July.
= = Pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx.
5. S. SclXrea L. (Clary*.) Villous-pubescent, viscid, stout, 1 m. or less
high ; leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose, the floral
forming large bracts of the spike, tinged with white and rose-color ; corolla
white and bluish, rather large, the long upper lip falcate and compressed. —
Escaped from gardens, from Pa. southw. (Introd. from Eu.)
6. S. VerbexAca L. Puberulent to villous, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves ovate or
oblong, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid, the lobes crenate-
toothed, rugose, the few cauline mostly sessile, the floral inconspicuous; spike
interrupted ; calyx reflexed after flowering ; corolla bluish, small, the upper lip
nearly straight. — Sparingly in waste places. Middle and Southern States. (Nat.
from Eu.)
21. MONARDA L. Horse Mint
Calyx 15-nerved, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a
slightly expanded throat ; lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal, the upper
erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, its
lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched.
Stamens elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla. — Odorous
erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and large attractive flowers in a few
verticels closely surrounded by bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Monardes, author
of many tracts upon medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the
New World, in the latter half of the 16th century.)
* Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper lip of the
corolla ; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3 ; leaves acutely
more or less serrate ; perennials.
•^ Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the tube.
++ Glabrous or villous.
= Calyx smooth or smoothish in the throat.
1. M. dldyma L. (Oswkgo Tea, Bee Balm.) Stem somewhat hairy,
1 m. or less high, acutely -l-angled ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thejlnral
704 LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)
ones and the large outer bracts tinged loith red; calyx smoothish, nearly naked
IK the throat; corolla smooth or minntely pubescent, 4-5 cm. long, bright red,
showy, — Moist woods, by streams, w. Que., Ont., and south w. July, Aug.
= = Calyx hairy in the throat.
2. M. clinop6dia L. Nearly glabrous to villoiLS-pubescent ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate and ovate ; bracts lohitish ; calyx moderately hirsute in the throat ;
corolla slightly pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long, dull white or Jlesh-colored. — Shady
places, ravines, etc., N. Y. to 111. and Ga. July.
3. M. fistulbsa L. (Wild Bergamot.) Branches more or less villous or
hirsute, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pubescent especially beneath,
the uppermost atid outer bracts someichat colored (whitish or purplish); calyx
sliglitly curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, lilac or pink,
the upper lip very hairy. — Dry soil, N. E. to Col. and Tex. ; often cultivated
and mostly introd. northeastw. Var. rijbra Gray. Stem smooth ; corolla bright
crimson or rose-red ; habit of no. 1, but upper lip of corolla villous-bearded on
the back at tip ; throat of calyx with the outer bristly hairs widely spreading.
(M. media Willd.) — Me. to Ont. and Tenn.; mostly introd. northw. July,
Aug.
** •*•*■ Leaves canescent (especially beneath) loith minute appressed puberulence.
4. M. m611is L. Tall and branching; leaves firm, oblong- or deltoid-ovate,
long-acuminate ; throat of calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with sometimes
an outer row of bristles ; corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandular, its upper lip
hairy outside or more bearded at the tip. {M. scabra Beck ; M. fistulosa, var.
mollis Benth.) — Dry plains. Me. to Man., and soutliw. July, Aug.
•*- -^ Leaves nearly sessile; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head solitary.
5. M. Bradburiana Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, esx)ecially
underneath ; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ;
calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped
awned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely
twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish or white, the lower lip dotted with
purple. — Thickets and woods, Ind. to Tenn. and Mo. May-July.
* * Stamens not exceeding the falcate ripper lip of the short corolla; heads axil-
lary or interrupted-spicate ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate,
tapering into the petiole.
6. M. punctata L. (Horse Mixt.) Perennial, minutely downy, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at base ; bracts lanceolate, blunt,
obtuse at base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth of the downy calyx short and
awnless, rigid, soon spreading ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip
spotted with purple, notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx.
— Sandy ground, N. Y. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex.; adv. in N. E. July-Sept.
7. M. citiiodbra Cerv. (Lemox Mint.) Annual, 3-8 dm. high; bracts nar-
rowly oblong, their slender awned tips spreading or recurving; calyx-teeth
slender, at length usually spreading ; corolla white or pinkish, not spotted. — 111.
to Neb. and Tex. June -Sept.
22. BLEPHiLIA Raf.
Calyx 13-nerved, naked in the throat; upper lip with 3 awned teeth, the
lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, nearly equally
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes
ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens
exserted (the upper pair minute or none). — Perennial herl)s, with nearly the
foliage, etc., of Monarda ; the small pale bluish-purple flowers crowded in
axillary a!id terminal globose whorls ; in summer. (Name from ^Xe0apfs, the
eyelash, in reference to the hairy fringe of the bracts and calyx-teeth.)
1. B. ciliata (L.) Raf. Somewhat downy, 3-0 dm. high; leaves almcst
sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at base, whitish-downy underneath \- oniav-bracts
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 705
iwr/^e, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy. — Dry open
places, Xt. to Minn., s. to Ga. and ]Mo.
"2. B. hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. (Wood Mint.) Taller, hairy throughout;
leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base; tlie lower
floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts liwar-awl-shaped,. shorter than
the long-haired calyx ; corolla pale, with darker imrple spots. — Moist shady
places, w. Que. and Vt. to Minn., s. to Ga. and e. Tex. Var. glabrata Fernald.
Stem and leaves glabrous. — Local, s. Vt. {Miss Day) .
23. HEDE6mA Pers. Mock Pennyroyal
Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved,
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Upper lip
of corolla flat, notched at the apex, the lower spreading, 3-clef t. — Low odorous
an.nuals, v^ith small leaves and loose axillary clusters of flowers (in summer)
often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from i)8vo<TiJ.ov, an ancient
name of Mint, from -!70i^s, sweety a,nd oaix-q, scent.)
* StenJe filaments manifest ; leaves oblong-ovate^ petioled, somewhat serrate.
1. H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Erect, branching,
hairy ; whorls few-flow^ered ; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower setaceous-
stibiilate ; corolla bluish, pubescent, scarcely exserted, 3—5 mm. long; taste and
odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal {Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. — Dry soil,
N. S. and Que. to Dak., and southw.
* * Sterile filaments minute or obsolete ; leaves narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so.
2. H. hispida Pursh. Mostly low ; leaves linear, crowded, almost glabrous,
^omewhat hispid-ciliate ; bracts spreading or reflexed; upper flowers ratiier
crowded; calyx-teeth all subulate, equaling the bluish corolla. — Plains and
rocky banks, N. Y. {Haberer) and Out. to Sask. and La. ; locally introd. in Vt.
24. MELISSA [Tourn.] L. Balm
Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a. recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Satureja. — Clusters few-flowered, loose, one-
sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from
IxeXiaaa, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)
1. M. officinXlis L. (Common B.) Upright, branching, perennial, pubes-
cent ; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly
white. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Introd. from Ea.)
25. SATUREJA [Tourn.] L. Savory. Calamint
Calyx tubular to bell-shaped, 10-13-nerved, naked or hairy in the throat.
Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper
lip erect, flattish, entire or notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted, the middle
lobe usually largest. Stamens -4, somewhat ascending. — Herbs or shrubs, with
mostly purplish or whitish flowers produced all summer ; inflorescence various.
(The ancient Latin name. ^ Including C lino podium L. Calamintha Lam.
§ 1. Loosely fioioered, loithoiit long-subulate bracts.
* Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat.
1. S. HORTENSis L. (Summers.) Pubescent annual ; leaves linear, entire ;
clusters few-flowered, in dense interrupted spikes; bracts small or none. —
Escaped from gardens and sparingly wild, N. B. to Mich, and Ky. (Introd
from Eu )
gray's manual — 45
706 LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)
♦ * Calyx cylindnc or tubular, hairy in the throat.
•*- Pubescent ; bracts minute.
<«• Common peduncle short hut distinct.
2. S. Nepeta (L.) Scheele. (Basil Thyme.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending,
1 m. or less high; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla 7-8
mm. long, twice the length of the calyx. {Calamintha Savi ; Clinopodium
Ktze.) — Dry waste grounds, Md. to Ind., Ark., and south w. (Nat. from Eu.)
•^ -t-v Common peduncle none.
3. S. Agings (L.) Scheele. Mostly branching and decumbent at base,
1.5-2.5 dm. high ; leaves elliptic-ovate to -oblong, acute, about 1 cm. long,
petioled; calyx constricted at the throat. (Clinopodium Ktze.) — Roadsides
and waste places, Mass. to Ont. and N. J. (Nat. from. Eu.)
•»- H- Glabrous or nearly so; common pedimcles hardly any; pedicels 1-5,
slender, the conspicuous bracts subulate-acuminate.
4. S. glabella (Michx.) Briquet. Smooth ; stems diffuse or spreading, 2-5
dm. long ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at base,
2-5 cm. long, sparingly toothed or nearly entire ; clusters 3-5-flowered ; corolla
purplish, about 1 cm. long, fully twice the length of the calyx. (Calamintha
Benth. ; Clinopodium Ktze.) — Damp (generally calcareous) soil, s. Ind., Ky.,
Teim., and Ark.
5. S. glabra (Nutt.) Fernald. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright,
1.5-4 dm. high, with narrower mostly entire leaves and feioer-Jlovjered clusters,
ichiJe sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves 0.5-1 cm. long.
(Clinopodium Ktze.; Calamintha Nuttallii Benth.) — Rocky banks, N. Y. and
e. Ont. to Minn, and Tex.
§ 2. Flowers in sessile dense many-flowered clusters, and involucrate with con-
spicuous setaceous-subulate bracts ; calyx nearly naked in the throat.
6. S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. (Basil.) Hairy, erect, 2-6 dm. high; leaves
ovate, jjetioled, nearly entire ; flowers lavender to pink, in globular clusters ;
hairy bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium L.; Calamintha Clinopodium
Benth.) — Woods, thickets, and alluvial banks, Nfd. to Va., O., Ind., and Man.
(Eurasia. )
26. HYSS6pUS [Tourn.] L. Hyssop
Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. — Perennial herb, with wand-like simple
branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small
clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)
1. H. officinXlis L. — Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens.
(Introd. from Eu.)
27. ORfGANUM [Tourn.] L. Wild Marjoram
Calyx hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the
length of the calyx ; the upper lip rather erect and slightly notched, the lower
longer, of ?> nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens exserted, diverging. —
Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical
or ellipsoid spikes, iml)ricated with colored bracts. (An ancient Greek name,
composed of 6pos, a mountain, and ydvos, ornament.)
1. D. vl'lgXrk L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti-
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, puri)lish. — Roadsides and fields, Mass.
to Ont. and Pa. June-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 707
28. PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil
Calyx about 13-nerved, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more or less
2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ; the
lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Lower pair of stamens rather
longer than the upper; anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, with a
pugent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves often
whitened ; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips
mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn. Varies, like the
Mints, wdth the stamens exserted or included in diiierent flowers. (Name com-
posed of irvKvos, dense, and dvdefj.ov, a blossom, from the compact inflorescence.)
KoELLiA Moench.
* Cahjx-teeth long, hristly-ciliate, or at least hearing long terminal bristles.
t- Glomerules terminating the tipper branches, rather densely clustered and
forming a corymb.
L P. leptodon Gray. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched;
leaves membranaceous, green, 3-6 cm. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
entire or subentire, sulDsessile ; infloresence canescent-hirsute ; long-acuminate
bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute. — O. to Mo. and N. C.
H- -*- Glomerules verticillastrate or terminating short paniculately disposed
branches.
2. P. clinopodioides T. & G. Pubescent; leaves short-petioled, broad- or
oblong-lanceolate, sharply denticulate or entire, all pale green, the upper not
lohitened ; bracts loose, slightly ciliate ; calyx-teeth one third or one half as long
g,s the tube, sparingly bristle-tipped. {Koellia Ktze.) — Dry soil, Ct. to Pa. and Va.
3. P. pycnanthemoides (Leavenw^) Fernald. Pubescent; leaves ovate-
oblong, remotely toothed, the lower dark green and loosely soft-dovmy, the
floral ones whitened,; cymes dense; bracts much surpassing the Jloivers, their
long avjn-l ike points and the avni-pointed calyx-teeth {equaling the tube) bearded
with long loose hairs. {Koellia Ktze.; P. Tullia Benth.) — Va. to Ky., and
southw. — Sometimes too near no. 10.
* * Calyx-teeth without long bnstles {except in dubious forms of no. 10).
•t- Bracts and equal calyx-teeth avm-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla;
flowers in dense heads mostly terminating^ the branchlets ; leaves slightly
petioled.
4. P. aristatum Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent, 4-8 dm. high ; leaves
ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate, 2-6
cm. long, roundish at the base. {Koellia Ktze.) — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.
and La.
Var. hyssopifblium (Benth.) Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly
linear, nearly entire and obtuse. {Koellia hyssopifolia Britton.) — Va. to Fla.
-)- H- Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not long-awned.
■*-*■ Leaves lanceolate or linear ; heads mostly terminating the branches, subco'
rymbosely disposed.
= Leaves linear.
5. P. flexubsum (Walt.) BSP. Smooth, freely branching; leaves firm;
heads 5 mm. or less high, somewhat downy, densely cor3^mbose ; appressed
rigid bracts and lance-subulate calyx-teetli with short firm points. {Koellia
MacM. ; P. linifolium Pursh.) — Dry ground, centr. Me. to Minn., and southw.
= = Leaves lanceolate.
a. Leaves all glabrous or merely pubescent on the nerves beneath.
0, P. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson. Smoothish (rr minutely ptibes-
cent, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, nearly sessile, entire,
708 LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)
very numerous^ obtuse at base ; capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely
[corymbose, imbricated with many short appressed downy rigid ovate or lanceo-
late bracts; calyx-teeth short and triangular. (iioe/Zm MacM. ; P. Janceolatum
Pursh.) — Dry banks, centr. Me. to Dak., and southw.
7. P. Torrei Benth. Puherulent ; stem strict and nearly simple, 5-9 dm.
high ; leaves thin, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petioled.
nearly entire ; flowere in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters ; awl-shaped
calyx-teeth and mostly appressed bracts canescent. (Koellia verticillata Am.
auth., in part, not Ktze.) — Dry soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Ga.
b. At least the uppermost leaves closely puberulent above.
8. P. pil5sum Nutt. Hoary with loose pubescence ; leaves thick, pubescent
and dull, oblong-lanceolate, entire, mostly acute or acutish at base, the upper
green ; bracts and especially the narrovj (often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth
villous-pubescent, canesce^i^; stamens exserted. (A'oeZZia Britton ; P. muticum,
var. Gray.) — Prairies and dry woods, Pa. to la., Kan., and Ark.
9. P. verticillatum (Michx. ) Pers. Stem closely pubescent, especially
above ; leaves lanceolate, entire or subentire, subsessile, mostly glabrous, only
the upper closely puberulent and paler ; bracts of the glomerules ovate-lanceo-
late, ciliate, with subulate tips; stamens included: {Koellia Ktze.) — Moist
fields and open woods, w. Que., Vt., and e. Mass. to N. C.
•^ -^ Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong.
= Calyx and bracts densely invested vnth close minute appressed pubescence.
10. P. incanum (L.) Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy above and mostly hoary unth whitish wool underneath, the uppermost
whitened both sides; cymes large, open, mostly verticillastrate or terminal, fevj;
bracts linear or lanceolate, more or less bristly-ciliate ; calyx-teeth deltoid, short,
herbaceous, rarely a little bristly-ciliate. {Koellia Ktze.) — Open woods, Vt.
and Mass. to Ont. , Mo., and southw.
11. P. albescens T. & G. Closely resembling the preceding, but with no vil-
lous pubescence, the leaves closely cinereous-puberulent beneath. {Koellia Ktze.)
— Low sandy ground, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Tex.
= = Calyx and bracts pilose or hispid vnth distinct spreading hairs.
12. P. muticum (Michx.) Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming
almost smooth, corymbosely much branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate or
broadly ovate-lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green and
glabrate when old ; the floral ones and the siibiilate-tipped lance-attenuate or
linear bracts and the calyx-teeth hoary ; flower-clusters very dense, corymbose ;
stamens exserted. {Koellia Britton.) — N. H. to Mo., and southw.
13. P. montanum Michx. Glabrous or essentially so. tall (6-10 dm. high),
simple or sparingly branched above; leaves lance-ovate or -oblong, thin, sharply
serrate, acuminate ; heads chiefly in the upper axils, or solitary at the tips of the
elongate branches; the long thin bracts long-acuminate, ciliate-hispid ; calyx-
teeth deltoid-subulate, smoothish. {Koellia Ktze.) — Mountain woods, Va. to
Tenn., and southw.
29. THtMUS [Tourn.] L. Thyme
Calyx 13-nerved, hairy in the throat ; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading ; the
lower 2-cleft, with the awkshaped divisions ciliate. Corolla short ; the upper
lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
straight and distant, usually ex.serted. — Low perennials, with small and entire
strongly veined leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers. (The ancient Greek
name of the Thyme, probably from dveiv, to burn perfume, because it was used
for incense. )
1. T. SKRrvr.LiM L. (Creeping T.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, ovate,
entire, short-petioied ; flowers crowded at the ends of the branches. — Old fields,
etc., N. S. to N. Y. and Pa. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
LABI AT AE (MINT FAMILY} 7U9
30. CUNILA L. Dittany
Calyx ovoid- tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Upper lip
of corolla erect, flattish. mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens
2, erect, exserted ; sterile filaments short, minute. — Perennials, with small white
or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name,
of unknown origin.)
1. C. origanoides (L.) Britton. (Commox D.) Stems tufted, corymbosely
much branched, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-
shaped at ba.se. nearly sessile, dotted, 1.5-4 cm. long: cymes peduncled ; calyx
striate. (C. Mariana L.) — Dry hills, N. Y. to 111., Ark., and Ga.
31. LYCOPUS [Tourn.] L. Water Horehound
Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped.
Stamens 2, distant, the upper pair either sterile rtidiments or wanting. Nutlets
with thickened margins. — Perennial mostly stoloniferous herbs, glabrous or
puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, the
floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small
mostly white flowers ; in summer. (Name compounded of \vko$^ a wolf^ and
TTous, foot^ from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)
* Leaves merely serrate.
•«- Calyx-teeth lanceolate or deltoid, barely acutish^ shorter than the mature
nutlets.
1. L. virginicus L. (Bugle Weed.) Stem ohtn?ie\y Rngled. us7ially puber^i-
lent. 2-8 dm. high, rising /ro?/i a slender (not tuberous-thickened) base ; stolons
filifonn, not tuberiferous ; leaves dark green (or puqjle-tinged), ovate or ovate-
oblong, firm, rather abruptly acuminate at both ends, coarsely toothed, 6-15 cm.
long, 2-5 cm. broad ; glomerules dense, often seemingly compound, in maturity
8-15 mm. broad; calyx ovoid-cylindric ; corolla tubular, with erect lobes; sta-
mens mostly included. — Rich moist soil, X. H. to Neb., and south w. (Asia.)
2. L. uniflorus Michx. (Bugle Weed.) Similar, but usually more slender
and glabrate, from a tuberous base; stolons finally tuberiferous; leaves light
green (rarely purple-tinged), thinner, lanceolate to lance-oblong , gradually nar-
rowed at both ends, 2-11 cm, long, 0.5-3.5 cm. broad; glomerules smaller and
less dense, in maturity 4-9 mm. broad ; calyx campanulate ; corolla with flaring
lobes; stamens mostly exserted. {L. communis and L. membranaceus Bick-
uell.) — Low ground, Nfd. and Lab. to B. C, s. to mts. of Va., Mich., Minn.,
Keb., Wyo., and Ore, (Asia.)
-*- H- Calyx-teeth narrow^ very acute, longer than the nutlets.
•M- Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx.
3. L. sessilifolius Gray. Tuberiferous ; stem rather acutely 4-angled, puber-
ulent ; leaves closfly sessile, ovate to lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, sparsely sharp-
serrate ; calyx-teeth subulate, rigid. — Low grounds, Mass. to Fla. and Miss.,
near the coast.
4. L. rubellus Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled ; leaves petioled,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acu-
minate at both ends, 4-12 cm. long ; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-
pointed. — Vt. and Mass. to Minn., and southw. — Resembles no. 1, but has
long slender calyx-teeth.
++ ++ Outer bracts conspicuous ; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.
5. L. lucidus Turcz., var. americanus Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2-9 dtn.
high ; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm, long, acute or acumi-
nate, verj^ sharply and coarsely sen-ate, sessile or nearly so ; calyx-teeth lance-
ovate, acuminate. (L. asper Greene.) — Mich, to Man.. Kan., and we.stw. —
Typical L. lucidus of Asia and n. w. Aul, with elongate subpetiolate leaves and
lance-subulate calyx-teeth, approaches our n. w. borders.
710 LABI AT AE (MINT FAMILY)
* * Leaves incised or pinnatifid at least at base.
6. L. EUROPAEUS L. Rarely stolon if erous, not tuberiferous ; stem coarse^
more or less villous^ 1 m. or less hii^h ; leaves petioled, ovate, pubescent, coarsely
toothed, sinuate or pinnatifid at base ; calyx-teeth subulate-tipped. — Damp or
waste ground, Mass to ^'a. (Nat. from Eu.)
7. L. americanus Muhl. Stem erect, slender, 2-9 dm. high, acutely 4-angled,
(jlahrate, freely stoloniferous ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, irregu-
Ixrhj incised or laciniate-jnnnatijid, the tipper narrow and merely sinuate, all
tapering to slender petioles ; calyx-teeth short-cuspidate ; sterile filaments slen-
der, conspicuous, with globular or spatulate tips. {L. sinuatus Eii.) — Damp
soil, Nfd. to B. C, and south w.
32. MENTHA [Toum.] L. Mint
Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube, the upper lobe slightly broader, entire or notched. Stamens
4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous perennial herbs ; the small flowers mostly in
close clusters, forming axillary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in in-
terrupted spikes, produced in summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the sta-
mens in most species. Corolla pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adventive
or naturalized from Europe, with many hybrids. (Mii/^77 of Theophrastus, from
a Nymph of that name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.)
* Spikes narrow and leafless, densely croioded; leaves sessile or nearly so.
•*- Spikes canescent.
1. M. longif6lia (L.) Huds. (Horse M. of Eu.) Finely pubescent or ca-
nescent; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong -lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often
glabrous above; spikes rather slender, canescently jmbescent. (3/. sylvestris L.)
— Roadsides, etc., Ct. to Del., Pa., and O. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. M. ALOPECURoiDES Hull. Dow^iy ; leaves larger, more nearly sessile,
broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely open-dentate, more veiny,
but not rugose above ; spikes coarser, canescent ; approaching the next. — Damp
roadsides, etc., Ct. to N. J,, Mo., and Wise. (Nat. from Eu.)
•»- -»- Spikes not canescent.
3. M. rotcndif6lia (L.) Huds. Soft-hairy or downy ; leaves broadly ellip-
tical to round-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, coarsely crenate-toothed ;
spikes slender. — At a few stations, Me. to O. , Fla., and Tex. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. M. spicA-TA L. (Spearmint.) Nearly smooth ; leaves oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, unequally serrate, sometimes short-petioled ; bracts linear-lanceolate
and .subulate, conspicuous. {M. viridis L.) — Wet places, common. (Nat.
from Eu.)
* * Flowers pedicellate, less crowded in interrupted leafless spiciform clusters or
terminal heads, or some in the upper axils ; leaves petioled.
-t- Calyx {at least the teeth) more or less hirsute.
5. M. piperita L. (Peppermint.) Glabrous, very pungent-tasted ; leaves
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate ; spikes becoming loose ;
calyx glabrous below, the teeth hirsute. — Along brooks, frecjuent. (Nat.
from Eu.)
6. M. aquAtica L. (Water M.) Pubescent with recurved hairs; leaves
ovate or round-ovate ; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and ellipsoid
head, oftfn with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx and
pedicels hairy. — Wet places, N. S. to Del., rare. (Nat. from lui.)
7. M. CHispA L. Glabrous or slightly pubescent ; Zfavps short-])etioled, ovate
to orbicular, lacerate-dentate and crisped; spikes narrow ; calyx slightly pubes-
cent or glabrale below, — Wet ditches, etc., Ct. to Pa. (Nat. ifrom Eu.)
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) 711
-- *- Calyx glabrous.
8. M. citrXta Ehrh. Glabrous or glabrate ; leaves slendet-petioled, ovate,
tjoarsely appressed-serrate ; flowers in small roundish heads, terminal and in the
upper axils. — Damp soil, Ct. and N. Y. to O. and Mich. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * * Floicers in globular ichorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves, the
uppermost axils rarely flower-bearing ; leaves more or less petioled, toothed.
.-t- Upper leaves conspicuously reduced, 2 or S times exceeding the glomerules.
9. M. Cardiaca Gerarde. Tall and erect., with ascending branches toward
the top ; stem more or less pubescent ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply serrate., slightly pubescent. (i¥. sativa of many Am. auth.,
not L.) — Wet meadows and sho7'es, N. S. to Pa. (Xat. from Eu.) — Resembling
M. spicata, but with more interrupted leafy inflorescence.
t- t- Upper leaves scarcely reduced, much exceeding the glomerules,
*+ Stem glabrous or rarely with a few scattered hairs.
10. M. GENTiLis L. Stems freely branching from below, often reddish, 1 m.
or less high; leaves ovate to obovate, coarsely and sharply serrate, especially
above, slightly pubescent or glabrate, frequently white-mottled. {M. sativa L.)
— Rich damp soil, P. E. I. to la. and N. C. (Nat. from Eu.)
•M. -w. Stems retrorse-pubescent at least on the angles with fine hairs.
11. M. arvensis L. Stems freely branching, especially below, or subsimple,
1-8 dm. high, more or less retrorse-pubescent ; leaves oblong to ovate, rounded
at base, minutely pubescent or villous, closely serrate, the primary ones dis-
tinctly petioled ; calyx pubescent, the teeth from deltoid to subulate ; corolla
white, pink, or violet. — Abundant in damp rich soil, Nfd. to Neb. and Ky. ; also
in Cal., etc. (Eurasia.)
Var. canadensis (L.) Briquet, Leaves pubescent, lanceolate to oblong-Ian-
ceolate, cuneate-narrovjed at base. (M. canadensis L.) — N. B. to B. C, and
southw. Var. lanXta Piper. Stems and lower surfaces of leaves densely to-
mentose orlanate. — Me. to B. C. and Cal.
Var. glabrata (Benth.) Fernald. Less branched ; stems glabrous on the sides,
minutely pubescent on the angles ; leaves oblong to ovate, glabrous, short-peti-
oled. (M. canadensis, var. Benth.; M. arvensis, var. Penardi Briquet.) —
Gasp^ Co., Que., to B. C, s. to n. N. E., n. Pa., Mo., N. Mex., and Cal.
33. C0LLINS6nIA L. Horse Balm
Calyx ovoid, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the
throat, somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring within ; the 4 upper
lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or
lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper p-^ir shorter), much ex-
serted, diverging ; anther-cells divergent. — Strong-scented perennials, with large
ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels. (Named in honor of
Peter Collinson, early English botanist.)
1. C. canadensis L. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Nearly smooth, 5-10 dm.
high ; leaves serrate, pointed, petioled, 1-2 dm. long ; panicle loose ; corolla
1.5 cm. long, lemon-scented ; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, w. Que. to Wise,
s. to Ela. and Mo. July-Sept.
34. PERILLA L.
Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5 deft ; lower lobe
a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distinct. — Coarse aromatic annual,
with small flowers. (A Greek and Latin proper name.)
1. P. FRUTESCENS (L.) Brittou. Erect, branching, 0.8-1 m. high ; leaves
ovate, coarsely toothed; flowers white. (P. ocymoides L.) — About dwellings
and roadsides, Ct. to Mo. and N. C (Nat. from e. Asia.)
712 SOLA^sACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY)
35. ELSH6lTZIA. Willd.
Calyx with equal teeth. Corolla 4-lobed, sliijhtly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, as-
cending, exserted, didynauious ; anther-cells divergent. — Herbs, with ovate or
oblong petioled leaves and spicate small flowers. (Named for J. S. ElshoUz^
German physician and botanist of the 17th century.)
1. E. P.vTKiNi (Lepechin) Garcke. Smooth annual, 8-7 dm. high ; bracts of
the spike ovate, veiny, mucronate ; calyx hirsute ; corolla purplish, 2-3 mm.
long. — Clearings and shores, L. Temiscouata, Que. {Northrop). (Nat. from
Asia.)
SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family)
Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regular
5-merous and Q-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the corolla imbricate or
valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a 2-celled {rarely o-6-celled)
many-seeded capsule or berry. Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo
mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Sta-
mens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae
in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with
the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, though some are edible.) — A
large family in the tropics, but sparingly indigenous in our district, shading off
into Scrophulariaceae, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal
stamens generally distinguish it.
(Various cultivated species, as the Tomato, Lycopersicox escclextum Mill.,
the Potato, SoiAnum tuberosum L,, the Egg-plant, S. Melongena L. , and Petu-
nias, Petunia axillaris (Lam.) BSP. and P. violIcea Lindl., stray from
cultivation but seldom persist.)
* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed ; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned
inward in the bud ; anthers connivent ; fruit a berry.
1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. •
* * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud ; anthers separate.
+- Fruit a berrj', closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.
2. Chamaesaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.
■»- -t- Fruit a berry, inclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx ; corolla widely expanding.
3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.
4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-celled.
-t- -H 4- Fruit a berry, with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.
5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.
■*-■*-■*-+- Fruit a capsule.
6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, inclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, the top of which
falls off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular,
7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, mor? or less 4-celled, 4-valved.
( Orolla funnel-form.
8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule inclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.
1. SOLAnUM [Tourn.] L. Nightshade
Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4-10-parted), the
latter plaited in the l)U(i, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens txserted ; fila-
ments very short; anthers converging around tlie styU', oi)eniif; at the tip
by two pores or chinks. l*(M'ry usnally 2-c,('lic(l. Ilfrhs. or slirnhs in waiMii cli-
mates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a snialUu- lateral Cri^uieal) one;
SOLAN ACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY) 713
the pedimcles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in
warmer regions. (Name of unknown derivation.)
* Not prickly ; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries small.
•h- Perennial, climbing or twining.
1. S. Dulcamara L. (Bittersweet.) More or less pubescent; leaves
>)vate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes or leaflet?
at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries ovoid, red. — Moist
banks and around dwellings. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
•♦- -t- Simple-leaved' annuals.
2. S. triflorum Nutt. Low, spreadin,":. slightly hairy or nearly glabrous ;
leaves oblong, pinnatifid (7-9-lobed), with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1-3-
flowered ; corolla white; berries green, as large as a small cherry. — Ont. to
Man., Kan., and westw.; chiefly a weed near dwellings.
8. S. nigrum L. (Common N.) Low, much branched and often spreading,
nearly glabrous ; the stem rough on the angles ; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed ;
flowers white, in small umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx spreading;
filaments hairy ; berries globular, black. — Shaded and rich open grounds ;
appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July-Sept.
Var. vill6sum L. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous ; leaves small,
conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries yellow. — Estab-
lished near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * More or less prickly ; anthers tapering upward; pubescence stellate.
•*- Perennial ; ffuit naked; anthers equal ; corolla violet, rarely white.
'4. S. carolinense L. (Horse Nettle.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent ivith
4-S-rayed hairs ; prickles stout, yellovnsh, copious (rarely scanty) ; leaves oblong
or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid ; racemes sim-
ple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuminate; berry 1-1.5 cm. broad. — Sandy soil
and waste grounds, N. E. to Ont., westw. and southw. ; adventive eastw.
5. S. elaeagnif51ium Cav. (White Horse Nettle.) Silvery-canescent
loith dense scurt-like pubescence of many-rayed hairs ; prickles small, slender,
more or less copious or wanting ; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-
repand or entire; calyx-lobes slender; berry 1-1.5 cm. in diameter. — Prairies
and plains. Mo. to Tex., and westw.
■»- ■*- Annual ; fruit partly covered by the spiny calyx; anthers equal; corolla
blue or white.
6. S. sisymbriif6lium Lam. Villous with viscid hairs ; strongly armed
throughout with stout golden prickles ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, the oblong
lobes sinuate or deeply cut ; calyx-lobes becoming ovate-lanceolate and loosely
covering the berry. — Ballast and waste places near the coast. (Adv. from
Trop. Am.)
-»--*-•»- Annual ; fruit closely covered ; lowest anther much the longest.
7. S. rostrA-Tum Dunal. (Buffalo Bur,) Very prickly, somewhat hoary
or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence ; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid ;
calyx densely prickly; corolla yelloio ; stamens and style much declined. —
Plains of Neb. to Tex.; recently spread eastw. to the coast as a weed.
8. S. citrullif61ium A. Br. Similar, but less glandular-pubescent ; corolla
violet, 4 cm. broad. {S. heterodoxum Britton, not Dunal.) — la. and Kan.,
southwestw.
2. CHAMAESARAcHA Gray.
Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), ob.scurely
if at all vein3\ Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in tlie bud. Filaments fill-
form ; anthers .separate, oblong. — Perennials, with mostly narrow entire or
pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiforn\ naked pedicels
solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit,. {Saracha is a tropical
714 SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY^
American genus dedicated to Isidoro Saracha., a Spanish Benedictine ; the prefix
xo-t^h of^ the (/mund, i.e. dwarf.)
1. C. s6rdida (IJunal) Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat
cinereous with sliort viscid pubescence ; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-
oblong to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid ; calyx when young villous-
viscid ; corolla pale yellow or violet-pui'ple, 1-1.5 cm. broad; berry as large as
a pea. (0. coniuides Britton.) — Dry or clayey soil, Kan. to Tex. and Ariz.
3. PHYSALIS L. Ground Cherry
Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated
and inclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped
and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base ;
the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5-10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect ;
anthere separate, opening lengthwise. — Ours herbs with extra-axillary pedun-
cles ; flowering through the summer. (Name (pvaaXis, a bladder, from the
inflated calyx.)
a. Corolla large, white wth pale yellow center ; caljrx neither angled nor
ribbed 1. P. grandifloro,
a. Corolla lurid, greenish or yellowish-white to deep yellow with dark
center b.
h. Annual c.
c. Glabrous or merely pubernlent.
Corolla 1--2..5 cm. broad . <.«.*. ..2. P. ixocarpa.
Corolla 4-10 mm. in diameter.
Teeth of leaves acuminate 3. P. angulata.
Teeth of leaves obtusish (6) P. barbadeJisis, v. obscura,
O. Villous or pubescent, hairs simple, viscid or glandular.
Fruiting calyx carinately 5-angled, its teeth during anthesis
lanceolate.
Fruiting calyx subglobose-ovoid, lather abruptly pyramidal at
summit.
Plant green 4. P. pubescens.
Plant somewhat hoary 5. P. pnUnosa.
Fruiting calyx flask-shaped, gradualh' conic-pyramidal at summit 6. P. barbadensis.
Fruiting calyx not sharply angled, its teeth deltoid during au thesis 7. P. missourieiuia,
h. Perennial d.
d. Canescent, covered with short dense stellate tomentum . . . 8. P. viscosa.
d. Pubescence loose ; hairs once or tmce branched . . . . 9. P. pumila.
d. Hairs simple or none.
Fruiting calyx scarlet . 10. P. Alkekengi.
Fruiting calyx greenish.
Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at base ; viscid-
pubescent . . . 11. P. heterophylla.
Leaves narrowly ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at base.
Nearly glabrous ; leaves 4-5 times as loner as broad . . 12. P. longifolia.
Strigillose to villous-pubescent ; leaves 1^-3 times as long as
broad.
Stem and branches strigillose 13. P, subglabrata.
Stem and branches sproading-villous, retrorseh' puberulent
or glandular-pulverulent 14. P. virgininna.
Stem and branches hirsutulous 15. P. lanceolata.
1. P. grandiflbra Hook. Clammy-pube.scent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla 2.5-5 cm. wide, lohite, toith a pale yellow
center, woolly in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular. (LencophysnUs Rydb. ) —
Recent clearings and sandy shores., e. Que. to the Saskatchewan, s. to L.
Champlain, Mich., Wise, and Minn.
2. P. ixocArpa Brotero. (Tomatillo.) Erect branching annual, 2-0 dm.
high, glabrous or merely puberulent ; leaves entire to sharply sinnate-dentate ;
peduncles Z-iS mm. long, distinctly shorter than the flowers ; calyx-teeth deltoid ;
corolla 1-2.5 cm. wide., lurid, yelloioish or greenish, icith dark center. (P. aequnta
Jaccj. f . ) — Often cultivated and frequently spontaneous. (Tntrf)d. from the
Southwest.) — The large purple fruit often bursts the calyx. P. pendula Rydb.
appears to be a smaller-flowered long-peduncled extreme found from 111. ( Vasey)
southw. and westw.
Z. P. angulata L. Much ])ranched ; leaves ovate or ovnte-oblong, sharply
and irregularly laciniate-toothed ; peduncles filiform; corolla unspott(d, vrry
SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY) 715
small (6-10 mm. broad when expanded); fruiting calyx conical-ovoid with a
truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the
greenish-yellow berry. — Open rich grounds, Pa. to Minn., and southw.
4. P. pubescens L. Pubescent hut not hoai^ ; leaves thin, entire at least
near the oblique but rarely cordate base ; stem slender, geniculate, diffusely
branched ; fruiting calyx subglobose^ shortly acuminate, carinateJy o-angled. —
Pa. to Va., and westw.
5. P. pruinbsa L. (Strawberry Tomato.) Hoary-pubescent; stem
stouter ; leaves thicker, siuuate-deni,L;,te even to the oblique and distinctly
cordate base ; fruiting calyx subglobose, rather abruptly acuminate, carinately
5-angled. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Out., la., Kan,, and southw.
G. P. barbadensis Jacq. Pubescent or somewhat hoary, near the two
preceding but with m n'e elongated ovoid and gradually 2it\.e\\M?ite fruiiing calyx
of somewhat firmer texture ; leaves toothed or entire, rounded or subcordate
at the scarcely oblique base. — Pa. {Knipe) to Mo. {Bush), and southw. Var.
oB.^cuRA (Miclix.) Rydb. Nearly glabrous. (P. obscura Michx.) — Mo.
(Bush. Eggert). and southw.
7. P. missouriensis Mackenzie & Bush. Leaves repand, oblique but not
cordate at base, thin ; flowers 4-8 mm. in diameter ; fruiting calyx subglobose,
not sharply angled, 2 cm. or less in length. — Mo. and Kan.
8. P. viscosa L. Cinereous or when yoking almost canescent tcith short
stellate or 2-3-forked pubescence ; stems ascending or spreading from slender
creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval^ varying to oblong and
obovate, entire or undulate ; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark
eye; fruiting calyx globose-ovoid ; berry yellow or orange. — In sands on and
near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.
9. P. pumila Xutt. Dichotomously branched, 3 dm. high ; stems geniculate,
shortly hirsute with spreading once or twice branched sordid hairs ; leaves
ovate-oblong, mostly entire, acute or acutish at each end ; fruiting calyx yellow-
irh-green, ovoid-pyramidal, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter, scarcely umbonate at base.
(P. lanceolata, var. hirta Gray.) — Dry ground, w. Mo. (Bush), and southwestw.
10. P. Alkekexgi L. (\Vixter Cherry.) Stems subsimple, erect from
a creeping perennial rootstock ; leaves thin, green, broadly ovate, entire or
angled; flowers 2.5 cm. in diameter; fruiting calyces firm, veiny, scarlet or
crimson. — Frequently cultivated for its decorative fruit; said to be escaping
locally, as also the doubtfully di.stinct P. Francheti Masters (Chinese Lax-
tern Plant), which is annual and has even larger and more showj^ scarlet or
crimson fruiting calyces (5 cm. in diameter). (Introd. from e. Asia.)
11. P. heterophylla Nees. Perennial, diffiLsely much branched and widely
spreading or at first erect, puberulent or tomentose, usually viscid ; leaves
sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, acute or obtuse ; corolla 1.5-2.2
cm. broad, 5-angled or 5-10-toothed ; anthei"s chiefly yellow. (P. virginiana
Man. ed. 6, not Mill.) — Chiefly in sandy or alluvial soil, N. B., southw. and
westw. Var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. Spreading-villous ; anthers chiefly pur-
plish.— N. H., southw. and westw. Var. nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydb. Leaves
thinner, mostly subentire and acuminate, pubescent chiefly on the veins. — R. I.,
southw. and westw.
12. P. longifblia Nutt. Essentially smooth and green, 4-6 dm. high, much
branched above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attentuate at each end, entire
or undulate-dentate ; calyx and peduncles more or less strigillose ; corolla 1-1.5
cm. wide. — Bottom lands, etc., la. to S. Dak., and southwestw.
13. P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, oblique
at base, entire, repand, or sparingly angulate-toothed ; peduncles 1-3 cm. long ;
calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate ; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the center;
calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple
berry and open at the mouth. (P. philadelphica Man. ed. 0, but perhaps not
of Lam.) — Fertile soil, R. I. to Minn., and southw.
14. P. virginiana Mill. Erect perennial ; stem 1.5-3 dm. high, villous ; leaves
rather narrowly ovate, mostly acutish at each end, subentire or more often with
1-5 acutish or rounded teeth on each side, tliinner than in the next species;
716 SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY)
calyx-lobes lanceolate, in anthesis about equaling the tube ; f raiting calyx 2.5
cm. long, deeply umbonate at base ; corolla pale yellow^ 1.8-2.3 cm. in diameter,
(^P. lanceolata Man. ed. 6, in part, not Michx.) — Dry hills, gravelly soil, etc.,
Ct. to la., and south \v. The typical form with villous spreading pubescence
seems relatively infrequent. The more common form has the pubescence on
stem and branches very shol-t, the hairs retrorse or recurved, not viscid. Occa-
sional specimens are merely glandular-pulverulent. Var. intermedia Rydb.
Leaves larger, thinner, more entire ; pubescence somewhat gljftidular when
young. — Ind. (according to Britton), and south w.
15. P. lanceolata Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff
hairs, varying to nearly glahrous ; stems from rather stout subterranean shoots,
angled, somewhat rigid ; leaves ohlong-ovate to lanceolate^ sparingly angulate-
toothed or more often entire ; corolla ochroleucous, loith a more or less dark eye ;
calyx commonly liir.sute, in fruit pyramidal-ovoid, 2.r)-;],6 cm. long; berry
reddish. — Dry prairies and on .sandy or clayey bluffs, 111. to Wyo. and N. Mex. ;
also soutbeastw. to S. C.
4. NICANDRA Adans. Apple op Peru
Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, inclosing the 3-5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with
border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — Coarse smooth annual,
with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on
axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named for the poet Nicander of Colophon.)
PiivsALODES Boehmer.
1. N. Physal6des (L.) Pers. {Physalodes Britton.) — Waste grounds, near
dwellings and old gardens. July-Sept. (Introd. from Peru.)
5. LYCIUM L. Matrimony Vine
Calyx 3-5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry.
Corolla funnel-form or salvsr-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not
plaited in the bud. Stamens 5 ; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender ;
stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. — Shrubby often spiny plants, with
alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named
from the country, Lycia.)
1. L. HALiMiFoLiuM Mill. (CoMMON M.) Shrub with long sarmentose
recurved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong-
or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers
on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-
purple ; style and slender filaments equaling the corolla-lobes ; berry ovoid,
orange-red. (Z. vulgare Dunal.) — About dwellings, and sometimes escaped
hito waste grounds. (Introd. from Eu.)
6. HYOSCYAMUS [Tourn.] L. Henbane
Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with
a 5;lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule
inclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near
the a])ex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent fetid narcotic herb.s,
witli lurid flowers in the axils of angled or tootiied leaves. (Name composed
of y$, a ho(j, and Kvafios, a bean ; said to be poi.sonous to swine. )
1. E. NIGER L. (Ijlac^k H.) Biennial or annual ; leaves clasping, sinuate-
toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy .spikes ; corolla dull
yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Open sandy soil and waste
places, e. Que. to Ont. and Mich. ; also rarely about ports south w. June, July.
(Nat. from Eu.)
SCKOPHULARIACEAE (FIG WORT FAMILY) 717
7. DAXtrRA L. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple
Calyx prismatic or cylindrical, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the
base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large
md spreading 5-10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular,
irickly, 4-valved, 4-celled except near the 2-celled top. Seeds rather large.
Hat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy
flowers produced all summer and autumn on short peduncles in the forks of the
branching stem. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.)
1. D. Stramonium L. (Stramonium.) Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate,
sinuate-toothed or angled ; stem green ; calyx prismatic ; corolla ichite, 7-9 cm.
long, the border with 5 teeth ; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter. —
Waste grounds ; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Nat. from Asia ?)
2. d". Tatula L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller; stem purple ; corolla pale
violet-purple ; prickles of the capsule nearly equal. — Waste grounds, Atlantic
States to Ont., Minn., and south westw. (Nat. from Trop. Am.)
3. D. Metel L. Pubescent; /eaves entire or slightly toothed ; calyx tubular ;
corolla 1.5-2 cm. long; capsule evenly prickly. — Waste ground, etc., becoming
frequent. (Adv. from Trop. Am.)
8. NICOTIANA [Tourn.] L. Tobacco
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Cap.sule
2-celled, 2-4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs,
mo.'?tly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled
flowers. (Named after Jean Nicot, who was thought to have introduced
Tobacco, X. Tabacinn L.. into Europe.)
1. N. rustica L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual ; leaves ovate, petioled ;
tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the
calyx, the lobes rounded. — Old fields, N. Y. and Ont., westw. and southw.;
a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)
N. longiflora Cav., with long slender tubular corolla, is said to escape from
cultivation.
SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family)
Chiefly herbs {rarely trees), vnth didynarnous stamens {or perfect stamens
often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-Upped or more or less
irregular cprolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled
and usually many-seeded capsule, luith the placentae in the axis; seeds anatro-
pous or amphitropous, V'ith a small embryo in copious albumen. Style single ;
stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various, but the flowers
not terminal in any genuine representatives of the family. — A large family
of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.
Subfamily L ANTIRRHINOfDEAE
Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional
exceptions in Mimulus^ etc.). Capsule usually septicidal.
Tribe I. VERBASCEAE. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate.
1. Verbasciun. Staniens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.
Tribe II. ANTIRRHInEAE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat
usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks <.)r holes. Flowers in simple racemes or
axillarj-. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stiitnens 4.
2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.
3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate or gibbous at the base ; the throat nearly or quite
closed by a conspicuous palate.
718 SCHOPHULAKIACEAE (FIG WORT FAMILY)
Tribe III. CHEL6NEAE. Corolla tubular or 2-lii.pe(l, neither spurred nor saccate below. Capsule
2-4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of small axillary spiked or
racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly
2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.
4. CoUinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of the
lower lip sac-like and inclosing the declined stamens.
5. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or subcylindric, with four erect lobes and one
sjirca'iiiig one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper hp.
6. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless or
but narrowly margined.
7. Chelone. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers
y:-vy woolly. Seeds %\'inge(l.
8. Paulownia. Tree. Corolla tubular, inflated above, the lobes spreading. Sterile stamen
none.
Tribe IV. GRATI6lEAE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-valved. Flowers
solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves ; peduncles naked (or 2-bracteolate in no. 15). Leaves
all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.
* Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.
9. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.
10. Conobea. Cah-x 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.
11. Bacopa. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.
12. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves
alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.
* * Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; usually also a pair of sterile filaments. ^
13. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or
none. Filaments with an apx)endage ; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.
14. . Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included, the sterile filaments protruded.
15. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included, the sterile pair short or none.
SuBFASiiLY II. RHINANTHOfDEAE
Under lip of the lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in the bud.
Capsule commonly loculicidal.
Tribe V. DIGITALEAE. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not
approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous ; anthers 2-ce]lo(l.
16. Digitalis. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular or elongate-bell-shaped, declined. Stamens 4.
17. Veronica. Calyx 4(rarely 3-5)-parted. Corolla whoel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost regu-
lar. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed or axillary.
IS. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2— 4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 or 4.
Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed or sjiiked.
Tribe VI. GERARDIEAE. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens
4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.
* Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form ; anthers 2-celled.
VJ. Sejmieria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes.
20. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.
* * Corolla salver-shaped ; anthers 1-celled ; flowers In a spike
21. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.
Tribe VII. EUPHRASiEAE. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped ; the upper lip narrow, erect oi
arched, inclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.
* Anther-cells unequal and separated ; capsule many-seeded.
22. Castilleja. Calyx tubular, cleft down ihe lower, and often also on the upper, side.
rppcr lip of corolla elongated ; the lower short, often very small.
23. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4 cleft. Upper hp of corolla little longer a>d
usually much narrower than the inflated low«r one.
SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 719
* * Anther-cells equal ; capsule 1— i-seeded.
24. Melampyrum. Cah-x 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Cajtsule flat, oblique.
* * * Anther-cells equal; capsule many-several-seeded.
25. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capsule
oblong.
26. Odontites. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire, and sides not folded back.
27. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or s\vord-.sbaped ; seeds wingless.
2S. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular ; seeds winged.
29. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the uppermost tooth much the smallest,
1. VERBASCUM [Toum.] L. Mullein
Caly:x 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed. open or concave ; the lobes broad and
rounded, a little unequal. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-
seeded. — Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs; the leaves of the stem sessile,
often decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral, in
summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barhascum.)
1. V. Thapsus L. (Common M. ) Densely looolly throughout; stem tall
and stout, simple, loinged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves;
flowers yellow, very rarely white, in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical
spike; lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, rocky or gravelly banks, etc.,
a common weed. (Xat. from Eu.)
2. V. PHLOMOiDES L. Similar, but the sessile leaves not at all or only
slightly d'^current. — Locally from N. E. to Ky. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. V. Blattaria L. (Moth M.) G-reen and smoothish. or somewhat glan-
dular-pube.scent above, slender; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly St-rrate,
sometiuies lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping; raceme loose, the pedicels
longer than the fruit ; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Roadsides and
waste places, w. Me. to Ont., and southw., local. — Corolla either yellow, or (in
var. albifl6kum Ktze.) white with a tinge of purple. (Xat. from Eu.)
4. V. virgXtctm Stokes. Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat
more pubescent and glandular; pedicels shorter than the fruit. — Roadsides,
Cape Breton I. (Macoun) and Cal. (Adv. from Eu.)
5. V. Lychxitis L. (White M.) Clothed with thin powdei'y woolliness ;
stem and branches angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish
2i\)0YQ ; Uorrers yellow, rarely white, in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with
whitish wool. — Fields, etc., Mass. to X. J., Pa., and Ont., rather rare. (Adv.
from Eu.)
2. LINARIA [Tourn.] Hill. Toadflax
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla spurred at base on the lower side (in abnormal
specimens sometimes regularly 5-spurred). Capsule thin, opening below the
suuimit by 1 or more pores or chinks. Seeds many. — Herbs, with at least all
the upper leaves alternate (in ours), flowering in summer. (Name from Linum,
the Flax, which some species resemble in their foliage.)
* Erect or ascending, with narrow entire leaves.
■*- Flowers yellow.
1. L. vulgXris Hill. (Ramsted, Butter axd Eggs.) Glabrous, erec?, 1.3 7n.
or less high ; leaves pale, linear or nearly so, extremely numerous; subalter-
nate ; raceme dense ; corolla 2-3 cm. long or more, including the slender subu-
late .spur ; seeds winged. — Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat.
from Eu.)
2. L. supixA Desf. Diffusely branched at base, 1-2.5 dm. high ; leaves linear,
the lower whorled : racemes short, few-floicered ; corolla ratlier smaller than in
the preceding. — Ballast and waste land along the coast. (Adv. from Eu.)
720 SCROPHrLAUIACEAE (FTGWOKT FAMILY)
-t- -4- Floioers Hue or piirple.
*+ Corolla equaliiKj or longer than the pedicels.
3. L. canadensis (L.) Dumont. Slender, glabrous; flowering stems nearly
simple, 2-8 dm. high ; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide ; racemes slender, naked, loose ;
corolla 1 cm. or less long, sometimes wanting (in reduced and cleistogamous
flowers). — Sandy soil, N. B. and centr. Me., westw. and southw.
•w- ++ Corolla much shorter than the slender axillary pedicels.
4. L. MINOR (L.) Desf. Lo^v branched glandular annual, 1-3 dm. high ;
leaves spatulate-linear ; corolla 5-8 mm. long. — Ballast and made land, Atlantic
coast to Out. and Mich. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Annual, procumbent, much branched, loith broad petioled veiny alternate
leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.
•<- Pubescent.
5. L. Elatine (L.) Mill. Leaves hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed
by the filiform peduncles ; calyx-lohes lanceolate, acute ; corolla 0.5-1 cm. long,
including the subulate spur. {Elatinoides Wettst. ) — Sandy banks, shores and
waste places, Mass. to N. C. and Mo., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
6. L. sptiRiA (L.) Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate
leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lohes. {Elatinoides Wettst.) — Occasional on
ballast or waste grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)
-I- -t- Glabrous.
7. L. CvmbalA-Ria (L.) Mill. (Kenilworth or Coliseum Ivy.) Leaves
reniform-orbicular, 5-9-lobed ; peduncles slender, becoming recurved in fruit ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate. (Cymbalaria Wettst.) — Waste places and ballast; also
cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. ANTIRRHINUM [Tourn] L. Snapdragon
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube saccate or gibbous in front, not spurred ; the
lower lip 3-lobed, spreading, developed at the base into a prominent palate,
which nearly or (luite closes the throat ; upper lip- erect, shortly 2-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-cells distinct and parallel. — Ours herba-
ceous plants with lance-oblong to linear entire leaves and axillary or racemose
flowers. (Name from avrt, in tlie sense of like, and pis, a snout, in reference
doubtless to the peculiar form of the corolla.)
1. A. OnoNTii.'M L. Slender usually branched annual, pubescent or smooth-
ish ; leaves linear ; calyx-lobes linear, exceeding the capsule ; corolla purple or
white, 1-1.0 cm. long. — Casual in fields, about dumping grounds, etc., rather
rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. A. m\jcs L. Per^w7iiaZ, glandular-pubescent and somewhat visciVZ; leaves
lance-oblo)i<j ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, short; corolla crimson, white, or
variegated, 2-3 cm. long. — Commonly cultivated, and occasionally found as an
escape. (Introd. from Eu.)
4. COLLINSIA Nutt.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined ; upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly
turned backward. Fifth stamen gland-like. Capsule 4-many-seeded. — Slen-
der annuals or biennials, with i)arty-C()lored flowers in umbel-like clusters,
appearing whorled in the axils of the upi)er leaves. (Dedicated to Zaccheus
Collins, l'liiladeli)]nan l)otanist, 17(54-1831.)
1. C. verna Nutt. (Blue-eyed Mary.) Slender, 1.5-6 dm. high; lower
leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, cla.sping by tlie iieart-shaped base,
toothed; whorls about (')-flovjered ; flowers lonij-pedunclcd ; corolla blue (ind
white, 1-1.5 cm. lomj, more than twice exceeding the calyx. — Moist soil, Out.
and N. Y. to la., and southw. Apr.-June.
SCROPHULARIACEAE (fIGWORT FAMILY) 721
C. Bf COLOR Benth., of Cal., differing in its very short-ped uncled flowers, lias
been found " introduced " in a wooded ravine at Galesburg, 111. (C Z. Xelsoti).
2. C. violacea Nutt. Similar to no. I ; upper leaves lanceolate ; corolla vio-
let.— Rich soil, w. Mo. and e. Kan. to Tex. Apr., May.
3. C. parvifl5ra Lindl. Small ; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper
oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire ; whorls 2-Q-flowered ; flowers short-pedinicled ;
the small blue and white corolla 5-8 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx. —
Rich soil and limy gravel, Ont., n. Mich., and westw. Maj, June.
5. SCROPHULArIA [Tourn.] L. Figwort
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Stamens declined, w^ith the anther-cells transverse and
confluent into 1. Capsule many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite
leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a
terminal slender panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofida.)
1. S. marilandica L. Perennial, 1-1.7 m. high, with knotted root and square
stem, glandular-puberulent in the open pyramidal inflorescence, otherwise gla-
brous ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, serrate or somewhat
incised ; dorsal lobes of the corolla suborbicular, little longer than the others ;
rudimentary stamen brownish-purple ; capsule thin, subglobose, with short con-
ical summit. (S. nodosa, var. Gray.) — Rich open woods, e. Mass. to S. C,
Kan., and La. July-Sept.
2. S. leporella Bicloiell. Of similar habit, foliage, and pubescence ; root
more simple ; inflorescence slender, elongated ; dorsal lobes of the corolla broadly
oblong, erect, considerably longer than the others ; rudimentary stamen yellow-
ish-green; capside ovoid-conical, of flrmer texture. — Rich open woods, N. B.
and Que. to Minn., Mo., and Va. May-Sept.
5. AQUATiCA L., with crenate oblong very obtuse leaves (often biauriculate at
the base), and calyx-lobes with broad scarious margin, has been found upon
ballast in N. Y., N. J., and Pa. (Adv. from Eurasia.)
6. PENTSTEMON [Mitchell] Ait. Beard-tongue
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, gradually or abruptly dilated in the throat,
more or less 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed, the lower o-cleft. Fertile stamens 4,
declined at base, ascending above, the fifth sterile filament either naked or
bearded. Seeds numerous. — Perennials, with opposite entire or toothed leaves,
the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or in
open racemose panicles. (Name from trevre, five, and aryjfxuiv, in the sense of
stamen ; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)
a. Inflorescence viscid or glandular, at least minutely 30 ; leaves toothed or
entire &.
6. Middle and lower internodes pubescent or at least finely puberulent c.
c. Corolla slender, tubular or trumpet-shaped, without marked inflation
of the throat.
Middle and lower internodes somewhat loosely pubescent ; panicle
mostly loose and open ; corolla-limb suberect, not widely ex-
panding 1. P. hirsuius.
Middle and lower internodes minutely granular-puberulent ; pan-
icle mostly strict and racemiform ; corolla-limb ringent or
flaring . ' 2. P. gracilis.
C. Corolla with a decidedly dilated ventricose or campanulate open throat.
Corolla 3.5-5 cm. long; throat "2 cm. in diameter . . . . 3. P. Cobaea.
Corolla 2-3 cm. long ; throat about 1 cm. in diameter.
Inflorescence loosely paniculate ; capsules 6-S mm. long . . 4. P. canescene.
Inflorescence a strict dense racemiform panicle ; capsules 10-12
mm. long '5. P. albidus.
&. Middle and lower internodes entirelj- smooth and glabrous.
Corolla-limb subrotate, the lobes widely spreading . . . . 6. P. txibiftorus.
Corolla-limb erect or but slightly spreading . , . . . 7. P. laenigatus.
a. Inflorescence glabrous ; leaves entire.
Corolla with a distinct ventricose throat.
Corolla 4-5 cm. long ; stem-leaves oval to suborbicular ... 8. P. grandiflorxtn
Corolla 2.8-3.7 cm. long; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate to narrowly
oblong 9. P. ghiber.
Corolla trumpet-shaped, about 2 cm. long; throat gradually dilated . 10. P, acuminatum
gray's manual — 46
722 SCKOPHULAKIACEAE (FIG WORT FAMILY)
1. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd, Stem 2-0 dm. hii;h, covered with fine and often
crowded spreading whitish mostly gland-tipped hairs ; leaves oblong to lanceo-
late, 5-10 cm. long, the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate ;
thyrse rather slender; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), scarcely
''.nlarged upward, the throat nearly closed by a villous 'palate ; sterile filament
densely bearded. (P. puhescens Ait.) — Dry or rocky grounds, centr. Me. to
Ga., westw. to Wise, and Mo. May- July.
2. P. gracilis Nutt. Stern 2-4 dm. high, minutely granular-pubescent;
stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong ; inflores-
cence glandular-puberulent ; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical
icith open throat, lilac-purple or whitish. — Man. and Minn, to Mo., Okla., and
westw. May-July.
3. P. Cobaea Nutt. Soft-puberulent, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves ovate or oblong,
or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharp-
toothed ; thyrse short; corolla large (8.5-5 cm. long), strongly vcnlricose, dull
purple or whitish. — Prairies, Mo. and Kan. to Tex.; reported from n. O.
{Hacker). May, June.
4. P. canescens Britton. Stem erect or somewiiat decumbent, 3-7 dm. high,
mostly simple to the inflorescence, minutely granular-puberulent ; leaves oblong
to lance-linear, the upper cordate-clasping, sometimes a little panduriform ;
inflorescence loosely paniculate, glandular-puberulent ; corolla about 2.5 cm.
long, pale purplish or nearly white, imth distinct proper tube, dilated somewhat
ventricose throat., and ringent limb. (Including P. pallidus Small, at least in
part.) — Kocky banks, w. Va. to Mo. and Ga. May, June.
5. P. albidus Nutt. Stems several from a branched caudex, erect or nearly
so, 2-4 dm. high, closely puberulent ; leaves lance-oblong to linear ; thyrse strict,
raceme-like; calyx densely viscid-pubescent; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, white or
purplish-tinged, perceptibly dilated in the throat, the limb of ample roundish
widely spreading lobes. — Prairies, etc., w. Minn, to Assina., south w. to Col,
and Tex.
6. P. tubiflbrus Nutt. Wholly glabrous up to the glandular-puberulent inflo-
rescence ; stem 5-10 dm. high ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or
sparingly toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the
virgate thyrse ; corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, trumpet-shaped, with gradually dilated
throat and loidely sp>reading limb, white or whitish. — Low prairies, barrens, etc..
Mo., Kan., and Ark.; also locally established in the Eastern States. May-July.
7. P. laevigatus Ait. Stem 5-15 dm. high, glabrous to the inflorescence ;
leaves rather firm, somewhat glossy, the cauiine ov^ate-oblong or lanceolate,
5-15 cm. long, with subcordate clasping base; thyrse rather open ; calyx-lobes
3-7 mm. long ; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long, white or tinged with purple, gradually
enlarged upward, the throat someiuhat widely open but the limb scarcely
spreading; sterile filament thinly bearded above. (P. Pentstemon Britton.) —
Moist or rich soil, Pa. to Fla., and westw.; also established in fields northw.
June, July.
Var. Digitalis (Sweet) Gray. Calyx-lobes G-10 mm. long ; corolla larger,
2-3 cm. long, more abruptly inflated. (P. Digitalis Nutt.; P. calycosus
Small.) — Pa. to la.. Mo., Ark., etc.; locally established northeastw.
8. P. grandiflbrus Nutt. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stem 5-10 dm.
high ; leaves thickish, the upper and floral roundish, all but the obovate radical
ones clasping or perfoliate; pedicels short; corolla large (4-5 cm. long),
ventricose-campanulate, lilac or lavender-blue ; sterile filament hooked and
minutely bearded at the apex. — Prairies, 111. and Wise, to Wyo. and Kan.;
established locally in the Eastern States. May, June.
9. P. glaber I'ur.sh. Glabrous; stems 3-8 dm. high ; leaves mosiiy oblong-
lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate ; thyrse elongated, the peduncles and
])edicels very short ; corolla 2.4-:]. 7 cm. long, Ijright blue to violet-purple,
dilated above; anthers and apex of the sterile filament glabrous or sparsely
iiirsute. — IMaiiis of e. Neb. and s. Dak. to Wash, and N. Mex. June-Aug,
10. P. acuminatus Dougl. Glabrous, erect or ascending, 3 dm. high ; leaves
thickish, firm, very smooth and somewhat glaucous, ovate-lanceolate to narroudy
SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIG WORT FAMILY) 723
oblong; thyrse elongated, slender; corolla about 2 cm. long, trtimpet-shaped,
with slender gradually expanded tube, blue. — Sandy and rocky soil, Minn, to
Tex., and westw. May-July.
7. CHEL6NE [Tourn.] L. Tcrtlehead. Snakehead
Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. The moujtli of the corolla a little open ;
upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex ; lower
woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, middle lobe smallest. Seeds
many. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, serrate leaves, and
large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and
closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from
xeXibvrj, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)
1. C. glabra L. (Balmony.) Stem 0.5-2 m. high ; leaves naiTowhj to
broadly lanceolate, 0.-3-2 dm. long. 1-4 cm. wide, gi'adually acuminate, serrate
with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole ;
bracts not ciliate ; corolla vjhite, or tinged with rose. — Wet places, Nfd. to Man.,
and southw. July-Sept.
2. C. obliqua L. Less strict or with spreading branches. 5-8 dm. high ; leaves
broadly lanceolate to oblong, 0.5-2 dm. long, sometimes laciniately serrate, more
veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled ; bracts ciliolate;
corolla dee}) and bright rose-color. — Rich damp woods, etc., s. 111. to Va.
and Fla.
3. C. Lyoni Pursh. Leaves elliptic to broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate,
sharply serrate, long-petioled; bracts ciliolate ; corolla rose-purple. — Mts. from
Va. southw.
8. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla-tube enlarged upward, the 5 unequal lobes spreading.
Stamens didynamous ; sterile filament none. Seeds numerous, winged. — Tree,
with large cordate pubescent petioled leaves and terminal panicles of large violet
flowers. (Named for Anna Pauloiuna, a Russian princess.)
1. P. toment6sa (Thunb.) Steud. (P. imperialis Sieb. & Zucc.) — Escaped
from cultivation and established from N. Y. southw. (Introd. from Japan.)
9. MIMULUS L. Monkey Flower
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. o-toothed, the uppermost tooth largest. Upper
lip of corolla erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed.
Stigma 2-lobed ; lobes ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs, with opposite (rarely
whorled) leaves, and mostly handsome flowers. (Diminutive of mimus, a
buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)
* Corolla violet-purple (rarely white) ; erect glabrous perennials ; leaves
feather-veined.
1. M. ringens L. Stem square, 1 m. or less high ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate ; peduncles longer than the
flower ; cah^x-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal ; corolla personate, 2-4 cm.
long. — AVet places, N. B. to Man., and southw. June-Sept.
2. M. alatus Ait. Stem winged at the angles ; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering
into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the very short-toothed calyx ; otherwise
like the preceding. — Wet places, Ct. to s. Out., Kan., and southw.
* * Corolla yellow.
t- Leaves several-nerved and veiny, the upper sessile or clasping ; calyx oblique,
the uppermost tooth longest.
3. M. glabratus II BK., var. Jamesii (T. & G.) Gray. Diffusely spreading,
smooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at base ; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-
724 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)
shaped, nearly sessile, equaling the peduncles ; calyx ovoid, inflated in fruit and
7-10 mm. long ; throat of corolla 1-2 cm. long, broad and open. (M. Jamesii
T. & G.) — In water or wet places, usually in springs, Ont. to 111., Wise, Mo.,
and westw.
4. M. Langsdorfii Donn. Smooth, suberect or decumbent ; stem-leaves
oval, the lowermost long-petioled, the upper much exceeded by the peduncles ;
fruiting calyx 1.5-2 cm. long; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long. (3/. gnttatus DC.) —
Locally naturalized in broo^ and meadows, Ct. and N. Y. (tutrod. from the
Pacific slope.)
H- -4- Leaves feather-veined^ none clasping ; calyx-teeth nearly equal.
5. M. moschatus Dougl. (Musk Flower.) Villous and viscid, musk-
scented ; stems spreading or ascending; leaves oblong-ovate, short-petioled ;
corolla pale yellow. — Damp soil, especially by cold streams, Nfd. to N. Y.,
6. Pa., Ont., and Mich.; abundant in the Rocky Mts., whence perhaps introd.
June-Sept.
10. CONdBEA Aublet.
Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Anthers approximate.
Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching
herbs, with small solitary flowers. (Name unexplained.)
1. C. multifida (Michx.) Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched,
minutely pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-
shaped ; peduncles naked ; corolla greenish-white, scarcely longer than the calyx.
— Along streams and shores, Ont. to Kan., and south w.; also adv. below Phila-
delphia. July-Sept.
11. BAC6PA Aublet. Water Hyssop
Calyx 5-parted ; the uppermost division broadest, the Innermost often very
narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower
3-lobed, or the limb almost equally 5-lobed. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex.
Seeds numerous. — Low herbs, flowering in summer; ours rather succulent
perennials. (Said to be an aboriginal South American name.) Herpestis
Gaertn. f. AIoniera B. Juss. ex P. Br. Monkiera B. Juss.
* Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 tipper lobes united to form the upper lip ; leaves
many-nerved.
1. B. acuminata (Walt.) Robinson. Erect or ascending, very leafy, gla-
brous ; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, ser-
rate ; pedicels equaling and the upper surpassing the leaves ; corolla whitish or
purplish, (Gratiola Walt.; Monniera Ktze. ; Herpestis nigrescens Benth.) —
Wet places, Md. to Fla.^and Tex., chiefly near the coast, inland to s. Mo.
2. B. rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Nearly smooth, creeping ; leaves round-
obovale, half-clasping, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire, basally nerved ; peduncles twice
or thrice the length of the calyy ; upper sepal ovate ; corolla white or pale blue.
{Monniera Michx.; Herpestis Pursh.) — Margins of ponds, 111. to Minn., Neb.,
and southw.
8. B. caroliniana (Walt.) Robinson. Stems hairy, creeping at base ; leaves
ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; upper
sepal heart-shaped ; corolla blue. ( 0^o?arm Walt. ; Monniera Ktze.; Herpestis
aniplexicaulis Pursh.) — Margin of ponds, pine barrens, N. J. and Md. to La. —
Aromatic when bruised.
** Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subeqnally 5-lobed ; stamens almost
equal.
4. B. MonnieJa (L.) Wettst. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping ; leaves
spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless,
sessile; corolla pale blue. {Herpestis IIBK.; Monniera Monniera Britton.) —
River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex,
SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIG^yORT FAMILY) 725
12. LIMOSELLA L. Mudwort
Calyx bell-shaped. Anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped.
Capsule globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small an-
nuals, growing in mud, usually near the seashore, creeping by slender runners,
without ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the
simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name
from limus, mud, and selM. seat.)
1. L. aquatica L., var. tenuifblia (Wolf) Pers. Leaves with no blade distinct
from the petiole, awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. temdfoUa Wolf. ) — Bracki-sh
river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far n. and w\, local. (Eurasia, etc.)
13. MICRANTHEMUM Michx.
Stamens anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) appen-
dage ; anthers 2-celled, didymous. Style short ; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
globular, thin, with an evanescent partition, several-many-seeded. — Small
smooth depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water,
with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white
or purplish flowers solitaiy in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually
one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of ^it/cpos,
small, and dvdefxov, Jfoirer.)
1, M. micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. Branches ascending, 1-6 cm. high ;
leaves obovate-spatulate or oval ; peduncles at length recurved, about the length
of the calyx which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed, and usually split down on one side,
in fruit becoming pear-shaped ; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly
twice the length of the lateral ones ; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as
the filament itself; stigmas subulate. (Jf. Nuttallii Gray.) — Tidal mud of
rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug. -Oct.
14. ILYSANTHES Raf. False Pimpernel
Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft.
Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; anterior pair sterile, inserted in the
throat, 2-lobed ; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and
tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or ellipsoid, many-seeded. — Small
and smooth annuals ; the purplish flowers on filiform peduncles, or the upper
racemed, produced all summer. (Name from i\vs, mud, or mire, and dpdos,
flower. )
1. I. dubia (L.) Barnhart. Much branched, spreading ; stems 1-3 dm. long,
at first simple, erect, leafy ; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, usually crenate-
toothed, mostl}^ 1.8-^3 cm. long, the upper partly clasping, the lower more or
less narrowed at the base ; lower peduncles about as loufj as the subtending leaves
or shorter ; calyx-lobes linear, about equaling or slightly exceeding the ellipsoidal
pod; corolla 5-10 mm. long. (7. riparia Man. ed. 6. in part, and perhaps of
Raf.; L attemiata Small.) — Wet places, N. B., westw. and southw., common.
(Adv. in France.)
2. I. anagallidea (Michx.) Robinson. More slender, diffuse, and usually
smaller-leaved ; leaves elliptic to ovate, commonly entire or nearly so, 3-20
(mostly about 10) mm. long; peduncles long and filiform, spreading-ascending,
eve7i the lower ones much exceeding the subtending leaves; calyx-lobes somewhat
shorter than the pod; corolla as in the preceding. {Gratiola Michx,; I. dubia
of Am. auth.. not Gratiola dubia L.; I. riparia Raf.?) — Wet places, e. Mass.,
southw, and westw,, frequent.
15. GRATIOLA L. Hedge Hyssop
Narrow divisions of calyx nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft,
lower 3-cleft. Style dilated or 2-lipped at apex. Cap.sule 4-valved, many-seeded.
— Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with sessile leaves,
726 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)
and usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer ;
in wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, from supposed
medicinal properties.)
§ 1. Anthers iL'ith a broad connective, the cells transverse ; stems mostly diffusely
branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth ; corollas
0.8-1.5 cm. long ; bractlets foliaceous, equaling the calyx.
* Sterile filaments minute or none ; corolla whitish, with the tube yellovnsh.
1. G. virginiana L. Stem clammy-puberulent above, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves
lanceolate, with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed ; peduncles cdmost
equaling the leaves (1-2.5 cm. long); pod ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. — Wet or muddy
places, local, centr. Me. and w. Que., w^estw. and southw. June-Aug.
2. G. sphaerocarpa Ell. Smooth, rather stout, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves lance-
ovate or oblong to oval-obovate, 2-5 cm. long, toothed ; peduncles scarcely longer
than the calyx and the large globular pod (6 mm. in diameter). — Wet places,
N. J. to Mo., and southw. Apr.-June.
** Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head; leaves short (1-2.5 cm.
long).
3. G. visc5sa Schwein. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lance-
olate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla
whitish, yellow ivithin. — Del. (Commons) to Ky., and southw.
4. G. aurea Muhl. Nearly glabrcms ; leaves lanceolate or oblong -linear, en-
tire, equaling the peduncles ; corolla golden-yellow (rarely pale yellow or white),
1.2-1.8 cm. long. — Wet sandy shores, Me., w. Que., and Ont. to Va.
§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical ; sterile filaments tipped
with a head; haii'y apparently annual plants, loith erect rigid and more
simple stems.
5. G. pilbsa Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile, 1-2
cm. long ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, 0-9 mm. long, scarcely exceeding
the calyx. — Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
16. DIGITALIS [Tourn.] L. Foxglove
Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes often foliaceous. Corolla with a somewhat in-
flated tube and short scarcely spreading limb, declined. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included in the corolla. — Tall herbs, with alternate or scattered entire or toothed
leaves and showy racemose flowers. (Digitalis, of or belonging to the finger,
as the fingers of a glove, which the tubular corollas have been thought to
resemble.)
1. D. puRPtjREA L. Stoutish pubescent biennial; corolla purple to white,
spotted, 4-5 cm. long. — Meadows and pastures. Cape Breton I. ; also N. Y. ;
rather rare and local, a casual escape from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.)
17. VER6NiCA [Tourn.] L. Speedwell
The lateral lobes of the corolla or the lowest one commonly narrower than
the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted ;
anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire ; stigma single. Capsule flat-
tened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few-many-seeded. — Chiefly
herbs ; flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Derivation doubtful ; perhaps the
flower of St. Veronica. )
* Tall perennials, imth elongate leaves; racemes terminal, dense, spiked; bracts
very small; tube of the salverform corolla equaling or exceeding the calyx;
both sometimes b-cleft.
1. V. virginica L. (Culver's-rgot, Culver's Physic.) Smooth or rather
downy ; stem simple, straight, 0.5-2 m. high ; leaves whorled in 4's to 7's, short-
SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 727
petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled ; corolla small,
nearly white, the tube much longer than the calyx and short limb ; stamens much
exserted ; capsule oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex,
many-seeded. {Leptandra Nutt.) — Rich soil, w. Mass. and Ct. to Man., and
southw. July, Aug.
2. V. LONGiFOLiA L. Similar ; stem puberulent ; leaves opposite or in 3's,
slender-petioled, narrowly lanceolate, coarsely and doubly serrate ; spikes soli-
tary or few ; corolla blue, the tube about equaling the calyx and limb ; capsule
suborbicular, fiat, rounded or emarginate at apex. — Cultivated, and sometimes
found by roadsides, in thickets, and about old house-sites, N. S. to w. Que. and
N. Y. (Introd. from Eu.)
3. V. Bachofexii Heuffel. Like the preceding, but the leaves triangular-
ovate, cordate. — Vicinity of Quebec. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Corolla inheel-shaped, the tube short ; capside more or less notched, strongly
fiattened except in nos. 4 a)id 5 ; loi'j or decumbent herbs.
■*- Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, loith opposite usually serrate
leaves ; racemes axillary, mostly opposite ; corolla pale blue.
t-»- Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded.
4. V. Anagallis-aquatica L. (Water S.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at
base, then erect, 1-10 dm. high ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-
shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire, 1 dm. or less long ; pedi-
cels spreading; corolla pale blue, with purple stripes ; capsule slightly notched.
— Brooks and ditches, Essex Co., Mass. {Oakes) -, w. N. E. to B. C, and
southw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
5. V. americana Schwein. (American Brooklime.) Similar; leaves
lanceolate to elongate-ovate, acute or acutish, serrate, short-petioled ; mature
fruiting pedicels very slender, 6-11 mm. long. — Brooks, ditches, etc., Nfd.
to Alaska, s. to Va., W. Va., Great L. region, Keb., and in the Rocky Mts.
June-Aug.
6. V. Beccabunga L. (European Brooklime.) Almost fleshy, prostrate
and .strongly repent; leaves oval or short-oblong, rounded at tip, crenate, short-
petioled ; mRtiire fruiting pedicels thickish, 4—5 mm. long. — Brooks and ditches
about Quebec and near New York City. (Nat. from Eu.)
++ ++ Capsule strongly fiattened, several-seeded.
7. V. scutellata L. (Marsh S.) Smooth, .slender and weak, 1-5 dm. high ;
leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticidate ; racemes
several, very slender and zizag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated
spreading or reflexed pedicels ; capsule very flat, much broader than long,
notched at both ends or didymous. — Swamps and wet places, Nfd. to B. C, s.
to N. Y., Wise, and Cal. May- Aug. (I.urasia.) Var. vill6sa Schumacher.
Stems villous. — Ont. and w. N. Y. to Wash.
8. V. ofi&cinalis L. (Common S.) Pubescent; stem prostrate, rooting at
ba.se; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or v-edgc-oblong, obtuse, serrate;
racemes densely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; capsule obovate-
triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods, Nfd. to Ont., ]Micli. ,
and southw. May-Aug. (Eurasia.)
9. V. Chamaedrys L. (Bird's-eye.) Stem very slender, pubescent (at
least in two lines), ascending from a creeping base ; leaves subsessile, ovate or
cordate, incisely crenate; racemes loosely flowered, flexuous ; pedicels little
longer than the 4-parted calyx ; capsule tria-ngular-obcordate. — l^astures, open
woods, etc., N. S. to Ont. and ()., local. May, June. (Nat. from Eu. )
10. V. TEtjCRiuM L. Stems pubescent, stiff and upright, 3-7 dm. high ;
leaves subsessile, oblong, coarsely toothed, pubescent ; racemes more densely
flowered, strictly asc(niding ; calyx uneqtially b-parted ; corolla 1 cm. broad,
bluish ; capsules orljicular or oval. — Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, etc.,
N. E. (Introd. from Eu.)
728 SCKOPllULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)
■*- +- Leaves opposite ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; the lower bracts leaf-like ;
capsules flat, several-seeded ; perennials, mostly turning blackish in drying.
11. V. alpina L., var. unalaschc6nsis C. & S. Stems tufted, erect, simple,
1-3 dm. high ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly
sessile; raceme hairy, few-floicered, crowded ; capsule obovate, notched. (F.
Wormskjoldi R. & S.) — By alpine brooks. Que., Me., N. H., and northw. July,
Aug. (Eurasia.)
12. V. serpyllifblia L. (Thyme-leaved S.) Much branched at the creeping
ba.se, nearly smooth; branches ascending and simple, 0.5-2 dm. high; leaves
ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, 1.5 cm. or less long, the lowest jyetioled and
rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme loose, the rhachis
and pedicels appfessed-puherulent ; corolla 3-4 mm. broad, whitish or pale blue,
with deeper stripes ; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched, 3-4
mm. broad. — Damp grassy ground, Nfd. to Ont., and south w.; both indigenous
and introduced. May-July. (Eurasia.)
13. V. humifusa Dickson. Stouter, 2-4 dm. high; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long ;
rhachis and pedicels pubescent with spreading viscid or gland-tipped hairs;
corolla 0.5-1 cm. broad, deep blue; capsule 4-6 mm. broad. ( F. serpyllifolia,
var. borealis Laestad. ) — Springy places, Lab. and Nfd. to N. B., n. N. E., and
N. Y.; Rocky Mts., etc. (Eu.)
^_ H_ ^_ Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (^or somewhat reduced) ,
the flov]ers appearing to be axillary and solitary., mostly alternate ; corolla
shorter than the calyx (except in no. 17).
■w- Flowers short-pediceled ; floral leaves reduced.
14. V. peregrina L. (Neckweed, Purslane S.) Glandular-puberulent oi
nearly smooth, erect, 1-3 dm. high, branched ; loioest leaves petioled, oval-
oblong, toothed, thicMsh, the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear
and entire, longer than the almost sessile whitish flowers ; capsule orbicular,
slightly notched, many-seeded. — \Vaste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil,
N. B. to Fla., and across the continent. Apr.-Oct. (Eu.)
15. V. ARVENSis L. (CoRx S.) Simple or diffusely branched, 0.5-4 dm. high,
hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate ; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate,
entire ; capsule inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds,
N. S. to B. C, and southw.; in X. E. and Pa. often in rocky woods as if indige-
nous ; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
■»-•■ ++ Flowers long-pediceled in axils of ordinary leaves ; seeds cup-shaped.
16. V. AGRESTis L. (Field S.) Leaves round or ovate, crenate-toothed, the
floral somewhat similar : calyx-lobes oblong ; flowers small; ovary mamj-ovuled,
but the nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule 1-2-seeded. — Sandy flelds,
in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, and from the Middle States southw.,
chiefly near the coast, local. (Adv. from Eu.)
17. V. TouRXEFORTii C. C. Gmel. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-
toothed, 1-2.5 cm. long ; flowers large, 1 cm. wide, blue ; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
widely spreading in fruit ; capsule obcordate-tri angular, broadly notched, l()-24-
seeded. {V. Buxbaumii Tenore ; V. byzantina BSP.) — Waste grounds, e.
Que. to Ont., O,, and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)
18. V. hkderaef6lia L. (Ivy-lkavkd S. ) L^ai'^s rounded or heart-shaped,
S-~ -toothed or -lobed , calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped; flowers small ; cap-
sule turgid, '2-lobed^ 2-4-seeded. — Shaded places, N. Y. to N. C. Apr.-June.
(Adv. from Eu.)
18. SYNTHYRIS Benth.
Stamens inserted just below the upper siiuises, occasionally with another pair
from tlw other sinuses, exscrted ; aiithcr-cells not oonfliu-nt. Style slender ;
stigma simi>le. ('apsiih' flMttt'iu'd, roiuidfii, ol)tiisf (»r notched, 2-<'('lled (larely
3-lobed and .3-celle<l), many-,seeded, loculicidal ; tlse valves colieriiig below witli
the axis. — Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly clasping
SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWOKT FAMILY) 729
bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. (Name
from (Tvv^ together^ and Qvpl-i^ a little door ; in allusion to the closed valves of
the pod. )
1. S. Bullii (Eaton) Heller. Hairy ; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped ; spike
dense, l-.'^> dm. long ; corolla greenish-white or yellowish, not longer than the
calyx, usually 2-3-parted. {S. Houghtoniana^eTith.; Wiilfenia Houghtoniana
Greene.) — Oak barrens and prairies, ;Mich. to Minn., s. to O., Ind., 111., and
la. May, June.
19. SEYMERIA Pursh.
Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Anthers
approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule
many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the aspect of Gerardia ; leaves
mostly dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers
yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Xamed for Henry Seymer, an English
naturalist.) Afzelia J. G. Gmel.
1. S. macrophylla Nutt. (Mulleix Foxglove.) Rather pubescent, 1-1.5
m. high ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate
divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla
incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex ; style short,
dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovoid, pointed. {Afzelia Kzte.) —
Shady river-banks, 0. to Neb., s. to Tex. July, Aug.
20. GERARDIA [Plumier] L= Gerardia
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla swelling above, with more or
less unequal lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens
hairy ; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often pointed
at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Cap.sule
globular or ovoid, pointed, manj'-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (more or
less root-parasitic); .stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the upper-
most reduced to bracts and subtending 1-flowered peduncles, which often form
a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, pink, purple, or yellow, in late summer
and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.)
§ 1. DASYSTOMA [Raf.] Gray. Corolla yelloic, the tube looolly inside, as
well as the anthers and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base;
leaves rather large, more or less incised or pinnatifid.
* Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside.
1. G. pedicularia L. Annual or biennial, much branched, 1 m. or less high,
very leafy, villous at base, pubemlent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid,
and the lobes cut and toothed ; pedicels glandular, about equaling the mostly
serrate slightly glandular or glabrate calyx-lobes. {Dasystoma Benth.) — Dry
copses, Me. to Ont. , Minn., and W. Va.
Var. ambigens Fernald. Stems glandular-villous above ; pedicels and calyx
usually villous. — Wise, to N. C. and Mo. Passing to the more southern var.
pectinXta Nutt., with densely villous stems and leaves, and glandular-hispid
calyx.
* * No glandular pubescence ; corolla glabrous outside; perennial.
-(- Stems finely and closely pubescent.
2. G. grandifl5ra Benth. Minutely doiony ; stem much branched, 0.5-1 m.
high ; leaves ovatt'-lanreolate, even the upper ones more or less cut or pinnatifid,
the lower pinnatifid ; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla 4-5 cm.
long, 4 times the "length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes ;
capsule glabrous. (Dasystoma Wood.) — Oak openinga Wise, and Minn, to
Term, and Tex.
730 SCROPHULARIACEAE (fIGWOKT FAMILY;
Var. serrata (Torr.) Robinson. The upper leaves oblong, merely serrate oi
even quite entire. (Var. integriusciila Gray ; Dasystoma serrata Small.) — Mo,
and Kan. to La. and Tex. — Sometimes well marked, but not always so.
3. G. flava L. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent icith a fine close
down ; stem 0.5-1 m. high, mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
obtuse, entire, or the loicer usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; pedicels very
short; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube; corolla 4-5-
cm. long; capsule pubescent. {Dasystoma Wood.) — Open woods, s. Me. to
Ont., la., and southw.
-t- •»- Stem glabrous.
4. G. virginica (L.) BSP. (Smooth False Foxglove.) Glaucous, 1-2 m.
high, usually branching; loiuer leaves commonly twice pinnatifid ; the upper
oblong -lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx ;
calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube ; corolla
4-5 cm. long. (Dasystoma Britton ; G. quercifolia Pursh.) — Dry woods, s. Me.
to Minn., and siuithw.
5. G. laevigata Raf. Not glaucous ; stem 3-8 dm. high, mostly simple ; leaves
lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; pedicels shorter than
the calyx-tube ; corolla 2-3 cm. long. (Dasystoma Chapm.) — Oak barrens, etc. ,
Pa. to Mich, and Mo., s. in the mts. to Ga.
§ 2. OTOPHYLLA Benth. Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as
well as the very unequal filaments ; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous
or sparingly hairy.
6. G. auriculata ^Nlichx. Rough-hairy ; stem erect, nearly simple, 2-6 dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others
with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base ; flowers nearly sessile
in the axils, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Low grounds and prairies, Pa. to Minn., s. to N. C.
and Kan.
7. G. densiflbra Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy ; leaves rigid,
pinnately parted into 3-7 narrowly linear acute divisions, those subtending the
densely spicate flowers similar and crowded; corolla 2-3 cm. long. — Prairies,
e. Kan. to Tex.
§ 3. EUGERARDIA Benth. Corolla p)urple or rose-color (rarely white) ;
calyx-teeth short ; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent ; cauline leaves
linear or narrower, entire.
* Perennial ; leaves erect, very narrow ; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves.
8. G. linifolia Xutt. Glabrous, 6-9 dm. high, sparingly or paniculately
branched ; leaves flat, thickish, 2-3 mm. wide ; calyx-teeth minute ; corolla
2.5 cm. long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and the lobes ciliate ;
anthers and filaments very villous. — Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla.
* * Annuals; herbage bldckish in di"ying (except in nos. 15 and 17).
H- Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule.
++ Capsule ellipsoid, distinctly longer than thick.
0. G. aspera Dougl. Sparingly or soraev.^hat fastigiately branched, 3-6 dm.
high ; leaves linear, rough ; pedicels often alternate, equaling or moderately
exceeding the calyx ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, about half as lung a.s
the tube ; corolla 1.8-2.6 cm. long. — Plains and prairies, Mich, and w. Ind. to
N. Dak., Col., and Ark.
++ -M- Capsule subglobose.
— Flowers large ; corolla 2.3-3.1 cm. long.
10. G. fasciculata Ell. Tall, 6-12 dm. high ; stem subterete, scahrous-puberu-
lent; brawlu'S virgate, elongated, ascending, subfastigiate. mostly 10-16-^o?'>
ered; leaves narrowly linear, with smaller ones fasicled in their axils; pedicels
shorter than the calyx ; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, purple. — Sandy fields, low
meadows and shores, Va. to Fla. and Tex.
SCROPHrLAlilACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 731
11. G. purpurea L. (Purple G.) Stem 3-8 dm. high, somewhat angled^
nearly or quite smooth; branches long, widely spreading^ usually flexuous,
mostly SS-jiowered ; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined; calyx commonly
exceeding the pedicel, its teeth sharp-pointed, from very short to half the length
of the tube; corolla usually 2.6-3 cm. long, bright purple, very pubescent. —
Low mostly sandy ground, e. ]\Iass. to Ha. and Tex., near the coast ; also
westw. along the Great Lakes to Wise.
= = Flowers smaller ; corolla 1.4-1.8 era. long.
12. G. paupercula (Gray) Britton. Slender erect annual, 1-6 dm. high ;
stem angled, glabrous or nearly so, subsimple or more often branched above ;
leaves narrowly linear, acute, scabrous, often with smaller ones fascicled in
their axils ; pedicels usually about equaling the globose capsules ; calyx-teeth
deltoid-lanceolate, sharp-pointed ; corolla decidedly smaller than in the pre-
ceding species, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, lighter rose-purple, merely puberulent except at
the hairy margin. {G. purpurea, var. Gray.) — Sterile soil, bogs, sandy shores,
etc., N. S. to Man., and south w.
13. G. maritima Raf. (Sea-side G.) Similar to the preceding, but some-
what ^^s/i?/; leaves linear, obtuse or rounded at the ends; calyx-teeth very
short and obtuse or rounded ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long. — Salt marshes along the
coast, s. Me. to Fla.
••- •*- Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; luoolly anthers cuspidate at base,
++ Corolla-lobes rounded or merely emarginate ; capsule subglobose.
— Corolla glabrous within.
a. Leaves flat, linear to lanceolate, much blackened in drying.
14. G. tenuifblia Vahl. (Slender G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute, the
floral ones mostly like tbe others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ; capsule
globular; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, rose-purple, the upper lip somewhat arched.
{G. Gattingeri Small.) — Low or dry ground, w. Me. and w. Que. to Neb., Fla.,
and Tex. Var. jiacrophylla Benth. Stouter ; larger leaves 3-5 cm. long,
and 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger. {G.
Besseyana Britton.) — Ct. to Ont., N. Mex. , and the Rocky Mts.
b. Leaves filiform or icith revolute margins, slightly blackened in drying.
15. G. Skinneriana Wood. Slender, 2-5 dm. high, with ascending branches,
the slightly margined angles roughish ; leaves hispidulous-scabrous ; pedicels
rather stiffly ascending, 1-4 cm. long ; calyx gTeenish, the lance-deltoid lobes
nearly one third as long as the tube ; corolla 10-13 mm. long, rose-color ; capsule
globose-ovoid. (G. tenuifolia, var. asperula Gray.) — Dry woods and hills, Ont.
to Minn., Tenn., and Mo.
= = Corolla villous in the throat.
«
16. G. setacea Walt. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, with strongly ascending
branches ; leaves setaceous-linear, often revolute, somewhat darkened in drying ;
pedicels capillary, 1-2 cm. long ; calyx green, with minute subulate teeth ;
corolla rose-purple, 2 cm. long, ventricose above the slender exserted tube, the
lobes wide-spreading. (G. Holmiana Greene.) — Sandy barrens, D. C. to Fla.
and Tex., mostly near the coast.
++ -w- Corolla-lobes obcordate ; capsule ellipsoid-ovoid.
17. G. parvifblia Chapm, Rigid, 0.5-5 dm. high, with stiff upright angled
branches ; leaves linear-subulate, rather rigid, not darkened in drying ; inflores-
cence subracemose, the floral leaves greatly reduced ; calyx w'hitish-green,
nervose, with short subulate teeth ; corolla about 1 cm. long, bright pink, the
lobes all spreading ; capsule much exceeding the calyx. (6^. Skinneriana Man.
ed. 6, not Wood; G. dccemloba Greene) — Sandy soil, near the coast, Mass.
to Fla. and La.; and apparently in the Miss, basin.
732 SCROPHULAnTArEAK (FirnVDIlT FAMILY)
21. BUCHNERA L. Blue Hearts
Calyx obscurely nerved. Corolla with a straight or curved tube and an
almost equally 5-cieft limb, the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamen.s
included ; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and
entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubt-
less root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the
uppermost alternate ; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with
2 bractlets. (Named in lumor of ,/. (r. Buchuer, an early German botanist.)
1, B. americana L. Rough-hairy ; stem wand-like, 3-8 dm. high ; lower
leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly
and coarsely toothed^ veiny ; spike interrupted ; calyx longer than the bracts,
one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (2 cm. long). — Moist sandy
ground, N. J. to w. N. Y., s. Ont., Minn., and south w. June-Aug.
22. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Painted Cup
Divisions of the calyx entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla included in the
calyx ; its upper lip (galea) keeled, flattened laterally. Anther-cells oblong-
linear, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-
seeded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves;
the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or
reddish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Domingo Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.)
1. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. (Scarlet P.) Hairy biennial or anntial ;
stem simple ; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong ; those of
the stem incised ; the floral 3-5-cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely
yellow) ; cahjx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, equally cleft both sides,
the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse. — Low sandy ground, Mass. to
Man., s. to Va., Tenn., and Tex.
2. C. pallida (L.) Spreng., var. septentrionalis (Lindl.) Gray. Perennial,
smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly ; leaves mainly entire, the
lower linear, upper broader ; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying
to yellowish, purple, or red ; calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate,
2-cieft; corolla L 5-2.5 cm. long, the galea decidedly shorter than the tube, not
over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip. (0. acuminata Spreng.) — Damp gravelly
or rocky banks. Lab., Nfd., and westw., s. to the St. John R., the nits, of n. N. E.,
the Great Lakes. Minn., and the Black Hills. June-Aug.
3. C. sessiliflbra Pursh. Perennial, 1.5-3 dm. hiah, very leafy, cinereous-
pubescent; leaves mostly 3-5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes ;
the floral similar or broader, not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front, the
narrow lobes deep>ly 2-cleft ; corolla 3-4 cm. long, the short galea but twice as
long as the slender-lobed lip. — Prairies, Man. to 111., Mo., Tex., and the Rocky
Mts. May- July.
23. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt.
Corolla with the upper lip {galea) little longer and usually much narrower
than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower one. Otiierwise nearly as Castilleja. (Name
from op^os, upright, and Kapwds, fruit.)
1. 0. luteus Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect,
1.5-4 dm. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft ; spike dense;
bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about eiiualing the flowers, not cohered ; corolla
golden-yellow, 1 cm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. — Plains, n. Minn.,
Man., and westw.
24. MELAMPYRUM [Tourn.] L. Cow Wheat
Calyx bell-shaped, sharply cleft. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above ;
upper lip compre.ssed, straight in front ; lower erect-spreading, l)iconvex, 3-lobed
at apex. Anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the cells minutely
SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIG WORT FAMILY) 733
pointed at base. Capsule 1^-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite
leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in
the upper axils. (Name from /leXas, black, and irvpos, ivheat ; from the color of
the seeds of some species.)
1. M. lineare Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrow-ovate, short-petioled,
the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly
teeth ; calyx-teeth not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-
yellow or purplish corolla (1 cm. long); seeds white. (J/, americanum Michx. ;
M. latifolium Muhl.) — Open woods, N. S. and Que. to B. C, s. to Ga., Tenu.,
and la. June-Sept.
25. EUPHRASIA [Tourn.] L. Eyebright
Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. L^pper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely
arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes
obtuse or notched. Anther-cells pointed at the base. Capsule flattened. —
Herbs, with opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked, (Name
€V(ppao-la, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)
* Flowers very small, home in a compact leafy head or very short subcapitate
raceme; stems filiform, normally simple; corolla dorsally 3-4 mm. long;
dicarf arctic-alpine species.
1. E. Oakesii Wettst. /.eaves ovate-orbicular, bluntly sinuate-toothed, gray-
ish-pubescent beneath ; corolla inhite or nearly so, with purple or violet veins and
yellow eye. — Open stony ground. White Mts. of N. H., near Mt. Monroe and
at the head of Oakes Gulf ; Mt. Katahdin, Me.
2. E. Williamsii Robinson. Leaves much as in the preceding but green and
glabrous except near the margin ; corolla brownish-purple, with deeper colored
veins and yellow eye. — Slopes of Mt. Washington, N. H., from the "Alpine
Garden" to "Cape Horn."
** Flowers small {corolla 3-4 mm. long dorsally), borne in open racemes;
stems usually branched.
3. E. Randii Robinson. Leaves ovate to flabelliform, bluntly 9-11-toothed,
finely pubescent upon both surfaces ; corolla varying from deep violet to roseate
or cream-colored, with violet veins and yellow eye. — In humus and damp spots,
along the coast, Nfd. and e. Que. to Knox Co., Me. (S. Plaisted).
Var. Farl5wii Robinson has smaller grayish-pubescent 5-7-toothed leaves
(only 2-4 mm. long). — Dry crests of sea-cliffs, Nfd.; Dog I., Eastport, Me.
*** Flowers larger; corolla dorsally 5-7 mm. long, white, vnth lavender or
purple veins and yellovj eye.
4. E. arctica Lange. Simple or branched, 4-12 cm. or more in height ; leaves
conspicuously pubescent upon both surfaces, the cauline ovate, rather bluntly
toothed, the floral flabelliform, more sharply toothed ; corolla with pale lavender
veins, the lobes of the lower lip nearly parallel. (E. latifolia Pursh, as to
plant, but not as to name-bringing synonym ; E. hirtella Robinson, not Jord.)
— Calcareous soil, Lab. to n. Me., L. Superior, and Arctic Am.
5. E. americana AVettst. Simple or more often with elongated strongly as-
cending branches, 1-3 dm. t^W, floirjering for the most part above the middle;
leaves essentially glahrous, the larger 8-14 mm. long, the lateral teeth awn-
pointed ; bracts about 7-toothed ; calyx usually purple-nerved ; coro^/a relatively
large and showy, 8 mm. long, somewhat suffused with purple or crimson and
marked icith deep purple lines, the lateral lobes of the lower lip strongly diver-
gent. — Damp open places, Nfd. and e. Que., along the coast to Lincoln Co., Me.
6. E. canadensis Townsend. Similar, usually smaller and more diffuse,
mostly flowering from below the middle, the elongated spikes dense ; larger
leaves 4-9 mm. long ; bracts 9-11-toothed, the teeth setose-tipped ; calyx green,
the teeth aristate ; corolla 6-7 mm. long, lohite, with bluish or lavender veins
and yellow eye. (E. americana, var. Robinson.) — Dry grassy or rocky places,
from the lower St. Lawrence to N. S., e. Me., and n. N. H.
734 SCROPHULARIACEAE (fIGWORT FAMILY)
26. ODONTITES [Rivinius] Ludwig.
Calyx equally cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back.
Otherwise much as Euphrasia. — Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and sub-
sessile flowers in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike. {Odontitis, an
ancient plant-name from obovs, tooth, applied to some herb used for tooth-ache.)
1. 0. RUBRA Gilib. Stem 1-4 dm. high, from an annual root, brandling,
scabrous-pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate ;
spikes elongated, loosely-flowered ; corolla small, rose-red. {Bartsia Odontites
Huds. ; Odontites Odontites AVettst.) — Fields, roadsides, etc.. coast of Me.,
N. B. , and N. S. ; rarely in the interior. (Nat. from Eu.)
27. PEDICULARIS [Tourn.] L. Lousewort
Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattened, often
beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 8-lobed ; lobes
commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Anthers transverse ;
the cells pointless. Capsule mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs,
with chiefly pinnatifid leaves (the floral bract-like) and rather large flowers in a
spike. (Name iTovo. pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.)
* Small-leaved annual or biennial, mostly branched, bearing axillary and termi-
nal flowers.
1. P. paliistris L. Essentially glabrous, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate,
2-5 cm. long, pinnately parted, with small crenate oblong segments ; calyx-lobes
cristate ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, purplish and rose-color (rarely white), the tube
longer than the lips. ( P. x>arviflora Britton, not Sm. ) — Marshes and wet places,
Temiscouata Co. to Gaspe Co., Que., Nfd., and north w. (Eu.)
* * Large-leaved perennials ; simple or someiohat branched, icith terminal spikes.
2. P. canadensis L. (Com.mox L., Wood Betony.) Hairy ; stems simple,
clustered, 1.5-4 dm. high; leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the
others half-pinnatifid ; spike short and dense ; calyx split in front, othervnse al-
most entire, oblique ; upper lip of the dull greenish-yellow and crimson corolla
hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex ; capsule flat, somewhat svjord-
shaped. — Copses and banks, N. S., centr. Me., and w. Que. to Man., and south w.
May, June.
3. P. lanceolata Michx. Stem upnght, 3-9 dm. high, nearly simple, mostly
smooth; leaves partly opposite, ohlong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike
crowded ; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested : upper lip of the pale yellow corolla in-
curved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower erect, so as
nearly to close the throat; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. —
Swamps, Mass. to Ont. and Man., s. to Va. , O., and Neb. Aug., Sept.
4. P. Furbishiae Wats. Tall (5-0 dm. hii;h), pubescent or glabrate ; leaves
lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnati fid-incised,
or the upper simply jiinnatifld and the lobes serrate, silvery-margined ; bracts
ovate, laciniate-dentate ; calyx o-lohed. the lobes rather unequal, linear-lanceo-
late, entire or toothed ; upper lip of corolla straight and beakless, the truncate
apex bicuspidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed ; capsule broadly ovate. —
Banks of the St. John, Me. and N. B. July, Aug.
28. RHINANTHUS L. Yellow Rattle
Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but witli a
dark tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers apjiroxi-
niate, hairy, transverse ; the cells pointless. Capsule orbicnlar. flattened. Seeds
orbicnlar, winged. — Annual upright herbs, with oi)posite leaves; tlie yellow or
yellowish flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed
SCROPFTULAKIACEAE (FIG WORT FAMILY J 735
of piv, a snouts and &vdos, a flower, from the beaked upper lip of species once
united witli this genus.)
Teeth of the upper lip of the corolla elongate, 1.5-2 mm. long' . . . . 1. R. major.
Teeth of the upper hp broad and low, less than 1 mm. long.
Branches of the stem, when present, short and scarcely developed at flower-
ing season, later if elongating bearing only reduced flowers.
Upper part of the stem marked with fine black lines ; upi)er lip of corolla
with purplish teeth, lateral lobes of the lower lip with a black spot
at base 2. R. Crista-(/aUi.
Stem green, without black lines ; corolla yellow throughout . . . 3. ^. oblongifolius.
Branches of tlie stem in weU develo[)ed plants elongate at flowering season,
their flowers like those of the primary inflorescence.
Upper part of the stem marked with fine black lines; upper lip of corolla
with bluish teeth, lower lip with brown markings . . . . A. R. stenophyllux.
Stem green, without black lines ; corolla yellow throughout, the teeth of
the upper lip whitish-yellow . . . . • . . . . 5. R. Kyrollae.
1. R. mXjor Ehrh. Simple or with numerous long branches, 2-8 dm. high ;
stem with conspicuous black lines above, essentially glabrous, the branches mostly
loithont axillary fascicles ; leaves lanceolate, the teeth subappressed ; bracts gla-
brous, all but the lowest pale, broadly triangular, the tip prolonged, their lowest
lance-attenuate teeth 5 mm. long ; calyx glabrous except for the slightly scabrous
margin ; corolla 2 cm. long, the tube slightly curved, the purple teeth of the
upper lip horizontal. — Damp fields, Plymouth, Mass. (Oakes). (Adv. or nat.
from Eu.)
2. R. Crista-galli L. Stems 1-6 dm. high, black-lineolate, at flowering season
usually bearing short branches in all but the lower axils; these branches remain-
ing conspicuously shorter than the primary stem, sometimes slightly elongating
and bearing reduced flowers; leaves lanceolate or lance-attenuate, crenate-
dentate, the teeth subappressed ; bracts glabrous, dark green, the lower
lance-attenuate, the others elongate-deltoid, their lower lance-attenuate spread-
ing-ascending crowded teeth (5 mm. long) much exceeding the appressed upper
ones; calyx glabrous, green, often black-striate ; corolla yellow, about 1.5 cm.
long, its tube straight, the teeth of the upper lip depressed, rounded, violet, the
laieral lobes of the lower lip with a black spot at base. {B. minor Ehrh.) —
Dry gravelly thickets and sterile fields, near the coast, Nfd. and e. Que. to Ct. ;
indigenous northw., perhaps naturalized southw. (Eu.) — Plant strongly black-
ened in drying.
3. R. oblongifblius Fernald. Stems 6-40 cm. high, simple or with few very
short branches, green; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate-dentate,
scabrous above, minutely pilose beneath ; bracts scabrous, mostly shorter than
the mature calyces, deltoid-ovate, laciniate-dentate, the lower deltoid-lanceolate
teeth 3-4 mm. long; calyx glabrescent, the margins ciliate, in fruit 1.3-1.9 cm.
long, greenish-yellow, often tinged with bronze; corolla yellow, 1-1.2 C7n. long.
— Lab. to alpine regions of Me., N. H., and n. N. Y. — Plant but slightly
blackened in drying.
4. R. stenophylius (Schur) Schinz & Thellung. Stems 2-6 dm. high, black-
lineolate, commonly ivith long arcuate-ascending branches v'ith axillary fascicles ;
leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, the teeth subappressed ;
bracts glabrous, piirple-tinged, the lower like the foliage leaves and subtending
the remote flowers ; upper bracts subapproximate, triangular, equaling the calyx,
their teeth lance-deltoid; calyx purple-tinged, glabrous, in fruit 1.5 cm. long;
corolla 1.5 cm. long, canary-yellow, turning brownish, the teeth of the upper lip
blue-gray, the loiver lip with brown markings. — Boggy meadows and shores
near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gasp6 Co., Que., to N. S. (Eu. )
5. R. Kyr611ae Chabert. Stems 3-7 dm. liigh, green, not black-lineolate,
simple, or comuionly vjith long ascending branehes vnthout axillary fascicles ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, scabridulous, the teeth subappressed or slightly spread-
ing ; bracts pale green, lance-deltoid, with lance-acuminate spreading-ascending
teeth; calyx yelUnc-green, in maturity. 1.5 cm. hmg; corolla 8-13 mm. long,
light yellow, the teeth of the upper lip whitish-yellow, — Gravelly thickets and
meadows in calcareous districts, e. Que. to N. S. and n. Me.; Wash.
730 LENTIBULAKIACEAE (P.LADDEliWOKT FAMILY)
29. SCHWALBEA [Gronov.] L. Chaff-seed
Calyx tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed ; the posterior tooth much the small-
est, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla cjb-
long, entire ; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and
broad ©btuse lobes. Anther-cells parallel. Capsule ovate. Seeds linear, with a
loose chaft-like coat. — A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb, ^3-6 dm.
high, with leafy simple stems terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull
purplish-yellow flowers ; leaves alternate, sessile, 8-nerved, entire, ovate or ob-
long, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts ; pedicels very short, with
2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German
botanist.)
1. S. americana L. — Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. May-
July.
LENTIBULARIACEAE (Bladderwort Family)
Small herbs (groicing in icater or wet places), icith a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-
lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with {conjluently) l-celled anthers, and a
l-celled ovary with a free central placenta, hearing several anatropous seeds,
with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the
lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate, spurred at the base in
front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free ; style very short or none ; stigma
1-2-lipped. Capsule often bursting irregularly. Scapes 1-few-flowered. — The
following are the two principal genera.
1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments strongly
incurved. Foliage usually dissected, bladder-bearing.
2. Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading. Fila-
ments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.
1. UTRICULARIA L. Bladderwort
Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the
throat. Antliers convergent. —Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected
leaves bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering ;
or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes
l-few-flowered. Bladders furnished with a valvular lid and usually with a few
bristles at the orifice. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.)
N.B. — In this genus the figures of the leaves and flowers are on a scale of f.
* Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherioise naked scape, floating by means of
large bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower leaves dissected and
capiUai-y, bearing small bladders; rootlets feio or none.
1. U. inflata Walt. Swimming free ; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed
at ends and branched near apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions ; flowers 3-10,
large, yellow ; appressed spur half the length of the corolla ; style distinct. —
In still water, Me, to Tex., mostly near the coast. July-Sept.
* * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from
immersed branching stems, ichich commonly svim
free, hearing capillary dissected leaves with small
bladders on their lobes ; roots few and not affixed,
or none; mostly perennial, propagated from year to
year by tuber-like buds.
H- Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously
bladder-hearing stems.
2. U. clandestina Nutt. Leaves numerous on the
ciandestina. slender immersed stems, several times forked, cap'llary ;
LENTIBULARrACEAE (BLADDER WORT FAMILY) 737
scapes slender, 1 dm. high ; lips of the yellow corolla nearl}^ equal in length,
the lower broader and o-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick
and blunt spur. — Ponds, N. B. to Del. and Pa., chiefly near the coast. July,
Aug.
Fig. 895.
3.
3-10 dm.
896. U. xu]g. V. amer.
897.
minor.
t- -*- jVo cleistogamous flowers.
++ Pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla yelloxo.
U. vulgaris L. (Greater B.) Immersed stems
ng, crowded with l-A^-pinnately many-parted
capillary leaves hearing many bladders; scapes 5-12-
flowered, 1-3 dm. long ; corolla closed, 1-2 cm. broad,
the sides reflexed ; spur conical, rather shorter than the
lower lip, thick and blunt. — Eurasia; n. w. Am
Represented with us by
Var. americana Gray. Spur more slender and rather acute. — Common in
ponds and slow streams, !Nfd. to Minn., s. to Va. and Tex., and
"westw. June-Aug. Fig. 896.
4. U. minor L. (Smaller B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-
like immersed stems, 2—4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 2-8-
floWered, 0.5-2 dm. high ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not
longer than the depressed palate ; spur very short and blunt, or
almost none. — Shallow water, e. Que. to B. C, s. to N. J., w.
N. Y., Great L. region, Utah, and Cal. May-July. (Eu.) Fig.
897.
++ ++ Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender ; corolla yellow.
5. U. gibba L. Scap)e 2.5-10 cm. high, 1-2-floicered, at base
furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dis-
sected capillary root^-like leaves and scattered bladders ; corolla
6-8 mm. broad, the lips broad and rounded, nearly equal ; the
lower lip witli tlie sides reflexed, exceeding and approximate to the
very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur. — Shallow water. Me.
to Fla. and Ala., near the coast ; and from w. Vt. to Ont., 111., and
"Minn." July-Sept. Fig. 898.
6. U. biflbra Lam. Scape 0.5-1.3 dm. high, 1-^flowered, at the base bearing
somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and
numerous bladders ; corolla 8-13 mm. broad, the spur
oblong, equaling the lower lip ; seeds scale-shaped. — •
Ponds and shallow waters, ]Mass. to Fla.; and from
Wise, and Minn, to Ala. and Tex. Aug., Sept. Fig.
899.
7. U. fibrosa Walt. Leaves crowded or whorled on
the small immersed stems, several times forked, capil-
lary ; tiie bladders borne mainl}" along the stems ; flowers
2-6, 1-1.3 cm. broad ; lips nearly equal, broad and ex-
panded, the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in
the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching and
almost equaling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine
barrens, L. I. and X. J. to Fla. and Ala. May-July.
8. U. intermedia Hayne. Leaves crowded on the im-
mei-sed stems, 'I-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid, the divi-
sions linear-awl -shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the
margins ; the bladders borne on separate leafless branches;
upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate ; spur
conical-subulate, acute, appressed to and nearly as long as
the very broad (1-1.5 cm.) lower lip. — Shallow pools and
streams, Nfd. to B. C, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region,
la., and Cal. IS Lav-July. (Eurasia.) Fig. 900.
J
898. U.
gibba.
U. biflora.
900. U. Intermedia.
•M- 4-4. ■*-*. Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long ; corolla violet-purple.
9. U. purpurea Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free-floating
GRAY S MANUAL
47
738 LENTiBULAHiAcr:AE (bladderwort family)
gtems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders ; flowers 2-4,
1-1.3 cm. wide ; spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla
and about half its length. — Ponds, N. B. to Fla. ; also
n. Ind. and Mich, to Minn. July-Sept. Fig. 901.
* * * Scape solitai'y^ slender and naked, or loith a few
small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil;
leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised
out of the water, commonly few or fugacious ; air-
bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or commonly
901. U. purpurea. none.
-t- Flower showy, purple, solitary ; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.
10. U. resupinata B. D. Greene. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high, 2-bracted above;
leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla 1 cm. long, deeply
2-parted ; spur slender-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip
and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the sum-
mit of the scape. — Sandy margins of ponds, N. B. to w. Ont., s. to Fla., and
the Great L. region. Aug.
-t- •♦- Flowers minute, purplish or whitish, solitary or few ; leaves entire. ■
11. U. cleist6gama (Gray) Britton. Only 2—5 cm. high, bearing 1 or 2 evi-
dently cleistogamous flowers (not larger than a pinhead); capsule becoming 2
mm. long. {U. subulata, var. Gray.) — Sandy and muddy shores, Cape Cod,
and southw. Aug., Sept.
•»--»-•+- Flowers 2-10, yellow ; leaves entire, rarely seen.
++ Stem flexuous ; flowers long-pedicel ed.
12. U. subulata L. Stem capillary, 2-20 cm. high ; the raceme zigzag ; pedi-
cels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally
S-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight,
appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps
and pine barrens, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast.
May-Sept.
•*•*■ ++ Stem strict ; flowers sessile or short-pediceled.
= Corolla conspicuously exceeding the calyx.
13. U. cornuta Michx. Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, 1-5-flowered ; corolla 1.5-2
cm. broad, the lower lip large and helmet-shaped, its center very convex and
projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much
smaller ; spur awl-shaped, turned doivnward and outward, 10-12 mm. long.
— Peat-bogs or sandy shores, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex.
June-Aug.
14. U. jiincea Vahl. Stem 1-4 dm. high, 4-10-flowered ; pedicels short;
corolla barely 1 cm. broad, lovjer lip obovate, consisting principally of the high-
arched palate; spur awl-shaped, about 6 mm. long. — Bogs and wet shores, Va.,
and southw. June-Sept.
= = Corolla barely if at all exceeding the calyx.
15. U. virgatula Barnhart. Very slender and strict, 2.5-25 cm. high;
flowers 2-6, remotely spicate, rarely solitary ; corolla usually shorter than the
purplish calyx ; the upper lip spatulate, emarginate ; the lower laterally com-
pressed, apiculate, hairy at throat; the conical spur 2-3 mm. long; capsule
subglobose, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, seemingly beaked by the persistent acuminate
upper calyx-lobe. {U. simplex C. Wright, not K. Br.) — Shores of ponds, pine
barrens of L. I. and N. J.; also Fla. to Miss. Aug., Sept. (Cuba.)
2. PINGUiCULA [Tourn.] L. Buttkrwort
Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy.
or spotted palate, the lobes spreading. — Small and stemle.ss perennials, growing
OROBANCHACEAE (BtiOOM-RAPE FAMILY)
739
ou damp rocks, with l-flowered scapes ; the broad and entire leaves soft-fleshy,
mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).
1. P. vulgaris L. Leaves spatulate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little
pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur
straightish. — Wet calcareous rocks, N. B. and Que. to n. N. Y., Mich., Minn.,
and far north w. ; very local south w. June-Aug. (Eurasia.)
OROBANCHACEAE (Broom-rape Family)
Herbs (root-parasites) destitute of green foliage, gamopetalous, the ovary
one-celled with 2 or -4 parietal placentae ; pod very many-seeded ; seeds minute,
with albumen and a very minute embryo. Calyx persistent, 4-5-toothed or
-parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and with-
ering ; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
inserted on the tube of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free,
ovoid, pointed with a long style ; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; each
valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.
— Low thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish
or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.
* Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.
1. Epifagus. Upper flowers sterile, %vith a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the corolla
minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.
* * Flowers all alike and perfect ; stems mostly simple.
2. Conopholis. Flowers in a thick scaly spike. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped.
Stamens exserted.
3. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate, thyrsoid-spicate, or pedicellate. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla
2-lipped. Stamens included.
1. EPIFAGUS Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root
Flowers racemose or spiked ; the upper sterile, with long filaments and style ;
the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which is forced off from the base
by the growth of the pod ; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed,
Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approxi-
mate placentae on each valve. — Herbs, slender, purplisli or yellowish-brown,
much branched, with small scattered scales, 1-6 dm. high. (Name from etri,
upon, and (pvyos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) Lep-
tamnium Raf. Epiphegus Spreng.
1. E. virginiana (L.) Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish
and purple, 1 cm. long, curved, 4-toothed. — Common under Beech-trees, para-
sitic on their roots; N. B. to Ont., Wise, and southw. Aug.-Oct.
2. C0N6pH0LIS Wallr. Squaw-root. Cancer-root
Flowers with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4-5-toothed calyx, its
tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base ; upper lip
arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stigma
depressed. Capsule with 4 placentae, a pair on the middle of each valve. —
Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those
of a fir-cone (whence the name, from kQvos, a cone, and <po\is, a scale).
1. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. — In woods, mostly under oaks, in clusters
among fallen leaves; s. Me. to Mich., s. to Fla. and Tenn. May, June. — A
singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's
thumb, 1-2.5 dm. high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.
740 BIGNONIACEAE (lUGNONIA FAMILY)
3. OROBANCHE [Tourn.] L. Broom-rape
Upper lip of corolla more or less spreadini; and 2-Iobed, emarginate, or entire,
the lower spreading, o-lobed. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule
with 4 placentae, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. — Plants brownish, purplish,
or whitish. Flowers (blue, purple, or yellowish) and naked or bracted stems
minutely glandular-puliescent. (Name from dpofios, vetch, and dyxoi^v^ stra)i-
f/Ier.) Including Afiiyllon [Mitchell] Gray.
* Flowers spicate or tht/rsoid-spirate, vn(h l-o bracts at base of calyx; corolla
2-lipped, the upper lip generally 2-cleft.
•*- Each flower loith o bracts (1 large and 2 small) at base of calyx.
1. 0. PURPUREA Jacq. Stem simplp, 1-2 dm. high, bluish- or purplish-
tinged ; flowers deep violet; calyx b-lobed ; corolla 2 cm. long, slightly bilabiate.
— in lawns, on Achillea, Wingham, Ont. (./. A. Morton). (Adv. from Eu.)
2. 0. KAMosA L. Much more slender and usually freely branched, straw-
colored; flowers yellow and pale blue; calyx 4.-l(>bcd ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long. —
Parasitic on tomato, New Brunswick, N. J. {Halsted); on hemp and tobacco,
111. and Ky. (Adv. from Eu.)
■*- -<- Each floiver with 1 or 2 bracts at base of calyx.
.3. 0. MINOR Sm. Stem 1-3 dm. high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or
with purpli.sh -tinged tlowers in a rather loose spike; calyx cleft before and
behind almost or quite to the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft ; corolla 1-1.0
cm. long, the limb bluish, with rounded lobes, the upper lip emarginate. —
Parasitic on clover, N. J. to Va. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. 0. ludoviciana Nutt. Simple or clustered, 1-3 dm. high ; flowers densely
spicate or thyrsoid, purplish, bracts 1 or 2 ; calyx b-cleft, nearly regular ; corolla-
lobes acutish. (Aphyllon Gray.) — Sandy soil, Minn, to 111., Tex., and westw.
* * Flowers solitary on long naked scopes or peduncles, without bracts; corolla
with a long curved tube and spreading o-lobed limb.
5. 0. uniflbra L. (One-flowered Cancer-root.) Stem subterranean or
nearly so. very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1-4 slender
1-flowered scapes 0.5-2 dm. high ; divisions of the calyx lance-awl-shaped,
half the length of the corolla, which is 1.5-2.5 cm. long, with 2 yellow bearded
folds in the throat, and obovate lobes. (Aphyllon Gray; Thalesia Britton.) —
Damp woodlands, Nfd. to Va. and Tex., and westw. to the Pacific. Apr.-July.
6. 0. fasciculata Nutt. Scaly stem erect and rising 0.5-1 dm. out of the
ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
{Aphyllon Gray; Thalesia Britton.) — On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc., sandy
ground, L. Michigan ; Minn., southw. and westw. Apr.-Aug. (Mex.)
BIGNONIACEAE (Bignonia Family)
Woody plants, gamopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary
commonly ^-celled by the meeting of the tvjo parietal placentae or of a projection
from them, many-ovuled ; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat winged seeds with
a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at
both ends. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped,
5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous ; the lower lobe largest.
Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the
shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary ; anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary
free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. Leaves compound or simple,
opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family.
MAKTYNIACEAE (MARTYNIA FAMILY) 741
1. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves conoponnd, without tendrils.
2. Catalpa, Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees ; leaves simple.
8. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel wth the partition. Leaves compound, tendrC-bearing.
1. TECOMA Juss. Trumpet-flower
Calyx bell-sbaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funiiel-foriu, 5-lobed, a little irregular.
Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex
valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody, with compound leaves, climbing
by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name tecomaxochitL)
1. T. radicans (L.) Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets
9-11, ovate, pointed, toothed ; flowers corymbed ; stamens not protruded
beyond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (6-8 cm. long); pod
oblanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long. — Moist soil, N. J. to s. e. la., s. to Fla. and
Tex. ; common in cultivation farther north w. Aug. , Sept.
2. CATALPA Scop. Catalpa. Indian Bean
Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 :
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender,
nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds
winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. — Trees, with ovate or cordate
and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.)
1. C- specibsa Warder. (Catawba Tree, Cigar Tree.) A large and
tall tree, with thick bark; leaves ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate ; corolla
3.6-0 cm. long, nearly white, inconspicuously spotted, with obconical tube and
slightly oblique limb, the loicer lobe emarginate ; capsule thick. — Low rich
woodlands, s. Ind. to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May, June.
2. C. bignonioides Walt. A loio much branched tree, loith thin bark ;
corolla smaller (2.5-4 cm. long), thickly spotted, icith obli(iue limb and entire
loxoer lobe; capsule much thinner. (O. Catalpa Karst.) — Naturalized from
N. Y. southw. ; indigenous on the GuJf coast.
3. BIGN6nIA [Tourn.] L.
Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often with a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule
linear, 2-celled. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody climbers. (Named for
the Abbe Jean-Paul Bignon, court-librarian at Paris and friend of Tournefort.)
1. B. capreolata L. (Cross-vike.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong
leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil
resembling stipules ; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered ; corolla orange,
5 cm. long ; pod 1.5 dm. long; seeds with the wing 4 cm. long. {B. crucigera
L., in part.) — Rich soil, Va. to O. and 111., s. to Fla. and La. Apr.-June. —
Climbing tall trees ; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross.
MARTYNIACEAE (Martynia Family)
Herbs, icith chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the Lentibu-
lariaceae, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, the
latter fleshy-drupaceous, loith wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons. Ovary
(in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placentae expanded into 2 broad
lamellae or united into a central columella. — Chiefly tropical.
1. MARTYNIA L. Unicorx-plant
Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and
somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. P'lesh of fruit at length
falling away in 2 valves ; inner part woody, terminated by a 2-horned beak,
742 ACANTHACEAE (ACANTHUS FAMILY^
imperfectly 5-celled. Seeds several, with a thick roughened coat. — Low
branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor ; stems thickish ;
leaves simple, rounded ; tiowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. John
Marty n, of Cambridge, England.)
1. M. louisiana Mill. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or undulate, the
upper alternate ; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yellow and
purple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. (M. prohoacidea
Gloxin.) — River-banks and waste places, s. Lid., 111., and la. to n. Mex. ; also
cultivated and naturalized northw.
ACANTHAcEAE (Acanthus Family)
Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens
inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are
convolute or imbricated in the bud,' fruit a 2-celled and few (i-\2) -seeded
capsule; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and supported by
hooked projections of the placentae (retinacula). Flowers commonly much
bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form ; stigma simple or Sf-cleft. Pod
loculicidal, usually flattened contraiy to the valves and partition. Cotyledons
broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family
in t\e warmer parts of the world ; represented in gardens by Thunbergia,
which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on
hooks.
* Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading ; stamens 2.
1. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.
* * Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading ; staoiens 4.
2. Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6-20-seeded.
3. Dyschoriste, Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2-4-seeded.
1. DIANTHERA [Gronov.] L. Water Willow
Calyx 5-parted. Upper lip of corolla notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted,
external in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal.
Capsule contracted at base into a short stalk. — Perennial herbs, growing in
water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled
spikes or heads. (Name formed of 8is, double, and dvdripd, anther, the separated
cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)
L D. americana L. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ;
spikes cylindric, dense, long-peduncled ; corolla 1 cm. long, the lower lip
rugose. — In water, w. Que. and Vt. to Wi.sc, s. to Ga. and Tex. July-Sept.
2. D. ovata Walt. Slender, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong ;
pedunch's mostly shorter than the leaves. — Swamps, etc., Va. to Fla. and Tex.,
inland to Mo.
2. RUELLIA [Plumier] L.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convo-
lute in bud. C'ells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly
equal. Capsule narrow, in ours somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless
at base. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the
microscope innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings
or spirals. — Perennials, with large showy blue or purple flowers, sometimes
also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often
2-bracteolate. (Named for the early French herbalist, ,rean liuelle.)
1. R. cili5sa Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves
nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong, 2.5-7 cm. long ; flowers 1-3 and almo.st
sessile in the axils; tube of the corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, fully tivice the length of
PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY) 743
the setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. — Dry ground, N. J. to Fla., w. to
Mich., Neb., and Tex. June-Sept. Var. parvifl6ra (Nees) Britton. Spar-
ingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled,
larger ; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx. (Var. am-
bigua Gray.) — Va. and Ky. to Ala. — Appearing as if a hybrid with the next.
2. R. strepens L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent^ 3-10 dm. high ; leaves,
narrowed at base into a petiole^ ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong, 0.7-1.5 dm.
long ; tube of the corolla (8-5 cm. long) little longer than the dilated portion,
slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Rich soil. Pa. to Wise,
s. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. Var. cleistantha Gray. Leaves commonly
narrower and oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous. (Var.
micrantha Britton.) — Common with the ordinary form.
3. R. pedunculata Torr. Puberulent, slender, 3-8 dm. high, the branches
spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong, 4-7 dm. long, short-petioled ; Jloioers solitary
or S, on slender peduncles (1.5-5 cm. long) with 2 leaf-like liracts at the tip ;
corolla 3-5 cm. long, the tube slightly exceeding the subulate-filiform calyx-
lobes. — Dry woods, Mo. , and south w.
3. DYSCHORISTE Nees.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft or -parted. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, con-
volute in bud. Anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a
single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear. — Low branching perennials,
pubescent or hirsute, with few proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers
and blue corolla. (Name from 5vsx<^p^<yTos^ hard to separate, referring to the
firmly coherent valves of the capsule.) Calophanks Don.
1. D. oblongifdlia (Michx.) Ktze. Stems usually erect and simple, 1.5—4
dm. high ; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile, 1.5-3 cm.
long ; corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 2.5 cm. long ;
calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute. {Calophanes Don.) —
Pine barrens, s. Va. to Fla.
PHRYMAcEAE (Lopseed Family)
A perennial herb, icith slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate
leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and
slender terminal spikes, strictly reflexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color.
Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry,
in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous.
Cotyledons convolute round their axis.
1. PHRYMA L. Lopseed
A single species, with characters of the family. (Derivation of the name
unknown.)
1. P. Leptostachya L. Plant 3--9 dm. high ; leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, thin ;
calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at the
tip. — Moist and open woods, N. B. and Que. to Man., and southw. July, Aug.
(E. Asia.)
PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family)
Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular i-merous spiked flowers, the stamens
inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless gamopetalous corolla,
alternate vnth its lobes. — Chiefly represented by the two following genera.
744 PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY)
1. Littorella. Pcape 1-2-flowered. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Aquatic.
2. Plantago. Scape several-many-flowered. Ovary 2-celled, 2-<» -seeded. TerrestriaL
1. LITTORELLA Bergius.
- Flowers monoecious. The staminate solitary, on a mostly simple naked
scape ; calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla ; anthers ex-
serted, on very long capillary filaments. Pistillate flowers usually 2, sessile at
the base of the scape ; calyx "of 3 or 4 unequal sepals ; corolla urn-shaped, with
a 8-4-toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long
laterally stigraatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from litus or littus^
shore, from the place of growth.)
1. L. unifl5ra (L.) Asch. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless ; leaves
terete, linear-subulate, 2-7 cm. long. {L, lacustris L.) — In water or on gravelly
shores, Nfd. to Me., Vt., Ont., and Minn.; very rare. (Eu.)
2. PLANTAGO [Tourn.] L. Plantain. Ribwort
Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous
margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-
parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak
exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2 (or in no. 6 falsely
3-4)-celled, with 1-several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma
single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, 2-several-seeded, opening transversely, so
that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate
seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed.
Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape.
(The Latin name.)
a. Corolla not closed over the fruit h.
b. Seeds plump, not hollowed on the face c.
c. Leaves with more or less dilated strongly ribbed blade.
Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib ....!• P. cordata.
Kibs of the leaf free to the contracted base.
Pod circumscissile near the middle . . . - . . , 2. P. major.
Pod circumscissile much below the middle.
Sepals sharply carinate on the back.
Spike densely flowered ; capsule 4-9-seeded , o . . , 8. P. Rugelii.
Spike remotely flowered ; capsule 2-seeded . . . . 4. /*. sparsiflora.
Sepals rounded, not sharply carinate on the back . . . 5. P. eriopoda.
c. Leaves linear to subterete, fleshy, obscurely ribbed . . . . 6. P. decipiens.
b. Seeds flattened, or hollowed on the face, or boat-shaped d.
d. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, strongly ribbed.
Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong 7. P. lanceolata.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong 8. P. media.
d. Leaves linear to setaceous.
White, silky-lanato ; bracts not exceeding the calyx . . . 9. P. Purnhii.
Green, loosely pubescent ; lower bracts much exceeding the calyx 10. P. aristata,
a. Corolla (of fertile flowers) closed over the fruit.
Leaves spatulate-lanceolate to obovate ; stamens 4.
Fruiting calyx 1.5-2.5 mm. long; seed (t.S-1. 5 mm. long . . .11. P.virginica.
Fruiting calyx 3-4 mm. long ; seed 2.5-3 mm. long . . . .12. P. rhodo8j)erma.
Leaves linear to filiform ; stamens 2.
Capsule 4-seeded 13. P. elongaia.
Capsule 10-28-seeded 14. P. Jieterophylla.
§ 1. Stamens 4 ; flowers all perfect ; corolla not closed over the fruit.
* Fhncers pi'oterorfipious, the style first projecting from the 7inopened corolla,
the anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds not hollowed
on the face {except in nos. 7 and S).
L P. cordAta Lam. Tall, glabrous; loaves fleshy, heart-shaped or round-
ovate, 1-2. f) (lin. long, long-petiolcd, fhc rihs <irisin<f from the midrih ; spike at
li'iinith loosely flowered ; l)racts rouml-ovat(^, fleshy ; cai».snle 2-4-seeded. —
Along streams, in wooded swamps, etc., N. Y. and Out. to Minn., and south w.
PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY) 745
2. P. major L. (Common P.) Smooth or rather hairy, sometimes roughish ;
leaves thick and leathery^ 0.5-3 dm. long, the blade from broad-elliptic to cordate-
ovate, undulate or more or less toothed, the broad petiole channeled ; scapes
1.5-9 dm. high, commonly curved-ascending ; spike dense, obtuse,
becoming 1-4 dm. long ; sepals round-ovate or obovate ; capsule
ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8-18-seeded ; seeds angled,
reticulated. — Waysides and near dwellings, exceedingly common.
Fig. 902. — Sometimes with leafy-bracted scapes or with panicu-
late-branched inflorescences. (Cosmopolitan.) Var. intermedia
(Gilibert) Dene. Leaves lance-ovate to narrowly elliptic, coarsely
sinuate-dentate, sometimes densely pubescent, closely rosulate.
902 p" ■ (-^* halophila Bicknell.) — Salt marshes and coastal rocks. Me.
Fruit xST'^ to N. J. (Eurasia.)
'^' Var. asiatica (L.) Dene. Leaves upright, the thin smooth
blades tapering to slender petioles; scapes erect. — River-banks, etc., e. Que.
to B. C, s. to n. N. E., L. Superior, N. Dak., Col., etc. (Asia.)
3. P. Rugelii Dene. Leaves as in no. 2, but paler and thinner, the rather
slender petioles crimson at base ; spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex;
sepals oblong, acutely carinate ; capsules cylindraceous, circum- ,
scissile much beloic the middle, 4:-9-seed€d ; seeds ovcd, not reticu- /f\ /\
lated. — N. B. to Out. and Minn., s, to Ga. and Tex. Fig. 903. jf: \ / \
4. P. sparsiflbra Michx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, often very |; ^ \
long (3-4 dm.), villous to glabrous ; scape elongate, terminated by Mm •
?i long loosely floioered spike ; sQ^'aXs o\dA, YigiiX ; caj:>s«?es ellipsoid, yP^n! 1
about twice as long* as the calyx, circumscissile toward the base, \2mM|.i ■■
2-seeded. — Pine barrens and damp sands, S. C. to Fla. ; reported ^Hb
from s. 111. ^F
5. P. eri6poda Torr. Usually loith a mass of yellovnsh icool J
at the base; leaves thickish, ohlanceolate to obovate, with short g^g p g^^gjij
stout petioles ; spike dense or loose ; sepals and bract more or less ' .' ^ ^
scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, never over i-seeded. — ' *'
Salt marshes, e. Que. to N. S. ; saline soil, Red River valley, Minn., to n, Cal.
and the Arctic region.
6. P. decipiens Barneoud. (Seaside P.) Leaves linear to nearly filiform,
1-10 mm. broad, entire or remotely serrate, fleshy, indistinctly ribbed; scapes
slightly pubescent below, densely so at tip, 2-30 cm. high, from erect to strongly
arcuate ; spikes slender-cylindric, 0.5-12 cm. long, dense or loose ; scales and
sepals from drab to purplish-brown ; corolla-tube often pubescent ; seeds 2-4.
(P. maritima Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Salt marshes and maritime rocks, Greenl.
and Lab. to N. J. — Veiy variable in size and habit, the most dwarf extreme
sometimes separated as P. borealis Lange.
7. P. lanceolXta, L. (Rib Grass, Ripple Grass, English P.) Mostly
hairy ; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than' the lanceolate or
lance-oblong leaves, slender, 2-7 dm. high ; spike dense, at first capitate, in age
cylindrical ; bracts and sepals scarious, brownish ; seeds 2, hollowed on the
face. — Very common in grass land. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. P. media L. (Hoary P.) Resembling the preceding, but with shorter
ovate or broad-oblong finely canescent leaves; the cylindric spike 2.5-8 cm.
long; seeds slightly concave or flat on the face; flowers fragrant.— Sparingly
in fields, etc.. Me. to Ont. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Floivers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different
p>lants, mostly cleistogamous ; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently
spreading; seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-
pubescent or woolly ; annual.
9. P. Piirshii R. & S. White with silky loool; leaves 1-3-nerved, varying from
oblong-linear to filiform; spike slender-cylindric, very dense, 0.5-15 cm. long,
woolly ; bracts not exceeding the calyx ; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick
center. ( P. patagonica Jac(|. , var. gnaphalioides Gray.) — Prairies and dry plains,
Minn, to Ind., Ky., Tex., and we.stw. to the Pacific ; adventive eastw. to N. E.
746 RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILYj)
10. P. aristata Michx. Similar ; loosely hairy and green^ or becoming gla-
brous ; the narrowly linear bracts 2-6 times as long as the flowers. (P. patagon-
ica, var. Gray.) — Dry plains and prairies, 111. to La., and westw.; naturalized
in sterile soil eastw. to the Atlantic.
§ 2. Flowers subdioecious or polygamo-cleistogamous ; the corolla in the fertile
(or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a
kind of beak, and anthers not exserted ; sterile flowers with spreading corolla
and long-exserted filaments ; seeds mostly flat ; small animals or biennials.
11. P. virginica L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves ob-
long, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, o-5-nerved. slightly or coarsely
and sparingly toothed ; spikes mostly dense, 1-9 cm. long ; fruiting calyx 1.5-2.5
mm. long ; mature corolla slender-cylindric ; seeds usually 2, brown or yellow-
ish, 0.8-1.5 mm. long. — Sandy grounds, chiefly near the coast, R. I. to Fla. and
Tex.; inland in Miss, basin to s. Mich., 111., Mo., and Kan.; also on the Pacific
slope. (Mex.)
12. P. RHODOSPERMA Dcne. Similar to the preceding; fruiting calyx 3-4
mm. long; mature corolla slender-conical ; seeds reddish, 2.5-3 mm. long. —
Dry prairies and open woods. La. to Ariz, and n. Mex.; adventive in Mo.
13. P. elongata Pursh. Minutely pubescent, 3-16 cm. high ; leaves linear
to filiform, entire; capsule short-ovoid, ^-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and
bract. (P. pusilla Nutt.) — Sandy soil, s. Mass. to Ga. ; and from 111. to Assina.,
La., and westw^ Apr.-Aug.
14. P. heterophylla Xutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some of
them 2-4-lobed or toothed below ; capsule slender-conoidal, l0~28-seeded, nearly
twice the length of the calyx and bract. — Low sandy ground, N. J. to Fla.,
Tex., and Ark. Apr.-June.
RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)
Woody or herbaceous plants, with opposite entire leaves connected by inter-
posed stipules, or in ichorls without apparent stipules, the calyx adherent to the
2-i-celled ovai'y, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4-5),
and inserted on its tube. Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitchella
Rnd Houstonia) . Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo
commonly rather large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the
greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-
bark trees), tropical.
N. B. — The figures in this family are on a scale of |.
Subfamily I. COFFEOfDEAE. Ovules solitary in the cells.
* Herbs.
-»- Leaves in whorls.
1. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, involucrate.
2. Asperula. Corolla tubular-cam pan ulatc below. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit as in Galium.
3. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4(or rarelj- 3)-parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit twin,
separating into 2 indehiscent 1 -seeded carpels.
-I- +- Leaves opposite.
++ Flowers axillary, separate ; fruit dry when ripe.
4. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe Into
'J carpels, one or both of them opening.
5. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels ; otherwise as no. 4.
++ ++ Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into 1 ; fruit a 2-eyed berry.
6. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.
* * Shrubs or trees.
T. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular ; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2— t-seeded.
RUBIACEAE (^MADDER FAMILY)
747
Subfamily II. CINCHONOfDEAE. Ovules numerous in each cell ; leaves
opposite.
8. Houstonia. CoroUa salver-form or funnel-form, i-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-shaped
or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.
9. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute,
angular. Low herbs.
1. SHERARDIA [Dill.] L. Field Madder
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4-5-lobed.
Style filiform, 2-cleft ; stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent
1-seeded carpels. — A slender procumbent herb, with square stems, lanceolate
pungent leaves in whorls of 4-^5, and small blue or pinkish flowers surrounded
by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for Dr. William iSherard, patron of
Dillenius.)
1. S. ARVENSis L. The only species. — Waste places and fields, N. S. to Ont.,
O., and N. J., local. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. ASPERULA L.
Similar to Galium, but with tubular or tubular-campanulate corolla. — An
Old World genus. (Name from asper, rough, in reference to some scabrous
species.)
1. A. GALioiDEs Bieb. Smooth and glaucous, 3-8 dm. high; leaves 5-10 in
a whorl, linear, subulate-tipped ; flowers white, short-pediceled in cymules form-
ing a handsome panicle. — Fields, local, Ct. to Mich. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. GALIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla wheel-shaped, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4,
rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when
ripe into the 2 seed-like indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. — Slender herbs, with
small cymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems, and whorled leaves,
the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from ydXa, milk, which
some species are used to curdle.)
a. Fruit dry 6.
6. Annuals.
Fruit bristly.
Flowers sessile or subsessile : leaves 4-T mm. long .
Flowers on long ascending- axillary peduncles ....
Fruit smooth or merely granulate-roughened.
Flowers 1-few on axillary peduncles ; fruit 3-4 mm. thick
Flowers tiny, in terminal small cymes ; fruit barely 1 mm. thick
h. Perennials c.
c. Flowers yellow.
Panicle rather dense, its lower branches much exceeding the
internodes
Panicle loose, slender, interrupted, its lower branches shorter
than the internodes
C. Flowers white, gre«nish-white. or puri)li.*h d.
d. Erect plants, neither the stems nor leaves retrorsely scabrous e.
e. Leaves mostly in 4's /.
/. Peduncles loosely 8-several-flowered ; flowers dull purple
to greenish-white (/.
g. Fruit uncinate-hisjml.
Mature flowers and fruits on distinct pedicels.
Leaves Arm and dull, the whorls uniform .
Leaves filmy and lucid ; the upper whorl largest
Flowers and fruits mostly sessile or subsessile along
the loosely divergent branches of the peduncles.
Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse ; flowers commonly
pubescent
Leaves lance-acuminate ; flowers glabrous
g. Fruit smooth.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved
Leaves linear or lanceolate, 1-nerved ....
1. G. Tirgattim.
2. G. Aparine.
3. G. tricome.
4. G. paHaiensa.
5. G. verum.
6. G. Wirtgenii.
1. G. pilosum.
8. G. kamtschaticum.
9. G. circaezans.
10. G. lanceolatuTTi.
11. G. fatifolium.
12. G. arkanaanum.
748 RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)
f. Flowers bright white, mimerous, in a compact panicle;
leaves linear-lanceolate \Z. G. horealt.
«. Leaves mostly in 6's or 8's ; flowers white, numerous, in leafy
panicles.
Leaves firm, linear or oblanceolate, rarely 2 cm. long.
Flowering branches and pedicels strongly divaricate . 14. G. Mollugo.
Flowering branches and pedicels mostly ascending . . 15. G. erectum.
Leaves thin, lanceolate, mostly 8-5 cm. long . . .16. G. sylvaticwn.
d. Matted, reclining, or ascending plants, usually with more or less
retrorsely scabrous stems or leaves h.
h. Fruit smooth or merely granulate-roughened i.
i. Leaves obtuse.
Flowers several in a small dichotomous cyme ; the pedi-
cels horizontally spreading 17. 6^. palustre.
Flowers solitary or in mostly simple cymes of 2-5 flowers.
Corollas greenish-white, small (1.5 mm. or less broad),
commonly with 3 obtuse lobes ; stems retrorse-
scabrous.
Flowers mostly solitary, on capillary arcuate scabrous
pedicels 18. G. irifldum.
Flowers in 2's and 3's ; pedicels straight, smooth . 19. G. Claytoni.
Corollas white, 2-2.5 mm. broad, commonly with 4 acute
lobes ; stems mostly smooth.
Leaves chiefly ascending ; fruit 2.5-3.5 mm. in diam-
eter 20. <?. iinctorium.
Leaves chiefly reflexed ; fruit 1-1.5 mm. in diameter 21. G. labradoricxim.
i. Leaves acute or cuspndate.
Leaves linear, slightly upward-scabrous on the margins . 22. G. concinnum.
Leaves lanceolate, relrorse-scabrous . . . . . 28. G^. asprellum.
h. Fruit bristly 24. G.trijlorum.
a. Fruit a berry ; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved 25. 6^. hispidulum.
1. G. virgatum Nutt. Slender and erect; stem 1-3 dm. high, simple or
branching from the base ; leaves mostly in 4's, thick, oblong or linear, 4-7 mm.
long ; flowers solitary, sessile, subtended by a pair of small bracteal leaves ; fruit
uncinate-hispid. — Dry soil, Mo. to Tenn. and Tex.
2. G. Aparine L. (Cleavers, Goose Grass.) Stem weak and reclining^
bristle-prickly backward., hairy at the joints ; leaves about 8 in a whorl, lanceo-
late, tapering to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib,
2.5-7 cm. long ; peduncles l-S-flowered ; flowers white ; fruit bristly, 3-4 mm. in
diameter. — Seashores, Que. to Fla., and in rich or shaded ground inland ; per-
haps sometimpo introd. (Eurasia.)
Var. Vaillantii (DC.) Koch. Smaller; the leaves less than 2.5 cm. long;
hispidulous fruit smaller., 1.5-2 mm. in diameter. {G. spurium L.) — Ont.,
westw. and south west w.
3. G. TRicoRXE Stokes. Resembling no. 2, rather stout, with simple branches ;
leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins and stem retrorsely
prickly-hispid ; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white ; fruits rather large,
tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous. — Ballast, local. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. G. PARisiExsE L. Slender, diffuse, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous ; leaves 5-7,
oblanceolate to nearly linear, 5-10 mm. long, their margins and the angles of the
stem spinulose-scabrous ; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, green-
ish-v/liite, very small ; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate. {G. anglicum
Huds.) — Roadsides, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)
5. G. vi:RUM L. (Yellow B.) Stems smooth, erect ; leaves 8 or sometimes
6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed ; flowers yellow, very numerous,
densely paniculate, the lower branches of the panicle at anthesis much exceeding
the subtending leaves; fruit usually smooth. — Dry fields, Me. to N. J., Pa., and
Ont., local. (Xat. from Eu.)
6. G. WiRTG^xii F. Schultz. Similar to the preceding; flowers yellow,
slightly larger, 3 mm. in diameter; the panicle long and interrupted, the loicer
branches at anthesis shorter than or scarcely surpassing the subtending leaves.
— Established in meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Miss Seymour). (Adv. from Eu.)
7. G. pilbsum Ait. Hairy; leaves oval, dotted, hairy, 2-2.5 cm. long, the
lateral nerves obscure; peduncles 2-^-forkcd, the floicers all pediceled. — Dry
copses, N. H. to Ont., Mich.. 111., Kan., and south vv.
Var. puncticulosum (Miclix.) T. & G. Almost glabrous; leaves varying
to elliptical-oblong, hi.s])idulous-ciliate. — N. J. to Va. and Tex.
RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)
749
long ;
8. G. kamtschaticum Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous, 1-3 dm
leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate^ thin, 1-3 cm. long, slightly pilose ; flowers
slender-pediceled ; corolla glabrous, yellowish-inhite, not turning dark, its lobes
merely acute. — Mts. of Cape Breton I., Que., N. E., and N. Y. (E. Asia.)
9. G. circaezans Michx. (Wild Liqlorice.) More or less pubescent,
3 dm. high ; leaves oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, ciliate, 1.5-4.5
cm. long : peduncles usually once forkfcL the branches elongated and widely
diverging in fruit, bearing several remote floicers on very short lateral pedicels,
reflexed in fruit ; lobes of the greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate.
— Rich woods, s. Me. and w. Que. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. Var. glabrum
Britton. Smoothish, leaves sparingly pubescent on the upper surface or merely
ciliate; corolla glabrous. (Var. glabellum Britton.) — Rensselaer, Albany,
and Washington Cos., N. Y. (according to Peck).
10. G. lanceolatum Torr. (Wild Liquorice.) Kearly glabrous; leaves
(except the lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lancfolate. tapering to the apex, 3-7.5
cm. long; corolla glabrous, yellowish, turning didl purple, its lobes more acumi-
nate; otherwise like the preceding. — Dry woods, s. Me. and w. Que. to Minn.,
s. to O., Ky., and Va.
11. G. latifblium Michx. Smooth, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 3-6 cm. long, the midrib and margins rough, the lateral nerves
prominent ; cymes panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple jffmcers on slender
spreading pedicels; fruit rather fleshy. — Dry woods, mts. of Pa. to N. C. and
Tenn. Var. hispidum Small, Stems and leaves hispid. — Iron Mts., Va.
12. G. arkansanum Gray. Similar; leaves lanceolate to linear, 2-3.5 cm.
long, the lateral nerves obscure or none. — Rocky woods, s. Mo., Ark., and Okla.
13. G. boreale L. (Xortherx B.) Smooth, 3-9 dm. high; leaves in 4"s.
linear-lanceolate ; flowers bright u'hite, in compact panicles ;
fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky banks,
shores, etc.. Que. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Mo.,
S. Dak., Col., etc.; rare eastw.
14. G. ]N[oLLUGO L. Perennial, smooth throughout or
pubescent below ; stems erect or diffuse, usually numerous,
3-9 dm. long ; leaves in 8's or on the branchlets in 6's,
904. G. Mollugo.
oblanceolate to nearly linear ; flowers ichite, very numerous
in loose ample almost leafless j9«;<z'c?^8 ; branches and pedi-
cels mostly wide-spreading ; fruit smooth. — Roadsides and fields,
Nfd. to Del. and 0. (Kat. from Eu.) Fig. 904.
15. G. ERECTUM Huds. Similar ; stems mostly erect ; flowers
fewer and slightly larger ; the branches and pedicels mostly
ascending. — Fields, etc., e. Que. to Vt. and Ct. (Nat. from
Eu.) Fig. 905.
16. G. sYLVATiccM L. (ScoTCH MisT, Baby's Breath.)
Stems very many, tall, suberect, shining, somewhat geniculate
at base; lower leaves 8, upper 4 or 6 in a whorl, acuminate,
smooth, entire, glaucous beneath ; pedicels capillary, very ascend-
ing, in loose terminal panicles ; fruit smooth. — Fields and
thickets, N. E., escaped from cultivation,
from Eu.)
17. G. palustre L. Slender, 2-5 dm. high, slightly
branched, branches solitary or opposite ; leaves linear-
elliptic or si>atulate, thin, dull, barely 1 cm. long ;
flowers numerous in terminal cymes; pedicels becoming
strongly divaricate ; corolla 4-parted, white or rose-
tinged, 2.5-3.3 mm. broad; fruit glabrous, lunate in
cross-section. — Wet meadows and banks, Nfd. and Que.
to Ct., N. Y., and Mich. June, July. (Eu.) Fig. 900.
Slender and weak, very freely branched, forming dense
905. G. erectum.
(Introd.
906. G. palustre.
18. G. trifidum L.
mats; primary leaves oftenest in 4's, linear-s{)atulat(\ 0.5-1.3 cm. long ; flowers
solitary, or when terminal in 3's, on capillary .^icabmus arcuate pedicels;
corolla whitish, 0.5 mm. long; fruit annular in cross-section. ((?. trifidum.^
750
RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)
G. trifidum.
908. G. Claytoni.
var. pusillum Gray.) — Bogs, mossy woods, and wet shores,
Nfd. and Lab. to B. C, s. to n. and w. N. E., centr. N. Y.,
O., Mich., Neb., etc. July-Sept. (Eurasia.) Fig. 907.
19. G. Claytbni Michx. Stouter, ascending or reclining;
primary leaves in 4's and 6's; flowers in terminal clusters o/2's
and 3's ; pedicels stout, straight, and glabrous.
{G-. trifidum Man ed, 6, in part.) — Swamps
and damp places, e. Que. to N. C, Neb., and
Tex. July-Sept. Fig. 908.
20. G. tinctbrium L. Erect; stem smooth,
stiffish, 1.5-8 dm. high, freely branched from
near the base ; leaves mostly in 4's, linear or lanceolate,
1.5-2.5 cm. long, cuneate at base, dull gi'een, slightly sca-
brous on margin and midrib ; flowers 2 or 3 in terminal
clusters, the pedicels scarcely divaricate even in fruit ; fruit
2 5-3.5 mm. in diameter. {G. trifidum, var. latifolium Torr.)
— Damp shady places, w. Que. to Neb., s. to N. C. and
Ariz. May-July. Fig. 909.
Var. filif51ium Wiegand. More slender ; leaves nearly
filiform ; inflorescence more open ; corolla broader. — Va.,
and southw, near the coast.
21. G. Iabrad6ricum Wiegand. Low; stem smooth,
slender, 0.5-3 dm. high, fi-om capillary rootstocks ; leaves
small, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, soon reflexed,
scabrous beneath on the margin and
nerve ; flowers as in the preceding but
smaller ; fruit much smaller. (G. tinc-
tonum, var. Wiegand.) — In moss, mostly beneath Larch or
Arbor Vitae, Nfd. to Wise, N. Y., and n. Ct. Fig. 910.
22. G. concinnum T. & G. Stems low and slender, 1.5-3
dm. high, with minutely roughened angles ; leaves all in 6's,
linear, slightly pointed, veinless, the margins upwardly
roughened; peduncles 2-3 times forked, diffusely panicled;
pedicels short. — Dry hills, N. J. and Pa. to Va., w. to 910. G. labradoricum.
Minn., la., and Ark.
23. G. asprellum Michx. (Rough B.) Stem 0.5-1.8 m. high, much
branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes ; leaves in
whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, with almost prickly mar-
gins and midrib ; peduncles short, 2-3 times forked. — Alluvial ground, Nfd. to
N. C, w. to Ont., Minn., Neb., and Mo.
24. G. triflbrum Michx. (Sweet-scented B.) Stem 3-10 dm. long, bristly-
roughened backward on the angles ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed,
with slightly roughened margins, 2-8.5 cm. long; peduncles ^-flowered, the
flowers all pediceled, greenish ; fruit beset with hooked bristles. — Rich wood-
lands, Nfd. to B. C, and southw. — Sweet-scented in drying. (Greenl., Eu.)
25. G. hispidulum Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes nearly
smooth, 0-6 dm. high, diffusely branched ; leaves oblong or oval, mucronate,
0.5-2 cm. long ; pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral
whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate ; flowers white ; berry purple,
{/labrate. — Dry or sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla. , along the coast.
909. G. tinctorium.
4. SPERM AC6CE [Dill.] L. Buttonweed
Calyx-tube short ; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry,
2-celled, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them usually carrying with
it the partition, and therefore closed, tlie other open on the inner face. — Small
herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular
membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clus-
RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMI;.y) 751
ters or heads. (Name compounded of airipiia^
seed, and ukuik-^, a point, probably from the pointed
calyx-teeth on the fruit.)
1. S. glabra Michx, Glabrous perennial;
stems spreading, 2-5 dm. long ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate ; heads many-flowered ; corolla little
glabra. exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat,
bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and
style hardly any. — River-banks, s. O. to 111., Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.
Fig. 911.
5. DI6dIA [Gronov.] L. Buttonweed
Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2(rarely 3)-celled, the crustaceous
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehi.scent. Flowers l-;3 in each
axil. — Resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from 5to5os,
a thoroughfare; the species often growing by the wayside.)
1. D. virginiana L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading, 3-6 dm.
long ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; corolla white, 1 cm. long,
the slender tube abruptly expanded into the
large limb ; style 2-parted ; fruit ellipsoid,
strongly furrowed^ crowned mostly with
2 slender cal} x-teeth. — Low grounds along
streams, s. N. J. to Fla., w. to Mo., Ark.,
and Tex. Fig. 912.
2. D. teres Walt. Hairy or minutely
pubescent annual ; stem spreading, 1-8 dm.
long, nearly terete ; leaves linear-lance- 912. D. virginiana.
olate, closely sessile, rigid ; corolla funnel-
form, 4-6 mm. long, whitish, with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles
of the stipules; style undivided; fruit ohovold-tuThinditt, not furrowed, crowned
with -4 short calyx-teeth. — Sandy shores and barrens, Ct. to Fla.; and from O.
to Kan., and south w. (Mex.. W. I.)
6. MITCHELLA L. Partridge Berry
Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla-lobes
spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Style 1 ; stigmas 4,
linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two
flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower. — A smooth and
trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves,
minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet
(rarely whitish) edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain over winter.
Flowers occasionally 3-6-merous, always dimorphous ; all those of some indi-
viduals having exserted stamens and included stigmas ; of others, included
stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John
Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent botanist, who
resided in Virginia.)
1. M. ripens L. — Dry woods, creeping about the bases of trees, especially
Coniferae, throughout our range, and southw. June, July. — Leaves often
variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers completely confluent into
one, with a 10-lobed corolla.
7. CEPHALANTHUS L. Buttonbush
Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla-teeth imbricated
in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit small,
at length splitting from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1-seeded portions. —
Shrubs or small trees, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical
peduncled heads. (Name composed of /ce^oX??, a head, and 6.vdo%, ajiower.)
T52 RUBTACEAE (MADDER FA:NrTLY)
1. C. occidentalis L. Sranoth ; leaves petioled. ossentiiilly .i,'labroiis, ovate
or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or wliorled in threes, with short interven-
ing stipules. — Swamps and along streams, s. w. N. B. to w. Ont., and south w.
July, Aug. — Usually a shrub with us, rarely arborescent and 5 or 6 m. high.
(Mex., W. I.)
Var. pubescens Raf. Branchlets and at least the lower surfaces of the leaves
soft-pubescent. — 111. to Ga., La., and Tex.
8. houst6nia l.
Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla usually much
longer than the calyx-lobes, the lobes valvate in tlie bud. Anthers linear or
oblong. Style 1 ; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or
didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the
tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the top. Seeds 4-20 in each cell, pitted. —
Small herbs, with .short entire stipules connecting tlie petioles or narrowed bases
of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers ; the.se dimorphous,
in some individuals with exserted anthers and short included style ; in others
the anthers included and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding.
(Named for Dr. William Houston^ an English botanist, who collected in tropi-
cal America. )
* Small and delicate, vernal-floinerimj ; pednnclen l-floicered ; corolla salver-
form; upper half of the broad and somevshat 'I-lohed pod free ; seeds globu-
lar, with a very deep round cavity occupyiny the inner face.
■*- Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems ; pedun-
cles filiform, 2-5 cm. long. '
1. H. caerulea L. (Bluets, Innocence.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender,
sparingly branched from the base, 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves oblong- spatulate, 0-9
mm. long ; peduncle Aliform, erect ; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearly white,
with a yellowish eye, the straight slender long-exserted tube much longer than
its lobes or than those of the calyx. — Moist and grassy places, N. S. to Ga.,
w. to Ont., Wise, and Ala.; producing from early spring to midsummer its
delicate little flowers.
Var. Faxon5nim Pease & Moore. Corolla white, with a prominent yellow
eye, the tube shorter, gradually expanding to the limb. — Alpine regions.
White Mts., N. TI.
2. H. serpyllifblia Michx. Like the preceding species, but the filiform stems
prostrate, extensively creeping and rooting; leaves orbicular to ovate, 4-9 mm.
long ; corolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue. — Along
streamlets and on mts.. Pa. to Tenn. and S. C.
■t- •*- Winter-annuals, branching chiefly from the base; root
simple ; peduncles much shorter.
8. H. patens Ell. Stems 2 cm. to at lerfgth 1 dm. high,
with ascending iHanches and erect peduncles ; leaves spatu-
late to ovate ; corolla much smaller than that of no. 1,
violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, the tube longer
than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes. (H. minor
Britton.) — Dry or sandy .soil, Va. to 111. and Mo., s. to Ga.
and Tex. Fig. 918.
4. H. minima Beck. More di^nse, commonly scabrous ;
stems at length much branched and spreading, 2-10 cm.
high ; lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblono
913 H nateii-* "^ nearly linear ; earlier peduncles elongated and spi-eading
in fruit, the later ones short ; tiibe of the purplish corolla
not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes (8 mm. long). — Dry hills,
s. e. la. to Tex. Mar.-May.
KUBIACEAE (MADDEli FAMILY)
753
914. H. purpurea.
* * Erect, mostly perennial herbs, 1-5 dm. hitjh, with stem-leaves sessile, and
flowers in small terminal cymes or chii<ters ; corolla funnel-form, white to
purplish, often hairy inside; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the
holloioed inner face.
-)- Pod f rep above the middle.
•^+ Pod distinctly broader than high.
5. H. purpurea L. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1-5 dm.
high ; leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate. 3-5-
ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half-free globular pod.
— Woodlands, Md. to s. la., and southw. May-Sept. Fig.
914. Var. pubkscexs Brittou. Stems and leaves densely
pubescent. — Range of the typical form.
6. H. tenuifolia Xutt. Slender, lax, diffuse, 1.5-3 dm.
high, with loose inflorescence, and almost filiform branches
and peduncles ; cauline leaves all linear, hardly over 2 mm.
wide. {H. purpurea, var. Gray.) — Dry rocks, e. O. to Va.,
N. C, and Tenn.
++ ++ Pod as high as broad.
= Leaves smooth.
7. H. longif51ia Gaertn. Similar to no. 5: stem 1-2.5 dm. high, mostly gla^
brous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; radical oval or ob-
long, less rosulate, not ciliate ; calyx-lobes subulate, 1.5-2.5 mm.
long. (H. purpurea, var. Gray.) — Rocky or gravelly ground,
centr. Me. to Man., s. to Ga. and Mo. Fig. 915.
8. H. lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. Stoutish, 1.5-4 dm. high;
leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish ; inflorescences very leafy ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate, herbacecnis, 5-9 mm. long, much exceed-
ing the globose-ovoid capsule. {H. purpurea,
xM^v ti?i^ var. calycosa Gray.) — Dry soil, s. Me. to 111.,
Okla., and Ala. Fig. 916.
, , , , ,^ ., . 915. H. longifolia.
= = Leaves {at least the basal) ciliate.
9. H. ciliolata Torr. Stems 1-2 dm. high ; leaves 1-2 cm.
long, thickish ; cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-
ciliate ; calyx-lobes a little longer than the pod. (H. p^irpurea, var. Gray.) —
Rocky banks and shores, w, N. Y. and s. Ont. to INIinn., 111., and Ky.
-i- -i- Pod free only at summit.
10. H. angustif51ia Michx. Stems tufted, from a hard or woody root ; leaves
narrowly linear, acute, l-ribbed, many of them fascicled ; flowers crowded,
short-pediceled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod obovoid. acute
at base, only its summit free, opening first across the top, at length through the
partition. — Barrens, 111. to Kan., s. to Tex. and Fla. (Mex.)
9. OLDENLANDIA [Plumier] L.
Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, the limb valvate in the bud. An-
thers short. Style 1 or none ; stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, opening loculi
cidally across the summit. — Low herbs, with small stipules united
to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of H. B. Oldenland,
a Danish physician and botanist, who died about the end of the
17th century at the Cape of Good Hope.)
1. 0. uniflbra L. An inconspicuous pubescent or smoothish
branched and spreading annual, 0.2-4 dm. high ; leaves ovate
to oblong; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; corolhi nearly
wheel-shaped, white, much shorter than the calyx. ( 0. glomerata
Michx.) — Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.
Fig. 917. 917. O. uuitiora
916. H. lanceolata.
gray's manual — 48
754 CAPRI FOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)
CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)
Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves^ the calyx-tube adherent to the
2-5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (1 fewer in Linnaea, doubled in
Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube.
Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1-several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, witli small
embryo in fleshy albumen.
Tribe I. LONIC:feREAE. Corolla tubular, often Irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender;
stigma capitate.
* Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.
1. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded, slender.
2. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla.
Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.
3. S3rmphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla.
Berry 4-celied, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile.
* * Herbs, with axillary flowers.
4. Linnaea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only
1 -seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.
5. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect; flowers
sessile.
Tribe II. SAMBtlCEAE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas
1-5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.
* Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes, the flowers in broad compound cymes.
6. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.
7. Sambucus. Fruit berry -like, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.
* * Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.
8. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, wth 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single
pair and ternate.
1. DIERVILLA [Toum.] Mill. Bush Honeysuckle
Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Corolla 5-lobed. Pod slender, pointed, septicidal. — Low upright shrubs, with
ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3-several-flowered pedun-
cles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr. .V.
Diereville, who carried it from Canada to Tournefort.) Several early-flowering
Asiatic shrubs of this genus are frequent in cultivation under the name Weigela,
and may in some instances persist or spread.
L D. Lonicdra Mill. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ; pedun-
cles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (Z). trifida Moench; D. Diervilla
MacM.) — Dry woods and rocky places, Nfd. to Man., s. to N. C. and the Great
L. region. June-Aug. — Flowers at first pale yellow, turning to deep yellow,
scarlet, crimson, or even maroon.
2. LONICERA L. Honeysuckle
Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Berry several-seeded. — Erect
or climbing shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant.
(Named in hontir of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist
of the 16th century.) A large boreal genus most abundant in Asia and long
popular in cultivation.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE (^HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) 755
§ 1. XYL6STE0N [Toum.] Pers. Leaves all distinct; peduncles axillary^
single, '2-Jloivered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into one ;
calyoc^teeth not persistent.
* Upright bushy shrubs.
-*- Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries small, lance-oblong to
linear.
++ Corolla-lobes subequal.
= Peduncles short (3-7 mm. in length').
1. L. caerulea L., var. villbsa (Michx.) T. & G. (Mountain Fly H.) Low
(3-9 dm. high) ; branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; bracts
awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries which are united into one blue edible beny ;
calyx-lobes glabrous ; corolla yello^^'ish. — Low woods and bogs, Lab. to Alaska,
s. to Pa., ^iich., Wise, Minn., etc. May, June.
2. L. Morr6wi Gray. Shrub, 1.5-2 m. high, soft-downy ; branches spread-
ing; leaves oblong, rounded or subcordate at base, dark green and somewhat
rugose above, much paler and grayish-tomentose beneath, obtuse or barely
acutish ; calyx-teeth hirsute or ciliate ; corolla-lobes subequal, nearly as long as
the tube, widely spreading, white or cream-colored ; berries bright red. — Fre-
quently cultivated, and now locally established in e. Mass. (Introd. from
Japan.)
= = Peduncles long and slender (1.4-3 cm. in length).
3. L. TATARiCA L. (Tartarian H.) 6'mooi^ shrub, 1.5-3 m. high; leaves
thin, glabrous, entire, cordate-oval, on short petioles ; corolla showy, white or
rose-colored ; the lobes subequal, icidely spreading, nearly as long as the tube;
berries united at the base, red or orange. — Escaped from cultivation and estab-
lished on rocky shores and sheltered banks. Me. to Ont., N. J., and Ky. May,
June. (Introd. from Asia.)
4. L. canadensis Mai-sh. (American Fly H.) Branches straggling, 1-1.5 m.
high ; leaves ovate-oblong, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath
when young, ciliate; corolla funnel-form, 2 cm. long, greenish-yellow, the lobes
much shorter than the tube ; berries separate, red. (Z. ciliata Muhl.) — Woods,
8. Que. to Sask., s. to Pa., Mich., Wise, and Minn. Apr.-June.
•w. ++ Corolla strongly bilabiate, the lips of very unequal breadth, the upper
shallowly 4:-lobed, the lower of a single entire lobe.
5. L. Xylosteum L. (European Fly H.) Erect shrub, 1-2 m. high;
leaves broadly oval, thin, very pubescent beneath, especially when young ;
peduncles rather short (8-12 mm. in length), thickish ; bracts and calyx pubes-
cent; corolla yellowish ; berries separate, red. — Escaping from cultivation and
becoming locally established in s. X. E., N. Y ., and N. J. (Introd. from Eu.)
6. L. oblongif 51ia (Goldie) Hook. (Swamp Fly H.) Shrub, 5-15 dm. high;
branches upright; leaves 2-7 cm. long, oblong, downy when young, smooth
when old; peduncles slender, 1.5-4 cm. long; bracts minute or deciduous;
corolla deeply 2-lipped, 1-1.5 cm. long, yellowish-white; berries red or purplish,
united or nearly distinct. — Larch and Arbor Yitae swamps, n. N. B. to Man.,
s. to Me., Vt., N, Y., w. Pa., Mich., and ]\Iinn. May-July.
-*- -*- The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.
7. L. involucrata (Richards.) Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous;
branches 4-angular ; leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, exceeding the peduncle, ovate-
oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib ; corolla yellowish,
viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous, 1-1.5 cm. long ; ovaries and globose dark purple
berries distinct. — Woods and banks of streams, n. N. B. and e. Que., shores of
L. Superior, northw. and westw. June, July.
* * Twining or trailing shrub.
8. L. japonka Thunb. (Japanese H.) Pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong,
thickish, entire, short-petioled ; peduncles rather short ; bracts leaf-like, con-
756 CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)
spicuous ; corolla white, pink, or yellow, the slender pubescent tube 2.5 cm.
long ; berries black. — Escaped from cultivation and established in woods and
thickets, Ct. to Fla. May-July. (Introd. from Asia.)
§ 2. CAPRIFOLIUM [Tourn.] Pers. Tivining shriihs, loith the flowers in
sessile ichorled clusters from the axils of the often connate upper leaves,
forming interrupted terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the red or
orange berry.
* Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular ; stamens and style little exserted.
1). L. sempervirens L. (Thu.mpkt H.) Branches and upper surface of the
leaves glabrous or nearly so ; flowers in somewhat distant whorls, scentless,
nearly 5 cm. long, deep red outside, yellowish within or rarely throughout,
glabrous; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs con-
nate. — Copses, Me. to Neb., and southw.; common in cultivation. May-Oct. —
Leaves deciduous at the north. Var. niRstjTULA Rehder. Branchlets villous or
glandular-pubescent ; upper surface of leaves appressed-villous ; corolla exter-
nally pubescent. — V'a. and N. C.
* * Corolla ringent ; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4:-lobed; stamens
and style conspicuously exserted.
•*- Corolla-tube 2-2.5 cm. long, glabrous inside; stamens and style glabrous.
10. L. Caprif6mu:\i L. ("Americax" or Italian Woodbixk.) Leaves
smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or ?> upper pairs united ; flowers
whorled in the uppermost axils; corolla whitisli, with a purple tube, fading
yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant. (L. grata Ait.) — Rocky woodlands,
N. Y., N. J., and Pa. to Mich., Mo., and southw.; escaped from cultivation.
May, June. (Introd. from Eu.)
-t- -t- Corolla hairy within, the tube 1.3 cm. long or less.
++ Branches glandular-villous ; haves pubescent on both sides.
11. L. hirsuta Eat. (Haihv IT.) Twining and ratlier high-climbing ; leaves
ciliate, deep green and more or less appressed-sftulose above, dovniy-hairy
beneath, as well as the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united,
the lower short-petioled ; flowers in approximate whorls ; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long,
orange-yellow, clammy-pubescent ; tlie tube slightly gibbous at base, slender. —
Damp copses and rocks, w. N. E. to Pa., Mich., and Man. July. — A coarse
large-leaved species.
++ •*-<■ Branches glabrous ; leaves glabrous above.
= Corolla mostly 1.2-2.4 cm. long.
12. L. Sullivantii Gray. Much ichitened with glaucous bloom, 1-2 m.
high, glabrous except for a slight puberulence on the lower surface of the leaves;
disk of the uppermost connate leaves orbicular or nearly so, its ends rounded
or often retuse, sometimes slightly nmcronate ; inflorescence tending to elongate ;
corolla pale yellow ; the tube 1-1.5 cm. long, slightly gibbous at the base; flla-
ments nearly glabrous. — Rocky woods or banks, Tenn. to O., centr. la., and
Minn.
L5. L. glaucescens Rydb. Less glaucous; leaves glabrous above hut decid-
edly pubescent beneath, the uppermost connate ones forming a somewhat oblong
or rhombic disk, usually pointed acutely or obtiisely at the ends, the margin
cartilaginous, not ciliate; corolla pale yellow, 1.2-2 cm. long, the pubescent
tube gibbous at the base ; ovary glabrous or nearly so. — Ont. and Man., s. to
Va., O., and Neb. Var. dasy'gyna Rehder. Ovary densely hirsute and some-
what glandular. — O.
14. L. dioica L. Glabrous, I-.'] m high ; leaves oblong, 5-10 cm long,
glaucous and glabrous beneath, the upper 1-4 pairs connate into disks ; even tlie
uppermost disks somewhat oblong or rhombic, more or less pointed (at least
obtusely') at each end ; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish, the tube barely 1 cm.
CAPKIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) 757
long, hirsute within ; style and stamens also hairy. {L. glauca Hill.) — Rocky
grounds, s. Me. to Man., s. to N. C, 0., and Mo. May, June.
= = Corolla about 3 cm. long.
15. L. flava Sims. (Yellow H.) Leaves oblong to oval, the uppermost
united into oval disks, dark green, not glaucous above, but pale or glaucous
beneath ; inflorescence short, capitate ; corolla orange-yellow, the tube not
gibbous at base, only slightly hairy within. — Mts. of N. C. to Ky., Mo., and
south w. Apr., May.
3. SYMPHORICARPOS [Dill.] Ludwig. Snowberry
Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5-lobed, with
as many short stamens inserted into the throat. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded.
8eeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled
leaves, which are usually downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or
lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in close
short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of crvfji<pop€iv, to hear together^ and
KapTTos, fruit; from the clustered berries.)
* Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters.
1. S. orbiculatus Moench. (Indian Currant, Coral-berry.) Flowers in
the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded ; berries small.
{S. vulgaris Michx.; S. Symphoricarpos MacM.) — Rocky banks, N. Y. to
Dak., s. to Ga. and Tex. ; escaping from cultivation eastw. July.
* * Style glabrous ; fruit white ; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary.
2. S. occidentalis Hook. (Wolfberry.) Flowers in dense terminal and
axillary spikes ; corolla funnel-form., much bearded within; stamens and style
protruded. — Rocky ground, n. Mich, and 111. to Kan., w. to the Rocky Mts.
0. S. racemosus Michx. (Snowberry.) Shrub, 2-10 dm. high; leaves
from elliptic-oblong to orbicular, green both sides., pilose beneath ; flowers 1-2,
or in short interrupted spikes at the ends of the branches ; coroUa campanulate,
bearded inside; stamens and style included. (Var. pauciflorus Man. ed. 6, in
part, not Robbins ; S. pauciflorus Britton, in part.) — Dry limestone ridges and
banks, n. e. Que. to Alaska, s. to w. Mass., centr. Pa., Mich., Mont., Ida., and
Cal. June, July.
Var. paucifl5rus Robbins. Dwarf shrub ; leaves more or less pubescent,
strongly v:hitened underneath. {S. paiiciflorus Britton, in part.) — L. Superior
to L. Winnipeg ; and locally in the mts. from Alb. to Ore, and Col.
Var. laevigatus Fernald. (Snowberry of the gardens.) Taller shrub
(1-1.5 m. high); leaves glabrous beneath; flowers often numerous in interrupted
spikes. (^S. racemosus of auth., not Michx.) — Saguenay Co., Que., to Wash.,
locally in the mts. to Va. ; freely cultivated and commonly escaping to roadsides,
etc.
4. LINNAEA [Gronov.] L. Twin-flower
Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla slender-bell-shaped or funnel-
form, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward
the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod .3-celled, but 1-seeded. —
A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-
oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and
thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 (rarely 4 or (>) pedicels at the top,
each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla whitish, tinged and
striped with rose-purple, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnaeus.,
who first pointed out its characters, and with whom the European type of this
pretty little plant was a special favorite.)
1. L. borealis L., var. americana (Forbes) Rehder. — Moist mossy woods
and cold bogs. Lab. to N. J. and the mts. of Pa. and Md., w. to Minn.; also fai
north w. and westw. June-Aug. ; rarely flowering in late autumn.
758 CAPRTFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)
5. TRIOSTEUM L. Feverwort. Horse Gentian
Calyx-lobes liiifar-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, some-
what e(j[ually 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Ovary mostly 8-celled,
in fruit forming a dry drupe containing o ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets. — ('oarse
hairy perennial herbs, leafy to the top ; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering
to the base or connate round the simple stem. Flowers solitary or clustered
in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three
bony nutlets.)
1. T. perfoliatum L. (Tinker's Weed, Wild Coffee.) Coarse, O.'j to 1.2
m. high ; stem denscJij glandidar-puberulent above ; leaven dark green, thickish,
oval, the primary ones abruptly narrowed below to connate-cl aspiiuj bases '2-1
cm. broad, the uppermost tapering or scarcely connate at base ; corolla tubidnr-
campamtlate. hardly bilabiate, from purplish to yellowish or greenish, about
equaling the stamens ; fruits usually 0-8 at each node, subglobose, dull orange-
yellow. — Rich low woods, s. Mass. to Neb., Mo., and Ala. Fl. May, June;
fr. Aug., Sept.
2. T. aurantiacum Bicknell. Sparingly glandular-puberulent. and loith
spreading longer g/andless hairs, or glabrate ; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, abruptly narrowed below to winged sessile hardly clasping basf^s
(O.oto \.i) cm. broad) ; corolla dihited above, distinctly bilabiate, purplish-red,
much exceeding the stamens; fruits 2-H at each node, ellipsoid-ovoid, bright
orange-red. — Open rocky or sandy woods, N. B. to Ont., la., and N. C. Fl.
May, June ; fr. Aug. -Oct.
•J. T. angustifblium L. Smaller, bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, tapering
to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — Shady
grounds, Ct. to Del. and Ala., w. to Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Aug.
6. VIBURNUM [Tourn.] L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous
(flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white (rarely pink)
flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes iDearing little appendages
which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The
classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)
a. C3'ra3 radiant, the niarj^inal flowers neutral and very showy.
Leaves i)liinately veined, not lobed . . . ' 2. F. alnifolium.
Leaves ;)almately veined, 8-lobed 3. F. Opulas.
a. Cymes not radiant, the tiowers all small and uniform b.
b. Leaves for the most part jtalmately veined and 3-lobed.
Leaves glabrous ; drupe bright red ; stone tlat 4. V. paiiciflorum.
Leaves soft-downy beneath ; drupe finally purple-black ; stone len-
ticular ' 5. F. acerifolium.
b. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed c.
c. Leaves prominently toothed and with straightish veins ; stone
grooved d.
d. Stipules slender, prominent, exceeding the very short petioles ;
stone flat
d. Stipules wanting or much shorter than the petioles; stone deeply
grooved.
Winter-buds naked ; leaves finely toothed
Winter-buds covered by scales ; "leaves coarsely toothed.
Petioles stijoilate ; bark of older branches loose and exfoliating
Petioles without sti|)ules ; bark close.
Lower surface of leaves, petioles, and young branchlets
stellate-tomentose.
Principal leaves with T-11 pairs of veins, the teeth acute .
Principal leaves with 5-7 pairs of veins, the teeth blunt
Lower surface of leaves and petioles glabrous, or with simple
caducous hairs 10. I', dentatum.
c. Leaves finely toothed or entire; the veins inconspicuous, curved j,nd
anastomosin'T : stone flat and even e.
e. Cymes peduncicd ; drupes less than 1 cm. long-.
Peduncle usually shorter than the rays of the cyme ; leaves dull
above H. F. caasinoides.
6.
F. pubesceiid.
L
V. Lantana.
7.
V. molle.
8.
9.
V. renoHum.
V. Hcftbrellum,.
CAPKIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) 769
Peduncle usually longer than the rays : leaves glossy above . 12. V. nudum.
6. Cymes sessile; drupes more than 1 cm. long.
Leaves subtending the intlorescence mostly caudate-acuminate . 13. V. Lentago.
Leaves blunt or merely acutish.
Winter-buds and petioles green and glabrous . . . . 14. F. prunifolium .
Winter-buds and petioles red-tomentose 15. V. rujidulum.
§L LANTAnA Spach. Winter-huds naked ; leaves pinnately veined ; drupes
coral-red, turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate.
\. V. Laxtaxa L. (WAYFAKiNG TnKK.) Shiub or small tree ; the buds,
young branches, lower surface of the leaves, etc., cinereous with minute stellate
pube.sceiice ; leaves cordate-ovate to broad-oblong, closely serrulate ; cymes short-
peduncled, about 7 -rayed ; the floicers small and all alike. — Frequently culti-
vated, ami occasionally established by roadsides, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
2. V. alnifblium Marsh. (Hobble-bush, Witch Hobble, Moosemood.)
Leaves 1-2 dm. across, round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base,
closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets
very rusty-scurfy (midsummer leaves sometimes narrower, coarsely toothed,
thin and glabrous); cymes sessile, commonly b-rayed, very broad and flat, the
marginal jlowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat white (rarely pink) corollas.
( r. lantanoides Michx.) — Moist woods. N. B. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Pa.,
and in- tht- mts. to N. C. May, June. — A straggling shrub; the reclining
branches often taking root.
§2. OPI'LUS [Tourn.] DC. Winter-buds scaly ; leaves palmately veined and
lobed ; drttpe bright red, acid, globose ; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate.
o. V. Opulus L., var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. (Cranberry-tree. High-
BLSH Cra.vbehry, Pimbixa.) ^Seavlv smooth, upright, 1— i. m. high ; leaves 3-5-
ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spread-
ing lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles
bearing 2 glands at the apex ; cyme broad, the marginal floicers neutral, with
greatly enlarged flat corollas; stamens elongate. ( F. americamim Mill.) —
In woods and along streams, Xfd. and e. Que. to B. C, s. to N. J.. Pa.. ]\Iich.,
\Vi.sc., and n. e. la. June, July. (E. Asia.) — The acid fruit of this and the
next is a substitute for cranberries. The well-known Sxow-ball Tree, or
Guelder Rose, is a cultivated state of the typical Old ^V or Id form, with the
whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers.
4. V. pauciflorum Raf. (Squashberry, Pimbixa.) Alow straggling shrub ;
leaves glabroiLs or loosely pubescent beneath. 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate
nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit ; cyme few-flowered, the flowers
small and uniform; stamens shorter than the corolla. — Cold woods, Nfd. and
Lab. to Alaska, s. to the mts. of Cape Breton L. n. N. E., Allegheny Co., Pa.
(according to Porter), n. Mich., Minn., Col., and Wash. June, July.
§3. EUVIBURNL'M Koehne (restricted). Winter-buds scaly; leaves pin-
nately reined {except in no. 5), the veins straightif'h and terminating in
coarse teeth; cymes never radiant, peduncled ; drupes blue to black; stone
usually grooved.
* Leaves S-rib bed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat S-lobed.
o. V. acerifblium L. (Dockmackie, Arrow-wood.) Shrub, 1-1.5 m. high;
leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed ;
stipules bristle-form ; cymes small, slender-pedimcled : stamens exserted ; fruit
criniSMii, turning purple-black ; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate. — Rocky woods,
N. B. to Minn.. Ky., and Ga. May, June. — Leaves crimson in autumn.
* * Leaves cordate or subcordate at base, coarsely toothed, prominently pinnate-
veined.
-*- Stone flat ; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.
0. V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. (Do-wxyA.) A low straggling shrub ; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less
760 CAPFvIFOLlACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)
conspicuous than in no. 10, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy,
at least when young ; fruit dark purple ; the stone slightly 2-sulcate on the faces.
— Calcareous ridges and banks, w. Que. and Vt. to Man., s. to Ga., 111., la., and
Wyo. May, June.
-t- 4- Stone very deeply sulcate ventraUy ; leaves rather slender-petioled.
7. V. m611e Michx. Shrub, 3-4 m. high, with gray exfoliating bark; leaves
suborbicular or broadly ovate, short-acuminate, cordate, coarsely dentate, dark
green and glabrous above, pale and soft-pubescent beneath, 5-13 cm. long, on
petioles 2-4 cm. long ; stipules rather shorty finally deciduous ; fruit dryish,
ellipsoid, 1 cm. long, much compressed ; stone deeply grooved. ( V. Demetrio-
nis Deane & Robinson.) — Bluffs and rocky woods, Ky. (and probably ().),
Mo., and la. May.
8. V. ven5sum Britton. Shrub, with close yray-broion bark, the young
branches cinereous with stellate tomentuin ; leaves elliptic-ovate to orbicular,
3-6 cm. long, sharply serrate-dentate, dark green above, beneath pale with stel-
late tomentum and with 1-9 pairs of prominent veins; cymes 4-6 cm. broad, the
long peduncle and 7 rays pubescent ; drupe subglobose or short-ovoid, 7 mm.
long. (F. molle Man. ed. 6, in part, not Michx.) — Dry open soil, Martha's
Vineyard and Nantucket to Pa. and Del. June, July. Var. Canbyi Rehdcr.
Leaves larger (5-8 cm. long), glabrous or glabrate beneath ; cymes 7-9 cm.
broad. — Pa. and Del. to the mts. of Va.
9. V. scabrellum (T. &G.) Chapm. Similar; branches reddish-brown ; leaves
oblong to obovate, rarely orbicular, 4-10 dm. long, shalloidy crenate-dentate,
with 5-7 pairs of less prominent veins; cymes similar, the flowers larger.
( F". molle Man. ed. 6, in part, not Michx.; V. semitomentosum Rehder.) —
Woods and banks of streams. Pa. to Fla. and Tex. June.
10. V. dentatum L. (Arrow-wood.) Smooth, 1-4.5 m. high, with ash-
colored bark ; leaves broadly ovate, glabrous, or with hairy tufts in the axils
beneath, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined, 5-8 cm. long ;
fruit globose-ovoid, 6 mm. long ; cross-section of stone between kidney- and
horseshoe-shaped. — Wet places, N. B. to n. Ga., w. to w. N. Y. and s. Out.
June, July.
§ 4. TtNUS (Borkh.) Koehne. Winter-buds loith opposite scales; leaves finely
toothed or entire, pinnately veined, the veins curved and anastomosing near
the margin; drupes blue or black, sweet; stone flat and even.
11. V. cassinoides L. (Withe-rod, Wild Raisin.) Shrub or small tree
0.5-3.6 m high; shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves thickish and opaque or dull,
ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny, 2.5-10 cm.
long, loith margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire ; pedun-
cle shorter than the usually b-rayed cyme; drupe ellipsoid to spherical, 6-9 mm.
long, yellowish and pink when young, finally blue-black, with a bloom. — Swamps
and open situations, Nfd. to N. C, Minn., and Man. June, July.
12. V. nudum L. Similar ; obscurely scurfy-punctate ; leaves more veiny,
thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above,
5-10 cm. long ; peduncle usually equaling the cyme. — Ct. to Ky., Fla., and Tex.
13. V. Lentago L. (Swp:et Vihiirnim, Sheepbekrv, Nannyberkv, Wild
R.visin.) Shrub or tree, sometimes 0 m. high ; leaves ovate, closely and very
sharply serrate, at least the upper caudate-acuminate and on winged petioles;
cyme sessile, 6-10 cm. broad, S-4-7'ayed ; drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, blue-black,
1-1.5 cm. long — Woods and banks of streams, Que. to Man., and southw.
May, June. An extreme form with spherical fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter has
been distinguished as var. sphaerocarpum Gray.
14. V. prunifblium L. (Black Haw.) Tall shrub or small tree ; leavt^t
oval, obtuse nr slightly pointed, finely and sharply serratt^, 2-7 cm. long, tJie
lower surfaces and slendfr or slightly wing^MJ pt^liolts glabrous ; cyme3-5-rayed ;
fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, similar to that of the jtreceding species or rather smaller.
— Dry or moist ground. Ct. to Mich., Kaii.. and southw. May, June, TiiC
extreme form with smaller globose fruit is var. <jloi{osi;,m Nash.
VALEKIANACEAE (VALERIAN FAMILY) 761
15. V. rufidulum Raf. Similar; the imnter-bnds, icing-margined petioles, and
lower leaf-surfaces red-tomentose ; leaves often larger (•l-O cm. long). (F. rufo-
tomentosum Small.) — Woods and thickets, Va. to 111., Kan., and southw.
Apr., May.
7. SAMBUCUS [Tourn.] L. Elder
Cal3^x-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open-urn-shaped, with a broadly
spreading o-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe,
containing o small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when
bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small flowers in
compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from crafji,j3vKr], an ancient musical
instrument. )
1. S. canadensis L. (Common E.) Stems scarcely woody, 1-4 m.high, with
I'jhite pith ; Uajlets 5-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted ;
cymes flat ; flowers white; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places,
throughout our range, also southw. and westw. June, July.
2. S. racembsa L. (Red-berried E.) Stems woody, 0.5-3.5 cm. high, the
bark warty, the pith brown ; leaflets 5-7, ovate -lanceolate, downy underneath ;
cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal ; flowers yellowish-white, sometimes tinged
with crimson; fruit bright red (rarely white). {S. pubens Michx.) — Rocky
woods, Xfd. to B. C, s. to Ga. , Mich., la.. Col., etc. May; fruit ripening
in June. (Eu.) Var. laciniata Koch. Leaflets divided into linear-lanceolate
or laciniate segments. — L. Superior and "Pa."
8. ADOXA L. MoscHATEL
Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3-5-celled ovary ; limb
of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a
pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3-5-parted.
Dry drupe greenish, with .3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. — A dwarf perennial, with
scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An
anomalous genus. (From abo^os, obscure or insignificant.)
1. A. Moschatellina L. Smooth, musk-scented ; radical leaves 1-3-ternate,
the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted ; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft ; flowers several in a
close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish. — Mossy woods, wet
rocks, etc., n. e. la., Wise, Minn., and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.)
VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family)
Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones; the
stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its
tube. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes
imbricated in the bud. Style slender ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled
(the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of the cells
empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo
and no albumen. Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. — Roots often
odorous and antispasmodic.
1. Valeriana. Calyx-limb of several plumose bristles. Perennials.
2. Valerianella. Calyx-limb entire or merely toothed. Annuals or biennials.
1. VALERIANA [Tourn] L. Valerian
Calyx-limb of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled ni»
inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit matures.
Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Sia
762 VALERIANACEAE (VALERIAN FAMILY)
mens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or
pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious or dimorphous.
(A mediaeval Latin name of uncertain origin.)
* Root spindle-shaped, large and deep, L5-3 dm. long ; leaves thickish.
1. V. edulis Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem
straight, 8-12 dm. high, few-leaved ; leaves commonly minutely and densely
ciliate, the basal spatulate and lanceolate, the cauline pinnately parted into
3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and slender interrupted panicle,
nearly "dioecious ; corolla whitish, obconical, 4 mm. long. — Wet plains and
prairies, 0. and Ont. to la., Minn., and westw. ; sometimes cultivated, and
escaping eastw. May, June.
* * Root fibrous ; leaves thin ; stems 3-L5 dm. high.
2. V. uliginbsa (T. & G.) Rydb. (vSwamp V.) Smooth or minutely pubes-
cent ; root-l(^avrs ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with small lobes ; stem-leaves
pinnate, with 7-15 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at
first close, many-flowered; corolla inversely conical, 6 mm. long, rose-color or
white. ( V. sylvatica Man. ed. 6, not Banks.) — Wet ground, chiefly under Arbor
Vitae and Larch, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to Me., Vt., s. N. Y., and Mich. June-
Aug.
3. V. officinXlis L. (Garden Heliotrope.) Coarse, somewhat pubes-
cent, especially at the nodes ; leaves all pinnate, with many lanceolate leaflets ;
cyme many-flowered ; corolla white or rose-color, 4 mm. long. — Roadsides and
thickets, N. E. to N. J. and O. ; escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. V. pauciflbra Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose ; root-leaves ovate,
heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-
leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme
few-flowered ; tube of the pale pink corolla slender, 1 cm. long. — Woods and
alluvial banks, Fa. to s. 111., Mo., and Tenn. June.
2. VALERIANELLA [Tourn.] Hill. Corn Salad. Lamb's Lettuce
Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla fuimel-form or salver-
form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two
of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — An-
nuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather
succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed toward the base), and white or pale
cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers. Our species all have the limb of
the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc. , that good char-
acters are to be taken only from the fruit. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)
§ 1. Corolla nearly regular, funnel-form; the tube short ; fruit with 2 empty
cells manifest, or often enlarged and closed, sometimes confluent into 1 cell.
* Corolla bluish ; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell.
1. V. LocusTA (L.) Betcke. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal ; empty cells
as large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking uj).
iV. olitoria Poll.) — Old fields anrl waste places. Me. to w. N. Y., Ont., and
southw. — Sometimes cultivated for .salad. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Corolla white ; no corky mass behind the fertile cell.
H- Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular.
2. V. chenopodif51ia (Pursh) DC. Stems with long internodes and few
forks ; glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled ; bracts broadly lanceolate ;
fruit glabrous or pubescent, 4 mm. long. — Moi.st grounds, w. N. Y. to Minn.,
8. to Va. and Ky.
-t- -t- Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate.
3. V. radiata (L. ) Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, do?rn?/-p7<^e.sc<?7i«; empty
cells as thick as tiie oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, a broad shallow groove
DIPSACACEAE (TEASEL FAMILY) 763
beticeen them. — Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., Tex., and Fla. Var. leiocArpa
(T. & G.) Krok. Fruit glabrous. — Of similar range, not rare.
4. V. stenocarpa (Engelm.) Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, commonly gla-
brous; oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty
ones. — Mo. and Kan. to Tex.
4_. ^_ H- Fertile cell much the narrowest., dorsally l-nerved ; section roundish.
5. V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. Fruit 2 mm. long or more ; fertile cell
ovate, tipped with a tooth ; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (some-
times an open cavity) in the middle. — Moist grounds, N. Y. to Tex.
Var. umbilicata (SuUiv.) Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular
by incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication. —
N. Y. to O., and southw.
Var. patellaria (Sulliv.) Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and
apex, winged by the divergent cells. — Same range.
§ 2. SIPHONELLA (T. & G.) Walp. Corolla salver-form; the tube slender,
2-4 times the length of the bilabiate limb ; fruit with divergent empty cells
much larger than the fertile.
6. V. longifl5ra (T. & G.) Walp. — Erect several times dichotomously
branched annual ; leaves oblong, the lower spatulate ; corolla 12 mm. long,
rose-tinged or purplish. — Rocky places, Mo. and Ark.
DIPSACACEAE (Teasel Family)
Herbs., icith opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense
heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but the stamens
distinct, and the suspended seed destitute of albumen. — Represented by the
following Introduced genera.
1. Dipsacus. ChaflF of the receptacle with long rig-id points.
2. Succisa. Chatf herbaceous, about equaling the flowers, not rigid-pointed.
3. Knautia. Chafl"none.
1. DIPSACUS [Tourn.] L. Teasel
Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped bracts among the
densely capitate flowers ; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel
investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the
limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens
4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse biennials, hairy
or prickly, with large ovoid-ellipsoid heads. (Name from bL\priv, to thirst.
probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold
water.)
1. D. sYLVESTRis Huds. (WiLD T.) Pnckly ; leaves lance-oblong, toothed
and often prickly on the margin; leaves of the involucre slender, ascendiuLr,
longer than the head ; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a
straight point. — Roadsides, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. D. laciniXtds L. Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, finely and rather
conspicuously ciliate ; leaves of the involucre lance-linear, spreading, usually
shorter than\he head. — Established at Albany, N. Y. (^Peck). (Adv. from Eu.)
2. SUCCISA (Rupp.) Neck. Devil's-bit
Involucre many-leaved. Involucels (often called outer calyx) closely in-
vesting the ovary and fruit, 4-8-furrowed throtighout their entire length, pris-
matic or somewhat fusiform, the limb shortly 4-lobed or -toothed, erect or
spreading. Limb of the true calyx minutely o-toothed, or of 5 awns. Corolla
funnel-form or campanulate, 4(-5)-lobed. Stamens 4, borne on the corolla.
76-!: CUCURBITACEAE (GOURD FAMILY)
(Name from succidere, to bite off, from the praemorse rootstock.) Often united
with ScABiosA L.
1. S. PRATEXsis Moench. Smoothish or hairy, 4-9 dm. liigh ; leaves chiefly
basal, oblanceolate, undulate or entire, the cauline mostly 2 pairs, considerably
reduced ; heads subglobose ; involucds somevahat i-angled, villons, 4-toothed :
calyx-limb o-awned; eoToWiX bright blue. (Scabiosa iSnccisa L.)— To some
extent established in fields about Louisburg, Cape Breton 1. (Macoim). (Adv.
from Eu.)
2. S. AUSTRALis (Wulf.) Relcheub. Tall, loosely and mostly trichotomously
branched, covered above with minute crisped mostly reflexed gray hairs : leaves
elongated-lanceolate ; heads 8-lo mm. in diameter, at length subcylindri^'. ;
involucds glabrous, sonu^ivhat fusiform, S-ribbed, with small crenate-lobed
spreading border; calyx shortly 5-toothed, without awns; corolla light blue.
(Scabiosa Wulf.) — Locally established in meadows, etc., Mass., N. Y., and Pa.
(Nat. from Eu.)
3. KNAUTIA L.
Involucre, habit, etc., much as in the preceding. Chaff wanting, but the
receptacle more or less hairy. Involucels strongly compressed, the limb obscure,
at most indicated by minute teeth. Calyx cup-shaped, the limb mostly 8-awned.
Corolla light blue to lilac-purple, rarely pink or white. (Dedicated to Christian
Knaut, 1654-1716, Saxon physician and botanist.)
1. K. ARVENsis (L.) T. Coulter. Pubescent, 4-9 dm. high, few-branched;
some or all of the leaves deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ; heads depressed-hemi-
spherical ; corollas lilac. {Scabiosa L.) — Dry pastures, etc., e. Que. and N. E.
to Pa., locally well established and abundant. (Nat. from Eu.)
CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family)
Mostly succident herbs loith tendrils, dioecious or monoecious flowers^ the
calyx-tube adhering to the 1-S-celled ovary, and the 5 or usually 2i stamens
{i.e. 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their
often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit (pepo)
fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. Limb of the calyx and corolla usually
more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropou?
■with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or
veined. — Mostly a tropical or subtropical family.
* Flowers large, yellow ; stem trailing.
1. Cucurbita. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Fruit large, Indehiscent, fleshy.
* * Flowers small, white or greenish ; stems high-climbing by tendrils.
+• Fruit prickly ; seeds few, erect or pendulous ; flowers white ; annual.
++ Ovary 1-celled ; seed solitary, pendulous.
2. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent.
■H- ++ Ovary 2-3-celled ; seeds few, erect or ascending.
3. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 3. Fruit
bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.
-»- -t- Fruit smooth ; seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3-5 parietal placentae; perennial.
4. Melothria. Flowers small, greenish ; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small.
1. CUCURBITA [Tourn.] L. Gourd. Squash. Pumpkin
Flowers monoecious. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes with
recurved tips. Anthers united, 1 of them 1-locular, the others 2-locular. Style
short, with 8 lobed or divided stigmas. Emit fleshy, covered by a firm rind,
with many horizontal seeds. — FIerl)s, with annual or perennial roots, large
CAMPANLLACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY) 765
cordate angulate or lobed leaves, large flowers solitary in the axils, and large
fruits. (Classical Latin name for a gourd.)
1. C. foetidissima H B K. (Missoiri Gouhd, Fetii> Wild Pumpkin.) Stems
elongate, scabrous, from a thickish fusiform root : leaves ovate, the margin
somewhat angulate, denticulate, densely scabrous-pubescent, somewhat ^vhitened
beneath ; corolla 5-12 cm. long ; fruit smooth, subglobose, 7-8 mm. long. — Dry
or sandy soil. Mo. to s. Cal. and Tex. (Mex.)
C. MAXiJiA Duchesne (Sqi'ash), C. moschata Duchesne (Crookneck Squash),
and C. Pepo L. (Pumpkin) are familiar in cultivation, and incline to appear
spontaneously in waste places southw., as do Cucumis Melo L. (Mcskmei.on).
C. sativcs L. (Clccmber), Citrullus vulgXris Schrad. (Watermelon),
and LagenAria vulgaris Ser. (Gourd).
2. SiCYOS L. One-seeded Bur Cucumber
Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flatfish
corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
ovule ; style slender ; stigmas o. Fruit ovoid, dry and indehiscent, filled by the
single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. —
Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers ; the sterile
and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in
a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)
1. S. angulatus L. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, o-angled or -lobed, the
lobes pointed ; plant clammy-hairy. — Elver-banks and damp yards, s. Me and
w. Que. to Fla., w. to Minn., e. Kan,, and Tex. July-Sept.
3. ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. Wild Balsam-apple
Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celle(i, with 2 erect
ovules in each cell ; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with
weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled. 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-
netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat. — Tall
climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very
numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound racemes often
3-4 dm. long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils.
(Name composed of ix^vos^ a hedgehog^ and Kvans. a bladder, from the prickly
fruit.) MicRAMPELis Raf.
1. E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed ; fruit
ovoid, 5 cm. long; seeds dark-colored. — Rich soil along rivers, N. B. to Pa.
and Ky., w. to Man. and Tex. ; also cultivated for arbors and freely escaping.
July-Oct.
4. mel6thria l.
Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla
5-lobed ; the fertfle with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam-
panulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many
flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered
from iuL'i]\(i}dpov, an ancient name for a sort of wliite grape.)
L M. pendula L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing ; leaves small,
roundish and heart-shaped. 5-angled or -lolled, roughish ; sterile flowers few, in
small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry ovoid, green,
1 cm. long. — Copses, Pa. to Fla., w. to Mo. and La.
CAMPANULACEAE (Bluebell Family)
Herbs, loitli mUky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; calyx adher-
ent to the ovary; the reyidar t)-lohed coroUa hell (rarely v:heel)-shaped, valvate
in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla. Style 1. usually beset
with collecting hairs above ; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2-several-celled, many-
r66 CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY^
jeeded. Seed small, anatropoas, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen, —
Flowers generally blue and showy.
* Capsule opening by pores on the sides ; anthers free.
1. Specularia. Corolla rotate. Capsule slender-cylindric or -prismatic,
2. Campanula. Corolla campanulate (rarely with flaring limb). Capsule obconic or turbinate
to globose.
* * Capsule opening by valves at the apex ; anthers connate at base.
3. Jasione. Flowers crowded into dense involucrate heads. Corolla with slender segments.
1. SPECULArIA [Heist.] Fabricias. Venus's Looking-glass
Calyx 5(or 3-4)-lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa-
rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas •'*.
Capsule prismatic or slender-cylindric, o-celled, opening by 8 small lateral valves.
— Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American species
dimorphous, the earlier small and cleistogamous. (Name from Speculum Ve-
neris^ the early name of the common European .species.) Legouzia Durande.
1. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Somewhat hairy, 1-0 dm. high ; leaves round-
ish or oimte, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solidary
or 2-3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspicuous
and expanding corolla ; capsule ellipsoid, short, straight, opening rather below
the middle; .seeds lenticular. {Legouzia Britton.) — Sterile open ground, s. Me.
to Ont., westw. and south w.
2. S. biflbra (R. & P.) Fi.sch. & Mey. Similar; leaves sessile, ovate or ob-
long, the upper narrower, slightly crenate ; flowers solitary or by 2's in the
axils, the lower with .3-4 short calyx-lobes, the upper with 4-5 longer lobes
hardly equaling the corolla; capsule short-cylindric, the valves near the summit.
{Legovzia Britton.) — Va., westw. and southw.
3. S. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous, 1.5-4
dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils ; calyx-
lobes of lower flowers 3 ; capsule nearly cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm. long, 2 mm. thick,
inclined to cAirve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; seeds
oblong. {Legouzia Britton.) — Diy open ground, w. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and
w. Tex. — Expanded corolla 1-2 cm. wide.
2. CAMPANULA [Tourn.] L. Bellflower
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate ;
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the
capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves
or holes. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive of the
Italian campana, a bell, from tlie shape of the corolla.)
a. Flowers in glomerules, spikes, or racemes, mostly numerous &.
I>. Flowers Sessile, chiefly in glomerules or leafy-bracted heads . . \. C. glomerata.
b. Flowers distinctly pediceled.
Calyx and outer surface of unexpanded corolla bristly-ciliate with
long pale trichoines 2. C. Trachelium.
Calyx and corolla smooth, or the former minutely pubescent ; ra-
cemes elongate and spiciform.
Corolla campanulate ; style straight; capsule cam panulate-ovoid,
opening by pores at the base 3. C. rapunculnides
Corolla rotate ; style declined and upwardly curved ; capsule
obconic to subcylindric, the pores at the summit . . .4. C. (im erica na.
a. Flowers l-x>, on slender peduncles or in loose inflorescences c.
c. Style not exserted.
Stems smooth (rarely villous), not retrorse-scabrous on the angles ;
leaves not retrorse-scabrous on the nerves and margin . . 5. C. rotundifolia.
Stems retrorse-scabrous on the angles ; leaves with retrorse-sca-
brous nerves and margin.
Corolla 2-8 cm. long . 6. C. patula.
Corolla shorter.
Pedunrk's strongly divergent ; corolla 5-8 mm. long . . 7. 0. aparinoides.
Peduncles ascending ; corolla 10-12 mm. long . . . .8. C. uligiiioxa.
c. Style loug-exserted 9. (7. divaricata.
CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY) 767
1. C. glomerXta L. (Clustered B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect,
3-6 dm. high ; basal leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, loiig-petioled ; stem-leaves
oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping ; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper
axils, forming a leafy head ; corolla open-bell-shaped, deep purple, 2-3 cm. long.
— Roadsides, Que. and e. Mass. June, July. (Introd. from Eurasia.)
2. C. TRACHi:LiuM L. (Nettle-leaved B., Throatwort.) Stems simple
below, 3-9 dm. high, often bristly above ; basal leaves broadly cordate-ovate to
reniform, coarsely toothed ; the upper short-petioled or subsessile, ovate to lanceo-
late ; flowers in 2's or 3's (rarely solitary) in terminal and axillary loose clus-
ters; calyx bristly, the oblong-lanceolate lobes somewhat foliaceous; corolla
2.5-3.5 cm. long. — Roadsides and thickets, Quebec to Montreal, etc. Aug.
(Introd. from Eurasia.)'
3. C. RAPUNCULOiDES L. Stcms slender, 6-10 dm. high, smoothish, or finely
pubescent above; lower leaves long-petioled, cordate-ovate; the upper ovate-
lanceolate, short-petioled to sessile, irregularly serrate-dentate, hispichdoiis be-
neath; flowers nodding, single in the axils of bracts, forming racemes; calyx
and capsule scabrous-puberulent ; corolla campanulate, 2-3 cm. long ; capsule
opening by pores at base. — Roadsides, thickets, etc., e. Que. to Ont., O., and
s. N. Y. July, Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.) Var. ucranica (Bess.) C. Koch.
Smoother ; the calyx and capsule essentially glabrous. — Similar situations. Que.
and N. E. (Introd. from Russia.)
4. C. americana L. (Tall B.) Annual; stem mostly simple, 0.5-1.8 ra.
high : leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on mar-
gined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy, 0.5-1.5 dm. long; spiciform raceme 3-6
dm. long, the flowers solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves and
bracts; corolla rotate, light blue, 2.5 cm. broad; capsule glabrous, ojyening by
pores at the summit. — Moist rich soil, Ont. and N. Y. to Neb., s. to Ga. and
Ark. June-Aug.
5. C. rotundifblia L. (Harebell, Bluebell.) Slender perennial, simple
to freely branched, 1-5 dm, high, 1-15-flowered ; basal leaves (rarely present on
the flowering stems) round-heai't-shaped to ovate, mostly toothed, long-petioled,
early withering; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, smooth;
calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from i-| the length of the purplish-blue corolla (1.5-2.5
cm. long) ; cap>sule nodding, short-ovoid to subcylindric, opening by pores at
base. — Open or rocky banks, meadows, shores, etc., widely distributed in
boreal regions, extending south in our range to N. J., the Great L. region, and
Neb. (Eurasia.) — Extremely variable in stature, degree of branching, number
and size of flowers, texture of foliage, divergence of calyx-lobes, etc., characters
which seem to respond readily to slight changes of environment. Typical C.
rotundifoUa of Eurasia, with the stems closely puberulent all over at base, is
comparatively scarce in eastern America, but becomes common westw. With
us it passes to a commoner form ( C. intercedens Witasek) in which the stems
are glabrous or have the hairs confined to lines at the base of the stem. This
in exposed situations becomes dwarfed and rigid (var. arctica Man. ed. 6, and
perhaps Lange ; var. Langsdorfiana Britton ; C. dubia A. DC). In shade the
leaves are thin and elongate, in exposed situations firmer and shorter, characters
upon which other artificial separations are sometimes made.
Var. velutina DC. Stems and leaves canescent with close pubescence. —
Sand hills of Burt Lake, Mich. {E. J. Hill). (Eu.)
6. C. pAtula L. Erect slender annual or biennial, simple or with long as-
cending branches ; stems retrorse-scabrous on the angles, in age smoothish ;
basal leaves spatulate or obovate, the cauline lanceolate to linear and sessile,
entire or,crenate, the nerves beneath and often the margins retrorse-scabrous ;
flowers long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate ; condla 2-3 cm. long,
purplish; capsule obconic, opening by pores at summit. — Locally in fields, Ct.
(Adv. from Eu.)
7. C. aparinoides Pursh. (Marsh B.) Stem simple or branched, weak,
2-6 dm. long, somewhat '^-angled, rough backvjard on the angles, as are the
slightly toothed edges and midrib of the lanceolate or linear-lanceolate soft
leaves ; flowers chiefly terminating strongly divergent leafy branches; lobes of
7G8 LOBELIACEAE (LOBELIA FAMILY}
the calyx triangular, half the leni>th of the bt'll-shaped nearly white corolla (5-8
mm, long)', capsule erect. — Wet grassy ground, Me. to Neb., s. to Ga., K3\, and
III. June- Aug. — With the habit of a Galium.
H. C. uliginbsa Kydb. Stiffcr ; leaves linear or el onriate-lanr eolatr ; flowers
chiefly borne on simple naked erect or ascending/ leafless peduncles (2,5-5.5 cm.
long); corolla bluish, 10-12 mm. long. — Meadows and wet shores, N. B. to
N. v., la., and Sa.sk. July, Aug.
0. C. divaricata Michx. Very smooth ; stem loosely branched, 8-0 dm. high ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed;
floioers numerous in a large compound panicle ; calyx-lobes axol-shaped, about
half the length of the small pale blue corolla (6-8 mm. long); style exserted. —
Dry woods and rocks, mts. of Va. to Ky., and south w.
3. JASI6nE L. Sheep's-bit
Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with 5 very narrow lobes. Anthers united at base
into a ring about the style. Capsule opening by 2 valves. — Herbs with small
flowers in involucrate heads. (Name used by Theophrastus, perhaps for Con-
volvulus sepium.)
1. J. moxtAna L. Annual or biennial, 2-5 dm. high, simple or branching;
leaves linear or lanceolate ; flowers blue, in heads 1-2 cm. broad. — Fields and
roadsides, especially about New^port, R. I.; also sparingly elsewhere, from Mass.
to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)
LOBELIACEAE (Lobelia Family)
Herbs., with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irreg-
ular gamopetalous ^-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla and united
into a tube commonly by their filaments and ahoays by their anthers. Calyx-
tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 ; stigma often fringed. Seeds
anatropous, with a smaU straight embryo, in copious albumen. — Often united
with the preceding family.
1. LOBELIA [Plumier] L.
Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube split down on
the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect
lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species
bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers
axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes ; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi-
cated to Matthias de VObel, an early Flemish herbalist.)
* Flowers deep red, large ; stem simple.
1. L. cardinalis L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall (0.5-1.3 m. high), perennial
by offsets, smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elon-
gated, rather 1 -sided, tlie pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts ; the
large corolla intensely red, rarely rose-color or white. — Low grounds, s. N. B.
to Ont., and south w, — Hybrids with the next species occur.
* * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with ichite.
■*- Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 1-1.3 cm. long), spicate-racemose ; stems
leafy, 0.3-1 m. high; perennial.
++ Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous ; lip of corolla glabrous.
2. L. siphilitica L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin, aciite
at both ends, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, irregularly serrate ; flowers nearly 2.5 cm. long,
pediceled, longer than the leafy bracts ; corolla light blue, rarely white ; calyx
iiirsute, the sinuses irith conspicuous deflexed auricles, the short tube hemispheri-
cal.— Low grounds, Me. to Out., westw. and .southw. ; rare eastw.
LOBELIACEAE (LOBELIA FAMILY) 7G9
8. L. publrula Michx. Finely soft-puh e scent ; leaves thickish, obtuse, 2.5-5
cm. long, with small glandular teeih ; spike rather 1-sided ; bracts ovate ; sinuses
of the calyx luilh short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the hairy
tube top-shaped; corolla bright l)lue, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Moist sandy grounds,
N. J. to la., s. to Tex. and Fla.
4. L. amoena Michx. Glabrous or nearly so; raceme virgate ; leaves nar-
rower ; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate ; calyx-lobes long
and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous. — South Atlantic
States, in swamps. Var. glaxdulifera Gray. A slender form with secund
raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and
calyx-teeth beset witli slender gland-tipped teeth. — Del., and south w.
■n- +^ Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base.
5. L. glandulbsa Walt. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; leaves, bracts, and
usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube densely
hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate. — Pine barren
swamps, s. Va. to Fla.
■»- H- Flowers smaller {corolla-tube not more than 4-8 mm. long).
++ Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like ra-
ceme ; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand.
6. L. Iept6stachys A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, thick, denticulate,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; calyx-
lobes nearly equaling the corolla, with 10 rejiexed awl-shaped appendages as long
as the hemispherical tube. — Sandy soil, O. to Kan,; also Va. to Ga. ; rarely
adventive in the Northeast.
7. L. spicata Lam. Stem slender, strict, O.S-1 m. high, minutely pubescent
below, as are the barely denticulate leaves ; lower leaves obovate or spatulate,
the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts ; calyx-tube short, obconical
or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged. — Moist or dry
mostlj^ gravelly or sandy soil, P. E. I. to (Jnt., westw. and southw. Var. parvi-
FLURA Gray. A small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla
but 6 mm. long. — Swamps, Lancaster, Pa. {Porter). Var, hirtella Gray.
With somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and
calyx-lobes. — 111., Mich., and noithwestw.
++ ++ Stem leafy, often panic ulately branched ; flowers loosely racemose ; sinuses
of calyx not appendaged ; annual or biennial.
= Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate ; pod not inflated.
8. L. Canbyi Gray. Stem strict, 3-9 dm. high, minutelj^ angled ; pedicels
shorter than the bracts and flowers, minutely roughened under a lens ; bractlets
none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the lobes
(which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit be-
coming ellipsoid, covering the whole pod ; corolla deep blue, fully 1 cm. long,
more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, X. J., Del., and S. C.
9. L. Kalmii L, Stem mostly low (1-5 dm. high), minutely angled ; pedicels
filiform, not exceeding the linear or .setaceous bracts, but as long as the flower,
minutely '2-bracteolate or 2-glandnlar above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or
obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, cov-
ering the whole pod; corolla light blue, 1 cm. long. — Wet limestone shores
and bogs, Nfd. to N. J., w. to n, la., Minn., and Man.
10. L. Nuttallii R. & S. Stem very slender, 8-9 dm. high, terete ; pedicels
mostly longer than the bracts and shorter than the flowers, usually with very
minute bractlets near the base ; calyx-tube very shoi't, depressed-hemispherical
in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, 5-8 mm. long. — Sandy
swamps, L. I. , N. J., and Pa. to Ga.
= = Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed ; pod inflated, wholly inferior.
11. L. inflata L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems jianiculately much branched
from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves
GKAi'6 JilAliUAL — 49
770 coMPosiTAE (composite family)
gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedi-
celed flowers; calyx-tube ovoid ; corolla only 3-4 mm. long. — Dry open fields
and thickets. — Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.
++ ^_H ++ Stem scape-like^ mostly simple, holloio ; leaves fleshy ; fihrous-rooted
perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.
12. L. palud5sa Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender, 0.3-1.2 m. high ; leaves
flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-denticu-
late, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of corolla bearded in the middle ;
calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in fruit. —
In water (but foliage emerging), Del. to Fla. and La.
13. L. Dortmanna L. (Water Lobelia.) Very smooth ; scape thickish,
1-5 (or in deep water even 9) dm. high, few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the
base, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise ; lower lip of corolla
slightly hairy; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer. —
Borders of ponds (often immersed), Nfd. to N. J., Pa., and north westw. (Eu.)
C0MP6SITAE (Composite Family)
Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), on a
common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens in-
serted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). Calyx-tube
miited with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit
in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely
absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed,
valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft
at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry,
containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense
family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polyga-
mous, monoecious, or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped
(ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers ; the head which presents such
flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers
compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray -flowers is said to be discoid.
When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterogamous ; when
only one sort, homogamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or
texture, are termed bracts. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re-
ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff; when these are wanting, the
receptacle is said to be naked. The largest family of phaenogamous plants.
The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are
represented in our region. The first is much the larger.
Series I. TUBULIFL6RAE
Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5(rarely 3-4)-lobed, ligu-
late only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate
only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).
Tribe I. VERNONIEAE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow.
Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.
Leaves alternate or scattered.
1. Vernonia. Heads several-many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many bracts. Pappus
double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.
2. Elephantopus. Heads 2-r)-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. In-
volucre of 8 bracts. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.
COMPOS IT A E (COMI'OSITE FAMILY^ 771
l"ribe II. EUPATORIeAE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yel-
low. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and
uniformly pubescent ; the stigmatic lines indistinct.
* Pappus a row of hard oval obtuse scales.
3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.
* * Pappus of slender bristles.
+- Achene 5-angled ; bristles of the pappus rougbish.
4. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 bracts and the flowers few or many. Stems not
twining-.
5. Mikania. Flowers and involucral bracts only 4. Stems twining.
■i- -1- Achene 10-ribbed ; involucral bracts striate-nerved.
6. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads cor3-mbed or panicled,
the involucre little imbricated.
7. Brickellia. Involucral bracts in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.
8. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Bracts of the involucre few.
9. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. Heads
spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.
Tribe III. ASTEREAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular ; or else radiate, the
outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the
perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly
terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage
which is evenly hair}- all' around or pubescent outside. Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked
(destitute of chafi") in all our species.
* Eay -flowers yellow (in one species of no. 15 whitish), or sometimes none at all.
•- Pappus of not numerous slender bristles ; heads radiate ; involucre of firm bracts with greenish
tips, commonly coated with resin.
10. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2-S rigid caducous
awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.
11. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray- and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. Pappus
of several short chafiy scales. Suffrutescent ; leaves very narrow.
12. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Eay -flowers 5-10 ; r>appus coroniform. Disk -flowers infer-
tile ; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual ; leaves very narrow.
-1- ■*- Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.
++ Pappus double.
13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis. but the achenes of the ray thicker than those of the
disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.
14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small chaflfy
bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.
-H- ++ Pappus simple.
15. SolidagO. Heads few-many-flowered ; rays 1-16. Pappus of numerous slender and equal
capillary bristles.
16. Brachychaeta. Heads 8-10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute
bristles, shorter than the achene.
17. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus of
many unequal bristles. Western.
18. Bigelowia. Heads 3-4-flowered ; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single row
of capillary bristles.
* * Ray-flowers white, blue, pink, or purple, scarcely ever yellow.
+- Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.
++ Receptacle conical ; awns none.
19. Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened ; pappus none. Involucral bracts equal.
■M- -'I- Receptacle flat or convex ; pappus usually with awns.
20. Chaetopappa. Achenes fusiform ; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaffy scales and often alter
nating awns. Western.
772 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)
21. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged ; pappus of short bristles and usually 2-4 awns.
-s- -i- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles ; receptacle flat.
22. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral bracts mostly unequal, loosely
or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish ; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.
23. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal bracts,
little imbricated. Achenes flattened ; pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some
outer minute scales.
24. Sericocarpus. Heads 1'2-20-flowered ; rays 4 or 5. Involucre subcyUndric or club-shaped,
imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.
* * * Kays none ; heads dioecious (all pistillate or all staminate).
25. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs.
Tribe IV. INtfLEAE. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly fihform
and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with un-
appendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none.
* Receptacle flat, naked ; involucre not scarious, imbricated ; not woolly.
26. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the center, and many pistillate
fertile ones around them. Pajipus capillary.
* * Receptacle chaff'y ; involucral bracts few, mostly scarious ; low floccose-woolly annuals ; flowers
as in no. 26.
27. Gifola. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.
* * * Receptacle naked ; involucral bracts many, scarious ; flpccose-wooliy herbs.
2S. Antennaria. Heads dioecious. Papi»u3 of sterile flowers club-shaped or barbellate, of the
fertile capillary, united at base and deciduous together.
29. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all united at
l,asc.
30. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.
* * * * Heads radiate ; receptacle naked ; involucre herbaceous ; pappus copious.
31. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.
***** Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed ; involucre not scarious ; receptacle naked ;
pappus none.
32. Adenocaulon. Heads few-flowered and bracts few ; outer flowers pistillate. Somewhat
woolly.
Tribe V. HELIANTHEAE. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in
nos. 40, 41, and 42). Receptacle chaff'y. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers
not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.
* Ray-flowers fertile and ligulate (sometimes obscurely so); disk-flowers sterile.
-»- Achenes thickish, not strongly flattened either way.
33. Polymnia. Achenes partially enveloped by the inner bracts of the involucre, these unarmed.
Perennials.
34. Acanthospermum. Achenes closely invested by the glochidiate or prickly inner involucral
bracts. Annuals.
+- +- Achenes strongly flattened parallel to the bracts of the involucre, i.e. obcompressed.
35. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows ; pappus none or of 2 teeth. Bracts of
tilt- involucre thick, in several rows.
36. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5-12 in one row, without pappus. Involucral bracts thin,
oliovate, the outer smaller and more foliaceous.
ST. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; i)appus a one-sided 2-3-toothed crown. Inner
l.iacts .".. I'hiitriike, the outer 5 longer and leaf-like.
38. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small chaffy scales. InvolucraJ
bracts short, roundish, in 2 rows.
* * None of the flowers ligulate, the fertile few (1-5), with minute tubular corolla or noBf.
-»- Heads alike.
89. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish bracts.
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 773
-»- -J- Heads of two kinds, the fertile with a tnbercnlate or bnr-like involucre.
40. Ambrosia. Bracts of starainate ijivolucre united ; fertile involucre with a single row ol
tiit.t-rclfs near the suniniit. Fruiting head 1-seeded.
41. Franserla. Staminate involucre as in no. 40; fertile involucre with more than 1 rov.- vi
tubercles oi piickles. Fruiting head 2-4-seeded.
42. Xanthium. Bracts of the staminate involucre distinct. Fruiting head 1-4-celled, 1-4-beaked.
* * * Disk-tiowers fertile, their corollas funnel-form ; anthers blackish ; pappus none, or a crown
or cup, or of 1-2 chafty awns, neither capillary, nor of several uniform chatfy scales ; leaves
more commonly opposite.
+- Rays persistent upon the mature achenes.
43. Heliopsis. Uay -flowers fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.
-!- -i- Itaj'S deciduous or absent.
■H- Chaflf of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.
44. Eclipta. Rays short. Involucral bracts 10-12, in two rows, herbaceous.
t-r -H- Chafip scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.
= Involucre double ; the outer forming an angled cup.
45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid ; pappus none,
= = Involucre of one or more rows of separate bracts. '
a. Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit ; pappus none or a short crown or awn.
- 46. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided or terete, flat at the top. marginless.
47. Brauneria. Rays rose-colored (rarely yellow), pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided.
Chafl^' spinescent.
48. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined.
49. Spilanthes. Rays yellow or white and fertile, or none. Ray-achenes 3-sided or obcom-
pressed.
7). Receptacle flat to convex ; achenes not winged nor very flat.
50. Borrichia. Achenes 3-4-angled ; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby.
51. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chati\' jjointed scales and rarely
minute intermediate ones.
c- Receptacle convex (rarely conical); achenes flat, com^iressed laterally, winged or wingless,
2-3-awned ; leaves decurrent.
52. Aetinomeris. Bracts few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.
53. Verbesina. Involucral bracts closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.
* * * * Rays few and neutral, or wanting; achenes obcompressed, i.e. flattened paraUel with the
scales of the involucre (rarely terete) ; involucre double ; the outer spreading and often
foliaceous : receptacle flat ; leaves opposite.
54. Coreopsis. Involucral bracts distinct or united only at base. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more)
scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked, not barbed, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.
55. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns 2, i-etrorsely
hispid.
5G. Bidens. Involucral bracts distinct or united merely at base. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and
persistent barbed awns or teeth.
***** Heads radiate or discoid ; disk -flowers all perfect and fertile ; achenes turbinate, 5-angled ;
pappus of several chafty scales.
+- Leaves alternate, entire ; disk-flowers purplish.
5T. Balduina. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply
honeycombed.
58. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal bracts. Receptacle chafty.
+- +- Leaves opposite, serrate ; disk-flowers yellow.
59. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4-5 thin ovate bracts. Recep-
tacle chaffy.
Tribe VI. HELEINEAE. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (somewhat so in nos. 6E
and 66). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile ; the j>appus a row of several chafty
774 COMPOSITAE (CO^IPOSITE FAMILY)
scales (bristly -dissected in no. 66); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in
no. 61).
* Involucral bracts distinct, not glandular-punctate.
-f- Pappus none ; bracts 2-5, carinate.
60. Flaveria. Heads small. Ray single or none.
+■ +- Pappus of distinct scales or bristles or wanting ; bracts more than 5.
•H- Tips of bracts colored or petaloid.
61. Hymenopappus. Lower leaves pinnatifid. Rays none. Disk-flowers with ovate lobes.
62. Polypteris. Leaves undivided. Rays generally none. Disk-flowers with hnear lobes.
-H- ++ Tips of bracts not colored and petaloid.
63. Actlnea. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucral bracts appressed.
64. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3-5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed.
Leaves decurrent.
65. Gaillardia. Rays 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate chaff.
Outer involucral bracts loose and leafy. Pappus-chalF tipped with the projecting mid-
vein. "Western.
* * Dotted with oil-glands ; involucral bracts united into a cup.
66. Dyssodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.
Tribe VII. ANTHEMIdEAE. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry
and scarious imbricated bracts of the involucre. Heads radiate (rays mostly white) or discoid,
the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small ; pappus
a short crown or none. Mostly strong-scented ; leaves alternate.
* Receptacle chafly, at least in part ; heads radiate, many-flowered.
67. Achillea. Receptacle flattish. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovoid.
68. AnthemiS. Achenes subterete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.
* * Receptacle naked.
+- Heads solitary or corymbose.
++ Receptacle conical at least in age.
69. Matricaria. Heads pedunculate. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.
Leaves finely dissected.
-H- ++ Receptacle flattish or moderately convex.
= Corollas of the perfect flowers 5-toothed ; achenes sessile.
70. Chrysanthemum. Heads radiate (or rayless in one variety with leaves almost or quite
unlobed); rays pistillate. Achenes 5-10-nerved ; pappus none.
71. Tanacetum. Heads discoid. Pistillate flowers few, marginal, their corollas inconspicuous,
2-3-toothed. Achenes 3-5-angled ; pappus none or a short crown.
= = Corollas of the perfect flowers 4-toothed ; achenes stalked.
72. Cotula. Heads long-peduncled, discoid. Pistillate flowers destitute of corolla. Achenes
raised upon papillae which persist upon the receptacle.
+- +- Inflorescence from spike-like to chiefly racemose-paniculate.
73. Artemisia. Heads small, usually drooping, discoid. Pappus none.
Tribe VIII. SENECI6nEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, <he involucre little or not at all imbricated,
not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.
* Heads monoecious or subdioecious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligulate or
tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads) ; style-branches
obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid ; leaves chiefly radical.
74. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoecious.
75. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdioecious. Flowers white or purpUsh.
••= * Flowers all fertile ; style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged ; involucral bracts
connivent-erect.
-I- Leaves opposite.
76. Arnica Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous or barbellate.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 775
-»- -*- Leaves alternate ; pappus soft-capillary, copious.
77. Erechtitcs. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate \vith filiform corollas.
78. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, S-cleft.
T'J. Senecio. Heads usually ratliate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.
Tribe IX. CTNAREAE. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray -like and neutral in nos.
86 and 87). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-
branches s&ort or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below.
Pappus mostly bristl}'. Leaves alternate.
* Achenes attached by the base ; flowers all alike.
+- Leaves not prickly ; style-branches partly distinct ; filaments glabrous.
80. Arctium. I nvolucral bracts hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.
■!- -i- Leaves prickly ; style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.
++ Involucres 1-flowered, aggregated into dense globose heads.
81. Echinops. General involucre small, reflexed, and hidden. Coarse thistle-like herbs, with
large globular (compound) heads of pale flowers.
++ ++ Involucres many-flowered.
= Filaments papillose-pUose, free.
a. Receptacle densely bristly.
82. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose.
83. Cirsium. Pappus-bristles plumose.
b. Eeceptacle deeply honeycombed, scarcely or not at all bristly.
84 Onopordum. Pappus-bristles not plumose.
= = Filaments glabrous, united into a tube.
85. Silybum. Involucral bracts ending in a long stout spinescent appendage, spreading or
reflexed. Receptacle densely bristly. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Stout thistle-Uke
herbs, with large heads.
* * Achenes obliquely attached ; marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-hke.
86. Centaurea. Pappus of several series of short scales or bristles or none. Flowers red,
jiurple, blue, white, or rarely yellow.
87. CniCUS. Pappus of 10 short horny teeth, 10 long bristles, and 10 shorter ones. Flowers
yellow.
Series II. LIGULIFL6rAE
Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect.
Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.
Tribe X. CICHORIeAE. Characters of the series.
* Pappus none ; annuals.
-»- Leafy-stemmed.
88. Lapsana. Involucre cylindrical, calyculate-bracteate at base.
89. Serinia. Involucre not calyculate.
-I- +- Leaves all basal.
90. Arnoseris. Involucral bracts narrow, at length carinate-thickened.
* * Pappus ehafly, or of both chaff" and bristles.
91. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.
92. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles
* * * Pappus plumose.
9o. Hypochaeris. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform, the inner produced into long slender
l»:iks. Leaves radical.
94. Leontodon. Similar. Achenes uniform.
95. Picris Outer involucral bracts spreading. Achenes terete, not beaked. Stems leafy.
96. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy.
776 COM PCS IT A E (composite family)
* * * * Pappus composed entircjly of capillary bristles, not plamose.
■»- Achenes strongly muricate or spinulose above.
97. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. In\olucre few-flowered, calyculate, Achenes terete,
-cNcral-ribbed.
96. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate, many-flowered. Achenes fusiform, 4-6-ribbed.
4- -•- Achenes not muricate above.
*+ Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-stemmed,
with panicled heads.
99. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers 50 or more in each head, yellow.
100. Lactuca. Achenes usually more or less beaked. Flowers 6-30 in each head, yellow, blue,
or purple. •
++ ++ Achenes columnar, often slender.
= Achenes not conspicuously narrowed at base. Flowers rose or purple.
101. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, slightly tapering above. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless ;
Head erect. Western.
= = Achenes narrowed at base.
a. Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in no. 102); flowers yellow,
102. Agoseris. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes lO-ribbed.
103. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Achenes 4— 5-ribbed.
6. Achenes not beaked.
1. Involucral bracts in a single row.
104. Crepis. Pappus white, soft. Flowers yellow or orange.
2. Bracts in more than one row.
105. Prenanthes. Involucre calyculate. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus whitish, tawny, or
brown. Flowers white, cream-color, or pinkish.
loG. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Flowers yellow or orange.
Artificial Key to Genera
Series I. Disk-flowers with tubular regular corollas ; ligulate
FLOWERS IF PRESENT MARGINAL.
§ 1. Bays or ligulate floioers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely none),
* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike a.
a. Pappus composed of bristles b.
b. Pappus double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles . 1. Vernonia,
b. Pappus simjile, the bristles all of the same .sort c.
c. Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into compound or
dense clusters 2. Elephantopus.
c. Heads sei)arate d.
d. Recei)tacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy.
Leaves not j)rickly 80. Arctium.
Leaves prickly.
Filaments glabrous, united into a tube 85. Silybum.
Filaments papiliose-r>ilo8e, separate.
Pap[nis-bristies not plumose 82. Carduus.
Pappus-bristles plumose 83. Cimium.
d. Receptacle ileei)ly honeycomb-like 84. Onopordum.
d. Keceptacie iiakoil.
Papjius-bristles plumose.
(Jorollas rose-color or purple ; heads racemose or spicate . 9. Liatris.
Corollas whitish ; heads corymbose 8. Kuhnia.
Pappus-bristles sometimes roughened but not plumose.
Stem twining; leaves opi)08ite, triangular-hastate . . 5. Mikania.
Stem not twining.
Achenes Wangled, fi-ribbed 4. Eupatoriwm.
Achenes S-lo-ribln-d or without definite angles or ribs.
Annual 77. ErechtiteH.
Perennial.
Flowers yi'llow.
Involucral t>racts much iinbiicatcd in several series . 18. Bi<jeln\iiia.
Involucre simple or merely calyculate . . .79. Senficio
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
777
a,
Flowers purple
Flowers whitish.
Involucral bracts much imbricated ; leaves chiefly
opposite
Involucral bracts little imbricated ; leaves alternate .
Pappus not composed of bristles e.
e. Pappus none or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit.
Heads 1-tiowered, themselves aggregated into globose glomerules ;
leaves prickly
Heads many-tiowered ; leaves not prickly.
Outer involucre foliaceous ; leaves opposite at least below
Outer involucre not foliaceous ; leaves alternate.
Keceptacle conical, becoming elongated
Receptacle flattish or merely convex.
Heads chiefly nodding, in spikes, racemes, or panicles .
Heads corymbose
e. Pappus present/.
/. Pappus composed of scales or chaflf.
Eeceptacle naked.
Leaves in whorls
Leaves alternate.
Leaves dissected
Leaves entire
Eeceptacle bearing chaff' among tjie flowers.
Leaves toothed or lobed • . .
Leaves entire
/. Pappus of 2-several teeth or awns.
Pappus caducous
Pappus persistent.
Achenes laterally compressed
Achenes terete or flattened parallel with the involucral bracts.
Pappus barbed.
Bracts of inner involucre connate to middle ; achenes terete
Bracts of inner involucre distinct or nearly so ; achenes
obcompressed ' . . .
Pappus not barbed
6. Th'iUsa.
7. BrickeUia.
78. Cacalia.
81. Echinops.
33. Polymnia.
69. Matricaria.
73. Artemisia.
70. Chrysanthemum
3. Sclerolepia.
61. Eymenopappus.
62. Polypteris.
65. Gaillardia.
58. 3farshallia.
* * Flowers of two kinds in the same head g.
10. Grindelia.
53, Verbesina.
55. Thelesperma.
56. Bidens.
54. Coreopsis.
g. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous.
Leaves spiny : heads subtended by foliaceous bracts ....
Leaves not spiny ; no conspicuous foliaceous bracts ....
g. Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile h.
h. Eeceptacle chafi'y.
Eeceptacle awl-shajied ; achenes terete
Eeceptacle flattish or moderately convex ; achenes flattened .
h. Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chalF i.
i. Pappus of capillary bristles .;.
j. Involuf"-al bracts imbricated in several rows.
Leaves toothed ; not woolly
Leaves entire ; iilant more or less woolly.
Some flowers staminate and sterile .
All flowers fertile, either pistillate or perfect .
Involucral bracts chiefly in one row.
Leaves cordate, triangular or palmately lobed
Leaves not cordate.
Involucre campanulate
Involucre ovoid at base, cylindric above .
Pappus a .«^hort crown or none.
Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre
Achenes not exceeding the involucre.
Heads corymbose, erect
Heads solitary on long peduncles ....
Heads racemose or paniculate, nodding.
Lower leaves opposite
Lower leaves alternate
87. Cnicus. •
86. Centaurea.
27. Gifol<i.
51. Helianthus.
26. Pluchea.
3'
29. A naphalis.
30. Gnaphalium,
75. Petasiies.
23. Erigeron.
77. Erechtites.
32. Adeiwcaulon.
71. Tanacetum.
72. Cotula.
39. Ira.
73. Artemisia.
* ** Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads A-.
h. Pappus capillary.
Leaves prickly ; heads large S3. Cirsium,.
Leaves not iirickly ; heads small.
Shrubs ; leaves mostly toothed 25. Baccharis.
Herbs ; leaves entire.
Pappus-bristles somewhat club-shaped in sterile flowers, but capil-
lary and slightly <'<iniiate at base in the fertile . . . 28. Antennaria.
Pappus-bristles ali capillary, not at all connate . . .29. AnnpJialis.
k. Pappus none ; fertile invuhu-n' becoming bur-like.
Bracts of the staminate involucre united into a enp.
Fertile involucr*^ armed with one ring of spines, teeth, oi- blunt
processes 4(».- Ambrosia.
778
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
Fertile involu«re armed with 2 or more rows of spines or these
irregularly distributed 41. Franseria.
Bracts of staminate involucre distinct ; fertile involucre horned in
fruit and very prickly 42. Xanthmm.
§ 2. Bays present, i.e.
the marginal floioers
corollas.
or some of them ivith strap-like
I
* Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk-flowers; ray -flowers pistillate I.
..... 74. Tkissilago.
I
75. Petasiies.
23. Erigeron.
75. PetasUes.
15. SoUdago.
Rays occupying several rows.
Kays yellow ...........
Rays white or purpUsh.
Leaves cordate
Leaves not cordate .........
Rays in one marginal row m.
m. Ravs not yallow.
Upper part of stem bearing ovate or lanceolate phyllodia . .
Phyllodia none.
Kays and disk-flovers similarly colored
Rays and disk-flowers of contrasting colors.
Rays 4 or 5 24. Sericocarptts.
Rays numerous.
Involucral bracts subequal, narrow, chiefly in 1 series
Involucral bracts imbricated in several mostly unequal series
m. Rays vellow n.
n. Pappus (at least in the disk-flowers) double, the outer short and
minute.
Ray-flowers with pappus of capillary bristles
Ray-flowers with coroniform pappus
n. Pappus simple.
Leaves opposite 76. Arnica.
Leaves alternate.
Involucral bracts equal and in 1 row (though often calyculate)
Involucral bracts imbricated in several series.
Heads 3-5 cm. in diameter
Heads 2 cm. or less in diameter.
Pappus of several very narrow scales rather than truly
capillary bristles.
Pappus of disk-flowers nearly or quite as long as the
corolla 12.
Pappus of disk-flowers much shorter than the corolla . 11.
Pappus-bristles hair-like.
Pappus-bristles equal 15. Solidago.
Pappus-bristles unequal 17. Aplopappvs.
* * Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles at least in the disk-
flowers 10. Grindelia.
23.
22.
14.
13.
Erigeron.
Aster,
Chrysopsis.
ffeterotheca.
79.
31.
Senecio.
Inula.
A mphiachyris.
Gutierrezia.
*** Pappus a circle of chaffy scales dissected into bristles
* * * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles o.
66. I>yssodia.
0.
o.
Receptacle deeply honeycombed
Receptacle not deeply honeycombed, naked.
Receptacle flattish ; heads small, few-flowered
Leaves serrate, the lower heart-shaped
Leaves entire, linear, never cordate
Receptacle elevated, strongly convex ; heads
Scapose
Leafy-stemmed ; leaves decurrent
Receptacle not deei)ly honeycombed, chaff'}'.
Heads less than 1 cm. in diameter .
Heads more than 1 cm. in diameter
57. Balduina.
many-flowered.
16.
11.
63.
64.
Brachychaeta.
Gutierresia.
Actinea.
Helenium.
59. Galinsoga.
65. Gaillardia.
* * * * * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth or chaffy scales corresponding
with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles
or scales.
-t- Receptacle naked p.
p. Achenes flattened.
Achenes wing-margined ; pappus present 21. Boltonia.
Achenes marginless ; pappus none 19. Bellis.
p. Achenes terete or prismatic.
Receptacle conical .69. Matricaria.
Receptacle flattish.
Heads verv small ; rav-flowers mostly 1 60. Fhiveria.
Heads rather large; r.ays numerous 70. Chrynanthemum
p. Achenes fusiform ; pappus of few scales, usually alternating with awns 20. Chaetopappa.
+- -K Rkcei'taoi.e chakfv q.
q. Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect
and fertile.
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 779
Receptacle flat or nearly so.
Achenes cylindrical, 2-awned 55. Thele»perma.
Achenes flattened parallel to the chaff.
Pappus-awna barbed 56. Bidens.
Pappus-awns not barbed 54. Coreopsis,
Keceptacle convex to columnar.
Involucral bracts with thin scarious margins . . . . 6S. Anthemis.
Involucral bracts distinctly herbaceous.
Pappus of 2 awns.
Pappus-awns very deciduous 51. Heliantfius.
Pappus-awns persistent 52. Actinomeris.
Pappus none or a crown of short teeth.
Eays rose-color (rarely yellow), pistillate . , . . 47. Brauneria.
Eays yellow to brownish-red or orange, neutral.
Achenes 4-sided, marginless 46. Eudheckia.
Achenes flattened and margined 4S. Lepachys.
q. Rays pistillate and fertile i\
r. Disk-flowers also fertile, their achenes maturing s.
«. Leaves alternate.
Pappus of 1-3 awns or teeth 53. Verbesina.
Pappus none.
Heads less than 1 cm. broad ; achenes obcompressed . • 67. Achillea.
Heads more than 1 cm. broad ; achenes not compressed . 6S. Aiitltemis.
8. Leaves opposite.
Maritime shrub 50. Botrichia.
Herbs.
Annual, with white rays 44. Eclipta.
Perennial, with yellow ra\'s.
Outer involucre of 4 connate bracts 45. Tetragonotheca.
Outer involucral bracts not connate.
Weak creeping herb 49. Spilanthes.
Stout erect herbs.
Achenes laterally flattened 53. Verbesina.
Achenes thickish 43. Heliopsis.
r. Disk-flowers not maturing achenes ; disk chafiy.
Achenes thickish, not strongly flattened.
Inner bracts of the involucre not armed 38. Polymnia.
Inner bracts of the involucre glochidiate, closely investing the
achenes Si. Acarit/iospermuri'.
Achenes flattened dorsally. i.e. parallel with the chaff.
Eays 5, obcordate, scarceh* exceeding the disk, whitish . . 3S. PariheJiium .
Kays yellow, much longer than the disk.
Achenes wing-margined, in several rows .... 35. Silphiuin.
Achene wingless, in a single row.
Eays 5 ; leaves serrate 37. Chrysogonum.
Kays usually more numerous ; leaves dentate or lyrately
lobed 36. Berlandiera.
Series II. All the flowers of the head with strap-shaped corolla t
t. Pappus none.
Leaves basal 90. Arnoseris.
Leafy-stemmed.
Involucre calyculate 88. Lapsana.
Involucre not calyculate 89. Serinia.
t. Pajjpus wholly or in "part of scales.
Flowers blue, rose-colored, or rarely white 91. OicJioi-ium.
Flowers yellow 92. Krigia.
t. Papjtus bristle-formed, capillary u.
u. Bristles plumose.
Leaves basal.
Inner achenes long-beaked ........ 93. Hypochaeris.
Inner achenes not beaked 94. Ltoniodon.
Leafy-stemmed.
Hispid -pubescent , .... 95. Picids.
Glabrous 96. Tragopogon.
V/. Bristles simple, at most scabrous id.
V. Achenes strongly muricate or epinulose above.
Leafv'-stemmed . ' 97. Chondrilla.
Scapose 98. Taraxacum.
T, Achenes not muricate above to.
w. Achenes flat or flatfish.
Achenes beakless : flowers 50 or more in each head, yellow . 99. Sonchiut.
Achenes mostly beaked ; heads 6-30-flowered ; flow"ers yellow,
blue, or purple 100. Lactuca.
W. Achenes columnar, often slender.
Flowers cream-color, white, rose-color, or purple.
Pappus white ; heads erect 101. Lygodesmia
Pappus cream-color or tawny ; heads nodding . . . . 105. Prenanthe^.
780 COMPOSITAE (C<)Mt*OSlTE FAMILY)
Flowers bright yellow to deep orange-red.
Achenes beaked.
Achenes lO-ribbed 102. Agoneris.
Achenes 4-5-ribbed 103. Pyrrhopappus
Achenes not beaked.
Pappus white.
Leaves entire 102. Af/oseris.
Leaves toothed or nncinate-pinnatifid .... 104. Crepis.
Pappus tawny 106. Hieracium.
1. VERN6nIA Schreb. Ihonweed
Heads discoid, ir)-many-tiowered, in corymbose cymes ; flowers perfect ; in-
volucre shortei' than tlie flowers, of mucli imbricated bracts. Achenes cylin-
drical, ribbed ; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner
of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate
acuminate or very acute serrate leaves and mostly purple (rarely white) flowers.
(Named for William Verno)i, an early English botanist, who traveled in North
America. )
Involucral bracts tipped with long filiform spreading appendages.
Heads large, mostly 60-SO-tlowered ; involucre 1.4-2 cm. in diameter . 1. V, crinita.
Heads smaller, usually about 40-flowered ; involucre about 1 cm. in
diameter.
Pappus purple or at least purplish-tinged 2. F. noveboracensis.
Paiipus cream-colored or stramineous 3. F. glaticu.
Involucral bracts obtuse, acute, or acuminate, but not conspicuously
caudate.
Lower surface of the leaves smooth or merely puberulent.
Cyme dense, fastigiate c . . . 4. V.fdneiculata.
Cyme open and loose, the branches wide-spreading . . . . 5. F. altiHsima.
Lower surface of the leaves tomentulose.
Involucral bracts obtuse to acute, appressed or nearly so.
Pappus i)uiple 6. F. illinoenfiis.
Pappus tawny , .... 7. V. }i'is.sic)-i('a.
Involucral bracts with acuminate more or less squarrose tips . . S, V. Baldwini.
1. V. crinita Raf. Tall, nearly glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely
denticulate; heads large., usitally 6Q-80-tlowered ; involucre verysquarro.se, the
bracts with In n(i filiform tips. (V. arkansana DC.) — Mo., Kan., and south w.
2. V. noveboracensis Willd. Kather tall (1-2 m.) ; leaves long-lanceolate
to Jance-oblong, more or less pubescent beneath, gradually narrowed but not
at all acuminate toward the base ; cyme open ; heads mostlii SO-40-Jloivered ;
involucre purplish (or in white-flowered individuals green), campanulate ; the
bracts ovate or lance-ovate, with loosely avscending or recurved-spreading fili-
form tips ; papjius purple or purplish. — Low ground near the coast, Mass. to
Va. and Miss.; reported from Pelee T., L. Erie (Macoun).
3. V. glaiica (L.) Willd. Similar to the preceding ; leaves mostly broader,
ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the base to an acuminate'ly winged petiolar
portion, paler and tending to be more loosely pubescent on the nerves beneath ;
involucral bracts mostly with sliorter filiform tips ; pappus cream-colored or
stramineous. ( V. noveboracensis, var. latijolia (iray.) — Pa. to Ga, and Ala.
4. V. fasciculata Michx. Leaves ascending, narrow., linear to oJdong-lanceo-
late, green and nearly glabrous beneath; heads rather small, about 20-flo\vered,
many., crowded, in a fastigiate cyme ; involucral bracts closely appressed, obtuse
or the uppermo.st merely mueronate ; acln-nes mostly smooth as seen with an
ordinary lens ; flowers reddish-purple. — Prairies, O. to Minn., Neb., and Okla.
5. V. altissim.a Nntt. Usually tall (1-2 or more m. high) ; leaves lance-
oblong, acnminate, spreading, smooth or merely p^iberiilent beneath; cyme
large., loidely .spreading, rother loose; heads about 2.j-flowered ; involucral
bracts closely appressed, ovate, acute, obtuse, or cnspidate, mostly purple-tinged ;
flowers red-])urple. ( V. maxima Small.) — Rich soil of prairies, etc., N. Y. to
Mich., Mo., ;i)id soutliw. ; also sporadic northeastw.
G. V. illinoensis (ileason. 'i'all and rather stout ; leaves large, oblong-
lanceolate, .acuminate, tomentulose and sliglitly scabrous beneath ; heads
medium-sized, about 40-flowered, sessile or shortly and .stoutly pediceled in a
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 781
rather dense cyme ; involucre campamdate ; its bracts regularly imbricated and
closely appressed, chiefly rounded or obtuse, usually purple- or violet-tinged ;
flowers red-purple; pappus purple. — Rich dry prairies, s. Out. and O. to 111.
and la.
7. V. missurica Raf. Similar in habit to the preceding; heads 35-50-
flowered ; involucre ovoid- or subcylindric-campanulate, mostly greenish ; the
bracts rather narroio^ very numerous^ closel}' appressed, the middle and lower
ones acutish ; pappus taivny or with only a slight purple tinge. ( T'^. altissima,
var. (irandiflora Gray.) — Prairies, lll.(?) and Mo. to Tex. and Kan. — An
obscure species.
8. V. Baldwini Torr. Tornentulose ; heads small or medium-sized, about
30-flowered ; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate ; involucre hoary -tomentose and
arachnoid, mostly greenish; the bracts squarrose, acuminate. — Prairies and
barren hills, la. to Kan. and Tex. V. interior Small, though sometimes distin-
guishable by its less squarrose mostly purple-tinged involucral bracts, does not
appear satisfactorily separable.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS [Vaill.] L. Elephant' s-foot
Heads discoid, 2-5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound
pedunculate head ; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong
dry bracts. Achenes lO-ribbed ; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the
base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name com-
posed of eXe^as, elephant, and irovs, foot.)
* Stem leafy ; upper leaves very like the basal.
1. E. car#linianus Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leaves ovate-
oblong, thin. — Dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to 111., Kan., and southw. (Mex., W. I.)
* * Stem scape-like, loith a few bract-like leaves or naked.
2. E. tomentbsus L. Somewhat hairj^ ; basal leaves obovate to narrowly
spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath ; heads large ; pappus-scales
attenuate. — Va. to Ky., Ark., and southw.
3. E. nudatus Gray. Strigose-puberulent ; basal leaves thin, green, spatu-
late-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath ; heads smaller ;
pappus-scales broadly deltoid. — Del. to Ark., and southw.
3. SCLEROLEPIS Cass.
Head discoid, many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts linear,
equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes o-angled ;
pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtiLse scales. — Smooth peren-
nial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of
4-6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers in summer. (Name composed
of <xK\7)p6s. hard, and XeTrt's, « scale, from the papixis.)
1. S. unifl5ra (Walt.) BSP. (S. verticillata Cass.) — In water or sandy
bogs, Bradford, N. H. (F. T. Lewis) ; pine barrens, from N. J. southw.
4. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L. Thorolghwort
Heads discoid, o-many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or
bell-shaped, of more than 4 bracts. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla
5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled ; pappus a single row of slender cai)iiiary barely
roughish bristles. — Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous
dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, ap-
pearing near the close of sunmier. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who ig
said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)
782 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
§1. EUPATORIUM proper. Beceptaclc flat.
* Heads cylindrical., o-l6-flowered ; the purplish bracts numerous,, closely im-
bricated in several roics, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs^
with ample mostly whorled leaves., and flesh-colored flowers.
1. E. purpureum L. (Joe-Pye VVked, Trumpet Weed.) Stems tall (0.5-3
m. high) and stout, simple ; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, thin, smootliisli, rather finely cre'iate-dentate ; inflorescence hemi-
spherical, ovoid, or pyramidal-paniculate, the branches long and spreading, much
overtopping the leaves; flowers pale pink or whitish. {E. trifoliatum L.) —
Low groimd, often in woods and thickets, N. H., westw. and south w. Var.
ANorsTiFOLiiTM T. & G. (vRW falcatuni Britton), with narrowly oblong-lanceolate
to lance-linear often falcate leaves, seems to be only a weak form or state.
Var. maculatum (L.) Darl. More pubescent, with thicker more rugose ovate
to ovate-oblong incisely and coarsely toothed leaves and fiattish-topped cymose-
panicles of more crowded rose-purple or paler heads, (E. maculatum L.) —
Generally in v/etter places, Nfd., westw. and southw.
Var. amoenum (Pursh) Gray. Low ; leaves fewer, often opposite, ovate
or oblong ; heads few. — Range of the preceding variety.
Var. foliosum Fernald. Leaves thin, elongate, the upper much overtopping
the compact flat-topped inflorescence. — Nfd. to n. Mich, and la.
* * Heads S-20-flowered ; involucre o/8-15 more or less imbricated and unequal
bracts, the outer ones shorter ; floioers white or nearly so.
•i- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3-5-
flov:ered.
'2. E. capillifblium (Lam.) Small. (Dog Fennel.) Smooth or nearly so,
paniculately much branched, 1-3 m. high, leaves 1-2-pinnately parted, filiform.
(B. foeniculaceum Willd.) — Va., near the coast, and southw.; adventive near
P'ailadelphia.
■»-- -(- Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12-lo-floivered, in
compound corymbs.
3. E. ser6tinum Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched, 1-2
m. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny,
coarsely serrate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long ; involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial ground,
Md. to Minn., e. Kan., and southw.
•4- +- 4- Leaves sessile or nearly so, vnth a narrow base, mostly opposite ; heads
mostly b-flowered.
*-*■ Involucral bracts ivith white and scarious acute tips.
4. E. album L. Boughish-hairy, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; involucral bracts closely
imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, longer than the flowers. — Sandy and
barren places, pine barrens of L. I. to Va., and southw.; also dry slopes of the
southern Alleghenies.
Var. subvenbsum Gray. Less rough ; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, finely toothed
and less veiny. — L. I. and N. J.
5. E. Ieuc61epis T. & G. Minutely pubescent, simple, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, rough both
sides ; corymb hoary. — Sandy bogs, L. L, N. J., and southw^
■*-*■ ++ Bracts not scarious or only obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than
the floioers.
6. E. hyssopif51ium L. Minutely pubescent, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves narrow,
linear or nearly so, 3-') cm. long, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed,
often crowded in the axils, acute at the base. — Sterile soil, Mass. to Va., e. Ky.,
and southw.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 783
7. E. TorreylLnum Short. Erect, slender, 8-12 dm. high, gi-ayish-puberu-
lent ; leaves narrowly lanceolate^ coarsely toothed, the larger ones 5-7 cm. long^
8-12 mm. wide, commonly proliferous in the axils ; corymbs flat-topped ; heada
small; involucral scales woolly. (E. hyssopifolium, var. laciniatum Gray.) —
Barrens, etc., l*a., Ky., and southw.
8. E. semiserratum DC. Miimtely velvety-pubescent, branching, 6-Q dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate or ohlong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the
middle, tapering to the base, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, the lower slightly petioled ; heads
small. — Damp soil, V'a. to Mo., and southw. — Leaves sometimes whorled in
threes, or the upper alternate.
9. E. altissimum L. Stem stout and tall, 1-2 m. high, dou^ny ; leaves lan-
ceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 'i-nerved^ entire, or toothed above
ihe middle, 0.5-1.3 dm. long, the uppermost alternate ; corymbs dense ; bracts
of the inviducre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Pa. to Minn., Neb.,
and southw.
+-•<-•*-•*- Leaves sessile or nearly so, loith a broad base, opposite or in threes;
heads pubescent.
++ Heads b-di-Jlowered ; leaves not clasping.
10. E. verbenaef51ium Michx. Roughish-pubescent, 0.5-2.5 m. high ; leaves
ovatc-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the loWer shortly peti-
oled, the upper usually alternate ; branches of the corymb few, unequal ; bracts
of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers. (Includ-
ing var. Saiindersii Porter; E. teucrifolium Willd.) — Low grounds, Mass. to
Va., and southw., near the coast.
11. E. rotundifblium L. Downy-pubescent, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves roundish-
ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, crenate or crenate-
serrate, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish, 2.5-5 cm. long; corymb large and dense ;
bracts of the b-flowered involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil,
R. I. to Va., Ark., and southw., chiefly near the coast.
12. E. pubescens Muhl. Pubescent, 7-12 dm. high ; leaves ovate, acute,
hardly truncate at base, strongly serrate; heads 5-8-flowered. {E. rotundifo-
lium, var. ovatum Torr.) — Rocky woods, s. Me. to Va. and Ky., chiefly near
the coast.
13. E. sessiUf^^ium L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (0.5-1.8 m. high),
smooth, branchipg ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the
rounded sessile base to the sharp jyoint, serrate, veiny, smooth, 0.7-1.5 dm. long;
corymb very compound, pubescent ; bracts of the b-flowered involucre oval and
oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Vt. and Mass. to 111., Mo., and southw.
along the mts.
Var. Brittonianum Porter. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or short-
acuminate, 2.5-4 cm. long ; inflorescence very contracted. — Budd's Lake, N. J.
{Porter).
■^ ++ Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading ;
heads 10-40-flowered ; corymbs very compound and large.
14. E. perfoliatum L. (Thoroughwort, Boneset.) Stem stout, 0.5-1.5 m.
high, hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy
beneath, 1-2 dm. long ; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds;
common and well known. Var. truncXtdm Gray. At least the upper leaves
separate, truncate or rounded at base. — With the typical form.
Var. cuneatum Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate ;
the heads fewer-flowered. — Mo., and southw. — Perhaps a hybrid with no. 8.
15. E. resin6sum 'I'orr. Mimitely velvety -downy, i\-^ dva.\\v^\\\ leaves linear-
lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly
veiny beneath, 1-1.5 dm. long ; bracts of the invokicre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine
barrens, N. J. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.
784 coMPosiTAE (composite family)
* * * Heads S-S0-flov:ipre(7 ; involucral bracts nearly equal, in one row or hut a
very few of the outermost shorter; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-
nerved, not resinous-dotted.
-»- Leaves broadly ovate; flowers pure white.
16. E. urticaefolium Reichard. (White Snakekoot.) Smooth, branching,
0.5-1 n». liigh ; haves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-
petioled, thin, 7-12 cm. long; corymbs compound. {E. ageratoides L. f.) —
Rich woods, not rare. Var. villicaule Fernald. Stems and petioles viscid-
villons. — Pa. (HeUer) to Va. (Ciirtiss).
17. E. aromaticum L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple;
leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish. —
Copses, etc., Mass. to Fla., near the coast. — Not aromatic.
-1- f- Leaves deltoid-ovate ; flowers pink to pale purple.
18. E. incarnatum Walt. Freely branched, 6-12 dm. high, puberulent ;
branches spreading-ascending ; leaves rather narrowly deltoid-ovate, long-pointed,
coarsely crenate-serrate or bluntly toothed ; slender petioles mostly 1-4 cm.
long. — Y2i. {Mackenzie) and Ky. to Fla. and Tex.
§2. CONOCLfNIUM (DC.) Baker. Receptacle conical; involucral bracts
nearly equal, somewhat imbricated.
19. E. coelefetinum L. (Mist-flower.) Somewhat pubescent, 0.3-1 m.
high ; leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped,
coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-llowered, in compact cymes; flowers
blue or violet. — Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., Kan., and south w.
5. MIKANIA Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed
Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 bracts. Receptacle small. Flow-
ers, acheues, etc., as in Eupatorium. — Twining perennials, with opposite com-
monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored
flowers. (Named for Joseph Gottfried Mikan, 1743-1814, professor in the
University of Prague.) Wili.uobaeya Neck.
1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Nearly smooth ; leaves somewhat triangular-
heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. {Willoughbya
Ktze.) — Copses along streams, and in sandy swamps, s. Me. to Fla., chiefly
near the coast, w. to Ont., and s. to Miss, and Tex. July-Sept.
6. TRILISA Cass.
Heads discoid, 5-10-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts nearly
equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong.
Achenes lO-ribbed ; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose. — Perennial
herbs, tibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate,
and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in
autumn. (Name an p.nagram of Liatris.)
1. T. paniculata (Walt.) Cass. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or
lanceolate, smoothish, those'of the stem partly clasping ; heads panicled. — Low
pine barrens, Va., and southw.
2. T. odoratlssima (Walt.) Cass. Very smooth; leaves obovate-spatulate,
pale ; heads (-(/rymbnl ; plant with the odor of vanilla when bruised. — S. C. to
Fla., and said to reach our limits in s. Va.
7. BRICK^LLIA Ell.
Characters as in Kuhnia ; involucral bracts more numerous. Bristles of the
pappus merely scabrous or at most barbellate or subplumose. Leaves often all
opposite. (In memory of Dr. John Brickell of Savannah, Ga., amateur botanist
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 785
and helpful correspondent of Muhlenberg, Fraser, and others.) Coleosanthus
Cass.
1 B. grandifl5ra (Hook.) Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 6-9 dm. high; leaves
deltoid, cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acumi-
nate, 1 dm. long or less; heads about 40-flowered. {Coleosanthus Ktze.) —
Mo. and Kan., westw. and southwestw.
8. KUHKIA L.
Heads discoid, 10-25-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts thin, few,
and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender. 5-toothed.
Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate ; pappus a single rov/ of very plumose bri.stles. —
A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-
corymbo.se heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Adam KuTin of
Philadelphia, who carried the living plant to Linnaeus.)
\. K. eupatorioides L. Stems 3-9 dm. high; pubescence minute; leaves
varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed to linear and entire. — Dry soil,
N. J. to Minn., S. Dak., and southw. Sept. — Very variable. Var. corym-
BULOSA T. & G. Stouter and somewhat more pubescent, the heads rather
crowded, (if. glutinosa Ell.) — 111., westw. and southw.
9. LIATRIS Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing Star
Heads discoid, few-many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral bracts well
imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and
slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base. 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40
capillary plumose or barbellate bristles. — Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted,
with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire
leaves (.sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed
handsome rose-purple flowers, late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of
name unknown.) Lacixaria Hill. Lacintaria Hill.
* Pappus very plumose ; bracts of the b-jlowered involucre icith ovate or lanceo-
late spreading petal-like {rose or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.
1. L. ^legans (Walt.) Willd. Stem (0.6-1 m. high) and involucre hairy;
leaves linear, .short and spreading ; spike or raceme compact, 1-5 dm. long.
{Laciniaria Ktze.) — Barren soil, Va., and southw.
* * Pappus very plumose ; bracts of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre
imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like ; corolla-lobes hai)'y
icithin.
2. L. squarrbsa Willd. (Blazing Star, etc.) Often hairy, 1.5-<] dm.
high; leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few, 1.5-3.5 cm. long;
bracts mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. {Laciniaria Hill.) —
Dry soil, Pa. to Minn., and southw. Var. intermedia (Lindl.) DC. Heads
narrow ; bracts shorter, erect or nearly so. {Lacinaria squarrosa, var. Porter.)
— Ont. to Neb. and Tex.
3. L. cylindracea Michx. Commonly smooth, 1.5-5 dm. high ; leaves linear ;
heads few, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; bracts with short and rounded abruptly mucronate
appressed tips. {Laciniaria Ktze.) — Dry open places, Ont. to Minn, and Mo.
-— Heads sometimes reduced to a solitary slightly enlarged terminal one (var
solitaria MacM.).
*** Pappus very plumose ; heads 4-6-flowered ; bracts acuminate ; corolla-lobes
naked.
4. L. punctata Hook. Stout, 1.5-8 dm. high, from a branching or globose
rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose. ri2;id ; heads usually
many in a dense spike. {Laci)uaria Ktze.) — "O.'"; Minn., westw. and
soutliw.
gray's manual — 50
T86 COMPOSITAE (composite family)
* * * * Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye ; corolla-Job es smooth inside.
5. L. scari5sa Willd. Stem stout, 0.3-1.8 m. high, pubescent or hoary;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest oblong -lanceolate or
obovate-oblong . tapering into a petiole ; heads few or many, large, 25-40-flow-
ered ; bracts of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numer-
ous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins. (Laciniaria Hill.) —
Dry soil, s. Me. to Out., Neb., and southw. — Widely variable ; heads 2.5 cm. or
less in diameter.
Var. squarrul5sa (Michx.) Gray. Slender ; heads smaller, 14-20-flowered ;
bracts numerous. (^Lacinaria scariosa, var. Small.) — Open woods, Va., and
southw.
(5. L. pycnostachya Michx. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, 0.5-1.6 ra.
high, very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear ; spike
thick and dense, 1.5-5 dm. long ; heads about 5-liowered, 1 cm. long ; bracts of
the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored
tips. {Laciniaria Ktze. ) — Trairies, from Ind. to Minn., Neb., and southw.
7. L. spicata (L.) Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy ; stems very leafy,
stout, 0.'>-1.8 m. high ; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved ; heads 8-12-flowered,
1 cm. long, crowded in a long spike ; bracts of the cylindrical-bell-shaped invo-
lucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenes pubescent
or smoothish. {Laciniaria Ktze.) — Moist grounds, Mass. to s. Ont., Minn., and
southw. — Involucre often resinous, very smooth.
Var. montana Gray. Low and stout ; leaves broader, obtuse ; spike short
and heads large. {Lacinaria spicata, var. pumila Porter.) — Mountain-tops,
Va., and southw.
8. L. graminif51ia (Walt.) Willd. Hairy or smoothish ; stem 3-9 dm. high,
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved ; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7-12-flowered ; bracts of the obconical or obovoid involucre
spatulate or rjblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes
hairy. {Laciniaria Ktze.; Lacinaria Smallii Britton.) — Va., and southw. —
Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in
Var. dubia Gray. Bracts of involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often
ciliate. {Lacinaria graminifolia, var. pilosa Britton.) — Wet pine barrens,
N. J., and southw.
10. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum-plant. Tar-weed
Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); rays pistillate. Bracts of the
hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less
spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate,
glabrous; pappus of 2-8 caducous awns. — Coarse perennial or biennial herbs,
often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate
and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy
branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Named for Prof David Hieronymus Grindel,
1770-1830, a Russian botanist.)
1. G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; invo-
lucre squai'rose ; achenes not toothed ; pappus-awns 2 or 3. — Prairies and dry
banks, 111. to Minn., southw. and westw. ; rarely adv. eastw. July-Oct. Var.
NfjDA (Wood) Gray. Rays wanting. — Mo., and westw.
2. G. lanceolata Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear ; involucral bracts erect
or the lower tips spreading ; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at tlie summit ;
awns 2. — Prairies and barrens, Tenn., Mo., Kan., and southw. July, Aug.
11. GUTIERREZIA Lag.
Heads few-several-flowered, radiate ; rays 1-6, pistillate. Involucre cylm-
dric-clavate ; bracts coriaceous, with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer
shorter. Heceptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete ; pappus of about 9
chaffy .scales, shorter in the ray-flowers. — Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous,
COMPOS ITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 787
and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate
leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes.
(Named for Pedro Gutierrez^ correspondent of the botanical garden of Madrid.)
1. G. Sarothrae (Pursh) Britton «& Rusby. Low; leaves numerous, 1-5 cm.
long ; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each,
{G. Euthamiae T. & G.) — Dry plains, Man. and Minn., westw. and southwestw.
July-Sept.
12. AMPmACHYRIS (DC.) Nutt.
Heads hemispherical ; rays 5-10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pappus
of the rays minute, coroniform ; of the disk-flowers of bristle-like scales, more or
less dilated and united at base. — A diffusely much branched annual, with heads
solitary on the branchlets ; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From d/xcpi, around, and
&X^po^i chr/ff.)
1. A. dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Low, slender; leaves narrowly linear,
the upper filiform ; disk-flowers 10-20, their pappus of 5-8 bristle-like scales
united at base and slightly dilated upward, — Plains, Mo., Kan., and soutliw.
Aug., Sept.
13. HETEROTHECA Cass.
Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular,
without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a
double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and
stout bristles. — (From ^repos, different, and drjKr], case, alluding to the unlike
achenes.)
1. H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby. Annual or biennial, 3-9 dm.
high, bearing numerous small heads ; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with
petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping. (H. Lamarckii
Cass.) — Sandy soil, near the coast, Del. to Fla. and Tex., inland to Kan., N.
Hex., and Ariz.; locally on ballast north w. July-Sept. (Mex.)
14. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Golden Aster
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral
bracts linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes
obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy ; pappus in all the flowers double, the
outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary
bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often
corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk- and ray-flowers yellow.
(Name composed of xP^<^os, gold, and oxj/is, aspect, from the golden blossoms.)
* Leaves narroioly lanceolate or linear ; achenes linear.
1. C. graminifblia (Michx.) Nutt. Silvery -silky, with long close-pressed
hairs ; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing
few heads ; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining,
entire. — Dry sandy soil, N. J. and Del. to Ky., southw. and southwestw.
July-Oct.
2. C. falcata (Pursh) Ell. Stems 1-3 dm. high, very woolly ; leaves crowded,
linear, rigid, about S-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy,
or smooth when old, sessile; heads small, corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the
coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. July-Sept.
* * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined,
not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened.
-f- Pubescence soft-villous or arachnoid and floccose.
3. C. mariana (L.) Nutt. Perennial, silky with long and weak hairs, or
when old smoothish ; leaves oblong; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.
— Dry barrens, from s. N. Y. and Pa. southw. Aug.-Oct.
788 coMPOsiTAE (composite family)
4. C. gossypina (Michx.) Nutt. Biennial^ densely laiiate, the pubescence
becoming tloccose ; leaves short-spatulate to oblong, rounded at tip, ichite-lanate ;
heads few, long-peduncled ; involucre woolly or becoming glabrate ami merely
glanelular. (C. pilosa Britton, not Nutt.) — Pine barrens, Va. to Ela.
-1- •*- Stems hirsute to villous^ the hairs persistent.
5. C. vill5sa Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduucled heads ; leaves
narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bri.st'y-
ciliate toward the base ; achenes H-o-nerved ; outer pappus setulose-squamellate.
{^C. camporum Greene.) — Dry plains and prairies, Man. and Wise to Ky.,
westw. and southw. July-Sept.
6. C. pil5sa Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate ;
involucre vi.icid; achenes 10-nerved; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous. (C.
Nuttallii Britton.) — Open places, Kan., and southw.
15. SOLIDAGO L. Golden-rod
Heads few-many-f^owered, radiate; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Bracts of the
involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except nos. 1 and 2). Recep-
tacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete ; pappus simple,
of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and
sessile or nearly sessile never heart-shaped stem-leaves. Heads small, racemed
or clustered ; llowers both of the disk and ray yellow (cream-color in no. 6).
Clo.sely related species tending to hybridize freely. (Name from solidare, to
join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vtilnerary qualities.)
§ 1. VIRGAUREA DC. Hays mostly fewer than the cUsk-Jlowers ; heads all
more or less pediceled.
* Bracts of the much imbricated and rigid involucre loith abruptly spreading
herbaceous tips ; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense
somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spdke.
1. S. squarr5sa Muhl. Stem stout, 0.2-1.5 m. high, hairy above ; leaves
large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined j^etiole,
serrate, veiny ; heads numerous ; bracts obtuse or acute ; disk-flowers 16-24,
the rays 12-16. — Rocky and wooded hills, N. B. to Out., s. to Va. and O. ; rare
southw. Aug.-early ()ct.
2. S. petiolaris Ait. Minutely hoary or downy ; stem strict, simple, 0.2-1 m.
high ; leaves small (1-7 dm. long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-
ciiiolatc, minutely puberulent, dull or slightly lustrous; the upper entire and
abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base ;
heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels ; rays
about 10, elongated ; bracts of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-
shaped, th(' outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous. — Dry woods,
s. w. HI. to Kan., N. C, and southw. Aug. -Oct. — The name is misleading, as
the leaves are hardly petioled. Var. WAnnii (Britton) Fernald. Leaves firm
and .strongly glutinous, somewhat lustrous. (*S'. Wardii Britton.) — Open rocky
or sandy ground. Mo, and Kan. to 'J\'X.
* * Involucral bracts without green tips and wholly appressed.
-t- Heads small ; the involucres 2-5 (rarely 6) mm. long, clustered along the
stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse.
t-t- Achenes pubescent.
= Stem terete, mostly glaucous (the bloom easily rubbed off).
3. S. caesia L. Smooth : at length much branched and diffuse ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile ; heads in very short
clusters, or .somewhat racemose-panicled on the i)ranches. — Deciduous woods,
6. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Aug.-Oct. Var. axillXris (Pur.sh) Gray
COMPOSITAE (composite FA.AriLY) 789
Mostly simple ; leaves tliin, elongate-lanceolate, all much exceeding the very
small axillary clusters. — N. S. to Que., Ont., and south w. Var. paxiculXta
Gray. Paniculately branched ; leaves smaller ; heads densely racemose-pani-
cled. — Kich woods and clearings, from s. Me. south w^.
= = Ste^n angled^ not glaucous.
4. S. latifolia L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem zigzag., simple or paniculate-
branched, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply
serrate., conspicuously pointed at both ends., thin, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, the lower
abruptly narroiced to winged petioles ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or
the clusters somewhat prolonged at the ends of the branches ; rays 3-4. {S.
flexicaulis L., in part.) — Moist shaded banks, tliroughout ; commonest north w.,
and s. along the mts. Late July-early Oct.
5. S. Curtisii T. & G. Smooth or nearly so ; stem usually branched : leaves
oblong to long-lanceolate with gradually narroiced entire base., serrate above
with subulate teeth ; heads in small loose clu.sters; rays 4-7. — Open woods at
low elevations in the mountains, Va., W. Va., Ky., and southw. Aug.-Oct.
Var. puBExs (M. A. Curtis) Gray. Stems and often the under surfaces of the
leaves tomeutose. — Similar range.
'o^
■W- ++ Achenes glabrous {rarely a little setulose) , inflorescence more thyrsoid.
= Stems pubescent.
6. S. bicolor L. Hoary or gi-ayish with soft hairs (rarely glabrate) ; stem
simple or paniculate-branched ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at
both ends, or the lower oval and tajiering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters
or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interiiipted spike
or crowded panicle; involucre '6-b mm. long; the chartaceous v:hitisk-yeUow
obtuse bracts usually with the greenish midrib slender below but conspicu-
ously dilated above; rays 5-14, small, cream-color or nearly white; achenes
columnar. — Dry soil, P. E. I. to Ga., rarely inland to Ky., Mich., and Ont.
Late Aug.-Oct.
7. S. hispida Muhl. Similar ; caulirie leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obo-
vate, narrowed at base, blunt or acutish at tip ; basal leaves mostly rounded at
tip, crenate-serrate ; involucre 4-^^ mm. long; the subherbaceous greenish or
greenish-straw-colored obtase bracts usually with the green midrib nearly uni-
form or only obscurely dilated above; rays orange-yellow ; achenes slightly
broadened upward. {S. bicolor, var. conrolor T. & G. ) — Diy or rocky banks,
Nfd. to Man., s. to the mts. of Ga., Mich., and Mo.; chiefly in calcareous
districts. July-early Sept.
= = Stems glabrous or essentially so.
8. S. erecta Pursh. Glabrous, or merely puberulent above ; leaves thickish,
firm, the lowest oblong or ovate-spatulate, crenate, the others narrower, entire ;
inflorescence as in no. 6 ; rays pale yellow or cream-colored. — Dr}" soil, L. L,
N. J., Pa., and southw. Aug.-Oct.
9. S. monticola T. & G. Nearly glabrous ; stem slender, 3-9 dm. high ;
leaves thin, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower
serrate; heads small, the bracts acutish; rays 5-6. {S. roanensis Porter.) —
Allegheny Mts., from Pa. southw. July-Sept.
-t- •*- Heads mostly large, the involucres 6{rarely 5)-12 mm. long, many-
flowered, forming an erect terminal thyrse ; leaves feather-veined.
** Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, iiniform in size and shape ; cinereous
plant of the Southwest.
10. S. Lindheimeriana Scheele. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent, 2.5-8 dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate to oblong, sessile, subacute, often glutinous ; inflorescence
dense; involucre slender-campanulate, 5.5-7 mm. long; achenes glabrous. —
Limestone bluffs and gravel, and in rocky woods, Kan. to Tex. Sept.-Nov.
790 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
•VH- ft- Leaves elongate^ thp hasal much larger than the upper and more or less
petioled ; green plants of northern and mountainous regions.
= Leaves thin, the basal with ovate or oblong blades, sharp-serrate, abruptly
narrowed to the comparatively slender petioles.
11. S. macrophylla Pursh. Stem stout, 3.5-12 dm. high, pubescent at
summit, simple below the inflorescence ; leaves very thin, scattered, irr('gularly
and coarsely serrate icith sharp salient teeth, all but the uppermost abruptly
contracted into long margined petioles, the lowest with blades 5-20 cm. long ;
heads many-flowered, in a wand-like compound raceme or contracted panicle
1-6 dm. long, the loicer heads much exceeded by their subtending leaves;
involucre slender-campanulate or thick-cylindric, 8-12 mm. long; its bracts
thin, scarious. linear-attenuate ; rays 8-10, elongated ; achenes smooth, 3-4
mm. long. — "Woods, Nfd. to L. Superior, s. to N. S., N. B., e. and centr. Me.,
and on upland slopes to Mt. Monadnock, N. H., Mt. Grey lock, Mass., and the
Catskill Mts., X. Y. July-early Sept.
Var. thyrsoidea (Mey.) Fernald. Lower ; the involucre much fuller and
broader (8-20 mm. broad), sul)globose to cup-shaped ; its bracts firmer, often
subherbaceous, narrowly deltoid to lanceolate. — Lab. to alpine regions of Gaspe
Co., Que., Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt. ^Yashington. N. H. July, Aug.
12. S. calcicola Fernald. Stems 2-10 dm. high, purplish, simple or with
few erect branches, glabrous below, pubescent and somewhat glutinous above,
very leafy to the inflorescence; basal leaves ellijytic, sharp-serrate, slenderly
wing-petioled ; the cauline oblanceolate, acuminate, sharply and irregularly
serrate above the middle, entire below and narrowed to broad-winged petioles,
or the uppermost sessile ; inflorescence from racemo-thyrsoid to thyrsoid-panicu-
late ; involucre 6-8 mm. long, its bracts mostly lance-attenuate, acute or
acutish ; rays rather short; achenes pubescent, 1-2 mm. long. — Calcareous
cliffs and rich woods, Gasp^ Co., Que., to Aroostook Co., Me. Aug., Sept.
= = Leaves thick and firm, the basal with the oblanceolate, spatulate, or nar-
rowly obovate blades crenate or crcnate-serrate (^rarely sharp-serrate) and
tapering gradually to the vnnged petioles.
a. Involucre ^(i-h^-flowered ; cauline leaves 2-4 (rarely 5) below the inflorescence.
13. S. Cutldri Fernald. Di^'ar/ (5-25 cm. high); the sfem rather prominently
angled ; Ijasal leaves obovate to broadly oblanceolate, crenate to serrate above
the middle ; the few cauline leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, of nearly uniform
size; inflorescence a few-headed terminal corymb or frequently the heads
clustered in the axils of the rather large divergent ujjper leaves; heads very
full ; the short campanulate involucre 6-8 mm. high, 7-10 mm. broad, com-
posed of subherbaceous often glutinous oblong or lanceolate obtuse to acutish
bracts; achenes 3-3.5 mm. long, hirsute with spreading-ascending short hairs;
pappus barbellate. (;S'. Virgaurea, var. alpina Bigel. ; <S'. alpestris of recent
Am. auth., not Waldst. & Kit.) — Highest alpine districts of Me., N. H., Vt.,
and N. Y. July-early Sept.
b. Involucre lb-S0-flowe7-ed ; cauline leaves (except in abnormally floriferous
individuals) more numerous, o (rarely 4)-t^j0 or more below the inflorescence.
1. Midrib of the leaves usually prominent beneath ; inflorescence (simple or
paniculatdy compound) dense, the pedicels rarely more than 3-4 mm. long.
14. S. Randii (Porter) Britton. Often glutinous ; stems stoutish, commonly
purple-tinged, glabrous below, usually puberulent above, 3-8 dm. high ; leases
numerous; the basal narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, serrate
or denlate, 7-20 cm. long; the caidine lanceolate or oblanceolate to elliptic,
gradually reduced upward, rarely bearing axillary fascicles, the lower often
serrate, the uppermost entire and 2-7 cm. long ; heads crowded in a dense thyrse
or at the ends of the branches of an ample panicle (1-3 dm. long); involucre
5-6 mm. high, 3-5 mm. broad, the bluntish or acute bracts lance-deltoid to
Imear ; achenes 2-2. ft mm. long, sparingly appressed-setulose or glabrate ;
pappus barbellate. (.S'. Virgaurea of recent Am. auth., in part, not'L.; S- Vir-
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 701
gaurea, vai's. Bandii and Bedjjeldii Porter ; S. humih's Man. ed. 6, in part,
not Pursh.) — Dry or rocky (commonly granitic, etc.) suil. e. Me. to Mich.,
southw. along the mts. to s. N. H. and w. Mass. July-early Sept. Passing
freely to var. monticola (Porter) Fernald. Lower (0.5-5 dm. high), with a
dense solitary thyrse 2-10 cm. long. (S. Virgaurea^ var. Porter ; S. Virgaui'ea,
var. Deanei Porter.) — More exposed situations.
2. Midrib of the leaves usually ohscAire ; inflorescence 1-several racemes or
interrupted tht/rses, many of the pedicels 5-15 (or rarely 25) mm. long.
15. S. racemibsa Greene. Often glutinous ; stems usually clustered, rather
strict, slender and nearly terete, very leafy., 1-6 dm. high ; basal and lower
leaves oblanceolate, mostly acute or subacute^ 3-12 cm. long, 5-7 mm. broad.,
more or kss crenate or serrate above the middle ; cauline leaves 10-30 or more.,
oblanceolate to linear, the uppermost entire and. 1-3.5 cm. long., all {in well-
developed plants^ bearing axillary fascicles ; racemes solitary, 5-15 cm. long,
rarely panicled ; involucre 5-8 mm. high, the linear bracts obtuse or acutish ;
achenes 2-3 mm. long, finely appressed-setulose ; pappus minutely serridate.
(iS. humilis Man. ed. 6, in great part, not Pursh ; S. Furshii Porter, as to
description, but not as to type, i.e. the Pursh plant.) — Calcareous ledges and
cliffs, local, N. B. to Ya., w. to the sand-hills of L. Mich. July-Sept.
Var. Gillmani (Gray) Fernald. Much larger; basal leaves 1. 5-^3 dm. long,
coarsely toothed ; the abundant racemes forming a panicle 3-4 dm. long.
(S. humilis, var. Gray; S. Virgaurea, var. Porter.) — Sand-hills and rocks
along the Great Lakes, Ont. and Mich.
16. S. decumbens Greene. Similar; the decumbent rigid stems 0.5-4 dm.
high, simple, remot'ly leafy; basal and lower leaves spatidate-obovate to
-oblanceolate., chiefly rounded or blunt at tip, 1.5-9 cm. long, 8-20 m7n. broad,
toothed above the middle ; cauline leaves 4-9 I elow the inflorescence, tcithout
axillary fascicles ; raceme lax, 3-20 cm. long : involucre 6-7 mm. high, its firm
linear bractsobtu.se. — Serpentine rock, Mt. Albert, Que.; shores of L. Superior ;
Alb. and B. C. to Col., and Wash. July, Aug.
-t- -t- -*- Heads small or middle-sized, the involucres 2-5 {rarely 6) mm. long.,
panicled or thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme ^ neither alpine
nor high-northern.
++ Leaves commonly veiny, not S-ribbed {but sometimes obscurely triple-
nerred).
= Heads in a slender virgate or thy rsoid panicle.
a. Stem puberulent or pulverulent.
17. S. puberula Nutt. Stem (2-10 dm. high, simple or branched) ajid pan-
icle minutely hoary; stem-leaves numerous, lanceolate, acute, tapering to the
base, mostly entire, smoothish, the uppermost 1.5-5 cm. long ; the lower wedge-
lanceolate and sparingly toothed : heads very numerous and crowded in compact
short racemes forming a prolonged and dense slender or pyramidal panicle;
involucre 3-4 mm. long, its bracts linear-awl-shaped, appressed ; rays about 10.
— Dry or sandy soil, P. E. I. to w. Que., s. to Fla. and Miss., mostly near the
coast. Aug. -Oct.
b. Stem glaoroxis.
1. Axis and branches of the inflorescence glabrous.
18. S. striata Ait. Very smooth throughout ; .^trm strict and simple, icand-
like, 0.5-2.5 m. high, slender, beset imth small and entire appressed lanceolate-
oblong thickish leaves, these gradually reduced upward to mere bracts (5-15 mm.
long) ; the lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very slender compou7id
spicate raceme; involucre 4-5 mm. long; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens and
pi-airies, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Sept.-Nov. {W. 1.)
2. Axis and branches of the inflorescence pubescent.
19. S. uliginbsa Nutt. Smooth up to the inflorescence; stem simple, strict,
3-10 dm. high ; leaves thickish, lanceolate, pointed, the lower 1-4 dm. long,
792 coMPosiTAE (composite family)
tapering into winged petioles, partly slieathing at the base, sparsely serrulate oi
entire, the uppermost 3-8 cm. long ; racemes much crowded and apprcssed in
a dense vmnd-like panicle; involucre 4-6 mm. long, its bracts linear-oblong;
rays 5-6, small. — Bogs and wet shores, Nfd. to Kee\vatin, s. to Minn., Pa., and
in the mts. to N. C. July-early Sept.
20. S. specibsa Nutt. Stem stout, 0.5-2 m. high, smooth below, often
roughish above ; leaves thickish, smooth^ with rough margins, oval or ovate,
slightly serrate ; the uppermost 2-4 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate ; the lower 1.5-3
dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat
crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform
panicle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; involucre cylindric, often gluti-
nous, 4.5-6 mm. long, its firm bracts oblong; rays about 5, large. — Dry open
woods and thickets, local, Mass. to Minn., and south w. Sept., (Jet.
Var. angustata T. & G. Lower, rarely 1 m. high ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, more nearly uniform, the lower 8-12 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide ;
inflorescence usually smaller. (iS. rigidiuscula Porter.) — Dry open ground,
0. to S. Dak., and south w. Aug.-Oct.
= = Heads paniculate, in mostly spreading or recurved-ascending secund
clusters.
a. Leaves fleshy ; plant maritime.
21. S. sempervirens L. Smooth and stout, 0.3-2.5 m. high ; leaves entire,
lanceolate, slightly clasping; the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, 1.5-6 dm. long,
obscurely triple-nerved ; the uppermost 4-15 cm. long ; racemes short, in an
open or contracted panicle ; involucre 4-6 mm. long, many-floioered ; rays showy
7-10. — Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and southw.,
Aug.-NoY. (rarely Dec). — Varies, in less brackish swamps, to forms with
thinner elongated linear-lanceoiate leaves tapering to each end, and more erect
racemes in a more slender panicle.
h. Leaves not fleshy ; plants not maritime.
1. Basal leaves long-petioled, conspicuously larger than the 10-30 (—40) remote
or subremote cauline ones.
o Stems strongly angled; leaves shagreen-scabrous on the upper surface ; heads
lb-2()-floioered.
22. S. patula Muhl. Stem sharply 4:-angled, smooth, 0.5-2 m. high ; Icmer
leaves 1-4 dm. long, ovate, acute, serra,te, pale, vei^y smooth and veiny under-
neath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; uppermost leaves lanceo-
late, 2-5 cm. long ; racemes rather short and numerous on the leafy-bracted
spreading branches ; heads rather large and full ; the involucre 3-4.5 mm. long,
nearly as broad, its linear-oblong bracts obtuse. — Bogs and swamps, chiefly in
calcareous regions, w. Me. to Ont., and southw. Aug., Sept.
oo Stems terete or nearly so; leaves smooth or smoothish {rarely scabrous) ;
heads ij-ld(-20)-floivered.
-f Leaves mostly serrate, the lower and middle cauline (as well as the basal)
rather abruptly narrovjcd to the petiolar base. (Extreme forms of ^S*.
ulmifolia might be sought here.)
23. S. arguta Ait. Smooth; stem 6-15 dm. high, obscurely angled above;
leaves usually thin, sharply double-serrate ; the lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
1.5^ dm. long, pointed at both ends, their petioles margiiied ; the upper
elliptical-lanceolate, 3-0 dm. long ; racemes puliescent, spreading, disposed in
an eUmgate open panicle ; involucre about 4 mm. long, its thin bracts bluntisli ;
rays 6-7, large ; achencs glabrous. — Open woods and thickets, w. Me. to Ont.,
and southw. Aug., Sept.
24. S. Bo6ttii lliiok. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hinsute.
slender, often branclied, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate t<i
oljlong-laiiceolate, jHiiuted ; the lovier ^)-\-y cm. long ; 11h' u)>i»('r small, oldong tc
narrowly lanceolate, often entire ; heads loosely racemose at tlu; tips of the verj/
COMPOSTTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 793
few elongate leafj-bracted branches; rays 1-5 or none; achencs pubescent. —
Dry grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex., northw. in Miss, basin to Mo. July-Sept.
+ + Leaves all tapering gradually to the base., the uppermost chiefly entire.
X Panicle usually as broad as high ; rays 8-12.
25. S. juncea Ait. Smooth throughout, 5-12 dm. high ; radical and lower
stem-leaves 1.5-4 dm. long, elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with
spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others
lanceolate or narrowly oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the
uppermost entire, 3-6 cm. long; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and
recurved, forming a croicded corymb-like panicle ; involucre 2.5-4 mm. long, its
closely appressed rigid pale oblong bracts blunt or acutish. — Dry copses and
banks, N. B. to Sask., s. to N. C, and Mo. Late June-Sept. Var. scabrell>
(T. & G.) Gray. Foliage scabrous. — Vt. to Ky. , and westw.
Var. rambsa Porter & Britton. The numerous branches upright, only slightly
secund, with short terminal racemes. — N. J. to W. Va. and O.
X X Panicle usually longer than broad; rays 2-8.
26. S. neglecta T. & G. Smooth ; stem stout, 6-15 dm. high, rather leafy ;
leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; the cauline 20-40 ; the upper oblong-
lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire ; the uppermost 2-5 cm. long ; the
lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, 2-4 dm. long, 3-8 cm. broad,
tapering into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at first erect and scarcely
1-sided, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle ;
involucre 3-4.5 mm. long, its blunt bracts subherbaceous ; rays S-S ; peduncles
and achenes nearly glabrous. — Swamps, brook-sides, and prairies, e. Mass. and
Vt. to Md., 111., and Wise. Aug.-early Oct.
27. S. uniligulata (pC.) Porter. Smooth; stem slender, 1.5-9 dm. high;
leaves thick, opaque ; the cauline 5-20 (rarely 30), linear or linear-lanceolate,
appressed-ascending ; the louder narrowly lanceolate or oblance(date, appressed-
serrate, 1-;^ dm. long, 0.7-3 cm. broad, tapering to a long petiole ; panicle much
As in no. 26, but smaller ; involucre 8.5-5 mm. long, itspale straw-colored bracts
chartaceous; rays 2—5. (^S'. neglecta, var. linoides Gray.) — Sphagnum bogs
And mossy banks, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J., Pa., and 111. July-Sept.
2. Basal leaves similar to the 30-100 (-200) ordinarily almost uniform or
gradually reduced approximate cauline ones.
o Leaves all (or all but the loicer^ entire, with prominent midrib but obscure
veins.
-f- Stem glabrous or merely puberulent ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.
28. S. 0d5ra Ait. (Sweet Goldex-rod.) Smooth or nearly so through-
out; stem slender, 0.5-1 m. high, often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire,
shining, pellucid-dotted, the middle ones 6-10 cm. long; racemes spreading, in a
small one-sided panicle ; involucre 3-5 mm. long, the few inner yellowish bracts
much longer than the outer; rays 3-4, rather large. — Borders of thickets in
dry or sandy soil, s. N. H. and s. Vt. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. July-Sept. —
The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor ; but an occasional form is
nearly scentless.
29. S. tortif51ia Ell. Stem scabrous-pnberulent, 5-0 dm. high ; leaves \meRr,
short (the middle ones \.o-b cm. long), commonly twisted, roughish-pubcrulent
or glabrate, often as many as 200 ; panicle of numerous slender recurved
racemes: involucre 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the obtuse scales pale straw-color ; rays
very short. — Dry soil, coast of Va. to Fla. and Tex. Sept. , Oct.
-f + Stem hirsute ; leaves oblong.
30. S. fistul5sa Mill. Stem stout, upright, 0.9-2 m. high, clothed with
spreading hairs ; /eaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath, at least on
the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely
sessile ; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle ; rays 7-10, very
794 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
short. (S. pilosa Walt.) — Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va., and
southw. Aug. -Oct.
o o Leaves all or nearly all toothed, the veins prominent.
+ Stems glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate.
X Branches of the crowded ellipsoid to pyramidal panicle Jloriferous nearly
throughout, ascending or ascending-spreading .
3L S. Elli6ttii T. & G. Smooth; stem stout, 0,5-L8 m, high, very leafy;
leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolnte, acute, 0.5-1 dm. long, closely sessile,
slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above ; heads
in dense slightly spreading racemes ivhich are crowded in a close pyramidal
panicle; involucre 4-5 mm. long; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent ;
rays 8-12. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J., and
southw. Sept., Oct.
X X Longer branches of the loose panicle chiefly flowerless at base, strongly
recurved-spreading.
32. S. ulmifblia Muhl. Stem smooth, slender, 5-15 dm. high, the branches
hairy; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the
base, loosely veined, usually beset with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled,
loosely recurved-spreading ; involucre 3-4 mm. long, its bracts lanceolate-oblong ;
rays about 4. — Dry or rocky woods and copses, N. S. and s. Me. to Minn., and
southw. Aug., Sept.
+ 4- Stems pubescent (or glabrous only in var. of no. 33, which has lanceolate
leaves and strongly recurved panicle-branches).
33. S. rugbsa Mill. Stem villous or villous-hirsute with long sordid hairs,
0.5-2 m. high ; leaves crowded, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at base,
mostly sharp-serrate, pubescent (especially beneath), thin and loosely veiny, not
conspicuously rugose ; racemes spreading in a broad pyramidal panicle, all much
exceeding the subtending leaves; involucre 3-4 mm. long, its bracts linear;
rays 6-9; disk-flowers 4-7. {S. altissima of auth., not L.) — Damp thickets
and borders of fields, Nfd. to w. Ont., and southw. Aug., Sept. Var. sphag-
NOPHiLA Graves. Stems and leaves glabrous. — Wet shores and mossy swamps,
e. Mass. t© Ct.
Var. villbsa (Pursh) Fernald. Panicle elongate, most of the racemes nearly
equaled or even exceeded by the large subtending leaves. — The common ex-
treme from Lab. and w. Nfd. to w. Que. and n. Me.
X S. asperula Desf. Smooth below, somew^hat rough-pubescent above ; stem
stout, 7-14 dm. high, very leafy ; leaves thick and slightly veiny, lanceolate or
elliptic, scabrous or rarely glabroiLs, the lower 1-2 dm. long ; racemes, etc.,
intermediate between those of nos. 21 and 33. — Dryish borders of salt marshes.
Me. to Ct.; apparently a hybrid of the preceding species and no. 21, more widely
distributed than most such plants of this genus.
34. S. aspera Ait. Stem scabrous-puberulent or short-hispid; leaves ovate,
oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, appressed-serrate, very scabrous on
both surfaces, thick and strongly rugose ; inflorescence much as in no. 33, but
tlie elongate racemes mostly forming a more slender panicle. {S. rugosa Man.
ed. 6, in part.) —Dry woods and fields, rarely in meadows, e. Mass. and O. to
Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct.
4H. -w Leaves more or less plainly S-ribbed, 2 of the lower veins becoming promi-
nent and elongated parallel with the midrib ; heads in 1-sided chiefly spread-
ing or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle ; not maritime.
= Branches of the panicle glabrous.
35. S. missouriensis Nutt. Smooth throughout, 2.5-10 dm. high ; leaves firm
and rigid, linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both
ends, with very rough margins, commonly bearing axillary fascicles; teeth,
if any, sharp and rigid ; heads and dense crowded recurved racemes nearly as in
no. 25 ; involucre 3-5 mm long, its very unequal thickish straw-colored bract.'^
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 795
blunt; rays 6-13. small; achenes nearly glahroiis. — Dry prairies and open
woods, Tenn. to Man., and westw. July-Sept.
86. S. Gattingeri Chapm. Slender and strict, 4-10 dm. high ; stems smooth
throughout; leaves ciliolate, smooth beneath, harsh above, the lowe.st 0.7-1.5
dm. long, lance-spatulate, appressed-serrulate or subf^ntire, the upper reduced
rapidly to minute entire bracts xcith naked axils; branches of the naked subco-
rymhiforrn panicle elongate and ascending^ hardly recurved; involucre 3-4 mm.
long, its oblong bracts obtuse ; rays 6-10 ; achenes ajpressed-piiberulent, or
glabrate below. — Limestone hills and barrens, Tenn. and Mo. July-Sept.
— = Branches of the panicle pubescent.
a. Leaves firm and often rigid, the loicer usually elongated and many times ex-
ceeding the reduced upper ones (except in no. 39); involucral bracts thick
and rigid.
1. Lower portion of the stem and the leaves essentially glabrous.
37. S. Sh6rtii T. & G. Stem slender, simple. 0.5-1.2 m. high, minutely
roughish-pubescent above ; leaves (the larger 0.5-1 dm. long) oblong-lanceolate.
acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth ; racemes recurved, usually
in a crowded panicle ; involucre slender^ 4-6 mm. long ; achenes silky-pubescent.
— Rocks at the Falls of the O.
2. Stem and leaves pubescent.
o Stems and leaves ashy or whitish icith close puberidence.
38. S. nemoralis Ait. Clothed with minute grayish-hoary soft or roughish
pubescence ; stem simple or corymbed above. 1.5-7.5 dm. high; leaves oblan-
ceolate or spatulate-oblong, mostly subtending axillary fascicles ; the lower long-
petioled, usually crenate-toothed, 5-15 cm. long; the uppermost greatly reduced,
1-3 cm. long ; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, and ordinarily form-
ing a ci'oicded compound raceme or panicle which is turned to one side; invo-
lucre 3.5-6 mm. long, its firm yellowish bracts linear-oblong, appressed ; rays
5-9, bright yellow. — Dry open soil (rarely in woods), P. E. I. to the Saskatche-
wan, and southw. July-Nov. (rarely Dec).
39. S. mollis Bartl. Stout, rigid, canescent ; the stems 1.5-5 dm. high, soli-
tary or clustered from r freely stoloniferous snbligneous base ; leaves rigid, oval
or oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish, gradually reduced upward, the uppermost
1-3 cm. long, the lower 3-8 cm. long ; racemes ascending in a dense thyrse ;
involucre 4-6 mm. long, greenish-yellow. (*S'. nemoralis., var. incana Gray.) —
Dry hills and plains, Man. and Minn., westw. and southw. July-Sept. (Mex.)
o o Stems and leaves green.
40. S. radula Xutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and
very rough, not hoary., the upper leaves sessile ; bracts oblong, rigid ; rays 3-6 ;
otherwise nearly as in no. 39. — Limestone bluffs and dry open soil, s. w. 111. to
w. La. and Tex. Aug. -Oct.
h. Leaves thinner., essentially uniform from base to summit of the stem; invO'
lucral bracts thin.
1. Leaves elongate, linear to lance-oblong.
o Involucre 2-2.8 mm. long.
41. S. canadensis L. Stem rather slender, 0.3-1.5 m. high, glabrous at least
below, often minutely pubescent above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin, gla-
brous above, minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath, mostly sharp-serrate, the
middle ones 6-13 cm. long, 5-18 mm. wide ; heads tiny, crowded in recurved
racemes and forming dense broadly pyramidal panicles ; pedicels strongly pilose ;
involucral bracts linear, mostly attenuate, greeni.sh-straw-color. (Var, glabrata
Porter.) — 7'hickets and rich open soil, Nfd. to N. Dak., s. to W. Va. and Ky.
July-Sept.
Var. gilvocanescens Rydb. Stems and leaves cinereous or canescent with
minute puberulence; leaves broadly lanceolate to lance-oblong, the middle ones
79G coMPOSiTAE (composite family)
4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad. — Dry or sterile situations, Gasp6 Co., Que.; and
from 111. to Man.. Kan., and westw.
42. S. rupestris Raf. Stem smooth, slender, 5-10 dm. high ; leaven linear-
lanceolate, taiieriiig both ways, entire or nearly so, glabrous upon both surfaces ;
racf^mes ascendimj, scarcely recurved, forniiny somevihat oj)en or elongate pan-
icles; pedicels slightly pilose or glabrate. — Rocky river-banks, W. Va.., Ky.,
and Ind. Aug., Sept. — Too near the preceding, of which it may be a variety.
o o Involucre 3.2-5 mm. long.
+ Stem closely and minutely pubescent throughoiit.
43. S. altissima L. Stem cinereous-puherulent, stout, 0.7-2 m. high ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate, subentire or more or less toothed, minutely pubescent or
scabrous above, short-pilose beneath, the middle ones 0-13 cm. long, 10-18 mm.
broad ; heads crowded in recurved racemes forming dense high broad'y pyram-
idal panicles ; involucre 3.2-4.5 mm. long., its subherl)aceous bracts linear.
{S. canadensis Man. ed. 0, in part, including var. scabra T. & G.) — Rich open
ground, Aroostook valley. Me.; Mass. and Vt. to Mich., Kan., and south w.
Aug .-Oct.
Var. procera (Ait.) Fernald. Stem and lower surface of the leaves more
loosely pubescent with distinct soft hairs ; branches of the panicle strongly
ascending, scarcely if at all recurved at tip. («S'. procera Ait.; S. canadensis,
var. T. & G.) — A little kno^vn extreme, apparently best developed in the
L. Superior region. — In inflorescence simulating S. elongata Nutt, of the North-
west and of the lower St. Lawrence, which has glabrous or glabrate stems and
leaves, and less herbaceous involucre.
-f + Stem glabrous throughout (or except in the inflorescence).
44. S. ser6tina Ait. Stem stout, 0.5-2.5 m. high, smooth, often glaucous;
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate to oblanceolate, taper-pointed, very
sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the middle ones 7-16
cm. long, 1-^3 cm. wide ; the ample panicle pubescent ; involucre 3.5-5 mm. long,
its bracts linear, subherbaceous ; rays 7-14, rather long. — Thickets, in rich soil,
N. R. to B. C, and south w. July-Sept.
Var. gigantea (Ait.) Gray. Leaves glabrous above, slightly pubescent be-
neath, especially on the nerves; involucre 3.2-4 mm. long. — Low ground,
e. Que. to 111., and south w.
2. Leaves broad-elliptic or -ovate.
45. S. Drumm6ndii T. & G. Stem (3-9 dm. high) a7id lower surface of the
broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent,
some of the leaves almo.st entire ; racemes panicled ; bracts of the involucre
oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Limestone cliffs and rocky woods, s. w. 111. and
Mo. to La. Sept., Oct.
-*-•*- ^- +- Heads in a compound, corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all
racemose ; leaves mostly with a strong midrib.
++ Leaves flat, not '^-nerved.
46. S. rigida L. Bough and someiohat hoary with a minute jDubescence ;
stem stout. 0.3-1.5 m. high, very leafy ; leaves oval or oblong, copiously feather-
veined, thick and rigid, the basal 1-3 dm. long, petioled ; the upper closely ses-
sile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; corymb dense ;
heads more than HO-floicered ; the involucre 6-8 mm. long ; rays 7-10. — Dry soil.
Mass. to Man., and .south w. Aug.-Oct.
47. S. ohioensis Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slen-
der, leafy, 6-!» dm. high ; stem-leaves oblong-lanrool ate, flat, entire, rough-mar-
gined, obscurely featlier-veined, closely ses.sile, tlie upper only 3-4 cm. long ;
the lower and radical ones elongated, 3 dm. long, slightly serrate toward the
apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous, on smooth pedicels,
W-IO-flowered ; the involucre 4.5-6 mm. long ; rays 6 or 7. — Swamps and wet
prairies, Ont. and w, N. V. to Ind. and Wise. Aug., Sept.
COxMPOSlTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY^ 797
++ ++ Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly Z-nerved.
48. S. Riddellii Frank. Smooth and stoiit, 0.5-1 m. high, vei'y leafy, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, thr- cauline elongated (1-1.5 dm. long), acute, partly clasping or sheath-
ing, mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate (8-o dm. long) and tapering
into a long keeled petiole ; heads very numerous, clustered, 20-oO-liowered ; rays
7-1). — Wet grassy prairies. Ont. to Minn, and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va. Atig.,
Sept. — Heads larger than in the preceding.
49. S. Houghtonii T. & G. Smooth ; stem rather low and slender, 3-6 dm.
high; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, arutish, rough-margined, 0.5-1.3 dm.
long, 5-10 mm. wide, tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping ba.se, 1-nerved,
or the lower 3-nerved and with margined petioles; veins obscure; heads few or
several, 20-oO-flowered ; involucre 6-8 mm. long, with obtuse bracts ; rays 7-9.
— Swamps, north shores of Lakes Michigan and Huron; Genesee Co., N. Y.
July, Aug.
§2. EUTHAmIA Xutt. Corymhosely mnch branched ; heads small, sessile or
svbsessile, in little clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely
apjpressed involucral bracts somewhat glutinous ; receptacle fimbrillate ;
rays 6-20. short, more numerous than the disk-flowers ; leaves narrow,
entire, sessile.
* Leaves distinctly o-o-ribbed ; heads 2()-^f()-floioered.
■<- Livolucre 4-5 mm. long, the bracts usually vithottt conspicuous tips.
50. S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Stem 5-10 dm. high, glabrous; leave?
lance-linear, the primary ones 5-13 cm. long. 4-0 mm. broad, glabrous except
for the scabrous margins and the minutely pubescent nerves beneath ; branches
of the inflorescence glabrous or at most minutely serrulate on the angles ; leafy
bracts of the inflorescence ascending ; heads obovoid-cylindric, sessile, in dense
corymbed glomerules ; involucral bracts straw-color or yellowish-green, their
tips rarely darker, the outermost ovate or oblong. (Euthamia Nutt.; S. lanceo-
lata Man. ed. 6, and perhaps L.) — Moist soil, e. Que. to Sask., s. to N. J., 111.,
Mo., and along the mt-s. to N. C. Aug.-Oct.
Var. Nuttallii (Greene) Fernald. Leaves more pubescent ; branches of the
inflorescence hirtellous. — X. S. to Mich, and Ala.
-»- •*- Invejlucre 3-3.5 mm. long, the bracts with conspicuous green tips.
51. S. polycephala Fernald. Similar to the preceding variety; leaves
elongate, tliiu, puberulotis ; branches of the corymb very hirtellous, their
small bracts wide-spreading etr deflexed; involucre turbinate, very small, its
somewhat puberulent bracts with closely appressed deltoid green tips. — Apparently
local, s. N. J. and e, Ta. Aug., Sept.
* * Leaves \-ribbed or obscurely S-nerved ; heads l'2-2()(i'arely 22)-flowered.
-t- Leaves almost acicular, the middle cauline 1-1.5 mm. wide.
52. S. minor (Michx.) Fernald. Very slender, 4-8 dm. high, the glabrous
stem freely fastigiate-branched above the middle ; leaves extremely slender,
the primary ones 3-5 cm. long, acerose-tipped, ^-ribbed, punctate, commonly
S2ibtending axillary fascicles as do many of the rameal ones; heads mostly short-
pedAce1(d, in numerous small corymbs ; invejlucre nearly cylindric, acute at base,
3-4 mm. long. 1-1.5 mm. thick, its firm appre.ssed glutinous straw-colored
bracts with slightly green acutish tips. {S. tenuifolia Pursh, in part.) — Sandy
soil, near the coast, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Sept., Oct.
•^ -»- Leaves fleit, broader, 2-6 mm., idde.
■^ Involucre 3-4 mm. long.
53. S. tenuifblia Pursh. Rather slender, 3-9 dm. high, the glabrous stem
freely fastigiate-branclu-d above the middle ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
soon spreading or reflexed ; the primary oiij's 4-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad,
taper-pointed, 1-ribbed, often obscurely 2-nerved, minutely punctate, usually
798 coMPosiTAE (composite family)
subtending axillary fascicles ; rameal leaves smaller, usually without axillary
fascicles ; heads mostly in glomeritles, a few pediceled, the pedicels smooth or
scabrous ; involucre campanulate, 3-4 ram. long, 2-3 mm. thick, its firm oblong
glutinous bracts blunt. {Euthamia Greene ; E. caroliniana Am. auth., in part,
not Greene.) — Sandy or gravelly soil, chiefly near the coast, e. Mass. to Fla.;
also n. Ind. to s. Wise. Aug.-Oct.
54. S. Moseleyi Fernald. Similar, 5-6 dm. high ; leaves lance-linear, taper-
pointed, xmthout axillai'y fascicles ; heads mostly on scabrous pedicels subtended
by very minute subulate bracts; involucre subcylindric, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2
mm. thick, its very unequal soft bracts linear. — Oxford Prairie, Erie Co., O.
{Moseley). Sept.
•*-»• ++ Involucre 5-6 mm. long.
55. S. leptoc^phala T. & G. Stem strict and simple nearly to the summit,
3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, firm, light green, strongly 1-ribbed,
with or without obscure lateral nerves, somewhat punctate but not viscid, the
middle ones 4-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide ; heads sessile or short-pediceled ;
involucre cylindric-clavate, its linear pale straw-colored bracts barely viscid.
{Euthamia Greene.) — Damp sandy ground, e. Neb. to Miss, and Tex. Aug.-Oct.
56. S. gymnospermoides (Greene) Fernald. Similar, freely fastigiate-
branched from near the middle; leaves linear-attenuate, 1-ribbed, strongly
punctate, glutinous; the middle ones 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; involucre
very viscid. {Euthamia Greene. ) — Dry soil, e. Kan. to La. and Tex. Aug.-Oct.
16. BRACHYCHAETA T. & G. False Golden-rod
Habit and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except as to the pappus, which is a
row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. — A perennial
herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the
small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches.
(Name composed of ^pax«^s, short, and x°'-^'^Vi bristle, from the pappus.)
1. B. sphacelata (Raf.) Britton. Slender, about 1 m. high. (^B. cordata
T. & G.) — Wooded hills, s. Ind. to Va. and Ga. Aug.-Oct.
17. APLOPAPPUS Cass.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemi-
spherical, of many closely imbricated bracts in several series. Receptacle
flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear ; pappus simple, of numerous unequal
bristles. — Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and
disk-flowers both yellow. (From airXoos, simple, and -rrdinros, pappus.)
1. A. ciliatus (Xutt.) DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 0.5-1.5 m. high,
leafy ; leaves oval (or the lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed
teeth ; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer bracts spreading ; achenes
glabrous, the central abortive. (Prionopsis Nutt.) — Mo., Kan., and south w.
2. A. spinul5sus (Pursh) DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate,
low ; leaves narrow, pinnatdy or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-
tipped ; heads small, the appressed bracts bristle-tipped ; achenes pubescent.
{Sideranthus Sweet ; Eriocarpum Greene.) -^ Minn, and la. to the Saskatchewan
and Tex.
18. BIGEL6WIA DC. Rayless Golden-rod
Heads 3-4-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre club-shaped,
yellowi.sh ; the rigid somewhat glutinous bracts linear, closely imbricated and
appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in the center.
Achenes somewhat obconical, liairy ; pappus a single row of capillary bristles. —
Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1-3-nerved. A large
chiefly western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated to Dr.
Jacob Bigrloi", author of the Florula Bostonieiisis, and of the American
Medical Botany.) CHOxi>RornoRA Raf. Bigelovia T. & G.
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 799
1. B. nudata (iSIichx.) DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem 3-8 dm.
bigli, simple or branched from the base, naked above, bearing small heads in a
flat-topped corymb. — Low pine barrens, N. J., and south w. Sept.
19. BELLIS [Tourn.] L. Daisy
Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Bracts of the involucre
herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes
obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs, chiefly of
the Old World, either stemless, like the true Daisy, B. perennis L. (which
is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is the
following. (The Latin name, of uncertain derivation.)
1. B. integrif51ia Michx. (Western D.) Annual or biennial, diffusely
branched, 1-4 dm. high, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower
spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-pui'ple. —
Prairies and banks, Ky., and south westw. May, June.
20. CHAETOPAPPA DC.
Heads several-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral bracts
imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes fusiform or compressed ; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless scales,
alternating with rough bristly awns, or these wanting. — Low southwestern
branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads ; rays
white or purple. (XatT??, a bristle, and TrdTnros, pappus.)
1. C. asteroides DC. Slender, 0.5-3 dm. high, pubescent; involucres
slender, 4 mm. long; rays 5-12; achenes pubescent. — Dry grounds, Mo.,
and southwestw.
21. B0LT6NIA L'H^r.
Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, pistillate. Bracts of the hemispheri-
cal involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow mem-
branaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Achenes
very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in
the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and usually
2-4 longer awns. — Perennial bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the
aspect of Aster; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise.
Flowers autumnal ; disk yellow ; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to James
Bolton, English botanist of the 18th century.)
* Heads middle-sized, loosely coi^mhed.
1. B. asteroides (L.) L"H^r. Stems 0.2-2.5 m. high; leaves lanceolate;
involucral bracts acuminate ; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns
or none. — Moist places along streams, Ct. to Neb., and southw. Aug.-Oct.
Var. DEctJRREXs (T. & G.) Engelm. A large form with the leaves alate-decur-
rent upon the stem and branches. {B. deciirrens Wood.) — 111. and Mo.
2. B. latisquama Gray. Heads rather larger ; involucral bracts oblong to
ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate ; pappus-awns conspicuous. — Prairies, etc.,
w. Mo., Kan., and Okla.
* * Heads small, panicled on the slender branches.
3. B. diffusa Ell. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, those on
the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; rays short, mostly white ; pappus of
several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies, etc., s. 111. to Fla. and
Tex. Aug^.-Oct.
*»•
22. ASTER [Tourn.] L. Starwort. Frost-flower. Aster
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Bracts of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-
800
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY^
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or loss flattened ; pappus
simple, of capillary bristles (double in §§ 4 and 5). — Perennial herbs (annual
only in §§ 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads, flowering
chiefly in autumn. Kays white, purple, blue, or pink ; the disk yellow, often
clianging to purple. Species often without sharply defined limits, freely hybrid-
izing. (Name aar-qp^ a star, from the radiate heads of flowers.)
N.B. — In this genus the heads are drawn on a scale of |, the leaves \,
A. At least the basal leaves cordate and definitely petioled B.
B. Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping C.
C. Kays white D.
D. Plant not glandular E.
E. Heads cor}'mbose.
Involucre ovoid-cam pan ulate, thick-cylindric, or turbinate;
tufted basal leaves few or none.
Leaves thin, smoothish, at least not rough above
Leaves thick, rough above.
Inflorescence slightly forking ; heads few, 1-1.5 cm. high
Inflorescence much branched ; heads numerous, hardly
1 cm. high
Involucre slender, cylindric ; large tufted basal leaves abun
QAIiL •■••••••■•
E. Heads paniculate
Z>. Glandular, at least as to the branches of the inflorescence .
C. Rays blue or violet F.
F. Plant not glandular G.
G. Involucral bracts with squrroase tips ; rays many (about 40) .
G. Involucral bracts appressed or ascending; rays fewer (10-20) H,
H. Leaves entire or essentially so, firm, much longer than wide.
Leaves harsh above
Leaves smooth above
H. Leaves serrate, mostly thinner I.
I. Involucre 4-6 mm. high ; bracts appressed, with conspicu-
ous colored tips ; heads abundant, paniculate.
Cordate leaves mostly on slender petioles, neither glau-
cous nor very smooth
Cordate leaves mostly on winged petioles, glaucous be-
neath, smooth .
/. Involucre G-10 mm. high ; bi-acts loose, without conspicu-
ously colored tips.
Heads abundant, densely racemo-paniculate.
Stem essentially glabrous , , . .
Stem densely short-pubescent
Heads fewer, loosely i)aniculate or subcorymbose
F. At least the branches of the inflorescence glandular
B. Stem-leaves mostly cordate-clasping
A. None of the leaves at once cordate and definitely petioled J.
J. At least the lower leaves abruptly narrowed or constricted below
the middle.
Leaves essentially entire, at most slightly constricted above the
base ...
Leaves sharply serrate, the lower contracted to ^vinged petioles.
Leaves with abruptly dilated auriculate-clasping bases
Leaves without dilated bases, scarcely clasping ....
J. Leaves not abruptly narrowed or constricted below K.
K. Stem-leaves with cordate- or auriculate-clasping bases L.
L. Involucre glandular-hairy ; rays usually deep violet M.
M. Leaves conspicuously cordate-clasping, mostly entire.
Branchlets glandular-viscid ; involucre hemispherical ; bracts
subequal, linear-attoimate, loose
Branchlets not glandular; involucre turbinate; bracts un-
equal, linear-oblong, with slightly spreading green tips .
M. Leaves obscurely cordate-clasping.
Plant rigid, freely branching ; leaves raucronate-tipped ; in-
volucral bracts unequal, linear or linear-oblong, with
spreading tips
2. A. divaricatus.
3. A.furcaius.
4. A. glomeratus.
5. A. Schreberi.
23. A. cordifolius.
6. A. macrophyllua.
19. A. anomalus.
20, A. azuren-8.
21. A. Shortii.
23. A. cordifolius.
24. A. Loxorieanus.
25. A. sagittifolius.
26. A. Druiiimondii.
27. A. Lindleyanus.
6. A. macrophyilus.
22, A. undulatuts.
18. A. patens.
48. A.prenanthoides.
47. A. tardiflorus.
14. A.novae-angliae.
18. A. patens.
Plant' not rigid, bearing few terminal heads; leaves thin,
acuminate ; bracts equal, linear-attenuate
L. Involucre not glandular-hairy N.
X. Uracts of the involucre distinctly imbricated, i.e. the outer
series successively shorter O.
(>. Plant smooth and glaucous.
Loaves lanceolate to ovate ; heads paniculate
Leaves narrower ; heads solitary or racemose
O. Plant not glaucous.
Tips of bracts squarrose or recurved-spreading.
13. A. ohlongifolius.
15, A. modestUrS.
29. A. laevis.
30. A. virgatus.
COMPOS IT A E (composite FAMILY)
801
Plant cinereous-pubescent, with small leaves (5 cm. or
less long) ; heads 6 mm. high
35.
46.
18.
31.
45.
49.
16.
17.
Plant green and essentially glabrous ; leaves and heads
larger; bracts herbaceous, the outer often foliaceous
Tips of bracts ascending, not recurved.
Bracts linear-oblong or lanceolate, firm, with dilated
herbaceous tips ; ravs deep blue or violet.
Leaves conspicuously clasping, the auricles generally
meeting around the stem
Leaves slightly or inconspicuously clasping .
Bracts linear-attenuate, thin, with slender green or col-
ored tips ; rays white or lavender . . . .
jr. Bracts of the involucre essentially equal, only the very outer-
most sometimes broader and shorter.
Tips of bracts acute (not attenuate), recurved-spreading or
squarrose
Tips of bracts (except occasional outer foliaceous ones) long-
attenuate, ascending, not recurved.
Stem slender, glabrous or villous ; leaves long-lanceolate ;
involucre 5-5i mm. high
Stem stout, glabrous or harshly pubescent ; leaves lanceo-
late to narrowlv rhombic-obovate ; involucre 7-12 mm.
high ...
K. Stem-leaves narrowed or rounded or cordate at base, but not
clasping P.
P. Leaves silvery-silky on both faces, entire.
Heads solitary or few at the tips of the branches ; aclienes
smooth ...........
Heads in a wand-like raceme ; achenes silky ....
P. Leaves green, not silvery-silky, sometimes pilose or villous Q.
Q. Involucre glandular-viscitl ; rays violet R.
R. Basal leaves petioled, much larger than the cauline.
Basal leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, on nearly naked peti-
oles ; involucral bracts erect
Basal leaves narrower, on margined petioles ; involucre
squarrose.
Tall ; basal leaves spatulate- to lance-oblong ; involucre
1-1.5 cm. high, very glandular 8.
Low ; basal leaves lanceolate ; involucre mostly shorter,
barely glandular 9.
R. Basal and stem-leaves uniform, linear to oblong, the lower
not conspicuously petioled.
Leaves firm, linear- to lance-oblong, entire, blunt or
acutish.
Stem hispid ; uppermost leaves passing into involucral
bracts 12.
Stem glandular-puberulent ; uppermost leaves and invo-
lucral bracts distinct . 13.
Leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, subentire to serrate . 15.
Q. Involucre not glandular S.
S. Basal leaves with definite margined petioles.
Involucral bracts oblong, coriaceous.
Leaves entire or slightly dentate.
Bracts strongly ciliate ; involucre turbinate-hemispher-
ical
Bracts not ciliate, nearly or quite glabrous ; involucre
slender-turbinate 10.
Leaves serrate 11.
Involucral bracts linear or linear-subulate, thin . . .47.
S. None of the leaves definitely petioled, or the lower incon-
spicuously so T.
T. Stem-leaves linear U.
U. Stem glabrous or glabrate, or only slightly pubescent
above V.
V. Involucre 5 mm. or less high W.
W. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips.
Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, as broad
as high as.
A. ainethy.stina9.
A. novi-belgii.
A. patens.
A. concinnus.
42. A. paniculatus
46. A. novi-belgii.
A. longifolius.
A. puniceus.
A. sericeus.
A. concolar.
7. A. Herveyi.
A. spectabilis.
A. sin'culosus.
A. grandiflorus
A. ohlongif alius.
A. modestus.
9. A. surculosus.
A. gracilis.
A. radula.
A. tardifl<yru$.
Involucre turbinate, only 2-3 ram. broad . . 34.
W. Bracts without firm subulate tips X.
X. Bracts with conspicuous elliptic or subrhombic
green tips.
Heads terminating minutely foliose branchlcts . 38.
Heads paniculate or if few on leafy (,not minutely
foliose-bracteolate) branchlets . . .43.
X. Bracts attenuate, withoiit conspicuous dilated tips.
Kays white (or lavender-tinged).
Branches a.scending-|ianiculate ; heads in r»-
cemo-pauiculute clusters.
•ray's manual — 51
A. ericoides.
A. depauperatus
A. dumosus.
A. salici/olius.
802
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
Rays 6 mm. or less long ; leaves slightly serrate . . 41. A. TVadescanti.
Rays longer ; leaves entire . . (42) A. paniculatus, v. hellidifiovux.
Branches divaricate ; small heads in 1-sided racemes . 89. A. vimineun.
Branches ascending, terminated by solitary heads (39) A. mmineus, v. saxatilis.
Rays violet or rose-pink (exceptionally white)
Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long, becoming revolute . . 55
Leaves longer, plane 44
V. Involucre more than 5 mm. high Y.
T. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips
Y. Bracts without firm subulate tips Z.
A.
A.
nemoraUa.
junceus.
32. A. polyphyllus.
Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long.
52. A. linariifoliua.
55. A. nemoralis.
57. A. suhulatus.
58. A. anguatua,
59. A.frondoaua.
A. tenwifoliua.
A. paludoatia.
IT.
A. junceiia.
A.
A.
A.
mulUjlorua.
comrnutatua.
amethyatinua.
Stems many, rigid, from a woody caudex ; bracts firm, the
inner blunt ; rays blue-violet ......
Stem single, from a slender rootstock ; bracts thin, linear-
attenuate ; rays rose-pink
Z. Leaves longer a.
a. Annuals, with inconspicuous rays.
Bracts definitely imbricated, linear or linear-subulate
Bracts subequal, the outer foliaceous.
Leaves linear-attenuate ; ray.s shorter than the style
Leaves linear-oblanceolate to spatulate ; rays longer than
the style
a. Perennials, with mostly conspicuous rays b.
b. Bracts firm, lanceolate.
Bracts unequal, regularly imbricated, not foliaceous . 56.
Bracts subequal or imbricated, with spreading foliaceous
tips 1.
b. Bracts thin, linear or linear-lanceolate.
Bracts with conspicuous elliptic or subrhombic green tips.
Heads terminating minutely foliose-bracteolate branch-
lets 38. ^. dumoaua.
Heads paniculate, or if few on leafy (not minutely
foliose-bracteolate) branches 43. ^. aalidfoliua.
Bracts without conspicuous colored tips.
Rays white ; bracts very narrowly Hnear-attenuate,
regularly imbricated, 4-6 mm. long (42) A. paniculatua, v. helUdiflorua.
Rays violet or rose-pink ; bracts linear-lanceolate, less
definitelv imbricated, mostly longer . . .44.
Stem conspicuously pubesi!ent.
Involucral bracts (or at least the outer ones) bristly-ciliate.
Leaves crowded, rigid ; rays white (rarely purple-tinged).
Heads 5-6 mm. high 36.
Heads 7-9 mm. high 87.
Leaves not rigid ; rays blue 35.
Involucral bracts not bristlj^-ciliate.
Bracts with firm suJbulate tips ; short rays usually white.
Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, as 6road as high (33) A. ericoidea, v. villoaua.
Involucre turbinate, narrower than high . . (.34) A. depauperatua, \. parvicepa.
Bracts thin, linear-attenuate, without firm subulate tips ; stem
puberulent ; long rays violet or rose-pink . . . .55.
T. Stem-leaves lanceolate or broader c.
c. Heads in flat-topped corymbs ; rays white or whitish (not blue or violet).
Leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate ; pappus simple 53.
Leaves not rigid, broader ; pappus double.
Involucre 3-4.5 mm. high ; leaves lanceolate to ovate . . . 50.
Involucre 5-7 mm. high ; leaves obovate to oblong . . .51.
c. Heads paniculate or racemose d.
d. Stems glabrous or essentially so e.
e. Involucre 5 mm. or less high.
Bracts with definite firm subulate tips 33.
Bracts without firm subulate tips.
Heads in more or less 1-sided racemes.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, scarcely serrate ; bracts linear-
attenuate 39. ^. vimineus.
Leaves broader, serrate ; bracts with the midrib dilated
upward and rather conspicuous
Heads on ascending-paniculate branches.
Bracts linear -attenuate.
Heads (including rays) 1-1.5 cm. broad;
slender and green ....
Heads larger ; bracts green chiefly at tip .
Bracts broad-linear or linear-oblong, with
elliptic or subrhombic green tips .
6. Involucre more than 5 mm. high /.
'/. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips
/. Bracts without firm subulate tips g.
g. Leaves on branchlets reduced to rigid subulate bracts.
Perennial; involucre 9 mm. or more high, of lirui closely
imbricated bluntish bracts
A. nemoralia.
A. piarmicoidea.
A.
A.
umbellatua,
injirmua.
A. ericoidea.
40. A. lateriflorus.
bracts very
conspicuous
41.
42.
A. Tradeacanti.
A. paniculatua.
43. A. aalidfoliua.
32. A. polyphyllua.
28. A. turhinellua.
COMPOSITAE (COiMPOSITE EWMILY)
803
Annual ; involucre 6-S mm. high, of Unear-subulate loosely
imbricated bracts 57. ^. subulaius.
g. Leaves on branchlets broader h.
h. Inflorescence loosely paniculate-corymbose.
Bracts thin, uniform, Iir).3ar-lanceolate ; rays few, white or
pinkish, rarely wanting 54. ^. acuminatus.
Bracts firm, oblong, the tips foliaceous ; rays numerous,
violet 11.-4. radula.
h. Inflorescence definitely paniculate i.
i. Bracts ascending, their tips not squarrose.
Bracts regularij- imbricated in several series.
Bracts linear-attenuate 42. A. paniculatus.
Bracts broad-linear or linear-oblong, •with conspicuous
elliptic or subrhombic green tips . . . , 43. ^. salicifolius.
Bracts subequal 45. A. longifoliits.
i. Bracts with spreading or squarrose tips, the outer mostly
foliaceous 46. ^. novi-helgii.
d. Stem conspicuoush' pubescent j.
j. Bracts with definite firm subulate tips.
Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, as broad as high ; leaves
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate .... (33) A. ericoides, v. jdatyphyllus.
Involucre turbinate, narrower than high . . (3-4) A. depauperatus, \. parviceps.
J. Bracts without firm subulate tips.
Heads solitary or loosely paniculate-corymbose ; bracts thin, linear-
lanceolate, loosely imbricated ; rays whitish, violet, or rose-pink.
Leaves essentially uniform and crowded on the stem, entire or
slightly toothed, blunt or acutish 55. A. nemoralis.
Upper leaves largest, coarsely toothed, long-acuminate . . 54. ^. acuminatus.
Heads paniculate or racemose ; bracts rather closely imbricated.
Bracts regularly imbricated in several series ; rays short, white
to lavender.
Heads regularly paniculate ; bracts Un ear-attenuate ; leaves
lanceolate (42) A. paniculaiua, vars.
Heads in more or less 1 -sided racemes ; bracts generaliv with
colored dilated midribs ; leaves lanceolate to oblong . .40.-4. lateriflorus.
Bracts subequal ; rays long, blue or violet ; stem densely villous
(4.5) A. longi/olius, v. villicaulis.
§ 1. HELEASTRUM (DC.) B. & H. Pappus simple, coarse and i-igid, the
stronger bristles somewhat clavate ; bracts rigid., more or less foliaceous,
nearly equal.
1. A. paludbsus Ait. Stems 3-7 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; heads
rather few, racemose or spicate ; involucre 1 cm. high ; outer bracts lax, foli-
aceous ; rays purple ; leaves linear, entire. — Kan. to Tex.,
N. C, and Ga. Fig. 918.
§ 2. BIOTIA (DC.) T. & G. Invohicre obovoid-bell-
shaped, turbinate, or cylindric ; the bracts regularly
imbricated in several roics, oppressed, nearly destitute
of herbaceous tips ; rays 6-18 ; achenes slender ; pap-
pus slightly rigid, simple; Uncer leaves heart-shaped,
petioled, coarsely serrate; heads in open corymbs
{rarely congested).
* Bays white (sometimes colored in age) ;
branches of inflorescence without glands.
^ Invohicre ovoid-bell-shaped or turbinate; plants simple,
rarely producing large tufted basal leaves.
•M. Leaves thin, smooth or sparsely hairy but not rough.
2. A. divaricatus L. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag, 3-9
dm. high, glabrous or sparingly pilose ; leaves coarsely and
unequally serrate icith sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed,
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or deltoid-ovate, all btit the upper-
most heart-.«;haped at the base and on slender naked petioles ;
involucre (5-8 mm. high ; bracts thin, .scarious. mostly obtuse
and ciliate, with inconspicuous green tips, the outer sliort and
oblong or oblong-triangular, the inner linear ; rays 6-12.
paludosus.
919. A. divaricatus
804:
coMrosiTAE (composite family)
921. A. srloraeratus.
(.1. corymhnsus Ail.) — Woodlaiirls, s. Me. and w. Que. to L. Superior, s. to Ga.
Auf;.-Oct. Fig. niK. — Extremely variable in outline of foliage, intensity of
coloring of disk-flowers, etc., characters upon which Professor
E. 8. Burgess proposes as separable species A. carmesinus,
A. tenebrosus, and 26 others.
■*-* ■!-*• Leaves thick, roiKjh above.
= Heads few, large (1-1.5 cm. high).
3. A. furcatus Burgess. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high, almost
uniformly leafy to the slightly forked summit ; leaves ovate or
elliptic, acuminate, coarsely serrate, lower short-petioled and
slightly cordate, upper mostly sessile, often with broad-winged
laciniate bases; involucre of 4-5 series of pubescent pale green
regularly imbricated blunt bracts, the outer oblong, the inner
920. A. furcatus. jjj^'g^p^ ^11 with dark tips ; rays 1 cm. or more long, narrow.
— Woods and rocky shaded banks, 111. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 920.
= = Heads smaller {hardly 1 cm. high), numerous in corymbose or subumbel-
late clusters at the tips of the branches.
4. A. glomeratus Bernh. Rather stout, 4.5-9 dm. high ;
stem smooth, or pilose toward the summit ; leaves pilose
beneath or glabrate ; the lower broadly ovate, acuminate, long-
petioled ; the upper gradually smaller and narrower, on winged
petioles or sessile ; involucre green, broadly campanulate ; bracts
ciliate, dark-tipped, the inner ones slightly elongated, scarious
only on the margins ; rays short, rarely 0.5 cm. long. — Thick-
ets and wooded banks, Me. to Va. Aug., Sept. Fig. 921.
-t- -*- Involucre slender, cylindric ; bracts thin and scarious {loose and spreading
when dry), the innermost much exceeding the next outer series; large tufted
basal leaves abundant.
5. A. Schreberi Nees. Resembling the preceding ; stem smooth or pilose ;
leaves thin, often pilose on the petioles and veins beneath, smooth or harsh
above ; basal ones large, when well developed with broad
rectangular sinuses ; involucre slightly imbricated ; rays
1 cm. long. (Including A curvescens Burgess.) — Damp
woods and thickets, N. E. to Va. July-Sept. Fig. 922.
* * Bays violet or blue {rarely white) ; branches of the
infloresence glandular.
6. A. macrophyllus L. Rather coarse, 0.3-1.5 m.
high, viscid- glandular at least in the inflorescence;
sterile tufts of large ovate' cordate leaves abundant; basal leaves large, cordate ;
the upper of various forms, usually smaller and narrower ; involucre generally
3-4-seriate ; bracts greenish, the outer short-ovate, blunt, and
pubescent; the inner elongated, linear, more scarious, some-
times roseate-tinged on the margins. — An extremely variable
plant, from which several forms are separated, by some
authors, as species. — The typical plant is simple, 3-9 dm.
high, characterized by thick harsh foliage, stout rather
smooth stem, and broad terminal corymbose inflorescence
with many conspicuous stipitate glands. (Including A. ros-
cidus, etc.. Burgess.) — Open woods and thickets, N. B. to
Minn, and N. C. Aug., Sept. Fig. 923. The following
varieties include the best-marked extremes. Var. i>inguik(')lius Burgess. Stem
glabrous, -'i-f) dm. high ; many of the ba.^al leaves very smooth {almost greasy),
others scal)r(>us at least in spots. — Me. to N. Y. and westw. Var. kxcki.sior
Burgess. Stem snioothish, 1 ni. or so high, glaucous ; leaves pale, for the most
part narrowly ovate, oblong, or lanceolate ; bracts elongated. — N. H. to Ont.
and Mich. Var. vELtJTiNus Burgess. Stems villous-pub e scent ; leaves pilose
922. A . Schreberi.
923. A. macrophyllus.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
805
beneath, all but the lowest truncate or tapering at base. — Throughout the range,
the commonest form north \v. Var. skjinctls Burgess. Similar to the pre-
ceding variety, but most of the stem-leaves long-petioled, broad and cordate. —
Me. to Fa. and Wise. Var. apricensis liurgess. Freeln branching from near
the base., bearing innumerable heads. — Me. to Pa. Var. ianthincs (Burgess)
Fernald. 6V/a?2f/s m?>i?<^e, rarely stipitate ; leaves thin. {IncXuiWwg A. ianthinus.,
violaris^ multiformis, and nobilis Burgess.) — Me. to Ont. and W. Va.
§3. EUASTER Gray, Bracts imbricated in varicms degrees., v;ith herbaceous
or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceons ; 7'at/s mimcrous ; pap-
pus simple, soft and nearly uniform {coarser and more rigid in the first
group); achenes flattened.
* Bracts well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly obtuse spread-
ing tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaj^ed
or clasping ; heads few or when several corymbose, large and showy.
•t- Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, on nearly naked petioles, some rounded
or subcordate at base.
7. A. Herveyi Gray. Slightly scabrous, 3-9 dm. high, the
summit and peduncles glandular-puberulent ; leaves roughish,
obscurely serrate, the upper lanceolate ; heads loosely corym-
bose, 1 cm. or so high ; involucre nearly hemispherical ; bracts
obscurely glandular, all erect, with very short or indistinct
green tips; rays violet, 1-1.5 cm. long. — Borders of oak
woods, in rather moist soil, e. Mass. to
Ct. and L.I. Fig. 924. — An ambigu-
ous species, approaching the preceding
and the next.
•*- ■<- Radical leaves (usually absent in
no. 11) all tapering into margined
petioles; involucres squarrose (hardly
so in no. 11) ; rootstocks slender.
8. A. spectabilis Ait. Stems 3-<3 dm.
high, roughish and glandular-puberulent
above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the
lower spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper en-
tire ; heads few, hemispherical; involucre 1-1.5 cm. high;
bracts glandular-puherident and viscid, mostly with the
upper half herbaceous and spreading ; rays about 20, bright
violet, 2 cm. long. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the
coast ; also w. N. C. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 925.
9. A. surcul5sus Michx. Stems 2.5-4 dm. high, from long
filiform rootstocks ; leaves entire or nearly so, rigid, lanceolate
or the upper linear ; heads few or solitary, as in the preceding,
but generally smaller, the bracts hardly glandular. — Moist
ground, coast of N. J., and south w. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 92C.
10. A. gracilis Nutt. Kootstocks occasion-
ally tuberous-thickened ; stems slender. 3-4 dm.
high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly
so, small (2-5 cm. long) ; heads few or several ;
involucre top-shaped, 6-9 mm. long, glabrous,
not glandular nor viscid, the coriaceous whitish
bracts with very short deltoid, or ovate tips ; rays
9-12, 0.5-1 cm. long. — Pine barrens, N. J. to
N. C, Ky., and Tenn. July-Sept. Fig. 927.
11. A. radula Ait. Stem simple or corym-
bose at the summit, smooth or sparsely hairy,
many-leaved, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
shaiply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose- 92T. A. gracilis
924. A. Herveyi.
925. A. spectabilis.
926. A. surculosus.
806
COMPOS IT AE (composite FAMILY)
928. A. radula.
929. A. grandiflorus.
oeined, closely sessile, 5-8 cm. long, nearly uniform ; heads 1-40 ; bracts of hell-
shaped involucre oblong, obtuse, appressed, clearly in several series, with very
short and slightly spreading herbaceous ciliate tips; rays pale
violet ; achenes smooth. — Bogs and low wouds, Nfd. to Del. and
w. Va. July-Sept. Fig. 928.
Var. strictus (Pursh) Gray. Slender, 1-8 dm. high ; heads
1-8 ; involueral bracts more foliaceous, acute or acutish, nearly
equal. (Var. bifiorus Porter.) — Damp rocky or mossy places,
n. Lab. and Hudson B. to Nfd., N. B., and n. N. E.
* * Involucre and usually the branchlets viscid- or pruinose-
glandulnr, icell imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky ;
leaves entire (or the lower with feio teeth), the cauline all
sessile or clasping ; rays showy, violet to purple ; involueral
bracts spreading, infeio or many ranks.
12. A. grandiflbrus L. 3Iinutely
hispid; stems slender, loosely much
branched, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves very small (0.5-4 cm.
long), oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost
passing into bracts of the hemispherical squarrose
many-ranked involucre ; rays bright violet, 2.5 cm.
long; achenes hairy. — Dry open places, Va., and
south w. — Heads large and very showy. Fig. 929.
13. A. oblongifblius Nutt. Minutely glandular-
puberident, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-
corymbose, 3-7 dm. high ; leaves narroicly oblong or
lanceolate, inucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thick-
ish, 2.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. wide ; involueral bracts
nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the base ; rays
violet-purple ; achenes canescent. — Bluffs and rocky banks,
Ta. and Va. to Minn, and Kan. Sept., Oct. — Heads middle-
sized or smaller. Fig. 930.
Var. rigidulus Gray. Low, rarely more than 3 dm. high,
with more rigid and liispidulous-scabrous leaves. (A. Kum-
leini Fries.) — More exposed situations. 111., Wise, and
southwestw. Late July-Oct.
14. A. nbvae-angliae L. Stem stout, hairy, 0.5-2.5 m.
high, corymbed at the summit ; leaves numerous^ lanceolate,
entire, acute, auriculate-clasping,
clothed with minute pubescence, 0.5-
1 dm. long ; bracts nearly equal,
linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid, as well as
the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, rarely white, very
numerous ; achenes hairy. — Moist chiefly calcareous
grounds, centr. Me. to w. Que., westw. and southw.
Aug.-Oct. — Heads large ; a very handsome species,
popular in cultivation. (Escaped
from gardens, and locally natu-
ralized in Eu.) Fig. 931. Var.
r6seus (Desf.) DC. Rays pink
or rose-color. — Range of the typ-
ical form, local.
15. A. mod^stus Lindl. Pu-
bescent or glabrate ; stem slender,
simple, with few large heads terminating slender branch-
lets ; leaves lanceolate, very acute, narrowed to a sessile,
base, sparingly serrate or serrulate ; bracts linear-attenuate,
equal, mostly herbaceous ; rays dark violet. {A. major
Porter.) — Rich soil, w. Out. and n. Minn, to B. C. and
modestus. Ore. July-Sept. Fig. 932.
930. A. oblongifolius.
931. A. novae-angliae.
coMrosiTAE (composite family)
807
\A\,^,^
933. A. sericeus.
* * * Leaves ichitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire^ mucronu-
late ; involucre imbricated in '^several rows; rays showy, purple-violet.
16. A. sericeus Vent. Stems slender. 2-0 dm. high,
branched ; leaves silver-white, lanceolate or oblong ; heads
mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets ; bracts
of the globular involucre sipiilar to the leaves, spread-
ing, except the short coriaceous base ; achenes smooth,
many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks,
Wise, to Man., Tex., and Tenn. Aug.-
Oct. — Heads large ; rays 20-30. Fig.
933.
17. A. c6ncolor L. Stems wand-like,
nearly simple, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves
crowded, oblong or lanceolate, appressed,
the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads
in a simple or compound wand-Uke raceme; bracts of the
obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed,
rather rigid, silky, lanceolate ; achenes silky. — Dry sandy soil 934^ f^ concolor
near the coast, Mass., and south w. Late Aug.-Nov. Fig. 934.
* * * * Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped., the cauline all with sessile and
cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around the stem.
18. A. patens Ait. Rough-pubescent ; stem loosely pan-
icled above, 3-9 dm. high, with widely spreading branches ;
heads mostly solitary, terminating slender branchlets, 1-2
cm, broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below
the middle, rough, especially above and on the margins,
the cauline 2.5-7 cm. long ; bracts of the minutely rough-
ish involucre with spreading pointed tips ; achenes silky.
— Dry groimd, centr. Me. to Minn., and southw. Aug.-
Oct. Fig. 935. Var. phlogif6lius Kees. A form
usually of shady places, with the larger (6-15 cm. long)
and elongated thin scarcely rough leaves downy under-
neath, sometimes toothed toward the end, mostly much
935. A. patens. contracted below the middle. {A. phlogifolius Muhl.)
— Mass. to O. and Tenn.
Var. gracilis Hook. Stem-leaves very short (1-2 cm. long), thickened and
harsh, those of the flowering branches mostly minute. — Ky. to Kan., and
southwestw.
***** Loicer leaves heart-shaped and petioled ; no glandular or viscid pubes-
cence ; heads icith short and appressed green-tipped bracts {except in nos.
19 and 26), mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled.
■»- Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre.
19. A. an6malus Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and
scabrous ; stems slender, 1 m. high, simple or racemose-
branched above ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
entire ; the upper small, almost sessile ; bracts of the hemi-
spherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed,
with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth. — Lime-
stone cliffs and rocky woods, 111., Mo., and Ark. Sept.,
Oct. — Rays violet-purple. Fig. 936.
■»- ■*- Hays 10-20 ; involucral bracts appressed or erect.
++ Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized;
rays bright blue.
20. A. azureus Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-
compound at the summit, the branches slender and rigid ; 936. A. anomalus.
808
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
937. A. azureus.
938. A. Shortii.
leaves rough, the loicer ovate-lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often
haii'y petioles; the others lanceolate or linear, sessile, on the branches awl-
shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses and prairies,
w. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., Mo., and southw, Sept., Oct.
— Involucre much as in A. laevis, but smaller and slightly
pubescent. Fig. 937.
21. A. Sh6rtii Lindl. Stem slender, spreading, nearly
smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose panicles ;
leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent
underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp
point, all but the uppermost more or less
heart-shaped at base and on naked petioles,
none clasping ; involucre bell-shaped. —
Cliffs and banks, w. Pa. to 111., and southw.
Aug. -Oct. — A pretty species, 1 m. high;
leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long. Fig. 938.
22. A. undulatus L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close
pubescence ; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in race-
mose panicles ; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, imth wavy or slightly toothed
margins, roughish abcjve, doiony under-
neath; the lowest heart-shaped, on margined petioles ; the
others abruptly contracted into short broadly winged peti-
oles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or directly
sessile by a heart-shaped base ; involucre olbovoid, the
bracts less rigid. — Dry copses, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and
southw. Aug.-Nov. Fig. 939. — Very variable in outline
of leaves, etc. , upon which characters Professor E. S. Bur-
gess proposes many species.
*+ ++ Leaves for the most part conspicuously serrate; rays
pale blue or nearly white.
23. A. cordifolius L. Stem nearly glabrous, much
branched above, the spreading or diverging branches bearing
very numerous panic! ed. heads; leaves thin, sharply serrate,
minutely scabrous above; the loiver all heart-shaped, on
generally slender and naked ciliate peti-
oles ; the upper chiefly cordate ; bracts
of the inversely conical involucre all
appressed and tipped icith very short green
points, obtuse or acutish. — Woods and
thickets, e. Que. to la., s. to Ga. and Mo.
Aug. -Oct. — Heads profuse, but rather
small. Fig. 940. Var. Furhishiae Fer-
nald. Stems, petioles, and lower surfaces
of leaves densely villous. — Banks of
streams, N. B., Me., and N. H. Var. polycephalus Porter.
Most of the upper leaves truncate or narrowed at base. —
Range of the typical fonn.
24. A. Lowrieanus Porter. Kcsembling A. crtrdifolins ;
leaves thickish, glaucous beneath, smooth, often grea.sy to the
touch, sharply or obscurely serrate ; the Irncer ovate, cordate,
on mostly winged petioles. — Open woods and thickets, Ct. to
Ont. and N. C. Sept., Oct. Var. lanckolXti s Porter. Most
of the lower leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, truncate or nar-
rowed at base. (Ya,Y.lancifolius Porter.) — Similar range. Var. incisus Porter.
Leaves all lanceolate, the lower incised. (Var. Bicknellii Porter.) — N. Y. and
Pa., local.
25. A. sagittifolius Wedemeyer. Stem rigid, erect, smooth or slightly
939. A. undulatus.
940. A. cordifolius.
sagittifolius.
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
809
942. A. Drummondii.
943. A. Lindleyanus.
hairy, with nscendinci hranches hearing ninnerons racemose heads,' leaves ovate-
lanceolate, pointed; the lower heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the
upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends ; bracts of
the ohlong involucre linear^ tapering into awl-shaped slender
and loose tips. — Dry ground, Vt. to Ky., and westw. Aug.-
Oct. — Heads rather larger than in no. 23. Fig, 941.
26. A. Drumm6ndii Lindl. Pale v'ith fine gray pubes-
cence; leaves cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on mar-
gined petioles, the uppermost lanceolate
and sessile ; bracts acute or acutish. —
Open ground, etc., 111. to Minn, and
Tex. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 942. — Passing
into the preceding.
27. A. Lindleyanus T. & G. Eather
stout, 3-10 dm. high, nearly glabrous ;
radical and lowest leaves ovate., moder-
ately or obscurely cordate., the upper-
most sessile and pointed at both ends ;
heads larger., in a loose thyrse or
panicle, the linear-attenuate bracts
looser and less imbricated; ravs blue-
violet. — Thickets and open places. Lab. to ^Mackenzie,
s. to N. B., n. N. E., Mich., S. Dak., and Mont. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 943. Var.
ExiMius Burgess. Tall (often 2 m, high); leaves harsh above. — N. Y. and 0.
Var. coMATUs Fernald. Stems, petioles, and lower surfaces of the leaves villous.
— Range of the typical form, local.
****** Withoiit heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute
or attenuate at base ; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent.
•»- Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so,
except forms of no. 33), and usiially pale and
glaucous; involucral bracts closely imbricated,
firm and ichitish-coriaceous below, green-tipped ;
leaves firm, usually entire.
** Bays violet or blue; bracts rather abruptly green-
tipped; leaves on the branchlets reduced to rigid
subulate bracts.
28. A. turbinellus Lindl. Stem slender, 0.5-1 m.
high, paniculately branched ; leaves oblong to narrowly
lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough margins ;
involucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped,
9mm. or more in length; the bracts linear, with very short
and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achenes nearly smooth.
— Dry hills, etc.. 111. to Neb., and southwestw. Sept., Oct.
— Well marked and handsome. Fig. 944.
29. A. laevis L. Stouter, 0.5-1 m.
high ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped
base ; bracts of the short-obovoid or
hemispherical involucre with short
abrupt green tips ; rays blue-violet
(rarely white) ; achenes smooth. — Dry
soil, Me. to Ont., westw. and south w.
Aug.-Oct. — A variable and elegant species.
A form with broad ovate leaves is var. AMn.iFoi.irs
Poi:ter.
30. A. virgatus Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with
946. A. Tirgatus. few or several racemose or terminal heads, like those oJ
944. A. turbinelhis.
945. A. laevis.
Fig. 945.
810
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
the last ; leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower ttsually long and narroio.
(A. piirpuratus Nees.) — Va., W. Va.. and soutliw. Sept., Oct. Fig. 946.
^ 81. A. concinnus Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest
spatulate-lanceolate on winged petioles ; heads smaller than in
no. 29, numerous, panicled; bracts of involucre loose, with
more herbaceous narrower green tips; rays violet, — Rocky
woods, rare, Ct., and southw. Aug., Sept. — An ambiguous
species. Fig. 947.
++ ++ Bays lohite, rarely pui^lish ; bracts narroio, subulately
green-tipped ; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on
the branchlcts lax and attenuate.
947.
32. A. polyphyllus Willd. Low or tall, 1-15 dm. high, with
'^oncinnus. yjj,gj^^g branches ; cauline leaves lanceolate or linear, 0.5-1 dm,
long ; heads pa,niculate ; bracts lanceolate-subulate, the outer-
most much shorter; rays 1 cm. long. {A. Faxoni Porter). —
Rocky or gravelly soil, e. Me. and n. Vt. to Ont., Wise, and
southw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 948. — Heads larger than in the
next.
33. A. ericoides L. Smooth, 3-9 dm. high ; the simple
branchlpts or peduncles racemo.se along the upper side of the
wand-like spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate,
sometimes toothed ; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-
shaped ; heads 6 mm. high or less; iiivohicre hemispheric or
campanulate; bracts often nearly equal, with attenuate or
aid-shaped green tips. — Dry, open places, N. E. to Out.,
Minn., and southw. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 949. Var. villosus 943. a. polyphyllus.
T. & G. Similar, but the stem and generally the narrow leaves
villous-hirsute. (Var. pilosus Porter.) — Same range. Var.
PRfxGLEi Gray. A low slender northern form, with few erect
branches and rather small scattered mostly solitary heads.
{A. Pringlei Rrilton.) — Me. to Ont., s. to Mass. and Wise.
Var. platyphyllus T. & G. Stout; stem and branches
densely white-villous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
mostly pubescent ; heads a^in the typical form, but larger. —
O. to Mich., 111., and southw,
34. A. depauperatus (Porter) Fernald. Slender, glabrous,
1-4 dm. high ; basal leaves small, spatulate ;
stem-leaves linear, those of the branches
linear-subulate ; heads small, 4-5 mm. high,
terminating the slender divaricate branches ; involucre tur-
binate, 2-3 mm. broad, of about 20 linear-.subulate bracts,
these less rigid than those of the preceding species. (^A.
ericoides, var. pusillus Gray, and var. depauperatus Porter.)
— Serpentine barrens, s. Pa. and adjacent W. Va. July-
^ept. Fig. 950.
Var. parviceps (Burgess) Fernald. Stout, pilose, 3-7
dm. high ; leaves linear or lanceolate ; heads rather crowded.
{A. ericoides, var. Burgess.) — Prairies and woods, 111.
and Mo.
H- -♦- Hoary-pubescent or hirsute ; herbaceotis tips of the
more or less bristJy-ciliatc involucral bracts squarrose
or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire,
scarcely narrowed at the sessile or j^artly clasping base;
heads numerous, small, racemose
35. A. amethystinus Nutt. Tall (0.5-1.5 m. high), up-
right, much branched, })ul)('ruh'iit or somewhat hirsute ;
V61. A. amethystinus. leaves not rigid; heads 0 mm. high; the tij^s of the bracts
949. A. ericoides.
9f)0. A. depauperatus.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
811
952. A. multiflorus.
merely spreading ; rays light dear blue or rarely violet. — Moist gi'ounds,
e. Mass. and s. Vt. to Pa., Mo., and la., rare. Sept. Fig. 951. — Perhaps
a hybrid of nos. 14 and 36.
36. A. multiflbrus Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence, 3-9
dm, high, much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spreading
racemose branches ; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate
margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse
hispidulous-ciliate bracts; heads 5-6 mm. long; rays
ichite or rarely purplish, 10-20. — Dry sandy soil, s. Me.
to Ont., westw. and southw. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 952. Var.
ExiGuus Fernald. Heads solitary or slightly clustered
at the tips of slender flexuous branches. — Less common.
37. A. commutatus (T. & G.) Gray. Similar; heads
larger (7-9 mm. long) ; rays 20-30 (J., incanopilosus Sheldon.) — Plains,
Minn, to Sask., westw. and southwestw. July-Oct.
t- t- H- Bracts glabrous^ closely imbricated {the outer regularly shorter), not
coriaceous, icith short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or
divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (4-7 mm. high) and
numerous.
•*-•• Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender hranchlets.
38. A. dumbsus L. Smooth or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high, the branches slender,
loosely paniculate, divergent ; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire,
with rough margins ; heads rather numerous ; involucre
obconical or campanulate, with 4-6 rows of linear-spatulate
obtuse bracts with abrupt green tips ; rays pale purple or blue,
larger than in no. 39. — Sandy soil, s. Me. to Ont., and southw.,
except in the upland regions. Aug., Sept. Fig. 953.
Yar. coridifblius (Michx.) T. & G. Branchlets slender
and flexuous, elongated, with minute crowded divergent
small leaves, and generally solitary terminal heads. — Bar-
rens, ]Mass., and southw.
Yar. strictior T. & G. Branches stiff and ascending. —
Mass. to Ont. and N. C.
953. A. dumosus.
++ 4-^ Heads racemosely iinilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets.
39. A. vimineus Lam. Smooth or smoothish. 0.5-2 m. high, bushy, the long
branches almost horizontally spreading ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate,
elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with
fine sharp teeth ; heads small, 4-6 mm. high, crowded ; bracts
narrowly linear, acute or acutish, in 3-4 rows ; rays white. —
Moist soil, 3. Me. to Ont., westw. and southw. Aug.-Oct.
Fig. 954. Yar. foliolosus (Ait.) Gray. Leaves linear, en-
tire ; the ascending branches with more
paniculate heads. — Similar
ff^^-^^'
95i. A. vimineus.
scattered
range.
Yar. saxatilis Fernald, Low (1.5-6
dm. high); branches and branchlets
short, ascending, leafy-bracteate, termi-
nated by solitary larger heads (often 1.5 cm. broad). —
Rocky shores, N. E. and Que. to O.
40. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. ^fore or less pubes-
cent, much branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lance-
olate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in
the middle ; bracts of the involucre linear, acute or rather, obtuse, imbricated in
3-4 rows. (A. diffusus Ait.) — Thickets, fields, etc., very common from N. S.
to Ont., and southw. Aug.-Oct. — Extensively variable ; leaves larger than in
either of the two preceding ; the involucre intermediate between them, as to the
form of the bracts. l\ays mostly shorty white or pale bluish-purple. Fig. 955.
955. A. lateriflorus.
812
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
Var. GLOMEKELLus (T. & G.) Burgess. Simple or subsimple ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, hLspidulous ; inflorescences small and axillary, or short, terminal,
and spicate. — N. Y. to (). and 8. C.
Var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Porter. Slender; the stem and the midveins of
the elongated lanceolate leaves generally villous or hirsute ; branches slender,
spreading or ascending, simple. (A. hirsuticaulis Lindl.) — Mostly in low
woods and thickets, N. B. to Mich, and Ky.
Var. bifrons (Gray) Fernald. A luxuriant form, with large thin leaves
(1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide), and rather larger heads loosely disposed on
the spreading branches. (A. diffiisus, var. Gray ; A. laterijloints, var. yraiuUs
Porter.) — N. Y. to S. C, Mo., and Mimi.
Var. thyrsoideus (Gray) Sheldon. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, with
ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often short, and
the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. {A. missouriensis Britton.)
— N. E. to Ont., Mo., and Tenn.
^_ ^_ ^_ ^_ Involucre various; the heads lohen numerous densely or loosely
paniculate on erect or ascending branches.
■M. Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not conspicuously cordate nor auriculate,
nor contracted to a winged petiole.
= Heads small or middle-sized ; bracts narrow, in several lengths, the erect
green tips not dilated.
41. A. Tradescanti L. Stem much branched, 0.5-1.5 m, high ; the numerous
heads (1-1.5 cm. broad) somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves lanceolate to
linear, 5-15 cm. long, tapering to a long slender point ; the
lower somewhat serrate in the middle ; involucre 3-5 mm.
long; its bracts linear, acutish, partly green down the back;
rays short and narrow, white or purplish. — Low grounds, Me.
to Ont. and Minn., s. to Va. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 956. —
Some forms approach no. 39, others differ from A. paniculatus
only in the smaller heads and shorter rays.
42. A. paniculatus Lam. Stem smoothish, 0.5-2.5 m. high,
much branched ; the branches and scattered heads (about 2 cm.
broad) loosely paniculate ; leaves elongate-oblong to narrowly
lanceolate, pointed, somewhat serrate or entire ; the cauline
956. A. Tradescanti. 0.5-1.5 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide; involucre 8 mm. long;
its bracts narrowly linear^ ivith attenuate green tips, or the
outermost wholly green ; rays white or purplish, 6-8 mm. long. — Wet meadows,
thickets, etc., throughout. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 957. — Approaches in its different
forms the preceding and the three following species. Var.
lanXtus Fernald. Stems densely white-villous or lanate.
— L. Willoughby, Vt., to L. Winnipeg. Var. .belli di-
FLoRus (Willd.) Burgess. Leaves linear or narrow-lance-
olate, mostly entire ; branches ascending, with numerous
clustered heads. — Throughout the range. Var. s/mplex
(Willd.) Burgess. Leaves large and thin, oblong-lance-
olate to oblanceolate, the cauline 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 cm.
wide, entire or slightly serrate ; heads scattered in leafy
panicles. — N. H. to Neb. and Va. Var. ACtiTiDENS Burgess.
Leaves as in the preceding variety, but conspicuously and
coarsely serrate ; brawches short, usually shorter than or
little exceeding the subtending leaves. — Me. to 111., Kan.,
and Ky. Var. cinekascens Fernald. Stem closely
cinereous-puberulent ; leaves dull green, scabrous above,
lanceolate, with slightly cla.sping bases, subentire. — Me.
to Ma.ss. and Vt., local.
43. A. salicifolius Ait. Similar to no. 42 ; the leaves commonly shorter,
Jirmer, often scahrous, mostly entire ; involucre more imbricated, the firmei
lirlear or linear-oblong bracts with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as
957. A. jianiculatus.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
813
large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered ; rays
rarely white. — Low grounds, Mass. to Ont., westw. and
soutliw. ; most abundant westw. Aug. -Oct. Fig. 958. Var.
suBASPKR (Lindl.) Gray. Higid, scabrous, with contracted
leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate,
and the broader scales often obtuse. — 111. to Neb. and Tex.
= = Heads small or middle-sized; the
looser linear bracts generally subeqnal
and erect, and the acute green tips
not dilated, the outer often wholly
herbaceous.
95S. A. salicifolius. 44. A. junceus Ait. Slender, 3-9 dm.
high, simple with few heads or loosely
branching ; leaves linear or narrow, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, entire
or the lower sparingly denticulate, scabrous on the margins ;
heads small (6-8 mm. high) ; bracts small, narrow, in 3-4
rovjs, the outer somewhat shorter; rays purple, roseate,
or white, 1 cm. long. — Wet meadows and cold bogs, e.
Que. to B. C, s. to n. and w. N. E., n. Pa., O., Wise, and
Neb. June-Sept. Fig. 959.
45. A. longifblius Lam. Glabrous, 1 m. or less high,
more or less branched and corymbosely panicled ; leaves
long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, narrowed
to both ends or slightly clasping, entire or sparingly ser-
rate ; heads as in the preceding ; the bracts nearly equal
and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rajs
0.5-1.5 cm. long, yiolet or purplish, rarely whitish. — Low
grounds. Lab. to Sask., s. to N. S., n. and w. N. E., and
the Great L. region. July-Oct. Fig. 1)60. Var. villi-
CAULis Gray. Stem and midrib of the leaves densely
white- villous. — Lab. to n. N. Y.
959. A. junceus.
960. A. longifolius.
e=: = = Heads middle-sized ; bracts in few-several rows, more or less unequal,
linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly
spreading or squarrose.
46. A. novi-belgii L. Slender, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves oblong to linear-lanceo-
late, entire or sparingly serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat
auriculate ; heads about 1 cm. high ; rays from bright blue-
violet to white. — Nfd. to Ga., mainly near the coast; also in
the White Mts., and doubtfully reported westw. Late July-
Oct. — The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic
border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrow-
to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and
linear bracts with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.
Fig. 061. Yar. laevigatts (Lam.) Gray. Usually glabrous
throughout ; the thin leaves mostly oblong-
lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an
abrupt base ; bracts nearly equal, loosely
erect, with short acutish tips. — K. E., little
known. Var. litokeus Gray. Pigid, mostly
low, very leafy ; leaves thickish, usually very
smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper some-
times auriculate; bracts in several loose rows,
all but the innermost with broadish obtuse
tips, the outer usually spatulate. — Salt marshes and shores,
Que. to Ga. Fig. 962. Var. elides (T. & G.) Gray. Slender,
often low and sim])le ; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the upper-
most small and bract-like ; bracts narrow, with short and mostly spreading
acutish tips. — Swamps, N. J. to Va.
901. A. r.ovi-belgii.
962. A. novi-belgii,
V. litoreus.
814
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
963. A. tardiflorus.
964. A. prenantholdes.
•M. •♦-V Cauline leaves (at least the loioest) conspicuously contracted into a winged
petiole-like base or a^iriculate-clasping ; involucre lax.
47. A. tardifl5rus L. Glabrous or subpubescent, 0.3-1.5 m. high ; leaves
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends,
the lower to a loinged petiole, not auriculate or only obscurely
so ; heads loosely panicled ; involucre 5-7 mm. high ; bracts
subequal or 2-3-seriate, linear or linear-subulate ; rays light
blue. {A.patulus Lam.) — N. B. to Pa., commonest northw,
Aug.-Oct. Fig. 963. Var. ves-
TiTus Fernald, Stems densely vil-
lous ; leaves somewhat so beneath.
— N. B. to Vt.
48. A. prenantholdes Muhl.
Stem 1 m. or less high, corymbose-
panicled, hairy above in lines ;
leaves rough above, smooth under-
neath, ovate to lanceolate, sharply
cut-toothed in the middle, con-
spicuously taper-pointed, and rather
abruptly narrowed to a long con-
tracted entire portion^ vjhich is
abruptly dilated into a conspicu-
ously auricled base ; heads on short divergent pedun-
cles ; involucre 5-8 mm. high ; bracts narrowly linear,
tips recurved-spreading ; rays violet. — Borders of
streams and rich woods, w. N. E. to Va. and Ky., w. to
Minn, and la. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 964.
49. A. puniceus L. Stem tall and stout, 0.5-2.5 m.
high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below,
panicled above ; flowering branches (in well developed
plants) much exceeding the subtending leaves ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, not narrovaed or but
slightly so to the auricled base, regularly and coarsely ser-
rate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above,
generally hispid on the midrib beneath, pointed ; heads
subsessile or short-pediceled ; involucre 7-12 mm. high ;
bracts thin, narrov)ly linear, attenuate, loose, subequal, in
about 2 rows, the outer sometimes foliaceous ; rays long
and showy, lilac-blue to white. — Low thickets and swamps,
Nfd. toMan.and Ga. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 965. Var. demissus
Lindl. Leaves elongate-lanceolate ; inflorescences mostly
shorter than the subtending leaves ; otherwise as in the
typical form. — N. E. Var. compActl's Fernald. Stout,
6-8 dm. high, conspicuously hispid ; leaves sub-rhomboidal,
irregularly toothed, harsh above ; branches of inflorescence mostly shorter than
the leaves. — Mass. to Pa. Var. firmus (Nees) T. & G. Stem mostly green,
smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above ; leaves serrate, smooth beneath.
(Var. laevicaulis Gray.) — Range of typical form. Var. LucfnuLus Gray. The
very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous ; leaves lanceolate, entire or
slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining ; heads usually numerous,
thyrsoid-paniculate ; bracts less loose and less attenuate. — N. Y,. to Wise, and
111. Var. OLIGOCEPHALUS Fernald. Stem essentially glabrous ; leaves as in the
preceding variety ; heads few or solitary ; outer bracts often broad and folia-
ceous. — Lab. and Nfd. to L. Superior and the White Mts.
§ 4. DOELLINGERIA (Nees) Gray. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of
long capillary bristles (some thirkenfd at top), the outer of very short and
rigid bristles; bracts short, without herbaceous tips; heads corymbose or
solitary ; rays rather feio, white, rarely rose-tinged ; leaves not rigid, veiny.
50. A. umbellatus Mill. Smooth or nearly so, leafy to the top, 0.3-2.5 m.
965. A. puniceus.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
815
Aug.,
966. A. umbellatus.
high ; leaves lanceolate., elongated., taper-pointed and tapering
at the base. 1-1.5 dm. long; heads very numerous in com-
pound flat corymbs ; bracts rather close, obtusish, scarcely
longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus Hook. ; Doellingeria
Nees.) — Moist thickets; common, especially northw
Sept. Fig. 966. Var. pubens Gray.
Lower surface of the leaves and the
branchlets tomentulose. — Upper Mich,
to Neb. and Man.
Var. latif blius Gray. Leaves shorter,
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed
or even rounded at base. {DipJopap-
pus amygdalinus Hook.; Doellingeria
humilis Britton.) — Pine barrens, etc.,
N. J. , Pa. , and southw.
51. A. infirmus Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous,
1 m. or less high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads
on divAgent peduncles ; leaves obovate to ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the
midrib hairy beneath ; bracts more imbricated, thicker
and more obtuse ; rays sometimes creamy ; pappus more
rigid. {Doellingeria Greene; Diplopappvs cornifoliiis Less.) — Open wood-
lands, e. Mass. to S. C. and Ala. July-Sept. Fig. 967.
A (t^/- § ^- I^^THE Gray. Pappus less distinctly double, inner.
_^^^n^f^^^ bristles not thickened at top, outer shorter; bracts well
imbricated, appressed, xcithout herbaceous tips ; rays violet
or rarely white; achenes narrow, villous; leaves nurner-
ous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless.
52. A. linariifblius L. Stems 1-6 .
dm. high, several from a woody root ; JjL
heads solitary or terminating simple
branches, rather large (1-1.2 cm. high) ;
leaves 2-3 cm. long, rough-margined,
passing above into the rigid acutish
bracts. (Diplopappus Hook.; lonactis Greene.) — Dry
soil, centr. ]\^. to Wise, and southw., except in the
mountains. Aug.-Oct. Fig. 968.
967. A. infirmus.
968. A. linariifolius.
969. A. ptarmicuiiles.
970. A. acumluatus.
§ 6. 0KTH6mERIS T. & G. Pap-
pus simple; bracts imbricated,
appressed, without herbaceous
tips, often scarious-edged or dry;
perennial, as all the preceding.
53. A. ptarmicoides T. & G.
Smooth or roughish ; stems clus-
tered, 1.5-6 dm. high, simple; leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1-o-uerved, with
rough margins, 0.5-i dm. long; heads small, in a flat
corymb ; bracts imbricated in 3-4 rows, short ; rays white,
5-8 mm. long. — Dry calcareous sod, w. N. E. and w. Que.
to ]\Ian., Col., and Mo. June-Sept. Fig. 969. Var.
LUTESCENS (Hook.'' v'^rav- Rays small, pale yellow. —
Englewood, 111. {Hill): Sask.
54. A. acuminatus Michx. Somewhat hairy ; stem
3-9 dm. high, simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the
sunmiit ; peduncles slender ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, con-
spicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form
and entire at the base ; involucral bracts ^ew and loosely
imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin, 0.5-1 cm. long j
816
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
heads few-several; rays 12-18, white, or slightly purple. — Cool rirh woods,
Lab. to Out., Pa., and southw. along the Alleghenies. June-Sept. Fig. 970. —
A monstrous form occurs in N. K. and N. Y. having ;i
chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy
paleae.
55. A. nemoralis Ait. Minutely rough ish -pubescent ;
stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very
leafy, 2-0 dm. high ; leaves small (2-4 cm. long), rather
rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute marc/ins;
heads l-o (-12) ; bracts of the inversely conical involucre
narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer awl-shaped ; rays
lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs and
swamps, Nfd. to Hudson B., s. to
N. J., n. N. Y., and e. Ont., chiefly
coastal. July-Sept. Fig. 971.
Passing to
Var. Blakei Porter. Leaves larger (1-2 cm. wide),
oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; heads few-many. — N. S. to
N. Y. and N. J. — A very showy plant about equally
related to this and the preceding species, and not clearly
distinct from either.
56. A. tenuif51ius L. Very glabrous ; stem often
zigzag, simple or forked, 1.5-0 dm. high ; heads rather
large, 1 cm. high, terminal ; leaves few, long-linear,
tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the
upper subulate, pointed ; involucre top-shaped, the bracts subulate-lanceolate
with attenuate acute points ; rays large, numerous,
pale purple. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla.
Fig. 972.
9T1. A. nemoralis.
972. A. tenuifolius.
Aug. -Oct.
marshes
Fig. 97:^.
§ 7. OXYTRIPOLIUM (DC.) T. & G. Involucre as
in § 6 ; pappus simple, fine and soft ; glabrous
annuals, vjith numerous small heads and narrow
entire leaves.
57. A. subulatus Michx. Stem 0.2-1.5 m. high;
leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches
awl-shaped ; bracts of the subcylindric involucre (7-8
mm. high) linear-awl-.shaped, in few rows ; rays some-
what in two rows, .short, not project-
ing beyond the disk, more numerous
than the disk-flowei.s, purplish. — Salt
on the coast, e. N. B.; N. H. to Fla. Late July-Oct.
973. A. subulatus.
§ 8. C0NYZ6pSIS T. & G. Bracts of the
campanulate involucre in 2-3 rows, nearly
equal, linear, the outer foliareous and
loose ; pappus copious, very soft ; rays very
short or none; loio annuals, with numer-
ous rather small heads.
58. A. angustus (Lindl.) T. & G. Branch- ^''*' ^■^"^"^^"s-
ing, 1.5-6 dm. high, nearly glabrous ; leaves linear-attenuate,
entire, more or less short-ciliate ; involucral bracts all linear,
acute; corolla of the ray-fl<nvers reduced to a tube, m^ich
shorter than the elongated style. (Brachyactis Britton.) —
Alkaline soil, lower St. Lawrence K., Que.; Minn, to Sa.sk.,
. f , and westw., spreading east to Chicago, etc. Aug., Sept.
A. lron.lo.sus. ^^-^^^^.^ y^^ (,74
59. A. frondbsus (Nutt.) T. & G. Similar ; leaves linear-oblanceolate to
spatulate, blunt, ciliolate only at base ; outer involucral bracts oblona to
975.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 817
oblaticeolate, wholly foliaceoiis ; rays pinkish, longer than the style. — Saline
soil, P. E. I.; Wyo. to N. Mex., and westw. July-Oct. Fin. 976.
23. ERIGERON L. Fleabane
Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Involucral bracts narrow% equal, and little imbri-
cated, never coriaceous, neither foliaceous nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or
convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerYed ; pappus
a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a dis-
tinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales. — Herbs, with entire
or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedun-
culate heads. Disk yellow ; rays white, pink, or purple. (The ancient name
presumably of a Senecio, from 9jp, spring, and yepwu, an old man, suggested
by the hoariuess of some vernal species.)
§ 1. EUERIGERON DC. Bays elongated {short in a form of no. 7), crowded
in one or more rows.
* Leafy-stemmed perennials.
-i- Pappus double.
1. E. glabellus Nutt. Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, stout, hairy above, the leafless
summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins,
entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasp-
ing, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays more than 100. purple, more than
twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre ; outer pappus of minute bristles.
{JE. asper Nutt.) — Plains of n. Wise, Man., and w^estw. June-Sept.
■1- -t- Pappus simple.
++ Sterns slender, densely tufted, very leafy ; leaves narroioly linear, entire.
2. E. hyssopifolius Miclix. Slightly pubescent, 1-3 dm. high, from filiform
rootstocks ; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary
small heads; rays 20-80, rose-purple to whitish. — Wet calcareous rocks, Nfd.
and Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to N. B., Me., Vt., and Mich. June, July.
++ -*-<■ Stems stouter, not tufted; leaves broader, toothed.
3. E. pulchellus Michx. (Robin's Plantain.) Haiiy, producing offsets
from the base ; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large heads
on slender peduncles ; basal leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the
cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays {about 50) rather
broad, light bluish-purple. {E. bellidifolius Muhl.) — Copses and moist banks,
s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Apr.-June.
4. E. philadelphicus L. Haiiy; stem leafy, corymbed, bearing several small
heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong; the upper smoothish, clasping
by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays
innumerable and very narroiv, rose-purple or flesh-color. — Throughout, locally
common, generally in alluvial soil. May-Aug.
* * Perennial by rosulate offsets, icith scape-like stems ; pappus simple.
5. E. v6rnus (L.) T. & G. Glabrous ; leaves clustered at the base, oval or
spatulate ; scape leafless, slender, 3-7 dm. high, bearing 5-12 small corymbed
heads; rays white. {E. nudicaulis Michx.) — Low grounds, e. Va., and
south w. May.
* * * Annuals (or sometimes biennials), leafy-stemmed and branching ; pappus
double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile
bristles, usually wanting in the ray.
6. E. annuus (L.) Pers. (Daisy F., Sweet Scabious.) Stem stout, 2-15
dm, high, branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply
toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper uvate-
GKAY'a^ MANUAL — 52
818 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, tinged
with purple, not twice the length of the bristly i"nvolucre. — Fields and waste
places ; a very common weed. June-Oct. (Nat. in Eu.)
7. E. ram6sus (Walt.) BSP. (Daisy F.) Stem panicied-corymbose at
the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost
smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest
oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the
length of the minutely liairy involucre. (E. strigosus Muhl.) — Fields, etc.,
common. June-Oct. — Stem smaller and more simple than the preceding, with
smaller heads but longer rays. Var. DiscofnEus (Robbins) BSP., with the
rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in s. N. E. and N. Y.
§ 2. CAEN6tUS Nutt. Bays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer
than the simple pappus ; annuals.
8. E. canadensis L. (Horse-weed, Butter-weed.) Bristly-hairy ; stem
erect, loand-like, 0.1-3 m. high; leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-
lobed ; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled. (Leptilon Britton.)
— Waste places, etc., a common weed, now widely diffused over the world.
July-Oct. — Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.
9. E. divaricatiis Michx. Diffuse and decumbent, 1-3 dm. high ; leaves
linear or awl-shaped, entire; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple; otherwise
like no. 8. (Leptilon Raf.) — Ind. to Minn., Neb., and south w.
§ 3. TRIMORPHAEA (Cass.) Reichenb. Like § 2, but with a series of filiform
rayless pistillate flowers within the outer row of ray-flowers ; biennial or
sometimes perennial.
10. E. acris L., var. asteroides (Andrz.) DC. Hirsute-pubescent or smooth-
ish ; stem erect, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong,
entire ; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose,
nearly hemispherical, about 1 cm. long ; involucre minutely glandular-puberu-
lent, or somewhat hirsute toward the base ; rays purplish or bluish, equaling or
a little exceeding the copious pappus. (Var. droehachensis Blytt ; E.droeba-
chiensis O. F. Miill.) — Rocky banks and clearings, lower St. Lawrence, n. N. B.,
n. Me., L. Superior, Rocky Mts., westw. and north w. July, Aug. (Eu.)
24. SERICOCARPUS Nees. White-topped Aster
Heads 12-20-flowered, radiate ; rays about 5, fertile, white. Involucre some-
what cylindrical or club-shaped ; the bracts closely imbricated in several rows,
cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spreading
green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal,
very silky ; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial tufted
herbs, 2-7 dm. high, with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads
mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale yellow.
(Name from a-qptKos, silky, and Kapjros, fruit.)
* Pappus rusty ; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin.
1. S. asteroides (L.) BSP. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate
or the lower spatulate, ciliate ; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical ;
involucre 5-9 mm. long. {S. conyzoides Nees.) — Dry ground, s. Me. to O.,
and southw. June-Aug.
* * Pappus u'hite ; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and smaller.
2. S. Iinif51ius (L.) BSP. Smooth, slender ; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse,
with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow, in cldse clusters, few-
flowered ; inv()lucre4-7 mm. long. (*S'. solidagineus Nees.) — Thickets, s, N, E.
to ()., and southw. June-Aug.
3. S. bifoliatus (Walt.) Porter. Hoary-pnbesceut ; leaves obovate or oblong-
spatulate, short (1-J.5 cm. long), vertical, both sides alike ; heads rather loosely
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 819
corymbed, obovoid ; involucre 6-8 mm. long. (^S. tortifolius Nees.) — Pine
woods, Va., and south w. Aug.
25. BACCHARIS L. Groundsel Tree
Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, dioecious, i.e. the pistillate and
staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the
pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the staminate larger and
5-iobed, Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the
staminate plant scanty and tortuous, in the pistillate very long and copious. —
Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow.
(Namf of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchus.)
1. B. halimifblia L. Glabrous but somewhat scurfy, 1-3 m. high ; branches
angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper
entire ; heads scattered at the ends of the branches, forming pyramidal panicles ;
involucre b-Q mm. high ; bracts acutish. — Sea beaches and marshes, Mass. to
Va.. and southw. — The fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long
(1-1.5 cm.) white pappus.
2. B. glomeniliflbra Pers. Brighter green ; heads of both kinds sessile o»
nearly so in the axils, forming glomerules ; otherwise much like the preceding
— N. C. to Fla. ; said to reach s. Va. (Bermuda.)
26. PLtrCHEA Cass. Marsh Fleabane
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central perfect but sterile,
few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers
with tails. Achenes grooved ; pappus in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat
glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered.
Flowers purplish, in summer, (Dedicated to the Abbe Fluche, French natural-
ist of the 18th century.)
1. P. foetida (L.) DC. Perennial, 5-0 dm. high; leaves closely sessile or
half-clasping, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny, only 5-8 cm.
long; heads clustered in a corymb; bracts lanceolate. (P. bifrons DC.) —
Low ground, N. J., and southw.
2. P. camphorata (L.) DC. (Salt Marsh Fleabane.) Annnal,pale, S-IS
dm. high ; leaves slightly petioled. oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely
veiny, subentire or serrate ; corymb flat ; heads 5-9 nmi. high ; involucral bracts
ovate to lanceolate, puberulent. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southw.
3. P. petiolata Cass. Greener and smoother ; leaves slender-petioled, more
finely and sharply sen^ate ; heads smaller ; bracts merely granular. — Moist soil,
Md. to 111., Kan., and southw.
27. GIFOLA Cass. Cotton Rose
Heads rather many-flowered, discoid ; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually
sterile. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped ; the chaff resembling the proper
involucral bracts, each scale covering a single pistillate flower. Achenes terete ;
pappus of the central flowers capillar}^ of the outer ones mo.stly none. — Annual,
with entire leaves, and small lieads in capitate clusters. (Name an anagram of
Filago, the name of a related genus.)
1. G. (lERMANiCA (L.) Dumort. (Herba Impia.) Stem erect, short, clothed
with lanceolate upright crowded leaves, and producing a capitate cluster of
woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a
similar head, and so on; — hence the common name applied to it by the old
botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exaltim^ themselves above the
parent. (^Filago L.) — Dry fields, X. Y. to Va, July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
820
COMPUSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
28. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. • Everlasting. Ladies' Tobacco. Pusst*s Toes
Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; flowers all tubular ; pistillate corollas very
slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle
convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish ; pap-
pus a siniile row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at the base so
as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and ciub-shaped or barbellate at
the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbose
or racemose (rarely single) heads. Corolla whitish. Staminate plants smaller
than the pistillate, abundant only in nos. 3, 9, and 10, though occasionally found
in most of the others ; many species parthenogenetic or apogamous. Involucral
bracts of the staminate heads with broad white petaloid tips. (Name from the
resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennae of certain insects.)
N.B. — The figures in this genus are on a scale of |.
* Stolons assnrgent^ i.e. decumbent at base hut vnth definitely ascending tips,
rather leafy throughout, but with the terminal leaves much the larger. {In
shade the stolons elongating and suggesting those of the last group.)
•*- Basal leaves and those at the tips of the stolons bright green above, glabrous
from the first, or at most only a little arachnoid when young and soon quite
glabrate.
++ Basal leaves large, 5-12 cm. long, broadly obovate or obovate-spatulate, obtuse
or rounded at tip, definitely 3-nerved.
1. A. Parlinii Fernald. Stout and tall, becoming
3-5 dm. high ; the stem, stolons, and stem-leaves bear-
ing purplish glandular hairs; lower stem-leaves
crowded, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acu-
tish ; heads of the pistillate plant loosely or densely
corymbose; involucre 8-10.5 mm. high, of about 3
rows of bracts ; styles becoming crimson. (A. arno-
qlossa Greene.) — Rich soil, often in open woods,
N. E. to la. and D.C. May-July. Fig. 976.
-M- ■^+ Basal leaves small, generally less than 5 cm. long,
spatulate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, only 1
nerve prominent.
A. DiofcA (L.) Gaertn. Low (1.5 dm. or less high);
basal leaves rarely 2 cm. long; stem-leaves crowded;
heads subsessile, subglomerulate ; bracts of pistillate
heads rose-color, the outer oblong and obtuse, the
inner acutish. — Found "'in woods" at Providence,
R. I., by Geo. Thurber in 1844, but not since col-
lected ; probably a casual introduction,
2. A. canadensis Greene. Forming broad mats;
stems slender, becoming 3-5 dm. high ; basal leaves
generally more than 2 cm. long ; stem-leaves scat-
tered ; heads loosely corymbose ; involucre of the
pistillate head 7-11 mm. long; staminate heads
smaller, their bracts with broad white petaloid tips ;
stylf's pale, drying brownish. — Dry mostly open
soil, Ntd. to Man., s. to Ct., centr. N. Y., and Mich.
•^ -*- Basal leaves and those at the tips of the .stolons dull above, invested with
tomentose or arachnoid pubescence, only the very oldest becoming glabrate.
■^ Basal leaves mostly long, 5-12 (in reduced specimens rarely 4.5) cm. in length.
{Large specimens of no. 7 might be looked for here.)
= Heads comparatively small, the involucre averaging 7 (6-8) mm. high; stems
slender.
3. A. plantaginif51ia (L.) Richards. (Plantain-leaved E.). Stems 1-5
976. A. Parlinii
977. A. caiKidtMisis.
May-July. Fig. 977.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
821
dm. high ; basal leaves from broadly obovate with rounded tips to oblanceolate
and acutish, distinctly 3-nerved ; stem-leaves scattered, lanceolate, acuudnate ;
lieads loosely or densely corymbose ; bracts of the pistil-
late heads linear, purplish or green, with pale tips; styles
crimson. {A. plantayinea R.Br.) — Dry soil, s. Me. to
Minn., and south w. Apr.-June.
= = Heads comparatively large, averaging 9 (8-10.0)
mm. high ; stems stoutish.
a. Basal leaves mostly hroad-ohovate or rhombic-obovate,
narrowed from near the middle to the acutish or blunt
tip.
high
the
sometimes
mature ones
':m
4. A. fallax Greene. Stems 1-4 dm
slightly glandular ; basal leaves large,
2-5 cm. broad ; lower stem-leaves oblong-
lanceolate, rather crowded ; corymb
rather dense ; bracts of the pistillate
head attenuate to scarious tips or broad
and somewhat petaloid ; styles pale,
sometimes crimson. {A. ambigens Fer-
nald.) — Rich open woods and fields,
centr. Me. to Minn., and southw. May,
June. Fig. 978.
6. Basal leaves from spatulate to narrowly spatulate-obovate,
with rounded tips.
5. A. occidentalis Greene. Stout ; the stem at first low,
becoming 2.5-4 dm. high ; basal leaves 1-2.5 cm. broad; stem-
leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, rather conspicuous ; inflores- ptk. a. occidentalis.
cence subcapitate ; bracts lanceolate to oblong, with conspicu-
ous white tips; styles crimson. {A. Farwellii Fernald, not Greene.) — Rich
open soil, e. Que. ito Minn., s. to s. w. Me., s. N. H., w. Mass., N. Y., and 111.
May, June. Fig. 979.
■t-t- -tH- Basal leaves small, 2-5 cm. long. (Xos. 10 and 11 with poorly developed
stolons might be sought here.)
= Basal leaves sptatulate, ivith little or no distinction of blade and petiole.
6. A. rupicola Fernald. Stem? slender, 1.5-3 dm.
high ; stolons very numerous and short, forming dense
mats ; basal leaves mucronate, 1-4 cm. long ; stem-leaves
numerous (10-18), linear-attenuate, the tipper dark
green, strongly contrasting with the white-pubescent
A. iui»ic()la.
= = Basal leaves with
stem ; corymb compact ; involucre of pistillate ]ilant
10 mm. high ; bracts with conspicuous lung yellovi:
white firm papery tips ; styles pale. —
Slaty ledges by the 5lattawamkeau R.
Me. June. Fig. 980.
h-
more distinct petioles and obovate
blades.
a. Stem bearing purplish glandular hairs; basal leaves
?)-nerved.
high
9Sl. A. Brainerdii.
7. A. Brainerdii Fernald. Stem slender, 2-3 dm.
basal leaves obovate or orbicular-obovate , 1-2 cm. broad ;
stem-leaves remote, small ; corymb rather loose ; involucre
6-8 mm. high ; bracts white-tipped, the outer blunt, the inner attenuate ; styles
crimson. — Rich meadows and open woods, s. Me., Vt., and e. N. Y. May,
June. Fig. 981.
822
COMPOS IT AE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
mm. broad
b. Stem glandless; hasal leaves 1-nerved.
8. A. neodioica Greene. Forming broad mats ;
stems slender, 0.5-4 dm. high ; basal leaves obo-
vate, 5-18 mm. broad; stem-leaves scattered, few
(5-10), rather small and inconspicuous, linear-
attenuate, 3 mm. or less wide ; corymbs ordinarily-
loose ; involucre 6-9 mm. high ; bracts with scari-
ous blunt or acute tips ; styles pale. — Open woods,
fields, etc., Nfd. to w. Ont., S. Dak., and Va.
May- July. Fig. 982.
Var. grandis Fernald. Stouter throughout,
greener; stems 3-5 dm. high ; stem-leaves oblance-
olate or oblong-lanceolate, more conspicuous, 5-8
bracts with white petaloid tips. — Woods and meadows, e. Me. to
9S2. A. neodioica.
Mass. and n. N. Y.
* * Stolotis, when icell developed^ procumbent^ bracteate^ not leafy except at tip.
-*- Heads solitary ; basal leaves 1.5 cm. or more broad.
9. A. solitaria Rydb. Stems 0.5-2 dm. high, very slender ; stolons flagelli-
form; basal leaves ohovate-spdtulate, 4.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, tomen-
tose beneath, arachnoid, becoming giabrate above, 'S-nerved ; stem-leaves few,
small, appressed ; involucre 1 cm. high, its bracts linear-attenuate ; styles
crimson. — Rich wooded slopes, Pa. and O. to Ga. and La. Apr., May.
■*- •<- Heads more than 1 {solitary in a rare variety of no. 10, ichich has leaves
less than 1.5 cm. broad).
++ Heads sessile or subsessile in capitate clusters or distinctly racemose ; styles
crimson.
10. A. neglecta Greene. Stems 0.3-4 dm. high,
slender, becoming much elongated in fruit ; stnJons
Jlagelliforra ; basal leaves from cuneate-spatulate
to spatulate-obovate, 4 (rarely 5) cm. or less long ;
stem-leaves few and scattered ; heads at first
crowded, later becoming racemose by the develop-
ment of the rhachis ; involucre 7-9 mm. high, fre-
(juently purple-tinged at base; bracts of pistillate
heads with linear whitish tips, of the staniinate
heads with broad white petaloid tips. — Fields,
plains, and open wood.s, N. B. to Va., w. to la. and
Kan. Apr., May. Fig. 983. Var. s/mplex Peck,
nated by solitary heads. — Sand Lake, N. Y.
•w- -M. Heads in a comparatively loose corymb, never race-
983. A. neglecta.
Stems stifiSy erect, termi-
mose ; styles pale, di-ying brownish.
^Vv^i^^MfV^/)^, 11. A. petaloidea Fernald. Stouter t]
^■'t: \ ' ' '''^^^^^ % 2—4.5 dm. high; stolons generally sh
9S4. A. petaloidea.
Stouter than no. 10 ; stems
orter and rather
stiffer ; basal leaves spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate ;
involucres of the pistillate heads brown or green at base,
their bracts with petaloid or scarious tips. — P'ields, dry
banks, and open woods, e. Que. to Ont., s. to n. and
w. N. E., N. Y., and Mich. May-July. Fig. 984.
29. ANAPHALIS DC. Everlasting
Characters of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thickened
at the summit or scarcely S(j. and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at
base ; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the center.
(Said to be an ancient (ireek name of some similar plant.)
1. A. margaritacea (L.) H. & H. (Pearly E.) Stem erect, 2-9 dm high,
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 823
corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
taper-pointed, sessile, tomentose on both surfaces, finally dull green above ;
involucral bracts pearly-\Yhite, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in
age. — Dry bills, woods, and recent clearings ; common northward. July, Aug.
(Asia.)
Var. occidentalis Greene. Leaves broadly lanceolate, bright green and gla-
brous above from the first. — Gravelly or sandy soil, Nfd. and e. Que.; Alaska
to Cal.
30. GNAPHALIUM L. Cudweed
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slen-
der, the central perfect. Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat. Achenes terete or flatfish ;
pappus a single row of rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent
leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla
vviiitish or yellowish. (TvacpdXiov, ancient Greek name of some downy plant,
from Kud(pa\ov, a lock of loool.)
§ 1. EUGXAPHAlIUM B. & H. Bristles of the pappus distinct.
* Tall erect annuals or biennials, with smooth achenes.
1. G. polyc^phalum Michx. (Common Everlasting.) Erect woolly annual,
3-9 dm. high, fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, undulate, not
decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of panicled-corymbose
branches, ovoid-conical before expansion, then obovoid; bracts whitish, ovate
and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few. (G. obtusifolium L. ?) — Old
fields and woods, common.
Var. Helleri (Britton) Eemald. Stems glandular-viscid, not tomentose.
{G. Helleri Britton.) — N. Y. to Va., Ky., and southw.
2. G. decurrens Ives. (Everlasting.) Stout, erect, 6-9 dm. high, annual
or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the
branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves linear-
lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; bracts yellowish-white, oval, acutish. —
Clearings, etc., e. Que. to B. C, s. to Pa., O., Mich., Minn., and in the Rocky
Mts. to Ariz.
* * Low chiefly diffuse or tufted plants, with smooth or scabrous achenes.
3. G. uliginbsum L. (Low C.) Diffusely branched or subsimple appressed-
woolly annual, 0.5-3 dm. high ; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not
decurrent ; heads small, in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by
leaves; bracts brownish, less imbricated. — Ditches, roadsides, etc., Nfd. to
Sask., s. to Va., and the Great L. region. (Eu.)
4. G. supinum L. (Mor stain C.) Dwarf and tufted perennial, 1 dm. or
less high ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slen-
der simple flowering stems ; bracts brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous ;
achenes broader and flatter. — Alpine summits of Mt. Katahdin, Me., Mt.
Washington, N. H., and high north w. (Eu.)
§2. GAMOCHAETA (Weddell) B. & H. Bristles of the pappus united at the
very base into a ring, so falling off all together; achenes hispidulous.
* Strict perennial, loith mostly simple stems and narrow acute leaves.
5. G. sylvaticum L. Silvery-silky, slender, 1-5 dm. high, leafy ; leaves
linear or oblanceolate, the lower often glabrate above, the broadest barely 5
mm. wide; heads abundant in an elongated, leafy spiciforjn inflorescence ; invo-
lucral bracts linear-oblong, pale, with a brown spot below the hyaline tip. —
Clearings and open places, Gaspe Co., Que., to n. Me., N. B., and N. S. (Eu.)
* * Simple or branching annual or biennial, with broad obtuse spatulate leaves.
6. G. purpureum L. (Pirplish C.) Ascending, 0.5~() dm. high, silvery--
canescent with dense white wool ; leaves not decurrent, green above ; heads in
sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like
82-4 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
summit of the stem ; bracts tawny, the inner often marked \^ath purple. —
Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of s. Me. to Fla.; and from O. to Kan,, and
southw. (Trop. Am.)
31. Inula L. Elecampane
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre
imbricated, hemispherical, the outer bracts herbaceous or leaf-like. Receptacle
naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4-5-ribbed; pappus simple,
of capillary bristles. — Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple
leaves, and large yellow heads. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. I. Helexium L. (Elecampane.) Stout perennial, 1-1.5 m. high ; leaves
large, woolly beneath ; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others
partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug.
— Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)
32. ADENOCAULON Hook.
Heads 5-10-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas, the
marginal flowers pistillate, fertile ; the others perfect but sterile, luvolucral
bracts equal, in 1 row. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes
elongated at maturity, club-.shaped, beset with stalked glands above ; pappus
none. — Slender perennials, with alternate thin petioled leaves smooth and green
above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle,
beset with glands (whence the name, from d5?7v, a gland, and xauXos, a stem).
1. A. bicolor Hook. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves triangular, rather heart-
shaped, with angular-toothed margins; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shores
of L. Huron, L. Superior, and westw.
33. POLYMNIA L. Leafcup
Heads broad, many-flowered ; rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate ; disk-
flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral bracts in two rows ; the outer large,
spreading ; the inner membranaceous, partly embracing the thick achenes.
Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none. — Tall branching peren-
nials, vi.scid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large, thin, opposite, or the
uppermost alternate, lobed, with dilated appendages at the l)ase. Heads in
panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated
to the Mu.se, Polyhymnia, for no obvious reason.)
1. P. canadensis L. Clammy-hairy, 0.5-1.5 m. high; lower leaves deeply
pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 8-5-lol)ed or -angled, petioled ;
heads small ; rays 5, ohovate or ivedge-form, shorter than the involucre, usually
minute or abortive, whitish-yellow, but sometimes (var. radiXta Gray) more
developed, 3-lobed, 1 cm. long, and whitish; achenes o-costate, not striate. —
Moist shaded ravines, w. Vt. to Ont., Minn., southw. and south westw.
2. P. uvedalia L. Roughish-hairy, stout, 1-3 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate,
angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly nar-
rowed into a winged pf tiole ; outer involucral bracts very large ; rays 10-15,
linear-ohlong, much longer than the inner bracts of the involucre, yellow ;
achenes strongly striate. — Rich soil, N. Y. to Mo., aiul southw.
34. ACANTH0SP6rMUM Schrank
Heads small, axillary or subsessile in the forks of the stem. Ray-flowers few,
fertile ; the ligules small, yellow, usually 3-dentate ; the disk-flowers with cam-
paimlate yellow 5-tootlied corolla, sterile. Involucre donhle, the outer bracts
herbaceous, the inner nioie or le.ss .strongly modihed, clo.sely enveloping the
fertile ray-achenes, inuricate ov pri(;.kly. — i)iffu.se annuals with o])posite toothed
or lobed leaves. (Name from anavda, a thorn, and airipixa, seed, from the prickly
fruit formed by the achene and its investing bract.)
coMrosiTAE (composite family) 825
1. A. AUSTRALE (Loefl. ) Ktze. Sordid-pubescent ; leaves ovate or obovate,
1.5-2.5 cm. long, toothed above the middle, and cuneately narrowed at the
entire base to a short but slender petiole ; bristly fruits 5, stellate-divaricate,
8-10 mm. long. — S. C. to Fla. and La.; extending northw. ^according to
Harper) to s. Va. , where presumably of recent introduction ; also sporadically
adventive northeastw. (Trop. Am.)
35. SILPHIUM L. Rosin-weed
Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, tbeir broad flat
ovaries imbricated in 2-3 rows ; disk-flowers apparently perfect but with entire
style and sterile. Bracts of the broad and flattish involucre broad and with
loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of
the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded
by a wing notched at the top, without pappus or with 2 teeth confluent with the
winged margins, the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together ;
achenes of the disk sterile and stalk-like. — Coarse and tall perennial herbs,
with copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads.
(liXcpiov. the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnaeus to
this genus.)
* Stern, terete, alternate-leaved ; root very large and thick.
1. S. laciniatumL. (Rosix-weed, Compass Plaxt.) Bongli-hristly through-
out; stem stout, 1-G.5 m. high, leafy; leaves pinnatehj parted, petioled but
dilated and clasping at the base; their divisioiis lanceolate or linear, acute,
cut-lohed or pinnatifid, rarely entire ; heads few, 0.5-1 dm. broad, sessile or
short-peduncled along the naked summit ; bracts ovate, tapering into long and
spreading rigid points ; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 1-4 cm.
long. — Prairies, Mich, to N. Dak., and south w. July-Sept. — Lower and root-
leaves vertical, 3-9 dm. long, ovate in outline, on the wide open prairies dis-
posed to present their edges north and south ; hence the name Compass Plant.
2. S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. (Prairie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender, 1-3
m. high, panicled at the summit and bearing several-many large heads, leafless
except toward the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped,
serrate-toothed, thick, rough especially beneath, o-S dm. long, on slender
petioles ; scales roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenes narrowly winged, slightly
notched and 2-toothed. Var. pixxatifidum (Ell.) Gray. Leaves deeply cut or
pinnatifid. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ont. and O. to Minn., and southw.
July-Sept. •
* * Stem terete or slightly i-angled, leafy j leaves undivided, not large, some
opposite.
3. S. trifoliatum L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender, 1-2 m.
high, branched above ; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate,
rough, short-petioled, in ichorls ofS or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosely
panicled ; achenes rather broadly winged, sharply 2-toothed at the top. —
Dry plains and banks, Pa. to s. Ont., and southw. July-Sept.
4. S. Asteriscus L. Stem hispid, about 1 m. high; leaves opposite, or the
loicer rarely in ichorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate,
coarsely toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the lower short-petioled ; heads
nearly solitary, large, squarrose ; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth
usually awn-like. — Dry sandy soil, "Md." and Ya. to Mo., and southw. Var.
LAEviCAULE DC. Stem nearly or quite smooth. — Va., and southw.
5. S. integrifblium Michx. Stem smooth or rough, rather stout, 0.5-1.5 m.
high, rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate,
entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish h^art-shappd
and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick, 8-12 cm.
long ; heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled ; achenes broadly winged,
deeply notched. — Prairies, Mich, to Minn., Neb., and southw. Aug.
826 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
* * * Stem square ; leaves opposite^ connate^ 1.5-3.5 dm. in length.
6. S. perfoliatum L. (Cup Plant.) Stem stout, often branched above.
1-2.5 m. high, leafy ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by theii
bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged
petioles which are connate by their bases ; heads corymbose ; bracts ovate;
achenes winged and variously notched. — Rich soil, ( )nt. to S. Dak., and southw.,
common ; also escaped from gardens eastw. July-Sept.
36. BERLANDIERA DC.
With the characters of Silphinm, but the 5-12 fertile ray -flowers in a single
series. Involucral bracts in about 3 series, thinner ; tlie inner dilated, obovate,
exceeding the disk ; the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes without
pappus, obovate, neither winged nor notched at the apex, deciduous with the
subtending bract and 2-3 scales of the chaff. — Alternate-leaved perennials
of the Southern and Southwestern States ; head pedunculate. (Named for J". L.
Berlandier, a Swi.ss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)
1. B. texana DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 6-9 dm. high, very leafy;
leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to sub-
cordate-lanceolate, the upper closely se.ssile ; heads somewhat cymose, 3-4 cm.
broad. — Mo. and Kan., southw. and south westw.
37. CHRYSOGONUM L.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays about 5, pistillate and fertile ; the disk-
flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong bracts
which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave
scales, i^eceptaclc flat, with a linear scale to each disk-flower. Achene obovate,
obcompressed, 4-angled, partly inclosed by the short subtending involucral bract ;
pappus a small chaffy 2-3-toothed crown. — A hairy perennial herb, with oppo-
site hmg-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers,
nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners.
''The Greek name of some plant, composed of xp^c^s, golden, and 761/1;, knee.)
1. C. virginianum L. Usually low (0.5-3.5 dm. high); leaves ovate, mostly
obtuse, crenate. rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate
base ; rays 1-1.5 cm. long. — Dry soil, s. Pa. to Fla. May-Aug. Var. dentXtum
Gray. Leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate; involucral scales
more acute. — High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.
i
38. PARTHENIUM L.
Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; ray-flowers 5, with very short
and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate and
fertile ; disk-flowers staminate, with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre hemi-
spherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish bracts. Receptacle conical,
cllaff3^ Achenes only in the ray, surrounded by a slender callous margin,
crowned with the persistent ray-corolla. — Leaves alternate. Heads small,
corymbed ; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from irapdevos,
virgin. )
* Upper leaves sessile, but not auricled.
1. P. integrif51ium L. Scabrous perennial, 1 m. or less hi^h, froyn a tJiirk-
ened rontstock ; the stems glabrous below, minutely puberttlent above; leaves
oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (0.5-1.5 dm. long) cut-lobed be-
low the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb. — l)ry soil, Md. to
Minn., and southw. June-Aug.
2. P. rdpens Eggert. Similar but lower, /ro7u a slender stoloniferous root-
stork; stems and leaves pilose-hispid ; heads few, rather larger. — Barrens, Mo.
and Kan. to Tex. May, June.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 827
* * Stem-leaves auriculate-dasping.
3. P. auriculatum Britton. Rootstock very thick and tuber-like ; stem 4-7
dm. high, villous ; some of the leaves pinnatifid at base, pubescent on the veins
beneath with conspicuous appressed strongly divergent hairs. — Mts. of Va.
39. IVA L. ^Iarsh Elder. Highwater-shrub
Heads several-flowered, not radiate ; pistillate and staminate flowers in the
same heads, the former few and marginal. Anthers nearly separate. Bracts
of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the
flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular ; pappus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby
coarse plants, with thickish leaves (the lower opposite) and small nodding
greenish- white heads of flowers; in summer and autumn. (Name of unknown
derivation.)
§ 1. EUIVA Hoffm. Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-
like bracts ; fertile flowers with evident corolla.
1. I. oraria Bartlett. Shrubby at base, nearly smooth, 5-10 dm. high ; leaves
oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, fleshy, the upper reduced to
linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads (o-6 mm. in diameter) are disposed
in leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and bracts of involucre o. {I.frutes-
cens Man. ed. 6, not L.) — Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Md.
2. I. imbricata Walt. Sutfintticose, glabrous, simple, 8-0 dm. high ; leaves
alternate, fleshy, spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate ; heads
6-8 mm. high; hemispherical involucre of 6-9 bracts, the outer orbicular. —
Sandy coast, Va., and southw.
3. I. ciliata Willd. Annual, 3-6 dm. high, rough and hairy ; leaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles; heads in
dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; bracts of
the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, 111. to Neb., and southw.;
occasionally on dumps, etc., eastw.
§ 2. CYCLACHAENA (Fresenius) Gray. Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely
bracteate ; corolla of the b fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none.
4. I. xanthifblia Niitt. Annual, tall, roughish ; leaves nearly all opposite,
hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doitbly or
incisely toothed, or obscurely lobed ; heads small, crowded, in axillary and
terminal panicles. — Ont. and Mich, to Assina., Kan., westw. and south westw. ;
locally established eastw.
40. AMBR6SIA [Tourn.] L. Ragweed
Fertile heads 1-3 together, sessile in axils of leaves or bracts, at the base of
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, of
7-12 united bracts, containing 5-20 staminate flowers, with or without slender
chaff intermixed. Anthers almost separate Fertile involucre (fruit) ellipsoid,
obovoid, or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene and inclosing a
single flower; elongated style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid. — Coarse
homely weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and incon-
spicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and auttimn ; ours annuals, except
the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the
food of the gods.)
§ 1. Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on
one side into a large lanceolate hooded bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ;
fertile involucre ellipsoid or ovoid and 4:-angled.
1. A. bidentata Michx. Hairy, 3-9 dm. high, very leafy; leaves alternate,
lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each
side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and a central beak. — Prairies of
111. to Kan., and southw.
828 cuMPOSiTAE (composite family)
§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.
* Leaves opposite, only once lohed; sterile involucre S-ribbed on one side.
2. A. trifida L. (Great R.) Stem stout, 1-6 m. high, rough-hairy, as are
the large deeply 8-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceolate and serrate ; petioles
margined ; fruit obovoid, 5-0-ribbed and tubercled. — Rich soil, common westw.
and southw., much less so northeastw. Var. inteorif6lia (Muhl.) T. & G.
Smaller, with the upper leaves (or all of them) undivided, ovate or oval. — Same
habitat, not rare.
* * Leaves all once or ticice pinnatifid, many of them alternate.
3. A. artemisiifolia L. (Rom ax Wormwood, Hog-weed, Bitter- weed.)
Much branched, 0.O-2.5 m. high, hairy or roughish-pubescent ; leaves thin, bi-
pinnatiM, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obovoid or globular,
armed with about 0 short acute teeth or spines. — Roadsides, etc., very common.
— P^xtremely variable, with finely cut leaves, those of the flowering branches
often undivided ; rarely the spikes all fertile,
4. A. psilostachya DC. Paniculately branched perennial, 5-15 dm. high,
with slender running rootstocks, rough and somewhat lioary with short stithsh
hairs ; leaves once pinnatijid, thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves
often incised ; fruit obovoid, pubescent, the tubercles absent or small. — Prairies
and plains, 111. and Wise, to the Saskatchewan, westw. and southwestw.
41. FRANSERIA Cav.
Sterile and fertile heads separate as in Ambrosia, or sometimes mixed in the
inflorescence. Fertile involucre 1-4-celled, with a single pistil in each cell,
armed with spines in more than 1 series, bur-like. — Herbs (with us) or shiiibs,
with mostly alternate leaves, flowering in late sunnner and autumn. (Named
for Antonio Fransfri, Spanish botanist and contemporary of Cavauilles.)
Gaertneria Medic.
1. F. tomentosa Gray. Perennial, white vnth sericeous tomentum ; leaves
pinnately 3-7 -parted ; segments lanceolate, mostly serrate, the basal ones small ;
sterile racemes 1-many ; spines of fertile involticre mostly uncinate-tipped.
(^Gaertneria Ktze.) — Low ground. Neb., Kan., and Col.
2. F. acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville. Annual, hispid-hirsute, erect or A\^\xs,&,
loosely branched ; leaves bipinnatifid ; spines of the fertile involucre 4-5 mm.
long, stramineous, flattened, the tip usually straight. (^Gaertneria Britton.) —
"Minn.," Sask., and south vrestw.
42. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L. Cocklebtjr. Clotbur
Sterile and fertile flowers in different heads, the latter clustered below, the
former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in
Ambrosia, but the bracts separate and receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre
coriaceous, ovoid or ellip.soid, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a
rough bur, 2-celle(l, 2-flowered ; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender
thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat. — Coarse annuals, with branching
stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer and
autumn. (Greek name of some plant used to dye the hair ; from ^avdbs, yellow.)
N. B. — The figures in this genus represent the mature fertile involucre x 1^.
Leaves attenuate to both enrls, with triple spines at base \. X. spinosum.
Leaves cordate or ovate ; axils unarmed.
Jiody of mature bur fusiform-ellipsoid, more than twice as long as thick.
Beaks of bur straight or nearly so ; prickles relatively few . . . .2. X. canadense.
Beaks of bur incurved or hooked ; prickles very numerous.
Prickles 8-6 mtn. lonjr, shorter than the diameter of the body . . .3. X. commune
Prickles S-10 mm. long, exceeding the diameter of the body.
Prickles crowded, we.ik, filiform, conspicuously hairy . . . .4. X. specioHum.
Prickles more rigid, merely granular or obscurely puberulent . . 5. X. infleitum.
Body of mature bur tliiek-ovoid. not more than twice as long as thick.
Prickles 8-10 mm. long. e(|ualing or exceeding the diameter of the body . 4. X- speciosum.
Prickles 3-5 f-7) mm. h>\\'^. much shorter than the diameter of the body . 6. X. echinatinn
C031PUS1TAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
829
9S5. X. spinosum.
9S6. X. canadense.
'y
"v^
1. X. spixosuM L. Hoary-pubescent, armed at the axils
with triple spines ; stems slender ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, short-petiolate, v:hite-dov:ny
beneath^ often 2-8-lobed or -cut ; fruit
about 1 cm. loni;. with a single short beak
or beakless. — Waste places. Me. to Ont.,
we.stw. and southw. (Nat. from Trop.
Am.) Fig. U85.
2. X. canadense Mill. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate,
iLsually 3-lobed and simply or doubly dentate ; burs gla-
hr,tus or merely granular- or ghindidar-puherulent ; the
body fusiform-ellipsoid, 14-1,7 mm. long. 5-8 mm. in
diameter ; the beaks usually 2, straight
or but slightly curved ; prickles scat-
tered, straight-lipped or hooked. (JT.
pensylvanicum Wallr. ? ; ^. pungens
Wallr. ; JT. glabratum Brition.) — Kich
soil, especiallv in moist places. Tig.
980.
o. X. commune Britton. Similar in habit and foliage ;
beaks of the bur more or less strongly incurved, usually
hooked at the summit ; prickles numerous, crowded, S-'j mm.
long, hooked at the summit, haii^y as is the body. — Similar
situations. Fig. 987.
4. X. speciosum Kearney.
Of the same habit, foliage,
etc. ; bur irith numerous
long (8-10 mm.) filiform
usually stramineous and very hairy prickles;
beaks moderately incurved and hooked. — Waste
places and low moist ground, Tenn. to N. Dak.
and Tex. ; also sparingly adventive on wool-
waste, etc., eastw. Fig. 988.
5. X. inflexum Mackenzie & Bush. Habit,
foliage, etc., as in the three preceding species ;
bur large, the body 2 cm. long, 6-7 mm. thick,
ovoid-fusiform, merely gramdar-puberulent ;
beaks 2, very strongly
incurved, ofit-n forming
a loop or arch over the
fruit ; prickles numerous
but less crowded than in
the preceding, firm in
texture, brownish, arcu-
ate, hooked at the summit, granular-pubei-ulent. at least
toward the base. — Bottom lands, Courtney, ;Mo. (Bush).
6. X. echinatum IMurr. Of the same habit, etc.; burs
plumper; the body thickish-ovoid, 15-22 mm. long. 8-12
mm. thick, for the most part densely' pubescent as aiv also
the numerous short rigid hooked prickles and stout falcate-
incurved beaks. (JT. canadense, var. Gray.) — Sea-
beaches, lake-shores, etc.. Me. to N. C. and westw. chiefly
along the Great Lakes to N. Dak. and Sask. Fig. 989.
OST. X. commune.
OSS. X. speciosum.
989. X. echinatum.
43. HELI6pSIS Pers. Ox-eye
Heads many-flowered; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3
rows, nearly equal : tlie outer h'af-like and somewlmt spp'nding, the inner shorter
than the disk. Receptacle conical ; chaff linear. Acheiies smooth, thick, 4-
830 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
angular, truncate ; pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, resem-
bling Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, peti-
oled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name from tJXios, sun-, and 3i/'is,
appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)
1. H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet. Nearly smooth, 0.3-1.5 m. high; leaves
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate ;
bracts (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base ; rays linear ; pappus
none or of 2-4: obscure teeth. {H. laevis Pers.) — Banks and copses, Ont. to
111., and south w. Aug.
2. E. scabra Dunal. Boughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to
be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire ; rays broadly oblong to
linear or oblanceolate ; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 'd conspicuous
teeth. — Me. to Man., s. to N. J. and Ark.; rare eastw.
44. ECLIPTA L.
Heads many-flowered ; ray short ; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile.
Involucral bracts 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat,
with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, ;5-4-sided, or in the disk later-
ally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at summit ; pappus none or an
obscure denticulate crown. — Annual rough herb, with slender stems and oppo-
site leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white ; anthers brown. (Name
from ^/cXe/rreti/, to he deficient., alluding to the absence of pappus.)
1. E. alba (L.) Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs ; stems procumbent
or ascending, 2-9 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end,
mostly sessile, slightly serrate ; rays equaling the disk. — Wet river-banks and
waste places, Mass. , westw. and southw. ; in the Northeast an introduced plant.
(Trop.)
45. TETRAGONOTHECA [Dill.] L.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double, the
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate bracts, united below by their margins into a
4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of small chaffy bracts, as many as the ray-
flowers and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, with
narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick, obovoid, flat at the top ;
pappus none. — Erect perennials, with opposite coarsely toothed sessile some-
times connPvte leaves, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal
peduncles. (Name from rerpdyuivos, four-angled^ and Otikt), a case, from the
shape of the involucre. )
1. T. helianthoides L. Villous and somewhat viscid. 3-7 dm. high, simple;
leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base ; involucral bracts and
rays 2-3 cm. long. — Sandy soil, Va. , and southw. June.
46. RUDBECKIA L. Cone-flowek
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Bracts of the involucre
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar ; the short
chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angled (\\\ our species), smooth, not mar-
gined, flat at the top. with no pappus, or a mirute crown-like border. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads ; the rays gen-
erally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the Professors
Budbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)
* Achenes angulate ; chaff j)er si sting in age.
H- Disk hemispherical to ellipsoid-ovoid in fruit., dark purple or brown.
++ Lower leaves S-lobed or parted.
1. R. triloba L. Hairy, biennial, much branched, 0.5-1.5 m. high; branches
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 831
slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; lower
3-lobed, tapering at base, coarsely serrate (those from the base pinnately parted
or undivided); rays 8-10, oval or oblong; chaff of the hlack-purple depressed-
globular disk smooth, awned. — Rich soil, N. J. to Minn.. Kan., and southw. ;
escaped from cultivation further northeastw. July, Aug. — Heads small, but
numerous and showy.
2. R. subtomentbsa Pursh. Stem branching above, 0.5-1.5 m. high, downy,
as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath : heads
short-peduncled ; disk globular^ dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; blunt
apex of chaff downy. — Prairies and low ground, Wise, to Kan., and southw.
•w- ++ Leaves undivided, rarely laciniate-toothed.
= Pappus none; annuals or biennials.
3. R. hirta L. (Yellow Daisy, Black-eyed Susan, Nigger-head.) Bien-
nial, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple or branched near
the base, stout, 3-8 dm. high, naked above, bearing single large heads ; leaves
nearly entire, the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower spatulate, triple-
nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre ; cfinff
of the dull, bi'own disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, w. N. Y. to Man.,
and southw.; now common as a weed in eastern fields, where introduced with
seed from the West. June-Sept. — Variable as to the pubescence, and the
breadth and toothing of the leaves. B. Brittonii and B. monticola Small ap-
pear to be mountain phases with somewhat broader and more dentate cauliue
leaves,
= = Pappus a short crown; perennials.
4. R. fulgida Ait. Hairy, 3-9 dm. high, the branches naked at the summit
and bearing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly closjung,
triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12. oraiige-ytllow.
equaling or exceeding the ample involucre ; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly
smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ky. , Mo., and southw. — B. pa-
lustris Eggert, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, and B. missounensis Engelm., with
oblong-lanceolate obtusish somewiiat more pubescent leaves and slightly more
fasciculate branching, fail to maintain satisfactory specific differences.
5. R. spathulata Michx. Pubescence short and apptressed ; slender, 3-9 dm.
high ; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, sometimes all
lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate ; heads long-peduncled, smaller
than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader. — Pine woods, Pa., Va.,
Tenn., and southw.
6. R. specibsa Wenderoth. Houghish-hairy, 1 m. or less high, branched ;
the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large
heads; basal leaves elliptic-ovate ; the caul ine lanceolate, pointed at both ends,
peti(ded, 3-o-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised; involucre much
shorter than the numerous elongate rays (3 cm. long) ; chaff of the dark purple
di.sk acutish, smooth. {B. umbrosa Boynton & Beadle?) — N. J. and I'a. to
Ga. and Mo. Var. Sullivaxti (Boynton & Beadle) Robinson. Stem-leaves
ovate, less coarsely toothed, not hicised. (B. Sullivanti Boynton & Beadle.) —
O. to Mich, and Ark.
•*- •*- Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow.
++ Leaves divided or cut.
7. R. laciniata L. Stem smooth, branching, 0.5-2 m. high ; leaves smooth
or roughish, tlie lowest pinnate, with 5-7-cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves
irregularly 3-5-parted, their lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost
undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; disk at first globular or hemispherical ; chaff
truncate, downy at tip; rays oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, drooping. — Low
thickets, w. Me. and w. Que., westw. and southw. July-Sept.
Var. humilis Gray. Low and glabrous ; some of the radical leaves undivided
or with roundish divisions ; heads smaller (12 mm. high) and rays shorter. —
Mts. of Va. and Tenn.
832 coMPOSiTAE (composite family)
H-t- ++ Leaves entire.
8. R. MAXIMA Nutt. Very robust, 1-3 m. high ; leaves large, entire or repand-
denticulate, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, obtuse, smooth and glaucous, the upper
cordate-clasping; columnar disk at length 4-8 cm. long; rays yellow. — Shef-
field, Mo. {Bush), where sparingly introduced on railroad ballast; Ark., La.,
and Tex.
* * Achenes subterete, not angled; chaff soon deciduous.
9. R. amplexicaulis Vahl. Annual, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous, glaucous, leafy ;
leaves 1-ribbed, entire, serrate or sinuate, upper oblong or ovate, cordate-clasp-
ing; heads showy, 3-5 cm. broad; involucral bracts small, lanceolate; rays
yellow or with brown bases; disk becoming 2-3 cm. high. — Mo., south w. and
southwestw.
47. BRAUNERIA Neck. Purple Cqne-flower
Heads many-flowered ; rays mostly drooping, pistillate but sterile. Bracts
of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical, the lan-
ceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick,
short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs, with stout
and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head ;
leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Eays rather persistent ; disk purplish.
(Named, it is said, for Jacob Brauner, a German herbalist of the early part
of the 18th century.) Echinacea Moench.
* Bays purple, rose-color, or rarely white.
1. B. purpurea (DC) Britton. Stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly ;
leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowest ovate, b-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the
others ovate-lanceolate; involucre imbricated in 3-6 rows; rays 15-20, dull
purple (rarely whitish), 2.5-4.5 cm. long or more. (^Echinacea Moench.) —
Prairies and banks, from w. Pa. and Va. to Mich., la., and southw.; reported
as adventive eastw. July.
2. B. angustifblia (DC) Heller. Low, 2-4 dm. high, hirsute; leaves lanceo-
late and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire; involucre less
imbricated and heads often smaller ; rays 2-2.5 cm. long, 2-3-toothed, spread-
ing, purplish or white. (Echinacea DC.) — Limestone barrens and dry slopes,
Tenn. to the Saskatchewan and Tex. ]\Iay-Aug.
3. B. pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Taller than the preceding, 1 m. or less high ;
rays slender and drooping, 4-7 cm. long, 2-toothed. (Echinacea Nutt.) — Mich,
and 111. to Ala. and Tex.; also locally naturalized eastw. June, July.
* * Bays bright yellow.
4. B. parad6xa Norton. In habit similar to the two preceding, but nearly
glabrous, 5-8 dm. high ; the narrowly lance-linear somewhat rigid and strongly
3- veined leaves 1-2 dm. long, 0.8-3.5 cm. wide, scabrous on the margins, spar-
ingly strigillose or quite smooth on the surfaces; rays drooping, 3-4 cm. long.
(?B. atrorubens Britton, in part, not Nutt.) — Prairies and barrens, Mo. (Bush)
to Tex. June.
48. LEPACHYS Raf.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays few, neutral. Involucral bracts few and small,
spreading. Receptacle columnar ; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded
at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none
or of 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves ; the
grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single generally showy heads.
Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping ; disk grayish. (Name from Xeiris, a
scale, and irax^s, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)
1. L. pinnata (Vent.) T. & G. Hoary with minute appres.sed hairs, slender,
0.5-1.5 m. high, branching ; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute ; disk ellipsoid, much
shorter tlian the large (5 cm. long) and drooping light-yellow rays. (Batibida
Bamhart.) — Dry soil, w. N. Y. to Minn., Neb., and southw. ,- also locally
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 883
adventive eastw. June, July. — The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor
when bruised.
2. L. columnaris (Sims) T. & G. Branching from base, 3-8 dm. high ;
leaflets 5-9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2-3-cleft ; disk columnar, often
3 cm. long or more ; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. pulcherrima
T. & G.) in part or wholly brown-purple. (liatibida D. Don.) — Minn, to
Assina. and Tex. ; also established near Ottawa, Ont. (according to J. M.
Macoun). May, June.
49. SPILANTHES Jacq.
Heads small, many-flowered ; rays, when present, fertile. Involucral bracts
few, loose. Receptacle elongated, columnar; chaff conduplicate, enwrapping
the achenes. Ray-achenes 3-angied or obcompressed ; disk-achenes somewhat
compressed, with acute marghis continued into setiform awns, or the pappus
none. — Slender spreading or depressed herbs with opposite leaves and ovoid-
conical pedunculate heads. Rays yellow or white. (Name from a-viXos, a staiii^
and Sivdo's, flower.)
1. S. americana (^lutis) Hieronymus, var. repens (Walt.) A. H. Moore
Pubescent or glabrous, decumbent or loosely ascending ; leaves elliptic-ovate to
lanceolate, 2-9 cm. long, petioled, strongly but equally toothed ; peduncles 3-12
cm. long ; heads 9-16 mm. in length. {S. repens Michx.) — Low moist places,
Mo. to S, C, Fla., and Tex.
50. BORRICHIA Adans. Sea Ox-eye
Heads many-flowered ; rays fertile. Bracts of the hemispherical involucre
imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff.
Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3— 4-angled ; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.
• — Shrubby low maritiuie plants, coriaceous or flesh}', with opposite nearly
entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers ; anthers
blackish. (Named for Olof Boi'rich, a Danish botanist.)
1. B. frutescens (L.) DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence, 0.2-1
m. high ; leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near
the base ; chaff rigidly pointed. — Salt-marshes, Va. , and south w.
51. HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower
Heads many-flowered ; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated,
herbaceous or f oliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex ; the persistent chaff embrac-
ing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither
winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the prin-
cipal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales. — Coarse and
stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays ; flowering toward
autumn, (Named from TjXtos, the sun, and dpdos, a flower.)
§ 1. Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petioJate ; receptacle flat ; disk broicnish.
1. H. annuus L. (Common S.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or
the lower cordate, serrate ; involucral bracts broadly ovate to oblong, long-
pointed, ciliate ; disk usualhj 2.5 cm. broad or more. — Rich soil, Minn, to Tex.,
and westw. ; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds eastw.
2. H. petiolaris Nutt. More slender, 0.^3-2 m. high ; leaves oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, smaller (2.5-8 cm. long), mostly entire ; bracts lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk about 1.5 cm. broad. — ]Minn. to Man., Tex.,
and westw. ; occasionally in waste places, etc., eastw.
§ 2. Perennials ; receptacle convex or at length low-conical ; lower leaves usually
opposite.
* Involucral bracts loose, becoming squarrose, narroioly lanceolate, pointed.^
1-1.5 cm. long ; disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, l-7ierved.
3. H. orgyalis DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy ; leaves mostly alternate,
gray's manual — 53
834 COMPOSITAE (composite family)
linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate ; bracts
jUiform-aUenuatp. — ^^ry i)lains, Mo. to Neb., southw. and westw.
4. H. angustifolius L. A'ie/n slender, 0.5-2 m. high, nsually scabrous; leaves
mostly opposiLf, long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins ; heads
loosely corymbed, loug-peduncled ; bracts amUe or pointed. — Low pine barrens,
L. I. and N. J. to Ky., and so nth w.
* * Invohicral bracts closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foUaceous ;
leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and S-)ierved.
-*- Disk dark.
5. H. atr6rubens L. Bough-hairy ; stem slender, 1.5-2.5 m. high, smooth
and naked and forking above ; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate,
or the lowest heart-shaped, 7-15 cm. long, serrate, abruptly contracted into a
margined petiole ; heads small, corymbed ; bracts ovate, obtuse, ciliolate,
depressed; rays 10-10 ; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Va, to Mo,, and
southw. ; said to extend northwestw. to Minn.
6. H. scaberrimus Kll. Stem stout, 0.5-2 m. high or more, simple or spar-
ingly branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-
lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, tlie
lowest oval ; heads nearly solitary, rather large ; bracts ovate or oblong, obtuse,
or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed ; rays 20-25 ; pappus of 2 large and often sev-
eral small scales. (H. rigidus Desf.) — Dry prairies, Mich, to the Saskatchewan,
westw. and southwestw. ; adventive in e. Mass.
-i- -i- Disk yellow.
7. H. Iaetifl5rus Pers. Closely resembling the preceding ; leaves rather
thinner ; heads single or corymbed ; bracts rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), nar-
rower and acute or mostly acuminate. — Dry open places. Pa. to Minn., and
southw. ; sparingly adventive m e. Mass. — Rays showy, 3-5 cm. long.
8. H. occidentalis Riddell. Somewhat hairy ; stem slender, simple, naked
above, 1 m. or less high, sending out runners from the base, bearing 1-5 small
heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or
obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long
hairy petioles ; the uppi^r small and remote; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute or
pointed, sometimes ciliate. — Dry barrens, O. to Minn., and southw. ; somewhat
established on the N. J. coast (£'. F. Williams).
Var. Dowellianus (Curtis") T. & G. More robust, leafy in the middle, merely
strigillose or puberulent ; leaves larger, broadly oval, 5-9 cm. wide. — Mts. of
N. C. and Ga. ; said to extend northw. to D.C.
9. H. illinoensis Gleason. Very similar to the preceding variety, but the
petioles, lower part of stem, etc., loosely villous; leaves lance-oblong to t)vate,
strictly opposite, the pairs separated by well developed internodes ; the blade
contracted into a winged petiole of nearly its own length. — Sandy soil, in oak
woods, etc., along the Illinois R. (Gleason). — Recently discovered and as yet
but little known ; perhaps only a form of the preceding species.
* * * Involucre looser, the bracts more acuminate or elongated or foUaceous;
disk yelloio {anthers dark).
' ■»- Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate ; pubescence rather soft.
10. H. m611is Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top, 1 m. high ; leaves ovate
to lanceolate, with broad cordate cla.sping base, pointed ; scales lanceolate, sel-
dom exceeding the di.sk. — Dry barrens, Mass. to la., Kan., and southw.
•^ ■♦- Leaves mostly alternate and S-nerved^ soft-pube.scent beneath, srahro^is
above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes
hirsute.
11. H. toment5sus Michx. Stem hairy, stout, 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large
(1.5-3 dm. long), somewhat petioled ; disk 2.5 cm. broad; rays 12-16, about
2.5 cm. long. — Rich woods, Va., and southw. along the mts.
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 835
■*--•-•»- Leaves narrow^ the uppermost alternate, not S-nerved, scabrous both
sides; heads rather small ; bracts loose, attenuate.
++ Stem smooth and glaucous.
12. H. Kellermani Britton, Slender, leafy, paniculately branched above ;
leaves narrowly lance-linear to linear^ attenuate to the apex and subsessile base,
chiefly alternate, green both sides, somewhat scabrous, finely and sparingly
serrate ; heads numerous, 3-4.5 cm. wide ; involucral bracts lance-linear, sub-
equal, about 1 cm. long; rays golden-yellow, 1-2 cm. long. — Near Columbus,
O. (Keller man).
IS. H. grosseserratus Martens. Stem 2S m. high ; leaves elongated-lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or
attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath ; bracts
lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. — Dry plains, w. Me. to N. J., westw. to Ont. ,
Dak., and Tex. — Probably runs into the next.
++ ++ Stem hairy or scabrous.
14. H. giganteus L. Stem 0.5-3 m. high, branched above ; leaves lanceolate,
pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate
at base, but nearly sessile; bracts long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or
strongly ciliate. {H. Da.lyi Britton'?) — Low thickets and swamps, w. N. E.
to Ont., westw. and soutliw. — Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays
15-20; roots often becoming tuber-like, especially in var. subtuber^sus (Bour-
geau) Britton which has mostly opposite leaves, and occurs from n. Mich.
north westw,
15. H. Maximiliani Schrad. Resembling the preceding ; stout, often simple,
0.5-3 m. high ; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparhigly den-
ticulate ; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, teiTninal and in the upper
axils ; bracts longer-attenuate, more rigid. — Prairies, Minn, and the Saskatche-
w'an to Tex. ; occasionally adventive eastw.
■*- -t- -*- -I- Leaves all or most of them opposite, o-nerved (faintly in no. 17).
++ Heads very small (about 8 mm. broad); rays 5-8; bracts few, short, irregii-
larly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems
smooth.
16. H. microcephalus T. & G. Stem 1-2 m. high, with numerous slender
branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat serrate,
petioled, rough above, pale and puberulent beneath ; peduncles slender, rough ;
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. parvijlorus Bernh., not HBK.)
— Thickets, etc.. Pa. and "s. Mich." to Mo., and southw.
17. H. laevigatus T. & G. Stem slender. 0.5-2 m. high, simple or sparingly
branched, glaucous, glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly serrate lanceo-
late leaves which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base. — Dry soil,
Allegheny Mts., Va., and southw.
++ ++ Heads larger ; rays usually over 10 ; spreading by creeping rootstocks.
= Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire.
18. H. doronicoides Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 1-3 m. high ;
leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, triply-nerved above the broadly cuneate base,
serndate; bracts loose, attenuate, mostly 1-1.5 cm. long, hairy. — Dry ground,
O. to Mo.
19. H. divaricatus L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top, 0.5-
2 m. high, smooth below ; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate,
S-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp
point, 0.5-2 dm. long, serrate, thickish, rough both sides; bracts nan-owly
lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, equaling the disk (1 cm. wide); rays 8-12, 2.5 cm.
long. — Thickets and barrens, s. Me. to L. Winnipeg, Neb., and southw.
20. H. hirsutus Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout, 0.5-1 m. high,
bristly-hairy ; leaves all short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed^
slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, vei'y rough above, usually rough-
830 COMPOSITAE (composite family)
hairy beneath; bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalini? the disk; rays about
12. — Dry soil, Pa. to Wise, " Minn.,"' soutliw. and sontliwestw.
21. H. strumbsus L. Stem 1-2 m. high, very smooth below, often glaucous ;
leaves ocatt-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, or the lower ovate and
acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, ichidsh
and naked or minutely downy underneath ; bracts broadly lanceolate, with
spreading tips, ciliate, eqiialing the disk; rays 9-15. — River-banks and low
copses, N. E. to Ont., Minn., and soutliw. Var. mollis T. & G. Leaves downy
underneath, often subcordate ; bracts looser and more attenuate. (Var. macro-
phyllui, Britton.) — N. E. and Pa. to Ont. and la.
22. H. tracheliifblius Mill. Similar to the preceding ; leaves thinner and
nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled ;
bracts all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated. —
Copses, Ct. to Minn., southw, and southwestw.
= = Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly broad ;
bracts loose, hirsute-ciliate.
23. H. decap^talus L. Stem branching, 0.5-1.5 m. high, smooth below;
leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined
petioles ; bracts lanceolate-linear, elong;ited, loosely spreading, sometimes foli-
aceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10. {H. scrophulariifolius
Britton?) — Copses and low banks of streams, centr. Me. and w. Que. to
Minn., Mo., and soutliw.
24. H. tuberosus L. (Jerusalem Artichoke.) Pubescent or hirsute. 1.5-
3.5 ra. high ; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sca-
brous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath ; bracts lanceolate,
attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12-20. — N. Y. to Minn., westw. and
southw.; often cultivated, and introduced eastw. Var. subcanescens Gray.
Usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with- soft fine pubescence. —
Minn, to Mo., and westw.
52. ACTIN6mERIS Nutt.
Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral bracts few,
herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Receptacle
small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading
in all directions; pappus of 2-3 smooth persistent awns. — Tall branching
perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves tapering to the base and mostly
decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed ; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from
d/cri's, a ray, and iiepLs, apart; alluding to the irregvilarity of the rays.)
1. A. alternifolia (L.) DC. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above,
1-2 m. high ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends; rays 2-8, irregular. {A. squarrosa Nutt.; Verbesina
alternifolia Britton.) — Rich soil, N.J. to Ont., la., Kan., and southw. Aug.,
Sept.
53. VERBESINA L. Crownbeard
Heads several-many-flowered ; rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and
sterile, few or sometimes none. Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows.
Receptacle rather convex (conical in no. 3), the chaff concave. Achenes flat
(laterally compressed), winged or wingless, 2-awned. — ^lostly perennial herbs;
the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. (" Name
metamorphosed from Vei'bena.^'')
* Heads slender, small, cymosely paniculate ; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile ;
involucre erect.
1. V. OQodentalis (L.) Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, o\^Xq
to oblong-lanceolate, trii)lf-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubes-
cent beneatli, large and thin ; heads in compound corymbs ; receptacle flattish ;
flowers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. — liich soil. Pa. to Ky.,
and southw. Aug.-Oct.
COMPOS LTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 837
2. V. virginica L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-puhescent .
like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves ,
heads in compound corymbs ; receptacle convex ; Jlowers white ; rays 3-4, oval ;
achenes winged. — Dry soil, Pa. to Kan., and southw. Aug.
* * Heads broader, solitary or few.
3. V. helianthoides Michx. Perennial ; stem hairy, 1 m. or less high, widely
winged by the decurrence of the ovate to ovate -lanceolate sessile alternate leaves,
which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath ; involucre appressed ; raj's 8-15,
pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. —
Prairies and copses, O. to la., southw. and south we.stw. June, July.
4. V. ENCELioiDEs (Cav.) B. & M.. var. EXAiRicrLATA Robinson &, Green-
man. Annual., branching, 8-6 dm. high, cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or
cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles destitute of the icings or auricles
(characteristic of the typical more southern form) ; involucral bracts linear,
equal, foliaceous, spreading ; rays numerous, fertile. — Kan. to Tex., and westw. ;
adventive by roads, w. Mo.; also casual northeastw., e.g. in s. Me. {Parlin).
54. COREOPSIS L. Tickseed
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. In-
volucre double ; each series of about 8 bracts, the outer foliaceous and somewhat
spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle
flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat, obcom-
pressed {i.e. flattened parallel with the bracts of the involucre), often wiiiged,
not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awaied, or sometimes naked at the sum-
mit ; the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite leaves
and yellow or party-colored (rarely purple) rays. Too near the last section of
Bidens, but generally well distinguished as a genus. (Name from Kopis. a bug.
and 6^ts, appearance; from the form of the achene.)
§ 1. Style-tips truncate or nearly so ; outer involucre small and short ; rays rose-
color oryelloto, with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none.
1. C. r5sea Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth, 2-6 dm. high;
leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles;
rays rose-color, 3-toothed ; achenes oblong, wingless. — Sandy grassy swamps
and shores, e. Mass. to N. J., and southw. Julj^-Sept.
2. C. tinctbria Nutt. Annual, glabrous, often 1 m. high; leaves 1-2-pin-
nately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear ; achenes oblong, wingless ; rays
yellow, with more or less of crimson-brown. — r>Iiiin. to Tex., etc.; common in
cultivation ; often escaping to roadsides, etc., eastw.
§2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes
roundish, winged, incurved, often j^cipillose and with a callus inside at base
and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; rays mostly yellow and palmately
lobed ; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads ; lower leaves petiolate.
* Wiiigs of achene broad, thin, spreading.
3. C. lanceolata L. Smooth or hairy, 3-6 dm. high, tufted, branched only
at the base ; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes),
lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate.
— Rich or damp soil, Ont. and Mich, to Va., Mo., and southw.; also cultivated
on account of its showy heads, and sometimes escaping eastw. May-Jifly.
Var. villbsa Michx. Hirsute below, the hirsute or villous leaves rather
broader. (C. crassifolia Ait.) — 111. and Mo. to Fla.
4. C. grandiflora IU>gg. Mostly glabrous ; lower leaves lanceolate and spatu-
late, entire, the upper '^-o-parted, with lanceolate to linear and sometimes 2-3-
pnrted lobes; heads as in the preceding or larger. — Damp soil, Mo. and e.
Kan. to Tex. and Ga. May-July.
838 compositap: ^^composite family)
5. C. pub^scens Ell. More leaf}', 0.;3-1.3 m, high, pubescent or nearly
glabrous ; leaves thickish, ohloiuj or the lower oval-obovate and the upper
oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2-4 small lateral lobes ; heads usually smaller.
— Woods, Va. to s. 111., Mo., and south w. June-Sept.
* * Wings of achene narrow, callous-thickened^ involute.
6. C. auriculata L. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 5-18 dm. high, branch-
ing, sometimes witli runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the npper oblong or oval-
lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously ."i-o-lobed
or -divided; outer bracts oblong-linear or lanceolate. — Rich woods and banks,
Ya. to 111., and south w. June-Sept.
§3. Style-tips cuspidate ; achenes oblong, nearly straight, imthout callus, the
wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed.
* Outer bracts narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at
base; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-tonthed or none ; leaves opposite,
sessile, mostly S-divided, appearing as if whorl ed ; perennial, "^-^ dm. high.
■*- Leaves S-cleft, but not to the base.
7. C. palmata Xutt. Nearly smooth, simple ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped,
rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. — Prairies,
Mich, to Man., and southwestw. Jxily.
-»- -*- Leaves divided to the base, ux>perm,ost and lowest sometimes simple.
8. C. major Walt. Plant minutely soft-pubescent ; leaves each divided into
3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl.
(0. senifolia Michx. ) — Sandy woods, Va., and south w. July,
Yar. stellata (Xutt.) Robinson. Glabrous; the leaves narrower. (C. seni-
folia, var. T. & G. ; C. major, var. Oemleri Britton.) — Ya. , Ky., and southw.
9. C. delphinifolia Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided into 3
sessile leaflets which are 2-6-parted, their divisions lance-linear, 2-6 mm. broad,
rather rigid ; disk brownish. ^-Pine woods, Ya., and southw. Jui_y.
10. C. verticillata L. Glabrous ; leaves divided into 3 sessile leafl.ets which
are 1-2-pi nnat el y parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Dry ridges
and open woods, Md. to S. C. and Ark.; reported from w. Ont. and n. Mich.;
cultivated in old gardens, but not showy; occasionally escaping. July-Sept.
* * Outer bracts narrovj, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, obtuse; pappus
none ; leaves petiolate, pinnately S-o-dioided ; perennial.
11. C. tripteris L, (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple, 1-2.7 m.
high, corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. — Pa. to s. Ont.,
Wise, e. Kan., and southw. Aug., Sept. — Heads exhaling the odor of anise
when bruised ; disk turning brownish.
55. THELESPERMA Less.
Heads many-flowered ; rays about 8 and neutral, or none. Involucre as in
Coreopsis, the inner bracts scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, the scarious
chaff falling with the wingless and beakless achenes ; pappus of 2 stout subulate
retrorsely hispid awns. — Smooth herbs, with opposite dissected leaves and
pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From dyfKr], a nipple, and air^pfia, seed,
on account of the papillose achenes.)
1. T. triiidum (Poir.) Britton. Animal or biennial. 3-7 dm. high, loosely
branching and very leafy; leaves 2-pinnate, the lobes filiform; outer involucral
bracts 8, subulate-linear, hardly e<iualing the inner which are united only below
thf middle ; rays 1 cm. or more long ; outer achenes conspicuously rougliened on
the back. — linrrfus and plains. Mo. to Neb., we.stw. and southwestw. Ma3'-Aug.
2. T. gracile ( Torr. ) Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, naked above ; leaves
with narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire ; bracts 4-0, the outer very
. COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 839
short-ovate or oblong^ the inner connate above the middle ; rays short or usually
none; achenes less roughened. — Neb. and Kan., southw. and westw, ; adv.
in Mo.
56. BIDENS L. Bdr Marigold
Heads many-flowered : the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre
double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish ; chaff
deciduous with the fruit, Achenes flattened parallel to the bracts of the invo-
lucre, or slender and 4-.sided (rarely terete), crowned with awns or short teeth
(these rarely naked). — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves,
and mostly yellow llowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.)
X. B. — In this genus the measurements of the fruit relate to the inner
n)ature achenes. The outer are often shorter and uncharacteristic. The figures
of the heads are on a scale of |, those of the achenes are life size.
a. Achenes flat (or at most with a strong rib on either face) 6.
h. Kays small or wanting' c.
c. Inner achenes less than 2 mm. broad.
Heads cylindric or ellipsoid, much longer than broad ; disk-florets
3— i ram. long ; leaves simple.
Inner achenes 1 cm. or more long ; awns 6-8 mm. long , . 1. .5. bidenioides.
Inner achenes 7-9 mm. long; awns 8-i.5 mm. long . . . 2. £. Eatoni.
Heads hemispherical, nearly or quite as broad as long ; disk-florets
1-1.5 mm. long ; achenes 5.5-S.5 mm. long ; awns 1.5-2.5 mm.
long; leaves ternately compound 3. B. discoidea.
c. Inner achenes 2 mm. or more broad d.
d. Leaves simple ; heads subtended by long thick entire leafy bracts ;
achenes S-IU mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, retrorsely barbed,
the 3 (rarelj- i or 4) awns unequal, at most 6 mm. long . . &. B. comosa.
d. Leaves pinnate; achenes upwardly barbed at least at base;
awns 2.
Outer involucre of 5-S leafy bracts ; inner bracts oblong,
equaling the disk ; achenes 2-3.3 mm. broad . . . i. B. frondosa.
Outer involucre of 10-10 leafy bracts ; inner bracts ovate-trian-
gular, shorter than the disk ; achenes 3.3-4 mm. broad . 5, B. 'culgata.
b. Ea}'s conspicuously exceeding the disk e.
e. Leaves mostly pinnate ; awns (if present) upwardly barbed /.
/. Inner achenes 2 mm. or less broad, cuneate.
Inner achenes 3-4.5 mm. long 11. ^. coronata.
Inner achenes .5-7 mm. long 12,. B, trichosperm<i,
f. Inner achenes more than 2 mm. broad, elliptic-obovate, with thin
scarious margins.
Outer foliaceous bracts 8-10, smooth or merely cUiate, shorter
than the inner 13. 5. aristosa.
Outer foliaceous bracts 12-20, coarsely hispid, mostly longer
than the inner 14. ^. involucrata.
e. Leaves simple or slightl}- divided ; achenes obovate, 3-4.5 mm, long,
•with short teeth 11. .B. coronata,
a. Achenes angled or terete g.
g. Achenes distinctly angled ; terrestrial or marsh plants h.
h. Leaves pinnate.
Heads few-flowered, slender; achenes linear, 4-angled, the inner
1.2-1.8 cm. long, about 1 mm. broad 10. 5. hipinnaia.
Hea<is hemispherical, many-flowered ; achenes cuneate, 3-4 angled,
4-6 mm. long . " (7) ^. connata, v. pintiaia.
h. Leaves simple ; heads hemispherical, many-flowered ; achenes
cuneate or obovate.
" Leaves petioled or with conspicuously narrowed bases ; fruiting
heads erect * 1. B, connata.
Leaves sessile or connate ; fruiting heads mostly nodding.
Outer bracts unequal, mostly exceeding the disk ; rays at most
twice the length of the disk ; achenes dilated above ; leaves
mostly connate %. B. cerntta.
Outer bracts subequal, rarely exceeding the disk ; raj's 2-4 times
as long as the disk ; achenes not dilated above ; leaves
sessile, but rarely connate 9. B. la&vis.
g. Achenes terete, truncate at botli ends, with the ;3-6 ver}' long awns
smooth below: aquatic, with tlic iinmorsed leaves finely divided . 15. B. Beckii.
1. B. bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton. Glabrous, paniculately branched, 2-8 dm.
high; leaves lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 1.5-2
cm. long ; the outer involucre of 4-5 bracts ; rays usually wanting ; achenes
840
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
990. 15. bidentoides.
991. B. Eatoni.
992. B. Eat
V. fal.
993. B. discoidea.
hairy, 1 C7n. or more long, icith 2 very slender upioardly
roughened awns (6-8 mm. long) surpassing the yellowish
4i-toothed corolla, and often 2 minute intermediate teeth.
(Coreopsis Nutt.) — Shores of Delaware R. and
Bay. Sept., Oct. Fig. 990.
2. B. Eatbni Fernald. Simple or branclied,
2.5-0 dm. lii^di ; leaves lanceolate, with long-
acuminate tips and slender petiolar bases,
coarsely serrate ; outer involucre of 3-5 bracts,
inner of 5 oblong conspicuously striate ones 1 cm. long ; rays
none ; disk-flowers 15-25 ; inner achenes 7-9 mm. long, 1-1.7
mm. broad, with strong midril)s, usually with retrorse hairs on
the margin ; the 2-4 aions 8-4.5 mm. long, downwardly barbed. —
Brackish shores, lower Merrimac R., Mass. Sept., Oct. Fig. 991.
Var. FALL.A.X Fernald. Achenes and awns upwardly
oarbed. — With the typical form. Fig. 992.
3. B. discoidea (t. & G.) Britton. Diffusely
branched ; leaves ternately divided, slender-ijetioled ;
leaflets ovate4anceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ;
heads small, 5 mm. high; outer involucral Ijracts
iLSually 4 ; achenes linear-ioedge-shnped, tuberculate or smooth,
bearing a pair of short and stout upvmrdly barbed awns of the
length of the orange 5-toothed corolla. (Coreopsis T. & G.)
— Wet banks and swamps, Mass. to Mich., 111.,
southw' . and south westw. July-Oct. Fig. 993.
4. B. frondbsa L. (Beggar-ticks.) Stems tall (7 dm. or
less in height), paniculate-branched; leaves S-5-divided, gla-
brous, the terminal leaflet long-stalked, acuminate, often again
divided, lateral ones shorter, less acuminate, all sharply serrate ;
heads 1.5 cm. long or less, on slender peduncJes ;
outer involucre of 5-8 ciliate bracts; rays small,
yellow ; achenes narrowly cuneate, 7-10 mm. long,
black, strongly 1-nerved on each face, often slightly
hairy, the retrorsely barbed slightly divergent slender
awns barely half as long, exceeding the 5-toothed
orange corolla. (B. melanocarpa Wiegand.) — Common in damp
ground, throughout. Aug., Sept. Fig. 994. Var. ano.mala Porter.
Awns upwardly barbed. — Local, N. S. to Pa. Fig. 995.
5. B. vulgata Greene. (Beggar-ticks, Stick-tight.) Stem tall (often
1.5 m. high) and branching, glabrous ; leaves pinnately 3-5-divided, slender-
petioled, nearly glabrous ; leallets lanceolate, very acute, coarsely serrate, all
. short-stalked; heads large, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, sfout-pcdAtncu-
j n late ; outer involucral bracts 10-16, unequal, about eciualingthe
^rik^S^)^y. ^^^^ or sometimes longer, coarsely ciliate-hispid ; rays pale
yellow ; achenes 9-12 mm. long., obovate- or oblong-cuneate,
usually glabrous, but often tuberculate-roughenecl, brown or
olive; awns retrorsely barbed, exceed-
ing the 4-5-toothed yellow corolla. (B.
frondosa Wiegand, not L.) — Moist
waste places and roadsides, throughout,
but less common eastw. than the preceding. Aug.-Oct.
Fig. 990.
\'ar. puberula (Wiegand) Greene. Peduncles, leaves,
and outer bracts puberulent. — Wise, to vSask. and Mo.
6. B. c&m5sa (Gray) Wiegand. Stem stout, 8 dm. or
less in height, glabrous ; branches short ; leaves pale^
elliptic, acute, vnth winged ]i('fi<d<'s, rcuularly serrate, or upper entire ; heads
few, large, 1 cm. or so high, short-pedunculate ; outer involucre of 0-8 nearly
erect linear or htnccolate usually entire unequal large bracts, the longest 2-5
times exceeding the disk; rays wanting-' • achenes about 1 cm. long, cuneate,
994. B. frondosa.
9'.>r). B. fron.
V. anom.
996. B. viiljjata.
997. B. coniosa.
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
841
998. B. connata.
olive or browii, nearly glabrous, obscurely nerved or nerveless, sometimes
punctate ; mens nearly f as long as the achene, equaling the 4i-loothed pale-yellow
corolla. (B. connata, var. Gray.) — Sandy shores and rich soil, N. E. to Minn.,
vi^estw. and southw. Sept., Oct. Fig. 997.
Var. acuta Wiegand. Leaves subsessile ; heads larger ; outer bracts shorter
(barely twice exceeding the disk), spreading, acute. {B. acuta Britton.) — Mo.
and Kan.
7. B. connata Muhl. (Swajip Beggar-ticks.) Tall and branching, 0.5-1.5
m. high; leaves bright green, undivided or some of the lower deeply parted,
lanceolate or elliptic, large, acuminate, slender-petioled, coarsely
serrate ; heads about 1 cm. high, short-pedunculate ; outer invo-
lucre of 4: or 5 short entire bracts; rays golden-yellow, generally
jjTT wanting ; achenes 4-6 mm. long, cuneate, the outer 3-angled and
Mf 3-awned, inner 4-angled, 4-awned ; aicns barely half as long as
f the achene, retrorsely barbed, equaling the b-toothed corolla. —
Swamps and ditches, N. E. to Minn, and Mo. Sept. (Estab-
lished in Eu.) Fig. 998.
Var. pinnata Wats. Leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5-7 divisions
sparingly incised; achenes 4-awned. — Heimepin Co., INIinn. {F. L. Couillard).
8. B. cernua L. (Stick-tight.) Smooth or hispidulous,
2-7 dm. high ; branches short ; leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, unequally serrate, connate at base;
heads erect in anthesis, short-pedunculate ; outer involucre
longer than the head ; rays, when present, one half exceeding
the disk or longer ; achenes wedge-obovate, 5-6 mm. long,
4-awned, 4-angled. retrorsely barbed, tuhercula.te on the angles,
and prominently many-nerved ; awns half as long as the achene,
shorter than the yellow 5-toothed corolla. — Wet places,
throughout. July-Oct. (Eu.) Fig. 999. —Very variable.
9. "b. laevis (L.) BSP. Smooth, erect, or reclining at base, 1 m. or less high ;
leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, sessile, rarely connate fnely and regu-
larly serrate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the showy golden-yelloxu
(2-3 cm. long) rays; achenes 6-9 mm. long, wedge-shaped, retrorsely almost
serrate on the margins; awns 2, 3, or 4, downwardly barbed,
barely | as long as the achene, and hardly equaling the yellow
5-toothed disk-corolla. {B. chrysanthemoides Michx.) — Swamps
near the coast, Mass., and soutliw. ; also centr. N. Y. Aug.-Oct.
10. B. bipinnata L. (Spanish Needles.) Smooth annual,
branched ; leaves 1-S-pinnately parted, petioled ; leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on
slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear bracts equaling the
short pale yellow rays; achenes '^-grooved, nearly smooth, 3-4-
awned, very unequal. — Damp soil, R. I., westw. and south w.;
on ballast northw. Fig. 1000.
11. B. coronata (L.) Fisch. Nearly glabrous, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves variable,
commonly 3-7 -divided, or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or lobed ;
rays golden-yellow, showy ; achenes flat, 1-nerved on eacli
face, broadly cuneate, 3-4.5 mm. long, with 2 very short blunt
spreading teeth. {Coreopsis aurea Ait.) — W^et ground, Va.
to Fla. Fig. 1001.
12. B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britton. (Tickseed Sun-
flower.) Smooth, branched ; leaves short-peti-
oled, nearly all 3-7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate
or lance-linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves
only 3-5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled-coryrabose ; rays
conspicuous, golden-yellow ; achenes narroioly wedge-oblong or the
inner ones wedge-linear, 5-7 mm. long, smooth or sparsely hairy,
marginless, crowned tvith 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout
1000. B. bipin.
occasional
1001. B. coronata.
1002.
tiich.
teeth.
to 111.
{Cort'opsis Michx.) — Swamps. Mass. to
and Ky.; said to extend north westw. to
Va. near the coast
Minn. Aug.-Oct.
also N. Y
Fig. 1002.
842 coMPosiTAE (composite family)
Var. TENuf LOBA (Gray) Britton. Leaf-segments narrowly linear ; achenes
shorter. — Less common.
lo. B. aristbsa (Michx.) Britton. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1-2-pinnately
5-7-drvided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads pani-
cled-corymbose ; outer bracts 8-10, not exceeding the inner ^
hardy ciliate ; rays showy ; achenes with 2 (rarely 4) long and
slender diverging awns as long as the achene itself or reduced
to short teeth. {Coreopsis Michx.) — Swamps, O. to Mich.,
Minn., and southwestw. ; adventive in waste places eastw. Aug.-
Oct. Fig. 1003.
1003. B. arisio.-a. 14. B. Involucrata (Nutt.) Britton. Heads rather larger;
the outer bracts 12-20, mostly exceeding the iniier, slender and
hispid; achenes with 2 short acute teeth. {Coreopsis Nutt.)
■ — Swamps, w. 111. to Kan. and Tex.; rarely adventive eastw.
Fig. 1004.
15. B. Beckii Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic^
perennial, smooth ; stems long and slender ; immersed leaves
crowded, many times dissected into capillary segments; the
few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, tootlied ; j,j,j^ ^ involucrata.
heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than
the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth, 1-1.5 cm. long; the
stout divergent awns longer, barbed only tovmrd the apex. — Ponds and slow
deep streams, Me. and Que. to N. J., and westw. Aug.-Oct.
57. BALDUINA Nutt.
Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small bracts imbricated in 3-4
rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes ;
pappus of 7-9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — Perennial herb, smoothish ;
the slender simple steins 6-9 dm. high, bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,
and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow, 2.5 cm. long ; disk
often turning dark purple. (Named for Dr. William Baldwin, 1779-1819, dis-
criminating amateur botanist, friend of Muhlenberg.) ActinospeRxMum Ell.
1. B. uniflbra Nutt. {Actinospermum Barnhart.) — Borders of swamps, from
Va. (?) south w. Aug.
58. MARSHAlLIA Schreb.
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect ; corolla-lobes slendei
and spreading. Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect," in 1-2
rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid
chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled ; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous pointed
scales — Smooth low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-
pedunculate heads terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish ;
anthers blue. (Named at the request of Muhlenberg for Dr. Moses Marshall,
nephew of the more distinguished Humphrey Marshall.)
1. M. trin6rvia TWalt.) Porter. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lancenlate,
pointed, se.ssile but not amplexicaul, %-l .b cm. long. {M. latifoUa Pursii.) —
Dry .soil, Va., and southw.
2. M obovata (Walt.) Beadle & Boynton. Leaves chiefly basal, narrowly
obovate, obtusish or rounded at the apex ; involucral bracts linear-oblong, l)lunt ;
chaff spatulatc, more or less distinctly expanded at the tip, blunt ; achene
longer than pappus. — River-banks and open woods, s. w. Pa., and southw.
Var. platyphylla (Curtis) Beadle & Boynton. Stem leafy about to the middle .,
leaves lanceolate, narrowed to an obtusish tip, conspicuously amplexicaul. —
Dry open woods, etc., Pa., and southw. M. grandiflora lieadle & Boynton
appears to be only a very robust form or state of this variety, with stems 4-7 dm,
high, and cauline leaves 2-3 cm. wide.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 843
59. GALms6GA R. & P.
Heads several-flowered, radiate ; rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate. Invo-
_ucre of 4-5 ovate thin bracts. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Pappus
of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales, sometimes wanting. — Annual herbs,
with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads ; disk yellow ; rays
white or reddish. (Named for Dr. Mariano Martinez de Galinsoga, a Spanish
botanist.)
* Bays white; pappus of disk-flowers about equaling the achenes.
1. G. PARviFLoRA Cav. I'ubescencc subappressed ; leaves ovate, crenate-
serrate, petioled ; pappus of the disk-flowers • of spatulate obtusish scales. — ^
Roadsides and waste places, from N. E. across the continent. (Adv. from
Trop. Am.) Var. hispida DC. Pubescence more copious, not appressed ;
pappus-scales of the disk-flowers attenuate and bristle-tipped. — Me. to Ont.,
AVisc, and southw. (Nat. from Trop. Am.)
* * Rays reddish; pappus of disk-flowers ahotit half as long as the achenes.
2. G. caracasIna (DC.) Sch. Bip. Pubescence loose and often rather
copious ; leaves as in no. 1. (^G. hispida Benth.) — Waste land, Camden, N. J. ;
about mills, etc., Cumberland, Md. (^Schriver), and probably elsewhere. (Adv.
from Trop. Am.)
60. FLAVERIA Juss.
Heads 3-15-flowered, usually with but 1 ray-flower ; flowers all fertile.
Involucral bracts few, subequal or 1-2 of the outer much shorter. Receptacle
small, naked or setose. Achenes oblong, 8-10-ribbed, glabrous ; pappus none.
— Opposite-leaved annuals with clustered small yellowish heads. (Name from
flavus, yellow, the plant being used in dyeing.)
1. F. camplstris Johnston. Erect and glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, branched
above ; leaves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved, mostly serrulate ; heads subsessile,
in mostly termiflal glomerules ; involucre 3-bracteate, 2-5-flowered. (F. angus-
tifolia of auth., not Pers.) — Alkaline soil, w. Mo. {Bush) to Col. and Mex.
May-Sept.
61. HYMENOPAPPUS L'H^r.
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute
rorolla-lobes. Involucral bracts 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-
^;ke, usually white. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, with a
slender base, striate ; pappus of 15-20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin
(whence the name of the genus, from v/x-rjv. mmnbrane, and irdiriro^, pappus.) —
Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed
small heads of usually whitish flowers.
* Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales.
1. H. carolinensis (Lam.) Porter. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young,
leaff to the top, o-O dm. high ; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong
lobes ; involucral bracts roundish, mainly whitish ; pappus-scales very small,
roundish, nerveless. (H. scabiosaeus L'Hdr.) — Sandy barrens, 111. to S. C,
and southw. May, June.
2. H. corymbbsus T. & G. More slender, glabrate, naked above; bracts
obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex. — Woods and plains. Mo. and Neb. to Tex.
62. POLYPTERIS Nutt.
II«>ads few-flowered, small ; flowers all tubular, deeply 5-parted. Involucral
bracts 8-10, herbaceous. Achenes slendcr-ol)iiyramidal ; paj^pus of short
rounded pales or wanting. — Scabrous herbs with narrow short-peti(^led mostly
alternate leaves, and pedunculate loosely corymbose or paniculate small purplish
844 COMPOSiTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
heads. (Name from ttoXi/-, many, and irripis Qn-Tepbv), wing, referring tc the
pappus of some species. )
1. P. callbsa (Nutt.) Gray. Annual, slender, 6 dm. or less in height; leaves
linear ; peduncles glandular ; involucral bracts with dry reddish tips. — Dry soil,
Mo. to Tex., etc.
63. ACTINEA Juss.
Heads many-flowered ; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate.
Bracts of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or
coriaceous, nearly equal, in 2-3 ranks, little shorter than the disk, Achenes
top-shaped, densely silky-villous ^ pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very
thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted with
resinous atoms and bitter-aromatic ; the solitary heads terminating scapes or
slender naked peduncles ; flowers yellow, (Name from dKr/s, ?•«?/. ) Actixella
Pars. PiCRADExiA Hook. Tetraneuris Greene,
L A. herbacea (Greene) Kobinson. Perennial, caespitose ; branches of the
caudex rather stout, bearing numerous thickish spatulate to linear l-nerved
sparingly villous glandular-punctate leaves and scape-like peduncles (villous or
lanate especially toward the summit) ; heads (including the showy rays) 3-4
cm. in diameter. {Tetraneuris Greene ; ActineUa acaulis, var. glabra Gray, in
part.) — Ottawa Co., 0., and about Joliet, 111.
64. HELENIUM L, Sneeze weed
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3-5-cleft, fertile,
rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed ; the bracts linear or awl-shaped.
Receptacle globose or ellipsoid. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed ; pappus of 5-8
thin l-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point.
— Erect branching herbs with alternate leaves, often sprinkled with bitter
aromatic resinous globules ; heads yellow, rarely purple, terminal, siiigle or
corymbed. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after Helenus,
son of Priam.)
* Leaves broad, decurrent on the angled stem.
1. H. nudiflbrum Nutt. Perennial, somewhat x>uberulent, 3-0 dm. high ;
leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate
and dentate ; heads mostly small ; disk brownish, globose ; rays yellow or
partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceed-
ing the disk. — 111. and Mo. to N. C. and Tex. ; also abundantly established
locally from N'. E. to Pa. June-Aug. — Hybridizes with the next.
2. H. autumnale L. Perennial, nearly smooth, 0.2-2 m. high ; leaves mostly
toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; hpads larger (2-4 cm. broad) ; disk yellow ;
rays fertile, yellow. — Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, w. Que. and w.
Mass. to Man., south w. and westw. Aug.-Oct.
* * Leaves linear- filiform, not decurrent.
3. H. tenuifblium Nutt. Glabrous annual, much branched, very leafy ; heads
1.5-2 cm. broad; rays fertile. — Prairies, roadsides, etc., Va. to Kan., and
southw. ; locally established by railroads, etc., northeastw. to e. Mass.
65. GAILLARDIA Foug.
Heads many-flowered ; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile,
or none. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, the outer larger, loose, and foliaceous.
Receptacle convex to globose, with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft
chaff. Aclicncs tojj-shaped, iVcostate, villous ; pappus of 5-10 long thin awn-
tipped .'scales. — Erect alternate-leaved herbs with long-peduncled .showy heads
of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers. (Named after Gaillard de Charenton-
neau. a botanical amateur.)
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 845
1. G. lutea Greene. Erect or nearly so, 4 dm. or more in height, puherulent
and someichat scabrous^ leafy-stemmed, branched above ; branches ascending ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat amplexicaul at the broadish base, toothed or
siibentire ; both ilisk-flowers and rays yeUoic. (G. lanceolata of auth.. in part,
not Michx.) — Mo. {Bush) to Tex.
2. G. aristata Pursh. YevewmdX^ hirsute ; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate,
broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid ; disk-Jlowers brownish-purph ;
rays usually numerous and long, yellow; chaff bristly or subulate. — Minn, to
Man., westw. and southw. ; now spreading eastw.
66. DYSSODIA Cav. Fetid Marigold
Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; rays pistillate. Involucre of 1 row of
bracts united into a firm cup, with a few loose bracts at the base. Keceptacle
flat, beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled ; pappus a row
of chaffy scales, dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs, mostly annuals
or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; heads
terminating the branches ; flowers yellow. (Name dvsojdia, an ill smell, which
the plants exemplify.) Boebera Willd.
1. D. pappbsa (Vent.) Hitchc. Nearl}' smooth, diffusely branched, 1-5 dm.
high ; leaves opposite, pinnateiy parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut ;
rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. (D. chrysanthemoides Lag.) — Road-
sides and banks of rivers, Minn, to 111., Tenn., and south westw. ; occasional as
a weed further eastw. July-Get.
67. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L. Yarrow
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucral bracts
imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes
oblong, flattened, margined ; pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small
corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discov-
ered by Achilles.)
* Leaves simple ; involucre hemispherical ; receptacle low.
1. A. Ptarmica L. (Sneezeweed.) Stem rather rigid, smooth or slightly
pubescent; leaves lance-linear, tinely appressed-serrate ; corymb loose, the heads
long-pediceled ; rays 8-12, white, much longer than the involucre. — Damp
fields, etc., Nfd. to Mich, and Mass., local. Aug., Sept. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Leaves bipinnately parted ; involucre slender-cylindric ; receptacle becoming
elongated.
-t- Bays comparatively showy, their blades ^-| as long as the invohicre ; bracts
with dark brown or black margins.
2. A. boiealis Bongard. Stem erect, 0.5-4 dm. high, more or less lanate ;
stem-leaves fev: (5-9), silky-lanate especially beneath ; corymbs 2-(J cm. broad,
very convex; involucre 4-6 mm. long, its bracts all dark-margined ; rays 10-20,
white (rarely pink), short-oblong or suborbicular, 2.5-4 mm. long. — Wet rocks
and mossy slopes. Lab. to Alaska, s. to Nfd., e. Que., and along the Rocky Mts.
to N. Mex. June-Aug. (Boreal Eurasia.)
•*- -t- Bays small, their blades rarely I as long as the involucre; bracts pale,
very rarely the uppermost dark-margined.
3. A. Millefolium L. (Common Y., Milfoil.) Stem simple or sometimes
forked above, o-lO dm. high, arachnoid or nearly smooth ; stem-leaves numerou.''t
(8-15), smooth or loosely pubescent ; coi-yynbs very ccnnpound, 0-20 cm. broad,
flat-topped, the branches stiff ; involucre 3-5 mm. long, its bracts all pale, or in
exposed situations the uppermost becoming dark-margined ; rays 5-10, white
to crimson, short-oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm. long. — Fields and river-banks, common.
(Eurasia.)
4. A. lanulbsa Nutt. Similar; stem 3-6 dm. high, densely woolly; stem-
840
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
leaves silky-lanate ; corymbs 2-10 cm. broad, very convex; involucre pubescent,
none of its bracts dark-mar£i;ined ; rays 1-2.') unn. long. — Gravelly shores and
open ground, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Mich., tlience vvestw. and southwestw.;
naturalized in the Eastern States. (Mex.)
1005. A. Cotuhi.
Leaf and ray x 1%.
68. ANTHEMIS [Mich.] L. Chamomile
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in no. 1) neutral. Invo-
lucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious bracts shorter
than the disk. Receptacle conical, usually with slender chaff at least near the
summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate ; pappus none or a minute
crown. — Branching often strong-scented herbs, with pin-
nately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads ; rays
white or yellow (rarely wanting) ; disk yellow. ('A;/^e/x/j,
the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.)
* Bays white.
•*- Chaff of the receptacle sharp-pointed.
1. A. CoTULA L. (May-wekd, Dog Fennel.) Annual,
acrid, ill-scented; leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected; rays
mostly neutral ; receptacle withoiit chaff
near the margin; pappus none; achenes
tuherculate-roufjhened. {Maruta DC.) —
Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)
Fig. 1005.
2. A. ARVENSis L. (Corn C.) Pubes-
cent annual or biennial, resembling May-
weed, but not ill-scented ; leaves less finely 1-2-pinnately
parted ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed, subtending
all the disk-flowers and distinctly exceeding them ; achenes
smooth on the sides; pappus a minute border. — Roadsides,
waste places, etc., occasional. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 1006.
Var. AGRESTis (Wallr.) DC. Chaff of the receptacle shorter
than the disk-flowers. — Fields, etc., becoming frequent. (Nat.
from Eu.)
H- ■«- Chaff of the receptacle blunt.
3. A. NOBiLis L. (Garden C.) More downy and perennial^ pleasantly
strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very finely di.s-
sected ; pappus none. — Occasionally spontaneous about old gardens. (Introd.
from Eu.)
* * Bays yellow.
4. A. tinct6ria L. (Yellow C.) Pubescent perennial; leaves pinnately
divided ; heads long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad ; chaff of the receptacle lanceo-
late ; pappus a short crown. — Fields and waste places, becoming frequent.
(Nat. from Eu.)
A. AUKEA (L.) DC, with small rayless heads has been found near St. Louis,
Mo. (EngelmanJi).
1006. A. arvensis.
Leaf and ray x 1 y^
69. MATRICARIA [Tourn.] L. Wild Chamomile
Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate or wanting. Bracts of the involucre
imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical (at lea.st in fruit), naked.
Achenes 3-5-riljbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or
none. — Smooth and brandling herbs fours annuals or biennials) with finely
divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none ; di.sk yellow.
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)
1. M. iNODORA L. Leaves bipinnately divided into fine almost filiform lobes ;
heads large, :)-4 on. broad, naked-peduncled, and loith many long rays ; achenes
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
84'
1007. M. inotlora.
Leaf X iVa.
N. Y., and Pa.;
strongly 3-ribbed ; pappus a short crown or border. — Koad-
sides and fields, Nfd. to Ct. and Mich. ; abundant in e. Me. and
adjacent Canada. July, Aug. (Nat. from En.) Fig. 1007.
2. M. CuAMOMiLLA L. Similar ; heads smaller, about 2
cm. broad; rays shorter; receptacle more convex; achenes
le.ss distinctly ribbed ; pappus obsolete. — Roadsides and waste
places, Atlantic States, west to O. (Adv. from Eu.)
8. M. suAVEOLEKS (Pursh) Buchenau. (Pixeapple-wked.)
Low ; leaves 2-3-plnnately-parted into short linear lobes ;
heads rayless^ short-peduncled ; bracts oval, with broad mar-
gins, much shorter than the conical disk ; achenes more
terete ; pappus obsolete ; odor of the bruised plant .suggesting
pineapple. (31. discoidea DC; M. matricarioides Porter.)
— Roadsides and old fields, locally abundant in N. B., N. E.,
also about St. Louis, Mo.; naturalized, probably from the
Pacific slope, where it is common. (Established in n. Eu.)
70. CHRYSANTHEMUM [lourn.] L. Ox-eye Daisy
Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat
involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle fiat or convex, naked.
Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate.
— Annual or perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and
single or coryrabed heads. Rays white or yellow (rarely wanting); disk yellow.
(Old Greek name, xp^'^'^^^^f^op, i.e golden flower.)
* Heads large, solitary, terminating the long branches.
1. C. LeucAnthemdm L. (Ox-eye or- White Daisy, Marguerite, White-
weed. ) Stem erect, simple or forked toward the summit; basal leaves spatu-
late-obovate, on long slender petioles, the blades crenate-dentate ; middle and
upper stem-leaves oblong or oblanceolate, coarsely and
regularly crenate or dentate above, with larger spreading
teeth at base; heads -1-6 cm. broad; involucral bracts
narroio, brown-margined ; rays white (rarely tubular,
laciniate, or deformed). — Fields, etc., Nfd. and e. Que.
to N. J.; rare southw. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1008.
Var. piNNATiFiDLM Lccoq & La-
motte. Basal leaves pinnatifid. subpin-
natifid, or coarsely and irregularly
toothed ; middle and upper stem-leaves
narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, con-
spicuously subpinnatifid at base ; heads
usually smaller than in the typical
form. (Var, subpinnatifidum Fernald.)
— Fields and meadows, throughout ; an
abundant and pernicious weed eastw.
(Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1009.
2. C. segetum L. (Corx Chrysanthemum, Corn Mari-
gold.) Similar ; leaves oblong, somewhat clasping, coarsely
toothed or pinnatifid; rays golden-yellow; bracts broad and
scariotis. — Ballast along the coast, N. B. to N. J.; also in fields
near Schenectady, N. Y. (Wibbe). (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Heads small., corymbed.
3. C. Parthexium (L.) Bernh. (Feverfew.) Tall, branched, leafy ; Z^rtves
bipinnately divided, the divisions ovate, cut; rays white. — Escaped from gar-
dens, and naturalized in some places. (Introd. from f]u.)
4. C. Balsamita L., var. taxacetoides Boiss. (Costmary, Mint Gera-
nium.) Leaves oblong, crenate, the upijer sessile, the lower petioled, often
lOOS. C. Leucantheinum.
Leaves x %.
1009. C. Leuc,
V. pinnat.
Leaves x i-^.
848 coMPOsiTAE (composite family)
with 2 small lateral lobes at base; heads rayless. — Frequently escaped from
gardens. (Introd. from Asia.)
71. TANACETUM L. Tansy
Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid ; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly
pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex,
naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top ; pappus a short crown.
— Bitter and acrid mostly strong-scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1-3-
pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Flowers yellow,
in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.)
1. T. vulgXre L. (Common T.) Stem 0.5-1 m. high, smooth; leaflets and
the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; coi'ymh dense ; pistillate flowers terete,
with oblique 3-toothed limb ; pappus 5-lobed. — Escaped from gardens to road-
sides, etc. (Introd. from Eu.) Var. crispum DC. Leaves more cut and crisped,
— Frequent in similar places. (Introd. from Ea.)
2. T. huronense Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout, 3-9 dm. high ;
lobes of leaves oblong; heads large (1-2 cm. wide) and usually /eio; pistillate
flowers flattened, 3-5-clef t ; pappus toothed. — River-banks, e. Que. to N. B. and
n. Me. ; shores of the upper Great Lakes ; coast of Ore., Wash., and B. C.
72. COTULA [Tourn.] L.
Heads hemispherical to globose, many-flowered, discoid ; the marginal flowers
(reduced rays) pistillate and fertile, nearly or quite apetalous ; disk-flowers
tubular, 4-toothed, fertile. Chaff none. Achenes at maturity raised on pedi-
cels, which remain attached to the flat or moderately convex receptacle. Pappus
obsolete or none. — Low mostly diffuse or creeping strong-scented herbs, with
alternate toothed, lobed, or dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads of yellow
flowers. (Name from kotvXt), a small cup, a,lluding to the hollow at the base of
the amplexicaul leaves.)
1. C. coronopif6lia L. Branched from the base, decumbent and often
somewhat repent, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite smooth ; leaves linear-oblong,
irregular, 3-many-toothed ; heads at length subglobose, about 1 cm. in diame-
ter, on slender terminal peduncles. — Brackish mud, P. E. I. (Churchill); on
ballast about Chelsea, Mass. ; also on the Pacific coast. (Adv. from s. Afr.)
73. ARTEMISIA L. Wormwood
Heads discoid, few-raany-flow^ered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones
pistillate, or sometimes a'U similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and
scarious. Receptacle small and flattisli, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a small
summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with
small connnonly nodding heads in -panicled spikes or racemes ; flowering in
summer Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwoit, in
memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)
§ 1. Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers
perfect hut sterile, the style mostly entire ; root perennial, except in no. 1.
* Leaves dissected.
1. A. caudata Michx. Glabrous or silky, 0.r>-1.5 m. high ; upper leaves pin-
nately, the lower 2-3-i)innateiy divided ; the divisions thread-form, diverging ;
heads small (2-3 mm. broad); the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle;
root biennial. — Sandy soil, Atlantic coast; also Vt, to Man., westw. and
south west w.
2. A. canadensis Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down, 3-6 dm. high ;
lower leaves bipinnatchj divided, the upper ^^-1 -divided ; divisions linear, rather
rigid; heads rather Uirge (4-0 mm. broad), in panicled. racemes; involucre
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 849
generally glabrous, (jroon; root perennial. — Calcareous rocks, Nfd. to B. C, s.
to n. N. E., Minn., etc. (Ku.)
3. A. borealis Pall. Similar, 1-3 dm. high; lower leaves l-2-ternately
divided; upper linear, mostly entire; heads fewer, subracemose; involucre
pilose or glabrate, brownish; root perennial. — Arctic regions, s. to the serpen-
tine mts. of e. Que., Keweenaw Point, Mich., Col., and Wash. (Asia.)
* * Leaves entire or some S-cleft.
4. A. dracunculoides Pursh. Tall (0.5-1.5 m.), somewhat woody at base,
slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves narrowly linear and entire or the lower
o-cleft ; heads small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks and prairies,
Man. to 111., Mo., westw. and south westw^
5. A. glaiica Pall. Strict, 3-6 dm. high, somewhat woody at base, minutely
silky-pubescent or glabrate and glaucous ,- leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate;
heads as in the preceding. — Prairies, Sask. to Minn, and N. Dak. (Siber.)
§ 2. Beceptacle smooth ; flowers all fertile^ a few pistillate, the others perfect.
Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves,
have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz. A.
Abhotan'um L. (the Southernwood), of strict habit, with 1-2-pinnatiM leaves
and pubescent heads ; and A. PR(k'ERA Willd., with more spreading branches,
all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous.
* Branching perennials, ivhitened with fine and close-pressed wool ; heads small,
in leafy panicles.
6. A. serrata Nutt. Very leafy, 1.5-3 m. high ; leaves lanceolate or the
upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above ; heads greenish,
subcylindric, 4.3 7nm. long or less. — 111. to S. Dak.; sparingly naturalized
eastw.
7. A. longifolia Nutt. Stem 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves linear or linear-lanceo-
late, entire, usually glabrate above ; heads subcylind.ric, canescent, 4-6 mm. long.
— Minn, to Neb., and westw.
8. A. ludoviciana Nutt. (Western Mugwort, White Sage.) Whitened-
icoolly throughout ; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the low^r usually
cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and
green ; heads campanulate. mostly sessile in slender panicles. (Including A.
gnaphalodes Nutt.) — Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., 111., Tex., and westw.; locally
naturalized eastw. — Veiy variable.
9. A. vulgXris L. (Common Mugwort.) Tall; leaves mostly glabrous and
green above, the lower surface (and the branches) white-w^oolly, all pinnatifid,
with the divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate ; heads small, in open pani-
cles. — Waste places and roadsides, and along streams, e. Que. to Ont. and Pa.
(Nat. from Eu.)
10. A. kansXna Britton. Low, 1-6 dm. high ; leaves finely pinnatifid into
linear segments; heads densely woolly, in strict close panicles. — Plains and
foot-hills, w. Kan., Col., and N. Mex. ; adventive eastw.
* * Densely white-tomentose, perennial; heads large, racemose-glomerate ; invo-
lucral bracts herbaceous.
11. A. StelleriXna Bess. (Beach W., Dusty Miller, Old Woman.)
Stout, 3-6 dm. high, from a creeping base ; leaves obovate or spatulate. pin-
natifid, the lobes obtuse. — Sandy sea-beaches, e. Que. to N. J., and shores ot
Oneida L., N. Y. (Haberer); commonly cultivated in old gardens, and recently
spreading extensively to sandy soil. (Introd. from n. e. Asia.)
* * * Less branched, biennial or annual, glabrous.
12. A. biennis Willd. Strict, tall ; lower leaves 2-pinnately parted, the
upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in
short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a slender and glomerate leafy
panicle. — Gravelly banks, 0. to Tenn., Mo., and noithwestw. ; now established
eastw. by railroads and in waste places.
gray's manual — 54
850 COMPOSITAE (composite family)
13. A. ANNUA L. Much branched, very sweet-scented; leaves 2-pinn;itely
divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatitid ; heads small, in a loose ample
panicle. — Waste places, etc., throughout, locally a bad weed. (Nat. from ( Hd
World.)
§ 3. Beceptacle hairy ; flowers all fertile^ the marginal ones pistillate.
14. A. Absinthium L. (Wormwood.) Rather shrubby, 0-9 dm. high,
silky-hoary ; leaves 2-S-pinnateh/ parted; lobes lanceolate ; heads hemispherical,
panicled. — Roadsides, dry banks, etc., thoroughly established and conmion,
e. Can. and n. N. E.; elsewhere local. (Nat. from Eu.)
15. A. frigida Willd. Low (L5-5 dm. high), in tufts, slightly woody at the
base, white-silky; leaves p innately parted and S--^-rleft, the divisions narrowly
linear ; heads globose., racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, ISask. to Minn., w. Tex.,
and westw.
74. TUSSILAGO [Tourn.] L. Coltsfoot
Head many-flowered ; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistil-
late, fertile ; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple.
Receptacle flat. Achenes slender-cylindric or prismatic ; pappus copious, soft,
and capillary. — Low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up
scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-
heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when youjig.
Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed
remedy.)
1. T. Farfara L. — Wet places and along brooks, e. Que, to Fa., O., and
Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)
75. PETASITES [Tourn.] Hill. Sweet Coltsfoot
Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious ; in the substerile plant with a
single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in
the disk ; in the fertile pjlant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or
distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago. — Perennial woolly herbs, the leaves
all from the rootstock, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of
purplish or whitish fragrant flowers in a corymb. (The Greek name for the
Coltsfoot, from ireraaos, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.)
* Pistillate flowers ligulate ; flowers vjhitish.
■^ Leaves deeply lobed.
1. P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray, Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, pal-
mately and very deeply b-1-lobed., the lobes toothed and cut. — Woods, swamps,
and recent clearings, Lab., to Alb., s. to e. Ma.ss., w. Ct., N. Y., Mich., Wise, and
Minn. Aijr.-June. — Full-grown leaves 1-2.5 dm. broad.
-i- -»- Leaves shallowly or not at all lobed.
2. P. trigonophyllus Greene. Leaves from broadly cordate-deltoid to siib-
orbicular, closely invested beneath with dense white tomentum, tlie 7-1 1 shal-
low lobes more or le.js sharply toothed, in maturity 0.5-Lo dm. broad. — Wet
meadows, local, Gaspe Co., Que., Sask., and n. Minn. May.
3. P. sagittatus (Pursh) Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblomj to reniform-hastate,
acute or obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomento.se beneath, when fully
grown 1.7-2.5 dm. broad. — Cold swamps. Lab. to B. C., s. to Minn., Col., etc.
May, June.
* * Ligules none ; floivers purplish.
4. P. vulgXris Hill. (Bi:tteriji;r.) Root.stock very .stout; leaves round-
cordate, angulate-dentate and denticulate. — Waste or cultivated ground, e. Mass.
and e. Pa. Apr., >Iay. (Nat. from Eu.)
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 851
76. ARNICA L.
Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate. Bracts of the bell-shaped involucre
lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenes
slender or spindle-shaped ; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly
roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs (chiefly of mountains and cold
northern regions), with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads
and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of
Ptarmica.)
* Basal leaves petioled ; stem leafy.
H- Basal leaves tapering to the petiole.
-w. Pappus bai'bellate, bright white.
1. A. chionopappa Fernald. Stem 0.7-8.5 dm. high, villous with flat white
\airs; leaves 3-5 pairs, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, mostly confined to the
lower half of the stem, the basal on very long slender petioles : the lower canline
petioled, the upper sessile and much reduced; heads 1-3, 3-4 cm. broad ; invo-
lucre villous, the linear- or lance-attenuate bracts 7-10 mm. long; achenes
3.5-5 mm. long, densely setulose ; pappus in fruit 5-6.5 mm. long. — Cold lime-
stone cliffs and ledges, e. Que. and n. N. B. June, July.
■^ ++ Pappus plumose, sordid.
2. A. m611is Hook. Stem 1.5-7 dm. high, more or less crisp-villous through-
out, someiohat glandular above ; leaves oblanceolate to ovate, the basal slender-
petioled ; the cauline (3-5 pairs) mostly sessile, 0.3-1.5 dm. long, the upper-
most only slightly smaller; heads 1-9, on short (3-12 cm. long) naked or
rarely bracted glandular-villous peduncles, 4-6 cm. broad ; involucre glandular
and villous, its lance-attenuate often purple-tipped bracts 1-1.6 cm. long ; achenes
hirsute, 4-5 mm. long, shorter than the plumose yellow-brown or olive-tinged
pappus. (A. Chamissonis Man., ed. 6, not Less.; A. lanceolata Nutt.) — Banks
of streams, e. Que. to B. C, s. to the mts. of Me. and N. H., Col., and Cal.
June-Aug.
Var. petiolaris Fernald. Leaves narroic, oblanceolate, all but the very
uppermost tapering to slender petioles; heads 3-4 cm. broad; involucral bracts
scarcely 1 cm, long. — By alpine brooks. Me., N. H., and n. N. Y.
-i- -^ Basal leaves rounded or cordate at base.
3. A. cordifolia Hook. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high, more or less villous throughout,
glandular above ; basal and lower cauline leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, slender-
petioled. upper short-petioled or subsessile ; heads 1-8, slender-peduncled, 5-7
cm. broad ; involucre villous, especially at base ; bracts lanceolate to oblong,
acuminate, 1.3-2 cm. long ; rays about 15 ; achenes hirsute ; pappus white,
barbellate. — Very local, n. Mich.; Yukon to S. D,, Col., Utah, and Cal.
* * Basal leaves rosulate, broad and sessile; stem-leaves remote and small.
4. A. acaiilis (Walt.) BSP. Hairy and rather glandular. 1 m. or less in
heiglit ; leaves thickish, S-b-nerved, ovate or oblong ; heads several, corymbed,
showy. (A. nudicaulis Xutt.) — Damp pine barrens, Del., s. Pa., and south w.
Mav, June.
77. ERECHTITES Raf. Fireweed
Heads manj'-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal
pistillate, with a slender corolla. Bracts of the cylindrical involucre in a single
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlots at the base. Receptacle naked.
Achenes oblong, tapering at the end ; pappus copious, of very fine and white
soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple
leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish tlowers. (The ancient name
of some species cf Groundsel, probably called after Ererhtheus.)
1. E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Often hairy; stem grooved, 0.3 to 3 m. high :
852 coMPOSiTAE (coMrosiTE family)
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper auricled at
base or petioled. — Moist woods, and in recently burned clearings, whence the
popular name ; common, especially northw. July-Sept.
78. CACAlIA L. Indian Plantain
Heads 5-many-fiowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral
bracts in a single row, erect, connivent, with a few bractlets at the base.
Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong or slender-cylindric,
smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles. — Smooth and tall peren-
nial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads in flat
corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)
* Involucre 25-SO-flowered, vnth several bracts at its base; receptacle flat.
1. C. suaveolens L. Stem grooved, 1-1.6 m. high ; leaves triangular-
lanceolate., halberd-shaped., pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged
petioles. (Synosma Raf.) — River-banks, rich woods, etc., Ct. to la., Minn.,
and southw. in the Allegheny region to Fla.; Newton, Mass. (Farlovj), where
probably an escape. Aug., Sept.
* * Involucre ^'y-bracted and o-flovje7'ed, its basal bracts minute or none ; recepta-
cle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the center.
2. C. renif6rmis Muhl. (Great Indian P.) Not glaucous ; stem 1-3 m.
high, grooved and angled ; leaves green on both sides, dilated-fan-shaped.,
or the lowest kidney-form., 3-6 dm. broad, repand-toothed and angled, palmately
veined, petioled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. {Mesadenia Raf.) — Rich
damp woods, N.J. to Minn., and southw. along the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.
July, Aug.
3. C. atriplicifolia L. (Pale Indian P.) Glaucous; stem terete, 1-2 m.
high; leaves palmately veined and angulate-lobed ; the lower triangular-kidney-
form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed.
{Mesadenia Raf.) — Rich woodlands and prairies, N. J. to Minn., Kan., and
sOUthw. in the Alleghenies to Ga,
4. C. tuberbsa Nutt. Stem angled and grooved, 6-20 dm. high, from a
thick tuberous root; leaves green on both sides, thick, strongly b-1-nerved ; the
lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles ; the upper
on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at apex. {Mesadenia Britton.) —
Wet prairies, etc., O. and w. Ont. to Minn., Kan., and southw.
79. SENECIO [Tourn,] L. Groundsel. Ragwort. Squaw-weed
Revised by J. M. Greenman
Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate or none ; involucre cylindrical to bell-
shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the bracts erect-connivent.
Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and capillary bristles. —
Ours herbs, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers
chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of
many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)
a. Annuals (rarely becoming biennial) ; steins leafy to the inflores
cence ; heads medium-sized, 1 cm. or less high during anthesis 6
b. Heads discoid
h. Heads radiate ; rays inconspicuous.
Pubescence viscid-glandular
Pubescence not viscid-glandular
. Heads radiate ; rays conspioious.
Leaves irregularly laciniate-dentate to entire ; plant pubescent
I^eaves lyrate or pinnately divided ; i>lant glabrous
» Biennials or j)erennials c.
c. Heads inediiim-sized. in anthesis about 1 cu). long d .
d. Stems leafy to the inriorescencc ; leaves mostly 2-3-piunati3ect . 6. S. Jaeobaea^
1. S. vulgaris.
2. S. visco8U8.
3. S. syl/vaticua.
4. S. pahiHtris.
5. >S'. glabellus.
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 853
d. Stems mostly leafy below, nearly naked above; leaves variable;
the lower ovate, obovate, or oblanceolate ; the upper much
reduced, often bract-like e.
4. Pubescence when present floccose-lanate and confined chiefly
to the base of the stem and to the leaf-axils f.
f. Heads discoid 1. S. diacoideus.
f. Heads radiate (except in S. ohovatus, var. elongatus) g.
g. Lower leaves obovate, occasionally subrotund or oblong ;
stolons when well developed slender and creeping- . S. S. ohovatus.
g. Lower leaves subrotund to lanceolate ; the earliest leaves
cordate or subcordate, usually long-petloled ; stolons
short and stout, assurgent.
Basal leaves all broad-ovate, deeply cordate and relativeh'
large 9. 5. aureus.
Basal leaves mostly lanceolate : only the earliest ones
subrotund, cordate, and relatively small . . .10. S. Eobbinsii.
g. Lower leaves oblong-oblanceolate to spatulate. usually
narrowed gradually at the base ; the earliest rarely
subrotund or oblong.
Stem but slightly woolly at the base, comparatively few-
headed 11. /S. EaUamitat.
Stem rather densely and permanently woolly at the base ;
heads usually numerous \2. S. Smallii.
4. Pubescence white-lanate and more or less persistent over stem
and leaves (rarely in no. 13 completely absent).
Basal leaves subrotund-ovate to oblong-lanceolate.
Stem-leaves deeplj- and irregularh' divided . . .13. S. plattensis.
Stem-leaves usually dentate, not deepl\' divided, only a
few at most lyrate \^ S. tomentosus.
Basal leaves oblong-obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate.
Eastern species 15. S. antennariifolius.
Western species 16. 5. canus.
e. Pubescence of crisp-hirsute or subvillous hairs, not floccose
or lanate, rarely quite glabrous 17. S. integer rimuii.
c. Heads larger, 1.5-2 cm. high during anthesis , . . . .IS. S. Pseudo-Arnica.
1. S. vulgXris L. (Common Groundsel.) Low annual, 1-5 dm. bigh,
corj^mbosely branched, glabrate, leafy to the inflorescence ; leaves pinnatifid
and toothed, 1-8 cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad ; cahjculate bracts (bracteoles) of
the involucre distinctly black-tipped ; rays none ; achenes hirtellous. — Waste
grounds, common. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu. )
2. S. visc6sDS L. Coarser, 1.5^ dm. high, viscid-pubescent and heavy-
scented ; leaves pinnatifid with toothed segments or 2-pinnatifid, 2-10 cm, long,
0.5-5 cm. broad ; calyculate bracts (bracteoles) of the involucre not black-tipped ;
rays minute, bright yellow. — Waste grounds, coast of e. Que. to N. E.; also on
ballast near Philadelphia. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. S. SYLVATicus L. Stem erect, 1-7 dm. high, simple or branched, some-
what pubescent ; lower leaves petioled and more or less lyrate, the upper pin-
natifid with unequal lobes, sessile and sagittate at the clasping base, 2-15 cm.
long, 1-8 cm. broad ; inflorescence corymbose, naked or nearly so ; heads cylin-
drical; involucre barely cahjculate; ligules but slightly surpassing the disk-
flowers. — Clearings and waste places, Nfd. and e. Que. to Me., chiefly near the
coast ; also near Painesville, O. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. S. palustris (L.) Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely villous to nearly gla-
brous ; stem stout, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed
or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base ; 7'ays 20 or more,
short, pale yellow ; pappus copious and becoming very long. — Wet grounds, la.
to n. Wise, N. Dak., and north w. June-Sept. (Eu.)
5. S. glabellas Poir. (Butter-weed.) Rather tall. 2-5 dm. or more high ;
leaves somewhat fleshy, lyrate or pinnately divided; divisions crenate or cut-
lobed, variable ; heads less than 1 cm. high, in a naked corymbose inflorescence ;
rays 6-12, conspicuous. {S. lobatus Pers.) — Wet grounds, N. C. to centr. 111.,
Mo., and southw. March-June.
6. S. Jacobaea L. (Stinking Willie.) Arachnoid-tomentulose to nearly
glabrous ; stem erect, 2-6 dm. or more high ; basal leaves somewhat lyrate ,
those of the stem 2-S-pinnatisect, sessile, 2-15 cm. long, 1-7 cm. broad ; inflo-
rescence a many-headed corymbose cyme ; heads radiate. — Roadsides, pastures,
and ballast, Nfd. and e. Que. to Me., and locally to Out. and N. J. July-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)
854 COMPOSITAE (composite family)
7. S. discoldeus (Tlook.) Britton. Stems erect, 2-8 dm. high, striate; lower
leaves broadly ovate, 1.5-8 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. broad, ronnded or obtuse at the
apex, creiiate to coarsely dentate, abruptly contrarted into a slightly winged
petiole equaling or exceeding the blade ; inflorescence subumbellate ; heads on
rather long peduncles, discoid; involucre sparingly calyculate ; bracts of the
involucre slightly shorter than the flowers of the disk, often purplish-tipped ;
achenes glabrous. — Calcareous ledges, or in damp thickets, e. Que., n. Mich.,
northw. and vvestw. June-Aug.
8. S. obovatus Muhl. Stem 3-G dm. hign, bearing flagelliform stolons at
base; lower leaves ohovate, 1-10 cm. long, two thirds as broad, gradually nar-
rowed into a narrowly winged petiole, crenate-dentate, glabrous on both sur-
faces ; upper stem-leaves pinnatifid, sessile ; inflorescence a corymbose cyme,
not infrequently umbellate ; heads radiate ; achenes glabrous. {8. aureus, var.
T. & G.) — Calcareous ledges and open woods, e. Mass. and s. Vt. to N. C, Ala,,
Ark., and Kan. Apr.-Aug.
Var. rotundus Britton. Lower leaves more or less orbicular or rotund, other-
wise like the species. — On moist banks and rocks, centr. O., and south westw.
Var. elongatus (Pursh) Britton. Habit and foliage of the typical form, but
with elongated peduncles and discoid heads. — Near Easton, Pa. May, June.
9. S. aureus L. (Golden R. ) Stems erect from rather slender rootstocks,
3-8 dm. high, at first often lightly floccose-tomentose, soon glabrate ; lower
leaves long-petioled, ovate-rotund to slightly oblong, 1.5-8 cm. long, two thirds
as broad, crenate-dentate ; stem-leaves lyrate to laciniate-pinnatifid ; the upper-
most sessile, amplexicaul, often bract-like ; inflorescence cymose-corymbose ;
heads radiate ; raj^s yellow ; achenes glabrous. — In wet meadows, moist thick-
ets, and swamps, Nfd., s. to Va. , w. to Wise, Mo., and Ark. May-Aug.
Var. gracilis (Pursh) Britton. Somewliat more slender, with lower stems,
smaller leaves, and fewer heads. — Pa. and Mich. May, June.
10. S. Robbinsii Oakes. Stems strict, 5-8 dm. high; the first leaves small,
ovate-rotund to ovate oblong, 1-3 cm. long, from two thirds to nearly or quite
as broad, crenate-dentate to rather sharply toothed ; the later radical and lower
cauline leaves lanceolate to slightly oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm.
broad, sharply and somewhat unequally dentate-serrate; the uppermost leaves
much reduced; inflorescence cymose-corymbose; achenes pubescent. — In wet
meadows or swamps, N. B. and N. S. to n. N.Y. June, July.
11. S. Balsamitae Muhl. Stems 1.5-3 d»i. high, slightly woolly or floccose-
tomentose at the base, nearly or quite glabrous above; lower leaves mostly ob-
long-oblanceolate (rarely oblong-elliptic), 1-5 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 (rarely 3) cm.
broad, gradually narrowed at the base into the petiole, crenate-dentate to rather
sharply dentate-serrate, often pubescent in the early stages and glabrate, or gla-
brous from the beginning ; petioles usually not much exceeding the blade ; the
upper leaves lyrate, pinnatifid, or nnich reduced and entire ; achenes glabrous
or pubescent. {S. aureus, var. T. & G.) — Gasp6 Co., Que., to Md., Tenn., 111.,
and Mich., thence northwestw. essentially across the continent. May-Aug. —
A variable species. In shaded alluvium passing into forms essentially glabrous,
with more pronounced foliar development. Var. pauperculus (Michx.) Fer-
nald. Smaller, sometimes not over 3 cm. in height, and with the inflorescence
not infrequently reduced to a single head. — In cool or much exposed situations.
Me., and northw. July-Aug.
Var. prael6ngus Greenman. Taller ; lower leaves long-petioled ; stem-leaves
rather large, often 1 dm. in length, 2 cm. in breadth, pinnatifid with remote
lateral lobes and dcfp rounded sinuses; achenes hirtellous-pubescent. — Kocky
woods and banks, Mass., Vt., and N. Y. June, July.
Var. Crawf6rdii (Britton) Greenman. Lower leaves slender-petioled ; the
blade oblong-elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad, mostly rather sharply serrate-
dentate ; petioles 1.5 dm. or less in length; involucral bracts 7-8 mm. long.
(*S'. Crawfordii Brittfm.) — Near Philadelphia ( Crair/bnZ). May.
12. S. SmAUii Britton. Stem tall, erect, 2.5-7 dm. high, simple to the in-
florescence, densely and persistently woolly at the base; loioer leaves lanceolate
or oblanceolate. 2.5 dm. or less in length, 1-2 cm. broad, crenate-dentate to
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 855
rather sharply serrate; upper stem-leaves sessile, pinnatifid with remotish seg-
ments and rounded sinuses ; intlorescence cymose-corymbose, many-headed ;
heads radiate, 6-8 cm. high during anthesis ; achenes usually hispidulous along
the angles. — Va., and southw. May, June.
13. S. plattensis Xutt. Stems one to several, simple or branched from the
base, 1.5-6 dm. high ; lov:er leaves petiolate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm.
long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, crenate -dent ate to deeply and irregularly pinnatifid,
thickish and as iccll as the stem usiially ichite-tomentose, more or less glabrate ;
inflorescence a corymbose cyme; heads about l^cm. high, radiate; achenes
commonly hispidulous. — Dry, sandy, or gravelly soil, s. w. Ont. to e. Mont.
. and Tex. Apr. -July.
1-4. S. tomentbsus Michx. (Woolly R.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous
hoary wool; stems 3-6 dm. high ; basal leaves oblong, 2-15 cm. long, 1-7 cm.
broad, obtuse, crenate or entire, often on elongated stout petioles, 2.5 dm. or
less in length ; the stem-leaves similar, lyrate-pinnatifld to entire; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose ; heads radiate ; rays 12-15. — N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.-
June.
15. S. antennariifblius Britton. Stem erect, .3-4 dm. high ; leaves mostly
basal, oblong-obovate to spatulate, including the petiole 3-6 cm. long, 0.5-1.5
cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the apex, somewhat remotely and shall owly
angnlate-dentate, narrowed below into the petiole, finely and densely matted-
tomentose \)Q\\Q^t\\, loosely Jloccose-tomentose above; stem-leaves sublyrate or
merely dentate, the uppermost reduced to linear entire bracts ; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose, few-headed ; heads radiate ; achenes papillose-hirsute along
the anii^les. — Blue Eid2;e, Va. June.
16. S. canus Hook. Usually low, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, persistently tomentose,
rarely at all glabrate; lower leaves oblong-oblanceolate or subspatulate, includ-
ing the petiole 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
entire or sparingly toothed, white-torn entose on both surfaces, rarely glabrate
above ; stem-leaves entire or slightly pinnatifid. the uppermost becoming sessile
and not infrequently clasping the stem by a sub-auric ulate base ; inflorescence
few-headed ; heads 10-12 mm. high, radiate ; involucre arachnoid-tomentose to
nearly glabrous, sparingly calyculate ; ray-flowers commonly 8 ; disk-flowers
numerous. — Sask., Alb., and along the Rocky Mts. to Col., eastw. to n. Minn,
(according to Upham). June-Aug.
17. S. integerrimus Nutt. Covered when young with long jointed crisp-hir-
sute or subvillous hairs, soon more or less glabrate ; lower leaves oblong-lanceo-
late or suboblong, including the narrowly winged petiole usually 1-2 dm. long,
1-4 cm. broad, entire or denticulate ; the upper bract-like, attenuate from a
broad subclasping base; inflorescence few-headed; heads 10-12 mm. high; in-
volucral bracts usually green-tipped. — Sask., Man., Dak., la,, and westw. May-
July.
18. S. Pseudo-Arnica Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming gla-
brous ; stem stout, 0.5-10 dm. high, leafy above, often nearly naked below;
leaves oblong-lanceolate to subovate, 0,5-1.5 dm. long, 1-5 cm. broad, repand-
dentate to subentire, the lower tapering into a narrow petiole-like base, the
upper sessile ; heads 1.5-2 cm. high ; rays 20 or more, yellow. — Gravelly beaches,
e. Me. to Lab.; and in the Alaskan region.
80. ARCTIUM L. Burdock
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect, similar. Involucre globu-
lar ; the imbricated bracts coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to long
stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flattened,
wrinkled transversely ; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, separate and
deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed petioled roundish or
ovate mostly cordate leaves floccose-tomentose beneath, and small solitary or
clustered heads; flowers pnrple, rarely white. (Name probably from ApKTos,
a bear, from the rongh involucre.)
1. A. Lappa L. (Great B.) Heads subcorymbose, 3-5 cm. broad; invo-
856 COM POSIT AE (composite family}
lucre glabrous ; bracts straightish, lance- to linear-attenuate. (A. Lappa^ var.
majus Gray; A. majus Bernh.) — Roadsides and waste places, N. B., N. E.,
and probably wesiw. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. A. MINUS Bernh. (Common B.) Heads racemose or suhracemose^ 1.5-3
cm. broad; involucre glabrous or arachnoid; bracts shorter^ more slender and
more arcuate than in the preceding. {A. Lappa, var. Gray.) — Similar situa-
tions, too common throughout our range except on the northeastern borders
where largely replaced by the preceding. — Including A. Lappa, var. tomen-
tosum Gray, a form differing^ only in its more or less arachnoid involucre, and
apparently less marked or characteristic than the European A. tomentosum Mill.
(Nat. from Eu.)
81. ECHINOPS L. Globe Thistle
Heads 1 -flowered, many, aggregated in dense globular capitate clusters, the
common involucre of small reflexed bracts. Proper involucres cylindrical, of
several series of unequal imbricated spinescent paleaceous bracts ; corollas with
slender tube and cylindric 5-parted limb. Filaments glabrous. Achenes cylin-
drical or somewhat tetragonal ; pappus coroniform or of many short distinct or
connate subpaleaceous bristles. — Stately thistle-like herbs, with alternate spinose
pinnatifid or dentate leaves, and large globose terminal (compound) heads of
whitish or bluish flowers. (Name from ext^vos, hedgehog, and 6\pL^, appearance,
from the bristly nature of the armed foliage or perhaps of the spreading indi-
vidual heads in the dense spherical glomerules.)
1. E. sPHAKRocEPHALus L. Tall, 1-2 m, high, grayish- or white-arachnoid
on the stem and lower surface of leaves. — Frequent in cultivation and not rare
as an escape upon waste-heaps, etc. (Introd. from Eu.)
82. CARDUUS [Tourn.] L. Plumeless Thistle
Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. —
Leaves conspicuously decurrent, spiny; wings of stem spiny. Otherwise as in
Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.)
* Heads large, nodding, solitary on long nearly naked peduncles ; involucre
3-4 cm. in diameter.
1. C. NtiTANsL. (Musk Thistle.) Biennial ; heads solitary, hemispherical,
3-5 cm. broad ; bracts lanceolate, the outer reflexed; flowers purple. — Fields
near Harrisburg, Pa. ; also pastures, waste places, and ballast, n. to N. B. and
Que. June-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Heads smaller, chiefly clustered at the ends of winged branches ; involucre
1-2.5 cm. in diameter.
2. C. ACAXTiioiDEs L. Aunual or biennial ; involucre hemispherical, 1.5-2.5
cm. broad; bracts linear, the outer someiohat herbaceous and spreading ; flowers
rose-purple ; corollas about 18 mm. long. — Waste places and ballast, N. S. to
N. J. June-Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. C. CKispus L. Annual or biennial ; heads mostly clustered and sessile or
nearly so; involucre ovoid, 1-1.3 cm. broad; bracts linear-attenuate, the outer
rather rigid, hardly spreading ; flowers purple or white ; corollas about 14 mm.
long. — Roadsides, Sydney, Cape Breton ; Philadelphia, Pa. ; and St. Louis, Mo.
Aug.-Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
83. CiRSIUM [Tourn.] Hill. Common or Plumed Thistle
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely, imper-
fectly dioecious. Bracts of tlie ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many
rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft
bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed ; pa]ii^us of numerou.'^
bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. —
COMPOSITAE (^COMI'OSITE FAMILY) 857
Herbs, mostly biennial ; the sessile alternate leaves often pinnatifid, prickly.
Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellow-
ish ; in summer. (Name from /ctpo-os, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was
a reputed remedy.) Cnicls of many auth., not L. By some recent Am. auth.
included in Carduus.
* Bracts of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.
1. C. lanceolXtum (L.) Hill. (Common or Bull Thistle.) Leaves decur-
rent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly
above, woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, pricklj^ ; flowers purple.
{Carduus L. ; Cnicus Willd.) — Pastures and roadsides. July-Nov. (Nat.
from Eu.)
* * Heads leafy-bracteate at base (see also no. 11); proper bracts not prickly.
2. C. spinoslssimum (Walt.) Scop. (Yellow Thistle.) Stout. 0.8-1.5 m.
high, webby-haired when young ; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,
lanceolate, pinnatifid. the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish
prickles ; heads 4-8 cm. broad, surrounded by very prickly bract-like leaves,
whicli usually equal the narrow involucral bracts ; flowers pale yellow or purple.
(Cardnus Walt.; Cniciis horridulus Pursh.) — Sandy soil. Me. to Va., and
southw., near the coast ; reported from L. Superior. June-Aug.
* * * Bracts appressed, the inner not at all prickly.
•*- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer bracts succes-
sively shorter, spi nose-tipped.
+-^ Leaves white above.
= Leaves pinnate, with linear mostly entire divisions.
3. C. Pitchiri (Torr.) T. & G. White-woolly throughout, low; stem very
leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated
sometimes again pinnatifid divisions, with revolute margins ; inner involucral
bracts acuminate, generally to a weak prickle ; flowers cream-color. ( Cnicus
Torr.; Carduus Porter.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Supe-
rior. July, Aug.
= = Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or triangular.
4. C. undulatum (Xutt. ) Spreng. Resembling the preceding ; root biennial ;
leaves partly clasping, undivided, undulate-pi nnatifid, or rarely pinnately parted,
moderately prickly ; involucre 2-3 cm. high ; bracts with a definite glandular
ridge on the back, and twice or thrice as long as the slender spreading prickle ;
flowers reddish-purple. (Carduus Nutt.; Cnicus Gray.) — Islands of L. Huron
to Mich., la., Kan., and westw. June-Oct. Var. megacephalum (Gray)
Fernald. Heads larger ; involucre 3-4.5 cm. high. — Minn, to Okla,, Tex., and
"westw.
5. C. can6scens Nutt. Deep-rooted perennial ; leaves narrower and more
deeply pinnatifid than in no. 4 ; involucre 2-2.5 cm. high, its narrow bracts end-
ing in very slender spines. — Minn, and w. la., westw. and southwestw.
•^ -M- Leaves green above.
= Stems leafy up to the heads.
a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear-lanceolate lobes.
6. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Branching perennial, 1-2 m. high ; stem
strongly furrowed, hirsutulous ; basal leaves 3-4 dm. long, deeply pinnatifid,
the lobes often cleft ; upper leaves with sometJjhat falcate lobes, white-woolly
beneath ; heads mostly solitary at the tips of the branches; involucre 2.5-3 cm.
high ; bracts appressed ; the outer tipped by a weak recurved prickle ; the inner
linear- or lance-attenuate, uiith a very long colorless entire appendage. ( Carduus
Nutt.; Cnicus altissiinus, var. Gray.) — Rich soil, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and
southw.
858 coMPosiTAE (composite family)
b. Leaves entire or sparingly sinuate-lohed {only the basal sometimes deeply
pinnatifid.)
7. C. altissimum (L.) Spreng. Biennial; stem downy, branching, 1-3.8 m
high ; leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, ohlonfj-
ovate to narrowly lanceolate, tindicided, sinuate-toothed, or tindulate-pinnatijid,
the lobes or teeth with weak prickles ; involucre 2-3 cm. high ; outer bracts with
a short dark glandular line on the hack, abruptly tipped by a spreading setiform
prickle ; inner loith a lanceolate or deltoid usually serrulate tip; flowers chiefly
purple. {Carduus L.; Cnicus Willd.) — Fields and copses, Mass. to Minn.,
Neb., and south w.
8. C. iowense rPamniel) Fernald. Similar, but with larger heads ; involucre
3-3.5 cm. high; bracts with broad long dark glandular back ; the inner vnth a
prolonged linear- or lance-attenuate colorless tip. — la., S. Dak., and Kan.
= = Heads on naked peduncles.
9. C. virginianum (L.) Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched, 0.3-1 m. high, the branches or long peduncles naked; leaves lanceo-
late, green above, whitened with close wool Ijeneath, ciliate with prickly bristles,
entire or sparingly sinuate-lohed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pi nnatifid :
heads small; outer bracts scarcely prickly; flowers purple. {Carduus L. ;
Cnicus Pursh.) — Woods and plains, Va., O., and southw.
-t- +- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath;
heads large ; bracts scarcely prickly -pointed.
10. C. muticum Michx. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall, 1-2.5 m. high,
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit ; branches sparingly leafy, bearing
single or few rather large heads ; leaves soinewhat hairy above, whitened with
loose rvebby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate,
acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; bracts of the wehhy and glutinous (sometimes
glabrate) involucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate ; flowers
purple. {Carduus Pers. ; Cnicus Pursh.) — Swamps and low woods, common,
July-Sept. Var. suBPixNAxfrmuM (Britton) Fernald. Leaves slightly lobed,
not deeply pinnatifid. {Carduus muticus, var. Britton.) — Nfd. to W. Va.
11. C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. (Pasturk or Bull Thistle.) Biennial;
stem low and stout, 3-9 dm. high, hairy, bearing very large heads (4-8 cm.
broad), which are often leafy-bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-
oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very
pnckly-margined lobes ; outer bracts prickly-pointed, rarely a little glutinous on
the backs, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white, fragrant,
5 cm. long; anthers scarcely acuminate; roots terete, solid. {Cnicus odoratus
Muhl., nomon sub nudum ; Carduus odoratus Porter.) — Dry fields, N. E. to Pa.
and Del. July-Sept.
12. C. Hillii (Canby) Fernald. Similar to the preceding, perennial, rarely
with more than 1 head; leaves less deeply and more bluntly pinnatifid, wiih
finer and shorter prickles ; bracts with a conspicuous dark glutinous line down
the back; anthers acuminate; perpendicular root fusiform, hollow. {Cnicus
Canby ; Carduus Porter.) — Fields, Out. to Minn., s. to Pa., 111., and la.
**** Outer bracts of the appressed involucre barely j)rickly-pointed ; heads
mostly small and numerous.
-t- N'one of the leaves strongly deciirrent.
13. C. ARVENSE (L.) Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, slender, 3-9
dm. high, the rootstock extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
smooth, or slightly woolly beneath,' finally green both sides, strongly sinuate-
pinnatifid, very prickly-margined, the upper sessile but scarcely decurrent ; heads
imperfectly dioecious; flowers ro.se-purjjle or whitish. {Carduus Hobson ;
Cnicus Hoffm.) — Cultivated fields, pt\,stures, and road.sides, common; a most
troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.). V^ar. ves-
titcm Wimm. & Grab. Leaves permanently white-lanate beneath. — Locally
establislied. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. integrif6liu.vi Wimm. & Grab. Leaves
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 859
chiefly plane and uncut, or the lowest slightly pinnatifid. — Local, Que., N. E.,
and N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)
•^ -i- At least the lower leaves strongly decurrent.
14. C. PALusTRE (L.) Scop. Tall, not stoloniferous ; stem armed throughout
hii the prickly decurrent icings which extend down from the very long linear or
linear-lanceolate more or less pinnatifid spinose-ciliate leaves ; heads re.sembling
those of no. 13, but in denser gloraerulate clusters, hermaphrodite. — Thoroughly
]iaturalized in woods. East Andover, N. H. ((r. W. Holt). (Nat. from Eu.)
15. C. c\num (L.) Bieb. Boots fusiform ; lower leaves very long, lanceo-
late, toothed or slightly pinnatifid, green on both sides, their bases decurrent as
ciliate icings along the stem; upper leaves sessile; heads comparatively large,
hemispherical, on long peduncles. — Established at Kendal Green, Mass. {Miss
Parsons). (Adv. from Eu.)
84. 0N0p6rDUM [Vaill.] L. Cotton or Scotch Thistle
Receptacle deeply honey-combed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Other-
wise as Cirsinm. — Coarse branching annuals or biennials, with the stems
winged by the decurrent bases of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves.
Heads large ; flowers purple. (Latinized from the ancient Greek name of the
plant. )
1. 0. AcANTHiuM L. Stem (1-8 ra. high) and leaves cotton- woolly ; scales
iinear-awl-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places, N. B. and N. S. to Out., s. to
N. J. and Mich., rather rare. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
85. SILYBUM [Vaill.] Adans. Milk Thistle
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all alike, tubular, perfect, fertile, involucre
large, depressed-globose ; the bracts large, prickly, the broadly ovate base
gTadually or rather abruptly contracted to a straightish rigid spreading or
reflexed herbaceous but indurated and pungent tip. Receptacle flattish, densely
bristly. Achenes glabrous ; pappus of numerous flattish barbellate bristles
united into a ring at the base and deciduous together. — Thistle-like tall stout
prickly herbs with sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid mottled leaves and large solitary
heads of purple flowers. (Derived from aiXv^os, the ancient Greek name of an
edible-stemmed thistle. )
1. S. MARiXxcM (L.) Gaertn. (Lady's Thistle.) Stout and nearly gla-
brous annual or biennial, with large mottled amplexicanl leaves variously lobed
and prickly on the margin. (Mariana Hill.) — An occasional escape from gar-
dens, or weed on ballast and waste grounds. (Introd. from s. Eu.)
86. CENTAUREA L. Star Thistle
Heads many-flowered ; flowere all tubular, the marginal often much larger
(as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose,
imbricated ; the bracts margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or oblong,
compressed or 4-angled, attached obliquely at or near the base ; pappus setose
or partly chaffy, or none. — Herbs with alternate leaves ; the single heads rarely
yellow. (KevTavpirj, an ancient Greek plant-name, poetically associated with
Chiron, the Centaur, but mthout wholly satisfactory explanation.)
Bracts of the involucre (or at least the outer ones) terminated by a definite
elongate rigid spine ; annuals.
SteEQS not winged 1. C. Calcitrapa.
Stems winged.
Spines of the involucre stout, straw-colored, 12-13 mm. long ... 2. C. soUtitialia.
Spines of the involucre slender, purplish, 6-9 mm. long .... 3. C. melitensiti.
Bracts not spinose-tipped, or merely with short firm tip hardly longer than
the lateral teeth, cilia, or fringe.
Bracts entire or merely with irregularly denticulate or lacerated (not regu-
larly toothed or pectinate) margin " A. C. Jacea.
860
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY^
Some bracts with regularly pectinate or toothed marjrin or tip.
Annual, with tioccose white pubescence and simple entire linear or lanceo-
late leaves -
Biennials or perennials (e\<eptionally anjuials), green ; lowest leaves
usually pinnatifid or coarsely toothed.
Middle and outer bracts pectinate or IVinged two thirds to the base.
Leaves all pinnatifid ; green bodies of the involucral bracts con-
spicuous, their margins dark
At least the upper leaves entire or merely short-toothed; pale
bodies of the involucral bracts mostly hidden by the iuibricated
api)endages.
Heads 2-5 cm. broad ; involucral bracts with dark appendages
Heads G-12 cm. broad ; bracts with pale brown or straw-colored
appendages 8
Middle and outer bracts pectinate only at the usually darker tip.
Lower leaves iiinnatifid into Unear or lanceolate segments, the upper
mostly linear ; involucral bracts distinctly ribbed ....
Lower leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, lyrate-jiinnatifid or coarsely
dentate, the upper similar; involucral bracts plane or obscurely
ribbed
5. (\ Cyanu*.
6. C. Seabiosa.
7.
C. nigra.
C americ-ana.
9.
10.
C. maculosa.
C. vochinensis.
1. C. Calcitrapa L. (Caltrop.s, Star Thistle.) Diffusely branched,
somewhat pubescent ; leaves spimilose-toothed ; heads sessile ; all but the inner-
most involucral bracts terminated by a stout divergent straw-colored spine (1-2.5
cm. lonr/), which is naked or with 1 to 4 pairs of spinules at the broad base ;
corollas purplish, all tubular. — Ballast and waste ground, rarely in open woods
near towns, N. Y. to Va. June-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. C. solstitiXlis L. (Barxap,y's Thistle.) Grayish with loose flocco^e
pubescence, branched, 3-5 dm. high ; basal leaves deeply pinnatitid ; the lobes
oblong and elliptical, serrate ; cauline leaves small, oblong-lanceolate, entire or
nearly so. strongly decurrent in broadish ivings upon the stern ; body of the
involucre ovoid, 1.5 cm. in diameter, the stout straight stramineous spines 12-18
mm. long, widely spreading or reflexed ; flowers yellov). — Waste ground, etc.,
e. Mass. to Out. and la., becoming frefjuent. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. C. MELiTENsis L. Leaves slightly decurrent ; heads siibsessile, or mostly
short-peduncled, leafy-bracted at base; middle and lower bracts terminated by
slender weak divergent spinulose-based spines ; innermost bracts
with ascending purplish spines; corollas yellow. — Ballast and
waste grounds about ports ; more abundant in the Pacific States.
June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. C. JA.CEA L. Simple or branched, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves
lanceolate or oblanceolate, slightly denticulate, the lowest peti-
oled, the upper sessile ; heads showy ; involucre subglobose ;
outer bracts pale ; the others glossy dark broion, entire or
slightly lacerated; corollas rose-puiple, the marginal conspicu-
ously enlarged and falsely radiate. — Waste ground and
fields, local, N. E.. X. Y., and N. J. June-Sept. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 1010.
Var. LAC ERA Koch. Leaves often runcinate-dentate ;
outer and middle bracts of the inv<dacre loith a pale finely
lacerated fringe. Mass. to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1011.
5. C. CVancs L. (Bh ebottle, Bachelor's Button,
Cou:^-FLOWER.) Slender, with long ascending branches ter-
minated by solitary heads ; involucre ovoid, of about 4 very
unequal series of pjale bracts; the outermost narrowly del-
toid, and with the longer middle ones bordered by a white or silvery sharp-
toothed scarious band; the innermost elongate-lanceolate, with more or less
erose and col(jred tips; marginal flowers large and ray-like, blue, violet, pink,
or white. — Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, etc. July-Sept. (Introd.
from Eu.)
6. C. ScABi6sA L. Flant rather villous, leafy toward the base, the solitary
large (5-6 cm. broad) heads on elongated bracted peduncles; involucre broadly
ovoid ; the outer bracts ovate-triangular, the inner oblong, all loith a conspic-
uously pectinaV'-ciliate dark margin; corollas purplish, the marginal falsely
radiate. — Fields and waste places, local, e. Que. to Ont. and O. (Nat. from Eu.)
1010. C. Jacea.
Involucre and
bract X i^.
1011. C. Jacea, v. lac.
luvolucre and bract
COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 861
7. C. NIGRA L. (Knapweed, Spanish Buttons.) Rather harsh somewhat
branched plants icith reduced leaves extending nearly or quite to the heads ^
involucre subglobose ; the appendages of the bnicts hirtellous,
blackish (rarely tawny) ; the outermost and middle ones lance-
deltoid and very deeply pectinate-ciliate ; the innermost ovate
or orbicular, paler and irregularly lacerate ; corollas rose-
purple^ all tubular. — Fields and roadsides, locally abundant,
Kfd. and Que. to N.J. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1012.
■ "^?''*'*- Var. RADiATA DC. Involucre tawny (rarely blackish) ;
Involucre and bract ^^^^g,. ^^^^.g^.^ f^ig^iy radiate. — N. S. to Out. and Pa. (Nat.
^ /2- fpom Eu.)
8. C. americana Nutt. Tall and smoothish (0.5-1.5 m. high); stems con-
spicuously thickened below the showy heads; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly
entire; bracts all with conspicuously fringed scarious appendages, the outer-
most and middle with spreading, the elongate innermost with ascending, teeth;
corollas rose-purple to fiesh-pink, the outer conspicuously enlarged. — Plains,
Mo., southw. and southwestw. May-Aug.
9. C. macul6sa Lam. Pubescent or glabrate, with ascending rather wiry
branches ; involucre ovoid-campanulate, in fruit becoming open-campanulate ;
the outer and middle ovate bracts ivith rather firm points, and with 5-7 pairs of
cilia at the dark tip ; innermost bracts elongate, entire or
lacerate ; corollas whitish, rose-pink, or purplish, the marginal *^MW^f^
falsely radiate. — Waste places, roadsides, etc., N. E. to X. J. '^tjj^i^
(Adv. from Eu.)
10. C. vocHiNENSis Bernh. Harsh, somewhat resembling
no. 7; involucre of several very unequal series; the outer-
most bracts deltoid or ovate,' shcrrt, the dark pointed tip bear- ^^j^ ^j vochinensis
i7ig 5-7 pairs of long cilia ; middle bracts elongate-lanceolate, ijivoiud-e and bract
terminated by a dilated ovate or orbicular dark pectinate ^x,
appendage ; innermost bracts elongate, with dark or brightly ^'
colored arose or lacerate appendage ; corollas rose-purple, the marginal falsely
radiate. — Fields and roadsides, local, N. E. to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.
1013.
87. CNICUS L. Blessed Thistle
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal sterile, shorter than
the others, which are perfect and fertile. Bracts of the ovoid involucre coria-
ceous, appressed, extended into a long and rigid spinous appendage. Recepta-
cle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenes terete, short, strongly manj^ -striate,
crowned with 10 short and homy teeth and bearing 10 elongated rigid bristles,
also 10 shorter alternating ones in an inner row. — Ah annual somewhat
pubescent herb, with scarcely pinnatifid-cut but spinescent leaves and large
leafy-bracted heads of yellow flowers. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the
Greek kvtjkos.)
1. C. BENEDicTcs L. (Ccntauvea !>.) — Roadsides and waste places, rare,
N. B. and N. S. to Pa., and southw. (Adv. from Eu.)
88. LApSANA L. Nipple-wort
Heads 8-12-flowered. Bracts of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect; a short
outer series also present. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong ; pappus none. —
Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled
small heads ; flowers yellow. (The Xa/xxf/dpri of Dioscorides was evidently a
wild Mustard.) Lampsana Ilill.
1. L. communis L. Nearly smooth, 3-8 dm. high ; lower leaves ovate, some-
times lyre-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places. Que. to Pa., and Mich. (Nat.
from Eu.)
862 coMPosiTAE (composite family)
89. SERINIA Raf.
Heads as in Lapsana, but the involucre not calyculate ; tips of the bracts
souiewliat conniving in fruit. Achenes obovoid, 10-costate, obscurely and trans-
versely scal)rous-lineoIate. — Low glaucescent glabrous annuals, with oblong to
lanceolate entire or repand-dentate leaves, the upper sessile; and small scat-
tered heads on slender peduncles. (Name intended as a diminutive of o-^pts,
chicory.) Apogox Kll.
L S. oppositifblia (Raf.) Ktze. Peduncles naked or glandular-bristly below
the small (0.5 cm. high) heads. — Damp sandy soil, S. C. to 111., Kan,, and
south w. March-June.
90. ARNOSERIS Gaertn.
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all ligulate and fertile. Involucre campanulate ;
bracts narrow, equal, in 1 series, acuminate, after anthesis tliickened toward the
base. — Small annual, with rosulate leaves and branched upwardly thickened
scapes bearing rather small heads of yellow flowers. (Name from dppds, lamb,
and aipis, chicory.)
1. A. MINIMA (L.) Dumort. (Lamb Succory.) Puberulent, 1.5-3 dm.
high; leaves oblanceolate or spat ulate, mostly toothed. — Fields, etc., Me., 0.,
Mich. , and probably elsewhere, (Adv. from Eu.)
91, CICH6RIUM [Tourn.] L. Succory or Chicory
Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8-10, the
outer of 5 short and spreading bracts. Achenes striate ; pappus of numerous
small chaffy scales, foiming a short crown, — Branching perennials, w'ith deep
roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal, or sijlitary on
short thickened branches. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink
(rarely white), showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)
1. C. Intybus L, (Common C, Blue Sailors.) Stem-leaves oblong
or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runicate, those of the rigid flowering
branches minute. (Including var. divaricatum of Am. auth., probably not of
DC.) — Roadsides and fields, Nfd. to Minn., and south w. July-Oct. (Nat.
from Eu,)
92. KRIGIA Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion
Heads several-many-flowered. Involucral bracts several, in about 2 rows,
thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled ;
pai)pus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate
bristles. — Small herbs, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly radical,
lyrate or toothed ; the small heads tci-minating the naked scapes or branches.
Flowers yellow. (Named for David Kriorj, a German physician, who was
among the first to collect plants in Maryland.) Adopogon Neck.
§ 1. CYMBIA T. &G. Bracts of invohccre 5-?<, remaining erect; achenes turbi-
nate; pappus of 5 obovate scales, and usually 5 alternating bristles; annual.
. 1. K. occidentalis Nutt. Scapes tufted, 1.5 dm. or less high, glandular-
hispid, at least above ; leaves obovate to lanceolate, entire, lyrately lobed, or
pinnatifid. {Adopogon Ktze.) — Prairies, s. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. March-May.
§ 2. ET'KlvtGIA T, & G. Bracts of involucre 0-18, reflexed in age; achenes
turbinate, r^-angled ; pappus of 5-7 sho7't roundish scales and as many alter-
nating bristles ; annual.
2. K, virginica (L. ) Willd. Scapes several, 3 dm. or less high, becoming
branclinl and leafy ; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and
often pinnatilid. (Adopogon carolinianum Brittou.) — Dry soil, s. Me, to Out.,
Minn,, and southw, Apr.-Aug,
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 863
§ 3. CYNTHIA (D. Don) Gray. Involucre of the preceding section ; achenes
more slender; pappus of 10-15 small oblong scales and 15-20 bristles;
perennial.
3. K. Dandelion (L.) Nutt. Boots slender, tuberiferous ; scapes leafless,
1.5-5 dm. high ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire
or few-lobed. {Adopogon Ktze.) — Moist ground, Md. to Kan., and southw.
March-Jtdy.
4. K. amplexicaiilis Nutt. (Cynthia.) Boots fibrous ; stem 1-6 dm. hidi :
stem-leaves 1-3, oblong or oval, clasping^ mostly entire ; the radical ones on
short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. (Adopo-
gon virginicum Ktze.) — Moist banks, Mass. to Ont., Man., and southw. May-
Aug.
93. HYPOCHAERIS L. Cat's-ear
Similar to Leontodon, but at least the inner achenes produced into long slen-
der beaks. Receptacle chaffy. — Old World and South American herbs, with
bracteate slightly branching scapes and yellow flowers. (A name used by
Theophrastus for this or a related genus.)
1. H. RADiCATA L. Perennial; leaves hirsute; scapes 2-4 dm. high, stout;
heads 2.5-4 cm. broad; achenes all beaked. — Fields, waste places, and on bal-
last, Mass. to N. J. and Ont. (Morton). (Nat from Eu.)
2. H. glIbra L. Slender, glabrous, with smaller heads ; outer achenes
truncate.— Si)3iTiug\y in grassland in Me. and 0.; naturalized in Cal. (Adv.
from Eu.)
94. LE6nT0D0N L. Hawkbit
Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike ; pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base,
with sometimes an outer paleaceous crown. Receptacle not chaffy. — Low and
stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid basal leaves, and scapes bearing
one or more yellow heads. (Name from Xecov, a lion, and oSoiJs, a tooth, in
allusion to the toothed leaves.)
* Scape simple or branching, scaly-bracteate above; heads before anthesis
erect; papjms a single row of plumose bristles.
1. L. autumxXlis L. (Fall Dandelion, "Arnica.") Leaves laciniate-
toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent ; scape commonly forking, 1-6 dm.
high ; peduncles thickened at summit, scaly-bracteate (rarelj^ leafy) ; involucre
glabrous or slightly pubescent ; tawny pappus a row of equal bristles. — Fields
and roadsides, Nfd. to w. Ont., Mich., and Pa. Late May-Nov. — A frequent
teratological or pathological form has greenish-yeUow heads without ligules.
(Nat. from Eu.) •
Yar, PRATENSis (Link) Koch. L^'sually larger ; involucre and tips of pe-
duncles densely soft-pubescent with blackish hairs. — Often more abundant
than the typical form. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Scape simple and naked; heads before anthesis nodding ; pappus of two
kinds.
H- Pappus similar in all the flowers, the outer a few short setae, the inner a row
of plumose bristles with dilated bases.
2. L. HASTiLis L. Rather stout, glabrous throughout ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, dentate or pinnatifid ; scape 2-7 dm. high, thickened upward ; heads rather
large; involucre 11-14 mm. long, its smooth lanceolate bracts lead-colored. —
Fields, local, Ct. to O. (Adv. from Eu.)
Yar. VULGARIS Koch. Leaves, scape, and involucre bristly-hispid. (L.
hispidus L.) — Fields and waste places, R. I. to Ont. and s. N. Y. (Adv.
from Eu.)
86-1: COMPOSTTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
H- 4- Pappus of the marginal foivrrs a crown of short scales, of the inner
flowers setiform and plumose.
?>. L. NUDiCAULis (L.) Banks. Slender; leaves hispid; scape filiform, 1-2
dm. high ; involucre 7-10 mm. long, its lanceolate bracts hirsute or glabrous.
(L. hii'tusL..) — Locally established in pastures and waste places, Ct. to N. J.
(Adv. from Eu.)
95. PiCRIS L.
Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer bracts loose or spread-
ing. Achenes with 5-10 rugose ribs ; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose
bristles. — Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The
Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from iriKpos, bitter.)
1. P. HiKRACioiDES L. Rather tall, coiymbosely branched, the bristles
somewhat barbed at tip ; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly
toothed; outer involucral bracts narroio ; achenes oblong, with little or no
beak ; pappus sparsely plumose. — Waste places, sparingly in the interior, and
in ballast on the coast. June-Oct. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. P. ECHioiDES L. (Ox-TONGUE.) Similar, but leaves and bracts spinescent ,
the outer bracts ovate, subcordate, the narrow inner ones becoming thickened
below ; achenes beaked ; pappus densely plumose. — Similar situations. July-
Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
96. TRAG0P6G0N [Tourn.] L. Goat's Beard
Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenuate
equal bracts. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5-10-ribbed. long-beaked ; pappus
of numerous long plumose bristles. — Stout glabrous biennials or perennials,
with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yellow or
purple flowers. (Name from rpdyos, goat, and Tr(Ji)yoiv, beard.)
1. T. poRRiFoLius L. (Salsify, Oyster-plant.) Stem 1 m. or less high ;
peduncle thickened and fistulous below the head ; flowers purple ; achenes and
pappus 7-8 cm. long. — Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Introd. from
Eu.)
2. T. PRATENSLS L. (Goat's Beard.) Very similar; leaves somewhat
broader at base ; peduncle little thickened ; flowers yellow. — Fields, rocky
banks, etc., N. B. and N. S. to N. J., and westw. (Nat. from Eu.)
97. CHONDRILLA [Tourn.] L. Gum Succory
Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal
bracts and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed,
smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among
which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus copious, of yery fine and soft
capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like
branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name used by Dioscor-
ides for some plant which exudes a gum.)
1. C. JUNCEA L. (Skeleton-weed.) Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth
above, 1 m. or less high ; root-leaves runcinate ; stem-leaves few and small,
linear; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 1-1.5 cm. long. — Fields
and roadsides, abundant in Md. and n. Va. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
98. TARAXACUM [Haller] Ludwig. Dandelion
Heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre
double, the outer of short bracts ; the inner of long linear bracts, erect in a
single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4-5-ribbed, the ribs roughened ;
the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft white
capillary pappus. — Perennials or biennials ; leaves radical, pinnatifid or runoi-
COMPOS IT A E (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
8r,5
1014. T. officinale.
Heads and leaf-tips x %.
imte ; flowers yellow. fNanie from rapdcrcreit',
lo (l.isqnict or disor^Jrr, in allusion to medicinal
properties.)
1. T. OFFICINALE Weber. (Common D.)
Leaves coarsrly pi)niatijid, sinuate-dentate,
rarely subeiitire ; heads large (3-5 cm. broad),
orange-yellow ; involucral bracts not glaucous;
the outer elongated, conspicuously reflexed ;
achene olive-green or brownish, bluntly murieate
above, its beak 2-3-times its leii^4li ; pappus
white. ( T. Dens-leonis Desf. ;
T. Taraxacum Karst.) — Pas-
tures and fields, very common.
Apr.-Sept. (and rarely through-
out autumn and winter). —
After blossoming, the inner in-
volucre closes, and the slender
beak elongates and raises w])
the pappus w-hile the fruit is
forming ; the whole involucre is then refiexed. exposing to the
wind the naked fruits, with the pappus in an open globular ^^^^- ^' °^- ^'- ^'^^•
head. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1014. ^^'^-^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^/s-
Var. PALusTRE (Sm.) Blytt. Outer bracts lance-
olate to deltoid-ovate, ascending or spreading, — In
damp places, e. Que. to Ct. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig.
1015.
2. T. ERTTHROSPERMrM Audrz. (Red-seeded D.)
Leaves deeply runcinate-iminatifid or pinnately divided
into narrow segments ; heads smaller (2-3 cm. broad),
sulphur-yellow, outer ligules purplish without ; invo-
lucre glaucous, the iniier bracts corniculate-appendaged
at tip ; the outer short, lanceolate, spreading or ascend-
ing; achene smaller, bright red or red-broion, sharply
murieate above, more than half as long as the beak ;
pappus sordid-white. — In dry fields and on rocks, ]\Ie.
to Pa., locally vsr. to Kan. Late Apr.-June. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 1016.
1016. T. erythrospermum.
Heads and leaf-tip x %.
99. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sow Thistle
Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im-
bricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious,
of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly
falling together. — Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly
smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate
heads of yellow flowers produced in summer and
autumn. (The ancient Greek name.)
* Perennial, with creeping rootstocks ; Jloioers bright
yellow, in large heads.
1. S. ARVExsis L. (Field S.) Leaves run cinate-
pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped
base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes trans-
versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, fields, and
gravelly shores, Nfd. and N. S. to N. J., w. to the
Rocky Mts., commonest north w. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Annual ; flowers pale yellow.
2. S. olerXoeus L. (Common S.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or
rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teetli, clasping by a heart-
OaAV's MANUAL — 55
1017. S. oleraoeus.
Leaf X l^. Achene x 1^.
{
866 COMPOSITAE (composite family)
shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre
downy when 'young ; achenes striate, also
loi'inkled transverseJy . — Waste places, chietiy
in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat.
from Eu.) Fig. 1017.
3. S. AsPER (L.) Hill. (Spiny-leaved S.)
Stem-leaves less divided and more spiny-
toothed, tlie auricles of the clasping base
rounded ; achenes margined, 3-nerved on each
side, smooth. — Waste places, roadsides, etc.
T . i/ A'r^''" iv (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1018.
Leaf X %. Achene x 1%. ^ ''
100. LACTUCA [Tourn.] L. Lettuce
Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical ;
bracts imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes contracted
into a beak, which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very
soft capillary pappus, its bristles falling separately. — Leafy-stemmed herbs,
with panicled heads ; flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn.
(The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa L. ; from lac, milk, in allusion to
the milky juice.)
N. B. — In this genus, the figures of the fruiting heads are on a scale of |, of
the achene \\.
§ 1, SCARIOLA DC. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, with a distinct
soft filiform beak; pappus ichite ; biennial or annual; cauline leaves
sagittate-clasping .
* Heads small, (^-\2-flowered ; achenes from linear-oblong to obovate-oblong,
several-nerved, about equaling the beak; introduced species.
1. L. SCARIOLA L. (Prickly L.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly ; leaves
pinnatifid, spinulose-denticulate, tending to turn into a vertical position {i.e. with
one edge up); midrib iLsually setose beneath ; panicle loose, with widely spread-
ing branches ; flowers pale yellow, sometimes turning bluish in fading or drying.
— Roadsides, railway ballast, etc., s. N. E. to O., Mo., and Ky., chiefly westw.,
but even there less common than the following variety. (Adv. from Eu.)
Var. integrXta Gren. & Godr. Leaves oblong, denticulate, none of them or
only the lowest pinnatifid ; midrib prickly-setose or rarely smoothish. {L.
virosa of Am. auth., not L.) — Waste grounds and roadsides, across the conti-
nent ; westw. an abundant and pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. L. SALiGXA L. Much more slender than the preceding species; stem
nearly or quite smooth ; leaves linear-oblong or narroio and runcinately pin-
natifid (the winged rhachis only 3-5 mm. wide), the margin sparingly toothed,
not regularly or conspicuously denticulate; heads short-pediceled, in virgate
somewhat fastigiate panicles. — Waste ground, 0. (^Selby, Kellerman). (Adv.
from Eu.)
** Heads 'i2-20-flowered ; achenes oval to oblong-oval, blackish, narrow-mar-
gined, about equaling the beak, l-nerved on each face.
H- Leaves glabrous.
3. L. canadensis L. (WildL., Horsk-weed.) Mostly tall (1-3.2 m. high),
very leafy, glabrous or nearly so, glaucous ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, pale beneath,
mostly sinuate-pi nnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire ;
heads 1-1.5 cm. long, numerous, in an elongated usually open
panicle; flowers i)ale yellow. — Rich damp soil, borders of
fitdds or thickets, common. Fig. 101i>. Var. Montana Brit-
ton. Leaves all entire, rather narroioly ohlong-lanceolate. —
Shores, clearings, and rocky uplands, N. S. to Ont. and O.
• — A similar state is often developed when the main axis is
injured as by mowing.
lOl'j. L. canadensis. 4. L. integrifolia Bigel. Similar in stature," inflorescence.
IIOMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY)
867
etc.; leaves broadly ohlanceolate or even obovate, iinlobed, pale beneath, acumi-
nate, sagittate at base, some or all rather finely sinuate-toothed^ the upper
usually entire or nearly so. — Rich thickets, etc., e. Mass. to Ind.
5. L. sagittifblia Ell. 'I'all and stout, glabrous, very leafy ; leaves thickish,
broadly oblimg or lance-obhmg, acute, strictly entire or merely a little toothed
on ilie broad and conspicuous amplexicaul auricles of the sagittate base ; iiitio-
rescence, etc., as in nos. 3 and -1. (L. integrifolia Man, ed. 6, in part.) — Rich
soil, Pa. to S. C.
-^ -»- Leaves hirsute or hispid-setose on the midnerve beneath.
•>-<■ Stem leafy chiefly at or below the middle ; bracts of the inflorescence minute^
subulate ; slender eastern and. southern species.
6. L. hirsuta Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 0.5-1 m. high,
commonly hirsute at base ; leaves hirsute on both sides or only
on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pinnatifid, with rather narrow
rhachis and lobes ; heads slender and elongated, in a loose
open panicle ; achenes elliptic-oblong, equaled by the beak ;
flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. — Dry
open ground. Que. to La, and Tex. Fig,
1020.
+* •*-»• Stem more uniformly leafy; bracts at
the base of the inflorescence somewhat
^foliaceous ; stout species of the interior.
1020. L, hirsuta.
7. L. ludoviciana (Xutt.) Riddell. Tall and stout, 0,5-
1.5 m, high, leafy ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, the rhachis and
spinulose-toothed lobes rather broad ; heads large, ovoid, in io2i. L. ludoviciana.
an open panicle: the involucre much imbricated, 1.5-2 cm.
long; flowers yelloic. — Minn,, la., and south westw. Fig, 1021,
8. L, campestris Greene, Closely similar to no, 7, but flowers blue. — Prai-
ries, s. Minn, to Kan. — Perhaps only a color form of the preceding.
*** Heads about '[S-flowered; achenes lanceolate, S-ribbed on each face, nar-
row-margined., 3-4 times exceeding the beak.
9. L. M6rssii Robinson. Very leafy, somewhat hirsute below. 1-3 m. high ;
leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, mostly S-lolDed, 1.2-2 dm. long, half as broad, on
broadly winged clasping petioles, the lower somewhat hirsute
beneath on the midrib, etc. ; panicle ample ; involucre about 1 cm.
long ; flowers blue ; achene black, mottled with brown ; pappus
cream-colored in drying. — Rich low ground, Me. and Mass.; also
reported from n. X. Y, Fig, 1022.
102J.
the
.,..V>
\V
§2. LACTUCASTRUM Gray. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong,
marginless., tapering to a short slender firm beak; perennial ;
L. M.,rssii. flowers blue.
10, L. Steele! Britton. Tall and stout ; leaves ovate-oblong to
broadly lanceolate, doubly dentate but unlobed. acuminate, hirsntf upon
midnerve and principal veins beneath, narrowed at the base to
rather long and winf^ed petioles ; heads in an open panicle ;
flowers bluish-purple ; achenes lanceolate, 3-ribbed on each
surface, the margin .<liirlitly thickened. — Open w^oodland, near
^Ya.shin£:ton, D. C. (Stpple).
11. L. pulchella (Pursh) DC. (Bmk L.) Pale or glau-
cous ; stem simple, 1 m. or less high ; leaves sessile, glahrous,
oblong- or liuear-lanrr<flate, entire, or the lower runcinate-
pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-
bracted peduncles ; involucral bracts imbricated in 3—4 ranks.
— Upper Midi, and Out., westw. and southw. Fig. 1023.
1*
1028. L. i.uk-bella
8(38
COMPOS IT AE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
1024. L. villosa.
§ 3. MULGEDIUM (Cass.) Gray. Achenes thirkish, ohlong, contracted into a
short thick beak or neck ; annual or biennial ; flowers chiefly blue.
* Pappus white.
12. L. vill5sa Jacq. Tall biennial, 1-2 m. high, with many
small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doul ly
serrate, or runcinate, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneaih,
contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest
occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the
cauline sagittate or hastate ; achenes beakless.
(L. acuminata Gray.) — Borders of woods, N. Y.
to Neb., and south w. Fig. 1024.
13. L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate,
or rarely entire, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping
base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked; otherwise as
no. 12. — Rich soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Neb., and southw. Fig.
1025.
* * Pappus tawmj.
14. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Nearly smooth biennial, tall
(1-3.5 m. high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, some-
times runcinate, coarsely toothed, the upper cauline sessile and
auriculate, sometimes clasping ; heads in a large and dense com-
fJI pound panicle ; flowers bluish to cream-color ; achene short-
^ beaked. {L. leucophoea Gray.) — Low grounds, rather common.
Fig. 1026. Var. ixtegrifolia (Gray) Britton. Leaves un-
divided, or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. — Me. to 111. and N. C.
1025. L. floridana.
1026. L. spicata.
101. LYGODESMIA D. Don.
Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Prenanthes, the cylindrical involucre
more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit ;
pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, with terminal or
scattered heads of rose-purple flowers on the leafless or rusli-
like stems or branches. (Name composed of \vyos, a pliant
ticig, and dea/xTj, a bundle., from the fascicled twiggy or rush-
like stems. )
1. L. juncea (Pursh) D. Don. Perennial, 2-4 dm. high,
tufted, rigid, much branclied ; lower lenvrs
lance-linear, 2.5-5 cm. long., rigid., the tipper
airl-shaped and minute ; heads 5-flowered,
terminal ; achene filiform., only slightly
attenuate above., 4-5 mm. long. — Plains, St.
Croix River, Wise, to the Saskatchewan,
Mo., and westw. June-Sept. Fig. 1027.
2. L. rostrata Gray. Annual, 1 m. or less
high, corymbose-paniculate ; leaves elongate,
the lower about 1 dm. long ; heads 8-0-flowered, scattered ; achene
fusiform., distinctly attenuate above., 1 cm. long. — Sandy s(»il,
Kan. to the Saskatchewan, and westw. Aug.-Sept. Fig. 1028.
1027. L. juncea.
Ih-ads y.%.
Achene X ly..
1028. L. rostrata
Achene x 1 %.
102. AG6sERIS Raf.
Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Bracts of the bell-shaped involucre
ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth,
10-ribbed, with or without a distinct beak; pappus usually longer than tlie
achene. white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles. — Perennial
scapose herbs, with eloii<rate<? linear tufted basal leaves, and yellow flowers.
(Name from a?!, goat., and aipis, chicory.)
COMPOSiTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
8G9
1. A. cuspidata (Pursb) Steud. Scape 3 dm. high,
from a thickened caudex ; leaves lan-
ceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp
point, entire, woolly on the margins ;
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-
pointed ; achene beakless. (Troximon
Pursh; Nothocalais Greene.)- — Prairies,
Wise, and n. 111., westw. and north-
westw. Apr., ^lay. Fig. 1029.
2. A. glaiica (Pursh) Steud. Scape
3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear to lanceo-
late, entire to dentate or laciniate ; head
often pubescent or villous ; achene long-
beakecl {Troximon Pursh.) — Minn. 1030. A. glauca.
to the Saskatchewan, southw. and westw. Pig. 1030. Achene x ii^.
1029. A. cuspidata.
Head x %.
Achene x 1%.
1031. P. carohnianus.
Head x %. Achene x 1%.
103. PYRRHOPAPPUS DC. False Dandelion
Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft
pappus reddish or rust-color, and surrounded at base
by a soft-villous ring. — Mostly annual or biennial
herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below.
Heads solitary, terminal. Flowers deep yellow. (Name
composed of Truppos, flame-colored, and Tra-mros, pappus.)
SiTiLiAS Raf .
1. P. carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Annual or bien-
nial, branching, 1-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong or lanceo-
late, entire, cut or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly
clasping. (Sitilias Raf.) — Sandy fields, Del. to Mo.,
Kan., and southw. Apr.-July. Fig. 1031.
104. CREPIS L. Hawk's Beard
Involucre few-many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal bracts often
becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white, soft. — Annuals or bien-
nials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant,
from Kprjiris, a sandal.)
* Involucre glabrous.
1. C. PULCHRA L. Annual, 0.3-1.5 m. high, pubescent below, leafy near
the base ; leaves pubescent, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, runcinate-dentate, the
lower on margined petioles, the upper somewhat clasping ; heads in a loose
naked panicle; involucre 1 cm. high. — Locally established in Va. (Adv.
from Eu.)
* * Involucre pubescent.
•*- Perennial ; scapose or nearly so.
2. C. runcinata (James) T. & G. Stem 3-9 m. high, glabrous or somewhat
glandular-hispid ; leaves rosulate, obovate-oblong or oblong-spatulate. repand or
runcinate-dentate, glabrous or slightly hispidulous ; heads loosely corymbose,
2 cm. broad ; involucre hirsute, 1 cm. or so high. — On saline soil, Man. to la.^
and westw. June, July.
■t- -t- Annuals or biennials ; steins leafy.
3. C. capillXris (L.) Wallr. Ascending, 3-n dm. high;
leaves lance-spatulate, laciniate-pinnatifid or merely dentate,
the cauline with sagittate-auriculate bases ; heads small, invo-
lucre 6-7 mm. hish ; arhenes sjnooth. \0-nerved, slightly nar-
roioed at both ends. (C. virens L.) —Fields and waste places,
becoming frequent. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 1032.
T
1032. C. capillarls.
Achene x 1%.
870 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)
4. C. TECTORUM L. Slender, branching from the base, 2 4
dm. high ; leaves narrow, runcinate, often sagittate-aiii-iculate ;
heads small, in a loose panicle ; achenfn fusi-
form, attenuate above, the ribs upwardly sca-
brous.— In fields, Ont,, Mich., and Neb.; and
on ballast eastw. July-Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
lObb. C. tectorum. FlG. 1033. •
Head X 2/ ^' C biennis L. Somewhat pubescent, 6-8 dm.
Achene x'lV ^ig^i leafy ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads
rather large, 2-4 cm. broad, corymbose ; achenes
13-nerved, glabrous, attenuate above. — Locally in fields and waste I0o4. c. biennis,
places, N. E. to Ta. and Mich. (Adv. from Eu.) Fig. 1034. Achene x 11/3.
106. PRENANTHES [Vaill.] L. Rattlesnake-root
Heads 5-30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-14 linear bracts in a single
row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate
or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious whitish, straw-
colored, or brownish rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upriglit
leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable
leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers in late summer
and autumn. (Name from irp-qvTjs, drooping, and di>67], blossom.) Nabalus
Cass.
* Heads rather broad, 2o-Sb-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.
1. P. crepidinea Michx. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout, 1.5-2.7 m. high,
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters ; leaves large (1.5-3 dm.
long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly toothed, contracted
into winged petioles; flowers cream-color; pappus brown. {Nabalus DC.) —
Rich soil, w. N. Y. to Minn., and southw. Sept., Oct.
* * Heads slender, S-lo-Jlowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence ;
stems simple ; cauline leaves sessile; pappus straw-color.
•<- Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect, 12-ld-flowered.
2. P. racemosa Michx. Stem 0.2-1.5 m. high, smooth and glaucous, as well
as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower leaves tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping ; heads iu
crowded clusters ; flowers purplish. (Nabalus Hook.) — River-banks and prai-
ries, e. Que. to Alb., s. to N. B., n. Me., Great L. region. Mo., S. Dak., and Col.;
also in marshes of s. N. Y. and n. N. J. Aug., Sept. Var. piNNAxfFiDA Gray.
Leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. — Marshes, s. N. Y. and n. N. J. ; also in Ont.
(according to Macoun).
3. P. aspera Michx. Stem 0.5-1.3 m. high, rough-pubescent, as well as the
oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping;
heads in small clusters ; flowers larger, cream-color. (Xahalus T. & G.) — Dry
prairies and barrens, O. to S. Dak., and southw. Aug., Sept.
-t- H- Whole plant glabrous ; heads nodding, S-\2-flowered; thyrse looser.
4. P. virgata Michx. (Slender R.) Slightly glaucous ; stem 6-12 dm.
high, prolonged into a nake<l and slender spiked raceme (4-6 dm. long); heads
clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the
upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatitid ; involucre (purplish)
of about 8 bracts. (Nahahts DC.) — Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept.,
Oct.
6. P. mainensis Gray. Stem 0.5-1 m.high, leafy ; leaves as in no. 2, but the
radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole ; heads persistently
drooping on slender pedicels. — St. John and Aroostook valleys, Me. and N.B.
Aug., Sept. — Perhai>s a hybrid between nos. 2 and 8.
COMPOSLTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 871
* * * Hpuds 5-lS-f!()wered. raremose or paniculate, commonly pendulous ; leaves
variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base.
•*- Involucre cylindrical (at least below the middle); bracts scarious-margined,
the outer numerous, short, appressed.
** Involucre of 6-8 primai'y bracts, S-V2-floioered.
= Pappus deep reddish-brown.
6. P. alba L. (White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth and glau-
cous ; stem stout, usually purplish, 0.5-1.5 in. high, corymbose-panicled at
summit ; leaves angulate or triaugular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3-5-cleft,
the uppermost oblong and undivided ; involucre whitish-green and j^urplish,
glaucous; flowers whitish, (yahalus Hook.) — Rich woods and thickets, s.
Me. to the Saskatchewan, s. to Ga., Ky., and 111. Late July-early Oct.
= = Pappus vjhitish or brownish-white.
a. Primary bracts scarcely as long as the pappus, the small outer ones
lanceolate.
7. P. serpentaria Pursh. (Lion's-foot, Gall-of-the-earth.) Stem smooth,
3-12 dm. high, usually purplish, corymbose-panicled at summit ; leaves thick,
^^ variously lobed, often pinnatifid with blunt or rounded lobes,
or even entire, the lower on margined petioles; heads chiefly
clustered at the tips of elongate branches; involucre funnel-
form, ciilindric below, its sublierbaceous green or purplish
J|,: Vj^^^* frequently setnlose bracts abruptly spreading above the middle ;
flowers purplish, greenish-white, or cream-color ; achenes
1035. P. serpentaria. yellow-brown. (Xabalus Hook.) — Dry open soil, e. Mass.
Heads x%. to Fla. and Ala. Sept., Oct. Fig. 1035.
b. Primary bracts as long as the pappus, the small outer ones deltoid to ovate.
8. P. trifoliolata (Cass.) Fernakl. (Gall-of-thr-earth.) Glabrous, 1 .5-15
dm. high ; leaves thinnish, nearly all petioled ; the lower mostly 3-divided or
angulate, occasionally uncleft or with the divisions finely dis-
sected ; inflorescence an elongate panicle, the heads clustered
at the tips of comparatively short ascending branches or in the
upper axils; involucre cylindric, glaucous; its pale green or
purple-tinged primary bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, the inner
icith broad scarious margins; outer calycidate bracts lance-
deltoid, rather fiiTu, with pale hyaline margins, regularly 1036. P. trifoliolata.
imbricated, the longest 1.5-2.5 mm. long; achenes yellow- Heads x%.
brown. {Nabalus Cass.; P. serpentaria Man. ed. 6, in part,
not Pursh.) — Thickets and woods, Nfd. and Que. to Del., Pa., and along the
mts. to Tenn. Aug., Sept. Fig. 1036.
9. P. nana (Bigel.) Torr. Stem simple and strict, 0.5-7.5 dm. high ; leaves
much as in the preceding, very variable in outline; inflorescence a thyrse or
raceme, rarely somewhat paniculate or subcorymbose ; involucre thick-cylindric,
glabrous ; bracts lead-color or blackish ; the primary ones linear- to lance-oblong,
blunt or acutish, the inner with narrow scarious margins; outer calycidate
bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blackish-green, herbaceous or fleshy, very
unequal, the longest 3-6 mm. long; achenes yellowish- to reddish-brown.
(Nahalns DC; JP. serpentaria, var. Gray; P. trifoliolata, var. Fernald.) —
Rocky or mossy places, Lab. and Nfd. to the coast of N. S., and the higher mts.
of n. N. E. and n. N. Y. July-Sept.
■^ -^ Involucre of 5 primary bracts, 6-6-floicered.
10. P. altissima L. Smooth, tall and slender, 1-2 m. high ; heads in small
axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle;
leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and
merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3-5-parted,
872 coMPOsiTAE (composite family)
with the divisions entire or again cleft ; involucre very slender^ greenish ; flowers
greenish-white; pappus cream-color. {Nahalus Hook.) — Rich moist woods,
Nfd. to Man., s. to Ga. and Tenn. Late July-early Oct. Var. hispidula
Fernald. Stems villous or hispid ; leaves at least hispidulous on the veins
beneath. — Wet woods, e. Que. to Vt. and Ct.
Var. cinnam5mea Fernald. Pappus cinnamon-color or deep brown. — Ind.
to Mo. and La.
-t- -(- Involucre slender-campanulate ; secondary basal bracts 2-S, linear, loose.
11. P. Bo6ttii (DC.) Gray. Simple, dwarf, l-o dm. high, pubescent at the
summit : the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering
into a margined petiole ; involucre livid, 10-18-flowered ; the primary bracts
10-15, very obtuse; pappus pale straw-color. — Alpine regions, n. N. E. and
n. N. Y. July-Sept.
106. HIERAcIUM [Tourn.] L. Hawkweed
Heads 12-many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes
short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked ; pappus a single row of tawny
and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Hispid or hirsute and often glandular
perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly
yellow flowers ; summer and early autumn. (Name from Upa^, a haiok.)
* BootstocJc slender^ elongated; stolons usually present ; scapose.
•I- Scape 1-S (-4) -headed.
1. H. PiLOSELLA L. (MousE-EAK.) Lcavcs oblong-lanccolate or spatulate,
2-6 cm. long, setose upon both surfaces, green above, whitened beneath with
close stellate tomentum ; stolons several, slender, leafy ; scape 5-20 cm. high,
1 -headed ; heads 2.5-3 cm. broad; flowers yellow. — Grassland, becoming fre-
quent. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. viRiDE Ser. Coarser ; leaves often 1 dm. long, green on both surfaces ;
scape l-3(-4)-headed, 1.5-4 dm. high. — Fields, pastures, etc., also becoming too
frequent. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)
-•- -»- Scape bearing several-many heads in a rather dense corymb.
-^ Flowers orange-red.
2. H. AURANTiAcuji L. (Orange H., Devil's Paint-brush, Grim the Col-
lier.) Long-hirsute ; leaves oblanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, green on both sides ;
stolons numerous, slender; scape 2-6 dm. high, usually 1-2-bracted ; heads
about 2 cm. broad. — Fields, etc., e. Que. to Ont. and Pa., locally too abundant.
June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)
•»-v ++ Flowers yellow,
3. H. FLORiBT^NDUM Wimm. & Grab. Glaucous; stolons numerous; basal
leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, essentially glabrous above., setose
on the margin, midrib, and sometimes very sparingly on the surface beneath ;
primary scape 3-8 dm. high, usually naked or with only 1 leaf near the base ;
involucre nigrescent ; flowers bright yellow. — Fields and open ground, N. B. and
e. Me. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) — Luxuriant plants developing decumbent
leafy secondary flowering axes as well as stolons.
4. H. PRATKNSE Tausch. (King Dkvil.) G^'reew, not glaucous ; stolons few ;
basal leaves narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 1-2.5 dm. long, setose upon both
surfaces; scape 4-8 dm. Ijigh, bearing 1-3 well developed leaves; otherwise
like the preceding. — Fields, roadsides, etc., e. Que. to s. N. Y. June-Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)
COMPOSLTAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 873
* * Rootstock shorty stout, praemorse.
4- Heads small, 1-2.3 cm. in diameter.
w- Inflorescence a corymbiform panicle (sometimes subcylindric in no. 11, which
has leafy bi'acts).
= Leaves (at least those of the primary axis) chiefly basal.
a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, glaucous.
5. H. praeIltum Gochnat, var. decipiens Koch. Somewhat glaucous, bear-
ing numerous slender elongated leafy branches from the base; basal leaves
narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblong, somewhat hispid on both surfaces and
finely stellate-pubescent beneath ; scape tall, setose ; corymb irregular ; flowers
yellow. — Established in a dry pasture, Andover, Mass. (A. S. Pease). June.
(Adv. from Eu.)
G. H. FLORENTiNUJi All. (KiNG Devil.) Without slender leafy branches
from the base, smoothish ; basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, thickish,
sparingly setose or more often glabrous; scape 3-8 dm. high, smooth or spar-
ingly setose ; corymb many-headed. {H. praealtum Man. ed. 6, not Gochnat.)
— Open places, fields, etc., e. Que. to n. N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)
5. Leaves elliptic-oblong.
7. H. venbsum L. (Rattlesxake-weed, Poor Robin's Plantain.) Scape
2-7 dm. high, naked, or with 1 rarely 2 leaves (var. subcaulescens T. &G.),
smooth, slender, forking above into a loose corymb ; leaves nearh^ entire,
scarcely petioled, thin, glabrous and often purple-veined or mottled above,
glaucous beneath ; pedicels very slender, sparingly glandular-pubescent toward
the tip. — Dry woods and open sandy places, s. Me. to Ga., and westw. Late
May-Sept.
8. H. Greenii Porter & Britton. Scape 2-7 dm. high, usually spreading-
villous especially below, naked or more often with 1-2 leaves near the base ;
leaves spatulate to obovate, green, conspicuously sordid- or tavniy-viUous on
both surfaces; inflorescence copiously glandular-hispid. {H. marianum, var.
spathulatum Gray.) — Dry woods. Pa. and O. to Mo., and southw.
= = Stem leafy to the inflorescence.
9. H. paniculatum L. Stem slender, 3-12 dm. high, glabrous except at the
villous base ; leaves thin, lanceolate, remotely toothed, acute, glabrous, glaucous
beneath; panicle lax; heads comparatively sm«ZZ (\2-20-flowered), on filiform
smoothish pedicels. — Open woods, N. S. and centr. Me. to Mich., s. to Ga. and
Ala. Late July-Sept.
10. H. marianum Willd. Stouter ; stem setose at least below ; leaves obo-
vate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at tip, subentire ; the basal large, on hairy
winged petioles, green or rarely purple-veined, glabrous above, hairy on the
veins beneath; panicle open, corymbiform; heads larger (20-AO-floicered), on
whitish-tomentose and glandular-hispid pedicels. — Open woods and clearings,
N. H. to O., and southw. June-Aug.
IL H. scabrum Michx. Stoutish, 3-12 dm. high, rough-hairy ; /eaves elliptic
to spatulate-obovate, obtuse, subentire, thickish, haii'y on both surfaces, deep
green above, paler beneath ; panicle stiff, corymbiform, its axis and branches
densely white-tomentose and commonly covered ^^ith numerous dark glands ;
heads 40-oO-flowered, on thickish pedicels. — Dry woods and pastures, frequent.
July-Sept.
++ ++ Inflorescence more slender and elongated, subcylindric, not leafy-bracted.
12. H. Gron5vii L. Stem wand-like, 3-12 dm. high, leafy chiefly below the
middle, villous at base ; basal leaves oblong to obovate, 5-15 cm. long, rounded
or obtuse at the tip, setose chiefly above, minutely stellate-pubescent beneath ;
the stem-leaves similar, decreasing rapidly in size ; panicle thyrsoid, 1-4 dm.
long, without leafy bracts; lieads 15-20-tlowered, on slightly glandidar pedi-
cels.— Sandy soil, Mass. to Ont., Kan., and southw. Aug.-Oct.
874 coMPOSiTAE (composite family J
13. H. longipilum Torr. Similar, copiously covered with extremely long
(1-2 cm.') soft white to tawny hairs; basal leaves oblanceolate, acuLish, l.;^-8
dm. long; upper leaves similar, much smaller; heads 20-80-flowered ; pedicels
copiously glandular. — Open woods and prairies, Mich, to Minn., southw. and
.south westw. Aug., Sept.
■t- ■«- Heads large, 2.5-4.5 cm. in diameter.
++ Basal leaves elliptic to ovate, slender-petioled, the cauline rather few.
14. H. mcr6rum L. (Goldex Lungwort.) Scape naked or with a single
leaf, 2-7 dm. high, smoothish ; leaves green, not mottled; the bavsal toothed or
incised especially -near the rounded or suhcordate base; heads few; involucre
densely glandular. — Established in open woods, Northampton, Mass. {3Irs.
Terry) and near Brooklyn, N. Y. May, June. (Adv. from Eu.)
15. H. vulgXtum Fries. Stem hearing 2-several leaves, 1.5-8 dm. tall,
rather slender and flexuous ; basal leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, tapering to
the petiole, remotely dentate, usually puj'plish-mottled above ; heads 1-several,
about 4 cm. in diameter. — Fields, open woods, and ledgy shores, Nfd. to w.
Que. and locally s. to s. N. Y. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
++ ++ Basal leaves lance-oblong, scarcely petioled, the cauline numerous.
16. H. canad^nse Michx. Stoutish, 2-12 dm. high; leaves ovate to lance-
oblong, spreading, coarsely toothed especially below the middle, acute, firm
in texture, at least the upper rounded or suhcordate at the base ; heads several,
in a corymb. — Borders of woods, shores, etc., Nfd. to B. C, s. to N, J., Pa.,
the Great L. region, and Ore. July-Sept.
17. H. umbellatum L. Similar; leaves lance-linear to lanceolate, attenuate
to a narrow sessile base, entire or nearly so; heads few, subumbellate. —
L. Superior, uorthw. and westw. (Eurasia.)
GLOSSARY
, Abortion. Imperfect development or non-devel-
opment of an organ.
Abortive. Defective or barren.
Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so, or
with stem subterranean.
Accumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges
against the radicle.
Achene. A small dry and hard 1-celled 1-seeded
Indehiscent fruit.
Achlamydeous. Without calyx or corolla.
Acicular. Slenderly needle-shaped.
Aculeate. Pricicly ; beset A^ith prickles.
Aculeolaie. Beset with diminutive prickles.
Acumi7iate. Tapering at the end.
Acute. Terminating with a sharp or well defined
angle.
Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with the
calyx-tube. Adnate anther, one attached for
Its whole length to the inner or outer face of
the filament.
Adrentive. Imperfectly naturalized.
Aestivatio7i. The arrangement of the parts of
the perianth in the bud.
Alate, Winged.
Albumen. Any deposit of nutritive material
accompanying the embryo.
Albuminous. Having albumen.
Alliaceous. Having the smell or taste of garlic.
Alternate (of leaves, etc.)- Not opposite to each
other on the axis, but arranged singly at
different heights.
Alveolate. Honeycombed ; having angular de-
pressions separated by thin partitions.
Alveolation. A honeycombed condition.
Ament. A catkin, or scaly spike.
Amphigean. Native of both Old and New
Worlds.
Amphiiropous (ovule or seed). Half-inverted
and straight, with the hilura lateral.
Amplescicaul. Clasping the stem.
Anastomosing. Connecting by cross-veins and
forming a network.
Anatropous (ovule). Inverted and straight,
with the micropyle next the hilum and the
radicle consequently inferior.
Ancipital. Two-edged.
Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of
both starainate and pistillate flowers.
Androsporangium. The receptacle in which
androspores are formed.
Andros2~)ore. The minute reproductive body,
which gives rise to the (often exceedingly ob-
scure) male plantlet in the sexual generation.
The same as Microspore.
-androus. In composition, having stamens.
87
Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne within
a pericarp.
Annual. Of only one year's duration. Winter
annual, a plant from autumn-sown seed which
blooms and fruits in the following spring.
Annular. In the form of a ring.
Anterior. On the front side of a flower and next
the bract, remote from the axis of inflorescence ;
equivalent to inferior and (less properly) ex-
terior.
Anther. The poUiniferous part of a stamen.
Antheridiu7n. In Cryptogams, the organ cor-
responding to an anther.
Antheriferous. Anther-bearing.
Antherozoid . One of the minute organs devel-
oped in an antheridium.
Anthesis. The time of expansion of a flower.
Apetalous. Having no petals.
Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip.
Apogamoiis. Developed without fertilization.
Aj^pressed. LAing close and flat against.
Arachnoid. Cobwebby ; of slender entangled
hairs.
Archegonium. The organ in the higher Crypto-
gams corresponding to a pistil in the Flowering
Plants.
Arcuate. Moderately curved.
Areolatz. Marked out into small spaces ; reticu-
late.
Areole. A small space marked out upon a sur-
face.
Aril. An appendage growing at or about the
hilum of a seed.
Arillate. Having an aril.
Arifdate. A wned ; provided with stiflBsh bristle-
shaped appendages.
Articulate. Jointed; having a node or joint.
Ascending. Eisiug somewhat obliquely, or
cur\ing upward. Ascending ovule, one that
is attached above the base of the ovary and is
directed upward.
Asfiurgent. Ascending.
Attenuate. Slenderly tapering ; becoming very
narrow.
Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage.
Auriculate. Furnished with auricles.
Alcl-shaped. Tapering upward from the base
to a slender or rigid point.
Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage.
Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with
the stem.
Asrile, Situated in the axis.
Axillai'y. Situated in an axil.
Aifis. The central line of any organ or support
of a group of organs ; a stem, etc.
876
GLOSSARY
Bnccitte. Rerry-like ; pulpy throughout.
Barbed. Furiii-^hi-d with rigid points or short
bristles, usually reflexed like the barb of a fish-
hook.
Barbellate. Finely barbed.
Barhulate. Finely bearded.
Banifixed. Attached by the base.
Bunt. The fibrous portion of the inner bark.
Bfdked. Ending in a prolonged tip.
Bearded. Bearing a long awn, or furnished with
long or stiff hairs.
Berry. A fruit, the whole pericarp of which is
fleshy or pulpy.
Bi- or Bis-, A Latin prefix signifying two,
twice, or doubly.
Bidentate. Having two teeth.
Biennial. Of two years' duration.
Bifid. Two-cleft.
Bilabiate. Two-lipped.
Bilocrdar. Two-celled.
Binerual. Having both stamens and pistils.
Bicalvular. With two valves.
Blade. The e.xpanded portion of a leaf, etc.
Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending
a flower or belonging to an inflorescence, or
sometimes cauline.
Bracteal. Of or pertaining to the bracts.
Bracteate. Having bracts.
Bracteolate. Having bractlets.
Bracteole. Bractlet.
Bracteose. With numerous or conspicuous
bracts.
Bractlet. A secondary bract, as one upon the
pedicel of a flower.
Bud. The rudimentary state of a stem or
branch; an unexjjanded flower.
Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy scales
or coats.
Bulbiferous. Bearing bulbs.
Bulblet. A small bulb, especially one borne
upon the stem.
Bulbous. Having the character of a bulb.
Bullate. Blistered or puckered.
Bursicle. A pouch-like receptacle.
Caducous. Falling ofl' very early.
Caespitose. See Cespitose.
Calearate. Produced into or having a spur.
CalloHity. A hardened thickening.
Callus. A hard protuberance or callosity ; in the
Grasses the tough often hairy swelling at the
base or insertion of the lemma or palet.
Calyculate. Having bracts around the calyx or
involucre imitating an outer calvx.
Calyx. The outer i)erianth of the flower.
Cawpanulate. Bell-shaped ; cup-shaped with a
broafl base.
Campylotro pous (ovule or seed). So curved as
to bring the apex and base nearly together.
Canaliculate. Longitudinally channeled.
Canexcent. Hoary with gray pui)escence.
Capillary. Hair-like.
Capitate. Sha[)ed like a head ; collected Into a
head or dense fluster.
Capxrthrr. Belonging to or of the nature of a
capsule.
Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed oi
more than one carpel.
Cariiial. On or having relation to a ridge or keel.
Carinaie. Having a keel or projecting longi-
tudinal medial line on the lower surface.
Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a
compound pistil.
Carpophore. The slender prolongation of the
floral axis which in the Umhelliferae supports
the pendulous ripe carj)els.
Caruncle. An excrescence or appendage at or
about the hilum of a seed.
Carunculaie. Having a caruncle.
Caryofjsis. A grain, as of Grasses ; a seed-like
fruit with a thin pericarp adnata to the con-
tained seed.
Castaneous. Of a chestnut-color ; dark brown.
Catkin. An ament.
Caudate. Having a slender tail-like appendage.
Catidex. The persistent base of an otherwise
annual herbaceous stem.
Caudicle. The thread-like or strap-shaped stalk
of a pollinium.
Caulescent. Having a manifest stem above
ground.
Cauline. Belonging to the stem.
Cell. One of the minute vesicles, of very various
forms, of which plants are formed. Any struc-
ture containing a cavity, as the cells of an
anther, ovary, etc.
Cellular (tissue). Composed of short transpar-
ent thin-walled cells, in distinction from fibrous
or vascular.
Centrum. The central portion ; here used spe-
cifically for the large central air-space in hollow
stems such as those of Equiseturn.
Cespitose (or Caespitose). Growing in tufts ;
forming mats or turf.
Chaff. A small thin scale or bract, becoming
dry and membranous.
Chaff'y. Having or resembling chaff.
Channeled. Deeply grooved longitudinally, like
a gutter.
Chartaceoxis. Having the texture of writing-
paper.
Chlorophyll. The green coloring-matter within
the cells of plants.
Chlorophyllose . Containing chlorophyll.
Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.
(Mliolate. Minutely ciliate.
Cinereotis. Asli-color.
fircinate. Coiled from the top downward, as
the young frond of a fern.
Circumscissil e . Dehiscing by a regular trans-
verse circular line of division.
Cla/cate. Club-shaped; gradually thickened
upward.
Cleistogamous. Fertilized in the bud, without
the opening of the flower.
Coalescence. The union of parts or organs of
the same kind.
Coccus (pi. Cocci). One of the parts into which
a lobed fruit with 1 -seeded cells splits.
Cochleate. Spiral. like a snail-shell.
Cohesinn. The union of one organ with an-
other of like nature.
GLOSSARY
877
Cornmissure. The surface by which one carpel
joins another, as in the Umbelli/erae.
Comose. Furnished with or resembling a tuft
of hairs.
Complicate. Folded upon itself.
Compound. Composed of 2 or more similar
parts united into one whole. Compound leaf,
one divided into separate leatlets.
Compressed. Flattened, especially lateralh'.
Co II duplicate. Folded together lengthwise.
Confluent. Running into each other ; blended
into one.
Coniferous. Cone-bearing,
Connate. United ; used especially of like struc-
tures joined from the start.
Connective. The portion of a stamen which
connects the two cells of the anther.
Connivent. Coming into contact ; converging.
Conoidal. Nearly conical.
Convohite. Rolled up longitudinally.
Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point up-
ward.
Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.
Corm. The enlarged tieshy base of a stem,
bulb-like but solid.
Corolla. The inner perianth, of distinct or con-
nate petals.
Coronifor-m. Shaped like a crown.
Corrugate. "Wrinkled or in folds.
Corymh. A flat-topped or convex open flower-
cluster, in the stricter use of the word equiv-
alent to a contracted raceme and progressing
in its flowering from the margin inward.
Corymbose. In corymbs, or corymb-like,
Costa. A rib ; a midrib or mid-nerve.
Costate. Eibbed ; having one or more longi-
tudinal ribs or nerves.
Cotyledons. The foliar portion or first leaves
(one, two, or more) of the embryo as found in
the seed.
Crater if orm. In the shape of a saucer or cup,
hemispherical or more shallow.
Creeping. Kunning along at or near the sur-
face of the ground and rooting.
Crenate. Dentate with the teeth much rounded.
Crenulate. Finely crenate.
Cristate. Bearing an elevated appendage resem-
bling a crest.
Crown. An inner appendage to a petal, or to
the throat of a cprolla.
Cimci(tte. Cross-shaped.
Crustdceous. Of hard. and brittle texture,
Cncnllafe. Hooded or hood-shaped ; cowled.
Cnlin. The pecuhar stem of Sedges and Grasses.
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular with the
acute angle downward.
Cuxp/date. Tipped with a C7isp or sharp and
rigid point.
Cyme. A usually broad and flatfish determinate
inflorescence, i.e. with its central or terminal
flowers blooming earliest.
Cymose. Bearing cymes, or cyme-like.
Deriduous. Not persistent ; not evergreen.
P^compound. More than once compound or
4'vided.
Decumbent. Reclining, but with the summit
ascending.
Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem
below the insertion.
Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right angles.
Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding
twenty.
Defleved. Bent or turned abruptly downward.
Dehiscent. Ooening regularly by valves, slits,
etc.. as a capsule or anther.
Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter A.
Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth di-
rected outward.
Denticulate. Minutely dentate.
Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.
Di-, Dis: A Greek prefix signifying two or
twice.
Diadelpjhous (stamens). Combined in two sets.
Diandrous. Having two stamens.
Dicarpellary. Composed of two carpels.
DichotomoHs. Forking regularly by pairs.
Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons.
Didymous. Twin ; found in pairs.
Didynamous (stamens). In two pairs of un-
e(|ual length.
Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.
Digitate. Compound, with the members aris-
ing together at the apex of the support.
Dimerous (flower). Having all the parts in
• twos.
Dimorphous. Occurring in tvvo forms.
Dioecious. Unisexual, with the two kinds of
flowers on separate plants.
Di,^coid. Resembling a disk. Discoid- head,
in Compositae, one without ray-flowers.
Disk. A development of the receptacle at or
around the base of the pistil. In Compositae,
the tubular flowers of the head as distinct from
the. ray.
Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous
segments.
Dissepiment. A partition in an ovary or fruit.
Distichous. In two vertical ranks.
Distinct. Separate ; not united ; evident.
Divaricate. "Widely divergent.
Dirided. Lobed to the base.
Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or outer
surface of an organ.
Dorsoventral. With distinction of back and
front, or placed with reference to the back or
front.
Drupaceous. Resembling or of the nature of a
drupe.
Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner
portion of the pericarp (1 -celled and 1-seeded,
or sometimes several-celled) hard or stony.
Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.
E- or Ex-. A Latin prefix having often a priva-
tive signification, as ehracleate, without bracts.
Echinate. Beset with prickles.
Ecological. Concerning the relation of plants
to their surroundings.
Efuse. Very loosely spreading.
Ennirgivate. Having a shallow notch at the
extremity.
878
GLOSSARY
Embryo. The rudimentary plan tlet within the
seed.
Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.
Endogenous. Growing throughout the sub-
stance of the stem, instead of by superficial
layers.
Entire. "Without toothing or division.
Ephemeral. Lasting for only one day.
Epicnrp. The outer layer of the pericarp or
matured ovary.
Epidermis. The superficial layer of cells.
Epigynous. Growing on the summit of the
ovary, or apparently so.
Epiphyte. A plant growing attached to another
plant, but not parasitic ; an air-plant.
Equitant. Astride ; used of conduplicate leaves
which enfold each other in two ranks, as in Iris.
Erose. As if gnawed.
Exalbuminous. Without albumen.
Excurrent. Eunning out, as a nerve of a leaf
projecting beyond the margin.
Exfoliating. Cleaving oflf in thin layers.
Exogenous. Growing by annular layers near
the surface ; belonging to the Exogens.
Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as
stamens from a corolla.
Exsiccated. Dried.
Extrorse. Facing outward.
Falcate. Scythe-shaped ; curved and flat, taper-
ing gradually.
Farinaceous. Containing starch ; starch-like.
Farinose. Covered with a meal-like powder.
Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster.
Fasciculate. In close bundles or clusters.
Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near together.
Ferruginous. Eust-color.
Fertile. Capable of producing fruit; or produc-
tive, as a flower having a pistil, or an anther
with pollen.
Fibrillose, Furnished or abounding with fine
fibers.
Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers.
Fibrous tissue, a tissue formed of elongated
thick-walled cells.
Fibro-vascular. Composed of woody fibers
and ducts.
Filament. The part of a stamen which sup-
ports the anther ; any thread-like body.
Filamentous. Composed of threads.
Filiform. Thread-shaped ; long, slender, and
terete.
Fimbriate. Fringed.
Fimbrillate. Having a minute fringe.
Fi-'itnlar. Hollow and cylindrical.
Flaccid. AVithoiit rigidity ; lax and weak.
Flexuous. 7Jg7.ag ; bending alternately in op-
posite directions.
Floccose. Clothed with locks or flocks of soft
hair or wool. ^
Floret. A small flower, usually one of a dense
cluster.
Floriferous. Flower-bearing.
FoliaceouM. Leaf-like in texture or appearance.
-foliate, -leaved ; liaving leaves.
•foiiolate. Having leaflets.
Foliose. Bearing numerous leaves.
Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single carpel,
dehiscing by the ventral suture.
Follicular. Like a follicle.
Forked. Divided into nearly equal branches.
Free. Not adnate to other organs.
Frond. The leaf of Ferns and some other Cryp-
togams ; in Lemnaceae, the thallus-like stem
which functions as foliage.
Fructification. The act or organs of fruiting.
Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant,
simple, compound, or aggregated, of whatever
form.
Fugacious. Falling or fading very early.
Funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed.
Fusco us. Gray i sh -br o w n .
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped ; swollen in the
middle and narrowing toward each end.
Galea. A hooded or helmet-shaped portion of
a perianth, as the upper sepal of Aconitum,
and the upper lip of some bilabiate corollas.
Galeate. Helmet-shaped ; having a galea.
Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the corolla
more or less united.
GamophyllouH. Composed of coalescent leaves
or leaf-like organs.
Gamosepalous. Having the sepals united.
Geminate. Equal, in pairs.
Gemma. A bud or body analogous to a bud by
which a plant propagates itself.
Gemmiparous. Producing gemmae.
Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a knee.
Gibbosity. A swelling of moderate extent and
asymmetrical character, chiefly at or near the
base of an organ.
Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one side.
Glabrate. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming
glabrous.
Glabrous. Smooth ; not rough, pubescent, or
hairy. ^
Gladiate. Sword-shaped.
Gland. A secreting surface or structure; any
protuberance or appendage having the appear-
ance of such an organ.
Glandular. Bearing glands or of the nature of
a gland.
Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom,
Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip.
Glomerate. Compactly clustered.
(rlomer^ilate. In small compact clusters.
Glumaceous. Furnished with or resembling
glumes.
Glume. A chaff'-like bract; specifically one of
tlie two empty chaffy bracts at the base of the
spikelet in the Grasses.
Granulose. Composed of or appearing as if
covered by minute grains.
Gymnosperrnous. Bearing naked seeds, with-
out an ovary.
Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne upon
the pistil, as in Orchidaceae.
Gynobase. An enlargement or prolongation ol
the receptacle bearing the ovar}\
G ynosporangium . Tlie receptacle in which
gynospores ai'e developed.
GLOSSARY
879
Gynoapore. One of the larger (female) repro-
ductive bodies in the Jsoetaceae, etc.
Gynostemium. The compound structure re-
sulting from the union of the stamens and
pistil in the Orchidaceae.
Eahit. The general appearance of a plant.
Halberd-shaped. The same as Hastate.
Hastate. Like an arrow-head, but with the
basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right
angles.
Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly ses-
sile flowers on a very short axis or receptacle.
Heart-shaped. Ovate with two rounded lobes
and a sinus at base ; commonly used to define
such a base.
Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem
above ground.
Herbaceous. Having the characters of an herb ;
leaf-like in color and texture.
Heterocarpous. Producing more than one kind
of fruit.
Heterogamous. Bearing two kinds of flowers.
Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of the
seed.
Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stlflf
hairs.
Hirsutuloua. Slightly hirsute.
Hirtellous. Minutely hirsute.
Hixpid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with
bristles.
Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.
Hoary. Grajish- white with a fine close pubes-
cence.
Uomogamous. Bearing but one kind of flowers.
Hyaline. Transparent or translucent.
Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species.
Hygroscopic. Altering form or position through
changes of moisture.
Hypjochil. The (often fleshy or otherwise
modified) basal portion of the labellum or lip
in Orchidaceae.
Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle be-
neath the ovary and free from it and from
the calyx ; having the petals and stamens so
situated.
Imbricate. Overlapping, either vertically or
spirally, where the lower piece covers the
base of the next higher, or laterally, as in the
aestivation of a calyx or corolla, where at least
one piece must be wholly external and one
internal.
Immersed. Growing wholly under water.
Impressed. Bent inward, hollowed or furrowed
as if by pressure.
Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly, more or
less deeply.
Included. Not at all protruded from the sur-
rounding envelope.
Incumbent (cotyledons). Ljing with the back
of one against the radicle.
Indefinite {&i&vaen?,, etc.). Inconstant in number
or very numerous.
Indehiscent. Not opening by valvea, etc. ;
remaining persistently closed.
Indigenous. Native and original to the
region.
Indurated. Hardened.
Indusiate. Provided ^vith an indusium.
Indusium. The proper (often shield-shaped)
covering of the sorus or fruit dot in Ferns.
Inferior. Lower or below ; outer or anterior.
I Inferior ovary, one that is adnate to the
calyx.
Inflated. Bladdery.
Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant,
and especially the mode of its arrangement.
Infra-. In composition, below ; as infra-
aorillary, below the axil.
Innovation. An offshoot from the stem.
Inserted. Attached to or gro\^ing out of.
Inter- or I?itra-. In composition, between.
Interfoliaceous. Between the leaves of a pair,
as the stipules of many Eubiaceae.
Internode. The portion of a stem between two
nodes.
Intramarginal. Within and near the margin.
Introduced. Brought intentionally from another
region, as for purposes of cultivation.
Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis.
Involucel. A secondary involucre, as that of an
umbellet in Unibelliferae.
Inrolucellate. Having an involucel.
Involucral. Belonging to an involucre.
Involucrate. Having an involucre.
Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts sur-
rounding a flower cluster or head, or a single
flower.
Involute. Rolled inward.
Irregular (flower). Showing inequality in the
size, form, or union of its similar parts.
Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of a
boat ; the two anterior united petals of a
papilionaceous flower.
Labellum. Lip ; the peculiar upper (but by a
twist of the pedicel apparently lower) petal of
the Orchidaceae.
Labiate. Lipped ; belonging to the Labiatae.
Labyrinthiform. With complicated sinuous
lines or winding passages.
Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn.
Laciniate. Slashed ; cut into narrow pointed
lobes.
Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flattened
ridge.
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, several
times longer than wide, broadest above the
base and narrowed to the apex.
Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf.
Legume. The fruit of the Leguminosae, formed
of a simple pistil and usually dehiscent by both
sutures.
Leguminous. Pertaining to a legume or to the
Leguminosae.
Lemma. The lower of the two bracts inclosing
the flower in the Grasses ; sometimes called the
flowering glume.
Lenticular. Lentil-shaped ; of the shape of a
double-convex lens.
880
GLOSSARY
Lppidntc Beset with pinall scurfy scales.
Lignlate. Furnished with a ligrule.
Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray-
flowers of Compo'iitae ; a thin often scarious
projection from the summit of the sheath in
Grasses.
Limb. The expanded portion of a garaopetalous
corolla above the throat ; the expanded portion
of any i>etal, or of a leaf.
Linear. 'Long: and narrow, with parallel margins.
Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a
bilabiate corolla or calyx ; the peculiar upper
(but by a twist of the pedicel apparently lower)
petal in Orchids.
Lobe. Any segment of an organ, especially if
rounded.
Lobed. Divided into or bearing lobes.
-locular. In composition, having cells.
Lnculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a cell
through the dorsal suture.
Lunate. Of the shape of a half-moon or crescent.
Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded
terminal lobe and \vith the lower lobes small.
Macronporangitim. The receptacle in which
macrospores are developed.
Macronpore. The larger kind of spore in Sela-
(liiiellaceae, etc.
Jfd/pighiaceous hairs. Hairs which are straight
and api)ressed but attached by the middle.
Mnrceffoent. Withering but persistent.
MemhranaceouH, Membranous. Thin, rather
soft, and more or less translucent.
Meniscoidal. Thin and concavo-convex, like
the crystal of a watch.
Mericarp. One of the achene-like carpels of
Umbelliferae.
-merous. In composition, having parts, as
2-merous, having two parts of each kind.
Micropyle. The point upon the seed at which
was the orifice of the ovule.
Microsporangiuin. The receptacle in which
microspores are developed.
MicroHpore. The smaller kind of spore in Sela-
ginellaceae, etc.
Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.
Mitriform. Shajied like a mitre or cap.
3fon(tdelp?t,ouf< (stamens). United by their fila-
ments iBto a tube or column.
Mo7t inform. Resembling a string of beads;
cylindrical with contractions at intervals.
Motiocfdyledonous. Having but one cotyledon.
Monoecious. With stamens and pistils in sepa-
rate flowers on the same plant.
Macro. A short and small abrupt tip.
Mucronate. Tipped with a mucro.
MuUifid. Cleft into many lobes or segments.
Muricate. Rough with short hard points.
Muriculate. Very finely muricate.
Nectary. Any place or organ where nectar is
secreted.
Nectariferous. Producing nectar.
Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or slender
rib.
Veuter, neutral. Without stamens or pistils.
Node. The place upon a stem which nomtaUy
bears a leaf or whorl of leaves.
Nodose. Knotty or knobby.
Nodulose. Provided with little knots or knobs.
Nucleus. The germ-cell of the ovule, which by
fertilization becomes the seed ; the kernel of a
seed.
Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1 -seeded
fruit, though usually resulting from a com-
pound ovarj'.
Nutlet. A diminutive nut.
Ob-. A Latin prefix, usually carrying the idea
of inversion.
Obcompressed. Compressed dorso-ventrally in-
stead of laterally.
Obamically. Inversely conical, having the at-
tachment at the apex.
Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped.
Oblanceoldte. Lanceolate with the broadest
part toward the apex.
Oblique. Unequal-sided or slanting.
Oblong. Longer than broad and with nearly
parallel sides.
Obovate. Inverted ovate.
Ohoroid. Having the form of an inverted egg.
Obsolescent. Becoming rudimentary.
Obsolete. Not evident; rudimentary.
Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.
Ochroleucous. Yellowish- white.
Ocrea. A legging-shaped or tubular stipule.
Ocreate. Having sheathing stipules.
Officinal. Of the shops ; used in medicine or
the arts.
Oospore. The fertilized nucleus or germ-cell of
the archegonium in Cryptogams, from which
the new plant is directly developed.
Opaque. Dull ; neither shining nor translucent.
Operculate. Furnished with a lid.
Operculum. A lid ; the upper portion of a
circumscissile capsule.
Orbicular. Circular.
Orthotropous (ovule or seed). Erect, with the
orifice or micropjie at the apex.
Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the
ovules.
Ocate. Egg-shaped ; having an outline like that
of an egg. with the broader end downward.
Ovoid. A solid with an oval outline.
Otule. The body which after fertilization be
comes the seed.
Ozuliferous. Bearing ovules.
Palate. A rounded projection of the lower lip
of a personate corolla, closing the throat.
Palea, Palet. The upper bract which with the
lemma incloses the flower in Grasses.
Paleaceous. Chafiy.
Paleophytological. Relating to the study of
fossil plants.
Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided.
Palmately . In a palmate manner.
Palustrine. Of or growing in marshes.
Paiidurate, Panduriform . Fiddle-shaped.
Panicle. A loose irregularly compound inflo*
rescence with pedicellate flowers.
GLOSSARY
881
Panicle/I, Paniculate. Borne in a panfole ; re-
sembling a panicle.
Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a standard,
wings, and keel, as in the peculiar coroUa of
inanj' Leguminoaae.
Papillo9e. Bearing minute nipple-shaped pro-
jections.
Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in Composi-
iut, forming a crown of very various character
at the summit of the achene.
Parasitic. Growing on and deriving nourish-
ment from another plant.
Parenchyma. Soft tissue of cells with un-
, thickened walls.
Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or
inner surface of a capsule.
Pat-led. Cleft nearly but not quite to the
base.
Parthenogenetic. Developing without fertiliza-
tion.
Partial. Of secondary rank.
Pathological. Diseased.
Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow closely set
segments ; comb-hke.
Pedate. Palmately divided or parted, with the
lateral segments 2-cleft.
Pedicel. The support of a single flower.
Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.
Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting
either a cluster or a solitary flower.
Pedunculate. Borne upon a peduncle.
Pellucid. Clear, transparent.
Peltate. Shield-shaped and attached to the sup-
port by the lower surface.
Pendulous. More or less hanging or declined.
Pendulous ovule, one that hangs from the
side of the cell.
Perennial. Lasting year after year.
Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and sta-
mens.
Perfoliate (leaf). Having the stem apparently
passing through it.
Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of
the calyx and corolla (when present), whatever
their form.
Pericarp. The matured ovary.
Perigynium. The inflated sac which Incloses
the ovary in Car ex.
Perigynous. Adnata to the perianth, and there-
fore around the ovary and not at its base.
Peripheral. On or near the margin.
Persistent. Long-continuous, as a calyx upon
the fruit, leaves through winter, etc.
Per,<tonate (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat
closed by a prominent palate.
Petal. A division of the corolla.
Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal.
Petiolate. Having a petiole.
Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf
Phaenogamous. Having flowers with stamens
and pistils and producing seeds.
Phyllodivm (pi. Phyllodia). A somewhat
dilated petiole ha\ing the form of and serving
as a leaf-blade.
Phytological. Relating to the study of plants.
Piloae. Hairj', especially with soft hairs.
GRAT'a MANUAL 56
Pinna (pi. Pinnae), One of the primary di-
visions of a pinnate or compoundly pinnate
frond or leaf.
Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets
arranged on each side of a common petiole.
Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft.
Pinnule. A secondary pinna ; one of the pin-
nately disposed divisions of a pinna.
Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower,
consisting of the ovar_v, stigma, and style when
present.
Pistillate. Provided with pistils, and, in its
more proper sense, without stamens.
Pitted. Marked with small depressions or pits.
Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary
which bears ovules.
Plicate. Folded into plaits, usually lengthwise.
Plumose. Having tine hairs on each side, like
the plume of a feather, as the pappus-bristles
of some Thistles.
Plumule. The bud or growing point of the
embryo.
Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.
Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in
the anther.
Polliniferous. Bearing pollen.
Pollinium (pi. Pollinia). A mass of waxy
pollen or of coherent pollen-grains, as in
Asclepias and Orchidaceas.
Polypetalous. Having separate petals.
Pome. A kind of fleshy fruit of which the
apple Is the type.
Porose. Pierced with small holes or pores.
Posterior. In an axillary flower, on the side
nearest to the axis of Inflorescence.
Praemorse. Appearing as if bitten oflF.
PHckle. A small spine or more or less slender
sharp outgrowth from the bark or rind.
Prismatic. Of the shape of a prism, angular,
with flat sides, and of nearly uniform size
throughout.
Proc^imhent. Lying on the ground or trailing
but without rooting at the nodes.
Proliferating, Proliferous. Producing off-
shoots.
Prostrate. Lying flat upon the ground.
Proterogynous. Having the stigma ripe for the
pollen before the maturity of the anthers of
the same flower.
Prothallus. A cellular usually flat and thallus-
like growth, resulting from the germination of
a spore, upon which are developed sexual
organs or new plants.
Puherulent. Minutely pubescent.
Pubescent. Covered ^Flth hairs, especially if
short, soft and down-like.
Pulverulent. Powdered ; appearing as if cov-
ered by minute grains of dust.
Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with
translucent internal glands or colored dots.
Puncticulate. Minutely punctate.
Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp point*
acrid.
Putamen. The shell of a nut ; the bony part ol
a stone-fruit.
Pyriform. Pear-shaped.
882
GLOSSARY
'■Quadrate. Nearly square in form.
Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pediceled
flowers upon a common more or less elongated
axis.
ItncemoHe. In racemes ; or resembling a raceme.
liiidiate. Spreading from or arranged around
a common center ; bearing raj'-flowers.
Radical. Belonging to or proceeding from the
root or base of the stem near the ground.
kddicle. The portion of tne embryo below the
cotyledons, more properly called the caudicle.
Rameal. Belonging to a branch.
Ramification. Branching.
liai/. The branch of an umbel ; the marginal
flowers of an inflorescence when distinct from
the di.sk.
Receptacle. The more or less expanded or pro-
duced portion of an axis which bears the organs
of a flower (the torus) or the collected flowers
of a head ; any similar structure in Cryptogams.
Recurved. Curved downward or backward.
Rejlexed. Abruptly bent or turned downward.
Regular. Uniform in sha[ie or structure.
Re n iform . Kid ney-shaped .
Repand. "With a slightly uneven and somewhat
sinuate margin.
Repent. Creeping; prostrate and rooting at
the nodes.
ReniniferouH. Producing resin.
Reaupinate. Turned upside down.
Reticulate. In the form of network ; net-
veined.
Retrorse. Directed back or downward.
Refuse. "With a shallow notch at a rounded
apex.
Revolute. Rolled backward from the margins
or apex.
Rhachilla. A secondary axis ; specifically in the
Grasses and Sedges the floral axis as opposed
to that of the spike or spikelet.
Rhachia. The axis of a spike or of a compound
leaf
Rhaphe. The ridge or adnate funicle which in
an anatropous ovule connects the two ends.
Rhaphiden. Needle-shajied crystals often oc-
curring in bundles within the cells of certain
plants.
Rhizome. Anv prostrate or subterranean stem,
usually rooting at the nodes and becoming
erect at the ape.x.
Rib, A i>rimary or prominent vein of a leaf
Ringent. Gaping, as the mouth of an open
bilabiate corolla.
Root. The underground part of a plant which
supplies it with nourishment.
RootHtoek. Same as Rhizome.
RoHteUum. A httle beak; a slender extension
from the upper edge of the stigma in Orchids.
Rostrate. Having a beak.
Rosula. A rosette.
RoHulate. In the form of a rosette.
Rotate {coviiWa.). "Wheel-shaped; flat and circu-
lar in outline.
JiufouH. Reddish-brown.
RuQOHe. Wrinkled.
Rnneinate. Sharply incised, with the segmentf:
directed backward.
Runner. A filiform or very slender stolon.
Saccate. Sae-shaped.
Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head, the basa'
lobes directed downward.
Salver-shaped (corolli). Having a slender tube
abruptly expanded into a flat limb.
Samara. An indehiscent winged fruii.
S^ithl'idulouH. Slightlv rough.
Scabrous. Rough to the touch.
Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground,
naked or wthout proper foliage.
Scajjose. Bearing or resembling a scape.
Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranaceous, not
green.
Sclerenchymatous. Of sclerenchyma, that is,
of tissue composed of cells with thickened and
hardened walls.
Scorpioid (inflorescence). Circinately coiled
while in bud.
Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the em-
bryo and its proper coats.
Segment. One of the parts of a leaf or other
like organ that is cleft or divided.
Sepal. A division of a calyx.
Septate. Divided by partitions.
Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the
partitions and between the cells.
Septum. Any kind of partition.
Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing forward.
Serrulate. Finely serrate.
Sessile. AVithout footstalk of any kind.
Seta. A bristle.
Setaceous. Bristle-like.
Seiiform. Bristle-shaped.
Setose. Beset with bristles.
Setulose. Having minute bristles.
Sheath. A tubular envelope, as the lower part
of the leaf in Grasses.
Sheathing. Inclosing as by a sheath.
Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree,
usually with several stems.
Silicle. A short silique.
Silique. The peculiar pod of Cruciferae.
Silky. Covered with close-pressed soft and
straight pubescence.
Simple. Of one piece ; not compound.
Sinuate. "With the outline of the margin
strongly wavy.
Sin us. The cleft or recess between two lobes.
Smooth. Without roughness or pubescence.
Sohole. A shoot, especially from the ground.
Soholiferous. Bearing soboles.
Sorus (pi. Sort). A heap or cluster, applied to
the fruit dots of Ferns.
Spadicc. .\ spike with a fleshy axis.
Spathe. .V large bract or pair of bracts Inclosing
an Inflorescence.
Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward
from a rounded summit.
Sperm atozoid. A motile ciliated male reproduc-
tive cell.
Spicate. Arranged in or resembling a bpike.
Spicisform. Spike-like.
GLOSSARY
883
Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with the
flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more or less
elongated common axis. '^
Spikelet. A small or secondary spike.
Spindle-shaped . Same as Fusiform.
Spine, A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from
the stem.
Spinose. Spine-like, or having spines.
Spinule. A Uttle spine or spine-like process.
Sporangium. A spore-case.
Spore. The reproductive organ in Cryptogams
which in function corresponds to a seed but
possesses no embryo.
Sporocarp. The fruit-cases of certain Crypto-
gams containing sporangia or spores.
Sporophi/U. A leaf bearing spores.
Spur. A hollow sac like or tubular extension
of some part of a blossom, usually nectar-
iferous.
Squarrose. Having its parts or processes (such
as the tips of involucral scales) spreading or
recurved at the end.
Squarrulose. Diminutively squarrose.
Stamen. One of the polleu-bearing organs of the
flower.
Staminode or Staminodium. A sterile stamen,
or any structure without anther corresponding
to a stamen.
Standard. The upper dilated petal of a papilio-
naceous corolla.
Stellate, SteUiform. Star- shaped.
Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant.
Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without pis-
til, or stamen without an anther.
Stigma. That part of a pistil through which
fertilization by the pollen is effected.
Stigmatic. Belonging to or characteristic of the
stigma.
Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil ; the
leaf-stalk of a Fern.
Stipifate. Having a stipe.
Stipular. Belonging to stipules.
Stipulate. Having stipules.
Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petio'e
or on each side of its insertion.
Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that is
disposed to root.
Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.
Stoma (pi. Sfomata). An orifice in the epider-
mis of a leaf communicating with internal air-
cavities.
Stramineoux;. Straw-colored.
Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or
ridges.
Strict. Very straight and upright.
Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp straight
and stiff hairs.
Strobile. An inflorescence marked by imbri-
cated bracts or scales, as in the Hop and Pine-
cone.
Strophiole. An appendage at the hilum of cer-
tain seeds.
Style. The usually attenuated f)ortion of the
pistil connecting the stigma and ovary.
Stf/loj/ndhn/i. A disk-likt* i'\|.an5iun at the
base of a style, ag iu Cmbelli/erue.
Sub-. A Latin prefix, usually signifying some-
what or slightly.
Subulate. Awl-shaped.
Succulent. Juicy ; fleshy.
Sujfrute.<icent. Slightly or obscurely shrubby.
Suffruticoxe. A'ery low and woody ; diminu-
tively shrubby.
Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.
.Superior (ovarv). Free from the calyx.
Sujyra-axillary . Borne above the axil.
Surc^ilofse. Producing suckers.
SuKj>ended (ovule). Hanging from the apex oi
the cell.
Suture. A line of dehiscence.
Symmetrical (flower). Eegular as to the num-
ber of its parts ; having the same number of
parts in each circle.
Teratological. Monstrous ; relating to a mon-
strosity.
Terete. Having a circular transverse section.
Ternate. In threes.
Testa. The outer commonly hard and brittle
seed-coat.
Tetrad ynamous. Having four long and two
shorter stamens.
Tetragonal. Four-angled.
Tlialloid, Thallose. Eesembling a thallus.
Thallus. In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion
taking the place of stem and foliage.
Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla
or calyx ; the part between the proper tube
and the limb.
Thyrse. A contracted cj^lindrical or ovoid and
usually compact panicle.
Thyrsoid. Eesembling a thyrse.
Tomentone. Densely pubescent with matted
wool.
Toi'ose. Cylindrical with contractions at intervals.
Torulose. Diminutive of torose.
Torus. The receptacle of a flower.
Tri-. In composition, three or thrice.
Triandrous. Having three stamens.
Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets.
Trigonous. Three-angled.
Tri?no)'phou<). Occurring under three forms.
Triquetrous. Having three salient angles, the
sides concave or channeled.
Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off trans-
versely.
Tuber. A thickened and short subterranean
branch having numerous buds or eyes.
Thtbercle. A small tuber or tuber-like (not
necessarily subterranean") J)ody.
Tuheriferous. Bearing tubers.
Ttiberoid. A fleshy-thickened root, resembling
a tuber.
Tuberous. Having the character of a tuber;
tuber-like in appearance.
Tumid. Swollen.
Tnnicated. Having concentric coats, as an
onion.
Turbinate. Top-fhaped ; inversely conical.
Turgid. Swollen, or tightly drawn, said of a
membrane or covering expanded by pressure
from within.
884
GLOSSARY
Umbel. An inflorescence in which the peduncles
or pedicels of a cluster spring from the same
point.
Umbellate. In or like an umbel.
Umbellet. A secondarj' umbel.
Umbelliform. In the shape of an umbel.
Umbellule. An umbellet.
Umbonate. Bearing a stout projection in the
center ; bossed.
Undulate. With a wavy surface ; repand.
Unguiculate. Contracted at base into a claw.
Uni-. In composition, one.
Uniseaual. Of one sex, either staminate or
pistillate only.
Urceolate. Hollow and cylindrical or ovoid, and
contracted at or below the mouth, like an
urn.
Utricle. A small bladderj' 1-seeded fruit ; any
small bladder-like body.
Vallecular. Of or near a valley or groove.
Valtate. Opening by valves, as a capsule ; in
aestivation, meeting by the edges without
overlapping.
Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule
splits.
Vascular. Furnished with vessels or ducts.
Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf
or other organ, especially those which branch
(as distinguished from nerves).
Velum, The membranous ind.usium in Iso-
etes.
Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner
face of an organ ; tke opposit* of dorsal.
Swelling unequally, or inflated on
^orm-shaped.
The arrangement of leaves in the
Ventricose.
one side.
Vermifoi^m,.
Vernation.
bud.
Verrucoae. Covered with wart-like elevations.
Versatile (anther). Attached near the middle
and turning freely on its support.
Verticil. A whorl.
Vertzcillaster. A cluster resembling a whorl
but composed of two opposite cymes.
Tertieillastrate. Bearing or arranged in clus-
ters resembling whorls.
Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl.
Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity.
Vesicular, Vesiculose. Composed of or cov-
ered with vesicles.
Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs.
Virgate. Wand -shaped ; slender, straight and
erect.
Vixcid. Glutinous ; sticky. ^
Vitta. An oil-tube ; a structure commonly
present in the pericarp of the Urnbelliferae.
Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a
circle round the stem.
Wing. Any membranous or thin expansion
bordering or surrounding an organ ; the lat-
eral petal of a papilionaceous corolla.
Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or
matted hairs.
Zygomorphic. Capable of division by only one
plane of symmetry.
INDEX
Latin names of families are in small capitals. Synonyms and names of plants merely mentioned
are in italicfi, or are indicated by italic numbers.
Abama americana
282
Abele 328
Abies 65
balsamea 65
canadensis 66
Fraseri 65
Abutilon 566
Abutilon 566
Avicennae 566
Theophrasti 566
Acacia 503
angustissima 503
False 514
filicioides 503
hirta 503
Rose 514
Acalypha 543
caroliniana 543
gracilens 543
monococca 543
ostryaefolia 543
virginica 543
ACANTHACEAE 742
Acanthospermum
824
australe 825
Acanthus Family
742
Acer 557
carolinianum 558
dasycarpum 558
Drummondii 558
Negundo 558
pennsylvanicum
558
rubrum 558
saccharinum 558
saccharum 558
spicatum 558
ACERACEAE 557
Acerates 666
angustifulia 666
auriculata 667
floridana 667
lanuginosa 667
longifolia 667
viridiflora 667
Achillea 845
borealis 845
lanulosa 845
Millefolium 845
Ptarmica 845
Achroanthes 318
Acnida 373
cannabina 373
rusocarpa 373
tamariscina 373
tuberculata 373
Aconite 406
Winter 405
Aconitum 406
noveboracense 407
recUnatum 407
uncinatum 407
Acorus 258
Calamus 258
Actaea 407
alba 408
eburnea 408
neglecta 408
rubra 408
spicata 408
Actinea 844
herbacea 844
Actinella 844
acaulis 844
Actinomeris 836
alternifolia 836
squarrosa 836
Actinospermum 842
uniflorum 842
Acuan illinoense 503
Adam-and-Eve 319
Adam's Needle 270
Adder's Mouth 318
Adder's Tongue 47
Family 47
Yellow 289
Adelia 652
acuminata 652
Adenocaulon 824
bicolor 824
Adiantum 35
Capillus- Veneris
36
pedatum 35
Adicea pumila 349
Adlumia 417
cirrhosa 417
fungosa 417
Adonis 399
annua 399
autumnalis 399
Adopogon carolini-
anum 862
Dandelion 863
occidentale 862
virginicum 863
Adoxa 761
Moschatellina 761
Aegopodiimi 614
Podagraria 614
Aeschynomene 518
hispida 518
\'irginica 518
Aesculus 559
arguta 560
flava 560
glabra 559
Hippocastanum
559
octandra 560
Pavia 560
Aethusa 618
Cynapium 618
Afzelia 729
Agastache 696
anethiodora 697
Foeniculum 697
nepetoides 696
scrophulariaefolia
696
Agave 298
americana 298
virginica 298
Agoseris 868
cuspidata 869
glauca 869
Agriraonia 493
Brittoniana 494
Eupatoria 493, 494
grjijosepala 493
hirsuta 493
microcarpa 494
mollis 494
parviflora 494
pubescens 494
pumila 494
rostellata 494
striata 494
Agrimony 493
Agropyron 165
biflorum 166
caniniun 167
dasystachyum 166
novae-angliae 167
occidentale 166
pseudorepens 167
pungens 166
repens 166
Richardsonii 167
Smithii
166
spicatum
166
tenerum
167
tetrastachys
166
violaceum
167
Agrostemma
384
Githago
384
Agrostis
132
alba 132, 133
altissima 133
borealis 133
canina 133
coarctata 132
elata 133
Elliottiana 132
hyemaUs 132
intermedia 133
laoci flora 133
novae-angliae 133
perennans 133
rubra 133
rupestris 133
scabra 132, 133
stolonifera 132
stricta 132
sylvatica 132
vulgaris 132
Ailanthus 53b
glandulosa 538
Aira 137
capillaris 137
caryophyllea 137
praecox 137
AlZOACEAE 377
Ajuga 692
genevensis 692
reptans 692
Albizzia 503
julibrissin 503
Alchemilla 493
arsensis 493
pratensis 493
Alder 336
Black 337, 555
Downy Green 336
Green 336
Hoary 337
Mountain 336
Sea-side 337
Smooth 337
Speckled 337
White 627
Aletris 294
aurea 294
885
iSQ
INDEX
Aletris farinosa 294
Alfalfa 510
Alisma 84
Geyeri 85
Plantago-aquatica
84
tenellum 84
Alisma CE A E 80
Alkali Grass 153
Alliaria 429
Alliaria 429
officinalis 429
Allionia 375
albida 375
bracteata 375
Bushii 375
hirsuta 375
lanceolata 375
linearis 375
ovata 375
Allium 286
allegheniense 287
canadense 287
cernuum 287
mutabile 287
reticulatum 287
Schoenoprasum
287
stellatum 287
tricoccum 287
vineale 287
All-seed 532
Allspice, Carolina
409
Wild 414
Alnus 336
Alnobetula 336
crispa 336
incana 337
maritima 337
mollis 336
rugosa 337
aerrulata 337
viridis 336
vulgaris 337
Aloe, American 298
False 298
Alopecurus 129
agrestis 129
fulviis 129
geniculatus 129
pratensis 129
Alpine Azalea 632
Bearberry 637
Brook Saxifrage
446
Alsike Clover 509
Alsine 381
aquatica 383
borealis 38 1
crassifolia 382
fontinalia 382
graminea 382
Holoatea 382
humijusa 382
longifolia 382
longipes 382
media 382
pubera 382
uliginoaa 382
Althaea 567
cannabina 568
officinalis 567
rosea 568
Shrubby 569
Alum Root 447
Common 447
Alyssum 424
alyssoides 424
calycinum 424
incanum 423
maritimum 424
Sweet 424
Amaranth 371
Family 371
Globe 374
Green 371
Purple 372
Thorny 372
Amaranthaceae
371
Amaranthus 371
alhus 372
blitoides 372
chlorostachys 371
crispus 372
deflexus 372
graecizans 372
hybridus 371,57^
hypochondriacus
371
lividus 372
Palmeri 37 1
paniculatus 372
pumilus 372
retroflexus 371
spinosus 372
tamariscinus 373
viridis 372
Amaryllidaceae
297
Amaryllis Family
297
Ambrosia 827
artemisiifolia 828
bidentata 827
psilostachya 828
trifida 828
Amelanchier 459
alnifolia 460
arguta 460
canadensis
459, 460
oblongifolia 460
oligocarpa 460
rotundifolia 460
spicata 460
American Aloe 298
Aspen 328
Barberry 413
Bladder Nut 557
Brook lime 727
Bugbane 407
Columbo 659
Cowslip 647
Crab 458
Cranberry 641
Elm 345
Fly Honeysuckle
755
Frog's Bit 86
Germander 693
Holly 554
Hop Hornbeam
334
Hornbeam 334
Ipecac 457
Larch 65
Mistletoe 351
Mountain Ash 459
Pennyroyal 705
Sea Rocket 427
White Hellebore
285
Woodbine 756
Yew 62
Amianthium 283
muscaetoxicum
284
Ammannia 591
auriculata 592
coccinea 592
humilis 591
Koehnei 592
latifolia 592
Ammodenia pep-
tides 380
Ammophila 136
arenaria 136
arundinacea 136
Amorpha 512
angustifolia 512
canesceus 512
fruticosa 512
microphylla 512
Ampelanus albidua
667
Ampelopsia 563
arborea 563
cordata 563
quinquefolia 563
Amphiachyris 787
dracunculoides
787
Amphicarpa 529
monoica 530
Pitcheri 530
Amphicarpon 96
A mphicarpon 97
Purshii 97
Amsinckia 682
lycopsoides 682
Amsonia 661
Amsonia 661
salici folia 661
Tabernaemontana
661
Amygdalua 497, 499
Persica 499
Anacardiaceae 552
Anacharis canaden-
sis 85
Anagallis 647
arvensis 647
Anaphalis 822
margaritacea 822
Anastrophus 100
Andrachne 545
phyllanthoides
545
Andromeda 634
floribunda 635
glaucophylla 635
ligustrina 635
mariana 635
nitida 635
Polifolia 634, 636
Andropogon 93
argyraeus 94
corymbosus 94
EUiottii 94
furcatus 94
glomeratus 94
littoralis 94
macrourua 94
nutans 95
scoparius 94
ternarius 94
virginicus 94
Androsace 644
occidentalis 644
Anemone 401
canadensis 402
caroliniana 401
cylindrica 401
decapetala 401
Hudsoniana 401
multifida 401
nemorosa 402
nudicaulis 395
parviflora 401
patens 401
pennsylvanica 402
quinquefolia 402
riparia 402
Rue 400
trifolia 402
virginiana 402
Wood 402
Anemonella 400
thalictroides 400
Anethum 621
graveolens 621
Angelica 622
atropurpurea 622
Curtisii 622
hirsuta 622
sylvestris 622
villosa 622
Angelica-tree 606
Angelico 618
Angle-pod 667
Animated Oats 141
Anogra 599
pallida 599
Anonaceae 410
Antennaria 820
ambigens 821
amoglossa 820
Brainerdii 821
canadensis 820
dioiOa 820
INDEX
88'
Antennaria fallax
821
Farwellii 821
neglecta 822
neodioica 822
occidentalis 821
ParUnii 820
petaloidea 822
plantaginea 82 i
plantaginifolia
820
rupicola 821
solitaria 822
Anthemis 846
arvensis 846
aurea 846
Cotula 846
nobilis 846
tinctoria 846
Anthoxanthum 121
odoratum 121
Puelii 121
Anthriscus 617
Cerefolium 617
Anthyllis 511
Vulneraria 511
Antirrhinum 720
majus 720
Orontium 720
Anychia 376
canadensis 376
capillacea 376
dichotoma 376
polygonoides 376
Apera 136
spica-venti 136
Aphyllon 740
fasciculatum 740
ludovicianum 740
uniflorum 740
Apiastrum patens
613
Apios 528
Apios 528
Priceana 528
tuberosa 528
Aplectnim 319
hyemale 319
Shortii 319
Aplopappus 798
ciliatus 798
spinulosus 798
Apocynaceae 661
Apocynum 662
album 663
androsaemifolium
662
cannabinum 662
hypericifolium 663
medium 662
Milleri 662
nemorale 663
pubescens 663
specioaum 662
urceolifer 662
A pogon 862
Apple 458
Crab 458
of Peru 716
Purple Thorn 717
Thorn 717
Aquifoliaceae 554
Aquilegia 405
canadensis 405
coccinea 405
vulgaris 405
Arabis 436
brachycarpa 437
canadensis 438
confinis 437
dentata 437
Drummondi 437
glabra 437
hirsuta 438
Holboellii 437
laevigata 438
ludoviciana A2>1
lyrata 436
patens 437
perfoliata 437
\'irginica 437
Araceae 257
Aragallus 517
johannensis 517
Lamberti 518
splendens 518
Aralia 605
hispida 606
nudicauhs 606
quinquefolia 606
racemosa 606
spinosa 606
tnfolia 606
Araliaceae 605
Arbor Vitae 66, 67
Arbutus, Trailing
636
Arceuthobium 351
pusillum 351
Archangelica atro-
purpurea 623
Arctium 855
Lappa 855
majus 856
minus 856
tomentosum 856
Arctostaphylos 637
alpina 637
Ura-ursi 637
Arenaria 379
caroliniana 38 1
groenlandica 381
lateriflora 3S0
leptoclados 380
litorea 380
macrophylla 380
Michauxii 380
patula 380
peploides 380
propinqua 38 1
serpyllifolia 380
squarrosa 38 1
stricta 380
texana 38 1
verna 381
Arethusa 312
bulbosa
312
spicata
319
Argemone
416
alba
416
intermedia
416
mexicana
416
platycera^
416
Argentina Anserina
484
Argythamnia 543
mercuriaUna 543
Arisaema 257
Dracontium 257
pusillum 257
Stewardsonii 257
triphyllum 257
Aristida 124
basiramea 125
dichotoma 124
gracihs 125
intermedia 125
lanata 126
lanosa 126
oUgantha 125
purpurascens 126
purpurea 126
ramosissLma 125
tuberculosa 125
Aristolochia 352
Clematitis 353
hastata 353
macrophylla 353
Nashii 353
Serpentaria 352
Sipho 353
tomentosa 353
Aristolochiaceae
351
Arnica 851, 863
acaulis 851
Cham issonis 851
chionopappa 851
cordifolia 851
lanceolata 851
mollis 851
nudicaulis 851
Arnoseris 862
minima 862
Aromatic Winter-
green 636
Aronia 458
arbutifoUa 458
atropurpurea 459
nigra 459
Arrenatherum 141
avenaceuni 141
elatius 141
Arrow Arum 257
Arrow Grass SO
Family 79
Arrow-head 81
Anow-leaved Tear-
thumb 362
Arrowroot Family
304
Arrow-wood
758, 759, 760
Downy 759
Artemisia 848
Abrotanum 849
Absinthium 850
annua 850
biennis 849
boreaUs 849
canadensis 848
caudata 848
dracunculoides
849
frigida 850
glauca 849
kansana 849
longifoUa 849
ludov^iciana 849
procera 849
serrata 849
Stelleriana 849
vulgaris 849
Artichoke, Jerusa-
lem 836
Arum, Arrow 257
Dragon 257
Family 257
Water 258
Aruncus 457
Ar uncus Abl
Sylvester 457
Arundinaria 171
macrosperma 171
tecta 171
Arundo Donax 148
Asarabacca 352
Asarum 352
acuminatum, 352
arifohum 352
canadense 352
grandiflorum 352
heterophyllum 352
macranthum 352
Memmingeri 352
minus 352
reflexum 352
Ruihii 352
Shuttleworthii C52
virginicum 352
Asclepiadaceae 663
Asclepias 663
amplexicaulis 665
Cornuti 665
decumbens 664
exaltata 665
incarnata 664
lanceolata 664
Meadii 665
obtusifolia 665
ovalifolia 666
paupercula 664
perennis 666
phytolaccoides 665
pulchra 665
pumila 666
purpurascens 664
quadrifolia 666
rubra 664
speciosa 665
stenophylla 666
Sullivantii 665
888
INDEX
Asclepias syriaca
1665
Ruta-muraria
39
tuberosa
664
thelypteroides
40
variegata
666
Trichomanes
39
verticillata
666
viride
38
Asclepiodora
663
Asprella patula
171
viridis
663
Aster
799
Ascynim
571
acuminatus
815
Crux- A ndreae
571
amethystinus
810
hypericoides
571
angustus
816
stans
571
anomalus
807
Ash
650
azureus
807
American Movtn-
carmesinua
804
tain
459
commutatus
811
Black
651
concinnus
810
Blue
651
concolor
807
European Moun-
cordifolius
808
tain
459
corymbosus
804
Green
651
curvescena
804
Mountain
459
depauperatus
810
Northern Prickly
diffusus 811
812
537
divaricatus
803
Prickly
537
Drummondii
809
Pumpkin
651
dumosus
811
Red
651
ericoides
810
Southern Prickly
Faxoni
810
537
frondosus
816
Water
651
furcatus
804
White
650
glomeratus
804
Asimina
410
Golden
787
triloba
410
gracilis
805
Asparagus
290
grandiflorus
806
officinalis
290
Herveyi
805
Aspen
328
hirsuticaulia
812
American
328
incanopiloaita
811
Large-toothed
328
infirmus
815
Asperugo
682
junceus
813
procumbens
682
Kumleini
806
Asperula
747
laevib
809
galioides
747
lateriflorus
Asphodel, Bog
282
811
812
False
283
linariifolius
815
Aspidium
41
Lindleyanus
809
acroatichoides
40
longifohus
813
aculeatum
41
Lowrieanus
808
Boottii
42
macrophyllus
804
cristatum
42
■major
806
Filix-mas
42
misaourienaia
812
fragrans
42
modestus
806
Goldianum
42
multiflorus
811
Lonchitis
41
nemoralis
816
marginale 42, 43
novae-angUae
806
noveboracense
41
novi-beigii
813
pittsfordense
43
oblongifolius
806
simulatum
41
paludosus
803
spinulosum 42, 43
paniculatus
812
Thelypteris
41
patens
807
Asplenium
38
patulua
814
acrostichoides
39
phlogifoliua
807
augustifolium
39
polyphyllus
810
Bradleyi
39
prenanthoidea
814
ebeneum
39
Pringlei
810
ebenoides
38
ptaiinicoides
815
Filix-femina
40
puniceus
814
montanuni
39
purpurntua
810
parvulum
39
r.'idnla
805
pinnatifidum
38
rcftrifh.'.n
804
platyneuron 38, 39
sagittifolius
808
reailiens
39
salicifolius
812
Schreberi 804
sericeuB 807
Shortii 808
spectabilis 805
subulatus 816
surculosus 805
tardiflorus 814
tenehroatia 804
tenuifoUus 816
Tradescanti 812
turbinellus 809
umbellatus 814
undulatus 808
vimineus 811
virgatus 809
White-topped 818
Astilbe 444
biternata 445
decandra 445
Astragalus 515
adsurgens 516
alpinus 516
Blakei 516
canadensis 516
carolinianua 516
caryocarpus 515
Cooperi 517
crassicarpua 515
distort us 517
elegana 517
eucosmus 517
flexuosus 517
gracilia 516
hypoglottis 516
Jeaupi 516
lotiflorus 517
mexicanus 515
microlohu^ 516
multiflorua 517
neglectus 517
occidentalia 516
oroboidea 517
parviflorus 516
plattensis 515
racemosus 516
Robbinsii 516
tenellus 517
tennesseensis 515
Atamasco Lily 298
A tamoaco A tamaaco
298
A thyrium 39
acroatichoidea 40
anquatifolium 39
Filix-femina 40
A tragene americana
403
Atriplex 368
arenaria 368
argentea 368
patula 368
rosea 368
Autumn Willow 322
Avena 140
fatua 141
perrnaylvanica 139
pubescens 141
sativa 141
SmiOiii
152
steriUs
141
atriata
152
Avens
485
Purple
486
Water
486
Awlwort
426
Awned Wheat Grass
167
Axonopus
100
furcatus
100
Azalea, Alpine
632
calendulacea
631
caneacena
631
Clammy
631
Flame-colored 631
lutea
631
nudiflora
631
Purple
631
Smooth
631
viscosa
631
Azolla
50
caroUniana
50
Baby's Breath 749
Baccharis 819
glomeruliflora 819
halimifolia 819
Bachelor's Button
860
Bacopa 724
acuminata 724
caroliniana 724
Monniera 724
rotundifolia 724
Baked-apple Berry
487
Bald Cypress 66
Rush 185
Balduina 842
uniflora 842
Ball Mustard 427
Balloon Vine 559
Ballota 700
nigra 701
Balm 705
Bee 703
Common 705
Horse 711
Balm of Gilead 329
Fir 65
Balmony 723
Balsam 560
Fir 65
Poplar 329
Balsam-apple, Wild
765
Balsaminaceae 560
Baneberry 407
Red 408
White 408
Baptisia 505
alba 506
australis 506
bracteata 506
levicantha 506
leucophaea 506
tinctoria * 506
INDEX
889
Baptisia villosa 506
Barbarea 432
Barbarea, 433
lyrata 433
praecox 433
stricta 433
verna 433
vulgaris 432
Barberry 413
American 413
Common 413
Family 411
Barley 167
Barnaby's Thistle
860
Barnyard Grass 117
Barren Oak 344
Stra%Yberry 480
Bartonia 659
iodandra 660
lanceolata 660
paniculata 660
tenella 660
verna 659
virginica 659
Bartsia Odontites I'i'ii
Basil 706, 707
Thyme 706
Basket Oak 340
Basswood 565
White 566
Bastard Pennyroyal
694
Toad-flax 350
Batidaea heterodoxa
487
Batodendron andrach-
neforme 638
arhoreum 638
Batrachium confer-
voides 394
Drouetii 394
flaccidum 394
hederacexim 394
trichophyUum 394
Bay, Lapland Rose
632
LobloUy 571
Mountain Rose
632
Red 413
Sweet 409
Tan 571
Bayberry 330
Bay-leaved Willow
321
Beach Grass 136
Pea 527
Plum 498
Wormwood 849
Beak Rush 199
Beaked Hazelnut
333
Bean, Hyacinth 529
Indian 741
Kidney 528
Sacred 392
Wild 528
Bear Grass 290
Huckleberry 638
Oak 343
Bearberrv 637
Alpine 637
Beard Grass 93, 133
Beard-tongue 721
Bearded Darnel 165
Beaver Poison 614
Beckmannia 144
erucaeformis 144
Bed straw 747
Northern 749
Rough 750
Sweet-scented 750
YeUow 748
Bee Balm 703
Beech 337
Blue 334
Family 337
Fern 35
Water 334
Beech-drops 739
False 630
Beggar's Lice 681
Beggar-ticks 840
Swamp 841
Belamcanda 301
chinensis 301
Bellflower 766
Clustered 767
Marsh 767
Nettle-leaved 767
TaU 767
Bellis 799
integrifolia 799
perennis 799
Bellwort 285
Benjamin Bush 414
Bent Grass 132
Benzoin 414
aestivale 414
Beiizoin 414
melissaefoUum 414
Berberidaceae 411
Berberis 413
canadensis 413
\'xilgaris 413
Berchemia 561
scandens 561
volubilis 561
Bergamot, Wild 704
Bergia 576
texana 576
Berlandiera 826
texana 826
Bermuda Grass 144
Berteroa 423
incana 423
mutabilis 423
Berula 615
angicstifolia 615
erecta 615
Betony, Wood 734
Betula 334
alba 385
alleqhcmiensis 334
caerulea 335
glandulosa 336
lenta 334
lutea 334
nigra 335
papyracea 336
papyrifera 335
pendula 335
populifolia 335
pubescens 335
pumila 336
verrucosa 335
Betulaceae 332
Bicuculla 417
■Mnadensis 417
Cucullaria 417
eximia 417
Bidens 839
acuta 841
aristosa 842
Beckii 842
bidentoides 839
bipinnata 841
cernua 841
chrysanihemoides
841
comosa 840
connata 841
coronata 841
discoidea 840
Eatoni 840
frondosa 840
involucrata 842
lea\-is 841
melanocarpa 840
trichosperma 841
vulgata 840
Big Shell Bark 332
Bigelovia 798
Bigelowia 798
nudata 799
Bignonia 741
capreolata 741
crucigera 741
Family 740
Bigxoxiaceae 740
Bikukulla 417
Bilberry 640
Bog 640
Dwarf 640
Bilhon-DoUar Grass
117
Bilsted 453
Bindweed 670
Black 362
Field 671
Hedge 67 1
Birch 334
Black 334
Blue 335
Canoe 335
Cherry 334
Dwarf 336
Family 332
Gray 334, 335
Low 336
Old Field 335
Paper 335
Red 335
River
Swamp
Sweet
White
Yellow
335
336
334
335
334
Bird Cherry 498
Bird-foot Violet 580
Bird's-eye 727
Primrose 644
Bird's-foot Trefoil
511
Birthroot 293
Birthwort 352
Family 351
Bishop's Cap 448
Bishop's-weed, Mock
613
Bitter Cress 435
Dock 356
Nut 332
Pecan 332
Bittersweet 713
CUmbing 557
Shrubby 557
Bitter-weed 828
Black Alder 337, 555
Ash 651
Bindweed 362
Birch 334
Cohosh 407
Crowberry 551
Currant 452
Grass 270
Gum 625
Haw 760
Henbane 716
High Blueberry
640
Horehound 701
Huckleberry 638
Jack Oak 344
Larch 65
Medick 510
Moss 265
Mustard 428
Oak 342, 343
Oat Grass 123
Poplar 329
Raspberrv 487
Scrub Oak 343
Snakeroot 407, 610
Spruce 65
Sugar Maple 558
Ti-ti 553
Walnut 331
Willow 320
Blackberry 488
Lily 301
Sand 491
White 489
Black-eyed Susan
831
Bladder Campion
386
Fern 43
Nut 557
Nut. American 557
Nut, Family 557
890
INDEX
Bladdefwort 738
Family 736
Greater 737
Smaller 737
Blazing Star 283, 785
Blephariglottis 310
Blephilia 704
ciliata 704
hirsuta 705
Blessed Thistle 861
Blinks 388
Blite. Coast 367
Sea 369
Strawberry 366
Blitum capitatum
366
Bloodroot 415
Bloodwort Family
296
Blue Ash 651
Beech 334
Birch 335
Cohosh 412
Curls 693
Devil 688
False Indigo 506
Hearts 732
Huckleberry 638
Lettuce 867
Phlox 675
Sailors 862
Tangle 638
Vervain 689
Bluebell 767
Family 765
Bluebells 685
Blueberry 638, 639
Black High 640
Early Sweet 639
Evergreen 639
High 640
Late Low 640
Low Black 639
Low Sweet 639
Sour-top 640
Swamp 640
Velvet-leaf 640
Bluebottle 860
Blue-eyed Grass 301
Mary 720
Blue-joint 166
Grass 135
Bluets 752
Blue-weed 688
Bocconia cordata
415
Bnehera 845
Boehmeria 349
cylindrica 349
Bog Asphodel 282
Bilberry 640
Rosemary 635
Rush 267
Spruce 65
Bois d'Arc 347
Boltonia 799
aateroides
decurrenx
799
799
diffusa 799
latisquama 799
Boneset 783
Upland 783
Borage Family 679
BOHAGINACEAE 679
Borrichia 833
frutescens 833
Botrychium 47
lanceolatum 48
Lunaria 48
Matricariae 49
matricariaefolium
48
neglectum 48
obHquum 48
onondagense 48
ramosum 48
rutaceum 49
simplex 48
tenebrosum 48
ternatum 49
virginianum 49
Bottle Grass 118
Bottle-brush Grass
170
Bouncing Bet 386
Bouteloua 145
curtipendula 146
hirsuta 146
oligostachya 146
racemosa 146
Bowman's Root 457
Box Elder 558
Family 550
Huckleberry 638
Boykinia 445
aconitifolia 445
Brachyactis angusta
816
Brachychaeta 798
cordata 798
sphacelata 798
Brachyelytrum 128
ariatatum 128
erectum 128
Bracken 36
Bradburya 529
Bradleya frutescens
515
macrostachys 515
Brake 36
Cliff 37
Common 36
Rock 37
Bramble 486
Brasenia 392
peltata 392
purpurea 392
Schreberi 392
Brassica 427
alba 428
arvensis 428
campestris 428
japonica 428
jnncea 428
Napus 428
nigra 428
oleracea 428
Rapa 428
Sinapistrum 428
Brauneria 832
angustifolia 832
atrorubens 832
pallida 832
paradoxa ■ 832
purpurea 832
Braya 430
humiUs 430
Breweria 669
aquatica 669
humistrata 669
Pickeringii 669
Brickellia 784
grandiflora 785
Brier, Cat 294
Common Green
295
Green 294
Horse 295
Saw 295
Sensitive 503
Bristly Crowfoot 398
Foxtail Grass 118
Locust 514
Sarsaparilla 606
Briza 154
media 154
minor 154
Brome Grass 162
Bromeliaceae 265
Bromus 162
altissimus 164
arvensis 163
brizaeformis 163
ciliatus 164
commutatus 163
erectus 164
hordeaceus 163
incanus 164
japonicus 163
Kalmii 164
mollis 163
patulus 163
purgans 164
racemosus 163
rubens 164
secalinus 163
sterilis 164
tectorum 164
Brooklime, American
727-
European 727
Brook-weed 644
Broom 507
Crowberry 55 1
Hickory 332
Scotch 508
Broom-rape, 740
Family 739
Broussonetia 347
papyri f era 347
Brown Bent Grass
133
Brunella 69S
Brunnichia 364
cirrhosa 364
Bryanthus taxifolius
633
Buchloe, 148
dactyloides 148
Buchnera 732
americana 732
Buckbean 660
Buckeye 55L
Fetid 559
Ohio 559
Red 560
Sweet 560
Buckthorn 561
Common 561
False 648
Family 560
Southern 648
Buckwheat 363
Climbing False 362
Family 353
Buda 378
borealis 379
marina 378
Buffalo Berry 590
Bur 713
Clover 509
Currant 452
Grass 148
Buffalo-nut 350
Bugbane 407
American 407
False 399
Bugle Weed 692. 709
Bugloss 683
Small 683
Viper's 688
Bug-seed 368
Bulbilis dactyloides
148
Bulbous Buttercup
398
Crowfoot 398
Bull Thistle 857, 858
BuUace Grape 565
Plum 498
Bulrush 187
Great 192
River 192
Bumelia 648
lanuginosa 648
lycioides 648
Bunchberry 624
l^imch-flower 285
Bupleurum 617
rotundifolium 617
Bur Clover 51C
Grass 119
Oak 34C
Burdock 85o
Common 85f
Great 85n
Burmannia 304
hiflora 304
Family 304
BURMANNIACEAE 304
Burnet 494
Canadian 49^
INDEX
891
Burnet, Garden 494
Burning Bush 556
Bur-reed 68
Family 68
Bursa Bursa-pastoris
426
BusE Clover 522
Honeysuckle 754
Butneria 409
fertilis 410
florida 410
Butter and Eggs 719
Butterbur 850
Buttercup 394
Bulbous 398
Creeping 397
Dwarf 396
Swamp 397
Tall 398
Butterfly Pea 529
Butterfly- weed 664
Butternut 331
Butter-weed81S, 853
Butterwort 738
Button Snakeroot
609, 785
Buttonbush 751
Buttonweed 750, 751
Buttonwood 454
BUXACEAE 550
Cabbage
428
Skunk
258
Cabomba
392
caroliniana
392
Cacalia
852
atriplicifolia
852
reniformis
852
suaveolens
852
tuberosa
852
Cactaceae
588
Cactus Family
588
missouriensis
588
vivipariis
588
Cakile
427
americana
427
edentula
427
Calamus
258
Calamagrostis
134
brevipilis
134
breviseta
134
canadensis
135
cinnoides
136
confinis
135
hyperborea
135
inexpansa
135
Langsdorfii
135
lapponica
135
longi folia
134
neglecta
135
nemoralis
135
Nuttalliana
186
perplexa
135
Pickeringii
134
Porteri
134
stricta
135
Calamint
705
Calamintka
705
Clinopodiwm 706
glabella 706
Nepeta 706
Nuttallii 706
Calamovilfa 133
brevipilis 133
longifolia 134
Calceolaria 579
Calico Bush 633
Calla 258
palustris 258
CalHcarpa 690
americana 690
purpurea 690
CalUrhoe 568
alcaeoides 569
digitata 569
involucrata 568
triangulata 568
Callitrichaceae
549
Callitriche 550
Austini 550
autumnalis 550
bifida 550
deflexa 550
heterophylla 550
palustris 550
verna 550
Calluna 637
vulgaris 637
Calophanes 743
oblongifolia 743
Calopogon 312
pulchellus 312
Caltha 404
natans 404
palustris 404
Caltrop 536, 860
Family 536
Water 602
Calycaxthaceae
409
Calycanthus 409
Family 409
fertilis 410
fioridus 410
glaucus 410
laevigatits 410
Calycocarpum 411
Lyoni 411
Calymenia pilosa 375
Calypso 318
borealis 319
bulbosa 318
Camassia 289
esculenta 289
Fraseri 289
quamash 289
Camelina 426
microcarpa 427
sativa 427
silvestris 427
Camellia 570
Family 570
Camvmrum hyemale
405
Campanula 766
americana
767
pratensis
436
aparinoides
767
rhomboidea
435
divaricata
768
rotundifoUa
435
dubia
767
Cardinal-flower
768
glomerata
767
Cardiospermum
559
intercedens
767
Carduus 856
867
patula
767
acanthoides
856
rapunculoides
767
altissimus
858
rotvmdifolia
767
arvensis
858
Trachelium
767
crispus
856
uliginosa
768
discolor
857
Campaxulaceae
765
Hillii
858
Campion 384,
385
lanceolattiS
857
Bladder
386
muticus
858
Moss
386
nutans
856
Red
384
odoratus
858
Starry
386
Pitcheri
857
White
384
spinossimus
857
Camptosorus
40
undulatus
857
rhizophyllus 38, 40
virginianus
858
Campulosu^
146
Carex
204
Canada Blue Grass
abacta
254
155
abbreviata
238
Plum
499
acutiformis
250
Thistle
858
adusta
222
Violet
586
aenea
222
Canadian Burnet 494
aestivalis
234
Canary Grass
121
alata
220
Cancer-root
739
albicans
236
One-flowered
740
albolutescens
219
Cane
171
albursina
243
Large
171
alopecoidea
227
Small
171
alpina
232
S-n-itch
171
altocaulis
238
Cannabis
347
amphibola
244
sativa
347
aquatilis
230
Canoe Birch
335
arcta
224
Caper Family
438
arctata
247
Spurge
549
arenaria
229
Capers
438
aristata
250
Capillaire
637
Asa-Grayi
253
Capnodes
417
assiniboinensis 246
aureum
418
atlantica
223
crystallinum
418
atrata
233
ftavulum
418
atratiformis
233
Capnoides
417
aurea
232
campestre
418
Backii
234
micranthum
418
Baileyi
252
montanum
418
Bebbii
221
sempervirens
418
Bicknellii
220
Capparidaceae
438
bicolor
232
Capparis spinosa
438
bromoides
224
Caprifoliaceae
754
brunnescens
224
Capriola
144
bullata
256
Dactylon
144
bullata X rdriculata
Capsella
426
256
Bursa-pastoris
426
Buxbaumii
233
Caraway
614
canescens
224
Cardamine
435
capillaris
246
arenicola
436
capitata
229
bellidifolia
436
Careyana
241
bulbosa
435
caroliniana
233
Clematitis
435
carjophyllea
237
Douglassii
435
castanea
246
flexuosa
436
cephaloidea
227
hirsuta
436
cephalophora
226
parviflora
436
cherokeensis
246
pennsylvanica
436
chordorrhiza
22£
892
INDEX
Carex Collivmi 254
comosa 251
communis 236
concinna 240
conjuncta 228
conoidca 243
costellaia 233
Crawei 245
Crawfordii 218
criiiita 230
cristata 218
cristatella 219
crus-corvi 228
Davisii 234
debilis 247
decomposita 228
deflexa 236, 236
Deweyana 224
diandra 228
digitalis 241
durifolia 235
eburnea 240
echinata 223
exilis 222
extensa 245
festucacea 220
filiformis 248
flaccospenna 244
flava 245, 246
foenea 220, 221
folliculata 254
formosa 233
Frankii 250
Fraseri 232
fuaca 233
gigantea 253
glareosa 225
glauca 237
glaucodea 244
Goodenowii 231
gracillima 234
Grahami 255
grandis 253
granulans 244
gravida 227
Grayii 253
grisea 244
gynandra 230
gynocrates 222
Halei 252
Halleri 232
Harperi 232
Haydeni 232
helvola 225
hirta 249
Hitchcockiana 243
hormathodes 219
Houghtonii 248
hystericina 251
interior 223
intumescens 253
Jamesii 235
Joorii 248
katahdinensis 243
lanuginosa 248
laxiculmis 241
laxiflora 242
Leaven wort hii 226
bnticularis 231
lepidocarpa 245
leporina 221
leptalea 232
limosa 239
littoralis 239
livida 237
loiigirostris 246
louisianica 252
lupuliformis 253
lupuliria 253
luTpuliiia X retrursa
252
lurida 251
macrokolea 247
magellanica 239
nuiin^nsis 255
maritima 229
Meadii 238
Michauxiana 254
milviris 254, 255
mirabilis 219
munile 255
Muhlenbergii 226
muricata 226
muskingumensis
217
nigro-marginat a
235
norvegica 225
novae-angliae 236
oblita 247
Oederi 245
oligocarpa 243
oligosperma 249
Olneyi 256
oronensis 218
oxylepis 234
pallescens 238
panicea 237
pauciflora 232
paupercula 238
■pedicellata 236
pedunculata 240
pennsylvanica 236
picta 239
pilulifera 236
plant aginea 240
platyphylla 241
polygama 233
polymorpha 238
polytrichoides 232
praecox 237
prasina 239
pratenais 218
Pseudo-Cyperus
2M
ptychocarpa 241
pubescens 237
Raeana 255
rariflora 239
Redowakiana 222
retroflexa 226
retrorsa 252
Richardsoni 240
rigifla 230
riparia 250
rosea 226
rostrata
255
rotundata
255
salina
230
saltuensia
238
Sartwellii
229
saxatilis
254
scabrata
248
Schweinitzii
252
scirpoidea
235
scirpoides
223
scoparia 217, 218
seorsa 223
setacea 227
setifdia 240
Short iana 234
Shriveri 245
siccata 218
silicea 220
sparganioides 226
squarrosa 250
stellulata 222
stenolepis 251
stenophylla 229
sterilis 223
stipata 228
straminea
219,220, 221
striata 249
stricta 231
styloflexa 242
suberecta 220
subulata 254
sjThnocephala 222
tenella 225
tenera 219, 220
tenuiflora 225
tenuis 247
teretiuscula 228
tetanica 238"
texensis 226
Torreyi 238
torta 231
tribuloides
217,219,221
triceps 233
trichocarpa 249
trisperma 225
Tuckermani 256
typhinoides 250
umbellata 235
utriculata 256
vaginata 238
varia 236
venusta 247
verrucosa 247
vesicaria 255
vestita 248
virescens 233
viridula 246
vuloaris 231
vulpinoidea
227, 228
Walteriana 249
Willdenowii 235
xanthocarpa 228
xerantica 221
Carnation 387
Carolina Allspice 409
Carpenter- weed 698
Carpet Weed 377
Carpinus 334
caroliniana 334
Carrion-flower 295
Carrot 623
Carum 614
Carvi 614
Petroselinum 6 1 5
Carya 331
alba 331, 332
amara 332
aquatica 332
cordiformis 332
glabra 332
illinoensis 331
laciniosa 332
microcarpa 332
olivaeformis 33 1
ovata 331, 332
porcina 332
sulcata 332
tomentosa 332
Caryophyllaceae
377
Cashew Family 552
Cassandra 636
calyculata 636
Cassena 554
Cassia 504
acuminata 505
Chamaecrista 505
depressa 505
marilandica
504, 606
Medsgeri 505
nictitans 505
obtusifolia 505
occidentalis 505
Tora 505
Cassiope 633
hypnoides 634
Cast alia 391
odorata 391
tuberosa 391
Castanea 338
dentata 338
pumila 338
saliva 338
Castilleja 732
acuminata 732
coccinea 732
pallida 732
sessiliflora 732
Castor-oil Plant 544
Cat Brier 294
Grape 565
Mint 697
Spruce 65
Catabrosa 151
aquatica 151
Catalpa 741
bignonioides 741
Catnlpa 741
speciosa 741
Catawba Tree 741
Catchfly 385. 386
Grass- 120
INDEX
893
Catchfly, Night-
flowering 385
Round-leaved 386
Royal 386
Sleepy 385
Sweet William 385
Catgut 514
Catnip 697
Cat's-ear 863
Cat-tail Family 67
Flag 68
Caucalis 623
AnthHscus 623
nodosa 623
Caulophyllum 412
thalictroides 412
Ceanothus 562
americanus 562
ovatus 662
Cehaiha Carolina 411
Cedar, Red 67
White 66, 67
Cedronella cordata
697
Celandine 415
Lesser 394
Poppy 415
Celastraceae 556
Celastrus 557
scandens 557
Celosia 373
argentea 373
Celtis 346
canina 346
mississippiensis
346
occidentalis 346
Cenchrus 119
carolinianus 119
macrocephalus 119
tribuloidea 119
Centaurea 859
americana 861
benedicta 861
Calcitrapa 860
Cyan us 860
Jacea 860
maculosa 861
melitensis 860
nigra 861
Scabiosa 860
solstitialis 860
vochinensis 861
Centaurella Moseri
660
paniculata 660
Centaurium 655
calycosum 656
pulchellum 656
spicatuna 656
texense 656
umbellatum 656
Centaury 655, 656
Centella 611
asiatica 611
repanda 6 1 1
Centrosema 529
virginianum 529
Centunculus
647
vestila
36
umbellata
628
minimus
647
Chelidonium
415
Chinese Lantern
Century Plant
298
majua
415
Plant
715
Cephalanthua
751
Chelone
723
Chinquapin
338
occidentalis
752
glabra
723
Water
392
Cerastium
383
Lyoni
723
Chiogenes
637
arvense
383
obUqua
723
hispidula
637
brachypodon
383
Chenopodiaceae
serpyllifolia
637
glomeratum
383
364
Chionanthus
652
longe peduncula-
Chenopodium
365
virginica
652
tum
384
album
367
Chloris
145
nutans
383
ambrosioides
366
verticillata
145
ohlongifolium
383
Berlandieri
367
Choke Cherry
498
semidecandru
m"**
Bonus-Henricus
Chokeberry
458
383
366
Chondrilla
864
triviale
383
Boscianum
367
juncea
864
viscosum
383
Botrys
366
Chondrophora
798
vulgatum
383
capitatum
366
Christmas Fern
40
Ceratophyllaceae
glaucum
367
Flower
405
389
humile
367
Chrospermn muscae-
Ceratophyllum
389
hybridum
367
toxicum
284
demersum
389
incisum
366
Chrysanthemum
847
Cerasus
497
leptoohylhim
367
Balsamita
847
Cercis
505
murale
367
Corn
847
canadensis
505
polyspermum
367
Leucanthemum
Chaerophyllum
612
rub rum
367
847
procumbens
612
urbicum
367
Parthenium
847
Taint urieri
612
Vulvaria
367
segetum
847
Chaetochloa
118
Cherry
497
Chrysogonum
826
versicolor
118
Birch
334
virginianum
826
Chaetopappa
799
Bird
498
Chrysopogon nutans
asteroides
799
Choke
498
95
Chaff-seed
736
Fire
498
Chrysopsis
787
Chaffweed
647
Ground
714
camporum
788
Chain Fern
37
Morello
499
falcata
787
Chamaecistus
632
Perfumed
498
gossypina
788
Chamaecyparis
66
Pin
498
graminifolia
787
sphaeroidea
66
Rum
497
mariana
787
thyoides
66
Sand
499
Nuttallii
788
Chamaedaphne
636
Sour
499
pilosa
788
calyculata
636
Sweet
499
villosa
788
Chamaelirium
283
Wild Black
497
Chrysosplenium
448
carolinianum
283
Wild Red
498
alternifolium
448
luteum
283
Winter
715
americanum
448
obovale
283
Chervil
617
ioicense
448
Chamaenirion an-
Chesg
163
tetrandrum
448
gustifolium
596
Soft
163
Cichorium
862
Chamaerhodos
480
Chestnut
338
Intybus
862
erecta
480
Oak
341
Cicuta
614
Chamaesaracha
713
Water
602
bulbifera
614
conioides
714
Chickasaw Plum 498
Curtissii
614
aordida
714
Chicken Grape
564
maculata
614
Chamomile
846
Chickweed
381
Cigar Tree
741
Corn
846
Common
382
Cimicifuga
407
Garden
846
Common Mouse-
americana
407
Wild
846
ear
3S3
cordijolia
407
Yellow
846
Field Mouse-
ear
racemosa
407
Charlock
428
383
Cinna
136
Jointed
427
Forked
376
arundinacea
136
Cheat
163
Great
382
latifoUa
137
Checkerberry
636
Indian
377
pendula
137
Cheeses
568
Jagged
384
Cinnamon Fern
47
Cheilanthes
36
Mouse-ear
383
Rose
4S6
alabamensis
36
Wintergreen
646
Ciiiquefoil
481
Feel
36
Chicory
862
Shrubby
483
lanosa
36
Common
862
Silvery
482
lanuginosa
37
Chimaphila
627
Three-tootheil 483
tomentosa
36
maculatJi
628
Circaea
602
894
Circaea alpina 602
intermedia 602
lutetiana 602
Cirsium 856
altissimiun 858
arvense 858
canescens 857
canum 859
discolor 857
Hillii 858
iowense 858
lanceolatum 857
muticum 858
palustre 859
Pitcheri 857
pumilum 858
spinosissimum 857
undulatum 857
virginianum 858
Ciasus 563
Ampelopsis 563
arborea 563
cordata 563
incisa 563
stans 563
CiSTACEAE 576
Cistus canadensis
577
Citrullus vulgaris 765
Cladium 201
jamaicense 202
mariscoides 201
Cladrastis 506
lutea 507
tinctoria 507
Clammy Azalea 631
Cuphea 593
Locust 514
Clary 703
Claytonia 388
caroliriiana 388
Chamissonis 388
virginica 388
Clearweed 349
Cleavers 747, 748
Clematis 402
Addisonii 403
crispa 403
cylindrica 403
fiaccida 403
Fremontii 403
glaucophylla 403
ligusticifolia 403
missouriensis 402
ochroleuca 403
ovata 403
Pitcheri 403
Simaii 403
versic(;lor 403
verticillaris 403
Viorna 403
viornioides 403
virginiana 402
Cleome 439
in tegrifoli/i 439
lutea 439
serrulata 439
gpinosa 439
INDEX
Clethra
627
Cockle, Corn
384
acuminata
627
Cocklebur
828
alnifolia
627
Coelogloaaum bractea-
CUff Brake
37
tum
308
Climbing Bitter-
Coelopleurum
618
sweet
557
actaeifolium
619
Dogbane
662
Gmelini
619
False Buckwheat
Coffee, Wild
758
362
Coffee-tree
746
Fern
46
Kentucky
504
Fumitory
417
Cohosh
407
Hemp-weed
784
Black
407
Rose
495
Blue
412
Clinopodium
705
Coteosanthus
785
A cinos
706
grandifiorua
785
glabellitm
706
Colic-root
294
glabrum
706
Coliseum Ivy
720
Nepeta
706
CoUinsia
720
vulgar e
706
bicolor
721
Clintonia
290
parviflora
721
borealis
291
verna
720
umbellata
291
violacea
721
umbelluiata
291
ColUnsonia
711
Clitoria
529
canadensis
711
mariana
529
Collomia linearis 675
Cloak Fern
35
Coltsfoot
850
Closed Gentian
658
sweet
850
Clotbur
828
Columbine
405
Cloudberry
487
Garden
405
Clover
508
Wild
405
Alsike
509
Columbo, American
Buffalo
509
659
Bur
510
Comandra
350
Bush
522
livida
350
Crimson
509
pallida
350
Hop
509
Richardsiana
350
Italian
509
umbellata
350
Low Hop
509
Comarum palustre
Prairie
513
483
Rabbit-foot
509
Comfrey
683
Red
509
Common
683
Stinking
439
Wild
681
Stone
509
Commelina
265
Sweet
510
communis
265
White
509
erecta
265
Yellow
509
liirtella
265
Zigzag
509
nudiflora
265
Club Moss
54
virginica
265
Common
56
COMMELIXACEAE
: 264
Family
54
Compass Plaint
825
Club Rush
187
COMPOSITAE
770
Clustered Bellflower
Composite Family
•
767
770
Cnicus 857
861
Comptonia aapleni-
altissimus 857
, 858
folia
330
arvenaia
858
peregrina
330
benedictus
861
Cone-flower
830
Hillii
858
Purple
832
horridulus
857
Coniosclinum
622
lanceolatus
857
canadense
622
muticus
858
chinense
622
odnratus
858
Conium
613
Pitcheri
857
maculatum
613
undulatus
857
Conobea
724
Virginian us
858
multifida
724
Coast Blite
367
Conopholis
739
Cocculus
410
americana
739
carolinus
410
Conringia
429
orientaJis 429
perfoliala 429
Convallaria 293
ma j alls 293
CONVOLVULACEAE
668
Convolvulus 670
arvensis 671
Family 668
japonicus 671
repena 671
sepium 671
spithamaeus 671
Cooperia 298
Drummondii 298
Coptis 404
trifolia 404
Coral Root 316
Coral-berry 757
Corallorrhiza 316
Cora llorrhiza 317
innata 317
maculata 317
micrantha. 317
multifiora 317
odontorliiza 317
striata 317
trifida 317
Wisteriana 317
Cord Grass 142
Corema 551
Conradii 551
Coreopsis 837
aristosa ■ 842
aurea 841
auriculata 838
bidentoidea 840
crassifolia 837
delphinifolia 838
discoidea 840
grandiflora 837
involucrata 842
lanceolata 837
major 838
palmata 838
pubescens 838
rosea 837
senifolia 838
Tall 838
tinctoria 837
trichosperma 841
tripteris 838
verticillata 838
Coriander 618
Coriandrum 618
sativum 618
Corispermum 368
hyssopifolium 369
Cork Elm 346
Wood 330
Wood Family 330
Corn Chamomile 846
Chrysanthemum
847
Cockle 384
Gromwell 6S5
Marigold 847
Poppy 416
INDEX
895
Corn Salad
762
Speedwell
72S
Spurrey
379
CORNACEAE
623
Cornel
623
Dwarf
624
Round-leaved
624
Silky
624
Stiff
625
Corn-flower
860
Comucopiae altis-
sima
133
Cornus
623
alternifolia
625
Amomum
624
asperifolia
624
Baileyi
624
canadensis
624
candidissima
625
cLrcinata
624
florida
624
paniculata
625
Priceae
624
Purpusi
624
sericea
624
stolonifera
624
stricta
625
suecica
624
Coronilla
518
varia
518
Coronopus
426
Coronopus
426
didymus
426
procumbens
426
Corpse Plant
629
Corydalis
417
a urea
418
crystallina
418
flavula
418
glauca
418
Golden
418
micrantha
418
Pale
418
sempervirens
418
Corylus
333
americana
333
rostrata
333
Costmary
847
Cotimis cotinoides
553
Cotoneaster
479
Pyracantha
479
Cotton Grass
195
Rose
819
Thistle
859
Cotton-wood
329
Cotula
848
coronopifolia
848
Couch Grass
166
Cow Lily
390
Oak
340
Parsnip
621
Pea
528
Wheat
732
Cowbane
622
Spotted
614
Cowberry
641
Cow-heit)
386
Cowslip 404, 644
American 647
Virginian 685
Crab, American 458
Apple 458
Siberian 458
Cracca 514
hispidula 514
spicata 514
virginiana 514
Crack Willow 322
Cranberry 638, 641
American 641
High-bush 759
Large 641
Mountain 641
Rock 641
Small 641
Cranberry-tree 759
Crane Fly Orchis 319
CranesbiU 534
Long-stalked 536
Wild 535
Crantzia 617
lineata 617
Crassulaceae 441
Crataegus 460
alnorum 471
anomala 474
apiifolia 470
apposita 466
aprica 466
Arnoldiana 475
ascendens 470
Bartramiana 462
Baxteri 465
beata 472
berberifolia 463
biltmoreana 466
blandita 470
Boyntoni 465
Brainerdi 477
Brownii 465
campestris 477
canadensis 476
Canbji 463
champlainensis
476
Chapmani 478
coccinea 466, 469,
476, 478
coccinioides 474
cognata 472
colhna 464
coloradensis 478
Colorado 478
Columbiana 467
cordata All
cristata Alb
crudeUs 470
Crus-galli 462
Crus-galli X macra-
cantha 462
deltoidcs 472
dispessa 474
Dodgei 469
Douglasii 479
Edsoni 471
Eggertii
474
ubei
471
fecunda
463
uniflora
467
fiabellata 470
.471
Vaihae
467
flava
466
viridis
465
fluviatilis
470
Creeping Bent
132
foetida
465
Buttercup
397
fursca
472
Snowberry
637
glandulosa 469
,479
Spearwort
395
grandis
463
Thj'me
708
Grayana
471
Crepis
869
Holmesiana
473
biennis
870
intricata
466
capillaris
869
irrasa
468
pulchra
869
Jackii
468
runcinata
869
Jesupl .
473
tectorum
870
Jonesae
469
virens
869
Kelloggii
473
Cress, Bitter
435
lanuginosa
474
Common Winter
laurentiana
468
432
leiophylla
473
Early Winter
433
leucophleos
478
Garden
425
lucorum
470
Lake
432
Macauleyae
468
Marsh
432
macracantha
477
Mountain Water
macrosperma
471
435
Margaretta
464
Mouse-ear
430
Marshallii
470
Penny
424
missouriensis
478
Rock
436
modesta
466
Spring
435
moUis
476
Swine
426
nitida
465
True Water
431
Oakesiana
468
Wart
426
ohlongifolia
474
Water
431
Oxyacantha
462
Winter
432
Palmeri
463
Yellow-
431
par vi folia
467
Crested Dwarf
iris
pausiaca
463
301
Peckii
466
Crimson Clover
509
pedicellata
475
Crimson-eyed Hibis-
Pennypackeri
463
cus
570
persimilis
463
Criosanthes borealis
pertomentosa
477
306
Phaenopyrum
477
Crookneck Squash
poUta
475
765
populnea
471
Cross-vine
741
pratensis
463
Crotalaria
507
pre mora
466
oralis
507
Pringlei
475
Purshii
507
pruinosa
472
rotundifolia
507
prunifolia
463
sagittalis
507
punctata
463
Croton
541
pyriformis
474
capitatus
542
roanensis
470
glandulosus
542
Robhinsiana
472
monanthogyn
us
rotundata
468
542
rotun(Ufolia
468
texensis
542
Schuettei
477
Crotonopsis
542
seqiwLX
472
linearis
542
Sheridana
469
Crowberry
551
sihucola
472
Black
551
spathulata
469
Broom
551
speciosa
475
Family
551
stolonifera
471
Crowfoot
394
Stonei
466
Bristly
398
submoUis
476
Bulbous
398
suborbiculata
464
Common White
tenuifolia
474
Water
394
tomentosa 467
,478
Cursed
396
896
INDEX
Crowfoot, FJarly ^97
Family 392
Grass 147
Hooked 397
Sea-Side 394
Small-flowered
396
Stiff Water 394
Tall 398
Yellow Water 394
Crownbeard 836
Cruciferae 418
Cryptogramma 37
acrostj choidea 37
densa 37
vStelleri 37
Cryptotaenia 615
canadensis 615
Ctenium 146
ari,ericanum 147
aromaticum 146
Cubelium 579
concolor 579
Cuckoo Flower 436
Cucumber 765
One-seeded Bur
765
Tree 409
Cucumis Melo 765
sativus 765
Cucurbita 764
foetidissima 765
maxima 765
naoschata 765
Pepo 765
CUCURBITACEAE 764
Cudweed 823
Low 823
Mountain 823
Purplish 823
Culver's Physic 726
Culver's-root 726
Cunila 709
Mariana - 709
origanoides 709
Cup Plant 826
Cuphea 593
Clammy 593
petiolata 593
viscosissima 593
Cupseed 411
Curled Mallow 568
Mustard 428
Curly Grass 45
Family 45
Currant 450
Black 452
Buffalo 452
Indian 757
Missouri 452
Red 452
Skunk 452
Swamp Black 452
Swamp Red 452
Wild Black 451
Cursed Crowfoot 396
Cuscuta 671
arvensis 672
CepTialantlii 672
chlorocfirpn 672
com pacta 673
Coryii 672
cuspidata 673
decora 672
Epilinum 671
P^pitliymum 672
europaea 672
glomerata 673
Gronovii 672
indecora 672
inflexa 672
obtusiflora 672
paradoxa^ 673
Polygonorum 672
rostrata 673
tenuiflora 672
Trifolii 672
Custard Apple Fam-
ily 410
Cut-grass 120
Rice 120
Cut-leaf Germander
693
Cycloloma 365
atriplicifollum 365
platyphyllum 365
Cymbalaria Cymbala-
ria 720
Cymopterus 619
acaulis 619
glomeratus 619
Cynanchum 667
nigrum 667
Vincetoxicum 667
CynoctonHm 653
Mitreola 653
Cynodon 144
Dactylon 144
Cynoglossum 681
boreale 681
officinale 681
\irginianum 681
virginicum 68 1
Cynosciadium 617
pinnatum 618
Cynosurus cristatus
154
Cynthia 863
Cyperaceae 171
Cyperus 172
acuminatus 175
aristatus 175
Biu^hii 179
calcaratus 176
compressus 175
cylindricus 178
dentatus 176
diandrus 174
dipsaciformis 178
echinatus 178
Engelrnanni 177
erythrorhizos 177
esculentus 176
ferax 177
filiculmis 179
flavescens 174
flavicomus 175
fiavus 179
fuscus 176
Gatesii 175
Grayu 179
Halei 177
Hallii 176
haspan 170
Houghtonii 1 79
hystricinus 178
inflexus 1 75
lancastriensis 177
microdontus 174
Nuttallii 174
ovularis 178
polystachyus 175
pseudovegetus 175
refractus 177
retrofractus 178
rivularis 174
rotundus 176
Schweinitzii 175
speciosus 177
strigosus 177
Torreyi 178
Cypress 66
Bald 66
Spurge 549
Standing 675
Vine 670
Cypripedium 306
acaule 307
arietinum 306
candidum 307
hirsutum 307
parviflorum 306
passerinum 307
pubescens 307
spectabile 307
Cyrilla 553
Family 553
racemiflora 553
Cyrillaceae 553
Cystopteris 43
bulbifera 43
fragilis 43
Cytisus 507
scoparius 508
Dactylis 154
glomerata 154
Dactyloctenium 147
aegyptiacum 147
aegyptium 147
Daffodil 298
Dahoon Holly 554
Daisy 799
Fleabane 817,818
Ox-eye 847
Western 799
White 847
Yellow 831
Dalea 5 1 3
alopecuroides 513
enneandra 513
laxifiora 513
Dalibarda 493
repens 493
Damr's Violet, 430
DHiiddion 864
Common 865
Dwarf 862
FaU 863
False 869
Red-seeded 865
Daiigleberry 638
Danthonia 14]
compressa 141
epiUs 142
glabra 142
intermedia 142
sericea 142
spicata 142
Daphne 590
Mezereum 590
Darby a 35 1
umbellulata 351
Darlingtonia 439
Darnel 165
Bearded 165
Common 165
Dasiphora fruticosa
483
Dasystoma fiava 730
grandi flora 729
laevigata 730
pedicularia 729
serrata 730
virginica 730
Datisca hirta 552
Datura 717
Metel 717
Stramonium 717
Tatula 717
Daucus 623
Carota 623
Day Lily 287
Day-flower 265
Dead Nettle 700
Decodon 592
verticillatus 592
Decumaria 450
barbara 450
Deerberry 639
Deergrass 593
Delphinium 405
Ajacis 406
albescens 406
azureum 406
camporum 406
carolinianum 406
Consolida 406
exaltatum 406
Nortonianum 406
Penardi 406
Treleasei 406
tricorne 406
urceulatum 406
Dendrium 63?
Dennstaedtia punoti-
lobula 4i
Dentaria 434
anomala 435
diphylla 434
heterophylla 434
incisifolia 434
INDEX
897
IVntaria lariniata
435
maxima 434
Deptford Pink 387
Deringa canadensis
615
Deschampsia 140
atropurpurea 140
caespitosa 140
flexuosa 140
Desmanthus 503
brack ylobus 503
illinoensis 503
Desm odium 519
acuminatum 519
bracteosum 520
canadense 520, 521
canescens 520
ciliare 522
cu^pidatum 520
Dillenii 521
glabellum 520
grandiflorum 519
humifusum 520
illinoense 520
laevigaturn 521
lineatum 522
marilandicum 522
nudiflorum 519
obtusum 522
ochroleucum 519
paniculatum 521
pauciflorum 519
rhombifolium 521
rigidum 522
rotundifolium 519
sessilifolium 522
strict um 521
viridiflorum 521
Devil's Bit 283, 763
Club 606
Paint-brush 872
Dewberry 492
Lucretia 492
Dianthera 742
americana 742
ovata 742
Dianthus 387
Armeria 387
barbatus 387
deltoides 387
prolifer - 387
Diapensia 642
Family 642
lapponica 642
DiAPENSIACEAE 642
Diarrheua 153
americana 153
diandra 153
Di centra 417
canadensis 417
Cucullaria 417
eximea 417
Dichondra 669
evolrulacea 669
repens 669
Dichromena 185
colorata 185
latifolia 185
leucocephala 185
Dicksonia 44
pilosiuscula 45
punctilobula 45
Diclytra 417
Didiplis 591
diandra 591
linearis 59 1
Dielytra 417
Diervilla 754
DierviUa 754
Lonicera 754
trifida 754
Digitalis 726
purpurea 726
Digitaria 95
filiformis 95
humifusa 95
paspalodes 99
sanguinalia 96
serotina 96
villosa 95
Dill 621
Diodia 751
teres 751
virginiana 751
Dioscorea 297
\dllosa 297
DiOSCOREACEAE 297
Diospyros 648
virginiana 648
Diphylleia 412
cymosa 412
Diplachne acuminata
148
fascicularis 148
procumbens 148
Diplopappu^ amyg-
dalinus 815
cornifolius 815
linariifoliits 815
umbellatus 815
Diplotaxis 428
muralis 428
tenuifolia 429
DiFSACACEAE 763
Dipsacus 763
laciniatus 763
sylvestris 763
Dirca 589
palustris 590
Discopleura 613
capillacea 613
Nuttallii 614
Disporum 291
lanuginosum 29 1
Distichlis 153
maritima 154
spicata 153
Ditaxis m^rcurialina
543
Ditch Grass 78
Stonecrop 442
Dittany 709
Common 709
Dock 354, 355
Bitter 356
Golden 357
Great Wafer 355
Pale 356
Patience 355
Prairie 825
Swamp 356
White 355
Yellow 355
Ddckmackie 759
Dodder 671
Flax 671
Dodecatheon 647
Meadia 647
Doellingeria humilis
815
infirma 815
umbellata 815
Dog Fennel 782, 846
Rose 496
Dogbane 662
Climbing 662
Family 661
Spreading 662
Dogberry 451
Dogwood 623
Family 623
Flowering 624
Poison 552
Red-osier 624
Round-leaved 624
Dog's-tail Grass 154
Dog's-tooth Violet
289
Dolichos 529
Lablab 529
Dondia americana
370
depressa 370
maritima 370
Downy Arrow-wood
759
False Foxglove
730
Green Alder 336
Poplar 329
Yellow Violet 585
Draba 422
arabisans 423
brachycarpa 422
caroUniana 422
cuneifoUa 422
incana 423
nemorosa 423
ramosissima 423
stylaris 423
verna 422
Dracocephalum 697
parviflorum 697
Dragon Arum 257
Green 257
Head 697
Head, False 69S
Root 257
Drop-seed 127, 129
Drosera 440
anglica 441
brevifulia 441
filiforiais 441
intermedin 44 1
linearis 44 1
longifoUa 44 1
rotundifolia 440
Droseraceae 440
Drymocallis arguta
481
Dryopteris Boottii 42
crista ta 42, 43
Filix-mas 42
fragrans 42
Goldiana 42
Goldieana 42
marginalia 42
noveboracensis 42
Simula ta 41
spin ulosa 43
Thelypteris 41
Duchesnea 480
indica 4S0
Duck's-meat 259
Duckweed 259
Family 259
DuUchium ISO
arundinaceum l&O
spathaceum 180
Dupontia Cooleyi 140
Dusty Miller S49
Dutchman's
Breeches , 417
Pipe 353
Dwarf Bilberry 640
Birch 336
Buttercup 396
Cornel 624
Dandehon 862
Ginseng 606
Gray Willow 326
Huckleberry 638
Iris 300
Larkspur 406
Mistletoe 351
Raspberry 487
Sumach 552
White Trilhum
294
Dyer's Greenweed
507
Rocket 439
Weed 439
Weld 439
Dyschoriste 743
oblongifolia 743
Dyssodia 845
ch rysa n t}i emoides
845
papposa 845
Ear-leaved Umbrella
Tree 409
Early Crowfoot 3t>7
Meadow Rue 400
Saxifrage 446
Sweet Blueberry
639
Winter Cress 433
Yellow Violet 585
Eastern Camass 289
GRAY a MANUAL — 57
898
INDEX
Fnt/mia 138
Dudleyi 138
intermedia 138
pennsylvanica 138
Ebenaceae 648
Ebony Family 648
Echinacea 832
angustifolia 832
palMa 832
■purpurea 832
Echinochloa 117
colona 118
crusgalli 117
fruraentacea 117
Walter! .117
Echinocystis 765
lobata 765
Echinodorus 84
cordifolius 84
parvulus 84
radicans 84
roctratus 84
tenellus 84
Ecfiinopanax 606
horrida 606
Echinops 856
sphaerocephalus
856
Echinospermum 681
deflexum 682
florihundum 682
Lappula 682
virginicum 681
Echium 688
vulgare 688
EcUpta 830
alba 830
Eel Grass 78, 85
Egg-plant 712
Eglantine 496
Elaeagnaceae 590
Elaeagnus 590
argentea 590
Elatinaceae 575
Elatine 576
americana 576
brachysperma 576
triandra 576
Elatinoidea Elatine
720
spuria 720
Elder 761
Box 558
Marsh 827
Poison 552
lled-berried 761
Wild 606
Elecampane 824
l^leocharis 180
acicularis 183
acuminata 184
albida 184
atropurpurea 182
capitata 182
rompressa 184
diandra 182
dispar 182
Engelmanni 182
equisetoides 181
interme<lia 184
interstincta 181
Macounii 185
melanocarpa 184
mutata 181
nitida 184
obtusa 182
ochreata 181
olivacea 182
ovata 182
palustris 183
pauciflora 189
pygmaea 189
quadrangulata 181
Robbinsii 181
rostellata 185
tenuis 184
Torreyana 183
tortilis 183
tricostata 184
tuberculosa 183
Wolfii 183
Elephantopus 78 1
carolinianus 781
nudatus 781
tomentosus 781
Elephant's-foot 781
Eleusine 147
aegyptia 147
indica 147
ElUsia 677
Nyctelea 677
Elm 345
American 345
Cork 346
English 345
Red 345
Reck 346
Slippery 345
Wahoo 346
Water 346
White 345
Winged 346
Elodea 85, 676
campanulata 575
canadensis 85
Elodes 575
Elsholtzia 712
Patrini 712
Elymus 168
arenarius 170
australis 169
brachystachys 169
canadensis 169
diversiglumis 170
glaucus 170
Macounii 170
mollis 170
robustus 1 69
striatus 169
virginicus 169
Empetraceak 551
Empetrum 551
nigrum 551
Enchanter's Night-
shade 602
English Elm 345
Hawthorn 462
Plantain 745
Violet 585
Enslenia 667
albida 667
Epifagus 739
virginiana 739
Epigaea 636
repens 636
Epilobium 596
adenocaulon 597
alpinum 597
anagallidifoUum
597
angustifolium 596
coloratura 597
densum 596
hirsutum 596
Hornemani 597
lactiflorum, 597
lineare 596, 597
moUe 596
oliganthum, 597
palustre 597
spicatum 596
striatum, 596
Epipactis SIS, 315
decipiens 315
Helleborine 313
lati folia 313
pubescens 315
repens 315
tesselata 315
viridi flora 313
Epiphegios 739
Equisetaceae 51
Equisetum 51
arvense 62
fluviatile 53
hyemale 53
laevigatum 53
limosum 53
litorale 52
palustre 52
pratense 52
robustum 53
scirpoides 54
sylvaticum 52
variegatum 54
Eragrostis 149
campestria 151
capillaris 150
Eragrostis 151
Frankii 150
hypnoides 150
mnjor 150
megastachya 150
minor 150
pectinacea 151
pilosa 150
Purshii 15o
refracta 150
reptans 151
tenuis 151
trichodes 151
Eranthis 405
hyemalis 405
Erechtites 851
hieracifolia ^5\
Erianthus 02
alopecuroides 93
brevibarbis 93
compactus 93
contortus 93
divaricatus 63
saccharoides 93
Erica cinerea 637
Tetralix 637
Ericaceae 625
Erigenia 612
bulbosa 612
Erigeron 817
acris 818
annuus 817
asper 817
bellidifolius 817
canadensis 8 18
divaricatus 818
droebachiensis 818
glabellus 817
hyssopifolius SI 7
nudicaulis 817
philadelphicus 817
pulchellus 817
ramosus 818
strigosv^s 818
vernus 817
Eriocarpum spinulo-
sum 7£8
Eriocaulaceae 260.
Eriocaulon 261
articulatum 261
compressum 261
decangulare 261
gnaphalodes 261
Parkeri 26 1
septanguktre 26 1
Eriogonum 353
Alleni 354
longifohum 353
Eriophorum 195
alpinum 190
angustifolium 197
cailitrix 196
Chamissonis 196
cyperinum 195
gracile 196, 197
lineatum 194
opacum 196
paucinervium, 197
polystachion 197
russeolum 196
tenellum 196
vaginatum, 196
virginicum 197
viridi-carinatum
197
Erithrea 656
Erodium 536
cicutariurr fSG
moschatuin 536
Eryngium 609
aciuaticum 610
I.eavenwdrthii 610
prostratum 610
virginianum 610
INDEX
899
Eryngium yucci-
folium 609
Eryngo 609
Erysimum 430
asperum 43 1
cheiranthoides 431
inconspicuum 431
parviflorum 431
repandum 431
syriicolum 43 1
Eryth raea 656
calycosa Co6
Centaurium 656
ramosissima 656
spicata 656
texensis 656
Erythronium 289
albidum 289
americanum 289
mesochoreum 289
propuUaiis 289
Eulophus 616
americanus 617
Eupatorium 781
igeratoides 784
album 782
altissimum 783
aromaticuBi 784
capillifolium 782
coelestinum 784
foeniculaceum 782
hyssopifolium
782, 783
incarnatum 784
leucolepis 782
mnculatum 782
perfoliatum 783
pubescens 783
purpureum 782
resinosum 783
rotundifolium 783
semiserratum 783
serotinum 782
sessilifolium 783
teucrifolium 783
Torreyanum 783
trifoliatum 782
urticaefolium 784
verbenaefolium
783
Euphorbia 545
arkansana 549
commutata 549
corollata 547
Cyparissias 549
Darlingtoiiii 548
dentata 548
dictyosperma 548
Esula 549
Geyeri 545
glyptosperma 546
Helioscopia 549
heterophylla 548
hexagona 547
hirsuta 546
humistrata 547
hypericifolia 546
loecacuanhae 548
Lathyrus 549
lucida 549
maculata 547
marginata 547
marilandica 547
nicaeensis 549
nutans 546
Nuttallii 546
obtusata 548
Peplus 549
petaloidea 546
platyphylla 548
polj-gonifoUa 545
Preslii 546
serpens 546
serpyllifolia 546
stictospora 547
zygophylloides
546
EUPHORBIACEAE 540
Euphrasia 733
americana 733
arctica 733
canadensis 733
hirtella 733
latifolia 733
Oakesii 733
Randii 733
WilUamsii 733
European Brooklime
727
Fly Honeysuckle
755
Gooseberry 45 1
Millet 104
Mountain Ash 459
Spindle Tree 556
Vervain 688
Euthamia caroliniana
798
graminifolia 797
gymnospermoides
798
leptocephala 798
tenuifolia 798
Evening Primrose
598
Common 598
Family 594
White 600
Evergreen Blueberry
639
Everlasting
820, 822, 823
Common 823
Pea 527
Pearly 822
Plantain-leaved
820
Evolvulua 669
argenteus 669
pilosus 670
Evonymus 556
americanus 556
atropurpureus 556
europaeus 556
obovatus 556
Eyebright 733
Fagaceae 337
Fagopyrum 363
esculentum 363
Fagopyrum 363
tataricum 363
Fagus 337
americana 338
ferruginea 338
grandifolia 338
Falcata 530
comosa 530
Pitcheri 530
Fall Dandelion 863
Witch Grass 96
False Acacia 514
Aloe 298
Asphodel 283
Beach Drops 630
Buckthorn 848
Bugbane 399
Dandelion 869
Dragon Head 698
Flax 426
Goat's Beard 444
Golden-rod 798
Gromwell 687
Hellebore 285
Jndigo 505, 512
Jessamine 653
Loosestrife 594
Mallow 567
Mermaid 552
Mermaid Family
551
Mistletoe 447
Miterwort 351
Nettle 349
Pennyroyal 693
Pimpernel 725
Solomon's Seal
291
Spikenard 291
Farkleberry 638
Fatsia 606
horrida 606
Feather Geranium
366
Grass 123
Featherfoil 644
Felwort, Marsh 658
Fennel 616
Dog 782, 846
Flower 405
Fern, Beech 35
Bladder 43
Chain 37
Christmas 40
Cinnamon 47
Climbing 46
Cloak 35
Family 33
Filmy 33
Flowering 46
Hay-scented 45
Holly 40
Lady 40
Oak 35
Ostrich 45
Rattlesnake 49
Sensitive 45
Shield 41
Sweet 330
Wood 41
Fescue Grass 160
Meadow 162
Sheep's 161
Taller 162
Festuca 160
diandra 153
elatior 162
gigantea 162
myuros 161
nutans 162
occidentalis 161
octoflora 161
o^ina 161
pratensis 182
rubra 161
sciiirea 161
Shortii 162
spicaia 166
tenella 161
Fetid Buckeye 559
Horehound 700
Marigold 845
Wild Pumpkin 765
Fetter Bush 634, 635
Fever Bush 414
Feverfew 847
Feverwort 758
Ficaria Ficaria 394
Field Bindweed 671
Garlic 287
Larkspur 406
Madder 747
Mouse-ear Chick-
weed 383
Penny Cress 424
Sorrel 357
Sow Thistle 865
Speedwell 728
Fig, Indian 589
Figwort 721
Family 717
Filago germanica 819
Filbert 333
Filipendula 484
rubra 484
Ulmaria 485
Filix bulbifera 43
fragilis 4S
Filmy Fern 33
Family 33
FimbristyUs 186
autumnalis 187
capiUaris 186
castanea 186
Frankii 187
laxa 187
spadicea 186
Vahlii 187
Finger Grass 95
Fiorin 132
Fir 65
Balm-of-Gilead 65
Balsam 65
ouo
INDEX
Fir, Scotch
64
Grass
129
Fire Cherry-
498
Green
118
Pink
386
Fragaria
479
Thorn
479
aTuericana
480
Fireweed 596,
831
canadensis
479
Fissipes acaulis
307
illinoensis
479
Five-finger
481
indica
480
Marsh
483
terrae-novae
479
Flag, Cat-tail
68
vesca
479
Larger Blue
299
virginiana
479
Slender Blue
300
Franseria
828
Sweet
258
acanthicarpa
828
Flame-colored Aza-
tomentosa
828
lea
631
Frasera
659
Flaveria
843
caroUniensis
659'
angusti folia
843
Fraxinus
650
campestris
843
americana
650
Flax
531
biltmoreana
651
Common
531
caroliniana
651
Dodder
671
Darlingtonii
651
False
426
nigra
651
Family
531
pennsylvanica
651
Fleabane
817
platycarpa
651
Daisy 817
818
profunda
651
Marsh
819
pubescens
651
Salt Marsh
819
quadrangulata
I 651
Fleur-de-lis 299
300
sambuci.folia
651
Floating Foxtail
viridis
651
Grass
129
French Mulberry 690 |
Heart
660
Frenchweed
425
Floerkea
552
Fringed Gentian
656
proserpinacoides
Orchis
308
552
Polygala
538
Flowering Dogwood
Fringe-tree
652
624
FroeUcliia
374
Fern
46,
campestris
374
Fern Family
46
floridana
374
Moss
642
gracihs
374
Spurge
547
Frog's Bit, Ams)
rican
Wintergreen
538
86
Flower-of-an-hour
Family
85
570
Frost Grape 564
, 565
Fly Poison 283
2S4
Frost-flower
799
Foeniculum
616
Frostweed
577
Foeniculum
616
Fuirena
197
oficinale
616
hispida
197
vulgare
616
simplex
198
Fog-fruit
689
squarrosa
197
Fool's Parsley
618
Fumaria
418
Foresliera
652
officinalis
418
acuminata
652
FUMARIACEAE
416
Forget-me-not
683
Fumitory
418
* True
683
Climbing
417
Forked Chickweed
Common
418
376
Family
416
Fothergilla
453
Furze
508
Carolina
453
Garden i
453
Gaerlneria
828
Four-o'clock
375
acanthicarpa
828
Family
375
tfjmentosa
828
Fowl Meadow G
rass
Gaillardia
844
156
. 159
ari.stata
845
Foxberry
641
lanceolata
845
Foxglove
726
lutea
845
Downy False
730
Galactia
530
Mullein
72!>
If label la
530
Smooth I'alse
7:50
pilosa
530
Foxtail
118
regularis
630
volu bills
Galax
aphylla
Galeopsis
Ladanum
Tetrahit
530
642
642
699
699
699
Galeorchis spectabilis
307
GaUngale 172
GaUnsoga 843
caracasana 843
hispida 843
parviflora 843
GaUum 747
anglicum 748
Aparine 748
arkansanum 749
asprellum 750
boreale 749
circaezans 749
Claytoni 750
concinnum 750
erectum 749
hispidulum 750
kamtschaticum
749
labradoricum 750
lanceolatum 749
latifohum 749
Mollugo 749
palustre 749
parisiense 748
pilosimi 748
spurium 748
sylvaticum 749
tinctorium 750
tricorne 748
trifidum 749, 7o0
triflorum 750
verum 748
virgatum 748
Wirtgenii 748
Gall-of-t he-earth 871
Gama Grass 92
Garden Asparagus
290
Burnet 494
Chamomile 846
Columbine 405
Cress 425
HeUotrope 762
Orpine 443
Sorrel 357
Garget 374
Garlic 286
Field 287
Mustard 429
Wild 287
Gaultheria 636
procumbens 636
Gaura 601
biennis 601
coccinea 601
filipes 602
MichauTii 602
parviflora 601
(5aylussacia 637
baccata 638
brachycera 638
dumosa 638
frondosa 638
resinosa 638
ursina 638
Gelsemium 653
sempervirens 653
Gemmingia 301
Genista 507
tinctoria 507
Gentian 656
Closed 658
Family 654
Fringed 656
Horse 758
Soapwort 657
Spurred 659
Gentiana 656
acuta 657
affinis 657
alba 658
Amarella 657
Andrewsii 658
angustifolia 658
crinita 656
detonsa 657
fla\'ida 658
Unearis 658
ochroleuca 658
Porphyrio 658
procera 657
puberula 657
quinque flora 657
quinquefolia 657
rubricaulis 658
Saponaria 657
serrata 657
villosa 658
Gentianaceae 654
Georgia Pine 64
Geraniaceae 534
Geranium 534
BicknelUi 535
carolinianum 535
columbinum 536
Family 534
Feather 366
maculatum 535
Mint 847
moUe 536
pratense 535
pusillum 535
pyrenaicum 535
Robertianum 535
rotundifolium 535
sibiricum 535
Gerardia 729
aspera 730
auriculata 730
Besseyana 731
decern I oba 731
densiflora 730
fasciculata 730
flava 730
Gattingeri 731
p:ran<iiflora 729
Holmiana 731
laevigata 730
Gerardia linifolia 730
maritima 731
par vi folia 731
paupercula 731
pedicularia 729
Purple 731
purpurea 731
qu-ercifolia 730
Sea-side 731
setacea 731
Skinneriana 731
Slender 731
tenuifolia 731
virginica 730
German Millet 119
Gennander 692
American 693
Cut-leaf 693
Sage 693
Geum 485
album 485
canadense 485
ciliaium 486
fla\'um 485
macrophyllum 485
Peckii 486
pulchrum 486
radiatum 486
rivale 486
strictum 485
triflorum 486
urbanum 48o
vernum 486
virginianum 485
Giant Hyssop 696
Reed 148
Gifola 819
germanica 819
Gilia 875
coronopi folia 675
linearis 675
rubra 675
Gillenia 457
stipulacea 457
stipulata 457
trifoliata 457
Gill-over-the-Ground
697
Ginger, Wild 352
Ginseng 606
Dwarf 606
Family 605
Glade Mallow 568
Glasswort 369
Glaucium 415
flavum 416
Gla^Mnum 416
luteum 416
Glaucous Willow 325
Glaux 647
maritima 647
Glecoma hederacea
697
Gleditsia 504
aquatica 504
triacanthos 504
Globe Amaranth 374
Thistle 856
INDEX
Globeflower
404
European
451
Spreading
404
Missouri
451
Glyceria
158
Prickly
451
acutiflora
160
Smooth
451
borealis
160
Southern
639
canadensis
158
Goosefoot
365
elongata
158
Family
364
fluitans
159
Maple-leaved
367
grandis
159
Oak-leaved
367
laxa
159
Gordonia
571
nervata
159
Lasianthus
571
obtusa
158
Gorse
508
paUida
159
Gourd 764
765
septentrionalis 159
Torreyana 158
Glycine comosa 530
GlycjTrhiza 518
lepidota 518
Gnaphalium 823
decurrens 823
Helleri 823
obtu si folium 823
polycephalum 823
purpureum 823
supinum 823
sylvaticum 823
uliginosum 823
Goat's Beard
457. 864
False 444
Goat's Rue 514
Golden Alexanders
616
Aster 787
Club 258
Corydalis 418
Dock 357
Lungwort 874
Ragwort 854
Saxifrage 448
Seal 408
Golden-rod 788
False 798
Rayless 798
Sweet 793
Golden- Wonder Mil-
let 119
Goldthread 404
Gomphrena 374
globosa 374
Gonolobus 667, 668
Baldwinianu^ 668
carolinensis 668
hirsutus 668
laevis 667, 668
obliquus 668
Shortii 668
suberosus 668
Good-King- Henry
366
Goody era 315
Menziesii 315
pubescens 315
repens 315
tesselaia 315
Goose Grass
147, 160, 748
Gooseberry 450
Family 764
Missouri 765
Gout weed 614
Gramixeae 86
Grape 563
BuUace 565
Cat 565
Chicken 564
Frost 564, 565
Hyacinth 290
Muscadine 565
Northern Fox 564
Pigeon 564
Red 565
River-bank 565
Sand 565
Southern Fox 565
Sugar 565
Summer • 564
Sweet Winter 564
Graphephorum meli-
coides 139, 140
Grass, Alkali 153
Arrow 80
Awned Wheat 167
Barnyard 117
Beach 136
Bear 290
Beard 93. 133
Bent 132
Bermuda 144
BilUon-Dollar 117
Black 270
Black Oat 123
Blue-eyed 301
Blue-joint 135
Bottle 118
Bottle-brush 170
Bristly Foxtail
118
Brome 162
Brown Bent 133
Buffalo 148
Bur 119
Canada Blue 155
Canary 121
Catch-fly 120
Common Hair 140
Cord 142
Cotton 195
Couch 166
Crowfoot 147
Ditch 78
Dog's-tail 154
Eel 78, 85
901
Fall Witch 96
Family 86
Feather 123
Fescue 160
Finger 95
Floating Foxtail
129
Fowl Meadow
156, 159
Foxtail 129
Gama 92
Goose 147, 160, 748
Hair 128, 132, 137
Herd's 129, 132
Holy 121
Hungarian 119
Indian 95
Italian Rye 165
Johnson 95
Jime 156
Kentucky Blue
156
Low Spear 155
Lyme 168
Manna 158
Marsh 142
Meadow 154
Meadow Foxtail
129
Melic 151
Mesquite 145
Millet 122
Oat 141
of Pj rnassus 449
Old-witch 103
Orange 575
Orchard 154
Panic 100
Perennial Ray 165
Pigeon 118
Porcupine 124
Poverty 124
Quaking 154
Quick 166
Quitch 166
Rattlesnake 158
Reed Bent 134
Reed Meadow 159
Rhode Island Bent
133
Rib 745
Ribbon 121
Ripple 745
Rough-stalked
Meadow 157
Rush 129
Rye 165
Salt Marsh 143
Salt Reed 143
Sand 149
Saw 202
Scurvy 433
Scutch 144
Sea Spear 160
Seneca 122
Sesame 92
Slough 142
Smut 131
902
INDEX
Grass, Snake 150
Spear 154, 156
Spike 153
Squirrel-tail 167
Star 294, 299
Stink 150
Sweet Vernal 121
Switch 104
Tall Oat 141
Tape 85
Thin 133
Toothache 146
Triple-awned 124
Umbrella 197
Vanilla 122
Velvet 137
White 120
White Bent 132
Whitlow 422
Wild Oat 141
Wire 155
Wood 95
Wood ReeJ 136
Wool 195
Woolly Beard 92
Wrack 78
Yard 147
Yellow-eyed 262
Gratiola 725
acuminata 724
anagallidea 725
aurea 726
duhia 725
pilosa 726
sphaerocarpa 726
virginiana 726
\nscosa 726
Gray Birch 334, 335
Oak 341
Pine 64
Great Bulrush 192
Burdock 855
Cliickweed 382
Indian Plantain
852
Laurel 632
Lobelia 768
Ragweed 828
St. John'.s-wort
572
Solomon's Seal
292
Water Dock 355
Willow-herb 596
Greater Bladderwort
737
Great-lsaved Mag-
nolia 409
Great-spurred Violet
584
Greek Valerian 676
Green Alder 336
Amaranth 371
Ash 651
Bner 294, 295
Dragon 257
Foxtail 118
Hellebore 405
Milkweed 666
Violet 579
Grim the Collier 872
Grindelia 786
lanceolata 786
squarrosa 786
Gromwell 685
Common 686
Corn 685
False 687
Ground Cherry 714
Hemlock 62
Ivy 697
Laurel 636
Pine 57
Pink 675
Plum 515
Groundnut 528, 606
Groundsel 852
Common 853
Tree 819
Guelder Rose 759
Gum Succory 864
Tree, Sweet 453
Gum-plant 786
Gutierrezia 786
Euthamiae 787
Sarothrae 787
Gymnadeniopsis cla-
vellata 309
Integra 309
nivea 309
Gymnocladus 504
canadensis 504
dioica 504
Gymnopogon 145
ambiguus 145
brevifoUus 145
racemostis 145
Gypsophila 387
muraUs 387
Gyrostachys 313
stricta 315
Gyrotheca tinctoria
296
Habenaria 308
Andrewsii 3 1 1
blephariglottis 310
blepfuiriglottis X
cristata 310
bracteata 308
Canbyi 310
ciliaris 310
clavellata 309
cristata 310
dilatata 308
fimbriata 311
flava 308
grandiflora 311
Hookeri 309
hyperborea 308
intogra 309
lacera 310
lacera X psychodes
311
leucophaea 310
macrophylla 310
nivea
obtusata
orbiculata
peramoena
psychodes
rotundifolia
tridentata
unalascensis
308
309
390
311
311
307
309
309
virescens 308
Hackberry 346
Hackmatack 65
Haemodoraceae
296
Hair Grass
128, 132, 137
Hairy Honeysuckle
756
Pipewort 261
Vetch 526
Halberd-leaved Rose
Mallow 570
Tear-thumb 362
Violet 585
Halenia 659
deflexa 659
Halesia 649
Carolina 649
tetraptera 649
Haloragidaceae
602
Hamamelidaceae
452
Hamamelis 453
virginiana 453
H arb inger-of-Spring
612
Hardback 456
Harebell 767
Hare's Tail 196
Hare's-ear Mustard
429
Hartmannia speciosa
600
Hart's Tongue 40
Haw, Black 760
Hawkbit 863
Hawk's Beard 869
Hawkweed 872
Orange 872
Hawthorn 460
English 462
Hay-scented Fern 45
Hazelnut 333
Beaked 333
Heal-all 698
Heart 's-ease 579, 587
Heath Family 625
Heather 637
Hedeoma 705
hispida 705
pulegioides 705
Hedge Bindweed 671
Hyssop 725
Mustard 429
Nettle 701
Hedysarum 518
ainericanum 518
boreale 518
Helenium 844
autumnale 844
nudiflorum 844
tenuifoliuni 844
Heleochloa 128
schoenoides 128
Helianthemum 576
canadense 577
corymbosuin 577
majus 577
propinquum 577
Heliantfdum tenel-
lum 84
Helianthus 833
angustifolius 834
annuus 833
atrorubens 834
Dalyi 835
decapetalus 836
divaricatus 835
doronicoides 835
giganteus 835
grosseserratus 835
hirsutus 835
illinoensis 834
Kellermani 835
laetiflorus 834
laevigatus 835
Maximiliani 835
microcephalus 835
mollis 834
occidentalis 834
orgyahs 833
parviflorus 835
petiolaris 833
rigidus 834
scaberrimus 834
scroph ulariifolius
836
strumosus 836
tomentosus 834
tracheUifoUus 836
tuberosus 836
HeUopsis 829
helianthoides 830
laevis 830
scabra 830
Heliotrope 680
Garden 762
Seaside 680
Heliotropium OSO
curassavicum 680
europaeum 680
indicum 680
tenellum 680
Hellebore 405
American White
285
False 285
Green 405
Helleborus 405
viridis 405
Helonias 282
bullata 283
Hemerocalhs 287
fulva 288
Hemicarpha 198
Drumnaondii 198
Hemicarpha mi-
crantha 198
occidentalis 198
subsguarroaa 198
Hemlock 66
Ground 62
Parsley 622
Poison 613
Water 614
Hemp 347
Indian 662
Nettle 699
Nettle, Common
699
Nettle, Red 699
Water 373
Hemp>-weed, Climb-
ing 784
Henbane 716
Black 716
Henbit 700
Hen-and-chickens
443
Hepatica 400
acuta 401
acutiloba 401
Hepatica 400
triloba 400
Heracleum 621
lanatum 621
Sphondylium 621
Herb Robert 535
Herba Impia 819
Hercules" Club 806
Herd's Grass 129, 132
Herpestis 724
amplexicaulis 724
Monniera 724
nigrescent 724
rotundifolia 724
Hesperis 430
matronalis 430
Heteranthera 266
dubia 267
graminea 267
limosa 266
reniformis 266
Heterotheca 787
Lamarckii 787
subaxillaris 787
Heuchera 447
americana 447
crinita 447
Curtisii 448
glnuca 448
hirsuticaulis 448
hispida 448
lancipetala 447
longiflora 448
macrorhiza 447
parA'iflora 447
pubescens 448
roseola 448
Rii{jelii 447
villosa 447
Hexalectris 319
aphylla 319
llexurtulis 352
INDEX
arifolia
352
Hobble-bush
759
Shuttleworthii
352
Hog Peanut.
529
I'irgini^a
352
Hog-weed
828
Hibiscus
569
Holcus
13/
Crimson-eyed
570
lanatus
13/
incanus
570
Holly
554
lasiocarpui
570
American
554
militaris
570
Dahoon
554
Moscheutos
569
Family
554
oculiroseus
570
Fern
40
syriacus
569
Mountain
555
Trionum
570
Hollyhock
568
White
570
Holosteum
384
Hickory
331
umbellatum
384
Broom
332
Holy Grass
121
Shag-bark
331
Homalobu^ tenellus
Shell-bark
331
517
Swamp
332
Homalocenchrus
120
White-heart
332
Honesty
433
Hicoria
331
Honewort
615
alba
332
Honey Locust
504
aqu-atica
332
Honeysuckle
754
horealis
332
American Fly
755
carolinae-septen-
Bush
754
trionalis
331
European Fly
755
glabra
332
Family
754
laciniosa
332
Hairy
756
microcarpa
332
Japanese
755
min ima
332
Mountain Fly
755
ovata
331
Swamp Fly
755
pallida
332
Tartarian
755
Pecan
331
Trumpet
756
villosa
332
i White Swamp 631
Hicoriits
331
Yellow
757
Hieracium
872
Hooked Crowfoot 397
aurantiacum
872
Hop
347
canadense
874
Clover
509
florentinum
873
Common
347
floribundum
872
Hornbeam
333
Greenii
873
Tree
537
Grono\'ii
873
Hordeum
167
longipilum
874
jubatum
167
marianum
873
nodosum
168
murorum
874
Pammeli
168
paniculatum
873
pusillum
168
Pilosella
872
Horehound
696
praealtum
873
Black
701
pratense
872
Common
696
scabrum
873
Fetid
700
umbellatum
874
Water
709
venosum
873
Horn Pondweed
78
vulgatum
874
Poppy
415
Hierochloe
121
Hornbeam
334
alpina
122
American
334
borealis
122
American Hop 334
odorata
122
Hop
333
High Blueberry
640
Horned Rush
199
Mallow
568
Hornwort
389
High-bush Cran-
Family
389
berry
759
Horse Balm
711
Highwater-shrub 827
Brier
295
Hippuris
605
Gentian
758
\'ulgaris
605
Mint 703, 704,
710
Hoary Alder
337
Nettle
713
Pea
514
Sugar
649
Plantain
745
Horse-chestnut
559
Vervain
689
Common
559
Willow
327
Horseradish
432
903
Horsetail 51
Common 52
Family 5 1
Horse-weed 818, 866
Hosackia 511
americana 511
Purshiana 511
Hottonia 644
inflata 644
Hound s Tongue 681
Common 681
Houseleek 443
Houstonia 752
angustifoUa 753
caerulea 752
ciliolata 753
lanceolata 753
longifolia 753
minima 752
minor 752
patens 752
purpurea 753
serpyliifolia 752
tenuifolia 753
Huckleberry 637
Bear 638
Black 638
Blue 638
Box 638
Dwarf 638
Squaw 639
White 638
Hudsonia 577
ericoides 577
tomentosa 577
Humulus 347
japonicus 347
Lupulus 347
Hungarian Grass 119
Huntsman's Cup 440
Hyacinth Bean 529
Grape 290
Wild 289
Hybanthus 579
concolor 579
Hydrangea 450
arborescens 450
cinerea 450
radio ta 450
Wild 450
Hydrastis 408
canadensis 408
Hydrocharitaceak
85
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
679
679
679
679
AE
676
Hjdrocotyle
americana
asiatica
australis
Canbyi
ranunculoides
umbellata
verticillata
Hydrolea
affinis
ovata
qviatlrivalvis
HVDROPHYLLACE
904
INDEX
Hydrophyllum 676
appendiculatum
677
caradense 677
macrophyllum 677
■patens Gill
virginianum 677
Hymenocallis 298
occidentalis 298
Hymenopappus 843
carolinensis 843
corymbosus 843
scabiosaeus 843
Hymenofhyllaceae
33
Hyoscyamus 716
niger 716
Hypericaceae 571
Hypericum 571
adpressum 573
angulosum 574
Ascyron 572
Bissellii 574
boreale 574
canadense 574, 575
cistifolium 574
corymbosum 573
densiflorum 573
dolabriforme 574
Drummondii 575
ellipticum 574
galioides 573
gentianoides 575
graveolens 573
gymnanthum 575
Kalmianum 573
maculatum 573
majuB 575
mutilum 574
nudicaule 575
perforatum 573
petiolatum 575
prolificum 573
pseudomaculatum
573
punctatum 573
sphaerocarpum 574
virgatum 574
virginicum 575
Hypochaeris 863
glabra 863
radicata 863
Hypopitys arnericana
630
Hypopitys 630
lanuginosa 630
Hypoxia 299
erecta 299
hirsuta 299
Hyssop 706
Giant
Hedge
Water
Hyssopus
officinialis
Hystrix
Hystrix
patula
696
725
724
706
706
170
171
171
Ilex 554
Beadlei 555
bronxensis 555
Oassine 554
Dahoon 554
decidaa 554
glabr?. 555
laevigata 555
lucida 555
mollis 555
monticola 554
myrtifolia 554
opaca 554
verticillata 555
vomitoria 554
Ilicioides mttcronata
555
Illecebraceae 376
Ilysanthes 725
anagallidea 725
atteniuita 725
ddbia 725
riparia 725
Immortelle 374
Impatiens 560
aurea 560
biflora 560
fulva 560
noli-tangere 560
pallida 560
Imperatoria 621
Ostruthium 621
Indian Bean 741
Chickweed 377
Cucumber-root
293
Currant 757
Fig 589
Grass 95
Hemp 662
Mallow 566
Physic. 457
Pink 653
Pipe 629
Plantain 852
Poke 285
Rice 119, 120
Strawberry 480
Tobacco 769
Turnip 257
India- wheat 363
Indigo, Blue False
506
False 505, 512
Wild 506
Inkberry 555
Innocence 752
Inula 824
Helenium 824
lodanthus 433
pinnatifidus 433
lonactis linarxifolia
815
lonidium 579
loxylon pormferum
347
Ipecac, American
467
Ipomoea 670
coccinea 670
hederacea 670
lacunosa 670
pandurata 670
purpurea 670
Quamoclit 670
Iresine 373
celosioides 374
paniculata 374
Iridaceae 299
Iris 299
caroliniana 300
cristata 301
Dwarf 300
Dwarf Crested 301
Family 299
foliosa 300
fulva 300
germanica 300
hexagona 300
Hookeri 300
lacustris 301
Lake Dwarf 301
ochroleiuxi 300
orientalis 300
prismatica 300
pseudacorus 300
setosa 300
verna 300
versicolor 299
Yellow 300
Iron Oak 339
Ironweed 780
Ironwood 333, 334
Isanthus 693
brachiatus 693
caeruleus 693
Isnardia palustris
595
Isoetaceae 58
Isoetes 58
Boottii 60
Butleri 61
canadensis 61
Dodgei 61
Eatoni 60
echinospora 60
Engelmanni 61
foveolata 60
Gravesii 61
Harveyi 59
heterospora 59
hieroglyphica 59
macrospora 59
melanopoda 61
riparia 60, 61
saccharata 60
Tuckermani 59
Isopyrum 404
biternatum 404
Jsotria affinis 312
verticillata 312
Italian (Mover 509
Rye Grass 165
Woodbine 756
Ilea 450
virginica 450
Iva
827
ciliata
827
frutescens
827
imbricata
827
oraria
827
xanthifolia
827
Ivy, Coliseum
720
Ground
697
Kenilworth
720
Poison
552
Ivy-leaved SpjeedweP
728
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
257
Jagged Chickweed
384
Jamestown Weed
717
Japanese Barnyard
Millet
117
Honeysuckle
755
Jasione
768
montana
768
Jatropha
541
stimulosa
541
Jeffersonia
412
binata
412
diphylla
412
Jersey Pine
64
Jerusalem Artie
hoke
836
Oak
366
Sage
699
Jessamine, False 653
Yellow
653
Jewelweed
560
Jimson Weed
717
Joe Pye Weed
782
Johnson Grass
95
Jomted Charlock 427
Judas Tree
505
Juglandaceae
330
Juglans
330
cinerea
331
cordxforrma
332
nigra
331
Juncaceae
267
Juncaginaceae
79
Juncodes
278
Juncotdes
278
bulbosa
279
pilosum
279
Juncus
267
acuminatus
276
,277
alpinus
277
aristulatus
278
articulatus
277
asper
273
balticus
272
brachycarpus
276
brachycephalus
274
brevicaudatus
274
bufonius
270
bulbosus
275
caesanensis
274
INDEX
905
Juncus canadensis
274
conglomeratus 273
debilis 276
dichotomus 271
diffusissimus 276
Dudley! 271
effusus 273
filiformis 273
Gerardi 270
Greenei 272
gymnocarpus 273
interior 271
Leersii 273
marginal us 278
maritimus 273
megacephalus 276
militaris 275
monostichus 271
nodosus 275, 276
oronensis 272"
pelocarpus
274, 275
polycephalus 275
repens 278
Richardsonianus
277
robustus 277
Roemerianus 273
scirpoides 275, 276
secundus 271
setaceus 272
Smithii 273
stygius 277
subtilis 275
tenuis 270, 271
Torreyi 276
trifidus 270
Vaseji 272
June Grass 156
Juneberry 459
Jungle Rice 118
Juniper 67
Common 67
Juniperus 67
communis 67
horizontalis 67
nana 67
Sabina 67
virginiana 67
Jussiaea 594
decurrens 594
diffusa 594
repens 594
Kallstroemia 536
maxima 536
Kalmia 633
angustifolia 633
Carolina 633
glauca 633
hirsuta 633
latifolia 633
polifolia 633
Kalm'8 St. John's-
wort 573
Kenilworth Ivy 720
Kentucky Blue Grass
156
Coffee-tree
504
Kidney Bean
528
King Devil 872
873
Nut
332
Kinnikinnik
624
Knapweed
861
Knautia
764
arvensis
764
Knawel
376
Kneiffia
599
Alleni
600
. fruticosa
600
glauca
600
linearis
600
linifolia
600
longipedicellata 600
pratensis 600
pumila 600
Knotweed 357
Knotwort Family
376
Kobresia 203
elachycarpa 203
Kochia 365
Scoparia 365
Koeleria 139
oristata 139
Koellia 707
albescens 708
aristata 707
clinopodioides 707
flexuosa 707
hyssopifolia 707
incana 708
mutica 708
montana 708
pilosa 708
pycnanthemoides
707
verticillata 708
virginiana 708
Koniga maritima 424
Korycarpus diandrus
153
Kosteletzkya 569
virginica 569
Kraunhia 615
frutescens 515
macrostachys 515
Krigia 862
amplexicaulis 863
Dandelion 863
occidentalis 862
virginica 862
Kuhnia 785
eupatorioides 785
glutinosa 785
Kuhniastera Candida
513
foliosa 513
villosa 513
Kuhnistera 513
multiflorn 513
violacea 513
Kyllinga 179
pumila 179
Labiatae 690
Labrador Tea 630
Lacinaria 785
graminifolia 786
scariosa 786
Smallii 786
spicata 786
squarrosa 785
Laciniaria 785
cylindracea 785
elegans 785
graminifolia 786
punctata 785
pycnostachya 786
scariosa 786
spicata 786
squarrosa 785
Lacnanthes 296
tinctoria 296
Lachnocaulon 261
anceps 262
Lactuca 866
acuminata 868
campestris 867
canadensis 866
floridana 868
hirsuta 867
integrifolia
866. 867
leucophoea 86S
ludoviciana 867
Morssii 867
pulchella 867
sagittifolia 867
saligna 866
sativa 866
scariola 866
gpicata 868
Steele! - 867
\dllosa 868
virosa 866
Ladies' Tobacco 820
Tresses 313
Lady Fern 40
Lady's Mantle 493
Lady's Slipper 306
Large Yellow 307
Ram's Head 306
Showy 307
Small White 307
Smaller Yellow 306
Stemless 307
Lady's Sorrel 534
Thistle 859
Thumb 361
Lagenaria vulgaris
765
Lake Cress 432
Dwarf Iris 301
Lamb Succory 862
Lambkill 633
Lamb's Lettuce 762
Quarters 367
Lamium 700
album 700
amplexicaule 700
maculatum 700
purpureum 700
Lampsana 861
Lance-leaved Violet
584
Lapland Rose Bay
632
Laportea 348
canadensis 349
Lappula 681
deflexa 681
echinata 682
floribunda 682
Redowskii 682
texana 682
virginiana 681
Lapsaua 861
communis 861
Larch 64
American 65
Black 65
Large Cane 171
Cranberry 641
Yellow Lady's
Slipper 307
Larger Blue Flag
299
Large-toothed Aspen
328
Larix 64
americana 65
decidua 65
europaea 65
laricina 65
Larkspur 405
Dwarf 406
Field 406
Tall 406
Late Low Blueberry
640
Lathyrus 527
latifolius 527
maritimus 527
myrtijolius 527
ochroleucus 527
palustris 527
pratensis 527
tuberosus 527
venosus 527
Lauraceae 413
Laurel 633
Family 413
Ground 636
Great 632
Magnolia 409
Mountain 633
Oak 344
Pale 633
Sheep 633
Laurestinus 758
Lavuuxia triloba 601
Lavender, Sea 643
Lead Plant 512
Leadwort Family
643
Leafcup 824
Leather Flower 40:5
Leaf 636
Leatherwood
553, 589
906
INDEX
Leavenworthia
433
ruderale
425
Michauxii
434
sativum
425
torulosa
434
virginicum
425
uniflora
434
Lepigonum
378
Lechea
577
Leptam,nium,
739
intermedia
578
Lepta ndra virginica \
juniperina
578
727
Leggettii
579
Leptilon canadense
major 577
578
818
maritima
578
divaricatum
818
minor
578
Leptocaulis
613
moniliformis
579
echinata
613
racemulosa
579
patens
613
stricta
578
Leptochloa
147
tenuifolia
578
attenuata
147
thymifolia
578
fascicularis
148
villosa
578
filiformis
147
Ledum
630
m^ucronata
147
groenlandicum 630
Leptoloma
96
lati folium,
630
cognatum
96
palustre
630
Lepturus
165
Leek, Wild
287
filiformis
165
Leersia
120
Lespedeza
522
lenticularis
120
acuticarpa
524
oryzoides
120
angustifolia
524
virginica
120
Bicknellii
524
Legouzia
766
Brittonii
523
biflora
766
capitata
524
leptocarpa
766
frut^scens
524
perfoliata
766
hirta
524
Legvminosae
499
leptostachya
525
Leitneria
330
Manniana
524
floridana
330
Nuttallii
523
Leitneriaceae
330
polystachya
524
Leiophyllum
632
prairea
523
buxifolium
632
procumbens
523
Lemna
259
repens
523
cyclostasa
259
reticulata,
524
minor 259
, 260
simulata
524
perpusilla
259
striata
525
trisulca
259
Stuvei
524
valdiviana
259
velutina
524
Lemnaceae
259
violacea
523
Lemon Mint
704
virginica
524
Lentibulariaceae
Lesquerella
424
736
argentea
424
Leontodon
863
globosa
424
autumnalis
863
gracilis
424
hastilis
863
luduviciana
424
hirtus
864
Lesser Celandine 394
hispidus
863
Lettuce
866
nudicaulis
864
Blue
867
Leonurus
700
Lamb's
762
Cardiaca
700
Prickly
866
Marrubiastrum
Saxifrage
446
700
White
871
sibiricus
700
Wild
866
Lepachys
832
Leucophysalis grandi-
columnaris
833
flora
714
pinnata
832
Leucothoe
634
Lepargyrea
590
axillaris
634
argentea
590
Catesbaei
634
canadensis
590
racemosa
634
Lepidium
425
recurva
634
apetaluni
425
Leverwood
334
campestre
426
Levisticum
620
Draba
426
Le7)isticum
621
intermedium, 425
Liatris 785
cylindracea 785
elegans 785
graminifolia 786
punctata 785
pycnostachya 786
scariosa 786
spicata 786
squarrosa 785
Ligusticum 618
actaeifolium, 618
canadense 618
scothicum 618
Ligustrum 652
vulgare 652
Lilac 652
Common 652
Lilaeopsis 617
lineata 617
Liliaceae 279
Lilium 288
canadense 288
carolinianum 288
Catesbaei 288
Grayi 288
lanceolatum, 288
philadelphicum
288
superbum 288
tigrinum 288
umbellatum, 288
Lily 288
Atamasco 298
Blackberry 301
Common Day 288
Cow 390
Day 287
Family 279
of the Valley 293
Southern Red 288
Sweet-scented
Water 391
Tiger 288
Turk's-cap 288
Water 391
Wild Orange-red
288
Wild Yellow 288
Wood 288
Yellow Pond 390
Lime-tree 565
Limnanthaceae 551
Lim,nanthemum, 660
aguaticvm 661
lacunosum 661
nym,phoides 66 1
trachysperm,um, 661
Limnobium 86
Spongia 86
Lim,norchis dilatata
308
hyperhorea 308
Limodorum, 312
Limonium 643
carolinianum 643
Limosella 725
aquatica
ten uijolia
72f
72^
LiNACEAE 531
Linaria 719
canadensis 720
Cymbalaria 720
Elatine 720
minor 720
spuria 720
supina 719
vulgaris 719
Linden 565
Family 565
Lindera Benzoin 414
m^lissaefolia 414
Ling 637
Linnaea 757
borealis 757
Linum 531
catharticum 532
floridanum 532
humile 531
Lewisii 531
medium 532
rigidum 531
striatiun 532
sulcatum 532
usitatissimum 531
\'irginianum 532
Lion's-foot 871
Liparis 318
liliifolia 318
Loeselii 318
Lipocarpha 198
maculata 198
Lippia 689
cuneifolia 690
lanceolata 689
nodiflora 690
Liquidambar 453
Styraciflua 453
Liquorice 518
Wild 518, 749
Liriodendron 409
Tulipifera 409
List era 316
auriculata 316
australis 316
convallarioides 316
cordata 316
Smallii 316
Lithospermum 685
angustifolium 686
arvense 685
canescens 686
Gmelini 686
hirtum 686
latifolium 686
linearifolium, 686
officinale 686
Lit sea 414
geniculata 414
Littorella 744
lacustris 744
uniflora 744
Live Oak 341
Live-for-ever 443
Liverleaf 400
Lizard's Tail 320
Lousa Family 588
INDEX
907
LOASACEAE
688
Lobelia
768
amoena
769
Canbyi
769
cardinalis
768
Dort manna
770
Family
768
glandulosa
769
Great
768
inflata
769
Kalmii
769
leptostachys
769
Nuttallii
769
paludosa
770
puberula
769
siphilitica
768
spicata
769
Water
770
LOBELIACEAE
768
Loblolly Bay
571
Pine
63
Lobularia
424
maritima
424
Locust
514
Bristly
514
Clammy
514
Common
514
Honey
504
Water
504
Logania Family 652
LOGANIACEAE
652
Loiseleuria
632
procumbens
633
Lolium
165
festucaceum
165
multiflorum
165
perenne
165
temulentum
165
Lomatium
619
daucifolium
620
orientale
620
Lombardy Popl.
ar
329
Long Moss
265
Long-leaved Pine 64
Long-spurred Vi
olet
587
Long-stalked Cranes-
bill
536
Lonicera
754
caerulea
755
canadensis
755
Caprifolivmi
756
ciliuta
755
dioica
756
flava
757
glauca
757
glaucescens
756
ffraUi
756
hirsuta
756
involucrata
755
japonica
755
Morrowi
755
oblongifolia
755
semper\'iren3
756
SuUivantii
756
tatarica
755
Xylosteum
755
Loosestrife 592, 645
False 594
Family 591
Spiked 592
Swamp 592
Tufted 646
Lophanthv^ 696
anisatu^ 697
nepetoides 696
scrophulariaefoliits
697
Lophiocarpvr 83
Lophiola 296
americana 297
aurea 297
Lophotocarpus 83
calycinus 84
depauperatus 83
spatulatus 83
spongiosus 83
Lopseed 743
Family 743
LORANTHACEAE 351
Lotus 392, 511
americanus 511
corniculatus 511
Lousewort 734
Common 734
Lovage 618, 620
Scotch 618
Love-in-a-Mist 405
Love Vine 671
Low Birch 336
Black Blueberry
639
Cudweed 823
Hop Clover 509
Spear Grass 155
Sweet Blueberry
639
Lucerne 510
Lucretia Dewberry
492
Lud\'igia 594
alata 595
alternifolia 595
arcuata 595
cylindrica 595
glandulosa 595
hirtella 595
linearis 595
palustris 595
polycarpa 595
sphaerocarpa 595
Ludwigianiha arcuata
595
Lunaria 433
annua 433
rediviva 433
Lungwort 685
Golden 874
Sea 685
Lupine 508
Wild 508
Lupinus 508
perennis 508
Luzula 278
arcuata 279
campestris
279
Lyre-leaved Sage 702
confusa
279
Lysias Hookeriana
hyperborea
279
309
nemorosa
279
orbiculata
310
parviflora
279
Lys^iella obtusata 309
saltuensis
279
Lysimachia
645
spadicea
279
Joliosa
645
spicata
279
Nummularia
645
verrudis
279
producta
645
Lychnis
384
punctata
645
alba
384
quadrifolia
645
chalcedonica
384
stricta
645
core aaria
384
terrestris
645
dioica
384
thyrsiflora
646
diurna
384
vulgaris
645
Drummondii
385
Lythraceae
591
Flos-cuculi
384
Ly thrum
592
Githago
384
alatum
592
Scarlet
384
Hyssopifolia
592
vespertina
384
lineare
592
Lycium
716
Salicaria
592
halimifolium
716
virgatum
593
vulgar e
716
Vulneraria
592
Lycopersicon escu-
lentum
712
Ma cart ny Rose
496
Lycopodiaceae
54
Madura
347
Lycopodium
54
aurantiaca
347
adpressum 55, 56
pomifera
347
alopecuroides
55
Macrocalyx
677
annotinum
56
Madder Familv
746
carolinianum
56
Field
747
Chamaecyparissus
Mad-dog Skullcap
57
694
clavatum
56
Madwort
6S2
complanatum
57
Magnolia
408
dendroideum
56
acuminata
409
inundatum
56
Family
408
lucidulum
55
Fraseri
409
obscurum
56
glauca
409
porophilum
55
Great-leaved
409
sabinaefolium
56
Laurel
409
Selago
55
macrophylla
409
sitchense
56
Small
409
tristachyum
57
tripetala
409
Lycopsis
683
Umbrella
409
ar\'ensis
683
virginiana
409
Lycopus
709
Magnoliaceae
408
americanus
710
Maianthemum
291
asper
709
canadense
291
communis
709
Maiden Pink
3S7
europaeus
710
Maidenhair
35
lucidus
709
Mairania alpina
637
membranaceus
709
Malapoenna gen
ic-
rubellus
709
ulata
414
sessilifolius
709
Malaxis
317
sinu^tus
710
paludosa
317
uniflorus
709
Male Berry
635
virginicua
709
Mallow
568
Lygodesmia
868
Common
568
juncea
868
Curled
568
rostrata
868
False
567
Lygodium
46
Family
566
palmatum
46
Glade
569
Lyme Grass
158
Halberd-leaved
Lyonia
635
Rose
570
ligustrina
635
High
568
mariana
635
Indian
566
nitida
635
Marsh
567
908
INDEX
Mallow, Musk 56S
Poppy 568
Red False 567
Rose 569
Swamp Rose 569
Yellow False 567
Mains 458
angiistifolia 458
haccata 458
coronaria 458
ioensis 458
Malus 458
Malva 568
Alcea 568
crispa 568
moschata 668
rotundifolia 568
sylvestris 568
verticillata 568
Malvaceae 566
Malvastrum 567
angustum 567
coccineum 567
Mamillaria 588
missouriensis 588
vivipara 588
Mandrake 411
Manisuria cylindrica
92
rugosa 92
Manna Grass 158
Man-of-the-Earth
670
Maple 557
Black Sugar 558
Familj^
Mountain
Red
Rock
Silver
Striped
Sugar
Swamp
White
Maple-leaved
foot
557
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
Goose-
367
Marantaceae 304
Mare's-tail 605
Marguerite 847
Mariana mariana
859
Marigold, Corn 847
Fetid 845
Marsh 404
Water 842
Marjoram, Wild 706
Marram 136
Marrubium 696
viilgare 696
Marsh Bellflower 767
Cress
Elder
Felwort
Five-finger
Fleabane
Grass
Mallow
Marigold
432
827
658
483
819
142
567
404
Pine 64
Rosemary 643
St. John's-wort 575
Speedwell 727
Marshallia 842
grandiflora 842
latifolia 842
obovata 842
trinervia 842
Marsilea 49
quadrifolia 50
vestita 50
Marsileaceae 49
Martynia 741
Family 741
louisiana 742
proboscidea 742
Martyniaceae 741
Maruta Cotula 846
Marvel of Peru 375
Masterwort 621
Matricaria 846
Chamomilla 847
discoidea 847
inodora 846
matricarioides 847
suaveolens 847
Matrimony Vine 716
Common 716
Matteuccia Struthi-
opteris 45
May Apple 411
Mayaca 263
Aubleti 263
Family 263
Michauxii 263
Mayacaceae 263
Mayflower 636
Maypops 587
May-weed 846
Mazzard 499
Meadow Beauty 593
Fescue 162
Foxtail Grass 129
Grass 154
Parsnip 619
Rue 399
Rue, Early 400
Rue, Tall 400
Meadow-sweet 456
Medeola 293
virginiana 293
Medicago 510
arabica 510
denticulata 510
falcata 510
hispida 510
lupulina 510
maculata 510
sativa 510
Medick 510
Black 510
Spotted 510
Meehania 697
cordata 697
Megapterium mis-
souriense 601
Meihomia 519
arenicola
brnrteosa
canadensis
canescens
Dillenii
glabella
grandiflora
illinoensis
laevigata
longifolia
marilandica
Michauxii
nndiflora
obtusa
ochroleuca
paniculata
pauciflora
rhombifolia
rigida
sessilifolia
stricta
viridiflora
Melampyrum
americanum
latifolium
lineare
Melanthium
latifolium
parviflorum
racemosum
virginicum
522
520
522
520
521
520
519
521
521
520
522
519
519
522
519
521
519
521
522
522
621
521
732
733
733
733
284
285
285
285
285
Melastoma Family
593
Melastomaceae
593
Melic Grass 151
Melica 151
diffusa 152
mutica 152
nitens 152
parviflora 152
Porteri 152
Smithii 152
striata 152
MeUlot 510
White 510
Yellow 510
Melilotus 510
alba 510
altissima 510
indica 510
oflBcinalis 510
Melissa 705
officinalis 705
Melothria 765
pendula 765
Menispermaceae
410
Menispermum 41 1
canadense 411
Mentha 710
alopecuroides 710
aquatica 710
arvensis 711
canadensis 711
Cardiaca 711
citrata 711
crispa 710
gen tills 711
lougifoha 710
piperita 710
Pulegium 705
rotundifolia 710
sativa 711
spicata 710
sylvestris 710
viridis 710
Mentzelia 588
decapetala 588
oUgosperma 588
Menyanthes 660
trifoliata 660
Menziesia 632
glabella 632
globularis 632
pilosa 632
Mercurialis 543
annua 543
Mercury 543
Three-seeded 543
Meriolix intermedia
601
serrulata 601
Mermaid-weed 605
Mertensia 685
maritima 685
paniculata 685
virginica 685
Mesadenia atriplici-
folia 852
reniformis 852
tuber osa 852
Mespilus apiifolia
470
canadensis 460
cordata 477
flabellata 470, 471
Phaenopyrum 477
Mesquite Grass 145
Mexican Poppy 416
Tea 366
Mezereum 590
Family 589
Micrampelis 765
Micranthemimi 725
micranthemoides
725
Nuttallii 725
Microetylis 318
monophyllos 318
ophioglossoides 318
unifolia 318
Mignonette 439
Family 439
Mikania 784
scandens 784
Mild Water Pepper
362
MilfoU 845
Water 603
MiUum 122
A mphicarpon 97
effusum 122
racemosum 123
Milk Pea 530
Purslane 547
INDEX
909
Milk Thistle
859
Vetch
515
Milkweed
663
Common
665
Family-
663
Green
666
Poke
665
Purple
664
Swamp
664
Milkwort
538
Family
538
Sea
647
Millegrana
532
Raciiola
532
Millet
119
European
104
German
119
Golden- Wonder
119
Grass 122
Japanese Barn-
yard 117
Mimosa angustis-
sima 503
illinoensis 503
Mimulus 723
alatus 723
glabratus 723
guttatus 724
Jamesii 724
Langsdorfii 724
moschatus 724
ringens 723
Mint 710
Cat 697
Family 690
Geranium 847
Horse
703, 704, 710
Lemon 704
Mountain 707
Water 710
Wood 705
Mirabilis Jalapa 375
Missouri Currant 452
Gooseberry 451
Gourd 765
Mist-flower 784
Mistletoe, American
351
Dwarf 351
False 351
Family 351
Mitchella 751
repens 751
Mitella 448
rliphylla 448
nuda 448
prostrata 448
Mitcrwort 448. 653
False 447
Mithridate Mustard
424
Mitreola 653
petiolata 653
Moccasin Flower 306
Mock Bishop's-weed
613
Orange 449
Pennyroyal 705
Mocker Nut 332
Modiola 567
carohniana 567
multifida 567
Moehringia lateri-
flora 380
macrophylla 380
Mohrodendron 649
carolinum 649
Mole Plant 549
Mollugo 377
verticillata 377
Monarda 703
Bradburiana 704
citriodora 704
clinopodia 704
didyma 703
fistulosa 704
' media 704
mollis 704
punctata 704
scabra 704
Moneses 628
grandiflora 628
vmiflora 628
Moneywort 645
Moniera 724
Monkey Flower 723
Monkshood 406
Wild 407
Monniera 724
acuminata 724
caroliniana 724
Monniera 724
rotundifolia 724
Monolepis 368
Nuttalliana 368
Monotropa 629
Hypopitys 630
uniflora 629
Monotropsis 630
odorata 630
Montia 388
Chamissoi 388
fontana 388
perfoUata 388
Moonseed 411
Family 410
Moonwort 47, 433
Moosewood
558, 589, 759
Morello Cherry 499
Morning Glory 670
Common 670
Morongia 503
angustata 504
uncinata 504
Morus 347
alba 348
rubra 348
Moschaiel 761
Moss. Black 265
Campion 386
(^)mm()a Long 265
l^ong 265
Pink 675
Mossy Stonecrop 443
Mossy-cup Oak 340
Moth Mullein 719
Motherwort 700
Common 700
Mountain Alder 336
Ash 459
Ash, American 459
Ash, European 459
Cranberry 641
Cudweed 823
Fly Honeysuckle
755
Holly 555
Laurel 633
Maple 558
Mint 707
Rice 122
Rose Bay 632
St. John's-wort 573
Sandwort 381
Saxifrage 447
Sorrel 354
Water Cress 435
Mouse Tail 398
Mouse-ear 872
Chickweed 383
CLickweed, Com-
mon 383
Chickweed, Field,
Cress 430
Moxie Plum 637
Mud Plantain 266
^Mudwort 725
]\Iugwort, Common
849
Western 849
Muhlenbergia 126
ambigua 127
capillaris 128
diffusa 127
foUosa 127
glomerata 127
mexicana 127
palustris 128
polystachya 127
racemosa 127
Schreberi 127
sobolifera 126
sylvatica 127
tenuiflora 127
Willdenowii 127
Mulberry 347
French 690
Paper 347
Red 348
White 348
Mullein ' 719
Common 719
Foxglove 729
Moth 719
Pink 384
White 719
Muscadine Grape 565
Muscari 290
botryoides 290
racemosum 290
Musk Flower 724
Mallow
568
Thistle
856
Muskmelon
765
Musquash Root
614
Mustard
427
Ball
427
Black
428
Curled
428
Family
418
Garlic
429
Hare's-ear
429
Hedge
429
Mithridate
424
Tower
437
Treacle
430
Tumble
429
White
428
Worm-seed
431
Myosotis
683
arvensis
684
collina
684
laxa
684
macrosperma
684
micrantha
684
palustris
684
scorpioides
683
verna
684
versicolor
684
virginica
684
Myosurus
398
minimus
398
Myrica
329
asplenifolia
330
carolinensis
330
cerifcra 329
. 330
Gale
329
Myricaceae
329
Myriophyllum
603
alterniflorum
603
ambiguum 604
605
Farwelhi
604
heterophyllum 604
hippuroides
604
humile
604
pinnatum
604
scabratum
604
spicatum
603
teneUum
605
verticillatum
604
Myrtle
662
Sand
632
Wax
329
N^abalus
870
albus
871
altissimus
872
iisper
870
crepidineus
870
nanus
871
racemosum
870
serpentarius
871
trifoliolatus
871
lirgatus
S70
Naiatl
79
Najadackak
69
Najas
79
Hexilis
79
gracillima
79
910
INDEX
Najas guadalupensis
70
indica 79
marina 79
microdon 79
Noma 679
Nannyberry 760
Napaea 569
dioica 569
Narcissus 298
poeticus 298
Poet's 298
Pseudo-N arcissus
298
Narthecium 282
americanum 282
Nasturtium 431
lacustre 432
obtusum 432
officinale 431
palustre 432
sessiliflorum 432
sinuatum 432
sphaerocarpum 432
sylvestre 431
Necklace Poplar 329
Neckweed 728
Negundo 558
aceroides 559
Nelumbium luteum
392
Nelumbo 392
lutea 392
nucifera 392
Yellow 392
Nemastylis 301
acuta 301
geminiflora 301
Nemopanthes fascicu-
laris 555
Nemopanthus 555
mucronata 555
Nemophila 677
microcalyx 677
Neottia lucida 314
Nepeta 697
Cataria 697
Glechoma 697
hederacea 697
Nephr odium 41
BooUii 42
cristatum 42
fragrans 42
Goldianum 42
marginale 42
spinulosum 43
Thelypteria 41
Neslia 427
paniculata 427
Nestronia 350
umbellula 351
Nettle 348
Common Hemp
699
Dead 700
False 349
Family 344
Hedge 701
Hemp 699
Horse 713
Red Hemp 699
Spurge 541
Stinging 348
White Horse 713
Wood 348
Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower 767
Nettle-tree 346
New Jersey Tea 562
Nicandra 716
Physalodes 716
Nicotiana 717
longiflora 717
rustica 717
Tabacum 717
Nigella 405
damascena 405
Nigger-head 831
Night-flowering
Catchfly 385
Nightshade 712
Common 713
Enchanter's 602
Family 712
Ninible WiU 127
Nine-bark 456
Nipple-wort 861
Nondo 618
Nonesuch 510
North American
Papaw 410
Northern Bedstraw
749
Fox Grape 564
Prickly Ash 537
Scrub Pine 64
Norway Spruce 65
Nothocalais cu^pi-
data 869
Notholaena 35
dealbata 35
nivea 35
Nothoscordum 287
bivalve 287
striatum, 287
Nuphar 390
advena 391
Kalmianum, 391
sagittifoiium 39 1
Nut Rush 202
Nyctaginaceae 375
Nymphaea 390, S91
advena 390
hybrida 39 1
Kalmiana 391
microphylla 391
minima 391
odorata 39 1
reniformis 391
rubrodisca 391
sagitti folia 391
tuberosa 391
variegata 391
Nymphaeaceae 389
Nymphoides 660
aquaticum 661
lacunosum 660
peltatum 661
Nyssa 625
aquatica 625
biflora 625
multiflora 625
sylvatica 625
uniflora 625
Oak 338
Barren 344
Basket 340
Bear 343
Black 342, 343
Black Jack 344
Black Scrub 343
Bur 340
Chestnut 341
Cow 340
Fern 35
Gray 341
Iron 339
Jerusalem 366
Laurel 344
Live 341
Mossy-cup 340
Over-cup 339, 340
Pin 342
Poison 552, 553
Post 339
Red 341, 342
Scarlet 342
Shingle 344
Spanish 343
Swamp Post 339
Swamp Spanish
342
Swamp White 340
Water 343
White 339
Willow 344
Yellow 341, 342
Yellow-barked 343
Oakesia 286
puberula 286
sessilifolia 286
Oak-leaved Goose-
foot 367
Oat 140
Animated 141
Grass 141
Sea 153
Oats, Water 120
Obolaria 660
caroliniana 724
virginica 660
Odontites 734
Odontites 734
rubra 734
Oenothera 598
albicaulis 599
argillicola 598
biennis 598, 699
cruciata 598
fruticosa 600
glauca 600
grandiflora 599
humifusa 599
laciniata 599
linearis 600
linifolia 600
longipedicellata
600
missouriensis 601
muricata 598
Oakesiana 598
pallida 599
pratensis 600
pumila 600
rhombipetala 599
serrulata 601
sinuata 599
speciosa 600
triloba 601
Ohio Buckeye 559
Oil-nut 350
Old Field Birch 335
Field Pine 63
Man's Beard 652
Witch Grass 103
Woman 849
Oldenlandia 753
glomerata 753
uniflora 753
Oleaceae 650
Oleaster Family 590
Olive Family 650
Onagra 598
argillicola 598
biennis 599
cruciata 598
grandiflora 599
Oakesiana 598
strigosa 598
Onagraceae 594
One-flowered Cancer-
root 740
Pyrola 628
One-seeded Bur Cu-
cumber 765
Onion 286
Wild 287
Onoclea 45
sensibilis 45
Struthiopteris 45
Onopordum 859
Acanthium 859
Onosmodium 687
carolinianum 687
hispidissimum 687
molle 687
occidentale 687
subsetosum 687
virginianum 687
Ophigglossaceae 47
Ophioglossum 47
arenarium 47
Engelmanni 47
Grayi 47
polyphyllum 47
vulgatum 47
Oplopanax 606
Opossum Wood 649
Opulaster intermedius
456
opuli/olius 456
INDEX
911
Opuntia
cespitosa
fragilis
humifusa
mesacantha
589
589
589
589
589
nissourien^ 589
oolyacantha 589
dafinesquii 589
.oilgaris 589
>rach 368
Jrange Grass 575
Hawkweed 872
Mock 449
Osage 347
Orange-root 408
Orchard Grass 154
Orchidaceae 304
Orchis 307
Crane Fly 319
Family 304
Fringed 308
Ragged Fringed
310
Rein 308
rotundifolia 307
Showy 307
apectabilis 307
White Fringed 310
Yellow Fringed
310
Origanum 706
vulgare 706
Ornithogalum 289
nutans 290
umbellatum 289
Orobanxhaceae 739
Orobanche 740
fasciculata 740
ludoviciana 740
minor 740
purpurea 740
ramosa 740
uniflora 740
Orontium 258
aquaticum 258
Orpine 442
Family 441
Garden 443
Orthocarpus 732
luteus 732
Oryzopsis 122
asperifolia 123
canadensis 122
juncea 1 22
melanocarpa 123
pungens 122
racemosa 123
Osage Orange 347
Osier 320, 327
Osmorhiza 612
brevistylis 612
Claytoni 612
divaricata 613
longistylis 612
obtusa 613
Osmunda 46
cinnamomea 47
Claytoniana 46
r^alis 46
spectabilis 46
Osmundaceae 46
Ostrich Fern 45
Ostrya 333
virginiana 334
virginica 334
Oswego Tea 703
Over-cup Oak
339, 340
Oxalidaceae 532
Oxalis 532
Acetosella 533
Brittonae 533
Bushii 534
corniculata 534
cymosa 534
filipes 533
grandis 533
Priceae 533
repens 534
rufa 534
stricta 533, 534
vlolacea 533
Ox-eye 829
Daisy 847
Sea 833
Ox-tongue 864
Oxybaphvis 375
albidus 375
angiistifoliics 375
floribundus 375
hirsutus 375
linearis 375
nyctagrnetis 375
ovatus 375
Oxycoccus erythro-
carpxis 641
macrocarpiLS 641
Oxycoccus 641
palustris 641
Oxydendrum 636
arboreum 636
Oxygr aphis Cymba-
laria 394
Ox>-poli3 621
filiformis 622
rigidior 622
Oxyria 354
digj-na 354
Oxytropis 517
campestris 517
Lamberti 517
splendens 518
Oyster-plant 864
Pachistima _556
Canbjd 557
Pachysandra 550
procumbens 551
Paepalanthits fiavi-
dus 261
Painted Cup 732
Cup, Scarlet 732
Leaf 548
Trillium 294
Paint-brush, Devil's
872
Pale Corydalis 418
Dock 356
Indian Plantain
852
Laurel 633
Touch-me-not 560
Panax 606
ginseng 606
quinquefoUum 606
tri folium 606
Panic Grass 100
Panicularia 158
americana 159
brachyphylla 159
Panicum 100
aciculare 106
aculeatum 116
Addisonii 112
agrostoides 104
albo-margina turn
113
amaroides 104
amarum 104
anceps 105
angustifolium 106
annulum 108
Ashei 113
atlanticum 111
auburne 111
autumnale 96
barbulatum
107, 108
Bicknellii 107
boreale 108
Boscii 116
Brittoni 113
Bushii 107
capillare 103
clandestinum 116
Clutei 108
cognatum 96
colonum 118
columbianum 112
Commonsianum
112
commutatum
112, 113
condensum 105
consanguineum
106
crusgalli 117
Curtisii 103
decoloratum 116
depauperatum 105
dichotomiflorum
104
dichotomum 107
digitarioides 103
Eatoni 109
ensifolium 113
filiculme 110
filiforme 95
filirameum 107
flexile 103
Gattingeri 103
ffibhum 117
glabrum 96
haemacarpon 111
hemitomum 103
hispidum 1 18
huachucae 109
impUcatum 109
lancearium 114
lanuginosum
109, IIQ
latifoUum 117
laxifiorum 106
Leibergii 115
leucothrix 109
Lindheimeri 109
linear e 96
linearifolium 106
longifolium 104
lucidum 107
macrocarpon 117
mattamuskeetense
108
meridionale 1 10
microcarpon
108, 113
miliaceum 104
minimum 103
minus 103
mutabile 114
Nashianum, 114
nem,opanthum 107
neuranthum, 107
nitidum 109
oUgosanthes 114
oricola 110
ovale 111, 112
patulum 114
pa ucifiorum, 115
paucipilum, 109
perlongum 105
philadelphicum
103
pilosum 110
polyanthes
108, 113
praecocius 111
proliferum 104
psammophilum 112
pvbescens 109
pubifolium 117
RaveneUi 115
Tostratum. 105
san^uinale 96
scabriusculum 116
scoparioides 111
scoparium 115
Scribnerianum 115
serotinum 96
sphaerocarpon 113
.'Dretum 108
stipitatum 105
strjgosum 106
subsimplex 113
subvillosum 110
tennesseense IIC
tenue 113
tsugetorum 112
unciphyllum.
109, 110, 113
verrucosum 103
villosissimum 1 1 1
912
INDEX
Panicum 7'i7?o»7/.m 1 06
virgatum 104
n'nlteri 118
Werneri 106
Wilcoxianum 115
xalapense 106
xanthophysum 115
xa n th osperrnum
111
yadkinense 107
Pansv 587
Wild 587
Papaver 416
Argemone 416
dubiuin 416
Rhoeas 416
somniferum 416
Papaveraceae 414
Papaw, Common
410
North American
410
Paper Birch 335
Mulberry 347
Pappoose Root 412
Parietaria 349
debilis 349
pennsylvanica 349
Parnassia 449
asarifolia 449
caroliniana 449
grandifolia 449
palustris 449
parviflora 449
Paronychia 376
argyrocoma 376
dichotoma 377
Paroaela 513
Dalea 513
Parsley 614
Common 615
Family 607
Fool's 618
Hemlock 622
Piert 493
Parsnip 620
Cow 621
Meadow 619
Water 615
Paraonsia petiolata
593
Parthenium 826
auriculatum 827
integrifolium 826
repens 826
P(irthenoci,88us 563
quinquefolici 563
vitacea 563
Partridge Berry 751
Pea 505
Paspalum 97
aiiguetifolium 99
arundinaceum 99
Boscianum 99
Bushii 9S
ciliatifolium 98
circulare 99
difforme 99
dilatatum
flissrrf nin
(listifluirn
90
98
99
EUioitii 100
floridanum 99
ftuitans 98
laeve 98
laeviglurne 99
longipeduncula-
tuin 98
meynbranareujn 98
mucronatum 97
Muhlenbergii 98
plenipilum 99
praelonyum 99
prostrutum 98
psammophilum 98
pubescens 98
setaceum 98
stramineum 98
Walterianum 98
Paspalus furcattis
100
Pasque Flower 401
Passiflora 587
incarnata 587
lutea 587
Passifloraceae 587
Passion Flower 587
Family 587
Pastinaca 620
sativa 620
Pasture Thistle 858
Patience Dock 355
Paulownia 723
impervdis 723
tomentosa 723
Pea, Beach 527
Butterfly 529
Cow 528
Everlasting 527
Hoary 514
Milk 530
Partridge 505
Perennial 527
Peach 499
Peach-leaved Willow
321
Peanut, Hog 529
Pear 457
Prickly 589
Pearlwort 379
Pearly Everlasting
822
Pecan 331
Bitter 332
Peuicularis 734
canadensis 734
Furbishiae 734
lanceolata 734
palustris 734
parviflora 734
Pellaea 37
atropurpurea ^7
denaa 37
ffracilia 37
Pellitory 349
Peltandra 257
vvdulnta 258
virciiiira 258
Penny Cress 424
Field 424
Pennyroyal 705
American 705
Bastard 6©4
False 693
Mock 705
Pennywort 660
Water 61^
Penthorum 442
sedoides 442
Pentstemon 721
acuminatus 722
albidus 722
calycosus 722
canescens 722
Cobaea 722
Digitalis 722
glaber 722
gracilis 722
grandiflorus 722
hirsutus 722
laevigatus 722
pallidas 722
Pentstemon 722
piibescens 722
tubiflorus 722
Pepper Family 320
Pepperbush, Sweet
627
Peppergrass 425
Wild 425
Pepperidge 625
Peppermint 710
Pepper-root 434
Pepper-vine 563
Pepperwort 425
Peramium 315
Perennial Pea 527
Ray Grass 165
Perfumed Cherry 498
Perilla 711
frutescens 711
ocymoides 711
Periwinkle 661
Common 662
Persea 413
Borbonia 413
carolinensis 413
pubescens 413
Peraica 499
Persimmon 648
Common 648
Perularia flava 308
Peruvian Bark Tree
746
Petalostemum 513
candidum 513
foliosuni 513
multiflorum 513
purpureum 513
villosuin 513
violaceum 513
Petasites 850
palmatus 850
sagittatus 850
trigonophyllus 850
vulgaris 850
Petroselinum 614
hortense 615
aativum 615
Petty Spurge 549
Petunia 712
axillaris 712
violacea 712
Peucedanum 620
nudicaiUe 620
villosum 620
Phacelia 678
bipinnatifida 678
Covillei 678
dubia 678
fimbriata 678
Franklinii 678
hirsuta 678
parviflora 678
Purshii 678
Phalaris 121
arundinacea 121
canariensis 121
minor 121
Phaseolus 528
perennis 528
polystachyus 528
Pheasant's Eye 399
Phegopteris 35
calcarea 35
Dryopteris 35
hsxagonoptera 35
Phegopteris 35
polypodioides 35
Robertiana 35
Pliiladelphus 449
coronarius 449
grandiflorus 449
inodorus 449
Philotria canadensis
85
Phleum 128
alpinum 129
pratense 129
Phlomis 699
tuberosa 699
Phlox 673
acuminata 674
amoena 674
amplifolia 674
bifida 6/'."
Blue 675
Brittonii 675
divaricata 675
glaberrima 674
glandulosa 674
Hentzii 675
macula ta 674
ovata 674
paniculata 674
pilosa 674
reptans 674
Stellaria 675
stolonifera 674
subulata 675
Phoradendron 35 1
flavescens 35 1
INDEX
913
Phragmites 148
communis 148
Phragmites 148
vulgaris 148
Phryma 743
Leptostachya 743
Phrymaceae 743
Phyllanthus 544
caroliniensis 545
Phyllitis Scolopen-
drium 40
Phyllodoce 633
coerulea 633
Physalis 714
aequata 714
Alkekengi 715
angulata 714
barbadensis 715
Francheti 715
grandiflora 714
heterophylla 715
ixocarpa , 714
lanceolata7i5, 716
longifolia 715
missouriensis 715
obscura 715
pendula 714
philadelphica 715
pruinosa 715
pubescens 715
pumila 715
subglabrata 715
virginiana 715
\nscosa 715
Physalodes 716
Physalodes 716
Physocarpos 456
opulifolius 456
Physostegia 698
denticulata 699
intermedia 699
par\'iflora 698
virginiana 698, 699
Phytolacca 374
decandra 374
Phytolaccaceae
374
Picea 65
Abies 65
alba 65
australis 65
brevifolia 65
canadensis 65
excelsa 65
mariana 65
nigra 65
rubens 65
rubra 65
Pickerel-w^d 266
Family 266
Picradenia 844
Picris 864
echioides 864
hieracioides 864
Pieris floribunda 635
murixina 635
nitida 635
Pigeon Berry 374
Grape 564
Grass 118
Pignut 332
Pigweed 365, 367,371
Winged 365
Pilea 349
pumila 349
Pimbina 759
Pimpernel 647
Common 647
False 725
Water 644
Pimpinella 616
in tegerrima 616
Saxifraga 616
Pin Cherry 498
Oak 342
PiNACEAE 62
Pine 63
Drops 630
Family 62
Georgia 64
Gray 64
Jersey 64
Loblolly 63
Long-leaved 64
Marsh 64
Northern Scrub 64
Old Field 63
Pitch 64
Pond 64
Prince's 628
Red 64
Scotch 64
Scrub 64
Table Mountain 64
White 63
Yellow 64
Pineapple Family
265
Pineapple-weed 847
Pine-barren Sand-
wort 381
Pinesap 629, 630
Sweet 630
Pineweed 575
Pinguicula 738
vulgaris 739
Pink 387
Deptford 387
Family 377
Fire 386
Ground 675
Indian 653
Maiden 387
Moss 675
Mullein 384
Wild 386
Pink-root 653
Pinus 63
australis 64
Banksiana 64
divaricata 64
echinata 64
inops 64
mitis 64
palustris 64
pungens 64
resinosa 64
rigida 64
serotina 64
Strobus 63
sylvestris 64
Taeda 63
virginiana 64
Pinweed 577
Pinxter Flower 631
Pipe Vine 353
PiPERACEAE 320
Piperia unalascensis
309
Pipes 53
Pipewort 261
Family 260
Hairy 261
Pipsissewa 627, 628
Pitch Pine 64
Pitcher -plant 440
Family 439
Plane Tree Family
454
Planer Tree 346
Planera 346
aquatica 346
Plantaginaceae
743
Plantago 744
aristata 746
borealis 745
cordata 744
decipiens 745
elongata 746
eriopoda 745
halophila 745
heterophylla 746
lanceolata 745
major 745
maritima 745
media 745
patagonica 745, 746
Purshii 745
pusilla 746
rhodosperma 746
Rugelii 745
sparsiflora 745
virginica 746
Plantain 744
Common 745
EngUsh 745
Family 743
Great Indian 852
Hoary 745
Indian 852
Mud 266
Pale Indian 852
Poor Robin's 873
Rattlesnake 315
Robin's 817
Seaside 745
Water 84
Plantain-leaved
Everlasting 820
Platanaceae 454
Platanus 454
occidentalis 454
Pleurisy-root 664
Pleurogyne
658
carinthiaca
659
rotata
658
Pluchea
819
bifrons
819
camphorata
819
foetida
819
petiolata
819
Plum
497
Beach
498
Bullace
498
Canada
499
Cliickasaw
498
Ground
515
Moxie
637
Sand
498
Wild
499
Wild Goose
499
Plumb AGiNACEAE
643
Plume Poppy 415
Plumed Thistle 856
Plumeless Thistle
856
Pneumaria mari-
tima 685
Poa 154
alp-na 156
alsodes 157
annua 155
autumnalis 157
brachyphylla 157
brevifolia 157
caesia 156
Chapmaniana 155
compressa 155
debiUs 157
eminens 155
flava 149, 156
flexuosa 157
glauca 156
glumaris 156
laxa 156
nemoralis 156
pratensis 156
refrada 151
serotina 156
sylvestris 157
triflora 156
trivialis 157
Wolfii 157
Podophyllum 411
peltatum 412
PODOSTEMACEAE 441
Podostemum 441
ceratophylum 441
Poet's Narc'ssus 298
Pogonia 311
affinis 312
divaricata 312
ophioglossoides
311
pendula 311
trianthophora 311
verticillata 312
Poison Dogwood 552
Elder 552
Hemlock 613
gray's manual — 5S
9U
INDEX
Poison Ivy 552
Oak 552. 553
Sumach 552
Poke, Common 374
Milkweed 665
Pokeweed 374
Family 374
Polanisia 43S
graveolens 438
trachysperma 438
POLEMONIACEAE 673
Polemonium 676
coeruleum 676
Family 673
reptans 676
Van Bruntiae 676
Polycodium candi-
cana 639
melanocarpum 639
neglectum 639
stamineum 639
Polygala 53S
ambigua 540
brevifolia 540
cruciata 539
Curtissii 539
cymosa 540
fastigiata 539
Fringed 538
incarnata 539
lutea 540
mariana 539
Nuttallii 539
pauciflora 538
pKjIygama 539
ramosa 540
sanguinea 539
Senega 539
verticillata 540
viridescens 539
POLYGALACEAE 538
POLYGONACEAE 353
Polygonatum 292
biflorum 292
boreale 292
commutatum 292
cuneatum 292
ffiganteum 292
virginicum 292
Polygonella 363
americana 363
articulata 363
ericoidea 364
Polygonum 357
acre 36 1
amphibium 360
ari folium 362
aviculare 358
camporum 359
Careyi 361
cilinode 362
Convolvulus 362
criatatum 363
cuspidatum 363
densiflorum 360
Douglasii 359
dumetorum 363
emeraum 361
erectum
359
exsertum
358
Fowled
358
Hartwrigfitii
361
Hydropiper
361
hydropiperoides
362
incarnatum
360
lapathifolium
360
littorale
359
longistylum
361
maritimum
358
Muhlenbergii
361
opeloitsanum
362
orientale
361
pennsylvanicum
361
Persicaria
361
portoricenae
360
prolificum
358
punctatum
361
ramosissimum
358
359
Rayi
358
sagittatum
362
scandens
362
setaceum
362
tenue
359
tomentosum 360
virginianum 362
v-iviparum 359
Zuccarinii 363
Polymnia 824
canadensis 824
uvedaUa 824
POLYPODIACEAE 33
Polypodium 34
incanum 34
polypodioides 34
vulgare 34
Polypody 34
Polypogon 133
monspeliensis 133
Polypremum 653
procumbens 654
Polypteris 843
callosa 844
Polystichum 40
acrostichoides 40
Braunii 41
Lonchitis 40
Polytaenia 620
Nuttallii 620
Pomme blanche 512
Pommede Prairie 512
Pond Pine 64
Spice 414
Pond weed 70
Family 69
Horn 78
Pontederia 266
cordata 266
PONTEDERIACEAE
266
Poor Man's Weather-
glass 647
Robin's Plantain
873
Poplar 323, 409
Balsam 329
Black 329
Downy 329
Lombardy 329
Necklace 329
Silver-leaved 328
White 328
Poppy 416
Celandine 415
Common 416
Corn 416
Family 414
Horn 415
Mallow 568
Mexican 416
Plume 415
Prickly 416
Sea 415
Populus 328
alba 328
balsamifera 329
candicans 329
deltoides 329
grandidentata 328
heterophylla 329
monilifera 329
nigra 329
tremuloides 328
Porcupine Grass 124
Porteranthus 457
stipulatus 457
Portulaca 389
neglecta 389
oleracea 389
pilosa 389
retusa 389
PORTULACACKAE 387
Post Oak 339
Potamogeton 70
acutifolius 75
alpinus 72
americanus 73
amplifolius 73
angustifolius 74
bupleuroides 75
confervoides 77
crispus 75
dimorphus 77
diveraifolius 77
epihydrus 72
Faxoni 73
filiformis 77
fiuilana 73
foliosus 77
Friesii 75
gemmiparus 76
heterophyllus 73
Hillii 75
hybridus 77
illinoensis 73
interior 77
interruptus 78
lateralis 76
lonchitea 73
lucens 74
marinua 77
miLcronatua 75
mysticus
75
natans
72
nitens
75
Nuttallii
72
Oakesianus
72
obtusifoUus
75
paucifiorua
77
pectinatus
78
pensylvaniciis
72
perfoUatus 74, 76
pinna turn
604
polygonifolius
72
praelongus
74
pulcher
73
pusillus
76
recti folius
73
Richardsonii
74
Robbinsii
78
rufeacena
73
rutilus
76
spathaeformis
74
apatimlaeformia 74
Spirillum
77
strictifolius
76
Tuckermani
77
Vaseyi
76
Zizii
74
zosterifolius
75
Potato
719
Potato-vine, Wil
a
670
Potentilla
481
Anserina
484
argentea
482
arguta
481
canadensis
484
caroliniana
484
effusa
483
Egedii
484
frigida
483
fruticosa
483
Hippiana
483
intermedia
482
leucocarpa
482
litoralia
482
monspeliensis
482
nemoralia
484
NicoUetii
482
norvegica
482
Nuttallii
483
palustris
483
paradoxa
482
pennsylvanica 482
pentandra
482
procumbens
484
pumila
484
recta
483
reptans
484
rivalis
482
Robbinsiana
483
aimplex
484
aulphurea
483
aupina
482
tridentata
483
Poterium
494
canadenae
494
Sanguisorba
494
Poverty -Grass
124
INDEX
915
Prairie Clover
513
W^atsoni
498
Dock
825
Psamma
136
Rose
495
Psedera
562
Willow
326
quinquefolia
563
Prenanthes
870
vitacea
563
alba
871
Pseudotaenidia
620
altissima
871
montana
620
aspera
870
Psilocarya
185
lioottii
872
nitens
186
crepidinea
870
scirpoides
186
mainensis
870
Psoralea
511
nana
871
argophylla
512
racemosa
870
digitata
512
serpentaria
871
esculenta
512
trifoliolata
871
floribunda
512
virgata
870
lanceolata
512
Prickly Ash
537
melilotoides
511
Gooseberry
451
micrantha
512
Lettuce
866
Onobrychis
511
Pear
589
pedunculata
511
Poppy
416
stipulata
511
Prim
652
tenuiflora
512
Primrose
644
Ptelea
537
Bird's-eye
644
trifoliata
537
Common Evening
Pteridium aquilinum
598
36
Evening
598
Pteris
36
Family
643
aquilina
36
White Evening 600
Pterospora
630
Pri m rose-lea ved
andromedea
630
Violet
584
Ptilimnium
613
Primrose-willow
594
capillaceum
613
Primula
644
Nuttallii
614
farinosa
644
Puccinellia
160
mistassinica
644
airoides
160
Primulaceae
643
angustata
160
Prince's Feather
Borreri
160
361,
371
distans
160
Pine
628
maritima
160
Prionopsis cUiata 798
Puccoon 685
,686
Privet
652
Yellow
408
Swamp
652
Pulsatilla hirsutis-
Proserpinaca
605
sima
401
palustris
605
Pulse Family
499
pectinata
605
Pumpkin 764
, 765
Prunella
698
Ash
651
laciniata
698
Fetid Wild
756
vulgaris
698
Purple Amaranth 372
Prunus
497
Avens
486
alleghanieosis
498
Azalea
631
americana
499
Cone-flower
832
angustifolia
498
Flowering Rasp-
a\num
499
berry
487
Cerasus
499
Gerardia
731
Chicasa
498
Milkweed
664
cuneata
498
Thorn Apple
717
Gravesii
498
Willow
328
hortulana
499
Purplish Cudweed
instititia
498
823
Mahaleb
498
Purslane
389
maritima
498
Common
389
nigra
499
Family
387
pennsylvanica 498
Milk
547
Persica
499
Sea
377
pumila
499
Speedwell
728
serotina
497
Water 591
, 595
apinoaa
498
Pussy's Toes
820
virginiana
498
Putty-root
319
Pycnanthemum 707
albescens 708
aristatum 707
clinopodioides 707
flexrosiun 707
incanum 708
lanceolatum 708
leptodon 707
linifohum 707
montanum 708
muticum 708
pilosum 708
pycnanthemoides
707
Torrei 70S
Tullia 707
verticillatum 708
virginianum 707
Pyracantha coccinea
479
Pyrola 628
americana 629
asarifolia 629
chlorantha 629
elliptica 629
minor 628
One-flowered 628
oxypetala 629
Totundifolia 629
secunda 628
uliginosa 629
Pyrrhopappus 869
carolinianus 869
Pyrularia 350
pubera 350
PjTUs 457
americana 459
angustifolia 458
arbutifolia 458
Aucuparia 459
baccata 458
communis 457
coronaria 458
ioensis 458
Malus 458
melanocarpa 459
prunifoUa 458
sambucifolia 459
sitchensis 459
Soulardi 458
Pyxidanthera 642
barbulata 642
Pyxie 642
Quaking Grass 154
Quamasia esculenta
289
hyacinthina 289
Quamoclit coccinea
670
Quximoclit 670
Quassia Family 538
Queen of the Meadow
485
of the Prairie 484
Queen's-delight 544
Queen's-root 544
Quercitron 343
Quercus
338
acuminata
341
alba
339
ambigua
342
aqnatica
343
bi color
340
borealis
342
coccinea 342
343
digitata
343
elUpsoidalis
342
falcata
343
iUcifolia
343
imbricaria
344
lauri folia
344
lyrata
339
macrocarpa
340
Margaretta
339
marilandica
344
Michauxii
340
minor
339
Muhlenbergii
341
nana
343
nigra 343
,3U
pagodaefolia
343
palustris
342
phellos
344
platanoides
340
prinoides
341
Prinus
341
rubra
341
st€llata
339
texana
342
tinctoria
343
velutina
343
virens
341
virginiana
341
Quick Grass
166
Quillwort
58
Family
58
Quitch Grass
166
Rabbit-foot Clover
509
Radicula 431
aquatica 432
Armoracia 432
Nasturtium-aquat-
icum 431
obtusa 432
palustris 432
sessiiiflora 432
sinuata 432
sylvestris 431
Radiola 532
Linoides 532
Radish 427
Wild 427
Ragged Fringed Or-
chis 310
Robin 384
Ragweed 827
Great 828
Ragwort 852
Golden 854
WooUy 855
Raisin, Wild 760
Ram's Head Lady's
Slipper 306
916
INDEX
Ram.st«d 719
F{axttnculaceae392
Ranunculus 394
abortivus 396
acris 398
allegheniensis 396
ambigens 395
aquatilis 394
arvensis 398
bulbosus 398
circinatus 394
Cymbalaria 394
delphinifolius 394
divaricatiis 394
fascicularis 397
Ficaria 394
Flammula 395
Harveyi 396
hederaeeus 394
hispidus 397, 398
lapponicus 395
laxicaulis 395
Macounii 398
micranthus 396
missourieasis 395
-multi fid lis 395
muricatus 398
oblongifolius 395
obtusiusculus 395
ovalis 396
parviflorus 398
parvulus 397
pennsylvanicus
398
Purshii 395
pusillus 395
recurvatus 397
repens 397
reptans 395
rhomboideus 396
sceleratus 396
septentrionalis 397
Rape 428
Raphanus 427
Raphanistrum 427
sativus 427
Raspberry 486
Black 487
Dwarf 487
Purple Flowering
487
Wild Red 486
Rutibida columnaris
833
pinnata 832
Rattle, Yellow 734
Rattle-box 507
Rattlesnake Fern 49
Grass 158
Master 609
Plantain 315
Rattlesnake-root
870, 871
Slender 870
Rattlesnake-weed
873
Rayless Golden-rod
798
Raznumofskya pusUIa
351
Red Ash 651
Baneberry 408
Bay 413
Birch 335
Buckeye 560
Campion 384
Cedar 67
Clover 509
Currant 452
Elm 345
False Mallow 567
Grape 565
Hemp Nettle 699
Maple 558
Mulberry 348
Oak 341. 342
Pine 64
Spruce 65
Top 132
Top, Tall 149
Red-berried Elder
761
Redbud 505
Red-osier Dogwood
624
Red-root 296, 562
Red-seeded Dande-
lion 865
Reed 148
Bent Grass 134
Giant 148
Meadow Grass 159
Rein Orchis 308
Reseda 439
alba 439
lutea 439
Luteola 439
odorata 439
Resedaceae 439
Rhamnaceae 560
Rhamnus 561
alnifolia 561
caroiiniana 562
cathartica 561
Frangula 562
lanceolata 561
Rheumatism Root
412
Rhexia 593
aristosa 593
ciliosa 593
mariana 593
virgin! ca 593
Rhinanthus 734
Cri.sta-galli 735
KyroUae 735
major 735
minor 735
oblongifolius 735
stenophyllus 735
Rhode Island Bent
133
Rhodiola rosea 443
Rhoflodendron 631
arborescens 631
calendulaceum 631
canadense
631
River-hank Grape
canescens
631
565
catawbiense
632
Robinia
514
lapponicum
632
hispida
514
luteum
631
Pseudo-Acacia 514
maximum
632
viscosa
514
nudiflonim
631
Robin's Plantain 817
Rhodora
631
Rock Brake
37
viscosum
631
Cranberry
641
Rhodora
631
Cress
436
canadeiise
631
Elm
346
Rhus
552
Maple
558
aromatica
553
Rocket
430
canadensis
553
Dyer's
439
copallina
552
Sea
427
cotinoides
553
Yellow
432
Cotinus
553
Rockrose
576
glabra
552
Family
576
hirta
552
Roman Wormwood
microcarpa
553
828
quercifolia
553
Roripa
431
Rydbergi
553
americana
432
Toxicodendron
Armorada
432
552
hispida
432
typhina
552
Nasturtium
431
venenata
552
obtusa
432
Vernix
552
palustris
432
Rhynchosia
530
sessilifiora
432
erecta
530
sinuata
432
latifolia
530
sphaerocarpa
432
reniformis
531
sylvestris
431
simphcifolia
531
Rosa
494
tomentosa
530
acicularis
495
Rib Grass
745
arkansana
496
RibVjon Grass
121
blanda
496
Ribes
450
bracteata
496
aureum
452
canina
496
Cynosbati
451
Carolina
496
floridum
451
cinnamomea
496
gracile
451
Engelmanni
495
Grossularia
451
gallica
496
hudsonianum
452
humilis
497
huronense
451
lucida
497
lacustre
452
nitida
496
missouriense
451
pratincola
495
nigrum
452
rubiginosa
496
oxyacanthoides
setigera
495
451
spinosissima
496
prostratum
452
virginiana
497
rotundifolium
451
Woodsii
496
rubrum
452
ROSACEAE
454
triste
452
Rose
494
Uva-crispa
451
Acacia
514
vulgare
452
Cinnamon
496
Ribwort
744
Climbing
495
Rice Cut-grass
120
Cotton
819
Indian 119
120
Dog
496
Jungle
118
Family
454
Mountain
122
Guelder
759
Water
119
Macartny
496
Richweed 349
711
Mallow
569
Ricinus
544
Prairie
495
communis
544
Scotch
496
Ripple Grass
745
Rosemary, Bog
635
River Birch
335
Marsh
643
Bulrush
192
Roseroot
443
Weed
441
Rosin-weed
825
Weed FamUy
441
Rotala
59]
Rotala ramosior 591
Rottboeliia 92
eylindrica 92
rugosa 92
Roubieva 365
multifida 365
Rough Bedstraw 750
Rough-8talked Mead-
ow Grass 157
Roun'l-leaved Catch-
fly 386
Cornel 624
Dogwood 624
Sundew 440
Violet 585
Rowan Tree 459
Royal Catchfly 386
Rubacer 487
RUBIACEAE 746
Rubus 486
abbrevians 491
allegheniensis 489
amabilis 490
americanns 488
amnicolus 490
Andrewsianus 491
arcticus 488
argutus 490
amndelambs 490
Baileynnus 492
biformispinus 491
canadensis
490, 492
Chamaemorus 487
columbianus 487
cuneifolius 491
elegantulus 490
Enslenii 492
flavinanus 489
floricomus 491
frondisentis 489
frondosus 489
fruticosus 491
glandicaulis 489
hispid us 492
idaeus 486
invisus 492
jacens 492
Jeckylanus 491
junceus 489
laciniatus 491
Millspaughi 491
neglect us 487
nigri.-ans 491
nigrobacci'.s
489, 490
nutknnus 4S7
occidentalis 487
odoratus 487
orarius 490
par\'iflorus 487
pecuiiaris 490
pergratus 490
permixtus 492
vliikidelphiciis 490
phoenicolasius 487
pront'nhcris 492
Randii 490
INDEX
recurvans
490
Club
187
recurvicaulis
490
Family
267
rubrisetus
492
Grass
129
sativus
490
Horned
199
semisetostis
492
Nut
202
setosus 491
,492
Scouring
53
strigosus
486
Spike
180
subuniflorus
492
Twig
201
tardatus
492
Wood
278
triflorus
487
Russian Thistle
370
trivnalis
492
Ruta
537
vennontanu^
492
graveolens
538
villosus 489,
490,
Rutabaga
428
492
RUTACEAE
537
Rudbeckia
830
Rye Grass
165
amplexicaulis
832
Wild
168
Brittonii
831
Rynchospora
199
fulgida
831
alba
200
hirta
831
axillaris
201
laciniata
831
capillacea
201
maxima
832
cephalantha
201
missouriensis
831
compressa
199
mem ticola
831
corniculata
199
palustris
831
cymosa
199
spathulata
831
fusca
200
speciosa
831
glomerata
201
subtomentosa
831
gracilenta
200
Sullivanti
831
inexpansa
200
triloba
830
Knieskernii
201
umhrosa
831
macrostachya
199
Rue
537
oligantha
200
Anemone
400
pallida
200
Common
538
Torreyana
200
Early Meadow 400
Family
537
Sabatia
654
Goat's
514
angularis
655
Tall Meadow
400
angustifolia
655
Ruellia
742
brachiata
655
ciliosa
742
calycina
655
pedunculata
743
calycosa
655
strepens
743
campanulata
655
Rum Cherry
497
campestris
655
Rumex
354
chloroides
655
Acetosa
357
dodecandra
655
Acetosella
357
gracilis
655
altissimus
356
lanceolata
655
Britannica
355
paniculata
655
conglomeratus 356
stellaris
655
crispus
355
Sabbaiia
654
elongatus
355
Sacciolepis
117
hastatulus
357
striata
117
maritimus
357
Sacred Bean
392
mexicanus
356
Sage
702
obtusifolius
356
Germander
693
occidentalis
355
Jerusalem
699
pallidus
355
LjTe-ieaved
702
Patientia
355
White
849
persicarioides
357
Willow
327
pulcher
357
Wood
693
salicifoliits
356
Sagina
379
venosus
355
apetala
379
verticillatus
356
decumbens
379
Ruppia
78
fontinahs
382
maritima
78
nodosa
379
Rush
267
procumbens
379
Bald
185
Sagittaria
81
Beak
199
ambigua
82
Bog
267
arifolia
82
917
brevirostra 82
calycina 83, 84
cristata 83
cuneata 82
Eatoni 83
Engelmanniana 82
gracilis 82
graminea 83
hastata 82
heterophylla 82
isoetiformis 83
lancifolia 82
lati folia 81
longirostra 81
natans 83
obtusa 82
platyphylla 83
pusilla 83
subulata 83
teres 83
variabilis 82
St. Andrew's Cross
571
St. John's-wort 571
Common 573
Family 571
Great 572
Kalm's 573
Marsh 575
Mountain 573
Shrubby 573
St. Peter's- wort 571
Salicaceae 320
SaUcornia 369
ambigua 369
Bigelowii 369
europaea 369
herbacea 369
mucronata 369
rubra 369
SaUx 320
adenophylla 324
alba 322
amygdaloides 321
argyrocarpa 327
babylonica '^22
balsam if era 324
Bebbiaii-a 326
Candida 327
chlorophylla 328
coact-iUs 327
cordata 323
discolor 325
eriocephala 325
fluviatilis -623
fragilis 322
glaucophylla 323
herbacea 32.5
humiUs 326
in terior 323
longifolia 323
longipes 321
lucida 321
missouriensis 323
myrtilloides 324
nigra 320, S21
pedicel laris 324
pellita 327
918
INDEX
Salix pentandra 321
petiolaris 325
phylicifolia 328
prinoides 325
purpurea 328
rostrata 326
sericea 326
serissima 322
syrticola 324
tristis 326
Uva-ursi 325
viminalis 327
Wardi 321
Salmon Berry 487
Salomonia biflora 292
commulata 292
Salsify 864
Salsola 370
KaU 370
salsa 370
Tragus 371
Salt Marsh Fleabane
819
Marsh Grass 143
Reed Grass 143
Saltwort 370
Common 370
Salvia 702
azurea 703
lanceaefolia 703
lanceolata 703
lyrata 702
Pitcheri 703
Sclarea 703
urticifolia 703
Verbenaca 703
Sahinia 50
natans 50
Salviniaceae 50
Sambucus 761
canadensis 761
pubens 761
racemosa 761
Samolus 644
floribundus 645
Valerandi 645
Samphire 369
Sampson's Snake-
root 658
Sand Bar Willow 323
Blackberry 491
Cherry 499
Grape 565
Grass 149
Myrtle 632
Plum 498
Spurrey 378
Sandalwood Family
349
Sandbur 119
Sandwort 379
Mountain 381
Pine-barren 381
'Iliynie-leaved 380
Sanguinaria 415
canadensis 415
Sanguisorba 494
canadoDsis 494
minor 494
officinalis 494
Sanicle 610
Sanicula 610
canadensis 610
gregaria 610
marilandica 610
trifoliata 610
Santalaceae 349
Sapindaceae 559
Sapindus 559
acuminatus 559
Drummondi 559
Sapodilla Family 648
Saponaria 386
officinalis 386
Vaccaria 386
Sapotaceae 648
Sarothra gentianoides
575
Sarothamnits scopa-
rius 508
Sarracenia 439
flava 440
purpurea 440
Sarraceniaceae
439
Sarsaparilla 606
Bristly 606
Wild 606
Sassafras 413
officinale 414
Sassafras 414
variifolium 414
Satureja 705
Acinos 706
glabella 706
glabra 706
hortensis 705
Nepeta 706
vulgaris 706
Saururus 320
cernuus 320
Savastana 122
Nashii 122
Savin 67
Savory 705
Summer • 705
Saw Brier 295
Grass 202
Saxifraga 445
aizoides 446
Aizoon . 446
autumnalis 446
caroliniana 446
comosa 446
erosa 446
Forbesii 446
Gray ana 446
leucanthem ifolia
446
Michauxii 446
micranthidifolia
440
oppositifolia 447
pennsylvanica 446
rivularis 446
stellaris 446
tricuspidata 446
virginiensis 446
Saxifragaceae 444
Saxifrage 445
Alpine Brook 446
Early 446
Family 444
Golden 448
Lettuce 446
Mountain 447
Swamp 446
Yellow Mountain
446
Scabiosa 764
arvensis 764
australis 764
succisa 764
Scabious, Sweet 817
Scandix 617
Pecten-Veneris 617
Scarlet Lychnis 384
Oak 342
Painted Cup 732
Schedonnardus 144
paniculatus 144
texanus 144
Scheuchzeria 80
palustris 80
Schizaea 45
pusilla 46
Schizaeaceae 45
Schmaltzia 553
illinoensis
Schrankia
angustata
uncinata
Schwa Ibea
americana
Schweinitzia
Scilla esculenta
Scirpus
alpinits
americanus
atrocinctus
553
503
504
504
736
736
630
289
187
190
191
195
atrovirens 193, 194
caespitosus 190
campestris 193
Caribyi 191
Clintonii 189
cylindricus 191
cyperinus 195
debilis 190
divaricatus 194
Eriophorum 195
etuberculatus 191
Fernnldi 193
fluviatilis 192
gcorgianus 194
Hallii 190
heterochaetus 192
hudsonianus 190
laruslris 192
lineatus 194
mirilimns 193
mucronatus 191
nanus 189
rufvae-angliav 1 93
occidentalis
192
Olneyi
191
pa Hid us
194
paludosus
193
paucifiorus
189
Peckii
194
pedicellatus
195
planifolius
189
polyphyllus
194
pungens
191
robust us
192
rubrotinctus
193
rufus
190
Smith ii
190
sub term inalis
190
supimis
190
sylvaticus
193
Torreyi
191
validus
192
Scleranthus
376
annuus
376
Scleria
202
ciliata
203
Elliottii
203
oligantha
202
pauciflora
202
reticularis
203
Torreyana
203
trichopoda
203
triglomerata
202
verticil lata
203
Scleroiepis
781
uniflora
781
vertidllata
781
Scoke
374
Scolochloa
158
festucacea
158
Scolopendrium
40
vulgare
40
Scoria
331
Scotch Broom
508
Fir
64
Lovage
618
Mist
749
Pine
64
Rose
496
Thistle
859
Scrophularia
721
aquatica
72i
leporella
721
marilandica
721
nodosa
721
SCROPHULARIACEAE
717
Scorpion-grass
683
Scouring Rush
53
Scrub Oak, Black
343
Pine
64
Scutellaria
694
Bushii
695
campestris
696
canoscens
695
Chiircliiiiiaiia
695
cordijoli/i
694
gaieri(;ulata
695
inc/ina
695
integrifolia-
695
INDEX
919
Scutellaria lateri-
flora 694
696
696
695
694
695
694
433
144
369
643
685
647
153
833
415
377
427
nervosa
parvula
pilosa
saxatilis
serrata
versicolor
Scurvy Grass
Scutch Grass
Sea Elite
Lavender
Lungwort
Milkwort
Oats
Ox-eye
Poppy
Purslane
Rocket
Rocket, Ameri-
can 427
Sand-reed 136
Spear Grass 160
Seaside Alder 337
Crowfoot 394
Gerardia 731
Heliotrope 680
Plantain 745
Spurge 545
Sedge 204
Family 171
Sedum 442
acre 443
Fabaria 443
Nevii 443
Nuttallianum 443
pulchelhmi 443
purpurevmi 443
refiexum 443
Rhodiola 443
roseum 443
stoloniferum 443
telephioides 443
Teleph ium 443
ternatum 443
Torreyi 443
Seedbox 595
Selaginella 57
apus 58
rupestris 57
selaginoides 57
spinosa 57
Selaginellaceae
57
Selenia 433
a urea 433
Self-heal 698
Sempervivum 443
tectorum 443
Senebiera 426
Coronopus 426
didyma 426
Seneca Grass 122
Snakeroot 539
Senecio 852
antennariifolius
855
aureus 854
Balsamitae 854
canus 855
Crawfordii 854
discoideus 854
glabellas 853
integerrimus 855
Jacobaea 853
lobatus 853
obovat us 854
palustris 853
plattensis 855
Pseudo-Arnica 855
Robbinsii 854
Smallii 854
sylvaticus 853
tomentosus 855
viscosus 853
vulgaris 853
Senna 504
Wild 504, 505
Sensitive Brier 503
Fern 45
Joint Vetch 518
Plant, Wild 505
Serapias 313
Helleborine 313
Sericocarpus 818
asteroides 818
bifoliatus 818
conyzoides 818
linifolius 818
solidagineus 818
tortifolius 819
Serinia 862
oppositifolia 862
Servdce Berry 459
Sesame Grass 92
Sesbari 514
Sesbania 514
macrocarpa 514
Sesuvium 377
maritimum 377
pentandrum 377
Setaria 118
glauca 118
imberbis 118
italica 119
magna 119
verticillata 118
■\dridis 1 18
Seymeria 729
macrophylla 729
Sharl Bush 459
Shag-bark Hickory
331
Sheep Laurel 633
Sorrel 357
Sheepberry 760
Sheep's Fescue 161
Sheep 's-bit 768
Shell-bark Hickory
331
Shepherd's Purse 426
Shepherdia 590
argentea 590
canadensis 590
Sherardia 747
arvensis 747
Shield Fern 41
Shin Leaf 628, 629
Shingle Oak 344
Shining Willow 321
Shooting Star 647
Showy Lady's Slip-
per 307
Orchis 307
Shrub Yellow-root
408
Shrubby Althaea 569
Bitter-sweet 557
Cinquefoil 483
St. John's- wort 573
Trefoil 537
Sibbaldia 480
procumbens 480
Sibbaldiopsis triden-
tata 483
Siberian Crab 458
Sickle-pod 438
Sicyos 765
angulatus 765
Sida 567
ElUottii 567
hermaphrodita 567
Napaea 567
spinosa 567
Sideranthus spinu-
losus 798
Side-saddle Flower
440
Sieversia ciliata 486
Peckii 486
Silene 385
acaulis 386
alba 386
an^lica 385
antirrhina 385
Armeria 385
caroliniana 386
conica 385
Cucubaltia 386
dichotoma 385
gallica 385
inflata 386
latifolia 386
Menziesii 385
nivea 386
noctiflora 385
nutans 385
pennsylvanica 386
regia 386
rotundifolia 386
stellata 386
virginica 386
vulgaris 386
Silkweed 663
Common 665
Silkv Cornel 624
Willow 326
Silphium 825
Asteriscus 825
integrifolium 825
laciniatum 825
perfoliatum 826
terebinthinaceum
825
trifoliatum 825
Silver Maple 558
Weed 484
Silver-bell Tree 649
Silverberry 590
Silver-leaved Poplar
328
Silvery Cinquefoil
482
Silybum 859
marianum 859
SiMARUBACKAE 538
Sinapis alba 428
arvensis 428
Sisymbrium 429
altissimum 429
canescens 430
humilis 430
incisum 430
Irio 430
Nasturtium-aguati-
cum 431
officinale 429
Sophia 430
Thalianum 430
Sisyrinchium 301
albidum 302
aru:eps 303
angustifolium 302
apiculatum 303
arenicola 303
atlanticum 303
campestre 302
Farwellii 303
fla\dflorum 302
gramineum 303
graminoides 303
hastile 302
intermedium 303
montanum 303
mucronatum 302
strict um 303
Sitanion longifolium
170
Sitilias 869
caroliniana 869
Slum 615
angustifolium 615
Carsonii 615
cicutaefolium 615
lineare 615
Skeleton-weed 864
Skullcap 694
Mad-dog 694
Skunk Cabbage 258
Currant 452
Sleepy Catchfly 385
Slender Blue Flag
300
Gerardia 731
Rattlesnake-roct
8V0
Slippery Elm 345
Sloe 498
Slough Grass 142
Small P.iigloss 68;^
Cane 171
Cranberry 64'.
920
INDEX
Small Magnolia 409
Solomon's Seal 292
White Lady's Slip-
per 307
Smaller Bladderwort
737
Spearwort 395
Yellow Ljftiy's
Slipper 306
Small-flowered Crow-
foot 396
Smartweed, Common
361
Water 361
Smilacina 291
racemosa 291
stellata 291
trifolia 291
Smilax 294
Bona-nox 295
ecirrhata 295
glauca 295
herbacea 295
hispida 296
lanceolata 296
laurifolia 296
pseudo-china 296
pulverulenta 295
rotundifolia 295
tamnifolia 295
tamnoides 295
Walteri 295
Smoke-tree 553
Smooth Alder 337
Azalea 631
False Foxglove
730
Gooseberry 451
Sumach 552
Winterberry 555
Yellow Violet 585
Smut Grass 131
Snake Grass 150
Snakehead 723
Snakeroot, Black
407, 610
Button 609, 785
Sampson's 658
Seneca 539
Virginia 352
White 784
Snapdragon 720
Sneezeweed 844, 845
Snow Trillium 294
Snow-ball Tree 759
Snowberry 757
Creeping 637
Snowdrop Tree 649
Snow-<jn-the-Moun-
tain 547
Soapberry 559
Family 559
Soapwort 386
Gentian 657
Soft Chess 163
SOLANACKAE 712
Solan um 712
carolinense 713
citrullifoHum 713
Dulcamara 713
elaeagnifolium 713
heterodoxura 713
Melongena 712
nigrum 713
rostratum 713
sisymbriifolium
713
triflorum 713
tuberosum 712
Solea 579
concolor 579
Solidago 788
alpestris 790
altissima 794, 796
arguta 792
aspera 794
asperula 794
bicolor 789
Boottii 792
caesia 788
calcicola 790
canadensis 795, 796
Curtisii 789
Cutleri 790
decumbens 791
Drummondii 796
EUiottii 794
elongata 796
erecta 789
fistulosa 793
flexicaulis 789
Gattingeri 795
graminifolia 797
gymnospermoides
798
hispida 789
Houghtonii 797
humilis 791
juncea 793
lanceolata 797
latifolia 789
leptocephala 798
Lindheimeriana
789
macrophylla 790
minor 797
missouriensis 794
mollis 795
monticola 789
Moseleyi 798
neglecta 793
nemoralis 795
odora 793
ohioensis 796
patula 792
petiolaris 788
■pilosa 794
polycephala 797
procera 796
puberula 791
Purshii 791
racemosa 791
radula 795
Randii 790
Riddellii 797
rigida 796
rigidiuacula
792
roanensis
789
rugosa
794
rupestris
796
sempervirens 792
serotina 796
Shortii 795
speciosa 792
squarrosa 788
stricta 791
tenuifolia 797
tortifolia 793
uliginosa 791
ulmifolia 794
uniligulata 793
Virgaurea 790, 791
Wardii 788
Solomon's Seal 292
False 291
Great 292
Small 292
Sonchus 865
arvensis 865
asper 866
oleraceus 865
Sophia brachycarpa
430
incisa 430
pinnata 430
Sophia 430
Sophora 507
sericea 507
Sorbaria 457
sorbifolia 457
Sorbus 459
americana 459
Aucuparia 459
sitchensis 459
Sorghastrum 95
nutans 95
Sorghum halapense
95
Sorrel 354, 357
Common Wood
533
Field 357
Garden 357
Lady's 534
Mountain 354
Sheep 357
Violet Wood 533
Wood 532
Sorrel-tree 636
Sour Cherry 499
Gum 625
Sour-top Blueberry
640
Sour-wood 636
Southern Buckthorn
648
Fox Grape 665
Gooseberry 639
Prickly Ash 537
Red Lily 288
Southernwood 849
Sow Thistle 865
Common 865
Field 865
Spiny-leaved
866
Spanish Bayonet 290
Buttons
861
Needles
841
Oak
343
Sparganiaceae
68
Sparganium
68
americanum
69
androcladum
69
angustifolium
69
diversifolium
69
eurycarpum
68
fluctuans
69
hyperboreum
69
lucidum
69
minimum
69
simplex
69
Spartina
142
caespitosa
143
cynosuroides
143
glabra
143
juncea
143
Michauxiana
142
patens
143
polystachya
143
stricta
143
Spathyema foetida
258
Spatter-dock
390
Spear Grass 154
156
Spearmint .
710
Spearwort
395
Creeping
395
Smaller
395
Water Plantain
395
Speckled Alder
337
Specularia
766
biflora
766
leptocarpa
766
perfoliata
766
Speedwell
726
Common
727
Corn
728
Field
728
Ivy-leaved
728
Marsh
727
Purslane
728
Thyme-leaved
728
Water
727
Spergula
379
arvensis
379
sativa
379
Spergularia
378
borealis
379
canadensis
378
marina
378
media
379
rubra
378
snlina
378
Spermacoce
750
glabra
751
Spermolepis
613
echinata
613
patens
613
Sphaeralcea
566
acerifolia
566
remota
566
INDEX
921
SphenophoHs
138
nitida
138
obtusata
138
pallens
138
palustris
139
Spice Bush
414
Spider-flower
439
Spiderwort
264
Family
264
Spiesia
517
campestris
517
Lamberti
518
splendens
518
Spigelia
653
marilandica
653
Spike Grass
153
Rush
180
Spiked Loosestrife
592
Spikenard
606
False
291
Spilanthes
833
americana
833
repent
833
Spindle Tree
556
European
556
Spiny-leaved Sow
Thistle
866
Spiraea
456
A runcus
457
hetulifolia
456
corymbosa
456
japonica
456
latifolia
456
lohata
484
opulifolia
456
prunifolia
456
salicifolia
456
sorbifolia
457
tomentosa
456
Ulmaria
485
virginiana
456
Spirant hes
313
Beckii
313
cernua
314
dedpiens
315
gracilis
313
gracilis X vernalis
314
intermedia
314
latifolia
314
lucida
314
odorata
314
ovalis
314
praecox
314
Romanzoflfiana
314
simplex
313
vernalis
313
Spirodela
259
polyrhyza
259
Spleenwort
38
Spoon-wood
633
Sporobolus
129
asper
130
brevifolius
130
canovirens
130
clandestinus
130
compressus 131
cryptandrus 131
cuspidatu-s 130
depauperatiLS 130
ejuncidus 131
gracilis 131
heterolepis 131
indicus 131
junceus 131
longifolius 130
neglectus 131
Richardsonis 130
serotinus 132
Torreyanus 131
uniflorus 131
vaginiflorus 130
virginicus 131
Spotted Cowbane
614
Medick 510
Touch-me-not 560
Wintergreen 628
Sprangle-top 158
Spreading Dogbane
662
Globeflower 404
Spring Beauty 388
Cress 435
Vetch 526
Spruce 65
Black 65
Bog 65
Cat 65
Norway 65
Red 65
White 65
Spurge 545
Caper 549
Cypress 549
Family 540
Flowering 547
Nettle 541
Petty 549
Seaside 545
Spurred Gentian 659
Spurrey 379
Corn 379
Sand 378
Squash 764, 765
Crookneck 765
Squashberry 759
Squaw Huckleberry
639
Squaw-root 739
Squaw- weed 852
Squirrel Corn 417
Squirrel-tail Grass
167
Stachys 701
ambigua 701
annua 701
arenicola 702
arvensis 701
aspera 701, 702
cordata 702
hyssopifolia 701
latidens 702
Nuttallii 702
palustris 702
sah-ioides 702
tenuifolia 701
Staff Tree 557
Family 556
Stagger-bush 635
Staghorn Sumach
552
Standing Cjiaress
675
Staphylea 557
trifolia 557
Staphyleaceae 557
Star Flower 646
Grass 294, 299
of Bethlehem 289
Thistle 859, 860
Starry Campion 386
Starwort 381, 799
Water 550
Statice 643
Limonium 643
Steeple Bush 456
Steinchisma hiana
117
Steironema 646
ciliatum 646
intermedium 646
lanceolatum 646
lon^ifolium 646
quadriflorvftn 646
radicans 646
tonsum 646
Stellaria 381
aquatica 383
boreaUs 381
crassifolia 382
fontinalis 383
glauca 382
graminea 382
Holostea 382
humifusa 382
longifolia 382
longipes 382
media 382
neglecta 382
pubera 382
uliginosa 381
Stemless Lady's
Slipper 307
Stenanthium 284
angustifolium 284
gramineum 284
robust um 284
Stenoph ragma
Thalianum 430
Stenophyllus 186
capillaris 186
Stenosiphon 602
linifolius 602
virgatus 602
Stewartia 570
Malachodendron
570
pentagyna 570
virginica 570
Stick Leaf 688
Stickseed 681
Stick-tight 840, 841
Stiff Cornel 625
Water Crowfoot
394
Stillingia 544
sylvatica 544
Stinging Nettle 348
Stink Grass 150
Stinking Clover 439
Willie 853
Stipa 123
-.avenacea 123
canadensis 123
comata 124
Macounii 123
Richardsoni 123
spartea 124
viridula 123
Stone Clover 509
Stonecrop 442
Ditch 442
Mossy 443
Stone-root 711
Storax 650
Family 649
Storksbill 536
Stromonium 717
Strawberry 479
Barren 480
Blite 366
Bush 556
Indian 480
Tomato 715
Streptopus 292
amplexifolius 292
longipes 292
roseus 292
Striped Maple 558
Strophostyles 528
avgulosa 529
helvola 528
pauciflora 529
peduncularis 529
umbellata 529
Stylophorum 415
diphyllum 415
Stylosanthes 525
biflora 525
elatior 525
riparia 525
Styracaceae 649
Styrax 650
americana 650
grandifolia 650
pulverulenta 650
Suaeda 369
americana 370
depressa 370
linearis 370
maritima 370
Richii 370
Subularia 426
aquatica 426
Succisa 763
australis 764
pratensis 764
Succory 862
Gum 864
922
INDEX
Succory, Lamb
862
William Catchfly
vulgare
848
Sugar Grape
565
385
Tansy
848
Maple
558
William, Wild
674
Common
848
Sugarberry
346
Winter Grape
564
Tape Grass
85
SuUivantia
445
Sweetbrier
496
Taraxacum
864
ohionis
445
Sweet-scented Bed-
Dens-leonis
865
Sullivantii
445
straw
750
erythrospermum
Sumach
552
Water Lily
391
865
Dwarf
552
Swine Cress
426
officinale
865
Poison
552
Switch Cane
171
Taraxacum
865
Smooth
552
Grass
104
Tare
525
Staghorn
552
Sycamore
454
Tartarian Honey-
Summer Grape
564
Symphoricarpos
757
suckle
755
Savory
705
occidentalis
757
Tar-weed
786
Sundew-
440
orbiculatus
757
Taxaceae
62
Family
440
pauciflorus
757
Taxodiimi
66
Round-leaved
440
racemosus
757
distichum
66
Sundrops
600
Symphoricarpos
Taxus
62
Sunflower
833
757
canadensis
62
Common
833
vulgaris
757
Tea Family
570
Tickseed
841
Symphytum
683
T;abrador
630
Supple-jack
561-
asperrimum
683
Mexican
366
Swamp Beggar-ticks
officinale
683
New Jersey
562
841
tuberosum
683
Oswego
703
Birch
336
Symplocarpus
258
Plant
570
Black Currant
452
foetidus
258
Teaberry
636
Blueberry
640
Symplocos
649
Tear-thumb, Arrow-
Buttercup
397
tinctoria
649
leaved
362
Dock
356
Synandra
699
Halberd-leaved
Fly Honeysuckle
grandi flora
699
362
755
hispidula
699
Teasel
763
Hickory
332
Syndesmon thalic-
Family
763
Loosestrife
592
troides
400
Wild
763
Maple
558
Syngonanthus
261
Tecoma
741
Milkweed
664
flavidus
261
radicans
741
Post Oak
339
Synosma suaveolens
Tephrosia
514
Privet
652
852
hispidula
514
Red Currant
452
Syntherisma
95
spicata
514
Rose Mallow
569
fimbridta
96
virginiana
514
Saxifrage
446
Synthyris
728
Ternstroemiaceae
Spanish Oak
342
Bullii
729
570
Thistle
858
Houghtoniana
729
Tetragonotheca
830
Valerian
762
Syringa 449
652
helianthoides
830
White Oak
340
vulgaris
652
Tetragona nth us
659
Sweet Alyssum
424
deflexus
659
Bay
409
Table Mountain
Tetraneuris
844
Birch
334
Pine
64
herhacea
844
Buckeye
560
Tacamahac
329
Teucrium
692
Cherry
499
Taenidia
616
boreale
693
Cicely
612
integerrima
616
Botrys
693
Clover
510
Talinum
388
canadense
693
Coltsfoot
850
calycinum
389
littorale
693
Fern
330
parviflorum
388
occidentale
693
Flag
258
rugospermum
388
Scorodonia
693
Gale
329
teretifolium
388
Thalesia Jasdculata
Gale Family
329
Tall Bellflower
767
740
Golden-rod
793
Buttercup
398
uniflora
740
Gum
453
Coreopsis
838
Thalia
304
Gum Tree
453
Crowfoot
398
dealbata
304
Leaf
649
Larkspur
406
Thaiictrum
399
Pepperbush
627
Meadow Kue
400
anem/>ru)ides
40(J
Pinesap
630
Oat Grass
141
caulophylloides
Scabious
817
Ked Top
149
309
Vernal Grass
J21
Taller Fescue
162
clavatum
399
Viburnum
760
I'amarack
65
confine
399
Violet
585
Tan Bay
571
coriaceum
399
White Violet
584
Tanacetum
848
Cornuti
400
William
387
huronense
848
dasycarpum
400
dioicum 400
polygamum 400
purpurascens 400
revolutum 400
Thaspium 619
aureum 619
barbinode 619
pinnatifidum 619
Thelesperma 838
gracile 838
trifidum 838
Thely podium pinna-
tifidum, 433
Thermopsis 506
mollis 506
Therofon aconitifo-
lium, 445
Thimbleberry 487
Thimbleweeds 401
Thin Grass 133
Thistle, Barnaby's
860
Blessed 861
Bull 857, 858
Canada 858
Common 856, 857
Common Sow 865
Cotton 859
Field Sow 865
Globe 856
Lady's 859
Milk 859
Musk 856
Pasture 858
Plumed 856
Plumeless 856
Russian 370
Scotch 859
Sow 865
Spiny-leaved Sow
866
Star 859, 860
Swamp 858
Yellow 857
'Thlaspi 424
arvense 424
perfoliatum 425
Thorn Apple 717
Apple, Purple 717
Fire 479
White 460
Thorny Amaranth
372
Thorough-wax 6 1 7
Thoroughwort
781, 783
Three-seeded Mer-
cury 543
Throe-toothed
Cinquefoil 483
Throatwort 767
Thuja 66
occidentalis 67
Thunbergia 742
Thvme 708
Basil 706
Creeping 708
Thymelaeaceae 589
INDEX
923
Thyme-leaved Sand-
wort 380
Speedwell 728
Thymus 708
Serpyllum 708
Tiarella 447
cordifolia 447
Tick Trefoil 519
Tickseed 837
Sunflower 841
Tiedemannia 621
rigida 622
teretifolia 622
Tiger Lily 288
Tilia • 565
americana 565
heterophylla 566
Michauxii 565
pubescens 566
TiLIACEAE 565
Tillaea 442
aquatica 442
simplex ■ 442
Vaillantu 442
Tillandsia 265
usneoides 265
Timothy 129
Tinker's Weed 758
Tipularia 319
discolor 319
unifolia 319
Tissa 378
canadenms 379
marina 378
Ti-ti. Black 553
Toadflax 719
Bastard 350
Tobacco 717
Indian 769
Ladies' 820
Wild 717
Tofieldia 283
glutinosa 283
palustria 283
racemosa 283
Tomatillo 714
Tomato 712
Strawberry 715
Toothache Grass 146
Toothache-tree 537
Tooth wort 434
Torilis 623
Anthriscus 623
nodosa 623
Touch-me-not Fam-
ily 560
Pale 560
Spotted 560
Tower Mustard 437
Toxicodendron 552
Toxylon pomiferum.
347
Trachelospermum
662
diflforme 662
Tra<le8cantia 264
brarteata 265
brevicaulis 264
flexuosa 264
montana 265
occidentalis 265
pilosa 264
reflexa 264
rosea 264
virginiana 264
virginica 264
Tragia 544
cor data 544
innocua 544
macrocarpa 544
nepetaefolia 544
ramosa 544
stylaris 544
urens 544
urticaefolia 544
Tragopogon 864
porrifolius 864
pratensis 864
Trailing Arbutus
636
Wolfsbane 407
Trapa 602
natans 602
Trautvetteria 399
carolinensis 399
palmata 399
Treacle Mustard 430
Tread-softly 541
Tree of Heaven 538
Trefoil 508
Bird's-foot 511
Shrubby 537
Tick 519
Triadenum, petrola-
tum, 575
virginicum, 575
Tribulus 536
terrestris 536
Trichodium, mon-
tanum 133
Trichomanes 33
Boschianum 33
radicans 33
Trichostema 693
dichotomum 694
lineare 694
Tricuspis purpurea
149
Tridens 149
flavus 149
St rictus 149
Trientalis 646
americana 646
Trifolium 508
agrarium 509
arvense 509
aureum 509
carolinianum 509
dubium 510
hybridum 509
incarnatum 509
medium 509
prat en se 509
procumbens
509, 510
reflexum 509
repens 509
stoloniferum 509
virginicum 509
Triglochin 80
maritima 80
palustris 80
striata 80
triandra 80
Trilisa 784
odoratissima 784
paniculata 784
TrilUum 293
cernuum 294
declinatum 294
Dwarf White 294
erect vun 293, 294
erythrocarpum 294
grandiflorum 294
nivale 294
Painted 294
recurvatum 293
sessile 293
Snow 294
vmdulatum 294
viride 293
Triodia 149
cuprea 149
purpurea 149
seslerioides 149
stricta 149
Triosteum 758
angustifolium 758
aurantiacum 758
perfoliatum 758
Triphora pendula 311
Triplasis 149
piu"purea 149
Triple-a\\Tied Grass
124
Tripsacum 92
dactyloides 92
Trisetum 139
melicoides 139
palustre 139
pennsylvanicum-
139
spicatum 139
siibspicatum, 139
Trollius 404
laxus 404
Troxim,on cuspida-
tum 869
glaucum 869
True Forget-me-not
683
Water Cress 431
Trumpet Creeper
741
Honeysuckle 756
Weed 782
Trumpet-flower 741
Trumpets 440
Tsuga 66
canadensis 66
caroliniana 66
Tufted Loosestrife
646
Tulip Tree 409
Tulipa sylvestris 289
Tumble Mustard 429
Weed 372
Tunica 387
Saxifraga 387
Tupelo 625
Turk's-cap Lily 288
Turnip 427, 42§
Indian 257
Turnsole 680
Turtlehead 723
Turritis brachycarpa
437
Tussilago 850
Farfara 850
Twayblade 316, 318
Twig Rush 201
Twin-flower 757
T^-inleaf 412
T'n-isted-stalk 292
Typha- 68
angustifolia 68
latifoUa 68
Ttphaceae 67
Ulex 508
europaeus 508
Ulmaria rubra 484
Ulmaria 485
Ulmus 345
alata 346
americana 345
campestris 345
fulva 345
racemosa 346
serotina 346
Thomasi 346
L^MBELLIFERAE 607
Umbrella Grass 197
Leaf 412
Tree 409
Tree, Ear-leaved
409
Unicorn-plant 741
Unifolium, canadense
291
Uniola 153
gracilis 153
latifolia 153
laxa 153
paniculata 153
Upland Boneset 783
Urtica 348
chamaedryoides
348
dioica 348
gracilis 348
Lyallii 348
urens 348
Urticaceae 344
Urticastrum divarica-
tum 349
Utricularia 736
biflora 737
clandestina 736
cleistogama 738
cornuta 738
fibrosa 737
924
INDEX
Utriculariagibba 737
inflata 736
intermedia 737
juncea 738
minor 737
purpurea 737
resupinata 738
simplex 738
subulata 738
virgatula 738
\'T.ilgaris 737
Uvularia 285
flava 286
grandiflora 286
perfoliata 286
piiberula 286
sessilifolia 286
Vaccaria Vaccaria
386
vulgaris . 386
Vaccinium 638
arboreum 638
atrococcum 640
caespitosum 640
canadense 640
corymbosum 640
erythrocarpum
641
macrocarpon 641
melanocarpum 639
membranaceum
640
Myrsinites 639
myrtilloides 641
neglectum 639
nigrum 640
ovalifolium 641
Oxycoccus 641
palliflum 640
pennsylvanicum
639
stamineum 639
uliginosum 640
vacillans 640
virgatum 639
^'^itis-Idaea 641
Vagnera racemosa
291
stellata 291
trifolia 291
Valerian 761
Family 761
Greek 676
Swamp 762
Valeriana 761
edulis 762
officinalis 762
pauciflora 762
sylvatica 762
uliginosa 762
Vai.erianaceae 761
Valerianella 762
chenopodifolia 762
Locust a 762
longiflora 763
olitnria 762
radiata 762
stenocarpa
763
Woodsiana
763
Vallisneria
85
spiralis
86
Vanilla Grass
122
Velvet Grass
137
Leaf
566
Velvet-leaf Blueberry
640
Venus' Comb
617
Looking-glass
766
Veratrum
285
parviflorum
285
viride
285
Woodii
285
Verbascum
719
Blattaria
719
Lychnitis
719
phlomoides
719
Thapsus
719
virgatum
719
Verbena
688
angustifolia
689
A ubletia
689
bipinnatifida
689
bracteosa
689
canadensis
689
Drummondi
689
hastata
689
officinalis
688
stricta
689
urticaefolia
688
Verbenaceae
688
Verbesina
836
alternifolia
836
encelioides
837
helianthoides
837
occidentalis
836
virginica
837
Verncnia
780
altissima 780
781
arkansana
780
Baldwini
781
crinita
780
fasciculata
780
glauca
780
illinoensis
780
interior
780
maxima
781
missurica
781
noveboracensis
780
Veronica
726
agrestis
728
alpina
728
americana
727
Anagallis-aquatica
727
arvensis
728
Bachofenii
727
Beccabunga
727
Buxbaumii
728
byznntina
728
Chamaedrys
727
hederaefolia
728
humifusa
728
longifolia
727
officinalis
727
peregrina 728
scutellata 727
serpylUfolia 728
Teucrium 727
Tournefortii 728
virginica 726
Wormskjoldi 728
Vervain 688
Blue 689
European 688
Family 688
Hoary 689
White 688
Vesicaria gracilis 424
Shortii 424
Vetch 525
Common 526
Hairy 526
Milk 515
Sensitive Joint
518
Spring 526
Vetchling 527
Viburnum 758
acerifolium 759
alnifolium 759
am^ricanum 759
cassinoides 760
Demetrionis 760
dentatum 760
Lantana 759
lantanoides 759
Lentago 760
molle 760
nudum 760
Opulus 759
pauciflorum 759
prunifolium 760
pubescens 759
rufidulum 761
rufotomentosum,
761
scabrellum 760
semitom^ ntosum,
760
Sweet 760
venosum 760
Vicia 525
americana 526
angustifolia 526
caroliniana 526
Cracca 526
hirsuta 526
ludoviciana 526
sativa 526
sepium 526
tetrasperma 526
villosa 526
Vigna 528
Catjang 528
sinensis 528
Vinca 661
minor 662
Vincetoxicum 667
Baldwinianum 668
carolinense 668
gonocarpos 668
hirsutura 668
obliquum
668
Shortii
668
suberosum
668
Vine Family
562
Viola
579
affinis
581
amoena
584
arenaria
586
arvensis
587
atlantica
583
Bernardi
583
blanda
584
Brittoniana
583
canadensis
586
canina
586
congener
582
conspersa
586
cucullata
581
emarginata
583
fimbriatula
583
hastata
585
hirsutula
582
incognita
584
indivisa
583
labradorica
586
lanceolata
584
latiuscula
581
missouriensis 581
Muh lenbergiana
586
M uh le nbergii 586
multica ulis 586
nephrophylla 581
novae-angliae 583
Nuttallii 585
odorata 585
ovata 583
pa I lens 584
palmata 581, 582
palustris 584
papilionacea 582
pectinata 583
pedata 580
pedatifida 583
primulifolia 584
pubescens 585
Rafinesquii 587
renifolia 584
rostrata 587
rotundifolia 585
sagittata 583
scabriuscula 585
Selkirkii 584
septemloba 583
septentrionalis 582
sororia 582
Stoneana 582
striata 586
svbsagittata 583
tenella 587
tricolor 587
triloba 582
vagula 581
venustula 581
viarum 584
villosa 582
VValteri 586
ViOLACEAE 579
INDEX
925
Violet
Bird-foot
Canada
Dame's
579
580
586
430
Dogs-tooth 289
Downy Yellow 585
Early Yellow 585
English 585
Family 579
Great-spurred 584
Green 579
Halberd-leaved
585
Lance-leaved 584
Long-spurred 587
Primrose-leaved
584
Rovmd-Ieaved 585
Smooth Yellow
585
Sweet 585
Sweet White 584
Water 644
White Dog's-tooth
289
Wood Sorrel 533
Viper's Bugloss 688
Virgilia 506
Virginia Creeper 562
Snakeroot 352
Virginian Cowslip
685
Virgin's Bower 402
VlTACEAE 562
Vitis 563
aestivalis 564
Baileyana 564
bicolor 564
cinerea 564
eordifolia 564
labrusca 564
palmata 565
riparia 565
rotimdifolia 565
rubra 565
rupestris 565
vulpina 565
Vitis-Idea Vitis-
Idea 641
Waahoo 556
Wahoo Elm 346
Wake Robin 293
Waldsteinia 480
fragarioides 480
parviflura 480
Walking Leaf 40
Wall-fiower, Western
431
Wahiut 330
Black 331
Family 330
White 331
Ward's Willow 321
Wart Cress 426
Wart weed 549
Washimtonia 612
CLaytoni 612
divaricata 613
Longistylis 612
dbtu^a 613
Water Arum 258
Ash 651
Avens 486
Beech 334
Caltrop 602
Chestnut 602
Chinquapin 392
Cress 431
Elm 346
Hemlock 614
Hemp 373
Horehound 709
Hyssop 724
Lily 391
Lily Family 389
Lobelia 770
Locust 504
Marigold 842
Milfoil 603
Milfoil Family 602
Mint 710
Nut 602
NjTnph 391
Oak 343
Oats 120
Parsnip 615
Pennywort 611
Pepper 361
Pepper, Mild 362
Pimpernel 644
Plantain 84
Plantain Spear-
wort 395
Purslane 591, 595
Ptice 119
Shield 392
Smart weed 361
Speedwell 727
Starwort 550
Starwort Family
549
Violet 644
Willow 592, 742
Water leaf 676
Family 676
Watermelon 765
Water-plantain
Family 80
Water-weed 85
Waterwort 576
Family 575
Wax Myrtle 329
Waxwork 557
Waj'faring Tree 759
Weeping Willow 322
Weigela 754
Western Daisy 799
Mugwort 849
Wall-flower 431
Wlieat, Cow 732
Whin 507
White Alder 627
Ash 650
Baneberry 408
Basswood 666
Bent Grass 132
Birch 335
Blackberry 489
Campion 384
Cedar 66, 67
Clover 509
Daisy 847
Dock 355
Dog's-tooth Violet
289
Elm 345
Evening Primrose
600
Fringed Orchis
310
Grass 120
Hibiscus 570
Horse Nettle 713
Huckleberry 638
Lettuce 871
Maple 558
Melilot 510
Mulberry 348
Mullein 719
Mustard 428
Oak 339
Pine 63
Poplar 328
Sage 849
Snake-root 784
Spruce 65
Swamp Honey-
suckle 631
Thorn 460
Vervain 688
Walnut 331
Water Crowfoot,
Common 394
Willow 322
White-heart Hickorv
332
White-topped Aster
818
White-weed 847
Whitewood 409, 565
Whitlow Grass 422
Whit low- wort 3/'6
Wicky 633
Wicopy 590
Wild Allspice 414
Balsam-apple 765
Bean 528
Bergamot 704
Black Cherry 497
Black Currant 451
Chamomile 846
Cofifee 758
Columbine 405
Comfrey 681
Cranesbill 535
Elder 606
Garlic 287
Ginger 352
Goose Plum 499
Hyacinth 289
Hydrangea 450
Indigo 506
Leek 287
Lettuce 866
Liquorice 518, 749
Lupine 50S
Marjoram 706
Monkshood 407
Oat Grass 141
Onion 287
Orange-red Lily
288
Pansy 587
Peppergrass 425
Pink ' 386
Plum 499
Potato-vine 670
Radish 427
Raisin 760
Red Cherry 498
Red Raspberry 486
Rye 168
Sarsaparilla 606
Senna 504, 505
Sensitive Plant 505
Sweet William 674
Teasel 763
Tobacco 717
Yam-root 297
Yellow Lily 288
Willoughbya scan-
dens 784
Willow 320
Autumn 322
Bay-leaved 321
Black 320
Crack 322
Dwarf Gray 326
Family 320
Glaucous 325
Hoary 327
Oak 344
Peach-leaved 321
Prairie 326
Purple 328
Sage 327
Sand Bar 323
Shining 321
Silky 326
Ward's 321
Water 592, 742
Weeping 322
White 322
Willow-herb 596
Great 596
Willughaeya 784
Wmeberry 487
Winged Elm 346
Pigweed 365
Winter Aconite 405
Cherry 715
Cress 432
Vetch 526
Winterberry 555
Smooth 555
Wintergreen 628
Aromatic 636
Chickweed 646
Flowering 538
Spotted 628
Wire Grass 155
926
INDEX
Wistaria
515
oregana
44
Wisteria
515
scopulina
44
frutescens
515
Woodwardia
37
macrostachya
515
a Tiffustifolia
38
Witch Hobble
759
areolata
38
Witch-hazel
453
virginica
38
Family
452
Wool Grass
195
Withe-rod
760
Woolly Beard G
rass
Woad-waxen
507
92
WolHjerry
757
Ragwort
855
Wolffia
260
Worm-grass
653
brasiliensis
260
Wormseed
366
Columbiana
260
Mustard
431
gladiata
260
W^ormwood 848,
850
papulifera
260
Beach
849
punctata
260
Roman
828
Wolffiella
260
Woundwort
702
floridana
260
Wrack, Grass
78
Wolfsbane
406
Wulfenia Hough
,-
Trailing
407
toniana
729
Wood Anemone
402
Betony
734
Xanthium
828
Fern
41
eanadense
829
Grass
95
commune
829
Lily
288
echinatura
829
Mint
705
glabratum
829
Nettle
348
inflexum
829
Reed Grass
136
pensylvanicum
829
Rush
278
pungens
829
Sage
693
speciosum
829
Sorrel
532
spinosum
829
Sorrel, Com-
Xanthorrhiza
408
mon
533
Xanthoxylum ameri-
Sorrel Family 532
canum
537
Sorrel, Violet
533
Xerophyllum
282
Woodbine
562
asphodeloides
282
American
756
aetifolium
282
Italian
756
Xolisma foliosiflora
Woodsia
43
635
alpina
44
ligustrina
635
Cathcartiana
44
Xyridaceae
262
glabella
44
Xyris
262
hyperborea
44
arenicola
263
ilvensii
44
caroliniana
262
obtusa
44
Congdoni
263
difformis 262
elata 263
fimbriata 263
flexuosa 262, 263
montana 262
Smalliana 263
torta 263
Yam
297
Family
297
Yard Grass
147
Yarrow
845
Yaupon
554
Yellow Adder 's-
tongue 289
Bedstraw 748
Birch 334
Chamomile 846
Clover 509
Cress 431
Daisy 831
Dock 355
False Mallow 567
Fringed Orchis 310
Honeysuckle 757
Iris 300
Jessamine 653
MeUlot 510
Mountain Saxi-
frage 446
Nelumbo 392
Oak 341, 342
Pine 64
Pond Lily 390
Puccoon 408
Rattle 734
Rocket 432
Thistle 857
Water Crowfoot
394
Wood 506
Yellow-barked Oak
343
Yellow-eyed Grass
262
Grass Family 262
Yellow-root, Shrub
408
Yew 62
American 62
Family 62
Yucca 290
angustifolia 290
filamentosa 290
glauca 290
Zannichellia 78
palustris 78
Zanthorhiza 408
apiifolia 408
Zanthoxylum 537
americanum 537
carolinianum 537
Clava-Herculis 537
Zephyranthes 298
Atamasco 298
Zigzag Clover 509
Zizania IIP
aquatica 120
miliacea 120
palustris 120
Zizaniopsis 120
miliacea 120
Zizia 615
aurea 616
Bebbii 616
cordata 616
Zornia 525
bracteata 525
Zostera 78
marina 79
Zygadenus 284
chloranthus 284
elegans 284
glaberrimus 284
leimanthoides 284
Nuttallu 284
Zygophyllaceae
536
OUTLINES OF BOTANY
|l.OO
By ROBERT GREENLEAF LEAVITT, A.M., of
the Ames Botanical Laboratory. Prepared at the request
of the Botanical Department of Harvard University
Edition with Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Flora ^l.8o
Edition with Gray's Manual of Botany 2.25
THIS book covers the college entrance requirements in
botany, providing a course in which a careful selection
and a judicious arrangement of matter is combined with
great simplicity and deiiniteness in presentation.
^ The course offers a series of laboratory exercises in the
morphology and physiology oi phanerogams ; directions for a
practical study of typical cryptogams, representing the chief
groups from the lowest to the highest ; and a substantial
body of information regarding the forms, activities, and re-
lationships ot plants and supplementing the laboratory studies.
^ The work begins with the study of phanerogams, taking
up in the order the seed, bud, root, stem, leaf, flower, and
fruit, and closing with a brief but sufficient treatment of
cryptogams. Each of the main topics is introduced by a
chapter of laboratory work, followed by a descriptive chapter.
Morphology is treated from the standpoint of physiology and
ecology. A chapter on minute structure includes a discussion
of the cell, while another chapter recapitulates and simplifies
the physiological points previously brought out.
^ The limitations of the pupil, and the restrictions of high
school laboratories, have been kept constantly in mind. The
treatment is elementary, yet accurate ; and the indicated
laboratory work is simple, but so designed as to bring out
fundamental and typical truths. The hand lens is assumed
to be the chief working instrument, yet provision is made for
the use of the compound microscope where it is available.
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
(174)
ESSENTIALS OF BIOLOGY
By GEORGE WILLIAM HUNTER, A. M., Head of
Department of Biology, De Witt Clinton High School,
New York City. ^
THIS new first-year course treats the subject of biology
as a whole, and meets the requirements of the leading
colleges and associations of science teachers. Instead
of discussing plants, animals, and man as separate forms of
living organisms, it treats of life in a comprehensive manner,
and particularly in its relations to the progress of humanity.
Each main topic is introduced by a problem, which the pupil
is to solve by actual laboratory work. The text that follows
explains and illustrates the meaning of each problem. The
work throughout aims to have a human interest and a practical
value, and to provide the simplest and most easily compre-
hended method of demonstration. At the end of each chap-
ter are lists of references to both elementary and advanced
books for collateral reading.
SHARPE'S LABORATORY
MANUAL IN BIOLOGY
I0.75
IN this Manual the 56 important problems of Hunter's
Essentials of Biology are solved ; that is, the principles of
biology are developed from the laboratory standpoint. It is
a teacher's detailed directions put into print. It states the prob-
lems, and then tells what materials and apparatus are necessary
and how they are to be used, how to avoid mistakes, and how
to get at the faces when they are found. Following each prob-
lem and its solution is a full list of references to other books.
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
(i6yj
1
DATE DUE
jftN24'&;
m 2 7
>^k
MAY 1 6 199^
^
DEMCO 38-297
1
i
TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
3 9090 003 318 074
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