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m ; 1

GUIDES AND HANDBOOKS,

niiUSTMTIVE OF THE CONTENTS OF THE CRYSTAL PAIACE:-

1. GENEEAL GUIDE-BOOK TO THE PALACE •• ^

AND PARE. Witii nximerous Illustrations. By Samukl Phillips . 1

2. HANDBOOK TO THE EGYPTIAN COUET.

With Illustration& By Owbn Jones and Samuel Sharpe . .06

3. HANDBOOK TO THE GREEK COUET. With

Illustrations. By Geobge Bchabf, Jun. OS

4. HANDBOOK TO -THE EOMAN ^OUET. With

IllustratioQs. By Geoboe Schabf, Jun 6

5. HANDBOOK TO THE ALHAMBEA COUET.

With Illustrations. By Owem Jones 8

6. HANDBOOK TO THE NINEYEH COUET.

With Illustrations. By A. H. Layard, M.P. 6'

7. HANDBOOK TO THE BYZANTINE COUET.

With Illustrations. By M. Diqby Wtatt and J. B. Wabino . .08

8. HANDBOOK TO THE MEDIEVAL COUET.

With Illustrations. By H. Digbt Wtatt and J. B. Waring . .09

9. HANDBOOK TO THE EENAISSANCE COUET.

With Illustrations. By H. Diobt Wyatt and J. B. Wabino . .08

10. HANDBOOK TO THE ITALIAN COUET. With ,

Illustrations. By M. Diobt Wtatt and J. B. Waring . . .06

11. HANDBOOK TO THE POMPEIAN COUET.

With Illustrations. By Gsoboe Scharf, Jun. 6

12. HANDBOOK TO THE SCHOOLS OF MODEEN

SCULPTURE. By Mrs. Jameson 6

13 AN APOLOGY POE THE COLOUEIXG OF

THE GREEK COURT IN THE CRYSTAL PALACE. By Owen
Jones 6

14. HOW TO SEE THE SCULPTUEE IN THE

CBTSTAL PALACE. By Raffaele Monti. (In (he Press.)

15. THE POETEAIT GALLEEY OF THE CEYS-

TAL PALACE. Described by Samuel Phillips . . . .16

16. HANDBOOK TO THE ETHNOLOGICAL AND

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENTS. With Illustrations. By Profes-
sor Edwari> Forbes and Dr. Latham .06

17. THE EXTINCT ANIMALS AND GEOLOGICAL

ILLUSTRATIONS DESCRIBED. With Plan and Drawing. By
Professor Owen . ...••••••03

18. THE CEYSTAL PALACE INDUSTEIAL DI-

RECTORY 3

The Pivprletora reserve to themselves the right of authorising a

Translation of the above works.

AT,

£^ 4^. <? Ma-^. ^'

GUIDE

TO THE

CRYSTAL PALACE AND PARK.

CONYEYANCE BY BAIL AND EOAD FROM LONDON.

THE CRYSTAL PALACE BY RAILWAY.

Triiks conveying persons direct to the Palace leave the Bridge Termintis o£
the Brighton Bailway at a quarter before nine in the morning on Mondays,
and a quarter before ten on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, and
continue running every quarter of an hour, or more frequently when occasion
requires, throughout the day : returning from the palace every quarter of an
hour, and in the evening until all the visitors desirous of travelling to Town
by railway have quitted the building, which closes one hour before sunset.
The Fares to the Palace and back, including admission to the Palace itself are,
on the above days, two shillings and sixpence, "first cUus ; two shillings, second
clcus ; and one shilling and sixpence, third class.

On Fridays and Saturdays the Crystal Palace opens at twelve o'clock in tiie
morning, and trains will start from London at a quarter before that hour, and
continue running every quarter of an hour throughout the day, returning every
quarter of an hour until all the visitors shall have quitted the Palace.

Holders of season tickets will be conveyed from London by train to the
Palace on every day of the week by payment of the ordinary fsLre of the
Brighton Bailway.

Onmibuses from all x>arts of London will convey passengers direct to the
terminus of the Brighton Bailway.

Visitors residing at or desirous of reaching the Palace from the New Cross
or Forest Hill stations, on the Brighton line, will be conveyed to the Palace by
the ordinary Epsom and Croydon trains, which leave London at quick interyals,
and call at both these stations. These trains wiU, however, convey them
only to the Anerley or Sydenham stations, from which places conveyances to
the Palace may be procured.

THE CRYSTAL PALACE BY ROAD.

Persons tratelling in carriages from London to the Palace 'Will find ibe
various roads marked on the annexed map, which wiU enable them to choose
the most expeditious routes from different parts of the metropolis to the
Crystal Palace doors. Carriages from London must set down at either the
liorth or south transepts, but not at the central transept; whilst visitors
from Penge, Beckenham, and all places situated to the south-east of the
Palace, will set down at the Crystal Palace Bailway station.

The Crystal Palace Company have already provided accommodation for
three hundred horses, in tilie '^Paxton Stables," at the Woodman Inn, on
Westow Hill, within five minutes' walk of the Palace. The charge for such
accommodation is fixed at one shilling and sixpence, including a feed of com
and aU other expenses, no attendant being allowed to receive a fee.
Carriages and horses will find a convenient stand formed in front of the
Palace, opposite the north and south transepts^ where horses will be supplied
with hay and water at a very trifling charge.

All communications concerning the rojid traffic to the Palace should be
addressed to Mr. Charles Boumer, Traffic Manager, Crystal Palace^ Sydenham,

■

'Up

• \

hSi

GUIDE '

CRYSTAL PALACE
PARK.

By SAMUEL PHILLIPS.

ILLUSTRATED BY P. H. DELAMOTTE.

CETSTAl PALACE LIBBAHY ;

BRADBUBY AND BVAN9, II, BOUVEEIB OTRHBT, WHDON.
1864.

BBABBOBX A«B BTABB,

rBMVSBI TO *HB CBTBTAX FALACB COMrMIX

■ WBITBVBIABS.

CONTENTS,

c:i

DriBOI>U0TIOH

SIT" .

EffT&AVOB TO THE PALACfB .

AOOOVHT OP THE BUILDISQ

HOT-WATER APJAEATT7S

THE ABTBSIAN, AED FOFNTAIKS SUPPLY

THE HATE ....

G&EAT TRANSEPT

lETEODUOTION TO TflB PIKE ART COURTS

THE EOTPTIAN eOURT ,

THE GREEK OOURT .

GREEK SCULPTURES

THE BOKAH OOURT .

SOULPTUREfl nr ROMAN COURT

THE ALHAMBRA COURT

THE ASSTRLIE COURT

RAW PRODUCE AHD AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIOE

THE BTZABTIEE AHD ROXAKESQUB COURT

THE GERMAN MEDLflYAL COURT

THE ENGLISH MEDIJtyAL COURT

THE FRENCH AND ITALIAN MEDIJBYAL COURT

THE RENAISSANCE COURT

THE ELIZABETHAN OOUBT . .

THE ITALIAN COURT .

THE STATIONERY COURT

THE BIRMINGHAM COURT

THE SHEFFIELD COURT

T^ POMPEIAN COURT .

PlGI
11

CONTENTS,

VSnVQJ^QlGXh AND KATURA.It HISIORT DJBPAAIKXKI .

iriSW WOULD ....

OU) WOULD .....
THB XnSIOAL INSIRUMBMT OOUSI . . ,

THB PRDTTBD VJlBRIOS OOUBI
THa MIXED VABRIOS OOURT.
THE PORBIGW INDUSTRIAL OOURT
A WALK THROUGH THB NAYB .
>^v ^Wa ORBEK AND ROMAN SCULPTURE COURT
SBB (^^HIO RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE COURT .
THB OOURl; OP FRENCH AND ITALIAN SCULPTURE.
LIST 07 UODBBir SCULPTURES .

THB OARDEN OP THB NAVE
THB MAIN AND UPPER OALLERIES .
THB PARK AND GARDENS . . *

THB GEOLOGICAL ISLANDS AND THE EXTINCT ANIMALS
LIST OF EXHIBITORS , , t .

PAOK
. 103
. 104

. 108
. 115
. 116

. iir

. 118
. 120
. 128
. 134
. 136
. 138
. 140
. 148
. 145
. 157
. 165

PBEFACE,

The following pages are presented to the public as a brief but
connected and carefully prepared account of the exterior and
interior of the Crystal Palace. It is believed that no important or
interesting object in connexion with the Exhibition is without its
record in this little volume ; although^ in so vast a collection of
works of architecture, sculpture, and industrial manufacture, it is
dearly impossible to compress within the limits of a Q^neral Hand-
book all the information which is necessary to satisfy the visitor
desirous of precise and accurate knowledge of the numberless objects
offered to his contemplation.

A general and comprehensive view of the Crystal Palace
will unquestionably be obtained by the perusal of the present
manual. The Hand-books of the respective departments will supply
all the detailed information necessary to fill in the broad and
rapidly drawn outlines. In them, Literature will faithfully serve
as the handmaiden to Art, and complete the great auxiliary work
of education which it is the first aim of the Crystal Palace to effect.

These Hand-books are published at prices varying from three-
pence to eighteen-pence, according to the size of the volume. The
lowest possible price has been affixed to one and all. It may be
fearlessly asserted that books containing the same amount of
entertainment, information, and instruction, it would be difficult to
purchase at a more reasonable rate elsewhere.

The Crystal Palace— destined for permanent service— opens in-
complete with respect to a part of its design. The public will not

10 PKBFACE.

be the losers by the circumstance. With the exception of the
great water displays— «which are already far advanced, and will
rapidly be brought to completion — ^the grand scheme originally
projected by the Directors has been, in its chief featnresy
thoroughly carried out by their officers. It would have been
physically impossible to accomplish more than has been done.
What has been achieved, within comparatively a few months,
must elicit admiration and astonishment. Already the Crystal
Palace stands unrivalled for the size and character of its structure,
for the nature of its contents, and for the extent and advancing
beauty of its pleasure-grounds. Day by day the people wiU have
an opportunity of witnessing the growth of their Palace, and the
extension of its means of good. An institution intended to last
for ages, and to widen the scope, and to brighten the path, of
education throughout the land, must have time to consolidate its
own powers of action, and to complete its own system of instruction.
Within a very few months, the promises held out from the first by
the Directors will be fulfilled to the very letter ; and the community
may, in the meanwhile, watch the progress of the Crystal Palace
towards the certain accomplishment of its unprecedented design.

INTRODUCTION.

The annexed map of the routes to the CrTstal FaUce viU
enable the visitor to ascertain the shortest and least troableeome
yiaj of reaching the Palace from the Tarioua parts of the great
metropolis and its enTirons. For his fiirther information full par-
ticnlara are added respecting tlie times of startiiig, and the &rei
of the jomiiey by tha London and Brighton Kailway, which will
■erve as tite great main line for the oonveyanoe of Tisitota by rail
from London to the Palace doors.

We will presmne that the visitor has taken his railway ticket,
which, for his convenieaoe, includes adnuesion within the Palace,
and that his short ten minutes' journey has commenced. Before
he alights, and whilst his mind is still imoccupied by the wonders
that are to meet his eye, we take the opportunity to relate, as
briefly as we can, the History of tha CryBtal PaUoe, from the
day upon which the Boyal Commissioners assembled within its
transparent walla to declare their great and successful mission
ended, until the 10th of Jane, 1864, when reconstructed, and
renewed and' beautified in all its proportions, it again opened its
wide doors to continue and confirm the good ii had already
effected in the nation and beyond it.

It will be remembered that the destination of the Great Etzhibi-
tioa bnilding occupied much public attention towards the dose of
1861, and that a universal r^pret prevailed at the threatened loss
of a Btmotore which had accomplished so much for the improve-
ment of the national taste, and which was evidently capable, under

12 QENEBAIi GUIDE BOOK.

intelligeut direction, of effecting so very much more, A special
oommission even had been appointed for the purpose of reportmg on
the different useful purposes to which the building could be applied,
and upon the cost necessary to carry them out. Further discus-
sion oh the subject, however, was rendered unnecessary by the
declaration of the Home Secretary, on the 25th of March, 1852,
that Grovemment had determined not to interfere in any way with
the building, which accordingly remained, according to previous
agreement, in the hands of Messrs. Fox and Henderson, the builders
and contractors. Notwithstanding the announcement of the Home
Secretary, a last public effort towards rescuing the Crystal Palace
for its original site in Hyde Park, was made by Mr. Heywood in the
House of Commons, on the 29th of April. But Government again
declined the responsibility of purchasing the structure, and Mr.
Heywood's motion was, by a laige majority, lost.

It was at this juncttire that Mr. Leech,* a private gentleman, con-
ceived the idea of rescuing the edifice from destruction, and of
rebuilding it on some appropriate spot, by the organization of a
private company. On communicating this view to his partner, Mr.
Farquhar, he received from him a ready and cordial approval
They then submitted their project to Mr. Francis Fuller, who
entering into their views, imdertook and arranged, on their joint
behadf, a conditional purchase from Messrs. Fox and Henderson, of
the Palace as it stood. In the belief that a building, so destined,
would, if erected on a metropolitan line of railway, greatly
conduce to the interests of" the line, and that communication by
railway was essential for the conveyance thither of great masses
from London, Mr. Farquhar next suggested to Mr. Leo Schuster,
a Director of the Brighton Bailway, that a site for the new Palace
should be selected on the Brighton Hne. Mr. Schuster, highly
approving of the conception, obtained the hearty concurrence of
Mr. Laing, the Chairman of the Brighton Board, and of bis
brother Directors, for aiding as far as possible in the prosecution of

* Of the firm of Johnston, Farquhar, and Leech, Solicitors.

INTRODUCTION. * 13

the work. And, accordingly, these five gentiemen, and their
immediate Mends determined forthwith to complete the purchase
of the building. On the 24th of May, 1862, the purchase-
money was paid, and a few English gentlemen became the owners
of the Crystal Palace of 1861. Their names follow : —

Origvncd Pvrchdsers of the BuUdmg, .
Mb. T. N. Farquhar, Mr. Joseph Leech,

Mr. Francis Fuller, Mr. J. C. Morice,

Mr. Robert Gill, Mr. Scott Russell,

Mr. Harman Grisewood, Mr. Leo Schuster.

Mr. Samuel Laing,

It will hardly be supposed that these gentlemen had proceeded
thus far without having distinctly considered the final destination
of their purchase. They decided that the building, — the first
wonderful example of a new style of architecture— should rise
again greatly enhanced in grandeur and beauty; that it should
form a Palace for the multitude, where, at all times, protected
from the inclement varieties of our climate, healthful exercise
and wholesome recreation should be easily attainable. To raise
the enjoyments and amusements of the English people, and
especially to afford to the inhabitants of London, in wholesome
country air, amidst the beauties of nature, the elevating treasures
of art, and the instructive marvels of science, an accessible and
inexpensive substitute for the inJTirious and debasing amusements
of a crowded metropolis : — to blend for them instruction with
pleasure, to educate them by the eye, to quicken and purify
their taste by the habit of recognising the beautiful — ^to place
them amidst the trees, flowers, and plants of all countries and
of all climates, and to attract them to the study of the natural
sciences, by displaying their most interesting examples — ^and
making known all the achievements of modem industry, aad the
marvels of mechknical manufactures: — such were some of the original
intentions of the first promoters of this National undertaking.

Having decided upon their general design, and upon the scale

^-nv^Vi^PHP

14 GENERAL aUD)E BOOK.

on which it should be executed, the directors next proceeded to
select the officers to whom the carrying out of the work should be
entrusted. Sir Joseph Paxton, the inventive axchitect of the great
building in Hyde Park, was requested to accept the office of Director
of the Winter Garden, Park, and Conservatory, an office of which
the duties became subsequently much more onerous and extensive
than the title implies. Mr. Owen Jones and Mr. Digbt Wyatt,
who had distinguished themselves by their labours in the old Crystal
Palace, accepted the duties of Directors of the Fine Art Depart-
ment, and of the decorations of the new structure. Mr. Chables
Wild, the engineer of the old building, filled the same office in the
new one. Mr. Grove, the secretary of the Society of Arts, the parent
institution of the Exhibition of 1861, was appointed secretary.
Mr. Francis Fuller, a member of the Hyde Park Executive Com-
mittee, accepted the duties of managing director. Mr. Samuel
Laing, M.P., the Chairman of the Brighton Railway Company,
' became Chairman also of the New Crystal Palace, and Messrs. Fox
and Henderson imdertook the re-erection of the building.

With these arrangements, a Company was formed, under the
name of the Crystal Palace Company, and a prospectus issued,
announcing the proposed capital of 500,000?., in one hundred
thousand shares of five pounds each. The following gentlemen
constituted the Board of Directors, and they have continued in
office up to the present time : —

Samuel Laing, Esq., M.P., Chaitman.
Arthur Anderson, Esq., Charles Geach, Esq., M.P«)

E. S. P. Calvert, Esq., Charles Lushington, Esq.,

T. N. Farquhar, Esq., J. Soott Russell, Esq., F.R Si,

Francis Fuller, Esq., Managing Director.

It will ever be mentioned, to the credit of the English people,
that within a fortnight after the issue of thevCompan3r's prospectus^
the shares were taken up to an extent that gave the Director^
ample encouragement to proceed vigorously with their novel and
gigantic undertaking.

INTBODUCnON. 15

In the proepectos it was proposed to transfer the building
to Sydenham, in Kent, and the site ohosen was an irregular
parallelogranx of three hundred acres,*^ extending from the
Brighton Bailway to the road which forms the boundary of
the Dulwich wood at the top of the hill, the fall from which to
the railway is two hundred feet. It was at once felt that the
summit of this hill was the only position, in all the ground, for the
great gla£» building — a position which, on the one side, commands a
beautiful view of the fine counties of Surrey and Kent, and on the
other a prospect of the great metropolis. This site was chosen, and
we doubt whether a finer is to be found so close to London, and so
easy of access by means of railway. To facilitate the conveyance
of passengers, the Brighton Bailway Company, — ^under special and
mutually advantageous arrangements — ^undertook to lay down a
new line of rails between London and Sydenham, to construct
a branch from the Sydenham station to the Crystal Palace garden,
and to build a number ^ of engines sufficiently powerful to draw
heavy trains up the steep incline to the Palace.

And now the plans were put into practical and working shape.
The building was to gain in strength and artistic effect, whilst the
contents of the mighty structure were to be most varied. Art Was
to be worthily represented by Architecture and Sculpture. Archi-
tectural restorations were to be made, and Architectural specimens
from the most remarkable edifices throughout the world, to be
collected, in order to present a grand architectural sequence from
the earliest dawn of the art down to the latest times* Casts
of the most celebrated works of Sculpting were to be pro-
cured : BO that within the glass walls might be seen a vast
historical gallery of this branch of art, from the time of the
andent Egyptians to our own era. Nature also Was to put
forth her beauty throughout the Palace and Grounds. A magnifi-
dent collection of plants of every land was to adorn the glass
stmcture within, whilst in the gardens the fotmtains of Versailles

* A porUon of tbui land, not roqttired for the pniposes of tb^ l^aXatie, hoA
been disposed of;

16 GENEEAL GUIDE BOOK.

were to be outrivalled^ and Englishmen at length enabled to witness
the water displays, which for years had proved a source of pleasure
and recreation to foreigners in their own countries. Nor was this all.
All those sciences, an acquaintance with which is attainable through
the medium of the eye, were allotted their speciJ&c place, and Greology,
Ethnology, and Zoology were taken as best susceptible of illustra-
tion ; Professor Edward Forbes, Dr. Latham, Professor Ansted,
Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Gould, and other gentlemen well known in
the scientific world, tmdertaking to secure the material basis
upon which the intellectual service was to be grounded. To prevent
the monotony that attaches to a mere museum arrangement, in
which glass cases are ordinarily the most prominent features, the
whole of the collected objects, whether of science, art or nature,
were to be arranged in picturesque groupings, and hajmony was to
reign throughout. To give weight to their proceedings, and to
secure lasting advantage to the public, a charter was granted by
Lord Derby's government on the 28th of January, 1853, binding
the Directors and their successors to preserve the high moral and
social tone which, &om the outset, they had assumed for their
National Listitution.

The building paid for, the officers retained, the jplans put on paper
— ^the work of removal now commenced, and Messrs. Fox and
Henderson received instructions to convey the palace to its destined
home at Sydenham. The first column of the new structure was
raised by Mr. Laing, M.P., the chairman of the Company, on the
5th August, 1852 ; the works were at once proceeded with, and
the most active and strenuous efforts thenceforth made towards the
completion of the undertaking. Shortly after the erection of the
first column, Messrs. Owen Jones and "Dighj Wyatt were charged
with a mission to the continent, in order to procure examples of
the principal works of art in Europe. They were fortified by Lord
Malmesbury, then Secretary of State, with letters to the several
ambassadors on their route, expressing the sympathy of the
€k)vemment in the object of their travels, and backed by the
liberal purse of the Company, who required, for themselves, only

INTEODUCTION. 17

that the coUectioji BhoTild prove worthy of the nation for which
they were caterers.

The travellers first of all visited Paris, and received the most
c(Hxiial co-operation of the Gk)vemment, and of the authorities at
the Museum of the Louvre, and the £oole des Beaux Arts. The
permission to obtain casts of any objects, which could with safety
be taken, was at once accorded them. From Paris they proceeded
to Italy, and thence to Germany, in both which coimtries they
experienced, generally, a ready and generous compliance with their
wishes. At Mimich they received especial attention, and were
most kindly assisted by the British Ambassador, and the architect
Baron von Klenze, through whose instrumentality and influence
King Louis permitted casts of the most choice objects in the
Glyptothek for the first time to be taken.

The chief exceptions to the general courtesy were at E.om6,
Padua, and Vienna. At the first-named city every arrangement
had been made for procuring casts of the great ObeUsk of the
Lateran, the celebrated antique equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
on the Capitol, the beautiful monuments by Andrea Sansovino in
the church of S. M. del Popolo, the interesting bas-reliefs &om the
arch of Titus, and other works, when an order from the Papal
Government forbade the copies to be taken : and, accordingly, for
the present, our collection, as regards these valuable subjects, is
incomplete.

At Padua contracts had been made for procuring that master*
piece of Renaissance art, the candelabrum of Bicdo, the entire
series of bronzes by Donatello, and several other important works
in the church of St. Anthony ; but, in spite of numerous appeals,
aided by the influence of Cardinal Wiseman, the capitular authori^
ties refused their consent.

At Vienna agreements had been entered into for procuring a
most important series of monmnents from the Church of St.
Stephen, in that city ; including the celebrated stone pulpit, and
the monument of Frederic IIL A contract had also been made
for obtaining a cast of the grand bronze statue of Victory, at

18 GBITB&AL eUIDB BOOK.

Brescia ; but althougli the influence of Lord Mabnesbuiy and Lord
Westmoreland (our ambassador at Vienna) was most actiyely
exerted, permission was absolutely refused by the Austrian autho-
rities in Lombardy, as well as in Vienna itself. Thus much it is
necessary to state in order to justify the directors of the Crystal
Palace in the eyes of the world for omissions in their collection which
hitherto they have not had power to make good. They are not
without hope, however, that the mere announcement of these defi-
ciencies will be sufficient to induce the several governments to take
a kindly view of the requests that have been made to them, and to
participate in the satisfaction that follows every endeavour to
advance human enjoyment.

In England, wherever application has been made, permission
— ^with one exception — ^has been immediately granted by the autho-
rities, whether ecclesiastical or civil, to take casts of any monu-
ments required. The one interesting exception deserves a special
record. The churchwardens of Beverley Minster, Yorkshire, enjoy
the privilege of being able to refuse a cast of the celebrated Percy
shrine, the most complete example of purely English art in our
country ; and in spite of the protestations of the Archbishop of
York, the Duke of Northumberland, Archdeacon Wilberforce, Sir
Charles Barry and others, half the churchwardens in question insist,
to this hour, upon their right to have their enjoyment without
molestation. The visitors to the Crystal Palace cannot therefore,
as yet, see the Percy shrine.

Whilst Messrs. Jones and Wyatt were busy abroad, the
authorities were no less occupied at home. Sir Joseph
Paxton commenced operations by securing for the Company
the extensive and celebrated collection of palms and other
plants, brought together with the labour of a century, by
Messrs. Loddiges, of Hackney. The valuable assistance of Mr.
Fergusson and Mr. Layard, M.P., was obtained for the erection
of a Court to illustrate the architecture of the long-buried
buildings of Assyria ; and a large space in the Gardens was
devoted to illustrating the geology of the antediluvian period,

INTRODUCTION. 19

md exhibiting spedmens of the gigantio animals Hving beforo

the flood.

As soon as the glass stnicture was sufficiently advanced, the

valuable productions of art which Messrs. Jones and Wyatt had
acquired abroad rapidly arrived, and being received into the
building, the erection of the Fine Art Courts oonunenced. To
carry out these works, artizans.of almost every continental nation,
together with workmen of our own country have been employed,
and it is worthy of note, that, although but a few years before, many
of the nations to which these men belonged, were engaged in deadly
warfiEure against each other, and some of them opposed to our own
country, yet, in the Crystal Palace, these workmen have laboured for
months, side by side, with the utmost good feeling, and without
the least display of national jealousy — a fact alike honourable to
the men, and grati^^ing to all, inasmuch as it shows how completely
the ill-will that formerly separated nation from nation and man
firom man, is dying out, and how easily those, who have been at one
time enemies on the fleld of battle, may become fast Mends in the
Palace of Peace.

To the whole of these workmen, foreigners and English, engaged
in the Crystal Palace, the Directors are anxious to express their
obligations and sincere acknowledgments. They recognise the
value of their labours, and are fully aware that, if to the minds of
a Few the public are indebted for the conception of the grand Idea
now happily realized, to the Many we owe its practical existence.
Throu^out the long and arduous toil, they have exhibited-—
allowance being made for some slight and perhaps unavoidable
differences — an amount of zeal, steadiness, and intelligence which
does honour to them, and to the several nations which they repre-
sent. To all — their due ! If the creations of the mind stand
paramount in our estimation, let appropriate honour be rendered
to the skiU of hand and eye, which alone can give vitality and form
to our noblest conceptions. Of the advantages attendant on the
erection of the Crystal Palace, even before the public are admitted

to view its contents, none is more striking than the education it

GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

nsbs already afforded to those wlio have taken part in its production.
For the first time in England, hundreds of men have reoeived
practical instruction — ^in a national Fine Art School — ^from which
society must derive a lasting benefit. It is not too much to hope that
each man will act as a missionary of art and ornamental industry, in
whatever quarter his improved faculties may hereafter be required.

At one time during the progress of the works as many as
6400 men were engaged in carrying out the designs of the Directors.
Besides the labours already mentioned, Mr. B. Waterhouse Hawkins,
in due time, took possession of a building in the grounds, and
was soon busily employed, under the eye of Professor Owen, in
the reproduction of those animal creations of a past age, our
acquaintance with which has hitherto been confined to fossil
remains. Dr. Latham WaH engaged in designing and giving
instructions for the modelling of figures to illustrate the Ethno-
logical department, whilst Mr. Waterhouse and Mr. Gk>idd, aided by
Mr. Thomson, as superintendent, and Mr. Bartlett, as taxidermist,
were collecting and grouping valuable specimens of birds and
animals to represent the science of Zoology. Towards the exhibition
of the articles of industry, six architects were commissioned to erect
courts for the reception of the principal manufactures of the world,
and agents were employed in various parts of England, to receive
the applications of intending exhibitors.

Such are a few of the operations that for the last few months
have gone forward in, and in respect of, the Crystal Palace ; and,
excepting by those whose business it has been to watch the progress
of the works, no adequate idea can be formed of the busy activity
that prevailed within the building and without, or of the
marvellous manner in which the various parts of the structure
seemed to grow under the hands of the workmen, until it assumed
the exquisite proportions which it now possesses.

Her Majesty and his Koyal Highness Prince Albert have been,
from the first, graciously pleased to express their warmest sympathy
with ■ the undertaking, and have visited the Palace several times
during the progress of the works. In honouring the inauguration

INTRODUCTION. 21

of the Psklace with her royal presence, her Majesty gives the best
pzoof of the interest she takes in an institution which — ^like the
great structure originated by her Royal Consort — ^has for its chief
object the advancement of civilization and the welfare of her
subjects.*

* The Quee&'s apartments in the Crystal Palace, destmed for the reception
of her Majesty and his Eoyal Highness Prince Albert, when they honour
the Exhibition with their presence, have been erected by Messrs. J. O.
Crace and Co., in the Italian style. The suite of apartments, which are
placed at the north end of the building, consists of a large entrance vestibule
with architectural ornaments, and painted arabesque decorations. A long
corridor leads from the vestibule to the several apartments, and is formed into
an arched passage by means of circular-headed doorways, before which hang
portiires, or curtains. To the right of the entrance are two rooms, one appro-
priated to the ladies-in-waiting, and the other to the equerries ; the walls of
both being divided into panels, and decorated in the Italian style. On the
left are the apartments for the use of her Majesty and Prince Albert,
consisting of a drawing-room and two retiring rooms. The walls of the
drawing-room -are divided by pilasters, the panels covered with green silk.
The cove of the ceiling is decorated with arabesque ornaments.

GUIDE TO THE CRYSTAL PALACE.

THE SITE.

The Crystal Palace stands in the county of Surrey, immediately
on the confines of Kent, bordered on one side by Sydenham, and
on the other by Norwood and Anerley, whilst Penge lies at the
foot of the hni, and Dulwich Wood at the top. No particular
topographical or historical facts are associated with these places.
Sydenham, however, is invested with some literary interest as
having been the residence of the poet Campbell, the author of the
** Pleasures of Hope," who passed, as he says in one of his letters,
the happiest years of his life in this suburban village.

ENTRANCE TO THE PALACE.

The visitor, having reached the Crystal Palace terminus, quits the
train, and ascends the broad flight of steps before him, leading
to a covered way called the KaUway Colonnade, in which will
shortly be placed a collection of plants forming an avenue of choice
exotics. At the end of this colonnade is the south wing of the
Palace. Ascending the first flight of stairs he enters the second-
class Refreshment Boom, and by another flight he attains the level
of the floor of the main building.'^

* In the lower gtory of the South Wing will be found a second-class Rstrssh-
MENT Eoox, where refreshments of a substantial kind may be procured at a
moderate charge. Above this, in the next story of the South Wing, is a
first-class Eefreshment Boom, for confectionary and ices, as well as more
nourishing fare ; and, above this again, is a large space occupying the whole of
the upper floor of the Wing, and extending across the end of ike main, building,
whilst) built out from the North end, will be found two Dining Rooms, one
devoted to general use, and the other for Exhibitors only, appropriated
to first-class Refreshment Tables, where cold viands may be obtained. At
each end of the great Transept, under the Galleries, will be found two
Stalls with ices and refreshments : and at the north end of the building,
extending to the back of the Assyrian Court, and eovering the top floor of the
North Wing, is a large space also devoted to the sale of ices and confectionary.

24 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

Having entered the Palace, the visitor may desire, before he
examines its various contents, to learn something of the Building
itself — certainly not the least remarkable feature in the extraor-
dinary scene now submitted to his contemplation. We therefore
.proceed at once to furnish him with an

ACCOUNT OF THE BUILDING.

In taking the structure of the Great Exhibition of 1851 — ^that
type of a class of architecture which may fairly be called ^^ modem
•RTigliah '' * — as the model for the new building at Sydenham, the
projectors found it necessary to make such modifications and
improvements as were suggested by the difference between a tem-
porary receiving-house for the world's industrial wealth, and a per-
manent Palace of Art and Education, intended for the use of
mankind long after its original foimders should have passed away.
Not only, however, have increased strength and durability been
considered, but beauty and artistic effect have come in for a due
share of attention. • lie difference of general aspect between the
present palace and its predecessor, is visible at a glance. In the
parent edifice, the external appearance, although grand, was mono-
tonous ; the long flat roof was broken by only one transept, and
the want of an elevation proportionate to the great length of the
building was certainly displeasing. In the Sydenham Palace, an
arched roof covers the nave — ^raising it forty-four feet higher than
the nave in Hyde Park — and three transepts are introduced into
the structure instead of one, the centre transept towering into the
air, and forming a hall to the Palace of surpassing brilliancy and
lightness. A further improvement is the formation of recesses,

* We do not know any name more suitable to express tlie character of this
iron and glass building than that which we have chosen. In Gothic archi-
tectnre we have named one style " Early English," and we think we may with
eqnal propriety confer the title of "Modem English" npon the new order,
which is essentially the creation of the nineteenth centnry, and which served to
house one of the greatest national displays that England ever attempted — Thb
Grbat Exhibition op 1851. The erection of the building both of 1851 and of
1854, it may be well to remark, is mainly due to the rapid advances made in
this country in the manufactures of glass and u'on, substances which with only
moderate attention will defy the effects of time. The present structure is
capable of enduring longer than the oldest marble or stone architectural monu-
ments of antiquity. The iron, which forms its skeleton or framework, becomes
when painted, the most indestructible of materials, and the entire covering of
glass may be renewed again and again without in any way interfering with the
construction which it covers.

ACCOUNT OP THE BUlLDINa. 26

twenty-four feet deep, in the garden fronts of all tke transepts.
These throw fine shadows, and take away from the continuous
surface of plain glass walls : whilst the whole general arrangement
of the exterior — ^the roofs of the side aisles rising step-like to the
circular roof of the nave^ — ^the interposition of square towers at
the junction of the nave and transepts, — the open galleries towards
the garden front, the long wings stretching forth on either side,
produce a play of light and shade, and break the building into
parts, which, without in any way detracting from the grandeur and
simplicity of the whole construction, or causing the parts them-
selves to appear mean or small, present a variety of s\uiace that
charms and fully satisfies the eye.

Unity in architecture is one of the most requisite and agreeable
of its qualities : and certainly no building possesses it in a greater
degree than the Crystal Palace. Its design is most simple : one
portion corresponds with another ; there is no introduction of
needless ornament : a simplicity of treatment reigns throughout.
Not is this unity confined to the building. It characterizes the
contents of the glass structure, and prevails in the grounds.
All the component parts of the Exhibition blend, yet all are
distinct : and the effect of the admirable and harmonious ar-
rangement is, that all confusion in the vsist establishment, within
and without, is avoided. " The mighty maze " has not only its
plan, but a plan of the most lucid and instructive kind, and the
visitor is enabled to examine every court, whether artistic or in-
dustrial ; every object, whether of nature or of art, in regular order ;
so that, as in a well-arranged book, he may proceed from subject
to subject at his discretion, and derive useful information without
the trouble and vexation of working his way through a labyrinth.

All the materials employed in the Exhibition of 1861, with the
exception of the glass on the whole roof, and the framing of the
transept-roof, have been used in the construction of the Crystal
Palace. The general principle of construction, therefore, is identical
in the two buildings. The modifications that have taken place,
and the reasons that have led to them, have already been stated.
Two difficulties, however, which were unknown in Hyde Park, had
to be provided against at Sydenham : viz., the loose nature of th^
soil, and the sloping character of the ground. Means were taken
to overcome these difficulties at the very outset of the work. The
disadvantage of soil was repaired by the introduction of masses of
concrete and brickwork under each colimm, in order to secure
breadth of base and stability of structure. The slanting ground

ACCOUNT OF THB BUHDINO. 27

was Beizsd b^ Sir Joaeph Paxton with hia OEUal logacil^, in Older
to be conTerted from an obstaole into a positive advantage. The
gronnd ran rapidly down towaida the garden, and Sir Joseph
accordingly constmctod a lower, or basement story towards the
giarden front, by means of which not only increased apace was
gained, but a hi^er elevation secured to tbe whole building, and
the noblest possible view. The lower story is sufficiently large to
serve as a department for the exhibition of machinery in motion,
idiich intoresting branch of science find human industry will
thus be contemplated apart from other objects. Behind this
space, westwards, is a capacious horizontal brick shaft, twenty-
four feet wide, extending the whole length of the building,
and denominated "Sir Joseph Faxton's Tunnel "(t). Leading
out of this tunnel are the fumacep and boilers connected with
the heating apparatos, together with brick recesses for the stowage
of coke. The tunnel itself is connected with the railway, and is
used as a roadway for bringing into, and taking from, the Palace
all objects of arc and of industry ; an arrangement that leaves the
miun floor of the building independent of all such operations.
Behind the tunnel, and still towards the west, the declivity of the
ground is met by means of brick piers of the heights necessary to
raise the foundation pieces of the columns to the level at which
they rest on the summit of the hill.

The building consists, above the basement floor, of a grand «entral
nave, two side aisles, two main galleries, tliree transepts, and two
winpL It will be rem^nbered, that in Hyda Park an imposing

28 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

effect was secured by the mere repetition of a column and a girder
which, although striking and simple, was certainly monotonous ;
and, moreover, in consequence of the great length of the building,
the cohunns and girders succeeded one another so rapidly that the
eye had no means of measuring the actual length. At Syden-
ham pairs of colimms and girders are advanced eight feet into the
nave at CTjery seventy-two feet, thus breaking the uniform straight
line, and enabling the eye to measure and appreciate the distance.

The btdlding above the level of the floor is entirely of iron and
glass, with the exception of a Jportion at the north front, which is
panelled with wood. The whole length of the main building is 1608
feet, and the wings 574 feet each, making a length of 2756 feet,
which with the 720 feet in the colonnade, leading from the railway
station to the wings, gives a total length of 3476 feet ; or nearly
three-quarters of a mile of ground covered with a transparent roof of
glass. The length of the Hyde Park building was 1848 feet, so that,
including the wings and colonnade, the present structure is larger
than its predecessor by 1628 feet ; the area of the ground floor, in-
cluding the wings, amounts to the astonishing quantity of 598,396
superficial feet ; and the area of gallery flooring of building and
wings to 245,260 superficial feet, altogether 843,656 superficial feet.
In cubic contents the PaJace at Sydenham exceeds its predecessor by
nearly one-half. The width of the nave, or main avenue, is 72 feet,
which is also the width of the north and south transepts ; and the
height of all three from the floor to the springing or base of the arch,
is 68 feet; the height from the flooring to the crown or top of the*
arch being 104 feet, just the height of the transept at the old
building. The length of the north and south transepts, is 336 feet
respectively. The length of the central transept is 384 feet ; its
width 120 feet; its height from the floor to the top of the louvre,
or ventilator, 168 feet ; from the floor to the springing of the arch,
108 feet ; and from the garden &ont to the top of the louvre, 208
feet, or 6 feet higher than the Monimient.

The floor consists of boarding one inch and a half thick, laid as in
the old building, with half-inch openings between them, and resting
on joists, placed two feet apart, seven inches by two and a half
inches thick. These joists are carried on sleepers and props eight
feet apart. The girders which support the galleries and the roof-
work, and carry the brick arches over the basement floor, are of
cast-iron, and are 24 feet in length. The connexions between the
girders and columns are applied in the same manner as in the build-
ing of 1851. The principle of connexion was originally condemned

ACCOUNT OP THE BUILDING. 29

by some men of standing in the scientific world ; but experience has
proved it to be sound and admirable in every respect. The mode of
connexion is not merely that of resting the girders on the columns
in order to support the roo& and galleries, but the top and bottom
of each girder are firmly secured to each of the columns, so that the
girder preserves the perpendicularity of the column, and secures
lateral sti&ess to the entire edifice. Throughout the building the
visitor will notice, at certain intervals, diagonally placed, rods
connected at the crossing, and uniting column with column. These
are the diagonal bracings, or the rods provided to resist the
action of the wind : they are strong enough to bear any strain that
can be brought to bear against them, and are fitted with screwed
connexions and couplings, so that they can be adjusted with
the greatest accuracy. The roof, from end to end, is on the
Paxton ridge-and-furrow system, and the glass employed in the
roof is -j?^ of an inch in thickness (21 oz. per foot). The discharge
of the rain-water is efiected by gutters, from which the water is
conveyed down the inside of the colimms, at the base of which are
the necessary outlets leading to the main-drains of the building.
The first gallery is gained from the ground-floor by means of a flight
of stairs about 23 feet high ; eight such flights being distributed
over the building. This gallery is 24 feet wide, and devoted to the
exhibition of articles of industry. The upper gallery is 8 feet
wide, extending, like the other, round the building ; it is gained
from the lower gallery, by spiral staircases, of which there are ten :
each stair-case being divided into two flights, and each flight being
20 feet high. Kound this upper gallery, at the very summit of
the nave and transepts, as well as round the ground floor of the
building, are placed louvres, or ventilators, made of galvanized
iron. By the opening or closing of these louvres — ^a service
readily performed — ^the temperature of the Crystal Palace is so
regulated that on the hottest day of summer, the dry parching heat
mounts to the roof to be dismissed, whilst a pure and invigorating
supply is introduced at the floor in its place, giving new life to the
thirsty plant and fresh vigour to man. The coolness thus obtained
within the palace will be sought in vain on such a summer's day
outside the edifice.

The total length of oolunms employed in the construction of the
main buildings and wings would extend, if laid in a straight line,
to a distance of sixteen miles and a quarter. The total weight of
iron used in the main building and wings amounts to 9,641 tons,
17 cwts., 1 quarter. The superficial quantity of glass used is 25

80 GENERAL GUIBB BOOK.

acres ; and, if the panes were laid side by side, they would extend
to a distance of 48 miles ; if end to end, to the almost incredible
length of 242 miles. To complete our statistics, we have further
to add that the quantity of bolts and rivets distributed over the
main structure and wings weighs 175 tons, 1 cwt., 1 quarter ;
that the nails hammered into ^ the Palace increase its weight by
103 tons, 6 cwt., and that the amoimt of brick-work in the main
building and wings is 15391 cubic yards.

From the end of the south wing to the Crystal Palace Bailway-
station, as above indicated, is a colonnade 720 feet long, 17
feet wide, and 18 feet high. It possesses a superficial area of
15,600 feet, and the quantity of iron employed in this covered
passage is 60 tons ; of glass 30,000 superfidal feet.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS.

Yast as are the proportions of the Crystal Palace, novel and
scientific as is the principle of construction, we are in some degree
prepared for this magnificent result of intellect and industry by
the Great Exhibition of 1851. One arrangement, however,
in the present structure, admits of no comparison ; for, in
point of extent, it leaves all former efforts in the saane direction
far behind, and stands by itself unrivalled. We refer to the
process of warming the atmosphere in the enormous Glass Palace
to the mild and genial heat of Madeira, throughout our cold and
damp English winter.

The employment of hot water as a medium for heating apart-
ments, seems to have been first hinted at in the year 1594, by Sir
Hugh Piatt, who, in a work entitled " The Jewell House of
Art and Nature,^' published in that year, suggests the use of hot
water as a safe means of drying gunpowder, and likewise
recommends it for heating a plant-house. In 1716, Sir
Martin Triewald of Newcastle-on-Tyne, proposed a scheme for
heating a green-house by hot water ; and a Frenchman, M. Bonne-
main, a short time afterwards invented an apparatus for hatching
chickens by the same means. In the early part of this century
Sir Martin Triewald's plan of heating was applied to conservatories,
at St. Petersbtirgh ; and a few years later, Bonnemain's arrangement
was introduced into England, where it has undergone several
improvements, and occupied the attention of scientific men.
Its application to the heating of churches, pubtip libraries, and
other buildings, has been attended with considerable, success, and

HOT WATBB APFAEi^TUS. SI

it is now looked upon as the Bafeet, as well as one of the most
effectual ariU&cial methods of heating.

The simple plan of heating by hot water is that which Sir Joseph
PaKton has adopted for the Crystal Palace. But simple as tile
method undoubtedly is, its adaptation to the purposes of the Palace
has cost infinite labour and anxious consideration : for hitherto it
has remained an imsolved problem how far, and in what quantity,
water could be made to travel through pipes — ^flowing and return-
ing by means of the propulsion of heat £rom the boilers. At
Chatsworth, the seat of the Duke of Devonshire, the principle
has been carried out on a large scale, and the experiment there
tried has yielded data and proof : but in the present building, a
greater extent of piping has been attached to the boilers than was
ever before known, or even contemplated. In order to give the
visitor some idea of the magnitude of the operation in question, it
will be sufficient to state that the pipes for the conveyance of the
hot water, laid under the floor of the main building, and aroimd
the wiogs, would, if placed in a straight line, and taken at an
average circumference of 12 inches, stretch to a distance of more
than 50 miles, and that the water in flowing from and returning
to the boilers, travels one mile and three-quarters. But even
with these extraordinary results obtained, the question as to the
distance to which water can be propelled by means of heat, is
far from being definitely settled. Indeed, Sir Joseph Paxton
and Mr. Henderson have invented an ingenious contrivance,
by means of which, should it ever be required, a much larger
heatLag surface may be called forth at any time in any particular
portion of the building.

The general arrangement of the Heating Apparatus may be
described as follows : — ^Nearly twenty-four feet below the surface
of the flooring of the maiu building, and leading out of ^^ Sir
Joseph Paxton's tunnel " * (the name given to the roadway in the

* The formatioii of tumiels, for the passage of water especially, and for
drainage, was well known to the' ancient Greeks and Romans, and the remains of
many of their great works of this kind possess an extreme interest. In the timnel
or Tindergronnd canal of the Abruzzi in Italy, formed bj the Roman Emperor
Glandins, and lately cleared out by the Neapolitan Government, nearly the
same means appear to have been used for its excavation and construction as
are employed in forming tunnels at the present day. Amongst other re-
markable tunnels of antiquity may be cited that of Fosilipo at Naples, nearly
three-quarters of a mile long, probably constructed about the time of Tiberius
(circa A.n. 30), and the Greek tunnel, 4200 Greek feet in length, excavated
through a mountain for the purpose of conveying water to the city of Samos.

One of the earliest tuiu^els of modem times was made at jbanguedoc in

32 (jBNERAL GUIDB BOOK.

basement story, extending the whole length of the building on the
fdde nearest the Gardens), are placed, at certain inter\rals, boiler-
houses, each containing two boilers capable of holding 11,000
gallons of water. The boilers are twenty-two in number, and
are set in pairs. In addition to these, a boiler is placed at the
north end of the building, on account of the increased heat there
required for the tropical plants. There are also two boilers set in
the lower stories of each wing, and two small boilers are appropriated
to the water in the fountain basins at each end of the building,
which coDtain Victoria Eegias and other aquatic plants of tropical
climes. Four pipes are immediately connected with each boiler ;
two of such pipes convey the water from the boiler, and the other
two bring it back ; they are called the main pipes, and are nine
inches in diameter.

Of the two -pipes that convey the water jfrom the boiler, one
crosses the building transversely — ^from the garden-front to the
opposite side. Connected with this pipe, at certain distances, and
in allotted numbers, are smaller pipes, five inches in diameter, laid
horizontally, and immediately beneath the flooring of the building.
These convey the water from the main pipe to certain required
distances, and then bring it back to the reimm main pipe, through
which it flows into the boHer. The second main pipe conveys the
water for heating the front of the building next to the Garden ;
and connected with this, as with the other main pipe, are smaller
pipes through which the water ramifies, and then, in like manner,
is returned to the boiler. Thus, then, by the mere propulsion of
heat, avast quantity of water is kept in constant motion throughout
the Palace, continuaUy flowing and returning, and giving out
warmth that makes its way upwards, and disseminates a genial
atmosphere in every part.

To ensure pure circulation throughout the winter, ventilators
have been introduced direct from the main building into each
furnace, where the air, so brought, being consumed by the fire, the
atmosphere in the Palace is continually renewed.

THE ARTESIAN WELL, AND THE SUPPLY OF THE FOUNTAINS.

In July, 1852, the supply of water for the fountains and other
great works in connexion with the Crystal Palace, first seriously

France, a.d. 1666 : since that period they have become general. The great
labour required in their formation, is likely to be obviated by the invention
of a machine by an American, which is said to be capable of cutting a rapid
way even through masses of rock.

ARTESIAN WELL AND FOUNTAINS. 88

engaged the attention of the Directors. Various proposals were
made, and suggestions offered : some were at once rejected : others,
although not free from difficulties, were taken into consideration.
The most feasible of these was that which involved the extension
to Sydenham of the pipes of one of the nearest London water-
work companies, — a measure that would at once secure a sufficient
supply of tolerably good water. Against the proposition for sinking
a well on the grounds, it was urged that the neighbourhood is
almost destitute of water ; that wells already excavated to the
depth of two hundred feet had yielded but a small supply ; and
that even if a sufficient supply could be secured by digging, the
Water obtained could never be raised to the top of the hill.

Acting, however, upon sound advice, and after due consideration,
the company commenced the sinking of an artesian well at the foot
of the hill on which the Palace stands, and after proceeding to a
depth of 250 feet, their efforts were rewarded. They have now
carried the well down 670 feet from the surface, and require only
time to complete their operations and to secure water sufficient for
their novel and interesting displays.

When an abundant supply of water shall have been brought to
the foot of the hill, it will be necessary not only to raise it to the
top, on a level with the building, but also to elevate it te a suf-
ficient height for obtaining the fall requisite for fountains to throw up
water to a height varying from 70 to 260 feet. The following is a brief
outline of the arrangements now making to effect these objects :— *

Three reservoirs have been formed at different levels in the
grounds, the lowest one being on the same level as the largest
basins placed nearly at the base of the hill ; the second, or inter-
mediate reservoir, is higher up, and in a line with the basin in the
central walk ; whilst the third, or upper reservoir, stands on the
top of the hill immediately adjoining the north end of the building.
Next to the Artesian Well, a small engine is placed which raises
the water required to be permanently maintained in the reservoirs
and in the basins of the fountains, and which will subsequently
supply, or keep up the water that is lost by waste and evaporation.

The reservoir on the sTommit of the hill contains the water
required for the useVof the building, and for the fountains
throughout the grounds. Close to this reservoir is an engine-
house, containing the steam-engines that raise part of the water in
the reservoir into two large tanks (each capable of holding
200,000 gallons of water), placed at the summit of the square
towers terminating the wings. From these towers the water

84 aMEBAL GUIDE BOOK.

flows to the basins in the grounds, and there throws up jets of 70
to 120 feet in height. These engines likewise lift to a proper
elevation the water necessary for the interior of the building, and
for making proper provision against fire. The remainder of the
water in the top reservoir^ in consequence of the sloping character
of the ground, will not need any help &om the engines, but will
flow direct to fountains on a lower level, and play smaller jets.
Through the same convenience, the waste water firom the upper
fountains will be used a second time in the lower fountains.

The centre or intermediate reservoir collects the waste water from
the displays which take place on ordinary days, and which will
include all the fountains save the two largest and the cascades.
Attached to this reservoir are also engines which pump the water
back to the upper reservoir. The lowest reservoir collects similarly
the waste water from the displays which will be presented in the two
largest fountains on the days of great exhibition, and its engiQes
will return the water at once to the top leveL With the exception
of the two largest fountains, which cannot play until the towers,
which have to supply jets of 250 feet high, are built at each end
of the building, the water-works of the Palace will shortly be
complete in every respect.

From the above simple statement it will be seen, that the
arrangements for supplying the fountains with water are at once
simple, complete, and based upon the most economical principles.
The engine power employed is that of three hundred and twenty
horses ; the water itself is conveyed to and from the reservoirs in
pipes varying from three feet to one inch in diameter ; and the
weight of piping may be set down at 4000 tons, its length,
roughly estimated, at ten miles.

The name Artesian is derived from the province of Artois in
France, where it is supposed that these wells were first constructed,
although it has been asserted that they were sunk in Italy at an
earlier period, and that they were even in use amongst the ancients.
An Artesian well may be briefly described as a small boring or
sinking in the ground through which water rises to, or nearly to,
the surface of the earth, in compliance with that well known law
which causes water to seek its level.

In the present case, the water which appears in the well comes
from a reservoir lying between the London clay and the hard under-
rocks as its upper and lower envelopes. This reservoir is supplied
by rain wat^, which, percolating the porous superficial and
upper strata^ and findiag an impediment to its downward progress

THE NAYS. 85

on reaching the rocks, flows transversely into the space between
the hard clay and rock, as into a cistern. The process by which
the reservoir is supplied is continuous, the water finding its way
down to it as if by a series of small tubes, and pressing against the
lower surface of the clay with a force which, if unresisted, would
raise it to the level from which it descended. When the clay is
pierced by the auger it is evident that this force is free to act, the
resistance of the clay at the point where it is pierced being removed,
and accordingly the water rises in the bore to the level from which
it is suppUed, and v/iil continue to do so as long as the percolation
lasts. The most remarkable Artesian well yet made is one at
Kissingen in Bavaria, which, in 1852, reached a depth of 2000
feet. As a commercial speculation it has been attended with
complete success. The water is saline.*

THE NAVE.

Quittrug the wing, to which the visitor was brought, he turns
into the body of the Palace, and the first object that attracts
attention is a fountain of toilet vinegar, erected by Mr. E. Bimmel,
frx>m designs furnished by Mr. John Thomas. Keeping close to
this, the south end of the Palace, we proceed towards the centre of
the nave, and passing through the opening in the ornamental
screen which stretches across the nave, a fine view is gained of
the whole interior of the building. In the fore-ground is Osier's
crystal fountain, which adorned the Palace in Hyde Park, but
here elevated in its proportions and improved. It is surrounded
by a sheet of water at each end of which float the gigantic leaves
of the Victoria Begia, the intermediate space being occupied by
various aquatic plants ; several species of the Nymphoea Devoniana,
the Nelumbium speciosum or sacred bean of the Pythagoreans, <feo.
On either side of the nave the plants of almost every clime wave
their foliage, forming a mass of cool pleasant colom:, admirably

* Foantaijis were well known to the ancient Greeks and Eomaos, who
ornamented their cities with them. It would appear that the latter were
acquainted with the law by which water ascends from a jet ; painted represen-
tations of such fountains having been found at Pompeii. The discovery is
attributed to Hero of Alexandria, about 150 B.C. However this may be, the
law itself was never applied in practice to any extent. The next jet-
foxmtain we meet with ^ on the celebrated mosaic work at San Vitale,
Bavenna, about 630 a.d. "We are not aware of any examples of jet-fountains
occurring amongst Europeans or Orientals of the middle ages, though ordinary
fountains were plentiful. The great jets of comparatively modem fountaiDfl are
the result of our advanced scientific knowledge.

36 . aENERAL OTIPB BOOK.

hannonizing with the surroundmg tints, ^jid also acting as a most
effective background to relieve the white ^ statues, which aie
picturesquely grouped along the nave ; at the back of these are
the faQades of the various Industrial and Fine- Art Courts, whose
bright colouring gives additional brilliancy to the interior, whilst
the aerial blue tint of the arched roof above considerably increases
the effect of the whole composition.

Let the visitor now proceed up the building until he arrives
at the central transept, at which point he will be enabled to
judge of the vastness of the hall in the midst of which he stands,
and of the whole structure of which the transept forms so noble
md Qouspicuous a part,

THE GREAT TRANSEPT.

Immediately on his right in the transept is a selection of works
of the old school of French Sculptors in front of the Gallery of
French Portraits, which commences immediately behind the statue
of Admiral Duquesne. On the opposite corresponding side are
ranged the works of Oanova, behind which, commencing near the
statue of Bubens, is placed the Italian portion of the Portrait
Gallery. On the left is a selection from the Works of English
Sculptors, at the back of which are i:anged the German portraits,
commencing at the Statue of Peel by Marochetti. On the
north-west side of the transept are selections from the ancient
Boman and Greek Schools of Sculpture, fronting the English
portraits which begin at the back of the statue of the Famese
Hercules. The schools of French and Italian sculpture, and of
German and English sculpture were passed by the visitor at the
junction of the nave and transept. Corresponding to these courts,
at the jimction on the opposite side, are Courts of the Grothic and
Renaissance, and of Greek and Boman sculpture. Full accounts
of all the works of art that attract and seize the eye of the visitor
at this point will be found in the Handbooks that deal especially
with these subjects. When a sufficient idea of this portion of the
Building has been obtained, he will do well to pass at once
towards the architectural restorations which await him on the other
side of the transept.

In order the better to appreciate the arrangement of those
restorations through which we now propose to conduct the visitor,
a few words explanatory of the object which they are intended to
serve may prove of \ise.

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Italian Portrait Gallery.

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German and English Sculpture Cotart.

German Portrait Gallery.
French and Italian Sculpture Court.

French Portrait Gallery.

SBNKBAL GUIDE BOOK.

Olymi^tm Jupiter.

INTRODUCTION TO THE FINE ARTS COURTS.

One of the most important objects of the Crystal Palace is to
teach a great practical lesson in art, Specimena of the various
phases through which the arts of Architecture and Sculpture
have passed, are here collected, commeiicing fiom the earliefit
known period down to modem times, or troia the remote ages of
Egyptian civilization to the sixteenth century after Christ— a period
of more than three thousand yeare.

PeriiapB no subject, with the exception of the literature of
departed nations, affords more interest to the mind of man, than
these visible proofe of the different states of society throughout
the world's history ; and nothing better aids us in realizing tho
people and customs of the past, than the wonderful monuments
happily preserved from the destructive hand of Time, and
now restored to something of their original splendour by the
patient and laborious i«searchea of modem times ; and, we
may add, (not without some pride) by the enterprising liberslity
of Englishmen.

Nor is it the least extraordinary fact, in this view of
progress, that the building itself, which contains these valuable
monnments of past ages, is essentially different from every
preceding style, uniting perfect strength with aSrial lightness,
and as easy of trection as it is capable of endniance. Tbie

THB EGYPTIAN COUBT. S9

combination of glass and iron has produced the original and
foeautifal resnlt of which the Crystal Palace is the most brilliant
example, suggesting to the mind a new and wonderful power of
extension beyond anjrthing the mind of the artist has yet devised.
Thus then, beneath one roof, may the visitor trace the course of art
from centuries long anterior to Christianity, down to the very
moment in which he lives, and obtain by this means an idea of the
successive states of civilization which from time to time have arisen
in the world, flourishing for a greater or less period, until over-
turned by the aggressions of barbarians, or the no less destructive
agency of a sensual and degraded luxury. Sculpture, the sister
art of architecture, has also been worthily illustrated within our
walls. Vainly, in any part of the world, will be sought a similar
collection, by means of which the progress of that beautiful art can
be r^ularly traced.

The statues will generally be found in the Architectural Courts
of the countries to which they belong, so that the eye may track the
intellectual stream as it flows on, now rising to the highest point
of beauty, and now sinking to the lowest depths of degradation.
The visitor is invited to j;)roceed with us on this world-wide tour of
inspection, but to bear also in mind that our present task is to
show him how to see the Building itself, and not to describe its
contents, except by briefly pointing out the most remarkable
objects that encoimter him on his way. For detailed and valuable
information the visitor is referred to the excellent Handbooks of
the respekjtive Courts, aU of which describe with minuteness not
only their contents, but every needful circumstance in connexion
with their history. The point from which we start is the central
transept. Proceeding northwards, up the nave, the visitor turns
immediately to the left and finds himself in front of

THE EGYPTIAN COURT.

The remains of Egyptian Architecture are the most ancient yet
discovered. They possess an absorbing interest, not only on
account of the connexion of Egypt with Biblical history, but
also of the perfect state of the remains, which enable us to judge
of the high state of civilization to which Egypt attained, and
which have permitted the decipherers of the hieroglyphics, led
by Dr. Young, Champollion, and Sir Gardner Wilkinson, in
our own time, to give us clear insight into the manner of life
—public and private— of this early and interesting nation.

40 eBNEBAL GUIDE BOOK.

Egyptian architecture is characterized by simplicity of consiiructioiiy
gigantic proportions, and massive solidity. The buildings were
almost entirely of stone, [and many of them are excavations and
shapings of rocks. The examples of this architecture now before
us are not taken &om any one ruin, but are illustrations of
various styles, commencing with the earliest, and terminating
with the latest, so that we are enabled to follow the gradual
development of the art. Little change, however, was effected
during its progress. The original solidity so admirably suited to
the requirements of the Egyptians continued to the end ; and
religion forbade a change in the conventional representations of
those gods and kings which so extensively cover the temples and
tombs. So that we find the same peculiar character continued in
a great measure to the very last.

Advancing up the avenue of lions, cast from a pair brought
firom Eg3^t by Lord Prudhoe (the present Duke of Northumber-
land), we have before us the outer walls and columns of a temple,
not taken from any one particular structure, but composed
from various sources, to illustrate Egyptian columns and capitals
during the Ptolemaic period, somewhere about 300 years b.o.
On the walls are coloured sunk-reliefs showing a king making
offerings or receiving gifts from the gods. The capitals or heads
of the columns are palm- and lotus-leaved ; some showing the
papyrus in its various stages of development, from the simple
bud to the full-blown flower. The representation of the palm
and the papyrus occurs frequently in Egyptian architecture ; the
leaves of the latter, it will be remembered, were made into paper,
and its flowers were specially used as offerings in the temples.
On the frieze above the columns is a hieroglyphic inscription
stating that '^in the seventeenth year of the reign of Victoria,
the ruler of the waves, this Palace was erected and furnished with
a thousand statues, a thousand plants, &c. , like as a book for the
use of the men of all countries." This inscription is repeated, with
some slight additions, on the frieze of the interior of the Court.
On the cori^ce of both the inside and outside of the Court, are the
names of Her Majesty and Prince Albert, engraved in hieroglyphic
characters, and also winged globes, the symbolic protecting deity of
doorways. Entering by the central doorway, on the lintels and
sides of which are inserted the different titles of King Ptolemy in
hieroglyphics, we find ourselves in the exterior court of a temple in
which the multitude assembled ; the decorations of the walls are
similar to those . we saw outside, and it must be borne in mind

THE EGYPTIAN CODST. H

that the colouring ie taken &om actu&l remaios in E^Qrpt. On tha
wall to the left ia a large picture copied &om the great Temple of
Kameaes IIL or BameseB Mai Amim, at Medioet Haboo near
Thebea, showing the couuting of the hands of the slain before the
king who is in his chariot ; on the light hand side of the Court is '
a representation of a battle-scene, with the Egyptians irtonning a
fortress. Turnii^ to the left, after examining the eight gigantic
figures of Kamesea the Great, forming the fofade of another temple,

The GlganUo Pigiirea ot Ramesos tliB Great,

we enter the colonnade of aa earl^ period, its date being abont 1300
B.C. The columns represent eight stems and buda of the papTTUs
boond together, and are cast irom a black granite column bearing
the name of Amunoph, now in the British Museum.

Passing on wo find ourselvos in a dark tomb copied from one at
Boni Hassan. It is the earliest piece of architecture in the Crystal
Palace, its date being about 1660, B.C. The original tomb is cot
in the solid chain of rocks that forms a boundary on the east of
the Nile, separating the sandy desert from the fertile valley of the
river. Although architectural remains exist in Egypt of a much
earlier date than this tomb, it still possesses great value to MS, for it
may be considered as exhibiting the first order of Egyptian columns,
which was employed in constructing buildings at as remote a period
as two thousand years before Qhrist ; this fluted ctdomn in

42 GHKERAL OUIDE BOOK.

another roapect cl^ms oiir attention, for there can be bst little doubt
that it supplied the Greeks with the model of their earlyDoric

Passing out, we behold, in front of us, a beautiful colonnade,
ttom the Island of Phite, and of the same perioil as the
Egyptian wall which we first saw fronting
the nave. Within tlufl Court we cannot fail to
remark the scstterejf statues, especially the
Egyptian Antinous, executed during tho
Eoman nilo, the life-like development of
whose limbs, representing, as it no doubt
does, the Egyptian type, is sufficient to
ooavince us that when Egyptian art ■wan
not tied down by the hierardiicnl yoke, it
was capable of producing works of tnith
and merit Amidst the statues will bo
found two circular-headed stones— copies of
the celebrated Eosetta stone (ao called fi;om
having been found at the little town of
Rosetta, near Alexandria) from which
Dr. Yotmg and Champollion obtained a key
First ordM^of EgypliM ^^ y^^ deciphering of hieroglyphics. The
stone is engraved in three charaeters : Hiero-
glyphics, Enchorial — the writing of the country — and Greek ; tho
inscription is an address from the priests to the Greek King of
Egypt, Ptolemy V., in which the sovereign's praises are set forth,
and orders are given to sot up a statue of the king, together with
the address, in every temple. Tha date of this interesting remnant
of Egyptian manners and customs is about 200 years before the
Christian era. Further on to the right — in a recess, is the
model of the temple of Aboo Simbel, cut in tho side of a rock,
in Nubia. Tho sitting flg\ires represent Eameses the Great,
and the smaller ones around, his mother, wife, and daughter.
The original tomb is ten times as large as the present model.
Some notion of the stupendous mi^{nitude of these Egyptian
remains may be formed by observing the small figure standing
on the tomb, which shows the relative height of an ordiiiary
living man. Turning from this recess, and after looking at the
beautiful lotus columns to the left, surmounted by die cow-
eared Goddess of Love of the Egyptians, and having examined
the two large pictures on the walls of the temple — one of which
represents a king slaying his enemies with the aid of the god
Ammon Ka, and the other a feat of arms of the same king —

GENEEAL aUlDE BOOit.

we direct our attention to the oolumns before us, which are
reduced models of a portion of the celebrated Temple of Kamac at
Thebes. This temple was, perhaps, one of the largest and most
interesting in Egypt ; the principal portions said to have been
erected by Eameses IL about 1170 b. c. It seems to have been
a fashion with the Theban kings to make additions to this temple
during their respective reigns ; and, as each monarch was anxious
to outvie his predecessor, the size of the fabric threatened to
become unbounded. Temples and tombs were the grand extrava-
gances of the Egyptian kings. The simis that modem rulers
devote to palaces which add to their splendour whilst living, were
given by the remote princes of whom we speak, and who regarded
life as only a fleet passage towards eternity, for the construction
of enduring homes when life should have passed away. Inasmuch
as, if the career of an Egyptian king proved irreligious or
oppressive, the priests and people could deny him sepulture
in his own tomb, it is not imlikely that many Egyptian kings
lavished large siuns upon temples, in order to conciliate the
priestly favour, and to secure for their em-
balmed bodies the much-prized sanctuary.
It is to be observed, however, with respect
to the names and inscriptions fo\md on
Egyptian monuments, that they are by no
means always to be taken as an authentic
accoimt of the illustrious remains within.
Some of the Egyptian kings have been
proved guilty of erasing from tombs the
names of their predecessors, and of sub-
stituting their own ; an imwarrantable and
startling deception that has proved very
awkward and embarrassing to Egyptian
antiquaries.

The portion of Kamac here modelled
is taken from the HaU of Oolimms, com-
menced by Osirei the First, and completed
by his son, Eameses the Great — a most illus-
trious monarch, who flourished during the

twelfth Century before Christ, whose deeds are frequently recorded,
and whose statue is foimd in many parts of Egypt. Before
entering the temple we stay to notice the representations of
animals and birds on the frieze above the colimms, which is the
dedication of the temple to the gods. Entering between the

r< 'i r< ri »> r. r.

Mmf^m^

Column from Kamac.

THB GEEBK COCET. 15

eolimms, on the lower part of which is the name of Rameses the
Great, and, in the middle, a representation of the three principal

divinities of Thebes receiving offeringa from King Osim ; and

after thoronghlj examining this interesting restoration, we t^urn
again into tie onter court, Begaining the nave, a few steps
directed to the left, bring ns to '

The Parthenon.

THE GREEK COURT.

Architeotnre and fioulpture have here made a stride. We have
noted even in Egypt the advance from early rude effort to a con-
dstent gigantic system of art, that covers and almost darkens the
laud under the ahadow of a stem hierarcMcaJ religion. Wo step at
once from the gloom into the sunshine of Greek art. The over-
whelming grandenr of E^ypt, with its austere conventionalities is
exchanged for true simplicity, great beauty, and ideality. Just
proportions, truth, and grace of form and appropriate ornament
characterized Greek architecture. The fundamental principles of
construction, as will readily be seen, were the same in Greece as in
Egypt, but improved, added to, and perfected. The architecture
of both countries was columnar ; but, compare the Greek columns
before as with those which we just now saw in Egypt, taken from
the tomb of Beoi Hassan ; the latter are simple, rude, ill-propor-
tioned, and with slight pretension to beauty, whilst, in the former,
the simplicity still prevailing, the rudeness and heaviness have

id GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

departed, the pillars taper gracefully, and are finely proportioned
and elegant, though of great strength. The specimen of Greek
architecture before us is from the later period of the first ozder,
namely, the Doric ; and the court is taken, in i)art, from the
Temple of Jupiter at Nemea, which was built about 400
years B.C., still within the verge of the highest period of Greek
Art, Passing along the front, we notice on the frieze above the
columns the names of the principal Greek cities and colonies.

We enter the court through the central opening. * This portion
represents part of a Greek agora, or forum, which was used as a
market, and also for public festivals, for political and other
assemblies. Around the frieze in this central division are the names
of the poets, artists, philosophers of Greece, and of their most
celebrated patrons, the list commencing immediately above the place
of entrance, with old blind Homer, and finishing with Anthemius
the architect of Saint Sophia at Constantinople. The names,
it will be remarked, are inserted in the Greek characters of the
period at which the various persons lived. The monograms within
the ohaplets on the frieze are formed of the initial letters of the
Muses, the Graces, the Good and the Wise ; on the walls are also
pictures representing the Olympian Gods and Marriage of Peleus
and Thetis, the Judgment of Paris, Destruction of Ilium,
and Escape of .^Eneas and Anchises, Hades and the Argonautic
expedition. The colouring of this court, with its blue, red,
and yellow surfaces, blazoned with gold, produces an excellent
effect. It is the object of the decorators to give to the whole of
the architectural' specimens in the Crystal Palace, those colours
which there is reason to know, or to believe, they originally
possessed ; to restore them, in fact, as far as possible to their
pristine state, in order that the iooLagination of the spectator
may be safely conducted back in contemplation to the artistic cha-
racteristics of distant and distinctive ages. In this court are
arranged sculptures and models of temples. Amongst the former
will be recognised many of the finest statues and groups of the Greek
school, the Laocoon (16) ; the Famese Juno (6) ; the well-known
Discobolus (4) from the Vatican ; the Ariadne, also from the Vatican
(27) ; the Sleeping, or Barberini Faun (19) ; and, in the centre, the
unrivalled Venus of Melos (1). * We make our way roimd this
court, beginning at the right hand. After examining the collection,
we pass between the columns into the small side court, (next to
Egypt), answering to a stoa of the Agora. Around the frieze are

* These ntunbers refer to the Handbook of the Gr^k Court.

TH8 6EEBK COOET. 17

fonad the nanieB of the great men of the Greok colonies, arranged
in ohrraiological order. The visitor has here an opportunity of
contrasting the architecture and sculpture of the Egyptians with
Uioae of the Oreeks. On one side of him is an S^yptian wall
inclining inw&rds, with its angular pictorial decorations, and the
BaaaiTe coIohb^ figures guarding the entrances. On the other Bide
are the beautiful columns Mid bold cornice of the Greek Doric,
muTOunded by statuea characterized by beauty of form and refined
idealized ezpression. In this diviaioa will also be found tJie busts
of the Greek Poete, arranged
in chronologioal order, com-
mencing on the right-hand side
from the nave ; these form a
portion of tiie Portrait Gallery
of the Oryatal Palace.

Making our way through the
opening in the back, opposite the
Nave, weenter a covered atrium,
commonly attached to the portion
of the agora here reproduced.
The massive onto, or square
pillars, and the panelled ceiling
— the form of the latter adapted
from the Temple of Apollo at
Bassaa in Arcadia — give the
visitor another specimen of
Greek architecture. We pn>-
oeed, to the right, down this
atrium, occasionally stepping

out to esamine the soulptuie Portrait of Uomer.

airanged in the gallery, and the restored and coloured frieze of the
Parthenon of Athens, which extends its length along the waU.
The coloured portion has been executed under the direction of
Mr, Owen Jonea, the golden hair ami the several tints being
founded on authentic examples which still exist on analogona
remains of ancient Greek art. This frieze represents the
Panathenaic procession to the temple of Athene Folias, which
formed part of the display at this greatest of the Athenian
festivals, and took place every fourth year. Dividing the
frieze, is one of the moat interesting objects in the Crystal
Palace, a model of the weatem front of the Part.henon itself, about
one-fourth the size of the original structure. This ia the largest

48 GBNEEAL aUIBE BOOK.

model that has ever been constructed of this beautiful temple, and,
being coloured from actual remains and legitimate deductions, it
possesses the great charm of a veritable copy. The scale is suffi-
ciently large to give a complete idea of the original. This
admirable model is due to the intelligent and successful researches
prosecuted in Athens by Mr. Penrose, whose labours have thrown
so much new light upon the refinements practised by the Greeks in
architecture. Mr. Penrose has himself directed the construction
of the model. In this gallery are ranged statues and groups,
including the celebrated Niobe group, from Florence (187 to
187 L, inclusive). This subject of the punishment of Niobe's
family by the gods was frequently treated by Greek artists ; and
certainly the group before us is one of the most beautiful examples
of Greek sculptural art. It is supposed that the portion of
the group at Florence occupied the pediment of the temple of
Apollo Sosianus at Rome. The Niobe group belongs to one of
the brightest period^. Casts from those most beautiful and
wonderful remains of ancient art, the colossal figures from the
pediment of the Parthenon at Athens, are also here (185 to
185 B.). The originals, brought over to England by Lord Elgin in
1801-2, are in the British Museum, and the nation is indebted for
the acquisition to the painter Haydon, who was the first British
artist to recognise the value, and appreciate the beauty of these
mutilated but inimitable monuments of art at the highest period of
its glory. They belong to the Phidian school, and are characterized
by simple grandeur, great repose in the attitudes, and a deep study
of nature iu their forms. The Theseus more particularly displays
a marvellous study and appreciation of nature. In connexion
with the Parthenon will also be seen a cast from a part of one of
the actual columns, also in the British Museum (150).* In this
Stoa is the wonderful Belvedere Torso, &om the Vatican (67); the
far-famed Venus de' Medici (198), fn>m Florence, and the exqui-
site Psyche (199), firom the Museum at Naples. The visitor will
not fail to be astonished, no less by the number than by the
charming effect of these works which have come down to our
time, and which will descend to the latest posterity as models of
excellence. Proceeding until we arrive at the junction of the
Greek and Boman Courts, we turn into the right hand division,
of the outer court ; round the firieze of which are the names of
the statesmen and warriors of Athens, the Peloponnesus and

* For a minute description of all the stataes and other works of art in this
Oonrt^ see the "Handbook to the Greek Court."

THE GREEK COURT.

Attica. The busts ranged on either side are portraits of the Greek
philosophers, orators, generals and statesmen, arranged in chrono-
logical order, conuuendng at the entrance from the naye.

GREEK SCULPTURES.

Ko.

1. Vbkus VicrpBix.

2. Venus YiCTSix OF Cafua.

3. DiONE.

4. Quoit-Thbowxr.

5. The Warbiob of Aqasias.

6. JlTNO.

T. Naiad.

8. Apollo.

9. Mkbcubt.

10. "Fjxun.

11. Colossal Female FiOTJiiE.

12. Faun.

13. Scythian.

14. Danaid.

15. Vacant.

10. Laoooon and his Sons.
17. Farnese Minerva.

18. 3IINERVA.

19. Bleeping Faun.

20. Youth.

21. Jason.

22. Diana.

23. LuDOYisi Habs.

24. Qenius of Death.

25. Jason.

26. Apollo Lycius.

27. Ariadne.

28. MlNERYA.

29. MiNERYA.

30. SOMNUB.

81. Clio.

82. Frieze in Alto-rilieyo.

83. Endtmion.

84. Bas-relief.^

85. Perseus and Andromeda.

86. Polyhymnia.

87. Minerva.

88 & 39. Canzphobjl

40. Minerva.

41. Flora.

42. Uyoieia.

43. Small Statue OF Female.

44. Euterpe.

45. Vesta.

46. Euterpe.

47. Borohssb Flora.

48. Minerva.

49. A Muse.

60. Polyhymnia.

61. Thalia.

62. A Bronze Figure.

63. Torso of an Amazon.

64. Minerva.

65. Small Female Figure.

66. The East Frieze of the Theskum.

67. Portion of Frieze.

68. Battle of the Amazons.

69. Bas-rblikf.

OD. XUIEBTA.

No.

61. Puteal.

62. Torso of a Faun.

63. ^SCULAPIUS AND TELSSPBORUB.

64. Pomona.

65. Philosopher.

66. Torso of a Youthful Male Figure

67. A Seated Hercules.

68. Torso of a Female Figure.

69. Horse's Head.

70. Polyhymnia.

71. Horse's Head.

72. Torso and Legs of a Deuoatxlt

formed Female.

73. Marsyas. •

74. Horse's Head.

75. Diana.

76. Antinous and his Genius with

small Statue of Elpis.

77. Ganymedes and Eagle.

78. Cupid and Psyche.

79. Thalia.

80. Augustus.

81. Apollo.

82. Ceres.

83. Bacchus crowned with Ivt.

84. Victory.

85. Penelope and Telemachus.

86. Half-draped Female Statue.

87. Thetis.

88. Ganymedes.

89. Bacchus.

90. .ssculapius.

91. Hunter.

92. Julian the Apostate.

93. Architectural Scrollwork.

94. Architectural Scrollwork.

95. Architectural Ornament.

96 & 98. Two Portions of a Frieze.
97. Spain.

99. Architectural Ornamenv of a
Griffin.

100. Bold Architectural Ornaments.

101. Architectural Scrollwork.

102. Architectural Scrollwork.

103. Architectural Fragment.

104. Architectural Fret.

105. Architectural Portions of a

Cornice.
106—110. Architectural Fragments.

111. Large Lion's Head.

112. Capital.

113—116. Architectural Fragments.

117. LUCILLA.

118. The Front of a large Sarcopha-

gus.

119. A.B. Bas-relief.

120. Vacant.

121. Vacant.

122. Viotort

eBN£&AL eUlDB BOOK.

No.

128. Vaca»T.

178B.

124. From A Terra-ootta.

The Elgin Marbles.

126. Bas-relief.

Frieze.

126. Bas-relief.

East Frieze.

127. Roman Sacrifice.

179.

A Portion of the West Frieze of

128. Terra -coTT AS.

THE Parthenon.

129. PXJDICITIA.

180.

Fragment of the Frieze of the

129.* Bas-relief.

Parthenon in the Vatican.

130. Cerk.

181.

Portion of an interesting littlb

130 a. Bar-relief.

Female Figure.

181. Bas-relief.

182.

Fragment of one of the South

182. Musicians.

Metopes of the Parthenon.

183. The Muses.

183.

Vacant.

134. Bas-ret.ief.

184.

Vacant.

185. Bas-relief.

Statues from the Eastern Pe-

ISA. Bas-relief.

diment OF THE Parthenon.

137. Bas-relief.

186.

Theseus.

138. Alto-rilievo of white marble.

186a

.. Ceres and Proserpine.

139. Bas-relief.

186c

. Horse's Head.

140. Bas-rblibf.

1S6B

r. The Fates.

141. Tfrrr Cities PEBSONuriED.

187.

NiobA and Daughter.

142. Vestal.

187a

.. Niobid.

143. Bas-relief.

187b

1. Niobid.

144. Retrograde Sepulchral Inscrip-

187c

. Niobid and P.iwaoogub.

tion.

187r

K Niobid.

145. Small Bas-relief.

1871

. Niobid.

146. Athenian Bas-relikf.

187*

'. Niobid.

147. The Dioscuri.

187Q

L Niobid.

148. Portion of a Funereal Vase.

187b

[. Niobid.

149. Cippus.

187i

. Niobid.

160. Upper Part op Doric Column of

187k

:. Niobid.

the Parthenon.

187l. Niobid.

151. Bas-relief.

188.

Colossal Torso.

162. Athenian Bas-relief.

189.

The Ilioneus restored.

168. A VERT FINE FrAOMENT.

190.

Venus.

164. Alto-rilievo from Athbi^s.

191.

Cupid.

166. Pluto.

192.

The Son of NiobA.

166. Fraombnt of Frieze of the Par*

198.

Farnese Torso of a Youth.

THENON.

194.

Amazon.

157. Fragment OF A Horse's Head.

196.

Priest of Bacchus.

168. Small Bas-relief.

196.

Melpo^aenA.

169. Bas-relief.

197.

Ilioneus.

160. Juno AND MlNERYA.

198.

Medici Venus.

161. A Cavalcade.

199.

Psyche.

162. An INSCRIBED STtxJ.

200.

Owl upon a Square Plinth.

163. Bas-relief.

201.

Iris, Hecate; or Lucifera.

164. The lower portion of a StAlA.

202.

Pan.

166. JXTNO.

203.

Cupid.

166. Bas-relief.

204^

Model of the Temple of Neptune

167. A small Athenian Bas-relief.

AT PiBSTUM.

168. Bas-relief.

206.

Square Altar of the Capitol.

169. A LOW Belief.

206.

Sosibius Vase.

170. Gartatidji.

207.

Funereal Vasb.

171. Bas-relief.

208.

Sacrificial Altar.

172. Ultsses AND HIS Dog.

200.

Candelabrum or Tripod.

173. An INSCRIBED Farbwetx Scene.

210.

Altar.

174. An iNTEREHTiNa little Alto-ri-

211.

A Tripod.

lievo.

212.

VicrroRY.

176. Bas-relief.

213.

ClNERARIXTM OF LUOILIUS.

176. Fragment OF Seated Female.

215.

Euripides.

177. Fragment.

216.

Candelabrum.

178 and 178a. Alto-Biluevo.

217.

Head of Magnus Decentius.

We walk througli this court until tre reach the nave ; ihetf
turning to the left find ourselves facing the

thb Roman court.

ROMAN COURT.

On approaching this Court the viBitor will at onoe notice

a new architectural element — as useful aa it is beautiful

namely, the Arch, a feature that
lias been found susceptible of the
greatest variety of treatm.ent. Until
within the last few years the credit
of the first use of the arch as an
arehitectwral principle has been given
to the Greek architect under Boman
rale, but disooveriea in Egypt, and
more recently in Assyria by Mr.
I*yard and M. Botta, have shown
that constructed and ornamented
arches were frequently employed in
architecture many himdred years be-
fore €he Christian era. It is to be
observed that architecture and sculp-
ture had no original growth at Bome,

and were not indigenous to the soil. Boman structures were modifl-
catioDH frvm the Greek, adapted to suit the requirements and tastes
of the people ; and thus it happened that the simple severity,
purity, and ideality of early Greek art degenerated under the
Boman empire, into the wanton luxuriousnesa that characte'rized
its latest period. In comparii^ the Greek and Roman statues,
we remark a grandeur of conception, a delicacy of sentiment, &
poetical reBnement of thoi^ht in the former, indicative of the
highest artistic development with which we are acquainted. When
Greece became merely a Boman province, that h^h exc^enoe
was already on the decline, and the disper»on of her artists,
on the final subjugation of the country by Mummiua, the Boman
gMieral, n.c. 146, hastened the descent. A large number o£
Grecian artists settled at Bome, where the sentiment of ser*
vitude, and the love of their masters for display, produced
wcnks which by degrees fell further and further &om their
glorious models, until richness of material, mannal cunning, and
a more than feminine weakness characterized their principal pro-
ductions ; and the aoulptor's art became d^raded into a trade, in
which all feelii^ for the ancient Greek excellence was for ever lost.
■ 2

B2 QEHEBAL QUIDS B00£.

Thus, in the tranqilauted art of Greece, serving iie Roman masterB,
a. material and sensual feeling more or less prevails, appealing to the
pa^siooB rather than to the intellect«
and high imaginationa of men. The
cumbrous dresses and armour vhich
mark the properly Roman style, hide
the graceful and powerful forms of
nature imder the symbob of station
and office, creating a species of poli-
tical sculpture.

Sin the wall now before us we
have a model of a portion of the
outer wall of the Coliseum .it Rome,
pierced with arches and ornamented
with Tuscan columns. The Coiisenm
is one of the most wonderful stmc-
I turea in the world, and the Pyra-
mida of Egypt alone can be
compared with it in point of size.
It is elliptical in form, and con-
sisted outwardly of four stories.
In the centre of the interior was
' the arena or scene of action,
eWtu.otHadrkm from the BriUsli ^^^^ „,^^ tj,^ seats for spec-
tators rose, tier above tier. The
enormous range was capable of seating 87,000 persons. Ves-
pasian and Titus erected this amphitheatre, and the work com-
menced about A.D. '79. In this vast and splendidly decorated
buildup, the ancient Bomans assembled to witness chariot-races,
naval engagements, combats of wild animals, and other exciting

Entering the Roman Court through the central archway we come
into an apartjnent whose walls are colotu^ in imitation of the
porphyry, malachite, and rare marbles with which the Roman
people loved to adorn their houses. This style of decoration appeal^
to have been introduced a little before the Christian era, and so
lavish were the EomanB in supplying ornament for their homes, that
the Emperor Augustus, dreading the result of the extravagance,
endeavoured by his personal moderation to put a stop to the
reckless expenditure : although, it is recorded, that the lofty
exemplar was set up for imitation in vain.

FollowiBg the same plan as in the Ctreek Court, we proceed rotmd

THE ROMAN COURT. 08

from the right to the leffc, examining the sculptures and models.
Amongst the former will be noticed the statue of Drusus from
Naples (222) ; the beautifdl Venus Aphrodite from the Capitol,
Home (226) ; the Venus Genitrix from the Louvre (228) ; the
fine statue of a musician, or female performer on the lyre, from
the Louvre (230) ; the Marine Venus (233) ; the Venus of Aries
(237) ; the Venus Callipygos from Naples (238) ; and the Bacchus
from tiie Louvre (241).* Around the court are placed the portrait
busts of the most celebrated kings and emperors of Borne, arranged
chronologically, commencing, on the right hand side of the entrance,
with Nimia Pompilius (34), and terminating with Constantinus
Chlorus (73)t. Amongst the models is one of the Coliseum, which
will give the visitor a perfect idea of the form and arrangement, if
not of the size, of the original structure. Having completed our
survey, we enter the arched vestibule at the back adjoining the
Greek Court. This vestibule, and the three others adjacent, are
founded, in respect of their decorations and paintings, on
examples still extant in the ancient baths of Rome. The bath, as
is well known, was indispensable to the Bomans, and in the days of
their " decadence," when they had sunk from glorious conquerors
and mighty generals into the mere indolent slaves of luxury, the
warm bath was used to excess. It is said that it was resorted to
as often as seven or eight times a day, and even used immediately
after a meal, to assist the digestive organs, and to enable the
bather to enjoy, with as little delay as possible, another luxurious
repast.

We proceed through these vestibules, as in the Greek Court,
studying the objects of art, and occasionally stepping out to notice
the continuation of the Parthenon frieze on the wall at the back,
and the sculptures ranged aroimd. In the centre of the first
vestibide is the Venus Genitrix (234) ; in the centre of the second
vestibule, the Apollo Belvedere (252) ; and in the third, the Diana
with the deer (261) J, — ^three chef-d'oeuvres of sculpture, that give
an idea of the highest state of art imder Koman rule. We soon
arrive at the sides of the Alhambra, when, turning to the right,
we find ourselves in a Homan side court, which is surroimded by
the busts of the most renowned Koman Generals, of Empresses and
other women.

* These numbers refer to the Handbook of the Roman Court.

t These two numbers refer to those in the Handbook to the Portrait Gallery.

1 Numbers of Eoman Handbook.

GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

ANTIQUE SCULPTURES IN ROMAN COURT AND NAVE,

No.

218. Model of the Fobuu op Sooie.

284. Faun OF THE Capitol.

221. Faun.

285. Mercury.

222. Statue of Drtjsus.

286. Trajan.

223. Young Faun.

287. Mercury OF THE Vatioah.

224. Draped Venus AND Cupm.

288. Antinous.

225. TouNO Hebcules.

289. Meleager OF Berlin.

226. Venus of thr Capitol.

290. Menander.

227. Oantmedes.

291. POSIDIPPUS.

228. Venus Genitbix.

292. Boar.

229. QiBL.

293. Meleager OF the Vatican. ^

230. Portrait OF A Musician.

294. Quoit-Pi.ayer. "*

231. Small Female Figure.

295. Faun.

282. Youth INVOKING the Gods.

296. Adonis.

2S8. Marine Venus and Cupm.

297. Polyhymnia.

294. Camillus.

298. Apollo Sauroctonos.

285. Large Female Figure.

299. Athlete, or Boxer.

286. Venus.

300. The Clapping Faun.

28T. Venus VicTRix.

801. Apollo Sauroctonos.

238. Venus Calupygos.

802. Amazon.

289. Urania.

803. Faun.

240. Baccthus.

304. Wrestlers.

241. Richelieu Bacchus.

805. Young Faun.

242. Faun.

806. SiLENUS.

243. Venus AND Cupid.

307. POSIDONIUS.

244. Female READING A Scroll.

308. Demosthenes,

245. Venus.

309. Gladiator.

246. Cupid AND PsTCHB.

310. Achilles.

247. Boy EXTRACTING Thorn.

311. Bacchus.

248. Venus.

812. Germanicus.

249. Ceres.

818. Adonis, or Apollo.

260. AncuirrhOe.

814. Antinous.

251. Nymph Extracting a Thorn.

315. Discobolus.

252. Belvedere Apollo.

316. Mercury. j

268. Young Faun.

317. Hercules. ]

264. Cupid.

318 and 819. Dioscuri. ,

266. Hercules AND Omphals.

819. Vacant.

266. Young Faun.

320. Monument OF Lybigratbb.

267. Faun.

821. Demosthenes.

268. Apolix) Bauroctonoc

822. Sophocles.

269. Faun.

323. Vacant.

260. TounoFaun.

824. Phocion.

261. Diana.

826. Vacant.

262. BoyandGooss.

826. Aristides, or JEschinbs.

263. Boy AND Bird.

827. Philosopher.

264. Boy with Masiu

328. Minerva.

266. Uranu.

329. Melpomene.

266. Penelope.

380. Young Jupiter.

267. Ganymedes.

831. Lucius Verus.

26a Girl.

332. Plotina.

269. Boy AND Goose.

338. Lucius Verus.

270. EUMACHIA.

834. Julia PiA DoMNA.

271. PUDIOITIA.

835. Juno.

272. Portrait Statue of a Roman

836. Medusa Head.

Lady.

837. Olympian Jupiter.

278. LiviA Dbusilla.

338. Titus Vespasian.

274. Vase.

839. Jupiter Serapis.

276. Candelabrum.

340. Marine Deity.

276. ToRLONiA Hercules.

841. Juno.

277. Dog.

342. Pbrtinax.

278. Colossal Cupid AS Hercules.

348. Trajan.

279. Bacchus.

844. Marcus AuRBLiUB.

280. Antinous.

845. M. AORiPPA.

281. Agrippina the Elder.

846. Thalia.

282. Adonis.

847. Antinous.

288. Bagchuh.

•

848. Head OF THE Youthful Baochfs.

THE EOMAN COUET.

No.

349. Juno.

414.

Part of a Sepulchral Alta)%,

350. DlBCB.

415.

Omphale.

S51. P ALT. AS.

416.

Stag Bearing.

852. BOSOHKSB VAflTI.

417.

Roebuck Standing.

S53. M£BICX Yabb.

418.

Nymph.

S54. Vasb.

419.

Nymph at Fountain.

855. Vabk

420.

Small Statue of Sitting Hsr-

356. Vabx.

CULES.

867. FouNTAnr in form of a Tripod.

421.

Cato and Porcia.

S58. Cupid sncibcliu) by a Dolphin.

422.

Bronze Plates from StrusoA-N

859. Amazon.

Chariot.

860. Cerks.

423.

^aop Statue.

361. Mbrcurt.

Not yd arrived.

862. MEDia Venus.

219.

Model of the Coliseum at Rome.

863. Athlete.

220.

Model of the Trajan Column at

864. PosiDONius.

Rome.

865. Polyhymnia.

Adorantb,

866. Bronze Statue of a Youth.

Adorante.

367. Faun.

^NEAS.

368. Antinous and his Genius.

AESCULAPIUS.

869. Dancing Faun.

Ariadne.

370. Sleepino Faun.

Bas-rrt.tbf of a Comic Scene.

371. Bust of MetiEaqer.

Bas-relief.

372. Bronze Faun.

Boy and Goose.

373. Apollo Sauroctonob.

Bust of Scifio Africanus.

374. Small sittino Figure of Urania.

Centaur Borohess.

875. Bronze Statue of a Youth.

Ceres.

376. Small Figure of Ceres.

Crouching Veiivs,

377. Apollo Lycius.

DOMITIAN.

378. The dog Molossus.

Euterpe.

379. Wrestlers, or Pancratiast^.

Flora.

880. Bronze Statue of a Boy ex-

Florence Hermaphrodite.

tracting A Thorn.

Hercules.

881. Antoninus Pius.

Hermaphrodite.

882. Indian Bacchus.

Hermaphrodite.

883. Bust of Laughing Faun.

Indian Bacchus.

384. Bust of Achilles.

Indian Bacchus.

885. Double Hermes, or Terminal Bust.

Indian Bacchus.

386. Bearded Bacchus.

Isis.

387. Bacchus.

Isis.

888. 2sus Trophonios.

Juno.

889. Head of Apollo.

Juno of the Capitol.

890. Jupiter.

Jupiter Sebapis.

891. Double Hermes, or Terminal Bus'».

IiA Providence.

892. Head of Apollo.

Menelaus Bust.

893. Jupiter Sebapis.

Minerva Bust.

394. The Sun.

Muse.

395. Juno.

Nebrid Bacchus.

306. Apollo.

NiOBE Sarcbophaous.

397. Head of the Laoooon.

P^TUS AND ARRIA.

898. Achilles.

Palsmon.

399. JEscuLAPius.

Providentia.

400. Female Bust.

Rome.

401. Philosopher.

Rome.

402. Bust of Draped Female.

Salpion Vase.

403. Pluto.

Sibyl.

404. Omphale.

The Triumph of Titus.

405. Bust of Ariadne, or Arethusa.

The most celebrated Bernini Her-

406. Sera PIS, or Infernal Jupiter.

maphrodite.

407. Paris.

Tiberius.

408. Bust of Minerva Medica.

Triangular Altar of the Twelve

409. Bust of Pallas.

Gods.

410. Medusa.

Vase of the Capitol.

411. Bust of Reposing Faun.

Venus of Cnidos.

412. Head of a Child.

Wounded Amazon.

413, Jufstkb.

YovNO Hercules.

tuu

I- -L -^ H

i i

■ ■

H CORRIDOR ■

THE ALHAMBBA COURT. Cj

PsBBrng thKiugli this compartment, we once more make our
way to the nave, and bring ourselves face to face with the goi^eoua
nutgnificeiice of

f •

THE ALHAMBRA COURT.

The architectural seqnence is now interrupted. We have arrived
at one of those offshoots firom a. parent stem which flouriahed for a
time, and then entirely disappeared : leaviog examples of their art
which either compel our wonder by the exlraordinary novelty erf
the details, aa in the case of Nineveh, or, as in the court now
before us, excite our admiration to the highest pitch, by the splen-
dour and richness of the decorations. The Saracenic or Moresque
architecture sprang &om. the Byzantine, the common parent of all
subsequent styles, and the legitimate suooessor to the Boman system.
We shall immediately have occaaioa to speak more particularly of

68 OTNERAL GUIDE BOOK.

the parent root when we cross the nave and enter the Byzantine
Court. Of the Moorish architecture which branched out from it,
it will be sufficient to say here that the solid external structure was of
plain, simple masonry ; whilst the inside was literally covered, from
end to end, with rich arabesque work in coloured stucco, and adorned
with mosaic pavements, marble fountains, and sweet-smelUng
flowers.

The fortress-palace of the Alkambra,* of a portion of which
this court is a reproduction, was built about the middle of the
thirteenth century. It rises on a hill above the city of
Granada (in the south of Spain), the capital of the Moorish
kingdom of that name, which, for two hundred and fifty years,
withstood the repeated attacks of the Christians, and was not
finally reduced until 1492, by Ferdinand and Isabella. The
Alhambra, under Moorish rule, was the scene of the luxurious
pleasures of the monarch, and the stage upon which many fearful
crimes were enacted. Within its brilliant couriis, the king fell
by the hand of the aspiriag chief, who, in his turn, was cut
down by an equally ambitious rival. Few spots can boast a more
intimate association with the romantic than the Alhambra, until the
Christians ejected the Moors from their splendid home, and the
palace of the unbeliever became a Christian fortress.

The part here reproduced is the far-famed Court of Lions and
the Tribimal of Justice. The outside of these courts is covered
with diaper work, consisting of inscriptions in Arabic character,
of conventional representation of flowers and of flowing decora-
tion, over which the eye wanders, delighted with the harmony of
the colouring and the variety of the ornament. Entering through
the central archway, we see before us the foimtain supported by the
lions that give name to the court ; and, through the archway oppo-
site, a portion of the stalactite roof of the Hall of the Abencerrages.
Around and about us on every side highly ornamental surfaces
attract and ravish the vision. We gaze on the delicate firetwork
of the arches, on the exquisite pattern of the gorgeous illumination,
we listen to the pleasant music of falling waters, and inhale the
fragrant perfume of flowers, until, carried away by the force of
imagination we live in an age of chivalry, and amidst the in-
fluences of oriental life. This court is 75 feet long, just two-
thirds the length of the original ; the columns are as high as the

* (The Red) probably so called either from the colour of the soil, or from
the deep red briek of which it is built.

THE ALHAMBKA COUET. S9

columua of the Ck>iirt of Lions itself, and the arches th&t epring
from them are also of the actual size of the original archea. Over
the columns ia ineoribed ia Cufic characters " And there u no
Conqueror but God. " Bound the baaiu of the foimtun ia on Arabic
poem, from which we take two specimens : —

" Oh thou who beholdest these Lions crDnching — hur not I

Life is wanting to enable them to show their fury I "

Leas, we must thinli, a needless caution to the intruder, than the

poet's allowed flattery to his brother artist. In the Terse of

Btucoo Oi-nament Ironi the Albnnibrii.

Greece and modem Italy, we find the same heightened eipreBsion
of admiration for the almost animating art of sculpture. The
following passage is oriental in every letter : —

" Seeat then not how the water flows on Itc anrittce,
cotwithetaiiding the eurrent strives to oppoaa its pcoeress.
Like a lover whose ejelids are piegnant with tears, and
who snpprcsB«s them for fear of a tale-bearer."

eo GENERAL GDIDE BOOK.

Through this briUiaat court, the visitor will proceed or linger as
his faBcinated spirit directs. There are no statues to examine, for
ths religion of the Moors forbade the represeutatiou of living
objects i in truth, the exquisitely wrought tracery on every

Arabesque orunmsot from the AUuunbiH.

side upoa which the Moorish mind was thus forced to concentrate
all its artiBtic power and skill, is in itself sufficient exclusively to
arrest and to enchain the attention. A curious infringement,
however, of the Mahonunedan law just now mentioned, which
proscribes the represontatioa of natural objects, ia observable in
the lions supporting the fountain, and in three paintings, which
occupy a portion of the original ceHings in the Tribunal of Justice
and the two alcoves adjoining. It is also to be remarked that,
altliough the followers of Mahommed scrupulously avoid stepping
upon a piece of paper leat the name of God should be written
thereon, yet that name is found repeatedly upon the tile floor (^
the same tribunal. From these circumstances it would seem that

THE ALHAMBEA COtlET. 61

the MahommediuiB of tlie West were more lax in their obeorvances
than their bretliren of the East, having in all probabilit]'' imbibed
some of the ideas and feelinga of the Spanish Christians with whom
they came in contact.

Passing through the archway opposite to that at which we
entered, we find ourselTea in a vestibule which in the Alhambra

UooriBh bas-nLicf, from a Fountam at QrauadA.

itself leads from the Court of Lions to the Tribunal of Justice.
This is, however, "only a portion of the original passage. The
arches opening from the central to the right and left divisions
of the vestibule are of the size of the originals, the patterns on
the walls and ceilings being taken from other portions of the
Alhambra.

The visitor may now proceed through the left-hand arch into the
division next the Roman Court. On the right of this division
he will find a small room devoted to models, and specimens of the
wiginal casts of omamenta of the Alhambra, brought by Mr. Owen
Jones from Spain, from which this court has been constructed.
Returning to Uie central division, he sees on hia loft tbe Hall of
the Abencerrages, already spoken of, and which, with its beautiful
stalactite roof, is now in rapid course of completion. Proceeding
onward, we quit the Alhambra, and emerge into the north
transept.

The visitor now crosses the transept, immediately in front of the
colossal sitting figures, which he will be able to examine with eSect
when he commences a tour through the nave, which we propose
that he shall shorUy make. Passing these figures then for tbe
moment, he directs his attention to

Tho great mound or Kimroud. '

THE ASSYRIAN COURT,
whioli feces him. This Court ia larger Uum aaj other appropriated
to the illuBtratioD of one phase of art. It is 1 20 feet long, 60 feet
wide, and haa an elevation of 40 feet from the floor line. Ita
chief intereit, however, consiBts in the fact of its illuBtrating a,
itylo of art of which no specimen haa hitherto been pre-
Bented in Europe, and which, indeed, until the loat few yeara,
lay tmknown even in the coimtry where its remaine have been unex-
pectedly brought to Ught. It is onl; ten years ago that M.
Botta, the French Consul at MobbuI, fimt discovered the ciisteDce
of sculptural remains of the old Assyrian empire at Khoisabad :
and siitce that time the palace, now known to have been erected
about fhe year 720 x.c. by Sai^u, the successor of Shalmaneser,
has been midnly explored, as well as the palace of hia soa
Sennacherib at Koynnjih, and that of Esarhaddon at Nimroud,
bewdes other older palaces in the last-named locality. In addition
to the explorations that have been made on these sites, extenaive
excavations and examinations also within the laat few years have
been made into the ruins of the palaces of Nebuchadnezzar at
Babylon, and of Darius and Xerxes at SuBa.

It is from the immense mass of new materials, so suddenly
revealed, that Mr, James Fergusson, assisted by Mr. Layard, has
erected the court before which the visitor now stands — an
architectural illustration which, without pretending to be a literal
copy of any one building, most certainly represents generally the
architecture of the extinct but once mighty kingdoms of Mesopo-
tamia, during the two centuiiee that elapsed between the reign of

THE ASSTSIAH COURT. 68

Sennacherib and that of Xerxes, viz., from about B.C. VOO to
B.C. 600.

The oldest form of architecture in these Eastern parts was
probably that which existed in Babylon : but the absence of stone
in. that country reduced the inhabitants to the necessity of using
bricks only, and for the moat part bricks burnt by the sun, though
sometimes fire-bumt brickwork is also found. The face of the
walls so constructed was ornamented with paintings, either on
plaster or enamelled on the bricks, whilst the constmctiTe portiooii
and roofs were of wood. All this perishable jnatorial has of course
disappeared, and nothing now remains even of the Babylon built
by I^'ebnchadnezzar but formless mounds of brickwork. In the
more northern kingdom of Assyria, the existence of stone and
marble secured a wainscoating of sctdptured slabs for the palace
walls, whilst great winged bulls and giant figures also in stone
adorned the portals and fajades. The piUars, however, which
sapported the roofs, and the roofs themselves, were all of wood,
generally of cedar, and these having been
destroyed by fire or by the lapse of ages,
nothing remains to tell of their actual size
and form. Yet we are not left entirely to
conjecture in respect of them. Susa and
Peraepolis in Persia — the followers and
imitators of I4^inereh — arose in districts
where stone was abondant, and we find
that the structures in these dttes had not
only atone piUars to support the roof, but
also stone jambs in the doorways, thus
(fording an nnmistakeable clue to the
nature of such portions of building as are
wanting to complete our knowledge of the
architecture of the Assyrian people.

As now laid bare to us, the Assyrian
style of architecture differs essentially
from any other with which we have _^
hitherto been made acquainted. Its
main characteristics are enormously thick

mnd-brick walls, covered with painted bas-reliefs, and roofs
Bnpported internally by slight but elegant wooden columns,.
ornamented with volutes (spiral mouldings), and'the elegant honey-
BUckle ornament which was afterwards introduced through Ionia
Into Greece — ^this Assyrian stylo being, according to some, the

.e arcade of th

SJ QENEItAL GUIDE BOOK.

parent of the Ionic order, as the I^yptian was of the Doric order,
of Greece, Ab far as we can judge firom descriptiosa, the architec-
ture of Jemsalem was almost identical with that of Assyria.

The whole of the lower portion of the exterior &ont and sides of
this Court is taken from the palace at Ehorsabad, the great winged

Bnttancs lo the KioeTch Court.

bulls, the giants strangling the lions, and the other features beiog
casts from the objects sent from the site of tlie palace, to the
Louvre, and arranged, as far as circumstances admit, in the relative
position of the original objecta as they were discorored. The dwarf
columns on the walls with the double bull capitals, are modelled
from details found at PersepoUa and Susa, whilst the cornice and
battlements above have been copied from repreeontationa found in
one of the bas-reliefs at Khorsabad. The painting of the cornice
is in strict accordance with the recent discoveries at that place.

Entering through tiie opening in the side, guarded by colossal
bulls, the visitor finds himself in a large hall, in the centre of which
stand four great columns copied Hterally from columns found at
Biwa and Fersepolis. The walls of Uie hall are covered with

THB AS8TBIAH CODET.

sculpture, cut boat, origiiials brought to thu coumtiy bj Mr

iMyaxd from his escaTations at Nimroud, and dc^xMited in tbo

Britiah Maeemn. Upon

the Hculptnrea are engraved

the aimiT-'lieaded iuscrip-

tionB which have been bo

recently', and in bo lanaik-

able a manner, deciphered

by Colonel BawlinBoa and

Dr. Hincks. Above these

IB a painting of Awima-la

and tieeB, copied from one

found at Shorsabad. The i

roof crowning the hall re- '

presents the form of ceiling

usual in that pait of Asia,

but if) rather a vehicle for the display of the various coloured patterns

of Asajrian aft than a direct copy of anything found Id the Asayrian

palaces. In the centre of the great hall the visitor -will notice a.

decorated archway leading to the rofreahment room. The very recent

discovery of this highly ornamented arch at Khoraabad proves —

somewhat uneipectedly— that the Assyrian people were far from

ignorant of the value of tliia beautiful fonturo of architecture. On

either aide of the main cntranco to this Court (from the Nave), are

two small apartments, lined also with casts from sculptures at

Nimroud, arranged, as nearly as may bo, according to their

original positionB. Above them are paintings of a procession, auch

as occupied a similar place in the palaces of 'Assyria. A complete

detailed account of this interesting department will be found in

Mr. Layard's valuable Handbook to the Nineveh Court.

Having completed his survey of the interior of this Court, the
visitor may either enter the refreshment room at the back through
the atchway, and then make his way to the Nave, or ho kiay at
once quit the Court by the central entrance, and turning to the
left cross the north end of the Nave, stopping for one moment
under the shade of the finest palm-tree in Europe, on his pasaago
to look from end to end of the magnificent structure within which
he stands, and to glance at the exterior of the Court he has just
quitted, the br^ht colouring of which — the bold omamenta,
the gigantic bulls, and colossal features, present as novel and
striking an architectural and decorative display as tho mind can
imc^pne.

66 GBNEEAL GTJIDB BOOK.

Having crossed the btdlding under the gallery, the visitor will
find on his left the north wing : the site appropriated for the exten-
sive collection of Raw Produce, now forming imder the hands of
Professor Wilson.

RAW PRODUCE AND AGRICULTURAL COLLECTION.

This collection is intended to show, by means of a series of
industrial specimens, the natural resources of this and other
coimtries ; to teach, through the medium of the eye, the history
of the various substances which the earth produces for the use of
man ; to point out whence and by what means they are obtained,
and how they are made subservient to our wants and comforts.
The collection has thus a twofold object : First, to display what is
termed the raw produce of the world, comprising substances
belonging to each of the three kingdoms of nature ; and secondly,
to exhibit the same produce, when converted by industry into the
form of a highly-finished manufacture.

The coUectionVonsists of the three following principal divisions :

1. The Soil.

2. The Produce of the Soil.

3. The Economic and Technical Uses to which the Produce is

applied.
The first grand division, " The Soil," includes specimens of all
those geological formations comprising what is termed the crust of
the earth. From the debris of these rocks is formed what we
generally understand by the term soU ; but soils, as we are accus-
tomed to see them, are considerably altered by the presence of
vegetable matt<?r, the result of the decomposition of plants, and
of artificial substances applied as manure. Accordingly, specimens
of the naimrctl sorts of various geological formations (or, in fact,
the rocks merely in their disintegrated form), together with the
same soils altered by cultivation, and samples of the manures
which assist in changing their qualities, form an important series
in this division. Besides giving rise to the different agricultural
soils, the rocks of most formations are interesting as producing
objects of economic value. From many such rocks are obtained
building stone, slates, tiles, clays used in biick-making, flints usdd
in glass, alum, salt, and other useful articles* These, in the
present collection, are illustrated by specimens ; and when any of
such substances give rise to a branch of industry, a oompletd
illustxibtive series is presented to the contemplation of the visitor.

k^W PBODUOB Aitt) AQBICULlndEAL ClOLLBOiftOS.

For example : it will be found that in tke case of ceramic ware
or pottery, the series commences with flint, which is shown firL
in its natural state as it comes from the chalk pits, then calcined
and ground, and then re-calcined. Next we see it mixed with
clay, afterwards moulded iato the form of a vase, and lastly baked.
To these different specimens, it will be noted, are added samples of
the colour xised in the ornamentation of the object.

By fax the most important and useful mineral product is ooal^ of
whidi tq^dmens of different qualities, suited to various purposes,
are exhibited from foreign countries, as well as from all the coal
fields of Great Britain.

From the rocks of different formations we obtain the ores of
metals, the principal of which in this country are iron^ lead,
copper, and tin. Other metals are found, but in smaller quan-
tities than elsewhere. Metals are not generally found natwcy but
in the form of oxides, sulphides, &c., and must therefore undergo
conaiderable changes before they can be made available. The
methods of extracting metals from their ores, as practised in this
and other countries, and the various uses to which the metals are
applied, are amply iUustrated by specimens from all the principal
works, and form, perhaps, the most instructive and important
feature of the mineral division of the Baw Produce collection.

The second great division, "The Produce of the Soil,*' resolves
itself naturally into two principal groups : viz., vegetable sub-
stances, or the direct produce of the soil, and animal substances,
the secondcMry produce of the soil. The chief sub-divisions of
these groups are :

(h Substances used as food, such as tea, coffee, fruits (amongst
vegetable substances), and meats, gelatine, lard, &c, (amongst
animal products). «

5. Substances used in the arts, manufactures, &a, as flax,
hemp, cork, gums, dye-stuffs (ia the vegetable kingdom), and
wools, silk, horns, skins, oils, &c, (in the animal kingdom).

And these are again classed as Home and Foreign products.

The third great division, " The Economic or Technical Uses to
which the Produce is applied,'* is a most important feature of this
department. The want of a " Trades' Museum " in England has
long been felt by commercial and scientific men, and imtil now no
attempt at any collection of the kind has been jpade. The'
technological illustrations about to be here produced in a great
measure supply the desideratum, and present, so to speak, a series
of et/e leeture9 that carry with them an amount of information no

f 2

(^ GBNBEAL GUIBS BOOK.

less instructiye than important to the progressive iudiistiy of the
kingdom. .

In this division each series is commenced by examples of the
raw material, which is carried by illustrative specimens through
the various processes to which it is submitted before it reaches its
highest value as a manu£Eictured article. The visitor also finds in
this series models, &c., of the machinery used in the manufactures.
As -an example of the instruction afforded in this division, we
will take the manufacture of linen. The first sample seen is the
flax plant. This produces linseed and fiax straw. The fonner is
pressed, and we have linseed oil and oil cake. The straw is
steeped, broken, and scutched, and we have rough fibre. The
rough fibre is heclded, and is then ready for spinning. The refuse
which is heckled out is tow. The heckled fibre is spun into yams
of different degrees of fineness, which are woven into linen of
various qualities. Finally, the linen is bleached. The tow is used
for paper-making, for string and cordage, or is spun into coarse
thread, called tow-line, and woven into rough fabrics. The
technical application of animal substances is treated in a similar
manner.

The third division, as in the case of the second, is sub-divided
into articles used as food, and those used in the arts, &c. , and is
also similarly separated into smaller groups of home and foreign
produce ; and again, as far as the plan admits of carrying out,
into manufactures dependent upon chemical, and manufactures
dependent upon mechanical agencies.

Leaving the north wing, and returning up the aisle, on the
garden side of the Palace, we come, following the order of the
architectural arrangement, upon the

THE BYZANTINE AND ROMANESQUE COURT.

Before the visitor is conducted through the architectural Courts
on this side of the Nave, it is necessary he should imderstand that
they differ considerably in arrangement and treatment from those
on the opposite side, which have already been described. In the
Egyptian, Greek, and other Courts through whidi he has passed,
the forms or characteristics of some one distinctive structure have,
to a greater or less extent, been given ; but the Courts into which
we are now about to penetrate, are not architectural restorations,
but rather so many collections of ornamental details stamped with
unmistakeable individuality, and enabling us at a glance to recog-

THB BTZJLHTIHE AND SOHAHBaQUE COUBT. «B

mse and distinguiali the Beveral Btyles that have exiited aud
succeeded each other, from the beguming of the 6th down to the

Bjiaaiiae Couii (eutrsjice Iraai North Tramept).

16th oentujy. la each Court will be found important detaihi,
ornament, and even entire portioiu!, taken from the most remark-
able or beautiful odiEces of the periods they illustrate. Thus
the palaces and ChriHtian temples of Italy, the oaetles and
churches of Germauf , the hotels-de-ville and diateaux of Belgium
and France, and the cathedrals and mausiona in our own country,
have all been laid under contribution, bo that here, for the first
time in the history of architecture, wu have the opportunity of
acquiring a perceptive and practical knowledge of the beautiful art
during the period of its later progress, '

The regular architectural sequence on the other side of the Nave
finds its termination in the Roman Court, and we now resume the
oiderof history with the "Byzantine" Coiui, Art, as we have already

70 aBNBEAIi GUIDB BOOK.

indicated, declined dniing the Eoman Empire ; but the genexal
adoption of Christianity gave the blow that finally overthrew it, for
the introduction of this faith was, unforfcunately, accompanied with
bitter and violent enmity against all pagan forms of beauty. An
edict of Theodosius, in the early part of the 5th centuiy, ordered
that pagan art should be utterly annihilated/ and the primitive
Christians demolished with fanatic zeal the temples, bronzes,
paintings, and statues that adorned the Boman capital.

To complete the work of destruction, it is related that Gregory
(a.i>. 500) one of the celebrated ^^ Fathers'^ of the Koman Church,
gave orders that every vestige of Pagan Rome should be consigned to
the Tiber ; and thus was ancient Art smitten and overthrown, and
the. attempt made to efface its very foot-prints from the earth ; so
that, indeed, men had now to proceed as best they might, by painful
and laborious efforts, towards tbe formation of a new and essen-
tially Christian style of architecture, which, however feeble and
badly imitated £rom ancient models at its commencement, was
finally productive of the most original and beautiful results.

Constantino the Great, in the early part of the 4th century,
embraced Christianity. The new religion required structures
capable of holding large assemblages of people at certain periods;
and notwithstanding the magnificence of some of the Boman
structures, none could be found appropriate to the required
use, save the Basilicas, or Halk of Justice, at Bome. The form of
these structures was oblong, and the interior consisted of a central
avenue and two side aisles, divided i^om the centre by a double
row of columns, the central avenue terminating in a semidrcular
recess with the roof rounded off. It will be at once apparent that
such buildings were admirably adapted to the purposes and
obeervances of the new religion ; and, accordingly, in a.!). 828,
when Constantine removed the seat of empire from the West to the
East, fix>m Bome to Byzantium (Constantinople), the Boman
Basilica probably served as .a model for the Christian ohurdies
which he rapidly raised in his new city.

But on this point we have little authentic information ; time,
the convulsions of nature, and the destructive hand of man, have
long since lost to us the original churches built on Constantino's
settlement at Byzantium, and the oldest monument with which we
are acquainted, that of Santa Sophia, built in the early part of the
6th century by Justinian, bears no relation in its plan to the long
basilica of the Western Empire.

The great characteristic of Byzantine church architecture was a

THK BTMNTOTB AND EQMANBSQUB COUBT. 71

plan fbrmed tm the Greek cross, and sunnoiuated at its points of
intesrsection by a central dome. The direct imitation of the

Greek Oroea. Latin Cross.

antique capitals was eschewed, and a foliated capital was intro-
duced in its place, varying considerably in pattern even in the
same building : the arcli was in general semicircular, and the use
of mosidc ornament universal, but it was some time before the
Byzantine style received its full development ; for the earlier
Christians generally maintained a profound antipathy to all Art, as
ostentatious, and savouring over-much of worldly delights. It is
not, however, in the nature of man to exist for any length of time
in this world, wondrously adorned as it is by its Divine Creator,
without imbibing a love for the adornment so profusely displayed
around him. This natural fueling, which St. Augustine and the
stricter Christians vainly sought to decry and repress, was
strengthened and aided by the more forcible notion of holding
out some attraction to the pagans, who, accustomed to the
oeremonies and charms of their old rites, might be repelled by the
apparent gloominess of the new creed. As the number of converts
increased, a demand for church ornament made itself felt, and Art
once more awoke, not in the excelling beauty of its former life,
but rude, unpolished, and crippled by religious necessity, which
placed, as in Egypt of old, a restriction upon the forms of
nature, lest by copying them the people should relapse into the
idolatrous worship of graven images. In the Eastern or Greek
C9iuich, even the rude and grotesque sculpture first allowed was
speedily fcnrbidden and banished for ever. The- mosaic painting,
however, was ocmtinued by Greek artists, and this peculiar style
of ornamentation is one of the most distinctive features of
Byzantine architecture. Not only were the walls and ceiUngs
covered with extraordinarily rich examples of glass mosaic work,
fbrmed into pictures illustrative of Scripture subjects and saintly
legends, or arranged in elaborate patterns o^eometrical and other
ornament, but columns, pulpits, &c., were rendered brilliant with

73 OBITBIUL QCIia BOOK.

its glowing colours. Moetua work also in at timeB found on the
fa^adefi of the Bj'zantine bnildingB ; whilst the pAvement, if less
gOTgetmB, wBH at least aa richly csnamented with caloured inlay of
Marble moHaic As we haTe, however, just observed, the fear of
idolatry led to the comparative neglect of sonlptnra, and the edict
forbidding the soulpture of images for religious purposes becamo
one cause of the separation of the Latin Church in Rome &oin
the Greek Church in Constantinople, and thenceforth the two
churches remain dUtinct. In the former, sculpttire (»ntinued to
exist, not as an independent art, but as a more architectural

Byzantine architecture flourished from A.i>, 328 to 1463 : but
the Byzantine proper can be said to extend only troia the 6th to
thellthcentuiiee. Bomaneeque
architecture in its varioua deve-
lopments was mora or lees im-
pressed with the Byzantine cha-
racter, and in its general features
resembles the source frcon which
it was in ft great measure derived;
althou^ the dome is generally
absent in the churches of northern
Etirope, which retained the plan
of the old Homan basilica in
preference to that of the Oreek
cross, tor a longtime peculiar to
the Intern Church.

It would not be hazarding
too much, to assert that By-
zantine architecture was gene-
rally adopted thron^out ' most
European countries from the 6th
to the Ilth century, with such
modifications as the necessities
_^>' of climate, the differences of

Bomtuicequo Toiror. creed, and the means of building

necessitated.
Before entering this Court the visitor will do well to examine
its external decoration, affording, as it doee, not only an excellent
notion of the splendid mosaic ornament we have already alluded
to OS peculiarly Byq^tine, but for its paintings of illustrious
characters of the Byzantine period, taken bom viduable illumina-

THB BTZANTINB HID BOIUKSSQUB CODET, TS

tione and mosaics still in exiatenoe ; taoh u, the fine pottntits of
Jnsti i mm and his oonBOrt Theodcm, from Baveona (by tiie entranoe
from Uie Nare), and those of Charles the Bald of Franoe, and the
Eimperor Kioephonis Botoniates of Oo&atantiiiople, copied frtmi
viduable existing authorities ; whikt an allegorical representation
of Ni^t, on the return side, is a proof that the poetry of Art
was not altogether dead in the 10th oentvny, to which date it
bel<»igs.

Byzimtma Court— ArcliM trom the Han.

In front of all tlie Courta facing the Nave, are placed many very
interesting examples of Medieval and Benaissance Art, a brief
notioe of whidi will be found later in this Tt^ume^ oadra the head
of " A Tour through the Nave."

Hio entomce to the gallery at the back of the Byzantine Conrt
is formed by the Chancel Arch of Tuam Cathedral in Ireland,
built about the beginning or middle of the 13th century, a most
interesting lelio of art in the Sist^ lale.

Entering through the arches at the North end, we turn to the
light into m cool doister of the Bomanesque school, a ntsbsed

eBNBOmi GUIDS BOOE«

eopy of a doister at the diuroh of Santa Maria in Oapitolo at
Oologne, an ancient edifice said to have been conunenoed about thtd
jrear 700. The eloister is, however, of the close of the 10th
century. The restoration gives ub an excellent notion of the
Ksrobes^ columns, and capitals of this period, and shows the
difference that exists between Byzantine and ancient Greek «r
Boman art. Proceeding through the doister, the roof of which is
beautifully decorated with Byzantine ornament, in imitation of the

glass mosaic work, we remark various
pieces of sculpture, diiefly from Venice :
at the extreme end, to the left on
entering, is a recumbent effigy of
Bichard Coeur de lion, from Bouen ;
at the farthest end, to the right, is
placed the Prior's doorway from My,
in a late Norman style, and next to
this, to the right, a representation of
the Baptism of Christ, from St. Mark's,
at Venice. Betuming to the central
entrance from the Nave, we enter the
Court itself. The black marble foun-
tain in the centre is an exact copy of
one at Heisterbach on the Bhine.
We may now obtain some notion of
the different features which mark the
Byzantine, the German Bomanesque,
and Norman styles, all agreeing in
general character, but all varying in treatment. The doister
we have just quitted, with the cubical capitals of its external
oolumns and its profuse mosaics, presents a strongly marked
impress of the Byzantine style, the same influence being also
remarked in the external mosaic-work of the small but beautiful
portion of the cloisters of St. John Lateran at Borne ; on each
side of which are flne examples of German Bomanesque, whioh
is frequently also called the Lombard style, as indicative of its
origin ; and beyond these again, in the extreme angled, are
interesting specimens of the Norman style as practised in England
during the twelfth century. These examples will enable the
visitor to judge in some measure of the differences that diarao*
terize the three. To the left is a very curious Norman doorway,
from Kilpeck Church, in Hereforddiire ; the zigzag moulding
around it is peculiar to the Norman ; and in the sculptured relie&

Aroh and oolunm from Cloister.

THE BTZANTINB AND EOMANESQUB COUBT. 70

wliioh Burround the doorvay a symbolism is hidden, tat the mean-
ing of which we must refer our readers to the Handbook of this
Court. Next to this is a doorway from Mayence Cathedral^ the
bronze doors within it, which are from. Augsbuigh Cathedral, in
Grermany, being interesting examples of the axt of bronze-casting
in the latter half of the 11th century. The rudely-executed
subjects in the panels are mostly taken from the Old Testament,
but no attempt at chronological arrangement has been made*
Above the St. John Laieran cloister is an arcade from Gelnhausen
in Germany, a good specimen of grotesque and symbolic sculpture
quite in the style of the early Lombard work in northern Italy.
The doorway on the opposite side of the St. John Lateran
cloister i. » oompoBitiaa showing the general chuaoteristios of the
Romanesque style; the^oors are from Hildesheim Cathedral, and
were executed in 1016, by order of Bishop Bemwardus. They
contain sixteen panels, arranged in proper order, eight representing
scenes in the Old Testament, commencing with the creation of
man, and eight representing subjects firom the New Testament,
beginning with the Annunciation. Next to this, and corresponding
to the Kilpeok doorway, is a second side door from Shobdon Church,
Herefordshire. The circles ornamented with foliage over the
Shobdon Chancel Arch, are from Moissac. On the side wall next
to the Arch, is the monument, from SaJisbury Cathedral, of Bishop
Roger, who died a.d. 1139 ; it is transitional in style, from the
Norman to the Early English.

On either side of the fountain in this Court, are placed the
celebrated effigies of Fontevrault Abbey, (the burying-plaee of the
Plantagenets), consisting of Henry 11. and his Queen Eleonora ;
Richard I. ; and Isabella, wife of King John. These date from
the 13th century, and they are not only interesting as works
of art, but valuable as portraits, and as evidences of costumes of
that period. An effigy of King John from Worcester, and another
of Berengaxia, wife of Richard L, from the Abbey of 'I/Espan,
near Mans in France, are also to be foimd here.

The inlaid marble pavement of the Court is copied from churches
in Florence, and is of the beginning of the 13th century.

Having thoroughly examined the various contents of this Court, we
pass through the opening in the arcade of St. John Lateran, before
mentioned, and enter a vestibule, the vaulting of which is from the
convent of the Franciscans, at Assisi, in Central Italy, with the
paintings in the four compartments of the vault, from their originals
by Cimabue.

78 OENEEAL QDIDB BOOK.

In tlie centre of this compartment is a laxg6 black marble Nor^
man font from Winchester Cathedral : the date of which has given
rise to much couttoversy ; thoae afisigned, ranging from 630 to
1150. Next to this font is another from Eaidaley Church,
Hereforddiire, of the 12th century.

Pa«dng now to the left, we see on the back wall, looking towards
tile Goideu, three openingn, the central one of which is a doorway
from the church of Freshford, in Kilkenny, of about the latter end
of the 11th or beginning of the 12th century, and on either side of
it, are windows from the church of Tuam, in Ireland. Aboye the
Freshford doorway ia a large circular window from Bathain Church,
remarkable for its great antiquity, and said to have been erected aa
early aa the middle of the 8th century. In this comx)artment are
also placed Irish ctosbcb, affording examples of the sculptural antiqui-
ties of the Sister Isle ; and some interesting crosses from the Isle of
Man. Having examined this com-
pailment, we proceed tor a short
distance southwards, down the cor-
ridor or gallery, and pass, on the
back wall of the Byzantine Court,
first, a doorway composed prin-
dpally from an existing example
at Bomsey Abbey, the baa-relief
in the door-head being from
Shobdon : and on the other side
of'the St. John Lateian arcade,
a beautiful Norman doorway from
Birkin Cburoh, Yorkshire : after
which we reach the smaUer division
of the Medieval Court, dedicated

, , — ..1- 1 LoorrromBuldiiCliunih.

to works of German Medifeval

Art, the entrance to which is beneath the Pointed arcade on our
rigbi.

THB aSBHAN HBDIJEYAL GOUBT. 77

THE GERMAN MEDI>EVAL COURT.

This small Court is devoted exclusiviely to examples of Gothic
art and architecture in Germany, and, taken with the English and
French Mediaeval Courts, — ^which we shall presently reach, — gives
an excellent idea of the style and character of architecture in these
three countries during the Middle Ages. Such remarks as are
required to explain the transition from the Bomanesque and
Byzantine to the Pointed style of architecture, we shall defer until
we find ourselves in the Medisev^ Court of our own oountiy. We,
therefore, without preface, conduct the visitor from the gallery of
the Byzantine Court, through the side arches directly into the
German MedifiBval Court. The large doorway in the centre at
once attracts attention. This is cast from a celebrated church
doorway at Nuremberg, and is especially worthy of notice. On the
wall to the right is a doorway leading into the Byzantine Court.
This is not copied from any one particular example, but is a com-
position displaying the elements of the German stylo. The
equestrian statue of St. George is from the Cathedral square at
Prague, a work of the 14th century. The seven round bas-reliefs
at the top of the doorway, representing scenes from the life of
Christ, are fac-simile copies of the originals by Yeit Stoss, at the
Church of St. Lawrence, in Nuremberg. On either side of this
doorway are two monuments, of bishops Siegfrid von Epsteift and
Peter von Aspelt, opposite to which are the fine monuments of Albert
of Saxony, and of Bishop Yon Gemmingen ; aU of these are cast
from the originals, in Mayence Cathedral. Above the arches, and
aU roxmd the Court, is- a. small arcade, the capitals, brackets, and
other monuments of which are taken from various (German churches,
but more especially from the Cathedral of Cologne. Immediately
over the arches through which we have entered, and between the
columns of the arcade, are four bosses with the symbols of the
Evangelists, also from Cologne Cathedral..

Passing through the Nuremberg doorway, in the centre, we see
immediately before us, and over the arches leading to the nave,
eight dancing munmiers, from the Town-hall, at Munich ; they
are represented as exhibiting before an audience, probably at
some civic festival, and are full of grotesque droUery. Beneath
the mummers are placed consols or brackets, from the hall
of Gurzenich, at Cologne, remaEkable for the humour displayed
in their conception. On the wkll to the right are three large

reliefs^ from the church of St. Sebald^ at Nurembeig. lliey
are the work of Adam Krafiti and represent : — 1. The Betrayid
of our Sayiour ; 2. The Mount of Olives ; 3. The Last Supper ; —
and in their execution show great power and much less stiffiieas
than is generally foxuid in medissyal works. Adam Krafit
was an excellent sculptor, who floiuished at the close of the
16th century. His works, which are chiefly to be found at
Nuremberg, possess great merit both in their search after truth
and the unusual manual ability they display. Immediately
beneath these relief^ is another by the same artist, taken from
the Frauen-Kirche, or Church of our Lady, at Nuremberg. It
represents an adoration of the Virgin, and shows even more vigorous
handling than the other three. On the left hand wall, next to the
Nuremberg door, is a bas-relief of ^^ Justice with the Bich and
Poor," by Veit Stoss, from the Town-hall, at Nuremberg ; and on
the other side of the composition doorway, leading into the "Rnglish
MediflBval Court is the celebrated rose wreath and cross, by Veit
Stoss, from Nuremberg, which deserves especial examination as
one of the master-pieces of that sculptor, and on account of its
very peculiar arrangement. The other subjects found in this
Court present excellent examples of German Mediaeval Art down to
the time of Peter Vischer, whose works evince an evident influence
derived from the Renaissance School of Italy, at the dose of the
15th and at the commencement of the 16th centuries.

We now emerge into the Nave, and turning to the left, find
ourselves in front of

THE ENGLISH MEDI>EVAL COURT.

It will have been remarked in the German Medieval Court
that architecture has undergone another diange. No sooner
had the Lombard or Bomanesque style become systematized, than
fBatures arose which contained the germs of yet more important
changes.

The Horizontal line principle of antique Art was gradually given
up, and a marked inclination towards the Vertical line principle
took its place. The full change was yet by no means c(nnplete,
lind it remained for the introduction of the pointed arch in the
12th century, under Norman influence in England and France, to
eflect a gradual revolution in the whole system of construction and
ornamentation, until nearly every trace of the preceding style was
lost, and another essentially distinct m all its characteristics aros^
bx its stead;

THE ENGLISH HHDtJlTAt OOtBT. 70

Ab we are noir itanding before the eode^EUstieal ftrohitectnre of
OQT own ooQutiy, it may be mtereeting to notice briefly, and in

Eiitraiica to BnElish Kedienl Conrt,

Glironolo^cal order, the progreBS of Pointed architectnre in
Englcind, and to specify a few of thoBe leading features -which
serve to distinguiah the style of one period &om that of
another.

Prior to our doing this, it will bo well briefly to notice the
Nonaan atyle which preceded the Pointed, and which was exten*
tdvely practised by the Konnans and English in this oountry, after
the sacoessfulinTasionbyWiUiamin 1066. Its leading features are
extreme soUdity, absence of ornament (at its earliest period), eeml-
circnlar or horaeshoe arches, and the peculiar zigzag monldings
iMfore noted. The buttresses or snpportg placed against walls to
give them strength are broad, but project veiy little. The piUais
are short, masaive, and fi[«quently circular, whilst the capitfJs are
usually cubioal and channelled in a peculiar manner, sometimes
being qnite plain, and at othere carved with grotesque and sjmbolio
figures and foliage.

The Norman lasted until the 13th century, when it made
"way fiir th« first pointed style, which is known as JSarly

so QEKEEUi OUIDB BOOK.

Engluh. The arches in tlus style Eire lancet-shaped ; the pillars

consist frequently of email shafts clustering roviud a circular
pier, and are much slighter and taller than the Norman : the
uapitals are frequently without ornament, being simply plain
mouldings. "When the capital is carved with foliage the work is
boldly executed. Spii«s too, although originating in the later
TJrt rmim rose in the Karly Knglifth high into the air, li^ land-
marks to the people, to point out where they might congregate to
woiship their Divine Creator. The buttresses are bold, generaUy
ri^ng in diminishing stages, and either terminating in a triaj^ulor
head or sloping off into the wall Windows, two or thrca in.
number, were often grouped together under a moulded areh,
between the point of which and the tops of the windows aa
intervening space was formed. This space, pierced with one or
more openings, gave rise to that most distinctive and beautiful
element of the Gothic style — Tkaceay.

The Decorated style, which succeeded to the Early English,
flourished during the 14th century, and the Court we are now
about to enter pOBSesaea numerous examples of this, the best
and brightest period of English Gothic ; for in the Early
Ei^lish the style had not yet reached its highest point of beauty,
and in the later FerpejidicMlar it already suffered decline.
Tracery, as we have stated, was the
chief characteristic of the Decorated
style ; and it consists either of geo-
metrical forms or of flowing lines.
As an example of the former, the
visitor may examine the arches of
the cloister now before us, on the
side niche of the Tintem door. The
foliated details and carviogB, which
also give character to this style,
may, in like manner, be studied
with advantage in this Coiut. The
pillars are either clustered or single,
and generally of octangular or circular
form ; the capitals are sometimes
carved with foUage, at other times

Biiio niche of Tintem door. th^y "Te plain. The buttress is in

stipes and terminated occasionally
with Decorated pinnacles. The execution of the details of th^
style was admirable, and the variety and beauty of the ornaments,

THE KKGLISH MBDI«VAL CODET. 81

founded ctueflf on natural snbjecto, gire to the DmoriMi itylo
an eSbct which has seldom, if ever, been snrpassed.

From the latter part of the 14th to the beginning of the
16th centtuy the PerpendicuZor style nas in vogue. It derives its
name from the tracery, which instead of taking flowing forma,
consists chieflj* of vertical lines, The arches became depressed in
form, the Todor arch being distinctive of its later phase, whilst the
ornaments were crowded and departed more from natural models.
The more im, ortant buildings were coversd throughout with
shallow pannelled work and profuse ornament, over which the eye
wanders in vain for much-needed repose, and the effect of breadth
and grandeur of parts is lost and frittered away.

These few observatians, imperfect as they are, may perhaps assist
the visitor's appreciation of the Court we are about to examine.
Without further preface, then, we proceed through the archway, as
usual, from the Nave.

We are in a cloister of the Decorated period, founded in its arches
and columns on the Abbey of Ouisborough, Yorkshire. Looking
through the cloister, to the loft, we see before us a doorway from
the Chapel of Prince Arthur, son of Henry VII., in Worcester
Cathedral, which will enable ua to test in a
measure the truth of our summary of the
Perpendicular style. Crossing the cloister
wo enter the Mediffival Court, which con-
tains architectural specimens taken from our
ancient chorchea and magnificent cathedrals.

Entering the Court from the Nave, we
find, immediately facing us, the magnificent
door-way from Hochestor Cathedral, coloured
so as to give an idea of its appearance when
first erected. We may remark here that
the practice of colouring and gilding was
carried to an almost. extravagant extent in
the Gothic style, although the efiacing hand
of Time has left comparatively few examples
in a perfect state.

The most remarkable monument on the left
of the door, is the richly-decorated Easter Artudo Q-um Quisborough,
sepulchre, from Hawton Church, Notting-
hamshire, representing the Kesurrection tmd Ascension of Christ,
it was used as an altar ; variotis rites being performed before it,
between Good-Priday and Easter-day. Further on in the angle

HENEEAL QFIDB BOOK.

iaa portion of Bishop Alcock's chantry ch&pel, from My Cathedral;
on the other side of the adjoining doorway, which is A composition

chiefly trota. the choir of Lincoln Cathedral, we remark the very
beautiful oriel window of John o'Gannt, at Lincoln, and nez.t to
it a portion of the elaborate altar-acreen of Winchester Cathedial.
On the right of the Rochester door ia the finely designed monu-
ment of Humphrey de Bohun, from Hereford Cathedral, with the
efBgy of the knight in complete armour. The door beyond cor-
responds to the one oppoute ; and further on, near the cloister, ia
one of the doors of Lichfield Cathedral, with its beauti^ iron-,
work, the painting of which is remarkably clevOT j and a portion

with'B monii-
mont, from
'Wells, the dooi
beneath the
cloister being
fTom Bishop
Wea^B Chapel,
Ely. Theexqra-
eite tiicheti and
eaitopies round
the vnHia of the
court ure &oin
SonthweU hfin-

The Btataee on
a line with, and
corresponding
to those on the
monumeat of
BiBhop Bub-
with, are excel-
lent examples of
late Gothic
work, from Ar-
magh Cathedral.
The upper tier,
consisting prin-
cipally of sculp-
tm«, presents
valuable ezam-
plee of that art
The large ata-
tues beneath
the canopies are
from the facade
of WellB, and
the angels in
the spandreb of
the archea are
from the choir
of lincoln Ca-

84 QBNBBAL (iUIDT^ BOOK.

thedral; they, are all of the highest interest with reference to
the history of sculpture in England. The floor presents a remark-
able and interesting series of the best sepulchral monuments of
the Gothic period which England possesses, viz., those of Queen
Eleanor, from Westminster ; Edward II., from Gloucester; the oele*
bri^bdd xiionument of William of Wykeham, from Winchester ; and
that of Edward the Black Prince, from Canterbury Cathedral

Indeed all the subjects in this Court are full of value and
interest, and the n\imerous examples of Gothic art here collected,
which we have not space to describe in detail, form a Museum in
which the visitor may obtain no inadequate idea of the rich
treasures of our country. Passing beneatht he Rochester doorway
we enter a vaulted and groined vestibule, the window of which is
a beautiful example of the Decorated style, from Holbeach, in
Lincolnshire, filled in with rich stained glass. In the centre is the
very richly-decorated font, from Walsingham, in ITorfolk, an
excellent example of the Perpendicular style. The walls of the
gallery are lined with statues and monuments ; those on the Garden
side are all English, principally from the facade of Wells Cathedral ;
those on the side of the Court are chiefly from Crermany and
France. Amongst the latter, we draw particidar attention to the
bas-reliefs on the walls, from Ndtre-Dame, Paris, as excellent
examples of early French €K)thic. Amongst the central monu-
ments should be particularly remarked the Ardeme tomb, from
Elford church, Staffordshire ; the monument of Henry lY., and
Joan of Navarre (his queen), fh)m Canterbury Cathedral ; the
tomb of Sir Giles Baubeny, from Westminster Abbey, of about
the year 1507 ; and the splendid monument of Itichard Beauchamp,
Earl of Warwick, from Warwick, one of the finest Gothic sepul-
chral monimients remaining in England. Passing beneath the
arcade^ near the Beauchamp monument, we enter

THE FRENCH AND ITALIAN MEDI>EVAL COURT,

On the walls of which, on the ground row, are ranged a series of
arches from the choir of N6tre-Dame, at Paris, the greater nmnber
of the canopies which surmoimt them being taken from the
Cathedral of Chartres, both fine examples of early French Gothic
art. The very excellent statues, bosses, <Sro., are from various
French churches. The central statue on the floor is by the great
Italian sculptor, Giovanni Pisano (13th century), and stands
on a pedestal from the celebrated altar-piece of Or San Michele,

THB BBNAI8SAN0B COUJEIT. 86

■

at Florenoe, by Andrea Orgagna (14th oentuiy). The two
statues nearest the gallery are by Nino Pisano^ -son of GiovaunL
The very elaborate example of iron- work near the nave entrance
is from one of the great west doors of the Cathedral of Notre-
Damoy Parisy and evinces such consummate skill in workman-
ship as to have obtained for its artist, when first made public, the
unenviable credit of being in close league with the Evil One.
The exact date of this iron-work is not ascertained, but it is of the
best period of the French Pointed style.

Once more regaining the Nave, we proceed on our journey south-
ward, until a few steps bring us to

THE RENAISSANCE COURT.

Man had wrought for centuries patiently and laboriously at
Gothic architecture, and had advanced, by regular stages, to the
perfection of that style, which, after reaching its zenith in the
14th century, as regularly and decidedly declined in excellence,
until the indispensable principles of true art — simplicity, and good
taste — ^were, towards the close of the 15th century, overwhelmed
by excess of ornament. Whilst this downward road was followed
by most European artists, various causes led to the revival of
the Antique in Italy, and at the commencement of the 15th
century, l^e celebrated Brunelleschi produced a work founded on
the Antique Roman style, of the highest merit, viz., the Dome of
Florence Cathedral. In the year 1420, Ghiberti executed his
wonderful bronze doors, and from thenceforward the new style of
the revived art, or the Benaissance, as it is now usually q^ed,
advanced rapidly, first throughout Italy, and, in the succeeding
century, throughout Europe. Amongst the causes which led to this
revival may be included the decline of the feudal system, the growing
freedom of thought, the recent discoveries of the New World, and
of the art of Printing. With the rise of the spirit of personal inde-
pendence was created a thirst for ancient literature and art, and
a search for the hidden fountains of antiquity was enthusiastically
persevered in, until in the end it proved eminently successfrd.

Monastic libraries, in obedience to the demands of the public
voice, yielded up their treasures of ancient literature, whilst the
soil of Italy was made to disgorge its mutilated frrhgments of
antique art. The effects of these sudden, unexpected, and precious
acquisitions may readily be imagined ; they created a complete
revolution in literature and art throughout Italy, which spread

03 aENSRAL amOB BOOK.

Utenoe into other ootrntriea. The two boMitlM tirts ot Fainting
uid Sculpture saw witli emulative aliame tlieir pi^sent inferiorit]r
in the ranks of Art ; and in their noble aspirations towaids the
peEfootion newly placed be&nre them, the; aasiuned theii poeitaoa
as distinct and legitimate creations. But if the Gothic ejBteia waa
now dying out, it had left at least one valuable legacy to the
fatnre, in its appreciation and adoption of natural models. The
Italian artists of the 16th century received the gift joyfiiUy,
and, combining it with what treasures antiquity afforded them,
produced a style which, in sculpture eepeoially, has all the freeki.-
ness of nature and the refinement of the antique, as both wer«
capable of being united by gifted men whose names have come
down in glory to our own day, and will oommand the aduuration
of the latest posterity.

On no branch of art did the revival of the antique more strongly
act, than on the art of architecture ; the Qothio style, which had
never t,'ken deep root in the soil of classic Italy, speedily fell
altogether in that country before the recent discovery and imita-
tion of the '^num antiquities. No powerful body of Freemasons
was there, aa in England, France, and Oermany, to oppose the
progress of the new style ; and
the individual energy of iuoh
men as Brunellesohi, Bramante,
and the great architects of the
northern states, soon established
it on an indestraotible basis.
And, however mnch a partizan
spirit may decry this or that
particular style, the productions
influenced by the revival of
the antique, throughout the
16th century, especially in ar-
chitecture and sculpture, will
never bil to excite our astonish-
ment and emulation.

The facade before us is a re-
stored copy of a portion of the
Actsada of Httei Baurgthei-oiiidij at Kouen. Hdtel BouTgtheroulde, at Bouen.
It was built at the end of the
15th and the beginning of the 16th centniie* The baa-relief
before us repreBents the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and the
memorable meeting (in 1620) of Francis I. of France and our own

THB BBNAISSANOE COURT. 87

Henry VIII. The frieze above is from the Hospital of the Poor,
at Pistoifty in Tuscany, and shows m(Hiks or priests relieying the
poor ; the original is in coloured porcelaiDu Entering the Court,
we find in the lunettes under the ceiling of the small loggia, or
galleiy, portraits of twelve of the most celebrated persons of Italy,
Spain, France, and Gei^many, of the Renaissance period, including
in the central compartment Francis I. of France, and Catharine de'
MedicL In the compartment to the right are, Lorenzo de'
Medici and Lucrezia Borgia ; and, in that to the lefb, Mary of
Burgundy and Maximilian of Germany. In the centre of the
Court we find a fountain of the Itenaissance period, from the
Ch4tean de Gaillon, in France ; and on either side of the
foimtain are two bronze wells, from the Ducal Palace at Yenice.
Directing our steps to the right, we may first examine the deco-
rations on the lower part of the interior of the facade, the bas-
relief of which is taken from the high altar at Granada Cathedral,
in Spain. The statue in the centre is that of the wife of Louis
de Poncher, the original of which is now in the Louvre; its
date may be assigned to the early portion of the 16th century.
The altar on which the statue is placed is from the Certosa near
Pavia, in Northern Italy. The first object on the side-wall is a
door, by Jean Goujon (a French sculptor who executed many
works at the Louvre), from the church of Saint Maclou, at Kouen ;
then a doorway from the Doria Palace at Genoa, a fine specimen
of the dnque-cento ; above this are &Ye bas-reliefs from the
museum at Florence, representing Faith, Prayer, Wisdom,
Justice, and Charity ; and beyond it, one of the most beau-
tifrd objects in the palace, a copy of the far:famed gates from
the Baptistery at Florence, executed by Lorenzo Ghiberti, who was
occupied upon his work for the space of twenty-one years. One
glance is sufficient to assure the spectator that sculpture had indeed
advanced to an extraordinary degree of excellence at the period
which we have now reached. The visitor having sufficiently admired
these ** Gates of Paradise,'' as Michael Angelo termed them, will
proceed on his way, passing another doorway, which, like that on
the other side, already seen, is from Genoa. Close to it, is a door
by Goujon, corresponding to the door in the opposite comer.

On the back wall we first notice a composition made up from
various examples of dnque-cento work. Adjoining it is a portion of
an altar from the Certosa, near Pavia, — a beautiful specimen of
sculptural art of the time. Next to this is another piece
of dnque-cento composition, from specimens at the same Certosa,

68 GBNESAL QUIDB BOOK.

from Bouen Oathedral and other places. In the centra^ two
colossal figures (Caryatides), firom the Louvre, by Jean Goujon,
suppOTt a large cast of the Nymph of Fontainebleau, by the
celebrated Benrenuto Cellini Next to the Caryatides we see an
exquisite specimen of a portion of the interior of the principal
entrance to the Certosa most elaborately canred, and the panels
filled in with bas-relie& ; the doorway by its side is from the
H6tel de Yille, of Oudenarde, in Belgium. It stands out from
the wall, and looks very like an antique cabinet or screen.
Another architectural example from the Cerfcosa follows, being a
sort of military monument erected to the memory of G. G.
Yisoonti, Duke of Milan ; the date of its execution is the end
of the 15th century. On the side next the French MediiBTal
Court is first another oak door from Saint Madou by Jean
Goujon« and then a doorway, from Genoa ; and, above it, the
frieze of '^ The Singers, '^ by Luca della Bobbia, the original
c^ which is at Florence, a most charming work, fall of life
and animation. In the centre of this — ^the northern — side of the
Court, is a cast from one of the windows of the facade of the
Certosa, a remarkably fine example of dnque-cento ; next to it,
another doorway, from the .Doria Palace at Genoa ; and in the
comer a fourth door from Saint Maclou, by Goujon, the central bas-
relief of which represents the Baptism of Christ. The lower part of
the interior of the f agade is devoted to examples of Italian sculpture
of the 16th century, including a head of St. John by Donatello.

The monument placed against the wall is that of Ilaria di
Caretto, from Lucca Cathedral, executed by Jacopo deUa Querda,
of Sienna, early in the 15th century : it is a very fine example
of the cinque-cento style.

Two statues by Donatello cannot fail to be noticed — ^his St.
John and David, which display great power and study of nature.

We now pass out through the doorway imder the Nymph of
Fontainebleau, and enter a vestibule in the Renaissance style. Here,
on the ceiling, is a copy of a painting from the Sala del Cambio
(Exchange) at Perugia, in Italy, by Perugino, the master of
Baffaelle, who assisted Perugino in the work. The painting
represents the Seven Planets, with Apollo in the centre, as the
personification of the Sun. The wall of the Benaissance Court to
the left of the entrance is decorated with terra-cotta arches,
and a frieze from the Certosa ; the singing boys in the frieze are
of great merit. The bronze monument in the centre is that
of Lewis of Bavaria, a very interesting example of late German

THB BLIZABBTHAN OOUET.

Oothk^ lemarkable for the finish of its details. - On eitiier side of
tiie doorway are parts of Goujon's doors from St. Madou, at Bouen.
In the cenlore of the gallery are placed Grennain Pilon's '^ Graoes/'
now in the Loavre, a cluurming example of the French sdbool of
sculpture. The four angles under the Perugia ceiling are occupied
by four statues, also by Pilon ; and the very remarkable bronze
effigy in the centre, against the garden, is from the Museum at
Florence ; it is ascribed to Yecchietta of Sienna.

The kneeling effigies in the gallery are from the Hertford
moniunent in Salisbury Cathedral, probably ^ected in the first half
of the 17th century. On the back wall, to the right of the
doorway, are richly ornamented arches in terra-cotta, from the
large cloisters of thd Gertosa, and also bas-reliefs and specimens of
the Benaissance style from various parts of Italy. The central
monument of Bernard von Gablenz is an exceedingly fine example
of the style as practised in Germany, at the dose of the 16th cen-
tury. After examining these objects, we turn into the narrow court
adjoining the Benaissance Court, and find ourselves in

''Hmm'*>i-mmii,WMM'ismM:'

Facade from Elizabethan Coui't

THE ELIZABETHAN COURT.

The architectural details in this Court are taken from Holland
House, at Kensington, a fine old mansion made interesting to us
by many associations. Elizabethan architecture, whidi was in its

90 OENBBAL aUIDB BOOK.

flower dining the latter half of the 16th oentuiy — more than a
hundred years after the revival of classical architecture in Italy-—
showB the first symptoms of the adoption of the new style in
England. The £3izabethan style — ^the name reaches back over the
century — ^is characterized by a rough imitation of antique detail
applied to masses of buildhig, in which many Grothic features
were still retained as regards general form, but altered as to orna-
ment. The style being in its very nature transitory, it gradwklly
gave way, although characterized by a certain palatial grandeur and
striking picturesqueness, before tiie increasing knowledge which
England obtained of Italian architecture, until we find it entirely
displaced in the first half of the I7th century by the excellent
style of building introduced by Inigo Jones. We must add, that,
although it has no pretensions to the character of a regular or
complete system, yet few who have visited the great Elizabethan
mansions scattered over England can have failed to admire their
picturesque and solid appearance, their stately halls, corridors,
staircases, and chimney-pieces, and the beautiful garden terraces,
which form so important a feature in their general design.

This Court contains several tombs of the period. The first is
that of Sir John Cheney, &om Salisbury Cathedral : a soldier who
distinguished himself in the wars of the Hoses, and was attached
to the party of Henry YII. The original effigy is in alabaster,
a material much used during the early part of the 16th century.
The next monument is that of Mary Queen of Scots from West-
minster Abbey, executed in the beginning of the l7th century,
and displaying in its treatment all the characteristics of the Eliiai-
bethan style. The succeeding monument is that of Queen
Elizabeth, also from Westminster, constructed at about the same
period as that of Queen Mary ; the original effigy is of white
marble. The last monument is that of Margaret, Countess of
Biohmond and Derby (the mother of Henry VII.), at Westminster.
It is the work of the Florentine sculptor Torrigiano ; the original
is in copper, and its date the early part of the 16th century ; it
is of imuBual n\erit. Advancing a few paces, the visitor again
reaches the Nave, and turning still southward, finds himself before

!DHE ITALIAN COUET.

The Italian Coui-t,

THE ITALIAN COURT:

Wldch, as will be at once remarked, closely resembles the' style
of antique Bomam art, on irhidt, indeed, the modem is professedly
founded. Although Bronelleschi, as we have befbreobserred, revived
the practice of antique architectvire as early as the year 1420, yet
varioiia causes combined to delay a thorough inveet^tion of the
antique remains until the close of the century ; and it even is not
until the commencement of the 16th century that we find the
Italian style, or modernized Boman, re^^ularly systematized and
generally received throi^hout Italy ; from whence it gradually
extended, first to Spain and to France, and at a somewhat later
period into England and Germany. The power and excellence of
the style are nobly exhibited in a large number of buildings,
amongst which may be noted the ancient library at Venice,
St. Peter's at Borne, the Pitti Palace, Florence, the Banlioa of
Vicenaa, the great Colonnade of the Louvre, Paris ; St. Paul's
Cathedral, London ; and the Escurial Palace, near Madrid.

Jn this style, architecture reets chiefly on its own intrinaio
excellence, or on proportifm, symmetry, and good taste. The arts
of Bculptm^ and painting, in a great measure, become independent
of architecture ; and their absence in buildings of a later period
(the 17th and 18th centuries, for instance) led to a ooldnws of

92 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

character, which happily promises at the present day to find its
remedy.

The Court before which we stand is foimded on a portion of the
finest palatial edifice in Eome, — ^the Famese Palace, commenced
by the architect Antonio Sangallo, for Cardinal Famese, and
finished under the direction of Michael Angelo. A curious &ct in
connexion with the original building is, that the stones which
compose it were taken from the ancient Coliseum, within whose
mighty walls the early Christians sufiered martyrdom ; so that, in
truth, the same stones which bore witness to the faith and courage
of the early devotees, served afterwards to build, for the faith
triumphant a palace in whick luxury, worldliness, and pride, found
a genial home.

Prior to entering the Court, we may remark, in the niches, the
bronze statues by Sansovino, from the Campanile Loggia at Venice,
amongst which Apollo is conceived quite in the old Eoman spirit.
Passing beneath the columns in the centre of the court, we see the
fountain of the Tartarughe, or ''of the Tortoises'' at Home,
designed by Giacomo della Porta, with bronze statues by Taddeo
Tjandini. Turning to the right, the first object that attracts our
attention is a statue of the Virgin and Child, Jsy Michael Angelo, the .
original of which is at San Lorenzo, Florence. Advancing to the
south side, we enter a loggia or arcade, the interior of which is richly -t

ornamented with copies of Kafifaelle's celebrated frescoes in the Loggie
of the Vatican palace at Rome. They consist of a mosit fanciful, yet
tastdful, combination of landscape figures, architecture and foliage,
founded on antique models, and bearing a dose resemblance to the
ornamental work discovered in various Boman ruins, especially at
the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, which, however, were at
that time unknown. In the centre of the arcade, towards the
Court, is the monument of Giuliano de' Medici, from San Lorenzo,
Florence. On each side of his statue are the reclining figures
Kight and Light (part of the same monument). This is one of
Michael Angelo's masterpieces, and is remarkably characteristic of
the sculptor's style. At the back of it, in the Loggia, is a fine spe-
cimen of bronze casting, from Venice. On each side of the entrance
to the gallery are two groups of a Virgin with the dead Christ, that
to the right being by Bernini, the other to the left by Michael
Angelo, both especially interesting as serving to indicate the state
of art in the 16th and l7th centuries respectively. The remaining
statues, as far as the loggia, are by Michael Angelo. The visitor
may now enter the loggia, which, like its companion on the other

THE ITALIAN COURT. 93

side of the Court, is ornamented with copies of Raf^Bielle's frescoes
from the Vatican ; in the centre of this side of the Court is placed
Michael Angelo's celebrated monument of Lorenzo de' Medici, from
the church of Sam Lorenzo at Florence ; the reclining figures on
each side of the statue of Lorenzo represent Dawn and Twilight.
At the back of this monument within the arcade is the fine bronze
door by Sansoyino from St. Mark's, Venice, on which he is said to
, have laboured from twenty to thirty years. .The projecting heads

I are supposed to be portraits ; amongst them are those of Titian,

Aretino, and of the sculptor himself. Proceeding onwards, the
beautiful composition of Jonah and the Whale, by Raffaelle,
is from the Chigi Chapel at Rome. Passing into the gallery on
the Garden side, we remark in the four angles the pedestals of the
Venetian standards, from the Square of St. Mark, Venice. The
painted ceilings of this gallery deserve especial attention. The
first on entering the gallery is from an existing example at the
" Old Library," Venice ; the last is from the " Camera della
Segnatura," by Raffaelle, at the Vatican ; beneath which is the
fine statue of St. Jerome, by Torrigiano, from Seville, in Spain.

The monuments on the external wall of the vestibule afford
excellent examples of the later Renaissance style. Amongst them

[ may be particularly noted the monimient of Landnio Curzio

'^ (nearest the gallery), from Milan, by Agostino Busti, evincing

that delicate execution for which the sculptor was famous ; and
the central altar of La Madonna della Scarpa, from the Cathedral
of St. Mark, Venice — an elaborate specimen of bronze casting,
completed early in the 16th century by Pietro Lombardo and
others. The monument on the side nearest the Nave is an excel-
lent example of the Renaissance style.

. The decoration of the vestibule is founded on the very elegant
Casa Tavema at Milan, by Bernardino Luini, a pupil of Leonardo
da Vind, and aiSbrds an excellent idea of the peculiar painted
mural ornament prevailing in Italy at the commencement of the
16th century. The doors are from the Palace of the CanceUaria at
Rome, by BramAnte, the famous designer of St. Peter's in that
city, and the immediate predecessor of the great architects of the

^-1 16th century. The vestibule itself is rich in very beautiful

drawings after the old masters, by Mr. West.

We have now completed our survey of one of the most interest-
ing features of the Crystal Palace. We have performed our
promise to guide the visitor through the various Fine Art Courts,
bringing before his notice some of the principal objects that have

S4 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

adorned las road, and endeavouring, by oor brief remarics, to
heighten the pleasure he must aeoeaaarily have experienced from

Fatado of Italian VeeUbuk.

tlie eight of no noble an assemblage of architectural and sculptural
ai^ Much however remains to be seen and accomplished — much
that requires patient examination and study — examination that
will yield tr^h beauty, and study that will be rewarded by per-
manent and useful knowledge. For guidance and help we refer
the viMtor to the handbooks of the several Courts. The misaion of

B of Italian Court,

THE STATIONERY COUBT. 95

this little work, as far as the Fine Art Courts are ooncemed, is
accomplished : and '^ The Guide Book " now only waits until the
visitor has sufficiently recovered firom his fatigue, in order to
resume, in other parts of the building, the part of cicerone.

Grosfflng the great transept to the west, we proceed towards the
south end of the building, and, keeping to the right hand, com-
mence our pilgrimage through the Industrial Courts. The first that
we arriye at is

THE STATIONERY COURT.

In the formation of this and of the other Industrial Courts, the
several architects have been solicitous to express, both in the con-
struction and the decoration, as far as possible, the specific
destination : with the view of maintaining some harmony between
the objects exhibited and the building in which they
are contained. The Stationery Court has been designed and
erected by Mr. J. G. Crace. The style of this Court is composite,
and may be regarded as the application of cinque-cento ornamental
decoration to a wooden structure, ifxtemally the aun has been to
fnmish certain coloured surfaces, which shall harmonize with the
plants around and with the general aspect of the Palace. In the
interior of the Court, the dark neutral tint on the lower level will
be seen to serve as an admirable backgroimd to the objects exhibited ;
whilst the panels covered with cinque-cento decoration, combined
with the elegant imitation of marquetrie work, produce an effect
which deserves the highest praise. Over the opening through which we
enter this Court, and between the stained glass windows let into
the wall, have been introduced allegorical figures of the arts and
sciences applied in the manufacture of the articles exhibited in the
Court, and over the opening at the back the artist has depicted the
Gemi of Manufacture, Commerce, <bc. In the centre of the panels
throughout the Court representations are painted of the processes
which the objects exhibited imdergo during their manufacture.

As the visitor passes round this Court, let him step out at one of
the entrances on the north side, close to which he will find erected
** The Cbystal Palace Medal Press." This machine, which is
official, and worked on behalf of the Company by Messrs. T. B.
Finches and Co., will be employed from time to time in striking
commemorative medals, designed by Mr. Pinches or other artists
connected with the Palace. The machine is worked by four men,
one of whom adjusts the metal to be stamped between the simk

96 eBNERAL eUIDE BOOK.

dies : as soon as the metal is fixed, the other workmen swing the
lever rapidly rounds and the great pressure produces impressions of
the dies on the metal, which is turned out sharp and distinct, and
then put into a lathe and completed. In the glass cases placed
near, the visitor will have an opportunity of inspecting nimierou»
specimens of the medals produced by the machine, amongst which
those in frosted silver deserve especial notice for the beauty of
their appearance.

The visitor, proceeding round the Stationery Court, fronu right
to left, will find amongst the works of industry exhibited, fancy
stationery, books, specimens of ornamental printing, pencil
drawings, and other articles of the kind. At tho back of this and
of the Birmingham Court, or towards the west front of the
building, is situated " The Hardware Court,** in which are
placed household utensils, iron and zinc bronzes, gas-fittings,
refrigerators, and numerous articles in metals. At the back of this
Court again, is a large space extending in a southerly direction from
the Hardware Court to the Pompeian Court (at which the visitor
will presently arrive), devoted to the exhibition of furniture.
Here wiU be found not only useful articles of household furniture,
but specimens of tapestry work, wood carving, picture frames, and
other ornamental articles which give grace to our rooms, and
which, by means of our great mechanical excellence, are daily
becoming more and more within the reach of the great body of the
people. The visitor will do well, in examining these Courts, to view
them in sections, so as not to miss those Industrial Courts which
face the Nave. Emerging from the opening that leads to the south
side of the Stationery Court, a few steps will bring him once more
into the Nave, where he will notice a stand appropriated to the
exhibition and printing by the Messrs. Day, of chromo-lithographic
views of some of the most picturesque and interesting portions of the
contents of the Crystal Palace. These coloured views are produced
by Mr. P. H. Belamotte, and they gain an additional interest from
the fact, that the process of printing is witnessed by the visitor in
the Palace. The greatest accuracy is obtained in fixing the colours
by means of the registring process.

Next in order of the Industrial establishments, comes

THE BIRMINGHAM COURT.

This Court has been designed by Mr. Tite, and the architect has
considered that the purpose to which the Court is applied mi^ht

THE SHEFFIELD COUET. 97

best be expressod by showing some of the principal ornamental
uses of kon in architecture. With this intention, he has designed
lor the &^ade of the court a restoration, in modem woric, of the
ICngliaTi ornamental iron endosuries of the l7th century, which
differed but slightly from those prevailing at the same time in
France in the 'style of Louis XIV. The English, however, are
generally richer in foliage, while the latter are more fandfiil in
scroll work. At the period referred to, the whole of those
enclosures were of wrought and hammered iron, cast-iron being at
that time little known, but in the enclosure before us, although it
has been executed on much the same principle as the old work, the
ornaments are cast, in order to secure greater durability, cast-iron
not being so easily destroyed as wrought-iron, by the oxidation
which proceeds with such enormous rapidity in this country. The
castings have been most admirably executed, and so sharp and
distincf were the outlines of the patterns, that they required but
^ttle after-finishing. The pilasters are of enamelled slate, excellent
for their imitation of marble, surmounted by iron capitals. Entering
through the gates in the centre, the visitor finds th^ interior of the
court panelled in the style of the same period and decorated by
Mr. Sang with emblematical paintings and other appropriate
ornamentation in encaustic.

In this court will be found articles in nickel silver, seal-presses^
gilt toys, metallic bedsteads, and similar manufactured goods of
universal use. Quitting this department, wo approach the next
Industrial Court in succession,

THE SHEFFIELD COURT.

The architect of this court is Mr. G. H. Stokes, whose structure
at once compels attention by the novelty of its design, and by its
general striking efifect. Although there is a considerable admixture
of styles in the court, the parts have been so well selected and
their blending is so excellently contrived, that they yield a
harmonious result in every way pleasing to the eye. The materials
used in the construction are plate-glass and kon, an appropriate
and happy selection for a court intended to receive the productions
of Sheffield. The panels on the outer walls are of plate-glass,
inclosed within gilt-mouldings ; the pilasters and the frieze over
the large panels are likewise of {date-glass. The iron columns
above, forming an arcade, are in a composite Moresque-Gotbic
stylo, and elaborately ornamental in design. Entering the court

es QBKBBAIi OUn>B BOOK.

from the nave, we fiiid the interior deooratioDB identical with thoM
of the exterior — with two differences, Tic, the large lower panels^
inatead of being of plate-glass, foe of red cloth, which aerreg as A
back ground to throw up and disfday tlie artiolea exhiUted. Tho
firieie or i^iaae above the columns, nowmerely covered inih painted
decorations, will, at a future period be adorned with paintinga,
&luatrative of the manu&cture of Sheffield ware.

TTuuling out of this department wilt be found, at the l>aok,
a apace devoted to mineral manufkctures, including works of art
in terra-ootta, tiles, marble, and glaSB, Jcc. Having made OUT
way to the nave, a stop brings us at onoe before tho exquiute
rostoiation of

Tb« Bs; sod Cit; or Nni'lcs.

THE POMPEIAN COURT.

Seventeen hundred and seventy-five years ago, the dtios of
Herculauewn and Pompeii, beautifully situated on the shores of
the Bay of Naples, were buried beneath the cinders and
aabea votnitad forth by Vesuvius. The hoirors of this cala-
mity are recorded in the writings of Pliny, and of other Roman
historians of the period. So sudden was the outtneak and general
oonvulsicoi thai, as we leant, many of the inhabitants of those
dtiea were ctu^t in their terrible doom before the thought of

100 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

escape occurred to them. The dread event completed, nature
resumed her former aspect. The mountain flames ceased, the
intense blue sky again looked down upon the dancing waters, and
there was nothing to tell of the general havoc, but a vast desolate
tract covered with white ashes, under which man and his works lay
entombed.

For upwards of sixteen hundred yeajs the cities continued undis-
turbed beneath their crust. But about the middle of ^the last cen-
tury, curiosity with respect to them was stirred, inquiry commenced,
and excavations were attempted. As in the more recent case of
Nineveh, but with still more satisfactory results, success at once
crowned investigation. The material that had destroyed Hercula-
neum and Pompeii had also preserved them. That which had
robbed them of life had also perpetuated their story in death.
The cities were redelivered to man so far imdecayed, that he
obtained actual visible knowledge of the manner of life of one of
the most remarkable people that ever governed the world. To the
insight thus obtained, the visitor is indebted for the reproduction of
the Pompeian house before which he now stands — a habitation of
the time, complete in every respect, from the outer walls to the
most insignificant object in domestic use.

The doorway of this house stands fronting the nave. Entering
it, we pass through the narrow prothyrum or passage, on either
side of which is a room devoted to the door-keeper and slaves, and
on its pavement the words " ca/ve ccmemy" — ^beware of the dog —
meet the eye. It is the usual notice engraved on the threshold
of these Koman houses. Emerging from the passage, we are at
once in the ^' atrimn" or outer hall of the edifice. The eye is
not attracted here, as in other restorations of the palace, by the
architectural design alone ; the attention is also secured and charmed
by the decorations. The bright coloured walls, the light, fanciful
character of the ornaments, the variety of patterns, and the excellent
method of colouring, which at the lower part is dark, and graduates
upwards, imtil it becomes white on the ceiling — constitute some
of the beautiful features that give individuality to Pompeian houses,
and cause them to differ most essentially from every other style.

This entire hall, or ^^atrkmi,'^ was the part of the buildiog
common to all visitors. The opening above is the " conijoluvmm,^^
and the marble basin beneath, the " imp^tmt*m," which received
the rain that fell from the roof. In the actual houses at Pompeii,
the size of the ^^impltmum" corresponds, of course, with the
dimensions of the opening above. Here the " conypluviwm " has

THE POMPEIAN COURT. 101

been widened in order to admit more light into tlie court. The
flooring consists of tesselated pavement, and near the two other
doorways leading into the " airwMw," is inscribed the well known
word ** Salve " — * Velcome " — ^announcing the profuse hospitality of
the owner. Two out of the three entrances mentioned are formed
here for convenience of egress and ingress, and are ngt copied from
actual buildings, in which only one door exists.

^^ As soon as we have entered the court, we turn to the right, and

proceed round it, stepping into the " cubictday" or bed chambers,
to admire the figures that seem to be suspended in the intensely
fine atmosphere, and — ^with our English experiences — ^to wonder
how, whether by day or by night, comfort could be attained in
such close dormitories. We reach the side entrance, next to which
is an open recess corresponding with a second recess on the other
side of the " <xtrmm," These recesses were called " ate," or wings,
and were used for the transaction of business with visitors. On the
central panel of the first recess is painted a scene from the story
of '' Perseus and Andromeda," and on the side panel are again
exquisite figures, painted not in the centre of the panel, producing
a stiff formality, but nearer to the top than to the bottom, so that
the forms still seem to float before us. Continuing our way, wo
turn into the large apartment opposite the door at which we

* entered. This is the " tablimim,'' and was used for the reception

of the family archives, pictures, and objects of art. It probably
served the purposes also of the modem " drawing-room." Across
the '^ tcMvn/um " a curtain was no doubt drawn, to separate the
private dwelling-house from the more public " atriv/m" although it
is a remarkable fact that no remains of hooks or rings, or of
anything else, has been discovered to convey an idea of the means
by which such a curtain could be attached. In order to enter
within the " tcMvnvm " a special invitation was required.

From this point, the " Peristyle " is also visible, with its colimms
coloured red some way up, a flower garden in the centre, and a back
wall, upon which are curious specimens of perspective decoration,
in which the Bomans seem to have delighted. This court was
always open to the sky in the middle. Passing through the

i ^^tMmwn" and turning to the right, we come to a small door-

way which admits us into the " i/ric^vimif" or dining-room. The
Roman dining-room generally contained three couches, each laige
enough to hold three persons. In feeding, the Roman was accus-
tomed to lie on his breast and to stretch out his hand towards the
table in order to serve himself. When dinner was over, he turned

l02 aKKEBAL OUIDB BOUE.

on ioB left ude, and leant on im elbow. Be-entering the Periskyio, ■
we proceed on our way, Btill to the r^ht, Eind pass a drinkiiig-
room, on the watla of which &uit« are painted, some hanging in
golden cluBteiB 6n a wreath of foliage, supported by Cupids. Next
to this ia the "jiorta poaUca," or bock door, and, adjoining it a
small recess, which served as kitchen. Crossing the " Peiistyle,"
near one end of which in the domestic altar, we turn to the left,
and, after paetdng a small chamber, reach the batb-room — that
chamber so esgential to the Inxmions Boman. Close to this
is the eummer dining-room, and beyond this again, and correit-
ponding with the " Ifm-Univ/m," is the bed-chamber of the imstress
of the house. Quitting this, wo once more gain the " atrwim,"
by means of narrow fauces, or passages, and return to the nave,
through the door of the house at which we originally entered. The
visitor has seen the extremes of deoorative art, when, after sating
his eyes with the profuse and dazzling embeUishment of the
Alhambra, be has also dwelt upon the delicate work of colours
gracing the walls of Pompeii.

m CaBtellainaTe and Qivgnimo.

ETHNOLOCflCAL AND NATUBAL mffTOEY DBFABTMSNT. 103

ETHNOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.

UpoA quittiiig the Pompeian Court the yisitery still walking south-
wards, crosses the south transept and enters that division of the
building which is devoted to geographical groupings of men, aaimalsy
and plants. The illustrations of the animal and vegetable kingdoms
in the Crystal Palace have been arranged upon a specific principle
and i^an. Although the British Museum contains nearly all the
examples of animals and birds known in the world, and Kew Gar-
dens exhibit specimens of the majority of trees and plants known to
botanists — still neither of these collections affords the visitor any
accurate idea of the manner in which these ntunerous objects are
scattered over the earth. Nor do^hey assist his conjectures as to
the nature or the general aspect of their native countries. Here
an attempt, has been made to remove the confusion ; and it is
believed that the associations of these two branches of Natural
Science, in groupings arranged in such a manner as the nature
of the bxiilding will permit, coupled with illustrations of the
human variety belonging to the same soil (a collection which has
never before been attempted in any country) will prove both
instructive and amusing, and afford a dearer conception than can
be obtained elsewhere of the manner ia which the varieties of
man, animals, and plants, are distributed over the globe.

Zoology (firom Zoifny an animal,) is, strictly speaking, that science
which invesikigates the whole animal kingdom, comprehending man
as well as the inferior animals. Zoology therefore, in a wide sense^
includes Ethnology, or so much of that science as considers the
different varieties or races of men in a physical point of view,
instituting comparisons between them, and carefully pointing out
the differences or afiinities which characterize the physical structure
of various branches of the great human family. In more confined
use, the term zoology relates only to the consideration and study
of the mammalia, or warm-blooded animals ; the requirements
of scientific research having occasioned a new nomenclature in
order to distinguish, the different branches of the same' study.
Hence the natural history of birds is particularized as Ornithology,
and that of fish, as Ichthyology,, whilst the investigation of those
characters in man which serve to distinguish one race fix)m
another is, as previously remarked, called Ethnology (from the
Greek Ethnos, ^'nation"). This last-named science is subdivided
again into different branches, but, in a limited and inferior
sense, and as illustrated by the various groups in the Palace,

104 aBNfiEAL QUIBE BOOK.

it may be described as that science which distinguishes the
differences in skin, hair, bone, and stature that exist between the
various races of men. This zoological branch of Ethnology relates
to the physical history of man as opposed to his mental histoiy,
and foUowing up the course of his wanderings, endeavours by
the above-mentioned physical peculiarities to ascend to the source
fix>m which the several migrating races have proceeded.

Within the Palace itself, we have been enabled to remark the
works of man, and the gradual development of his ideas, especially
in Art, leading to a variety of so-called '' styles," which answer in
a measure to the varied tpedea of Divinely created life. We have
now an opportuniiy of attentively considering the more marvellous
and infinite creations of the Deity in the orgamzaldon and develop-
ment of that greatest of all mysteries— -life itself; and of obtaining
a vivid idea of those peculiar varieties of mankind, that have
hitherto not fallen imder our personal observation. If the visitor
should feel astonishment in the presence of some of the phases of
human existence here presented to him, he may do well to bear
in mind, that they are representations of human beings endowed
with immortal souls ; to whose capabilities we may not place a
limit, and that it is not yet two thousand years since the fore-
fathers of the present European family tattooed their skins, and
lived in so savage a state, that late archiBological researches
induce us to suspect they were not wholly firee from one of the
w(»«t diargee that is laid to savage existence ; viz. the practice of
cannibalism.'^

Entering upon the path immediately before him, the visitor will
commence the examination of the groups arranged on the^westem
side of the nave which illustrate the Ethnology, Zoology, and
Botany of

THE NEW WORLD.

The first section we come to is devoted to the illustration of the
Arctic r^ons : to the left on entering are placed two polar bears j
the skin of the largest having befen brought home by Captain
Inglefield on his last memorable return from the Arctic regions.
The smaller bear died in England some years ago. To the' right
will be found a group of Esquimaux, a race of people inhabiting
the ice-bound shores of the Arctic regions, and who from the nature
of their language, and the position of their country, are compara-
tively isolated from the rest of mankind. They pass their short

* Arclueol. Joxtm,, p. 207. Sept. 18(3.

ETHNOLOGICAL AND NATUBAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 105

smfctmerB in hunting foxes and fishing, and during the winter, form
dwelling-places in the frozen snow ; their principal means of
subsistenoe being, during that season, dried fish, and whale oil.
They are short of stature, possess broad faces, resembling in some
respects the Chinese, straight lo^ hair, and weU-proportioned limbs,

* and are generally plump and even £ei,t. Since the introduction of
Christianity amongst the Esquimaux, they have advanced in civi-
lization. Continuing along the path, we pass a glass-case con-
taining a selection of North American birds, and beyond this we
anive at a group of North American Bed Indians engaged in a
war-dance, and surrounded by the trees and shrubs indigenous to
North America. The most conspicuous amongst these are the
American Bhododendrons, the Kalmias, the Andromedas, and the
Amierican a/rbor vitcB, The Indians of the valle;)^ of the Mississippi,
and of the drainage of the Great Lakes supply us with our current
ideas of the so-called Bed Man, or the Indian of the Ne;7 World.
In stature they are above the middle height, and exhibit great mus-
cular force, their powers of endurance being very great ; in temper ,
they are harsh, stoical, and unsociable, whilst in warflEure they are
savage and crueL The general physiognomy of the Bed Indians is

V the same from the Bocky Mountains to the Atlantic. Between
the Alleghanies and the Atlantic, the first-known country of these
tribes, the variety is now nearly ^xtinct.

Quitting this group and continuing our way, the visitor finds
before him a glass tank containing some of the North American
fluviatile (river) animals, such as the bull frog and snapping tiuiJe,
and on his right a case of West Indian marine objects, exhibited
in order to afford an idea of . the nature of the sea bottom in that
region. In this case are moUusques, corals, sponges, <&c. This
rare collection of objects is the property of J. S. Boworbank,
Esq. , by whom they have bfeen kindly lent to the Crystal Palace, and
arranged.

Betuming a short distance, and taking the left-hand path, wo.
find on our right the trees and animals of Central America ;
amongst the latter a fine male puma grey with age. Before
reaching this, the visitor will note a large specimen of
Agave Americama^ one of the most striking plants of Central
America. The puma may be regarded as the American represen-
tative of the lion of the old world, the distribution of both these
animals throughout their respective hemispheres having originally
been very generaL like most of the cat tribe the puma is a
good climber, and usually chooses trees, rocks, and other elevated

106 aBKBBAL QVIDZ BOOK.

positionB from TirMch it can dart upon its prey. On the left of
the visitor are two groups, representative of the North Brazik.
The greatest group on the left hand is characteristic of Guiana, and
beyond it is the Amazonian group. These two are intended to serve
as types of the South American varieties of Indians. And if we
institute a comparison between the various races of North and South
America, it will be found that the latter possess more delicate
features, rounder forms, and are of smaller stature. Their habits
and pursuits also differ. The red Indian of North America ^ves
himself up entirely to hunting, whilst the South American
devotes his life to £shing, guiding his light canoe down ^the
rapid rolling rivers of his country, in search of the means of sub-
sistence.

Continuing our path, we arrive at a case of South American
birds, and, beyond this, a zoological group. On the ground, to the
left, is a -jaguar, which has just killed a brocket deer, and is about
to eat it, when his repast is disturbed by a growl from a black
jaguar, who is coming down the rocks, on the right, to contest the
prey with his spotted brother. As the leopard is found only in
the old world, so is the jaguar met with in the New World only,
and each may be regarded as a representative of the other, on
opposite sides of the Atlantic ocean ; the jaguar having greatly the
advantage in size and muscular strength. Near these is placed an
adult and a young specimen of the llama, or guanaco, as it is
called by the Peruvians, who employ this animal as a beast of
burden, notwithstanding its small size and apparent inability to
sustain heavy loads. like the dromedary, it is capable of enduring
great fatigue, and can climb over almost impassable roads. Indeed,
imtil the introduction of mules and horses by the Spaniards, these
little creatures brought to the sea-side all the gold and silver from
the world-famous mines of the Andes.

Leaving this episode of wild animal life, the visitor advances on
his path, and, after passing a case of birds, arrives at another
group of animals, illustrative of South America. Amongst these
will be seen a specimen of the tapir, of which there are but three
kinds, this (the American)^ being not only the largest of the three,
but also the largest native animal of South America. It is of a
harmless and timid nature, living on vegetable food, and shunning
the haimts of man. It appears intermediate in form between
idle hog and the elephant, and may be regarded as the New
World representative of the latter, amongst thick-skinned animals.
Next to this is a ptima, about to spring upon a brocket-deer.

ETHNOLOQICAL AHD NATIJBAL HISTORY DEPAfiTMBNT. 107

whoBo Bhouldsis it wonld Beize, and whom it would dertroy by
pnUiiig back the head with its paws, iintil it would break tbe
little creature'a neck. The ethnological group, on the light, ie
a repreaentation of a party of BotocudoB, two of whom are
engaged in a fierce fight with Bticka. These inhabitants of South
America are regarded as the fiercest of American aavagea ; tiiey
are yellow in colour, their hair is long and lank, their eyes are
small, their cheek bones piominent, the expression of their ooun-

tenanco is excesslTely savage, and they give themselves a still
wilder appearance by the introduction of blocks of hard wood in
the under-lip, and in the ears. Missionary efforts, it is consolatory
to think, have done something towards civilizing Utese savages, who
have been induced to become industrious and to turn their attention
to the cultivation of the soiL Owing to the tropical character of the
regions to whit^ the forgoing groups of South American men and
animals belonj^ Hifl botanical specimens are not large. Nevertheless,

108 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

the species introduced are strictly coireet. They consistt, principally^
of Bmgmansias^ Fuchsias, Calceolarias, and those two splendid
members of the fir tribe, AraucoMria vmbricata and BraaiUa/Mi.

Such are the first specimens presented, in the Crystal Palace, of
the zoological and other curiosities of the New World. Others in
due time will follow ; but the j>resent examples will be sufficient
to show the object attempted, in the way of scientific instruction,
and to impress the mind of the visitor with the importance of the
study of natural history, by the means of grouped illustrations.

Crossing the road, and passing the screen, We proceed to examine,
on the garden-side of the Palace, the various natural history
illustrations of

THE OLD WORLD.

On entering this section of the department wiU be found two cases
of South African birds, — for it is at South Africa we commence
our investigation — and immediately before us is seen a group of
Zulu Kaffires. This tribe has become especially interesting to
Englishmen on account of their long war with the K&Sre people,
and of their acquaintance with a number of Zulus who visited this
country in 1863. The Kaffire tribes are far above the rest of the
South African races : they are in a measure civilized, some of them
build houses and towns, and pay considerable attention to arts and
manufactures. In general they are tall and well proportioned ;
their skin is of a brown colour ; they have woolly hair, high fore-
heads, and prominent noses, and are of an excessively warlike and
predatory disposition. On one side of this group are two Bosjes-
men, and on the other two Earthmen, all of whom are generally
styled Bushmen ; they fix their abode on unappropriated tracts of
land, which frequently separate hostile tribes.

On the right of the visitor, amidst the vegetation of South
Africa, are placed a giraffe, a leucoryx, and a bontebok. The giraffe
is a male bom in London about ten years ago. Its long neck
enables it to browse upon the young shoots of tall trees, and to
curl around them its tongue, which it can extend a great way, and
with which it draws its food into its mouth. As the two-humped
camel is peculiarly an Asiatic animal, and the llama a South
American one, so is the giraffe peculiar to Afirica, and perhaps the
most characteristic animal of that rich zoological region.

In the space on the left of the visitor, which is also devoted to
South Africa, are groups of a lion and cub, a brown hyaena,
and a battle between a leopard and a duyker-bok. Such a

110 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

batUe is not an xuicoinmon occuirenoe in saTa^e life. _ The leopard,
making too sure of its prey, has fearlessly sprung upon it, and the
little antelope has received the attack upon its knees with its head
down. No sooner does it feel the claws of its enemy, than it at
once partly raises itself, and at ithe same instant, by means of the
great muscular strength which ^ the deer tribe possess in the
head and, neck, it buries one of its tldhis'in the ribs of the leopard,
whose countenance plainly indicat«^'^e deadly nature of the
wound. The plants of this region '&^ chiefly heaths. There are
also some fine specimens of Foljfgm and Amphelexis, together
with several plants whose aspectSv.ai'e £l.s curious as their names.

Choosing the path to the right, ~^ he faces the group of Kaffires,
the visitor will presently arriv^^at the section which separates
Eastern Africa, on the confines oi which will be found a female
hippopotamus. As this animial is found in both Southern and
Eastern Africa, it here occupies kn intermediate place between
the two provinces. From the fine young male now in the Begent's
Park Zoological Oardens, "Uie habits of this animal are too
generally known to need CQi]bi^ent here. We now come to a
group of those Danakils who inhabit the country between
Abyssinia and the sea, le^ing a camel to water. The
Danakils are a nomad or wanderiug tribe ; they are of a cho-
colate-coloui^d complexion, and have woolly hair, which they
dress in a fantastic manner ; tliey are of slender make, tall, and
differ widely in appearance fcom'the Negto. The Danakils are tran- •
sitional between the Negro and tiie Arab, possess a Jewish
physiognomy, and have acquired fb^ Negro element from their
iAtercourse with the neighbouring m^mbeis^ of that race. Proceed-
ing a short distance^ we find, on the' extreme left, a group of slaves,
which, with the plants and animsds, repres^t Western Africa. The
Negro nations of Guinea are those that have supplied slaves for the
Americas. These specimens are typical of the Negroes from the
Delta of the Niger, and are chiefly Ibos, but the lighter varieties
are the Fellatahs and Nufis, from the interior of the country, and
they exhibit less of the Negro type. SFear this group will be found
three specimens of the chimpanzee, tne animal whose form most
nearly resembles that of man. It is found only on the Western Coast
of Africa, though it may probably also exist in the far interior, where
no European as yet has penetrated. Though similar to the ourang
outang of Sumatra in general form, the chimpanzee is a smaller
animal ; it lives in woods, builds huts, uses clubs for attack as well
as for defence, and in many ways exhibits an intelligence that

BTHNOL09IOAL AND NATUEAL HIBTOET DHPAETMENT. IH

Th« Ohimpimioo.

Beyond thia, and npon the verge of N'mihem AMca, is repro-
xentod & battle between two Isopwls, fordblj' reminding lu of a
quairel between two oats, which, in fact, it is. Anj one who
has seen one o^t advancing towards another, must have observed
that there is always a dedro to receive the aaaault lying on the back.

112 GBNfiBAL GUIDB BOOK.

with the four legs upwards. The motiTe is to be in a positioii to haTO
free use of the claws of all the legs ; and in the group before us,
though the smaller animal appears to have the advantage both by
position and by the grip he has taken on the throat of the other,
yet the laceration he is receiving underneath from the hind
legs of the larger animal, will soon oblige him to release his
hold. The vegetation of North Africa includes orange and lemon
trees, the date palm, the oleander, the sweet bay tree, and the
laurustinus.

On the right we have before us an illustration of Asia, in which
the tiger hunt forms a most important feature. The danger of this
sport is sufficiently known to all who have engaged in or heard of
it. The tiger, seen extended on his back, has been wounded from
the howdah, or car on the elephant's back, and in his struggle has
rolled over into that position. The other tiger seeks to revenge his
companion by an attack upon the persons in the howdah, whilst
the elephant is in the act of uttering a roar of fear, and stcurting
off with the speed of terror from the scene of action. Under such
circumstances, the keeper, seated on the neck of the animal, has no
control over him, and the riders are in imminent peril of being jolted
out of their seats, and of falling into the clutches of the tiger.
Near this episode of hunting-life in India will bo found a group of
Hindoos, in vrhich will be readily distinguished two distinct kinds
of physiognomy, one coarse-featured and dark-skinned — ^the low
caste— and the other with fine features, and lighter-skinned — ^the
high caste. The Hindoos belong to the Indo-European nations,
and are spread over British India ; some of them are exceed-
ingly handsome, possessing small foreheads and black lively
eyes ; they are physically weak, and incapable of hard, manual
labour. Some are very skilful artisans, and employ their time
in painting on ivory, in wood-carving, and in manufacturing
the beautifdl Indian shawls and fine cloths so much esteemed by
Europeans. The most conspicuous shrubs here are the Indian
Bhododendrons, contrasting with the American Khododendrons in
the New World. Here are also the India-rubber tree, the Assam tea
plant, and the drooping Juniperus recurva. Opposite the group of
Hindoos the visitor will see a lion and lioness witii a cub under the
shade of some orange trees, as further illustrations of North Africa.
Near them is a specimen of the Barbary Ape, the only monkey found
in Europe. He is seen in the wild state inhabiting the caverns of
unpregnable Gibraltar.

Further on, and on the left of the visitor, will be seen a group

BTHNOLOQICAL AND KAimiAL EISTOBT DEPAATHMT. 113

r^meenting the population of Chineee Tartar^, and seTeral apod-
BWnB of Afdatic ankoAlu, including the Lu^e-homed sheep called
Oris Ammon, which is exceedingly lais ; the Yaka, or granting
axea, which are used hy the Tartars for riding or driving, as
w^ as for food or dothing ; the tail being veiy much in request

in India for brdBhing away flies, no less than as on emblem of
authority ; and the Onnce, an animal which three hundred years
ago was comparatively well known, but whose skin has since become
so lare that the veiy existence of the animal has been questioned.

Ill QENfiEAli GtriDE ^OOS.

European travellers have lately visited its haunts in Central Asia,
and satis&otorily proved that it still lives. The most conspicnoiui
plants are the Camellias and the Indian arbor vitse, which is tibe
Asiatio representative of the similar plant in the new world.
Amongst this botanical group will be found also specimens of the
black and green tea plants.

Let the visitor now pass under the staircases leading to the
gaUeries, aad, bearing somewhat to the right, he mO. come to »
small plot of groimd dedicated to the illustration of Australia
and New Guinea. Selecting the left-hand path, he will fii^t notice
a case of marine objects, consisting of the mollusques, corals, &c., of
Australia, and advancing a few paces, wiU find, on his left, a small
piece of ground devoted to New Guinea. The ethnological group
are the Papuans of New Guinea, easily distinguishable by their
curious, Mzzled hair, which makes their heads ijpsemble mops ;
they are neither Malays, nor Negroes, but a mixed race between
the two, retaining the characteristics of the tribes from which
they sprung : hence they may be called Malay-Negroes. Turning
to the right from this group, a few steps conduct us to a case
filled with Australian birds, and then proceeding towards the
entrance to this portion of our geographical illustrations, we
have on our right a general illustration of Australia ; and on
the left another marine case. - Amongst the animals will be
noticed that most characteristic form, the kangaroo. The Austra-
lian men here depicted strike xis at once by their half-starved,
lanky, and ill-proportioned bodies ; they may be looked upon as
savages, hunters, and inhabitants of forests ; they possess that
excessive projection of the jaw which ethnologists make one of
the distinguishing traits in the most degraded forms of man.

Here the visitor wiU find numerous plants with which he is
acquainted in conservatories ; the Banksia, the Acacias, and the
different kinds of Epacris aad Eriostemon, are amongst the most
conspicuous. He wiU see also specimens of three other kinds of
Araucaria, the most elegant of which is the Norfolk Island Pine.

Quitting this part, and proceeding up the building in a northerly
direction, after crossing the transept we find, dose to the open, •
corridor looking out on the gardens, a plot of ground devoted to
the illustration of the Indian isles. The principal group of men
represents a party of the natives of Borneo in iiieir war dresses,
and to the left is a group of Simiatrans, with three opium eaters
from Java ; there will likewise be noticed a black leopard and two
Malay bears«

MUSIOAL INSmUHfiKT COUET. 115

The plants of the Indian islands^ with the exception of those
beantifiil Orchids (for the growth of which our building is not
siifficientl7 warm or humid), are not to be procured in England.
The vegetation of these regions is, accordingly, unrepresented.
Our iUustrations here are conventional and picturesque.

With this group we complete our rapid survey of the Natural
History department of the Crystal Palace. It remains to mention
that the lithnological section has been formed imder the direction
of Dr. T«tham ; that tiie Zool<^cal Collection has been formed by
Mr. G. B. Waterhouse ; that Mr. Gkmld has formed the Ornitholo-
gical Collection, and that Sir Joseph Paxton has selected the plants to
illustrate the Botany. The whole of the Katural History arrangements
have been effected under the general direction of Professor iidward
Forbes, and the personal superintendence of Mr. Wm. Thomson.

Turning now to the left, a few paces bring us to tiie side of the
first Industrial Court ; or, of

THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENT COURT.

Thiir,Courb displays much inventive fkncy in its geneml design
and execution, and may fairly challenge comparison with any archi*
tectural novelty in the Palace. It is the production of Mr. John
Thomas, who is well known as the sculptor of the statues at the
new Houses of Parliament. The aim of the architect here has
been, not so much to build a mere Court for the exhibition of
musical instruments, as to produce a Temple dedicated to Music^
and to render the architectural detail and ornament typical of the
high and beautiful art as well as of the subservient mechanical
craft. The end of the Court before which we are now standing is
symbolical of Sacred Music. Over the two doorways are alto-
relievo figures of Miriam and David, and in the centre is a
bust of JubaL The three-quarter columns are of a composite
design, part of the shaft being made to represent organ-pipes.
Turning into the nave^ we advance towards the principal sidoi
or rather front of the Comii, which is divided iQto three com*
partments, and may be regarded as the typification of mytho*
logical and primitive music, a head of Apollo appearing in
the centre, the frieze along the whole length of this side being
ornamented with heads of Pan, lyres, sea-shells, and other
instruments of sound. In front are the statues of Musidora to
the left and Diana to the right ; the recumbent figures near thenf
Are allegorical of Night (to the left) and Morning; Entering

. x2

116 QBNB&AL aUIDB BOOK.

tiiroUgh one of the central openings, we find tihe interior of the
Court more highly decorated than the exterior. Over the
entrances are figures of St. Cecilia and Erato^ tinder which are
lines from Dryden and Collins. Bound the other portions of
the Court are ranged the busts of the most celebrated English
and foreign c(»npo6ers, and on the Meze are figures of boys
playing upon various instrumoits. In fact the whole Court,
externally and internally, is descriptive of the music of all ages and
all countries ; whilst ilie pleasant subdued colouring hannonizes
charmingly with the pervading spirit. MsJdng his way round this
court by the usual route, viz., from right to left, the visitor will
notice the places appropriated to pianofortes, harps, drums, wind
and stringed instruments. The windows of this court afford a
favourable opportunity for exhibiting printed musia On issuing
into the nave we come next to the

PRINTED FABRICS COURT.

This court represents a branch of trade peculiarly belonging to*
England, and one indeed, in which, until of late, she has been
almost without a competitor ; viz., the manufacture and printing
of cotton and woollen goods. The architects, Messrs. Banks and
Barry, have adorned the walls of this court with medallion portraits
of the eminent men to whose genius we are indebted for improve-
ments in this particular branch of manufacture ; and the frieze, with
bas-reliefs representing' the introduction of the raw material into
thifif country, and the several processes through which the same
material passes, until it finally quits England again in its most
highly finished and useful form. No particular style is followed
in this court : the architects have suited their fancy by appro-
priating -what they found pictmresque in several styles ; and the
character of the court may be called decorative Italian, combined
with Elizabethan, and even Byzantine features. Entering through
the central opening, the most important object in the interior is an
allegorical figure of Manchester placed in the centre : a distinction
due to' the city which is the heart of the cotton trade of the
country, Next in order to this court we reach the

MIXBD FABBICS OOUET. IV

MIXED FABRICS COURT.

UMi Oourt luMs been erected by Professor Gottfried Semper. It
is divided into two parts : one covered by a ceiling, for the
reception of the more delicate fabrics likely to suffer by exposure
to the sun's rays, and which may be seen to better advantage in a
subdued lighit ; and the other uncovered, and appropriated to raw
produce, «nd such textile manufactures as are not susceptible of
injury from sunshine. The style of decoration employed is Cinque
CkmbOy and the ornaments are, as in other cases, symbolical of the
fioaAufactures to which the Court is dedicated.

On the tympanum- above the entrance to the covered porti<Ht is
placed a head of Minerva, the traditional inventress of spinning and
weaving. In the panels on either side of the head will be paB^ia|;B
of the olive tree, sacred to Minerva, and, in our ideal, to Peace,
the true protecting goddess of human industry. Oh the roof
of the covered portion will be placed a fountain, composed of
Majolica ware, at the angles of which ar6 placed small figures of
•boys on sheep, and the general decorations of wMch are symbolical
of weaving and spinning. This fountain will, however, be better
seen from the gallery above.

Entering throu^ the opening in the semidrculai: uncovered
portion, on either side of which are pedestals, to be surmomited
by typical groups, we may first examine the decorations of the
Coxat, and then the contents of the glass cases, which include
hosiery, shawls, and other textile fabrics. Afber this we enter
the covered division. The lower portion of the Court is occupied
with glass cases, and above are placed ornamental columns, support-
ing the ceiling ; the latter is panelled in oak, abd the insides of the
panels are filled in with representations of the hemp and flax
plants, from which linen is manufactured ; mulberry bushes, the
leaves of which are the food of the silk- worm ; and tiie symbolical
Golden Fleece, all painted on blue and red groimds. On the ceiling
also are tablets inscribed with the names of the principal continental
and "RTigliah manufacturing towns. In this court are exhibited
manufactured silks, India and China shawls, and other costly and
delicate fabrics.

Quitting this collection of manufactiuna, we pass on, in the
nave, to the

118 GBNSBAIi aUIDE BOOK.

rORElQN INDUSTRIAL COURT.

Conftjaououft amidst tiie articles of art and manufactttre exhibited
in this Court are the specimens oi Sevres porcelain and Gobelin
tapestry, sent for exhibition at the Crystal Palace &om the Tmi>eria]
manufiEbctories of IVance by his Majesty the Empefor of the
French. The Gbbelins factory at Paris is celebrated for its
tapestry work and carpets ; and the quarter of the city in which it
is situated has for four or five centuries past been inhabited ^by
wool-dyers, for the sake of a valuable and peculiar stream of water
that passes through it. Jean Gk>belin, a wool-<Lyer, lived here in
the 16th century, and amassed a large ftintane in his trade, which
after his death was carried on for a time by his descendants, who
having in their tnm become rich, allowed the business.to pass into
other hands. Their successors, the Messrs. Canaye, added a new
branch of trade — the manufiftcture of tapestry, which until then
had been confined to Flanders. Louis XIV. purchased the fEustory
from these proprietors ; and the Gobelins, which has since remained
crown property, was in 1826 made also the seat of the royal manu<*
&otory of carpets. Le Brun, the painter, was appointed director
of the Gobelins in 1667, and painted his ^* Batties of Alexander
the Great " as patterns for tapestry. At the present time many
eminent artists and chemists are connected with the factory,
including M. Chevreuil, whose connexion with the Gobelins has
led to the production of a most valuable and complete work on the
contrasts of colour.

The manufactory of Sevres porcelain was originally established
at Yincennes ; but in the middle of the last century the fiurmers-
general purchased and transferred it to the littie village of Sevres,
situated a few miles from Paris. Louis XY., in compliance with
the wish of Madame de Pompadotir, afterwards bought it from the
fkrmers*general, and, like the Grobelins n^nufiMtory, this, too, has
since remained the property of the crown.

Porcelain is of two kinds, soft and hard, and up to 1770, the
former only was produced in France ; but after that period the
latter also was manufactured at Sevres. Common earthenware
vessels are soft : white stone ware and crockery are hard : and hard
porcelain during the last century was alone considered worthy of the
name, the manufacture being confined chiefly to China and Japan.
In 1761, however, the secret of its composition had been imparted
to the director of the Sevres works, who was, however, unable to

THE FOEBIGN INDUSOJBUL COURT. 119

produce the superior ware in consequence of the scarcity of the
white Kaolmy or day, employed in its production. A large
quantity of this material haying been shortly afterwards accidentally
diseovered at Limoges, in France, the manufacture of hard porce-
lain of the finest quality was commenced, and has ever since
been carried on, at Sevres. The common specimens of S^yres
china are ornamented with beautifdlly painted flowers on a
plain ground ; but the more splendid pieces have grounds of
rarious colours, including those most highly prized and beautiful,
the Eose Dubarry and the Bleu de Boi. When the first named
ground is employed the cups are frequently jewelled, and generally
these splendid examples are decorated with the most beautiful
paintings of fruits, flowers, and figures. The specimens^ painted
with subjects after Watteau are much prized.

Specimens of Sevres china command large sums amongst
coUectoiB, and like most objects of vertu are often fraudulently
imitated. Attached to the Sevres fEtctory is a museum, in which
are placed specimens of all the different kinds of china manufac-
tured there since its. establishment, and a most valuable collection
' of works in ceramic warei of all ages and nations. We may add,
that this manufla.ctory, in the hands of government, is not a
profitable speculaticm, and barely covers its necessary expenses.

This Court was originally entrusted to a French architect, who,
late in the spring, on account of the short period allowed for its
construction, declined its execution. At the eleventh hour. Sir
Joseph Paxton took it in hand, and in the short space of one
month the Court has risen from its foundations to its present state
of completeness, the builder being Mr. George Myers. The style
chosen by Sir Joseph Paxton is late Grothic. It is built, like the
Stationery Court, chiefly of wood, the construction not being con-
cealed, but allowed to appear, and emblazoned with colour. The
lower panels facing the nave are of silvered-plate glass, and above
are panels ornamented with beautiful examples of illuminated art.
The decorations of the interior consist of shields emblazoned with
the arms of various nations, and legendary scrolls setting forth
the names of the principal seats of manufacture.

This Court concludes the series of Industrial establishments
erected within the Crystal Palace for the display of the skill of
England and of other nations. The attempt to collect under
one roof the best specimens of various trades whose seats of
manufrtcture are scattered over the world, is now for the first time
Hiade in connexion with the most elevating exhibition ever offered

120 GBNBEAL GUIDE BOOK.

for the instruction and enlightenment of man. The union of
industry and Fine Art first formed in the Crystal Palace of 1851,
but severed at the close of a few months, is here permanently
consolidated and secured. The advantages to both purchaser and
seller offered by this gigantic museum of intellectual and manual
production are self-evident. Here the manufacturer and trades-
man may bring his specimen, ussured of an admirable site for
exposition : and here the purchaser has an opportunity of com-
paring the best works of different hands, and lands, without the
labour and fisitigue of journeying from shop to shop in search
of his requirements. His selections made — a school of art,
unrivalled in the world, solicits his contemplation, and a garden,
of beauty certainly unmatched in England, invites to repose and
restoration.

Quitting the last Industrial Court, and turning to the right
towards the garden, we reach the Photographic Departmemt
entrusted to Mr. P. H. Delamotte, the photographer to the Crystal
Palace Company, for the exhibition of the views of the Palace and
grounds — ^illusixations, of a kind promising to displace the unsatis-
factory prints which of late years have formed the sole questionable
ornament for the walls of the working classes.

The visitor having explored all the Fine Art Courts as well as
the several Courts of ManufiEtcture, may now give his exclusive
attention to the chef-dPoeuwes and valuable examples of ancient and
modem sculpture, which he has not found Aa the Fine Art
Courts ; but which will arrest his eye from point to point, as he
accompanies us in

A WALK THROUGH THE NAVE.

Our starting point shall be the screen of the kings and queens
of England, at the south end of the building, containing casts of
the regal statues at the new Houses of Parliament, Westminster,
executed by Mr. John Thomas.

The screen itself is from the design of Mr. M. D. Wyatt, and is
characterized by much originality and appropriateness of treat-
ment. The series of monarchs is placed in chronological order,
commencing, on the return side to the left (as we face the screen),
with the kings of the Saxon heptarchy ; and beneath them the
Saxon kings, the first on the left being Egbert, by whom the
greater number of the petty kingdoms were first consolidated.
The Norman series conmienoes, on the principal frt>nt, with

122 GENBBAL aUIDE BOOK.

William I. amd bis queen, above whom are the stataea of St.
G^rge and St. Andrew. Amongst the various rulers of the state
may be noticed as of great excellence, in that style of sculpture
which has been termed ^^the Bomantic/' Henry 11., Berengaria,
Henry V., Henry VI., Bichard III., Edward VL, Charles the
First and his Queen Henrietta, and Cromwell ; this last was
rejected by the Committee of iJie Houses of Parliament, but is
clearly necessary for completing the historical series which is con-
cluded on the return side, to the right, with the royal per-
sonages of the reigning Guelph family, and a lower row of Saxon
kings.

Quitting the screen, we are first attracted on our road by Osier's
Crystal Fountain, which occupied so conspicuous a place in the
Great Exhibition in Hyde Park. On the water which surrounds
it, float the gigantic leaves of the Victoria Eegia, the Kymphsaa
Nelumbia, and other tropical plants. We will now proceed to
the west end of the south, or Norwood transept, in which is placed
a cast of the well-known

EQtnsSTBIAN STATUE OF CHABLES I.

from the origin&l at Charing Cross. It was designed and executed
in 1633, by Hubert Le Sueur, a French sculptor, pupil of the
celebrated John of Bologna, but was not at the time raised on its
intended site. During the civil wars, the Parliament, wanting
men more than statues, sold it to John Eivet, a brazier, living
in Holbom ; by him it was kept concealed until the restoration
of Charles II., when it returned again into the hands of the
government, and was finally erected at Charing Cross in 1674.
The pedestal is a work of the celebrated sculptor Grinling
Gibbons.

Beyond the statue of Charles I. in the central line, is placed
that of James II. by Grinling Gibbons, cast from the original
now in the court at the back of WhitehalL It is an excellent
example of a portrait statue treated in the classical style ; and
affords us a proof of the higher reach of Gibbons's genius ; whose
well-earned reputation in the seventeenth century, we may remark,
rested more especially on his works in ornamental carving, of
which the exquisitely cut fruits, flowers, wreaths and other orna-
ments on the &9ade of St. Paul's, London, are examples.

A selection from the best productions of various Engliyi
sculptors surrounds this portion of the transept. At the south

A WALK THBOUaH THE NAVE. 128

angle is the original model of the colossal statue of the great Earl
of Chatham (449),* forming a portion of his monument in West-
minster Abjbey. It was executed by J. Bacon, B.A., a contem-
porary sculptor, who was celebrated for the truth and yigour of
his porisnuts. Bacon should also be mentioned with honour, as
one of the first native artists who foimded the English school of
sculpture in the last ludf of the eighteenth century. Amongst the
sfcatues in the transept itself, we would notice !M^iodonald's excel-
lent compositions of Ulysses recognised by Ms Dog (48), and
Andromeda (45) ; the very grac^uUy designed figure of a Bather
(36), by Lawlor, and a group of Boys Contending for a Prize, by
the same artist. Near the entrance are placed two figures of Dogs,
cast from the antique, and the well-known Florentine Boar : the
originals of these are in the gallery at Florence.

The statues on the north side of this end of the transept ase
principally by Spence and Theed, amongst them will be remarked
the Highland Mary (58), and the statue of Flora (59), both by
Spence ; I^arcissus at the Fountain (60), and Psyche (61), by
Theed.

At the junction of the Transept and the Nave is placed
the colossal statue of Br. Johnson, £rom his monument at St.
Paul's, the first that was erected in that CathedraL This portrait-
statue, as that of Chatham, is by Bacon ; but composed, as will
be remarked, on a diametrically opposite principle ; the great
writer being half clad in a classic toga, whilst the great statesman,
is brought more Tividly to our minds by being represented in the
costume of his period and his order.

Proceeding in front of the Pompeian Court on this side of the
Nave, will be found various works illustrative of modem Grerman
sculpture ; amongst which we notice a prettily conceived figure of
a Child-Christ (163), designed for the Boyal Christmas tree, by
Blaeser of Berlin, and a group of Minerva Protecting a Warrior
(162), by the same sculptor.

A charming little composition, by Brugger, of a ^'Centainr'^
instructing the young Achilles (No. 164). The original model of
a nymph, with an urn (167), by Dsumecker, executed as a
fountain at Stuttgard. An allegorical figure of Medicine (171))
by Hahnel of Dresden. Two seated statues, in the Greek style,
of Thucydides and Homer (176), by Launitz. A statue of a
Magdalen (261), by Wagner. A statue of Hector (166), by

♦ This number refers to " The Handbook to the Portrait Gallery."

124 GENERAL GUIDB BOOK.

Danneoker. A very spirited group of a Hunter defending Yob
family against a Panther (264), by Widermann, of Munich* ;
the statue of a Hunter (263), is a chef-d'cRU/tyre by Wittig.
C^posite the Stationery Court are excellent life-size statues of
stags (193*),, by Professor Ranch, of Berlin, excellent examples of
that difficult branch of the sculptor's art— the study of animal
nature. Beyond the Stationery Court, a little to the l>a(dc, is a
very beautifal group of a Pietk (196*), by Bietschel, of Dresden.
The fine statues of Victory (184 to 188 inclusive), by Professor
Bauch, are characteristic examples of that great sculptor's style,
and of the successful variety of treatment in five designs for one
and the samo subject. And the statue of a Nymph holding a
Basket of Fruits and Flowers (160), by Professor Drake, is a
picturesque example of the ** BomanUc " school A little beyond
this is the Court of

ENGLISH AND GERMAN SCULPTURE.

which we may enter and explore with advantage.

In this Court is placed a selection of the finest prodjcictions of
the English and German schools of modem sculpture, prominent
amongst which is seen the noble colossal head of Bavaria, by
Ludwig Sehwan thaler, of Munich, who enjoyed a European celebrity.
Hie original bntnze statue to which it belongs, erected outside the
city of Munich, is fifty feet in height, the pedestal on which it
stajids being thirty feet high. For ten years did the great
artist, weak and broken in health, still devote himself with a true
artist's love to the progress of his task : but he was not destined
to witness its perfect completion ; and when the statue of the
Genius of Bavaria was cast in bronze, its author had passed firom
amongst us. The statue was first publicly exhibited in 1850.

Opposite the head of Bavaria, is another example. of those
embodiments of towns and nations, which are so frequently to be
found on the Continent. The present colossal statue all^orizes
Franconia, a province of Germany ; it is characterized by much
nobility of conception, and worthily sustains the reputation of the
modem German sculptors. The original, by Professor Halbig, is
erected at Kilheim, in Bavaria.

In the centre stands a part of the monument of Frederick the
Great at Berlin, designed by Professor Bauch ; and near to it is

* These numbers refer to those in the " Hiwidbook of Modem Sculpture."

THB POEmAIT GALLBRT. 125

placed a small model, showing the complete monument. The
equestiiaa statue of the King, which surmounts the largest of the
two, deserves particular attention, as one of the finest examples of
modem portrait sculpture ; whilst the artistic management of the
costume, the drapery of the cloak, and the general success seen in
the treatment of modem costume, constitute the statue, in this
respect, also, a tnodel in art.

Amongst other works representative of the German school, may
be noticed two statues of Nymphs by Schwanthaler (Nos. 202 and
203), remarkable for their beauty of form. Placed on either side
of the head of Bavaria, are two colossal ^* Victories," by the same
•artist, fix>m the ^^ Ruhmeshalle," or Hall of Fame, at Munich.
The life*size statue of a Danaid (188), by Bauch, also deserves
especial notice, whilst Tieck's charming collection of statuettes
<Nos. 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, and 258) chums equal praise.

Several examples of the works of the celebrated Thorwaldsen
will also be found collected in this Court, and evoke especial
admiration for the beauty of their forms, for their ideality of
expression, and for the purity of sentiment which characterizes
their conception. Amongst them we would particularly point out
"Venus with the Apple" (217), the Three Graces (222),
Mercury (219), and the very beautiful bas-reliefs on the wall,
illustrating the triumphs of Alexander (226).

Amongst the productions of the English school, we would draw
attention to Crawford's graceful statue of Flora (10), Wyatt's
Bather (77), and a Nymph with an Urn (76).

On quitting this Court (towards the great transept) we enter
that section of

THE PORTRAIT GALLERY

which is devoted to the portrait-busts of celebrated Germans ;
amongst them will be found the greatest names from that crowd of
remarkable men, of whom Germany, in modem times, has been the
prolific mother. They are arranged chronologically and in regular
succession as artists, musidans, poets, dramatists, scientific men,
authors, statesmen, soldiers, prelates, theologians, and royal per-
sonages ; amongst them are to be remarked Beethoven (321),
Mendelssohn (331), Goethe (337), Blucher (360), BerzeUus (354),
Handel (314 a), Humboldt (351), Badetzky (370), and the reigning
King of Prussia (384).* In order the better to appreciate this,

* These numbers refer to those marked in <* Handbook to the Portrait
GWHery."

125 GSNS£AL QUIDS BOOK.

and th6 three remaming seddonB of the Portrait Gallery, we refer
the visitor to the Haudbook of the Portrait GaUeiy, which contains
not only a notice of the Hves, but general information as to the
diaraeter and claims to renown, of the several notabilities.

Betuming to the nave, the visitor will find, at the angle of the
great transept, a cast from the colossal bronze statue of Sir IU>-
bert Peel by Marochetti, from Manchester ; and turning at this
point, to the left, may proceed to examine the statues and numu-
ments at the west end of the great transept. The subjects
ranged in front of the Gennan portrait gallery, are selections
from the works of the Roman school of English sculpture, includ-
ing a fine collection of the works of Gibson and Wyatt. Amongst
the principal productions of the latter, may be noticed Penelope
(82),* a diarming group of Ino and Bacchus (73), Zephyr and
Flora (80), a Huntress (79), and a graceful Composition of a Girl
with a Lamb (81). The chief works of Gibson's chisel are the
Floni (14) ; a very beautifully conceived Venus (18) ; the
wounded Amazon (16), which it will be interesting to compare
with the same subject, the work of an ancient Greek sculptor
(to be noticed shortly) ; a Hunter holding in a Bog (20) ; the
graoefEil statue of Hylas (22) ; Cupid disguised as a Shepherd
(15), and the very elegant group of Aurora borne by the
Zephyrs (21).

The central place, at this end of the great transept, is oc-
cupied by

THB CHOEAGIO MONCTMEKT OF tYSICSATES.

This beautiful example of ancient Greek architecture is usually
styled the Lantern of Demosthenes, on account of a tradition,
which ascribes its erection to that celebrated orator. No weight,
however, can be attached to this supposition, although it may be,
and in all probability is, due to the time of Demosthenes.

An inscription on the architrave informs us that this monument
was erected by Lysicrates of Kikyna, at his own expense, in order
to commemprate a musical triumph obtained by various members
of his tribe or clan, the Akamantis. The ancient Greeks were
in the habit of holding a species of musical toiunament, in which
the most celebrated masters of the art vied with each other;
in this particular case, the palm was awarded to Theon, the flute-

* Th«se numbers tefet to those in the '^ Handbook of Modern Sonlpture;^

THE PORTRAIT GALLERY. 127

player, and the chorus of boys led by Lysiades ; the magistrate
for the year being Evanectus. It was to celebrate this triumph
that the monument was erected ; the tripod at the summit being
the prize awarded, and on it was sculptured the story of Baochus
transforming the Tyrrhenian pirates into dolphins, which was the
Bubject of the musio. A tripod was the «Bual prize granted in
these contests, and the victor either placed it in one of the temples,
or, as in the present instance, consecrated a monument specially
for its reception.

Around the pedestal of this interesting work are placed four
noble Greek statues of Zeno (321), Aristides (322), .^Ischines (323),
and Fhodon (324), and on either side are seen the celebrated
statues of men and horses, now at Eome, on the Quirinal hill,
generally known as

THB MOKTE CAVALLO GROUP.

The figures are supposed to represent Castor and Pollux, and
the two groups are respectively attributed to the sculptors
Fhidias and Praxiteles, their names being found engraved on them.
Th^ are admirable and striking works, remarkable for the life
and vigorous action displayed in them.

Passing these ancient classic monimients, and directing our steps
along the northern side of the transept, we find several works
of Greek sculpture, including a poetically conceived statue of
Polyhymnia (341). The spirited figure of the Dancing Faun (352),
firom Florence. The admirable seated portrait statue of Posi*
donius (342). The Sleeping Faun (408). A copy of Venus de'
Medici A statue of Mercury, seated. The Discobolus of
Kausidas, from Naples. And the wounded Amazon (330).
Amongst the remaining subjects, the Faun with a Goat may be
selected as a characteristic example of the Boman style of sculpture.

At the back of these, will be found another section of the
Portrait gallery, consisting of the busts of celebrated Englishmen
and Americans, arranged as previously described in the G^erman
portrait section ; among the most remarkable may be selected —
Inigo Jones * (388), Sir C. Wren <389), Garrick (390), Flaxman
(394), Bacon (420), Locke (422), Newton (423), FraaJdin (424 a),
Adam Smith (426), and Washington (451).

* These ntuubers refer to those marked in the Handbook to ''Portrait
Qalleiy*'*

128 0^SEAL atJIPS BOOlt.

At the junotion of this angle of the great transept with the nave,
is placed the celebrated Famese Hercules, from the Mtisexim at
Naples ; a fine example of antique sculpture, charaotetized by a
massiTe and somewhat exaggerated muscular development, not
however altogether inappropriate to the Hero of Physical force.
Keeping still to the left, along the nave, we remaik several
antique statues including the Antinous as Mercury from the
Capitol at Bome (316), and the Adonis from Oapua (213).

Before reaching the Egyptian Court, we turn to the left, and a
few steps bring us to the

GREEK AND ROMAN .SCULPTURE COURT*

In which, as the name denotes, are collected some of the ch«f-
(Pxuvrea of the Greek and Roman schools ; the first group that
attracts the eye, being that in the centre of the Court, known as
the

TOBO FARNESE, OR FABKESE BULL.

The original of this beautiful group, which is now preserved in
the Museum at Naples, was discovered in the Baths of Caracalla
at Bome, and derives its name from having been placed in the
Famese Palace in that city. The subject is the revenge of Queen
Antiope and her two sons, Zethus and Amphion, on Dirce, for
seducing the affections of her husband, Syeres, King of Thebes.
The sons, enraged at the insult offered to their mother, are repre-
sented as about to revenge themselves by tying the unfortunate
Dirce to the horns of a bull, when their mother, moved with
womanly pity, intercedes for her rival, and induces them to forego
the intended punishment. According to Pliny, the Toro Famese
was the work of the Bhodian artists, Apollonius and Tauriseus.
Among other remarkable subjects in this Court, we would draw
attention to the colossal *^ Yelletri Pallas," (407) so called from
having been discovered at Yelletri, near Bome, and now preserved
in the Louvre, at Paris ; the Dying Gladiator (309) ; a Boy with
a Dolphin ; and a colossal head of Pallas (409).

A fine collection of Greek ideal and portrait busts will also be
noticed in this Court ; amongst which the colossal heads of Yes-
pasian (332),* Trajan (354), Pertinax (379), Lucius Yems (361),
and Titus (333), are particularly deserving of notice. The visitor

♦ aheee numlxW refer to those in iU ''Handbook to the Greek Court and
Nave."

THE GBEBK AND BOMAN SCUlfTUBB COURT. 129

should not. quit - tins compartment without notieing the coUection
of antique vases which it. ccmtains, amongst which the Medicean
Yase (343) is a peculiarly elegant example of antique art.

Betradng our steps, we once more regain the Nave, and
advancing in front of the Egyptian Court, remark several works
of Greek art, including a statue of Bacchus (311).

From this point, extending throughout the fa9ade of the Greek
Ck>urt, are ranged excellent examples of Greek sculpture, which
the visitor may compare with the subsequent works of the Roman
sculptors, or of Greeks settled at Bome, placed before the walls of
the Boman Court. Amongst the Greek statues we select the
group of Silenus and a youthful BatMshus. (306), excellently treated
and full of life ; [seated statues of Demosthenes the philosopher
(303) ; and of Posidonius (307), on each side of the first entrance
to the Court ; a Bacchus and Faun (305) ; the fine group of
the Wrestlers, from Florence (304), the well-known Drunken
Faim (295), from the Museum at Naples ; and the ApoUo
Sauroctonus (298), from tiie Vatican.^ Nor must we omit the
excellent seated statues (271, 290).

In front of the Boman Court will be first noticed Meleager and his
dog (289) ; the fine Mercury from the Vatican (287), and the
same subject (288) from Naples. Before the first entrance to the
court are placed the seated statues of Trajan and Agrippina.

The Mercury disguised as a shepherd (285), and the Adonis
(282),f are characteristic specimens of the ordinary Boman style.

Passing the fa^gade of the Alhambra Court, we arrive at the
FountaiDS, which at this end of the Nave correspond to those of the
south end, in position, and with respect to the aquatic plants which
live in the water of the long basin. The two fountains here are
designed by Monti the scidptor. The figures of Syrens, sup-
porting the large shells, typify by their colour four races of men :
the Caucasian, white ; the Nubian, black ; the North American-
Indian, red ; and the Australian, olive. The smaller figures above
these bear fruit indigenous to various soils. The design of the
Fountains is most appropriate, and the entire composition very
artistic. The bronze colour of these statues and of many others,
in the building, is produced by means of the electrotype process
with signal success.

Travei:sing the Av^iue of Sphinxes-— to be noticed on our return-

* These numbers refer to those in '' Handbook in Gh^k Court."
f These and the following nnmbers refer to those in *' Handbook to Boman
Ck>iirt and Nave."

ISO SBlfEElL GUIDB BOOK.

down the garden side, &om which point a better view of the whol»
transept is giiined — we pass & T&iiet}r of Palms, Bantmas, and
other tropical phmte, continued thronghont this part of the nSiTe,
and rendered, more agreeable to the eje by the addition of an
artificial soil and rock-work.

Beyond this portion, and at the extreme north end of the nare,
are placed

THE XOOfi. KAS-VLES.

These most interesling monumenta of ancient Greek art are now
in the Glyptothek at Munich.

They were diacorered in the island of .^^gina, and are supposed
to have ornamented the tympanal of the east and west fronts of
the temple of Minerva in that island. The gronp, repreeenting the
contest over iiie body of Patroolua, belonged to the western ; and
the five figures descriptive of the battle of Hercules and Telamon
gainst the Trojan Ving laomedon were in the eastern tympanum.
They are most remarkable examples of Greek sculpture during its
second period, or from the close of the sixth to the middle of the
fifth century B.C.

The conception, the anatomy, (md beauty of form foand in
these statues denote a higJJy cultivated artistic taate and power,
to which the peculiar faces, the invariable smile on the mouth, and
a certain stiff angularity of treatment, form a marked contrast.
We observe in them that turning-point in the histoiy of Greek
sculpture, when the conventionalities of an earlier system were
receding before that love of nature and extraordinary perception of
the beautifid, which subsequently rendered the Greeks so pre-
eminent in art.

The ordinals, which had, aa may be supposed, suffered con-
siderably from the effects of time, were restored by Thorwaldsen,
the Dane, whose consinentions spirit and thorough appredation of
the antique sive ' assurance of the correctness of the interesting

turn journey down the garden side of the
pq towards the artificial rock-work, covered
ind arrive at a fountain of toilet vin^^,
nel, from a design by Hr. John Thomas, by-
placed at the angles of the fountain are also
onwards, we obtain a fine view of th« north
I avenue of sphinxes and ps^ bees, tenni-

182 GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

THE COLOSSAL EGTPTIAK FIOUBESy

whicli are from the temple of Kameses the Great at Aboo Simbel,
in Nubia. These immense seated statues towering to the roof of
the transept afford us some adequate idea of the stupendous mag-
nitude and passive grandeur which characterize the monuments of
ancient Egyptian art. Their height is 65 feet.

It may be remembered that in the Egyptian Court we directed
the attention of the risitor to a model of the temple at Aboo
Simbel ; on the facade of which were four statues of Barneses the
Great. Two of these statues are here reproduced on the scale of
the originals, the smaller figures aroimd them representing the
mother, wife, and daughter of the king.

The temple of Aboo Simbel, in Nubia, is excavated from the
rock, and was first discovered by Burckhardt, the traveller ; the
accmnulated sand of centuries, which then covered it, was removed
by order of Belzoni, the first, with Captains Irby and Mangles, to
pass its long closed entrance. The interior was covered with
paintings and hieroglyphics relating to Bameses thetj^reat, and the
date of the temple has been consequently placed at about 1560 B.c.

The sphinxes which formed the avenue are cast frx)m one pre-
served in the Louvre, the writing engraved on which presents us
with a curious but not uncommon instance of a custom that pre-
vailed amongst the Egyptian monarchs. On one side of the
shoulder the name '' Pthalomen Miotph " is written in hierogly-
phics, and on the other shoulder is the name of Shishak I. The
last named lived about 1000 B.O., and the first nearly two hundred
years before him. Other instances occur where the name of the
original founder has been erased altogether, in order to make way
for the name of some comparatively modem king.

Leaving the fountain on our right, we arrive almost imme-
diately in front of the Byzantine Court, where, resting beneath the
foliage, are six effigies- of knights from the Temple Church,
London. They are clad, with one exception, in ring-mail, and
afford us perfect representations of military costume in the
early part of the 13th century. They are usually called the
Knights Templar ; but without evidence : the cross-legged
statues are probably crusaders. The entire seiies have been
carefully restored by Mr. Richardson. The two first statues in
frx>nt of the German Mediaeval Court, as we fa^ce the entrance, are
fine examples of German Gothic sculpture, from Cologne and
^Nuremberg : the three subjects beyond them are from Langen

THE GBBEK AKD BOMAN .SCULFTUBE COUKT. 138

Church, Germany. The two first statues on our ' right are ir6m
the facade of Wells Cathedral, and next to them are yarious
examples of German sculpture. Facing the Frngliah Medbeval
Court, will be noticed, on each side of the. entrance, the effigies
of Bishop Kilkenny from Ely Cathedral, Henry III. from
Westminster, and of Longesp^e from SaliAbuiy Cathedral: the
two last being especially interesting monuments of the 13th
century.

On the right of the entrance, and nearest to the nave, are two
statues from Wells Cathedral, noticeable as fine examples of Early
"English sculpture, and the effigy 6f Bishop Northwold from Ely.
Nearer the facade is placed the remarkable ^gy of Queen Philippa,
the wife of Edward III. , from Westminster Abbey, belonging to the
last half of the 1 4th century. Beyond this again, will be noticed
the effigy from Salisbury Cathedral, of Bishop Poer, who died in 1228,
one of the earliest monumental statues in England. In front of the
facade of the French Mediadval Court, will be found several pieces
of €rothic sculpture of the early period of the Pointed style, from
Ghartres Cathedral ; on the right of the entrance from the nave are
placed the busts of Henry II. and Diana of Poictiers, Bayard and
Louis XII., and nearer to the nave will be seen the Virgin ** de
Trumeau," from Notre Dame, at Paris ; and a fine picturesque
bronase statue of a knight from the monument of Maximilian, of
Innspruck, in the Austrian Tyrol, a remarkable work of art,
ex:ecuted by native artists in the early part of the 16th century.
Farther on is placed the fine bronze statue of Albert of Bavaria,
from the tomb of Lewis of Bavarian at Munich, remarkable as
serving to illustrate the vefy rich and characteristic costume of the
close of the l©th century. Opposite to it is the very fine St. Greorge,
by DonateUo, from Florence, one of the masterpieces of that
celebrated sculptor, whilst another Innspruck statue occupies a
position nearer the nave. Advancing onwards, still in front of
the Renaissance Court, we recognise ' amongst the busts, those of
Francis I., SuUy and Henry IV. of France, Shakspeare, Machia-
velli, Ben Jonson, Cosmo de' Medici, and Lord Bacon. The
^atues on each side of the path are from the Tartarughe fountain,
at Rome, the extreme figure being the celebrated Bacchus, by Michael
Angelo. Amongst the works of Italian art placed in front of the
Italian Court, we remark the Bacchus by Sansovino, from Florence,
the Triton from the gardens of the Doria ' palace, Genoa, the
Tartarughe statues from Borne, and at the angle, in front of the
Italian yestibule, the beautifril statue of Mercury, by John of

184 GBNSBAL GUIDB BOOK.

Bologna, a ^f-Haefmn of the 16th oentuiy school Amoi^ the
boBts wfll be remarked those of Bafi^lle and Miehael Angelo, Iniga
Jones and other cdebiities of the Benaissanoe period.
Still advancing, a few steps to the left, will lead ua into

THE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE COURT

Or " Court of Monuments of Ghiistian Art.''

The fbrst subjects that attract our notice as we enter are the
Tery interesting crosses of the early Irish Church, and the richly
Boulptured bronze colunm &om Hildesheim Cathedral in GreixiuuLy,
a fine example of the Byzantine period.

Beyond these are monuments of the Gothic period, amongst
which are conspicuous the Caniilupe shrine from Hereford Cathedral*
and the effigy of Edward III., from 'V^estminster. The central
tombs of Bishop Wakeman, from Tewkesbury, and of Bishop Brid-
port, from Salisbury (the last-named being that to the left).

The tomb of Henry YII., an interesting example of the Italian
Renaissance style in England, at an early p^iod of its introduction,
and the fine monument of Cardinal Zeno from Venice, occupy
the further end ; and the equestrian statue of Gattamelata, by
Donatello, forms a conspicuous feature in this portion of the
Court, which is completed with a cast of the celebrated Moses, by
Michael Angelo.

As we quit this Court, we remark in front of it two statues of
Perseus : one by Cellini, and the other by Canova. That on tha
left, as we fEice the Court,, by Cellini, is di^acterized by a
grandeur of conception and power of execution, which place his
name among those of the greatest sculptors of his day.

For minute and interesting information respecting the monu-
ments^ and all the statues on this side of the Palace, the visitor is
referred to the Handbooks of the Mediseyal and Italian Courts (by
Messrs. M. D. Wyatt and J. B. Waring), where they are folly
described.

The section of the Portrait Gallery, situated next to this Court,
is devoted to the most celebrated characters of Italy, arranged iu
the order hitherto observed. The great nobility of expression
seen in these heads will not £adl to arrest the visitor, and to
command his respect for the intellectual vigour which marks the
creations of one of the most favoured spots — ^vrith respect to Art
-r— on the earth'^ surface. We select from amongst them, Brmiel-
leschi (131), Leonardo da Yinci (141), Michael Angelo (143),

THE GOTHIC BfiNAISSANCE SCULFTUKB OOU&T. IZS

Palladio (155), GanoTa (168), Pagaoini (irO), Dwte (173), Tasso
(177), AMeri (180), and Gaineo (185 a).«

Bending our steps from this department to the junction of the
nave and grand transept, we find the colossal statue of Bubens,
by Gee& of Brussels, erected in the cathedral square at
Antwerp, of which city Bubens was a native : the original is in
bronze, and a fine example of the modem ^'Bomantic" school
of sculpture. Advancing along this side of the transept, and
continuing across the garden end, we observe several chef-d'(»VA}re8
of the late celebrated Italian sculptor, Ganova : conspicuous
amongst which are the well-known '^ ^Graces " (125), the Dancing
Girls (136, 137), Venus and Adonis (126), Mars and Venus (135),
Venus emerging from the Bath (131), a group of Hebe and Paris,
and a Magdalen (138).t

The finely designed equestrian statues of Castor and Pollux at
ifais eod of the traMept, axe cast from the original in bronze, by
San Giorgio, of Milan ; and form no unworthy pendants to the
ancient Greek sculptures of the same subject, on the opposite side.
The equestrian statue in the centre is tiie celebrated one of
CoUecme, modelled by Andrea Verocdhio and cast by Leopardo.
The original, in bronze, is erected at Venice, and has always been
admired as one of those Benaissance monuments, in which energy
and power are exhibited with imusual spirit and knowledge.
Pringing the southern side of this transept are placed subjects
from the extinct French school of sculpture, the earliest charac-
teristic example of which may be soen in the Milo, by Puget
(117). Amongst the remaining statues we would notice the
Bather, by Houdin (112), Julien's Amalthea (113), a Bacchante
by Qlodion (90), and Venua at the Bath (83), by AUegxinLf

At this angle of the nave and transept is placed

THE COLOSSAL FlGtrSB OF DUQUESmS.

The original of this fine bronze statue is erected at Dieppe
in honour of the great French admiral, Duquesne. It was designed
and executed by the sculptor Dantan, and is remarkable for the
noble expression of the form and its spirited " Bomantic " treat-
ment at the hands of the artist.

From this statue, extending at the back of the extinct French
school, will be found the fourth and last section of the Portrait

♦ Numbers of " Portrait Gallery."
t Numbers of ''Handbook of Modem Sculpture."

1D6 OBHJBBAL GUIDB BOOK.

Gallery, containing the iUustrions men and women ct ^France.
Amongst them we remark Jean Gonjon (IM), FeHbien (203)/
Rachel (216), Oomeille (218), Lafontaine (220 a), Moli^e (221),
iUcine (226), Voltaire (233), Le Sage (280), Bnffon (245),
Massena (279), Ney (283), and the present Emperor Xotds Kapo-
leon (312).^ In the centre of this compartment is another of Mr.
Bimmel's fonntains, executed from a design by Mr. John Thomas.
The crystal basin, Parian marble figures, ebony pedestal, and
natural flowers, harmonize excellently. At the back of this
compartment, and corresponding to the German and English
sculpture on the opposite side of the nave, is

THE COURT 0»^ FRENCH AND ITALIAN SCULPTURE.

Amongst the very beautiM productions of the sculptor's art to
be found in this Court, our space prevents more than a meris
enumeration of some of the most remarkable, such as a colossal
group of Caiji (99), by Etex ; " The Chase!" (No. 94), by Jean
Debay, of Paris ; Melpomene, by Rinaldi (164) ; Ishmaei, by
Strazza (160) ; Diana, by Benzoni (123) ; Esmepalda, by Bossetti
(154) ; a child sewing, by Magni (148) ; and '^ the first cradle,^
by Auguste Debay (96), which deservedly occupies the place of
honour in the centre, being one of the most charming works Of
modem sculpture ; Venus disarming Cupid, byPradier (116) ; Night,
by Pollet (116) ; The Fates, by Jean Debay (98) ; Cupid in a
Cradle (102), by Fraiken, a very prettily conceived and chaaming
design in the style of the modem school ; Venus with a Dove (108),
by Fraiken ; a Dancing Faun, by Luquesne (114), designed with
much vigour ; and, lastiy, a Neapolitan " Dancer,"by Duret (98).*

At the back of this Court, on the garden side, are placed some
remarkable historical statues of great interest : L'H6pital (259)
Chancellor of France. under Henry IL (a.d. 1662), D'Aguesseau
(269) Chancellor imder Louis XIV. ; Louis XJII. from the
original in the Louvre, by Couston, a pupil of Coysevox. Louis
XIV. (308 a), by Coysevox ; f and the same monarch when a boy
(308), from a hronza now preserved in the Museum of the Louvre.
The remaining statue is that of Louis XV., by Couston (fils), an.
interesting work of the early part of the eighteenth century.

Quitting the Courts we continue our examination of the statues,
which extend along this, the garden side of the nave, commencing

* Nmubers of "Portrait Qalleiy.
t Numbers of ''Handbook of Modem Sculpture.

THE COURT OF 9BBNCH AND ITALIAN SCULFTUBB. 187

next U> Ihiqaesne with Monti's admirable aUegoiidal statue of ItfeJy
(169). The most notable of the succeeding subjects are the Plrodigal
SooL (145)9 ^ Sc^ Gioigio ; David (147), by Magni, an artist whoto
studies of every-day life are remarkable for their trutii to nature ;
Gain (99), by Etex ; Geefs's Malibran (108) ; a colossal group of the
Murder of tiie Innocents (142) ; a grand seated figure of Satan, by
Iiough (41) ; the Horse and Dead Knight (46), also by Lough ;
a statue of Dargan, the mimificent founder of the Irish Exhibition
of 1853, by Jones (403*) ; an admirable statue, by Moore, of Sir
Michael CVLoughlin, Master of the Bolk in Ireland, and *tiie first
Roman Catholic raised to the judicial dignity since the Bevolution
of 1688 (473). Near to these is a characteristic and striking
seated statue of Lord Brougham, by Papworth senior.

We now bend our steps to that junction of the Transept and
Nave which is marked by a colossal statue of Huskisson, the first
statesman to pioneer the way to Free-trade. It is a noble work in
the Classic style, by Gibson^

In this portion of the Transept are several works of the English
School of Sculpture, amongst which may be particularly remarked
a statue of Shakspeare (407b) by John Bell ; the Maid of Sara-
goflsa ; a very picturesque and vigorous ideal figure of a heroine,
who has also inspired the pencil of Wilkie ; The Dorothea, so well
known to the public by small copies in Parian marble ; a graceful
statue of Andromeda, and Jane Shore. All these specimens of
Bell's power as a sculptor are on the north side of this part of ikh
Transept. Opposite to them will be found graceful statues of a
Nymph (65) and Psyche (64), by Sir Eichard Westmacott. A
Dancing Girl (50), by Calder MarshaU, R.A. The First Whisper
of Love (49), Zephyr and Aurora (52), and an excellent portrait
statue of Geoffirey Chaucer (53), the father of the school of English
Poetry, also by MarshalL Nearer the Nave is an ideal statue of
Shak!^)eare by Boubilliac, cast from the original, still preserved in
the vestibule of Drury-lane Theatre. The colidssal statue at the
angle is that of the great German Philosopher, Poet, and Writer,
Leesing, byllietschel of Berlin. Along the centre of the Transept are
placed the Eagle Slayer (6) by Bell, a work remarkable for its vigorous
treatment ; the well-known and graceful composition, also by Bell,
of Una and the lion ; and the fine monument erected by the good
citizens of IVankfort to the memory of the first printers, Gutenberg,
Faust, and Sohoeffer. The central statue represents Gntenbeigp

* Nnmbera of ♦* Handbook of Modem Sculpture."

aENBElL GUIDE BOOK.

wlio rests with an arm cm the shoulder of each of his fellow-
workmexL The original is by Baron Lannitz of Frankfort, and ia
a creditable instance of the public spirit, which does not, after the
lapse of centuries, forget the originators of The Press — ^that mighty
power, — ^which performs at this day so grand a part in the
governance, and for the benefit, of the civilized world. On our way
towards the Queen's screen we pass several excellent works of
statuary art, amongst which may be noticed, A Faun with Cymbals
(66), by R Westmacott, R.A,, and a David (67*) by the same
sculptor ;' and c^posite to these Thorwaldsen's beautiful Yenus
with the Apple (218), and a fine statue of Erato (174), by
Launitz.

LIST OF MODERN SCULPTURES.

No.

1. William Pitt, "the Gbeat Lobd

Chatham."

2. Dr. Johnson.
2*. The Elements.

S. A NTMPH PRBPABINaTO BATHE.

3 A. Sleeping Ntmph.
8 B. The Graces.

3 c. Apollo DiscHAROiNa HM BOW.

4. The Tired Hunter.

4 a. Maternal Affection.
4 b. Ete.

4 c. Eve listenivo.

5. Una AND luas Lion.

5 A. Dorothea.

6. The Eaolb Slater.

6 a. Jane Shore.

6 b. The Maid of Saragossa.

7. Andromeda.

8. The Infant Hercules.

8 A. The Brother and Sister.

9. Shaksspsarb.

10. Flora.

11. The Dancers.

12. Small model.
12*. Venus.

18. Venus ViHciTRicE.

14. "Flora..

16. oupid disouised as

A Shepherd*

BO 7.

16. A Wounded Amazon.

17. Narcissus.

18. Aurora.

19. Venus AND Cupid.

20. The Hunter.

21. Psyche BORNE BT THE Zephtbs.

22. Htlas and the Ntmphs.

23. Cupm with a Butterfly*

24. CuPH> AND Psyche.

25. Venus and Cupid.

20. The Hours lead forth the Horses

OF THE Sun.
27. Phaeton.
28* jocasta and her song.

29. WiLLIAN HUSKISSON.

80. Grazia.

No.

31. Beatrice.

32. Christ's entry INTO Jerusalem. .

33. The Procession to Calvary.

33*. Children with a Pont and a
Hound.

84. The Emigrant. .

85. Two Boys WBBSTLiNa.

36. A Bathing Nymph.

37. Samson.

38. musidora.

39. Murder of the Innocents.

40. MiLO.

41. Satan.

42. Ariel.

43. TiTANLA.

44. Puck.
44*. David.

45. Apotheosis of Shakspeabb.

46. The Mourners.

47. Andromeda.

48. TJltsses.

49. The First Whisper OF Love.

50. A Dancing GntL.

51. Sabrina.

52. Zephtr and Aurora.

53. The Poet Chaucer.

54. A Nymph of Diana.

55. Mercurt.

56. Shakespeare.

57. Lavinia.

58. Highland Mary.

59. Flora.

60. Narcissvs.

61. Psyche.

62. Humphrey Chetham.

63. A Boy with a Butterfly.

64. Psyche.

65. A Young Nymph.

66. A Faun with Cymbals.

67. An Angel watching.
67*. David.

68. Venus AND Cupm.

69. Venus instructing Cupid.

70. Venus AND AscANius.

71. *' Go AND SIN NO More."

I
i

SGULPTUBBa

13d

No.

72. Paolo aks FKAscncA^

78. iNd AKD BAOOHUB.

74. Cupid AND THK Ntmph EvcHABia

75. ANtmph.

76. A Ntmph mTBBiNo THX Bath.

77. A Nymph about to Baths.

78. A HUNTRBSS.

79. A Nymph OF Diana.
SO. ZxPHYB wooiNO Flora.

81. ASHEPHKRDBaSWITH A ElD.

82. Pbnklopb.

83. Vbottb AT THs Bath.

88 *. Baochantb.

84. The Nymph Salmacis.

85. MODSBTY.

8d. Cupu>.

87. Cyparissus.

88. A Doo.

89. Casdcib PBRBnOL

90. A Bacchante.

91. A Neapolitan OiRL.

92. Admiral DuQUBBNE.
98. The Threb Fates.

94. Thb Chase.

95. Modesty and Loye.

96. The First Cradle.

97. LlNGENurri.

98. A Neapolitan Dancer.

98*. A Neapolitan Improyisatobe.

99. Cain.

100. A Bathbr (La Baiqnbuse).

101. MiLO OF Crotona.

102. Cupid cradled in a Shell.

103. Venus CARssBiHa her Dote.

104. Cupid Captive.

105. A Woman of the Campaoka of

Bomb.

106. A Woman ep the Rhine.

107. Pbter Paul Rubens.

108. Malibran.

109. The Life of St. Hubert in a series

OF eight Bas-rblibfs.

110. A Doo.

111. An Italian Mower.

112. A Bather.

113. AMALTHiBA.

114. A Dancing Faxtn.

116. burydioe.

115." Charity.

116**. Night.

116. ViBTUs disarming Cupid.

116*. A Child.

117. MiLO OF C^ROTONA.

118. Innocence.

119. Venus.

120. A OiRL Praying.

121. Charity.

122. CopiD Disguised in a Lamb's Skin.
128. Diana.

124. Psyche.

126. The Three Oraobs.

126. Venus and Adonis.

127. Bndymion.

128. Nymph with Cupid.

129. Paris.

180. Terpsichorh.

No.

181. Venus LEATtNG THE Bath.
132. Venus.
138. Hebe.
134. Psyche.
136. Mars AND Venus.
136. Dancing Girl.
187. DANciNa Girl.

138. The Maodalbne.

139. Pbbseus.

140. PBBSEU&

141. A Funereal Vasb.
141*. Pope Clement XIII.
141t. A Sleeping Lion.

142. The Murder of the Innocents.
148i The Dead Body OF Abel.

144. Castor and Pollux.

145. The Prodigal Son.

146. David.

147. A Girl Sewing.

148. The First Steps, or thb Italian

Mother.

149. Italy.
160. Veritas.
160*. Eve.

152 Melancholy.

153. BvE.

154. Melpomene.

155. Hope.

156. EflKERALDA.

157. Greek Slave.

158. The Mendicant.

159. Audacity.

160. ISHMAEL.

161. The Peri.

162. Minerva protecting a Warrior.

163. A Child Christ.

164. The Centaur Chiron msTRUoriNa

THE YovNG Achilles.

165. Penelope.

166. Hector.

167. A Nymph.

168. A Girl bbabing Fruit.

169. Vase.

170. Pomona.

171. Medicine.

172. A Bacchanal.

173. Franconia.

174. Erato.

175. johan gutenburg.

176. Homer.

177. Thucydides.

178. A Guardian Angel.

179. Mercury AND A Little Satyr.

180. A Child Praying.

181. A Boy holding a Book.

182. A Boy holding a Shell.

183. ADanaid.

184. A Victory.

185. A Victory.

186. A Victory.

187. A Victory.

188. A Victory.

189. A Victory.

189*. Public Happiness.

190. The Maiden on the Stag.

191. An Baqlb.

140

aBNBSAIi QUIDB BOOK.

No.

192. Four Long BAs-REUcpft.
198. An Baoue. '
198». Two Stags.
193**. Two TocTHS, OR SrimEivTs.
194. Small Model of thb Mbmorial

ERECTED TO FrEDBRIO THE QrEAT.

196. Equestrian Statue or Frederic

THE Great, Kino of Prussia.
195*. The Cardinal Virtues.
195**. Tbe History or Frbdbbio tbv

Great.
19«. A " PibtA."

197. Cupids riding on Pantrbrs.

198. The Christ- Angel.

199. Morning, Noon, Night, Dawn.

200. LsssiNG.

201. A Madonna.
90]*. A ViouN Plater.

202. A Nymph.
90S. A Nymph.

204. Ceres and PROSERnNC.

205. Bayaria.

206. A Figure or Victory.

207. A Figure or Victory.

208. Four angels.

212. A Knight.

213. Bsllerophon with Pegasus and

Pallas.

214. Theseus and Hippolyta.

215. The Shield or Hercules.

216. Hope.

217. Vends.

218. Venus with the Apple.

219. Mercury.

220. Ganymede.

221. A Shepherd.

922. The Three Graces.
228. loye bending his bow.

224. A Genius seated and platino

THE Lyre.

225. A Vase.

226. The Triumph or Alexander.

227. Napoleon.

228. Lord Byron.

No.

229. MiNERYA ADJUDGES THE ARMOUR Or

Achilles to Ulysses.

230. Apollo playing to the Gracbb

AND the Muses.
281. Thr Four Seasons.
232. The Genius or the New Year.
238. Cupm AND Hymen.

284. Cupid and Ganymede.

285. Cupid and Psych;^
886. Cupid and Hymen.

287. Cupid bound by the Graces.
238. The Birth- or Bacchus.

239. LOYE CARESSING A DOG.

240. LOYE MAKING HIS NeT.

241. Jupiter dictating Laws to Love.

242. The Four Elements.

243. Bacchus rEEDiNo Loye.

244. Loye awakening Psyche.

245. The Baptism or Christ.

246. A Guardian Angel.

247. Three Singing Angeia

248. Three Playing Angels.

249. Three Floatiho iNrANTS.

250. Charity.

251. Christ Blessing Children.

252. The Virgin with the Infant

Christ and St. John.
253^260. Eight small Statues.

261. A Magdalen.

262. Haoar.
268. A Hunter.

264. A Hunter defending his Family.

265. The Shield or Hercules<^

266. Telbphus suckled by a Hind.

267. A Nereid.

268. A German Haicisn with a

269. Winter.

270. Diana.

271. A Flower Girl.

272. A Shepherd Boy.
The Zollyerbin.
Spain.

Paris.

Lamb.

Mixed with those exquisite productions of man that He on
either side of the visitor's path. Nature also bestows here some
of her choicest treasures. We have still briefly to indicate the
contents of

THE GARDEN OF THE NAVE.

The south end of the Palace and the south transept contain a
selection of plants, .consisting chiefly of Rhododendrons, OamelliaSy
Azaleas, and other choice conservatory plants, most carefully
selected ; in the south transept, especially, are. arranged the finest
specimens of these plants that can be seen. Opposite the Pompeiaa
Court are placed two fine specimens of aloes, and, oonspicuoua
opposite the^Birmingham Industrial Court, aro two J^orfolk Island

THS GABDBN OF IHR NAVE. 141

piiies. OppoBiie the Siationdry Court are two speoimena' of Morton
Bay pine, as well as severaL specimeiis of Tdopea specioaissima from
Australia. Under the first transept may be noticed two remarkably
fine Norfolk Island pines, presented by his Grace the Duke of
Devonshire.

The garden facing ilie l^;3rptian Court is principally filled with
palms ; and on either side of its entrance are two curious plants
(resembling blocks of wood) called " Elephant's Foot ;" they are
the largest specimens ever brought to Europe, and were imported
from the Cape of Gk)od Hope by the Crystal Palace Company, lliis
plant is one of the longest lived of any vegetable product, the
two specimens before the visitor being supposed to be three
thousand years old. Before this Court will be noticed also two fine
Indian-rubber plants — a plant that has latterly acquired consi-
derable interest and value, on account of the variety and import-
ance of the uses to which its sap is applied. Here will also be
noticed an old conservatory favourite, though now not often met
with, the 8pa/rmannia Jfricana. Amongst the palms wiU be
remarked many of very elegant and beautiful foliage, including the
Seafarihia dtgcmsy one of the most handsome plants of New
Holland, and the Chomosdorea degans of Mexico.. On the left of
the entrance to the Eg3rptian Court will be seen perhaps the largest
specimen in Europe of the BKipidM&nd/ron pUcatUe from the Cape
of GkK>d Hope. Opposite the central entrance to the Greek Court,
and in front of the beds, are two variegated American aloes. The
beds are filled with a variety of conservatory plants, and have a
border of olive plants. In front of the Koman Court will be
observed, first, on either side of the second opening, two large
Norfolk Island pines, presented by Her Most Gracious Majesty and
His Boyal Highness Prince Albert. The beds, like those before
ihe Greek Court, are principally filled with Camellias, Bliododen-
drons, and Orange-trees, and are also bordered by several small
■pedmens of the olive plant. Between the two foremost statues,
at the angles of the pathway leading to ilie second opening, are
placed two specimens of the very rare and small plant, which pro-
duces the Winter bark of commerce, and which is called Drynvus
Winterii, The garden in front of the Alhambra is devoted to fine
specimens of the pomegranates. Having passed the Alhambra, we
find the garden of the whole of this end of the building devoted to
tropical plants, including a most magnificent collection of different
varieties of palms.

Between the sphinxes are placed sixteen E^gyptian date palms

14« €^ENEEAL aUIPB BOOK.

(Phcenix dactyUfera)^ recently imported from Egypt, and irhich
owe their present imflomidiing appearance to the delay that took
place in their transmission, on account of the steamer in which they
were conveyed having been engaged, on her homeward passage, for
the transport of troops. Amongst the different varieties of palms,
the following may be noted, either for their large growth or beau-
tiful foliage : an immense specimen of the 8ahal pahnetta from
Florida, and a fine 8ahal Blacl^nurnicma ; also several fine speci-
mens of the cocos, amongst which is the Cocos plumosuy reaching the
height of thirty-five feet ; numerous specimens of the wax palm
(Ceroxylon a/ndric6la)y natives of Columbia, and the curious Cala/mUs
maximus, which, in the \damp forests of Java, grows along the
ground to an immense length, and forms with its sharp prickles an
almost impenetrable underwood, are also here. The Sa^ueraa sao-
cha/rifera of India, noted for its saccharine properties, and the vege-
table ivory palm {Fhnjtdephas macrocdrpa), deserve attention-
The specimen of Fartdamus odoratis8vm/ifSy from Tahiti, is also
remarkable, on account of its sweet smell.

Opposite the Byzantine Court, the garden is filled with different
varieties of palms brought from South America, Australia, and the
Isle' of Bourbon. Before the Medisaval Court may be noticed two
Norfolk Island pines, and close to the monuments at the entrance
of the English Mediseval Court, are two fimereal cypresses, brought
from the Vale of Tombs, in North China. Close to the Norfolk
Island pine, on the right, facing the Court, is a small specimen of
the'gracefol and beautiful Moreton Bay pine. The garden in front
of the Renaissance Court is filled with conservatory plants, con-
sisting of camellias, azaleas, &c. On either side of the entrance to
the Italian Court are two very fine American aloes, the beds here
being filled with orange-trees, olives, and other greenhouse plants.
In the garden, in front of the Foreign Industrial Court, will be
noticed two fine Norfolk Island pines.

Having now explored the length and breadth of the ground
floor of the Palace, we ascend the flight of stairs on the garden
side (South), near the Great Transept, that leads to

THB MAIN AND UPPER GAIXEBIES. 143

THE MAIN AND UPPER GALLERIES.

The main galleries ore devoted to the exhibition of articles of
industry. It Tnll be sufficient to give the visitor a general list of
the objects exhibited, and to point out the situations in which the
various articles of manufacture are placed. The gallery in which
the visitor stands, together with its return sides, is devoted to the
section of precious metals and the composed ornaments.

In the gallery beyond, towards the Sydenham or North end, are
placed fom* hundred French and Italian photographs, illustrative
of the architectural and sculptural arts of the periods represented
by the several Fine Art Courts on this side of the nave ; the
photographs being arranged in the order of the courts beneath,
and as nearly as possible over the courts which they serve to illustrate.
Here also will be foimd a ,fine collection of small works of art, con-
sisting of statuettes, medals, and architectural ornaments, in like
manner exemplifying the various styles from the Byzantine down to
the Italian. In the north end, are works in porcelain and glass. In
the north- western gaUery (at the back of the Assyrian Court), space
is appropriated to Oriental manufactures. Here also is arranged
a collection of most interesting paintings, lent to the Crystal
Palace by the Honourable East India Company. They are copies
of some frescoes, found on the walls of a series of caverns at
Adjunta in Western India, and were made at the instance of the
Indian Government, by Captain Gill of the Madras army. The
paintings represent scenes in the life of Buddha and of Bhuddhist
saints, and various historical events connected with the rise and
progress of the Buddhist religion in India. The date of their
execution extends from about the Christian era to the 10th or
12th century ; and in style they closely resemble the contemporary
works of painters in Europe, possessing nearly the same amount of
artistic merit, and displaying the like absence of chia/t^-oscvrOy
and the same attempt to copy, with literal exactness, the object
represented. The collection is valuable, as affording the means of
comparing the state of art in the East and in the West during
the same period.

In the north-western Transept are specimens of photography.
Nearer the Great Transept, in the sam^ gallery, is arranged a
valuable and interesting ooUeddon of photographs, illustrative of
Orienljal aaxshitectore, amongst which the £!gyptian remains are
particularly to be remarked ; whilst round the west end of the

144 eENBIlAL OUIDS £|pOK.

Transept itself philosophical instruments, cutlery, and fire-arms
will be exhibited. In tjie. south-western, portion of the gallery,
leather and articles manufactured in India-rubber occupy the
space to the centre of the south transept, from which point, to
the end of the building, the gallery is devoted to perfumery and
chemicals.

Along the south gallery, articles of clothing are displayed. Next
to these are various miscellaneous articles, including work-boxes^
fishing-tackle, and the thousand and one objects of general use.
From this department, to the point in the gallejy to which we
first led the visitor, the space is appropriated to the department of
substances used as food.

The visitor may now ascend the flight of ^ spiral stairs in the
central Transept, and step into the upper gallery, which is carried
roimd the building, where a curious effect is produced by a series
of circles extending along the building, and formed by. the
casting of each of the girders in four pieces. . From this' ^lery
a view is obtained of i^e whole length of the nave : and if we
statioh ourselves at any angle of the north and south transepts,
the nave will be seen to the greiEitest positive advantage. A still
higher as6ent up the winding staircase brings Us to a gaUery which
extends round the centre transept itself ; and .from this great
height, nearly 108 feet above the level of the floor, a noble bird's
eye view is gained, and the large Monte Gavallo groups below, as
well as the modem Castor and Pollux, sink into comparative
insignificance.

On the first small gallery, above the main gallery in the central
transept towards the road, will be found an exceedingly interesting
collection of drawings and models for the fountains in the Crystal
Palace, which have been furnished by Mr. M D. Wyatt, Mr. Owen
Jones (the figures on whose designs were modelled by Signer
Monti), Mr. John Thomas, Mr. John Bell, Baron Marochetti,
Baron Launitz, and M. Hector Horreau. The models display much
artistic treatment, and no small amount of inventive £EUicy.

Descending the staircase by which we reached the transept
gallery, we regain the main floor of the palace, and proceed to the
basement story, a portion of which, on the garden side, is appro-
priated to the exhibition of machinery in motion. This most
important feature in the modem history of our country will receive,
in the course of a few weeks, ample illustration. Passing on now,
through the opening under the eafft end of th^ central tninflepi^ the
vidtbr finds himself standing before— r

T^ FABX LA|n> QASIANS.

THE PARK AND GARDENS.*

' Gardening, as an art, h^ flourished in all countries ; and has
poBse«e«d in each ^ such distinctiTe features as Uie climate, the '
nature of the soil, and its phjdcal fbrmation, as well as the
chatBcter of'tha people, have created. In the Gardens before na

' Id the Park uid Ourdens, or in same put of the Fftlaee, the buid of the
OryBt&l Fal&ce, vhich is composed of sixty performers on.wlnd ioHtrunientfl, and
is the Urgent permaneat bond oftbs kind ever formed ia Eagland, wilt plajererj
day ; in the sammer, from tliree until six o'clock, and in the winter from one
until four o'clock. The member? consUtuUng the mnaical companyT which haa
bee& ooUe:;bed from til parts of Buiope, and includes ItalianB, Frenchmen,
Hungiiriaa% Qermans, and Boglishmen, hare been aeleated from seven hundred
candidates. The moat important instruments emplojed are the saiophoaea,
the sereral kinds of which are capable of eipc«3wng the qualities and rolume
of Knuid prodnoBd by itringed instruments. The musical director is Mr. Henry

U6 OBNS&AL &U1D8 SOOlT.

two styles are seen. The Itauak and The English Landsoafb.
A few words may be auffident to describe the leading obarac-
teristics of both.

In Italy, during the middle ages, internal war&xe confined men
to their fortresses, and^no gardens existed save those ^^pleasaunoes*'
cultivated within the castle's quadrangle. When times grew more
peaceful, men became more trustful, ventured fprth^ enjoyed the
pleasures of a country life, and gardening prospered* In momuB-
teries especiaUy, the art received attention ; but it was not untU
the beginning of the 16th century that a decided advance was
manifest, and then we have to note a return to the style of gar-
dening that flourished in ancient Borne itself. Lorenzo de' Medici
possessed a garden laid out in the revived classical manner, and
this style, which is recognised as the Italian, has -existed in Italy
witii certain modifications ever since. Its chief features are the
profiise use of architectural ornaments — the groimds being sub*
divided into terraces, and adorned with temples, statuary, ums^
and vases, beds cut with mathematical precision, formal alleys
of trees, straight walks, hedges cut into fantastic devices, jets
of water, elaborate rock-work, and fish-ponds dug into squares
or other geometrical forms. Everything in these gardens
is artificial in the extreme, and in set opposition to the wild
luxuriance of nature ; and although the trees and shrubs are
planted with a great regard to precision, they are too frequently
devoid of aU artistic effect. During the last century, the Italian
style became blended with English landscape gardening, but with*
out much success ; for the formality of the original style clings to
all Italian gardening at the present day.

English gardening does not seem to have been regularly culti-
vated until the reign of Henry YIIL ; although, previously to hiA
time, parks and gardens had been laid out. Bluff King Hal
formed the gardens of Nonsuch Palace in Surrey on a most mi^*
nificent scale, decking them out with many wonderftd and curious
contrivances, including a pyramid of marble with concealed holes,,
which spirted water upon all who came within reach, — a practical
joke which our forefathers seemed to have relished highly, for the
ingenious engine was imitated in other gardens after that period.
In this reign also were first laid out by Cardinal Wolsey the
Hampton Court Gardens, containing the labyrinth, at that period
an indispensable device of a large garden. The artificial style in
James the First's time called forth the indignation of the great
Lord Bacon, who, although content to retain well-trimmed hedges

THE PAES AND qtAEDMa 147

«aid tveesy plendod atr(mgj.y m, the interests of n^tuiie* . He insisted
that 43eyond the highly-dressed and embellished parts of the garden
should ever lie a. portion sacred &oni the hand of man — a fragment
of wild nature ! He calls it '^ the heath, or desert." Dunng
Charles JL's reign, landscape gardening received an impulse. It
was in his time that Ohatsworth was laid out, and that buildings
were introduced into gardens. During his reign too lived Evelyn
•—-a spirit devoted to the service of the rural genius. In his dia^,
Evelyn makes mention of several noblemen's and gentlemen's
gardens which he visited, and some of which indeed he himself
devised. His remarks convey an idea of the state of gardening
during the reign of the merry monarch. *^ Hampton Park,
Middlesex," he says, " was formerly a flat, naked piece of ground,
now planted with sweet rows of lime trees, and the canal for water
now near perfected ; also the hare park» In the garden is a rich
and noble fountain, with syrens, statues, <&c., cast in copper by
Fanelli, but no plenty o£ water. Th^re is a parterre which they
call Paradise, in which is a pretty banqueting-house set over a
cave or cellar." It was under Charles too that St. James's Park
was formed, a labour upon which the king employed Le Notre, the
celebrated gardener of Versailles, — an artist of singular good taste,
and wiUi an admirable eye for the picturesque.

During the reign of William and Mary, Hampton Court was
considerably improved. Some Dutch features were introduced into
gardening, and vegetable sculpture, and parterres in lace, came
into Togue.

To the Dutch must be conceded the earliest manifestation of a
love for gard^iing, in Korthem Europe — a feeling possessed by
them ev^i before the thirteenth centiuy. The taste owed its
origin, no doubt, partly to the general monotony of their country,
partly to the wealth of their merchants, and partly to an extended
commerce, which enabled the Dutch to import from the East those
bulbous roots which, have long been cultivated in Holland, and
were once valued at fabulous prices. Dutch gardening soon
acquired a peculiar character of it& own. The gardens of Loo, laid
out in the time of William III., were excellent examples of the
symmetrical Dutch style ; a canal divided the upper from the lower
^(arden ; the beds were cut in squares, and filled at various seasons
of the year with tulips, hyacinths, poppies, siui-flowers, &c. ;
straight walks intersected the grounds, which were adorned with
numerous statues, grotto-work, and fountains, some exceedingly
whimsical and cuxious ; the trees and shrubs were cut into devices,

1.2

UZ 0ENERAL GVlDt BOOK.

principally in* pyramidical forms, whilst hedges separated tlie
different parts of the garden, and were not allowed to grow ahove
a certain height. Straight rows and double rows of trees constitute
another characteristic of the Butch style, and elaborate lace-Hke
patterns for parterres were much in vogue during the latter part of
the seventeenth century. The influence of this style upon English
gardens may still be perceived in the clipped hedgerows and trees,
green terraces, and now only prim, now magnificent avenues, so
frequent in our country.

• It would appear that from William down to G eorge TI. , gardening
in England suffered sad deterioration as an art. Formality pre-
vailed to the most deadening and oppressive extent. The shapes of
ihen and animals were cut in trees, and the land was threatened with
a vast and hideous collection of verdant sculpture. Pope and Addi-
son came to the rescue of nature, and ridiculed the monstrous
fashion. Pope, in cJne of his papers in " The Guardian,*' details an
imaginary set of plants for sale, including a " St. George, in box, his
arm scarce long enough, but will be in condition to stick the dragon
next April ;" and a "quickset hog shot up into a porcupine* by
being forgot a week in rainy weather." Addison,' in "The
Spectator," says, " Our British gardeners, instead of humouring
nature, love to deviate from it as much as possible. Our trees rise
in cones, globes, and pjnramids. We see the marks of the scissors
upon every plant and bush." Pope himself laid out his grounds
in his villa at Twickenham' ; and his gardens there, which still
bear the impress of his taste, attest to his practical skill as a
gardener.

The satire of thesfe great writers contributed not a little to a
revolution in English gardening. Bridgeman seems to have been
the first to commence the wholesome work of destruction, and to
introduce landscape gardening ; and it is said that he was instigated
to his labour by. the Very paper of Pope*s in *'The Guardian," to
which we have alluded. But Kent, at a later period, banished the
old grotesque and ridiculous style, and established the new pictur-
esque treatment. He laid Out Kensington Gardens, and probably
Claremont. Wright and Brown were also early artists in the new
style, and deserve honourable mention for their exertions in the
right direction. The former displayed his skill at Fonthill Abbey,
the seat of Mr. Beckford ; Brown was consulted at Blenheim,
where he constructed the earliest artificial lake in the kingdom
— the work of a week. Nor must Shenstone, the poet, be forgotten.
His attempt towards 1750, to establish the nghts of nature in his

TH9 ?AB|C AND eABDKI^. U9

Qwu omamdutal lacm at the Leaaowes placets him &irly in th^.
front rank of our rural reformers. Mathematical precision and the
yoke of excessive art were thus cast off, the men and animals
gradually remoTed themselves from the foliage, which was intended
for birds and not for them, and nature was allowed a larger extent
of liberty and life. She was no longer tasked to imitate forms
that deiaracted from her own beauty without giving grace to the
imitation ; but she was questioned as to the garb which it chiefly
delighted her to wear, and answer being given, active steps-were
taken to comply with her will. Then came Knight and Price to
carry out the goodly work of recovery and restoration. To them
followed an early opponent but later convert, Bepton, the gardener
of Cobham Hall ; and as the result of the united labours of
one and aU, we have the irregularly-bounded pieces of water which
delight the English eye, the shrubberies, the noble groups of trees,
the winding walks, the gentle undulations, and pleasant slopes,-^
all which combined, give a peculiar charm to our island land-
scapes th&t is looked for in vain in fairer climates and on a more
extended soil.

In the Crystal Palace Gardens, the Italian style has not been
servilely copied, but rather adapted and appropriated. It has been
taken, in fact, as the basis of a portion of our garden, and modified
so as to suit English climate and English taste. Thus, we have the
terraces and the architectural display, the long walks, the carefully
cut beds, and the ornamental fountains : but the imdulations of green-
sward, that bespeak the English soil, give a character to the borrowed
eilements which they do not find elsewhere. The violent juxtaposi-
tion of the two styles of gardening — ^the Italian, and the English —
it may readily be conceived, would produce a harsh and disagreeable
effect. To avoid the collision, Sir Joseph Paxton has introduced,
in the immediate vicinity of the terraces and the broad central walk,
a mixed, or transitional style, combining the formality of the one
school with the freedom and natural grace of the other ; and the
former character is gradually diminished imtil, at the north side of
the groimd, it entirely disappears, and English landscape gardening
is looked upon in all its beauty.

The Crystal Palace and its grounds occupy two himdred acres,
and it is of importance to note that, in the formation of the
gardens, the same uniformity of parts is adhered to as in the build-
ing itself ; that is to say, the width of the walks, the width and
length of the basins of the fountains, the length of the terraces,
the breadth of the steps^ are aU multiples and sub^multiples of the

150 ' GENERAL GUIDE BOOK.

one primary number of eight. By tlds symmetrical arrangenlent
perfect harmony prevails, unconsciously to the looker-on, in the
structure and in the' grounds. The length of the upper terrace is
1576 feet, and its width 48 feet ; the terrace wall is of Bath-stone,
The granite pedestals on each side of the steps, leading from the
great transept, are 16 feet by 24 feet. The width of the central
flight of steps is 96 feet ; and this is also the width of the grand
central 'w^alk. The lower terrace is 1656 feet long between the
wings of the building, or nearly one third of a mile, and 612 feet
wide, the basins for the fountaius on this terrace being, as just
stated, all multiples of eight. The total length of the ga/rden front
of the wall of this terrace, which is formed into alcoves, is 1896
feet. The large circular basin in the central walk is 196 feet in
diameter, and the cascades beyond are 450 feet long, the stone-
work that surrounds each cascade reaching to the extent of a mile.
The two largest basins for the fountains are 784 feet each in length,
having a diameter in the semicircular portion of 468 feet each.
Such are a few of the principal measurements connected with the
Palace Gardens,, as these are seen on the surface. But although
the work that is above ground may be recognised and calculated '
with little trouble by the visitor, there is beneath the surface an
amount of labour and capital expended, of which he can with diffi-
culty form an accurate idea. Drain-pipes spread under his feet
like a net-work, and amount in length to several miles ; he
treads on thousands of bundles of faggots which have formed his
path ; he walks over ten miles of iron piping which supply the
fountatins for his amusement.

As the visitor quits the building, let him pause at the top of
the broad flight of steps leading to the first terrace, and notice the
prospect before him. At his feet are the upper and lower terraces,
bordered by stone balustrades, the long lines of which are broken by
steps and projecting bastions. Along these balustrades, at intervals,
the eye is attracted by the statues that surmount them. Straight
before him runs the broad central .walk, and, on either side of it,
on the second terrace, the ground is covered with green turf, now
relieved by beds filled with gay-coloured flowers, and hereafter to
be further heighfened in effect by fountains throwing water high
up into the air. As a side boundary to the foreground of this
picture, the wings of the building stretch out their blue colouring
and cheerful, Hght aspect, harmonizing with the rest of the scene.
Looking straight forward, below the level of the second terrace,
We see th<d fidte of the large circular fountain, surrounded by

arcbitootuial OTBomeat, and white marble Btatues, which Btand out
sbatp and dear agadnat the dark landscnpe beyond. On either aide,
on a 7et lower level, a glimpse will soon be caught of the gliatening
waters in the two largest fountajna, backed by embankiueiits of torf ;
and beyond these again, will be visible the waters of the large lake,
whose islandH are peopled by monaters that iniiabited the earth when
the world was youi^. To the right, and to the left, in the grounds, are
i sloping lawns, dotted here and there with trees, and thickly

planted shrubs ; and then, beyond the Palace precincts, Gtretching
away into the far distance, is visible the great garden of nature
herself, a picture of rural loveliness, almost unmatched by any scene
so close as tbia to the great London city. Undulating scenery
prevails ; here it is rich with bright verdure, there dark with thick
wood : here, the grass fie].d ; there, the grey soil, which, in the spring
time, is covered with the delicate green of young wheat ; and, in
the autumn, waves thick with golden com. Across the fields run
long lines of hedgerows, telling plainly of the country in which they
are found i and, in the very l^art of all, the village church spire

1S2 orarraAL QtiDS BobE.'

Bhooti tlirovgli the trees, surrounded by clusten of cottages, wBose
modest forms are almost hiddeti by the dark foliage in whicli th^
are nestled. The exqiiisite scene is completed by a long line of blue
hills that ranges at the back of alL

Descending the steps we reach the first terrace, on the parapet
of which are placed twenty-sue allegorical statues of the most
iinportant commercial and manufacturing countries in the world,
and of the chief industrial cities of England and France.

On each side of the great central staircase are statues represent-
ing Mulhausen, Glasgow, and Liverpool (to the right as we face
the gardens), the two first by Calder Marshall, the third by Spence.
On the left side are personifications of Paris, Lyons, and Marseilles,
the first by Etex.

The next bastion, on the Sydenham side, is smmounted by statues
of Spain and Italy, admirably executed by Monti ; the succeeding
bastion forms a pedestal for the very characteristic figures of
Califomia and Australia by Bell. The staircase at this end of the
terrace is ornamented at the first angle with representations 6f
South America, by Monti, and of Turkey and Greece by Baron
Marochetti ; the second group consisting of China, India^ and
JSgypt, also by Marochetti

The first- btotion, on the Norwood side of the centrsJ staircase,
supports allegorical statues of Manchester, by Theed, and Belfast,
by Legrew. On the succeeding one are placed those of Sheffield
and Birmin^^iam, by Bell.

On each side of the staircase, at this point, are very excellent
representations of the ZoUverein and Holland, by Monti, and of
Belgium, by Geefs.

The last group consists of a fine allegorical statue of the
United States, by Powers, and of Canada and Kussia, by Launitz.

All these figurative subjects are more or less composed in the
style of the modem *^ Bomaivtic" school of. sculpture, and afford
excellent illustrations of the character, nature, and chief occupa-
tions of the countries and cities they represent.

Proceeding in a northerly direction, we pass on until we reach a
flight of steps, by which we gain the lower terrace, or Italian
flower-garden. At the bottom of these steps are stone recesses, built
under the terrace above, in which streams of water wiU fall from
dolphins' mouths into bronze basins. Crossing the terrace by the
patii facing the steps, the visitor turns to the right, examining the
flowers and the fountains, until he arrives at the central steps
leading to the circular basin, from which point a most admintbie

^S PAft£ AND QAaDBKS. .153

vimr ot the idiole C178UI atruotare ii obtaiaed. Th^ dsep
receBMfi in the transepts, the open g&Ueries, the circular loof . to
the nave, tliQ height of the CBBtral trauBept, the great length of

m from tb« Oud^ii.

the building, and the general aerial appearance of the whole
crfBtal fabric, produce an effect, which, for novelty, and
lightnrt*, Burpaeaes «verf other arohit«ctural elevation in the

IM ' eBNBBAI, etJIBB BOOK.

mnrld. 'rnnuiig his back npon the buildinf, tlie vitdtor heWds
on eitier side of him green nndtdating lawns, beds planted with

The Arcods and Bo«ay.

rhododendrons and olher floweiB, and winding grarel walks. He
now aurrejB the mixed garden, before mentioned, which extends

TkwCsdarTRH.

THE FARE AIO) eARDBNS. 165

tbroughout the south aide. To the right is a moiind, surrounded
by an arcade of arabesque iron 'work, around which inntunerable
roses are twined ; and, to the left, two spreading cedar trees — of
a kind familiar to this neighbourhood — ^attract attention by their
thick, spreading, sombre foliage. Descending the steps, and
walking round the broad gravel path, the visitor reaches the large
circular fountain, which is destined to form one of the most brilliant
water displays in the gardens, depending solely upon the water for
its effect, and not at all upon architecture or sculpture ; the
water in this fountain will be made obedient to the hand of the
artist, and shoot into the air, forming inniunerable beautiful
devices. Around the basin it wiU become a liquid hedge, whilst,
in the centre and over the whole surface of the basin, it will be
thrown up in sparkhng showers, in all shapes, to all heights, —
some breaking into misty spray at an elevation of seventy feet from
the surface.

Round the basin pf the fountain are white marble statues,
copies jfrom the antique, and of works by Thorwaldsen and
Canova. Amongst them will be found the celebrated Famese
Hercules, the free and graceful Mercury by Thorwaldsen, and the
Paris by Canova. Having made one half of the circle, the
visitor, instead of proceeding down the central avenue, turns to the
left, round the other side of the central foimtain, and passing the
first outlet finds his way through the second, and descends the
bteps into a walk which leads him to a smaller fountain.

Keeping to the left hand side, we make half the circle of this
smaller fountain, and then enter upon a pleasant path, on
the right side of which stands one of the noble cedar-trees
before mentioned. We are now quittiag the mixed Italian and
English gasdens for the pure English landscape. Trees wave their
long branches over our heads, the paths wind, and art recedes
before nature. Travelling for a short distance, we come to a
junction of two roads. Selecting the left, we journey on through
a path bordered on one side by trees, and on the other by a lawn,
until we approach a valley at the bottom of which is a small
piece of water, lying close to a thicket forming a pleasant summer
shade. Leading out of this small piece of water is seen a large
lake, which forms the second or intermediate reservoir for the
supply of the fountains. Under the hand of Sir Joseph Paxton
the lake is made to serve for ornament as well as use. Pursuing our
way along the path chosen, and which is now open on both sides,
we descend towards the east, and <^n either side of us are beds

TfiB eBOLOeiCAL- ISLANDS AND THE EXTINCT ANIMALS. 157

filled with American rhododendrons. Onr road tak^s as along the
edge of the lake. Bearing to. the right, we presently reach the
junctioii of two paths. If the visitor turns to the left, he enters
tiie Park which occupies this side oi the ground, and forms not
one of the least agreeable features of the place.

Quitting this Park, the visitor resumes his journey, continuing
on the road which has brought him to the Park. He will shortly
regain the Anglo-Italian gardens. Proceeding still to the left, he
comes to a raised mound, <>r Bosary. Taking the right-hand path
on the mound, we travel round it until we descend the pai&
leading .to the basin of one of the great fountains. Kee|»ng to
the right-hand side of the larger basin, we proceed southwards
along the gravel walk, at. whose far end we find a stone arcade
tiu-ough which 'we pass, and over which, water rushing down
from the temple, wiU, hereafter, form a sparkling veil as it faUs
into the basin. Having left the arcade, we turn to the right
towards the building, and ascend the steps to the broad central
gravel walk. We here behold the temples from which the water,
of which we have just now spoken, is to flow. Now returning
dowd the steps, we contiiiue our road along the central walk, azid
skirt the margin of the right-hand basin, imtil we reach a fii^^
of steps. These we ascend, and find ourselves upon an embank-
ment called the Grand Plateau.

THE GEOLOGICAL ISLANDS AND THE EXTINCT ANIMALS.*

Taking our stand on the Grand Plateau, fifty feet in width, to
which we have arrived, we obtain an ext^isive and general view of
the geological illustrations, extending over twenty acres of ground.
This ground is divided into two islands, representing successive
strata of the earfch, and by ^aid of the restorations of the once
living animals that are placed upon them, preseniing us, on the left,
with the tertiary, and on the right, with the 8ec<nid<»ry, epochs of
the andent world.

Long ages ago, and probably before the birth of man, the earth
was inhabited by living animals, differing in size and form from
those now existing, yet having a' resemblance in habit and struc-
ture^ sufficiently close to enable us to institute a comparison that
goes far to enlighten us upon the nature of these gigantic formf,

• ■»

* The water for these islands wSi be supplied in the course of a few weeks.

1^ Qi^SBili eUIPS BOOK.

Trbose boii£0, «Ad vometiividB «ven entire «keleto&8y ai?e founcl*
buried in the eartli, on the surface of which they, once crawled, ^
and it ia ^m - the study and comparison of these fostHl romaina-
that the vast bo4ies which the visitor sees before him have been
constructed with a truthful certainty that admits of no dispute.

Quitting the plateau by an easy descent) we cross the bridge at
the foot of it) and) on our right, divided by a watercourse, find 4i
partial illustration of the Coal Formation. This has been admirably
oonstructed by Mr. James Campbell, a practical engineer and
mineralogist, and haa been selected on accoimt of the peculiar
interest attaching to its strata of coal, iron, lead, and liix^, all of
which have helped so largely towards the prosperity of our com-
mercial nation. The illustration commences at the lowest stratum
with the old red sandstone, and ascends to the new red sandstone.
The former is shown oroppmg out from under the mountain lime^
«tone and millstoue grit above,— which in this case «re thrown up,
and display a great fault or break ; whilst the displacement of the
coal iUustoates those faults, or troubles, as they are technically
called, BO often found in the working of that mineral, and which is
caused by an upheaving convulsion of nature at some early
geological period, as in4icated by the stratum of new red sand-
stone above, which li^ unconformably upon the dislocated masses
below.

Ptoceeding still to the right, we come to a cleft in the limestone
formation, in which will be foimd a reduced model of a lead mine,
illustrating the characteristics of the lead mines near Matlock, in
Derbyshire. The veins selected for illustration are called in
nainihg jphra^eology the pipe veins and rake veins, the nature of the
latter affording the opportunity of examining the interior, and
walking through to the top of the limestone strata. Entering by
the opening at which we have arrived, the visitor will at once have
an opportunity of forming an idea of the general appearance and
working of a lead mine, as a small shaft has been constructed, with
a number of miners' implements exhibited, including, at the mouth
of the shaft, a windlass, technically called a stoce. Having
examined the interior, and proceeded through to the top of the
limestone strata, we find ourselves again on the plateau, and by
descending, reglun the margin of the lake, where we face the
secondary island.

, The geological iUustx^'tiQi;! immediately before us is the Wealden
formation, so well known in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and
fgnnerly the great m^etropolis of tiie Dinosaxirian <»xiers, or the

THE QEOLOaiCAL.ISl.AlTDS ASD lOS BZTINGT ANUU'LS. Ui»-

tMg^ o£ giguttie KzardH ; tbeie ordmn «ra hete rapuMlited by
the two IffWMiodoiu {Iguajio- toothed), and by ibe Hylteotavirut-
(the great 8^7 lizwd of tiie We«lden), and the Megaki«wru$
(the Gigantic Uzatd.)

Proceeding southwardB, or to the right fiwn the plateau, wo
come to the next stratum le^esented on the island. Thia ia of
the oolite period, BO called from the egg-shaped particles of
which the stAny beds ate composed, in which the bones of tlie'
great earnivoroos liwd were diflooTered by ProfesBor Backlaud,
called by him Mtgatotavrvt, or Gigantic Lizard. Next in succea.
sion ia the lisH, foimerly a species of bluish grey mud, but now

Iiard stone, containing an immense quantity of bones in the most
perfect state of preservation, particulftrlyjtlloBe of the IcMhyosavrvs,
(Fish lizard), and the FUdoga/arus (Serpent-like Lizard), with its
long serpent-like neck, ofwhichwe see three specimens on ijie island.
The two long-headed crocodiles, vary like those of the Ganges, but
double their size, togeth^ with the Idithyoaawi beforo mentioned,
WM6 the inhabitants of that part of England now known aa Whitby,
in Yorkshire, where the bones are found in perfect condition. The
termination of this island represents the new red sandstone, re-
markable fi»' the numerous and Taried footmarks found in it at
difieteni parts of our island, partdcuhuly at liveipool, CSiester, and

1«a OBNIKAI ^tJIOK BOOK.

in Wanriebdure, where alM hare been fonnd the hoaen and fra^
ments of large fin^-like uuuiAlfi, three of wMeh are here built up 1^
the crsatiTe mind Kad hwda of Mr. HawkioB, nndar the guiding
eye of Professor Owen. When the teeth of- these ftniniala were
inflected bjr Professor Owen under & mieroecope, it wae found iJiat
they had a Hingulu- labyrinth-like construction ; and the Profeetor
accordingly gaye to this particular inhabittknt of the &r-diatant
world the distinguishing name of Labyrinihodon (labyrinth tooth).

At this p6int the visitor will do well to retrace his steps, and to
proceed agttin to the bridge, which will oviduct him to the third,
or tfrrtia/ry island, where he will discover aoim^ approaching inoze
nearly in form and appearance the creatures of our own day. The
most conspicuous is the Irish Glk with his nu^nificently branching

antlers. This restoration has been produced from an entire skeleton
of the animal in the poRsession of the Company, and the horns are
real, having been taken from the actual fossil. Another of the
more recent wonders, meriting more than a pasmng glance, is the
great winglees bird from New Zealand. The skeleton of this bird
was theoretically construoted by Professor Owen from a small
fragment of bone a few indtee in length ; and when subsequently-
all th« bonea belongiBg to this laid aizived frxun If ew Zealand,

THE QEOLOQICAL ISLAUM AKD TES B^IXCT ANIMAI^. ISl'

IWttdg Mb entin slnlolHM, ths aAootmt tlMy gave of themsdvar
d(ni«apoiid«d eiaoUy wiAli the SMMimt wbidi the leamed PrafeBBOT,
from dodadiDn, hwl giveo of them in tibsir abaenaa.
' ABiongrt the nmaisug moutets heav repiesrated DUf be noted'
1M JfejiothtrltHn (Gtettt Beast), and the Wyptodon (Sonlptimd'
toob Arsadillo}, &am Sontli Amorioa. Hie fonner ia poniirayed
in his natural action of puUing down lofty tieee for the puipoae of
mora oonToniaaUj aeauiii^; the foliage upon which he lived. The
(XJleetion ol extiitct n-T''''™^''' npcm this island is as yet inooiaplete ;
bnt at a future period the Indian. Beriaa, and other large Mam-
malia, or eackling animalH, including the Maalodon (the Ereasb-
like tooth), the Mammolh, uid the DinMhermm (Monstrous Beast),
will be added to con^lete this instructive series.

Tbfl Clwrtj Tree.

Hariug muveyed theaa ialands, tha vintor retnms to the Plateau.

Sedewsoiding frnn tlua point onoe more to the hCrge fountain,
he toiii* to tiie left, and ptooeeda ronnd its margin until he
axrive* at the flight of stepa on the oppodta aide. AHoending
tiiera, tiie pa^ oontiacta him through a belt of yonng cedaia which'
«iLaiMle tha baaina. A. few step* ftirther, and he amvea at the
jonetion of two fqikUi. Seleoting that to the left, lie will apeedHy
gain the foot of the roaaty, and the mound, at the top of whi«b is'

IS2 SBNEa&L OniDE BOOK.

an ornamental arabesque ansde demgned hy Mr. Owat JoaeB.
He vill here — aa on the ct^reapondiug mound — find rosea of every
TaTiety, beaidoi other plants wbich dimb the (odes and around tiM
roof of the arcade. Loc^dng from the opening in the arcade
towards the large drcular fountain in the great central walk, he will
note, close to one of the projecting stone baationa, a fine ^eny-
tree, which may be identified bj the annexed engraving. This
tree has an hiatorioal aasooiation in oonneiion with the OryBtal
Palace ; for it was beneath its shade that Sir Joseph Faxton
planned the nu^nificent gardens upon wiiich we look.

new in Groundi.

Proceeding tlirongh the arcade to the li^^t, we quit &e mound
at the second outlet, and journey along a path, on either mde of
which are fiower-beds and groups of lUiododendionB and Araleas.
Bearii^; to the right we reach the basin of a fountain. Choosing
the left-hand side of this basin, we turn into the broad walk whidt
leads us hy means of a flight ot steps to the second terrace, nuLlriiig
our way to the sonth-eud of which we shall readt an oiangery in
the basement of the wing, where will, be found a fine collection, of
orange-trees — bettor known to Englishmen in geoeial by their
delicious fruit than by acquaintance with themselves. Leaving
the orangery for the terrace, we make our way by Uie steps to the .
upper terrace.

THE GEOLOGICAL ISLANDS AND THE EXTINCT ANIMALS. 163

. At this point the visitor may either enter the southern wing of
the bnilding on his left^ and proceed thence through the colonnade
to the railway station, or advance by the right along the upper-
terrace until he once more places foot in the building.

Having accompanied the visitor on his garden tour, we have
now performed our office of cicerone through the Palace and
grounds, and have brought before his notice the most beauti-
fdl and striking objects on his path. We have selected, both in
the Palace and Park, a route which has enabled him to see the
chief subjects of interest presented by our nationaP Exhibition ;
but, as a reference to the plans will show, there are many other
roads open, which may be explored in fdture visits ; where
our companion may wander as flEuicy guides him, within doors
or without, through his eye feeding his spirit, whilst, as thou^ in
jxresenoe of the past and the distant, he looks on the imaged
homes and works of the nations, or turns from the creations of
human art and genius, to drink in delight, w^th woiyier, from the
strange or most familiar productions of bountiful, inexhaustible
19'ature. On every side, a soothing and ennobling contemplation,
in which he may find rest from the fatigues, and strength fbr the
renewed labours, of an active^ a useful, and an enjoyed, if tran*
sitory, existence.

LIST OF EXHIBITOBS.

STATIONERY AND FANCY GOODS COURT.

Abbott, J. 8., Specimens of Short-
hand writiBg .... 9

Barritt and Co. /Ecclesiastical Book-
bindiiur 22d

Baxter, G., Specimens of (^Colour
Picture Printing .... 20

Boatwright, Brown, and Co., Spe-
cimens of Sealing Wax . . 9

Bohn, H. G., Printed Books . 15 and 16

Bradbury and Evans, Printed
Books-^Relief and Wave-line de-
sign engraved for Sur&ce-printing
—and the New Process of NiXture-
prkuing .... 6 and 29

Collins, H. G., Haps, Globes^ &c.,
lithographic Printing Press in
action 25

Cook, T., EngraTinff

Dolman, C, Printed Books . . 5a

Gilbert, G. M., Frames, Brtuskets,
&c., Modelled in LeaUier .

Hyde and Co., Specimens of Seal-
ing-wax and Stationeiy . . 11

Haddon, Bros., and Co., Specimens
of Type-Music ; Stereotyping in
various branches . . . . 3lA

Jarrett, G., Embossing, Copying,
and Printing Presses . . 13a

JTones-andCauston, Account Books^
Stationery, and Printing . . 22b

King, T. B., Paintings and Pencil
Drawings 12

Knight and Foster, Mercantile Sta-
tionery 19a

iiaytoQ, C. and E., Specimens of Or-
namental and Writing Engravin? 13

Leighton, Bros., Chromatic Block
Printing and Lithpgraphy • . 6

Letts, Son, and Steer, Articles of
Stationery . . . . 1 to 4

Marion and Co^ A., Photographic
Papers, Stamp-dampers; Sundry
Fancy ArtideB .... 24

Miland's library. Plain and (kna-

■ mental Stationery . . . 8lB
Novello. J. A., Specimens of Musi-
cal lypo^pfapny. Printing; and
Illuminations .... 22a

Pemberton, R., Books, Plans, At. . 7

Pinches, F. B., Stamping Die Ski-
graving; Ac, Cxystal Palace
MedalPtess .... 2a

Pope, H., Mercantile Stationery . 12a

Ralph, F, W., ** Envelope Paper,**
Sermon Paper, and Business En-
velopes . . . . ' . 18

Robersonand Co., C, Artists' Co-
lours and Apparatus . . . 220

^utledge and Co., G., Printed
Publications. . . . . 21

Saunders, T. H., Papers, hand and
machine made. Bank note, Loan,
Share, Cheque, and for Photo-
graphic purposes . • . .

Shepherd, T

Shield, Elizabeth, Portraits and
Drawings in Pencil

Smith, J., Stationery

Stanford, E., Maps, Books, and
StatloneiT'

Taylor tmd Francis, Ornamental
Printing, Embossing, ^c .

Tebbut, Rebecca, Desk, Stationery,
&0, ;.*...

Williasns and Co., J., Account

■ Books of a Patent Construction . 8a

19
S2a

BIRMINGHAM COURT.

Allen, F., Articles of Gold and Silvet
Filagree Work, suitable for Pre-
sents and Testimonials

Slews and Sons, W., Standard
Weights and Measures, and Naval
Brass-foundings

CoxM and Son, D., Electro, Nickel,
and Gtorman Silver Spoons, Ac. .

Greatrex and Son, G.

Horse&Il, J., ImprovedMusic-vrire,
Covering-wire, Pins, &c

Jennens, Bettridge and Co., Sped-
xnens of Papier Mftch^ manufac-
ture . . . • •

Lingard, E. A., Coffin Furniture,
Patent Cock, Seal Presses, Dies
and Tools ....

Lloyd, W. B.

GENBEAL aiHDB BOOK.

Parker, W., Jewelleiy, OiltTojs,
Masonic, and other Omamente .

Peyton and Harlow, Patent Metal-
lic Bedsteads . . . .

Sutton and Ash, Specimens of

Maniifkctared Iron
Timmins and Sons, B. . . .
Warden and Co., J.

SHEFFIELD COURT.

Addi4, S. J. , Carvers' and General

Bdge Tools ....

Butterly, Hobaon, and Co., Scales,

Scythes, &c

Cammell and Co.,C., SpringB,Steel,

Files, &c .....
Cockw, Bros., Sheffield Tools, and

Mechuxioal manufkctores.
Fisher and Bramall, Specimens of

Iron and Steel, Tools, Ac.
Guest and Chrimes, Various Patent

H]gh Pressure andFire-eocks, &c.
Jowett, T., Various kinds of Files^

and specimens of the manu&c-

ture of Steel

Mappin and Bros., J., Cutlery;

SuVer and Electro-plated gooda ;

Dressing-oases
Nowill and Sions, J., Silver and

Steel Cutlery . . . .
Parker and Thompson, Assortment

of Tools, Ac

Smith, J. J. . . . .

Turton and Sons, T.

WUkinson and Son, T., Cutlery,

Tailor's-sheara^ Ac

MINERAL MANUFACTURES COURT.

Blanchard, Works of Art in Terra-
Cotta Sand 6

Blashfield, J. M., Artistic Manu-
factures in Terra Cotta . 19 and 21

Browne, B., Various kinds of
Tiles 14 to 18

Bucknell, Jones, and Co.

Burg^n, J. T., Patterns of Gun-
flints, German and Turkey Whet-
stones

Doulton and Co., Stoneware Che-
mical Apparatus, Filters, Jars,
Pipes, ^c. Terra Cotta Vases . 10

Farmey Iron Co., Iron and Fire-
clay Productions . ... 2

Finch, J., Patent Bricks, Tiles,
and Bath-rOom Furniture . . 4

London and Penzance Serpentine
Co., Obelisks, Monuments, Vases,
Fotmtains, and various other
Mineral Manu&ctures ...

Minton^ Holllns, and Co., Tiles, in
Mosaic, Encaustic, Plain Vene-
tian, Ornamented, Moorish, and .
other Styles

Moigan and Bees, Implements. &c.
u»8d in the Maiiufacture of the
Precious Metals ....

Stevens, G. H., Glass and other
Mosaic Work. .... 20

Workman, J., Patent 3rick and
Cement

HARDWARE COURT.

Adams and Sons, W. S., Victoria
Beffia Begistered Baths, Fur-
nishing Ironmongeiy .

Billinge,J 25

Barlow, J. , Household Utensils, &c. 22

Barringer and Co.. D. C, Spe-
cimens of Moulding Seuid, and
Broiuse Castings .... 40a

Beverly and Son, J., Gas-Cooking-
Stoves and (}as Meters.

Benham and Sons, Banges, Stoves,
Fenders, Gas Cooking Apparatus,
Tea Urns, Lamps .... 41

Bumey and Bellamy, Iron Tanks
and Cistem 40b

Chubb and Son, Patent Locks and
Safes '.

Clarke, S., Lamps, Ac, of various
kinds 16

Crook, £. and F., Improved Kit-
chen Bange, Hot-plates, &c..
Wrought Iron Lily

Diiley and Sons, J., Patent
Ba^s, Ac 18

Hart and Sons. J., Patent Door
Furniture, Ornamental Metal
House-fittings .... 82
Hill, J. v., Mechanical Tools . . 12
Hulett and Co., D., Gas Apparatus 23
Huzham and Brown . . .

Jobson, B. 1

Kent, G., Domestic Utensils . . 14

Knight, T. and S 6a

Kuper and Co^ Wire Hopes and
Submarine Electric Telegraph

Cables

Lyon, A., Machine for Mincing,

and for Manufacturing Sausages. S3
Masters. T., Various Patent House-
hold Apparatus .... 4
Morewood and Bogers, Galvanised

Tinned Iron, and Plumbic 2inc 29& 31
Newall and Co., Patent Wire Bope

and Cord 2

Nye and Co., S., Patent Mincing

Machine 7

Pamell and Puckridge, Iron Safes,
Locks, Doors, Ac. . . . S

LI9T OF EXfilBITOBS.

107

Ralph and Co.^ 0., Articles of Foiv
mahing IronmoDgoTy .

Bicket8» C, Oas Baoges, Stoves,
Ac.

BoUnson, Langton, and Co., Iron
and Brasa Ware, Toolo, Ac

Rueaell and Co., J., Iron Tubing .

Buflsell and Bona, J., Gaa and Lo-
comotive Tubing, Patent Lap-
^relded Marine and Locomotive
Tubing

SpiUer, B., Bachelor's Tea Kettle .

Stockw, Bros., Patent Beer Engines,

12b
84

42
6b

lift-Pumps, Water Bottles, Pew-
ter Goods, Ac

Thomas, B., Toola for various
Trades 12a

Warner and Sons, J., Hydraulio
Apparatus, Bells, Braziery
Qoods . . 15 to 19

Wenham Lake Ice Co., Befirigera-
tor^ &c 21

Young, W., Spirit Lamps and Ves-
sels, Qaa Burners ... 24

Zimmermann, £. G., Iron and Zino
Bronzes ..... 6

FURNITURE COURT.

Alderman, J., Garriagea and Fumi- •
ture for Invalids ...

Bateman, H., Specimens of Wood
used in Pianoforte and Cabinet-
work 22 to 24

Bi^ly, J. D., Paper Hangings and
Oil Paintings . . 85 to 89

Beljemann, H. J., Patent Re-
volving, Rocking, Combination,
and Beading^ Ch^rs ... 51

Betjemami, O. S., Patent Self-
Fastening Cen^petid Spring
Bedstead; Indispensable Chair . 50

Blyth, Son and Cooper, Bedfeathers
and Horsehair, Ottoman-Chair-
Bedsteads 69

Baynes and Son, l^edmens of
dyed and cleaned Damask and
Chintz furniture . . . ' . 8

Box, J., Fancy Cabinet Furniture
and manufetctures . . . 49a

Cooke, Hindley, and Law, Velvet-
pile, Brussels, Eadderminster,
and Bexlln Cairpets . . 8 and 9

Cox and Son, Ecclesiastioal Furni-
ture, Church Decorations, and
Vestments . . . 40 and 41

Grace, W., Chairs, Ac, in carved
Rosewood and Mahogany . 10 to 12

Day, H., Dlimunated lettering of
the 14th century ... 44

Filmer, T. H.,, Cabinet Furniture,
Easy-chairs, and Decorative
Upholstery . . . 8lAto3dA

Greenwood, J., Models of Glass
Cases, fitted with India Rubber
and Wooden Stops ' . . .77

Harrison, R., Tapestry Work

Home, R., Pomx)eian and other
Panelled Decorations . , .

Jackson and Graham . ' . •

Loader, R., Household Furniture .

Lyle, J. G., Newly-invented Easy
Chairs, Ifettrass, &c. .

Moore, J.. Patent Moveable Glass
Ventilator; Patent Respirator;
and Specimens of a New System
of Enamelling. ....

Oliver and Sons, W., Specimens of
Foreign Fancy Biffdwoods . 17 and IS

Reed and Marsh, library-table . 48

Rogers, W. G., Twenty Specimens
ofCarvinginWood ... 1

Smee and Sons, W., Cabinet Fur-
niture .... 43a and 44a

Teale and Smith, Imitation Mar-
Quetry 46

VoKins, J. and W., Mechanical,
Imitation Metaland otlier Frames 76

Wallis, J., Wahxut Chess Table, or-
namented with original paintings

Wallis, T. W., Specimens of Wood
Carving 45

Wilkinson, Son and Co. . . 25 and 26

Winterbotham, A., Dacian Paper-
hangings, Damasks, and Calicos. 4

Ward, J., Invalid Chairs for In-door
and Out-door use . . . 49b

Webb, E., Coloured Damask, Da-
mask Hair-Cloth, Hair Carpets,

Yates and Nightingale, Pahitedand
Embossed Table Covers, fta .

MIXED FABRICS COURT.

Allan and Co., M. W., Silk Mercery

and Drapery Shawls
Bull and Wilson, Cloths, Fanpy

Silks, Cashmeres, Ac. . . 12
Chiroimet, V., Laces, Cleaned, Ac. 43b
Diek and Son, J., Sewing Cotton on

Reels 43a

Elliot, M. A. . Irish Tabinet or Poplin
Farmer and Rogers, India, China,

and Paisley Shawls ... 48
Faulding: Stratton, and Brough,

Damask Table Linens , 89

Groucock, Copestake, and Moore^
Lace and Muslin ManufiEustures .

Jay, W. C, Mourning Furnishing
Goods

Leach, Broadbent, Leach and Co.,
Woollen Stuff and Fabrics

Reid, J., Printed Muslins and
Drapery . . . . •

Simmons, W., Millinery, Fancy
Bonnets, Ac. ....

Swears and Wells, Articles of Ho-
siery

42
45

168

CffimOBUkL iXtJWB BOOK.

PRINTED FABRICS COURT.

LewiBttad Allenbv, Uanufkctured
SilkB, fuid Shawlf ...

Stmpefm, J. uid 7., Tapestry Dftr
mask for Curtains.

MU3ICAI. INSTRUMENTS COURT.

Boosey and Bona, Various Wind In-
Btruments, Patent DrumH5tick.t
Ac. 24

Brinsmead, H., Improved Piano-
forte * 42

Oooper and Son, J., Hichrochordon
Pianoforte 88

Challen andSon, Cottage Pianoforte 48

Dlitln, H., Various Wind Instru-
ments, Patent Side Drum . . 18

Qreaves, B.^ MiiQieal Tuning Imple-
ments 18

Hughes and Denbam, Patent Grand
Range Hannonich<»rdon Piano-
forte ......

Jones, J. C, Pianoforte . . 62

KOhler, J., Lever and othw kinds
of Brass Musical lustraments^ of
Patent Manu£Eicture ... 12

and Co.,

Levesque, Edmeades^
Pianoforte .... I 28

Marsh and Steedman, Cottage, and
Michroch(»don Pianoforte . 41 and 47

Moore, J. and H., a Cottage-Grand
Pianoforte 85

Pam, W. G., Two Cottage Piano-
fortes 48 and 40

Peachoy, 0.» Albert Pioeolo Plamo-
forte 25

Sacred Harmonio Society, Model of
Orchestra as arranged for the
Oratorios of the Society . • 66

Taylor, 8. C, Two Conceitinas

Tdkien, H., Pianoforte ... 46

Yentura, A. B., Various Musicalln-
struments^ Ancient and Modem . 4

SOUTH-EASTERN CORNER OF CENTRAL TRANSEPT.
RimmcH, E.» Fountain of Sydeztham Crystal Palace Bouquet.

NAVE.

Atkinson, J. and B., Perftunny,
Soaps, and Toilet Furniture

Brown, S. R. and T., Specimens of

Muslins and Laoas, embroidered

by Scotch and Irish Peasanby .

•Forrest and Sons, J., Various kinds

of Irish Lace and Embroidery .

Groux's Improved Soap Co., House-
hold, Toilet, and Marine Soaps .

Banhart, M. and N., lithography
and CmromoUthography * .

Healh, J., Invalid Bath Chairs

Lancashire Sewing Machine Co.,
Sewing Machines .

Macdonald and Co., B. and J., In-
fants' Clothing . . . .

Meyers, B., Walking Canes and
Sticks.

Moigan, J., Wicks, Ac. in illus-
tration of the manufacture of
Candles. .....

7
12
10

4
18

Meohi, J. J., Bresang and Writing
Cases, Cutlery, Pocket-books,
Ac 2 and 17

Osier, F. and C, Ckystal Glass Can-
delabra 6

Powell, J. H., Books and Maps^
Hair Dye 16

Price's Patent Caudle Co., Speci-
mens of Candles, and of the
Material manufactured; Extracts
of SteaiineandOleine. • . 11
t Fountain of Eau da

ra«.«.i»ii IP J Cologne(S.E.End)

Bi«^«U»B-»lFouiSun of ToUet
L Vinegar(N.E.£nd)

Robinson, H., Writing uid Dreas-
ingCases 15

Spiers and Son, Ornamented
Works in Papier M&ch^ . . 1

Thomaa, W. P., Thomas' Patent
London Sewing Machine .

SOUTH WING.

nr OB HSAB THX BtFBESHlCSlfT DVPABnOOrT.

lipeoombe and Co., Maxble and Glass Fountains, jce. •

NORTH WING.

DKPABTMSNT VOB AGBICULTUBAL IKFLSiaKTS.

Barrett, Exall, and Andrews,
Steam Engines, Agricultural Im-
plements.and Machinery

Bstiy, Bros., l^cimens of Non»
Poisonons Sheep-Dressing Com-
position. . . . .

UBf OF B&HOftlH^lUS.

16S

Bigg, Tm IHmAmt ApporfttuB fof
using Bigg's Patent Ootnpo-
sition ..•-..

Bonlnols and Son,

Baer^ C. JEHnrtabte Steatti Engine,
Various Fsrming MacMnes . .

davtfni, H., Yatioos Patent Ma-
chines

daytan, Bhuttleworth, and Co., '
Steam Bngtee, ThiMhing Ma-
chine, Grinding-MiU

Cc^;an and CVx,

Oottam and Hallea,

Croggon and Co., .-

Croskill and S(m, W.

Dray ai^d Co., w. .

Ferrabee, J. and H.

« Engine, Orinding-miU,' Mowing
' Machines, Ac. ... .

Garrett and Son, Models and
drawings of Implements and
Machines for Agricultural pur-

- poses

Haines, P., Shoes for Sheen, to cure
Foot-rot. Foot-rot Powoer .

Hart, C. , Threshing Machines, with
combined apparatus for Winnow-
ing, Ac

Hill and Siiiith, ....

Homsby and Sotn, R.> Portable

Steam

Steam Engine, Machines for
Dressing and DriUing Com

Howard, J. andF., Patent Ploughs^
Harrows, Horse Hoes, Ac.

Huxham and Brown, lluree Mill-

' stones ......

Lyon, A., Machines for Cutting
vegetables •' . . . .

M'NefflandCo.

IffichoUs and Co. Weighing and
Chaff-cutting Machines, Scales,
Weights and Measures, Corn
Bruuers and Mills

Jneroe,' W.,'« . . • • .

Bansomes and Sims, Agricultural
Machinery, Steam Engines, dec.

Smith, S., ... . . •

Smith and Ashby, Patent Hay-
making, and Chiet£f-cuttingMa-
chines, Horse Bake, and Wheel
Hand Bake, Ak}. . . . .

Smithy W., ImiHToyed Steerage,
Horse-hoes^ 4kc ....

Stanley, W^

Toumay and Ca, Wheels Manufac-
tured by Machinery worked by
Steampower ....

Wilson, F. J., Patent Barrows

WiUdnson. T., ....

Toung and Co., C. D., .

EAST GALLERY, ADJACENT TO CE>4TRAL TRANSEPT.

DSPABTIUBRT FOR TSBOfOini 1CBTAI&

42
100

87a

Acheson. W., Irish Jewellery
and Ornaments, Antique and
Modem

Benson. S. S. and J. W., JeweUexy,
Watches, and Plate . . .1^2

Biden, J. and F., Process of manu-
fistcture of Gold Chains,- Ac,
Specimens of Seal Bngravii^
4cc

Chaffers, Jun., W., Coins, Medals,
and Antiquities ....

Connell, Mrs. M., Irish Bog Oak
Ornaments .....

ElkingtoB, Mason, and Co. . 103 to 106

Forrer. A., Jewellery and Fancy
Work in Hair . . . . 87 A 88

Gorsuch, W. H., Precious and other
Stones, with a Lapidary's Tables
and niustrations of the Process .

Gk>ggeh, J„

Hawkins, F.G.S., F.L.S..B. Watex^
house. Sketch . Models of the
Extinct AnJTpata, dec. .

Holt, B. W.^ Work in Jet, Foreign
Jewellffly, fto. . . . 181 & 182

Jackson, W. H. and S., Chronome-

42a

ters . and Watches, with Begis-
tered Improvements • . . 100a

Keith, J., Plate, &c., for Ecclesi-
asticid Service .... 44a

Mahood, S., Jewellery, Bog Oak
Manufactures, &c. . . . 64a

Marriott, J. , Glajse Apiary, Humane
Cottage Beehive, witn Bees at
Work ......

Marshall, E. S., Specimens of Gold-
beating 62

M^ers, M., Jewellery, and Irish
Bog Oak Ornament . . . 88a

Bestell, B., Clocks, Watches, Plate,
Jewelleiy, &c

Staight, T., Manuftetures in Ivory,
Peari, Tortoiseshell, fto. . . 46

Steinite, Bros., Parcraetose Floor-
ing, Ivory Carved, Wood Mosaic.

Yieyx^liaind Bepingon, An Astro-
nomical dock .... 100b

Wathenton and Brogden, Ctold
Chains and Miscellaneous Jewel-
lery 101 & 102

Waterhouse and Co., Ancient and
Modem Irish Jewellery . . 65 & 66

Batty and Co., Pickles, Preserves,
Sauoes, and Oilmen's Stores . 16A16

SOUTH-EASTERN GALLERY.

DEPAKTMSMT FOB BUBSTANOZS VBSD AS IDOD.

Dunn and Hewett, Cocoa, Coflee,
Extracts and Spices .

170

GBN^AL OUIDBBOiMC.

Edwardfl, Bros, Freparailoiui of Fa-

rinaceoiu and other Food .
Fry and Soob, Cocoa, its Varieties

of Growth and Manu&cture
Glass, G. M.y Isinglass, Gelatine

Lozenges, and Jtnubes
Giinter,B., Bride Cakes andOon-

fectionery 20

Homiman and Co., Tea as Imported

free from Artificial Colouiing .
Suent and Sons, Bordeaux Wine

Vinegar

Lea and Perrins, Sauces, Chemical

Drinks, &c • . • • .

12
17
12b

12a

Paris Chocolate Co., Cocoa and its
Tarious manu&otures . .

Phillips and Co. Tea . and Coflfee in
all their vai^ouB kinds . . . 11

Slee, T. P. and C. B., Mustard in
the Seed and Mamifiwtured. Blue
for Laundry purposes .... . 6a.

Turner, G., Wedding and other
Cakes ....'. 9

Vickers, J., Russian IsinglaBs in
Shapes 18a

White, G. B., Cocoa, and ChoeolaAe
in their Taiious stages of prepa-
ration ......

DBPABTXXBT FOR MISOELLAHBGUB ABTZOLBS.

Austin, J., Patent Line . . .

Cave, A., Fancy Articles, Work-
boxes. &o.

Davis, Hrs. Cigars and Tobacco-
nists' Goods in General . .

Davis, J. J., Seal Engraving, Co-
pving and Embossing Presses .

Farlow, C, Fishing Tackle .

Inderwick, J., Fancy Goods, more
particularly in connection with
Smoking, Tobaccos, ^c. . . 21 & 22

Jones, B. C, Cigars of eveacy de-
scription lit 2

Kite, J., Patent Ventilating and
Smoke Curing Apparatus^ illus-
trated by experiment . . .8a

12a

16
12

Latour, Bateau and Co., Dyed and
Cleaned Gk>ods . ... 7

Lillywhite, Bros., Articles con-
nected with the Game of
Cricket 9

Marsland, Sons, and Co., Fancy
Work and Cotton. . . . 58t6

Huffgleton, W. H., Linen Stamps,
Markioff Ink, &c. ... 4

Nixey, W. G. Patent Revolving
TilJ, Blacklead, &c.. Dyes, Var-
nishes, &c 10

Phillips and Co., Pipes, Stems, and
Cigar Tubes 17

Bymer, S. L. . . . . . 4a

DEPA&TMSMT KA rZHB UXnCNB ASD DAXABKS.

Hollins, E., Patent Shirtii^ .
Russell, H. and G., Specimens of

Sail Cloth of English and Ame-
rican manufistcture

SOUTH GALLERY.

DKPABTMXNT FOB OLOTHINQ.

Bern! and MeiUard, Velvet and
Beaver Hats of all descriptions . 4

Brook, Bros., J. , . . . . S9&40

Caplin, Mme. R. A., Medical
Corsets, Belts, Supports for In-
valids, &c ..... 8

Cai)per and Waters, Shirts of va-
rious fashions . . . . 12&14

Carrol, Bridget, Various Articles
of Dress in Lace ....

Carter and Houston, various Kinds
of Improved Corsets ... 88

Coles. W. F. Newly Invented
Socks, of various kinds . . 16a

Cooper and Fxyer, the Gorget Pa-
tent Shirt, Elliptic Collars, &o. .

Daily and Co., Specimens of Dyeing
and Cleaning Silks, &o. . . 5

Dando, Sons, and Co., Ha^s and
Caps Mani^tured for lightness 16

Davies, J., Fashionable Riding
Habit ... . . 86a

Eason, J., Ready-made Linen,
French flowers, Ac. . . 24 to 26

Ellwood and Sons, J., Air-

for Warm

. . 84
Nicol,

19Jc20
Cotton

Chamber Hats, &c..
Climates

Gaimes, Sanders, and
Pliant Ventilating Hats

Glenny, C, Balbriggan
Hosieiy ...

Grundy, T., Easy Boots of a New
and Improved Manu&cture '

Hawkins, Mrs., Corsets and Belts .

Howard and Co., Embroidered
Cloth, Silk, Berlin Cloth, &c. .

King and Co., W., Silks, Satins,
Velvets, Woollen Manumctures,
Cambrics, Linen, Haberdashery,
&C. . . ' . • . •

Marion and Maitland, Corsets,
Medical Supports, &c. • ,

Nicoll, B., Specimen Shirts .

Nicoll, H. J. and D., Specimens of
the Fashion, Patented and Regis-
tered Articles of Dress and Per-
sonal use . . . . 17 & 18

Paine, H. and Co., Trousers .

Philps and Son, Ladies and Chil-
dren's Clothing and Hosiery 26a & 26a

." 10a

32
S2a

32b

86
18a

LIST OF EXHIBITOBS.

171

Price and Co., Waterproof and Air-
proofOoods ....

Bumble^ Mrs., Surgical Baadagoe,
Supports, &Q

Smitn, Mrs. J., Corsets and Socco-
pedea^ Elastic or Silk Boots

Sdoith, Julia, Corsets . . . 85a,

Stray. F., and Co., Specimens of
Smbroidery and Articles of Fash-
ionable Dress for Gentlemen . 28

Stroud, M. and D., Articles of Ho-
siery, ^c .6

Stuart, J. K, Patent Ventilating
Hats 85b

Thompson, MissS. C, WidowB'Caps 8a

Thresner and Glenny, Under-cloth-
ing for Warm Climates, Netting^
hfun Hosiery . . . ;

Upton and Co:, W., Specimens of
jSnglish and Foreign Leathers^
and Iieather Mercery .

Watkins, W., Milita^ and other
Clothing

Whitelock and Son,. Articles of
Hosiery

Willianxs and Son, R., Umbrellas,
Parasols, Whips, Canes, Ao* 21 & 22

Wright^ £. J., Corsets, &c. . .85

SOUTH END OF BUILDING.

DSPABTXSNT YOB BTAINBD OLASS^ &0.

Nosotti, C, Laive Looking Glass in
Solid Carved Florentine Style of
IVame ... •

Waites, W., Three Stained Glass
* Windows

SOUTHWESTERN GALLERY.

DKPABTMXHT YOB laSOKLLANXOUS ABTIOUES.

Allaire, TLSaf, Specimens of Dyeing
and Cleaning. .- . . .

Bamett. B. , Specimen of Old Paint-
ing Restored . . . .

Bartlett^ J., Patent Compressed
Cricket Bats

Bumingham, C, Assortment of
Goods in Papier Mftch^

Carles, H. B., Gentlemen's Head-
dreeees and Perukes

Child, W. H., Specimens Brushes
manufactured in Ivory, Bone,
Tortoiseshell, and Wood

ColUngs, J., Tailor's Registered
Arm-pad

Cowvan, B. and 8., The Canton, or

QuadrilatenJ S^op
oUinirford

CuBingford, W., Various kinds of
Netting

Curtis and Son, M. I., Pianoforte-
strings, Wire-screws and Pins .

Billon, A., Specimens of Oma*
mental Writing . . . .

Farley, H., Models of Naval Archi-
tecture and Implements

Foot> Mary, Artificial Flowers,
Head-dresses, &c.

Freckingham, Mrs. E. Specimens
ofFancvWork . .

Giles, J. A., Specimens of Portrait
Painting

Gittens and AUkins, Patent De-
tector Tills and Base Coin
Detectors

Grujeon, A., Cases of Plants, ar-
ranged in Botanical Order .

Hack, R., Harmonicon and Flute
Flageolet

HelMck, F., An Invention to Navi-
gate the Air, invented by W.
Bland, Esq., N. 8. W. . . . .

d4A

36a
47

39
38

58a

49
87
56

2rA

89a
80

29a

Hodges and Turner, Various kinds
ofElastio Fabrics. . . . 81a

Holliday, R., Self-generating; Gas
Lamps, Chemicals, &c. . . 81

Hyams, M., Cigars, Tobacco, and
Illustrations of their Manufac-
ture 29

Jackson, W., Wirework Mountings
for Whips, Ac 72

Joyce, F., Percussion Gun-caps,
Primers, Waddings, &c. . . 27b

Judson and Son, D. Dyewoods and
Gteneral Drysalteries . .

Lee, Thomas, Waterproof and Air-
proofGoods 28a

Levin, L., Glass Beads, Real and
Artificial Coral, Ac. . . . 82a

Loysel, M., Newly-invented Ma-
chines for Making Cofiee . 41 & 42

Maynard, J., Wire, &c., used in the
Manufacture of Pianofortes . 36

Mead and Powell, Toys, &c. Fancy
Cabinet Work . . . 43 & 44

Noden, J.. Hair-Dye, with Speci-
mens of its Application . . 49b

Olin, L., Purses made by Machi-
nery . . . . • .

Parker, J., Stag's-hom Umbrella
Stand 47a

Pierotti, H., Wax Dolls and Figures
for Hairdressers .... 40a

Ralph and Son, Articles of Gentle-
men's Fashionable Dress .

Ramage, R., Fair's Patent Venti-
lators 89b

Read, T., Specimens of Ornamental
Writings, Embossing, Household
Decoration, and Lith(M^phy . 27a

Revell, J., Ornamented Leather-
work, and Implements, and
Materials used .... 88a

172

aSNB&AL Gim^B BOOK.

Ridden and Go., W., (Aaglo-Ocniti-
nental Co.)

Boe, P., Modehi of FotmtaSnB, Jets
d'Btiu, Valyefi, 4c . . .

BalxnoDy L

SunuBl, If ., Foreign Shells^ CoxaU,
and China

Sander^ W., Modelling In Leather

S5a

82b

Sangater, W. S., ParaulB, Vm-

breHaa, See., of yarious kinds . 64
Saunders, J., Specimens of Teas

and Coffees 40

Saunders^ R., Fast-dyed Woollen

Goods and Dye Detector
Walden, H., Variegated Idnen-

Baakets 65

PEPABTIOENT FOB PBBrUKXBT.

Eason, JSi, fiafr Peifdaieiy, Combs
and Brushes

Higgkis, Jv» Distilled Bsssdoos far
rertvamea

Lewis, J., Perflumes, Soaps, and
Toilet Furniture .

fltaulson, M., Soaps, Essences, Fo-
matuma, iKc , . • . • 4(

Stuirock and Sons, Perfumery, and
Toilet Furniture . . . 3ft4

DaPABXMXNT FOB OHXMICALB.

Allshem, F., nom8B(^)athic Medi-
cine Chest, Medicines, Works, &c 4a

Andrew, F. W., Cemented China
and Glass; Articles of Toilet Fux^
niture 6

Blundell, Spence, and Co., Assort-
ment of Painter's Colours . . 6a

burton and Garraway, Cudbear,
Orchil, and Indigo Dyes . . 4

Electric Power Light and Colour
Co., Electric Colours ... 2a

Field, J. C. Specimens of Wax,
Candles, Sealing Wax, &c. . 7

Gibbs, D. and W., Fancy and other
Soaps lA

Jones and Co., Orlando, Specimens
of Starch from Bice ... 3

King, W. W., Effervescent Citrate
of Magnesia

Prockter, Bevington, andProckter,
Inodorous Glue .

Bottmann and Co., G., Sodawater
Madnnes and Filters . . ' .

Beeves and Sons, Artists* Water
Colours and Implements .

Bose, W. A., Oil and Grease, for
Burning and Machinery, Var-
nishes, Paints, &c

Walker and Stembtidge, Gurns^
Glues, Dyes, and Chemicals

Williams and Fletcher, Colours and
Chemici^ ....

4b
6a

5
8

DSPABTUSHT FOB LKATHSB.

Blackwell, S., Assortment of Sad-
dlery and Hamesc^ patent and
otherwise 40

Brown, J., India Bubber Beda^
Sofas, Cludrs, and Marine Spring
Bed

Cant and Sons, G. W., Ladies and
Gentlemen's Boots and Shoes of
all kinds 14

Clarke, C. and J., ManufiMitures
from the Angora and Sheep Skin,
Boots, Shoes, and Slippers 21 and 22

Davis, Mrs. A.. Saddlery, HarnieHS,

y 'and Horse Clothing ... 12

Deed, J. S., Morocco Leathers of
Various Kinds, Dyed Sheep and
Lamb^i-wool Bugs ... 24

East and Son, T., Specimens of
Leather and Manufbotures trmn
the Skin of the Sheep . . • 4

Ford, A. F., Boots and Shoes . . 28

Gutta Pereha Co., the West Ham,
Artides manufactured in Gutta
Pereha, under Letters Patent .

Gottung; J. B., Two sets of Har-
nesi; worked with Peacock-
quiUs ; Covers and Mats of Pea-
cock-work 19

Hall, J. S., Models of Boots mann-

fjoctured for the Boyal Family

andNobili^ .... 10
Haines and Nobes, Mill-bands and

other Articles of Leather Manu-

&cture 26

Hall and Co., Leather-Cloth Boots

and Shoes, Goloshes, Ac. . . 20
JefiSg, B.^ Furs of the Arctic and

Cold chmates .... 6
Jones and Waters, Fancy Leathers

used in the Manufitcture of Hats,

Caps, Ac 28

Marsden, C, Ventilating Boots,

Shoes, Goloshes, &c . 87 6c 38

Maxwell and Co., H., Spurs and

Sockets lOA

Kewton, T., Harness and Hone

appcnntoients generally
Norman, J. W., Boots and Shoes^

&c 28a

Oastler and Palmer, Specimens of

Tanned Skins . . . 84 & 86

Preller, C. A.. Patent Leatiier

Machine Bands, &c. ... 18
Boberts, E. B., Manufactures from

the Beaver, and various otiier

Skins 8

LI8!F 09 WfMXBSTOW.

178

Swaine and Adenev, Whips and
Bidin^r Cftnes of aU kinds .

Bouthgate, Q., Solid Leather Fort-
manteaus

Urch, HL, Saddlery ....

Wansbrough, J., uarmenta Mann.-
£Etotaxed ttom the Patent Para-
India Rubber Cloth .

82
6a

Watson, C. J., Utilis Portman-
toaa . ' 80a

White, J. C, Harness, with White
Patent Tugs 16

'Wilson. Walkden, and Ck>., Pre-
pared She^ Leather . . . 82a

Wright, B., Patent Boots and
Shoes

VEPAXnOBST r09 INDIA-BtJBBSB.

Edmiston and Son, India Bubber
Clothing, Ornamental Olgects,
in Gutta Percha and India
Bubber 10&80

Goodyear, C, Articles Manu&e-
tured from India-Bubber . . 1 to 12

Grueber uid Co., Patent Asphalts
Sheathing and Dry Hair Felt .

Mackintosh and'Co. , India-Bubber,
natiye, and manufitotui^
with illustrations of the pro-
cess 18 to 18

WEST GALLERY, ADJACENT TO CENTRAL TRANSEPT.

DSPABTMEKT FOS PHIL080PHI0AL tNJSTBUiCSNTS.

Bailey, W. H.. Medical Instru-
ments, Invalid Supports, &c. . 87

Beard, Jim., B., Daguerreotype
and JPhotog^phic Pictures. Ste-
reoscopes, &c. . . • .^38&34

Bermingham, Esq., T., KAps»
Plans, Ac 48a

Caplin, M.D., J., Medical Gynmasia,
Instruments, and Furxiiturs for
the Cure of Deformities . . 47a

Claudet, A., Daguerreotype and
Stereoscopic Portraits

Coles, W., Patent Trusses

Colt^ Colonel S., Patent Bepeating
Firearms . .v . 91&92

Cronmire, J., M. and H., Mather
matical. and Nautical Instru-
ments 60

Deane, Adams and Deane, Fira
Arms

Elliott, Bros., Optical, Mathema*
tical^ and Philosophical Instru-
ments 20

Elliot, J., Daguerreotype and Sta-
reosoopic Portraits ... 40

GroBsmith, W. R., Artificial Byes,
Limbs, and other Productions of
Surgical Mechanism .... 87

Harnett* W., Dentistry and AxticiM
usedjn Dental Surgery

Hennah and Kent, Photographs « 49

Hobson, T 88a

Hogg, B., Photographio Portraite^,
I^mdscapes, &e 40a

Home,. Thomthwaite, and Wood,

Photographic Cameras, Ac,
Pictures, Medical Electro-Gal-
vanic Machine ....

Laroche^ M;,, Photographio Pic-
tures. • t . . • •

Mayall, J. E., Photographic Pio-
tures

Miles, E., Artificial and Mineral
Teeth, Gums, and PaJates .

NeWBon, H., Patent Wire Trusses

Novra, G., Cutlery, Articles in
Electrotype

Pottinger, C. B., Photographio
Apparatujv Stereoscopes, &c. 1 ds 2

Potter, J. D., Scientific and Philoh
sopbdcal Instrujnents

Prince and Co., Models oi Inven-
tions

Bead, B.,. Agricultural and Hor-
ticultural . Maahinea^ Surgtoal
Instruments,. &c. ^ . ,

Beid, W., Iiistruments and manu-
factures in cpnueoti<m with tljus
Electric Telegraph . . .

Smith S... Trusses,. Medical Sup-

I)orts^ Uc

. Statham, .W. .E., PhUosoi^iioal

Instrumeuts in coiuiectioji, withi

Chemistiy . « , . .

, Stidolph, W., Educational Instpjir

ments for the BUnd .

Sharpe, T., Photographio Portraits

White, J., Patent Tx^isse^ Belto,
Suzgical Supports, 4e0. • . 80

87
49a

d6A

38
50

VVP4»TlBnn VOR FHIRTXD BQQUfl, VTO.

Eent^ W., Printed Books

I Tweedi9, W., Tempsranpa Books
i and ^blications ... .

174

aBNEEAL 0T7£DB BOOK.

NORTH-EASTERN GALLERY.

DKPABTMXHT FOB OHUTA AHD QJ^ABa..

Aire and Calder Bottle Ck>., ^>eci-
mens of Glase Bottle Manu-
fsMsture . . . '. . 8S&S4

Bourne and Son, Patent Stone-
Ware Bottles, Jars, Vases, 4ec. . 16

Brace and Colt^ Mftniifactares of
the " Serpentine" stone

Clarke, Hiss C, Antique China,
Point Lace» &o. . . 66 & 66

Claudet and Houghton, Olass
Shades and Photo^^phic Glasses

Copelanif and Son ....

Goode and Co., T., China, Glass,
China Laoe Figures, imitation
H^joUca Ware . .' . . 6

Green, J., Usefiil and Oznanxmtal
China, Glass, and Barthen-
ware. 87to40

Hetley,NH., Glass Shades and
Cases 28

Hetley and Co., J., Glass-shades
Window and Horticultural Glass 86

Kerr, Binns, and Co. . .41

Litchfield, 8., Ancient Furniture,
China, Clocks, Candelabra,
Bronses, &c ....

Lockhead and Co., JT., Patent Per-
forated Glass, Specimens of
Glass, and Glass Manufactures . IS

Roberts, J., Patent Inyention for
Cooling Drinks and Edible Mat-
ters; Specimens of Terra Fer-
rum ...... 10

Sinclair, C, Glass and China . lU 6t 12i.

BASEMENT.
PKPABTicxirr roB Mi-OHnnntT.

Beeerofb Butler and Co. .
Bellhouse and Co., K T. .
Bernard, J. . . . <
Birmingham Patent Iron

Brass Tube Company
Bradbury and Bvans .
Burch, E. J. ,
Calvert, P. C. .
Collins, H. H. .
Coltman,W.

Condie^ j

Dalgetty, Ledger, and Co. .

Denng, G. E

Dunn, Hattersly and Co. .
Galloway, W. and J.
Gent and Co., G.
GoodalL H. • . • .
Goodfellow, B. . . .

Grout, J

Hanson and Chadwick
Harrison and Sons, J. .

Hill.W

Hughes and Denham .

Hughes, R. and T.

Lister and Go. A. • . .

Lloyd, Jun., G. p.

Lloyd, G.. • * . •

and

Lomas, Fromings, and Syk^s
Muir, G. W. .
Mansell, T. .
Mason, J.

ManloYe and Alliott .
Moseley and Co., J. .
Onions^. C. .
Percy, W. 0. S. .
Piper and Co. .
Preston, F. .
Quick, J. V. .
Bamsbotham, J.
Beade, Spencer, and Co.
Benshaw, G. P. .
. Robinson and Co., H. O.
Richmond, S.
Samuelson and Co. M.
Shand and Mason .
Smith, B. and J. .
Snowden, F. W.
Taylor, T.
Walker and
Walsh and Co., A
Warner and Sons
Whitworth and Co.
Wright and Co. .
Williams, W. .

PXPABTHMVX

Corben and Sons; Cairiage upon
improved principlee . . •

Hedges, W., Patent Curriculum .

Hoadley, A. and S., A Carriage of
FirstHslass Manu&cture .

Holmes, H. and A*, Two Improved
Four-wheeled Carriages

Kinder and Co., light Boggart
Phaeton

Eesterton, B., A Dog-Cart of Im-
proved ConstrQctioQ, with Patent
Shafts Ac

fOB OABBIAOIS.

Lenny, C, Carriage of the latest

Plan ....
Mason, W. H. .
Meaden, M., Four-wheeled Car-

riage ....
Offoni and Co., R., A Carriage
Starey, T. R., Cottage Dog-Cart
Thrupp and Co., C. J., A Four-

Wheeled Carriage
Tudor, W. H., Barouche, Park

Fhaeton. • • •

LIST OF EXHIBITOBa

175

EXHIBITORS NOT CLASSED.

Boorer, "R., Slate Tables in imita-
tion of vuious Marbles

Cross and Co., J. W., Pails and Pa-
tent Una Bngines

Camolera, H. de^ Specimens of
Flower Painting on Porcelain .

Kennard and Co.. R. W., Cast Iron
Gates and BaiUng made for the
Peruvian Government. Vases
and Ornamental Castings. The
Cast Iron (harden Chairs in the
Grounds

HcGrQa.H

Merryweather, M., Fire Escapes,
Fire Engines, and Implemento .

Stewards and Co., Statue in Port-
land Stone *. . . . . .

Taylor, Mrs. A. M. N., Various
Specimens of Sea Weed

Wood and Jerry, Carved and En-
graved Shells . . . .

WOson, J., Statuette in Parian
Marble

Wilkinson, Letitia, a Chum on
Stand

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THE ART. JOURNAL:

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The Sixth Volume, to be issued during the year 1854, will complete the entire series of the
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Peace and War, by Landseer.

Hamlet, by MacUse.

The Saviour Prophesying over Jerusalem,

by Eastlake.
The Dame School, by Webster.

The Grape Gatherers in the South of

Prance, by Uwins.
The Hall at Courtray, by Haghe.
Lord William Bussell, by Jobnston.
&G. &c.

With the Volume for 1854 will be also given, in association with those choice examples of the
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IAgtDti-— Uaacbola. HtLi. ft Wilioh, M, Kiag-itncti
LiTaruDol, Jakbi CtTBfliaf, II, 13a]ta»>qiiue i Cheater^
h Uiciciaii & SoHi, ion, EaitiU«-(treel 1 Glunw, AniTiH k
W H'AaLiH. IS6, TrongmU-ilTMl ; Dublin, J. EPHOHDIOH &

NEWINCTON HOUSE.

SALE OF 3ILES, SHAWLS, MAKTL&S, DRBSSBS, RIBBONS,
ft*-, In tndlaH lariftT, at utnordUur low sn«. llclMnrt.chMpHl.aiidvoat htbknubla
atoAafStrtw.MilliMTj. ft MoummgBamnninttn trade. W. iSlES.aaAflt.NewuigloiiCaiMwa^

FOB VARICOSE VEINS AMD WEAKNESS.

SUBGICAL EIi&STIC STOCKINQS AND KNEE-CAPS,

ON A NBW PRINCIPLB,

Farrioaa, light In IciIur, and ineipenuie, jiddinf an cBcient and niiTaiTiiii isppoit wider

inj ttmpiratucc, wilhonl Ibe trouble of Lacinf or Biudagint.

ASSOKnTAL BTJPPORTINa BELTS, of the Bame beautiM Fabrio.

Tbote foi T^in^ MB, bakn uid after AeoooHumeut, ua admlnblj adaptad for gtvia^ adequate
nipportwilb eitrema llfhucai, ipoliil llltle attended lo la the coinpulllte])> dumij coDErir-
u«> and fabriea bilhcrto emplered.
IflttTuctioiii for UflaiuieuieDt, and Piicei, on appUeatioii, and the artidea aent bf poit from the
tk.Uauf.etum., pQpg ^^q P L A N T E,

*, WATERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL, LONDON.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 19

THE BOTAL CRYSTAL WABEHOUSES,

ei ft 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURGHYARD, AND
68 & 69, PATERNOSTER ROW,

ARE now OPEN for BUSINESS upon a Scale of Grandeur and
Magntficenee hitherto aoAttempted in th« Commerciftl Worid. A tUU o«lj to this TMt
FAXiACS of INDUSTRY will convince all who may honour tho

LONDON MANTLE AND SHAWL COMPANY

with their patronage, of th« |T«Ht «4nat»g*t to be detiyed from |michQiint at their Warehoutee,

British and Foreign Shawls, Silks, Mantillas, and Dresses,

at Mannfaetarcra* Prieea, from th« timpte and economical morning coitume, to tht m<»t elaboTatO
and costly Oriental productiona. Indies inspecUog tho

Crystal Saloons of the Company,

may depend upon civilitT and every attention from the experienced Asaiatants of the Estftbliahineat^
MKt wiU not in any ease d« importuned to purchaae contrarr to their wiahes.

The following is oar Price List of leading Articles j—

GLACE STRIPED AND CHECKED SILKS,

The fnll vobe of IS yards. One Guinea.
83,000 yards richest quality; £X I0a<> much under nlw*

Ecossais Poult de Soies,

■ £l 18s. 0d. the robe of 13 yards, wide width.
Blaek, 01ac6, Moir^, and Broeh^ Silks, Satins, &e., £l 158. to jft 3a. the IS yards, wide width,
1,870 richest Moir6 antique and Brocaded Silks, £3 18s. 6d. to ^6.

Kiuilin Bar^e Sylphide Tissue, and Faaey. BobM.

French printed Muslins, /s. 6d., 13 yards.

Bich Organdie ditto, Chintz patterns, ISs. Od. ,

Swias Cambrics, 4a. to da. the dress, ^anrantod faai ooloorft

French Bairige, ]3s. 0d, to 18s. (Id. tie flounced toho* of 10 yordat

Several thousand useful robes, lOs, 6d„ worth I8s. fld.

BRITISH and FOREIGN SHAWLS, MANTILLAS, &c.

9,700 Paisley Soarf Shawlf, woven in one pieeo, One OoiiMt*

devefal aiousand puie Cashmere. Two Gwneaa,

90,700 BardgeLTistne Shawls, ISs.pd., ^! oAe priOo,

Indiai Chinay Crape Grenadine and Sylphide Shawls, iu

endless variety.

THE KAHTLB BEPABTHXirT

la replete with every novelty, amongst which may be seen the

Celebrated TOGA, forming four Mantles ia onOi

and six of the moat superb and costly designs, as chosen by

HER Most GRACIOUS MAJESTY.
Engravinga of the Fashions and Patterns sent poat^firee, upon application to the

LONDON MANTU: & SHAWI. COMPANY^

MANTLE AND SHAWL MANUFACTURERS TO THE QUBEN,

61 ft 62, St. Paul's Chnrcliyard ; 68 ft 59, Paternoster Bow, loadon.

N.B.— The Fur Stock ia large and well asaorted, witii every description of fuU-wasoned SUna .
C 2

— — — *•. f ./i V [

PETER ROBINSON. , <,.^ .

LAPIE3 Tiiitiag London are invited to intpeet PETER BOBINSON'd EXTEH^StVE.
^ FASHIONABLE Stock of

SILKS, DRESSES, MANTLES, AND SHAWLI

AS WORN IN PARIS ; »Uo to the

BEAUTIFUL DISPLAY OF FOREIGN RIBBONS. LACES, OLOVES, &0.

Rich Brocaded Ribbons, Valenciennes, 6|d per yard ; Ladies' Freneh-eut Kid
Gloves, $s. 6d. tiie Half Dozen; Rich Embroidered Collars and SIe6TC8k,la..U|d.
per pair ; Finest Organdia Chintz Blaslin, 78. 6d. and lOs. 6d. the Dresi ; Koue
Antique ParaflolS| 5s. 6d. Pitt&rks bent F&bk.

103, 106, and 106, OXFOEB BTSSBT.

MOURNING ESTABLISHMENT, 103.

A. MARION & Co.,

162, REGENT STREET, & 14, CITfe BERGERE, PARIS,

Manufacturing Stationers and Importers of Fancy Ooods,

SPECIALITY FOR FANCY PAPRRS AND ENVELOPES,
0/ the mott novel and elegant Idnd.

STAMP DAMPER, FOR MDISTENINQ POSTAGE & RECEIPT STAMPS, &6
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS, prepared and nnprepaied} BANK POST PAPERS;

COFISTB ELECTBO-CHlMiqUK, FOB COPYING LBTT8B8 WITHOUT A FRSS8 ;

ORNAMENTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR WRITING TABLES ;

ParUian Noveltiea, Bronses, Figure*, Groups, Aoimals, lukstandt, Vatei, Candleatielii, Ae.

■ I II 11- ■ I I 1 .1 ■ I » II . .

VISITORS T O THE CRYS TAL PALACE.

JAMES SCOTT & CO.,

(OF GLASGOW),
Having jnst opened their Extensive Premises,

77 and 78, ST. PAUL'S CHUBGHTABD,

NEAR THE CORNER OF LUDGATE HILL,

Respectfully invite YiMtors to London to inspect tlieir

MAGNIFICENT STOCK OF SILKS,

WHICH IS COUPLITI IN

[EVERY DESIGN, EVERY QUALITY, AND EVERY PRICIL

THEIR MANTLE AND SHAWL ROOMS

are also replete witli every Novelty fur the present Season.
FANCY DRESSES, DRAPERY, RIBBONS, HOSIERY, LACE, «co.

77 and 78, ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD, LONDON ; and

TRONGATE STREET, GLASGOW.

Wo. 1.] advertiseme:;jts. 21

A GREAT LUXURY RARELY TO BE MET WITH.

n^HE difficulty of obtaining really good Tea is every day experienced,

^L ' lMte|tM'putliin|r puffhig trtd«tmen adrertiae the bfst Teft at from fid. to 8d. per lb. ley tha|i
%laj ta^tChtLf it in the market. Those families who want the fine eld fashioned Tea, sacb^nailBld^
be sold at from Ss. to iss. per lb. are respectfaUy informed that it may be obtained at

PASSAM SMITH & COMPANY'S,

HO L OOVEirTET STBEET, LEICESTER SaiTABE, LONDOV.

4PKe VERT FINEST SOUCHONG IMPORTED, 6i. FINE PEARL LEAF GUNPOWDER, 6s.

Yerr fine Strong Breakfast Congou 4a. Od. Giood Family Congou 3a. 4d. to 3s. 8d.

Similar to the late Eastlndia Company's Good common ditto Ss. lOd.

True Old Souchong flarour. Good Green Tea Ss. 6d.

Tea to the value of £t forwarded carriage free to all parts of England.

P. S. ft CO. beg to add that all COFFEES sold at their Establishment are unadulterated with
Chicory or any other ingredient whatever.

ROBERT LOW, SON, AND BEN BOW,

WHOLESALE AND EXPORT PERFUMERS AND BRUSH MAKERS,

SSO, STSAXTB, OPVOSXTB SOBtBRSBT HOVSS, &0«»OXr.

Manufacturers of the choicest articles of Perfumery, long celebrated for their superior quality, and
Mid in every town in the United Kingdom, most parts of the Continent, in the East and West Indies,
North and South America, China, and other parts of the Globe.

LOWS BROWN WINDSOR SOAP

haa for many years been an esteemed favourite at home and abroad, and various Imitations have from
time to time been prepared and sold for genuine. To guard against which, it is necessary to observe,
that every Packet nas an address label in two colours, at each end, to counterfeit which is felony.

OPENING OF THE CRYS TAL PALACE.

In utidpktioii of this great NATIONAL BVBNT,

GEORGE ATTENBOROUGH,

252, REGENT STREET,

Has made great additions to his ExtensiTe Stock of

JBWSLLBRT, SILVBB, ^ BL6CTB0-FLATB,

And belieTes it to be now unsurpassed for QUALITY and GOOD TASTE

by anj House in the Kingdom.

Visitors to*London will find a very LABOE STOCK for seleotion,

at HOST EEASONABLE PRICES.

THE BEST ELECTRO-PLATED SPOONS AND FORKS,

; £2 108. FEB DOZEN. DESSERTS, £1 16«.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES SENT POST FREE.

GEORGE ATTENBOROUGH,
JEWELLER, SILVERSMITH, AND ELECTRO-PLATER,

252, REGENT STREET, LONDON.
COUNTRY ORDERSISENT CARRIAGE FREE.

MOREWOOD & ROGERS'S

PATENT GALVANIZED TINNED IRON.

THE PATENT GALVANIZED TINNED IRON ha« been extensiyely
employed for ROOFING for sereral yvara in the Oovemment Dockyards in
Ei^gUad and abxoAd, On nost of the Lioes of Railwayi ao^ for the eompJete eon-
atruetion of many Storm and Prirate Buildinga in Eoglaiid, as well as in tbe fi^
and West Indies, America, and Australia. It is employed also for ships' bolta and
sheathing, boat-building ; railway and carriage roofs ; lining of tunnels ; telegrapfaj
and other wire-cbatns ; rain-water gutters, pipe, beads, and cisterns; ridge-caps,
ehimaey*pots ; and in fact, for all purposes for whi^ iron not liabte to nut is reqnired.
From its strength, it is not liable to split or twist and get out of form — besides beias
cheaper than lead, and more durable than Zinc, where these metals are used
separately.

Morewood & Rogers^s Patent Galvanized Tinned Iron is found to be well adi^ted
for ns» in hot climates : as fipom its strength, and the small degree in whidi it
expands and contracts with the yariations of temperature, it is not liable to crack or
get oal of ahapew ,

For ROOFING purposes their PATENT TILES haye been found in the Colonies
and elsewhere to combine all the desiderata of permanency, appearance, ease in
fixing, purity of rain-water obtained, and cheapness (see Pamphlet), and as they
pack closely into each other, much freight-room is saved in their exportation.

MOREWOOD & ROGERS'S

PATENT PLUMBIC ZING.

k SOfeSVITUtS VOR IHBBI UULD PQJk

ROOFlNCf iUDCES, CUTTERS, FLOORING,

AND iXL OTRSK PUEBOBSS TO VAICH SHEET LBJlO IS jgPFUCABLS*

This Metal consists of distinct layers of Lead and Zinc, perfectly united in the process
of Manufacture, one si^o of oacb ftheet beitt| pure Leaj^ and the other pure Zinc :
it therefore combines the Sti^ness of Zinc with the durable qualities of Lead. The
L^Ad side of the sheet being laid outward, elfeetoally protects tiie Zinc below irom
thwM tjtmospherie initaonces which so rs^idiy canse its dem^ whilst die 2ioeio
atifiens End supports Uia Lead as to mako a sheet of Plumbis &m eqaal in atrsngti
to one of Lead of several times its thickness and weight.

Plumbic Zinc not requiring to be more than one-fourth or one-fifth as thick as
Sheet Lead, is consequently much cheaper than that material. .

For ooyering TemMses, Fiats, Floors^ Stairs, Passages, &0m it is weU snited, being
like Lead to the treadi whilst the 2Sne on the nnder side of the sheet prevents it from
treading out of shape. The Siae of the Sheets is 7 feet by % feet 8 inohefc

No. 11 Gauge weighs about 18 oe. per foot super.
No. 12 „ „ „ 20 oz. do. do.

No. 13 „ „ „ 23 oz. do. do.

No. 14 „ „ n ^6 oz* do* do.

For fgrther particulErs a|pply to thoiy

QALVANIZE0 TINNED IRON WAREHOUSE,

DOWGATE DOCK, UPPER THABIES STRSST, LONDON.

ai.AS8 SHADES

WHOLESALE AND RETAII., AT

CLAUDET AND HOUGHTON'S,

M, SISH HOLBOSX, LOISOX.

UWirf flt—» twhith tow iHtn giMt]y MJM«i) lUlw towuJi J (lie, on ■ppliutlon.

PI.ATa OI.ABa, PATENT PI^TE 03UAJM,

SUEK1' AND CROWN.WINDOW OLASS,
BuHey'a fioogh Plata Olau mi Hwtimltuftl ttlMt ttMl

rOB CONSE&VATOBIU, ITO.,

PAINTED AND STAINED GLASS.

And every Tuiety of Colanred and OnuCnmitAl Wiodaw GJass.

CLAUDET AND HOUGHTON,

BS, HIQH HOLBORN, LONDON.
Uats of Ftices oi Estimataa Mnt fre« on applicatton.

CABINET, UPHOLSTERY, EASY CHAIR, AND CARPET
MANUFACTORY,

88 A 32, KEavSAS 8TB£ET, HIDSLS8EX EOBPITALj

CRYSTAL PALACE, FI^NITURE COURT, NUMBERED 27, 29, AND 20.

TH. PILMBR reipectfultj announoos that his large range of Ware-
• lOon* vaitplM* with Oil m«t modem and tlegant FURNITURE, iDclndlncH gnat nrieir
of Cibhuta, WritliigTabl«i,EuriudKi,uidnmRBUndi,iD BuM, HuqncUrig, ftc, tnuiurutaicd
of thonti^J MuMmad iDi4eiiiiU lod iweriorwDrkinuiablp. In the Upboliterf and Cupvt Dtpait-
mcnl wUIlM foimd (mr dacrlptloii ud^qnmtitiof oiitRiUlrDD deaigni of the moit emiaent oiiiMU,
Bod ticcuMd hr Iho flnt mtuiufutlmn, bot£ uatEvB and foreign. Upwardi o( aim Ea«r Chain,
Sofaa, and ConcfieB aMya in ituk, wunnlid ttHBed with (he beat materiali.
Th* mliM Bbnk for price, qaalilj, Titieir.and Blent ii not lurptHed bf anj booM in thsUntdoB.
£STABU8BED I«ie.

a* A sa, mmmmmm* wrmmmrw, wntnwisas MOmwrtMM.
GI.£Nri£LB PATENT STAAOH,

USED IN HBR MAJESTY'S LAUNBRr,

WOTHERSPOON'S SCOTCH MARMALADE,

Jams, Jellies, Lozenges, and Comfits, made by Machinery.

gilnad ihs Priie MM.

of n'OTHBKBFOOe

nmpddt, fjondon

» ADYERTISEM EHTS. tRo-i"

DR. COLLYER'S 2

CAIIFOSMIA aUABTZ CRUSHED

TRITURATOR, AND GOLD EXTRACTOR. -

Palenlid in the U«V(d Slala, Gnat Siilain, France, and tlhtr Evmptan Cinaitna.

MANUFACTURED BY

BANSOUES AND SI MS, IPSWICH.

EXPLANATION.

THE power or drinog wheel oFalO-lioree engine is attaclied totbe&nn
oraelutcerlinlriHliaUer. •Ituiltdia thaeumdbulB. Wben uoUon It (iTcn, ■ iloir, nndib
luhig, (ibnlorr. partlnl nllinE ind •lidisi iction. i> camnuniciiUd la tht rjUndcn ; IhCfeopcnta
11 crwtutt tritvraiert, uid pnheritertt br their weight Hnd ruhhing, u wdl h enuhdog BkolkiL.
Thft Ur^ nlidder ii «■ feet in dJAmeter, tai iu weii^ht ia belweeq >ix and KTen Edng, Tha uoaUer

01 ci^crefMnder mkf b« IncruMd onB-ihird b; bchif fUlcd wiUi und or water. Tbej tn to ctm-
■tnicted tbtt when one porUon becooiei worn hy \mt uh, a Dew tnrriice m&T at onrc be preveutBd
1^ chanting the rulcinm, AU parli of the inmchLne arc of giemt itrenKth and duxahditj'. Tlu 4gnn

•(Tetn]D(*atcTfarcpmeDted ai flowing ioto the batLa. After the ore haa been reduced bj the large

Sure inch. The crushed ore next enter, the Amalgamator Proper, where, hj the repealed rtTolotlOB
nrmgated crlindtn, li ia lo IborouBhlr incoriiorMtd with the inerciU7 Ihcated b; aleuB) thai, oa
inlljila of (be laUtHdt. no (race ot gold nan he diKoiered.

The machine worka oier SiO aqune feet of crnahing ni tritnratlDf lufBct per miiiiit^ btin|[
equivalent to the cTuahin^ action otsu headeof alampa, each weiflhinir SOU ib.

The Irilniatiou of the KDid partidea ia abaolutelj neeeaaii;, olhetwiae the nerenry eannot beeone
anociated with them. The amalgamating procua baa been teated ia California ttr ihne jean with
the moat perfect anecEia. Bach machine will reduce 10 loDi of hard d» per diem,
A full ilied naehine ii now being elected at Meiaca. JOHN TAYLOR AND BON'S Kata- .i

ei puticulan addreaa, DR. COLLTEB, the Patentee, at tbe Uining Journal O
MESSRS. RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

Mb..i.] ADVERT1SBMEHT3.

SLACK'S NICKEIi SIIiVER.

If4)wk^tet ind DHHt pnFMt Vlilta HeXt tm
l^ltd, Md, In - - ' ..-:-,.- .■.— ..^-

nUlni iU Sll'cr-

Slaoki' ITiokel Electro-Plated

^nd— it beiac rl>(<d on is bvuliful ■ milal.
I and ( liL
Qstlil;. Qnalit/,

TMt SpDoni ind Forti pt

■£■(,

Slftcka' Table OutleTy and Fumiah-
ing Ironmongelj Imheeo cilebntad for bmiIj

Oataloguea eonhunlng ami DimwiHui. ind price., gmli, or lent pmt-fH*.

"" "ilCHABD ft JOHH BLACK,
336, Strand, opposite Someiaet House.- — 'Established 1S18.

SODA-WATER APPARATTTS.

EPS COUBIE PATEST PORTABLE
GAZOGENE,

: TUBE BEINQ ENTIRELY MADE OF CHINA.)

le Immediate Frodnction of Soda- Water, Ginger
Beer, Sparkling Wine, lemonade, ftc.

euii of thii inpnisni Utile nucbiaF, conimnRi of Sodn.Witcr,

n Hiitable for Domul'ic tat, tnd it ■ cml » Iriflini u [a be qullo

•e hiUI, tontlici wllh laitneibni uid PDwdin fu grBcntlnE Ou,
innliti, Unigguti, Sodn-Witer HuuruluRn, lie., thaoiboBt th*

tsalo only —a. B. & Co., 21, Battlett's BuildingSt
HOLBOBH.

Ice.— SiTcnl ImitotioDi of Ihs iborc Apponlni luting nentlj
ihrmlo the tud imlutioni vithont the UcenH of the Fitealtc'r

PATENT PORTABLE FILTER,

Bmill, uKful, and chop Ailiilc, FillciliiK frcm to p (iDiisi pci 14 hann, ud not onnpTinj nn

86 ADVERTISEMEKTS. [No.!;

THE QUSBlff'S 900TB.

J. SPARKES HALL

INVITES the attention of Ladies to his specimens of Elastic Boots, aD
fac-aimile« of thoM made by him for Her Majesty ; —

1. The Stocking Net £laiti« Boot for Summer

wear.

2. The Improved Cork Sole ElaatLc Boot for

Walking.

3. The Dreae Elastic Boot.

4. The Kid Hirling »oi)ta, with MUitary H«el««
6. The SnauK-Iled and Camlet Over-shoes.

6. The Treble Sole Waterproof Balmoral Boc^

7. The Princess Ro|al's Boota and Over-aho«k

8. The Princess Alice's Boots xad Over'shoes.
J. SPARKES HALL informs Ladies that he has a large assortmont of Elastic, Lace, and Bottoa

Boots, of the best make and shape, from 8s. Od. to Sis. Shoes, from 4s. 6d. to ffs. Orer-shoes,
OS. 6d. to 88. 6d.

309, Begent Street, opposite the Polytechnic Institution;

CRYSTAL PALACE, near the " Pompeian Hoase.**

ESTABLISHED AS " HAYWARD'S," OTO.

SPfiCIALITl: D£ DENTELLES ET DE BKODERIES,

WEDDING ORDERS,

IBRUSSELS AND HONITON LACE,

^In beautiful and appropriate desigufi, in Flonnces, Squares, Soarfe, Y^k^

Handkerchiefs^ &c.

BRUSSELS SQUARES, from 13 to 65 guineas.

BRUSSELS FLOUNCINGS, from 14 to 100 guineas.

BRUSSELS and HONITON BRIDAL SCARFS, from 7 to 45 guiaeas.

HONITON SQUARES, from 3 to 48 guineas.

A beautiful Imitation of the above at a rety modtrate price.

D. BIDDLE, 81, OXFORD STREET, OPPOSITE THE PANTHEON.

JOHN INDERWICK'S

WHOLESALE AND BETAIL WAREHOUSE FOR

PURE MEERSCHAUM PIPES,

Cigar Cases, Tabes, Snuff Boxes, &c.,

68, PRINCES STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE, LONDON^

ESTABLISHED 1799,

And in the Sonth-East Gallery, CETSTAI PALACE, STBESTHAM

Shippers to the Coloniei ^ill find the largest and best*assorted Stock of Meerschaum
and all other kinds of Pipes in London at this Establishment.

IMPORTER OF GENUINE LATAKIA.

MR HAYES, SENR.,

SURGEON DENTIST AND CUPPER,

BEOS to i&fona his Patients that the report, so industriously circulated,
of hit intention to quit his premises in

SOHO SQUABE,

is entirely without foundation ; on the contrary ha has renewed bis lease, completed the repairs,
and arranged his premises, with every accommodation, tor the use of his patients.

Mr. HAYES is the eldest son and sueesssor to the late Mr. Hayes, of May's-buildings, and
adheres strictly to the same moderate 4;harces attd scientifie principles, tiiat haw dbtraeterised the
practice for so many yearst

12, SOHO SQUARE.

No. 1.] ADVfiRTISEMBNTS. 27

mi. DE JONGH'S

XJGHT BROWH COB IIVEB OIL

PREPARED FOR MEDICINAL USE \H THE LOFFODEN ISLES, NORWAY

AUDPUT 10 THE IXST OF CHkHICAL ANILTSIS.

The most effectaal Eemedy for Consumption, Asthma, Oont, Chronic

Rheumatism, and all ScnrfUons Diseases*

APPEOVBD of and recommended by BfiR2ELitrs, Liebig, Wolerh,
Jonathan Pbriiba, Foravisft, asd nuincraiiC other enuacnt medical men and acientific
chemists in Europe.

Specially rewaiided with medals by the Govetnmente of Belginm and the Netherlands.

Has almost entirely superseded all other kinds on ike Gmitinent, in consequence of its proved
superior power and efficacy — effecting a cure much tnort tapitty.

Contains iodine, phosphate of chalk, volatile acid, fmd the elements of the bile — in short, all its
moat active and essentiu prineiples--in larger quantities than the pide oils made in England and
Newfoundland, deprived mainly of these hj their mode of preparation.

A PampUet by Pr. Da Jongh, with detailed remarks spon its superiority, direetione for use, cases
in \^uth It haa been pteecribed'Viith me greatest suoeess, and testimonials, ferwarded gratis on
application. ^

The following are selected from some of the leading Medical and Scientifie Testimonials in favour o
Dr. Da JoHGH'a.God Liver OU :-»

BAXOW IbZBBXO, Professor of Chemistry at the Uoiversity of Giessen, &c., &e.

" Sir, — I have the honour of addressing you my wannest thanks for your attention in forwarding
me your work on the ehenucidi eompoait^iHt an4 ptoperties, as well as on the medidnid effscte, of
various kinds of Cod Liver Oil.

*' You have rendq^d an essential feervice to science by your researches, and your efforts to provide
sufferers with this Medicine in its purest and most genuine state must ensure you the gratitude of
every one who stands in need of its use.

** I have tht komwr of rttaaininij^ with eKpftwions of the highest regard and esteem,

"Yours sincerely,

*^* Oiessen, Oct. 30, 1847. DR. JUSTUS LIEBIG.

** To Dr. Dft ScH^H, at tfa# Bagiiek**

The late DB. JO V ATBAir PBBSXBA, Pro£eMor at the UaiversUy of London,
Author of *^ The Elements of Materia Mediea, and TherapeuticB," &c., &«

• " Hy Dear 8ir,->I was very glad to find from yon, when I had the pleasure of seeing you in
txmdoB, that you were interest commerciaHy in Cod Liver Oil. It was flttinK that the Author of
the best analysis and investigations into the properties of this Oil should himself be the Purveyor of
this important medicine.

*' I feel, howevexw Mme di|Mence in venturing to fulfil yo«r reqaeet by |tlvtng you mj opinion of
the qualitjr of the 03 «r which you gave me k sample ; because I know that no ooe csn be better,
and few so well, acquainted with the physical and chemical properties of this medicine as yourself,
wUOm I regard as the highest authority on the subject.

** I can, however, have no heutation about the propriety of responding to your application. The
Oil which you gave me was of the venr finest quality, whether considered vrith reference to its colour,
flavour, or chemical properties : and I am satisfied that for medical purposes no finer Oil can be
procured.

•< With my best wishes for your success, believe me, my dear Sir, to be very faithfully yours,

^^"Finsbury Square, London, ApHi 16, ISSI. JONATHAN PEREIRA.

«»To Dr. Db Jongh." ]

Sold Wjiolesale and Eetail, in Bottles^ kbeUed with Pn Db Conor's stamp and
signature, by Ansae, Karvord, and Co., 77, Strand, London, Sole Consignees and
Agents for the United Kingdom and British Possessions, and by all respectable
Chemisto aad Veniors of Medicine in Town and Country, at the following prices :—

Half-Fints, 2s. 6d. ; Pints, 4s. 8d.

IMPERIAL MEASURE.

2a ADVERTISEMENTS. - t*f«»^«

I I » ■■!' m

DINNER, DESSERT, BREAKFAST, AND TEA SERVlCgA

TABLE GLASS, fco.

6E0B6E B. SANDER'S SHOW SOOMST,

Contidii one of tlie largmt Stocks In Londooi eomprising everj modem ttyle^

A DINNER SERVICE FOR TWELVE PERSOK%

108 PiKCM, ie2 28. TO ;e3 108. ■ ■

SEBYICES BIOHLT ENAKEILEB AHD GILT,

At the lowest prices COTsUtent with good qtuUitj and workmanslMp.

BREAKFASt AND TEA SERVICES

Made up in sets of any sice to meet the conTcnienee of purchasera, at pfioes in pn^ortion to the abore«

ail A s s

The usual extensive choice of decanters, jugs, wine glasses, carafes, ice-pails, dishes, &c., richly

cut and engraved.

STATUETTES AND VASES, &c.,

la Parian and Alabaster. Foreign and Ornamental Glass, ftc

PAPIER MAC HE TEA TRAYS,

In great choice.
Every description of common printed and coarse ware for kitchen use, at unusually low rates.

GEORGE B. SANDER, 319, High Holborn, Isondon,

OPPOSITE GRAY'S INN.

^1 II , - - - - „ ^ IW_1J l_ _ III IMI - ■* ~

THE BEST FOOD FOR CHILDREN, INVALIDS, AND

OTHERS.

ROBINSON'S PATENT BABLET.

For makinjs superior BARLEY-WATER in Fifteen Minutes, has not only obtained the patronafe
of Her Majesty, and the Royal Familv, bu^ has become of general use to every dass of the oommunity,
and is acknowledged to stand unrivalled as an eminently pure, nutritious, and li|^ht food for Jofaiita,
CbUdren, and Invalids; much approved for making a delicious Custard Puddmg, and exc^enl for
thickening Broths or Soups.

ROBINSON'S PATENT GROATS,

Form another diet universally esteemed for making a superior GRUEL in Fifteen Bfbutea, ligjbt for
Supper, and, altcmatclv With the Patent Barley, is an excellent Food for Children and Invalids, l>eihflr

ftarticulsrly recommended by the Faculty as tiie purest and best preparation of the kind extant, and
ar preferable to the Emden Groats.

PREPARED ONLY BY THE PATENTEES,

ROBINSON, BELLVILLE, Sc CO., PURVEYORS TQ

THE QUEEN,

64, RED LION STREET, HOLBORN, LONDON,

Sold by all respectable Grocers, Druggists, an others, in Town and Country, in Packets of 6d. and Is*

and in Family Cannisters, at 2s., 5s., and 10s. each.

Auy riivrxar^AiJ^iN i ;x

EAU DE VIE.

RSrS Stifd Wholesome Brandy.

Imperial Gallon, l6«.] Dosent, Sl«.

B^ri^T BSSTV AVD CO.,

OLI^f>VttlfITAI«'S DISTILLUir, HOLBOAN.

.. LONG FOCUS PORTRAITS.

MR* ELLIOTT begs to announce
that having eonctructed a PHOTOGRA-
PHIC OPERATING ROOM, nearly 40 feet in
length, he ia enabled to take

Non-ZnTerted Stereoscopic and
3>agueyreot3rpe Miniatures,

without enlargement of the Hands and dictottien
of object* not situated in the same plane, defects
of which, from insufficient length of focus, com-
plaint is so frequently made.

Great faeility is also afforded from the size of
the room for the composition of large gronpa.
PiCTunssCopiiD.
48, PlecadiUyi Private Entrance, p, Albany
Court' yard.

ADELAIDE, PORT PHILIP,
SYDNEY.~PAS8£NGEBS and GOODS
LANDED at Melbourne free. Saloon, £45 ; Cabin
on deck, £25 to £30 ; IntermedUte, £l6 to £20.
No steerage. Children half-price. In enclosed
berths, per ist-elass ships. Apply to WM. BAB-
NETT & Co., 85, Philpot-lane, London, Mer-
chants. Colonial, Ship ping, and General AgenU.

Jtttt published, price Ss.,

BEN RHYDDINQ

AND

THE WATER CURE.

London : W, & G. F. CASH, 5, Bishopsgatcst.
Without; or if by post, (Ss. 6d.) of Mr. SAML.
HORTON, Ickley, near O tley, Yorkshire.

HYDROPHOBIA.

R. EDWARD DEAN of Ware-

ham, Dorset, is in possession of a Bemedy
fmr this dreadful malady that has borne the test of
time, and ^proved itoelf entitled to the term

Innumerable testimonials can be produced, and
in no one instance, where the remedy has been
t«mdy applied, has it been known to fail.

As the remedy should in every case be newly
prepared, it can be obtained only of the Proprietor:
three Bottles invariably effect the cure. All com-
munications must be prepaid, and a remitUnce
accompany the order. The age of the applicant
should be staUd ; the name, residence, &e:, legibly
written.

THTE & GILBERT'S PATENT

1 1 MINCING MACHINE for mincing Meat,
Suet, Vegetables, and other subsUncei.
^ May be seen in the Crystal Palace, Sydenham,
situated in the Hard-ware Court, No. 37 c, and at
the manufactory, 79, Wardonr-street, Soho.
. jPartieuIais sent free on application.

IMPORTANT TO MUSICAL AMATEURS.

JULLIEN & CO/a

ANNUAL MUSICAL PRESENTATION AND
CIRCULATING LIBBARf— combimbd.

214, BEGENT 8TBEET.

DURING the Term of Subserip-
tion, each Subscriber has the privilege of
selecting^for hia own property— from 100,000
different pieces, THREE GUINEAB* W^RU
OF MUSIC.

Subscribers are liberally supplied, on loan, with
ever^ description of new Vocal and Instrumental
Music, and have also at their disposal upwards of
THnxa Thodbakd Volvmxs, including the
Standard Operas, Italian, German, French, and
English Songs, and all kinds of Instrumental Miuie.

PATENT IBON TUBES AND FITTINGS, OF

ALL KINDS AND SIZES, FOB GAS, STEAM*

AND WATER.

LAP- WELDED FLUES FOB BOILERS,

GALVANIZED TUBES, SHEET-IRON, &e.

JOHN RUSSELL ft CO.,

CHURCH-HILL, WEDNESBURY,

TuBiMO Mancpactusbbb from the Coif If BNca-
M BNT of LiGHTiNQ by Gab, and preriously Con-
tractors with the Government and East India
Company for Gun Barrels, which were also first
supplied by them to Gas Companiefe, and used for
the distribution of Gas.

LONDON ESTABLISHMENT.

69, trPPEB THAMES STREET.

N.B . Every Tube is proved by hydnmliepresamw
before leaving the Works.

QROSJEAN'S

Celebrated Trowsen 168.

Over Coat £2 28.

109, BEQEHT STBEET.

A PRIZE MEDAL F.OR SUPE-
BIOB LOCKS was awarded to J. H.
BOOBBYEB at the Great Exhibition of I8A1,
who invites the attention of Builders, &c., to his
Stock jof Ironmongery) Brass Foundry, Nails,
(wrought and cut). Copper, and Zinc; Patent
Locks of all descriptions : China, Glass, and
Wood Furnitures of all kinds, with Patent Shift-
ing Spindles } Dr. Amott's Ventilator, 4s. 6d. ;
and the new registered Venetian Ventilator,
6s 6d.

J. H. BOOBBYER (late STURCH and BOOB-
BYEB), esublished nearly 200 years, for the
supply of Goods from the best Manufactories, at
the lowest prices.

14, Stanhope street, Clare- market, London.

WATERLOW AND SONS, ...

KANUFAGTUBING AND EXPORT STATIONERS,

65 TO 68, LONDON WALt,
49, PARUAMBNT STREET, and BIRCHIN LANE, LONDON,

A CGOXTHT BOOKS Xanufiiotared on fhe most approved principle^

^^ and ruled to any pattern on the ihortevt poarible notion* Tke ordinarj pattemt «r« »lw»y« kepi

'*^'"'*°** FATEHT HUrOE BOOKBISDIHO.

Undw Her Majaty'9 Kojtei, Utkr§ Paiwt

Meanrt. WAxamLOW arb Sonb beg ratpeetfnUy to inform tke Nohility, Ofstvjr i&d PoliSLe, tkiU
they have made arreagementi for the exclusive manufactore of Aecoont Books with AraoM*s Patort^
Ilingec, which they confidently reeommend as an excellent and valuable improvement upon the pve-
sent style of Bookbinding, and as possessing the following advantages, vis.-~-greAt ease in the
opening, and flatness when the book is opened— additional strength and dumbiUty, The invention i»
well worthy the attention of Bankers, Merchants, Mid Public Companiea, at no putn ebai^ y$nHX be
made ior books with theae patent Hinges.

VTHE AHEBICAir (OPAQTTE) ENVELOPE, registered \sj Mesirs.

^ Watcklow AMD Sons, offers perfect security against espionage, and is the ONLY SAFB
ENCLOSURE for Documents of value. When th« Envelope is faetene^, all iht four 6apf we
securely connected by the seal.

]>ri«f If, per 1000, Adhesive imd Stamped* Sample packets sent free for six postage ttampe,

mtt TOTTB LETTERS B7 WATERLOW'S PATENT LETTER

^ COPYING PRESSES, p«troniied by Her M^esty*s Stutionery OiBce. Partienlai* and Deaigns
with prices sent free.

These Machines, although lower in price than those of any other manufacturer, are all warranted,
And wjU be immediately exchanged, or the money returned. If any fault is discovered. The largest
asaortment of the beat description of Copying Presses, Stands, and Materials always <m Sale.

»■ ■ « w ■ >

Under the Patr&nage €tftKe Board of Trade, Department of Practical Art, ^c»

TITATERLOW'S PATENT ATTTOORAPHIC PRESS, or PORTABLE

^VV PRI^TINQ MACHINE fot the Qountinir-house. Office, or Library, by meana of which
EVERT PERSON MAY BECOME HIS OWN PRINTER.-The proeess is aimple, and
thousands of Copies m^y be produced from any writing, drawing, piece of music, or design (previously
made on paper), and the requisite number of Copies being finished, the suhiect may be c^aced and
another substituted. Many hundreds of these Presses have now been sold. The Pf«sa mny be seen
at work, and sp^iQiens of its production, with prices (from 7 Guineas upwards), obtained from the
Patentees.

llfERCHANTS, CAPTAINS, and SHIPPERS, are inyited to select

*■* from an EXTENSIVE STOCK OF GENERAL STATIONERY, comprising

Writing Papers
Drawing Papers
Tracing Papers
Printing Papers
Bank Note Papers and

Engraring
Parcl^nent;

Account Books
Envelopes
Fancy Stationery
Stationery Cabinets
Writing pi^sks and

Despatch Boxes
Leather Goods
For Exportation upon the most Liberal Terms.

Copying Presses, and

materials
Lithographle Presses,

and materials
Binding Materials
Stamping Presses

Autographic Presses
NuraDenng Machines
Postage Scales and

Balances
Periodicals
InHia Wax, &«., 9ce»

STAMPING PRESSES for Paper, Books, &c., from 9ls., including ordinary Pics for Stamping

Crests. Initials, Trade Seals, &e., &e.

WATERLOW & S( )NS,

ACCOUNT BOOK MANUFACTURERS,

PRINTEBS, LITHO0BAPHER8, AND ^OBAVERS,

London Wall, Birchin Lane, & Parliament Street, London.

FOR FAMIIjY and EXPORT TRADE,
CHARLES MEEKINC 1^ COMPANY'S NEW FREMi8ES|

BROOKB HOUSK,

' ITos. 141 & 142, Holborn, ajxd 1, 8, 3. 4, ft 6, Brooke-street, near

Fumiyal'B Inn, London.

THE aboye Premises are being prepared for, and will serre for tbe foil
d«v«lopmfint of, the foUowinff Bmnches of their trade, which m« now ia the eoune of traiuftir
from tbmr SUk «a4 Dftpery Betabltehmenfc, next St. Andrew's Charch, viz.-—

GENERAL FURNISHING DRAPERY,

. Cvp$Ht Cabinet Funiiture, DavMtka, Town^jt, Brocatellei, Moreens, Emboned and Printed Table
Coven, Beddinffy Blankets, QuiU% Dimities, Chintzes, Floor Cloths, Matting:8, Comtees and Pole«4
with eveiy article incidental to furnishing.

C. M. & Co.*8 intention is not to parade any nnreal advantage to their cnstomen, nor would th^
create any impression that is not correct ; but as tradesmen they will continue to frame such methods
of business as shall secure the interests of the public in the highest possible degree, and rely upon
their own eontinnoas iadastry ia» and attention thereto.

MR. MBCHI, No. 4. LBADBNHALL STREET, LONDON, feeling
that these are progressive times, has made extensire alterations in his business Establishment,
which he trusts will be for the comfort and advantage of his customers, by enabling them to inspect
readUy his general Manufactures, eonsisting of Aitlcles of Luxury or Economy* suitable for presents
or for use. Independently of hU usual extensive stock of Ladies' and Gentlemen's Dressing Cases,
Work Boxes, anci Desks, in Wood, Morocco, and Bussia Ltcather, be h&s devoted one entire apartment
to the most choice productions in Papier Mftch^ Ware, contrasting strangely with the oooe much-
prized Ware td Japan and China. Catalogues will be forwarded gratts en appTieataon. Mr. Meehi )s
prsparinfi a very choice assortment of fileganeies and Utilities for Sale at his depot at the New
Oystal Palaee. His posttton will be in the Nave, st the Entrance to the Freneh Court.

ALLBNS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price,

xjL and Description of upwards of IQO articles, eonsisting of Portmanteaus, 'nravSling Bags, Ladies*
Portnuinteaas, Despatch Boxss, Writing Desks, Dressing Cases, and ^ther travelUng requisites, for-
warded on receipt of two stamps. ^

ALLBRS' Travellhig Bag (Patented), has the opening as large as the bag itself, and therefore
possesses an immense advimtage over all others.

ALLENS* Registered Despatch Box and Writing Desk, and their New Quadruple Fortmante^ki
(contaidhif faar eonpavtmsnts), are the best articles of the kind ever prodneed.

/. W. ft T. ALLEN, Manufaoturers of Povtable Fomiture (see Separata Catalogue), and Militsi^
Outfitters, 18 and 3S, West Strand.

■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ — ■ ■■ ■ — ■ » ■ i — ■l—^.pi. .1 ■^■■i>^. ■■■■!■ I, , ,» , m ,^ ^.m .— . ..J. ■■> . »

Dea&ess, and Koises in the Ilarg.— Extraordinary Discovery.
TtrST PUBLISHED. Price 7d. by Post. CERTAIN MODE OF

fj SELF-CURE. Any partially or extremely deaf persan can raaicANnNTLT RssToaB T^BIR
own vaAHiMQ. Distressing noises in the head relieved in ha\f an hour. This book has eured hun*
dfcds, Ufing in the nest distant parts of the wofld, without absence from home or business. It is

£ublished by Vr, HOGHION, Member of the London Royal College of Surgeons, May 2nd, 1845,
I.A.C., April SQth, 1846, Cohsultimo SoaaaoNr to thx Ihstitutiom Foa thi Ci;xx or

DSAFKBSS, 9, SDFFOLK«r|iACB, PALL MaI.L.

Sent free to any part, on receipt of letter, enclosing Seven Poatflfe Stamps, A HINT and HELP,
foor the Ben^t and Protection of Deaf Persons} a stop to Qnackery, extortionate Fees and Charges.

By this Nsv niioovaaT, totally ssaf soFFaaias abb xnablxo to Baam ooKFaasATioK^
withont«ay £ar>trumpet or Instrument, for over rescuing them frmn the grasp of the extortionate
and dangerosM Empiric. It eoatains startling cures, desi persons having cured themselves, SEUtny
iostaataneottsly effected.

All letters to be directed to Or. H0aHT0N,'9< SUFFOLK PLAC£> PALL HALL, LONDON
PatimtscseMved any day fnm 19 till 4. Consultation free.

CHINA AND ITS VARIETIES.

PUBLIC NOTICE io heads of families and persons furnishing. Hotel
and Tavern Keepers, and large eensnmers, will do well by going to BREILLAT'S old estab-
Ushed CHINA AND GLASS WAREHOUSE, No. 37, BLACKMAN STREET, BOROUGH, on the
left-hand side from London Bridge, and within 10 minutes widk of the Station, where they may
purchase Dinner, Dessert, Tea, and BreakfMt Services of the best manufacture, on the most reasonable
ternu ; also Table Oiass in great variety of design and patterns, and all useful articles of Earthenware
at equally low prices. ESTABLISBlSD I79t«

t^X* V A^Al A Alk^A^MJl V4A1 A*.^*

BAXTER'S OIL - COLODR
PRINTS AND ROWNET 8 WATER-
COLOUR PRINTS. Every Fublication bj
these celebrated Pateatees, from Sizpetace to One
Guinea ; Compriiiog manf fine Ck>piM from tbe
Old Hasten and Modern Artists, kept consUntly
in Stock. RIXON ft ARNOLD, Printsellers,
No. 99, Poultry, nearly opposite the Mansion
House.

DIE SINKING. Arms, Crests,
Mottoes, Monograms, ftc. Sank and
SngraTed on Steel, for Embossinv Paper and
Envelopes in Gold, Silver, or Heraldic colours, in
a very superior style by the best workmen in the
trade. No charge for Plain Stamping. RIXON ft
ARNOLD, Die Sinkers, No. 39, Poultry, nearly
opposite the Mansion House.

SEAL ENGRAVINa. Coats of
Arnu, Coronets, Initials, and Family Seals,
Engraved on Stone in the first style of the Art, at
very moderate Charges, by the finest workmen in
London. Engraving Crest on Seal, 9s. RIXON
& ARNOLD, Seal Engravers, 89, Poultiy, nearly
Apposite the Mansion House. .

nOMMBRCIAL STATIONERY,

KJ account BOOKS, WRITING PAPERS,
ENGRAVING. LITHOGRAPHIC AND GE-
NERAL PRINTING, at Charges advanUgeous
to large Consumers ; Fifteen per cent, below the
ordinary prices. Every branch of the business
eondueted upon the premises. RIXON ft
ARNOLD, Manufacturing Stationers, No. 39,
Poultry, nearly opposite the Mansion House.

E LA RUE'S MANUFAC-

TURES, as exhibited in the Crystal Palsce,
Sydenham, may be obtained at RIXON ft AR.
NOLD'S, City Depot for Da La Rue's Stationery,
No. 89, Poultry, nearly opposite ^e Mansion
House.

EDDING STATIONERY

AND CARDS. An extensive Stock, com-

S rising every elegance, novelty, and neatness of
esign at RIXON ft ARNOLD'S, City Depot
for De La Rue's Manufactures, No. 89, Poultry,
nearly opposite the Mansion House.

A SINGLE STAY,

CARRIAGE FREE to auy part
of the Country, on receipt of a Post Office
Order. Waist measure only required. Drawings
sent on receipt of a postage stamp. per pair.
The Paris Wove Stay (white or grey) lOs. fid.
The Elastic Bodice ISs. fid.

C. and H.*S ELASTIC BODICE, with simple
astening in front, is strongly recommended oy
the Faculty.

Families waited upon by Experienced persons,
within ten miles of London free of expense.

CARTER ft HOUSTON, Stay Manufacturers
and Importers, 90, Regent Street ; 6, Blackfriars
Road ; 5, Stoekwell Street, Greenwich ; and
South Gallery, Crystal Palace— Established 1812.

GATE'S IHFBOVEI) SHH^
TS THE MOST EASY AND

1 PERFECT FITF ING SHIRT in the TRADE,
made of the Very Best Material and First G-iass
Work.

Half a Doien First Class ShirU for Sis. fid.
Haifa Dosen Really Good Shirts for 80a.
Fine linen Shirts 7s. fid. to lOs. fid. eadi.
Fine Linen Collars 4s. fid. to 5s. fid. a doaoi.
All the New Style of Collars 9«> a doaes.
Fancy Neck Ties, Fancy Neck Handkerchiefs,
Scarfs, Hosiery, Gloves, ftc,

At John Gate's Shirt WarehouBei

4, GLASSHOUSE ST., REGENT 8Tw

Gats a' Family and Household linen and Drapery
Warehouse, No. 3, Glasshouse Street.

pRYSTAL FRENCH SHADE,

V^ for Alabaster and other ornaments, 4d. Mo-
derateur Globes, Is. fid. Chimnies, 4d. Palmer's
Shades, 8d. Table Lamp do. Is. fid. Glass and
other chimnies, 2d. Jet Moons, 7d. each. Crys-
tal French Sheet Glass, from Id per foot. Parii
made Cotton for Moderateur Lamps, lid.pardoi«
COX, 18, CROWN STREET, SOHO.

HENRY POPE,
22, Budge Bow, Cannon Street,

CITY.

WHOLESALE STATIONER,

MANUFACTURER OF ACCOUNT BOOKS,

PATTERN CARDS, AND THE MOST

IMPROVED MANIFOLD WRITERS.

Sample Case, Stationery Court, Crystal Palaee, ^
Sydenham.

UNDER ROYAL PATRONAGE.

MODELLING IN LEATHER.
Inimitable Specimens at the Soho Bazaar
(left entrance), and Crystal Palace, Sydenham
(Stationenr Court). Lessons by Mna. Gilbbbt,
Author of " Plain Directions for Modelling in
Leather," — post free for ifi stamps.

Manufactory, 13, Soho Square,
The only Practical EstablishmMit in London.

AIR-TIGHT SHOW CASES, DOORS,
AND WINDOWS.

GREENWOOD'S Patent India
Rubber Stops, fitted to Old or New Cases,
render them perfecdy Air-tight, also fixed round
Doors, &e , to keep out cold, dust, and draft.

New Cases made on the lowest terms.
Manufacturer and Patentee, J. Gbbbmwood,

Arthur Street West, London Bridge. ^

KXELSON'S

XHIMITABLB AMD UNBIYALLBD FLUID

" KORASAN."

Nerer-foiling for the growth of Hair, and mreTent-
ing it coming off; proeurab^^ &nlp firvm tA«
/n««titor, FRANCIS £. NIEL80N, Chemist,
Quadrant, Buxton, Derbyshire. Each bottle,
8s. Qd. ; also in cases, 8s. 6d., lys. fid., and S3s.
IneompiUitlUt, Grease, PonutunA, and Oils.

Isrj., _>

~S^-t. ADVERTISEMENTS. 33

''art-union of LONDON,

444, WEST STEAIfD,

INSTITUTED 1637.
INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, XOOi VIOTORliC 1846.

PRESIDENT.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD MONTEAGLE.

PLAN FOR THE CUBBENT TEAS.

Every Subscriber of One Guinea for 18S4-S will be entitled to :—

I. AN IMPRESSION OF A PLATE 1^ J. T. Wiixmoeb, A.E.RA., fromOio
original picture by J. J. Chalon, R.A.,— -

A WATER PARTY.''

11. A VOLUME OP THIRTY WOOD ENGRAVINGS, by leading Artiats,
illustrating Subjects from Lord Btbon's^

CH1LDE HAROLD."

III. THE CHANCE OF OBTAINING ONE OF THE PRIZES lo be allotted
at the General Meeting in April next, which will include —

THE RIGHT TO SELECT FOR HISlSELP A VALUABLE WORK
OF ART FROM ONE OF THE PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS ;

STATUETTES IN BRONZE OP « HER MAJESTY ON HORSE*
BACK," by T. Thorneycropt ;

COPIES IN BRONZE, from a Model in relief, by R. Jefferson, of '' Thb

EmTRT of the D'DKfi OF We^INOTON into MlPBUI ;*'

STATUETTES IN PORCELAIN OR PARIAN 5

PROOF IMPRESSIONS OF A LARGE LITHOGftAPH, by T. H
Maguire, after the original pietare, by W. P. Frith^ R.A., * *SWt
Thrbb Bows/' from Moli^re's '< Bourgeois Gentilhommb,"

Fest-offioe orders sent in payment of SubsetiptionB mutt he niftde payaUe 4t ihe
Post-office, Charing Cross, to Thomjs Stvons Watson, &e Astfotaat Seeretafy;

June 1, 1864. QEOBOE GODWIN, \Bofwarit

■0 oiiT

1
I

.•«

■>

SPECIMENS IN THE NAVE,

IM YARDS FROU CENTRE TRANSEPT.

THE FRENCH MUSLIN COMPANY,

FOB TBI lALB OF

MUSLINS AND BAREGES ONLY,

16, OXFORD STREET,

{Near Soho B<uaar),
Have just recoved the THIRD IMPOnTATION.

The Variety is cnctleu, theColoar* perfeetly fast ; many of the I)?s'Kn<< are pasiiag
beamtiful, and all of that lady-like eharaeter »o peculiar to the Freaeh.

%* An exceUent varieiff qf Mourning MudiHt.

The price rariea from 2s. the robe to Tiro Guineas.

THE OLD ESTABLISHED

TOT WAREHOUSE,

3, CHEAPSIDE, -LONDON,

(laU DUNNETTS).

I I.. I ■ I I !■ ■■ II II II I ■ 1^1 .- .. .1,1 I ■ II,

W. I.&nCHARS,

Having taken the above business, begs most respectfully to inform the public, tli|i|
he has considerably increased the well-selected stock, with all the newest and be^
description of Toys and Games^ both Foreign and fnglish^ and requests an inspection
of the frame.

'" Rocking Horses, Speaking and Model Dolls,' Doll's Houses, Baby Jumpers,
#ai]ding Bricks^ Noah's Arks, American Yachts, Skin Horses^ Archery, Cricket
Bats,&c.

The newly-registered games of Pop Goes the Weasel, Jack's Alive, CanaoiMide,
Parlour Bowls, Bagatelle and Tivoli Boards, Chessmen, &c.

A beautifnl variety of the finest Mechanical Toys, continually arriving from abcoftd,
ftnd Which can only be seen at their Establishment,— 3, CHEAPSIDE.

LEUCHAR'S NEWLY PATENTED CHILDREN'S CARRIAGES.

The Council or First Class Medal for superior excellence in General
Brass Founding, Metallic Bedsteads, and Gas Fittings, &c., was
awarded by the Jnrors of Class 22, in the Great Eknibition of
1851, to;

R. W. WINFIELD^

CAMBRIDGE STREET WORKS, METAL ROLLING AND WIRE MILLS

BIRMINGHAM.

PROPRIETOR OP THE ORIGINAL PATENT FOR

METAI.UC MIUTARV BEDSTEADS^

PATSNTEE AND MANUFACTURER OF OTHERS UPON IMPROVED PRINCIPLES

PATBNTBB OF THB

HEW FBOCESS POA THE OBNAMEHTATIOH OF METALS;

AND MANUFACTUBBB OF

BRASS DESK, PEW, ORGAN, AND OTHER RAILING ;
"wnrDOW 00UWICMB9 PATsm cvrtaxv bavds Ann bvds %

GLASS CORNICE RINGS ; LOCOMOTIVE RAILINGS AND MOULDINGS ;

BRASS AND ZING NAME-PLATES FOR SHOP FRONTS;
SASH BARS AITD WINDOW GUARDS;

CANDLE CHANDELIERS AND SCONCES ;

PATENT TUBES, BY THB NEW PATENT PROCESS, WHETHER

TAPER OR DOUBLE ;

BALUSTRAD ES;

FIBS SCREEN STANDS AND ARMS;
BONNET, HAT, CLOAK, AND UMBRELLA STANDS ;

BRASS AND IRON RECLINING AND OTHER CHAIRS;
«A8 CHAN9SLIEBS, PlLLiRS, BRiNCHES, ANB FITTIRCIS

of all kinds, and in yarions style* ;

TUBING OP EVERY DESCRIPTION, ROUGH AND FINISHED ;

BRASS AND COPPER WIRE, AND ROLL ED METALS,

SHOVir ROOBIS

CAMBRIDGE STREET WORKS, BIRMINGHAM ; AND
141, FLEBT STREET, LONDON.

R. W. WINFIELD'S NEW AND EXTENSIVE SHOW ROOMS contain Specimens of his
.Vatnit MaCallie Blilitary Travelluig, and House Bedsteads, so much in use at home and abroad, with
many other Articles of Furniture in Brass, Bronze, Or*Molti, and imitation of Silrer j together With
Gas Fittings of evenr -description, and a rariety of other articles of his Manufacture.
- The Poitsble Bedsteads are admirably adapted for use in the Camp, or.for TntYcUing j also well
auited for OiBoers in the Army and Navy.

THE PATENT SHIP COT AND SOFA is recommended to Invalids and OiBcers refitting ; it
will be found to prevent Sea-Sickness, and afford all the comfort of a Bed upon Shore.
d2

SEAMEN'S HOSPITAL SOCIETY.

EBtalliihed on board the " Sieadnouglit^" off GrewwidL

INSTITUTED 18S1. IMCORPORATEO 1833.

SUPPOBTKD BY VOLUNTARY CONTKIBUTIONS.
rpHIS SOCIETY was instituted for the Charitable Belief of Sick and

could be ■cain found lot them id tbeir meriloficu calling. It hu btim Uu mfuii of thiu rtJieviiiE
ppnrdt oflOO.'OOO Sevqan, wlL^wl dbtlnctioa of Nttkn or CnAt Ai VhkI* m eoaliauHllj
coming iatD tht ThuuM, buiif lUilniiiag chv of Sicknm ud Mhm* on b«i< and Aceidiuli
ue inmUiitlT oKurriug upon tbe Him, or idong iu ihoru, Uw litnUiw tf Uii Ho^uul, Mid tbi
Itellitf of Adnduisn (no inUsdiiction bctng mguiKd}, nmderlt ■ moM InviIuMe Iiiititiition.

Subicriplioni in Aid of iu Fundi will be m<»t IhKDkfullr nonviid, tnd [nnliH inConnatian riren.
ttthaSooctT'lOffico,?!, EINQ WIU.IAU STBBET, I/INDON BRIDGE, bT
KKMBALL COOK. a>Mr<tofT.

WRITING, BOOK-KCEPmO, «EC.

PERSONS of any age, how-
aro bad dieit writing, mi;, In EIQHT
LESSONS, acquire permancDtlr m ilt-

eivate correapandence. Arjthmetio on ■
tthod nquiring onlf mC'thlrd tba line
iinallf RquiaiH. B«k.k*HUiR. u jitai*

mercbanta' oftna, Sbvrt-hand, fee. For
IcTBia, Iio,, applrto Mr, SWAKT, at tlH
Inltilutlon, B, Piceadillj (betWHn th*
Hajmarket and Rcgent-ctrfu), nuned

^'^A pTActiokl, acienTjdc, and leallj phi-
loHphlc, metbod." — C olonial Seniem. ^ _**^-«__-«__^-

NSW TRUSS FOR HERNIA.

T^ WALTSfiS begs to iavite all those suffering from BUPTUBB3

HYDROSTATIC TRUSS,

Tbicb be hat Utel; ianutad. S; maani of a PU £lled iriih mm, abiafa ahnja adapta Itaelt to tlia
to iu eScacr, r. WALTia* bagi to call liio attsnUn of the PnbUc

.■'YomWU
jialfooBln'

CTJSVATUAE OF THE SFUTE AlTD LEGS

F. WALTinaha^E bad eooaidenble cnKrteDce la IhU'clan of diaaaie. and baring iludied Anilomy
witb npecial lefeninee to it, at SI. BaTtbalomew'i Hoipital, oBcn hii KTncxB, fttUng confiltnl of
■ utUfMtorj leiult.

Hanufacluei of ^^^^^

WAITERS' RAILWAY CONVBBIEHCE,

Willi Self-aottegyalTS.

WALTERS' PATEST E7DB0-PVEUKATIC SNEHA STRDTOE.

IMPROVED ELASTIC STOCKINQG,

whlcbaretalmoffandoolnilantl;. BiTetbemoit deliKhtfulinppoct totbo calf of Oe kg, wban in
Eierciu, andtcndtotbe relief and eun of VaiicoK Veine, (EdcnalouB SiRlliiigi, *•! etket nak-
neiaaa of tbt iMa. Price, frtcbf poit, )8i. ei,. and 13i. Od. eich.
Enlwico fu Laidlea U the PtiTite Door, vhere a Fcmile attendi.

6, MOORGATE STREET OITY.

No. 1.]

ADVERTISEMENTS.

JOHN WARNER AND SONS.

(J 8 & 9) Crescent, Jewin Street, London ; Brass
and Bell Founders, Hydraulic Engineers, Bi«Kieri»,
and liunp. Manufacturers. Patentees and Manu*
faetwreM of varieas ImproTements in Pumps,
Water Cloaets, Garden Engines, and Cocks. -

Orddim Mt^ved and Information g^ven hj th«ir
C3erk, at Nos. 16, 17> and 19, Hardware Court.

DAYY*S ORIGINAL DIAMOND
CBMENT. — An invaliuJblQ preparation
for joining broken China, Glass, Earthenware*
Woods, Cabinet-work, and Fancy Aftieles of
every description, with extienii atrength aivl
neatness; remarkable for the great facility of
using it. As there are several disgracefal Imita-
tions of th« DIAMOND CEMENT, the public
can avoid Mlare and disappointment only by
atrict caution in purchasing none withoiit the
aignature. ''E^Davy'* on the Wrapper. No-
thing ww ever sold by the nam* m Diamond
Cement previous to his invention.

N. B. — Manufactured at BARCLAY and
SONS', No. 9«, Farringdon Street. Price is.
per bottle.

HENRY CLARKE,

A0BZC!fLTVBAI^ ft OASnOI

SEBDSXAR,

89, K»NQ STREET,

BARNETT MEYERS,

8AVA0E 0ASI>E]!rS, CBUTCHED

FBIAS8, lONlMlfr;

To whom was awarded the Prise Medal, Class 29,
Exhibition, 1851.

Importerof Rattan, Malacca, Dragon, Partridge,
Whangee, Ground Rattan, and every other variety
of Canes. Carolina, East India, and Spanish
Beads* &c.

Maaafaeturer of every description of English
and Foreign Walking Sticks and Canes, Sword
and Dart Stidu, Night Protectors, Portable Stools,
Cane Ribs for Umbrellas and Parasols. Prepared
Cane and Whalebone Fishing IW>ds, Riding Canes
and Whip% Ac. Wholesaile and for Exportation.
Specimens in the Nave of the Crystal Palace.

CHEMICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL
APPARATUS.
»HE PRIZE MEDAL was awar-

X ded to GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS for
the CHEMICAL APPARATUS exhibited by
them at the ** Great Exhibition of All Nations,"
and they respectfully invite experiqpientalists of all
elanee* to inspect their establishment, 3 Foster*
lane, Cheapside, comprisinv one of the most
extensive assortments of Philosophical Instru-
ments on sale in London. Photograpbie Appa-
rattw of every description.

O. K. & SON'S are the appointed sole Agents
for Voigtlander & Son's celebrated "Lenses "for
Portraits and Views.

GSOBOE KNIGHT & SONS, 2,
^osteHftn^i Oheapside.

NOTICE TO INVENTORS.

PATENT OFFICE, '
4, TaAFALOAx Sqi^ask, Chakino Ckobb.

FOR " Circular of Inforioatkn **
as to Proteetion for Inventions, apply, per*
aoaaUy or by letter, to Messrs. Faiaea & Co., or
the Chief Clerk.

8. SMITH, 1| High Holborn.

OLD BstftbUshed Tmsa Maker,
Qood Single Trusses, from 8s. to 2 Is. ;
Donble, lOs. to 42s. Varletv of plastic Stock-
ings, ftc. An Improved Balaing^ i)re&s to carry
in Pocket. Specimens may be seen at the West
Oalleiy, Philosophical Department.

A yemiJe jtt attendanee.

QUNDBRLAND SALE

O OFFICES. QBORGS HARDCA8TLE,

AucTioif xBa,yALUBa, and Commission Salks-
MAV of Books, Pictares, Household Effiseta,
Manufactures, MMhuiery, Colliery Materials,.
Contractors* Plants, Agricoltural Stook, Shipping,
Houses, Lands, and Real and Personal Property
in general. SALES by Auction and Valuations
conducted in any part of the United Kingdom.

TOI PAIUmSB OF CRSAPNSS8. a»d TiUI
OABI>XN OF THiB WQRX^.

Open QTery Pay and Night with an 9iidleai {Qund
' ' of aiaiwemeQla*

Admission Is.

Boats 3d., Omnibuses 6d., every ten minutes.

B. E. HODGES,

Patentee of INDIA RUBBER PROJECTORS,

ACCUMULATORS, ELASTIC WHEELS,
DRUMS, CYLINDERS, and PULLEYS | and of
the Nbw MsTHon or Fastening th« £ii9S op
I. R. usxD voa EI.AITIO Pasroasi.
No. 44. Southampton-roWi Bussell-square,

LONDON.

T TRITSCHLBR AND Co..

il • 403, Oxford Street* near Dean Street. Ma>
ijufj^turers an4 Importers of Clocks, Watches,
Moslcal Boxes, Aeeordions, Concertinas, Barrel
Organs, and Iiay Figures. Ball Room and Kitchen
Clocks for 12 1., Warranted ; OfSee and Shop Dials,
Hall, Dining Room, and Drawing Room Clocks
equally cheap. Geneva Oold and Silver WatQhee,
all Wa rranted. ^

Registered Standard Folio
Frame,

A most convenient mode of displaying Drawings
and Works of Art, as well as an alegant appendage
to the drawinfr-room or library table, superseding
the use of the ordinary portfolio, enabling the
possessor to show each work und«r ^ass, changing
them at will.

Manufactured by J. and W. VOKINS, Carvers,
Gilders, and Dealers in Modem Water Colonr
Drawings, S, John Street, Oxford Street, K^^
3, Great Ci\st}e Street, Regent Street.

ADVEaXISEMENTS.

rNo.i;

THE CRYSTAZ. PAZtAOE,

SYDENHAM.

R. 6. BAXTER, tbe Inventor and Patentee of Oil Colour Picture

Printing, begs to announee that he has in preparation a Series of Views of the Exterior and
InlHltr oi «he Giystal Palaoe ; inehidittsr faithful representatiens of the RfrtpHan, IPtompeitta, M
other CouHs« They will be printed in Oil Colours, and each Picture will be nubUshod aad aold^S^
special desire of tiie Directors, by GEORGE BAXTER, at the Palace, Sydenham. j'

THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH COMPANT.

INCORPORATED 1846.

TBE CmrSTAlM PAI.ACE

has been placed in direct communication with

The Electric Telegraph Company's System in Oreat Britain

and with that on the Continent, by means of

THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH COMPANY,

SO that Messages can be trannnitted between the Crystal Palace and any Telegrapb Stadon in Great
Britain, Ireland, or the Continent of Europe.

The Electric Telegraph Company's Office is on the left hand side of the Grand Entrance with
access from the outside.

Lothbury, London, June, 1854.

By order,

J. S. FOURDRINIER, Secretary.

COMFORT TO THE FEET, EASE IN WALKING

THE ZiEATHliR CZiOTH.

Or, PANNUS COBIUM BOOTS AND SHOES,

are the easiest nnd most comfortable erer invented for Tender feet } a mort valuable relief for Corns,
Bunions, Gout, Chilblains, &e., baring no drawing or painful effa^ on the wearer, and adapted for
all climates.-

A Boot or Shoe sent for sise will ensure a Fit. The material sold by the yard in any quantity.

SUPERIOR VULCANISED INDIA RUBBER OVERSHOES, with soles which prevent sliding.

HALL & CO., Patentees, Wellington Street, Strand, London, leading to Waterloo Bridge } and
No. S, South-west Gallery, Crystal Palace.

pAUTION.—TO TRADESMEN. MERCHANTS, SHIPPERS.

\J OUTFITTERS, ftc— Wbbkbab it has lately come to my knowledge, that some unprincipled
person or persons have for some time past been imposing upon the public, by selUng to the Trade
and others a spurious article under the name of

BOND'S PERMANENT MARKING INK.

This is to ffive notice, that I am the Original and sole Proprietor and Manufacturer of the said
article, and do not employ any Traveller, or authorise any person to represent themselves as coming
from my Establishment for the purpose of selling the said Ink.

This Caution is published by me to prevent further imposition upon the public, and terioua injury
to myself.

E. R. BOND,

SOLE EXECUTRIX AND WIDOW OF THE LATE JOHN BOND,
28. LONG LANE, WEST SMITHFIELP, LONDON. ^_

BRADLEY'S PALE OR BITTER ALE.

Genuine and in Fine Condition, as recommended for invalids and the table by the Faculty, '

BRADLEY & Co. beg to inform the Trade, that they are now registering
Orders for March Brewings of their Pale Ales, in casks of 18 gallons and upwards, at theSoho
Brewery, Sheffield, and at their undermentioned Establishments, — 141, High*street, Hull ; 43, Sooth
John-street, Liverpool; 2, Palace-street, Manchester j White Horse-yard, Chesterfield; tfaf^
Gate, Doncaster.

AUVEUTISEMKKIS.

ROYAL PANOPTICOIf

SCXENCK AND ARTi

LEICESTER SQUARE.

OPEN DAILY FROM 12 TO 8.

BVBNINGS (SATUEBAYS EXCEPTED) FROM 1 TO 10.

ADMISSIOV, OITE SHILLING.

GREAT ORGAN. LECTURES,
MACHINERY IN ACTION, ELECTRICITY, lie., tic, «e

PHOTOBRiPHIC DEPARTMENT OPEN DAILY.

THE following Old -Established and Hiohly-Esteeueo Fbbfabations
mil Willi il inliTii mil nlmlilii imll iliwim

BUTLER'S TASTELESS SEIDLITZ POWDERS,

Comliliied In om Compouiid l>a«d(« in betlle ind cua (ucampuiisU villi mcuun inil ipocB) it
it. a., niXtiilt far lU cllmatai, ceBcuioui uia moit ifrHihU.

, BUTLER'S CONCENTRATED SARSAPARILLA,

ContiijiidE all tbv properti» of the Sutupuilla in & tctj cwidcDud «Ule, in |nuto, half, and qiurliv
platfaotuup Aplut batljB iicqital to three galloDt of the or dinuy prvpHBtioDi

BUTLER'S VEGETABLE TOOTH POWDER,

7lfl.«ldDaitfQr prvcrT&nr udbeautifrlucllie t<«th, propertifa whidi b^va proeond fm It tbv Appt^
bUionoflheDHiitiyttkpiiiiiedptrHiiiitninUii Uniud Kiaidnai. Bold in b«ua U la. gd.

BUTLER'S TARAXACUM, OR DANDELION COFFEE.

An Btnnble and efficuloLU mode of uiInR tka Tuuunm in AOixtioiu sf IheLiTBt, Kidna7*,ud
Uigoan Oriaiu. In Tlni at la. £d.

BUTLER'S MEDICINE CHEST DIRECTORY.

Fimllj, Boa, and OoTcnuncnt Uadicine Chnti 6\uA up iriili appropiiaui Medicioea and DiMctlra^

ICTUB a UUISDj CkeBlitsfMheq^lii, conui it SL fiaVij Italn,

»• — ^ "*♦ ' .

CUTLERY AND SHEFFIELD PLATE,

WABEANTfiD OF FIRST-RATE QUALITY.

a:«

JOSEPH MAPPIN & BEOTHERS,

QUEEN'S CUTLERY WORKSj SHEFFIELD.

STOCK IN LONDON AT 37, UOOBGATE STREET ;

dOODS ON SHOW

tn m

SHEFFIELD COURT of the CRYSTAL PALACE.

Buyers of CUTLERY, ELECTRO-PL ATED eOODS, AlfD DRESSING
PASES, 9X9 invited to th« London Warehouse, 37, Moono ate- street, w)iere an
immense vEriety of Stock can be seen of Mssans. MAPPlNSi' own manufaetare.

Msasis. MAPPIN are appointed Cutlers to Queen Victoria, and were honoured
with a Prise Medal at the 6reat Exhibition of all Nations in ipSil, for the superior
quality and exeellenee of their manufactaree.

JOSEPH MAPPIN & BROTHERS,

QUEEN'S CUTLEKT WORKS, SHEFFIELD;

AND

37, MOORGATE STREET, LONDON.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 41

PARASOLS.

THE demand for a amab better and more elegant
dHolptiaa of FARAS0L9 hHlng pnvnilcd during the lut [ew

"" T. & J. SINGSTER

bnog^nhidmiiBiirKcliiHdiii Lroniand SpitiUeldi, to tluii srds,
tome rch uid coitlj' pttttnt, of which th«' Hipectfidlj LnTiti an
iDBpeeBiDa, W. Hl J. 3^ kIh bog lo iAj th« hbTe Kcaved from
GanFoH another parcel of ChlDi Orepe Pmwl Coven, mada oprwlj
for tbifl bouH, which uticle waJ ui much ulmired lait leaaon.

Alpau Pmnsoli mre poiticulirlj recoiDmeiided for the ua*aide uid
garden, oa accouot of tbur great duialnlitj.

fi 140, Beg«nt Stieet. j 10, Boy«l Exchange.
k S4, neet Street. I 75, Oheapalde.

PHILOSOPHICAL DEPARTMENT,

Vo. 69 A.

RICHABS READ,

Instnimeiit Maker, by ipeoiol Appointment, to Her Majest/,

85, RE&EgT CIBCUS, PiCOADILIiY, LOHDOH.

Ihe Offloet for tlie Collecting and L^ally Beoovering Bents.

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OF M YEARS.

MR. HARDING, Auctioneer and Appraiser, 25, New Broad Street,
London, hiTing th< kanour of Iranucling buiiaai tar tlia Corpwation, lemal Wonliipful
CmpaDla, aod nanj of the uioit ioflueatlat cltiHua in Londni, htgi nMclfuUT to cull Iba
■ttendofl of Laadlordi and othin Id the above Officei, whim thoir iotcnata wilt b( carelnllji atnifiad.

BY APPOINTMENT TO THE QUEEK AND ROYAL FAMILY.

PATENT PE R AMBUI.AT.ORS.

C. BURTON, IHTMTOB, PilBNTKE, IHD SOLB MaKUPACTDKIE.

T^HEBEST BLACK TEA (Congou). 3a. 8d. per Ih.; Good ditto, 2a. 8d.,

-L »., Si. ti. I aouehong, M. i The Finen LapianB, )t. <*. ! Onngt Pe»o», «i. 4d. j Toung
Il^iiHi or Onnpsvdn (rom li. C<rlon, PUnUUon, and Coila Rica Coffin, !>., 1i. td,, and It. 6d.
|Hr lb. I the Floeit Old Hocba, u. M.

Curuge paid hj Rail [a inf part of GnglBid on Teu and Coffog* to tha lUlOIUt nl tU., aud «D

ADVERTISEMENTS.

[No..^:

JEAN UABm FABIMA,

23, BHEIN 8TRA88B.

COLOGNE.

1, SALTERS-HALL COURT, CANNON ST.

LONDON.

r«r SkpoitatloB la B»b4.

£au dc CiAognt, tingle 6a. 6d. per doi.

do. double ........ 0«« ,t

4o,- Extnit 940. „

Leyender Water, Sod quality H. Od. „

do. l»t quality .... 9fl. „

Extrait de PortuRal d'Orange, \
de Limctte, de Bergamote, \ (fo.
de Citron, et de Cedxat .... )

Extrait de Hose 19«.

Vrlees duty; patA.

Eau de Cologne, double ........ Sit. per doi.

Sxtcaltdo. 40t. „

Lavender Water, Itt quality .... Sit. „
Alto in Wicker Bottlea of 4, 6, 8, 1 S, and S4 ounoet.

SAINBSBURY'S SUMMER BEVERAGES.

A Table Spoonful of either of
SAINSBURY'S FRUIT ESSENCES,
mixed with an ordinary Tumbler full of Spring
Water, will form a dehciout beTerage ; they are
alto peculiarly adapted for flavouring Carbonized,
Soda, and Potata Watert, and in every inttance
where there it a Gaiogene in ute they will be
fuund mott detirable. Batpberry, Orange, Black
Currane, Red Currant, CherrY, and Apple Fruit
Ettencee, at It. lOd. per imp!, half-pint ; St. 0d.
per impl. pint ; Lemonade and Ginper Lemonade
Ettenoet, at It. id. and St. 6d. i>er unpl. half*piut
and pint; Foreign Pineapple and Mulberry, at
St. Oo. and 5t. per half^pint and pint.
Manuiaeloiy, 177> Strand, Tliiid Door Wett of
Norfolk Street;

HENRY DISTIN. MILITARY
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER, to
Her Miuetty't Army and Navy, and the Band of
the Cryatal Palace, invitea the attention of the
Public to hit Exhibition of Inttrumentt, No. 66,
Mualeil Inatrument Court. •~* Manufactory, SI,
Cranboome Street, Leiceater Square, London,
Drawinga and Pricet Pott Free.

BECKWITH ft SOir,

QUN MAKERS,
To the Honourable Eatt India Company,

Sole Man^faeturert for the Regittered Mould for
CattuigMini^ and other HeUow Conical BuIIett,

58, Skinner Street, Snow HHl, London.

LOWESTOFT.

FURNISHED VILLAS to be
LET on the ESPLANADE, eommaadiBg a
lull view of the Sea, Pier^ and Hacbow^ aud are
aatnated near the Railway. Tliey contamDmiraig
and Dining-roome, with 7 Bed.«ooma,

Apartmenta, with attendance if rafuiiML Apply
^ M»' CoLMAW, 2. M ariae P arade, Lo i f et toft.

J£ A S N, Manufactcbino
• OuTriTTXB roB LADixa, IwrAirra, and
Childesh, 194, Oxford Street, and M, South
Gallery, Cryttal Palace.— Wedding and Foreiga
Ordert executed with punctuality and economy.
Wedding Order for j^'lO, including the following
artidet t — 8 Long cloth Chemiaet, 6 Long>cloth
Night Dreaaet and Slipa, 1 8 Cambric Bandkerchiefi.
IS Diaper Towelt, IS paSrt Cotton Hoae. 6 Night
Capt, pain Long-doth Orawen, S Flannel Petti-
eoata, S White Mualin Drcaaiug Gowna, 1 Dret*ing
Jacket Alto a large variety in ridi gooda for
Ladiee and Infantt.

TEASON, Importer of French
• Flowera, 11 #c 14, Lowther Arcade, and
S6, South Gallenr, Cryttal Palare.— Head Wxeathi
of the Newett Fashioin, from 4i. 6d. to St. each.
Bead Head Drettet, from St. 6d. to I5t. ^

A. DAVIS,

Saddler and Harness ManniiMtiirer,

33, STRAND.

EGS to call the attention of the

Nobility and Gentry to a caae of Saddlery
and Harnett, tituate in the South-wett Gallerv
of the Crytt&l Palace, which, on inapection, will
be found to be tupcrior in quality and the beat
manufactured in England. Alto to hit Scale of
Cbarget, from So to 30 pe^ Cent cheaper than
any other Houte, for Hunting SaddUt, Ladiet*
Side Do., with the late improvementt. Harnett,
Bridlet, Horte Clothei, Blankett, Bruthet,
Spongei, and Leathert, and ever^ requitite for
tlie Btablet. — Litt of Pricet on appucatiox.
A. Da via, 33, Strand, London.

RICHARD GUNTER'S BRmE-
CAKE ESTABLISHMENT, Lowndea-
ttreet, Albert- gate. Wedding Breakfaato fur-
niahed, complete or in part, with ailver, china,
glatt, and attendantt.

CORNER OF MOTCOMB AND LOWNDES
STREETS, ALBERT GATE, LONDGM. \ '

THE

MODEL UNIQUE

6 for ftOs.

Sole Manufacturera, M. & D. STROUD, 89,
Edgeware-road, and 99, Tottenham Court-xond*.

The MooaL, Umaua Shirt it the moat per-
fect Shirt extant, bdng cut upon purdy adentiiie
principlet, eate and comfort it obtained, combined
with an exquitite fit. To each Shirt it attached
appendaget for fixing and preventing the front
from creating (a dcaideratum long fdt but never
before applied to Sliirtt).

Kept ready naade, or made te order# '

N.B.->On cadi Shirt it ttampedihe Maker*t

Name.

:ii;

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE ARGYLL GENERAL MOURNING
WAREHOUSES.

346 & 248, REOEHT STRE£T.
npHE ProprietorB of the ARGYLL GENERAL MOURNING WAEE-

^Ud ■> » moonni'. Boil™, md

iTuldad In dtddlDg upoa
nd dlt«ctioii, ud ■blcti

a*ere> of Moumlng pPT«r to bi worn' audn mia
k, enltUcd " HDninlng Etlqii«tl«."g1ilDgln detail t\

TIME OF NOTICE IN ORDERING MOURNING.

ir in DrtuM, tpidecoDipleU. ISIiiHin.

D. 9nCHOI.SON « COHPANT.

44 ADVERTISEMENTS.' CNo.T.

To London and Oountry Ladies Visiting the Crystal Palace.
THE REGENT CIRCUS ESTABLISHMENT.

SOIVERBY, DBA.YSON, AND TATTOXT,

272 AMD 274, REGENT CIRCUS, OXFORD STREET,

IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN AND BRITISH MANUFAGTUR8S, SILK KiaitERS,

LACEMSN, AND GENERAL WAREHOUSEMEN.

MESSRS. SOWERBY k CO., hare determined to sWe with their
VUamm Um Um beneit reaulUn; from their lonf expemiics and mUtmitcd capital, which
enable them al aS aeaaom (and particalarlr the praaent) to hold out tuch indttoementa M to merit
fromthe« an expteea tibit. Fkbrice of the highest character in perpetual Miccetmoii. Silke of
the flaeat textore and Tarkty. Ainiiihiag the ^oicest tfiedaiens in dmlooiattque cirdee. Court and
Evening Dreeea, Mantlee, Viawb, Ready-made Skirts, and Faney Fuffies of every novd material,
with a combination of Ribbooe, Trimmtnge, Frenck Flowers, deewativo appendagta^-nttogetha
unexa mpled in extent, Tarieftgr, or i^rice.

DOmBSTIO XCONOBSY.

H SPARROW 4 CO. beg to announee that ia consequence of the
• l«te reduetSott of duir, and the present depressed elate of tite Tea market, they are enabled
to offer Good Breakfast Congou at la. td., as., Ss. id., and as. fid. per lb.

Fine Souchong, Ss. id., 9s. 8d.. and is.
Tonng Hyson, Ss. id., Ss. 8d., is., is. id., is. 8d., Ss*
Gnapow^or* Ss. 8d.» ie., is. id., is. sd., and M*
Fmi Roaeied GoflSsc, lid., is., is, id., and is. 6d.

With every other arlide in the trade nwportionately cheaji, and of that sterling qntiitv for which
they have been edebrafted for Ae last Twen^ Tears ) a price-list of which msy be haa on appli-
cation, poet-free, and pareels of ift value and upwards, rail paid, to any station in the kingdom.

Address, HBNRT SPARROW, ft CO., Wholeaale Dealers i» Tea, sySj Oxford Strick, London.

SIR WIUIAM BTmiTETrS PATENT&

IN the year 1838 Patents were granted to Sir William Burkett, M.D.«
F.R.S., Director- General of the Medical Department of the Royal Navy, for tiie nw of Chloride
of Zinc, as applied to the preservation of iWDer, Canvas, Cordage, Cotton, Woollen, and other
articles from Rot, Mildew, Moth,&c.; and in 18S3 Her Majesty was pleased to .grant an extension
for seven years. Parties using Chloride of Zinc for any such purposes must purchase the same from
the Proprietors of the FatenU, at their Office,

So. 18, CasDon Street, Londoa BrUge*

And any persan using it without teense wiU be preeeeded against for infrfaigement of their
Patents.

N.B.— The Prise Medal of 1851 was awarded by tha Royal Commissioners for Sir William
BuRNnrr'a Patent

SIR WILLIAM BITRNETT'S
DISINFECTING FLUID.

THE great and inyariable success of Sir William Burkktt's Patent
Solution, in preaervinir Timber, &c., from Rot, and in arresting the decomposition of Animal
and Vegetable Matters, soon led to its general spplieation as an

ANTISEPTIC OR DISINFECTING AGENT; •
and for the last eight years it has been in general use, with a success and public benefit truly
marvellous, for the Disinfection of Side Rooms, Ciothing, Linen, ftc. { the Prevention ci Contagion,
the Purification of Bilge-water and Ships' Holds, Cescpools, Drains, Water Closets, Stables, Dog
Kennelf , dec.

Sir William BcrRKXTT's Disinfecting Fluid is sold by all Chemists and Drufrgists throughout
the United Kingdom; and at the Offiee, No. 18, Cannon Street, London Bridge; where Testimonials
can be had.

N.B.— Zt il« necessary to Caution the Public against a Spurious and

Low-Driced Imitation,

i^^O

ADVEIftTISEMENTS.

QRUEBER & Co.^

BEISFAST,

M4M9WAcrvtLm*% or

PATENT

ASPHALTE FELT,

FOR ROOFING,
A» imptoiftd hf the Onginal Patentee.

'SHEATHINQ FELT,

TOR SHIPS' BOTTOMS,

JLND

DRY HAIR FELT,

FOB .COVERING BOILERS, STEAM
PIPES, Ac.

AGENTS,

lOSBES, STILL, ft Ck>.,

19, GEORGES STREET, HANSIONJROUSE,

x.oiriM>ir.

^i^—i— *^— ^i^M^ ■ ■■■■ ■»■■■■ »-■ ^^^ ■ ■ ■ Ml a I a^^^— Ml a

SOMETHING NEW.

> THE ALBANY CHAMBER

LAMPS,

WITH PATENT ELASTIC GLASSHOLDERS.

THE application of an Elastic
aiawholder to Lamps, pardcttlarly for cany-
Sag abaut, U the greatest improvement that hai
ever been made. The Olaaees are instantly ficad,
or nnfxed, but it is impossible to shake them off,
and it entirely prevents the rattling, so unplea-
sant with the Glasses of all other Iiainps.

The Albany Chamber Lamp Candles give saffi-
dent light for carrying about the house and bum
long enough for a nMkt^Ught.

Obterve that the ^lame is en the Lamps, and on
the Box ef Candles ; do not be pat off with any
other ; adi to lec these, and then purchase which
you judge best.

Sokd retail by all respectable Lamp and Candle

Dealers, aad wholesale by PALMER 8c CO.,

Sutton Street, ClerMuwell ; J. C. & J. FIELD,

%3fpa Marsh, Lambeth; and the Patentee,

' ' J. CLARKE, 55, Albany Street, Regent's Park.

I N.B. Merchants and Shippers would find these

' very profitable artieles to export.

BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH.

HEW ROAD, LONDON.

MO&ISOH'S

I Vegetable ITniTttial Medicines.

A CURE FOR ANT CURABLE DISEASE.

^ ECONOMY.

Eeonomjf thotUd be praetUed in aa tkwff$, hut
more particularlff in matterg iof Medicine. The
reMoration to heaUh has generaUp been purchased
at a costly prices and certainly^ if health coutd
not be procured at any other rate, a costly price
shouU not be an object of scruple. But where U
the wisdom f where u the eoonomy in ^pending vast
sums on a physioian*s atUndanee, when sound
health and long life may be ensured by that cheap ,
safe, and simj^ remedy. Parr's Life Pills f

ASK FOR

Sold in boxes at is. I^d., 8s. 9d., and Family
Paefcets at iSs. each. Full directions axe given
with eaeh box.

Sold by E. Edwards, 67, St. Paul's Churchyard ;
Barclay and Sons, Farringdon-street ; Sutton and
Co., Bow Churchyard} Hannay and Co., and
Sanger, Oxford-street, London i and by all r»- .
spectaUe Chemists and Medicine Vendors in
Town and Country.

EAU DE COLOGNE.

MPORTED direct from Johann

X Maria Farina, om^te the New Market,
No* 81, Cologne. Tne same as supplied the
Fountain in the Austrian Department, Gnat
Exhibition ; the Court Costume Ball, time Charles
II. ; also at Guildhall.

Distingalshed from aU others by a
Lithograph of the Fountain on each bottle.

Town and country consumers may insure this
beautiful Eau de Cologne being genume, by order-
ing direct of

P. A. QERARD,

800, STRAND, LONDON.

Balf Dozen C%ue, IS*.

P. O. Order to the amount of £3 casriaie free.

GEBAED'S CELEBBATED
POMADE FOR THE HAIR. Its bene-
ficial effects on Hair which exhibits a tendency to
fall off Off tura grey, and also in exciting a healthy
action of the skin amm bxtiuloedinabt. In
Pots, 3s. each.

8£>0, STRANG, LONDON.

GERARD'S ORIENTAL PBR-
FUMES.^A PBw Dnops on the handker-
chief, forming a novel, powerful, and duraUe
essence, delightfully fragrant and refreshing,
entirely counteracting the deleterious and oppres-
sive faintness of a heated and crowded atmosphere.
In Bfltttlee, Ss. 6d. each.

SQO, STRAND, LONDON.

WILLIAM SMEE & SONS,

CABINET MANUEACnrBEBS,

UPHOLSTERERS, &c.,

0, FINSBURY PAVEMENT, LONDON.

Exhibitors in the Furniture Couit, n^cte

a person ig in attendance.

46 AUVJSitrioisfttiiiPiro. iJ^ST-

ATKINSON AND BARKER'S ROYAL INFANTS* PR^^P^A.
■^IVfe. MO'THERS, c«H at your Druggirt*», or at our Agents*, and pmrcbne «'Sofll*^ the
above, it U the BEST MEDICINE IN THE WORLD for INFANTS and, YOUNG CHILDR^
for the prevention and cure of thoM DISORDERS incident to INFANTfi affordinjt 1^*8™*!"
RELIEF IN CONVULSIONS, Flatulency, Affections of the Bowels, DIFFICULT TEETHING,
Ac., Ac, and may be given with safety immediately after birth. It it no misnomer Cordial!— no
atnpefactive deadly narcotic t— but a veritable preservative of InfanU 1 Mothers would act wisely ia
always keeping it in the nursery. Many thousands of childxen are annually saved by tUsimj(|[
esteemed Memcine, and the infante rather like it than otherwise.—Prepaf ed only by Robkkt Baskkb,
Bowdon, near Manchester (Chemist to Her Most Gradoas Majesty Queen Victoria), in bottles, at
Is. l|d.,9s. 9d., and 4«. 6d. each.— CAT7TiON.—Ob»erve the names of "Atkinson and Babkbb,"
on th e Government stamp.— 'Kstabli^hed in the year 1790.

L'^ADIES* CHOICE READY-MADE LINEN, a la Mode de Paris,
and entire WEDDING, INDIA, and FAMILY Home and Colonial OUTFITS, can be ^
promptly completed or forthwith selected, including JUVENILE CLOTHING, INFANTS' Outfits,
CHRISTENING ROBES, Cloaks and Hoods* at Vl^hclesale Cash Prices, in the Ladies' separate

Pepartment of T. HUGHES St, Co.*s, Anglo-Parisian Shirt, Cadet, and
General Outfitting Warehouse, 203, Begent Street.

SPECIALITY for tasteful BOUDOIRS and BREAKFASt ROBES, RIDING HABITS, Hats,
Shirts, Gattntlets, &c., snd HUGHES' LADIES' "BOUQUfiTIN" EQUESTRIAN TROUSERS.

CHARLES MACINTOSH & CO., 3, Cannon Street, West, London ;
and Cambridge Street, Oxford Street, Alanchester. Patentees of the VULCANISED INDIA
RUBBER, and General tlsnufacturers of India Rubber goods in their namerous applications,
as Wearing Apparel, as Marine and Agricultural Articles, and to Mechanical and Surgical
purposes, &c., ikc,.
Descriptive Catalogues and Illustrations may be obtained at the Addresses given above, and also at

CHABLES MACINTOSH & 0o.*8 Exhibition Stand,

North- West Gallery, Crystal Palace, Sydenham.

EDDING AND VISITING CARDS, printed in the first style of

Fashion. An exqui«ite assortment of BRIDAL STATIONERY, including ENVELOPES;
AT HOME snd INVITATION NOTES; patterns of which can be had on application, or sent pdst
free on receipt of 24 Stamps. Address to -^

T. STEPHENSON, STATIONER, &c., 99, OXFORD STREET, near Regent areas.

The well known depot for handsomely-bound Bibles, Prsyer-books, and Church Services.
N.B. — ^Arms, Crests, and Initials, embossed on Paper, and Envelopes free of Charge.

Bniflh Mann&cturers and TiinieryWaxelioiisemen; Nonpariel Dress
Boot and Shoe Varnish, Blacking and Ink Makers, by appoint-
ment to the Royal Family.

FROST & NORTON,
1, YORK 8TBEET, ST. JAMESES SttUABE.

UNDER PATRONAGE OP ROYALTY AND THE AUTHORITY OF THE FACULTY.

K EATING'S COUGH LOZENGES, a Certain Remedy for disorders
of the Pulmonary Organs, in Difficulty of Breathing, in Redundancy of Phlegm, in Incipient
Consumption (of which Cough is the most positive indication), they are of unerring efficacy. la
Asthma and in Winter Cough they have never been known to fail.

These LOZENGES are free from every deleterious ingredient ; they may, therefore, be taken at all
tinites by the most delicate female and by the youngest child. Clertrymen, and Professional Orators v
and Singers, will find them most valuable in allaying hoarseness and bronchial irritability.

Sold in Boxes Is. l^d., and Tins, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 10s. fid. each, by THOMAS KEATING,
Chemist, 79, St. Paul's Churchyard, London ; and by all Druggists in the World.

N.B.— To prevent spurious imitations, please to observe, that the words " KsATiMQ'a CouGR
LozKifGss" are engraved on the Government Stamp of each box.

St. PatdU Cathedra, SOth Kav, 1840.
Sir,— I have much pleasure m recommendmg your Lozengeg to those who may be distressed with
Hoarseness. They have afforded me reli^ en several occcuione when icareeip able to sing from the
effects of Catarrh. I think tbey would be very useful to Clergymen, Barristers, and Public Orators.

I am, Sir, yours fcuthfully,
To Mr. Kbatino. THOMAS FRANCIS, Vicar atoral.

•XZSLIZIl

:l:BOUTa EASTESRN RAILWAT,

direct Kail Boute to all Parts of the Contmoity with the

Shortest Sea Passage.

■/,

BAILT COMMUNICATIOir BETWEEir I.OHDOH AND FABIS

IN TWELVE HOIJBS;

Ziondon and Bnumeli in Fonvteen Hours \
London and Cologne in Twenty Hours \
Sea Passage only Two Hours.

SUMMER SERVICES, 1854

LONDON TO PARIS BY TIDAZ. TRAINS

VIA FOLKESTONE AND BOULOGNE.

Tltis 13 the quickest and most comfortable meann of commiinicaiion between
Loudon and Paris ; it is performed every day, the time of departure Torying in
accordance with the tide. (Time Table published daily in front page of '* The
Times.") The Passengers are couTeyed by Express Train to Folkestone, where
they find a powerful Steamer waiting in the harbour to receive them ; they walk
on board, and two hours afterwards. are landed at Boulogne, where another Train is
in readiness to . convey them immediately to Paris. The whole journey is thus
acoomplished without interruption, in the shortest possible time, no small boats for
embarking and disembarking being required.

By these Trains, luggage can be registered for Paiis direct, relieving the Passenger
from all trouble about it until the arrival in Paris, and avoiding the Customs
emmination at Boulogne.

The same correspondence of Trains and Steamers is arranged for the journey
from Paris to London.

Fixed Continental Services via Dover and Calais.

FROM LONDON.

London 4«put!

Dover „ \

Cftlais M

PAmis arrive ,

Bbossbls

COLOGNB

8.10 a.m.
n. „

2 30 p.m.
9.40 „
10.10 „
5. am.

* 11.30 a.m.
9.30 p.m.
6.30 „
6. 5 a.m.
6. „
1.30 p.m.

TO LONDON.

11.30 p.m.

7. a.m.

7. „

3. p.m.

7.30 „
10.15 „

6.15 a.m.
s. p.m.

11.45 „
10. „

2. a,m.

4.50 „

•8.30

p.llt*

11.15

>»

3. a.m.

10.

10.50

4.45

p.m«

•9.30

a.m.

p.m.

7..30

2.30 a.m.

5.30

(»

7.45

CoLOGNB depart

BauasKLB

Pabis

Calais

t>over „

London arrive

* These Trains are not direct on Sundays.

Offices for Through Tickets, Time Bills, &c. :—

In London — 40, Regent Circus, Piccadilly;
In Paris — 4, Boulevard des Italiens;
In BBuasELa~74y Montague de la Cour.

a. S. HERBERT, Secretarp.

London Bridge Terminni, May, 1854.

XEAOZ.X

INSURANCE COMPANY.

3, CBESCEHT, »£W BBIDOE STKEET, BLA0E7BIAAS, LONSOH

ttOBERT ALEXANDER GSAT, Eaa., Chaimm. THOHAS DF.VAS, B

UHAHLES B1SCH0KF;E«. I JOSHUA Li

TtlOUAS BODDINRTON, Eia. W. ANDERSON PEACOCK, E>«.

CRAS.7 , , .-_

BICHU, UABNAN J.U>YD, Elk. I WILLIAM WTBBOW, Eao.

.Hdtfam-THOMAS ALUCK, Eia. JAUU OASCOIONE LrNDE, Bi<t.
J>Ay(Maii^^EOHGK LEITH ROUPELL, M.D,, F.B-S., IS, Wil1»ek->t(tM.
au^KPU-JAlIES BANEB, B>«., M.D., l^iibuTT iqiuR. WM. COOKE. B>«., U.D., n,
Trioitr-tqawv, Tvwo-'luU.
■1. GLTN, XIU^ & CO., er, liombud-itnet. Huh*. HANBUBYS &
' LLOVOa, M, Lflmliud.ibect.

JctearyanddtoWurr— CHARLES JI

The Easiness ol the Compaa; compriseB Ainuuicet on Uth tad fcrnivonfaliig, tlH
fvdiwe «[ Ufo IntemU, ttae Bsl« ind Forcbue of Castiacent and Deferred
AnnulUeB, Loans cl Hone; on Htir^age, ftc.

This Compuiy was urUbliilwd in 1607) is en>pomf«d by the Act of Parli&ment
S3 Geo. 3, and regulated hj Deed eundled in the High Coiirt of Clumcerj.

The CompaBy was origiBaUy a strictly Proprietan one. The Aaaored, on tlie
putidpKting Scale, now participate qnmqaeimially in four fifths of the amaBnt to be
diiided.

Ta the present Unie (lSt>3) the Assured IwTe teceired from the Comp«ay, in
aatisfaclioD of their claims, upwards of ^1,400,000,

The smotint at present assured la £3,000,000 nearly, and the income ot the
CoDipanj is about £ 1 25,000.

At the Ust Diviuon of Surplus, about £120,000 was added to the rams assured
under Policies for the whole term of Life,

The lives assured are perniitted, in time of peace, and not being engased in mining
or gold digging, to reside in nny country,^ — or to pass by sea (not being sea~Amng
persons by profession) between an; two parts of the same hemisphere — distant mora
than 33 degrees from the Equator, without extra charge.

AU Policy Stamps snd Medical Fees are now pdd by the Cotnpatiy.

By recent enactments, persone are exempt, under certain restrictions, from Incona
Tax, as respects so much of their income as they may devote to ssinrance on Lives,

/— ^

SOVEBEIGN
LIFE ASSUEANCE COMPANT,

49, ST. JAMESES STREET, LONDON,

ESTABLISHED 1846*

^xu^ttti*

THE RIGHT HOIT. THE SABL TALBOT.
THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD P£
MAULEY.

Slit CLAUDE SCOTT, Bart.
BENJ. BONJ) CABBKLL, Esq., M.P
HENBV FOWNALL, Esq.

This Office presents the following advantages : —

Tha securiiy of a kvge pMd-np C^prtal

Very moderate rates for all ages, especially young lives.

No charges whatever, except the prezimuB.

All Policies indisputable.

Advances noadt to Assurers on Kberal terms.

By the^ recent bonus, four-fifihs of the premium paid was in many instances
returned to the policy holders. Thus :~0a a policy for ^1,000, effected in 184^,
premiums amounting to £153 8s, 4d. had been paid, while ^123 7& was the bomia
added in 1853.

A weekly saving of 14d. will secure to a person 25 years of age the 8«m.e££100
on his a^aining the age of 5^or at^ deaths sbouldi it occuc psexiously.

Bates are calculated for all ages, climates, and circomstanoes connected with
life assurance.

ProspeQinses, forms, and every information can be obtained at the—

Office, 49,^ St. ^ames'a Street, London.

BMM^X D. I>AV£NPOIlT» Scmtaty^

A. i.y T a:i L>x xoi:ijn.JUi,^ x Ot

NEW BRIDGE STREET AND LUDGATE HILL.
INSTITUTED A.D., 1806.

DIRECTORS.
John Hampobk Gladstanbs, Etq., Chaimum*
Chablss Bosibll, Esq., Depatj Chairman.

J. Whatman BosAnanBT, Evq. T. W. Clinton Mubdocb, Esq.

Fbbdkbick Bvbmbbtbb, Esq. , David Ridoall Bopbb, Esq.

JoBN CoNiNGBAic, Esq. ' Edward Stbwabt, Esq.

FBEDBaiCK D. Danvbbs, Esq. ' Captain h. 8. Tindal, R.N.

Jambs Pabk Habbison, Esq. i Fbancib Wilson, Esq.

I^HIS Oompanj has now been in operation for nearly half a
Centary, during which period the amount paid to its policy-holders has execcded
itf 1,600,000. The distribution of Profits takes place every Third year, and the
amount returned in Cash to each participating policy-holder has hitherto exceeded
a fifth of the total amount of his premium. 1 ne premiums charged are in many
eases considerably lower than in other oflBces. Claims are paid with unusual prompti-
tude, namely, in thirty dajrs, and many other impdrtant advantages are secured to
the policy-holders ; for which reference b requested to the Company's Pro»pectna.

JOHN LE CAPPELAIN, Actuary and SecreUry.

EftUITT $. LAW LIFE ASSUBANCE SOCIETY,

No. 26, LINCOLN'S-INN FIELDS, LONDON,

TRUSTEES.

The Right Hon. The Lord High Chancellor.
The Bight Hon. Lord Bf onteagle.
The Bight Hon. The Lord Chief Baron.
The Bon. Mr. Justice Coleridge.

The Hon. Mr. Justice Erie.
Nassau W. Senior, Esq., Master in Chancery.
Charles Purton Cooper, Esq., Q.C., LL.D., F.B.S.
George Capron, Esq.

POLICIES in this Office are Indisputable, and the Assured will find
all those other advantages and facilities which the more modem pract

advantagei
may with safety be adopted.
Pol

practice of Of&ca bma proved

folicies becoming claims between the periods of division are entitled to a bonus in addition to that
previously declared.
No charge is made for Policy Stamps.

LAW REVERSIONARY INTEREST SOCIfiTTs

. OFFICES, 68, CHANCERY LANK ;

DIRECTORS.

I R. W. Jennings, Esq., Doctors* Comtnotu.
Kenneth Macaulay, £«q., Q.C., Temple.
J. B. Mowbray, Esq., M.P., Temple.
H. E. Norton, Esq., 3, Park- street, Westminster.
Henshaw S. Russell, Esq., Temple.
Nassau J. Senior, Esq., Lincoln^s Inn.
Alfred H. Shadwell, Esq., 13, Austin Frian.
C. Ranken Vickerman, Esq., Gray's Inn.

Chairmcm—'RJUMW Gumey, Esq., Q.C.

Viu-Chairman^'SHmtM. w. Senior, Esq.

John Ellis Clowes, Esq., Temple.

John M. Clabon, Esq., SI, Great George-street.

H. C. Chilton, Esq., 7, Chancery-lsne.

John Clerk, Esq., Temple.

Daniel A. Freerosn, Esq., 84, Old Jewry.

John Gregson, Esq., 8, Angel-court

Actuary— 3. J. Sylvester, Esq., F.R.S.
£K0{ict7i>r«— Messrs. Capron, Brabant, Capron, & Dalton, Saville-place.
Annuities, immediate, deferred, and contingent, and Endowments, granted on fitvourable terms.
Life Interests purchased. Reversions purchased aod exchanged for Annuities.

^OUTH AUSTRALIAN BANKING COMPANY.

IKCO&FORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1847.
64, OLD BROAD STREET, LONDON.

The Director* grant Letter* of Credit and Bills on Adelaidef payable in ea«li.
Bills on South Aaatralia collected and negotiated.

AGENTS.
Halifax.— Commercial Banking Company.
HuLL.^ — Hull Banking Company.

LivsBPOOL. — Borough Bank, and Messrs. Tbihher & Grainger.
Plymouth. — J. B. Wilcocks, Esq.
SouTHAHPTOit. — Hants Banking Company.

WILLIAM PURDY. Manager.

AI.I.IANCE

BRITISH AND FOREIGN

BARTHOLOMEW LANE, LONDON.
Capital £5,000,000 Sterling.

ESTABLISHED 1824.

MasLtti of Birtttim.

PRESIDENTS.
SAMUEL GURNET, Riq. | SIR MOSES MONTEFIORE, Bart

DIRECTORS.

G. H.^ BARNETT, Esq.
SIR £. N. BUXTON, Bart.
SIR ROBERT CAMPBELL, Bart.
SIR GEORGE CARROLL.
RIGHT HON. G. R. DAWSON.
JAMES FLETCHER, Esq.
CHARLES 6IBBES, Esq.
WILLIAM GLADSTONE, Esq.

SAMUEL GURNEY, Jon., Esq.
JOHN IRVING, Esq.
SAMPSON LUCAS, Esq.
THOMAS MASTERMAN, Esq.
SIR A. N. DE ROTHSCHILD, Bart.
. L. N. DE ROTHSCHILD, Esq., M.P.
OSWALD SMITH, E*q.
MELVIL WILSON, Eaq.

AUDITORS.
ANDREW JOHNSTON, Esq.— JOSEPH M. MONTEFIORE,E*q.— GEORGE PEABODY, E«q.

Ufa Aasnrances are granted under an extensive variety of forma, and with
or without participation in profits.

The LiTea of Military and Naval Men, not in actual service, are assured without
extra charge ; and no additional premium is payable for service in the Militia.

Stamps on Life Policies are paid for by the Company.

Kottiis are granted on the sole security of the Company** Policies^ when of
gnffieient value to justify an advance of £50 or more.

nr« Asauraaoes are aoc^ted at the usual rates ; and Foreign AsBtinuices,
both Life and Fire, on reasonable terms.

Detailed Prospectuses will be furnished on application.

F. A. ENGELBACH, APftttStir & Scefctuy.

OkA' * ju»AW A *>jjir»w ■»Jt.'» A itf ■

HAHB-IN-HAHB FIRE ANB 11]^
INSXTBAKGE SOCIETY,

No. 1, NEW BRIDGE STREET, BLACKFRURS, LONDON.

INSTITUTED IN 169O.— EXTENDED TO LIFB INSURANCE 183(1.

IMMEDIATE, DEFERRED, AND SURVIVORSHIP ANNUITIES GRANTED.

The Hon. William Asblbt.
The Hon. 81E Edward Cubt.
Arthob Edbm, Eaq.
JoBif LBTTeoM Elliot, Esq.

Bimtati*

Jambb Esdailb, Eeq.
Haryib M. FARauBAB, Esq.
JOHW GURNBT Hoarb, Esq.
£. Fullbr Maitland, Etq.

WzLiiiAM Scott, Eiq.
John Spbrlibg, Esq.
Bbhrt Wilson, Esq.
W. Esdailb Wimtbb, Eaq

The Hon. ColonbIi Cust. | Jambb Eidail^, E^^ [ Tm9UAM Fvu.bb Maitland, Eaq

lieun, GoaUKQVAKD Sbarp, ip, Fleet Street.

Tbohab K. Cbambbrb, H.P., 1, Bill Street* Berkeley Square.

The HoBomable A. J. Asjblet, 32, Lincoln's Inn lields.

BfessTS. NicBOLL, SxTTB, & Co., 18, Carey Street.
Jambs M. Tbrrt, Esq.

RiCBARO Rat, Esq.

LIFE. DEPARTMENT.

The important advantages offered by the plan and constitution of the Life Department of the
Society are : —

That Insurers are protected hy a large invested CapitRl, upon which there is no Interest to pay,
tnd for which no deduction of any kind is made; which enables the Directors to give the whole of
the Profits to insuring Members.

That the Profits are divided annaally amongst all Members of five yeara' atanding, and appUfd
towards reducing Life Insurance to the lowest possible rates of Premium.

The following Table exhibits the abatement of Premium that has been made for the p«st Twelve
Years to Members of Five Years' standing :—

Years of Division.

]^te of Abatement.

Years of Division.

Bate of Abatement.

1843
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848

£45 per Cent.
45

50 „

1849
1850
1851
1858
1853
1854

JiSi\ percent.

That persons insuring their own lives, or the liyes of others, may become Members.
Thst persons who we wiUing to forego partidpation ii^ the Proftto Qsn i»safe at a tewoi rfitc than
that charged to Members.
No chai^ for Policy Stamps.

FIRE DEP;\^RTMENT.
fnittraBees ar« effected on every description of property at the usual rates.

(By order) BICHARD BAY, S^s^lr^.

^^'oTJ

ADVERTISEMENTS.

l^BifiPUTABLE LIFE POLICY G0NPAN7,

72, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON.

« „ « ^ TRUSTEES.

RxcHO. HixiNg, Ks^., Q.C.,M.P. I John Campbell Benton, Efq.

jAUEg FuLLsa Maoox, Esq. | Bichako SfoonxHi Esq., M.P.

William Wilbkeforcx, Esq.

THE Policies of this Company being indisputabre (in tenns of the
l&eMl of CoBvatntioB daly Mgistcred) are fBXK^FERABLB SECUltlTtES, tlieir yilidity not
beiaff ^qgvBdtot tfpon^e ittpoit of past, and perhaips.forgotteli, t(5nfiunktande»,itiul olBce docHubenUb
Used as FAMILY FROVISIONiS, they relieve the assured from all doubt and anxiety as to the
Sums Assured. New rremiams.

future.

1849
1850
1851

4^108,6}; 1^4,304

110,215 ........ 3,974

127,488 4,438

Sum* AsiMtred. New Premiums.

1852 115,195 4.290

1853 123.tf9S 4,538

ALEXANDER ROBERTSON, Manager.

NATIONAL PROVIDENT INSTITUTION,

48, GRACECHURGH STREET, LONDON,

FOR MUTUAL ASSURANCE ON LIVES, ANNUITIES, &c.

DIKECTOftS.

CHAiKUAK—Samuel Hayhurst Lucas, Esq.
DcpvTlr C^iAiftUAN— Charles Lushington, Esq.

John Bradbury, Esq.
Thomas Castle, Esq.
WaUam Miller Christy, Esq.
Bdward Croniey, Esq.

J. T. Conquest, M^D., F.£hS.

John Feltbam, Esq.
Robert lacIriMB, Esq;, M.P.

JohirFeltham, Esq.
Charles Gilpin, Esq.
Robert M. Hidbom, Esq.
Robert Ingham, Esq., M.P.

PHTlnClAKS^

TKUSTKBS,

Rooert Sheppftrd, Bsq.
William Tyler, Esq.
X3hirlea Whetham, Bsq.

Tbomu Hodgkia, M.D.

Samuel H. Lucas, Esq.
Cfaarlea Lusbington, Esq.

Henry Compton, Esq.
J(m1i. C. Dittlsdji>)e, Esq.
John James, Jan., Esq.

John lidd Pratt, Esq.
James Vaughaa, Gsq^

AEBITRATOaa.

John Ofco. Malcolm, Esq.
Ridiard Ogle, Esq.
Thomas Pidey, Esq.
BAicKKRS— Messrs. Brown, Janson, and Co., and Bank of England.
SoLiCTToa— Septimus Davidson, Esq.
CoMSULTiif 6 AcTUAET— Chailes Ausell, Esq., F.R.d.

Extiftets hem the REPORT of the Directors for 1853 :—

" The Vtcectwn congratulate their fellow>members on the trery^ gratifying result of tlie recentlj^-
complete Quinquennial Investigation of the assets and liaMlities of the Inrtitution, by which it
appears that, on the 20th November, 1853, after providing for the present value of all the liabilities
MI the LUie Anuiaave Departmoit, a «ur|dus remained of £242,627, which has been duly apportioned
as heretofore.

" The redactions range from 5 to 89 per cent, on the original Annual Premiums, according to th«
age of the party and the time the policy has been in force ; and the Bonuses vary in like m«aner,
from 50 to 76 per ceRt.«B the amount of Premiums ^id during the last five years.

" The total amount of the reductions per annum for the ensuing five years is £33,348 17s. 2d.

" The Bonuses assigned to those policies on which the original Ptemiums continue to be paid
amount to £89,880 5s. ; this, together with Bonuses apportioned at former divisions, makes an aggre-
gate additibn to tihte sums assured by the Policies in force of jtf 120,564.

*< Notwithstanding the ^eat reduction of Premiums, the net annual income arising firotti
13,326 existing Policies is £163«912 7s. Id.) this sum, with the interest on invested capiul, viSt,
^37,398 7.t. 3d., shows a total annual ineome of je^l,2i0 l4s. 4d.*'

The amount of Capital exceeds ONE MILLION STERLING.

Prospeetusel a»A all <»th«ir infOTmloitiim may be obtuned ea application to the Ofllee.

March 18, 1854. JOSEPH MARSH, Secretary.

EVERETT'S BLACKING,

M,
FBTTBR ZiANB, ZiONl>ON.

U^ed at the Palaee, and in the Establishment of every man of t(m in the kingdom.

■IffOltM FREEHOLD LAND AND BUILDING SOCtETr^'J

AND BANK FOa DEPOSITS. • ->-

Lttldl Sfotam, £39 1 flobicriptioii, 4t. monthly ; Building Shares, £1M } Sabwriptton, Itt. monAly.
Sams from Is. and np wards received in the Bank for Deposit*.

An Estate has been purchued at the Abbejr Wood Station of the North Kent Railway, and will be
shortly distributed.

Offices, 147, Cheapside. \V. GUBLEY SMITH, Seovtafy.

THE CONSERVATIVE LAND SOCIETY.

Offices— 33, Norfolk Street, Strand, London.

{ENROLLED UNDER 0Tn & ;th Wm. IV., Cj^r. SS.)

E«tablished Sept. 7> ltt53> as a most eligible mode of Inreatment, and for the purpoae «f aidHag
ilembers of gJl Classes to obtain cheaply and speedily the Freehold Franchise in Coimtie*.

TRUSTEES.
Lord Viscount Ranelagh. I I'he Right Hon. R. A. Christopher, M.P.

The Hon. Colonel Lowther, M.P. | J. C. Cobbold, E«q., M. P.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Cha IBM AN.— Lord Viscount Ranelagh.
Vici-Chaibman.— Colonel Brownlow Knux, M.P.

Booker, T. W., Esq., M.P.
ChurchiU, Lord Alfred.
Cobbold, J. C, E«q., M.P.
Codrington, 8ir W., Bart., M.P.
Cribb, W., Esq.
Duncombe, Hon. W. E., M.P.

Fownall, Henry, Esq.
Ray, H. B., Esq.
Siraeey, H., Esq.
Steven, Robert, Esq.
WorthingtOD, Ber. J. W,, D.D

Fowler, Robert Nicholas, Esq.
Holmes, T. K., Esq.
Huddleston, J. W., Esq.
Ingestre, Viscount.
Maidstone, Viscount.
Blaitland, J. G., Esq.

Bankbbs (City).— Messrs. Dimsdale, Drewett, Fowlers, and Barnard.

Bankbbs (West-end).— Messrs. Herries, Farqubar, and Co.

Stanoing Coumsbl. — Richard Malins, Esq., Q.C., M.P.

CoxTBTAifCiNa CooNSBi..— William David Lewis,sEsq., and John Fish Pownall, Esq.

SoLiciToas.— Messrs. Harrison and Lewis, Boswell Court.

SuBVBTOB. — George Morgan, Esq., Architect uid Surveyor.

Accountant. — Pcrs<S Stace, Esq. | Skcrbtabt. — Charles Lewis Gruneisen, Eaq.

Shsres, j^SO each, unlimited in number. No restriction on the number of Shares held by oA«
Member, or the amount of his investment. Subscriptions, 8s. per month. Entrance Fee, 2s. 6d.
Pass-book, Is. Quarterage for Expenses, Is. every three months. First payment on a Share,,lSa. 6d.
A Year's Subscription and Fees on a Share, 4f 6 Ss. 0d. No Fines on unadvanced Shares.

A completed Share, which is at once entered on the Order of Rights, co*ts jf 5S Se. 6d. Interest
on completed Shares 5 per cent., payable half-yearly, one month alter Lady-day and Michaclmaa.
Interest at & per cent, is also allowed on any payments in advance of a year's subscription and
upwards. No partnership liability. The prompt withdrawal of Shares is insured.
Gmlee hours from Ten to rive o'clock, except on Mondays and Fridays, and then from Ten to Eicht.

Prospectuses, Plans of Estates, Annual and Quarterly Reports, Balance-sheet from September^
1853, to Sept. %9, 1853, and Shares, to be had at the Office, 33, Norfolk Street ; and of the Agenta
tor Members, in town and country. CHARLES LEWIS GRUNEISEN, Seerttarp,

- - ~— I - ■! IT T-| T II I JP ■ ^J_l-»l_l K-^^

THOMAS SAI.T & CO.,

EAST INDIA PALE ALE BREWERS,

BURTON-ON-TRENT.

STORES:—

XiOVBOir 2Af KuBffArford vnMrC

&XVaS900Xi BZt B^nry Str««t.

MAirOBBSTBK 37, Brown Btrmmt.

BZBWtZVOBABK a«i, BuU BtrMt.

BBZSTOZi Baek BaU, Baldwin Street.

vOTTZxrOBAM ««• OFeybonnd Street.

SVBZiZBr... ft, Chroirn Alley.

BBZVBVBOB 17, Bowale Plaee.

The Ales, in Cask (13 Gallons) and Bottles, may be obtained from all respectable Bottlera.

1.)

ADVERTISEMENTS.

J- ASSURANCE & ANNUITY SOCIETY,
.^jU^ C^UuuB Place, Blackfrian, hoadoxk,

ESTABLIsnSl) 1835.

Capital, £500,000.

^. DIRECTORS.

'WllUtt Biitterworth Bayley, Esq., Chairman.
John Fuller, Esq., Deputy Chairman.

Edward Lee, Esq.
Colonel Ouaeley.
&f ajor Turner.
Joshua Walker, Esq.

Lewie Burroughs, Esq.
Babert Bruce Chiches-
ter, Esq.
Ui^ir Heodemon.
C. H. Latoucfae, Esq.

Th« periods of Valuation are now Armudlt instead
of Septennial.

The BONUS for the current year is 20 per
Cent, in reduction of the Premium to parties who
hare made Five Annual Payments or more on the
Profit Scale.

Endowments and Annuities granted as usual.

INDIA BRANCH.

The Society has Branch Establishments at
Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.

*** Tables of Bates, both English and Indian, can
be had on application at the Office.

JOHN CAZENOVE, Secretary.

THE GEMERAI.

life antr iFire ^ggurance
Compang*

ESTABLISHED 1837.

Kmpowered by special Acts of Parliament.

6a, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON.

Capital, One Million.

Direetort,
6. Bouffleld, Esq. J. Pilkington, Esq.,

T. Challis, Esq., Aid., M.P.

M.P. T. Piper, Esq.

J. G. Cope, Esq. T. B. Simpson, Esg<

J. Dixon, Esq.
J. T. Fletcher, Esq.
C. Hindley, Esq., M.P.
W. Hunter, Esq., Aid.

The Right Hon. C. P.

ViUiers, M.P.
J. Wilks, Esq.
E. Wilson, Esq.

'In the LIFE DEPARTMENT FOUR- FIFTH
of the PROFITS, divisible by the Company's Dee
of Settlement allowed to Assurers, and all business
relating to Life Assurances, Annuities, and Family
Endowments transacted on the most liberal terms.

No charge for STAMPS is made on LIFE
POLICIES issued by the Company.

In the FIRE DEPARTMENT— Houses, fumi-
ture, stock-in-trade, mills, merchandise, rent,
shipping in docks, and risks of- all descriptions,
insured at moderate rates*

LOANS of ^1000 and under advanced on
personal security, and the deposit of a life policy
to be effected by the borrower.

A liberal commission allowed to solicitors,
auctioneers, and surveyors.

THOMAS PRICE, Sscretary.

THE LONDON Assuinioiee.

Incorporated a.d. 1720.

FOR LIFE, FIRE, AND MARINE
ASSURANCES.
Head Office. No. 7> Royal Exchange, ComhUI.
West End Office -No. 7, Pall Mall.
EoWABD BuaMKSTsa, Esq., Governor.
John Alvks AanuTHKOT, Esq.. Suh'Oovemor.
S^uvnts Gkboson, Esq., M.P.,B0im<y-G<<W0rnor»
Aetuarif—P KTKw, Habdt, Esq., F.B:S.

THIS Corporation has granted As-
surances on Lives for a PERIOD EXCEED
ING ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY YEARS,
hav'mg issued its fir«t policy on the 7th Jime, 1731.

Two thirds or 66 PER CENT, of the entire
profits are given to the Assured.

Premiums may be paid Yearly, Half-yearly,
or Quarterly.

ANNUITIES ARE GRANTED by the Cor-
poration, payable Half-yearly.

ALL POLICIES ARE ISSUED FREE FROM
STAMP DUTY, or from charge of any descrip-
tion whatever, beyond the premium.

The fees of MEDICAL REFEREES are PAID
by the Corporation.

Every facility will be given for the transfer or
exchange*of Policies, or any other suitable arrange-
ment vriix be made for the convenience of the
Assured.

Prospectuses and all other information may be
obtained by either a written or personal applica.
tion to the Actuary or to the Superintendent of
the West End Office.
JOHN LAURENCE, Secretary.

NATIONAL GUARDIAN

ASSTJEANGE SOCIETT. •

19, MOOR^ATE STREET, LONDON.

EVERY KIND OF LIFE ASSURANCE

BUSINESS TRANSACTED.

Great advantages oonnected with
the surrender of Policies, if dis-
continued from change of circum-
stances.

Further particulars of

JESSE HOBSON, SecreUry.

OPE MUTUALLIFE OFFICE,

Incorporated under Act of Parliament.
This Society combines all the modern improre-
ments in the practice of Mutnal Life and Honesty
Guarantee Assurance.

H. C. BIFFE, Oeneral Manager,
Princes Street, Bank, London.
LOANS on Personal Security granted to the
Policy Holders. ^^

HUSBANDS can secure ANNUI-
TIES for their Widows, upon an advan-
taxeous plan. Every description of Life Assurance
effected.— EAST of ENGLAND LIFE OFFICE,
6, King William-street, Mansion House, London.
EDWARD BUTLER, Secretary.

AV V iujKXisifi jhj£:n 'ns.

LifOifJ

RELIANCE MUTUAL LIFE
ASSURANCE SOCIETY.
EstAblished 1810.
Hie eatke Prollti divided among the Annred.

TKVftTIBft.

Vernon AbboU, Eiq. { A. Leslie Bfelrille, Esq.
John Ledger, E«q. ] Jamee Traill, Eaq.
George Whitmore, Esq.

Life Assurances effected upon Equal, Half Fre-
tniuin, Increasing, or Decreasing Scales : also by
Single Paynents, or Payments for limited periods.
Tables specially constructed for the Army, Navy,
East India Company, and Merdiant Services.

Ehdowments tot widows and Children. Pea-
aions for retired Officers and Civilians. Immediate
or I>eferTed Annuities, and Survivorships.

£. 08Bo«NB Smith, Actuary and Secretary.
71, King William- street, Mansion- bouse, Lottd<m.

WEAK LEGS.

The Best Hovse in the World for

ELA813C8T0CKIVGB,T&irSSI8,

BANDAGES, SPINAL STAYS.
BAILEY,' 418, OxroED Stbcbt, London.

JONAS BROOK & BROS.,
Heltham MiUs, near Euddenteld;

AND

. 80y Cajmoii^'StnBet Weit, iKwdofi.

Specimens of their "Great ExhiWon Prise
Threads and Crochet Cotton/' &e., in Bundle
and on Reels ; also their newly patented GIac6
Thread, are exhibited in the Comer of the South
Gallery. Winding Machine eenstantly at work
to supply Specimen Reels.

f9.B.— ^Id Wb^esale and Retail by the prin-
cipal Merchants and Drlipersin the Metropolis and
throughout the Country.

GEOEOE TUBNEE, 111, Boronf h,

Corner of King-street, neer London Bridge ; and
at South-East Gallery, Crystal Pialece, Svdenham ;
Class, Substances used as Food, Manufacturer of

WEDDING CAKES AND NURSERY

BISCUITS.

A hafgt assortment of Wnsiiro Cakii always

ireiuiy, frtnn ita. up to £so.

ATRIMONIAL INSTITU-

TION.^OflBce, IS, John-street, Adelphi,
London. Founded 1 846, established for the Intro*
duetion of parties unknown to each other, who are
desirous of forming Matrimonial Alliancks.
The strictest honour and secrecy in every case.
Prospectuses, applications, forms, rules, anl
every information sent free on receipt of 13 posts^
stamps.-^By order of the Directors.

LAURSNCB CUTHBURT.

FAMILIES viftitiiig LOHDON
during the present season are resMctally
solicited to inspect the extensive and ^WT^
STOCK of beautiful Uraw'nK-room and doier
STOVES, FEN OKR, and FIRE FURNITURE;
also improved Kitchen Ranires. Table and Sus-
pending LAMPS and CHANDELIERS, of, new
and elegant deii(;ne, 'for <nl and g)ra • Tes aid
CoiFee URNS, Patent Dish COVERS, TslkU
Cutlery, Japan and Plated Ware, BaTHS, and
every article requisite in furnishing a €ottat|;fe v
mansion, always on show, at

JEREMIAH EVANS, SON, and CGMPaUT,

Stove Grate Manufactory and FunOshiag IRON-

MONORRF Establishment,

SS, King William-Street, London-street.

PATENT SELF ADJUSTING TRUSSES.

SALMON, ODY & Co., most re-
spectfully inform the pnhAc, that tb/at
Patent Self-Adjnsting Trusses afford moHB ease
and security for the relief of HERNIA than any
other instrument for the purpose. They wifi
answer for right or left wde, requiring no under-
strap nor any galling bandase. Persons in the
country are requested te send the curcamference
of the Bodr one inch below the Hips.

CAUTION. — As many mercenaiy Druggists
are vending an inferior article, purchasers are
requested to observe, that SALMON, ODr, Bt
CO., 292, Stfund, LoadiMi, Is marked tipon the
leather case.

Sold by one or more Druggist* in every City and
principal Tvywn in the United Kingdom.

SIB JAMES KUBSAYSrvm
MAGITESIA,

PREPARED under the immediate
care ot the Inventor, and established for
upwards of thirty years by the Profession, for
removing BILE, ACIDiTIBS, and INDICES-
TION, restoring APPETITE, preserving a mode-
rate state of the bowels, and dissolving uric arid
in GRAVEL and GOUT t also as an easy remedy
for SEA SICKNESS, and for the febrile affection
incident to childhood it is invaluable.— On the
Value of Mi^nesia as a remedial Agent it is. un-
necessary to enlarge; but the Fluid Preparatiot
of Sir James Murray is now the most valued by
the profession, as it entireljr avoids the possthtliqr
of these dangerous concretions usually resulting
from the use of the article in powder.

Sold by the sole consignee, Mr. WILLIAM
BAILEY, of Wolverhampton ; and h^ all whole*
sale and retail Druggists, and Medicme Agents
throughout U&e British Empire, in bottles. Is.
2s. 6d., SS. 6d., 5s. 6d., lis., and Sis. eedi.

ACIDTTLATED ST&TTP.

In Bottles, Ss. eaeh.

N.B.— Be sure to ask for ** Six James Murray^
Preparatiim,** and to see that his name is stamped
on each label, in green i$ib, as follows ;—** James
Muiray, Physidanto the Lord Lieutenant. **

^o. 1.] ADVERTISEMENTS. 57

DENMARK HtLti (^^AMMAfi SCHOOL.

Pftf«€IPAI^Mft. C. P. MASON, B.A., FELLOW OF UNIVfiBCITr

COLLEGE, LONDON.

ARRANGEMENTS are made for a eclect number of the Pupils of the
above-named School to make periodical visits to the Crystal Palace fur the
pCkpf^se flf entering upon a systematic and thorough study of the most ioteresting
and important portions of the treasures of Art and Science whieli will be there
collected. The results thus obtained will be brought to bear upon the illustrations
of regular courses of instruction pursued at home.

Further particulars may be obtained on applicatioti to the Principal.

TEETH.— By Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.— NEWLY-

* INVENTED and Patented application of Chemictfly.prepared WHITfe INDIA RUBBER in
tbe eoDstrnctioQ of ARTIFICIAL TEETH, GUMS, and PaLaTES.

Mr. £P&RAIM MOSELT, !Sttrge>oii- Dentist, 6l, GrosTcnor Street, Grosvenor Square, sole
Inventor and Patentee.

A new, original, and invaluable invention, consistinj^ in the adaptation, with the most absolute
. perfeetien and knceess, of CHEMICALLY-PREPARED WHITE INDIA RUBBER, as a lining
to the ordinary Gt>ld or Bone Frame. By tnis application all SHARP EDGES are avoided ; no
springs, wires, or fastenings are requixed. A aataral elastieity hitherto wholly unattainable ; and a
fit, PfiRF«CTSDwilktbe«Mst UNERRING ACCURACY is secured: whale, from the softness
aad flekihllity oriT the agent employed, the greatest support is given to the adjoining Teeth when
loose, or rendered tendi^ by the absolution of dtft gums.

The ACIDS of the Mouth exert no u^ncy on the chemically-{>repared WHITE INDIA RUBBER^
and, as it is a non»condactor, fluids of any temperature may with thorough comfort be unbil>ed and
retained in the mouth, all unpleMantness of smell or taste being at the same time whoUy provided
against by the peculiar nature of its preparation. To be obtained only at

61, LOWER GROSVENOR STREET, LONDON.
M, GAY STREET, BATH. 10, ELDON SQUARE, NEWCASTLE-OW-TYNE.

A TfiOBOlTGHLT GOOD-SITTING GABMSHX

INDISPENSABLE.

To those who have been pestered with badly cut Garments,

J. SANDS

Begs to state, that having had great experience in studying the Human Form, he will engage to fit
the most difScult figure, or please^ the most fastidious taste. In passing bis Establishment

17, HOLBORN HILL, (opposite Enrniyal's Inn),

It will be seen that every peculiarity of Style is consulted, both in price and pattern. Dress and
Frock Coats from 35s. to 70b. ; Blaclc Dress Waistcoats from 8s. 6d. ; and Trousers from 21s. Fancy
Clothing and Juvenile Dresses in great variety.

WILLIAM SPRAGUE,-

Manufacturer of Improved

Pianofortes, Org^ans, Harmoniums,
Seraphines, Concertinas, Ac.

A First-rate Piano for 28 Guineas; Finger
Organ, 40 Guineas; Harmonium, 8 Guineas; Sera-
phine, 6 Guineas} Concertina, 2 Guineas. NEW and
SECOND HAND Instruments of every description always
on Sale, with every other Article appertaining to the Musical
Profession.

ALL KINDS OF INSTRUMENTS CAKEFULLY TUNED AND REPAIRED.

WTTiTiTAM SPBA0UE, 7, Fmsbury Pavetdent, London.

•J]

5S ADYKUriSSJlENTS. laq^

n — '—

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL

FIRE IiUlffP STOVE ORATEC^

Wu ftwardtd by the GnU Ezi)o»Uioii of 1851, to

PIERCE

FOB HIS IMPROVED COTTAGER'S GRATE, &c. ^

Warehonae ft HairafMtory, Ho. 6, Jermyn-itreet, BegentHrtceet. i

Tha bMt ud CbwpMt Onto, te ill lucAil pupowi b, '\

' FIEBCE'S UVIVESSAL HBE-LUKP GSATE,

Whicli requires no fixing, beingr nade in one pieee, hsring itrong oetaron ban and bottom* with j
capaaoua and lafe Hobs, complete. Prices Xls. 6d«y 13s. 6d.y 238. 6d.9 ^^^ 258* <

FIEBCE'S IMPBOVID COTTAOEB'S OBATE,

For Warming Two Rooms with only One Fire. Price 30s* >nd 358* Also bis

ECONOMICAL BADIATDTO EIBE-LUMP GBATES.

Made in extensiTe variety of PattemR, from tbe simplest stjle of ornament to those of the most
splendid design] suitable for Drawing Rooms, Dining Ro(Kns, libraries, &e. &c

HIS NawLT-mynNTBD

PYBO-PNEUHATIC WABHUTO ft VEHTHATHTO STOVE^BATE,

For Chobcbbs, Halls, Pdblic Buildinos, Bankino Housbs, Schools, fte.

Fur which the Soeieiy of ArtSf after many months trial of this Grate in use, warming their larae
Model Room in John-ttrui, Addphi^ presented the Inrentor with the Large Silver Medal, given by
JLBJL Frinoe Albert, at the Distribution of Prises in July, 1849.

Manufactory, Ifo. 5, Jermyn-street, Begent-street, London.

ALLSOFF'S FALE ALE.

IN IMPERIAL QUARTS AND PINTS.

BOTTLED BY PARKER 1^ TWINING, BEER MERCHANTS,

5i| PALL MALL.

QoartSi 83. ; Pints, 5s. ; Half-pints (for luncheon), 3s. per

dozen.

ALSO IN CASKS OF EIGHTEEN GALLONS AND UPWARDS.

BARON LIEBI6 on ALLSOPPS PALE ALE.

' <* I am myself an admirer of this beyerage, and my own experience enables me to
recemmend it, in aceordance with the opinion of tbe most eminent English physieians
as a very ajpreeable and efficient tonic, and as a general beyerage, both for .the
inyalid and the robust.**
^ Giemen, May 6.

ADDRESS :—

PABEXB & TWINING, Beer Merchants, 51, l^all Mall/

fdlX} ADVEBTIBEMEN TS. or

PRIZE MEDAL.

]|OM4P(Uited at the ExVibition of AH Nations, 1861, for Spinal Inatnunentt and Gymnastic
l*T Apparatuaca, &c., * waa awardadf to

.^TJiCPLm, Inventor of the ALLEVIATING TREATMENT, for

the Ciu^ of Ddbnnitica of the Spine, Proprietor of the Royal OTmnaaium and Orthopiedie
titntion. Strawberry-bill, Pendleton, Mtuidiester, bega to appriae those suffering from Spinal
iplaiota that they may be aapplied with every requisite to follow the treatment at home. Apply

|r jpaxticaJaca to |>r. Caplis, at the Institution.

>.r ammmjm^ u^jr be aeen at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, Philoaophical Department, Ko 8i s.

CCOUNT BOOKS— Always ready— largest and best assortment, all

aisea and bindings, boond on an improved principle, and warranted to withntand the hardest
r. Account Books and Stationery for exporUtlon.— NISSEN & PARKER, 43, Mark-lane. London.

BTTBR COPYING MACHINES.— The best that are made— Three

J G nineas, Four and Half Guineas, and Six Guineas, guaranteed for 1 9 months— excellent for ship-
ig to the Colonies -Stands, Damping Boxes, Brushes, Oiled Sheets, &c.' NISSEN H PARKER,
Mark-lane, London.

[EALING WAX— To burn freely— warranted to be the best— in flat

or rpnnd sticks— 80 or 40 to the pound packet • no article of Stationery is more difficult to be
ned than good Wax. Extra hard Wax for hot climates -Parcel Wax for warehouses^NlSSEN
PARKER, 43, Mark-lane, London. «

LETTER AND NOTE PAPERS— Envelopes, and all articles of
Stationery, of the best make, on the most moderate terms -every article exchanged if not
approved— Shipping orders on the shortest notice— upwards of two thousand Mercantile Establishmenta
aie regularly supplied —NISSE N & PARKER, 43, Mark.lane, London.

LETTER PRESS PRINTING— For Circulars, Pamphlets, Catalogues
Mercantile Tables, &c., in all languages— an extensive assortment of the newest types - dispatrh
and moderate charyes.— Canvats'uR letters, printed, addreased, and delivered to constituents at a few
ho«ra'notice.-*NISSEN& PARKER, 43, Mark.lane, London. '

T ITHOGRAPIIY— For Maps, Plans, Drawings, Circulars, Show Cards,

,■ -i fte. &c., by accomplivhed Artists, in all the extensive variety now in uae, in lilack or coloured
inka — Desiigrns provided. Sketches of Premises, Buildings, &c., taken on the shortest notice.—
NISSEN & PAUKER, 43, Mark-lsne. London.

ENGRAVING — In a style not to be surpassed, for visiting and invitation
Cards and Notes — Bills of Exchange— Railway Bonds— Coupons, Bankers' Cheques, Bill* and
Notes— Specimena and Destgna free on application.— NISSEN ft PARKEK, 43, Mark-lane, London.

SAMUEL MARTIN

Bega to call the attention of

ntOHVONGERS Ain) 0AS-7ITTBBS

To Ml cxtenaive Stock, comprising GENERAL IRONMONGERY and JAPAN WARE, in great
variety, including Baths, Iron and Papier Mftch6 Tea Trays, &e. Manufacturer of the

PATENT ALBERT OAS BURNER,
Gaa Chandeliers and Fittings of every description, Oil, Candle, and Carriage Lamps, ftc, See,,
suitable for the Home Trade and Exportation.

14, Gough Square, Fleet Street, Xiondon )

AND,

95, SUMMER ROW, BIRMINGHAM.

N.B.— Wholesale only.

LADIES' ECONOMICAL OUTFITTER.

MRS. HISCOCK, 54, QUADUANT, REGENT STREET, Every
Article of the BEST qua^ty, at the lowest possible price.

AU V iltti 1 IOUiiXLJ!iJ?l 1 0.

PIANOFORTES.
CBAMER, BEALE, AHS CO.

Have the best of every description for Fale or Hire,
also a lar;re astortment of Second-hatid Piano-
fortes , very alightly deteriorated, at great ly red ucr d
pticei . 201 . lufgent-ttrcet, and 07, Conduit- street.
Branch Establishment, 167, North-st.« Brighton.

HARMONIUMS.
CSAMEK, BEALE, AND CO.

ITftve a greftt yarietr, and are the Afrenta for the
New Patent Model Hannoniam. the prices vary
from 10 to 55 guineas. 901, Recent street, and
67, Condnit-street. Branch Establishment, I67,
Nort h-street, B rif^t on.

SCEWEPPE'S SODA, POTASS,
MAGNESIA WATERS,

AND

JBRATBS XiaMOirASa,

Continue to b« manufactured, as usual, upon the
largest scale at their several Establishments in
London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Derby. Every
bottle is protected by a label, with the name of
their Pirm, without which none is genaine ; and
it may be had of nearly aU respectable eh«mists
throughout the kingdom. Importers of the
GERMAN SELTZER WATER direct from the
Springs, as for the last thirty years.

51, HERNERS STREET, LONDON.

KXHIBITOBS* GBMTBB OF ■OUTK.BHO 6ALLBBT.

UMBRELLAS, PARASOLS,
CANES, WHIPS, &c.

R. WILLIAMS h SON, Makers to the Queen
and Royal Family.

MANUrACTORT, 44, LUDGATB HiLL, LOMDOM.

Wbolesale^ Retail, and for Exportation.

JOHN & JAMES SI MP SO N

fJ beg to call the attention of the Fablic to the
Case, No. 26, situated in the •

PRINTED FABRIC COURT,
in which is contained an assortment of British
Manufactured Chintzes, Cloth for Curtains, with
Silk bordering, and Silk and Wool Tkpestiy
Damasks.
Warehouse, No. 63, Skinntr Street, (Show HQl.

MR. HOWARD, Surgeon-Dentist
52, Fleet-street, has introduced an entirel;

new description of ARTIFICIAL TEETH, fixed
without springs, wires, or ligatures. They so
perfectly resemble the natural teeth as not to be
distinguished from the originals by ttie doaetft '
observer: tbey will never change colour or decay,
and ti^l be found superior to any teeth ever before
used. This method does not require the extrac-
tion of roots or any painful operation, and will
support and preserve teeth that are loose, and is
guaranteed to restore articulation, and mastication.
Decayed teeth rendered sound *nd nsdul in mas-
tication.

^LEET STREET.
At home from 10 to 5.

6 2,

PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMI
West Gallery.

MAPS— Ireland, Galway, Ti
atlantic Port, Lcugb Ryan. Railvray Ll
Collision Preventive, Registry Lands for i
Encumbered Estates* Court.— IaqulreforTHo|
Bbbminoham, Esq., Elisabeth Cottage, Ai
Messrs. flAi.m, Land Agents, 1S3, Pi
Literary Society, 15, Qiflbrd Street, Londos.-

FilNEST FRENCH Wl
VINEGAR,

SOUTH EAST GALLBRT, ta.

W. A S. KENT & SON!

IHPOHTERS,

UPTON-ON-SEVERN.

FERRIS, SCORE, & CO./

CHEMISTS TO THE QUEEN,

4, and 5| UKION BTBSST) BBI8T(

IMPORTERS or TBI

GENUINE EAU DE COLOGNE,'

French Sssenees, and West
Arrowroot.

PURE COD LIVER OIL, DIRECT fR<
NEWFOUNDLAND.

SOLB PROPBIIT R8 OP

FRY'S COMPOUND DECOCTION OP
SARSAPARILLA.

THE ONLY PRIEB GRAKTEl
FOR CORSETS in the United Kini
at the Exhibition of all Nations, 1851.— 1
CAPLIN, 53; Bemers-street, Oxford- street, id
▼entor and Patentee of tbe c(M>rated H YGIENIj
and CORPORIFORM CORSETS, the origin^
elastic bodice, also belts and supporte of esei
description. Tbey are constructed upon sclentif
principles, ttnd admit <X a variety of adaptation^
suited to the different phases of «-omajB*8 lifi
Prospectuses forwarded to ladies, also directioi
for measurement. N.B. A suite of show room
has beOi added to tbe former ones, where ladi({
will find a numerous colleetion of th* aboi
inventions ready for their inspection.

INVENTOR, PATENTEE, AND SOLE
. . JVIANUFACTURER.

QTJALITT, the test of ECONOHTJ

FIRST-CLASS CLOTHING, at the lowest]
CflAROfifii. Dresv Coats, ^; BOY'S SUIT,)
1 Id. per inAf ncc^r^bm to height. The well-]
known WATERPROOF LIGHT OVERCOATS,
45S. and 50B. Business entablhhed Half a Centary.
W. BERDOE, 96, NEW BOND STREET, and*
69> CORN H 1 LL. (Nowhere else.)

CBNIHttlL. PUIINJSHIMff umNmoMCEsm WAnCHWim

89 OXJFOBD SQfBEiar (comer of Sbwniaa Slreet)»
Koa 1 A^lfowman^flbnety andl 4 & 5 Beny'siJBlaoB^JDondaiu

FEmBUIp flnOTESi aaidllBR

moBa

Bright Blimf^ with biwMed oroMiiMtt mi4 tir* mIi of
baM, 21 14*. to 62. lOs.; ditto, with onaokionuuMntMnd
two leti of bfttt, ftl. lOi. to ULiai.; Broiii^<F«ikUn
compUtOf wMbatMiiMdt, fro» 7b to tt. ; SIcri r«a4«M
trom 21; Iff. toiBl^; ditt». with riehormola.mrnamieBts,
firom 21. ISfl. to 71. 7i. ; Flre-i(OM fkoa Is. 94. th« Mt to
41. 41. BtlTwt4rMi4aUoth«ffFtteBt8toT««with>wU-
•tisg health JxUtM, AUwtal«hh«Ji OMhkd to aiU f4
ih«M TarTredooad ohwwik

Yinti-nom tho fBDq[imiy tad o«ettt of his pwr
•hiMt ; and

Soeoi^j-- rxomtlMM j^wduMMt b«ia«iMd* esote*
tirelj f«r ouh.

ntON WaOKEADS and CE^;^

*S GQTft.

ur^L-t.

A rery latgoawortm—tofiihtMiTliilttoa^i inlttmmaA
Braas. fkMi I7»^tet81t. oaoh; and Colairoai 81a. eaab;fif tod
with doiwtidl jiHutti fad pMontpackinib aAdaatirtljrXKMs
from M|c«%'tmti; ort>iL8. .
Oomivon IrMiJMajkeada atlfihtCMh^.

BATHS and TQILEITK^IICABJEL

An iinriTallodanortm«iift^rtio^h«ratt*TMrl«l!f, nmH7,t
or beautjofdeaifpii.

PAPtEBrMACHE and IBQX.XBAr

An AfMrtmoot of-Tta<^a^aBd'Wiit«n'wlMllr n
prc«0dtBfetid, whvdnr as to extent, TBdotr* oniorelt j.-

DISS

and H ME WAJEB
JXUBHXff

nftterial, in neat Taiicijra tad of the UmpmI
pau«m8.

T3SK rSBSeBCX SOBBEDSinBB for

sonrsB;

The SBAS NICIIBb aHiYBIl, Intiniliimii tMntf
Toanagobj'WILlilAM & BUATON, wltao^l«lSBft
hj.tht pUtaA pneaM of. Masan Elki^gto»ia»d>Ca, ig
beyond all c oaa p ariaon tho vwy beet axVUkm-imxt to
steriiiiR ailTer thai can b« employed aa ■iia>li»<eithn use.
fttliT^ onamealoUy, aa by no poaatUatailtBa* it bo
diikiocaifftedftoaajrenl eilrev.

T«a8poong.pard«i. 181. .... afla.

Deaaert J^trkl... . 80a. ... 4«a. .,

Dcaaert ep9ona......». BQn ... iSa. ^ %m.

TJkfaloForka — ...... ««■. .... 66c «. fldk

l!fthle Spooni. — ^^. iOgi ... S8a. ... 9$l

T«a and Ooilea Stta. Vaitera, GandlcatidBi, *«.. t£bn-^
portlonato pxieea. Ail kindaol ra-plaiinff dono^jflio

CMEMQAUif mmtmonL, not puteh

ridiili,
TAbk «poooa and rwki,
fttUtiaerperdoacn...... Ifih-

Doiaort ditto and ditto.... 10a. \;

Tefciiitto,.,,,......,...., sa. .

S8s.
311.

lU.

... (Mlfc

Ilk

CmZtEBJo. WASRAITTED.

tnUoknlw,wttb
M gh a h o n tdati^ lla. por doacn ; d e ea ar ta , to nmtbh, lOa.^
if touhahnrn la»«Ktr»4 lac««r oiaea, iTuraniTnmpnuliflii
to 2aat mrdMMn; ifunn flna; with aihn fen i il aaifw>
87ik i whito bona table knivea and forks, lla. por doaen ;
eaffTOEa,f#Mi StrSd. perpair; tableatoels, fcom la. eaoh.
Tho lanesi stook of'plaled doaaeit kniiw and totka, in
•••ndoUiinriiiMMidofrtl

PJUBISBKfibi

Tha laqpBtt m wMit dntoeat
fromls. ddjtoSgp.

^KIU,nkH'8.BUBT0V1in»<Tnf LABOB SHOW ROOMS (ill eommnnioattns), ozolosiT^of «he BhM
derated to tho ahow of GENEBAL rVitirc»HINCK IBOJIMOJffiaiUr, a» acfM^od- and otaMiAtd.tlCftl^liS
ahaiBKi nay •••**/ miAM-^*! *" **^ — i---*^ "^

Ghitaiop»ai iriOr Bng^ aesi (p«* poi<^ £reei

The Money" retwrMdfot! every Article not approved of,
ESTA8USHEQ AJD. 1820.

r «v«.

THOMAS HARRIS & SON''S

CEYSTM

SPECTACLES,

ZEOSaST FOR VWESaSBMlSQWBE^StttW^

rn9TS* judicibiRr selection of Spectacles for.tlie first time is most impor-

JL tent, u on that depends the preserratioii of the bleuing of sight. How many puxchuefil of
of Spectacles from mere trading vendors <omaf^ete'>.eHH»nes in the optician's art) have seriottsly
impured or destroyed their sight, and have ultimately incurred far greater eai^MM'thaa ther-wmUd
liave done had thdv wiwjn astscTiosr been made at a respectable.' Optic&sn^ 4 THOMAfi
HARBIS &k SON'S longtczperience and extensive practice 'eosMes'tbem> to.dec*deto»-the fognfaof
Spectacles OMMt becoming the fice ct the wearer, as well aamk the Glaeies most proper rta assist
ererTtvancty of vision ; unless both theser partieuUra ai»^re|^ttded, SpecAadesaie^ constant anaoy.'
ancob The improved Spectacles of THOMAS HARBIS and SON do not in the least disfigure
tiie countenance; hence they 'are gen«rally preferred to those of others; their mperior effleacjf /or
preserving the eight is also one of their mostsimpprtaBi^^chinteteristica.

ARE SfECTACLEa REQUIREIX?

. When.the tho«andleis plamd< bMweeiKthfeciip
and the book*

WbentoernMNliidifllisidty i»i'owidlB>tIil>eadiag
k'needtor

When the eyss appear as if fhey had a mist
befiirethemt
, WheaJ»Iaefe«peeha.seem^iloa4faif(4i»-fliftni^.

When any of* the- above indieatiear aiisor- ail
affectation should- be laid aside»^ »^ reeponatbiO
and»^ilfnl. optioiaBiceaiaadtedi and' a paitf^oC
" FreaecTCB " purchased..

.ti»^^esiwain^ or becomnsa^nHuih
fatigaedi.by»ahMrte9erda»'a».to ba ohliged^to be
firec|ueu ~
objects

When ohjecta cannot be seen without removifliP'
them to an increased distance.

witeB tbaldbbnra of:a baok. appear to blend
with ona another*

When maio.light via
medjyia

.than.

faB*

T. H. and SON, having detcmined to supply the F&bUc with Spectaeks at tha lowest. remtt<k

— ^ >ftej( bef-^ intniui»*tlmit« th^ faatfe recently redueed the. prices of these vahiaUft and*

'M p eri ca nte, er.one*ib«tli| and tbejrconfideaUy assert that both in^iM^I^

cf ^ffe^glasdm/NmSjaetkuigsi <£«., iu every vmnitpk

A^HmT, TQ TMe OLERQY AND T»*€: CHARITASliE.

IVlr gilt-of % - good and' p r op e r- pal? of Sdeetaclte to one whose livelihood mav depend on the
preservation of tiiat inestimable blessing, the-Eyecsight, doubtless would be truly apy«eciatod aa
a valuable g}ft by the recipientr.who^ aaas^too often the r^it *hrrnirh irrniifj msani. irinaijiiabli
infii«rOiir-si^t 'by^purausiiig and ustos^ worthless Olassea^ sold by Hawkers and.otiMrnMcpo^
ilenced vendors. To enable the Charitahto^ at a small. Cost to present the deserving with reaBff
Ifood pair* 'T. H. and SON will supfdy Six Pairs assorted sighu and caaea fox 10s. Od.Twdls

HJMBS^ PBXX9P(E3CT^0LASS, FOR THE WAISTCOATrPOCKET, 121.64:;^

Made for and first introduced in the Exhibition .of 1 861,

• IU H n^i t to ^iyiff 93BiIi»«^«re«t aequisitiOttjto view the .Ol9(pctMiitIun tho CBTSTAL

VMSACE, and the Btantiful Scenery around.

Kik S2,. OJBPOajra THK OAXEa QE. WEi BEIXISH MUSBUJI^

CAUTION.— B^recoBecting that tl flr Ntanber is {•ya ; opmntethe Biitiah ^"-nwfirtHif.

V ESTABLISHED SEVENTY TEARS.

AMD COFFEES AT KEBCEANTS'

DUTY OFF TEA.

THB PBICES OF ALL OUB TEAS AGAIN REDUCED FOtTR PENCE

PER POUND.

PHILLIPS AND COMPANY

OiYO ihib Pnblie the ftOl and entira ftdTuitage of th« RedaeUoa of Datj, ■» tU foUoiiip^

Prices will ihow : —

BLACK TEAS.

STROlfO CONOOtJ TEA m.... <•• 8d.» 9t« lOd., St. Ot.

RICH SOUCHONG TEA 3s. 9d. ReeoBnaended.

BEST IMPERIAL SO UC flONO TEA Si. 4d. Strongly recommended.

BEST LAPSANO SOUCHONG TEA 3«. 8d. Strongly recommended.

BEST A8SAU PEKOE SOUCHONG TEA 4i. Od. Very itroagly rccommeBded.

Thia Tee ia of peculiar end extraatdinuy strength.

GREEN TEAS.

STRONG GREEN TEAS, with ilaroor Sa., 8a. 4d., Sa. 8d.

PRIME MOrUNB GUNPOWDER «a Od. ReeoHBiended.

THE BEST MOYUNE GUNPOWDER 4s. 4d. Recommended.

TRUE PEARL GUNPOWDER 4a. 8d. Recommended.

THE BEST PEARL GUNPOWDER 6«.ed. Recommended.

The MIXED TEAS, «t Sa. 8d. and 4a. per lb., are now verj anpeiior Teaa, end ■!•

atroogly recommended.

COFFEES.

THS BEST PLANTATION COFFEE. la.8d. perUk

THB BEST COSTA RICA COFFEE la.ad. „

THE BEST WEST INDIA COFFEE Is.4d. „

THB BEST MOCHA COFFEE la.4d. »•

COLONIAL PRODUCE AND SPICES,

loe PER CENT. UNDER MOST HOUSES.

Anow Root, Sd., lOd., la., la. Sd., end la. 4d. Sago, 3d. end 4d. ; Lecge SefO, 6d. TSivioMk
Sd*i Beat, 7d. Toua lea Bfms, 6d.; Be»t. 8d. Meceeroni, Neptea* 8d. Itelimi Moeemmt end.
Vermicdll, lOd. Semolina, 6d. end 8d. Millet, 4d. and 6d. Rice, Sd.,SAd., Sd., and 4d.; Beat, 4^.
Scotch Berley, S^d. Peeri Barley, Sd. Cloves, la. Sd. end Is. 0d. : Beat, Sa. per lb. Ntttmesa,
4e. 6d. end fta. } Beat, 6a. 4d. Mace, 4a. 6d. ; Beat, 5a. CinnaoMm, Sa» t B««k, Sa. 6d. Orenad Cm-
nemon, 4a. Ceaaie, la. Sd. ) Gronnd, la. 6d. Black Pepper, Beat, la. end is. 9d. White Pepper,
la. 4d. I Beat, la. 8d. Cayenno, Beat, Sa. Ginger, 6d., lOd., la., la. 4d., la. 8d., and Sa. t Boat.
Sa. 4d. Mnatard, fid., Od., 7d., lOd., end Is. Beat Muaterd in EngUod, la. 4d. (pMked in tin leO^

SUGAR.
For the eonrenlenee of their nrnnerona coatomera, PHILLIPS & Go. eqpplj Raw Svoab M 4d^
44d., and fid. per lb. Rbfinbo Suoab at fid., fi^d., and Od.

PHILLIPS ft Co. aend eU Gooda CARRIAGE FRER, by their* own Veee, trfthb cMit mOef
of No. 8, King William-atreet, City, end aend Teas. Coffees, and Spicea, CARRIAGE FRBB TO
ANY RAILWAY STATION OB MARKET TOWN IN ENGLAND, if to the vehie of «lli« or

A OcnenI Price Cnrrcnt is pnbliahed every Month, containing all the edventegee of Mm Lohbow

Mabxbts, end ia aent free by peat on applieetion to

PHILLIPS AND COMPANY, TEA M^RGHANTS^

8, KIKO WILLIAM, STREET, CIT¥f LONPON. ^

Semplee of. TEA end COFFEE are elao open for hispeetion'in Cut No. 11, in the Soath-OMl

Gallery of the Cryatel Palace.

PtetOflteeOrderaelMmldbemedepftyehletoPHILUPSftC*. CU^ Ofltoe, Londo*.

iKESDAMES UABIOH & lUITLAin),
PATENTEES, 64, COMMAUGHT TERRACE, HYDE PARK, LONDON.

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