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GUIDE

NUMISMATIC COLLECTION

OF THE MINT OF THE UNITED STATES

AT PHILADELPHIA. PA.

(SICIL. thes. amer. seftcn.)

Tbeasitbt Depabtment,

Document No. 2677.
Director of the Mint,

Office of Director of the Mint,

Washingtorij January 28, 191S.

The honorable the Secretary of the Treasury.

Sir: The need has long been felt of a small descriptive guide book
which could De sold to visitors to the Numismatic Collection in the
Philadelphia Mint. A year ago a complete catalogue of the collec-
tion, a book of 600 pa^es, was published, which sells at $1, and public
interest in it has justified the publication. This, however, does not
fully satisfy the want. There are thousands of visitors annually who
would be served and instructed by a small pamphlet that mieht be
sold for much less than the price of the catalogue, and the usemlness
of the collection would be greatly enhanced thereby. The copy for
such a pamphlet has been prepared by the curator, Mr. T. L. Com-
parette, ana is now submitted with the recommendation that an
edition be printed and offered for sale at the Mint and through the
Superintendent of Documents at Washington.
Respectfully, _..

Geo. E. Roberts,
Director of the Mint
Approved:

Franklin MagVeaoh,

Secretary of the Treasury.

(3)

291224

">
■c

CONTENTS.

Page.

Gleiieral information concerning coinage of the United States. 7

Brief history of coioage 8

Antique coins:

Greek 16

Roman 20

Mediseval and modem Europe:

British Isles 31

France 34

Italy 36

Portugal 40

Spain 41

Germany —

Princely houses and kingdoms 42

Cities 50

Archbishops and bishops 63

Prussia 55

German Empire 55

Austrian archduchies 56

Roman-German emperors 56

Austria-Hungary 57

Bohemia 57

Hungary 58

Scandinavian countries 59

Netherlands 60

Switzerland 61

Russia 62

Finland 63

Poland 63

Africa:

Independent States 65

European colonies 65

North America:

United States of America 66

Canada 75

Mexico. 75

Central America:

Under Spain 79

Costa Rica 79

Guatemala 80

Honduras 81

Nicaragua 81

Salvador 81

British Honduras 81

Panama 81

(5)

South America: Page.

Spanish viceroyalties * 82

Argentina 83

Bolivia 84

Chile 86

Colombia 87

Ecuador 88

Paraguay 89

Peru 89

Uruguay 89

Venezuela 91

British Guiana 92

French Guiana 92

Brazil 92

West Indies 95

Oriental countries 99

Medals , 102

Wall cases 104

Wall paintings 104

Appendix 105

GEITEBAL INFOBMATION CONCEBNUTG COINAGE

OF THE XJ]!riTED STATES.

Mints of the United States. — ^An act of Congress of April 6, 1792,
provided for a mint. David Rittenhouse, a well-known scientist
and ei^ineer, was made director and proceeded to build and equip
one. This first mint building was erected on Seventb Street near
Arch Street, Philadelphia, and so expeditiously was the construc-
tion carried on that trial pieces of proposed coins were produced in
November of that year. Tresident Washington in a report to Con-
gress refers to half-diames (dimes) that hadbeen struck. By 1829
the Seventh Street mint had become inadequate and perhaps too
simple a structure for the growing Nation, and a second mint building
was erected on Penn Square, Juniper and Chestnut Streets. It was
occupied in 1833, and for ihe times was an imposing marble structure
of the Greco-Roman style of architecture. Six noble columns that
adorned one of the fa9aaes of the building now stand at the entrance
to the grounds of the Jewish Hospital on Old York Road. The pres-
ent mint, a laige nanite building standing on Spring Garden Street
between Sixteenth and Seventeenth Streets, was occupied in 1901.

From time to time the convenience of gold and silver producing
regions have necessitated the establishment of other mints at different
cities and a much larger number of assay offices, of which there was
but one, and that at the mint, in the earlier history of the coinage.
Following are the mints of the country, the marks by which their
respective coins are distinguished, and also the dates of organization
and, iA some cases, of their suspension:

Philadelphia ^no mint mark) 1792

New Orleans (mint mark O) 1838

Suspended 1861

Reopened : 1879

Coinage discontinued 1910

Charlotte, N. C. (mint mark C) 1838-1861

Dahlonega, Ga. (mint mark D) 1838-1861

(The last two coined gold only.)

San Francisco (mint mark S) 1854

Carson City. Nev. (mint mark CC) 1870-1893

Denver, Colo, (mint mark D) 1906

The assay offices receive gold bullion, determine its value, pay for
it, and ship it to the mints. Their operations are similar to tnose of
the mints, except that they do no coinage. The offices at New
Orleans and Carson City were established as mints, but no longer do

(7)

coinage. Following is a list of assay offices and date of acts under
wMcli they were established:

Boise, Idahx). February 19, 1869.
Carson City, Nov., March 3, 1863.
Charlotte, N. C, March 3, 1835.
Dead wood, S. Dak., February 19,

1897.
Helena, Mont., May 12, 1847.

New Orleans, La., March 3, 1835.
New York City, March 3, 1853.
Salt Lake City, Utah, May 30,

1908.
Seattle, Wash., May 21, 1898.

Coinage regulations. — Gold coinage is without restriction. The
Government will buy all of the gold buUion tendered at the offices
of the mint service and pay its coinage value . The subsidiary silver,
nickel, and bronze coins are of limited legal tender, and are issued
and redeemed at any office of the Treasury to meet the public
demands.

The q^uestion is often asked how the coinage of the mints gets into
circulation. As all gold bullion is paid for at its full coinage value
the act of purchase puts an equal amount of gold coin or gold certifi-
cates into circulation. The small coins are issued in exchange for
the larger denominations of money and usually reach tJie public
through the banks, which order tnem to meet the wants of their
customers.

Seigniorage is the difference between the face value of a coin and
the cost value of the metal it contains. The United States realizes a
large sum each year in seigniorage upon the silver and minor coins,
but nothing from the gold coins. Gold bullion , which requires treat-
ment to fit it for coinage, is subject to charges sufficient to cover
the necessary costs. Gold bullion is purcnased at the rate of
120.671834625 per Troy ounce fine.

The seigniorage realized by the Treasury upon silver and minor
coins during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, was as follows:

On the half-dollars, quarter-dollars, dimes $4, 567, 823. 96

On the 5-cent and 1-cent pieces 1, 882, 057. 86

Total 6,449,881.82

Proo^ coins. — A proof coin is struck by hand on a hydraulic press.
The price per set of gold proof coin is $38.50; the proof set of sub-
sidiary silver and minor coin, $1.20; the proof set of minor coins, 15
cents.

Medals. — ^A list of medals sold at the mint, with prices, will be
supplied upon request. Medals of the Presidents are sold at $1
each. If ordered by mail return postage and registry fee should be
added.

No premiums. — ^The Government has never called in any of its
coins at a premium.

Paper money. — ^The paper currency is printed at the Bureau of
Engraving and Printing, Washington, D. C.

Catalogue. — ^A complete catalogue of the mint collection of coins
and medals is sold at $1 per copy.

A BBIEF EISTOBT OF TEE OBIGIIT OF GOIITS.

The invention of coins in tlie Occident took place not far from 700
B. 0. The somewhat untrustworthy Chinese chronology claims a
much earlier date for the first use of coins in the Orient, and the
claim may be correct; but as yet no such reliable data for the origin
of oriental coinage has come to light as we have for the beginning of
coinage in Asia Minor and at iEgina, in Europe, in both of which
places literary tradition is fairly well corroborated by existing
monuments.

The coin was the result of a gradual evolution from (1) the
unmarked lumps of gold and silver that were passed by weight in
buying and selling^ through (2) stamped ingots of varying size and
weight and value, to ^3) small ingots of uniform weight and similar
shape, provided with tne signet of a recognized responsible authority
whether private or public. This last form of the ingot was ovoid, or
bean shaped, and is recognized as the beginning of coined money.
This development of the coin came about gradually in all the com-

Gold stater of LydlaTtlme of Croesus, B. C. 568-^54.

mercial coimlnes around the Mediterranean Sea, but tradition, in
fact two rival traditions have given priority, the one to the electrum
coinage of Lydia, the other to the silver coins issued at £gina by
PhBedon, King of Argos. The electrum, in which the Lydian coins
were struck, was a natural mixture of gold and silver in proportions
so varying that the value of the coins was always in (fi)ubt. For
this reason countermarks are of frequent occurrence on extant
specimens of the earliest coins, these countermarks being the private
marks of well-known merchants or other business firms, who thus
^aranteed the genuineness of the* piece. Herodotus tells us that
^'the Lydians were the first people to make gold and silver coin";
that is, coins of gold and silver separately; and this separation of
the two metals may with reason be attributed to the financial genius
of the famed Croesus, King of Lydia, B.C. 560-650, or to his ministers.
Until about the time of the Persian wars (B. C. 490-479) coins
had a type on but one side; on the other side of the piece were only
the marks of the spike or the anvil on which the flan or blank was
placed to strike it; soon after that period types are generally found
on both sides. To our modem eyes, accustomed to a more conven-
ient form of coins, the most striking feature of the ancient Greek
coins is the artistic beauty of their types. The period of the greatest
artistic excellence of Greek coin types extends from the time of

Peticlee to Alexander the Great. The earlier types are mostly
religious, and present the head of Bomo deity; but civic types are
numerous, presenting animals, plants, etc., which often symbolize
the cities that issued the coins much as do modem aeala and coats of
arms. The first portrait to appear on coins was that of th^ deified
Alexander the Great, on the coins of LvHiraachus, King of Thiace
(B. C. 323-281); while Ptolemy Soler, Kii^ of Egypt (B..C. 323-
311), was the first monarch to place his own portrait on his coins.

The practice ot coining money soon spread over the civilized
world—toPersiain the reign otCyruH (B.C. 558-529); to Egypt long
accustomed to the use of forei^ coins, in the time of Alexander; to
Judea, under the Maccabees (B. C. 138), where Persian coins, Egyp-
tian, and various Greek moneys, in turn, had been in circulation
since the Jews bad learned the use of coins during the Babybnian
captivity.

A DecadiBchm ol Syracuse, about£. g^ 405.

Keeping pace with the artistic developnieht'of Greece the art of
the com engraver attained its highest degree toward the end of the
fifth century, and until the reign of Alexander the Great, B. C.
336-323, the coins of the hundreds of Greek communities possessed
an artistic character never equaled at any other period of the world's
history. In fact they were so superior to modem coins that even yet
one occasionally hears an echo of the earlier belief that they were
not coins designed for common circulation in the Greek cities, but
artistic medals or gems unassociated with useful purposes.

The earliest coinage metal of Italy was copper; the earliest coins
of Italy dale from about B. C. 338, and were so large tliat they only
could oe made by casting. The unit was the as whioh originally
weighed a pound. Silver was first coined by the Romans in B. C.
268; gold was first struck only as an emergency coinf^ by generals
in ijie field, and didnot-enterinto the rwular coinage ot the Repub-
lic until the time of Julius Caesar; and oraas, or onchalctmi, a new
composition of metals at that time, was introduced when AuFustua
reformed the coinage in B. C. 15. Throi^hout the Kepublic and

B maintained , but the debasement of Romi
, and in spite of two or tl:
a until the end cd the e
toward the last being only copper coins TLtti a slight silver wash.

The t5T)ee of Roman coina were at first religioua, and the series of
eaily coppers presented the chief deities of the Roman Pantheon on
the obverses, Deeinning with Janus on the a>, which was the unit
and the largest of the series; then following with the head of Jupiter
on the Semis, etc. ; while on the reverse throughout the series there

Bonification, or a mythical personage or hero, on the obverse; and
on the reveree there was generally portrayed an hiaterical event,
one in which often some ancestor of the moneyer had ^:ured promi-

CarlovingiBn Dealeis. About A. D. STG.

) these historical types may represent the

Empire, was almost exclusively in eold, the still extant silver and
bronze coins of Rome supplying the needs of trade. The lal«t
Roman monetary system was retained throughout this period, and
the types of these barbaric issues were strongly influenced by the
Roman coins.

The constructive rei^ of Charlemagne (A. D. 768-800-814)
wrought a vast change m the monetary Byalem of Europe. The

coinage of gold ceased entirely, and only silver coins were provided
for on a system of 24 denarii (pennies) to a lolidus (shilling) and tO
mlidi to tne pound (libra), or 2M) deniers to a pound of silver. Only
the dewier and its half, the ohole, were coined, the former being a
piece approximately the size of a United States dime. The mone-
tary system of Charlemagne was later adopted in England where it
\b still seen in the pouniL shilling (so^iduj), and penny ((fenariiu).

The debasement of the denier soon b^an. For the policy of bestow-
ii^ the right of coinage upon numerous vassal heads of petty Stales,
upon ecclesiastics and cities, Iwun by the German emperors in the
tenth century, soon spread to all Europe and resulted m the eatab-

luhment of thoUBanda of minta, maoy of which proceeded to increaae
the profits from coini^ by debasing the coine. In many mints the
actual value of the denier, p/ennige, or penny, or whatever name the
piece went under in different countries, wae reduced more than half
Its value; in Fiance the debasement waa even greater; while in parte
o£ Germany in the twelfth century, under the urgent demaad for
money resultii^ from the Cruaadee, arose the easily struck bracieate,
a coin as thin as paper and nearly as flimsy. The latter part of the
twelfth century marxB the nadir of the world's coinage.

Oroa Toumob of Lonla IX, 1Z3S-T0.
IMPROVEMENT Of THE WORLD'S COINAOB AND OV THE ART O

The beginning of coinage reform was made in France, where in
the early part of the thirteenth century there was struck at the
mint in the city of Tours, a good silver coin of the value of 12 deniera,
which was the lolidas or lihiTiing of the aystem introduced by Charles
the Great, and became known as the grot Tovnwis, from its large
eize and place of minting. A silver coin of similar value was soon

Fkirtno D'Oni of Fkirence.

coined throughout Europe usually under the same name of the
arojsus, ffrosio, grostJien, or groat. The types of this new coin varied
va different countries, but on one side there was usually a cross.

Thi Tetum of gold coinnm.— In the last years ot the eighth century
the coinage of gold ceasea in western Europe, and whatever need of
that metal there was during the Middle Ages in that portion of the

Continent and in the British Islea was supplied by the plentiful gold
coinage of Byzantium. The gold besanU circulated tmoughout the
civilized world. Tentative efforts were made t« reeetabliah the
coinage of gold in the West, first in The Sicilies by the Norman
duke, Roger II, who struck gold ducatt in about A. D. 1050; and in
the same country Frederick II {A. D. 1194-1250) issued a gold
Auffuatale aftet the model of the Roman Aureus. But the real return
of gold coinage in this part o£ Europe occurred at Florence. This
city had become the center of extensive industries, bad a large for-
eign commerce, and great banking institutions made it al»> the
financial center of Europe . Such a development made a large supply
of gold coin imperative, and in A. D. 1252 Florence issued the gold
florin bearing on the obverse the standing fipure of St. John the Bap-
tial and on uie other aide the Florentine fily. The new coin was
attractive ia appearance and began at once to supplant everwbere
the eastern besant and then to be imitated at nearly all the leading
mints of Europe. Only a little leas famous wae the gold piece struck
in Venice in A. D. 1284, and known as a rfucat from the last word of
the motto it bore: lil l\bi, Christe, dolus quern tu regis, iiie daaitua,
and as a ixcehino (sequin) from la zeeea the name of the building in
which the mint was located. The typeset this Venetian piece were
a standing figure of the Christ in an oval of stars, and a kneeling doge
receiving a atandard from St. Mark.

Silver Ouldengroscheii, I4Sa. The " First Didlsr."

A« doilor.^The first largo silver CO

le generally known as the dollar, thaler, tellelo,

, .. (Btruckin the Tyrol by the Archduke Sieimnund of Auetria.

The coin beara the date 148B, and though generally regarded now as
the first dollar, yet in 1484 a thick piece of smaller diameter and also
a halbthaUr were issued from the same mint. The types of the lai^
piece of 1486 were a standing figure of the archduke, with the arras
of Austria and a helmet in the field, and on the reverse a knight in
full armor galloping right. These luge silver coins when first issued

in the Tyrol were called gvXdengroichen, from groiehen, because that
was the name of the larzest silver coin then known, and ^alden,
because the new silver com had the same value as the current gold
gul/len.

loacliiinstbaler, ISlfl.

Silver coins without date and o£ about the size ot the dollar
stJTick by Counts Schlict at Joachfansthal, Bohemia, were formerly
regarded aa the first iasue of this denomination, hut these were not
struck until 1519. From the issues of this latter mint, however, the
name of the piece was derived, tor the silver coins struck at
Joachimsthal were of slightly leas value than those issued in the
Tyrol, and for the sake of distinction they came to be designated
by the mint place — that is, joachirmlbaler pieces — which was popu-
Iwly shortened to thaler when similar issues at varioue other mints
had made the coin common.

In Italy the transition from the grosio {groaehen or groii) \a the
tallero (dollar), later scudo, was formed by a coin of intermediate size
called a testone, first iMued toward the end of the fifteenth century.
The value of the taUme was somewhat less than half a dollar. The
name of the piece was derived from the fact that it bore a portrait
bust or head, tuta, of the prince who issued it. The term festoon
was afterwards applied to any coin bearine a portrait heaid; and Ut-
tooTisyieie struck in various countries, but they had no uniform value;
in England it was a shilling piece.

About the time the large silver dollar was coming into general
(avor, in the early part of the sixteenth century, in answer to the
demands of increased industries and commerce for a more valuable
medium of exchange, there was an increase also in the size and value
of the gold coins. The larger gold coins, the multiples of the ducat,
originated in Portugal, where Uie lO-dttcat gold piece appeared about
A. D. 1521, a denomination that was soon adopted in other countries
and became known as the Porlugaloatr from tne country of origin.

From Uie foregoing sketch the interesting observation can be read-
ily made that the various denominations forming the aeries of mod-

em coins have a historical origin, the smaller coming first, and are
only apparently derived from the multiples or divisions of a fixed
unit. Thus, in our own silver series, the dime is a descendant of the
denier of the system of Charlemagne (A. D. 800); the quarter corre-
sponds approxunately to the gros^ or shilling ^ first issued at Tours,
France, m the early part of the thirteenth century; the half -dollar
is somewhat larger than the Italian testone, to which it most nearly
approximates, whose origin is about simultaneous with that of the
dotlar in the latter part of the fifteenth century. Among all peo-
ples there is a strong tendency to be markedly conservative toward
popular institutions; and this natural bent of mankind manifests
itself strongly in the case of money by the universal tendency to

E reserve the coin denominations and the systems of coinage wnich
ave once proved to be adapted to popular convenience.
Metals used for coins. — ^A very large number of metals, and other
materials as well, have been used for coins. Thus coins have been
made of electrum, gold, silver, iron, copper, bronze, potin, leather,
wood, platinum, nickel, and aluminum.

Processes of coining, — Greek and Roman coins were all struck with
the hammer, the lower die being at first inserted in an anvil, the
upper held upon the blank with a pair of tongs, while a second
workman struck the die with a sledge hammer. No collars were
used, and since the metal did not always spread evenly Greek and
Roman coins are frequently not round. It is probable that the
larger coins were strucK when glowing hot. The early large Roman
copper coins were cast. Although the Romans, and later the Ger-
mans and French, invented simple devices to hold the coin in place
till repeated blows could be given when the first stroke of the nam-
mer had failed to produce perfect results, yet the process remained
substantially the same until the early part of the seventeenth cen-
tury. The coin blanks were cast in ancient times; in the medieval
period they were cut out of drawn strips by means of shears or other
cutting tool. Early in the seventeenth century Nicolas Briot, at
the French mint, invented the mill and screw — a machine (mill) for
punching out the blanks and a screw for striking the coins. The
coins made by the new process were most readily detected by their
more perfect edges, whence arose the expression ''milled edge,"
now erroneously applied to a reeded edge. The efficient modern
power press is a development of the last century.

89862*— 13 2

GXJIDB TO THE COLLECTION.

The coins referred to in the Guide will be found in the small
maroon pasteboard trays, and other pieces of special interest will be
found in black trays.

AITTIQVE COINS.

A. GBEEE COINS.

[Section 1.)

The earliest Greek coins were struck in electruin (Miletus No. 200; lower case), a
natural composition of gold and silver; subsequently coins were struck in the tv^o
metals separatelv, and m the latter part of tlie fifth century the coinage of bronee
was introduced m Greece.

The types of Greek coins are, for the most part, of a religious chioBCter, and tlie
most usual is a representatioa of the head off a deity or some well-known symbol
of a god or goddess. Where local myths or products are represented on the coin,
types, they are jgenerally to be connected with the patron divinity of the place. Not
until after the death of Alexander the Great does one find on Greek coins the portrait
of a human being. See page 18.

The denominations of Greek coins are simply the names of the weights of the coins,
as is the case with many modem coins. The unit of gold coins was the ataUr, a weigh.t
of 2 drachms, or 135 grains; the unit of the silver corns was the drocAm, derived from
the weight of that name, which was 67^ grains. The followtag lists show the princi-
pal denominations, and also that in the divisional silver coins two secondary units
were recognized:

Denominations.

Weight.

Denominations.

Weight.

GOLD.

Tetrastater (or o c t o -

drachm).
Distater (or tetradrachm). .

4 staters.1

2 staters.
1 stater.
1 stater,
i stater,
i stater.

10 drachms.2
8 drachms.

siLVEB^-continued.
Tetradrachm

4 dranhm.s.

Didrachm (stater)

Drachm

2 drachms.
1 drachTn.

Stater (or didraohm)

Hemistater (or drachm)

Trite (or tetrobol)

Tetrobol

4obols.s

Triobol

3 obols.

Diobol

2obol5.

Hecte (or diobol)

Tphefniohol

U obols.
1 oboL

Obol

SILVEB.

TTem^obol

1 obol.

Tetartemorion

• obol.

Decadrachm

Trihemitartemorion

obol.

Ofitndiw»)iin. . ,

Gold stater »20 silver drachms.
1 1 stater-"135 grains. * 1 dradhm^&I^ grains.

s 1 obol^U} grains.

The earliest Greek coins bore types on only one side, the other side having at first
simply the marks made by the roughened surface of tne anvil which held the blank
in place while being struck with the die; a little later three or more {irojections took
the place of the merely rough spot on the anvil and the coins were marked on the
lower side by rather deep depressions or incuses, which were sometimes arranged so
as to form a square, which is commonly known as an inctue square. For examples.

iBAA*

(16)

200. Electrum, Hemistater, of Miletus (B. C. 700-494)- Ohv,
Fore part' of lion. Rev, Triple incuse impression.

203. El. Hecte, of Phocaea (B, 0. 650-660). Ohv. Head of
Pallas. Rev. Incuse square.

149. AR. Stater, Corinth (B. C. 600-600). Ohv, Pegasus. Rev,

Incuse square.

Subsequently a type was placed In the incuse square, small at first, but finally
extended to the entire surface. See :

204a. AR. Drachm, Cnidua. Ohv. Forepart of lion. Rev. Head
of Aphrodite in incuse square.

Nearly all Oreek coin types are of a sacred character, a fact which may be due to
orighi in the temples of the various divinities, where ofi«i great store of the precious
metals had accumulated. At first the types present animals and other objects em-
blematical of the divinities, later representations of the head or full form of the di-
vinity. For examples, see:

ZEUS.

61. AR. Tetradrachm, of Philip II {B. G. 369-^36)^ of Macedon.
Ohv. Head of Zeus. Rev* Boy rider, crowning the horse.

223. AR. Tetradrachm, of 8eleucu8 I (B. C. Slt-tSO)^ of Syria.
Ohv. Head of Zeus. Rev. Pallas in quadriga.

69. AR. Tetradrachm, oi AUxander the Great. Ohv. Aa No. 58.
Rev. ZeuB seated on throne, holding eagle in right hand, scepter in
left.

HBRA.

171a. AR. Drachm, of Elis. Head of Hera.

HERACLES.

68. AR. Tetradrachm, of Alexander the Great (B. G. 336-323).
Ohv. Head of Heracles in lion's skin. Rev. As No. 59; see preceding
description.

222. AR. Tetradrachm, of MazaeuSy Satrap of Tarsus (B. G.

362'-328)\ struck at Tarsus. Ohv. Baaltars enthroned. Baaltars

corresponded to ^eracles. Rev. Lion walking.

Of all the divinities Apollo and Pallas are the most frequently represented on the
coins, their worship being most widely spread and the most popular. For examples
see:

APOLLO.

16. AR. Stater, of CroUm {B. G. 660-480). Ohv. Tripod, a
symbol of Apollo. Rev. The same, incuse.

60. AV. Stater, of Philip II (B. G. 369-336). Ohv. Head of
Ai)ollo. Rev. Biga.

204a. AR. Dracnm, of Mausolus, Satrap of Caria (B. C. 377-363).
Facing head of Apollo. Rev. Zeus standing.

230. AR. Tetradrachm, of SeUucus /F, king of Syria (B. G.
187-186). Apollo seated on omphalos.

FALLAS.

57. AV. Distater, of Alexander the Great, Ohv. Head of Pallas,
with Corinthian helmet. Rev. Victory with trophy and laurel
branch.

180. AR. Tetradxachm, of Athens (B. C. 69Jh5f7). Ohv. Head
of Pallas Athena, an early crude work. Rev. Owl inincuse square.

137. AB. Tetradiachm of later date and finer artt

148. AR. Tetradrachm (B. 0. 220-196). Obv. Head of Athena
Parthenos wearing helmet with triple crest. Rev. Owl standing
upon an overturned amphora. Thencod of Athena on this series of
Athenian coins is ahnost certBonly copied from the statue of Phidias
in the Parthenon.

150. AR. Stater, of Oorinith, Obv. Pegasus. Rev. Head of
Pallas.

219. AR. Tetradrachm, of Side (5. C. 190-S6). Obv. Head of
Pallas with Corinthian helmet, nev. Nike standing, holding a
wreath.

ARTEMIB.

1. AR. Drachm, MaesUia (B. C. S50). Obv. Head of Artemis.
Rev. Lion.

88. AR. Tetradrachm, of Macedon, after conquest by Rome
(B. 0. 158-146). Obv. Bust of Artemis on Macedonian shield.
Rev. Club within an oak wreath.

Struck for the First Region^ the country being divided into four
Regiones.

POSEIDON.

76b. AR. Tetradrachm, of Demetrius Poliorcetes (5. C. 306-28S).

Obv. Head of Demetrius. Rev. Poseidon with right foot resting

on rock, supporting trident with left hand.

Practically all the divinities of Oreece were rejyresented on the coins, and not
only the chief divinities but the lesser as well, and also including many a bero of
Greek mytholorT. In addition to the above partial Ust may be mentioned: Dio-
nysius, No. 91; Helios, 209; Pan, 78; also. Medusa, 44; a Silenos, 46 and 90; a Bac-
chante, 85, 126; and Europa, 179.

PORTRAITS ON GREEK COINS.

While the Greek states were free and Independent, no coin type presented the
likeness of a human being; the divinities most worshipped in the several city states
were celebrated on the coins. The head of young Heracles on the silver coins of
Alexander the Great has often been thought to present the features of the great
ll^bcedonkn conqueror, and that may be irue; but the earliest assured portrait on
Greek coins is that of Alexander on the coins of one of his successor, Lyshnachus,
khig of Thrace (B. C. 323-281). Thereafter portraits of the kings are usual on the
coins, and they are faithful, often artistically powerful, representations. For example

AAA*

99. AV. Stater, of L^machus, hing of Thrace. Obv. Head of
Alexander tiie Great. Rev. Pallas seated, bearing Nike (Victory)
in extended right hand.

87. AR. Tetradrachm, of Rovfum Province of Macedon, After
B. C. 146. Ojv. Head of Alexander the Great. Rev. Tnaignift
of a Roman Quaestor.

41. AR. 16 Litiae, of PMUatis, wife of Hieron of Syraevae (B, C,

275-216). Ohv. Veiled head of the queen. Rev. Quadriga.

See also the Seleadd kings of Syria, No. 227 and foUowing; the Parthian kings, No.
276 and following; and the kings of Bactria, who are known almost solely from their
coins.

822a. AV. Octodrachm, of Ptolenai II (B. C. 285-247). Obv.
Heads of Philadelphus and Aisinoe 11. Rev. Heads of Soter and
Berenice I.

823. AV. Octodrachm, of ArHnoe II, Ohv, Head of the queen.
Rev, Double comucopiae.

COINS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST.

While the artistic qualitv of the Greek coins has never been equaled in subsequent
coinages, yet the hi^oricai interest of the Greek series is hardly second to any. A
few examples will illustrate the historical value of these early coinages:

SYRACUSE.

40a. Silver Stater with the well-known types of the Corinthian
silver coins; issued by Timoleon of Corinth, who was summoned by
the people of Syracuse to free them from their tyrants. ,

MACEDON.

76a. A Tetradrachm struck by Demetrius Poliorcetes with types
commemorating the naval victory gained by him over Ptolemy off
Cyprus in B. C. 306. The Victory on the prow represents the
famous Victory of Samothrace now m the Louvre.

Nos. 76b and 76c, with the splendid standing figure of Poseidon,
commemorate the same victory. ***

60 and 51. Gold Stater and silver Tetradrachm of Philip II.
The gold coins of Philip were the first important gold coinage in
Europe. The two-horse chariot on the gold piece and the rider on
the silver piece commemorate victories of the King's horses in the
Olympian Games.

Nos. 819 and 821 illustrate the transition from the world empire of
Alexander the Great to the several kingdoms that were built upon
the ruins of that empire. The Alexander type — ^head of Heracles
in lion's skin — ^is on the obverse of No. 319, on the reverse Athena
and the signet of Ptolemy, Alexander's governor of Egypt; the
name, too, of Alexander is on the coin. No. 321 has the head of
Ptolemy; and the signet of the former coin, an eagle on thunderbolt,
has become the full type; and the coin bears the name of ''Ptolemy
King."

JUDAEA.

266. Silver Shekel of Judaea, issued by the high priest, Simon

Maccabaeus (B. C. 139-135). Obv. ''Shehe of Israel" a chalice;

above, **year 2." Rev. ** Jerusalem the Holy" lily with three

flowers.

This was the first coinage by the Jews, the shekel of gold or of silver mentioned
in the earlier scriptures having reference to a weight of metal, and not to coins: yet
forei^ coins, as the Persian gold Daric (No. 298), often were used for payment, but
were passed by weight and not by tale.

B. ITAI.T.
1. Centrax Italy.

l^9Btkm2.}

No0. 1 to 5 are heavy bionze coins iasued in Central Italy, but
flince they bear no insciiptions the exact places of origin are only
conjectural.

No. 1. Triens. Thunderbolt and marks of value: o o o o i. e.,
four undae. Rev, Dolptiin. and marks of value. The Triens
was equal to } of the a», which was the unit.

2. ROMB.

I8eetiaii2j

Rome began to ooin mousy about B. C. 338, soon after tha conqtiest of Antiuin,
and the naval v^Uscj m that war may be oommeinwated by the prow on all denoininftr>
tlons of the early bronze ooins. Before that time the Romans had used foreign eold
and sUver money, and shapeless lumps of bronxe, which of course were pa^ea by
weight. The earnest oomage was <^ bronze only, and the denominaaons were
the 09, which weighed a pound (Oscan) of 12 ounces (uncia) and its subdivisions,
which are jgtven in the table below, m tba newly conquered Campania a mmt
was established at Capua for the comage of silver and bronze. A little later the
Capuan mint undertool: an experiment with a bronze coinage of high denomina^
tfon and abnormal form, issuing pieces of the value of six onet tn the shape of oblong
quadrilateral bars. These were not neeeatitM piecet like the enormous Swedish
copper pUUe monejf of more recent times, but rather a case of bad Judgment regarding
the requirements of a circulating medium.

In B. C. 268 silver was first coined in the mint at Rome; and in B. C. 49, during
the iAYii war, the first gold was coined at Rome by Julius Caesar. Before that time
gold only had been used lor military oomages by generals In the field to meet the
expenses of their campai^is. In fact Caesar's enormous gold coinage in the year
49 was in the nature of a military oomage, but its ultimate effect was to establish

Sid in the regular civil coinage of the country. The last important metal to be
troduoed into the Roman comage was brass, the orichaleum of the ancients. It
was first used in the military ooint^ of the provinces and introduced into the State
coinage in B. C. 15. The large imperial satatnu and dupondiiu were struck in this

The coinage of the repablic was under the direction of the senate exercised regularly
through the official TreavM moneUdes, briefly designated IIiyiRI. A. A. A. F. F.,
i. e.f TriumvM auro argerUo acre flando feriundo, or Triumvii^ in charge of refining
and striking gold, silver, and bronze. But other officials also struck coins, chiefly by
special authority of the senate, as the aediles. consuls, censors, praetors, and dictators.

DenominatUmt.—'Many changes took place in the monetary system of Rome
between its inoeption in B. C. 338 and the reform introduced by Augustus in B. C.
15. These changes were due to repeated reductions in the size and value of the bronze
coins and to the introduction of a silver coinage in B. C. 268 with the consequent
adjustments and readjustments of the relative values between bronze and suver.
The foUowmg tables show the most important systems in use at different periods
of the republio:

B. 068 to iBi7-<k>ntinaed.

Bronze:

All the denominations of the previous
period were continued, though
greatly reduced in size and value,
and, in addition, large 2, 3, and 10
08 pieces were issued, and also
half and quarter undo pieces.
The silver and smaller bronze
were struck.

B.C. 88810 289,

AS (unit)— 12 unciss (ounces) or i pound.
Semis (ball)— 6 unclse.
Quadrans (quarter)— 4 unclsB.
Triens (thh-d)— 3 uncise.
Sextans (sixth)— 2 unclse.
Uncia— 1 uncia.

For types and marks of value see
below.

B. €.268 to 817.

Silver:

Denarius— 10 asses.
Qumanus— 5 asses.
Sestertius— 2^ asses.

B. C.217tol6.

Denarius— 16 asses.
Victoriatus— 12 asses.
Quinarlus— 8 asses.
Sestertius— 4 asses.

Tbe denomixiatloDs of the bronze coixis remain the same as in the preyioos period,
but not all the denominations of either metal were struck throughout this period.
Thus the vietoriatut was struck fjrom fi. C. 229 to 172 when it was discontinued; the
issue of tue munariut was suspended from about 217 to 102, when the issue was
resumed; and the aesterthu was not struck from 217 to 88 fi. C. when it was issued
again In small quantities for about three years. The gold ooin. nummua aureus ^
struck first in B. C. 49, was equivalent to 100 sestereea or 25 denarii.

Types.— The reverses of all the six denominations of the oriehial bronze coinage
bear a prow, a type that may allude to the capture of Antium, for the beaks (rostra)
of the Antiate warships were brought to Rome in B. G. 338 and used to ornament
the speakers' platform in the forum. About that same year the coinage was estab:

Heads of divinities are found on the obverses; thus the head of Janus, the god of
beginnings, is always on the as, the unit of the coinage: the semia (mark of vame, 8)
bears the head of Jupiter; the triens ( e e e e ), head of Minerva; fuadrans ( o o e )
Hercules; sextans ( • o ), Mercury; and uneia ( e ), Roma. The silver coins had at
first the head of Roma on obverse and on reverse tne Dioscuri on horseback. In the
earlv port of the second century B. C. the monotony of the old Dioscuri ^pe was
broKon by the tatroduction of Victory or Diana in a bijra on some of the issues; and soon
thereafter other divinities, as Juno, BCais, and ApoDo, in the biga or the quadriJEa,
appeared. In the early part of the second century the moneyers were accorded the
ngkt, or were required, to place their names on the coins; and in the latter part of
the same century the moneyers received the right to select the types for their respective
issues, and the types, more particularly the reverses, from that time on frequently
represent historical events with which ancestors of the moneyer had to do. Later,
corUemporarif events are represented.

Romano-Gampanian Coins.

1. AR. Didrachm. Bearded and helmeted head of Mars to left.
Rev, Horse's head r.; on truncation, label inscribed ROMANO.

8. AR. Didrachm. Hea^ of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet.
Rev. Victory naked to hips, standing and attaching wreath to
palm branch; behind, ROMANO.

5. AR. t)idrachm. Beardless head of Janus. Rev, Jupiter in
(^^uadriga driven by Victory, hurling thunderbolt; below, ROMA
(incuse).

6. AH. Drachm. Similar types to 5.

The Mint at Rome.

bronze coins only.

B. C. 3S8 to 269,

1. AE. Ab. Head of Janus. Rev, On a raised disc, a prow to
right; above, mark of value, I.

SILVER AND BRONZE COINAGE.

B. C. 268 to 217.

7. AR. Denarius. Head of Roma, wearing winged helmet;
behind, mark of value X (=10 asses). Rev, The Dioscuri on horse-
back; below, ROMA on tablet.

8. AR. Sestertius. Types similar to preceding, but mark of
vsJue, IIS (=2J asses).

9 and 188. AE. Uncia and Semuncia, respectively.

B, C, 217 to 172.

18. AR. VictoriatuB. Head of Jupiter to right, laureate. Rev,
Victory standing to right, placing wreath on a trophy.

B. C, 172 to 151,

19. AR. Denarius. Head of Koma to right, wearing helmet.
Rev. Victory naked to the hips in biga; below, name of moneyer,
SAFRA (Spurius Afra).

B. C. 150 to 125.

29. AR. Denarius. Head of Roma. Rev. The Dioscuri; moneyer,
P. PAETVS.

Nos. 30, 35, and 39 are the earliest examples of types that
celebrate events in the history of the moneyer 's feuniiy. Such
types became common later.

80. Ditto. Head of Roma. Reo. Juno Caprotina in biga of
goats; moneyer, C. RENius. The family of Ilenius came from
Lanuvium, where Juno Caprotina was specially worshiped.

82. Ditto. Head of Roma; behind, XVl (=16 asses). Rev. Vic-
tory in fast quadriga. Moneyer, C. VAL. C. F. — FLAG., Cuius
ValeniLSy Caii filiuSy Flaccus. This is the earliest known instance
of the mark of value XVI instead of X on the denarius. Its value
was changed in B. C. 217.

86. Ditto. Head of Roma. Rev. The ro^ shepherd Faustulus
discovering the wolf suckling the twins, Romulus and Remus.
Moneyer, Sextus Pompeius Fostlus, who claimed descent from the
ancient ^epherd.

89. Ditto. Head of Roma; behind^ ROMA. Rev. Ionic column
surmounted by statue of L. Minucius Augurinus; at sides togated
figures; moneyer, C. AVG (urinus). The reverse type of No. 39
probably represents the monument erected in honor of that ancestor
of the moneyer, who during the famine in B. 0. 439 managed, as
prefect of the grain market, to reduce the price of wheat.

B. C. 102 to 92.

63. AR. Quinarius. Head of Jupiter, laureate, to right. Rev.
Victory standing to ri^ht, placing wreath on a trophy, supported by
a seated captive, behmd whom is a Gaulish trumpet* m exergue,
Q(uinarius). The coinage of the Quinarius, suspended, in B. C. 217,
wa,s revived in B. C. 101, with types similar to those of the earlier
Victoriatus.

66. AR. Denarius. Bearded head of Saturn r.; around, PISO.
CAEPIO. Q {Qvaestores). Rev. Caepio and Piso, the quaestors,
seated upon a suhsellium, official seat; at each end, head of wheat.
In exergue, AD. FRV. EMV. EX. S. C. i. e. " (Struck) by decree
of the senate for the purchase of grain."

A special coinage authorized to purchase wheat that should be sold
to the people at 5/6 of an as per mmius.

68. Ditto. Serrated edge — a practice probably borrowed from
Carthage; reason for it unexplained.

B. C. 91 to 89.

These ooios were struck dartug the Social War, and some of them were special issues
from metal taken from the reserve buiUon in the national treasury, aerarium, as for
examples:

76. AR. Denarius. Behind head of Roma, PV (^publice), and
76 ARG. PVB. {argento piiblico), i. e. "out of state silver funds."

Such special issues were of frequent occurrence down to the outbreak of the Civil
War; thus issues by decree of the senate— EX 8(enatus) CionauUo), or simply S. C—
are found for the years B. C. 87-84, 82-79, 76-74, 72, and 60-62, and often by others
than the regular moneyers as the Curule Aediles in B. C. 86, 84, and 60.

B, C. 78.

Special coinage of denarii for the various ^[ames issued by the
moneyer, Marcus Volteius, M. VOLTEI. M(arci). F(ilius).

119. Roman games (Ivdi Romani) Head of Jupiter. Rev, Doric
temple of Jupiter Gapitolinus.

120.^ Plebeian gam^s {Ivdi Pleheix) Head of Hercules with lion's
skin tied beneatn chin.

121. Cerealian gam£8 (ludi Cereales) in honor of Ceres, Liber, and
Libera. Head of Liber (Bacchus), crowned with ivy. Rev. Ceres
in chariot drawn by two serpents.

B. C. 71.

136. AR. Denarius. Head of god of Good Fortune to right;
before, B0N(u8). EVENT(us); behind, LIBO, i. e.,the moneyer,
Lucius Scribonius Libo. Rev. A well-head, ornamented with coin-
ers' anvil; above, PVTEAL.; below, SCRIBON. {Puteal Scribimir
anuTn),

B. a 59.

146. AR. Denarius. LIBERTAS. Head of goddess of liberty.
Rev. BRVTVS. The consul, Lucius Junius Brutus, walking between
two lictors, and preceded by an accensus. This was the Brutus who
banished the kings from Rome, B. C. 509. The moneyer, Marcus
Junius Brutus, was one of the assassins of Julius Caesar.

B. C. 58.

148. AR. Denarius. M. SCAyR(us). King Aretas kneeling be-
side his camel and extending olive-branch to his conqueror, Scaurus;
in field, EX S. C. AED. CvR(ulis). Rev. Jupiter in quadriga 1.;
above and below, P. HYPSAEVS AED(ilis) (5VR(ulis), C. HYP-
SAE(us) COS. PREIVER(num) CAPT(um).

Special issues to defray expenses of games given by Scaurus as
aedile in 58, and the first Roman coin types referring to events in
the life of the moneyer.

B. C. 49 to 44 (the Civil War and ascendency of Caesar.)

161. AR. Denarius. Head of Mars. Rev. Two Gallic trumpets,
crossed; in angles, two shields, and the name of the moneyer,
ALBINVS BRVTI. F. The Gallic trumpets on this coin refer to
Caesar's campaigns in Gaul. The moneyer is Decimua Junius
Brutus, later one of Caesar's assassins.

166. Denarius. Head of Vercingetorix^ the Gaulish chief con-
quered by Caesar. Rev. Naked warrior m ^t biga; moneyer, L.
HOSTILIVS. SASERN(a).

168. Denarius. Head of Pietas r. wearing wreath of oak-leaves;
behind, LII(=52, Caesar's age). Rev. Trophy of Gallic arms; in
field, ax, and CAE-SAR. Struck in Rome immediately after Cae-
sar's arrival there following flight of Pompey.

The Triumph of Caesar in B. C. 4S.

171. Denarius. Head of Triumphus- below, TRIVMPVS.

172. Ditto. Rev. Hercules Tnumpnalis walking to right.

B, C 4S,

176. Ditto. Head of Juno Moneta; behind, MONETA. Rev.
Coining implements: anvil, hammer, and tcngs; above, coining die
(or cap of Vulcan?).

B. C. 44 — Caesar, Perpetual Dictator.

180. Ditto. Laureate head of Julius Caesar; around, CAESAR —
DICT(ator). PERPETVO. Rev. Venus standing, holding a Vic-
tory on right hand and leaning with 1. on scepter.

B. C. 4S — Pea4X under First Triumvirate.

184. Ditto. Head of Julius Caesar, laureate, to right. Rev. Pax
(Peace), holding caducous and leaning on scepter; moneyer,
L. FLAMINIVS IIII.VIR.

B. C. S6 — Beginnings of the Empire.

196. Ditto. Head of Pax. iJcw. CAESAR DI VI F(ilius). Octa-
vius in military dress advancing to left.'

B. C. 29-27 — Triumph at Rome; Title of Imperator.

198. Ditto. Victory standing on a prow. Rev. IMP(erator)
CAESAR. Octavius in triumphal car^ drawn by four horses.

199. Ditto. Head of Octavius to right. Rev. Triumphal arch,
surmounted by a quadriga bearing Octavius; on frieze of arch,
IMP. CAESAR.

GoiNAOE OF Italy, OuTsroB op Rome.

When Rome Introduced a silver coinage in B. C. 268, and at the same time reformed
the bronze coinage and made it more suitable for commercial purposes, the numer-
oos local mints in southern Italv with few exceptions were closed. Thus it fell to
the Roman mint to provide all the silver and nearlv all the bronze money for the
entire country, a burden that soon proved too great, especially in times requiring
large sappUes of money, as durtng the wo Punic wars and the Social War jso that locu
or really branch mints were estabUshed in various south Italian cities. These mints
supplied chiefly the money needed in thp military operations attending the extension
of the Roman swav over the States of Italy. Another military coinage in Italy was
more closely assoc&ted with operations of the army, being considerable during the
Second Punic War and very extensive during the Social War. At the close oi the
Social War (B. C. 92-89) all the local mints throughout Italy were closed.

This Italian coinage was alwajrs closely related to that or the mint at Rome. The
head of Roma is found on the Denarius until the period of the Social War, when it is
almost supplanted by heads and busts of numerous gods and goddesses, as well as
of histcHlcai personages.

Coinage op the Allies During the Social War, B. C. 91-38.

In 91 B. C. the vaiions States of Italy formed a confederation and undertook to
set np an independent government in which all burgesses should have all the rights
of citizens, Ti^pta which had been denied them by Rome and for which the revolt
was orgazijzed. The capital of the confederation was established at the city of Cor-
flnium, whose name was changed to Italia, During the three years' struggle between
the revolting States and Rome there were several issues of denarii f chiefly military,
but probably also from a State mint at Italia and also from a number of local city
mints. These coins were stiiick on the same standard as the Roman, and the
legends are in Latin and Oscan.

249. AR. Obv. Laureated head of Italia (the city) to left; be-
hind, ITALIA (in Oscan) (reading downward and retrograde.
Rev, A warrior standing, his right hand resting on a spear with
point downwards on ground; he looks to right toward a recumbent
DuU; in exergue, letter >(C).

Militart Coinages in the Provinces.

A. SICILY.

Dming the Civil War (B. C. 49 to 36) there were several issues of military coinages
In Sicily by commanders of both factions in turns, but chiefly by Sextus Fompey.

266. AR. Denarius. Head of Pompey the Great; in front,
trident; below, NEPTUNI ("Son of Neptune,'' a title of Sextus
Pompey). Rev, Galley moving to' left; below, Q. NASIDIVS, a
naval commander of the Pompeian party.

B. SPAIN.

Military coinages in Spain were struck during the war with Sertorius, B. C. 82-72;
and .during the civil wars of B. G. 49 and B. C. 46-44.

(a) The Sertorian War {B, C. 82-72),

267. Denarius. Bust of Anna Perenna to right: around, C. ANNI.
T(iti). F(iliu8). T. N(ei)os). PRO. COS. EX. S(enatus) C^nsulto).
Rev, Victory in quadriga; id exergue, L. FAB(ins) L. F. HISP
(aniae)-<}^uaeetor) .

250. Ditto. Bust of Genius of the Roman People, with portrait
of Sulla(?); above, G. P. R. {—Genius Populi Romani). Rev,
Globe between rudder and scepter, the last two being emblems of
Fortuna.

(b) War between Caesar and Pompey the Great (B, C, 49).

260. Ditto. Bust of Jupiter Terminalis. Rev. Scepter between
eagle (= legions) and dolphin (= fleet). The type refers to the nec-
essary cooperation of the two forces.

Denarii and bronze asses of Sextus Pompeius Magnus.

{d) The Cantabrian War of Augv^tus (B. C. iS-ti).

266. Denarius. Head of Augustus. Rev. A double gateway;
above gate. EMERITA; around, P CARISIVS LEG PRO Pit
(Propraetor). Relating to founding of city of Emerita for soldiers of
V and VII legions whose terms of enlistment had expired {emeritus).

QAUL.

The Roman coinages in Oaul were chiefly those of Valerius Flaccus as propraetoi
in B. C. 82: of Caesar just followhig his Gallic campaigns; and during the Civil War
the issues by Antony and Octavius.

(a) C. Valerius Flaccus, Propraetor.

266. Denarius. . Bust of Victory. Rev. Legionary eagle between
two standards; EX. S. 0. {Ex senatus consulto),

(6) By Julius Caesar {B. C. 50-49).

267. Denarius. Elephant {Caesar) trampling on a dragon {Gallia);
in exergue, CAESAR. Rev. Pontifical emblems: ax, sprinkler,
and jug.

268. Denarius. Head of Octavius; around, C. CAESAR. COS.
PONT(ifex). AVG(ur). Rev. Laureate head of Julius Caesar to
right; around, C. CAESAR. DICT(ator) PERP(etuo) PONT. MAX.
Struck in honor of Julius Caesar.

271. Ditto. Draped bust of Mars, with crested helmet; around,
CAESAR III VIR R. P. C. {rei jmblicae cfmstUuendae). Rev.
Trophy surmounted by legionary eagle; in field, S. C.

272. AE. Sestertius. Bare head of Octavius: CAESAR-DIVI F.
Rev. Deified head of JuUus Caesar: DIVOS-IVLIVS. One of the
early brass coins, a metal later coined at Rome.

276. AV. Aureus. Bare head of Augustus to right; around,
AVGVSTVS DIVI F. Rev, Apollo performing on lyre; in field,
IMP(erator). X.; in exe^ue, ACT(ium). Commemorates the Battle
of Actium, Sept. 23, 31 B. C.

THE ORIENT.

The flist Roman coinage in the East was that issaed by the financial ofBcers ol
Sulla for the Mithradatic wars, B. C. 82-81, followed 20 years later by the gold coinage
of Pompey in the war against the pirates, and finally in large quantities during the
dvil wars. The types of this eastern ooinaee are particularly interesting for the
portratts of many prominent personages, as Sulla, Lucius and Marcus Junius Brutus,
Lucius and Marcus Antony, Octavius and Octavia, Labienus, and Cleopatra, as
well as alleged portraits of other Idstorical personages.

(o) Sulla* 8 Triumph over MUharadates (B. C.81),

278. Denarius. Head of Roma; around, L. MANLI(ub^-PRO-
Q(uaestor). Rev, Sulla in triumphal car; above, flying Victory;
in exergue, L. SVLLA. IM(perator}.

(6) Following Battle ofPharsalus (B. C. 48).

281. Denarius. Head of Venus. Rev. Aeneas naked) walking
to left, carrying Palladium of Troy and his father Anchises. The
types refer to Caesar's claim of a Trojan origin for his family.

282. Denarius. Ceres. Rev. Tripod; sacrificial implements.
282a. Ditto. LIBERTAS Head of Libertas to right. Rev.

CAEPIO. BRVTVS. PRO. CO(n)S(ule) Lyre between plectrum and
laurel-branch. Struck in Greece.

283. Ditto. Apollo. Rev. Trophy; BRVTVS IMP.

284. Ditto. Head of Neptune; CASCA-LONGVS. Rev. BRVTVS-
IMP. Victory with palm on left shoulder, holding broken diadem;
at feet, broken scepter.

(d) Coins of Mark Antony j as Member of Triumvirate (B. C. 41 1 and

S8-^).

285. Denarius. Head of Antony. Rev. Head of Octavius.

286. AR. '^Cistophoric Medallion," B. C. 39, referring to marriaG;e
of Antony and Octavia. Head of Antony, wearing ivy wreath;
around, M. ANTONIVS. IMP. COS. DESIG. ITER. ET. TERT.
Rev. Between two serpents a cista mystica surmounted by bust of
Octavia; at sides, III. VIR. — R(ei). P^ublicae). C(onstituendae).

287. Ditto. Same l^endj heads of Antony and Octavia, con-
joined, to right. Rev. Similar to preceding, but Bacchus stajiding
upon the cista.

288. Ditto. Antony as augur, standing r. Rev. Head of Sol.

289. Denarii. Galley. Rev. Military standards. Struck when
preparing for tiie final struggle with Augustus, the battle of Actium.

290. Denarius. Head of Octavius. Rev, Pax holding olive
branch and comucopiae; around, CAESAR DIVI. F(iliu8).

291. Quinarius. Head of Octavius. Reo. ASIA RECEPTA
Victory holdine; wreath and pabn-branch, standing on cista mvstica.

292. ^'Cistopnorus," medailic piece of B. C. 28. Laureated head
of Octavius, tne "Vindicator of the Liberty of the Roman People,"
LIBERTATIS P. R. VINDEX. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, Pax
standing, and a cista surmounted by serpents.

AFRICA.

The Roman coinage in Africa in Hepublican times was issued by the Caesarian
and Pomi)eian parties to the civil conflict and in the years B. C. 47-^.

(a) The PompeianSy Scipio and Cato (B. C. 47-46).

299. Denarius. Head of Jupiter; around, Q. METEL(lus)
PIVS. Rev. African elephant; SCIPIO-IMP.

(6) Julius Caesar, after Battle of Thapsus (B. C. 4§)'

807. Denarius. Head of Ceres; around, DICT. ITER-COS.
TERT. Rev. Emblems of the pontificate and augurship; PONT
(ifex) MAX (imus>;-AVGVR; in field, D(onativum) i. e. struck for
a largess to the soldiers.

815. Denarius. LEPIDVS. PONT. MAX. III. VIR. R. P. C.
Head of Lepidus. Rev. Head of Octavius; around, CAESAR.
IMP. III. VIR. R. P. C.

THE ROMAN EMPIRE (b. C. 27).

[Section 2, lower case.]
The coinage of the Roman Empire is virtually a continuation of the coinage which
stress of circumstances and the assertiveness of partisans and party leaderB had
brought forth during the civil wars that put an end to the Republic and ushered in
the monarchy. Thus, iMrtraiture of living nersonages, which first appeared on
Roman coins in those years of confusion (B. C. 44), became a regular feature of the
imperial coins; the practice of commemorating contemporary events on the reverses
of the civil war coinages was greatly extended m imperial times, the coins of Hadrian
bearing record of numerous imperfal journeys and administrative measures; and the
monetary reform of Augustus in B. C. 15 was chiefly a legalization of certain irregular
practices of the warring parties, as the coinage of gold, and of the brass {orichaicum)
sestertius and dwpwndius, which nad appeared in the military coinages in the provinces.
Under the new arrangements of the year 15 the right to coin the precious metals
was accorded to the Emperor, while to the senate was left the authority to coin the
base metals, a power it held until the reign of Aurelian (A. D. 270-276). and which is
always indicated by the letters S. C. {seiiatus consvZto) on the brass ana bronze coins.
The gold and silver coins of the Republic and of the early years of the Empire were
of as pure metal as the refining processes of the time could produce, but in the reign
of Nero there began a debasement of the silver denarius, botn in weijght and fineness,
which in spite of several attempts at reform finally resulted in a piece that was pure
copper with only a silver wash that soon disapi)eared. The gold coins were but
slightly debased at any time throughout the long period of the Empire.

Denarius, of Augustus {B. C. 27-A. D. 14). CAESAR
AVGVSTVS Head of Augustus to right, wearing oak wreath (which
was decreed him by the senate ) . Rev . Comet of eight rays and tail ;
between rays, DiVVS-IVLIVS. The reverse type refers to the

appearance of a comet, perhaps Hallev's, over Rome in B. G. 44,
and not long aher the death of JuliuB Caesar.

AE. Sestertius, of Tiberius (A. D, 14^7). Head to left. Rev.
ROM (ae) ET AVG(iMto). An altar between two cippi, each sur-
mounted by a Victory. The worship of the emperor and (the god-
dess) Roma was established in the provinces in the lifetime of
Augustus. This may be the great altar at Lyons.

346. AR. Double-denarius, Nero. Laureated bust to right.
Rev. Temple of Janiis. closea; around, PAGE P(opuZo) 'R(oma7U))
VBIQ(tie) f ARTA lANVM GLVSIT.— "Peace everywhere secured
for the Roman people (the emperor) closed the temple of Janus.''

844. AE. AS. Similar to last.

886a. AE. Sestertius, of Vespasian. Bust laureate to ri^ht.
Rev. Captive Judaea seated r. beneath a palm tree, and guarded by
a Roman soldier standing on left of tree; around, IVDAEA GAPTA.

426. AV. Aureus, of Plotina, wife of Trajan. PLOTINA AVG.
TRAIANI. Bust, diademate, to right. Rev. Vesta seated left.

428. AV. Aureus, of Plotina and Matidia, sister of Trajan.
Similar to last. Rev. MATIDIAE. Bust diademate, r. The
wife, mother, sisters, and daughters of an emperor received the title
avLgusta and often coins were struck in their honor.

489. As. Hadrian. Laureated head to right. Rev. HIS-
PANIA. Female figure, Spain, reclining left.

445. Denarius, of same. Rev. Hadrian lifting up kneeling Spain.

446. Ditto. Rev. RESTITVTORI HISPAlftAE. Hadrian
standing to right.

C!oin tsrpes referring to Hadrian's Journeys in the provinces are numerous. Also
pezBoniflcations of the provinces are frequent. The monetary reforms of Ctuttcalla
Introduoed the new denominations:

586. Antoninianus, of Julia Domria, Mother of Garacalla. Bust
diademate to left in a crescent. Rev. VENVS GENETRIX.
Venus seated.

589. Antoninianus, of Caracalla (A. D. £11"£17). Radiate bust
to r. Rev. Jupiter, nude, seated r.

The Monetary reforms of Diocletian (284-305) brought in the new denominations:

709. AR. Miliarensis. Laureated head r. Rev. VIRTVS
MILIT(t*m). Four soldiers sacrificing at a tripod.

718. AE. FoUis, of Maximian (A. D.) 286-305). Bust r. Rev.
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Female figure with turret crown.

722. AV. Solidus, of Consiantine the Great. Diademed head r.
Rev. IGVI CONSERVATORI AVG. Jupiter standing 1.

748. AV. Solidus, of Julian the Apostate {S60-S6S). Draped
bust r. Rev. Julian walking to right.

THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE.

, ^ , , [Section 3, lower case.]

One of the features that soon marked the types of the Byzantine coina was the

representation of Christian emblems and also of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The

coinage is further interesting because of its faithful reflection of Byzantine art, and

for cmatn peculiar fabrics, such as the cup or sauoerlike pieoes, No. 831.

7M. AY. Solidufi, of Anastasitu (A. 2>. 491-518). DN (dominus
noeter) ANASTASIVS P. P. (perpetuus) AVG(u8tu8). Beardless
bust to right. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG(ustorum). Victory hold-
ing croes suimounted by Ghrifitian monognun.

788. A£. 40 Nummia, of same. Rev, Laige letter M (40), the
mark of value; at sides, stars, above, cross.

816. AV. SoUduB. of Mickad III (842-867). Crowned bust fac-
ing. Rev. Itaped oust of Christ, facing. €k)mpare also, No. 823.
bust of Christ dicing; 825. the Viigin nimbate standing by crowned
bust of the Emperor; and the Nomisma, No. 829, with Christ seated
on throne.

831. AV. Nomisma, of Nieephorus III (1078-1081). A nummus
9cyphatus or cup-shaped coin. Crowned bust. Rev. Christ, nim-
bate, seated.

EUBOPE.

GBEAT BRITAIN.

•

[Section 4.

The first coinage in the British Isles took place early in the first century B. C,
and consisted of a rude imitation of coins cix^ulating m Gaul, which were in turn
descended through a succession of barbarous imitations from the widely used coins
of Philip II of Maoedon. After Roman conquests were made in the islands of course
Roman coins came into use, and In the reien of Carausius (A. D. 287-293) over Britain
and part of Qaul, mints were established at London and Colchester. No Roman
coins were struck in the islands later than A. D. 388, but Roman coins, struck else-
where, were undoubtedly used until the Anglo-Saxons struck coins, about A. D. 575.

The coins of the Anglo-Saxons, chiefly silver Bceattaa, followed very closely the
model of the gold coinage of the Merovingian kings of France. After the reform of
the French coinage by Pepin (A. D. 752-768), Offa, King of Mercia (A. D. 757-795),
soon replaced the sceat with the penny y the notion for which was taken from the
denier of the new French coinage system. This beginnine led ultimately to the
adoption of the entire Garlovlnaan system in England. Tnat system consisted of
a libra (pound)— 20 solid! (shillings;" 12 denarii (pennies). During the Roman
and Saxon periods, no coins were struck in Scotland or Ireland. The first coins
struck in Ireland were from the mints of the Norse kings at Dublin.

The coinage of gold was introduced in England by Edward III, A. D. 1327-1377.
which was nearly a century after the restoration of gold on the Continent (1252;
and the vain attempt of Henry III to coin gold in 1257. The first gold coins were tiie

IBAT (But He passing through the midst of them went His way),which was then
used as a charm against thieves. Subsequently many other gold denominations were
added, as the angel, with the typje of Jiichael slaymg the dragon, used as a Umch-
piece for the cure of the king's evil; the naU the sovereign of 30 snlllings; the unite
or laurel, Intended for circulation in both England and Scotland; the guiiua, which
was so named because largely produced from gold supplied by the Guinea or African
Trading Co.; and in the reign of Gecrge III the new sovereigrh of 20 shillings.

Besides the royal coinage there was the coinage of the Commonwealth and of Crom-
well, and the numerous issues of necessity and siege pieces, chiefly during the civil wars,
164^-1660.

In the thirteenth century a small silver coin was issued that became known as the
sterling f a term of much-debated oiigin. Issued at a time when the silver coinage of
Euroiw was generally debased, its superior standard gained for it a wide acceptance
and so wide an imitation that it became in effect an international coinage. The
types of the coin were a facing head and a long cross with three annulets or stars in the
angloL In commerce the sterlings passed by the pound, whether by tale or weight
is not certain, and the popular name of those excellent coins still survives as an ex-
pression of standard in the term ''pounds sterling. "

1. Early bronze, an imitation of a Gallic bronze piece. Head:
Horse.

2. Sceatta, of Mercia. Head to right: T o T, etc., in square.

8. AR. Penny, of Aethelbearht (856S66)y king of Wessex. Head
right: DVDVINE MONETA between arms of cross.

4. AR. Penny, of Alfred the Great (872-901 .)+ELF'REJ) REX.
Short cross. Rev. Name of moneyer.

89862"— 13 3 (31)

6. AR. Penny, of Eadred (946-955), EADRED REX small
cross — ^HVNR/x x x/ED MO pellets above and below.

6. AR. Penny, of Cnut (1016-10S5). CNVT REX ANGLOR.
Bust to left. Reo. -ALPINE ON LVND (Aelfwine of London)
Long voided cross.

7. AR. Penny, of WUliam I or 11, 1066 » the Conqueror or sod.
Facing bust, crowned — Cross. The types of the coins of William I
were continued on the coins of his son.

18. AR. Penny, of Henry III {1216-1^2). Facing head— CANT.
Short cross.

14. Penny, of the same, with a long cross. The arms of the cross
were lengthened at this time, and made to extend to the edge of the
coin, a device which incidentally prevented clipping.

19 a-b. Halfpenny, and farthing, of Edward tl {1307-1327), pro-
duced by cutting pennies into halves and quarters respectively.
In this common practice the "long cross" mentioned imder No. 14
also served for guiding the shears.

20. Quarter noble, gold, of Edward III {1327-1376), Shield of
arm&— EXALTABITVR IN GLORIA Cross. The first successful
issue of gold coins in England was made by this monarch in 1343.
Henry III had tried to introduce a "gold penny" in 1257, but the
issue proved unpopular and the i>roject was abandoned.

21. AR. Groat (London). Facing bust, crowned. Rev. Long
cross, with pellets in angles. In this reign occurred the first issue
of ttie Groat (1361), the coin corresponding to the Groa Toumois of
France, and the Groschen of Germany.

22. AV. Royal d*or, of Edward the Black Prince {1362-1376). . The
prince standing facing — Cross. Struck in France.

84. AV. Sovereign, of Henry VIII {1509-1553). The king seated—
Crowned arms.

44. AR. ShxIlxDgfOtPhilipaTid Mary {1554^1558). Buatams-h-vis—
Oval arms of England and Spain.

45. AV. Sovereign, of Elizabeth {1558-1603); value, 30 shillings.
Queen crowned, seated — Shield of arms.

62. AV. Laurel, of James I {1603-1625); value, 20 shillings.
Bust with laurel wreath on head — Crowned arms.

63. AV. 5 shillings, of Charles I {1625-1649). Crowned bust-
Crowned arms.

64. AR. Pound, 1642, of same. Necessity piece coined at Oxford
from the silver plate of the universities. The king mounted on horse-
On a scroll, RELIG. PROT. LEG./ANG. LIBER. PAR., being
an allusion to his declaration to ^^ protect the protestant religion,
laws and liberties of his subjects, and privil^es of parliament,

67. Al. Shilling, 1645; Siege piece of Newark; struck to meet
the urgent demand for money when the city was besieged by the
parliamentary army during the Civil War.

72. iR. Half-crown, 1654, of the Commonwealth. THE COM-
MONWEALTH OF ENGLAN Shield bearing cross of St. George.
Rev. GOD WITH VS. Two shields.

74. iR. Broad, 1656, of Cromwell. Laureated bust of the Pro-
tector to left. Rev. Arms of Protectorate crowned.

79. JR. Guinea, 1667, of Charles II (1660-1685). The "guinea"
derives its name from the fact that the gold of which it was coined
came from Guinea in Africa, whence it was brought by the AMcan
company.

MiUed coins. — Until the second year of Charles II, l^e coins of England were struck
by means of a hammer, and the planchets or blanks were cut out with shears.

In 1662 a contract was made with Peter Blondeau to erect and operate the newly
invented coining machinery in the Tower mint, and from that time the coins were
<< milled " instead of hammered. \lso a machine nunch supplanted the shears as a
means of shaping the planchets. The " Mill and screw" had been used for a short
time in the reign of EQzabeth, but had to be abandoned.

87-89. M. Groat, Threepence and Twopence; Maundy Money.
A part of His Majesty's Royal Maundy gifts which are distributed
on Maund}^ Thursday by the lord hi^h almoner, and consists of a pay-
ment, in silver coins of the denommations of 4, 3, 2. and 1 pence
pieces, of as many pence as the sovereign is years oi age to a like
number of persons of both sexes, over 60 years old, who have at some
time given employment to others and have paid rates and taxes.

93. AV. "Touch-piece," undated, of James II (1685-1688). Obv.
A ship sailing left. Rev. SOLI. DEO. GLORIA. St. Michael
slaying the (fragon. Pierced. The practice of "touching" for
the cure of scrofiuous diseases dates from Edward the Confessor; and
was kept up by his successors, with the exception of William and
Mary, until the accession of the House of Brunswick. After the
ceremony of "touching " agold coin, usually the Angel, was suspended
about the neck of the afflicted person.

100. Crown, brass, 1690. Necessity piece, coined in Ireland from
brass and copper implements and from brass cannon; from which
the name "Gun money."

101. AR. Crown, of Anne (A. D, 1702-1714). Beneath the bust,
VIGO, because made from silver captured from the Spanish in
Vigo Bay in 1702.

106. AR. Shilling, 1723, of George I {1714^1727), with SS-C in
the angles of the cross formed by the position of the shields of arms,
and designates the South Sea Co., from which the silver was derived.

130. AV. Two-guinea piece, 1748, of Getyrge II {A. D. 1727-1760).

131. AR. Shilling, 1746. Beneath the bust, LIMA, because the
silver was captured from the Spaniards by the British privateers-
men, "Duke" and "Prince Frederick"; "Lima" refers to the
mint at Lima, Peru.

142. AV. "Spade" guinea, 1787, of George III (A. D. 1760-
1820). Called the "Spade Guinea" because of the spade-shaped
shield of arms.

144. AV. Sovereign, 1818. Rev. St. George slaying the dragon.

147. AV. Seven-shillings, 1808. Bust. Rev. Crown and date.

164-166. AE. Twopence and penny, 1797. The first issue of
these denominations in copper. The twopence, which weighed 2
ounces avoirdupois, was soon discontinued as too cumbersome.

170. AV. Double-sovereign, 1826, of George IV (A. D. 1820-
18S0). The double-sovereign was first issued in this reign.

211. AR. Florin (Two shillings), 1849. Ffrst iasue of this de-
nomination. Legend on obverse, VICTORIA-REGINA 1849, the

usual Dd Oratia being omitted, hence they were popularly called
"TheGodleasFlorins^'

240 to 260. Jubilee coinage of 1887, including the double-florin
which only was issued from 1887 to 1890.

261 to 267. Jubilee coina^ of 1893.

277 to 280. Patterns of private origin.

BANK OF ENGLAND TOKENS.

281 to 282. AR. These are Spanish coins restruck before being
put into circulation to meet the urgent demand for coin after the
Bank of England had in 1797 suspended payments in cash; scarcity
of coin had caused the suspension.

BANK OF IRELAND TOKENS.

288 to 292. AR. Struck from Spanish coins, because of the depre-
ciation of the silver currency. Withdrawn in 1817.

SCOTLAND.

Upper case.

404. AR. Penny, of WiUiam the Lion (A. D, 1165-1214). Crowned
head to left; — Cross.

411. AR. Groat, silver, of Bohert II (1371-1S90). Crowned
bust *'~~*Lonfir cross

419. AR. "Sword Dollar," silver, 1570, of James VI (1567-1625).
Obv, Arms of Scotland. Rev, Crowned sword.

FRANCE.

GmUUh ooifw.— The early coins of Gaul, later France, were rude copies of Greek
coins, especially of the gold staters of Philip II of Macedon. It was chiefly a gold
coinage.

Roman ooinf.^Even before the conquest of Gaul the Roman silver denarii were
common in the country, brought thitner in laree quantities by merchants. After
the final pacification of the country, Roman coins formed its circulating medium,
and a number of imperial mints wo'e established in that province.

Merovingian eoina (A, D. 447-76g).—Th» coinage of the Frankish kings in the
territory won from the ruins of the empire in the West was almost exclusively of

f»ld. The denomination was the triens or one-third of the solidus of the Lower
mpire. The coins sddom bear the name of the king, but only of the mint master
and name of place of minting. Mints were numerous.

Carlovingian coinage.— In uie latter part of the preceding epoch »)ld began grad-
ually to give place to silver, and in the reign of Pepin the Short (A. D. 752-768) silver
became the exclusive coinage of the kingdom. The denominations were the denier
and its half, the obole, struck on a new system of 240 of the former to the pound of
silver. The closing of local mints begun by Pepin was carried much further by
Charlemagne, and finally the royal coins became the prevcJent but not the only
ones in circulation. In me reign of Eudes (A. D. 887-898) tho first baronial coinage
appeared, and in a few years the coins of the feudal barons, church authorities, and
cities, issued from hundreds of mints, almost crowded out the royal coinage.

ReforvM, and modem coinage.— TYia greed for profits among the thousanc& of irre-
sponsible coiners soon resulted in a greatly debased coinage and monetary chaos.
To remedy that condition St. Louis issued, in 1260, two new coins, a gold ecu and
a good silver coin called a grot (grossus), because it was larger than the current
denier, and gros UmmoiB, because it was first struck at the city of Tours. The new
coin was really the wlidus (shilling) of the earlier Carlovingian system. The example
was soon widely followed in the groxhen coinage of Germany, and much later oy
the groat in England. In 1513 Louis XII added a still larger silver coin, the btane,
to the series, having for obverse type the bust (teste) of the king, and so genendly

called a te^on; and under his successor. Francois I (151&-1547), French coinage
became entirely modem. In 1646 Louis xIV struck the Louis d'or, which becamo
one of the widely known pieces of the series.

Until the beginning of the seventeenth century the old process of striking with
the hammer was still employed. The efforts of Nicolas Briot (1605-1625) to replace
the shears and hammer with the mill and screw to cut the planchets and stamp
the coins proved ineffectual and he went to England to escape persecution and
find acceptance for his new devices; but the machines soon proved their efficiency,
and ki 1645 the further use of the hammer was forbidden by law.

The coinage of the Revolution (1791-1793) was specially marked by the reverse
type of the Louis d'or and the ecu. No. 76. The circulating medium of the time
was chiefly the assignats, inconvertible paper money secured by the national do-
main, which was largely taken from the clergy. In 1795 the Assembly of the Re-
pubUc introduced a new coinage with the decimal system. The unit was the/ranc,
and the system is virtually that of the Latin Monetary Union, adopted by France,
Belgium, and Italy in 1866, and to which Switzerland was admitted in 1868.

[Section 7.]

^d) Early Gaulish coins.

[b) Coins of the Merovingian kings.

1. AR. Denier, of ChaneTnagne {A, D. VOSSU)- Cross — ^Mono-
gram.

12. AR. Gros Toumois, of Louis IX (1226-1270). Crosft— Chapel.

18. AV. Pavilion d'or. Philip VI (A, 3.1328-1350). Kingseated
beneath a canopy — Cross fleury.

26. AV. Ecu a* oTSLU-poTC-e^ijOi Louis XII (1498-1515). Crowned
shield of arms, supported by two porcupines. — Ciobq with porcupines
and two L's in angles.

29. AR. Teston, of Fran^Qois I (1515-1547). downed bust r.—
Crowned shield of arms.

38. AV. Ecu d'or, of Charles Xy of the League, 1592. Obv.
CAROLVS— FR. ANCOR(um). REX Crowned arms. Rev.
CHRISTVS. REGNAT. VINCIT. ET IMPERAT Cross.

46. AV. Demi Louis d'or, 1641, of Louis XIII (1610-1643). Bust
to right. — Four pairs of LL's, crowned, in form oi cross.

47. AV. Double Louis d'or, 1710, of Louis XIV (1643-1715).
Similar to No. 45.

52. AR. Ecu Blanc, 1680, of the same.

Coinaae of the Revolution. — 76. AR. Ecu de Six Livres, I'an 4,
1792, 01 Louis XVI, as constitutional Monarch (1791-1793). Obv.
LOUIS XVI ROI DES FRANgOIS Bust of king to left. Rev.
REGNE DE LA LOI, Genius of France, inscribing upon tablet
CONSTITUTION with the scepter of reason (indicated by open
eye); at sides, fasces and cock, symbols of union and vigilance.

90. AR. 5 Francs, 1797, of FM Republic (1792-1804). UNION
ET FORCE: Hercules uniting Liberty and Equality. — In a wreath,
5 /FRANCS/ L'AN 6.

99. AV. 40 Francs, I'an 12, of the Consulate. BONAPARTE
PREMIER CONSUL Bust to left.— REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE
Value in a wreath.

104. AV. 40 Francs, I'an 13 (1804), of the First Empire. NA-
POLEON EMPEREUR Bust to lef^-(As No. 99).

106. Ditto, 1811. As preceding, but on reverse EMPIRE
FRANCAIS, which replaced the "Republique Francaise" in 1808.

First Restoration, Louis X VIII, 1814.— US. AV. 20 Francs, 1815.
LOUIS XVIII ROI DE FRANCE Bust to r.— Arms.

Return of Napoleon, '* The Hundred Days V— 121, AV. 20 Francs,
1815. NAPOLEON EMPEREUR, His laureated bust— EMPIRE
FRANCAIS Value in wreath.

The Restoration. — ^The anns of France restored on the gold and
silver coins of Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis PhiHppe.

137. AR. 5 Francs, 1831, of Henry F., the Pretender. Obv.
HENRI V ROI DE FRANCE Bust 1. Rev. Crowned arms,
value and date

The Second Reptiblic (1848-1852). —160. AV. 20 Francs, 1848.
Genius of France inscribing CONSTITUTION— LIBERTE.
EGALITE. FRATERNITE.-Talue.

The Empire Revived. — 160. AV. 100 Francs, 1855, of Napoleon
III (1862-1873).

The Third Republic, 1870.— 201. AV. 20 Francs, 1899. Bust of
The Republic— Cock. By Cha^ain.

810. AR. 2 Francs, 1902. The sower {8emeu8e).—Val\xe. By
Roty. Chaplain, Roty, and also Daniel Dupuis who engraved the
bronze coins, are three of the most eminent contemporary French
medalists.

ITALY.

[Section 6.]

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the Ostrogothic oonc[uerers governed
Italy for a little more than half a century, during which time they issued coins, first
with the obverse type of the imperial QyEantine coins, later Thodath (A. D. 534-
536), replacing the bust of the emperor with his own. This Ostrogothio coinage
oon^ted of a gold aoiidus and triena. and silver tiliea and TuUf-ailica.

Boon after the middle of the sixtn century the Ostrogoths were followed by the
Lombards, who held the country imtil they were in turn subjugated by the Franks.
The coinage of the Lombards was chieflv in gold, the types being the bust of the
prince on the obverse and on reverse St. Michael or an angel holding a helmet
when at last Charlemagne had conquered the Lombards he established a kingdom
in Italy and placed on the throne his iniiant son, Pepin (754-774). The Frankish
coinage which followed extended until the middle of the tenth century, being struck
at six mints; and in addition the imperial title appears on the coins struck m other
Italian mints of the time.

The suzerainty of the Franks in Italy was followed in turn by that of the Saxon,
Franconian, Honenstaufen, and Hapsburg emperors, whose nominal authority was
widely recognized on the local municipal and republican coinages. From an early
date the oomage of the states of the church was issued by auuority of the Popes.

NAPLES AND SICILY.

212. AR. Carlin of Ferdinand /, of Naples. Bust r.— DRAGON.

219. AR. Double Scudo, 1732, of Charles III (VI of Germany).
Laureated bust. — Phoenix.

228. AV. 6 Ducats, 1785, of Ferdinand I. Bust r.— Shield of
arms.

The Parthenopean Republic.— 2Se.. AR. Ecu, of 12 Carlini, 1799.
REPUBLICA NAPOLITANA Maiden (Parthenos) with Liberty
Pole.— ANNO SETTIMO DELLA LIBERTA in wreath.

The Kingdom of Naples, 1806-1815.-2^. AR. Piastra, 1808, of
Joseph Napoleon. Bust. — €rowned arms.

242. AV. 20 Lire, 1813, Joachim Murat. Head 1. — ^Value.

In 1815 Naples and Sicily were again united as the Two Sicilies.

MALTA.

The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. — The seat of eovemment of
this famous Order was transferred from Rhodes to Malta during the
rule of PhiHppe de Villiers (1521-1534).

269. AY. Sequin, 1694, of Adrien de Wignaeourt. Grand Master
kneeling. — Shield of arms.

861. AR. Scudo, 1757, of Emanuel Pinto. Shield of arms.— NON
SURREXIT MAJOR St. John in wilderness.

THE PAPAL STATES.

The ooinage of the Popes hc«an with Gregory in (731-741), but was interrupted
from Leo IX (1049) to Urban V (1362), durmg which period the coinage was under
Uie authority of the Roman Senate. Apart from the splendid portraiture of the
Popes and the papal arms, the types present a variety of relifpous architecture,
jnssages of the Scriptures, moral sayings, etc. Of spec^ interest in the series are
the interre^ial issues of the Cardinal Camerlingo, which bear the inscrtotion SEDE
VACANTET^'In vacancy of Holy See." Pius IX (184<V-1878) was the last Pope to
strike coins.

Roman .senate. — 142. AV. Florin. Florentine lily — St. John Bap-
tist.

143. AV. Ducat. Types similar to Venetian dvx^t.

Coins of the Popes,— 1^. AR. Scudo, 1620, of Paul V {1605-1621).
Bust to right; St. George slaying dragon.

14Sa. AR. Scudo, 1689. See vacant. Arms of Cardinal Camerlingo,
Altieri — Holy dove.

147. AR. Scudo, 1696, of Innocent XII. Bearded bust to right. —
The Pope enthroned in Consistory.

147a. Ditto, 1704, of Clement A/. Papal arms. — Simeon standing
before temple holding the infant Jesus; around, angel, Holy Virgin
kneeling, Anna.

148. AV. Scudo, 1712, of Clement XI {1700-1721). Arms—
FERRO NOCENTIUS AVRVM (Gold more deadly than the sword).

166. AV. Ducat, 1787, of Pius VI {1775-1800). APOSTOLOR.
PRINCEPS St. Peter standing— Lily.

188. Nic. 40 Baiocchi, 1849, of Republic established after revolu-
tion of 1848. DIG E POPOLG Eagle on fasces— REPUBLICA
ROMANAj value.

192ff . Nickel siege tokens of 1849, wJien Rome was besieged by French
army sent to restore the Pope to authority. RGMA OBSESSA AB
EXERCITV FRANCORVM— Wolf suckling twins.

196. AV. 22-1/2 Scudi, 1858. of Pius IX {1846-1878). Bust to
left; Value and date in wreath.

FLORENCE AND TUSCANY.

From A. D. 1189 to 1532 the coinage of Florence was autonmous. This coinage
consisted of onlv the denaro until in the thirteenth century, when the larger silver
groaso was added; and at about the same time (1252), Florence revived the coinage of
gold, a metal which had not been coined in western Europe since the latter part of
the eighth century, and struck the florin or ftorino d'oro. The fiBancial and oonmier-
clal importance of Florence in Europe secured general acceptance of the new gold
coin; it was imitated at about 80 mints. The system of the poring grosaOf and denaro,
was oontinued by the Medici as hereditary Oonfalonieri of the city.

The ftrrt dnln of Tmcmy, which inefaided Ftefcnoe, AleaBBndro de' Medid, bitro-
doeed • slTer coin still larger than the frotao, called a Uatone, because it bore a por-
trait of the duke. This com is said to have been engraTed by Benvenuto Ceumi
(No. 99). The sflver scodo (doDar siie) was introduoed in the reim of Cosimo I.
ae* Medid, beoomlng known as the/raneeaeoiw in reign of Francis u (1737-1765).

96. AV. Fiorino, undated. Obv. FLORENTIA Lily. Rev. S.
lOHANNES B. The saint standing facing. Several specimens are
in the case; the^ differ from each oSier only in the armorial bearing
of the Gonialonieri at left of the saint's head.

Grand Duchy of Tttmny. — 99. AR. Testone, of Alessandro (^ISSS-
7557). Bust left. — Saints Damiano and Cogno standing. This coin
is said to have been engraved by Cellini.

106 and 107. AR. Scudoe, of Ferdinand II (16X1-2670), Reverses,
John the Baptist, rosebush.

116. AV. Fiorino, of Gio. Gaston (1723-1737), last of the Medici
house. Lily — St. John.

Tuscany given to Francis o/Loraine, 17S8. — 116. AR. Francescone,
1748, Francis II. The Austrian double-headed eagle, with arms on
breast, took the place of the Baptist and other reverse types.

The Kingdom of Etruria, 1801 y erected by Napoleon. — 187. AR.
Francescone, 1803, of Charles Louis^ under regency of his mother.
Busts of young king and his mother, vis-a-vis-^Crowned arms.

Av>strian ArcMvkes restored, 1814-

GENOA, AND LIGURIAN REPUBLIC.

21. AR. Third-Genovino. lANVA Gateway—CVNRADVS REX
Gross. Conrad II, King of Germany, granted the coinage right to
Genoa, and in gratitude the city long retained his name on its coins.

86. AR. Double Scudo, 1653, of the doge andgovemorSy who jointly
issued the coins from 1528 to 1797.

lAgurian Republicy established in Genoa by Napoleon, 1796. — ^36.
AV. 96 Lire, 1798. Female representing the Republic, seated
left.— Fasces, with Liberty Cap.

Lucca and Piombino.—92. AR. 5 Franchi, 1808, of Felice and
Elisa (Bonaparte) , the sister of Napoleon ; their busts to right. — Value.

MILAN.

[Lower case.]

The numismatic history of Mflan Is similar to that of Florenoe and other north

Italian communities. In Milan the visconti piumied about the same course the

Medici did in Florence; and in turn it top oecame a German dependency, then

French, Austrian, and finally a part of the Italian Kingdom.

47. AR. Teston, of John Galeazzo Maria^Sforza (1476-1481). Bust
r._Bust of Ludovico, uncle of John. It is probable that the artist,
Da Vinci, engraved this coin.

48 AR. Scudo, (1708) of Charles VI. No. 50. AR. 30 Soldi,
1796,' of Francis II (1792-1796).

NAPOLEON IN NORTHERN ITALY.

(a.) Transpadane Republic, founded by Napoleon in 1796. Struck
^\b!)^Cispadane Republic^ aUo founded by Napoleon in 1796.

86a. AR. Scudo, 1796. Ohv. POPVLVS ET SENATVS BO-
NON(iae) Arms. Rev. Bust of Madonna in clouds, above the city.

(c.) Cisalpine Republic^ composed of union of Uie two preceding.

87. AV. 10 Lire, 1797. LIBERTA EGUAGLIANZA Liberty
standing. — Value in wreath.

(d.) Kingdom of Italy. Erected from terntory of Cisalpine Republic.

40. AV. 40 Lire, 1814, of Napoleon, 1805-1814. Head 1.— Eagle
on ermine mantle.

PARMA, AND PARMA AND PIACENZA.

Scudo, 1628, of Edoardo Famese; 2 Scudi, gold, 1786, of Ferdinand
I, of Spain.

53. AV. 40 Lire, 1815, of Marie Louise, former wife of Napoleon I,
for whom the emperor of Austria claimed the duchy in 18W. Bust
to left. — Arms.

VENICE.

As in the rest of Europe, so at Venice the small denaro and obole of the CaroUngian
system were struck, and for about three centuries they bore the name of the emperor
of the West. In 1192 Venice struck a better and larger silver coin, the matapan or
ffrosso, and about the same time assumed independent control over ner own coinage.
The Venetian grosso shows pronounced Byzantine influence, while the French gros
had an Arabic model. In 1285 Venice followed the example of Florence and ooined
the gold dttcat or zecchinOf and in 1535 added the gold »cwio and mezzo 8Cudo. The
coinage of large silver pieces, dollar size, which started in Europe in the early part of
the sixteenth century, first occurred at Venice in the dogate of Nicolo de Ponto
(1578-1585). Beginnmg in 1521 the oadla, interesting medallic coins, were struck and
presented by the doge to nobles of the Republic on Christmas Day. They were struck
in gold, silver, and oronze. With the loss of independence (1797) the zecca (mint)
of Vmice ceased operations, to resume for but one or two brief periods thereafter.

REPUBLIC.

69a. AR. Matapan, of Doge Marin Morosini, 1^49-52. St. Mark
and the doge, standing facing. — Christ standing.

60. AV. Ducat, of uiovanni Soramo, 1S12-1S28. Kneeling doge
receiving banner from St. Mark. — Christ standing in oval of stars.

68. AK. Ducat della Croce, of Antonio Priuli, 1618-23. Cross.—
Shield of arms.

70. AR. Ducaton, of Silvestro Valier, 1694^1700. Obverse similar
to No. 60. — ^Winged lion.

77a. AR. Osella, 1790, of L. Manin. Obv. LVDOVICI MANIN
PRINCIPIS MUNUS (gift). A (nno). II (year 2).

78. AR. 10 Lire, 1797, during the French Occupation. Liberty
standing before trophy of arms. — ^Value in wreath.

LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDOM.

After the fall of Napoleon northern Italy was given to Francis I of Austria, who
formed the Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom. It embraced Venice and Milan. Both
revolted in 1848, but were reconquered in the following year. Interesting coinages
were issued bv the provisional governments. Lombardy was finally ceded to Sardinia
in 1859 and Venice in 1866.

79. AR. Austrian Lira, 1824, of Francis L Bust r.; Austrian
double eagle.

80. AV. 30 Lire, 1838, of Ferdinand I. Bust.— Eagle.

Revolt of 1848. — 80. AV. 20 Lire, of Provisional Government of
Milan. ITALIA LIBERA. DIO LO VUOLE Italia standing.—
GOVERNO PROVISORIO, etc. Value in wreath.

90. AR. 15 Soldi, of Provisional Grovemment of Venice. Winged
lion. — ^Value.

SAVOY, SARDINIA, KINODOM OF ITALY.

In general the coinages of the varioos possessions of the house of Savoy follow in t^e
wakeof the historical ctevelopment of the coinages of the ned^boring countries. Both
Florentine and French influence are observable on the dinorent coins issued by the
same ruler.

Savoy.—l. AR. Tallero, 1570, of Charles Emmanuel (1580-1630).
Bust r^ht. — Crowned anns.

Sardinia. — 8. AR. Scudo, 1757, of Emmanuel I {III of Savoy)
(1730-1773). Bust left.— Crowned arms.

Piedmont Republic, fonned out of the continental possessions of
Sardinia in 1798 and annexed to France in 1802. — 39. AR. 5 francs,
1803. Italy and France, standing— LIBERTE EGALITE— ERI-
DANIA. — ^Value and date.

Sardinia merged with Kingdom of Italy of which Napoleon was
king (1805-1814).— 6. AV. 20 Lire, 1818, of Victor Emmanuel,
restored 1814. Bust to left. — Crowned arms.

KINGDOM OP ITALY, 1861.

263. AR. 5 Lire, 1861, of VicUyr Emmanuel (1861-1878). Head
right. — Crowned arms.

272. AV. 100 Lire, 1905, of Victor Emmanuel III, 1900. Head
left.— Orowned eagle. Rare coin.

PORTUGAL.

[Section 7.]

1. Crozado, gold, of Sebastian (A. D. 1557-1578). Obv. Shield
of arms. Rev. Cross of the Order of Christ, whence tJie name
Crozado. The cross was first placed on Portuguese coins by Alphonso
V to commemorate his connection with the Crusades.

6. Quarter Moeda, gold, 1722, of John V(A. D. 1706-1750). Obv.
Shield of arms.

8. Escudo, gold, 1723. Obv. Bust. The jjortrait of the sover-
eign was first mtroduced on Portuguese coins in this year.

19. Half Dobra or "Joe," gold, 1785. of Maria I and Pedro III
(A. D. 1777-1799). Busts jugate, to right.

86. 80 Reis, bronze, 1829 of karia II (A. D. 1828-1853). Caet
and issued on the island of Terceira, Azoros.

40. Pe^, gold, 1834. Another name of the Half dobra.

66. Mibeis, silver 1898, of Don Carlos (1889-1899). Struck to com-
memorate four hundredtli anniversary of the discovery of India.

SPAIN.

[Section 7, lower case.]

Since the fedl of the Roman Empire in the west Spain has been ruled bv Visigoth
(411-711), Moors, at Ck>rdova and Oranada (714^1492), and by Christians m the rest
of the peninsula since 718. The coinage of the Visigoths, as of the Goths elsewhere,
was almost solely the gold trierUes, which at first continued the imperial, then adopted
independent, types. The coinage of the Moors consisted of the usual dirheiM and
dinars^ with insmptions in Arabic. The kings of Aragon and of Leon and Castile
struck coins similar to those current in western Europe, with the addition of denomi-
nations corresponding to the Moorish coinage. The coinage of gold was not extensive
in the Christian States of Spain until the union of Leon and Castile and Aragon,
when an extensive coinage of gold occurred under Ferdinand and Isabella. Owing
to her wide conquests the Spanish colonial coinage is exceedingly large and of greatest
interest.

1. Dirhem, silver, of Mohammad I (852-886) y first Moorish king of
Granada (1236).

2. Excelente de la Granada, gold, of Ferdinand and Isabella
{1479-1512). Ohv, Their busts ins-A-vM. Rev. Shield of arms and
eagle.

8. Medio Excelente de la Granada, of the same.

13. 50 Reales, 1626, of Philip IV (1621-1665). Shield of arms.
Arms of Leon and Castile.

85. Escudo gold, 1750, oi Ferdinand VI (1746-1759). Head r.—
Crowned shield of arms.

40. Doubloon (8 Escudos), 1778, of Charles 111(1759-1788). Bust
r. — Crowned arms.

69. 5 Pesetas, silver. 1809, Siege piece of Tarragone, besieged by the
French under Gen. SiLchet.

60. Duro, silver, 1808. Siege piece ofOerona. besieged by the French
under Gen. Duhemie. FER. vfl. GNA-A808/UN DURO.

61. 5 Pesetas, silver, 1810. Struck during French occupation.
Arms of Barcelona. — Value and palms.

74. Duro, of 30 Sous, 1821. Necessity piece of Majorca, struck
during political disturbances in Spain. SALUS POPULI Shield of
arms; FR°. VII and value.

109. Peseta, silver, 1869, of Provisional Government. Hispania
reclining left. — ^Arms of Spain.

llQff . Coins of the Republic of 1870; tyi)es similar to last.

QEBMANY.

[Sections 8 to 11.]

Very manv of the denominations of German coins, especially the numerous terms
applied to the large silver piece of dollar size, will perhaps be most satisfactorily
explained by a brief statement of the more important monetary measures since the
beginning of the sixteenth century. Before the modem period the coinage of Ger-
many was virtually the same as that of mediseval France, though in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries the inability of the mint<), with their slow hand processes, to
supply the amounts of coin required as a result of the Crusades led to tne issue of a
very thin, base silver piece, with a type on only one side, and which could therefore
be produced easily and rapidly. Tnese are generally called ^'bracteates;'' that is,
thin plates.

In 1486 a large silver piece appeared in Bohemia and was designated a putdefwrogchent
the grosdhen of a gold oulden value. In 1519, at the Joachimsthal mint, anouer large i

silver piece was struck of slightly lower standard than the guldengroschertf and for !

the sake of distinction became designated the Joachiwsihalrr piece. This later coin
was adopted and struck by several of the silver-producing countries, the name being

soon abbreviated to IhaUr. This appearance of a large silver coin seems to have dis-
turbed the monetary system of the German Empire and numerous eSlorta were made
by the emperors to regulate the silver coinage and bring it under control of a central
authority. These efforts generally proved unavailing because they f^ed to take
into full consideration the local interests of the numerous petty States. In time the
various States and groups of States worked out sjrstems suited to their local conditions,
and later these diverse systems were brought into a sort of general harmony.

A. D. 1524, Charles V promulgated the nrst general monetary system designed to
regulate the silver coinage. Largest silver -piece, reichsguldener, value of gold florin,
8 pieces to mark of fine silver. Rejected by the States.

A. D. 1551. Diet of Augsburg. Reichsoulden, of 72 kreutzers, 7^ to mark of fine
sSlyetiihaler to be suppr^ed, to which Saxony objected.

A. D. 1555. Thaler of S4 groKhen, or S2 marieTigroachen established by confederation
of Saxony, Brunswlck-Luneburg, Halberstadt, Hildesheim, Hanover, and other
States.

A. D. 1559. Diet of Augsburg. Reichtgulden. of 60 kreutzer, 9| to mark; and in
1560 a reichsihaler of 68 kreutzers was added io secure adhesion of Saxony. This
system was adi<pted throughout Germany. Increase in the value of silver, however,
led to confusion everywhere, and efforts were made to remedy the trouble.

A. D. 1667. Diet of Regensberg. ReidtatKaUr, of 96 kreutzers. Saxony, Branden-
burg, and Brunswick-LtineburK withdrew from that convention and at Zmna estab-
lisiiea tbe zinjMfusa, or standard, with a thaler of 90 kreutzers, but only the 2/3, 1/3,
and 1/6 thaler pieces were to be struck. The 2/3 thalers were equivalent to the oldtf
£4 marierigroienen pieces.

A. D. 1600. Leipzig gtarulard (Leipzigerfuss). CurrenHhaler, 12 to mark fine sil-
ver.»12 gute grosmen. Only the 2/3, 1^, and 1/6 currentihaler struck. Adopted by
all but Luebedc and Hamburg, and became the imperial standard, reidumuenzfuts,
in 1738.

A. D. 1753. Convention standard (Conventionsfuss). Thaler, 10 to mark of fine
silver, established by Bavaria and Austria. Accepted by nearly all the States, but
not by Prussia, for which Frederick II had established in 1751 the system with
Frederick d'or and the reiditthaler of 10| to mark of fine silver.

A. D. 1808. Crown thaler standard ( Kronenthaler/use), in the southern States, and
later adopted by the most of the country.

A. D. 1838. Union standard (Vereinsmflnze). SI gulden (—2 thalers) and thaler,
the former for the southern countries and the latter for the north.

A. D. 1873. Imperial standard, gold reichsmark.900 thousandths fhie, or about 1/3
of old thaler. Silver, &mark piece 777 thousandths fine.

Throughout most of their modem history the northern German countries have used
the thaler as a unit of reckoning, whilst tte southern countries have used the gulden.

[Section 8.]

Nos. 1 to 69 are what numismatists designate hracteates (from bractea, a thin plate
or leaf of metal), very thin plated or washed base-metal coins with a tj^^ on but one
side. These peculiar coins originated in Germany in the twelfth centurv. Their
origin is not quite clear, but it is thought with reason that they were first made in
answer to the increased demand for comed money by the Crusaders; for, bein^ so
thin and struck on only one side, they could be manufactured much more rapidly
than the thicker and heavier denarii, which could be produced by the hana pro-
cesses of the time only very slowly. The name "bracteate" is a modem and purely
descriptive term for these coins; when in circulation they were known as pfennige or
by some of the numerous forma of that name.

Princely Houses and Subsequent States into which They

WERE Erected.

BADEN.
MARGRAVIATB.

\\2. Kn. Th2lex,17mM CarlFred€Tickyl7S8-1805. Ohv. CARO-
LUS FRID. D. G. MARCHIO BAD. ET. H.; cuiraesed bust to
right. Rev. AD NORMAN CONVENTIONIS; crowned anna
supported by eagles.

GRAND DUCHY (1805-1870.)

450. AR. Kronenthaler, 1813, of Carl Ludwig, A. D. 1811-1818.
Ohv. GROSSHERZOGTUM BADEN ; arms within ennine mantle.
Rev. Within laurel wreath, l/KRONEN/THALER.

452. AV. 10 Gulden, 1819, of Ludwig nilhelm, 181S-18S0. Ohv.
Bust to right. Rev. Within a wreath, arms and 10 G.

459. AR. Kronenthaler, 1831, of Leopold, 1880-1852. Ohv, Bust
to right. Rev. Crowned arms supported by griflins.

464. AR. Gulden, 1863, of Freaerick, 1856-1907. Special issue com-
rnemorating national rifle-match. Ohv. Head of Duke to right. Rev.
I. BAD. LANDESSCHIESSEN MANNHEIM 28 JUNI 1863;
female figure standing.

465. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1869. Head to left. — Arms within
ermine mantle. (See also under German Empire, Sec. 11.)

BAVARIA.
DUCHY.

114. AV. Ducat, undated, of Ludwig (1508-1545). Ohv.
LVD WIG. P. R. DVX BAVAR; shield of arms. Rev, Three
shields of arms in triansular position.

117. AR. Speciesthaler, 1694, of Maximilian Emanuel (1679-1726).
Ohv. Draped^bust to right. Rev. CLYPEUS OMNIBUS IN TE
SPERANTIBUS; Virgin and Holy Child.

118. AV. Doppelducat, 1734, of Carl Albert (1726-1745). Bust to
right; similar to No. 117.

123. AR. Thaler, 1778, of Carl Theodore (1778-1799). Ohv. Bust
to right. Rev. PATRONA BAVARIAE; Virgin and Holy Child.

KINGDOM OF BAY ARIA ( 1806-1870).

410. AR. Thaler, 1818, of Maximilian Joseph 1(1806-1825). Ohv.
Cuirassed bust to right. Rev, MAGNUS AB INTEGRO S -fiCLO-
RUM NASCITUR ORDO; a large stone inscribed CHARTA
MAGNA BAVARIA; exergue, XXVI MAII MDCCCXVIII. Dis-
tributed to members of the first Bavarian Parliament, May 26, 1818.

413. AR. Kronenthaler, 1826, of Ludwig I (1825-1848), Ohv.
LUDWIG KOENIG-VON BAYERN; head to right. Rev.
GERECHT UND BEHARRLICH; a crown between laurel and oak
branches. Edge, bayerischer kronthaler.

During the reign of this king a large variety of commemorative silver thalers were
struck to celebrate important events. The obverses are the same on all the si>eci-
xnens, the reverse only having the character of a commemorative medal. The entire
series is in tiie Ck>llection, some are as follows:

417. Ditto, 1838. The royal family. Rev. Around, SEGEN
DES HIMMELS; in center, medallion of the Queen, and around
this eight smaller medallions of her children: (1) MAXIMIL — IAN
P. V. B. (2) MATHILDE— P. V. B. (3) OTTO.— P. V. B. (4)
ADELGUNDE— P. V. B. (5) LUIT.— POLD P. V. B. (6)
HILDEGARD— P. V. B. (7) ADALBERT— P. V. B. (8) ALEX-
ANDRA— P. V. B. (P. V. B.=Prinz or Prinzessin von Bayem.)

428. Ditto, 1835. Dedication of monument marking parting of
Queenfrom Prince Otto. Rev. Representation of the monument.

426. Doppcl thaler, 1837. Monetary Union South German StakL
Rev. Female figure standing, holding scales and cornucopia.

427. Ditto, 1842. Marriage of Crovm Prince. Rev. Busts jugate
of Crown Prince Maximilian and Princess Marie of Prussia.

438. Vor<»iuathaler, 1859, of Maximilian II (1848-1864). Oh
BuHt to right. Rev. EIN VEREINSTHALER-XXXEINPFUND
FEIN; arms. (See also under German Empire^ Section 11.)

Landau. 2 Florins, 8 Kreutzers, silver (1713). A square siegi
piece struck during siege of Landau by the French. In center, rouM
coat of arms of duke of W urtemberg; above, pro caes & imp; below,
BEL; LANDAU/2 FL: 8 Kll.; monogram in each angle. Reverae
plain.

PFALZ.
[Palatinato.]

217. AR. Thaler, 1(500, of CarlLudwig, 1650-1680. Ohv. Biistto
right. Rev. DOMINVS PROVIDEBIT; shield of arms.

220. A V. Ducat, 1757, of Carl Theodore {174S-1799). Ohv. Nude
bust to right. Rev. SIC FULGENT LITTORA RHENI; view of
the city oi Mannheim.

223. Conventionthaler, 1766. Ohv. Short bust to lig^t. BfH)'
Crowned arms supported by lion. Karl Theodore becameElectorof
Bavaria in 1777 and thu3 united the Palatinate and Bavaria.

BRANDENBURG ANSBACH.

180. AR. Thaler, 1548, of Albert AlciMades (1527-1557). Ohv.
ALBERT9*D. *G.*MARCmO*BRANDENBV.; his bust r. Reo.
SI* DE9*PR0N0BIS*QVIS*C0NTRA*N0S; cross with shields in
angles.

132. AV. Ducat, 1631, of Friednch, Albert^ and Christian. Oh
Three busts facing. Rev. Three shields of arms.

134. AV. Ducat, 1769, of Alexander (1757-1791). Ohv. PATRI
PATRIAE DEVOTISSIMVS; placing heart on burning altar.'
Rev. Inscription.

BRANDENBURG BEYREUTH.

126. AR. Thaler, 1735, of Friedrich (1735-1763). Ohv. Bust r.
Rev. Crowned eagle on shield over trophy of arms.

129. AV. Ducat, 1767, of Friednch Christian (1763-1769). Oh.
Maigrave mounted r. Rev. Badge of Order of Red Eagle.

BRAUNSCHWEIG-WOLFENBtJTTEL.

189. AR. Thaler, 1562, of Heinrich d. Junger (1514-1568). Obv.
Bust to left. Rev. Wild man with uprooted tree in left, and shield
of arms in right, hand.

189. AR. Wespenthaler (Wasp Thaler), 1599, of Heinrich Jutivi
(1689-1613). Obv. HEINRICUS. JULIUS. D. G. P. E. H. A. D.

B. £T L. 99.; twelve small shields of arms, each in laurel wreath,
placed in form of a rose. Rev, A lion sittiiig to left and stirring up
a wasp's nest; ten of the wasps attack the lion, on whom the sun (rep-
resenting the favor of Heaven) is shining and whom an eagle (the
Emperor) crowns. The allegorical type of this piece has reference to
the rebellion of ten noble families against the Duke, and their subju-
gation through aid of the Emperor.

140. AR. Pelikansthaler (or Poirio^AerUAaZer), 1599, of same. Ohv.
Helmeted shield of arms supported by wild man. Rev. PRO-
ARIS-ET-FOCIS, with bimdle of arrows between the words; peli-
can tearing open her breast and sprinkling with blood her four nedg-
lings in nest.

148. New Line of Wolfenbuttel. AR. IV. Glockenthaler (Bell
Thaler),164S, of Augu8t(1598-1666). Ohv. AUGUSTUS. HERZOG.
ZU. BRAUNS: UND. LU: half-lenglJi bust. Rev, ALLES MIT
BEDACHT 1643; a bell-clapper leaning on a block of stone, the lat-
ter inscribed ap. 13 v. 10 in -p. (Rev. XIII, 10-" Here is the pa-
tience and faith of the saints"); on the clapper, date, 13 K. MAI I
(April 19). To celebrate the raising of the si^e of Wolfenbflttel
that had lasted from 1626 to 1643 August had a series of seven coins
struck, whose types illustrate the hanging and ringing of a bell.
Hence the name of the thaler piece, Glockenthaler,

149. AR. VII. Glockenthaler, 1643. Ohv, Legend as No. 148;
shield of arms surmounted by five helmets. Rev. TANDEM PATI-
ENTIA VICTRIX anno-1643; bell rung by three hands pulling on
three cords; on the bell NU: PAC/EX. SO. EI9 (Nundua Pads Ex
Sono .Bit«=** Tidings of Peace From Its Sound); oelow, view of the
city and fortress of Wolfenbuttel, and sun above.

146. AR. Thaler, 1671, of Rudolph Augustus (1666-1685), Ohv,
D: G: RUDOLPH AUGUSTUS DUX BRUNS: & LU; his bust to
left. Rev, lURE & ARMIS ; open Bible resting upon a drum, which
is the central piece of a trophy of military arms; on the Bible i
MACCABEORUM, CAP. 15 V. 33, 34. Excrgue, 12iuny. 1671. A com-
memorative thaler relating to the conquest of the city of Brunswick.

148. AR. 3 Thaler, 1685, of same. Ohv. Helmeted shield of arms.
Rev. TU TANDEM ABIECTAM REDDES DEUS ALME SONO-
RAM; near Lautenthal, Fortuna in long robe stands on a snail shell
and plays a lute (the **Lautenschl^rin"); above, in Hebrew,
" Jehovan " ; to left, sun. Triple Ausbeute-Species-Thaler, or silver
mining piece, referring to the successful operation of the mines of
Lautenthal.

149. AR. Speciesthaler, 1691, of Rudolph Augustus ds Anton
Ulrich (1685-1704). Ohv. Helmeted shield of arms. Rev. Two wild
men graspingjiprooted trees.

156. AR. Thaler, 1704. Ohv, DIVA. ELISAB. IVLIA. D. G.
DVC. BRVN. ET LVN. Bust of EUzabeth to right; below, NATA
1634. DENATA 1704. Rev. The duchess resting upon a cloud
that floats above the castle of Salzthalum; above, on streamer,
DESERVISSE IVVAT. **Sterbethaler," a medallic piece com-
memorating the death of Elizabeth, the wife of Anton Ulrich.

167. AV. Ducat, 1717, of Ludvng Rudolph {1714-1731). Crowned
arms. — ^Wild man.

470. AV. 10 Thaler, 1813, of Friedrich WUhelm (1806-1815).
Crowned arms. — Value.

471. AV. 10 Thaler, 1817, of Karl II {1815-1830), while under the
regency of Prince George, later George IV of Great Britain (1815-
1823). Obv. GEORGIVS D.G.PRINC.REGENS; shield of arms.
Rev. TVTOR.NOM.CAROLI.D VCIS BRVNS.ET LVN. ; value and
date.

476. AV. 10 Thaler, 1825, of the same, as reigning Duke, 1823-
1830. Crowned arms. — ^Value.

477. AV. 10 Thaler, 1831, of WiUielm {1830-1884). Free horse.-
Value and date.

481. AR. Doppelvereinsthaler, 1855. Head to right. — Crowned
arms within mantle.

New line, Brunsidck-Lilneburg. — 168. AR. Reichsthaler, 1646, of
Frederick II {1636-1648). Bust to right. — ^Helmeted shield of arms.

169. AV. Ducat, 1661, of Christian Lvdwig {1641-1648-1666).
Crowned shield of arms. — Free horse in wreath.

171. AR. J Thaler, 1676, of John Frederick {1665-1679). Draped
bust to left. — Palm tree upon a rock.

176. AV. 5 ThaJer, 1758, of Georg August {George II of England)
{1727-1760). Shield of arms.— Horse.

180. AR. Thaler, 1766, of Georg WiUielm Frederick {George III of
England, 1760-1814)- (downed shield of arms — St. Andrew witn
cross.

KINGDOM OF HANOVER.

488. AV. 10 Thaler, 1814, of preceding as King of Hanover {1814-
1820). Free horse. — Value.

488. AV. 10 Thaler, 1829, of Georg August Frederick {George IV oj
England, 1820-1830). Head to left.— Value and date.

490. A V. 10 Thaler, 1832, of WiUielm Heinrich { William IV of
England, 1830-1837). Head to right; round shield of arms, crownea.

On the death of William /Fl Hanover was separated from the crown of England,
as the crown of the former could not pass to a female (Victoria) of the line.

493. AV. 10 Thaler, 1838, of Ernst August, 1837-1851. Obv.
ERNST AUGUST V. G. G. KOENIG V. HANNOVER; head to
right. Rev. Crowned shield of arms within chain of Guelphic Order;
around, ZEHN - THAL. - 1838.

Hanover was annexed to Prussia in 1866.

HENNEBERG.

On the death of Georg Ernst (1583) his line became extinct and the Grafischaft of
Hemieberg x>assed to the house of Saxony. For a long time after the annexation
the dukes of Saxony had a special coinage stru<^ for Hemieberg and Ilmenau.

189. AR. Thaler, 1693. Helmeted arms.— Crowned hen.

HESSE-CASSEL.

Laruifyraviate.— 191. AR. Speciesthaler, 1636, of Wilhelm V(16£7-
1637). Obv. Crowned lion, rampant. Rev. lEHOVA VOLENTE
HVMILIS LEVABOR; wiUow tree struck by blast of wind; above,
"Jehovah" in Hebrew, and rays.

193. AV. Pistole, 1771, of Frederick II {1760-1785). Obv. Bust
to right. Rev. Order star.

Prindpalitv of Hesse, 1802. ^20S. AV. 5 Thaler, 1817, of Wilhelm I
{the preceding) Elector {1802-6, 1813-21). Obv. Bust to right. Rev.
Shield of arms; above, 5. THALER.

638. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1858, of Frederick Wilhelm {1847-1866).
Head to right. — Shield of arms within ermine mantle surmounted by
a crown.

Annexed to Prussia in 1866.

HESSE-DARMSTADT.

192. AV. Ducat, 1761, of Ludtuig VIII {1739-1768). Four pairs
of LL's, addorsed, crosswise. — Shield of arms surrounded by seven
small escutcheons.

Grand Duchy of Hesse'Darmstadt. 1806.— 540. AR. Thaler, 1809, of
Ludvng I (1806-1830). Obv. LUDEWIG GROSHERZOG VON
HESSEN ; his bust to right. Rev. Shield of arms.

641. AR. Kronenthaler, 1825. Bust to right; arms within ermine
mantle.

644. AR. Doppelvereinsthaler, 1839, of Lvdwig II (1830-1848).
Ohv. Head to right. Rev. SJ GULDEN 2 TBlALER; within a
wreath, VEREINS / MUNZE / 1839. (See also German Empire,
section 11.)

Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg. — 742. AR. Vereinsthaler, I860, of

Ferdinand {1848-1 866). Head to right. — Shield of arms within ermine

mantle, surmounted by crown.

The house of Hesse-Homburg became extinct in 1866 and the territory passed to
the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt.

MANSFELD.

Formed of portions of the electorate of Saxonv and the archbishopric of Magde-
burg; annexea to Prussian Saxony in 1780. The coins often bear the names of
numerous members of the family, including on the same coin not only father and
sons, but also cousins.

213. AR. Th&leT, 16S2yOt Peter Emsty JoJiann Albert yJohannHoyer,
Bruno y and Hoyer Christoph. Helmeted shield of arms; St. George
slaying the dragon.

214. AR. Thaler, 1597, of Peter Ernst, Bruno, Hans Georg, and
Peter. Similar to No. 213.

NASSAU.
A principality until 1806 when it was made a duchy; amiexed to Prussia in 1866.

660. AR. Thaler, 1813, of Friedrick Wilhelm, duke {1806-1816).
Bust to right. — Crowned arms.

89862"— 13 4

668. AR. Ktonenthaler, 1817, of WilhelmGearg {1816-18S9). Ohv.
arms within ermine mantle, crowned. Rev. EIN / KBONEN /
THALER in laurel wreath.

663. Ditto, 1818. Bust to right. — ^Arms in mantle.

670. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1864, of Adolph (18S9-186&). Commem-
orative of i6th anniversary of reign. Obv. AdOLFB. HERZOG ZU
NASSAU; laureated bust to left; on truncation, p. korn. Rev.
ZUR FEIER 25 JAEHRIGER SEGENSREICHER REGIERUNG;
within oak wreath, DEN / 21 AUGUST / 1864.

PRINCIPALITY OF REUSS.

8peciesthaler, and Vereinsthaler.

DUCHY OF SAXONY AND POSSESSIONS.

In 1485 this duchy and the possessions of the Saxon ducal house were divided
between the two sons of Frederick II, Ernst and Albert, the former receiving the
duchy of Saxony and the electorate, the latter obtaining portions of Misnia and
Thuringia.

A. ERNESTINE LINE (148^1547).

227. AR. Thaler jUndated^ of Frederick III George ^and John (1486-
1526). Ohv. FRIDjERI:IOHAN:GEORGI: bust of JPVederick III to
right, wearing cap with flaps (Klappmiltze). Rev. MON. ARGE.
D VCVM SAXO. busts of John and George vis-a-vis ^ with flap-cape.
A * * Klappmutzenthaler^ * ' flap-cap dollar.

228. AR. Thaler, undated, of Johann der Bestdndige andGeorg (1526-
S2). Bust of John to right. — Bust of George to left.

Saxe Altenherg.— 229. AR. Thaler, 1607, of the Four Brothers
(1603-1625). Ohv. busts of John Philip and Frederick, vis-a-vis.
Rev. busts of John Wilhelm and Frederick Wilhelm II, vis-a-vis.

Saxe Gotha. — 280. AR. Thaler, 1598, of John Casimir and John
Ernst (1570-1683). Ohv. half-length busts, vis-a-vis. Rev. shield of
arms encircled by thirteen small shields.

Saxe Weimer. — 281. AR. Thaler. 1582, of Frederick Wilhelm and
John (1575-1602). Ohv. Facing bust of Frederick. Rev. Facing
bust 01 John.

282. AV. Ducat, 1614, of The Eight Brothers. Ohv. MONETA
AVREA. 8. FRAT: DVC: SAX: busts of John Ernst, Frederick,
Wilhelm, and Albert, facing. Rev. IVL. CLIV. ET. MONT.
LINE J). VINARI. busts of John Frederick, Ernst, Frederick Wil-
helm, and Bernhardt, facing.

288. AR. Thaler, 1611. Similar types to No. 232.

In 1547 the Emperor Charles V. deprived John Frederick of the electorate, and the
duchy was transferred to Moritz of the Albertine line. In 1556 the Elector August
suppressed all the mints within his realms except the one at Dresden.

B. ALBERTINE LINE.

286. AR. Thaler^lb^OyOiGeorg (1500-1539). 06iJ. NAW. MVNTZ.
HERZOG. GEORGEN. ZV SAXE.; bust to left. Rev. NACE
DEM ALTEN SCHROT VND. KORN.; five shield of arms placed
in form of a cross.

287. AR. Thaler, 1555. of August {1559-1586), Bust to right.
Rev. Helmeted ehield oi arms.

241. AR. KUppethaler, 1615, of John George I (161 1-1 656). Half
length %ure of the duke; in outer angles, CHRISTUS-SCOPVS-
VITAE-MEAE. Rev. Ateob.

242. AV. Ducat, 1616. ''Sopluenducat." 8 in monogram,
crowned, over sword and scepter in saltire. Rev. I. H. 8.; eye
above.

243. AV. Ducat, 1617. Luther centennial piece. VERBVM DNI :
MANET. IN. AETERNVM; half length figure of John Georg; in
field, lOH.-GEO. Rev. 8ECVLVM LVTHERANVM half length
figure of Frederick III, Luther's protector; in field, FRID.-III.

262. AR. Thaler, 1767, of Xaver, Prince regent (176S-S8), for
Fredrick ATmistus III. XAVIERVS D. G. REG. PR. POL : &
LITH : DVX SAX.; bust to right. Rev. Crowned shield of arms.

264. AR. Thaler, 1790. **Vicariatsthaler." FRID.AVG. ♦ » ♦
VICARIVS IMPERII; bust to right. Reo. Double eagle.

265. AR. Thaler, 1806. Av^heutethaler. Cuirassed bust, draped,
to right. Rev. DER SEGEN DES BERGBAUES; shield of arms.

KINODOM OF SAXONY, 1806.

675. AV. 10 Thaler, 1817, of preceding^ as King Frederick August I
{1806-1827). FRID. AVGVST. D. gTrEX SAXONIAE bust to
right. Rev. Oval shield of arms.

692. AV. 5 Thaler, 1839, of Frederick August II (1836-1854).
FRIEDRICH AUGUST V. G. G. KOENIG. V. SACHSEN head
to right. Rev. Arms.

604. AR. Doppelthaler, 1858, of John, 1854-187S. Head to left.
Reo. ZWEI VEREINSTHAELER (note error of "Thaeler" for
Thaler). Arms in mantle.

607. AR. Veieinsthaler, 1866. Head to left. Reo. SEGEN DES
BERGBAUES. Arms supported by two men. (See also German
Empire, section 11.)

PRINCIPAIJTY OF WALDEGK AND PYRMONT.

AR. Kronenthaler, 181^, of Georg Heinrich. Value and crown.
Rev. A tree.

BCHWARZENBEBa.

620. AR. Speciesthaler, 1696, of Ferdiruind and Maria Anna,
Busts jugate. Rev. Two shields of arms in mantle.

STOLBERQ AND WERNIQERGDE.

Gold ducat of Lvdvrig {1544^1574), and Speciesthaler of Wolfgang
George (1612-1631).

KINGDOM OF WESTPHALIA.

AV. Kfltole (10 Thaler), 1810, of Jerome Napoleon (1807-1813).

Oln>. mERONYMOUS NAPOLEON; crowned shield of arms.

Rev. KOENIG VON WESTPHALIEN FR. PR.; value and date.

408. AR. Conventionsthaler, 1812. Bust to right. — ^Value and

date.

DUCHT OF wITBTBXBERG.

271. A V. Halbducat, 1732, of Eberhard Louis {1677-17SS). Bust to
right.— Shield of arms, CUM DEO ET DIE.

278. AR. Thaler, 1760, of Carl Eugen (1787-1793). Draped bust
to right; Garnished shield of arms.

KINGDOM OF WITBTEMBERO.

318. AR. Kronenthaler, 1810, of Frederick /, (1805-1816). Bust to
left. — Shield of arms supported by lion and stag.

621. AV. 5 Gulden, 1825, of WUhelm I (1816-1864). Bust to right.
Shield of arms within oak wreath.

626. AV. Kronenthaler, 1833. Obv. Bust to right. Rev. HAN-
DELS FREIHEIT DURCH EINTRACHT; female figure standing
to left, holding parchment in r., and caduceus in'l., luuid; in front
of her reclines nver-god; in field, two comucopiae.

628. AR. Doppelthaler, 1869, of Carl I (1864-1891). Com-
memorating restoration of TJlm Cathedral. Head to right. — ZUR
ERINNERUNG AN D. WIEDERHERSTELLUNG D. MUEN-
STERS IN ULM; view of the cathedral. (See also German Empire,
Section 11.)

COINS ISSUED BY CITIES.

The conditions of medieyal society in Oermany made it necessary for the emperor
to grant the ri^t of coining money to vassal princes, archbishops and bishops, and
later, when sufficiently developed, also to numerous cities. This right was enjoyed
by some of the cities for but a short time; the coinages of others were extensive, and
are often of great interest, while a few cities have retained the right to coin money
imtil the present time.

AUGSBUBG.

276. AV. Ducat, 1623. Ferdinand 11. ' Obv. AVGVSTA VIN-
DELIC; armsofcity: fircone. Rev. FERDINANDVS: II. ROM.
IMP. P. F. AVG. ; imperial double eagle.

277. AR. Speciesthaler, 1694. Leopold I. Shield of city arms
supported by river-gods. — Imperial eagle.

BBEMEN.

Imperial coinage. — 276. Bil. Half Grote, undated. MO. NO.
REIP. BREM. Key. Rev. SANCT. PETRUS St. Peter seated
facing, holding sword and key.

284. AV. Double Ducat, 1667, of Leopold I. DUCAT. NOV.
AURE. REIPUBL: BREMENSIS arms of Bremen. Rev,
LEOPOLD: D. G. ROM. IMP., etc. Emperor standing holding
scepter and orb.

Free dty of Bremen.— ¥ib, 36Grote,1846. FREIEHANSESTADT
BREMEN city arms. Rev. 36/GROTE/1846.

614. AR. Thaler, 1865, commemorating the II. National Rifle
Match, Crowned arms; below. EIN THALER GOLD. Rev.
ZWEITES/DEUTSCHES/BUNDES-/SCmESSEN/IN BREMEN/
1865.

615. AR. Thaler, 1871, commemorating the peace of 1871. Ob-
verse as No. 514. Rev. ZUR ERINNERUNG/AN DEN/GLOR-
REICH/ERKAMPFTEN/FRIEDEN/VOM 10 MAI/1871.

FRANKFORT ON THE MAIN.

Frankfort wbs the usual place of electing and crowning the Roman-German em-
perors, and there is an interesting series of Election eohu (Wahlmftnten) struck to
oommemorate the events.

305. AV. Election Ducat of Matthias, 1612. MATTHIAS. IN.
REGEM. ROMA ELECTUS. A**. 1612. The emperor seated fadng,
holding sword and orb. Rev, Seated winged figure crowned by
aneagfe.

307. AV. Election Ducat of Francis II, 179t. Laureated bust to
right. Rev. Sword, scepter, and crown on altar.

619. AR. Doppelgulden, 1848, commemorating Meetina of the Corir
stituent AssemJbfy of the Germanic Confederation. CONSTITUIR-
ENDE VERSAMMLUNG I(n). D(er). F(reien). STADT FRANK-
FURT 18. MAI 1848. Double eagle. Rev, BERATUNG U.
GRUNDUNG E. DEUTSCHEN PARLAMENT8 31 MARZ 1848.
Frankfort eagle.

620. AR. Doppelgulden, 1848, commemorating selection of Ard^
duie Johtmn as Regent of the Empire. Obverse similar to No. 519.
Rev, In field, ERZHERZOG/JOHANN/VON/OESTERREICH-f ;
around, ERWAHLT ZUM REICHSVERWE8ER t)BER
DEUTSCHLAND D. 29 lUNI 1848*.

621. AR. Doppelgulden, 1855. Commemorating Third Centennial
of Religious Freedom. Obv. downed eagle. Rev. ZUR/DRIT-
TE N/S ACULARFEI ERfDEH RELIGIONS/FRI EDENS/\'OM 25
SEPT/1555-1855.

HAMBUBO.

309. AV. Ducat, 1644. MOXETA NO. BAMBVRG Madonna,
crowned, and Holy Child. Rer. AVE. PLEX. GRACIA 1644.
Similar to obverse.

310. AR. 16 Sf hillinge, 1726, of Charles VL HAMBL^RGER.
CLTIRENT GELDT. Arms. Rev. Double eagle.

See also under German Empire^ iection II.

HAODEBURO.

890. AV. Ducat, 1679, of Ferdinand I. Anns of the city: a maid
(Magde) upon city wall (Burg). Rev. Double eagle.

821. AR. Thaler, 1617. Lviher anniversary piece. Double eagle.
Rev. Busts, vis-a-vis y of Luther and Huss.

NORDLINOEN.

828. AV. Ducat, undated, of Frederick IV. St. John standii^.
Rev. Imperial orb within a treasure.

NUREMBERG.

884. AV. Florin, undated, of Frederick and Sigismond. St. John,
standing, facing. Rev. Cross, with shields of arms in angles.

826. AV. Florin, undated. Eagle. Rev. St. Lawrence with
grill.

882. AV. Ducat, 1700, commemorating beginning of the centtary.
SAECVLVM NOVVM CELEBRAT RESP. NORIBERGENSIS,
Three shields. Rev. Lamb standing on globe.

The J, }, J, and ^ ducat pieces that follow form a series with the
same types as 332.

Imperial coinxige of Nuremberg. — 840. AR. 30 Kreutzer, 1573, of
Maximilian IL Two shields of arms. Rev. Double eagle.

844. AR. Speciesthaler, 1757, of Francis I. Arms of the City.
Rev. Bust of Francis.

REOENSBURO.

349. AV. Ducat, of Francis I. SIBI CONSCIA RECTI. View
of the city; below, RATISBONA (/2€^ens6€rgr). Rev. Mailed bust.

STRALSUND.

861. AR. 2/3 Thaler, 1707. Miter, value and date.— Cross.

STRASSBURG.

362. AV. Ducat, undated. Madonna and Holy Child--
AVREVS. VRBIS. ARGENTINAE. NVMMVS; city arms.

363. AR. Thaler. Lily.— Arms.

ULM.

366. AR. Halb thaler, klippe (square), 1704. Siege piece. Obv.
Garnished shield of arms; Rev. DA.PACEM.NOBIS.DOMINE.
1704; double eagle.

53
ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS.

r ARCHBISHOPRIC OF BREMEN.

867. AV. Florin, undated, of Heinrich I. {1463-1496). St. Peter
standing. — Shield of arms.

BISHOPRIC OF COBLBNTZ.

869. AV. Ducat, undated. St. John seated. — Anns.

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF COLOGNE.

861. AV. Florin, undated, of Dietrich II (1414-146S). St. Peter
standing. — Four shields of arms, placed crosswise.

866. AR. Thaler, 1666, of Masnmilian Heinrich {1650-1638). Bust
to right. — Shield of arms.

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF MAINZ.

869. AV. Ducat, undated, of John Adam {1601-1604). St.
Martin. — Shield of arms.

871. AR. Thaler, 1671^ of Johann Philip {1729-17S2). Bust of the
archbishop to right. — Shield of arms. The so-called * 'Sortengulden. * '

BISHOPRIC OF Mt^NSTER.

874. AR. 24 MarieuCToschen, 1692, of Frederick Christian {1688-
1 706) . Crowned ehield of arms. — ^Value within a circle .

BISHOPRIC OF OSNABRt^CK.

876. AR. Thaler, 1687, of Ernst August {1662-1698). Bust to
right^SOLA BONA QUAE HO-NESTA.ANNO.M.DC.LXXXVII.
— Shield surmounted by five helmets.

BISHOPRIC OF PADERBORN.

878. AR. Thaler, 1685, of Hermann Werner {1683-1704). St.
Anthony of Padua holding the Holy Child, and about to be crowned
by the Madonna. — Shield of arms surmounted by five helmets.

BISHOPRIC OF REOENSBERG.

880. AR. Thaler, 1787, of the Vacant See. REGNANS CAPIT-
VLVM * * * * SEDE VACANTE. MDCCLXXXVII.— St.
Peter seated in a small boat; around, fifteen small shields of arms.

ABCHBISHOPRIC OF SALZBURG.

381. AV. Ducat, 1640, of Paris {1619-1653). Shield of anna.— St.
Rupert seated. A Klippe (square) ducat.

882. AR. Thaler, 1628. Medallic thaler commemorating the dedica-
tion of the cathedral. Ohv. ECCLES(iae). METROP (olitaiiae)L.
SALISB (ur^ensis) DEDICATVR, 25 SEPT (embris) A PARIDE.
ARCHIE (piscopo); cathedral borne by the patron saints of the
diocese above clouds; below, arms. Rev. S. S. RVPERTVS. ET
VIRGILIVS. PATRONI. TRANSFERVNTVR. 24 SEPT; a reU-
quary borne by eight bishops; beneath, two angels.

884. AR. Thaler, 1682, of Maximilian Gandolphus (1668-1687).
Comm^emorates the 1100th anniversary of the fowndirvg oj the Arch-
bishopric. Ohv. A MAX :GAND:exCOMIT: etc.; garnished shield
of arms surmounted by tasseled hat; at sides stand patron saints.
Reo. ANNO M. DC. LXXXII. FUNDATI ARCHIEPISC0PAT9
SALISB: VNDECIMO S^CULO *; five sainta standing facing;
below, s. s. MARTIN9 EP: VINCENT© M:{aTtyr) hermes ^:{artyr)

CHRTSANTH9 ET DARIA MM I TRANSLATI.

888. AR. Conventionsthaler, 1754, of Sigismund (1753-1771).
Madonna and Holy Child appearing in clouds; above, MONSTRA
TE ESSE MATREM.— St. Rupert seated to left.

BISHOPRIC OF SPEIER.

892. AV. Ducat, 1770, of August (1770-1797). Arms within an
ermine mantel. — Pallas standing between two figures representing
Justice and Peace.

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF TREVES (TREIER).

894. AV. Florin, undated, of Werner (1388-1418). St. John stand-
ing facing. — Arms.

BISHOPRIC OF WURZBURG.

896. AR. Speciesthaler, 1693, of Johann Gotfried (1684-1698).
Helmeted shield of arms over sword and scep1;er — St. Killian.

896. Florin, undated, of Johann Philip (1719-1724)- Bust three-
quarter facing.— ORE/ET CORDE/S. P. Q. W./SVBM. OFFERT;
below, arms in cartouche.

399. Ducat, 1764, of Adam Frederick (1757-1779). Bust to right;
oval shield of arms.— pLorbbore DIVI Vo hoC oerMIne paCIs; a
crowned figure standing toward whom dove of peace flies. Date in
chronogram, that is the large capitals in the legend are Roman
numerals, the sum of which is 1764.

Prussia,
a. — duchy op brandenbubo.

634. AR. 3 Groschen, 1545, of Albert von Brandenburg (1525-68).
Head to right. — Inscription.

jB35. AR. 2/3 Thaler, 1688, of Frederick Wilhelm (1640-1688). Cui-
rassed bust to right.— Crowned shield of arms

B. — KINGDOM OP PRUSSIA, 1701.

640. AV. Doppel Fredericks d'Or, 1750, of Frederick II (1740-
1786). FREDERICVS BORVSSORVM REX; bust to right. Rev.
An eagle perched on trophy of military arms. The Prussian gold
ducat, while also struck by Frederick I, gets its name Friedrichsd'Or
from Frederick II.

646. AR. Reichsthaler, 1750. Bust to right. — Eagle perched on a
trophy of arms.

670. AR. Thaler, 1832, of Frederick Wilhelm III (1797-1840).
Obv. Head to right. Rev. SEGEN DES /MANSFELDER
/BERGBAUES. '' AusbeuUthaler" from silver from Mansfield
mines.

674. AR. Doppelvereinsthaler, 3^ Gulden, 1840. Bust to right.
Shield of arms within ermine mantle surmounted by a crown.

689. AR. KrOnungsthaler, 1861, commeTnorating the coronation of
Wilhelm I. and Augusta. Obv. WILHELM KOENIG-AUGUSTA
KOENIGIN V. PREUSSEN; their crowned busts, jugate, to right.
Rev. SUUM CUIQUE-KROENUNGS-THALER 1861; eagle and
crowned W's and A's placed on the lines of a cross with R's in
angles.

The German Empire, 1871.

[Section 11; upi)er case.]

Tlie German Imperial Qovemment issues no coins, the right of coinage having
been left with the several States.

This right is exercised, however, in conformity with the imperial monetary law.
and edl coins issued by the States have on one side the imperial eagle and the legend
DEUTSCHES REICH; the other side bears either the State's coat of arms or the
efBgy of its sovereign.

Specimens of all or nearly all of the other twenty-five States will be found in section
11, arranged in alphabetical order of the States.

704. KY.2{^Msiik,l%72,oiWilhelm 1, 1871-1888. Obv. WILHELM
DEUTSCHER KAISER KOENIG v. PREUSSEN; head to right.
Rev. DEUTSCHES-REICH; imperial eagle.

706. AR. 5 Mark, 1874. Similar to preceding.

719. AR. 5 Mark. 1901, of Wilhelm II, 1888-. Comrrvemorating the
200th anniversary of the Kingdom of Prussia. Obv. FRIEDERiCH
I. 1701— WILHELM II. 1901; their busts, conjoined, to left. Rev.
As No. 704.

722. AR. 3 Mark, 1908. Head to right.— Eagle.

The German imperial monetary system established in 1871 provided for 5, 2, and
1 mark silver pieces; also 50 and 20 pfennig pieces in silver, but embraced no piece
that was equivalent to the long-used thaler. In 1908 a S-mark piece, about equivalent
to the old thaler, was added to the series.

AUSTRIAN ARCHDUCHIES.

Archduchy o/Aiatria. — ^AR. Thaler, 1479, of Maximilian I. MAX-
IMILIAN9(m«). MAGNANIM9(tA«). ARCHIDVX. AVSTRIE.
BVRGVND* Laureated bust to right; in field, ETA-TIS 19 (age 19).
Rev, MARIA. KAROLI. FILIA. HERES. BVRGVND. BRAB.
CONIVGES* Bust of Mary of Burgundy to right; in field, ETAT-IS
20 (age 20); below, 1479. This medallic thaler, schauthaler, is
usually reckoned as a coin, though it is evidently more of a medal
than a coin. The piece is famous as one of the first coins to have
the date in Arabian numerals.

Tyrol.— kB,. Guldengroschen, 1486, of Sigiamund (1439-1496)-
SIGISMVNDVSi-ARCHIDVX . AVSTRfE. The archduke,
crowned, standing full face^ with scepter in left, and sword in
right, hand; in field, left, lion supports arms of Austria, right, a
helmet. Rev. A knight, full armed, galloping to right; beneath
horse, 1486; around, 16 escutcheons. (See Introduction.) This is
a specimen of the first known 'issue of the thaler or dollar, though a
thick pattern of small module was struck in 1484, and also a Halb-
thaler, of which a specimen is shown.

EMPERORS OF THE ROMAN-GERMAN EMPIRE.

70. AR. Reichsgulden, 1559, of Ferdinand I (1656-1664) - Crowned
bust r. Rev. Double eagle.

71. AR. Guldenthaler, 1570, of Maximilian II (1664-1676).
Crowned bust to right. Rev. Double eagle.

73. AR. Reichsthaler, 1611, of Rvdolph II (1676-1612). Bust r.
Rev. Double ea^le.

The two followmg pieces in honor of the emperors Maximilian I,
Charles V, and Ferdinand I, were probably struck by Rudc^h II:

74. AV. 5 Ducats, undated. MAXI. I. CARO. V. ET FERD.
D. G. ROM. C^S. REG. HISP. Crowned busts of the three
emperors, facing to right. Rev. Double eagle, with arms of Austria
on breast.

79. AR. Speciesthaler, 1641, of Ferdinand III (1637-1668).
Struck in Styria. Laureated bust r. Rev. Round shield of arms.

81. AR. Speciesthaler, of Leopold I (1658-1706). Tyrol. Lau-
reated bust r., with mask on shoulder. Kev. Tyrolean eagle.

86. AR. Conventionsthaler, 1786, of Charles VI (1711-1740).
Shield of supported by griffins. Rev. AD NORMAM CONVENT.
1766.

90. AR. Thaler, 1780, of Maria Theresia (1740-1780). Bust of
the empress weanng mourning veil, to right; the double imperial
eagle. This Thaler ^ bearing the date of 1780, is known as the
Levantine Thaler, because it is accepted throughout much of the
Orient. It is still struck by Austria for export to Abyssinia, Ashan-
tee, and to Chiua, and always with the date of first issue, namely,
1780.

94. AR. Thaler, 1763, of Francis I (1745-1765). Medallic piece
comm£moratin>g end of Seven Years^ War. Double eagle. Reo.

BENEDICTUS DOMINUS QUI DEBIT PACEM IN FINIBUS
NOSTRIS; female, crowned, with olive branch in left hand, and
with right placing sacrifice on altar.

AUSTBIA-HUNGAKY.

[Section 11; lower case.]

In 1806 Francis II renounced the title of Emperor of Germany for that of Franeii I,
Emperor of Austria, a title he had actually taken as early as August, 1804. Thus
ended the titular existence of the Holy RoTnan Empire and began that of the present
Empire of Austriar Hungary.

During the short life of the present empire coins have been struck on three dif-
ferent systems. Until 1857 the gold ducats and silver thalers were issued on the
standard established in agreement with Bavaria in 1753; in 1857 Austria joined the
German Monetary Union and struck the vereinHhaler and doppelverdnsthaler in
silver and the gold krone for circulation in all the countries adhering to the union;
and for circulation in Austria only, florins in silver and ducats in gold with various
multiples of the kreutzer in billon and copi>er. At the same time Austria reserved
for hcffself t^e right to strike the Levantine thaler, the thaler bearine the date 1780
and also the bust of the empress Maria Theresa, a coin that circulates freely in several
oriental countries. In 1892 a new sjrstem with the gold krone as imit was adopted
and the coins issued are the gold iO, and 10 kronen, silver krone, and kreiUzer pieces
in nickel and copper. The Levantine thaler is still issued.

1. AV. 4 Ducats, 1830, of Francis I (1806-18S5). Laureated bust
to right. — Double eagle.

29. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1857, of Francis Joseph I (184S-).
Laureated head to right. — Double eagle.

87. AR. 2 Gulden, 1879, commemorating S5tJt anniversary of mar-
riage of the emperor and Elizabeth, of Bavaria. Obv. FRANC.
lOS. L D. G. AVSTR. IMP. ET. HVNG. REX. AP.* ELISA-
BETHA. IMP. REG.; their busts conjoined, to right. Rev.
QVINTVM MATRIMONII. LVSTRVM. CELEBRANT. XXIV.
APRILIS. MDCCCLXXIX; a female figure seated to left, holding
a helm in right, and a cornucopia in left hand.

38. AV. 20 EjTonen, 1892. Laureated head. — Double eagle.

61, AV. 100 Kronen, 1908, commemorating the 60th anniversary of
the emperor^s reign. Obv. Nude bust to right. Rev. A female
figure reclining on clouds, her left arm resting on arms of Austria,
her right extending a wreath; above, 1848-1908-100 COR(onae);
below, DVODECIM LVSTRIS/GLORIOSE PERACTIS.

64. 5 Kronen, 1908, comm£morative of same event. Obv. Same as
No. 51. Rev. Dancing girl with laurel branch in right hand.

PRINCIPALITY OF LICHTENSTEIN.

66. 5 Kronen, 1904, of John II. Bust to right. — Crowned shield of
arms in wreath.

BOHEMIA.

1. AR. Grossus, undated, of John I {1S09-1S46). A crown —
GROSSI PRAGENSES; a lion. Bohemia was the first country to
follow the reform of coinage begun by France. In 1300 king Wenzel
II summoned engravers from Italy and had the grossus {Ger. Groschen)
engraved after tiie model of the gros tournois.

2. AR. i Thaler, 1619, of the Revolted Protestant States. Obv.
MONETA REGNI BOHEMIAE; a crown. Rev. IN DEO FORTI-

TUDO ; a lion. Struck by the protestant States whose revolt precipi-
tated The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).

8. AE. Thaler, 1519, of the Cmints of Schlich. LVDOVICVSJ
PRIMO°D°GRACIA**R*'(ex) BO°Chemiae); the Bohemian Hon.
Rev. AR*»(ma)DOMI°rnorum) SLI°(ckorum) STE°(fani) ET FRA°
(trum) CO°(mitum) D°(e) B°(afiflano); St. Joachim standinff to left.
Struck at Joachimsthal, and, because somewhat lighter than the
guJdengrosdhen (the first "dollar") issued in Tyrol, it and the nu-
merous issues of other princes on the same standard were called
Joachimsthaler; this was soon shortened to thaler whence dollar, daler,
dollaro, etc. s

HUNGARY.

TRANSYLVANIA.

ThJs ootintry was a Hungarian inrincipality from 1004 till 1526^hen it became inde-
pendent. In 1690 T . was by treaty made a part of the German Empire. It is now an
Austrian province.

ThaUrs and ducats of Sigismund Bathori (1581-1596), Gabriel Bethlen (1613-1629),
George Rakoczy (1649-1658), and of Michael I (1662-1668).

KINGDOM OF HUNGARY.

The monetary history of Hungary begins with Stephen, who founded the monarchy,
embraced Christianity and received from the Vatican the title of Apostolic Kinff, a title
still held by the king of Hungary (Emperor of Austria).

1. AR. Denier, of SUj^en I (997-1038). A cross— CIVITAS
REGIA(i. e. Gran); a cross.

8. AE. This copper piece of Bela IV (1235-1260), is of similar size
and style to Byzantine coins which had become common in Hungary
following the Mongol invasion of 1241-42. Obv. REX BELA-REX
STS.; Bela and his son Stephen seated facing. Rev. The Madonna
seated facing.

6. AV. BucbX, nnd&ted J oi Matthias CorvmiLs(14S8-90). Madonna
and Holy Child. — St. Ladislas.

10. AV. Ducat, 1549, of Ferdinand (1540-1 563) y the first king from
the house of Austria. Virgin and Child. — St. Ladislas.

22. AR. Halbthaler, 1704, of the " Malcontents" who revolted fol-
lowing treaty of Carlowitz, 1699. Obv. MO. NOV. ARG :-REG (ni):
HVN& (ariae); garnished shield of arms, crowned. Rev. Madonna
and Holy Child, with crowns and aureoles, in clouds; around,
PATRONA-HVNG :1704.

28. AV. Ducat, 1724, of Charles VI (1712-40). The emperor
standing to right. — ^Madonna and Child in clouds.

41. AV. 10 Francs, 1870, of Francis Joseph (1848-). Head to
right. — Crowned shield of arms.

69. AV. 100 Kronen, 1907, commemorating 40th anniversary of
coronation of Francis Joseph as King of Hungary. Laureated head
to right, tiev. ^^ Fortieth Anniversary of Coronation"; coronation
scene. Engraved by Rudolf F. Marschall, of Vienna.

60. AR. 5 Kronen, 1907. Similar to No. 59.

Zara^ Dahnatia. Obsidional 4 Francs 60 Centimes, 1813. Besieged
by the French, Obv. In lozenge-shape cartouche, a crowned eagle
standing on thunder-bolt; at sides of eagle, ZARA-1813. Rev.
1.0./4F. 60C.

SCANDINAVIAN COTTNTBIES.

DENMARK.

[Section 12.

The earliest coinages of Denmark were issued by the Anglo-Danish kings and show
a distinctly English influence. The coins are also interesting because of their ecclesi-
astical character, the church having shared monetary rights with the sovereign. Of
the later coins tnose of the civil wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries are
second onlv to the historical pieces that mark the confusion of the state in the
fifteenth, sucteenth, and seventeenth centuries.

130. AV. Ducat, 1645, of Christian IV (1588-1648), King crowned.
Rev, JUSTUS lUDEX. The *' Just Judge " type.

181. AR. Double Daler, 1645, of same. Bust to right. Reo.
Fourteen escutcheons.

138. AR. Klippe (square) piece, 1648, of Frederick III {1648-1670).
Laureated bust. Rev. Vase of flowers.

136. AR. Daler, or 4 Mark, 1659, of same. Struck to commemorate
the repulse of the Swedes from Copenhagen, Monogram F3, crowned;
beneaHi, a memorial caim whicn divides the word EBEN-EZER.
Rev, SOLI DEO-GLORIA (*'The elory to God only"). Hand
thrust from clouds with sword severs from arm a hand that reaches
for a crown; beneath the crown, ii Feb,

160. AV. Christian d'or, 1773, of Christian VII (1766-1808).
Bust: Royal monograms, crowned.

169. AV. Double Friedrichs d'or, 1827, of Frederick VI(1808-S9).
Head 1. Rev. Value and date.

180. Ditto. Reverse, crowned arms.

181. AR. Sterbedaler, 1848, of Frederick VII (1848-63), relating to
death of his father. Christian VIII. Bust of Frederick VII. Rev.
Bust of Christian VIII r.; DOD DEN 20 JANUAR 1848: "Died
January 20, 1848. "

201. AR. Double Riksdaler, 1863. Christian IX, relating to death
of Frederick VII Head of Christian IX r. Rev. FREDERIK VII,
etc. DOD DEN 15 NOVEMBER 1863. Head r.

204. AR. 2 Kroner, 1903. Commemorating 40th anniversary of
reign. Bust r. Rev. Female figure seated 1.

Schlesujig-Holstein, — 222. AR. Speciesdaler, 1788, of Christian
VII (1766-1808). Bust r. Rev, Crowned arms.

NORWAY.

Coinage in Norway began much later than in other north European countries.
Norway and Northumbria in England long had a common coinage. For most of
her later history Norway was a dependent of Denmark or Sweden and coins struck
for her were indicated by the crossed hammers or other similar means. Het inde-
pendence under Hakon VII, 1905, is marked by a silver 2-Kroner piece (No. 124).

SWEDEN.

The early coinage of Sweden was often interrupted for considerable periods of time
and not until comparatively late times did it become abundant. For a while Sweden
issued the thin '^nnies" known as ''bracteates'' and in large numbers. In the
reign of Qustavus vasa, 1523-1560, the first really artistic coins were struck by Sweden,
ana from that time the artistic character of the series has been unsurpassed. Finan-
cial stress has had much to do with the history of this coinage, as Is shown below
\mder Noe. 18 and 33. The first Swedish gold was struck by Gustavus Adolphus II,
or in the year of his death, 1632.

Section 12.

1. Salvatorthaler, silver, 1545, of Gustavtis J, Vasa (A. D. 152S-
1560), the deliverer of Norway from Sweden. Obv. Crowned bust.
Rev. Christ standing facing; SALVATOR MUNDI, etc., "Savior
of the world, help us. "

8. Ducat, gold, 1623, of Gustavxu Adolphiis II, the Great {A. D.
1611-1SS2). ^ust to right. — Crowned shield of arms.

7. Salvatorthaler, silver, 1642, of Christina {A, D. 16SS-1664).
Bust to left; similar to No. 1.

16. Ducat, gold, 1714, of Charles XII {A. D. 1697-1720). Bust of
king to right. Rev, Royal monogram.

18-26. Daler tokens, copper, 1715, 1716, 1717, and 1718. These
Necessity coins, in copper and of very slight value, were issued for
the silver Daler during the years 1715-1719. The defeat of Charles
XII by Peter the Great of Russia in the battle of Pultava in 1709
had completed the financial ruin of Sweden; and the minister,
Georg Hemrich von Schlitz, the Baron Groertz, undertook to restore
the country by means of the still more ruinous resort to this token
money. The types of the pieces are, on obverse, a crown, figures
of Hope, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, Phoebus, and finally one bearing
the emgy of Groertz, for which audacity one sometimes reads that
he suffered the death penalty. But it is rather true that this *' Don
Quixote of the North" met his fate for the financial disasters which
his foolish policy heaped upon Sweden.

83-86. ** Plate Money." These large pieces were first issued in
the reign of Christina (1633-1654) and continued until Gustavus III
(1771-92). They are stamped with the indication of the intrinsic
value of the metal. The purpose was to utilize with greatest profit
possible the large output of the copper mines.

The *' Daler" of these pieces is tne Royal Bank Daler, not the
Species Daler.

41. Riksdaler Species, silver, 1797, of Gustavus IV {A. D. 1792-
1809).

42. 4 Ducats, gold, 1848, of Charles XIV {A. D. 1818-1844)-

THE NETHERLANDS.

Belgktm.^liike its political history, the history of the coinages of this small por-
tion of Earope is exceedingly varied. The coin^es of the southern portion beein
with the feudal issues of Brabant, Luxemburg, Flanders, and many other smauer
counties, duchies, and fiefs, partly included in the Belgium of to-day, followed by
the issues, usually from local mints, of the foreign conquerors, Austrutns and Span-
iards from the begirming of the fifteenth to the end of the eighteenth centuries, and
of the Kingdom of HoUand, 1806-1810. at the time of the French Revolution; and,
finally, in 1831 came the separation from the Netherlands and the coinage of the
Kingaom of Belgium.

floZtond.— The coinages of the northern provhices may be divided into a small
number of historical periods, though each i)eriod comprehends many series of coins
of which some are of great interest and importance. The chief periods are: First,
the feudal coinages of the several counties and towns; second, the confederate coin-
ages of the United Provinces (1679-1796)', third, the federal coinage of the Batavian
Rermblic U796-1806); fourth, the coinage of the Kingdom of Holland (1806-1810); and
flftn, the coinage of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, since I8I4.

(A) Brabant.^1. AR. Philippusdaalder, 1557, of Philip II, of
Spain. Bust r. Rev. Crowned shield of arms over cross.

2. AR. Double Ducaton, 1619, of Albert and Isabella {1598-1621).
Busts, accolated, to right. Rev. Arms.

6. AR. Quadruple Daalder, 1625, of Philip IV (1621-1666). Cross
of Boulogne, crown and date. Rev. Crowned arms.

(B) United Belgian States (1789-1900).— 20. AR. Lion d'argent,
1790. Lion. Rev. Arms of the 11 provinces.

(C) Kingd(yn of Belgium, 18Sl.—\. AV. 40 Francs, 1835, of
Leopold /, A. D. 18S1-1865. Bust with wreath of oak. Rev. 40 /
FRANCS / 1836.

HOLLAND.

80. AR. 40 Stuiver, 1578. Siege piece of Amsterdam, when block-
aded by the United Provinces.

(A) The United Provinces (1579-1795). — 22. AR. Leeuwandaalder
(Lum Dollar), 1585, of Holland. Helmeted warrior. Rev. Lion
rampant.

81. AR. Riksdaalder, 1696, of Zeeland. Warrior standing r. by
crowned shield. Rev. CONCORDIA RES PARVAE CRESCUNT
Crowned shield of arms; three rosettes above.

44. AV. Rijder, 1763, of Utrecht. Horsemen. Rev. Crowned
arms.

46. AR. 3 Gulden, 1682. Liberty standing and grasping Liberty
Pole in her r. hand, HANC TVEMVR (This we guard), and leaning
with left uiwn the Bible, HAC NITIMVR (On this we rely), the
legend running round margin. Rev. Crowned arms.

60. AR. 12f Stuiver, 1672. Square siege piece of Oronigen.
IVRE ET TEMPORE. Crowned arms. Rev. Plain.

62. AR. Daalder, 1672. Broad commerrwrative piece relating to
siege of Oronigen. SIT SVMMA GLORIA etc. and inscription in
field. Rev. View of beleaguered city.

63. Daalder, 1672. SimiEir. Rev. Storming of Coeverden.

(B) Batavian Republic (1795-1806). —66. AR. Rijksdaalder, 1802.
Struck at Utrecht. Warrior standing. Rev. Crowned arms. This
commonwealth continued the types used by the United Provinces.

From 1810 to 1814 the Netherlands were annexed to France.

(D) Kingdom of the Netherlands, since I814. — 67. AV. 10 Gulden,
1837, of William I (I8I4-I84O). Bust 1. Rev. Crowned arms.

117. AR. Gulden, 1892, of Wilhelmina, 1889. Bust of Queen as
a child, to left. Rev. Shield of arms.
121. AR. 2i Gulden, 1898, of same. Mature bust of queen.

SWrrZEBLAND.

[Section 14.]

The earliest independent coinage of what is now Switzerland was struck by the
several cantons. In 1798 the cantons formed the Helvetic Republic under the pro-
tection of Napoleon. The cantonal coinages ceased during the short life of this re-
public, 1798-1803, and the central government issued the currency. In 1803 the 19
cimtons destroyed the republic and resumed their local coinages, bound together
under a confederate constitution. In 1848 the cEuitons again formed a federal re-

{)ublic, and reestablished a federal coinage on the decimal principle. In 1866 Switzer-
and Joined the Latin Monetary Union.

10. AR. Thaler, 1494, oi Berne, St. Vincent— Bear and eagle
beneath arch.

24. AR. Doppelthaler, 1741, of Basle, View of the City. Rev.
Basilisk holding shield.

48. AE. 6 Sols, 1590, of Geneva. Arms of Geneva on sun. Rev.
POVR LES SOLDATS DE GENEVE 1590. Necessity coinage of
Geneva during war with Savoy; afterwards the copper pieces were
redeemed with good coin.

60 and following, coins of Helvetic Republic (1798-1803).

68 and following, coins of the Confederate cantons (1803-48).

77. AV. 20 Francs, 1900, of Confederate rejmblic, 1848. Bust of
Helvetia I, with Alps in background. Rev. Shield of arms. A
beautiful coin bjr Landry.

96 and following, 5-Franc pieces struck to commemorate the
national rifle matches.

THE BALKAN STATES.

The early ooinages of these states ceased with their conquest ta the 10th and 11th
centuries; the modem coinages of Bulgaria. Greece, Montenegro, Roumania. and
Servia are of recent origin and of small interest. The coinage systems are Dased
upon that of the Latin Monetary Union.

RUSSIA.

[Section 15.

For centuries after the other countries of Europe had provided themselves with a
coinage sufficient for their needs Russia coined no money of her own, and the business
of the country was carried on largely by the primitive means of barter, the exchange
of one commodity for another, and by means of the most primitive forms of money,
chief of which were the skins of various animals.

The skins of the marten, the ermine, and especially of the squirrel were for several
centuries a common form of money in Russia. A writer of the latter part of the
twelfth century states that " Squirrel skins are the current money of the Russians."
For purposes of currency the skins had to have the feet and claws of the animal still
attached. A little later, or perhaps contemporary, strips of stamped leather came
into use as money. The use of small skins and stamped bits of leather for money
remained in Russia until the year 1700, when the ukase of Peter I (the Great) pro-
hibited the circulation of leather money. The oval form of the earUer metallic
money, such as the denga of Ivan III, Vasilievitch, in the case, probably recalls
the skin money that preceded.

The sweeping character of the reform of the coinaee made by Peter the Great will
be readily seen by comparing the splendid coins of that monarch with the miser-
able and insignificant cmns of his predecessors.

1. Denga, silver, of Ivan III, VasUievitch (1462-1505). L^end on
both sides.

2. Denga, of the same. Grand duke mounted. — Legend.
4. Denga, of the same. St. George and dragon. — L^end.

15. Polpoltinniki, or qMSTter-rouhle, silver, 1655, of Alexis Michael-
ovitch (1645-1676). A necessity piece produced by coimtermarkine
a portion of a foreign coin. When his treasury had been exhausted
by the heavy drain of the war with Sweden and Poland this Czar
resorted to the use of foreign coins to supply his needs. Thus
thalers, half and quarter thalers, produced by cutting the thaler, were
countermarked and put into circulation.

16. Rouble, silver, 1721, of Peter I, the Great (1689-1725) . Bust.—
Double eagle. This was one of the earliest issues of darger silver
coins in Russia, though patterns of a rouble had been made at Moscow

as early as 1707. Yet the Dengay the small oval silver coin of pre-
cedingczars, continued to be issued down to 1704.

17. Double-rouble, 1722, of the same. Bust to left.— Four II 's,
(letter P) in form of cross with numeral I in angles.

21. Kopeika, copper, 1718, of the same. The copper kopeika, or
kopek, was first comed in 1711.

30. Double-rouble, gold, 1756, of Elizabeth (1741-1761).

36. Imperial (10 roubles), gold, 1778, of Catherine II (1762-1796).

PLATINUU COINS.

From 1828 to 1845 Russia coined platinum in the denominations of imperial (12
roables), half-imperial (6 roubles), and qwirter-imperial (2 roubles). The wide fluc-
tuations in the value of the metal made it impossible to continue the coinage in th^e
metal. At the present time platinum is worth about twice as much as gold.

66-69. 12, 6, and 3 rouble pieces, platinum, 1832, 1831, respec-
tively, of Nicolas I, 1826-1855.

111. Coronation Rouble, silver, 1883, of Alexander /// (1883-1894).
Beneath bust, ^^ Crowned at Moscow 1 188SV

Russian East Prussia. — 146. Tympf. silver, 1761, of Elizabeth.
Bust to right. Rev. Crowned eagle, displayed ; below, 6 EIN R(eich8)
TH(aler) COUR(ant).

Siberia. — 146. 10,5, 2, and 1 Kopek pieces. Crowned monogram. —
Shield supported by sables.

For Russian Poland and Finland see upper case, toward bottom.

FINLAND.

Prior to the conquest of the country by Sweden in the middle of the twelfth century
the currency of Finland was evidently composed largely of skins; thecoins of Sweden,
sometimes struck at Abo, the ancient capital of Finland, were curr^it in the country
until it was tsJcen by Rassia in 1809. It is now a grand duchv of Russia, the Czar
being the grand duke. A law of the Finnish parflament of August 9, 1B77, estab-
lished a monetary system that is very nearly the same as that of the Latin Monetary
Union.

The unit is a markkas, a coin that corresponds closely to the franc.

1. 20-Markkaa, lS7SjOi Alexander 11(1856-1881). Russian arms.—
Value and date.
2-8. 2 and 1 Markkaa, silver, 1865. Eagle. — ^Value and date.

POLAND.

The early form of mcney or circulating medium in Poland consisted of the skins
of certain animals, as in Russia; but in Poland it seoms probable that instead of the
entire skins only the scalps were employed for monetary purposes, a purely token
money, as the scalps could have no such intrinsic value as mi^ht attach to the whole
skin in a land where fur is extensivelv used. Metal coins, cnlefly silv^ date from
the beginning of the tenth century. Theso were the small Esterlings or Denars; and
such was the coinage of Poland until the b^inning of the sixteentn century, when,
under the prosperous reign of Sigismund 1, 1506-1548, an improvement of the coinage
was made— nearly two centuries after similar progress had started in western Europe.
Hebrew and Arabic l^ends are often found on the early coins of Poland, a fact Que
to the large influence of those two races in the country at that time.

Since the partition of the country in 1772 and 1793 tne coinage, if any, for the various
parts belong with the countries that seized Poland.

1. Denar, silver, of Boleslas IV (1146-73). The duke seated facing
on a throne. Rev. Male figure standing 1.

89862"— 13 6

4. Temar, silver, of Ladislaa III (14S4--44)' Patriarchal croes.—
Eagle.

18. Denar, silver, 1508, of Sigiamund I {1506-1548), Crown-
Eagle. In the preceding year, 1507, Polish coins were first dated;
and soon thereafter statements of value were added.

Elected monarcha. — 18. Thaler, silver, 1629, of Sigwnund III {1687-
1632). Crowned bust. — Crowned shield of arms.

89. Thaler, silver, 1649, of John Casimir (1648-1668). Half-length
figure of the King, to right. — Crowned shield of arms. A rather rare
piece.

48. Election-Ducat, 1697, of Auffuatus II {1697-1709-17 SS)\ elec-
tor of Saxony. Ohv. The King mounted. Rev. Date of election
to crown of roland.

49. Coronation-jeton, 1733, of Augvst III (17SS-176S), also Elector
of Saxony. Ohv. A crown. Reo. Legend, giving date of corona-
tion, etc.

67. Ducat, 1785, of Stanislas 11, Augustus {1764-1795), resigned;
the last monarch of independent Poland. Ohv. Bust to right.
Rev. Legend in wreath.

Grand Duchy of Warsaw {1807-1815).— e9. J thaler, silver, 1814,
of Frederick Augustus {1807-1815). King of Saxony, made grand
duke of Warsaw by Napoleon. Ohv. Bust to right. Rev. Crowned
arms.

The Kingdom of Poland, erected out of Grand Duchy of Warsaw by
Rusda.—16^. 5-^ote, 1829, of Alexander I {1815-1825). Bust to
right. — ^Double eagle.

160. 6-Zlote, 1829, of Nicolas 7(1825-1855). Ohv. "Alexander I,
Emperor of Russia, restorer of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815."
Bust right. Rev. "Nicolas I, Emperor of all the Russias, Reigning
King of Poland . ' * Russian es^le .

Republic {18S0-18S1).— 163. 5-Zlote, silver, 1831. Ohv. Crowned
arms of Poland and Lithuania. Rev. Value in oak wreath.

Poland as a Rvssian Province. — 167. 3-Ruble8, 20 Zlote, gold,
1838. Russian arms. — ^Value.

168. IJ Rubles, 10 Zlote, silver, 1833. Types similar to last.

AFBICA.

INDEPENDENT STATES.

[Section 16.]

Empire of Ethiopiaf or Abyssinia. — ^The Levant Thaler^ 1780, of
Austria. English rupees, and ingots of salt formed the currency until
1893, wnen a new coinage with aollar as unit was introduced, though
the former moneys axe still current. Types: Bust of King with
tiara: Crowned lion holding banner.

Lioeria, — 1. AR. Quarter-dollar. Types similar to those of United
States silver of same date: Seated Liberty, and eagle.

Morocco. — 1. Methkal, of El Gharb. Arabic inscriptions.

Zanzibar f Sultanate of. — ^AR. Dollar, 1883. Native inscriptions.

South African Republic. — ^The Transvaal employed the English
monetary system. 1. AV. Pond, 1892. Bust of President Krue-
ger 1. — ^Arms of the Republic, the ox-wagon with thills.

8. AR. 5 Shillings, 1892. Same tvpes as last.

4. DittOj but the ox- wagon has pole. The engraver's blimder of
putting thills instead of a pole to the ox-wagon which formed a part
of the national arms nearly led to a revolt against the administration.

Orange Free State. — Bronze Penny, 1883.

C<yngo Free State. — 1. AR. 5 Francs, 1887, of the sovereign Leopold

II. Head 1. — Belgian arms.

EUROPEAN COLONIES.

The more or less extensive colonies of England, France, Germany,
and Portugal use money based generally upon the currency of the
controlling coimtry. Some of the denominations are native and
several bear native tjrpes. Of special interest are the 5 Franc piece,
189 It of the Grande-Comoro, with the sacred arms on obverse, ana
ihe prowling lion on coins or Sierra Leone.

ifaJdve money. — Iron ring money) gold shell, stated to have come
from Africa; and Ihe,fawr snort lances of bronze, boimd together with
leathern thongs.

Section 17.— Miscellaneous collection of minerals, gold and silver nuggets and ore,
a touch-^one, and of gold and silver treasure-omamentt gold and silver treasured in
the form of armlets and anklets.

(65)

irOBTH AHEBICA.

UNITED STATES.

Indvding the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods.

Prior to the American Revolutionaiy War and for some years thereafter the

F net

currency of this country was of a very heterogenous character; for it was made up
largely of English and Portuguese-Brazilian gold coins, Spanish-American silver,
chiefly from the mint at the City of Mexico, and of copper coins of which a lane pro-
portion were provided by speculators acting wiUi or without authority of the Crown.
At an earlier period the Indian wampum had been a legalized currency in some of
the colonies, and also bullets, beaver skins, tobacco, and other commodities; and in
1652 Massachusetts had also established a mint to strike silver, but after an existence
of about thirty years this was suppressed by England. During the period of the
Confederation, from the trea^ of peace m 1783 to the adoption of the national Consti-
tution in 1789, some of the States attempted to provide a much-needed supply of
copi)er coins for their citizens: but their efforts, which were somewhat succ^sful,
came to an end with the establishment of a Federal mint and coina^.

When in 1782 the Congress first took up the problem of establishing a national
coinage the English system of pounds, shillings, and pence, was nominally in use in
the various States, but the actual currency, apart from foreign coins, was pai)er,
and in hardly two of the States did the pound have the same value.. After consider-
ing a rather elaborate system for the proposed coinaee, with a unit that would be
easily convertible into current unit of the various States, a system proposed by
Morns, the distinguished financier of the Revolution; and after rejecting it because
unit would have oeen a money of account of exceedingly small value (1/1440 of a
Spuiish dollar), Mr. Jefferson proposed that the unit be a dollar equivalent in value
to the Spanish '^miUed dollar^ then generally in circulation in all the States. This
proposition was accepted, and at the same time the decimal system was adopted for
the new cotnaee and the dollar divided into ten dimes of ten cents each.

A coinage of gold was also provided for with the denomination of eagle, and its
half, and muarter, of the value of ten, five, and two-and-a-half dollars respectively.
The term ^' eagle'' is derived from the reverse tjrpe of the piece, which the law pre-
scribed should be an eagle. On the first coinage of gold that bird is reiuresented
naturalistically, as it is in the latest designs.

PRIVATE GOLD COINS.

[Section 2A, left end of tray.l

These gold coins were struck by i)rivato enterprise, first in Georgia and North
Carolina about 1830, then later at various places in the Far West following the dis-
covery of gold in California and other Western States. In the latter region the private
''coinage'' was simply a convenience, a sort of necessity coinage. At first large pay-
ments were met in the mining regions by the use of gold in nugget or dust form, the
latter put up in phials, weighed and marked with the value of the contents, a very
inconvenient form of circulating medium. When the mechanical appliances could
be secured the gold was converted into a coin form for greater convenience, and not
chiefiy for profit, if for the latter purpose at all. These communities had an abundance
of Mexican silver coins, so that there was no need to coin gold dollars, half and qtuirter
dollars, and the coins of these denominations were evidently made for the profits
that could be realized by their sale to tourists. They continued to be coined long
after the issue of other denominations had ceased.

PRIVATE COINERS AND SPECIMENS OF THEIR COINS.

Georgia: Templeton Reid. 10 Dollars, undated. TEMPLETON
REID-ASSAYER; in field, TEN/DOLLARS. Rev. GEORGIA/
GOLD. Rare.

(66)

North Carolina: Christopher Bichtler. Rutherfordton. 6 Dollars, un-
dated. C. BECHTLER ASSAYER, and inner circle, RUTH-
ERFORD COUNTY. Rev. NORTH CAROLINA GOLD; in
field, 5/DOLLARS/20/CARATS/150. G./. Rare.

Augvsi Bechtler, son of preceding.
California: San Francisco:

(a) Baldwin and Company.

(6) Cincinnati Mining aria Tradina Company. 10 Dollars, 1849.
Bust of Indian chief, with feather bonnet. Rev. CALIFORNIA
TEN DOLLARS. An eagle flying, carrying shield.

(c) Ajigust Humbert. Fifty Dollars, 1851. Octagonal.
UNITEli STATES OF AMERICA. An eagle standing upon a
rock; below, FIFTY DOLLS.; on the eight sides, AUGUSTUS-
HUMBERT-UNITED-STATES-ASSAYER-OF GOLD-CALI-
FORNIA-1851. Rev. Engine turning.

(d) Kellogg and Company.

(e) Miner's Bank.

(/) Moffat and Company. 16-dollar bar, undated. MOFFAT
& CO./20} CARAT/$16.00/. Rev. Plain.

(&\ NorriSf Grieg j and Norris.

(h) Pacific Company. 10 Dollars, 1849. An eagle flying, carry-
ing olive branch and hammer. Rev. Liberty Pole encircled by
rays and stars.

(i^ TempUUm Reid. Identical with the Reid of Georgia.

( j) United States Assay Office.

(h) WasSy Molitor & Go. 50 Dollars, 1855. Diademed head of

Liberty. Rev. SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA-WASS MOL-

ITOR & CO.; in wreath 50/dollar8.

At Sacramento: /. S. Orinshy. 10 Dollars, undated. UNITED

STATES OF AMERICA-CAL.; in field, J. S. 0. Rev. 10/dolls.

Oregon: Oregon City. Oregon Ezchrniae Co. 10 Dollars, 1849. In

field, 10.D.20.G(jJil/JV^S)/NATrVE/GOLD/TEN D. ReV. K. M. T. E. C. 8.

— o. T./1849. A beaver.
Colorado, Denver:

(a) Clark, Gruber & Co. CLARK, GRUBER & CO. An eagle.
Rev. PIKES PEAK GOLD Pikes Peak: beneath, dbnveb/
TWENTY D.

(b) J. J. Conway. 10 Dollars, undated. J. J. CONWAY-<fe
CO-BANKERS. Rev. Within circle of stars, 10; around, PIKES
PEAK-TEN DOLLARS. (Apparently unique.)

{c) John Parson <Ss Co., Tarryall Mines. 5 Dollars, undated.
Eagle. — Quartz mill; below, ORO.
Utah: Mormon Church, at Salt Lake City. 20 Dollars, 1849. HOLI-
NESS TO THE LORD Eye beneath mitre. Rev.G.B.L.C.F.G.
("Great Salt Lake City Pure Gold"). Two hands, clasped.
5 Dollars, 1860. "Holiness to the Lord" in cipher; recumbent
lion. .

iJer. DESERET ASSAY OFFICE. PURE GOLD. Eagle, with
beehive on breast.

Deseret was the earlier name of the State of Utah.

PATTERNS FOR U. 8. COINS.

[Right end of ease,]

These patterns represent suggestioDs for coins, of which a few have been adopted.
They exmbita great variety of artistic achievement; and many of them are the results
of monetary theories which have been proposed on occasions of flTiftnnifi stress.

They are arranged chronologically and refened to by date.

1792. Half-dwrne (dime). LIB(erty) PAR(ent) OF SCIENCE &
INDUSTRY Bust of Liberty. Reo, UNI. STATES OF
AMERICA Flying eagle; below, half/disme. The first
issue of the U. S. mint.

1814. Platinum Half-dollar. The origin of this piece is not known.
It probably represents nothing more than an experiment in
working platinum.

1836. Pattern of a silver Dollar, the coinage of which was about to
be resumed after an interruption lasting from 1803 or 1804.
Obv. Liberty seated; no stars around border. Rev. An eagle
in flight anud a constellation of 26 stars, representing as many
States of the Union.
Gold Dollar. Obv. Liberty cap in a glory. This type un-
doubtedly imitates the similar design on the Mexican coins
then in common use in our country. Rev. Value and date in
wreath.

1850. "Ring Dollar." The central hole was probably intended to
increase the diameter of the piece, in order to meet the objec-
tion to the small size of the gold dollar.

1856. "Flying eagle," or "White Cent"; a somewhat rare pattern.

1863. Two-cents. Obv. Bust of Washington; around, GOD AND
OUR COUNTRY, one of the earlier suggestions of a religious
motto for the coins, which later took the form of "In God
We Trust. "

1865. Patterns of the coins, with the motto, "In God We Trust."
The regular issue of the following year bore the motto.

1866-1867. Nickel Five-cent pieces, inclumng one pattern with the
bust of Lincoln. This denomination was added to the series
of coins in 1866.

1868. Pattern in aluminum of a proposed international gold coin,
with value olfive dollars, or Twenty-Jive francs.

1871. Dollar. Types in very high relief ; and from the seated female
figure, with feather bonnet, generally known as "The
Indian Queen" dollar.

1873. Trade-dollars. Six different designs.

1874. "International gold coin," value of 10 dollars and bearing

statements of eq^uivalent values for Great Britain, France,
Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands.
1877. Fifty-dollar pieces, gold and bronze. The heads on these two
gold pieces are different, while reverse sides are the same
as that of the bronze piece between them. Both types are
very similar to the double-eagle. Each specimen is supposed
to be imique. The question of adding such large pieces
to the country *s series of coins was never seriously con-
sidered.

1878. Patterns for the silver Dollar issued in 1878.

"Goloid Dollar," so called because made of a composition of
gold and silver, the composition being 1 part, or 40 cents,

fold, 24 parts, or 60 cents, silver, and one-tenth alloy. The
e&nite object of such an experiment can only be surmised.
It was a failure, as the presence of gold can not be detected
by the eye.

1879. "Stella" ($4.00), gold. Head of Liberty; around, *6*G*.3*S*

.7*C*7*G*R*A*M*S*. Rev. Star (.Stella), ONE/STELLA/400/
CENTS
"Goloid Twenty Dollars.'* An entire series of the so-called
. "Goloid " coins was proposed. (See under 1878.)
"Goloid Metric Dollar.''
1882. Patterns for the nickel Five-cent piece issued in 1883. Also
Five-cent and One-cent pieces of 1884 with useless central
hole.
1885. DoUar, with edge inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM.
1896. Patterns for nickel Five-cent and One-cent pieces.

1906. Pattern, gold, for new Double-eagle, by Mr. Barber.

PATTERNS OF GOLD COINS BY MR. SAINT-GAUD ENS.

1907. (Vi Eagles ; trial i)ieces from the first die, without raised borders.

1907. Iz) The same, with raised borders.

1908. (1) Double-eagle; from first die, and with very high relief.

(2) From same model, but diameter reduced to Qiat of the

eagle. Only specimens(?).

(3) First issue, with these types; middle relief.

1910. Five-cents, nickel, with bust of Washington; five varieties.

COINS OF CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, 1861.

It appears that after seizing the mint at New Orleans, steps were taken by the
Confederate government to coin money, and a reverse die for a Half-dc^ar was
made, wll^ which it was apparently intended to employ the obverse type of the
Half-aollar then in circalation. Tradition has it that only four specimens were
struck.

1689. Half-dollar, 1861. A United States Half-dollar of 1861, struck

on reverse with a die copied from an alleged Half-dollar of
the Confederate States of America. Reo. Arms of the Con-
federate States of America — ^a shield argent seven pales gules,
chief azure seven stars, four and three; crest. Liberty Pole;
the whole within a wreath of cotton and palm.

1690. Cent, 1861. Privately coined. Ohv. CONFEDERATE

STATES OF AMERICA ; head of Liberty to left, with liberty
cap adorned with six stars on band. Rev. Within a wreatn

of cane, cotton, and wheat, 1/CENT. Size, 12.

[Lower case.]
Indian Wampum. — (a) Specimens of the wampum used by north-
em Indians. The long beads are made from shells.

(b) Specimens of heavier wampum made of bone, from near St.
Louis, Mo.

COINS AND TOKENS OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES.

The Mint at Boston, Massachtuetts: 1. Shilling, undated. Obv.
N. E. (=New England). Rev, XII, the mark of value, Twelve
pence.

2. ShiUmg, 1652. Obv. An oak tree: around, MASATHVSETS
IN. i?«;. NEW. ENGLAND ANO DOM— 1662.

8. Shilling, 1652 Similar legends; type, a pine tree. The types of
the remaining shillings, the sixpencey and the threepence are similar
to the last. AH are dated 1652, though the mint was active for sev-
eral years (1652-1683).

Coinage of Lord Baltimore for Maryland. — 12. Shilling. Obv.
Bust of Lord Baltimore. Rev. Shield of arms. Also sixpence,
groat f and a copper piece called derujorium.

TOKENS STRUCK FOR USE IN THE COLONIES PRIOR TO THEIR INDE-
PENDENCE.

The **Ro9a Ammcana^* tokens. — ^These pieces were made in
England by one William Wood, under a patent from the crown.
They did not meet with favor, and the patent was later surrendered
for a consideration.

17. Twopence, 1722. Obv. Bust of Geoige I. Rev, Full blown
rose.

18. Twopence, 1723. Similar to the last, but rose is crowned.
Carolina Token. — 16. Penny token, 1694. Elephant. Rev.

GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA AND THE LORDS PRO-
PRIETORS.

T?ie Higley Tokens, Granby, Connecticut. — ^28. Threepence, bronze,
undated. VALUE .ME. AS. YOU. PLEASE.' Deer standmg to
left; beneath. III. Rev. I. CUT. MY. WAY. THROUGH. A
broad-ax. The first words of the legend, I CUT, are apparently a
play upon the final syllables of the name Connect-i-cut.

COINAGE OF THE STATES AND OF THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS.

1783-1789.

Connecticut. — 29. Cent, bronze, 1785. Others are dated 1786 and
1787.

Massachusetts. — 34. Cent, bronze, 1787. An eagle displayed.
Rev. An Indian standing, holding bow and arrow.

87. Half-cents, 1787 and 1788. Type similar to No. 34.

New Jersey.— Cent, bronze, 1786. NOVA CAESAREA. Horse's
head, to right. Rev. E. PLURIBUS. UNUM. Shield.

43. Cent, bronze, 1788. Similar to last, but horse's head to left.

Vermont.-A^. Cent, bronze, 1786. VERMONTENSIUM. RES.
PUBLICA. Pine covered moimtains, behind which rise sun;
below, plough. Rev. STELLA. QUARTA. DECIMA. All-
seeing eye.

46. Cent, bronze, 1786. AUCTORI :— VERMON : Laureated bust
to right. Rev. INDE(pendentia) ET LIB(ertas). Liberty seated
to left.

THE GONQRESS.

In order to sapply the ooiintry with coins of small denomination, the scarcity of
which seems to have constantly hampered retail trade, and at the same time to sup-
plant the large amount of wretched tokens that were constantly worked into circula-
tion by speciuators, the Congress took steps to issue copper cents; but the project was
apparenuy never carried out, although the contractor— for the coins were to be made
by a contractor— did coin a considerable quantity of the pieces.

47. "Fugio" Cent, 1787. Ohv. UNITED STATES on a email
raised circle; within the circle, WE/ARE/ONE, around, thirteen
rings interlinked. Rev. A sun-dial on which the hours are indi-
cated, and a meridian sun above: to left, * FUGIO *, to right,
* 1787 *; exergucy MIND YOUR/BUSINESS.

49. Similar to No. 47, but the rings on the obverse are inscribed
with the names of the States.

PATTERNS AND TOKENS WHICH ORIGINATED IN THE PERIOD
BETWEEN THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A COINAGE BY THE REPUBLIC.

50. Pewter. Pattern dollar, 1776. Ohv. Between two circles,
AMERICAN CONGRESS; within the inner circle, WE/ARE/ONE;
around the outer circle, ra^rs which extend to an endless chain of
ti^irteen round links, each inscribed with the name of one of the
original States of the Union ; on border, pellets. Rev. CONTINEN-
TAL CURENCY 1776; the type is similar to the reverse type of
No. 47.

51. Similar to last, but reading CONTINENTAL CURRENCY,
i. e. with two R*s in CURRENCY.

62. Similar to No. 50, but signed by the artist E. G. FECIT, i. e.,
one "E. G. made it."

Chalmers, Annapolis, Md. — 54 to 55a. Tokens in silver issued by
I. Chalmers, at Annapolis.

The ^^ Nova Constellatio" Covpers. — ^The thirteen States formed
the "New Constellation" whicn the designer of this type had in
mind. 56. Cent token, 1783. Ohv. NOVA CONSTELLATION.
An eye in a glory, surrounded by a circle of thirteen stars. Rev.
LIBERTAS * JVSTITIA. Within a laurel wreath, U. S.; below,
1783.

The "Bar CenV^ — 5S. Cent token, undated. Ohv. In a plain
field, U. S. A. Rev. Thirteen bars.

The "Immune Columbia.^ ^ — 59. Guinea, gold, 1785. Ohv. Simi-
lar to No. 56. Reo. IMMUNE COLUMBIA; Columbia, seated to
right, holding Liberty Pole in right hand and scales in left; below,
1785.

This piece is struck over an English Guinea of George III, which
was dated 1775. Unique.

Private coinage of Ephraim Brasher, a jeweler of New York. —
63. Doubloon, gold, 1787. Ohv. * NOVA * EBORACA * COLUM-
BIA * EXCELSIOR * The sun rising above a mountain; in front,
sea; below, BRASHER. Rev. * UNUM * E * PLURIBUS- an
eagle displayed, with shield on breast; on right wing, EB; below,
1787.

64. Necesedty piece. Mexican Peseta of 1785 countermarked
EB by Brasher.

68. ''Kentucky Cent,'' undated. Ohv. E PLURIBUS UNTJM;
a pyramid of fifteen stars, each inscribed with the name of a State,
the one at top inscribed K(entucky), whence the name given to the
piece. Rev. UNINIMITY IS THE STRENGTH OF SOCIETY;
a hand extending a parchment inscribed OUR / CAUSE / IS / JUST.

TOKENS AND PATTERNS FOR COINS WHICH PRESENT THE LIKENESS

OP WASHINGTON.

It is ahnost certain that some of these pieces were made by those
who advocated strongly that the likeness of the President should
appear on the coins of the country* while others are nothing more
than tokens, and some are very likely only medalets.

70. Cent, 1783. Obv, WASHINGTON & INDEPENDENCE.
Draped bust of Washington, laureated, to left; below, 1783. Rev.
UNITY STATES OF AMERICA; within an olive wreath, ONE /
CENT; beneath the wreath, 1 / 100.

72. Cent, 1783. On reverse, UNITED STATES and Liberty
seated by the sea, holding olive branch and Liberty Pole.

77. Cent, 1791. Ohv. WASHINGTON PRESIDENT. Bust in
uniform, to left; below, 1791. Rev. A spread-eagle: in beak, a
scroll inscribed UNUM— E PLURIBUS; above, ONE / CENT; edge,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

85. Cent, 1792. Ohv. WASHINGTON PRESIDENT I. Bust
of W. to left. Rev. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A spread-
eagle.

THE NATIONAL COINAGE, 1793.

The coins of our country are here arranged chronologically, and
any j)articular coin, if in the collection, may be found by simply
referring to the yesu* of its issue.

The following table shows the period in which the different
denominations were issued, or might have been lawfully issued;
but certain denominations were not struck in some years or a term
of years for reasons often now unknown:

COPPER AND BRONZE.

Half-cent, copper, 1793-1857. Similar to cent.

Cent, (1) Copper, 1793-1857. The head of the goddess of Lib-
erty on the earlier issues of the Cent and Half-cent are imitated
from the one on the medal by the French artist Dupr6, made to
commemorate the successful close of the struggle for independence.
From 1840 to 1857 almost the same head is found on the Cent and
Half-cent that was employed for the Eagle. Both are by the same
engraver, Kneass.

(2) Copper-nickel, 1857-1864. The Cents of 1857 and 1858 are
popularly known as the "Flying eagle Cent" and all from 1857 to
1864 as the "White Cents"- in 1858 the type of Liberty with a
feather bonnet was first used; it was designed by Mr. J. B. Long-

acre, whose edgnatuie, L., is on the end of the ribbon in the back
hair.

(3) Bronze, 1864-1909. The type of Liberty head with the feather
bonnet is preserved throughout thifl period. (4) 1909. The bust of
Mr. Lincoln on obverse is the work of Victor D. Brenner, whose sig-
nature, V. D. B., occurs on the first issues of 1909.

Two-cents, bronze, 1864-1873. Ohv, Garnished shield. Rev.
Value in a wreath. Designed by Mr. Longacre. The first coins
issued bearing the motto, In God fVe Trust

NICKEL.

Five cents, 1866 to presenjt time. The first issue, with shield and
value 5, was designea by Mr. Longacre. The present piece, 1883,
was designed by Mr. C. E. Barber.

Tliree cents, 1865-1889. Head of Liberty— Numeral III.

SILVER.

Dollaz, 1794-1804; 1840-1904: (1) 1794, bust of Liberty with loose
hair. Rev. Naturalistic eagle. (2) 1795 , bust of Liberty with hair
tied back. Rev. Eagle, similar to last. (3^ 1799^ bust of Liberty
similar to last. Rev. Eagle, displayed, witn shield on breast — an
adaptation of the Great Seal of the United States. (4) 1840-187 S, full
figure of Liberty seated . — Eagle with wings displayed . Engraved by
Gobrecht. (5) 1878-1904, head of Liberty. Rev. Eagle with wings
upraised. Engraved by Mr. George T. Morgan.

Trade dollar, 1873-1883. Desimed by Mr. William Barber.

Half dollar, 1794-1807, types smiilar to dollar; 1807-1838, bust of
Liberty to left, wearing Liberty Cap. Rev. Ea^le; 1838-1892,
seated Liberty figure and eagle; 1892, the current piece, to present
time.

Quarter dollar, 1796 to present time. (See statement under Half
dollar.)

Dime, 1796 to present time. See statement under Half dollar;
after 1837, the reverse type is simply ONE/DIME in a wreath,
instead of an eagle.

Hall dime, 1794-1873. Types similar to the Half-Dollar until
1837, when simply HALF/DIME in a wreath occurs on the reverse.

Tliree cents, 1851-1873. Ohv. A star, on which is a shield.
Rev. Roman Numeral, III, within letter C.

GOLD.

Double-eagle ($20.00): (1) 1849-1907. Head of Liberty. Rev.
An ea^e displayed, with shield on breast. This piece was designed
by J. B. Longacre, whose signature, J. B. L., is on the truncation of
the neck. (2) 1907. Standing figure of Liberty. Rev. Eagle in
flight. Designed by Augustus Saint-Graudens, whose signature,
A. S. G. in monogram, is beneath the date.

Eagle ($10.00), 1795-1804; 1838 to present time. (1) 1795-1797,
bust of Liberty with pointed Liberty Cap. — Naturalistic eagle with
wreatii in beak. (2) 1797-1804, same obverse as before. — Eagle dis-

played, with shield on breast. The eagle was not struck from 1805
to 1837. The earlier issues of this piece, from 1796 to 1804, were
21-16ths of an inch in diameter, or tne same as the Double-eagle of
1849, and for that reason this early Eagle is often mistaken for a
Double-eagle. The coin bore no statement of value. (3) 1838-1907^
head of Liberty with diadem inscribed LIBERTY. Rev. Eagle.
Engraved by Kneaas. (4) 1907, head of Liberty with feather bonnet.
Rev. Eagle standing on bundle of arrows. Designed by Saint-
Gaudens. The obverse type of this piece was intended originally
for the cent.

Half eagle ($5.00), 1795, still issued: (1) 1796-1807, bust of Lib-
erty, with pointed Liberty Cap. Rev. Two types of eagle on
reverse. Compare types of Eagle. (2) 1807-1834, bust of Liberty
with close-fittmg Lioerty Cap. Rev. Eagle. Engraved by Reich.
(3) 1834^1889, bust of Liberty with wavy hair bound by a fillet
inscribed LIBERTY: Rev. Eagle. (4) 1839-1908, same type as
on the Eagle. (5) 1908, bust of an Indian chief. Rev. Eagle standing
on bundle of arrows. Designed by Mr. Bela Lyon Pratt. The
devices on this piece and on the Quarter eagle of tne same year are
sunk below the level of the surface, so that it was not necessary to
raise the edges of the coin.

Three dollars, 1854-1889. Head of Liberty with bonnet of
plumes. Rev. 3/DOLLARS/1854. Engraved by Longacre. The
head is really the same as that on the |20 gold piece of 1849, but with
a different headdress.

Quarter eagle, (12.50) 1795 to present time. The types of the
Quarter eagle follow very closely tnose of the Half -Eagle.

Dollar, 1849-1889. Two types of obverse: (1) 1849-1854^ head of
Liberty with diadem; (2) two varieties: (a) Small head of Liberty
with bonnet of plumes, (h) large head of Lioerty with similar bonnet.
Rev. The same for all: l/DOLLAR/1849. The Liberty head on
this piece is also the same as on the $20 piece.

COMMEMORATIVE COINS.

The United States has struck but few special coins in commemoration of historical
events. The first ccmmemorative coins were issued in 1892 in connection with the
celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. The Congress
has authorized the following:

1892-3. Columbian Half dollar, silver. Head of Columbus — Span-
ish galley.
1893. Columbian Quarter dollar, silver. Crowned bust of Queen

Isabella. — ^The 8i)inner.
1899. Lafayette Dollar, silver. Struck to commemorate the unveiling

of a statue of Washington in Paris, the gift of American sdiool

children. Heads of Washington and Lafayette, conjoined. —

Statue of Washington.
1903. Dollar, gold. Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Two types of

obverse: (1) Bust of President McKinley. (2) Bust of

Thomas Jefferson. Rev. Alike for both 1 and 2: ONE/

DOLLAR/1803/1903/.

1904-5. Dollar, gold. Levns and Clark ExpontUm, Portland. Bust
of Lewis. — ^Bust of Clark.

''hard times tokens.*'

specimens of the cent tokens that appeared in 1834 and following years. The
types of some of them are of a i>oIitical character, whilst others bear the advertise-
ments of merchants.

Token, 1834. A PLAIN SYSTEM. VOID OF POMP. Pros.
Jackson holding sword and nurse. Rev. THE CONSTITUTION
AS I UNDERSTAND IT. Balking mule, labeled LL. D.; above,
ROMAN FIRMNESS.

Token, 1834. MY SUBSTITUTE FOR THE U. S. BANK.
Facing bust of Jackson; on breast, EXPERIMENT MY CUR-
RENCY MY GLORY. Rev. PERISH CREDIT. PERISH COM-
MERCE. Boar running; on his side, MY THIRD HEAT; above,
MY VICTORY; below, DOWN WITH THE BANK.

CIVIL WAR TOKENS.

In 1863 during the stress of the Civil War there appeared numerous issues of one-
cent tokens by private business firms, which may in a measure have been necessary
in order to supply a deficiency of small coin. They are usually classified into CivU
War Tokens and MerehanW Cards, according as the types are patriotic or personal.

CANADA.

(Section 17, upper case.]
Since 1867 there has been a single coinage for all Canada, except Newfoundland,
which has a separate coinage. A mint was established at Ottawa in 1908, and now
both gold and silver are struck there. The first gold coins struck at Ottawa were
sovereigns, distinguished from those of the London mint by the mint mark C on the
basis 01 the St. George and Dragon group; later, 1912, ten and five dollar pieces were
added. A rich variety of tOKens forms the chief numismatic interest of Canadian
currency.

MEXICO.

[ Section 21, upper case.]
The coinage of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Mexico, which was the first coinage to
be established in the western Hemisphere, dates from 1535. At first only silver was
coined at the Mexican mint, but in 1542 a small coinage of ooi)per was put forth in
the denominations oi two and four maravedi pieces. Copper coins, however, did not
prove acceptable to the people and the use of that metol was not contMued. In
1675 the r^t to coin gola was accorded the Spanish American mints, which by that
time had been establbhed at various places m South America.

The coiDBge in Mexico, and also in other Spanish-American countries, was very
extensive, much lareer indeed than the needs of the coimtry, and the vast amount
of it was due not oniy to the richness of the mines, at one time the most productive
in the world, but also to the existence of a law that prohibited the sale and exporta-
tion of bullfon, so that all eold and silver must first be converted into coins before the
products of the mines could be disiM)sed of in the channels of conunerce.

The earliest types of the Spanish-American coins were a shield of royal arms and
the pillars of Hercules and the peso became known as the "Pillar dollar"; later a
cross took the place of the pillars on the reverse; in 1732 the cross was supplanted by
a device composed of the two hemispheres with a crown above, and between the
two crowned pillars of Hercules, which emeige from the sea, a type referring to the
claims of Sptmish sovereignty over the two hemispheres and the sea. The peso
bearing this t^e also became popularly known as the "Spanish pillar dollar," in
Spanish the Cofumnario. and also Mundos y mares. In 1773 the portrait of the king
of Spain and the arms of Spain became the types of all Spanish-American coins. In
1732 the Mexican mint was provided with mechanical equipment and the coins struck
thereafter, because of their superior workmanship and chiefly because of their mora

uniform and aooorate weight and value, became known as ''Milled" to disttagoish
them from the crude coins produced by the earlier and less efficient processes and
which are often described as '* Cob coins^' on account of their irregular form and cnide
workmanship. The '' Spanish milled dollar '' soon became the unit of value through-
out the Americas and also served the commerce of China and of the Orient. " Pay-
able in Simnish milled dollars" is found on t^e paper currency issued by Congress
to finance the War of Independence, and for many years after that time the same
coin figured generally in contracts and leases drawn in this country.

1. To6ton (4 reales), undated, of Charles land his mother ^ Joanna
(A. D. 1521-1556). Crowned eliield of arms— Pillars of Hercules,
crowned •

7 and 8. Pesos, silver, 1611, 1621, of Philip 111(1598-1621). Types
similar to No. 1. These are often called **Cob coins" because of
their crude workmanship.

9. Peso, silver, 1629, oi Philip IV (1621-1665). Crowned shield of
arms. — Cross with arms of Leon and Castile, lions and castles, in angles.
A **Cob Dollar.''

10. Media onza, or half-Doubloon, gold, 1739, of Phaip V (1700-
1746). Bust in armor. — Crowned shield of arms.

16. Peso, silver, 1737, of the same. Crowned shield of arms. — ^The
two hemispheres, crowned, between the two Pillars of Hercules;
about each pillar, a scroll inscribed PLUS-ULTRA. Known in
commerce as the ''Spanish Milled Dollar," to distinguish it from
the cruder coins of earlier date. When this tyne of coins appeared,
the Mexican mint had just been provided witn mechanical equip-
ment. Popularly known as the " Globe Dollar."

49. Onza or Doubloon, gold, 1774, of Charles III (1760-1788).
Bust with mantle over armor. — Crowned shield of arms, within collar
of the Golden Fleece. Countermarked "16" (dollars) on head.

51. Proclamation Peso, silver, 1760^ of the same. About the
middle of the eighteenth century the issue of a special coinage to
commemorate the accession of the Spanish king became established
custom in the American possessions.

68. Peso. 1773, of the same. Bust with mantle over armor-
Between tne Pillars of Hercules, a crowned shield of the arms of
Spain.

122. Peso, 1796, of Charles IV (1789-1808). Bust and arms similar
to No. 58; countermarked on od verse with bust of George III of
Great Britain. At the time of the money stringency in England in
1797 the Bank of England, which had suspended sj)ecie payment,
received authority to countermark Spanish silver coin ana place it
in circulation at the rate of 4«. 9d. the peso. Since the pesos could
be bought in the market for less than they passed for when coimter-
marked, the stamp was extensively counterfeited. Finally it
became necessary to restrike the Spanish silver, specimens of which
will be foimd under British coins, section 6, lower case, Bank of
England Tokens.

186. Bronze pattern of a Proclamation Toston, 1789. A. CARLOS.
IV. REY. DE. ESPANA. Y. DE. LAS. YNDIAS. Crowned shield
of arms— PROCLAMADO. EN. MEXI/CO. ARO DE/1789/*4R*

197. Realy 1809, a denomination which in certain States of our
country was known as the Levr/j or the ^Leven penny Bit, and also as
the Mexican shilling. Its value was about 12} cents.

199. Medio-realf the Half-real, a denomination which circulated in
our country as the Fippenny, or Fi^p^ny Bit, tliat is, the Five Penny
piece, or halfskUling.

NECESSITY COINAGE OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION.

In 1810 the long Intermittent struegle for independence began in Mexico under
the leadership of the patriot priest, Miguel Hidalgo, who was defeated, captured,
and shot. In 1812 Morelos, another priest, headed the revolutionary cause and met
with Hidalgo's fate. To meet the expenses of his military operations Morelos
resorted to an extensive necessity coinage, while his army, known as the Army of
the Southf was operating in the State of Oaxaca. This coinage consisted partiv of
base silver, but chiefly of bronze, in which metal all the usual silver denominations
were east in enormous quantities.

Other irreeular coinages of the period were: (a) The coinage of the Central Junta
acting in behalf of the king at City of Mexico; (b) the provisional coinages of the
States of Nueva Vyzcaya and Zacatecas; (c) a series of coins cast in molds produced
from current coins, perhaps in the State of Chihuahua; and (d) the very crude coins
made with a hammer at Sombrerete, by direction of Genial Vargas, commander
of the loyalist forces.

210. Peso, silver, 1813, of the Central Junta at Mexico. Obv.
VICE. FERD. VII. DEI. GRATIA. Upon a bridge of three arches,
an eagle perched upon a cactus; below, 1813. Rev. S. P. CONG.
NAT. GuV. T. 8R. 8. M. — a halberd and a quiver with three arrows,
crossed; above, a hand holding a bow with arrow fixed and pointing
upwards; below, a lasso.

222. Peso, 1810, issued by Gen. Vargas at Sombrerete, State of
Zacatecas. Made by means of a hammer.

226-226. Pesos, bronze, 1812, issued by Morelos. Obv. A bow
with arrow fixed and pointed upward* beneath, S U D, **Army of
the South". Rev. Monogram of Morelos; below, 8 R(eale8) / 1812.

In the rest of the group other denominations may be seen, and also a few speci-
mens in silver.

THE EMPIRE OF MEXICO.

In 1821 Spain recognized the independence of Mexico, and in May of the following
year the successful l«ider. Don Augustin Iturbide, was proclaimed emperor with the
title of Augustin I. This empire lasted but a year, for in March, 1823, Iturbide
was compelled to abdicate because of cruelty.

249. Half Onza (4 Escudos), 1823. Obv. AUGUSTINUS DEI
PROVIDENTIA; nude bust to right; below, 1823. Reo. MEX. I.
IMPERATOR. C0NSTITUT.4 S. J. M. (*; The First Constitutional
Emperor of Meodco ") ; on an oval shield within a garnished cartouche,
an eagle standing upon a cactus.

250. Peso, 1822. Obv. AUGUST. -DEI. PROV.; nude bust to
right; below, .M. 1822. Rev. Legend similar to No. 249; a crowned
eagle standing upon a cactus.

THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO.

In October of 1823 a federal republic was proclaimed and a provisional government
established to draft a constitution. The provisional government proceeded at once
to the coinage of money. The types of this first republican coinage, as will be readily
seen, differed but slightly from those adopted bv the R^ublic of Mexico after the
adoption of the federal constitution in October of 1824.

A. THE PBOVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (OCT. 4, 1823-OCTOBER, 1824).

861. Peso, 1824. Obv. REPUBLICA MEXICANA; an eagle
standing to left with left foot ui)on a nopal cactus which is upon an
island, and grasping a serpent in beak and right claw. Rev. In a
glory a liberty cap with hibertad inscribed on the crown; below,

*8R(eales). M. J. M. 10 D-. 20 G-.

Note.— ft, City of Mexico; J. M., signature of the mint-master; 10 D(inero6) 20
O(ranos), flnenffls of the piece; equivalent to about 903 thousandths.

B. THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO (1824-1864).

271. Onza, 1824. Obv, REPUBLICA MEXICANA; the arms of
Mexico — an eagle standing on a cactus, the head turned to right.
Rev, LA LIBERTAD EN LA LEI; right hand holding a Liberty

Pole upon the book of the Constitution; below, 8E(escudo6) M. 1824.
J. M. 21 Q9(uilates= carats).

278. AR. Peso, 1825. Obv, Arms of Mexico, as No. 261. Rev,
In a glory, a Liberty Cap with libertad inscribed round edge;
below, same legend as on No. 261.

Besides the mint at the City of MexleOf there were mints at Chihuahuat CfiUaean,
Duranqo, Chtudalupe |f Calvo, Cfuadalaxaraf OuanaxuaiOf HermoHUo, Oaxaea, Bed
de lo9 Alamos, San Luta Pototi, and Zacatecat.

C. THE EMPIRE OF MAXIMILIAN (1864-1867).

During this short-lived empire, which was established by means of French arms
invited 67 a small class of Mexican notables, four mints struck coins for the emperor,
the remaming establishments not being within range of imperial sway.

886. AV. 20 Pesos, 1866. Obv. MAXIMILIANO— EMPERA-
DOR; bust of the emperor, to right; beneath, on a scroll, the names
of the artists, navalon and ogampo. Rev. IMPERIO MEXI-
CANO. The imperial arms; below, 20 PESOS-1866 M.

887. AR. Peso, 1866. Legends and types similar to No. 385, but
reading 1 PESO-1866 M. on reverse.

The coins of Maximilian were on the decimal system. Note the
50 CENTiavos)^ the Decmvo, and the Medio^eimOj or 5 CENT{avo8).

D. THE REPUBLIC OP MEXICO, RESTORED, LATER THE UNITED STATES

OP MEXICO, {Estados Unidos Mexicanos).

897. AV. 20 Pesos, 1870. Obv. REPUBLICA MEXICANA; the
arms of Mexico; below, 1870. Rev. Over scroll of the constitution
and a sword, crossed, a pair of scales (Justice); above. Liberty Cap
in a glory; below, M** C. VEINTE PESOS. 875.

408. Peso, silver, 1874. Legends and types similar to No. 272,
the old types restored.

402-403. AV. 10 Pesos, 1905. Obv. Bust of Miguel Hidalgo, to
left; around, DIEZ PESOS-M * 1905. Rev. ESTADOS UNIDOS
MEXICANOS; arms of Mexico; edge, INDEPENDENCIA. Y.
LIBERTAD.

CEITTSAL AUESICA.

UNDER SPAIN.

[Section 21, lower case.]

Central America or Guatemala was formed into a captain generalship under Spain
and the city of Guatemala, later of New Guatemala, became the seat of the capital
and of a mmt. The types of the coins of Spanish Central America were the same
as those of the othor Spanish-American coins. (See UTider Mexico, p. 76.)

CENTRAL AMERICA, INDEPENDENT.

In 1821 the Central American States declared their independence of Spain, and
in the following year united with Mexico, then an empire under Iturbide, Augus-
tin I. In July of the following year the Central American States withdrew from
Mexico and established the confederate Rcpublica del Centro de A merica. This union
lasted until 1830(?) when it was dissolved; reorganized in 1842. but soon again dis-
solved: after which, the several States one by one adopted republican constitutions.

A. UNDER MEXICO (1822-1823).

1. AR. Proclamation Real, 1822, of Augustin I, 1822-1823. Obv.
AUGUSTIN. I. EMPERAD. DE. MEXICO; bust of Augustin to
right. Rev. GUAT. EN LA PROCLAM. DE SU. I. EMP.: within
alaurel wreath, 26 DE DEC./DE 1822/23 DE LA/INDEP; shield
of arms of Central America between ends of branches of the wreath.

B. REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AMERICA (1823-1839).

8. AV. Onza, 1825. Obv. REPUBLICA DEL CENTRO DE
AMERICA; sun rising behind range of five mountain peaks; below,
1825. Reo. LIBRE CRESCA FECUNDO; within a circle, a tree
whose stem divides the mark of value, 8-E; below, NG (Nueva
Guatemala) M. 21 Q*. Edge^ hatched obliqely.

6. Peso, silver, 1825. Legends and types similar to No. 2.

Issues of the oUier mints of the Confederacy, as of San Jos6, Costa Rica, mm. CR,
will be found among the coins of those respective mints.

THE INDBPENDBNT REPUBLICS OF CENTRAL

AMERICA.

COSTA RICA.

From the dissolution of the Republic of Central America. 1839, until 1848 Costa
Rica was an independent State under the old ccnstitution; in 1848 the constitution
of the RepuhUe ofOosta Rica was adopted.

1-4. AR. Coins struck for the confederate Republic of Central
America at the mint of Costa Rica at San Jos6.

8we2«— 13 — 6

(79)

GOLD.

6. Neceaaity Escudo, 1842; struck by Preeadent Oarillo durum his
contest with Morazan, by whom he was finally defeated and ban-
ished. Oht. EST. D. COSTA-RICA; six-TOinted star; below, .
palm and laurel branches in saltire. Bet. Withm a circle, a tree
whose stem divides the mark of value, 1-E («au2t>); around, 21 Q(ui2a-
t«s=carats) .-M.M. 1842.

11. Media onza, 1850. Ohv. REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA;
garnished shield of arms. Ren. AMERICA CENTRAL; an Indian
woman, leaning upon a column which bears the date of independ-
ence, 15/DE/SET/DE/1821.

19. 20 Colones, gold, 1897. Shield of arms. Ren, Bust of Colum-
bus to right; below, value, VEINTE COLONES.

SILVER.

86. Real, 1849. A tree. Ren. Facing female bust, with nude
breasts.

Since 1860 the national anns are regularly found on the oolnsof Gosta Rica.

REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA.

The ty}Des of the coins of the JSepuMJc o/ Central America were continued on the
coins of Ouatemala untH 1847, when the national arms appeared on the obverse of
the rather irregular issues of commemorative reaies. In 1850 the bust of President
(1851-1865) Carrera, engraved by Johann Baptist Frener, a Swiss medallist who was
engraver at the Guatemala mint from 1854 to 1893, formed the obverse type; and after
his death the bust of Carrera as Founder of the Republic, was still continued on the
coins of Guatemala. The reverses bore the national arms.

In 1870 the arms of the Republic displaced the portrait of Carrera, and at the same
time the decimal system, with a peso of 100 eentavos, was introduced. In 1872 a
female figure representing Guatemala appeared on the obverse, and on reverse the
present arms of Guatemala, over two crossed guns, a parchment surmounted by a
bird of paradise. Later, a laureated bust of Liberty supplanted the seated female
figure.

1. Peso, silver, 1842. Range of five mountain peaks, above which
rise the sun. Rev, Tree.

2. Onza, gold, 1863. Ohv, RAFAEL CARRERA P {PresidenU)
DE LA R. {Republica) DE GUATEMALA; head of Carrera to
right. Rev. Anns.

21. Peso, silver, 1866. After the death of Carrera. Ohv. B.
CARRERA FUNDADOR DE LA R. DE GUATEMALA; head
of C. to left. Rev. National arms.

22. Peso, silver, 1872. Female figure, Guatemala. Rev, National
arms.

28. Peso, silver, 1882. Laureated bust of Libertad, to left Rev.
Arms of Guatemala.

UNION or HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, AND SALVADOR.

After the dissolution of the Republic of Central America in 1839 these three states
made rex>eated efforts to effect a union, but with small success. Thej came nearest
to success in 1849-1851. During this brief period a laree quantity of early Spanish
and other foreign coins were countermarked with the aevioe of the Union, namely,
a shining sun above a range of three mountains.

^ /

81 _\

a. Necessity Peso, 1683, of Charles II, very crude "cob" piece.
On obverse, round couittennark: sun above three mountains.

b. Necessity Half-peso, Pentagonal portion cut from center of a
peso of 1767.

HONDURAS.

The Repablio of Honduras was established in November of 1838, before the disso-
lution of toe Confederation of Central America, in 1839. An interesting feature of the
coinage of Honduras is an extensive " Necatit^ coinage** in base metalof all denoml-
nations from the htUf-feal to at least the S-peto piece, or media onza. These coins were
issued as provisiorm coins from the national mint at Tegucigalpa.

2-8. Bronze and billon provisional coinage, dating from 1845 to
1862.

10. 5-pesoe, gold, 1896. Head of Liberty. Rev. Arms of Hon-
duras; flJbove, on a scroll, U-N-I-O-N; and above the scroll the
initial letters of the names of the five countries forming the Union:
G. S. H. N. C. — Guatemala, Salvador, etc.

11. Peso, silver, 1881. Female figure holding flag of the Central
American Union. Rev, Arms of Honduras.

NICARAGIJA.

The coinage of Nicaragua has never been extensive. The national arms and the
indication of value form the types.

SALVADOR.

1. 20-pesos, gold, 1892. REPUBLICA DEL SALVADOR; arms
of Salvador. Rev. AMERICA CENTRAL; laureated bust of
Liberty to left; below, 20 Pesos.

6. Peso, silver, 1893. Similar to No. 1. Rev. Bust of Columbus,
to left; above, CRISTOBAL COLON; below, UNO PESO-
AMERICA CENTRAL.

BRITISH HONDURAS.

This portion of Central America became a British possession in 1667, though the
ownership was not finally acknowledged by Smin until 1783. A bronze cent was the
first special coinage for this c(dony,in 1886. The present monetary arrangement is
the same as for Canada.

PANAMA.

The Republic of Panama was established in 1904. Its coinage is based on the gold
haXboay of same weight and fineness as the gold ioUar of the United States of America.
The gold halboa is not coined. The peso is of the same standard as the B^ranc piece
of the Latin Monetary Union— that is, 25 grams, 900 one-thousandths fine— and is
equivalent to the half of the gold halboa. The first issue of coins of Panama included
a silver f) centesimos de ftalboa, but the piece was so small that it was withdrawn
from circulation and in 1907 a nickel piece of the same denomination and more con-
venient size substituted.

SOUTH AMERICA.

T7NDEB SPAIN.

[Section 22.]

All Spanish South America was organized into a single viceroyalty with Lima
as the capital in 1542. In 1739 a second viceroyalty was organized in the northern
portion of the continent and was known as New Granacut (Nueva Oranada), of
which Santa Fe de Bogota became the capital. A third yiceroyalty was estab-
lished in 1776, that of Buenos Aires.

Coinage mints were established in each of these viceroyalties, and convenience
to mining regions in some required two or three mints. 'Thus mints were estab
lished at Lima by Philip III (1596-1621); at Potosi in 1650 by Philip IV; at San-
tiago de Chile by Ferdinand VI (1746-1759); in the vioero3ralty of New Granada a
mint was established in 1739 by Phflip V and at Popayan by Ferdinand VI.

The arrangement of the coins is aocix'ding to mints.

MINT AT LIMA.

2. Peso, silver, of Charles II (1665-1700). Obv. A cross with
anns of Leon and Castile — lions and castles — ^in the angles. Rev.
Two Pillars of Hercules, crowned, standing in the sea. A "Pillar
Dollar."

6. Onza, or Doblone de a ocho, 1709, of Philip V (1700-1724^174$).
Obv. PHILIPPVS. V. D.G. I. SPANIAR. {hpaniarum); within
a circle of pellets, cross with arms of Leon and Castile in angles.
Rev. ET YNDIARVM REX; two crowned pillars standing in the
sea; across the field,

L-8-H (Lima, 8 reales, 'K-mint-master)
P-V-A (Plus VltrA)
7-0-9 (1709)

9. Onza, gold, 1751, of Ferdinand VI (1746-1769). Obv. FER-
DINAND VI. D. G. HISPAN. ET IND. REX.; bust with
cuirass, to right; below, * 1751 *. Rev. INITIUM SAPIENTIAE
TIMOR DOMINI; crowned shield of arms within the collar of
the Order of the Golden Fleece; at sides, J (signature of mint-
master)— 8 (reales) ; below, * LM *-* LM *, that is, Limae,

10. Peso, silver, 1755. Obv. FERDND. VI. D. G. HISPAN. ET
IND. REX.; A crowned shield of arms of Leon and Castile^ three
lilies in the center and a pomeCTanate on the base; at the sides of
the shield, */J/M/*-*/8/*. iJev. VTRAQVE VNUM; the two hemi-
spheres, crowned, above the sea, between the two crowned Pillars
of Hercules; about each pillar a scroll inscribed PLUS-ULTRA;
below, LM * 1755 * LM. JEdge^ a wreath.

21 Peso, silver, 1774. Obv. CAROLUS. III.-DEI. GRATIA.;
laureated bust, cuirassed and draped, to right; below, 1774. Rev.
HISPAN. ET IND. REX (LIMAE). 8R. M. J.; between two pil-

(82)

83 '— :

lars, a crowned shield of anns of Leon and Castile; about the pillars
a scroll inscribed PLUS-ULTRA.

66. Onza, gold, 1790. CAROL. IV. D. G. HISP. ET IND. R.-
bust cuirassed and draped, to right; below, 1790. Rev, IN
UTROQ. FELIX AUSPICE DEO.; type similar to No. 9.

66. Proclamation Peso, 1789. Ohv. CAROLUS. IV. D. G.
HISP. ET. IND. REX.; within the collar of Order of Golden
Fleece, a crowned shield of arms. Rev, PUBLIC. FIDELIT.
JURAM. 10. OCTOBRIS. 1789; between two pillars, a double
eagle with oval shield of the arms of the city of Lima. A com-
memorative piece relating to the oath of allegiance to the King
who had just acceded to the throne of Spain.

127. Similar to last, but in honor of Ferdinand VII.

THE MINT AT POTOSI.

3. Peso, silver, 1674. Ohv. CAROLUS. II. D. G. HISPAN-
lARVM. R.; a cross with the arms of Leon and Castile in the an-
gles; at sides, P(otosi)-E.; beneath 1674. Rev. POTOSI. ANO.
1674. EL PERV.; twoj)illars; across the field,

P-^-E=P(oto8i)-8 (reales)-E (mint.master)

PLV-SVL-TRA.

E-74-P=E and P as in first line; (16)74.

Note.— The date occurs three times on this coin. The same is true of Nos. 4 and
5 that follow.

Coins issued from the various other mints will readily be found by consulting
the Labels. These mints are Santiago de Chile, Santa Fe de Bogota, and Popayan.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

[Section 22.]

Formerly belonging to the viceroyalty of Peru, erected into the sei>arate viceroy-
alty of Rio de la Plata; governed by a general constituent assembly from 1813, and
by that body declared independent in 1816 with the name of the United Provinces
mLa Plata; with the dictatorship of Jean Manuel de Rosas in 1835 tiie coimtry took
the name of RepuUica Argentina Confederada, and later, on the adoption of the new
constitution in 1852, the JcepvMica Argentina.

The first republican coins, described below, were struck at Potosi in Peru from
1813 to 1815, but the disaster of Sipe Sipe in the latter year threw the Potosi mint
back into the hands of the Spanish, and the coinage was interrupted untH the estab-
lishment of a national mint at Rioja in 1824.

The law of July 17, 1836, prescribed that the portrait of the newly chosen dictator,
Rosas, should be placed on the coins; later, at the demand of Rosas, his portrait was
replaced by the national coat of arms, and around, the laudatory legend, ETERNO
LOOR AL RESTAURADOR ROSAS (Eternal CHory to the Restorer Rosas).

The present system of coins was established by the law of November 5, 1881.

UNITED PROVINCES OF BIO DE LA PLATA (1813-1835.)

1. AV. Onza, 1828. Ohv. PROVINCIAS DEL RIO DE LA
PLATA; face of radiate sun. Rev. EN UNION Y LIBERTAD.
RA. P. 8 S.; between two laurel branches, an oval shield of arms
upon a trophy of four flags, two cannon barrels, and a drum; be-
neath, 1828.

2. AR. Peso, 1813. First coinage of the republic. Ohv. PRO-
VINCIAS DEL RIO DE LA PLATA; face of radiate sun. Rev.

EN UNION Y LIBERTAD f .7.; on an oval shield two hands
joined and holding a lance surmounted by a Liberty Cap; at sides,
8-R(eale8); below, 1813.

The medio peso, peseta^ and real have types similar to those of
the peso.

Argentine C<mfederation.'-15: AV. Onza, 1836. Obv. REPUB.
ARGENT.-CONFEDERADA; bust of the Dictator, Rosas, in
uniform, to left; below, rosas. Rev. POR LA LIGA LITORAL
SERA FELIZ. R. 8 S.; a mountain by the sea; below, trophy of
arms and the date.

17. AR. Peso, 1838. Obv. ETERNO LOOR AL RESTAURADOR
ROSAS; Arms of the Confederation; at sides, 8-R(ea2e8). Rev.
REPUB. ARGENTINA-CONFEDERADA. R.; a mountain by
the sea; below, trophy of military arms.

-The divisioiial pieces have types similar to the PesM.

Argentine Republic.— 2^. A V. Aigentino, 1883. 06^;. REPUBLICA
ARGENTINA; oval shield of arms; below, 1883. Rev. Head of
Liberty to right; above, *LIBERTAD*; below, 5 PESOS * UN
ARGENTINO *; 9 D°-. FINO; in field, OUDINE; edgeiouALDAD

ANTE LA LEY.

25, AR. Peso, 1882. Similar types to No. 24, but head of Liberty
to left.

Minor coins of nickel and bronie, nsoally with national arms on obverse and value
on leverse.

City of Buenos Ayres. — ^The following bronze pieces represetit the
depreciated paper currency in circulation at the time:

41. Decimo (1/10 of current Peso), 1822. Obv. Oval shield of
arms. Rev. BUENOS AYRES/1822/UN DECIMO.

StaU of Buenos Ayres.— 50. AR. Peseta, 1853. PROVINCIA DE
BUENOS AYRES; Within oak wreath, 2 (reales). Rev. CASA DB
MONEDA— DOS REALES; within wreath, 1853.

Province of Cordova.— 50. AR. Real, 1841. PROVINCIA DE
CORDOVA. Oval shield of arms. Rev. Radiate sun; below,
P. N. P.

56. AR. Peseta, 1844. PROVINCIA DE CORDOBA. A
castle with flag, flanked by six flags, crossed. Rev. CONFED-
ERADA Sun; below, 2 meales). 1844.9 D«.

BOLIVIA.

The Repoblic of Bolivia was founded in 1825 out of teiritory that had iiormed a
part of Pern and was named in honor of the dlstingoished South Ameiican libeiatar,
Simon Bolivar. The country was reunited with Peru in 1836, but the Confedera-
tion proved unsatisfactory to certain restless Peiuvian leaders and it was adoordingly
disrupted by the sword of Gamarra in 1839.

The old Spanish monetaiy system was retained in Bolivia until 1863, Mrhen the
decimal system was introduced into the coinage and the boliviano of 25 gruns and
900-thousandtbs fineness supplanted the peso of H reales; but the coinage of me boli-
viano has long been suspended and the active unit of the system is the ^ WtMano,
equivatoit to the/raiur. The coinage of nickel was introduced in 1883.

GOLD.

/\N

1. Onza, 1831. LIBRE POR LA-CONSTITUCION Bust of
Bolivar; beneath the bust, bolivar. Rev. REPUBLICA BOLI-
VIANO Mount Cerro de Potosi and the sun rising behind the moun-
tain; to left llama; to right, sheaf of grain; below, ****** fp^ 8
S(cudo6).

2. Media Onza, 1852. In honor of President Belzu, 1848-1855.
LOS EMPLEADOS DE POSTOSI Female figure, Bolivia, seated to
light holding child in arms and placing hand on standing boy; to
left, arms of Bolivia; below, AL PRESIDENTE M. Y. BELZU.
Rev. PROVIDENCIA PERSEGUE EL CRIMEN (Providence
pursues crime); a hand from clouds with flaming sword drives man
armed with torch and serpents. (See also Nos. 12 and 29 in honor of
Pres. Belzu.)

Yngavi. — 4. J-onza, imdated. In honor of Gen. Gamarra for
victory over Santa Cruz at Yngavi, Jan., 18S9. Ohv. An Indian
walking to left and blowing a horn; around, POTOSI TRASMITE
A LA POSTERIDAD {Potosi transmits to posUrity); Rev. LA
GLORIA DEL VENCEDOR DE INGAVI ("The glory of the con-
qu^eror of Yngavi^^)\ An arm, with ballin inscribed upon it,
supports a flag staff.

SILVER.

14. Peso (8 Sueldos) 1825. Jeton, in honor of Simon Bolivar.
Ohv. SIMON BOLIVAR LIBERTADOR DE COLOMBIA Y
DEL PERU; bust of Bolivar to right. Ret). POTOSI MANI-
FESTA SU GRATITUD AL GENIO DE LA LIBERTAD; mount
Cerro de Potosi and rising sim; below, 1825.

28. Boliviano, 1867. Ohv. REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA; an oval
shield of arms, surmounted by a condor, over a trophy of military
arms; below, eleven stars. Rev. LA UNION ES LA FUERZA;
within a wreath, 1/BOLIVIANO 500/G./9. T). FINO; below
(POTOSI). 1867. F. P.; erfgre, B OLIVIA LIBRE b inde-

PBNDIENTE 1821.

82. Boliviano, 1865. In honor of Dictator Mariano Melgarejo
and Mariano Dmiato MufioZy Secretary of Potosi. Ohv. A LOS
PACIFIC ADORES DE BOLIVIA; the busts of Melmrejo and
MufLoz, conjoined; to left in field, their names. Rev. CANTERIA
DE POTOSI SETIEMBRE 5 DE 1865; in the field, AL/VALOR/
Y/AL/TALENTOynine stars.

47. 1/5-Boliviano, 1879. In honor of President Hilarion Daza,
1876-1879. Similar to the Boliviano, No. 23, but reading ENERO
14 DE 1879 below the stars. Rev. EL EJERCITO NAL. AL
PRESIDENTE DE LA REP^; head of Daza to left; beneath,

H. DAZA.

The minor coins in nickel and bronze have generally for obverse
types, the arms of the Republic, and for reverse, statement of value.

CHILE.

[Section 22.]

Assisted by the Argentine gimeral, Saint Martin, Chile secured independence in
1818. In the same year Don Milarion de la Quintana, in the capacity of a virtual
dictator, issued a decree which supplanted the Spanish coins with ney^ and striking
designs (see No. 15); but the old SpcmJsh monetary system was retained by the young
republic. In 1848, or long before the majority of the Latin American countries took
such action, Chile introduced the decimal system mto her coinage, and struck a peso
of 10 dedmoB and 100 eentavoSf weighing 25 grams, and nine-tenths fine, so that the
piece was the equivalent of the 5-franc piece of the Latin Monetary Union.

The monetary law of 1895 made the gold coin^ 22 carats fine (0.91666) and the silver
835-thousandths fine, and at the same time reduced the weight of the peso to 20 grams.

GOLD.

1. Onza, 1823. Ohv. EL ESTADO DE CHILE CONSTIT. INDE-
PENDIENTE*; range of mountains including two active volcanos;
sun above, and below, A. D. 1818. Rev. POR LA RAZON LA
FUERZA. S. 8E. F. I.; two flags in saltire behind a column
surmounted by a globe; above, a star; below, 1823.

8. Onza, 1836. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE- shield of arms
supported by guemal and condor, each crowned; below, * 1836 *.
Rev. IGUALDAD ANTE LA LEI. 8E. I. J.; a right hand laid
upon book of the constitution; above, sun; below, * 21 Q" *.

8. Onza, 1839. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE S.; Obv. Similar
to No. 2. Rev. Legend as No. 2; Liberty standing facing and resting
her right hand iipon altar of the constitution, the book of which
inscribed CONSTITUCION lies upon the altar, the left hand sup-
porting consular &sces; exergue j 20 Q* (quilates=carats).

4. lO-Pesos, 1855. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE; shield of arms
supported by llama and condor; below, 1855. Rev. IGUALDAD
ANTE LA LEI; Liberty in classical costume standing, supporting
open book of Constitution.

9. Condor, 1896. Obv. REPUBLICA — DE CHILE; draped
female bust representing the Republic, to left. Rev. Arms similar
to No. 4; mountains in background; above, VEINTE PESOS; below,
1896. This coin was engraved by the eminent French medallist, the
late Louis Oscar Roty.

SILVER.

18. Peso (Jeton), 1818. Medallic piece relating to Independence of
Chile. Obv. EL ESTADO DE CHILE CONSTITUIDO INDE-
PEND*". ANO DE 1818; a palm-tree; above, range of mountains
and rising sun; below, in cartouche, INDEPENDENCIA. Rev.
JUNTOS * Y ^^ UNIDOS * SEREIS * FELICES; a column sup-
ported by two hands, and surmounted by a star; above, a star and a
scroll inscribed ubbbtad.

16. Peso, 1822. The first regular issue of the Republic. Obv.
UNION Y FUERZA. F. J. ; a column surmounted by a globe, star
above, and over the star a scroll inscribed ubertad; beneath
column, 1822. Reu. CHILE INDEPENDIENTE; a volcano in
eruption; above, in laurel wreath. UN PESO; below, SANTIAGO.

17. Peso, 1853. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE. S.; national
arms; below, * UN PESO * Rev. POR LA RAZON LA FUERZA:
a condor with piece of broken fetter in bill stands r. holding shield
of Chile in left talon; below, * 1853 *.

21. Peso, 1895. Ohv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE; a condor
perched upon a crag, his wings partly spread and neck craned for-
ward. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, tJN / PESO / 1895; above, S—
mint-mark of Santiago.

Tbe gold and sflver divisional coins have types and legends similar to the pieces
of larger denomination above described.

Copiapo. — 81. Peso, 1865. Necessity piece struck during blockade
of Chilean coast by Spaniards in 1865. Obv. Within incuse circle,
a shield of arms dividing the mark of value, I-P(eso); around,
COPIAPO-CHILE. Rev. In field, 1865; incused circle on border.

Coguimbo. — 82. Peso, undated. Private coins. Obv. Star on an
incused shield; below, I. P(eso) in incuse depression. Rev. Plain.

COLOMBIA.

[Section 22.]

The Viceioyalty of Nueva Oranada declared itself independent of Spain and estab-
lished a republican government in 1811. In 1819 the Republica de Colombia was
erected out of what later became Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador; in 1836 Vene-
suela and Ecuador established independent republican governments, and the States
of Colombia combined to form the Republicade la Nueva QT&n&d&iOranadineCorrffdr
ration) which later, 1861, became the Estados Unidos de Colombia (United States of
Colombia). In 1886 by executive order the name was changed back to Republic<^
Colombia.

The Spanish monetary system was retained until 1847 when the decimal system was
introduced into the coinage and the old peso of 8 realea was superceded by a peso of
10 reales; but for the convenience of a population long accustomed to the earher sys-
tem there was also coined a piece of 8 reales called a oranadino. In 1871 Colombia
adopted the monetary system of the Latin Union and for unit a gold peso of slightly
less value than the gold dollar of our own country.

THE MINT AT SANTA PE DE BOGOTA.

JVitera Granada {New Granada), 1811-1819. — 1. Peso, silver, 1819,
Obv. LIBERTAD AMERICANA; bust of an Indian woman, with
feather crown, to left; below, 1819. Rev. NUEVA GRANADA.
J. F.; a pomegranate with two leaves on the stem; at sides, 8-
R(eales).

The Spanish name of the promegranate is granada, which will aocotmt for the
choice of this device for Oranada and N^ueva Oranada.

RepublicofColombia,1819-18S6.—S. Onza, gold, 1831. Obv. RE-
PUBLICA DE COLOMBIA; draped bust of Liberty to left, with
fillet inscribed libertad; below, 1831. Rev. Between two
comucopiae, consular fasces over which a bow and three arrows in
saltire; above^ BOGOTA; below, 8. S. R. * S.

12. Colombiano, silver, 1835. The consular fasces, bow and arrows,
between comucopiae. — ^Valtie in wreath.

Granadine Confederation {Republica de la Nueva Granada) 1836-
1861. — 19. Onza (16 pesos), gold, 1837. Obv, Draped bust of

Liberty to left, with fillet inacribed libebtad; below, 1837.
Rev. shield of arms of the Confederation; above, a condor in
downward flight; around, DIEZ I SEIS PESOS (sixteen pesos).
BOGOTA. R. S.

21. Onza, 1849. A paUem by Wy<m. Ohv. REPUBLICA DE
LA NUEVA GRANADA; bust of Liberty to left, with fiUet in-
scribed libebtad; below, 1849. Rev. A shield of arms over a
trophy of four flags, and smmounted by a condor; above, BOGOTA.
PESO (weight)-26.S064. G.j below, LEI (fineness) 0.900.

25. Peso, silver, 1837. Obv. REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA
GRANADA; Anns of the Confederation; below, 1837. Rev.
Within a laurel wreath, 8/REALES; above, * BOGOTA *; below,
R*S.

28. Granadino (peso of 8 realee), 1847. Obv. REPUBLICA DE
LA NUEVA GRANADA; arms of the Republic; below, 1847. Rev.
Within a laurel wreath, OCHO / REALES; around, BOGOTA.—
LEY. 0.900.

The divisional pieces, the peseta of £ reaks, ihe real, and the
cuartino or quarter-reaZ, have legends and types similar to the differ-
ent issues of the peso, except the statements of value.

The Unitai States of Colombia {EstadosUnidos De Colomlna)

[Old,

1861.— M. 10 pesos, gold, 1863. Obv. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE
COLOMBIA; oust of Liberty to left, in hair a fillet inscribed
libebtad; below, 1863, and nine stars. Rev. The national arms;
around, G. 16.129 * DIEZ PESOS * LEI 0.900-BOGOTA.

50. Peso, 1871. Obv. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA;
bust of Liberty to left; below, 1871. Rev. Arms of the Republic,
around, GRAM. 25-UN PESO-LEI. 0.900; beneath the arms,
BOGOTA. Edge as No. 49. i

The coinage of the mint at Medellin, State of Antioqola, Is the same as that of Bogota,
except the mint mark; the specimens from that mint are indicated in the case by the
labeL

ECUADOR.

The group of provinces which afterwards became the Republic of Ecuador united
in 1821 in forming the Republic of Colombia. In 1831 that union was dissolved and
Ecuador established an independent Republic. The Spanish monetary system,
with a peto of 8 reala, was retamed until 1856 when the system of the Latin Monetary
Union was adopted and & franco made the unit; but such a unit proved unsuitable to
a people accustomed to a dollar divided into eight parts, and in 1871 a more suitable,
a pew of 6 francs, or 10 redles, and 100 eentavoB, was adopted. In 1884 another marked
change was maae when the present svstem was adopted, which is that of the Latin
Union again. The denominations of the present ccons are the gold Condor and its
subdiviaons, and the silver sucre, named for Oen. Sucre, which is the equivalent of
the French &franc piece.

1. AV. Doblado, 1835. EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA.
Draped bust of Liberty 1., with fillet inscribed ubertad;
below, 1. QUITO Diobtado). Rev. EL PODER EN LA CON-
STITUCION Sun riedng above two moi!lntains on each of which la
perched a vulture.

8. AV. Onza, 1847. Head of Simon Bolivar; below, 1847.
21 Q (quilates=carats). Rev. REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR
National arms; at sides, &-E(scudos).

4. AV. Media Onza, 1836/ EL PODER, etc. Bust of Liberty
1.; below, 21.Q*. 1836. 4. E. Rev, REPUBLICA. etc. Three
mountainB; on summit of one a castle on which is peicned a condor,
on the other two a condor and vulture, respectively; above, zodiac
with meridian sun, and thereover seven stcurs.

i. AR. Sucre, 1884. REPUBLICA, etc. Head of Gen. Sucre
1. Rev. National arms. Struck by Heaton, Birmingham. No. 7
struck at Santiago, No. 8 at Lima.

PARAQUAY.

The ooliiage of Paraguav has a very unimportant history. In 1845 oopper pieces
were put into circulation, Bavtog the value of 1/12 of a medio real, or 1/102 of the peso.
Various attempts to introduce a better coinage were made in 1864, 1855, and subse-
quently, but bevond a number of pattern coins produced at the mint at Paris nothhig
was eflected. A law of 1903 legalized the coins of Argentine Republic in Paraguay.

1. AE. 1/12 Medio-Real, or 1/192 of Peso, 1845. Obv, A recum-
bent lion beiore a lance surmounted by a Phrygian cap. Rev. RE-
PUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY; on a circular field azure, 1/12; be-
low, 1845.

2. Tin. Pattern Peso, 1855. Ohv. Liberty, seated facing, with
pahn branch in right and scales in left hand which rests upon a sword.
Rev. REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY; a recumbent lion before
a lance surmounted by Liberty cap; across the field beneath the cap,
PAZ Y— JUSTICIA; in exergue, 10 R«.

URUGUAY.

its existence
The earliest

The coinage of Uruguay dates from 1840, thoueh the republic began
with the treaty between Brazil and Argentine Confederation in 1£^8.
coins of the country were of bronze, none being struck in the inrecious metals until
1870, except the interesting siege pieces of Montevideo. During the ''Nine Years'
Siege" of that city a mint was set up and silver pesos fuertcM were issued bearing the
legend SITIO DE MONTEVIDEO (Siege of Montevideo).

1. AR. Peso, 1844. Siege piece of Montevideo, held by the Lib-
erals (colorados) and besieged by the landed proprietors (estanceroa).
REPUBLICA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY Shield of arms.
Rev. SITIO DE MONTEVIDEO Within circle of nine stars,
UN PESO/FUERTE; below, 10} D« (=dinero8}.

The Reimhlic of Uruguay. — 2. Peso, 1893. National arms: RE-
PUBLICA ORIENTAL etc. Rev. LIBRE Y CONSTITUIDA
In wreath, 1/PESO. The types of the divisions of the Peso are sim-
ilar to No. 2.

PERU.

Peru and Chile became independent Republics after the decisive battle of Ayacu-
cho, December 9, 1824, though the standard of revolt had been raised in 1817. In 1825
the souttiem portion of the territory of Peru withdrew and established the independ-
ent Republic of Bolivia. The two countries were, however, reunited from 1836 to 1839
under a confederate constitution.

Bef(n:e Uie war of revolution had been Drought to a successful close there appeared
the interesting coins with the types of Virtue and Liberty (1821-1823). but the coin^e
was soon interrupted and there followed an issue of obsidlonal corns, first by the
republicans (1822-1823) and in 1824 by the general of the Spanish forces besieged in
Luna. In 1825 ttte republican coinage was resumed, this time with a figure of Lib-
erty standing facing on obverse and on reverse the national arms. The Spanish mon-
etary system was retained until 1855 when the decimal svstem was introduced, and
in 1857 the gold sol, equivalent to the S^rane gold piece of the Latiu Monetary Union
was made tne basis or a new svstem; the silver corns consisted of a sol, its half, fifth,
tenth, and twentieth. Nickel was coined horn 1863 to 1880.

1. Peseta, 1821. CommeTnoraiing ^Independence, Ohv. LIMA
LIBRE JURO SU INDEPENDENCIA EN 28 JULIO D.1821;
^e of radiate sun. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, BATO LA/PRO-
TECCION / DEL EGERCITO / LIBERTADOR / DEL PERU /
MANDADO / POR SAN /MARTIN .

2. Peso, 1822. Obv. POR LA VIRTUD Y LA JUSTICIA; a
column on a base of four steps with Doric capital; to left stands Jus-
tice with sword and scales, to right Virtue holding olive branch.
Rev. PERU LIBRE (LIMAE) 8R. J. P.; national arms; below,
1822.

4. Siegb Pieces issued by the RepublieaTis in Lima. 1/4 Peso, 1823,
Copper. Obv. Within a wreath, a range of mountains; above, clouds
and Alining sun; in foreground, Liberty pole and llama reclining to
right. Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA. (LIMAE). 1823; in
field, QUARTO/DE PESO. Hatched edge. 28 mm.

6. Peso, 1822, countermarked date, 1824. Siege piece issiLtd by
Gen. Conterac. A specimen of No. 1 countermarked by the Spanish
General when besieged in Lima. Countermark: crown with date,
1824, beneath.

GOLD.

The Republic.'— 1. Onza, 1827. Obv. FIRME Y FELIX POR
LA UNION ; Liberty, helmeted, standing, holding Liberty Pole in
right hand, her left supporting a shield on which is li/ber/tad.
Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA (LIMAE). J. M.; upon a trophy
of four flags a shield of arms with laurel wreath as crest; at sides, 8-E
(scudos) ; oelow, 1827. Reeded edge.

16. Onza, 1863. Obv. FIRME Y FELIX POR LA UNION;
Liberty in classical costume seated facing, holding in right hand
Liberty Pole to which is attached a pennon inscribed libertad,
in left, palm branch; on ground to right, round shield with radiate
sun; exergue, 8 E". Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA 21
QUILATES Y. B.; national arms. Reeded edge.

19. Libra, 1898. Obv. VERDAD I-JUSTICIA; bust of an In-
dian chief to right; wears large circular earrings; below, UNA LI-
BRA. Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA. R. OZ. F.;
shield of arms with sun crest.

SILVER.

26. Jeton, 1828. Size of Peso, commemorating ratification and
promulgation of the Constitution. Obv. *SANCIONADA. POR
EL CONGRESO JENERAL DEL PERU; in a glory a book inscribed
CONS/TI-TU/CION. Rev. Within a wreath of oak and laurel,
PROMULGADA/Y JURADA EN/6. DE ABRIL/DE 1828.

43. Sol, 1865. Obv. FIRME Y FELIZ POR-LA UNION;
Liberty seated to right, her right hand resting on a shield, the left
holding Liberty Pole; to ri^ht a column surmounted by a wreath and
wound with a riband inscribed liber/tad; below, UN SOL.
Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA 9 DECIMOS FINO.
Y. B.; arms; below, 1865.

49. 5 Pesetas, 1880. Obv. PROSPERIDAD Y PODER POR
LA JUSTICIA; female head to left, in hair wreath of wheat and
flowers, and wearing earrings and necklace; below, 1880. Rev.
REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA 9 DECIMOS FINO B. F. ; national
arms; below, CINCO PESETAS. Edaej reeded.

64. Medio Peso, 1826. In honor o/hfe presidency of Bolivar and
oath of allegiance to the Constitution. Obv. PRECIDENCIA VI-
TALICIA DEL LIBERTADOR SIMON BOLIVAR*; arms of
Peru. Rev. SOLEMNEMt". JURADA EN 9. DE DIC™^. DE
1826*; within a wreath of palm and laurel branches, an open book
inscribed CONS/TI CO TU/CION; beneath book, LIMA.

NICKEL.

112. 20 Centavos, 1879. Provisional coinage during war of Peru
and Bolivia with Chile, Obv. REPUBLICA PERUANA 1879;
within a circle, radiate sun; below, VEINTE CENTAVOS. Rev.
MONEDA PROVISIONAL; within a circle, 20; below, CENTAVOS.
Reeded edge. 26 mm.

The types of the divisional coins are in general similar to those of the larger coins
above d^aribed; and the issues of the other mints are the same as those of the mint
at Linia, except the mint-mark.

Province of Ancachs, — 120. Medio peso, 1839. Employees of the
Citzco mint to Gen. Gamarra after victory over Santa Cruz, President
of the Confederation of Peru and Bolivia. Obv. LA LEY RES-
TAURADA POR EL VALOR DEL EJERCITO UNIDO EN
ANCACH; battle scene on a mountain side, and Fame on top of
mountain blowing trumpet. Rev. In a cnain wreath within a
laurel wreath, LOS E14PLEAD0S/DE LA MONEDA/AL RES-
taurador/de SU PATRIA/GRAN MARISCAL/GAMARRA/
CUZCO 1839.

MintatCuzco. — 125. Peso, 1825. Inhonor of Simon Bolivar. Obv.
SIMON BOLIVAR LIBR. DE COLOMB. Y DEL PERU; bust
of BoUvar right. Rev. EL CUZCO A SU LIBERTADOR; ruins
of the palace of the Incas; sun on left; below, 1825.

126. South Peru. Peso, 1838. Obv. FIRME POR LA UNION;
a castle and a volcano by the sea; in front, cornucopia lying on the

f round; a ship at sea; below,. io.d.20.g. confederacion. b. a. Rev.
lEPUB. SVh PERUANA/*-*-*-*-*; sun radiate; below, .8.R.
CUZCO 1838; edge, digs protege el estado.
126a. Onza, gold, 1838. Types similar to preceding.

VENEZUELA.

In 1810 the strug^e for independence was b^^un in Venezuela, and brought to a
successful close by Bolivar in 1819. In the latter year the country was united with
Colombia and Ecuador into the Republic of Colombia. From this union Venezuda
withdrew in 1829 and established the Republica de Venezuela, which title was later
changed to Estadoa Unidos de VeTuzuela (United States of Venezuela).

During the revolutionary struggle bronze auarter reals were struck at Caracas, and
finally silver Necessity Pesetas and Reals. The coinage law of 1857 established the
first important coinage system of Venezuela. The umt provided by this law was a

C' 1 venezolano of 100 centavos. In this series belones the int^ esting sHver peso, firs^
ed in 1863, bearing the portrait of President Jose Antonio Faez with the title

"lUwlHoua (Mhen." After the adoption of the manetatr system of the European
Latin Union in 1871 the head of Bohvar, the Liberator iLwertador), and the national
coat of arms appear on the coins of Venezuela.

A. During revolution, mint at Caracas. — ^a. 1/4 Real, bronze, 1812.
Six-pNoint star J in center, 1.9 (=19th of April, 1810, when last
Spanish Captain-general was deposed.) Rev, 1/4/DE REAL/1812.

26. 1/4 Real, bronze, 1816, JVcce««^yPicaj. Ohv. CARACAS-ANO
DE-1816 ; a lion and a cross; above a crown. Rev, VENEZUELA
in monogram; below, 1/4.

30. Peseta, silver, 1818, Necessity Piece, Ohv, Cross, with lions
and castles in angles; above and below, 2. Rev. Two piUaxs: across
the field, LV-SVL-TR./B. 1818. S./CARACAS.

B. Rejmblic of Venezuela. — 1. Bohvar, gold (20 Venezolanos),
1887. Ohv, BOLIVAR-LIBERTADOR; head of Bolivar to right:
beneath, barbb. Reo. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE VENEZUELA;
arms of Venezuela; below, GR. 32. 2680-1887-LEI 900.

4. Venezolano, silver, 1902. Legends and types similar to No. 1,
but the weight is GRAM* 25.

9. Bolivar, 1902. Legends and types similar to No. 1, except the
weight which is GRAM. 5. and the fineness, LEI 835.

The silver Mioar is the active unit of Venesaela; it corresponds to the /rane of the
Latin Monetary Union.

BRITISH GUIANA.

This British colony, which was acouired from the Dutch in 1803, consists of Deme-
rara, Essequibo, and Berbice. At first England retained the monetary system of
the Dutch and coined for the colony the 3 and 2 guilders, tiie guilder, its half and
quarter, and the bronze \ stuiver. In 1839 the monetary system of the colony was
made to correspond to the silver coins of the United States of America, but no coins
on that system were ever struck. In 1888 a groat or fourpence piece, later (1891)
intended for this colony and the British West Indies, was struck; its \ulue was the
equivalent of the \ guilder or bitt,

I. AR. 3 Guilders, 1809. Ohv. GEORGIUS IIII DEI GRATIA;
bust of George IV, lanreated, to right. Rev. COLONIES OF ESSE-
QUIBO & DEMARARY TOKEN; numeral 3, crowned, within a
wreath* below 1809.

II. AR. 3 GuildeiB, 1832. Ohv. GULIELMUS IIII D: G:-
BRITANNIAR: REX.: F: D:; head to right. Rev. UNITED COL-
ONY OF DEMARARY & ESSEQUIBO; type as No. 1.

The three settlements were formed into a "United Colony " in 1831.
17. AR. Groat, 1891, of Victoria, for "British Guiana and The
West Indies.'* Coroneted head. — ^Value, crowned.

FRENCH GUIANA.

French Guiana has been a penal colony since fhe latter part of the eighteenth cen-
tury, and for this reason, among others, its slow progress andoommercial unimportance
have made small need of a special coinage. Coins withdrawn from circulation in the
mother country were shipiwd to the colony in the latter part of the eighteenth cen-
tury; and in 1818 there was a special coinage of 10 ceniime bulon pieces, "v^ifle ageneral
colonial coinage issued in 1825 was circulated in this colony.

BRAZIL.

[Section 23, upper oBse.

The colonial coins^ of Brazil as a possession of Portugal dates from 1694, when
Dom Pedro II established a mint at Bahia; subsequently several other mints were
established in the colony and the later independent Empire. The earlier gold and

stiver coins have on obverse the anns of Brazil, and on reverse the cross of St
George on the gold coins, on the silver a globe over the cross of the Order of Christ,
around which is the l^end. SVBQ(ue) SIGN(o) NATA STAB(it), "The land
discovered under (this) sign (i. e., of the cross) shall prosper." In 1727 the portrait
of the King of Portugal, Jonn V, appeared on the gold coins of Brazil, and the colonial
coins were distinguXshable from those of Portugal only by the mint mark placed
beneath the bust.

The Empire of Brazil was established in 1822, when the only changes made in the
coinage were the necessary ones of the types. After the couuntry had become a repub-
lic in 1889 tiie portrait of the emperor was sujyplanted by a bust of the goddess of Xib-
erty wearing a Phrygian helmet.

As a colony of Portugal. — 1. AV. Moeda (4,000 pels), 1704, o/Dom
Pedro II jA. D, 168S-1706). Obv. PETRVS. II. D. G. PORT. ET
ALG. REX; crowned arms of Portugal; at sides, 4,000 (reis) — ^four
rosettes in vertical line. Rev. IN+HOC-f SIGNO+VINCES+1704;
cross of the Order of Christ, with letter R (Rio de Janeiro) in each
angle. Edge^ hatched.

2. AR. 2Patacas(640reiB), 1696, of the same. Obv, PETRVS. II.
D. G. PORT. REX. ET. BRAS. D.; type similar to No. 1, but at
sides, 640— three rosettes; date, 16-95 divided by the crown. Rev.
SUBQ.-SIGN. NATA-STAB. ; globe upon cross of Order of Christ.

8. Dobra, or 5 Moedas (20,000 reis), 1725, of Dom JoOo V (A. D.
170&-1750). Obv. lOANNES.V. D.G. PORT. ET. ALG. REX.;
type as No. 1 , but at sides of shield , 20,000 — five rosettes. Rev. Simi-
lar to No. 1, but with letter M (Minos) in angles.

9. AV. Dobra of 8 Escudos (12,800 reis), 1729. Obv. Legend as
No. 8; laureated bust to right; beneath, M (Minas)/1729. Rev.
Garnished shield of the arms of Portuwil.

16. AV. Half-dobra, 1758, of Dom Josi J, A. D. 1760-1777. Obv.
JOSEPHUS. I. D. G.— PORT. ET. ALG. REX.; laureated bust to
right; beneath, R/1758. Rev. Similar to No. 9.

Special coins for the mining districts. — 17. AR. Pataca (300 reis),
1752. Obv. Initial H-J+, crowned; at sides, in field, 300— f -j- +,
vertical.

28. AV. 4 Milieis (4,000 reis), 1779, of Maria land Dom Pedro III
(A. D. 1777-1786). Anns of Portugal; at sides, 4000— Cross of St.
George.

40. AV. Half dobra, 1807, of Dom Jodo^ prince regent (A. D. 1799-
1818). Obv. JOANNES. D. G. PORT.-ET. ALG. P. REGENS;
laureated bust; below, 1807. R.(io Janeiro). Rev. Oval shield of
arms in garnished cartouche, crowned.

42. AR. Spanish-American Peso of Charles IIHj 1807. Obv.
Countermark, oval shield of arms, crowned, within a wreath; *
beneath, 960. Rev. Countermark, a globe.

Spanish coins were thus countermarked and legalized in Brazil to provide a sufS-
cient supply of money while the court of Portugal, driven from Lisbon by the
French invasion, was established in this colony.

48. AR. 3 Patacas, or Patagon (960 reis), 1810. Obv. JOANNES.
D. G. PORT. P. REGENS ET BRAS. D.; arms of Portugal,
crowned; at sides, 960 — three rosettes. Rev. Similar to No. 2.

Empire of Brazil. — 64. AR. Patagon (960 reis), 1823, of D(ym Pedro
I {A. D. 1822-18S1). Obv. PETRUS. I. D. G. CONST. IMP. ET.
PERP. BRAS. DEF.; within a laurel wreath, 960; below, 1823 R.

Rev, IN HOC SIGNO; arms of Brazil. Struck over a Peso of
Ferdinand VII.

66. AR. Pata^n, 1826, of the same. As last but not a restrike of
a Spanifih-Amencan piece.

66. AV. Half Dobra, 1833, of Dom Pedro II (A. D. 18S1-1889).
Ohv. PETRUS. II. D. G. CONST. IMP. PERP. ET. BRAS.
DEF.; nude bust of the emperor as a child, to right; below, +1833.
R4-. Rev. IN+HOC+SIGNO+VINCES. Arms of Brazil; below,
+6400+.

79. AV. Moeda (10,000 reis), 1838. L^ends similar to No. 78;
nude bust of Emperor as a boy.

80. Ditto, 1848. Youthful bust of the Emperor in uniform.

81. AV. Dobra (20,000 reis), 1861. Bearded bust of the Emperor
in admiral's uniform, to left.

94. 2 Milreis, 1968. Obv. PETRUS II D. G. C. IMP. ET PJJRP.
BRAS. DEF.; nude bust of emperor to left; below, *1868*. Rev.
Arms of Brazil; below, 2,000 REIS. The other denominations in
silver, the Milreis, 500 Reis, and 100 Reis, have types similar to
No. 94.

111. Nickel. 200 Reis, 1871. Obv. IMPERIO DO BRAZIL;
arms of Brazil; below, *1871*. Rev. DECRETO N^ 1817. DE
3 DE SETEMBRO 1870; within a circle, 200 /REIS. Edge, plain.
The nickel pieces of 100, and of 50 Reis, have types similar to No.
111.

The Republic of the United States of Brazil (Republica dos Estados
Unidos do Brazil). — 186. AR. Milreis, 1889. Obv, Draped bust of
Liberty wearing liberty cap; below, 1889. Rev, Arms of Brazil;
below, 1,000 REIS.

137. AR. Mih-eis, 1891. Similar to No. 136, but head of Liberty
laureate.

Special coinage in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the
discovery of Brazil in 1500.—AB>. 4 Mib-eis, 1900. Obv. 4® CEN-
TENARIO DO DESCOBRIMENTO DO BRASIL; full length
figure of Pedro Alvares Cabral, the discoverer of Brazil. Rev.
Arms of Portugal and of Brazil. In the same series, i milreis^ 1
milreis and 400 reis.

145. Nic. 200 Reis, 1889. National arms.— 200 REIS in sable
field.

146. Nic. 400 Reis, 1901. Draped bust of Liberty. — ^National
arms.

THE WEST INDIES.

HAYTI.

[Section 23, lower case.]

This Island became Independent of France in 1804, and at once fell into three self-

foveming communities. In the northwest was established a republic which the first
'resident. Henri Christophe, erected into a nominal kingdom in 1812; in the south-
west the Mulatto Republic was established, with Alexander Pethion as President;
while In the eastern part of the island was the Dominican Republic. From 1822 to
1843 the entire island was united under one government; bemg divided again on
the latter date into the Republic of Havti and the Dominican Republic, political
divisions which still survive, though the former was nominally an empire from
1849 to 1858; with the former president Faustin Solouque as emperor under the title
of Faostin I.

1. AR. Escalin, 1807, of Henri Chmtophe, Prmdent (1807-1814)-
Ohv, LIBERTAS RELIGIO MORES; a shield with H C (Henri
Christophe) in monogram, within a wreath. Rev» MONNOIE-
D'HAiTI; Liberty standing facing and holding a Liberty Pole in
right, and consular fasces in left, hand; at sides, 15-SOLS.

6. AR. Gourde, 1812 (a pattern), of Christophe as King (1812-
1820), Ohv, HENRICUS DEI GRATIA HAITI REX; laureated
bust of the King to right; below, ESSAY. Rev, DEUS CAUSA
ATQUE GLADIUS; within a band inscribed EX CINERIBUS
NASCITUR*, a shield azure charged with phoenix rising from
flames; the whole crowned; below, 1812.

The Mulatto Republic — Alexandre Pethion, President (1807-1818).
13. AR. Gourdin, year XIV of Independence (1817). Obv, A.
PETION— PRESIDENT; his bust to left; below, AN 14. Rev.
REPUBLIQUE D'HAYTI; palm-tree surmounted by Liberty Cap
before trophy of arms; below, *25*C*.

Jean Pierre Boyer, President. — 14. AR. Gourdin, year XV (1818).
Ohv, J. P. BO YER— PRESIDENT; his bust to left; beneath, AN
15. Rev. Similar to No. 3.

United Eayti (1822-1843).— 20. AR. Gourdin, year 24 (1827).
Siniilar to No. 3.

The Republic of Hay ti (After separation from San Domingo, 1848). —
38. AE. 6 Centimes, year XLIIl (1846). Consular fasces. — ^Valuein
wreath.

The Empire of Hayti (1849-1858).— 42. AE. 6 Centimes, 1850, of
Faustin 1, Ohv, FAUSTIN I=«.— EMPEREUR D'HAYTI; his
crowned bust, draped, to left; below, 1860. Rev. LIBERTE
INDEPENDANCE; crowned shield of arms with supporters; below,
SIX CENTIMES UN QUART.

The Republic Restored. — 43. AR. Double Decime, 1863. Ohv.
GEFFRARD PRESIDENT; head to left; below, 1863. Rev.
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI; arms of Hayti; below, VINGT CEN-
TIMES.

89862"— 13 7 (95)

Gen. Nord Alexis^ President, 1902.— 59. Nic. 50 Centimes, 1907.
Obv. REPUBLIQUE^-D'HAITI; bust to left; below, 1907. Rev.
Arms of Ha3rti.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

1. AE. CuartUla, undated. Necessity piece. Obv. Monogram,
F 7 (Ferdinand VII), crowned. Rev. S. D. (=Santo Domingo) 1114,
within a laurel wreath.

The pieces that follow are patterns.

12. AR. 5 Francos, 1891. Obv. Head of liberty to left with
feather bonnet, on band of which is libertad; around, 1891.
CINCO FRANCOS; below, TASSBT. Rev. REPUBLICA DOMIN-
ICANA; shield of arms within a wreath of palm and laurel branches

1'oined by a riband inscribed dios-libebtad-patbia; below,
^ GRAM. 25 * LEI. 900 ♦.
Frcmoo and 1/2 Franco of same types.

THE BBITISH POSSESSIONS.

For but few of the British possessions in the West Indies have there been special
ooins struck in considerable amounts. On the other hand the makeshift currency
which necessity compelled the islanders to provide for themselves is of the greatest
interest. This currency consisted of a large variety of coun^ermarked coins of neigh-
boring countries and countermarked pieces cut from Spanish-American silver coins,
chiefly from the Peso.

BAHAMA ISLANDS.

1. AE. Halfpenny, 1806; pattern. Obv. GEORGIUS III. D. G.
REX ; laureated bust to right ; below, 1806. Rev. BAHAMA ; three
ships and an island; exergue, EXPULSIS PIRATIS / RESTITUTA/
COMMERCIA.

BARBADOES.

3. AE. Penny, 1788. Obv. Crowned negro bust to left; below,
I. SERVE. Rev. BARBADOES PENNY; a pineapple; beneath,
1788.

BERMUDA (FORMERLY SOMMER ISLANDS).

5. AE. Shilling token, undated. Obv. * SOMMER * ISLANDS;
wild boar standing to left; above, mark of value, XII. Rev. Three-
masted ship sailing to right.

Following are sixpence and twopence of similar types . These pieces
are genera] ly associated with American colonial coinages by Ameri-
can numismatists.

DOMINICA.

8. AR. 2 bits, undated. Obv. Letter D, with star in the loop;
cable pattern on border. Rev. Plain. Edge, Scalloped. 16 mm.
Apparently cut from the center of a Spanish half peso.

JAMAICA.

10. AR. Necessity dollar. A Mexican peso of 1758 countermarked
G. R. (Georgius Rex) on both sides.

11. Nic. Penny, 1871. Ohv. VICTORIA QUEEN; coroneted
bust of the Queen to left; below, 1870. Rev. JAMAICA * ONE
PENNY. *; shield of anns, with crocodile above; beneath, on a sciolL
INDUS-UTERQUE CO SERVIET-UNI.

ST. LUCIA.

88. AR. Necessity piece struck during the English occupation of 1810,
Middle s^ment of a Mexican peso of 1798 countermarked S. LUCIA
in a long incused depression.

ST. CHRISTOPHER, OR ST. KITTS.

86. AE. Necessity piece; a Cayenne (French Guiana) sou counter-
marked S. K., incused.

TOBAGO.

86. AR. Necessity piece; a peseta of Charles III, City of Mexico
mint, countermarked T incused.

TORTOLA.

81. AR. Necessity piece. Nearlyhalf of a Spanish- American peso,
struck at Lima, countermarked TORTOLA in deep incuse
depression on obverse.

THE FRENCH POSSESSIONS.

In 1721 the French Oovernment made its first successful effort to provide a suitable
currency for its West Indian possessions and issued the copper sous desi^iated gen-
erally for the (Monies Francaises; which was followed in 1731 by a silver coi^sige
bearmg the legend Isles du ventf though destined for the same colonies. The cur-
rency of Guadeloupe has at different times included considerable amounts of foreign
coin so countermarked as to legalize them.

1. AE. Sou, 1721. Obv. SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTUM;
two L's in ealtire, crowned. Reo. COLONIES / FRANCOISES /
1721 / H. (mint of La Rochelle).

8. AR. Livre, 1731, of Louis XV, A. D. 1715-1774. Obv. Lau-
reated bust to right. Rev. ISLES/DU/VENT, the last word
between tendrils of a lily; below, 1731.

GUADELOUPE.

8. AE. Double sou, 1767. Obv. COLONIES/FRANCOISES;
two scepters in sal tire, dividing L-XV. Rev. SIT NOMEN
DOMINI BENEDICTUM; countermarked R F (Republique Fran-
gaise) within a wreath.

9. AR. Necessity piece. A Mexican real of Philip V, from which
has been cut a heart-shaped piece.

18. Necessity piece of 8 escalins. Spanish peso struck at City of
Mexico, from wmch octagonal piece of the vstlue of an escalin has
been cut.

14. Necessity piece. United States one-cent piece, counter-
marked on reverse with heart-shaped device.

DANISH POSSESSIONS.

The Danish poesessloDs in the West Indies consist of the islands of St. Johnj St.
Thomas, and St. Croix. Special coinage for these islands dates from 1740.

1. AR. 24 Bkillings, 1763, of Frederick V(A, D. 1746-1766). Obv.
Royal monogram, crowned: around, D. G. DAN. NOR. VAN. GOT.
REX. Reu. XXIIII SKILL. DANSKE AMERICANSK. M.; a
ship sailing to right; beneath, 1763.

4. AR. Double real, 1816, of Frederick VI (A. D. 1808-1839).
Obv. Crowned shield of arms. Rev. XX/SKILLING/DANSK/
AMERICANSK/MYNT/1816/. Reeded edge.

ST. THOMAS.

16-18. Nic. 5, 3, and 1 cent tokens. Both sides, DELVALLE &
CO. ST. THOMAS; in field, V c./MEXIC.

SWEDISH POSSESSIONS.

ST. BARTHOLOMY.

1. AE. Necessity piece. Cayenne sou countermarked with a
crowned D on reverse.

SPANISH POSSESSIONS.

CUBA.

Havana.—l. AR. Toston, 1789. CAROLUS. IIII. DEI. GRA-
TIA. Laureated bust to right; below, 1789. Rev, MIGUEL CI-
RIACO ARANCO-HABANA. Three castles; beneath, two keys in
sal tire.

Cuban Republic-A. AR. Souvenir peso, 1897. REPUBLICA
DE CUBA. Crowned shield of arms in oak and laurel wreath; below,
900***FINO. iJeu. PATRIA Y LIBERTAD. Female head; below,
SOUVENIR; in field, 18-97.

PORTO RICO.

5. AR. Peso, 1895, of Alfonso XIII. Youthful bust of king 1.
Rev. ISLA DE PUERTO RICO. Arms of Spain; beneath, 1 PESO=

6PTA8.

OSIEXTTAL COIirS.

(A) THE SASSANIDES. [Section 18.]

Ardiahir (Artaxerxes), a grandson of Sassas, led a siiocessfal revolt against Parthia

1 A. D. 226 and reestablished the Persian monarchy. In the following year the

worship of Zoroaster was established and Christianity rooted out. This change of

in A. D. 226 and reestablished the Persian monarchy. In the following year the
worship of Zoroaster was established and Christianity rooted out. This change of
religions appears in the coin types. Obverse, portrait of the king with a high uara;

reverse, a nre altar and attendant priests.
The Sassanian dynasty was expelled by followers of Mohammed in A. D. 6S2.

(B) THE MOHAMMEDAN COUNTRIES.

The successors of Mohammed, the caliphs of Damascus and Bagdad, soon extended
their conquests eastward to the borders of India and China and westward to include
Spain. The early coinage resembled the coins of the various conquered countries
and consisted of a silver airhem (drachma) similar to the Sassanian type, a gold dinar
(denarius) of Byzantine and Spanish types, ana bronze coins after the Byzantine
types. But in A . D . 696 Caliph Abd-el-Melik, because the Koran forbids to represent
any kind of living thing, ordered figures of all kinds to be removed from the coins;
and thus there was left only inscriptions, which consisted of passages from the Koran,
name of the city where the mint was located, the date of comage, and later the name
of the Caliph or Sultan in some countries, but never by the successors of Abd-el-Melik
at Damascus. This reform was followed by all the Mohammedan countries. The
inscriptions on the coins are engraved in Cufic or early Arabian characters, highly
conventionalized and adapted with much success to the purposes of a com type.
The dates are aooording to the Islam era of the Flight, A. H. (anno hegirs) about
A. D.622.

(a) AMAWEE CALIPHS OF DAMASCUS.

1. AR. Dirhem, of El Walid I (A. H. 86-96=A. D. 705-715).

(6) ABBASEE CALIPHS OF BAGDAD.

AR. Dirhem, of Earaun al Raschid (A, H. 170-193= A. D. 78&-S09).
Obv. "There is no God but Allah; he is one; he has no companion."
Bev. "Mohammed is the messenger of God."

The more important of these houses were the Seljukees of Er-Room and the Urtu-
kees of Marideen. In the 12th and 13th centuries large bronze coins were issued by
these countries bearing various figure-types, the teaching of the Koran being thus
set aside in favor of commerce with the western peoples, a commerce that had been
enormously increased by the crusades. The figures on these coinages are generally
in imitation of the Byzantine t3rpes and even include such christian types as the one
of the Virgin Mary crowning the emperor. Of special interest is the Dirhem of Kay-
Khusroo with the lion surmounted by the sun, the sun in leo, which was the horo-
scope of his Georgian wife, whose por&alt he wanted to place on his coins, but dared
not.

(99)

100

\e) TUBKST.

TbA ooiiiage of the Otfamanll Sultans of Tmkey follows eloseiy tliat of the earlier
CSal^ihs, in solar as types are ooDOflrned. OomniMcial relations with Europe, how-
ever, erased important chan£es of standard and the introduction of laiiser denomina-
tions than the Dinar and Dorhem. Beginning with Prince Suleyman, A. D. 1400,
the intricate monflKram or toughra of the saltan is foond on the coins. This elabo-
rate figure is sinmly the name of the saltan and his father and aomrtiines an addi-
tional title, as EOm Abiui Aziz, ton 0/ Mund, ike ever Kfctorfow.

(/) THE LATIX ORIENT.

{Crutaden.)

The ooaqnests of the Crusaders in the Orient were promptly followed by the insti-
tution of coinages in the various principahties. At Edessa. Antioch, and in the
kinedoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus, coins were issued soon afier the successes of the
first crusade; and also in about a score of other small governments established by
later crusades in Aiirica. Greece, and the islands. Some of the coins are similar to
what the crusaders had known in the Occident, while other issues imitate the Byzan-
tine and Arabian coins.

{g) MOHAMMEDAN INDIA.

In the 11th oenturv Islamism made its way into India with the Ghainavis and in
that countr^^ arose the empires of the SuUan* of Delhi, established by the followers
of Ghingis Khan.

The native princes of India, especially in the southern portion, struck their own
coins with a variety of types, l^is native Hindu coinage was based on a system
with a gold unit called a Hun (native) or Pagoda (European); while the silver Bupee
was tile unit of the Mussulman system. Both systems prevailed in different pcuts
of India untU comparatively recent times. The coinage of the East Indut Company
followed very closely that of the native princes. The company coined at mints in
the Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras. Coincident with the death of
the last Mogul em-petor of Delhi in 1862, they had been emperors only in name since
1748, the eovemment of India passed from the East India Comjiany to a Council of
State, ana in 1877 the Queen of England was proclaimed Empress of India, and an
imperial coinage established.

CHINA.

The earliest metallic currencv of China was in the form of utensils— spades and
forks, known as purcoins, and especially knives or razors. The native historians
place the origin of these pu-coins at about B. C. 3000, which is probably about 2000
years too early, the inscribed pieces being as late as 700 B. C. or later. For
over two thousand years, and until a very lew years ago, the cash was produced
by casting. They are now struck. For centuries China used the precious metals
only in the form of bars, especially the ship or shoe shaped bars. (See lower case.)
For over a century Spanish and Mexican silver dollars have served Chinese commerce
and trade; and now some of the provinces are coining silver. (See lower case.)

The legends on the cash are, for obverse, the designation of the period of the reign
(also used as the title of the emperor) and designation of the coin, as: Kuang HsU
T'ung Poo, "Exchange Value (1. e., currency) of the Kuang Hstt period"; and on
reverse, name of the mint or any special authority that issued the coin.

1-10. Pu coins, in forms of "bridge,'' "epade," or "shirt;" and
the * * knife " or " razor cash. ' '

26. Cash of Kao Tsu (A. D. 618-^27). The crescent on this piece
is said to have had an origin that is typically Chinese. Wax models

- 101

were submitted for the iiispection of the Empress Wentek, A. D.
620. She had the well-known long finger nails, and in handling the
wax pieces left the crescentnahaped impression of the nail in the
soft wax. Satisfied with the work of tne artist, she returned the
models to her ministers with the orders to make the coins exactly
according to the models. The order was obeyed/ and even the nail
impressions were reproduced in the coins. The crescent is found
on many later issues.

398ff. Coins used as amulets. — Large amulet coins have been
frequently issued in China.

Vountermarhed coins. — Coins of western nations, stamped with the
device of merchants, have had lai^ge currency in China.

Coinage of the Provinces. — Some of the Provinces, as Kwang Tung
and Szechuen, now coin silver.

Indo- China. — French possession. 1. Piastre de Commerce, or
"Trade Dollar. '» France seated. Uev.; Value. See "Trade Dol-
lar under Japan, and note thereto.

SIAM.

Cowrie sJieUs. — ^These shells have long been employed as currency
in the Orient, and are still in use.

** Bullet Money. ^^ — Simply short bars with ends crushed together
and thus forming almost a ball, bearing several stamps.

JAPAN.

The coinage of Japan dates from the eighth centurv, when the copper Sen, a dose
Imitation of the Chinese cash, was issued. The much later gold ana silver coins are
oblong and oval in shape. In 1871 a new gold and silver coinage on westwn models
was instituted.

Oban, of Emperor Ninko (1817-46). The large oval piece. The
smaller oval gold pieces are Kobans.

46. AR. Trade dollar, 1877. Dragon; 420 GRAINS TRADE DOL-
LAR. 900 FINE. Rev.: Value in wreath. Japan, France, and the
United States have struck ^' Trade Dollars" for circulation in the
Orient in competition with the Mexican dollar, but without success.

KOREA (CHOSEN).

The early money of Korea, like Japan's, was modeled after that of China. A native
effort is seen in the Mace and TwiHnaee piece with enamel centers, a form soon aban-
doned because the enamel was not durable. No coins have been struck like Uie
large patterns in the case.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

The Spanish coinage for these islands was followed in 1903 by the special coinage
under control of the United States of America.

HEDAIS.

[Inside the circular case, and the wall cases.]

Commemorative coins were frequently issued in antiquity, but a medallic piece
without monetary usefulness and solely for commemorative purposes, in other words
the commemoraUve medalj originated in Italy in the first part of the fifteenth cen-
tury. The first efforts followed closely the style of Roman coins, but Antonio Pisano,
or Pisanello, broke away from the models and the spirit of the antique coins and in
a fresh, new style produced medals that won general admiration and secured for that
branch of art an enormous popularitv. During the sixteenth century the medal
sank to a mean thing artistically and for the most part was employed to commemo-
rate petty and trifling events; and only In recent years has it risen again to be a work
of art, though with a different technique and spirit. The last two decades have
produced some of the finest works since Pisanello's last medal.

1. ITALIAN. [Sections 27 and 28.]

Galvano types of now rare medals of Pisanello and of Mateo di
Pasti. Of tne large and interesting series of papal medals all are
authentic except me first three, which are of popes who antedate
the invention of the medal.

2. FRENCH. |[Seotions29and30.]

The lon|; series of French medals is particularly important for
both artistic and historical reasons; and France has led in tJie recent
revival of medallic art. Specially interesting are the medals of
Napoleon^ particularly those by Andrieu; three medals of Gamhetta
by Boty, vernier ^ and Chaplain^ respectively; the series of the
Presidents by Chaplain; the funeral of Camot by Vernon; the Orpheus
and Agriculture by Covdray; and the copy of the gold medal by
Bott6e given to the city of San Francisco oy France.

3. SPANISH, DUTCH, ETC. [Section 31.]

Of historical interest are the medals of Admiral Van Tromp; of
the treaty of Breda^ by which New Amsterdam was ceded to 6reat
Britain; the three Dutch medals relating to United States of
America — (1) Recognition of U. S. by States Generaly 1782 , (2) Recog-
nition of same by Friesland^ (3) Commercial treaty between Netherlands
and U. S. The medals of John Calvin and of Jenny Lind. By the
new artists, 400th anniversary of discovery of Americay by Maura; by
the giited Dutch medallist, Devreese, Henri Bayerty Ernest BabeloUy
and " The origin of design.^ ^

4. GERMAN. [Section 32.]

Chiefly historical, including the gold medal relating to the peace
of Westphalia; yet a number of contemporary artists are repre-
sented as Sdhitler by Christ, Bismarck and Von Molike by Goetz.

(102)

108

5. RUSSIAN. [SectkmSS.]

A splendid series of historical, award, and personal medals, includ-
ing a number of the best medals of Catherme II by Gass and also
that artist's Peter the Great memorial. The war medals pertain
chiefly to the wars between Russia and Turkey; among the personal
medals Sheneman's Canchrin is noteworthy.

8. ENGLISH. [Section 34.]

The English medals in this section are chiefly of historical interest,
though the Waterloo medal by Pistrucci, the medal of the Royal
Geographical Society to Henry M. Stanley by Miss Elinor HcuU,
and BovDcher^s splenaid medal of Christian IX and Queen, of Den-
mark, are of superior work. Of interest to Americans is the medal
in honor of Washington inspired by D. Eccleston, of Lancaster,
England.

7. MISCELLANEOUS EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE.

[Section 36.]
Upper case. — The medals in this case are 'masterpieces by con-
temporary artists, chiefly of distinguished persons, rortions of the
exhibition are changed from time to time. Lower case, (Japanese). —
Chiefly award medals,, but the three pertaining to the late emperor
Mutsuhito, to the empress, and to the marriage of the crown prince
(present emperor, Dec., 1912), are fine specimens of Japanese work.

8. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. [Sections 3&-40.]

The medals of the United States are classified into:

(a) Historical medals (section 10). — ^The majority of the medals
belonging under this head will be found in the cases on the north
wall. In this section are: Dupr^'s American Independence with bust
of Liberty with unrestrained hair; Paquet*s GcneraZ ifeocfe; Mtiller's
Robert Anderson^ the defender of Fort Sumter, and Brenner's
John Paul Jones. In the wall cases medals of special historical
interest are: Du Vivier's Washington , for retaking oj Boston; Ftlrst's
Perry, Jor victory on Lake Erie; Antrobus and Paquet*s medal of
Gen. Urant, and Barber's Orville and Wilbur Wright, for Successful
Navigation of the air.

(b) Medals pertaining to centennial celebrations. — Of the Indepen-
dence of the united States, by Wm. Barber; of the Inauguration of
Washington as President, 1889, by Saint-Graudens; the Ter-centennial
of Settlement at Jamestown, 1907; the 250th anniversary of the settle'
Ttient of the Jews in America, 1905, by Konti.

(a) Award medals. — Including the Carnegie Hero Fund medal, by
Osborne; the Panama Canal m£dal, by Brenner; gold medal of the
San Francisco Vigilance Committee, 1856; medals of The National
Academy of Sciences, and of The Smithsonian Institution, by Chaplain.

(e) Personal medals. — Medals of persons distinguished in various
pursuits, as Rev. H. W. Beecher, J. Fennimore Cooper, Edwin

101

Forrest, Franklin, Hay, C. P. Huntington, Irving, Jefferson, La-
fayette, Lincoln, Dr. Benjamin Rush, Schnrz, and Webster.

Washington medals. — Section 14, npper and lower cases, is devoted
entirely to medals of Washington. They are almost solely of his-
torical value, hardly any of them showing artistic excellence. The
portrait on many of them, though signed by various engravers, is in
reality a copy of the Du Yivier portrait on the medal awEurded for
the Retaking of Boston, No. 1.

WALL CASES.

North wall. — Both cases contain specimens of medals produced
at the mint and offered for sale. They include medals of the presi-
dents, of numerous Army and Navy officers, of civilians who have
been thus honored by Congress, and numerous historical medals.

East wall. — Bronze copies of original models for medals. The
reduced finished medals will be found elsewhere in the cabinet.

SoiUh wall. — Paper currency. To right, specimens of various
issues of paper currency in our own country, including issues by the
various colonies, by the Continental Congress, unredeemed bills
of defunct State banks, postage and fractional currency issued
during and after the Civil War, and clearing-house certificates. To
left, currency of the Confederate States of America and of various
foreign countries.

West wall. — ^To left, medals hy the late Mr. Saint-Gavdens and others;
the Franklin medal and large bronze model of first study for obverse
of same; obverse of World's Fair (Chicago) Award Medal, and study
for a reverse of same. To right, original models of last issue of gold
coins, eagle and double eagle by Mr. Saint-Gaudena, half eagle and
quarter eagle by Mr. B. L. Pratt.

WALL PAnrrmas.

The series of four wall paintings about the large windows are by
Mr. William Van Ingen, of New York. The work is pure encaustic
and one of the few specimens of the process in this country. The
subjects are: South wall, A mountain, the usual scene of gold mining;
north wall. Placer mining; east wall, Eydravlic mining; west wall.
Quartz milt.

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