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Guide to the
State Mineral Exhibit
Old Hall of Delegates
Annapolis, Md.
Installed by the
Maryland Geological Survey
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
GUIDE
TO THE
STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
ILLUSTRATING THE
MINERAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES
GEOLOGY AND
MODERN METHODS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION
INSTALLED BY THE
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
IN THE
OLD HALL OF DELEGATES
AT
ANNAPOLIS, MD.
BALTIMORE, 1912
JSorfc Q^afttwore (
BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.
COMMISSION OF THE MARYLAND
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PHILLIPS LEE GOLDSBOROUGH, . . ... President.
Governor of Maryland.
E. C. HARRINGTON, . , . ,. . . . . .
Comptroller of Maryland.
IRA REMSEN, „ . , ' . •.•'.'• . . Executive Officer.
President of the Johns Hopkins University.
R. W. SILVESTER, . ' Secretary.
President of the Maryland Agricultural College.
WM. BULLOCK CLARK, . .' . . . State Geologist.
EDWARD B. MATHEWS, . _^-» . Assistant State Geologist.
WALTER W. CROSBY, . . ... Chief Engineer.
EUGENE H. SAPP, Curator.
324681
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
PLAN OF STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT.
1. Clay Exhibit.
2. Fireclay Products.
3. Brick-Tile Pavilion.
4. Slate Pavilion.
5. Earthenware Exhib.it.
6. Publications.
7. Model of Baltimore.
8. Building Stone Pyramid.
9. Large Polished Boulders.
10. Exhibit Systematic Geology.
11. Mason -Dixon Line Monu-
ments.
12. Ore Exhibit.
13. Pottery and Decorative Stone.
14. Model of Coal Fields.
15. Lime and Cement Exhibit.
16. Limestone Exhibit.
17. Silica Exhibit.
18. Feldspar and Flint Exhibit.
19. Feldspar and Flint Exhibit.
20. Road Views.
21. Soils, Marl and
Highway Exhibit.
22. Road Sections.
23. Coal Pyramid.
24. Obelisk.
GUIDE TO THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
INSTALLED AT ANNAPOLIS BY THE
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
HISTORY OF EXHIBIT.
The materials forming the exhibit have been gradually col-
lected by the Maryland Geological Survey over a period of
several years, the nucleus being the Maryland Mineral Exhibit
at Buffalo in 1901. This was largely added to in the preparation
of the State's exhibit at Charleston the following winter and was
still further increased in preparing the notable exhibit of Mary-
land's Mineral Resources for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
at St. Louis in 1904. A smaller exhibit was made for the James-
town Exposition in 1907, and also incorporated. Altogether the
exhibit is the most complete collection of Maryland mineral prod-
ucts that has ever been brought together.
The exhibits of the State's mineral wealth made by the Survey
were remarkably successful in receiving the commendation of
the juries of award at all of the expositions. At Buffalo the
only gold medal awarded to any State for its collective exhibit
of mineral resources was awarded to Maryland ; at Charleston,
among other awards it received 12 special gold medals, twice the
number awarded any other State for mineral exhibits ; and at St.
Louis the exhibit as a whole received the grand prize, while
parts of the display and individual exhibitors received 2, grand
prizes, 8 gold, 23 silver and numerous bronze medals. It also
received the highest award at Jamestown. Many of these medals
together with the diplomas of award are displayed in the exhibit.
The various collections constituting the State Mineral Exhibit
represent the diversified activities of the State and the Geological
Survey, under whose auspices they have been installed. This
organization was created by an Act of the Assembly of 1896 and
6 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
its scope has been enlarged by subsequent enactments. As at
present organized the work is conducted by the State Geologist
and his associates under the supervision of the Commission
named on a preceding page.
The Survey is directly responsible for the work of investigating
VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS.
the various mineral deposits of the State and in the preparation
and issuance of the maps and publications giving the results of
these investigations. In co-operation with the different National
bureaus it is rapidly completing the preparation of a series of
large scale county maps which represent the topography and
election districts, the geology, the agricultural soils, and the forest
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 7
growth which will give to the people of the State detailed and
accurate information regarding these, various subjects. These
maps are accompanied by exhaustive reports on the physical
features of each of the counties. Each report includes discussions
of the physiography or surface configuration, the geology and
mineral resources, the agricultural soils and the crops best adapted
to them, the climatology or weather conditions, the hydrography
and water-power, the terrestrial magnetism, and the forestry
resources. Besides these volumes the Survey also has under prep-
aration various reports on special subjects, and elaborate publi-
cations have already been issued on the building stones, the clays
and clay products, the coals, the limestones, and the iron ores.
The Survey also serves as a bureau of information regarding
the mineral wealth of the State and annually collects statistics
regarding the value and amount of output of the mines, quarries,
and other mineral industries. Since the organization of the
Survey the annual output of mineral products has more than
doubled in value.
For twelve years, from 1898 to 1910, the Survey had charge
of the State road building and constructed nearly one hundred
and fifty miles of highways at an expense of about one million
and a half dollars. It has also prepared all of the State's
mineral exhibits at expositions in recent years.
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTIONS.
The general arrangement of exhibits may be seen on the
accompanying diagram. Toward the east side of the hall are the
structural materials including the clay products, such as fire-
brick, terra cotta, tile and the different types of structural brick,
slate, and the building and decorative stones. On the west side
of the hall are the displays of pottery manufactured in Mary-
land and the various coals found in the State. On the south
side are the agricultural soil types and certain special exhibits
such as those of lime and cement, flint and feldspar, barytes, and
silica (diatomaceous earth). On the north side are the iron and
s
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
copper ores. On the walls are instructive exhibits of the methods
of road construction, several plate-glass cases containing a syste-
matic collection of rocks, minerals and fossils found in Maryland,
maps showing the distribution of certain physical features through-
out the State and numerous special maps, pictures and transpar-
encies illustrating the work of the Maryland Geological Survey.
.APPALACHIAN PRCVIMCE.
r
OF
-;^^Wf-\
MARYLAND
' ~ /yT" • -
SHOWING THE
• '•• . .<-'
PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
WM BULLOCK CLARK, STATE GEOLOGIST
-;
3
I
MAP OF MARYLAND SHOWING THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES.
LARGE GENERAL WALL MAPS.
On the north and west walls, above the other exhibits, are
three large maps of Maryland, 7x12 feet in size, which show
many of the characteristic physical features of the State. They
represent respectively the Physiographic Provinces, the Relative
Elevations and the Geology and Agricultural Soils. Much infor-
mation appears upon them which might be easily overlooked,
and some of this, which can be readily derived from the maps,
is presented in the following paragraphs.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 9
MAP SHOWING PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES.
This map shows that Maryland forms a portion of the Atlantic
slope, which stretches from the crest of the Alleghanies to the
sea, and furthermore that the State is divisible into three more
or less sharply defined regions known as the Coastal Plain, corre-
sponding to Eastern and Southern Maryland; the Piedmont
Plateau corresponding to Central and Northern Maryland ; and
the Appalachian Region corresponding to Western Maryland.
Each of these divisions has particular characteristics which have
their influence on the mineral and agricultural industries, and
consequently intimately affect the welfare of the people.
The Coastal Plain includes the low, partially-submerged sur-
face extending from the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
to the edge of the continental shelf, about 50 miles off the shore
of Worcester County. It consists of two divisions, the submarine
division to the east of the present ocean border, at times in the
past epochs forming part of the land area, and the subaerial
division, or land portion, which is divided by the Chesapeake
Bay into the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore. The Coastal
Plain differs from the other provinces of the State in its nearly
level surface configuration, and its marine and brackish estuaries.
On the Eastern Shore it is generally low, the greater portion
of the country being less than 25 feet above sea level, elevations of
100 feet and more being rare and confined to the northern part
of the district. Its rivers of estuarine character are broad and
navigable for long distances until they pass abruptly into insignifi-
cant sluggish streams. On the Western Shore the same conditions
hold true except that the land is higher, in places exceeding 250
feet in elevation, and the surface of the country correspondingly
rougher. Throughout the entire Coastal Plain several terraces
may be recognized rising from one level expanse to another.
These represent stages in the later geological history of Mary-
land and were formed by the action of waves working on the
soft materials in much the same way as they are at the present
time acting on the low cliffs along the Chesapeake Bay shore
and the smaller estuaries.
10
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
The Piedmont Plateau is a low-lying country of complex origin
whose rolling surface is traversed by highlands and cut by valleys
which often trench the upland as deep gorges. It is divided into
an eastern division and a western division by the inter-stream
elevation known as Parr's Ridge, which, passing from western
VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS.
Montgomery County across Howard and Carroll counties, rises
to an elevation of over noo feet near the Pennsylvania line. A
close study of this central portion of Maryland shows that the
level-topped hills and broad stretches between the streams are
remnants of old plains cut out of the high plateau that formerly
stretched across the district from the Appalachians to the sea.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
11
Four such plains may be recognized by patching together their
present remnants. The history of this district has also left its
impression on the inhabitants. The best farming lands lie either
on the flat-topped ridges or on the richer but wetter flood-plains
of the valleys, and here may be found the most prosperous
agriculturalists. The trenching of the old plains has exposed the
VIEW OF RELIEF MODEL OF STATE, SHOWING ELEVATIONS.
underlying rocks and stimulated the quarrying of building stones.
It has also determined the location of the highways, while the
waters descending from the highlands to the valley bottoms have
developed water-powers which have been utilized by the numerous
small mills throughout the district.
The Appalachian Region, extending from the Piedmont Plateau
on the east to beyond the western limits of the State, consists of a
series of parallel mountain ranges separated by deep valleys.
12 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
As the map shows, this region may be divided into the following
four natural divisions: the Blue Ridge on the east, followed by the
Great Valley (Hagerstown Valley), the Alleghany Ridges from
North Mountain to Big Savage Mountain, and the Alleghany
Plateau from this point to the western limits of the State. These
are but small segments of similar divisions which extend north-
ward into Pennsylvania and southward across the Virginias into
the South Atlantic States.
The accentuated surface features of the Appalachian Region
have strongly influenced the life of the inhabitants. The obstacles
to communication offered by successive parallel ridges delayed
settlement and restricted the east and west lines of travel to the
valleys of the Potomac in Maryland, the Susquehanna in Penn-
sylvania, and the James in Virginia. Even before the advent of
the Europeans the Indians had adopted these same lines of travel,
which are now utilized by the railroads, canals, and highways.
The steepness of the mountain slopes limited the farming to the
valleys, and lumbering and grazing to the mountains, while the
presence of great beds of coal has been the cause of the develop-
ment of large mining communities in the Georges Creek and
Upper Potomac Valleys.
MAP SHOWING RELATIVE ELEVATIONS.
The large map showing the Relative Elevations of the different
parts of the State represents in a different way the facts shown
on the relief model of the State, a view of which is given
on page u. The increasing elevation is shown on the map by pro-
gressively deeper colors, the highest points being represented by
the darkest colors. This map and the cut of the model show
the great expanse of land below 100 feet on the Eastern Shore,
the higher and more rugged character of Southern Maryland,
where most of the surface outside the stream valleys is over 100
feet, the broad Plateau of Central Maryland lying between 500
and 1000 feet, the Blue Ridge and Catoctin mountains with their
tops averaging nearly 2000 feet, the Alleghany Plateau of
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
13
Allegany and Garrett counties fully 2500 feet high, and the
summits of Big Savage and Great Backbone mountains rising
above 3000 feet.
MAP SHOWING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS AND AGRICULTURAL SOILS.
The large map on the wall over the glass cases and the new
geological map of the State recently published give even more
VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS.
information regarding the physical features of the State than
either of the foregoing maps, since all of the features depicted on
the former are more or less directly the result of the differences
in the underlying geological formations. The geological maps
show by their different groupings of colors that there are funda-
14 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
mental differences between the rocks of the three physiographic
provinces already described. Those of the Piedmont Plateau
are the earliest and most crystalline, and include representatives
of the oldest rocks known (Archean and Paleozoic) and many
igneous rocks (granite, gabbro, diabase, etc.), over which are
found in places early Mesozoic deposits. The rocks of the
Appalachian Region are next in age and belong for the most
part to the Paleozoic era, ranging from the Cambrian to the
Permian. The Coastal Plain contains the youngest and least
consolidated rocks, ranging in age from the later Mesozoic to the
Recent.
The diversity of geological formations, fifty-six of which are
shown on the more detailed and smaller map elsewhere in the
exhibit, is unusual, no other State in the Union of similar area
containing representatives of as many types as those occurring in
Maryland. Moreover these formations range in age from the
oldest to the youngest with but few breaks.
Maryland thus contains an epitome of the geological history
of the earth. So far as this history relates to Maryland it may
be summarized as follows:
During the earliest periods of which there is any record there
probably existed in the Piedmont Region of Maryland a land
area, with a series of low ridges or mountain chains, extending
from near the Blue Ridge eastward beyond the present limits of
land for some distance over what is now the Atlantic Ocean.
A large but shallow sea extended westward along whose shores
were sands and gravels similar to those of the present coasts.
These became the Cambrian sandstones of the Blue Ridge and
nearby areas. The shore-line probably was not straight and long
arms of the sea may have extended northeasterly across the Pied-
mont in which were laid down sandstones and limestones the
latter of which have now become the marbles of Baltimore and
Howard counties. Certainly this was the case in the Great
Valley, where the Shenandoah limestones carry fossils of great
antiquity.
This great inland sea continued for eons, its shore-line shifting
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
15
from time to time, and its waters teeming with numberless forms
of life whose remains may be found as fossils in the rocks to-
day. The shifting of the shore-line, the change in the height of
the land to the eastward, and the growth and death of millions
VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS.
of little animals are all told in the sandstones, shales, and lime-
stones of Appalachian Maryland. With all the changes back and
forth there was a gradual permanent shifting of the shore-line
westward until in Carboniferous time there were only great
swamps in Western Maryland in which were deposited thick
beds of vegetable matter which became the great beds of coal
that have been of such value to the people of the State. Finally,
16 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
toward the close of the Paleozoic era, the shore-line of this western
sea passed beyond the limits of Western Maryland. Since
then few if any deposits have been laid down in this area.
Its subsequent history has been one of folding of the rocks
into arches and basins as they are found to-day, and of the
gradual wearing away of the uplifted land by the rains and
running waters. During the progress of these events in the
western part of the State similar changes were probably taking
place to the eastward, but little is known of the incidents
because the records have been obscured by later deposits. It is
probable, however, that the Atlantic Ocean was working its way
westward, for the red sandstones of Frederick and Montgomery
counties record the fact that soon after the formation of the coal
beds narrow estuaries of the Atlantic, not very different from the
present Chesapeake Bay, extended for long distances along the
foot of the Blue Ridge and to the eastward. At this time the
entire region was a low plain extending from the Atlantic on the
east westward as far as Cumberland and possibly beyond the
limits of the State, although there are some indications that the
waters of western Allegany and Garrett counties flowed westward
and not to the Atlantic. Remnants of this old plain may still be
seen in the tops of Parr's Ridge, Blue Ridge, Dan's and Big
Savage mountains.
On this old surface were laid down the earliest deposits of the
Coastal Plain. Time and again, owing to the seaward tilting
of the land, the Atlantic has swept back over the border of the
Piedmont Plateau, and more than once the land has been worn
down to an almost featureless plain, with only here and there a
ridge rising above its general level. Each change is recorded in
the clays and sands of the Coastal Plain or in the surface fea-
tures of different parts of the State.
The geological map, together with the samples and model,
shows where the commercial beds of coal are to be looked for
and gives to one who may read it a knowledge of the extent and
something of the depth of the more important seams. It tells,
when compared with the specimens in the collection, approxi-
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
17
mately where the different kinds of clay or building stone may
be found and indicates where search should be made for quarry
sites favorably located to transportation facilities and markets.
The relation between the soils and the underlying formations
VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS.
makes it possible to gain similar information respecting the places
where agricultural soils of desired types occur.
The scale of both geological maps is manifestly too small to
indicate these facts in detail. This information is to be obtained
from the large scale county maps and publications of the Mary-
land Geological Survey.
18 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
COUNTY MAPS.
About the walls are numerous county maps prepared by the
Survey to illustrate the topography and election districts, the
agricultural soils, the geology, and the forest types of the different
counties. These county maps and the publications can be obtained
at small cost from the office of the Survey at the Johns Hopkins
University.
TRANSPARENCIES.
The beautiful transparencies in the different windows, colored
in autumnal foliage, depict a few of the many picturesque
features of Maryland scenery. Many of the subjects are taken
from Western Maryland, where the relief is greatest and the
scenes most striking. Equally attractive spots, with quieter lines
and softer blending of woodland, hill and stream, may be found
in the eastern and southern parts of the State. The circular
transparencies represent the appearance of typical Maryland
rocks when seen with the aid of a polarizing microscope.
MODELS.
The models of portions of Maryland territory are of interest
since they represent two distinctly different types of surface. The
largest model is that of Baltimore and vicinity, which is 6x4 feet
and is on the scale of 4 inches to the mile. This particular model
is unusual since there has been no exaggeration of the elevation*.
The slopes of the hills and the valleys are the same as they are in
nature. This makes the model look very flat, but it emphasizes
the error of the popular misconception regarding the roughness
of the earth's surface.
The model of the coal fields of Garrett and Allegany counties
seems more exact, but here the region is quite mountainous and
the relative elevations have been made five times higher than
they are in nature. This model is particularly instructive in
illustrating how different geological formations resting one above
another have been folded, bringing them to the surface in a
succession of different outcrops. This is well shown in the
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
19
position of the coal beds which outcrop about the edges of the
Georges Creek valley but are often buried at its center.
The model of Cecil County is also on an exaggerated vertical
scale and represents the transition from the highlands of the
Piedmont Plateau to the lowlands of the Coastal Plain.
MINERAL PRODUCTS.
Maryland, though relatively small in area, has a great variety
of mineral products, chiefly non-metallic, which afford the basis
for important commercial enterprises or give promise of pros-
pective value. Many of these deposits have been worked since
early Colonial days, especially the clays and iron ores; others,
like the coal, have been the basis for important industries for more
than half a century; while still others, such as the feldspar in-
dustry, are of relatively recent development. The annual output
for these industries has been steadily on the increase, and few
realize the magnitude of the local enterprises which reached in
value $11,587,636 in 1910. The accompanying figure shows the
relative values of the annual production in the different mineral
industries.
VALUE OF THE ANNUAL OUTPUT OF MINERAL
PRODUCTS, 1896-1910.
Year.
Coal and
coke.
Stone.
Flint and
feldspar.
Sand and
gravel.
Lime and
cement.
1896
$3,299,928
$457,764
*
$365,477
1897
3363.996
458.811
*
286,441
1898
3,532,257
703,873
*
399.938
1899
3,667,056
636,547
*
372,322
1900
3,927.381
727 640
$33.420
421,745
1901
5,046,491
866.524
45,929
488 3?2
1902
5,579,869
1,113,854
83,236
487,597
1903
7,189,784
1,126,993
86,898
46H.11 3
1904
6,940,739
1,160.676
98,867
$219,268
345 329
1905
6,941,882
1,409.053
75,552
436.828
393,741
1906
7,602,790
1,370,924
12H.832
285,797
383.135
1907
8,035,772
1,555,415
92.503
268,048
334,316
1908
6.m,375
1,070.62:>
104.563
404,166
332,455
1909
5,591.148
1,146,793
86,663
193.757
482,446
1910
7,174.931
1,243,334
97,750
396,357
629.923
20
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
[
Year.
Clay and
clay
products.
Ores (gold,
copper, iron
mineral
paint).
Miscella-
Minorai neous (soap-
^l1?!™1 stone, talc,
waters. marl< Qmca^
etc.).
Total.
j
1896
$1,595,055
$53,304
$58,339
$4,631
$5,834,498
1897
1,312,889
27,660
21,185
4,747
5,475,729
1898
1,254.860 i 18,862
29,779
4.531
5,944,150
1899
1,683,596 i 26,557
13,045
10,344 6,409,467
1900
1,714,234 67,429
36,849
10,845
6.939,543
1901
1.613,663 i 45,135
57,680 11,500
8,175,244
1902
1.915,417 61,826
45,100 5,500
9,282,339
1903
1,921,821
as,6i2
45,918
9.360
10,883,498
1904
1,886.277
25,421
44,320 5,850
10,726,747
1905
2,282,856
35,152
44,627
6.782
11,626,473
1906
2,178,617
15,624
58,334
21,416
12,043.469
1907
1,916,238
34,767
110,039
32,250
12,397.348
1908
1,472,481
37.758
75,858
23,700
9,694.929
1909
1,774.676
32,061
90,855 18,000
9.416.398
1910
1,898,674
38,743
102,371 5,543
11,587,636
BUILDING STONE PYRAMID.
The pyramid shows 56 cubes representing the most prominent
building stones of the State. Each cube is 8 inches in diameter,
with each of its six faces differently trimmed, effectively bringing
out the possibilities of the stone. The tops represent the natural
face of the rock, the front faces are polished and the sides are
bush-hammered, pointed, or otherwise dressed to emphasize the
quality and varying appearance of the stones. On one side of
the pyramid are the granites, including the well-known products
from Port Deposit, Woodstock, Guilford, Ellicott City, and
Baltimore. Another side is devoted to the sandstones, including
those from Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Wash-
ington, and Allegany counties. A third is devoted to the darker-
colored serpentines, gabbros and trap rocks. A fourth side
includes the white marbles from Baltimore County and the lime-
stones from the western part of the State. Each side is supported
by polished risers of Woodstock, Guilford and Port Deposit
granite, and Baltimore gneiss. The whole is capped by a pyramid
of polished Potomac marble from Washington Junction. At each
corner stands a graceful polished column. One is of deep green
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
21
Ores (iron, copper, gold, etc.), $38,743.
'Mineral waters, $102,371.
Porcelain materials, soapstone, talc, etc., $103,293.
Road materials, $225,000.
Sands and gravel, $396,357.
Lime and cement, $629,923.
Building and decorative stone,
$1,018,344.
Clays and clay products,
$1,898,674.
Coal and coke,
$7,174,931.
DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE VALUE OF MARYLAND MINERAL
PRODUCTS IN 1910.
22
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
serpentine, or verde antique, from Harford County; another of
brown or Seneca sandstone; a third of glistening white Beaver
Dam marble, and a fourth of the monumental gray granite from
Guilford and Port Deposit. Each column is surmounted by a
polished ball of the same material.
The large field boulders of serpentine and Potomac marble
MAP
OF
MARYLAND
SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION
OF
BUILDING STONES
MAP OF MARYLAND SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BUILDING STONES.
with their polished surfaces are of especial interest in showing
the use that may be made of what at first glance appears to be
worthless material.
Near the pyramid, in the center of the hall, is an obelisk of
Potomac marble resting on a base of light gray sandstone, show-
ing what can be accomplished by this method of treatment. Back
of the central table in the niche is a column of serpentine from
Baltimore County resting on a granite base from Port Deposit.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 23
Additional specimens of decorative stone are exhibited in the
large glass case in the center of the room.
The rocks of the State include many varieties of excellent
building and decorative stones. The largest portion of the pro-
duct is obtained from the Piedmont Plateau, or that part of the
State lying north and west of Washington and Baltimore and
east of the Blue Ridge. The central location of this area,
traversed as it is by several railroads, places it within a con-
venient distance of the prominent Eastern cities. The rich variety
of the rocks suitable for structural and decorative purposes is
attested by the many beautiful specimens in this collection. The
areal distribution of the more prominent types is given in the ac-
companying figure, and the principal features are described in
the following paragraphs.
Granites. Granite is the broad family name that is applied to
a large and common group of rocks which are usually of a some-
what mottled light gray color, and almost always carry the min-
erals quartz and feldspar as essential constituents. Besides these,
which constitute the mass of the rock, there are dark-colored iron-
bearing minerals such as black mica or biotite, hornblende, and
occasionally pyroxene. Certain of the granites in which the con-
stituents are arranged in roughly parallel lines, as well as certain
other rocks with a similar banded arrangement of the same min-
erals, are called gneiss.
The regions in Maryland where granite and gneiss are most
extensively worked are at Port Deposit in Cecil County, in the
vicinity of Baltimore, at Woodstock or Granite in Baltimore
County, and at Ellicott City and Guilford in Howard County.
Specimens from each of these localities may be found in the
collection. Other areas in Howard, Montgomery, and Frederick
counties and in the District of Columbia contain some good stone,
but this is quarried only for local use.
Marbles and Limestones. The marbles and limestones are more
widely distributed throughout the State than the granites, occur-
ring in larger or smaller areas in all the northern, central and
western counties.
24
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
The marbles have long been known for their great value in
building and monumental work, and have been utilized since
the beginning of the last century. They are, with a single ex-
ception, confined to the highly crystalline rocks of the Piedmont
GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE PAN- AMERICAN EXPOSITION,
BUFFALO, 1901.
Plateau. Those which are being worked at present occur in
Baltimore and Washington counties. The former is extensively
used in building and decorative work, while the latter has only
recently been put on the market as a decorative stone. Specimens
of the former may be seen in the columns and cubes of the build-
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 25
ing stone pyramid, and slabs of the latter are displayed in the
large glass case.
The Potomac marble, or " calico rock," is an interesting variety
which is found at several places along the eastern slope of
Catoctin Mountain, being quarried at Washington Junction. It
is represented in the pyramid and in the small obelisk nearby,
as well as by smaller specimens in the large glass case.
The serpentine or " verde antique marble " has been used as
a decorative stone and is quarried in a small way in Harford
and Baltimore counties, while other areas are found in Cecil,
Howard, and Montgomery counties. That the stone is well suited
to form beautiful columns and slabs is shown by the many
specimens in the collection.
The limestones are confined to the western part of the State,
where they have been quarried for local building purposes and
for road metal and cements. These stones are usually of a deep
blue color when freshly quarried, but upon exposure they gradu-
ally change to dove-gray, giving a most pleasing effect to the
surfaces of the buildings.
Sandstones. Although there is but one sandstone within the
State which has attained any considerable reputation as a build-
ing stone, there are many formations in different parts of the area
which furnish suitable sandstones for local construction. As is
the case with all building stones, the factor of transportation
facilities is so important that only those materials can come into
general use which are high class and favorably situated to prom-
inent lines of travel either by rail or by boat.
Among the different sandstones the most important is that of the
Triassic formations which is found in Montgomery, Frederick, and
Carroll counties. This is the source of the red and brown sand-
stones used in many of the better class buildings in the cities. The
stone is easily worked, suitable for delicate carving, of pleasing
color and sufficiently permanent when properly used to withstand
moderate exposure. The variations in color are shown by com-
paring the column from Seneca with the pedestal from Wash-
ington Junction.
26
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Gabbro, Diabase, etc. Occasionally the darker-colored igneous
rocks such as the coarse-grained gabbro and the finer-grained dia-
base are put on the market as " dark granites." The gabbro
occurs in large areas in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, and Howard
NEAR VIEW OF MINERAL EXHIBIT AT BUFFALO, 1901.
counties. The diabase occurs in the same counties as narrow
dikes. In Frederick County, where it occurs in wide dikes and
sheets, especially near the Pennsylvania border, it has been worked
to some extent as " Gettysburg granite." The bright green
epidote schist of the Blue Ridge might be worked as a decorative
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 27
stone, but up to the present time it has not been utilized. Speci-
men cubes of these various rocks may be seen on the pyramid.
SLATE PAVILION.
The slate pavilion is erected to display the well-known Peach
Bottom slates manufactured along the Mason and Dixon line in
Harford County, Maryland, and York County, Pennsylvania,
where the slate beds form a ridge lying east and south of the
town of Delta, Pennsylvania, and Cardiff, Maryland. The ex-
hibit shows the large, irregular masses as they come from the
quarry to the shed, the rough blocks into which the larger masses
are broken and from which the roofing slates are split. The
split slates are shown in their irregular shapes and when trimmed
ready for the market. The slate rock does not differ chemically
from many worthless shales and argillites, but the material has
been recrystallized until the constituent particles are all arranged
in parallel positions. It is this which gives the cleavage to the
rock. The material is so strong and even-grained that it can be
carved and sawed in spite of its cleavability.
The slates are particularly valuable because of their perma-
nency of color. One may compare the sample taken from the old
Slate Ridge church, where the slate was exposed to the weather
for over one hundred years, with the freshly-quarried slates nearby
and detect no change in color. The appearance of the quarries,
the methods of quarrying and stacking in " ricks " before ship-
ment are shown by the photographs in the booth and on the side
wall near the corner. The method of laying roofing slates is
well shown in the columns, where the slates of one course may
be seen overlapped for a distance of two to three inches by the
slates of the next but one course above. The unit of sale of slates
is a " square " or enough slates to cover a hundred square feet
when laid with a " lap " of -2,\ to 3 inches. The number of pieces
in a square varies with the size of the slate.
CLAYS AND CLAY PRODUCTS.
The table near the eastern entrance to the hall is devoted to
selected samples of clays arranged according to their uses and the
28
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
geological age of the deposits in which they occur. Near the
door are eighteen bottles containing samples of fire-clay, which
is used in the manufacture of fire-brick, stove-linings, re'torts and
many other objects intended to withstand great heat. The term
fire-clay does not indicate anything beyond the fact that the
material does not fuse under 3000° F. Two types, represented
, ,'•'••• '• : U " <,*v=~- v v'-v-X-i.f!--* £... ••*—+'• — ("'*--\":;
/
MAP OF MARYLAND SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF CLAYS.
in the large blocks, are usually recognizable among the high-grade
fire-clays of Western Maryland, namely, the plastic or soft fire-
clay which develops moderate plasticity on grinding, especially
after exposure to the weather, and the hard or flint clay which
develops little or no plasticity on grinding. The clays occur
together and are mixed in the different works at Mt. Savage and
elsewhere. The fire-clays of the eastern part of the State are usu-
ally plastic, especially those of the Arundel formation. Examples
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 29
of many of the shapes of fire-brick made in Maryland are
arranged beneath the windows along the east wall. The samples
between the large blocks and the east erid of the table represent
many of the brick, terra cotta, sewer-pipe and pottery clays. The
industry based upon these different clays in Maryland is one of
the largest in the State, while the abundance of material is so
great that these industries could be much more largely developed
than they are at present.
The principal terra cotta clays are the buff-burning ones from
the Arundel formation and the sandy or variegated clays of the
Patuxent formation. From these, excellent terra cotta and roof-
ing-tile are made, as is shown by the handsome specimens on the
wall at the back of the table and on the roof of the adjacent
pavilion. The uniformity of grain, pleasing color, and marked
susceptibility to high-grade molding are well shown in the large
model of the great seal of the State. The clays used in the manu-
facture of sewer-pipe are chiefly from the Arundel formation.
The pottery clays include the impure kaolins from Cecil County
and the various clays from the Arundel, Patapsco, and Columbia
formations. According to their varying character they may be
used for white earthenware and porcelain, stoneware and yellow-
ware, or for common red earthenware. The manufacture of
pottery forms a most important branch of the Maryland clay-
working industry, and their attractive products may be seen in
different parts of the room, especially in the large case in the
center of the hall.
Brick-clays are very abundant and well distributed throughout
• the State. They are found in all the clay-bearing formations of
the Coastal Plain of Eastern Maryland, in the residual soils of the
Piedmont Plateau throughout Central Maryland, and in the shaly
deposits of the Appalachian Region of Western Maryland. The
Columbia clay loams, on account of their grittiness and fer-
ruginous character, are excellently adapted to the manufacture of
common brick and are widely used in the vicinity of Baltimore.
They have enough iron to burn to a good red color, sufficient
quantity of fine particles to give the desired plasticity and enough
30
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
grit to prevent excessive shrinkage in burning. The Tertiary
clays are less wide-spread, but are well suited to the manufacture
of pressed or common brick. The clays of the Raritan formation
are buff-burning and are well developed in Anne Arundel
GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE SOUTH CAROLINA INTERSTATE
AND WEST INDIAN EXPOSITION, CHARLESTON, 1902.
County, where they are worked extensively for pressed brick.
The Patapsco formation consists essentially of variegated clays,
which are well exposed near the water from Anne Arundel to
Cecil counties. They occur in large bodies, are quite plastic and
are well adapted to supplying the materials for large clay-work-
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 31
ing plants in common, or pressed brick, or terra cotta. The
Arundel, or iron-ore clays, are abundant and excellently adapted
for the making of both common and pressed brick. They are
moderately siliceous, highly plastic, and sufficiently rich in iron
to burn to a good red color. The Patuxent clays are usually
either too sandy to make good common brick or not sufficiently
refractory for making the higher grade fire-brick wares.
The residual clays of the Piedmont Plateau include the white
kaolin deposits of Cecil and Harford counties and the impure
residual clays which may be worked for common brick. These
may be found overlying the granites, gabbros, serpentines, gneisses,
shales, and limestones, and their character will vary somewhat
according to the character of the underlying rocks. The gabbros
yield highly plastic, deeply ferruginous clays; the granites, clays
less plastic and less ferruginous; the Triassic sandstones, uneven,
impure clays; and the limestones of the Frederick and Hagers-
town valleys, medium to high grade residual brick-clays.
The Appalachian Region contains many shales; few of these,
however, are likely to prove serviceable for the manufacture of
brick or other clay products except in the case of the valuable
fire-clays already discussed and the shales of the Jennings for-
mation of Devonian age. The latter, while a trifle too siliceous
and granular when fresh, upon weathering grind to a reasonably
plastic mass which yields a good vitrified paving brick. The
Tuscarora sandstone near Cumberland also yields the sand for
the " lime-sand " brick which is now being put on the market.
The products from some of these different clays are represented
in the pavilion described in the following paragraph.
BRICK AND TILE PAVILION,
This pavilion is constructed of different types of products from
the plants of the various clay-working operators within the State.
Of the six columns two are constructed of high-grade common
brick from the works of the Baltimore Brick Company, two are of
the light colored lime-sand brick from the Cumberland Granite
Brick Company, and two are of face brick from the Washington
32
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, whose materials are secured
from Harmans, Anne Arundel County. The pavilion is floored
with enameled brick from the works of Andrew Ramsay at Mt.
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MARYLAND COAL BASINS.
Savage, and with the different types of brick manufactured by
the Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, the latter
separated by a few courses of lime-sand brick from Cumberland.
The roof is covered with glazed roofing-tile from the Edwin
Bennett Roofing Tile Works of Baltimore.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 33
The transparencies hung in this pavilion represent the appear-
ance of Maryland granite and diabase as seen in thin section
under a polarizing microscope.
COAL PYRAMID.
Near the west entrance to the hall is a pyramid composed
of coal cubes from the different mines, topped by a large pillar
of coal from the mines of the Consolidation Coal Company.
These specimens of coal have been sent by the more prominent
operators now engaged in working the many beds of Maryland
coal. There are over thirty different beds of coal which have
been recognized as occurring in Maryland, but at the present time
only seven or eight of these are worked for more than local
demands. The coals of the State occur in five basins, as indicated
in the accompanying map. Of these basins the most important is
the Georges Creek, and the next in importance its southern contin-
uation known as the Upper Potomac basin. The others are as yet
practically undeveloped and supply only local demands. The
principal mines of the Georges Creek basin are in the " Big
Vein," or Pittsburg seam, although there is a rapidly-growing
development in the use of the underlying " small veins." In the
Upper Potomac basin the small deposits of " Big Vein " within
the State have been exhausted, and all of the operations are now
in the smaller veins, which in this basin cover a large area.
The Maryland coals are softer than anthracite and less volatile
than the bituminous coals of Pennsylvania, and are accordingly
known as semi-bituminous. They possess great value for steam
and smithing purposes and are used extensively as fuel for loco-
motives, steamboats, and factories along the Atlantic coast.
ORE EXHIBIT.
Maryland is rich in mineral resources, but unlike many other
States, her wealth does not lie in valuable ore deposits of precious
or useful metals. These, however, are Rot lacking although only
a few deposits have sustained profitable industries. The ore table
34
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
in the center of the hall includes exhibits of Maryland ores of
iron and copper, and also of gold.
Ores of iron are found widely distributed in Maryland, the
most extensive deposits thus far discovered being the brown
hematite ore of Frederick and Carroll counties; the carbonate
BUILDING STONE EXHIBIT AT CHARLESTON, 1902.
ore of Prince George's, Anne Arundel, and Baltimore counties ;
and the red and brown hematites found in the Coal Measures
of Western Maryland. The iron industries of the State started
with local ores, but the discovery of extensive deposits else-
where has practically stopped the mining of hematite ores within
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 35
the State. The high quality of the carbonate ores still makes
it possible for them to compete with the cheaper materials from
the South and West. The iron from1 the Muirkirk furnace is
of exceptional quality, showing a tensile strength of 30,000 to
40,000 pounds to the square inch. The product of this plant was
largely used by the United States Government in its manufacture
of gun carriages and armor-piercing projectiles. Specimens of
Colonial pig, modern pig, test pieces and the ore itself may be
seen in the exhibit. The hematite ores from the Piedmont
Plateau and Western Maryland are also well represented.
Ores of copper are found in the Piedmont Plateau and in the
Blue Ridge. Those of the Piedmont evidently occur in a series
of zones extending across Frederick and Carroll counties and
about the Bare Hills, near Baltimore. In every instance they
seem to be closely related to igneous rocks, though often occurring
most abundantly in limestone, as at the well-known Liberty
mines. Prior to the discovery of rich deposits in Michigan in
1844, and later in Montana and Arizona, Maryland was an
important copper-producing State. At the present time there
are no deposits within the State which are worked profitably.
Gold ore is found in Montgomery County. Some remarkably
rich specimens have been obtained, but the gold is so unevenly
distributed that it has never been worked with profit.
POTTERY AND DECORATIVE STONE EXHIBIT.
The large glass case near the western entrance is devoted to
a display of Maryland pottery and decorative stones. The former
is the product of two Baltimore potteries which rank among the
best in the United States. The older of these is the Edwin Ben-
nett Pottery Company, represented by the wares on the right
hand side of the case on entering the hall. Among the pieces
shown are high-grade dinner, tea, and toilet ware in American
porcelain, jardinieres with colored glazes and many other forms,
some with ornamentation in relief. This company built the first
high-grade pottery plant south of the Mason and Dixon line.
The younger pottery is that of D. F. Haynes & Son, known as the
36 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Chesapeake Pottery. This firm has made many noted wares such
as the " Clifton," " Avalon," " Calverton," and " Arundel."
Their work is represented by parlor and banquet lamps, clocks,
and large decorative vases, characterized by originality of design,
grace of form, and delicacy of execution. Both firms have
received awards of distinction at all the expositions.
The south end of the case contains polished slabs of Maryland
decorative stones, among which may be noted the beautiful slabs
from the recently developed quarries at Eakles Mills, in Wash-
ington County, and the " verde antique," or serpentine, from
Harford County.
OTHER MATERIALS.
The table in the centre of the south wall and the two tables
adjacent to it contain displays of miscellaneous products including
limestones, shales, feldspar, flint, dry paints and mortar coloring,
barytes, diatomaceous earth, agricultural soils and marls.
The lime and cement industries of the State are represented
by limestones and shales of various kinds from several areas.
The various changes in the process of the manufacture of Port-
land cement are shown by specimens of limestone and shale, the
clinker formed by burning these together, and the finished Port-
land cement obtained by grinding the clinker. This important new
industry is represented by extensive exhibits of the Tidewater
Portland Cement Co., and the Security Cement and Lime Co.
Specimens of the raw materials used for a flux in smelting or for
agricultural and building lime may be seen beneath the table.
The feldspar, which is exhibited in large blocks, smaller
samples, and pulverized to different grades of fineness, represents
a small but interesting Maryland industry which is growing.
The original mineral occurs in coarse-grained masses throughout
the eastern part of the Piedmont Plateau, but is mined most
extensively in Cecil County and along the valley of the Patapsco
between Sykesville and Ellicott City. Two kinds of " spar " are
distinguished, the potash and soda, and the product to be market-
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 37
able must be free from iron and other coloring impurities and
relatively free from quartz. To get the material in this condition
usually requires hand picking, although methods have been
devised in Maryland for cleaning the product by machinery.
Specimens from Henryton show what can be done in this way.
The crude mineral is usually shipped to Trenton, New Jersey,
or to Ohio, where it is ground and used in the manufacture of
porcelain.
The flint, or quartz, has been successfully quarried in Cecil,
Harford, and Baltimore counties. It is found in large vein-like
masses of more than usual purity, which are represented in
boulders along the south wall. It also occurs along the contact
between granites and gneiss where original impurities have been
removed and the rocks reduced to a white pulverulent quartz.
The flint is reduced to a powder by grinding and this flint flour is
shipped in bags to different points within and without the State.
Different stages in the fineness of grinding are represented in the
exhibit.
The barytes, which is found in the limestone, sometimes asso-
ciated with the copper, is one of the heaviest of harmless white
substances. It is sometimes ground and used as an adulterant
of powdered sugar or white lead paint. It is not worked in the
State at present.
The diatomaceous earth, tripoli, or silica, shown in large blocks
and bottles at the end of the table consists almost exclusively of
numberless skeletons of microscopic plant-forms known as dia-
toms. The largest of these are scarcely one-hundredth of an inch
in diameter and most of them average less than one-fifth as large.
In Anne Arundel, Calvert, and Charles counties there are beds
which are 30 to 40 feet thick made up of these minute forms.
The material is used in silver polishes, toothpowders, and soaps,
where a delicate abrasive is desired, and it has also been used
for coverings for steam-pipes and for dynamite cartridges. An
assortment of dry paints and mortar coloring is represented in the
exhibit on the same table.
The agricultural soils are selected to illustrate several types
38
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
from different parts of the State. Each type as it occurs is repre-
sented in the larger bottles, while the smaller bottles show the
relative amounts of silt, fine sand, gravel, etc., which constitute
the given soil. The finer soils are better suited to slow-growing
GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
EXPOSITION, ST. Louis, 1904.
crops such as corn, wheat, and grass, the coarser and more open
soils to short-term crops such as vegetables, fruits and berries.
If the soils are too fine they pack to a hard clay; if too coarse
they are hard to work and do not retain sufficient moisture for
the crops.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 39
The marls, represented by several typical samples, were for-
merly used extensively for enriching the soils, but in recent years
they have been displaced by artificial fertilizers, which, while
more expensive, yield a quicker return for the investment.
COLLECTION OF SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGY.
The wall between the two entrances is devoted to four plate-
glass cases containing a systematic collection of specimens of
rocks, minerals, and fossils illustrating the different geological
formations of the State, while below these are larger specimens
of especial interest. Each of the four cases is devoted to one of
the four major divisions of the geological history of the State.
On the left are the oldest rocks, representing what the geol-
ogists call the Archean. This period of the earth's history rep-
resents the time when the crust was being formed and the sur-
face prepared for organic life. It covers a great interval of time,
probably millions of years, and its chief representatives to-day
are crystalline rocks of igneous origin such as the granites, gab-
bros, and serpentines, the ancient volcanic rocks of the Blue
Ridge and the equally crystalline gneisses of Baltimore and
vicinity.
The second case represents the Paleozoic era, or the time from
the first extensive development of life, to the close of the Coal
Measures. The fossils and rocks of this era are diversified and
the specimens contained in the case are especially representative
of the rocks and fossils found in Western Maryland.
The third case is devoted to the Mesozoic era, or the time after
the formation of our coal beds, to the advent of considerable
numbers of animal and plant forms closely related to those living
to-day. The specimens in this case are especially representative
of the red sandstones of Montgomery, Frederick, and Carroll
counties, and the clay formations of northern Prince George's
and Anne Arundel counties, and southern Baltimore, Harford,
and Cecil counties.
The fourth case contains rocks and fossils of the Cenozoir, or
40
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
latest era, in which the animals and plants are progressively
more and more like those living to-day, many of the fossil forms
found in Maryland being ancestral types of the plants and
animals now living in the State. The specimens in this case are
especially representative of the counties of Southern Maryland
VIEW OF EXHIBIT LOOKING SOUTH AT ST. Louis, 1904.
and the Eastern Shore, which are so largely composed of uncon-
solidated sands, clays, and marls.
Beneath the cases a similar but less exact classification by age
is followed. The tracks of animals and seaweed-like markings
represent some of the oldest evidences of life found in the State ;
then the bones of huge reptiles which lived along the Maryland
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 41
bays. Farther to the right are the skulls and bones of whales,
and the trunks of cypress trees which lived in Maryland long
before the advent of man.
MASON AND DIXON LINE MONUMENTS.
On either side of the ore exhibit near the entrances to the hall
are stone monuments which were brought from the Isle of Port-
land, England, about 1765 for the marking of the boundaries of
the State. For over seventy-five years the proprietors of Mary-
land, Pennsylvania, and Delaware had carried on a controversy
regarding the boundaries between their possessions. The English
courts had decided what the lines should be and local surveyors
had attempted to lay these out on the ground without complete
success. In 1763 the proprietors agreed to send over the noted
surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to complete the
work. They arrived in Philadelphia in the fall of that year and
were busy for four years in running and marking the various
boundaries. They placed monuments like those in the collection
along the entire Delaware-Maryland boundary and along the
Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary as far west as Sideling Hill
in Allegany County. Every fifth mile was marked with a
" crown stone " bearing the arms of Lord Baltimore on the
Maryland side and the .arms of the Penns on the opposite side.
The intermediate miles were marked by " milestones " on which
were engraved the letters M pointing towards Maryland and P
pointing towards Pennsylvania and Delaware. The northern
line became famous in after years as the division line between
the North and the South.
HIGHWAY EXHIBIT.
The highway exhibits of the Maryland Geological Survey
comprise the materials on the table on the west side of the room,
the revolving frame showing views of Maryland roads before
and after improvement, and the model sections of different types
of roads on the west wall of the hall.
42 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
The exhibits on the table represent by photographs and speci-
mens the methods of making tests on road metals, paving bricks,
cements, etc. The different road metals are tested as to their
wearing power by subjecting the fragments to rubbing against
each other in a " rattler " for a given length of time. The softer
the rock the more the fragments are rounded and the more dust
is formed. This dust is then tested for its cementing power
to see whether the worn material on a road will harden after the
rain or remain as a dust to be blown about by the wind. Paving
bricks are tested in the same way to see how they will withstand
the wear of horses' feet. Their strength is also tested to see how
much of a load they will support without breaking. Cements
are likewise tested to determine their relative strength and
bonding power.
Specimens of different kinds of rock, brick, and cement are
shown before and after the tests have been applied. The results
of this work have been of the greatest service to all sections of
the State in informing the authorities how to select the best
materials for the different works of construction.
The views of Maryland roads give an excellent idea of the
changes produced by modern construction. Many different types
are shown in the revolving frame. '
On the wall to the right of the entrance are six cases, each
about 20 feet long, with glass fronts and tops. Five of these
cases contain full-sized cross-sections of different kinds of roads
built according to the best modern practice by the Maryland
Geological Survey. The sixth case shows a cross-section of a
road built under the old-fashioned method of simply spreading
a large quantity of roughly-broken stone on an unprepared road-
bed and then covering the same with sufficient dirt to induce and
aid the travel to pack down this loose stone. The large amount
of stone required, the unsatisfactory result and the imperfections
of th-is method, as well as the reasons for the higher cost of
maintenance of roads built in this manner, are easily seen by
comparison with the sections in the other cases.
The top case to the left shows a properly constructed road of
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
43
GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION, 1907.
44 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
gravel. The case underneath this shows how gravel or oyster
shells may be used as a first course in those localities where stone
is more expensive, and yet the amount of travel is sufficient to
require a stone surface in order to save in annual maintenance.
The bottom section to the left shows a road built of stone with
an under-drain. The thickness of the stone in this section is
8 inches instead of the usual 6 inches, and, with the under-drain,
shows about the extreme amount of stone used even on very soft
and wet sub-grades. Under modern methods, were the sub-grade
too poor to permit of permanent results from this form of con-
struction, unless stone was unusually abundant and cheap, some
other expedient would be used to improve the sub-grade rather
than the use of more crushed stone.
The top section at the right shows a properly constructed shell
road, built with the aid of a roller. The life of such a road
should be considerably longer than that of a road made by simply
dumping the shells on a flat surface and allowing the travel to
consolidate them. In the latter instance the shells would taper
out so thin at the sides as to be likely to cut through should a
heavy load come on them at an inopportune time; and once the
edges begin to break away the road rapidly goes to pieces. With
a shell road built as shown in the case the sides are fully as
capable of supporting a load as the center. Then, too, the shells
under the roller assume generally a position with the flat sides
and not the edges of the shells opposed to the travel; also the
shells underneath the top inch or so are not as much broken up
as they would be in being packed down under the traffic, with
the result that the road becomes firmer and less subject to wear.
The middle section on the right shows the ordinary 6-inch
macadam road as built under modern methods. The width of
the " metal," which under the law may be stone, gravel, oyster
shells, marl, or any " good material," is shown as 12 feet in
all the sections, which is the standard adopted by the State,
although this standard is departed from where allowable, if so
requested by the county, the shell roads being often reduced
to 9 feet and the stone roads occasionally built as wide as 14
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 45
feet. The observer will notice how, under the action of the
roller, the various particles of stone and gravel become wedged
together and how much fewer unfilled chinks there are in the
metalled portion of the road, and consequently how much less
dirt there is in the metal to absorb moisture to the detriment
of the metal surface in wet or freezing weather. Everyone knows
that, in dry weather, a clay road may become hard, and as long
as it is absolutely dry it will be almost impossible for any load
to make an impression on it. The minute, however, it begins to
absorb moisture it becomes soft and cuts up. Consequently, if
the sub-grade under the stone or gravel or shells can be kept
dry, the sub-grade should support without difficulty the stone
layer and the load on top of it; and the "metal" itself, from
its nature, will of course stand the effects of travel and wear
better than even a dry sub-grade.
The sub-grade needs to be protected from water in two ways:
first, from the water that falls on the surface, and second, from the
water that tends to soak into it from the adjacent ground. In
the lower left hand case it is seen how the water is drained
out of the sub-grade by making the surface practically water-tight,
and it will be readily seen by examining the several cases how
much more nearly water-tight the stone surface built under
modern methods is than the stone surface built under the old
methods. All the little openings between the pieces of stone in the'
metalled portion become filled with stone chips and stone dust,
and the surface does become actually water-proof, when built
under modern methods. Under the old methods, however, so
much dirt accumulates between the loosely-packed pieces of
stone that the water readily finds its way down into the sub-
grade, and the road ruts and cuts through and, as mentioned
above, frost helps this process by expanding the mud between
the pieces of stone when it solidifies, and driving still farther
apart the stones themselves.
A still futher advantage of the modern methods will be noted
in the position that the particles of stone themselves assume
under the roller. Under the old methods, the stone lay loosely
46 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
packed in every position, often with points uppermost. Under the
roller the stones naturally assume a position with flat sides upper-
most, and it can be readily understood how much slower a stone
will wear down if a flat side instead of an edge is subjected
to wear.
The shape of the sections is an important consideration. The
road built by the old method, from the form of its surface, collects
the travel into ruts which tend to hold water to the detriment of
the road, and unless the stone portion is made very wide, and
consequently a large amount of stone is used, it frequently
becomes quite difficult for teams to pass without turning sharply
down over the edge of the stone onto the earth side-road. When
properly built, as shown in the cases, it will be noted how
readily the water is shed to the ditches, there to be carried off 'to
the natural water courses away from the road, and how very
easy it is for one team to pass another without the necessity of
both teams, or even more than one set of wheels of one of the
teams, leaving the metalled portion. The earth shoulders on the
side of the metal are even with it and are, in the process of con-
struction, thoroughly rolled. In but a short time they become
so hardened from the stone dust that is washed down on them
and from the growth of grass, weeds, etc., that they will support
an ordinary load without any trouble, and the effective width of
the travelled way is at least 18 feet, although only 12 feet of
stone or gravel have been used.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
FORMATION. THICKNESS.
47
§ .2 I Quaternary
§ S | Tertiary
|.S J Cretaceous
i g ) Triassic
Permian
Carbonif-
erous
Devonian
Silurian
Algonkian
75 Feet
800 "
1300 "
1500+ "
390
2G95
2975
5585
11935
5000+
GENERALIZED SECTION OF MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS.
48
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
TABLE OF MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS.
CENOZOIC.
Quaternary.
Recent.
Pleistocene ....... Talbot
Low-lying- terrace com-
posed of gravel, sand and
clay; 25 ft.
Wicomico
Medium level terrace,
carrying boulders and grav-
el, sand and clay; 25 ft.
Sunderland
High-lying terrace com- |
posed of loam, sand and I
gravel; 25 ft. J
n i • r,
= Columbia Group.
Tertiary.
Pliocene (?)
Miocene
.Lafayette
Gravel and sand occur-
ring at higher elevations;
30 ft.
• St. Mary's
Clays, sandy clays and
marls; 150 ft.
Choptank
Clays, sandy clays, sands ^Chesapeake Group,
and marls; 125 ft.
Calvert
Clays, sandy clays, marls
and diatomaceous earth ;
200 ft.
Eocene
.Xanjemoy
Greensands,
sands; 125 ft.
Aquia
Greensands,
marls; 175 ft.
clays and
sands and
:Pamunkey Group.
MESOZOIC.
Cretaceous.
Upper Cretaceous.
, Rancocas
Greensands, sands and
marls.
Monmouth
Greensand and sand, lo-
cally indurated; 75 ft;
Matawan
Greenish-black, sandy
clay, containing green con-
cretions and lignite; 100 ft.
Magothy
Sands with dark carbona-
ceous clays; 50 ft.
Raritan
Interbedded sands and
clays; 400 ft.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
49
Lower Cretaceous. .Patapsco
Variegated clays; 200 ft.
Arundel >
Interbedded clays with
iron ores; 125 ft.
Patuxent
Interbedded sands and
clays; 350 ft.
> = Potomac Group.
Triassic Newark
Red and gray sandstones
and shales with diabase.
PALEOZOIC.
Permian . .
Carboniferous.
Pennsylvanian
Mississippian
.Dunkard
Thin shales and lime-
stones with coal; 390 ft.
. Monongahela
Black shales, sandstones,
and 14 ft. coal seam ; 240 ft.
Conemaugh
Sandstones and shales
with coal and fireclay; 6CO-
700 ft.
Allegheny
Sandy and carbonaceous
shales and sandstones with
coal seams; 260-350 ft.
Pottsville
Massive conglomerates and
sandstones with fireclay and
coal; 330-380 ft. j
.Mauch Chunk
Red shales and sandy
shales and thin sandstones;
650 ft.
Greenbrier
Gray and brown siliceous
limestones; 400 ft.
Pocono
Massive gray coarse sand-
stone; 250 ft.
-=Coal Measures.
Devonian.
Upper Devonian ...Catskill (Hampshire).
Alternating red shales and
sandstones; 1900-2000 ft.
Jennings
(Genesee-P o r t a g e-Oh e-
mung)
Vari-colored shales and
sandstone; 3800-4000 ft.
50 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Middle Devonian ..Romney
(Onondaga-Marcellus-Ham-
ilton.)
Dark gray shales and
sandstones; 1600 ft.
Lower Devonian ..Oriskany
Cherty calcareous sand-
stones; 325-350 ft.
Helderberg
(Keyser-C o e y m a n s-New
Scotland-Becraft.)
Dark blue and gray lime-
stones; 350 ft.
Silurian Tonolpway
Argillaceous limestone
with some interbedded cal-
careous shale. The lime-
stone weathers into hard
platy fragments which ul-
timately form a red soil;
600 ft.
Wills Creek
Calcareous shale with
some interbedded argilla-
ceous limestone, weathering
into soil containing few
rock fragments. Four ce-
ment beds are present. The
Round Top member at the
base of this formation con-
sists of red shale and sand-
stone. Several beds of
sandstone also occur in the
upper part of the forma-
tion; 550 ft.
McKenzie
Drab shale alternating
with thin beds of lime-
stone; 275 ft.
Clinton
Vari-colored shales and
sandstones with iron ore-
bands; 550-600 ft.
Tuscarora
Massive white quartzitic
sandstone; 250-300 ft.
Juniata
Alternating thin-bedded
red shales and sandstones;
650 ft. exposed.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
51
Ordovician
.Martinsburg
Dark slaty shales;
1000 ft.
700-
Peachbottom slate
High grade blue-black
roofing slate.
Cardiff quartzite
Finely conglomeritic
quartzite.
Wissahickon phyllite and
schist
Sericite and chlorite
schists with numerous
quartz eyes.
Mica schists and gneiss
usually much crinkled
and carrying garnets,
cyanite and staurolite.
Cambrian
Chambersburg
Thin-bedded, dark, fos-
siliferous limestone with ir-
regular clayey partings ;
100-750 ft.
Stones River
Thin-bedded, pure, even-
grained limestone with thin
chert stratum near the
middle; 675-1050 ft.
Beekmantown
Thick-bedded limestone
with interbedded magne-
sian beds and layers of
oolite, conglomerate, and
cherts at several horizons;
2785 ft.
• Conococheague
Thin-bedded, blue, band-
ed limestone with siliceous
laminae, conglomeratic at
base; 1635 ft.
Elbrook
Gray to pale-blue shaly
limestone and calcareous
shales with thick-bedded,
siliceous limestone in the
lower and middle part ; 3000
ft.
Waynesboro
Gray calcareous sand-
stones and purpLe shales;
1000 ft.
Tomstown
Massive and thin-bedded
limestone, in part cherry
and magnesian, with shale
and white clay at the base;
1000 ft.
Cockeysville marble
Fine and coarse-bedded
"crystalline marble fre-
quently dolomitic.
52
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Antietam
Dull brown sandstones
grading into shales; 500-
800 ft.
Harpers
Gray, sandy shales with
sandstone layers; 2750 ft.
Weverton
White sandstone quartzite
and conglomerate; 1250 ft.
Loudon
Dark slate with lime-
stones, shales ; sandstones
and conglomerates; 100-500
ft.
ARCHEAN.
Algonkian
.Acid and Basic Volcanics
Fine grained compact
rocks usually much altered
by development of sericite
and epidote.
Setters quartzite and
mica-schist
Micaceous quartz schist
or vitreous quartzite usu-
ally carrying black tour-
malines.
Baltimore gneiss, etc.
Highly crystalline gneiss
of alternating h o r n -
^blendic, micaceous and
"quartzose types, often in-
truded with pegmatites,
granites, gabbros and
serpentines.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 53
LIST OF OPEEATOES.
COAL.
ALLEGANY COUNTY.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE.
Consolidation Coal Co ...Baltimore Consolidation Nos.
1 to 11.
Union Mining Co " Union.
New York Mining Co Mt. Savage Union Nos. 1 and 2.
Barton and Georges Creek Valley
Coal Co Baltimore Carlos.
Potomac Coal Co " Potomac.
Georges Creek Coal Co., Inc " Nos. 1, 12, 13, 14,
16, 17.
• American Coal Co Lonaconing Caledonia and '
Jackson.
Maryland Coal Co New York Appleton, Kings-
land, New Det-
mold and Patton.
New Central Coal Co " Koontz & Big Vein.
Piedmont and Georges Creek Coal
Co Frostburg Washington Nos. 1
to 5.
Piedmont Mining Co Baltimore Pekin.
Midland Mining Co Cumberland New Enterprise and
Trimble.
Bowery Coal Co Frostburg Bowery.
H. & W. A. Kitchens Coal Co " Borden.
Phoenix and Georges Creek Min-
ing Co Phila., Pa Phoenix and Elk-
hart.
Brailer Mining Co Mt. Savage Bald Knob.
Moscow- Georges Creek Mining Co. .Cumberland Moscow Nos. 1 and
2.
Frostburg Fuel Co Frostburg Tyson No. 2.
Chapman Coal Mining Co Baltimore Swanton.
Cumberland-Georges Creek Coal
Co Phila., Pa Penn.
Frostburg Coal Mining Co Morrison.
Maryland Coal & Iron Co Frostburg Trotters Run.
Davis Coal & Coke Co Baltimore Buxton.
Wachovia Coal Co Cumberland Waco.
Cumberland Basin Coal Co Phila., Pa Parker, Bond and
Cook.
Rawlings & McCulloch Frostburg Bloen Avon.
Chabot Coal Co Eckhart Mines Chabot.
Michael Barnard " Parkersburg.
The Franklin Coal Co Westernport Franklin No. . 1.
GARRETT COUNTY
George C. Pattison Bloomington Pattison.
Bloomington Coal Co " Bloomington.
Monroe Coal Mining Co Bethlehem, Pa Elk Run Nos. 1 and
2.
54 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Three Forks Coal Mining Co Elaine, W. Va Jasper.
Hamill Coal & Coke Co " Haniill No. 1.
Potomac Valley Coal Co " Dante.
Elaine Mining Co New York ...Elaine.
Garrett County Coal & Mining
Oo Bethlehem, Pa Dodson Nos. 1,
and 4.
Upper Potomac Coal Co Phila. , Pa Upper Potomac.
Brainard Coal Co " Nos. 1, 2 and 3.
Glade Run Coal Co " Beechwood.
Cutchell and Gates Bayard, W. Va Bayard.
Western Maryland Coal & Coke Co.Friendsville Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
LIME AND CEMENT.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
Wm. H. Everhart Westminster Bachmans Mills.
O. J. Keller Lime Oo Buckeystown Buckeystown.
Geo. M. Bushey & Son Cavetown Cavetown.
A. M. Isanogle Thurmont Catoctin.
James F. McKee Clear Springs Clear Springs.
Miss M. Bissell Price Cockeysville Cockeysville.
Denton S. Warehime Westminster Cranberry.
Henry J. Kneriem " Cresaptown.
* Cumberland and Potomac Ce-
ment Co. . ; Cumberland Pinto.
* Cumberland Hydraulic Cement
& Mfg. Co " Cumberland.
Joseph Dressman Long "
C. A. L. Miller Cumberland
John D. Crum Walkersville Daysville.
T. Turnbaugh Boring Dover.
George W. Hose Clear Spring Dry Run.
J. J. Brown , Smithsburg Edgemont.
Fountain Rock Lime Co. (J. W.
Stimmel) Woodsboro Walkersville.
M. J. Grove Lime Co. Limekiln Frederick and
Limekiln.
R. Rush Lewis ...Frederick Frederick.
Tabler Lime & Stone Co " "
Gilmer Schley " "
D. C. Kemp Lime Co " "
Charles A. Councilman Glyndon Glyndon.
Edward A. Cockey & Son Owings Mills Gwynnbrook.
* Security Cement & Lime Co Hagerstown Security.
W. M. Widmyer Hancock Hancock.
Daniel Sunday Hansonville. Hansonville.
George W. Yost Clear Spring Clear Spring.
T. Guy Nichols Brookville Highland.
LeGore Lime Co LeGore LeGore.
M, Frank McAleer Walkersville McAleers.
G. T. Baker Marriottsville Mamottsville.
Daniel F. Roddy Mt. St. Mary's Motters.
George H. Strine & Son Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant.
D. K. Cramer " "
Mordecai C. Jones " New London.
Louis C. Zile New Windsor New Windsor.
Henry Mosser Oakland Oakland.
J. L. Federline Olney Olney.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 55
Potomac Valley Stone & Lime Co. .Hagerstown Pinesburg.
D. D. Keedy Keedysville Rohrersville.
J. Hubert Wade Boonsboro Sharpsburg.
John T. Dutterer Silver Run : Silver Run.
Wm. A. Leppo " "
Rohrer Bros Smithsburg Smithsburg.
Wm. C. Dittman Texas Texas.
Wm. P. Lindsay "
Effie D. & J. H. Cfeeger, Admin. .Thurmont Thurmont.
Joseph F. Moser " "
F. A. Roddy " "
David G. Zentz " "
* Tidewater Portland Cement Co.. Union Bridge Union Bridge
Wm. H. Hyde
David Cramer Walkersville Walkersville.
David A. Devilbiss
Fountain Rock Lime Co
Woodsboro
Westminster ., ...Westminster.
Goodwin Lime Co
Wm. R. Yingling
David Robertson
B. F. Shriver & Co
Wm. A. Roop
Mrs. Catherine Wagner
Wakefield Mill & Lime Co...'
Milton M. Morelpck ,
Wm. B. Thomas & Son
Charles F. Trescher Cumberland Winchester Bridge.
S. W. Barrick & Son Woodsboro Woodsboro.
Jacob Eichelberger " "
* Cement Operators.
CLAY AND CLAY PRODUCTS.
BRICK AND TILE.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. \VORKS.
Baltimore Brick Co Baltimore Baltimore City and
County.
Baltimore Retort & Fire Brick Co. . " Baltimore.
Westport Paving Brick Co " Westport.
Columbia Stove Brick Works " Baltimore.
Baltimore Terra Gotta Works. " "
Berlin Brick Co Berlin Berlin.
C. T. Neepier Catonsville Catonsville.
South Baltimore Harbor and Im-
provement Company Baltimore Brooklyn.
C. F. Thomas & Son Brick Co Buckeystown Buckeystown.
Cambridge Brick Co Cambridge Cambridge.
Barnett & Robinson " "
H. S. & V. M. Barnett Chestertown Chestertown.
George M. Collins Crisfleld Crisfield.
Queen City Brick & Tile Co Cumberland Cumberland.
Cumberland Granite Brick Co " "
Burns & Russell Co Baltimore Dundalk.
The Maryland Terra Gotta Co " "
The Easton Brick & Tile Mfg. Oo.Easton Easton.
John Gilpin Brick Co Elkton Elkton.
Frederick Brick Works! Frederick Frederick.
Maryland Brick & Supply Co " "
56 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Savage Mountain Fire Brick Co. . . Frostburg Frostburg.
Big Savage Fire Brick Go " "
Bilbrough & Bros Greensboro Greensboro.
Henson Brick & Supply Co Hagerstown Hagerstown.
James E. S. Pryor.. " "
L. H. Wiebel "
Excelsior Brick & Pottery Co.
of Baltimore Halethorpe Halethorpe.
Hancock Shale Brick Co Hancock Hancock.
F. F. Greenwell Leonardtown Hanover Mills.
Ferdinand Cook Federalsburg Hynson.
Elias W. Oursler Westminster Westminster.
H. K. Oursler " "
Andrew Ramsay Mt. Savage Mt. Savage.
Union Mining Co. of Allegany Co. . " "
Big Savage Fire Brick Co Frostburg Allegany.
Mayer Bros " Frostburg.
Muirkirk Brick Co Washington, D. C Muirkirk.
Green Hill Fire Brick Co North East North East.
North East Fire Brick Co " "
United Fire Brick Co "
Columbia Brick and Plaster Co... " "
Independent Brick Co. Orangeville Orangeville.
Hugh McMichael Pocomoke City Pocomoke City.
Princess Anne Brick Co Princess Anne Princess Anne.
Somerset Tile Co " "
David S. Strayer & Sons Ridgley Ridgley.
Champion Brick Co Baltimore Rosedale.
Hans Kudritzky St. Michaels St. Michaels.
Peninsula Brick Co Salisbury Salisbury.
Salisbury Brick Co "
W. L. Purnell Snow Hill Snow Hill.
W. S. Lewis & Son " "
D. W. Zentz Thurmont Thurmont.
V. Bonomo — Westover Westover.
Wicomico Brick Co Salisbury White Haven.
Conococheague Brick & Earth-
ernware Co Williamsport Williamsport.
Laurel Brick Works Laurel :. .Laurel.
POTTERY.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. WORKS.
Edwin Bennett Pottery Co Baltimore Baltimore.
Chesapeake Pottery " "
Columbia Stove Brick Works " "
M. Ferine & Sons " "
Balto. Clay Tobacco Pipe Works . . " "
George S. Kalb & Sons Catonsville Catonsville.
J. J. Nottnagel & Son Frederick Frederick.
Excelsior Brick & Pottery Co Halethorpe Halethorpe.
RAW CLAY.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. WORKS.
Big Savage Fire Brick Co Frostburg Allegany.
Savage Mt. Fire Brick Company. . . " Frostburg.
S. C. Chew '....Mantua, N. J Bacon Hill.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 57
Ernest Hartung Baltimore Baltimore.
J. C. Weaver's Sons " "
A. Hopkins Dorsey * Dorsey.
Chas. W. Simpers North East Eder and Leslie.
W. R. Grosh, Estate of Elkton Elkton.
Josephus Smith Hanover Hanover.
Union Mining Co. of Allegany Co. . Mt. Savage Mt. Savage.
American Clay Co Philadelphia, Pa North East.
Hanna Mining Co North East "
North East Fire Brick Co " "
Owens & Stadelman " "
E. Vernon Zimmerman Woodlawn Catonsville.
Maryland Terra Cotta Works Halethorpe Halethorpe.
Frederick Link " Washington Road.
J. Frank Kalb ... ... Woodlawn Woodlawn.
GRANITE.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
J. H. Atkinson Baltimore Baltimore.
Harry C. Campbell Windsor Hills Windsor Hills.
Wm. M. Longley Quarry Co Baltimore Franklin Road.
Daniel A. Leonard " Baltimore.
The I. H. Peddicord & Sons Quarry
and Transfer Co " Gwynns Falls.
The Schwind Quarry Oo " Baltimore.
The Hook & Ford Contracting Co. . " Woodberfy and
Dickeyville.
Standard .Lime & Stone Company. . " Boonsboro and
Dickerson.
Werner Bros Ellicott City Ellicott City..
Lukens & Yerkes Philadelphia Frenchtown.
Chas. E. Ehmann Baltimore Govanstown.
Feaney & Atherton Granite Granite.
Guilford & Waltersville Granite Co . Baltimore
Miller & Kirkpatrick Guilford Guilford.
The Perryville Granite Co Easton, Pa Perry ville.
McClenahan Granite Co Port Deposit Port Deposit.
J. E. Baker York, Pa Phoenix.
Thos. B. Gatch & Sons Raspburg Raspburg.
Frank H. Zouck Reisterstown Reisterstown.
John F. Parks Timonium Ruxton.
Thos. S. Gerry Rowlandsville Rowlandsville.
Armstrong & 'McDowell Port Deposit "
B. F. Pope Stone Company Baltimore Savage.
Frank Peach & Co Woodstock Woodstock.
Potomac Granite Co Washington, D. C Montgomery Co.
W. T. Manning Baltimore near Savage.
Conway Quarry Company " Lochraven.
Thomas R. Martin & Sons. Woodlawn Franklintown.
McMahon Bros Mt. Washington Mt. Washington.
John Walters Baltimore Pikesville.
McGuire & Shea Ruxton Ruxton.
Blue Mount Stone Co Whitehall Whitehall.
The Casparis Stone Co Columbus, Ohio Havre de Grace.
58 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
LIMESTONE.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
Fisher & Carozza Baltimore Green Sprg. Valley.
Geo. M. Bushey & Son Cavetown Cavetown.
George Downin Hagerstown Cearfoss.
Cumberland Hydraulic Cement &
Mfg. Company Cumberland Cumberland.
John D. Crum Walkersville Daysville.
Wm. F. Myers Boring Dover.
Peter Brookey Frederick Frederick.
Ezra Houck, Jr " "
M. J. Grove Lime Co Limekiln Frederick and
Limekiln.
R. Rush Lewis Frederick Frederick.
Charles A. Councilman Glyridon Glyndon.
Edward A. Cockey & Son Owings Mills Gwynnbrook.
S. P. Angle .Hagerstown Hagerstown.
Clarkson Brothers " "
Hagerstown City Quarry " "
Union Stone Co York, Pa Halfway.
Frank P. Little Hancock Hancock.
LeGore Lime Co LeGore LeGore.
P. P. Zepp Marriottsville Marriottsville.
Daniel R. Miller Maugansville Maugansville.
Wm. Carbaugh New Windsor New Windsor.
Potomac Valley Stone Co Hagerstown Pinesburg.
D. D. Keedy Keedysyille Rohrersville.
A. M. Isanogle Catoctin Thurmont.
David Cramer Walkersville Walkersville.
D. A. Devilbiss " "
Goodwin Lime Co Westminster Westminster.
Wm. R. Tingling "
B. F. Shriver & Co " "
E. C. Brown " "
Myers-Crump Stone Co Corrigansville Corrigansville.
Allegany County Road Directors. . .Cumberland .Mt. ' Savage.
W. C. Ditman Texas Texas.
Miss M. Bissell Price Cockeysville Cockeysville.
Baltimore Marble & Trading Co. .Baltimore Lochraven.
Tabler Lime & Stone Co Frederick Frederick.
C. F. Hammond... ...Oakland Oakland.
MARBLE.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
Beaver Dam Marble Co Baltimore Cockeysville.
Washington Marble Co New York Eakles Mills.
The Eastman Stone Co Baltimore Whitehall.
Baltimore County Marble & Trad-
ing Co " Baltimore.
Maryland- Alabama Marble Co New York Benevola.
L. C. Rines Eakles Mills Boonsboro. .
Whitef ord Green Marble Co Whitef ord Cambria.
Cardiff-Cambria Marble Co New York Cardiff.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 59
SANDSTONE.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
E. C. Schaidt Cumberland Cumberland.
J. C. Brydon Bros. Co Graf ton, W. Va Bloomington.
J. T. Bridges & Co Hancock Hancock.
B. S. Randolph Berkeley Spgs. , W. Va. Dam No. 6.
Samuel Spangler Taneytown Kump.
William Clutz
T. H. Eckenrode. .
James D. Haines. .
James B. Reaver. .
0. T. Shoemaker. .
.Taneytown.
SLATE.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
Baltimore Peach Bottom Slate Co. . Baltimore Cardiff.
Cardiff Peach Bottom Slate Mfg.
Co Delta, Pa
Peach Bottom Slate Co. of Har-
ford County " "
Peerless Slate Co " "
The Proctor Slate Co "
South Delta Peach Bottom Slate
Co "
Bennett Creek Slate Co Washington, D. C Thurston.
FLINT AND FELDSPAR.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
A. M. Benzinger Woodstock Woodstock.
J. T. Cavey "
Deland Mining & Milling Company. Havre de Grace Baldfriar.
Harry Fairbank Woodstock Woodstock. .
Parlett & Cavey " "
E. E. Fagan Gwynn Oak, Baltimore. Hollofields.
Golding Sons Co Trenton, N. J Rock Springs and
Davis Station.
Guilford & Waltersville Granite Co. Baltimore Woodstock.
Thomas & Son Westminster Westminster.
Eureka Mining & Operating Co Trenton, N. J Granite.
H. Clay Whitef ord & Co Flintville Flintville.
Glen Morris Supply Co Glen Morris Glen Morris.
Harf ord County Flint Co Conowingo Conowingo.
Geo. W. Cavey Woodstock Woodstock.
Peach & Whelan Glenarm Notchcliff and
Glenarm.
The Husband Flint Co Baltimore Deer Creek.
SAND AND GRAVEL.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. PITS.
Arundel Sand & Gravel Co Baltimore Spring Gardens,
Magothy River,
and Curtis Creek
(dredging).
60 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT
Columbia Granite & Dredging Co . Washington, D. C Marshall Hall.
Potomac Granite Co " on Canal near
Washington.
Potomac Dredging Co " near Washington.
Excelsior Brick & Pottery, Co Halethorpe Arbutus.
Adam John & Bro '. " Benson Ave.
John C. Leonard Baltimore Baltimore.
J. T. Bridges & Co Hancock Hancock.
P. L. Hopper Havre de Grace Conowingo.
B. S. Randolph Berkeley Spgs., W. Va.Dam No. 6.
The Cumberland Granite Brick Co. Cumberland Cumberland.
Cumberland Sand Co Pittsburg "
Contee Sand & Gravel Co Laurel Laurel.
Brennan Sand Co Philadelphia, Pa Robinson.
Foltz Bros Waynesboro, Pa Rock Forge.
James D. Haines Taneytown Taneytown.
Fred. Link Halethorpe Halethorpe.
H. L. Thomas Norfolk, Va Gibson Island.
W. T. Manning " near Laurel.
Clark Bros Severn Severn.
Roland Park Company Roland Park Roland Park.
Wm. R. Delia Baltimore Curtis Creek.
Miss M. Bissell Price Cockeysville Cockeysville.
DeBoy Sandman Co Halethorpe Halethorpe.
Joseph E. Smith Westport Westport.
Deland Mining & Milling Co Havre de Grace Havre de Grace.
A. V. Hoffman Smithsburg Leitersburg.
Andrew Miller " "
Ernest Lecrone " Rock Forge.
GOLD.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE.
Capital Gold Mining & Develop-
ment Co Cropley Cropley.
R. Scott Allen "
Maryland Gold Mining Co "
Great Falls Gold Mining Co Washington, D. C.... ..Great Falls.
COPPER.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE.
Virginia Consolidated Copper Co. . Union Bridge Liberty.
IRON ORE.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE.
Mason & Dixon Mining Co Shrewsbury, Pa Bachmans Mills
Ebbvale Mining Co Hanover, Pa Ebbvale.
Ellery F. Coffin Muirkirk Muirkirk.
Jos. E. Thropp Everett, Pa ...Thurmont.
MINERAL PAINT.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. PIT.
Jas. B. Macneal & Co Baltimore Baltimore and
vicinity.
Wm. Dagler Hanover Hanover.
Hanna & Andrus Chicago, 111 "
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
SPRINGS.
OPERATOR. OFFICE, SPRING.
Altamont Spring Water Co Washington, D. C near Deer Park.
Carroll Springs Forest Glen Forest Glen.
Chattolanee Spring Water Co Baltimore Chattolanee.
Mardela Mineral Spring Water Co. .Mardela Mardela.
Rockhill Indian Spring Rockville Rockville.
Buena Vista Spring Water Co Baltimore Edgemont.
Castalia Spring Water Co ...Washington, D. C Branchville.
Spaws Spring Water Co Eastpn Easton.
Ruxton Heights Water Co Baltimore Ruxton Heights.
Sylvan Dell Water Co " Rognel Heights.
Hillsdale Water Co " Hillsdale.
Caton Spring Water Co " Catonsville.
Hancock Sulphur Springs Hancock Hancock.
SILICA.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. PIT.
Maryland Silicate Co New York Lyons Creek.
TALC AND SOAPSTONB.
OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY.
Deland Mining & Milling Co. ..... Havre de Grace Bald Friar.
Thomas & Son Westminster Westminster.
Maryland Soapstone Co Baltimore Marriottsville.
PAT. JAN. 21, 1908
VB 10154
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