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AX IXTnOl)I
CTIOX TO 


GREEI( 


AXD 


LJ.tTIX 


P ALAEOG }{,Ål>HY 


BY 


SIR ED"
ARD 
IAUXDE TH03IPSOX 
G.c. Boo I.S.O. 


BOX. D.('.L.. OXl'ORD A
D DURHA": BOS. LJ..D.. ST. A
DREWS 
HOX. UTT.D., '[A'CHE:>T.ER; HON. }".ELLO\\ OF LXn-.ERSITY COLLI:G.E 
OXFORD; F.ELLO\\" OF TH.E RRrIISH ACAD.E
IY; CORRESI'OXDI.... 
'I.E'IBER 0'" TH.E I
SI"ITI TE OF '"RA'i"C.E, AXD OF TH.E ROYAL 
I'Hi S..;,IAS" Al"ADE\IY OF Sl"I.EXl"E...; 
O'IE'n'IE DIRECTOR AXD 
PRI'i"CIPAL LIRRARIAX OF TH.E BRITISH 'II;"E(:'I 


OXFORD 
AT THE CLAREXDOX PRESS 


IHl2 



HENRY FROWDE, )I.A. 


PUELISHER TO THE UXIYERSITY OF OXFORD 


LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK, TORONTO 
:MELEOURNE AND EmmA Y 



IX )1 E)IORLU[ 
EI>\YA HHJ AYnY
TI BOX]) 
\YILLEL)II "

-\TTEXB-\( 'H 
LEOPOLDI \
ICT()R[
 DELI
LE 
)L\.UI
TRnRY)I A)lICORV)[ 
PIU A
DI() 
DEDICAT DI
CIPYLY:3 




rHEF_\CE 


\VUEX, twenty 'years ago, at the invitation of Messr::;. Kegan 
Paul, Trench, Truebner & Company, 1 contributed to their 
International 
cientific ;:,eries a Hwulbook of Greek and Latin 
PalacograjJh!l, I hanlly dareù to hope that ::;uch a work would 
appeUp.]. . 
4
1. PSALTER; A. D. 8G2. [Library of Bp. r 
pensl<
 ]. . . 
5U. GOSPEL:'; A. D. 9-!9. [Rome, Yatican Library, -'If.;. Gmec. 33-!J 
:n. EYAXGELlARIU)r; A. D. 993. [Brit. 
IUI".. Harle
' 
I:-:. 53
)8] 


(Creek J[i7luscules) 
8th cent. [Rome, "atican Librar
-, Colonna 


5
. 'fHI-;OLOGICAL \\TORR::' ; 
:M::;. 39] 
53. EUCLID; A. D. 888. [Bodleian Library, Ù'Orville 
lS. x. 1] . 
.")-!. PLATO, Dialogues; A. D. 896. [Bodleian Liblary. Clarke -'1:-:. 39] 
53. GO::'PELS; earl
- 10th cent. [Brit. )Ius., Add. )IS. 11300] 
36. LUClAx; about A. D. 915. [Brit. JIus., Harley )I
. 5G9-! 
 . . 
57. 'fU{;CYDlDES; 10th cent. [Florence. Lanreutiall Libr!\l'
', Plut.lxix. 2] 
58. PLUTARCH; 10th cent. [FIOI encl'. Laurentian LilJHtry, -'1:-:. 206J 
59. PSALTER; about A. D. 930. [Bodleian Lihrary, Gk. 
lisc. 5] 
GO. ST. 
IA..xDIUs; A. D. 970. [-'lount At1l0s. Laura, 
IS. B. 3iJ 
G1. ST. CHRYSOSTO,r; A. D. 9i6. [Bodleian Lihrary, Laud :MS. Gk. i 31. 
6:!. l
OSPELS; A. D. 1023. '['lilan. AmLrosian Librar
-, n. 56. 
up.J - 
G3. :ll. E::iELLUS; A. D. 1041). [Heidelherg,"C niversity Lihrary, Cod. 
Palat. cchxxi] . 
6-!. DE:lWSTHEXES; earl
- 1.1 th Cellt. [Florence, Laurentian Librar
-. Pluto 
lix. 9] 
G5. CASOXS; A. D. 1042. [Bodleian Library, Earocei 
IS. 1%] 
GG. HmrER, Iliad (Tu/I"uley Homer); A. II. 1059. [El'it. 
lu
., Burnc
- 
1[:-;. 86] . . 
G7. EPISTLE,., etc.; A. D. 111l. [Erit. 
lus., Adù. )1:-;. 2b8Iß] 
G8. GOSPELS; A. Ð. 1128-9. [Home, Yatican Library, Cod. "Crhinu-Yat. 
Gr. 2) 
G9. 
L\nTlROLO(;Y; A.D. 118-!. Hrit. 
lus., Burnev -'1:-:.44] 
iO. CmDIE:STAR\ ox PORPHYR1; A. D. 1223. [P
ris, Eibl. Xat., MS. 
grec. 2089] . _ _ . . . . . 
i1. CmDIEXTARY ox THE OCTO.ECHrs: A. D. 1232. [Erit. 
Iu!"., _\dll. 

1S. 27339J . . . . - 
i2. HE
IOD; A. D. 1280. [FlOIence, Laurentian Lihrar
, Pluto xnii. 113] 
i3. GOSPFLS; A. D. 12
2. pIonastel
. of Seal's, 
Iacedunia. :ll
. r. 10J 
i4. GOSI'ELS; A. D. 1314-1.3. [Brit. -'Ius., Add. 1[
. 3i002J. . . 
,.3. HERODÙTL::;; A. D. 1318. [}"IOlence. Laurentian LiLrar
-. PInt. hx. G] 


Xl 


PAf;E 
1,8 
li!1 
181 
18:! 
183 


201 


2ù:! 


:!o-! 


:!Otì 
210 


212 
213 
215 
21ß 


219 
223 
22-! 
2:!li 
22ï 
229 
230 
231 
233 
23ß 
23M 


239 


2-!fI 
2-!:! 


24-1 
2H 


248 
:!-!!1 


231 


'J -<) 
_J_ 
2.3li 
258 
:!GO 

ül 



XII 


LIST OF FACSDIILES 



O. 
76. ST. ATHAXASIUí"; A.D. 1321. [Brit. 
hlS., Harley)[8. 5579] 
77. LIYES OF THE FATHERS; A. D. 1362. [Brit. lIu
., Burlle
' MS. 50] 
78. POLYIUUS; A.D. 1416. [Brit. 'Ius., Add. 
IS. 11728]. . 
79. THE PROPHETS; A.D. 1437. [Brit. 
Ius.. AlM. 
IS. 21259] 
80. MEXAEm[; A. D. 1460. [Brit. 
Ius.. Add. 'IS. 16398] 
81. HmIF.R. Odyssey; A. D. 1-179. [Brit. Mus.. Harley :U
. 5658] . 


(Latin Capitals) 
82. YIRGIL; 4th OJ' 5th cent. [St. linIl, COl1. 1394] 
83. Pm;)I os THE BATTLE OF ACTIu)[: before A. D. 79. [Xaples, 
Iuseo 
X azionale ] . . . . . . . . . 
84. YIRGIL; 5th ct'nt.1 [nome, Yatican Library, Cod. Palat. 1631] 
85. YIRGIL; 4th cent. 1 [Rome, Yatican Librar,\', Cod. Vat. 3225] 
86. YIRGIL; hefore A. D. 4fJ4. [Florence, Laurentian Library, Plut. 
xnix.1] 


(Latin rncials) 
4th cent. [llome. Vatican Library, Cod. Yat. 


87. CICERO, De Republica; 
3757] 
g8. GOSPELS; 4th cent. [Y ercelli, Chapter Library] 
89. LIYY; 5th cent. [Yienna, Imperial LilJ1"aIY, Cod. Lat. 15J 
90. GOf'PELS: 5th or 6th cent. [St. Gall, Cod. 1394] . 
91. XEW TESTA'IEXT; about A. D. .Hß. (Fulda LihraQ'] . 
92. ST. AL"GUSTISE: A. D. 669. rLibrary of 'h'. J. Pierpont 
Iurgan] 
93. EIBLE (Code;,. Amiatinlls): about A. D. 700. [Florence, Laurentian 
Libmry, Cod. Amiat. 11. . 
94. GOSPELS: A. D. 739-60. [Brit. 
Ius., Add. )1S. 5463J 


(Latin 
lIi;,yd r,lCÙlls and ..l/i,mð'Cltles, alll ]Jalj-uucials) 
%. EPITOME OF Ln'y: 3rd cent. lDrit. 
Iu
., Pal" 1.332]. . . 300 
!l6. CHROSOLOlilCAL 1\OTES; 6th cent. [Bodleian Lihrary, 
1!':. Anct. T. 
2. 26J 302 
97. PAYDECTS; 6th or 7th cent. I Florence, Laurentian Lihrary] 303 
98. ST. HILARY; before A. D. J09-10. [l:ome, Archives of St. rder's]. 306 
99. ST. AGGP-TIXE; 6th cent. [Paris, Bihl. .Nat., W;. lat. 13367] . 307 
100. BIBLICAL ('o
DIESTARY; heIorf' A. u. .369. [-'Ionte Ca
sino, Cod. 150J 308 


(HO'man CUTI>'1"'ce) 
101. FOR)I:> OF LETTER:-<; hefore A. n. 79. 
102. PO)ll'EIAS 'YAXED TABLET; A. u. ;jfl, [Xaples, )[useu Xazionale, 
no. cxliiiJ . 
103. DACIAS 'CUED TABLET; A. II. 1 G7. J_ Bmlapt'st )luseu)))] . 
104, 105. FOR:lH, OF LE ITERS; 2m1 cent. 
106. SPEECHES; A. D. 41-54. [Berlin -'luseuIlls, Pap. 8.307J 
107. !':ALE UF A SLAYE; A. D. 166. [Erit. )lu8., Pap. 229J 
10
. LETTER: A. D. 167. l Brit. 
Ins., Pap. 730J . . 
109. PETITIO
; A.D. 247. [Bodleian LiLrary, Lat. cIa
s. D. 12 (P)J 
110. LETTER; 4th cent. [!':trassburg, Pap.lat. Argent. i] 
111. hlPERHL HE,..CRIPT: 5th cent. rLeyden -'lusE'umJ. 
112. r:AYE
XA DELI) OF SALl-;: A. D. .'572. [Brit. -'Iu
., Add. -'IS. .3-1l2J . 
113. FomlR OF LETTERR: A. D. 572 . 
114. ST. 
L""xDn:-s; 7th cent, [-'Iilan, Amhrosian Lihrary, C. 98, P. inf.]. 


PAGE 
262 
263 
264 
266 
267 
268 


275 


276 
278 
280 


282 


286 
287 
290 
292 
293 
294 


295 
296 


312 


314 
316 
317,318 
321 
322 
323 
325 
326 
328 
329 
330 
338 



LI:-;T OF L\CSDIILES 


(Lati'l J/itwsclIles: X atÙ11/al Book-f,wuls) 



O. 
115. :-iT. ArGL::-TIXE: 8t.h cent.. [The E8curial, J[
. It ii. 181. . 
116. ORATIOXALE GOTHIl\:"M; 9th cel.t. [BIit. )[m.. Add. )1:-:. 30852] 
11;. )[ARTYROLOGY; A. D. 91f1. [Brit. J[m.. Add. "'11:--. 2.)600J 
U8. BEATO; A. D. 1109. [I;rit. )Ius., Add. )18. llü9.3] . 
119. SACRA:\IEXTARIUilI: ahout A. D. 800. [8t. GaU, Cod. 348] 
120. ALCTI:Y: A. D. 812. L )[lInt.e C!1!; Intt' ;th cent.. [Dublin, Trinit
 CoUege, )[:-;. A. 4.131 . 373 
133. GOSPELS (Book of ii-eUs); end of ;th cent. l DU]Jlin, Trinity Col1ege] 375 
136. GO:'PELS OF )IACREGOL: alJout A. D. 800. [Bodleian Lilmuy, Auct. 
D 2. 19J . . 37í 
13;. XEW TE::;1A1IEXT (Book of Anuoylt); A.D. 80;. [Dublin, Trinity College] 378 
138. PRI
CIAX; A. D. B38. [Le
.den, Cniver8ity Library. Cod. Lat. 67] . 381 
139. GOSPELS 0:1' )L-ELBRIGTE: A. D. 1138. [BIit. 3[1Is.. Hatley )1:-:. 1802J 382 



Latill lllllflll1cillls and Jlilwscl,fes: l'lte Eorl!1 En!llislt Book-hand) 
140. LIXDI
F-\RXE GO>-PEL& (Durham Book): about A. D. ;00. [Brit. }[u
., 
Cottun )IS., Ser.J D. i\"J. . . . . . . . 387 
141. CAXTERBrRY GOSPELS; late 8th cent. [Brit. J[u:-., Royal 318. 1 E. vi] 388 
142. }
FDA: 8th cent. [CL\mhridge, Llliyersity LihraQ-, 
IS. Kk. v. 16J. 389 
H3. BEDA: A.D. 811-14. [R.-it. )11Is., Cotton 
I:-;.. Ye
pa8. B. "\iJ. . 39() 
144. PASCHAL CO:\IPrTATIOXS; !)th cent. [Bodleian Library, Digby )18. 63J 391 
145. AXGLO-SAXox CHRO
ICLE: about A.D. 891. [Cambridge, COI')IUS 
Christi Col1ege, 3[
. 1 í3] . 392 
146. AXGLO-SAxox PODIS (E.refer Book); ubout A. D. 930. [Exeter, 
Chapter LibIary, 11:-). 3.301] . . . . . . . 395 
14;. P:. 7183]. . 
18:!. PETRU'; CO
IESTOR; A. D. 1191-2. [Brit. 
[us., r.o
'aI1JR. 7 F. iiil . 
183. PLTRT:
 CmIE"ToR: before A. D. 1215. [Brit. 1Ius., Hoyal l\1:-). 4 D. 
... II] . . . . . 
18t. 
hSSAL: A. D. 1218. [Brit. Mus., Add. :MS. 17742] 
185. PoxnHcAL; avout A. D. 1222. 
)Ietz, 8.11is MS. 23 ) . 
186. BIBLE; A. D. 1 :!25-32. L nl'it. :lius., Buruey 11S. 3 . 
18ï. LECTIO
ARY; A.D. 1269. [Brit. :Mus., Egerton1lS. 23ü91 
188. PETRUS CO'IESTOR; A. D. 1283-1300. [Ikit.1Ius., Uo)'al )IR 3 D. vi] 
189. COROXATIOX OATH; A. D. 1308. [1:31'it. 
[us., Harley 1[f'L 2901 J . 
190. JACOBUS DE YORAGIXE; A. D. 1312. [Brit. :Mus., Add. MS. 11882J . 
191. BRn'IARY; A. D. 1322 -7. [Drit. )lus., Stowe )IR 12] 
1 92. )IA
DEnLLE; A. D. 13ïl. [Paris, TIihl. Kat.. Nouv. acq. fmnç. 
.1.") 15] 


(Latin JHnusCllles: l'lte Bvok-lwud in tlte ..l/iddle Age8) 


PAGE 


408 
409 
410 


414 
415 
416 
419 


420 


427 
428 
431 


433 
-134 
433 


439 
440 
441 
442 
443 
446 


447 
448 
449 
431 
452 
454 
457 
458 
439 


161 



U:-;T OF "L\.CSDIILE-'; xv 



O. PAGE 
193. r'UROSICLE; about A. D. 1388. [Brit. 
Iu
.. Ruley JI
. 3634 J . 462 
194. HORACE: A.D. 1391. LRrit. JIu
., Add. JI:-;. 11%4J. . 463 
1 
13. TITCHFU;LD ABBEY ('OLLFCTIOXS; A. D. 1400-5. [Librlu)' of the 
Duke of "PortlandJ. . 465 
196. RO'lAKCES (Talbot Book); A. D. 1445. [EI'it. JI us.. Royal .\I
. 15 E. vi] 466 
19i. 
hSf;\L; bt'fore A.D. 1H? [Bli
. J[m., AIlUldel 
IS:.
09
 - 468 
198. ST. AUGUSTIXE: A. D. HG3. [Bnt. JIus., Add. J[
. 1._84 
 469 
199. AJUSTOTLE; A. D. 1451. [Lilnary of Jir. Dy
on PeninsJ . 4iO 
200. :-;.\LlXST: A. D. 146G. [Brit. .\[us., Add. M:-;. 16422] 4il 


(Latin J[inuscllles: Tlte Englislt J"erilaclITar Rook.ltand in tlte JI Ùldle .-1!Jes) 
201. EXGLI
H LAW
 (Tn:tlls Rc1fensis); befOIc A.D. 1125. LRochester, 
Chapter Library] 4 i3 
202. THE OR'IULL"M; early 13th cent. [Bodleian Lihrar
', Junius JI
. 1 J. 474 
203. HG:\IILlEs: early 13th cent. [RIit. JIus., :-)towe '[
. 240] . . 477 
204. THE ..hCR1::x l:nYLE; early 13th cent. [Brit. JI u
., Cotton J1
., 
Titus D. xviiiJ . . 4 i8 
205. TUE .\.YEXlJITE OF INWYT: A. D. 1310. [Brit. J[us., .\runùel JI:-). 5i] 479 
206. WYCLlFFlTE BIBLE: late 14th cent. [BIit. )[us., Add. J[S. 15580]. 480 
207. PIERS PLOW
['\X; about A. D. 1380. [Brit. l1us., Cottun '18., Yespas. 
E. x\'iJ 481 
208. WYCLlFFlU BIBLE; about A. D. 1382. [Bodleian Lihrar
', BodI. J[8. 
939J. 483 
209. \YYCLIFFITE BIBLE; before A. D. 1397. [Erit. )Jus., Egerton )[
. 
617,618]. .. 484 
210. CHAL"CFR: about A. D. 1400. [Brit. JIus., Harley J1S. i334] . 486 
211. TRE\I
A; beginning of 15th cent. [Brit. )Ju
., Add. 
IS. 24194] 487 

12. OCCLEYE; early 15th cent. [Brit. )Ius., Harley :1IIS. 4866]. 488 
213. O
BERX BOKEXHAM; A. D. 1117. [Drit. JIus., Arundel JI8. 327J 489 


(Latin J/illuscules: Offiáal and Legal ('I'l"sÙ'e Scnj ts) 
214. I-h;XEDlCTIO ('EREI; ith cent. [The E"curial, Cam. de la
 rtliquias J 
215. Ðl:ED OF BExEvENTO; A. D. 810. [Monte Cassino, x),.xivJ . . 
216. RULL OF JOHN "III; A. D. giG. [Pal'is, Eihl. Kat.]. . 
217. B["LL OF PASCHAL II; A.D. 1102. [IIIilnn, State Archives] . . 
218. J["DGE:\IEXT OF THIERRY III; A. D. 679-80. [Hu'is, Archives Xation- 
ales,K. 2, 1l0. 13] . . . .. ., 
219. ÐIPLmIA OF ('H\.HLEM.\GXE; A.D. i97. [Pari
, Archives Xationales, 
K. 7, no. 15] . 
220. DIPLO
IA OF LOUIS THE GER'IAX; A. D. 85ß. eSt. Gall. Chapter 
.\.rchi\"es, F. F. i. H. 106] . . . 
221. J!ERCIAX CHARTER; A.D. 
12. [Canterbury, Chapter Archives, C.1] 
222. CHARTER OF ETHELBERHT OF lÜ;XT; A. D. 858. [Brit. )rm
., Cotton 
J[
., Aug. ii. 66J . . . . ., .- 
223. GRAK'r BY WERFRITH, BISHOP OF WORCE
TER; A. D. 90-1. [Bnt. 
JIus., Add. Ch. 19i91J . . . . . . . . 
224. GRANT BY \\'ILLIA1[ II; A. D. 1087 (1). l Brit. 31th, Cotton JIS., Aug. 
ii. 53 J . . . . . . . . . . . 
225. GRANT BY HEXRY I; A. D. 1120-30. [Brit. )Jl1
., Add. Ch. 33629J . 
22G. GRAXT BY STEPHEX; A. D. 1139. [Brit. JIm.. Cotton \[:0-;., S ero ('. 
oo. 17 <> 1 
Ill. _ . 


493 
494 
493 
49G 


499 


500 


502 
506 


308 


310 


313 
314 


313 



XVI 


LIST OF F ACSDIlLES 


Ko. 
22 ï. GRANT BY HE
RY II; A. D. 1136. [WestmiDster, Chapter ArchiveE, 
xlivJ . . . . 
228. GRANT BY RICHAUD I; A. D. 1189. [Brit. 1Ins., Egerton Ch. 372] . 
229. CHARTER O}' THE HOSPITALLERS; A. D. 1205. [BI'it. :Mus., Harley 
Ch. 44 E. 21 J. . . -' ..' 
230. CHARTER OF JOHN; A. D. 120-1. l Wilton, Corporation Hecol'ds] 
231. GRAST BY RESRY III: A. D. 122ï. [EtOIl College] . . . 
232. NOTIFICATION OF HENRY Ill; A.D. 1234. [Brit. }Im., Add. Cll. 
28402] . . 
233. LETTERS PATENT OF RE
RY III; A. D. 1270. [Brit. l\Ius.. Add. ell. 
19828] .... .. . 
234. LICEXCE BY ED\\" ARD I; A. D. 1303. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 43 D. 9] 
233. DEED OF JOH
 DE 
T. JOHN; A. D. 1306. [Brit. }lus., Add. Ch. 23834] 
236. INSPEXDICS OF EDWARD III: A. D. 1331. [Brit. 
lus." Harle
' ('h. 
83 C. 13] . .. ....... 
237. LETTERS OF THE BLACK PRINCE; A. D. 1360. [Brit. lIIus., Add. ClI. 
11308] . . 
238. DEED OF SElIIPIUNGHA:ll PRIORY; A. D. 1379. [BI'it. Mu!'., Add. ClI. 
20620] . 
239. GRANT BY RICHARD II; A. D. 1395. [Brit.}l UE., Htlrley Ch. 43 E. 33] 
240. PLEDGE Q}" PLATE; A.D. 1415. [Erit. }Iu
., Harley Ch. 43 1. 25] . 
241. P ARDOX BY HESRY Y1: A. D. 1446. [Brit. Mus., AtM. Cll. 22610] 
212. LEASE; A. D. 1457. [Brit. 1Ius., Harley Ch. H B. 47] . 
213. TRL-\TY :BOND; A. D. 1496. [Brit. }Im,., Add. Ch. 989] . 
244. CONVEYANCE; A. D. 1594. [Brit. }IUE., Add. Ch. 21798] 
245. COXYEB.NCE: A. D. 1612. TBIit. 111m., Add. Ch.24000] 
246. EJ>.E:llPLlFICATIOX; A. D. 1339. [EI'it. )Im., Add. Ch. 21HJ69] . 
247. GRANT OF WARD:;HIP; A.D. lßIK [Brit. )Ius., Add. ('h. 28271] 
248. FINAL CONCORD; A.D. 1530. [Brit. }lus., Add. Cll. 2363 9 1 . 
249. E"\.E:llPLlFICATIOX; A. D. 1378. [HI'it. )lm., Add. Ch. 23968J . 
230. .FIXAL COXCORD; A. D. 16/3. [Brit. }Ius., Add. Cb. 238ï1J . 


PAGE 


516 
518 


523 
524 
526 


528 


330 
534 
536 


338 


540 


342 
314 
346 
348 
530 
352 
356 
358 
560 
562 
363 
,j61; 
368 




\N IXTROnU( 'TlcJS TO 


G REEI( ...\
D LA TIS P ALAEOf
 H
-\PIIl 


CHAPTER I 


THE GHEEK AXD LATI
 ALPHABET=-' 


ALTHorGH the ta-;k "hich lies before us of investigating the growth 
and changes of Greek and Latin palaeography does not require us to deal 
with any form of writing till lon,g after the alpha l ,ets of Greece and Rome 
had assumed their final 
hapes, yet a brief sketch of the denlopement of 
those alphabets, as far as it is known, forms a natural introduction to the 
sul.ject. 
The alphabet whic!l we Ube at the present daJ" is directly derind 
from the Roman alphabet; the Roman, from a local form of the Greek; 
the Greek, from the Phoenician. ""hence the Phoenician alphabet was 
derived we are not even J"et in a position to declare. The ingenious 
theory set forth. in 18j!), l'J" the French EgJ"ptologist de Roug
 of its 
descent from the ancient cursive form of Egyptian hieratic writing, 
which had much to recommend it, and which for a time receind 
acceptance. must now be put a<;i(le, in accordance with recent re
earch. 
Until the alphabl;Jtic sJ'stellls of Crete and CJ'prus and other quarters 
of the :\Iediterranean shall han been soh-eù, we must be content to 
remain in ignorance of the actual materials out of which the Phoenicians 
constructed their letters. 
To trace the connexion of the Greek alphal.et with the Phoenician, 
or, as it may be more properly styled, the Semitic, alphabet is not difficult. 
A comparison of the carly forms of the letters sufficiently demon
tratcs 
their common origin; and. still further, the names of the letters and their 
order in the two alphabets are the same. The names of the Semitic 
letters are Semitic words. each descrilJing the letter from its resemblance 
to some particular object, as alel,1t an ox, befit a house, antI so on. \Yhen 
the Greeks took over the Semitic letters, they albo took o,-er their 
Semitic names. 
This Semitic alphabet appears to have lJeen employed in the cities 
anel colonies of the Phoenicians and among the Jews and 
loabites and 
1\14 n 



:2 


GREEK AXD LATIX PALAEOGRAPHY 


CHAP. 


other neighlJOuring tribes: anll its most ancient form as known to us is 
presi:ned in a series of inscriptions which date hack to the tenth cen- 
tury B.C. The most important of them is that engrave(l upon the slab 
known as the Muabite stone, which records the wars of :\lesha. king of 
Moah, about 890 B. c., against Israel and Eflom, and which was discovered 
in 1868 near the site of Dibon, the ancient capital of Moab. From these 
inscriptions of the oldest type we can construct the primitive Phoenician 
alphabet of twenty-two letters, in a form, however, which must have 
passed through many stages of modification. 


The Greek Alphabet 
The Greeks learned the art of writing from the Phoenicians at least 
as early as the ninth centm'J' B.C.; and it is not improhable that they 
had aCfluirell it even one or two centuries earlier. Tratling stations and 
colonies of the Phoenicians, pressed at home by the advancing cOlHlueHts 
of the Hebrews, were established in remote times in the islalllis amI 
mainlands of Greece and Asia Minor; an.l their alphahet of two-amI- 
twenty letters was adopted by the Greeks among whom they settled or 
with whom they had commercial dealings. It is not, however, to he 
supposed that the Greeks receivelI the alphabet from the Phoenicians at 
one single place from whence it was passed on thl.oughout HeUas; but 
rather at several points of contact from whence it was 10caUJT diffused 
among neighbouring cities üllli their colonies. Hence we arc prppared 
to find that, while the Greek alphabet is essentially one and the same in 
all parts of HeUas, as springing from one stock, it exhibits certain local 
peculiarities, partly no doubt inherent from its very first adoption at 
different centres, partlJ' del'ived from local influences or from linguistic 
or other cauo.;es. 'Vhile, then, the primitive alphahet of Hpllas has 
been described by the general title of Cadmean, it must not he assumed 
that that title applies to an alphabet of one uniform pattern for aU 
Greece. 
Among the two-and-twenty signs adopted from the Phoenician. four, 
viz. aleph, he, yod, and ayin (
, =\,,,.,0), were made to rppresent the yowel- 
soumIs a,e, i,o. both long and short. the f>igns for e aUlI 0 heing also employetl 
for the diphthongs ei and II'll,. The la.<;t sound cuntinue.l to l J e expressell 
by the mnikmn alone to a comparatively late periotl in the history of 
the alphabet. The fifth vowel-sound 'It was provided for by a new letter, 
l/;p
ilon, which lllay have been a modification or 'differentiation' of the 
Phoenician'lca'll' (Y). This new letter must ha,'e bepn added almost inJJue- 
diately after the introduction of the Semitic signs, for there is no local 
Greek alphahet which is without it. 
ext was felt the necessity for 
distinguishing long and short e, and in lonia, the aspirate grallually falling 
into disuse, the sign H, eta, was adopted to represent long e, probably 



THE UREEK AXD LATlX ALPHABETS 


3 


before the end of the se\"enth century RC. Ahout the same time the 
long 0 hq!an to be distingui!--hed hy nu"ious signs, that used by the 
lonian
, the OHH'!Je[, n, being perhaps a differentiation of the IllÌìÏkron. 
The age of the tlouble letters 4>, X. and 1'. as they nppear in the Ionian 
nlphabet. must, as is pvident from their po"ition, he older thnn or at least 
conevnl with omcya. 
With regal'll to the sibilants. their history is invol\'ell in ol'scurity. 
The original Semitic names appear to ha\'e llecome confusell in the course 
of transmission to the Greeks awl to have been applied l.y them to wrong 
!--igllS. The name :.:etct seems to correspond to the name t
((de, but the 
]etterappears to bf' taken from the letter :o!Jin (I). Xi, which seems to 
l,e the same word as ::3!1de) as well as l'i[JIlHl (representing 
I'TI id). but as hoth appear to ha\oe had nenrlJ" the same sibilant SOUlHI, the 
one or the other l)ecame superfluous. In the Ionian alphabet t-i!J11"Ml was 
preferred. 
But the disuse of the Jetter sa II must date f:Ir hack, for its loss affected 
the numerical value of the Greek letters. ,rhen this value was l.eing 
tb..ed the exclusion of san Wa'i overlooked, and the numbers were calcu- 
]ated as though that letter had not exi!>te(l. The precedin
 letter pi 
stands for SO: the kOfl1J1J
 for ÐO, the numericltl value of the Phoenician 
tswle awl properly nlso that of s" ll. At a later period the obsolete letter 
was readopted as the numerical Sib'll for 900, nnd '-'ecame tbe modeln 
t-ll/IljJÍ (i. e. sa n + pi), so calletl from its partial resemblance, in its late 
form, to the letter pi. 


1 It has aho be..n iùentified wilh a T-shaped sign "hieh \nl
 u
..d for a special sounù 
Oil coin.. of )lc>emhria, and at Halicarnassu, in the tifth ceutur) B.C. 
H 2 



4 


GREEK AXD LATIX PALAEOGRAPHY 


CHA\'. 


.With regard to the local alphabets of Greece, different states and 
òitferent islands either adopterl or deyeloped distinctive signs. Certain 
letters underwent gradual changes, as eta from closed 8 to open H, and 
tltet(t from the crossed @ to the dotted circle 0. which forms were common 
to all the varieties of the alphabet, The most ancient forms of the 
alphahet are founll in :\Ielos, Thera, and Crete, which moreover did not 
admit the douhle letters. \fhile some states retained the digliTfimtl or 
the lWjlpa, others lost them: while Rome developed particular differentia- 
tions to express certain sounds, others were content to express two souwls 
by one letter. The forms Lf for bfÜt and B for ept;iloll arc peculiar to 
Corinth and her colonics; the Argiye alphabet is distinguished hy its 
rectangular l(tnibtla 
; and that letter appears in the Boeotian, Chalci- 
diall, and A thenian alphabets in a primitive form \.-..1 
But while there are these local ditferences among the various alphabets 
of ancient Greece, a broad division has beelliaill òown by Kirchhoff: 2 who 
arranges them in two groups, the eastern and the western. The eastern 
group embraces the alphabet which haR already been referred to as the 
Ionian, common to the cities on the western coast of Asia Minor and the 
neighùouring islawls, and the alphabets of :\Iegara, Argos, and Corinth 
and her colonies; and, in a lHoòified Llegree, those of Attica, Kaxos, Thasos, 
and some other islands. The western group inclmles the alphabets of 
Thessaly, Euhoea, Phocis, Locri:,;, amI Boeotia, and of all the Peloponl1ese 
(excepting the states specified under the other grou,p), amI also those of 
the Achaean and Chalcidian colonies of Italy awl Sicily. 
In the eastem group the letter:=' has the sound of ,f'; and the letters 
X, l' the sounds of kh lind jl.
. (In Attica, Xaxos. etc., the letterR :=. and 
l' were wanting, and the soumis x and p.
 were expresRed hy X
, <Þ
.) 
In the western group the letter:=' is wanting, and X, l' have the values 
of x and kit; while the sounrl jJð was expressed by n 
 or <Þ
, or rarely 
llY a Rpecial sign *. In It wore I. the special tpst-Ietters are:- 
Eastern: X = kit. l' = JI:<. 
'" estern: X = .f'. l' = kit. 
How this distinction came about is not known, although seycral explana- 
tions have hcen hazarded. It is unnecessary in thi:,; place to do mor
 
than state the fact. 
As the Semitic languages were written from right to left, so in th
 
earliest Greck inscriptions we find the same onler followed. N ext came 
the method of writing called l)(Ylldrojlltedoll, in whieh the written lincs 
run alternately from right to lcft and from left to right, or vice versa, 


I 0 as a form uf plti is fuund on coins of Phocis of GOu B. C. ; and a slight modification 
of the Corinthian beta was used in the coinage of B)Zantium, 3;>0 E.c.-13rit. Mils. Cat. oJ 
GJ"pek Coins; Phocis, 14-19 ; 'l'hmce, etc., 93-4. 
2 Studien =llr Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets, 4th ed" 1887. 



I 


THE (:REEK _-\XI> L.\TIX ALPH.\BETS 


J 


as the plough forms the furrows. Lastly, writing from left to right 
became universal. In the m08t ancient tomh-inscriptions of 
Ielos amI 
Thera we have the earliest form of writing. B01.üd1'oplled ll n was 
commonly used in the sixth century B. C. However, the famous Greek 
insc)'iption at ALu Simbel- the earliest to which a ,late can IJe gh"en- 
cut on one of the legs of the colossal st.Ltl1l:'S which guanl the entrance 
of the great temple, awl recording the exploration of the 
 ile up to the 
secowl cataract by certain Oreek. Ionian, and Carian mercenaries in the 
sen"ice of PSfllmnetichus, runs from left to right. The king here 
mentioned may l'e the first (fi3-l-617 B.C.) or, more probably. the second 
(3!H -58!) B.c.) of that namc. The aate of the writing may therefore be 
roughly placed ahout GOO B.C. The fact that, llesides this inscription, the 
work of twu of the soldiers. the names of several of their comrades are 
al,>o cut on the rock, prons how well estahlishcd was the art of writing 
among the Greeks e,'en at that early period. 


The Latin Alphabet 
Like the local alphallets of Ureece, the Italic alphabets yariccl from 
one another l.y the IHloption or rejection of different signs, accoraing 
to the re1luirements of language. Thus the Latin and Faliscan, the 
Etruscan, the rmbrian, awl the OSCIUl alphal.ets are sufficiently dis- 
tinguished in this way; but at the same time the common origin of all 
can l,e traced to a primitive OF so-called Pelasgian alphabet of the 
Chalcidian type. The pcriod of the introduction of writing into Italy 
from the great trading and colonizing city of Clmlcis must be carricd 
back to the time \\ hen the (:reeks wrote from right to left. Two 
Latin inscriptions 1 lmve l,een fou1\Il thus written: and in the other Italic 
scripts this ancient system was also followed. The inscription on the 
rectangular pillar found in IH!J!) near the Forum, of a date not later than 
the fifth century B. c.. is arranged lJ/Ju
trlllI1Ied(JIL2 \Ye may assume, then, 
that the Greek alphabet was malIc known to the native tribes of Italy 
as early as the eighth or ninth century B.C., ana not improhably through 
the ancient Chalcidian colony uf Cumae, which trallition named as the 
earliest Greek settlement in the Jaml. The eventual prevalence of the 
Latin alphahet naturally followell the political supremacy of Rome, 
The L'ltin alphalwt pos:-esses twenty of the letters of the Greek 
western alphabet, amI, in addition, three adopte,l signs. Taking the 
Formello and Galassi alJecellaria 3 as representing the primitive alphal.et 


I The earliest, on a libula fmm Praeneste a.signed to the Rixth century B. C. (C. I. L. 
XI'. 4123); the othl.'l'. till' Dllenos inscription on a 'a
.. of the fourth centur
 B. c. fount! 
near the Quirinal in l R SO r. T. T. i. 3ï1). Both are given in Sandy", Compa... Lat. S(,',/o"(S, 
731, 733. 
2 S:mdys, op. cit. ï32. 3 See E. S. Rllherts, I;k. Epiyml'''Y, i. lï. 



6 


GREEK 
\SD LATIX PALAEOGRAPHY 


l'H.\P, 


of Italy, it wil! 1Je seen thitt the Latins rejected the letter 8un and the 
double letters theta, phi. amI chi (1'), and disregarded the earlier sign 
for ,'?:Í. In Quintili::m's time letter X was the . ultima nostrarUln ' and 
cloHed the alphahet. The letter zetu representing the soft s sound wa
 
so used at first 1)y the Latins; hut, this >iound in course of time changing 
to an r sound, the letter::; ceased to 1Je used. But at a later period it 
waH resturell to thc alphabet for the purpose of transliteration of Greek 
words. As howe\'er its original place had IJeen meanwhile filled 1JY the 
new letter G, it was sent down to the end of the alphahct. "'ith regard 
to the creation of G, till the middle of tlH
 third century D.C. its want 
was not felt, as C was elliployell to represent hoth the hard c anll 
[] sounds,I a survival of this use being seen in the ahhreviations 
l '. and Cn. for Gaius amI Gnaeus; Imt gradually the new letter was 
developell from C aIlfl waH placed in the alphabet in the position 
vacated IIY :::eta. The diyam1JHt had hecome the Latin F, and the 
1ljl8iluf/' had heen transliterated as the Latin V; but in the time of 
Cicero 'l.lp
ilon, as a foreign letter, was required for literary purposes, 
and thus became again incorporated in the Latin alphabet-this time 
without change of form, Y. Its position shows that it was admitted 
before Z. 


1 The "uund reprt'sented by C in L:ltin n,) doubt also gradnally, but :It a very carly 
pcriod, became indi..tinguishable frol11 that reprt'sented by K. Hence the letter K fell 
into general disuse in writing, ane] only sun'i\'ed as an archaic form in ('ertain words. 
such as kalemlae. 



I 


Cadmean. 
_ H ' -H 


alpha " A A 

 I Ð 
,.",...1 
 
 


beta 


delta . . D.. D.. 
epsilon.. 
 I k 
digamma =t F 
zeta .:X: X 


eta. . 


theta 


iot:1 


mu 


phi.. .. 
chi.. .. 


psi.. .. 


omega. . 


.. 


THE CREEK .\-XV L.\TI
 ALI'H.\BETS 


GREEK. 


Local forms. 


Eastern. I Western, Local Corms. 


" }.telos. eteo 
( Paras. Siphnos. 
Thasos. Cleo 
'1. Corinth. 
( C Corinth, 
Mc&ua" etc. 


B CorintÞ. etc. 


AA 
BB 


I'r^ 
D..D 
kE 
[
] 
X 


AA 
t;B 


Ch.31ci5. 
.... r ( ( PhOC", 
I Arcadia" EIis, 
D.. [> D Locns, etc. 

 E 

F 
:x: 


EJH(h,ë) 8H(h) 
00 @O 
, , 
k I< 
t ^ t ^ 
tv'M I tv' M 
f'I I'! f'J N 
:E (See bolo".) 


H1 Latcr Ari:OS- 
[ '". Attic... r-; axos. 
Slvhno:), Tha:>>os, etc ] 
n Paros. Siphnos, etc 
o ( Melos. 


f1n 


[9] 
P R R 

 S 
T 
VY 


[See ilbove ] 


o 


O',Attica, '\:a,os. 
 
 I 
SiphnoS. Th
s. etc. ] 'If T 
o Melos. r3roS. n 
Siphnos. etc - I 
[0 us.ed i:cnerally f
r 



:;.
 t' ezcept In I 


\... C,,>k:1s. Boeol,a, 
de. 


o 


fin 


o 
. 
P R R 

 S 
T 
VY 
x+ 
I k 
lambda '\ I"" \... Attka, I- ^'i:oo. 
. "'1 /"'" 
nu.. .. \\ t-.t 
xi ., .. EE EE 
omikron 0 I 0 
pi -. .. ì I ( 
I san (S5) M M T Halicamassu'õ. . 
I Teo:>>. Mescllibna. 
i :::pa :: 
 I 
 I 
I s:gma .. 
 
 M Crete. Ther
. Melos. 
I Argos. Connth. CIC. 
tau .. .. T I T 
upsilon. . 
xi._ .. 


"*' Ozo1. Locrts. 
"T'" Al'cadta 


LATIN. 
rew'l . I 

an. 
_ 
A IAAA a 
B B Bib 
( ( ( ( c 
D.. [> D D d 
k [ II e 
f: F II f 
[ anew 
X Clencl' g 
(Ol'med 
Crom L] 
G H h 
@ 
S, , 1 
I< k k 
\... \...L 1 
IoN M m 
f'J N n 
@ 


o 0 
r f1 P 
M 
9 Q 
PR RR 
I 
 S $ S 
T T 
V V 
X X 
.ii. 52, de Legat. 3, thus classifies hooks: 'Lihrorum appellatione 
continentur omnia volumina, sive in charta, sive in memhmna sint, sive in quavis alia 
materia j sed et si in philrra aut in tilia, ut nonnulli eonficiunt, aui in quo alio eOI'io, 
idem erit dicendum. Quod si in codicilms sint memhrancis vd chartaceis, vel etiam 
cboreis, vel aIteriu< matcriae, vel in eel'ati
 codicillis, an dehe:lI1tur videamus.' 



)IATERIALS D..;ED T() HECEIYE WRITIXG 


u 


references by clas
ical writers to their employment are not merely 
fanciful. There is e\'idence of the custom of r.aaÀtU{.lÓf, or yoting for 
ostracism with oliYe-Ieayes. at Syracuse, allli of the similar practice at 
Athens under the name of iKcþVÀÀocþopia. I Pliny, Xllt. lli
i. xiii. 11, 
writes: 'Antea non fuisse charta rum u
um: in pallllanlln foliis primo 
scriptitatulll, deinde quarunrlam arllorum libris.' 


Bark 
Better a.lapted for writing purposes than leaves was the llark of 
trees, I ilia, which we haye just seen name.l hy rlin
', awl the general 
use of which cause,l its name to be attache.l to the llook (i.e. the roll) 
which was made from it. The inner bark of the lime-tree, cþtÀvpa, til i'l, 
\\Wi chosen as most suital,le. Pliny, Xat. Hist. xyi. 11, tlescrihing this 
tree, says: · Inter corticem et lignum tenues tunicae sunt multiplici 
membrana. e '1uihus yincula tiIiae vocantur tenuissimae earum philyrae.' 
It was thcse tlelicate shretls,phil!Jmc, of this inner skin or hark which 
formed the writing material. In the enumeration of ditterent kiwIs of 
hooks hy )Iartianu<; Capella, ii. 136. those consisting of lime-l,ark are 

Iuoted. though as rare: · Rari \"ero in philyrae cortice sul>uotati.' 
elpian also, Divest. xxxii. 3:!, mentions' vuhllllina . . . in philyra aut in 
tilia.' Rut not only was the bark of the lime-tree used, loUt talllets also 
.appear to have been matle from its wood-the 'tili.te pugillares' of 
SynmJachus, iv. 3-l: also referre.l to hy Dio Cassius, lxxii. 8. in the 
passage: òwò
Ka ypa{.l{.laní:a, oM yt" iK cþtÀvpaf r.OtÚTat. It seems that 
rolls matle from lime-Ilark were co-existent at Rome with those made 
from papyrus, after the introduction of the latter material; but the 
home-made hark must soon have .lisappearecl llefure the impurtell 
Egyptian papyrus, which had so many advantages both in quantity and 

Iuality to recommellll it. It has rather been the fashion with some 
writers to deride the tradition of the employment of bark as a writing 
matcrial in Europe. They suggest that it has arisen from papyrus 
being ignorantly mistaken for I ,ark. An occasional mistake of the kind 
may well have happened. But the references of early writers to the 

mplo
Tment of l,ark is not to I,l' lightly disreganlp,1. 2 


I TJJe olive-leaf, used in thb ceremOJJY. is also mention(,d, '1,,;1\1\011 f}..aíM, as HIe material 
()Il which to inscribe a charm.-Cat. Gk. Papyri in Brit. JIllS, i. Pap, cxxi. 213; and n 
bay-leaf is enjoined for the same pU1'po
e in Pap) rus 2:?Oï ill the BibIiothf-f{ue JS'ationa]e. 
· See a reference to a copy uf Aralus 011 malva-bark. quoted from Isidore, O,'ig. ,-i. 12, ]JY 
Ellis, Com",. on Catr,zll<. vi. 27. 1, 'mappae linteae' occur. The largest 
extant example of Etruscan writing, now prescrved in the :Museum at 
Agram, is inscrihetl on linen. 2 


Cla.y and Pottery 
ClaJ' was a most common writing material among the BaLJ'lonians 
and Assyrians. The excavations made of late J'cars on the ancient sites 
of their great cities have brought to light a whole literature impressefl 
on sun-dried or fire-hm'nt bricks awl tahlets. Clay tablets have al!o,o 
I.een found in the excavations at Knossos in Crete, ascribed to the 
period ahout 1300 B. c. Potsherds came ready to the hand in Egypt. 
where earthenware vessels were the most COll11lIOn kind of householfl 
utensils. They have been foullli in large numhers, mlUlY inscribed in 
Greek with such ephemeral documents as tax and pay receipts. generally 
of the period of the Roman occupation. 3 To such inscribed potsherds 
has been givcn the title of ol:!trlll,;a, a term which will recall the practice 
of Athenian ostracism in which the votes were recorded on such frag- 
llwnts. 4 That such material was used in Greece only on such passing 
occasions or from necessity is illustrated by the passage in Diogencs 
Laertius, ,'ii. 174, which narrates that the Stoic Cleanthes was forced II,} 
povcrty to write on potsherds and the shoulder-blades of oxen. Tile
 
also, UPOll which alphabets or verses were scratchecl with the stilus 


1 The Ulpian Library was the Public Record Office of Rome.-J. 'V. Clark, Tlie Care 'if 
Bùoks, l!JOl. p. 20. 
" It was found cut into strips and used for binding an Egyptian mummy.-Ed. Krall. 
ill the Denkschrijten of the Vienna Academy, vol. xli 
lS!J2). 
3 See autotypes of somo specimens in Pal. Soc. ii. 1, 2. 
· Votes for o"tl'llcism at Athens were probably recorded 011 fmgmenb of broken vas"" 
which had been useel in religious services, and which were given out speciaIly for the 
occasion. Three such voting ostraka are known: one is dl.seribed by Benndorf, Gried.. und 
sicilische Vasenhilder, tab. xxix. 10; another, fo,' the ostmcism of Xanthippos, the fatl,er of 
Pericles (see Aristotle, COliS'. Athens, 61), is noticed by StudnÎC7k", Anlenor tmd arc1lliische 
Malerei in Jahrbuch des hais. delllsc/wl arch. IlIslituls, ii ,18ði', WI. Sl'" also the Brit. "f",. 
Guide t,. Greek "/ld Romall Lifi', 7. 



II 


)IATERL\L
 r
ED TO HECEl\TE WRITIXG 


11 


llcfore l,aking. scned occasionally among hoth Greeks and Romans for 
cducational purposcs. l 


Wall-spaces 
It is perhaps straining a term to include the walls of huildings under 
the heatl of writing materials; IJut the !}/"(lffiti or wall-scrihhlillg
. 
discowrctl in 
uch large numhers at Pompeii. 2 hold so important a 
placc in the history of early Ltltin palaeography, that it must not J It:' 
forgotten that in ancient times, as now. a vacant wall was held to bl' 
a verJ' conwnicnt place to present pul,lic notices and appeals or to scrihble 
idle words. 


Precious Metals 
The precious metals were naturally llut !-.clflom usetl as writing 
materials. For 
uch a purpose, howe,'er, as working a charm, an 
occasion when the person spccially intcrested might lIe supposed not to 
lIe too niggard in his outlay in onler to attain his emls, we find thin 
plates or leans of goltl or sih'er rccommended,3 a practice which is 
paralleled hy the crossing of the palm of the hand with a gold or sih'er 
coin as enjoined hJT thc gipsy fortUlw-teller. 


Lead 
Lead was used at an ancient date. Pliny, Xllt. lli::;t. }.,.iii. 11. refer
 
to' plumhea ,'olumina' as early writing material. Pausanias, ix. 31, 4. 
states that at Helicon he saw a lea.lcll plate (fLÓÀt/
ôoç) on which the 
"E,JYa of Hesiotl were inscribed. At DuJona tablets of lead lut\'e been 
disconred which contain Iluestions put to the oracle. and in some 
instances thc answers. 4 An instance of the employment of lead in 
corrcspondence occurs in Parthenius, Emtica, cap. g; the story being 
that, when the island of Naxos was invatled by the )Iilesians in ;)01 B.C., 
the priestess Polycrite, l,eing in a temple outside the capital city, sent 
word to her llrothers, by means of a letter written upon lead and 
concealed in a loaf, how they lIlight make a night attack. Lenurmant. 
Rlteill. Jfu I'e Ltm, xxii. 276, has described the numerous small leaden 
pieces on which are written names of persons, JJeing apparently sol'te", 
iwlÙ'Ù,Tiue, or lots for selection of judges, of ancient date. Dinw, or 
solemn dedications of offending persons to the infernal deities by, or 011 
behalf of, those whom they had injured or ofltmded, were inscrilled 


1 F.\csimiles in C. 1. L. iii. U62. The o
tr"kon no. ISï] 1 ill the British Museum i
 
inscribed with 11. 107-18,128-39 of the Plwenissae of Em'ipitles : see Classical Review, x\ iii.:::!. 
TIIA Berlin ostrnkon 4ï5S contains 11. 616-2-1 of till' Hippolytus of Euripitle
. 
2 C.1. L. h'. 
S Cat. G/... Papyri in Brit. Mus. i. 102. I:::!:!; abo par:yri in till' Bibl. Kationale. :::!:jb. 
270;). 
228. 
, C..rapanL
, Dod'me et se;; Elf;"'" ,H!';S , p. 6
. pI. xxxi, -xl; (.1. L. i. 8]8. 8]
. 



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