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Library.” 5
It may slot be removed from the
Reading” Room without permission
fete Librarian, .
WORKS
FOUNDED 1846.
HAND-BOOK
<r
CHEMISTRY.
BY
LEOPOLD GMELIN.
VOL. VII.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
VOL. I. 2
GENEBALITIES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. —ORGANID CUMTOUNDY anu
TWO ATOMS OF CARDOR. ay
ie : |
TRANSLATED BY p
wy
3.
HENRY WATTS, BA, F.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE CAVENDISH SOCIETY.
aepecenit.
PRINTED BY HARRIGOR AND 90R8,
Lowboy GAsaTTe o”nice, # uaxriys Lier,
PREFACE 10 THe “ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.”
(FOURTH EDITION, 1848.)
Ar length I have the satisfaction of offering to the Reader
the First Volume of the “Organic Chemistry,” and at the
same time of expressing a confident expectation that the publi-
cation of the remaining volumes will proceed without any
serious delay.
‘Having been unable, during the preparation of the inorganic
part of the work, to take any account of the yearly increasing
additions to the organic division of the science, I found, on
commencing this latter portion of the work, that the first thing
to be done was to collate the neglected matter.
But the more carefully this was done, the greater appeared
the difficulty of revising, co-ordinating and elaborating the
mass of matter thus accumulated.
And in the first place, it appeared absolutely necessary
to devise a new mode of classifying organic compounds,
inasmuch as the arrangement adopted in the former editions
could no longer be considered satisfactory. Fortunately, in
the interim, thanks to the labours of numerous chemists, at the
head of whom Liebig shines conspicuous, the composition of
the greater number of organic compounds has been so far made
out, that it does not appear too bold an attempt to adopt this
character, aa the most essential, for the basis of the classification.
Moreover, since, in my opinion, carbon is the only constant,
and therefore the only essential constituent of organic com-
pounds (pp. 3, 4), it appears most appropriate to arrange them
according to the number of carbon-atoms contained in a single
‘PREPACE. vii
‘Theory, be bibasio; and such, in fact, it has actually been found
to be (vid. p.204). It is precisely because this theory leads to
important laws, which enable us to decide @ priori on the
correctness or probability of formulm deduced from experiment,
that it is preferable to a theory before whose judgment-seat—
in the absence of Inws—almost any composition of an organic
compound appears possible, and consistent with its properties
whatever they may be; such a theory as the latter cannot
indeed be easily confuted by any formula deduced from ex-
periment. Lastly, if it be objected to the Nucleus-Theory
that it requires certain hypotheses, we may remark that hypo-
theses must be admitted in any theory that can be formed
respecting compounds so enigmatical as those of the Organic
‘Kingdom least of all are they wanting in the Radical-Theory,
whose numerous radicals, anhydrous acids, and copulm, are,
for the most part, not known in the separate state.
The peculiar difficulty in classifying organic compounds
according to the Nucleus-Theory, lies, however, not eo much in
the theory itself, as in the diversified character of our know-
ledge respecting many organic compounds. For of many com-
pounds the constitution is yet uncertain; of others we know,
indeed, the empirical formula, but are in doubt respecting the
rational formula, For example: should Ozalic Acid dried per
se be regarded as CHO', or as C'H?O%, and does it belong to
the 2-carbon or the 4-carbon group? Is Acetone a primary
compound C*H‘0%, or a copulated compound C‘H‘O%,C*H?, and
does it belong to compounds with 6 or 4 At. carbon? In some
of these doubtful cases, that view hae been taken which appears
the most probable; in others, the doubtful compound has been
annexed in an appendix to those with which it seems to be
most closely related. ‘The latter course has also been pursued
with all compounds of unknown constitution, of which the
subsequent volumes will, unfortunately, include a greater
number than the present. With the further investigation of
the composition and decompositions of organic compounds,
vill PREFACE.
these imperfections will gradually disappear, and the system
here put forward, together with the theory on which it is
founded, will be perfected and at the same time considerably
altered; but I shall be satisfied, if it prove to be correct and
consistent in ite principal features.
In the stoichiometric calculations contained in this and
the following volumes, the more exact determinations recently
made of the atomic weights of certain elements have been
adopted; thus, Bromine = 80 (instead of 78:4); Iron = 28
(instead of 27). Should any other important corrections of
this kind be published, they will likewise be adopted in the
subsequent parte of the work.
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS OF VOL. VII.
(VOL. I. OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.)
Organic Compounds in general.
1. Comerrruriox or Onoanic Comrounps:
1. Components 4
2, Even numbers of the Elementary 6
3, Mode of combination of the Elementain Organic Compounds 7
9
4
5
‘A. Radical Theory
B, Nucleus Theory
‘a, Dumas’ Theory of Substitution and Typos
‘{ Connection betwoen the Radical Theoryandthe Theory
of Types and Substitution
4, Laureat’s Nucleus Theory...
» Classification
4 Suggestions respecting the relative position of the
Elementary Atoms of a Compound Organic Atom,
Formariox or Oncawic Compounnt
1. From Inorganic Materials .
3. Formation of one Organic Compound from another
IIT, Paorznties or Oncaxic Compouxns:
1, Form of Aggregation om ae)
2, Bpecifio Gravity .... 4s
Calculation of the Specie Gravity of Liu Organ Com
pounds
‘Vepourdensity of Organic Compounds nw we
3. Boiling Point
4. Relations to Light
& Physiological Relations. sw
Ditrenon of Prepare sccompenid sree similar
constitution... we é
Toomeria
ease efas
Metamorim ose ane
CONTENTS. x
‘Page
‘VIL. Gewenat View or Tres:
ae n= 183.
. 186
“om Ba 160
B. Combinations of a Primary or Socondary Nocleas with
‘substances externally attached : Exvatorz-Nuctxts
4, Compounds with Hydrogen en 0
4, Nuclei combined with 1 At, Hydrogen wm M70
Alcobol-radicals
8. Noclei combined with 2 At. Hydrogen:
4, Compounds of Nuclei with Hydrogen and Oxygen io
equal onmbers of Atoms ex sun 199
@ Compounds of Nuclei with 1”At, Hydrogen and
1m
1 At. Oxygen: Eruers on 180
B. Compounds of Nuclei with 2 At. Hydrogen and
At. Oxygen: AxcouoLs.. 191
‘6 Compounds of Nuclei with Oxygen a a 1
With? At, Oxygen: Atpiozs 198
B. With 4,6, or 8 At. Oxygen: Onoanrc Acips ... 196
4. Compounds of Nuclei with Sulphur. au
,Gospoundact Nose wth Teng, Broming, or Ohoeina 218
©. Copulsted Compounds nea
@, Ketones...
3, Compound Ethers formed by Oxygen-acida: Evans
or tue Tarap Crass ow 18
¢. Amothanes ...
4. Copalated Acids
‘. Beponifiable Fats yielding Glycerin:
Ye
Compounds containing 2 At. Carbon: Methylene Series.
Parwany Serres,
Primary Nucleus: Methylene CH,
F Methyl, CP = CaP... 7
Marsh-gas, OH! = CERI aw 28
Methylic Ether, CH°0 = CHO... 256
‘Wood-spirit, OHO" = CHAO? an 258
Formic Acid, CHO"... 268
Formiates.. re irom
283
283
2
285
286
Protorulphide of Methyl, CHS uw
Bisulphide of Methyl, CHS"
‘Methylene-mercaptan, C-H'S? = C7 :
Todide of Methyl, CHT = CIE,1IT mir tii
Bromide of Methyl, C'H*Br = CUUBr
CONTENTS. alii
4. Secondary Nuolew, *CIH.
Chloromethylase, OCU nme sam ME
Chloroform, CHC? =C*HCC om BS
Bichlorinated Methyl-ether, C7HCLCIO 300
Bulphite of Bichlorinated Methylic Chloride, C*HCI,380" ... 350
‘Terehlorinated Sulphosomethylic acid, C*CI"HO"280* 381
J. Secondary Nucleus, CCl.
Terchlorinated Methyl-ether, C*CICIO _
Terchlorinated Methylio Sulphide, C>OP,Cl :
Bichloride of Carbon, C'CI,CP 2
Bulphide of Chloride of Carbon, C*OR,S*
Berzalua and Maroot's Camphoroidal Compound, C*OH,5'O"
9. Seoondary Nucleus, OFK!=C'N'0%,
Chloride of Binitromethylene, CKAC ee 880
1, Secondary Nucleus, C*Ad*=C'N'H!
Urea, CNHO'=C'AUO wee 800
{| Methyl-ares, C'H*N*0* of Ze.) OP sone
{Dimothy!-ures, OHNO =O (oft ]NO ae asa STB
Ureo-carbonic acid, ON'HOtmOAGO\200" ame MTT
‘Ureo-carbonate of Methyl, C*H*0,C*N'H*O* fee oT
4, Seoondary Nuclews, ONE,
Cyanogen, ON=Cy = :
Hydrocyanio Acid, ONH=HOy wee oe
Cyanides and Hydrocyanates:
Cyanide of Ammonium, NU‘Cy nsw 410
Cyanide of Potamium, KCy=ONE nn eeu AT
Cyanide of Sodium, NaCy=C'NNa, 47
Cyanide of Barium, BeCy=ONBs the oan
Cyanides of Calcinm, Magnesium, Cerium, Yttrium 417
Cyanide of Titanium? wow em on 418
4 Nitrocyanide of Titaniam, CNT/SNT? _ 48
Cyanide of Vanadium eae AID
Chromous Cyanide, CrCy.—Chromio Cyanide, CFOy# 41
Hydrochromocyanic acid, SHOy,CrCy? wav me 420
Chromideyanide of Potassium, $KCy,Cr*Cy* 420
Uranic Cyanide 1
‘Manganous Cyanide, MnCy—Manganoso-manganic Cyanide,
Mz'Cy'-—Manganio Cyanide, Ma'Cy? ve AB
‘Manganocyanide of Potassium 4d
‘Manganidoyanide of Potassium, SKCy,Ma'Cy* on
Cyanide of Zine, ZnCy. = 43
(Cyanide of Zinc and Ammonium, NH'Cy,Zn0y 433
CONTENTS.
Cyanides of Iron and Uraniom :
a. UFe0y',—b. 200y FoCy'—e. BUOY FeOy on
Cyanides of Iron and Manganese :
4, MotFeCy,—b. Mn'Fe'Cy* Sant
o. Beronyanide of Mangunene and Potasim, Kaunreoy
Cyanides of Tron and Bimath noe
Cyanidee of Iron and Zine: a. ZatFeC ou. =
2, ZntFe'Cy',—o. SNH?,2Z0"FeCy* +8Aq.1
Oyanides of Tron and Cadmium :
«. Ca0y,FeCy"t—5. CatFeCy"—e. OF Foyt ow
Cyanides of Iron and Tin :
© SetFeOy A Ga eOytt—e BaF
Ferrocyanide of Lead, Pb*FeCy*
Ferricyanide of Lead, PU'Fe'Cy# wee
Cyanides of Cobalt 2
Hydrocabaltideyanic acid, HCo%Gy!
‘ Cobaltideyanide of Ammonium, (NH'Co'Cy+ Aq...
Cobeltidcyanide of Potassium, K*Co'Cy# me
of Sodium, Na'Co'Cy*
f Barium, Ba'Co'Cy*
Chronideyanide of Cabal —Cobniidoynide of Mangus,
Zine, Cadmium, and Tin,
‘ Cobaltideyanide of Lead, Pb'COOy! anne
‘ Cobaltideyanide with Oxide of Lead, Posy arb aT :
‘Ferrocyanide of Cobalt, CoFeCy* wo
Ferridoyanide of Cobalt, Co'Fe'Cyt mw
Cobaltidcyanide of Iron, Fe’Co'Cy .
4 Cobaltideyanide of Cobalt, Co'Co*Cy*
Cyanide of Nickel...
Cyanide of Nickel and Ammonium, NH‘Cy,NiCy
Cyanide of Nickel and Potassium, KCy,NiCy
Compornda of NiCy with the Cranide of Both,
Bariom, Calcium, Cadmium, Lead, and Iron
Ferrocyanide of Nickel, Ni'FeCy* nm
‘| Ammonio-forrocyanide of Nickel :
‘a, SNH?NitFeCy*+4Aq—b, 2NH'FeCy"+ 4Aq.
Ferridoyanide of Nickel, NitFe'Cy*
‘q Ammonio-ferrideyanide of Nickel, 2NH*.Ni"Fe'Cy'+ Aq.
Cyanide of Nickel and Cobalt, CoCy,Nicy
Gobaltideyanide of Nickel, Ni*Co'Cy*
‘{ Ammonio-cobaltideyanide of Nickel, 2NHNi*Co! Cyt+7Aq-
oe 88 Ce. gepegaees & 88588
xv
Page
483
ERRATA.
VoL. 111.
Page Line
352 — 14 from bottom for Beryl, read Rock-crystal.
353 — 25 from top; for being }, read being diminished by j.
VOL. Vi.
383 — 10 from bottom ; for solution, read compound.
386 — 7,8 4, ‘Tho two clauses: “filtering the solution to separate the
‘undivided iridium ; dissolving the unfused black-brown
‘mass in water,” should be transposed,
VoL, Vi.
188 — 16 from top; for nitrate, reed hydrochlorate.
20-4 » ‘The formule, according to the substitution-theory, should be
(CK*CrO™ and C°KCPO™,
226 — 2 from bottom ; for acetic, read formic.
‘264 — 15 from top; for Dumasin, read resinein.
272 — 17 4, 5 for 70 parts, read 10 parts.
284 — 11» 5 for Regnanlt, read Cahours.
$= Fm), ads rd anda
3-7 oy 1 for 90°00, read 91-43.
360 — 8 from bottom; for C7N"H?0", read C*N7H‘O*.
400 — 9 ” + for red and more viscid, read red, viscid.
PART II.
CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
‘Tam bodies of the organic kingdom are distinguished, in their most
complete state, from those of the inorganic kingdom :
Organic Chemistry considers :
1. The organio compounds occurring in the bodies of planta and
animals, together with the combinations which they form with each other
and with inorganic bodies: Chemistry of Organic Compounds in the most
veaivicted sense.
2. The composition of plants and animals and of their parts, formed
of these compounds and of inorganic substances: Chemical Botany and
3. The chemical changes which oceur in these bodies, 20 long as they
are subject to the influence of the vitel force: Chemical Physiology of
Plants and Animals.
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 49
a ALC, At. H, andc At. 0, the formula for calculating the specific
volume at a given temperature ia therefore:
(4a+3b+3e) . (156 —d . 0-016).
(Ann. Pharm, 55, 197). The specific volumes of C, H, and O, at different
legrees below the boiling point, are given in the following table, in which
the’ number of degrees below the boiling point is denotod by d, and the
specific volumes of oxygen and hydrogen, being equal, are put together in
the same column:
Hand O
415
410
405
401
13°52; lienco 22°34 + 33-52:
volume of acetic acid. If now we divide the atomic weight of acctic
acid=60, by thie number, we obtain 1-074 for the epecific gravity of
acetic acid at 16’. Experiment gives 1-063, differing somewhat consider-
ably from tho calcalated result; many of the oxamples calculated by
Kopp exhibit similar and even greater differences.
‘The specific volumca of the other clementa which occur in organic
liquids are more difficult to determine. Kopp cetimates that of chlorine
by calculation from chlorchenzide, C#H™CI, as equal to 21°84 at the
Boiling point, or 14 (1-56—d . 0-0016) at other temperatures. ‘The
specle volumes of nitrogen and sulphur are still more uncertain.—
cording to this mode of calculation, any two isomeric organio liquids
should have equal specific gravitics at equal distances from their boiling
points,—a result empirically obtained by Aubergier with respect to the
oils which are isomeric with oil of turpentine. (Kopp, Arn. Pharm.
50, 71.)
Before publishing the preceding general theory, Kopp had laid down
the following particular fiw (Ann. Pharm. 41,79 and 169), which the
general theory now serves to explain: (J.) The specific volume of an
‘cid is lean by 24 than that of the compound ether which the acid forme
with wood-epirit, and leas by 43 than that of the ether which it forms
with aleohol. ‘The general theory gives for acetic acid the following
numbers: Acetic acid=C'H'O'; acetate of methyl=C*H'O'; acetate of
ethyl=C'H'O!, The specific volume of aceticacid=4 . 6-24+8 . 468=
62°40; that of acetate of methyl contains 2 sp. vol. C, and 2 sp. vol. H
in addition, =12°48 + 9:26=21°84; the sp. vol. of ncetato of ethy! contains
You, Vit,
SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 61
Liwig's Theory (Chemie der org. Verbindungen, 91).—The specific
yolames of the different cloments stand in close relation to their atomic
weights; if the atomic weights of H, C, 0, N, and Cl=1, 6, 8, 14, and 36,
the atomic volumes will be 1, 3, 4,7, and 9 (corresponding to a twofold
and fourfold condensation of the thermic envelope surrounding the atoms).
i swig estimates tho specific volumes of H=44, C=132,
176, &o. But in organio compounds, the volume of the
hydrogen may be condensed to 3, 4, and 4, whereby it is reduced from 44
to 83, 22, or 11, In certain organic compounds, the volumes of the other
elements above-mentioned, may, besides theso three condensations, suffer
condensation to § and j.—Example: Benzin, C*H*, has a specific
gravity of 0°85; ite atomic wei 0: (00) is 12.75 (atomio weight of
+6. 125 (atomic weight of H)=050; and 950-+085=1147 (ep.
Yol. calculated from the sp. gr, O=100). If now wo add together
12 gp. vol. of carbon condensed to two-thirds, viz, 12. 88, and 6 6
of hydrogen condensed to one-half, viz., 6.22, wo obtain a sum=1188,
which is the specific volume of benzin. ' This calculated specific volume,
however, is greater than that which is obtained from the observed spocific,
gravity, and, therefore, the specifi gravity obtained by dividing the
atomic weight by this specific volume, is not the eamo as the sp. gr. deter-
mined by experiment, but a smaller number, viz, 0-821,
‘Very important, if confirmed by further examples, would be Lowig's
cbecrvation, that the specif volume of u compound is not altered by
addition of oxgen; ¢.g., Aldehyde, C+H'0*; atomic weight=44; ep. gr.
=0°79; and Acetic acid, CHO; atomic weight=60; sp. gr. at
5 hence tho sp. vol. of aldehyde=44-+0-79=55°7, and that of
-60+1-:063=56'4. The agreement, however, is not so great
as it appears to be; for tho specific gravity of acetic acid is taken 102°
below its boiling point, and that of aldehyde only 2° below; at 99°
below the boiling point, the sp. gr. of the latter would be much greater,
and, therefore, its specific volume much smaller, and accordingly differ-
Ing tote widely from that of nectio nod. On compating Oil of Turpen
tine (CPH", atomic weight 152; sp. gr. 0°87; boiling point 157°),
Camphor (C*H"O%, atomic weight 152; sp. gr. 0:986; boiling point
204°), and Camphoric acid (CPHMOt atomie welght 200; specio gravity
1-194; boiling point 270°), we find the specific volume of Oil of Turpen-
tine= 156 phor=154, and of Camphoric acid=167. Similar!
the specific volumes of Valeral, C*H"0 and Valerianio acid, C*H0"
are nearly=105 and 108. These calculations, therefore, seem to agreo
very well with the above-mentioned law of Lowig relating to oxygen.
‘With regard, however, to the general character of Lowig’s mode of
calculating specific volumes and specific gravities, it is easy to see the
since the specifio gravities of most organic compounds lie between 0°800
and 1-400, and consequently the range of variation does not exceed
0-600, and since, moreover, these compounds contain the same elements
in different proportions, while the specific gravities of the elements them-
selves probably vary but little, it fe not very surprising, that the specie
gravity of an organio compoand should admit of ealelation within
0-010 (and sometimes even this degree of approximation is not attained),
ially when wo tak tho speciée volumes of the elements somowbat
Sibitrarilyy and amame to. ouraslves. tho liberty of imagining, when
necessary, that they are condensed in the compound to 3, §, ta 4, and }.
Ou the whole, indeed, when we consider that Kopp, Schréder, and
more especially Léwig, proceed from assumptions differing so widely one
Be
SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 53
The following are examples of the calculation of the specific gravities
of diatomic organic gases, en
Oil of Turpentine. Alcohol.
At Vol. Density. | At. Vol. Density.
20 nn 20 89200 | 4 an 4. 16640
16.16 . 1-tose | 6. 6. 04158
QTL 11093,
Org. Compound 1.2 11092 1
‘Vapour-density..
3346
‘Tho 2 At, oxygen in the alcohol, enter as only 1 vol. of gaa, inasmuch
‘as oxygen is a 2-atomic gas. It appeare then that in marsh-gas, for
example, 2 At. C. are united with 4 At. H. to form 1 At. mareh-gas,
which, in the gaseous state occupies 2 volumes; these two volumes
weigh’ 11092; consequently, the weight of 1 volume, or the specific
aavity, of the gas is 1:1092+2—0'5346 (the ep. gr. of air=1-0000).
ence 1 At, marshgus oecpies twice aslargo a space ast At hydrogen;
‘or a space which would include 1 . x At. hydrogen, contains only 4.x
At. marsh-gas, If then hydrogen gas be called monatomic, marsh-gas
must be diatomic,
Other chemists make the atomic weight of hydrogen only half as
it, and the specific gravity of carbon-yapour, not=0-416 as in this
fand-book, but=0-832 (supposing it to be 2-ntomic, like oxygen gos
‘on these hypotheses the preceding table will be altered as follows
Marsh-gas, Oil of Turpentine. Alcohol,
At. Vol. Density. | At. Vol. Density. | At. Vol.
toe B vee 196640 | 20 we 20"... 16°6400
O-Ss44 2276
221
03546
According to this theory, the clementa form, by their combination, four
volumes of organic gas ; henco the often occurring expression that most
{or all) organic compounds form 4 volumes of vapour. In this system,
therefore, an organic compound of 4 vol. gas or vapour is equivalent to
that which in the present Hand-book is designated as an organic com-
ound, whose ges or vapour is }-atomic or diatomic. The origin of the
Miflerence is, teat ju the Brst-mentioned mode of calculation, the volume
of an atom of any organic compound, in the gaseous state, is com
with the volume of 1 At. hydrogen in the form of gas, and in the last-
mentioned, with the volume of 1 At. oxygen in the gascous state.
ee Aerng 2 insn's experiment, sulpbur-vapour is 2-atomic like oxygen gas.
e note, p. 29.)
BOILING POINT. 55
also WV. J. Pharm. 7, 129; also Pogg. 65, 420) that thie anomaly dis-
appears when the specific gravity of the vapour is taken at least 100°
above the boiling point of acetic acid, Close above the boiling point,
the density, as shewn by the following table, is even greater than it
should be for a f-atomic vapour, or a vapour of 3 volumes. This density
diminichos as the temperature rises, til, at 250°, it becomes equal to
that of a diatomic gas, after which it ie not altered by further rise of
‘temperature :
‘Temperature ...... 125° 130° 140° 150° 160° 171" 190° 200° 219° 230°
20 S12 290 275 248 242 230 222 217 209
‘Temperature. 250° 280° 300° 338°
Deasity.. 2-08 2-08 2-08 2-08
Similarly with butyric acid, which boils at 164°. ‘The calculated density
of its vapour, supposing it to be diatomic, is 3-0505; but, according to
Cahours, its density varies with the temperature as follows:
‘Temperatare...... 177% 208° 228" 249° 261° 290° 310° 330°
Density
368 344 3-22 3:10 307 307 3-07 3-07
Valerianio acid behaves in » similar manner to butyric acid, but its
Variations are not 20 great. (Cahours.)
The vapour of anise-camphor, C”H"0%, which boila at 222°, has a
calonlated donety of 81201, eupposing it fo be diatomio, But Cahours
‘observed the following variations:
Tempersture.cccnnun 245° 260° 270° 325° 338°
Density... cc ns 598 573 564 522 519
Formic acid, which boils at 99°, likewise exhibits too great a vapour-
density just above its boiling point. Regarding tho vapour as diatomic,
tho caleulated density is 1°5946; but Dumas found it to vary betweon
2-13 and 2 14 at temperatures betweon 115° and 118°, and Bineau found
it = 2-125 at 111°,
On the other hand, wood-spirit, aleohol, ether, fusel-oil, and most
compound ethers, exhibit the density of diatomic gases just abovo their
oiling points. (Cahours.)
3. Borua Porst.—Organic compounds are moro vola
tion ‘as they contain s greater number of atoms of hydrogen, and a
smaller number of atoms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, Of polymeric
compounds, the one whose compound atom contains the smallest number
of elementary atoms is always the most volatile.
‘The boiling compound of an organic compound is higher by « . 19°
than that of another organic compound, when the former,—with an other-
wise similar composition—contains = . C*H? more than the Intter. (Kopp.)
‘This is shown by the following examples:
(Caleaated Dif.
1. 19%= 19"
3)
C#HYO! = Caproic acd
HHO! = Capryie ald
BOILING POINT. 67
number is not found to be exact, Schrider supposes that in man}
compounds, as in the ethylic and methylio ethers, the influence of C°H*
on the boiling point amounts to about 16°, and in the acids to 21°,
Kopp attributes these discrepancies to want of accuracy in determining
the boiling points of the compared compounds, For in the greater
number of instances, the conditions for exact determination of the boiling
Points were not observed, such as constant atmospheric proseure corre
sponding to 0-76 metr,, the introduction of platinum wire into the liquid,
and the immersion of the thermometer in the vessel, so that the stem
may be completely surrounded with vapour, the vapour being allowed to
cecape by tbe passing throogh the cork. | (For farther obgervations on
this matter, vid, Kopp, Chem. Soc. Q, J. 3, 104.)
In compounds consisting wholly of carbon and hydrogen, each addi-
tional double atom of carbon which entors, raises the boiling point by a
quantity varying from 35° to 35:5, and each double atom of hydrogen
lowers it by 15° Gerhardt.) This agrees very nearly with Kopp's
supposition that each addition of CPF ralscs the boiling point 18";
for 35—15=20.
In calculating the boiling points of these compounds, we may start
from oil of turpentine. To find from this the boiling point of another
hydro-carbon of known composition, it is necessary firet to detormine the
difference of C and H?, As many times as the compound in question
contains C?, more or less than oil of turpentine, eo many times 35° must
bo added to or subtracted from the boiling point of ol of turpentine; and,
‘as many times as the compound contains H? more or less, 0 many times
15° must be taken from or added to the boiling point.
Thus, Cymene, C”H", contains 2H less than oil of turpentine, whenco
its boiling point should bo 15° higher; now 160°+15°=175°. ' (Obeer-
vation gives in fact 175°.)—Cumene, CH", contains 2C and 4H less
than oil of turpentine; 160—35 +2 . 15154. (Observation gives 153°.)
—Naphihalin, C®H®, contains 8H less than oil of turpentine ; 160+
4, 15=220, (Observation gives 221°.) Styrol, C¥H® contains 4C and
8H less than oil of turpentine, 160—2 . 35+4 . 15=150°, (Observation
gives 146°.)
. Ann, Chim. Phys, 14, 107; also J. pr. Chem. 35, 300.—
Compt. rend. mensuels, 1, 77.)
‘A compound which contains CH? more than another, boils 52° higher.
(petseee According to Gerhardt's Jaw, the difference should be 55°;
for? . 35-15 =55,
BP.
Cinnamic acid . » C#HSOt 293°
+ GMHtOt 239°
Cinnamic ethes . CBHEO 260°
209"
tod
86°
‘Bensoic ether mH
BOILING POINT. 59
ich is motamerio with it, though the vapours of both compounds
are diatomic. (Kopp.)
Acetic acid. ono
Formiate of CH0,c:H0*
Batyric aid nsnnsnae CHS!
‘Acetate of ethyl * CHH0,C1HtO
Valerie 2d evnsoononone CHO
Butyrate of methyl... C#H0,C*H70*
Schroder (Pogg. 62, 184 and 337, moro fully in a special work,
Mannb. 1844) imagines “organic compounds to be composed of hydrogen
tnd cottain binary cormpouirde which he calls Componentn, Exch of theo
components exeris a determinate influence on the boiling point either to
raise or to dopross it.
Ht, Bikydrogen, lowers the boiling point, by 3°. All other com-
ponents raise the boiling point; H*O%, water of hydration, by 113°5°;
C0, carbonic oxide, by 57°; C*O', carbonic acid, by 90°; formyl, by 52°;
Cran, jn the form of methylene, by 21°, and CH in the form of elay!
ny 17°.
To caleulato the boiling point of any compound, we may set out
from Benzol =C"H* (=3 : C'H*=Triformyl), Since this compound
it 86°, and moreover 3. C'H* must raise the boiling point by
156°, the influence of the triformyl=156? must be deducted
from the boiling point 86°, leaving — 70°; and to this — 70°, must
bo added the influence of the components of the compound whose boil-
ing point is sought. If, for example, the compound is Caoutcbin
CHS, consisting of 4 At. methylene, wo must add 4. 21=84 to the
—T0°, which makes the' boiling point of caoutchin=14° (by obser-
vation it is 14:5). Similarly, alcohol —bihydrate of elayl=2C*H*+
HO? ; therefore, 2. 1741185 = 147°5; 147°5—70° = +77'5° =boil-
ing point of alcohol (by observation, 78°).
fence, to find the boiling point of an organic compound, we must
resolve it, in tho most convenient manner, into its components, estimate
their aggregate effect upon the boiling point, and diminish the sum
by 70°.
"The table calculated by this method gives results agreeing very
closely with observation ; it mast not, however, bo forgotten that, as
occasion requires, C*H? is sometimes introduced as methylene, with an
infuence of 21°, sometimes as elayl with an influence of 17°, sometimes
even in both capacities in the same compound ; thus, fusel-oil, CHO,
is regarded as a compound of C*H? in the form of methylene, 4C*H? in
the form of elayl, and H'O*, while valerianic acid, C"H™O', a compound
i timately related to it, is supposed to con: if 2 methylene and 2 elayl
with C'O*and H°0*, Nevertheless, it is not with all compounds that this
method yields satisfactory results. For instance, aldehyde, C‘H‘O*, may
be regarded eitber as C‘H*+ HO, in which case tho calculation will be:
52°-4113°5°—70°= +95°5°,—or as C*0?+C*H?+ H?, which gives 57-+
21-3—70=+5°. Thus, the calculation gives for the boiling point of
aldehyde, either 95:5° or 5°, whereas the actual boiling point is 21°.
In a similar manner, acotono gives either too high or too low a point,
aooording to the components of which it is supposed to be formed.
Noverthless, tho agreement which exists in many casos, induces the
‘supposition that this theory has some foundation in fact, and ao far would
gen (HY) lowers the
Ze atom cf carboo (C}) raises it 20%
to the former.
lauter view,
acconding to the fo
by 21°: according 10 the }:
thery is a remarkab:
theory, it
latter, the inercase which it prv
perhaps. it chiefly arises that
compounds. the latter th
former. With the bydroc:
Thus, Benzol. C#H!, which
is actually equal
al—a.
er by 3110) or
nasmuch ax according to the former
t 119°5%, whereas, according to the
ruoes is cnly 29°—10°=19°;
‘th reganl to the greater namber of
cs less satisfactory results than the
-pa the numbers obtained are sect.
es (6 . 31—3. 10.
ssl. CH? which boils
and Cetene C=H®, which boils
—Bat in most oxygea-
widely from those of observation.
— a: 124429 — 50=103;
9°, calculatio
is te say. 88° too low; and si
ancompounds. the calculated boil
e than 100) than that whieb is
point is much lower (= mctines Ty
given by oleervatinn, Schroler *.pyees that. im certain compounds
exyeen, is elem ime> exerts twice, and sometimes
= great an jufluence as in certain others. ie, that OF
> or 116, instead of only 20°,
1 At. H lowers the boiling
foes it by 8-42 and 1 ALO
i. acconling to the greater of
the componte, ‘The sum thus
four times
frequently raises the boiling
According to
ef the O-velume
al is mot to be d hed by Te er any other number, &.—
i «should bwil_ at—40° or—20°, accord
He or CHE, (2
Reval. €°
285 0),
The Wiling point question hae hitherto been treated exclusively
rording to the rudlical-theery. and not accoring to the nucleus-theor¥.
ia, therefore, a question whether the latter may not afford » further
BOILING POINT. 61
cluo to its solution, and whether, by amiguing to the hydrogen aud
‘oxygen within the ‘nucleus o different amount of influence from that
which is exorted by the same elements without the nucleus, we may not
succeed in discovering » universal law. That this cireumstance is of
portance may be seen from the following facts: Salicylous acid and
benzoic acid have the samo empirical formula =C™H*Ot; but the former
boils at 196°, the latter at 239°. The difference of 43° is too great to be
attributed to error of observation, and must, together with the other
striking differences in the propertios of the two acids, be attributed to
ference of constitation, Wensoio acid le apposed by Laurent to eon-
tain the nuclous benzone, C“H', which, together with 40 externally
situated, forme benzoio acid, C“H',0'; but ealicylous acid is supposed to
be formed upon a different primary nucleus, CH? (possibly: identical
with dracyl). A secondary nucleus, C“H*O*, derived from this by the
substitution of 20 for 2H, forms, with 2 additional atoms of oxygen, the
compound C*H'03,0%, which belongs to the aldehyde type, may be com-
pared with biter almond oil, CMHO%, and moreover requires the addition
of 20 to convert it into an acid actually comparable with benzoic acid,
vir., salicylic acid, C“H*O*,0%. It appears, then, that the circumstance
of benzoic acid having 40 without the nucleus, and salicylous acid 20
within and 20 without, produces a difference of properties, and among
the rest in the boiling point; moroover it seema to follow, from this
examplo, that exygon within the nuclous raise the boiling point les
than oxygen without. In connection with this matter, we might further
examine, and perhaps decide, the question, as to whether benzoic and
salicylous acid should be expressed, as in Laurent's system, by the for-
mule C¥H',0* and C"H*03,04, or, according to the principles explained
on pages 30—37, by C“H*0,HO”, and C"H*0*,HO,
By way of example, we may take the following attempt to calculate
boiling points according to the former of these two views, the results of
which are tolerably satisfactory. The boiling point of the C and H
the nucleus is first determined according to Gorbardt’s method (p. 57).
It is farther empirically assumed, from calculatious of the boiling points
of different compounds, that O* within tho nucleus raises the boiling
point 25°; that the fit OF without the nucleus raises it 50° (in some
rare cases, as in that of phenic acid, the riso thereby produced amounts
to 100°); and that the following O* without the nucleus raises it 100°
(rarely, ‘as in benzoic acid, only 50°). H'0* without the nucleus raisos
the boiling point 108°. The observed boiling point is placed in brackets
before the caleulated value :
Formic acid, C!H?+0' . Wood-spirit, CH*+H°0* Acetic acid, C'H* + OF
cH = 50° CH — 50°
© without — 50° HPO? + 108°
(OF without +100°
(60%) + 58°
(09*) +100" (220°) + 120°
Alcohol, C'H‘+H'O? Aldehyde, C1H'+0? ——_Btyrie acid, C*H*+ O*
CH — 30 cH! —30
HO? + 108° (OF without + 50°
© without + 100°
(78) +78" (ar) +20" haces aden
62 PROPERTIES. OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
‘Valerianie scid, CH!+0* Fasel-oil, CH" +370" Caproic acid, CH + OF
CoH "30° ‘CPHL 30° cut sot
©? without 50° HO? 108° OF without 50°
(©? without 100° — ‘OF without 100°
— (asa) 138" —
(7s) 180° (202°) 200°
Caprylic acid, CH"+0' —Lactone, C*HO'+ 0" Metacetone, CH + OF
cun ” 90° CoH ast cone sor
© without 50° OF within 25° (OF without 50°
O? without 100° OF without 50° ee
— — (64) 80"
(236°) 240" (92°) 120°
Mesiticther, C#H¥+0? —Acrolein, CH‘+ 0" Acrylic actd, C*H' + OF
cane | ese CH se cnt °
0% without 50° ©? without 50° O without 50°
— ‘OF without 100°
(120) as 62") 55°
(above 100°) 155°
Pyrogllc ac, CHH40+ 0! Phenlc acid, C#H*+O* Saliclous acid, CMHSO#+ OF
CHHt | 95s CHHS 130°
(©? without 100° © within 25°
(OF without 50°
188") 195° nk
(196°) 205°
id, C¥H*+0* Bitter almond oil, C“H*+0* Cinnamic acid, CH + Of
CHHS 130° cH 130°
* without 100° OF without 50°
(239) 230" (180°) 180° (290°) 285°
Camphoric acid Anhydride, C™1IO'+ OF Campholic acid, CPH + OF
cH ase CH 4s
‘Olin the nucleus 30° ‘OF without 100°
OF without the nucleus 50° =
(250") 245°
(above 270°) 275"
Pyroguajacic acid, CHIN" +0" Cuminic aid, C*H + OF
cunt use CoH 190
© without 100 ‘OF without 100°
{above 250°) 290°
(210) 215
Pyroterebie acid, C#H™ +0! Caryophylic
id, CHO! + 0? Cumarin, CHHSO + OF
ost ne 190° coi 200°
© without 50" OF within 25" OF within 25°
(OF without 100” GF without 50" OF without 30"
(abore 200) 115° i) 200 (270) 27°
Mydranisy!, CMIMO* +0? Camino! and
Anise-camphor, C#H#O®
CHE ‘190°
OF within 25°
(above 150") 165"
(220) and (222°) 215°
BOILING POINT. 63
Passley-camphor, CPH#O! + 0* Peppermint-camphor, CH® + O*
ce 190° CH? 130°
OF in the nucleus 50° OF without 50°
0° without 50°
= (213%) 180°
(800°) 290°
Common camphor, CH"O? Or? C7440 ——_Cajeput oil, C°HMOF
PH 160° CH 160 HY 445°
OF within 25° O without 60° OF in the nucleus 25°
(204) 85° (20) 210" 73%) 170°
Furfurol, CMH‘O# + 0 Carvacrol, CHH#O?
cunt 75° cnn 215°
OF within 25° OF in the mucleus 2
0 without 50° i
(sry Teo oe
But this mode of calculation, though it may appear tolerably aatis-
factory in so far as regards tho examples in the preceding table, is
nevertheless iuscourato when applied to many others; partly perhaps
because the composition and boiling points of these latter have not been
correctly determined, but partly also because the mode of calculating i
Bot sdapted to certain compotnds, for which, perp, pecalis, lowe
should be assumed. Such, for instauce, is the case with methylic,
thylic, and amylic ether, with acetone and certain compounds allied to
it, with lignone and its products of decomposition, &e.
But even if wo should succeed, by this or any other mode of caleula-
tion, in overcoming the principal difficulties, it will still remain uncertain
whether we shall ever arrive at a complete solution of the problem of
determining the boiling point of an organie compound from its composi
tion. ‘The numerous oils composed of O"H™ have boiling points varying
between 150° (lerebene) and 173° (carvene); and this. difference. of
boiling point is accompanied by difference of specific gravity, and of
optical und chemical relations (¢.g., towards hydrochloric acid gas). Wo
cannot, therefore, ascribe these deviations merely to impurity in the
oils or to errors of observation, but aro forced to admit that in the same
nucleus, the 20C and 16H may be united in different ways; and a this
difference of arrangement and the influence which it exerts on the boiling
point are likely to remain unknown, the calcalation of the boiling point,
even if founded on the most accurate data, cannot be expected to give
an exact result in all cases.
Certain other compounds likewise have different boiling points,
though their composition is the same, ¢, g., maleic and fumaric acide;
there are, however, other reasons which seem to show that the boiling
point of fumaric acid should be doubled.
‘Some facts seem to show that nitrogen raises the boiling point of a
compound much more than carbon or oxygen, and that IN introduced
in the place of 1H produces rise of about 100°. Thus, benzol,
CHS, boils at 86°; the compound CH® boils at a. still lower tempera-
toro; but the boiling point of aniline, C¥H'N, is 182°; Elaene (probally
CHE) boils at 110° coniine, CHAN, at 212" | This strong Exing
power of nitrogen and oxygen in organic compounds is very remarkable,
when considered in relation to their otherwise great elasticity.
TO06 iat wt
Oke heat ie os
cpleor
| . te ila | a a
en a
rR
wh
ive HL
iil He ual ae vail a
ete
aml che tre
4 shares a
* Linmaoe meando ae
( esas in anisogane ooops
as
i
HH
fe
BAI
HE
Hate
3
i HE ae
ate tat |
He He
oo
ert iat Per
a
Hir
Hy
or 84 poo.
N).—
Tye ere fice
na
HUE
-_
Hindi
aH
i
ae
iy 223
eli i
taking placo in
combustion
formentatic
setting oF Decay. A dow
‘accotpunied by a
hie proces i
ici
ee
ae
the sume manner asin the
of the air and
nal
Ine
[pe 1
ci
ui
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eat Hi
i
ee
i Bey
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HB
aE
i
EL
anh
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|
“is jem
Sy pth saan ng shina Trg aes mit pete:
libeuibicueyoeneh vot elaciovexttaan
“oer pe
sr Seated ayer ay
Aiea ey ae,
ep pee parse emer
See fale tifomoeni
Hen earings
101
forment.—<a and & together: Aleobol and
4
hay det he
Or Bro
stay
Hee
a be
Hall E
i i ee
a PEUHEE
Het
FERMENTATION, —
is too neg Be
salte;
pico
converted by
Ties the
Picnaueeee ms
Tinea
alow
‘ood. whi
a-gan, toguther
[Por fortner details, eid,
Parts of
ae
si ers
tmorcury, and lett
thereby:
ao
jue
2 ii ESE “Hal 3145 Hh ue fj | if
a a Le i ue i
ab ad tie ha
PS a by of2 : 2 73 2st
ft ie li
tenet
if all
aren ia
of Schwann.
Hh ia a #
HE: a ca Hal
“in thie
ne
:
areca acai
ra
The
fen rie
roth i i
Is ail
=
‘found to
only acid
BS
i
i
li
: ee i ee ai
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a] a le : id H a
ti a u
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ee
seg]
ac acho
yitis‘cnds are'e peaddy nnd ales
gelatin iy ed cat 2 tor ocr
hat a ae a Saas enon [
ferential ce a oF # days PAB wb
Je cna. dap th deren dentn fabsesithes Yat:
resi
tenet iui
i blaldor dowrewanta'1ea pal
owaw ards, in 2 |
vw
sooth Bev and an Gal
iw ra) This te to 4
saa Wid k. Wikre %
ents
FE ESSEL re ete Hat
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on avolition af
ti
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is the more
adr, i
rae ars
See
rast of snes
wae not
a & oe oh
ple
Hii oe iH Le ag tli
an ae eae
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ul
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eat (Eade
as
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i un Ht
7H
ten a oh ahaa ed,
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a
stcaee
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tt
bi
)
ae ae
of water
J. 88, 109.)
:
FERMENTATION,
‘exposed to.
and
" Stvicher, Ding Poly J.
Diminution of the tendency to Putrefaction,
beat; #9: the:
tlre
‘he
‘of the
Breer sod, fromm.
40, 2165 58, 471
le, po Let
bakes
Le ie oe Heat
sia a ue
Sa 4
‘enclosed in
increased preamure.
Spine He Fu ay HL
HE Hea aces tee
I Hes Hy BT ire ie Bt
iA eeute a aly i I ae iat
eae eae
: He le i An at
! ene Pee La Hf
sags
j iy nett
a Hee Hird
Bs Deamapositions by Chlorine, Bromine, and Todine.
oe ees
‘temperatures; but the notion ie greatly azslsted by light aud
Hea le
a
e2.2 23
rH 3
el
ee
a
a
He
ar
2
i
BI
RE
sits
Ht
i
BE
i
Gl
ar JY OIE ACID. " 126,
come sophia (a aubstance
several ‘of lower order) which 4
‘various resins, coal or charcoal, ie ee
tannin in ity power of ‘tkawiee
upon the abstraction of aud, :
in. these and the Introdution of NO* by
similar action seeerielaen sth fers, the bitter,
Pi et ae cette Bras Oe eat, oan toe
Laatly, tho resinous masses obtained by many volatile olla and
i
;
:
i
I
[
‘7. Decompositions by the Acids of CMorine,
ae ease ra icrtes sees
‘caso of nilrogonous bodies, ike uroa, urie acid, and
and odoriferous matters. — braced
fram chlorate of potash by oil of vitriol, sets fir to aleobol placed in «
layor above the tf “When organic pounds: nlnced in
ibantosa With wztare of ehlorate of potcsh und oocventruled i
‘acid, they aro in the same manner as if eblorine and. were
te act Gpon thou sitnultancously. ‘Thus creosote in con into
CPO + TOCL4 20 = CPCHO4 GHC),
Similarly, anthranilic acid into chloraail :
OMIINO! + UCI 440 — 2COh+ Nit + AICI + CHCHON,
|
eee se
—
it
Heer BE AE A
ers i uu ii a ae
fa |
> 2 it Bi
Le Fi 428 i ig ie a i
HH
ne
hee “tel ae
BY PHOSPHORIC ACID,
B, Action of Dilute Sulphuric Acid,
‘Certain other of tho stronger ackds oftan exhibit the mame notion,
«oo as, hy dita ni rom ame known cnn, dice
Se es nies hess sete at ae gn
arch, aneraen,ileaea, nod dot, tiled with vary
6. Tn com the hy, hs bone ade
the 1, COMBOS ie
veriet aaa Undergoes the
a uakigecrcpenc, Tele tpg ality,
to the : CHEN
SHR a I a a
ae need by’ water aloes; bak
SaERrUGn Miss x5 Se ieitaviol b tas ete teed
“Dail
H
i
st
a
i
iy
EE
11. Decompositions by Phorphoric Acid
eh reer
‘oneant ‘lecousposition w
sateen pectoned parks tach a barber ocr salar
Tena, and prey bocove retains is oxygen much
ip
me
a
i
Ht
He
B
my
i
ae
2
a
i
Ht
i Hel
fie
Ht
sl
ie
ial
i
I
i
i
E
il
#E
i
i
i
F
i
nk
=
2
|i,
ee
: ial ful EHH EO Z Hae é Fi ae 8 Hl
fe Os nT
La Hilt eh nit al il H
: i ie foe ae je i ut
ana Hee ane al Ae jue |
eaealesvais 2
z
a ui F ;
oH H “HP HERI *F
ve a ee
Sit gy ala) el eine
aiii =) ie: A ee an
dl 1 bi Hu fale ne
hapelea jatpet ai paine uit
rates fault qty Haves ail
et Lf 2 ziidis HE liga Hl
Hla i; ie Le ee i hi
las Pe ee E ia ily ee di
i :
agit : ;
Hale
SEE
BY THE FIXED ALKALES. — 137
scresinteigtetete terres ates
CAEP) 01+ CCEPK)O' = NaO,COF + KO,COF + CBIEOS,
‘Vormie acl
“Resto nti
acid
124 Sto Cumene
Autieanilio acd = O8HENOM into Avilion = CHEN
‘Rurrobensoin acid = CMHVNO® into Niteobensol = C™H'NO'— CHK,
Tn those ronetions, » hydrocarbon is always formed containing C* low
‘than the poder ‘om fa, in the scale. Thu
it
i
it
i
i Fe
H
i
a
i
ue
aa
4
He
£3]
BF
i
E
iz
b
:
i
i
E
E
4
ae
a
Hi
ut
i
f
i
'
ee
2 faint sj i ia {061
| a ti Hai it
Hee er i!
Hee i oe
at i Hip i : Repel i 4
ileal a ae ae
HEELE 4 nn aay ipl i.
Reaigieas mgt pid slamiegh aaa te eeesoese vise
pera ap es mt
seael aad the fember of uous tied ar atfaty fiat. by
Tauront in a acmewbat different way) by alteration of the Yowola*
i se i ow a ko
denote 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 0
‘The eloments in th sree stale may be distinguished by the following
amen
amiO = Ane;—H=Ale;—C'= Ane;— I= Ave;—P=Apo;—8=Ale—
Jens pn Oe noes hie Ne kien
Me Toko (tom Tali) dn Late
rey tare (tom ol
1m Glycinm);—Al=falme (from. 2'bon,
im. irconiam);—Th=Tarne (from ho-
(from Llumbum);—Fo=Marte (from Mars) ;—Co=
rt =
‘Smalte | Smalt) ;—Ni=Ni pion Nickel) ;—Cu=Carpo (from
Bente oe aps ie eee Funnel Phe es
ot
difference being tat a
shorn cy veel
jomonclature, it would doabtless bo
us the
und
soit
‘not indood |
wi
sone
hat thore appeare
ji ihger yr
anlar that we,
roltiouy to eu
fact, too
i
i dy Pa
oe Tea
to
of
whieh in
epee
upon
re soul
and
Ty wi
to the an
and
add
santa
Py
than nunil
in
far av
cheatin]
dota
ted.
i ey i title ul
325523502897 22: ; 2 if : =e
ie ain Pan ie He
obs 3,
Mie HEU Hae ne a
|
PRIMARY NUCEKI VOLATILE OILS. 167
101, Giorn, 19, 300, —Usvanwonsns.. Pag. 8, 483-—
ta sn hin Pg i 85 a "Bigg £3 ta
"Decmpatiton by Distilaion wih Barthy Swbxtancr: Hasse. Grell,
dan 128 8 36 an 128-—W, By Tyonntonnrn, Da deli en
ae by Nitrlo Acid: Oavs Bannromros, Thom. Davthor
pentéen, c Pog. 6. run
Sena ne ae. i ee es
; :.
Pharm. Centr. 1848, 230; also Jahresb, 1847-8, 709, :
Distilled Oils in
Volatile, i ane der Os enclins
oT ech pe gS ee
Braver than sruter,and then onl i
af
:
:
HR
i
Ht
nil
i
{
#
=
2
Be
&.
ii
i
i
Hears: Boerhnavo roganted volatile oils us ind of a resinous
a, with a peculiar odorous i Rector Aroma,
per eend aan sty nena
saeces it I ty Gron and. Bouraroy, that the
is a proporty belonging to the bodies
vapid ad Ha Gy
ee + fi ae i ils i
HH é & a 3
ri ae na ae
elie! Hage ang
pula 2 Er |
Ha FL IAnE
ie ey | ie i
aide |
re a
cae ii
Heat
He WnitG (que sayy fis nea
eae 3 ee
ae li Heal ears
az me ie Hi nae (ed edi
Pe nee HE eres
vii Hie eaiere ior ee
Pi ousraies atin ier
i ‘ule on i i neh
ie ES an roe FL ied,
FASE
pene see
Ps crags cl
onic:
ea
=
irene
ous
ae
163
Se
distil over unt
boiling points, wre
‘aro
‘repulaive,
otherwise convert
‘botween 200° and 406% At these:
scored oe
108 |
PRIMARY NUCUEIE VOLATILE OILS,
exeluded
waar
ie
Hi
qi Eee f arn
mea
He aL,
ct at
_ eae ey
sal | Hie ih ne Hane 23
fe
Lie
i
inal Pe
‘E
i
PRIMARY NUCLBIt VOLATILE OTL.
)—Tho
cat the
‘of the
7
eee
He
i.
rae
iy
ce
i daa! i
a
whieh
the oil Ia cease ties
<
*
ae
oe
ee aa i of =
nitrate or corrosive aublimate, these
et
He
sige talo'te coats i
aie are likewise
wit
Aca
i
secure iy vind eben, (Th
Bi
eu
vied wit
‘the
The
‘oa
acl
Hae
KE
ap
ini
lak
ie
milo,
Tite aod
wing evolution
amounting
lien wih
e
to the most vivid
heat often
Her eT at
BH iis Hs jena ty
isl i ae atl E aL fee Hae Hei
af Ha Eine! gelan i
i Ue eee |
iit Haein trod anes ne air i
Hie Wie leaayieeiil iaee
ee fig &
ie ay neue fe (i i
ri tS
GPa
At
i
af
a r
Bi with: it
ot iy gop aloe
whee ‘agitated with fresh qanatities of water.
We tnd Acefone behave like aloohol; wo likewise do Keher
and ‘other ethereal liquids, exeeptiog that from the latter the
‘pile cannot be aoparated by water.
Volatile oils mix with Fats, diseolve moxt Rosins and Resinous Colour
Weg matters, and soveral organic haces; they also mix with ono another,
6, Derivative or Secondary Nuclet,
Th scoond ‘tho H-ntoms of the nucleus
nr a oe Tar
A, ‘or! oloments tmay enter at the uno
fa of ssoclet which ‘ara known Up
SS erm ror
1, Arranged according to the Primary Nuclei.
Methylene or Palono=Ci#?, gives CHCl: CNH.
Ethogo or Hihylone=O'H" gives CHMCL; CHPCH; CHCR; CCK;
Butyroue=CH’, gives CHCl,
Phonon or Fhenylono=C"H, gives CMEPM ; C*H'Dr ; CHIN ;
COHX | CHHEXAM.
‘Toluol= OH, gives C*H'CI; CHHPCH, CHIR,
=O", gives CUR; CTCL Indigo blue=C*H'NOY
ahaa Fit gives toc oery wucloi montioned 20,
iC", ‘auelai montioned on
Dbesides sevoral others. ey
Seep oF Crit = O° epper to belng, OHNO] MEP
2 pirewane seer in A wee Ye Reinier penn RE ey
apes ty My Rg
a
i
ae
a
F Ne
uy
ae
a
a
2048? = CH + CULE s
Portlon combining with part of the soe, and forma
sr eaaenl, sneha Sranc ue press Ter ete
‘is converted into
et Wore ea RR
‘Similarly, if lechol be present instad of water:
CHM + CMON 4 22 = CHIH + CPO + ZnI,Z00.
Polamium Likewise decomposes cyanide of ethyl, but the whole of the
Hel ety compel ove tna to CL and cma
IE
a
Ente an inverted glase globe. prov th moreury, aed exposed
= vldh mero
am he a the: ae
fe Hella i em ot ane ‘n thin easo alao, if watar be provout,
3, yah cel of ace of tho sree (CH) The goer
the liberated iodine, uy el wi the i
‘acid, CHO vat butyl, CH aC pees 4
aaa ie Ba oe
aoe {ition & Grade, Chem. Soe, Quis
and ethyl tn
satay raat She wera A168,
and tho Bt 202°, do not ‘ine Nog Gon of the
elameniary tach ns oxygon or shlvin; and bas aot bitheto
‘boon for ng kegs wu Tay oases ape A
-eonstitut these
plein “ae feces en
mnt thoir vm
Sti on ios aoe
g aa 4 iH HE
ae i i
Fd aft af oe
Bees aii
#
IEEE,
sabe
sityis
fel a Ha
B
3
a double
lace
Ride ohne ft
‘of copper:
sepa tieenpag gery
40 thot w)
CWO + HC] = CuPCI+ HO 5
io
tie eed of an slesea
A es iain ‘that bod,
Botan ser ace
be vier
cy
calwi
tonethee just
it
tary. body ‘i
ye
‘cts on iodide of ethyl
ie
cy
this
ara cath
rode rv exyioide of ine and hydride of ethyl; thus (CH!
(ghEt MO) om Hal 200+ BUHL
Ae at i ey
aaah
ALKALGIDS. 15.
‘be ansigned to othor h: which may be obtained ia tho form of
tile or eamphorn-—Glyeerine, CHO in perbaps CHOSE and
oe Oso", elemento may i eh
:
Lastly, the same ty to inelede theee
sic ion more oer of tha sharaar of 3 wade Thee
eaisistag or 3 AE cisropea te tock; ual aay fon lve commies ta tae
rd i ot nin tf "fhe nucleus, in
us soveral it
and tho etror acide with nuclei free fro a0, on the other
ae css ab Talted with mltropen-a =: wuelei forms beh
view carried
hath typey bel wilt agar to any ls 3e
‘this a wi r Mt ie
Pais for ero ummplots dctormivation tht cant oa, for tie
it
the
aA ). Whatever probability, however, this may
Fee Ms allowed to intsduoe In Sle plac tke goutontan ot
‘i
ALKALOIDS,
Organic ata Tipe Alkatin, Basen, Atkaloile, Base
‘Memoirs, which troat of sovoral Alkaloids together:
‘Sxapitas—Todates and Chlorntes of the Alkaloids, Ann. Ohim. Phys.
274.
a of Todine, Ann. Ohim, Phys. 83, 104; aloo J. pre
‘Chen, V1, 287.—Action of Chlorine. 7. Pharm, £4, 153; aleo J. pr.
Chem. 14, 180.
Reoyavir—Campeen. nn. Chim. Phys 6 195 nto dn, Pharm,
Leama, ition. Ann, Pharm. 26, 41.
iat dt Sie Th
(-—Organie Bases in Bone-oil. Trans. Boy.
Phil. Mag. J. 2, 174; Ann, Pharm, 70, 32; J. pr. Chem.
aresesqgee 3533 258
eee GEL 1 dint
: ailun iiyea He ae
tes sale Hy IEE HH
eH! nu Be BAL age
ae PP EEE pcre] } 5
(yas
oe
ee
ERE
hr
8:
Hef Ha: :
eae
ie
Fi | uk
i i Le
alt
Ss
al
ae
es ; ue ij
3 Hi 1s
ea
eed RELA TE ata
Hg aly PETG iat i a Bey
ae ae H | Hay
; qe, wh i iii ETE H if rH Tt a d
it ae it Le : a) ts Hes
id
i
#
iE
ai
5
I
‘compared of
i
melt 1 He H
ee ih
Gad ald ita | Hi Hal
ce Hee i
FP pasa fil sh He fl
Hae iE yl lee jit
a ile ts
oe iE He se
oF ay isd H 4
: i eg Ss Ba
i.
_ ile
225
z 22355
i
i
i
Bgsesdsesese
Bseuerensay
messenaga
Sadunscace <=
orennserere
Brancsennse &
Pees Lb
5 a
NHAN
Halal
fy Weald
als ful euluniil
_&
3
i!
2 He
Tea
uUnHG
197
a
=o
aco tin
=
aie
bat the.
Abow fase
cis re eoloura. | Thay
‘© sualler umber 0
atoms among
itrio acid.
nitrogen
buses, the combination
other sells with nitele
‘us indeed of all others, eon
tai aa ad
replaced
nin (pp. 1
ed by
bio cd’ charter.” Whon an
ia, ts boiled with
auc is oprod
‘complete neutralization of the proparties
iol otedinligeatacae
ORGANIC ACIDS.
Tactic,
of axygun-%
ages
‘the animal
lie,
:
character ix
voli
ie
vibasic acid
of ax
itro-aei’
foe!
‘the action of ammonis
with wali
fad an ie ory
y
formed by
in oY
HHET Hin
sip (RPL
i IE
lee ne dies
jucod t
mon
monobasic, and exhibit but
adi,
in their
ch
ee
with more or lows;
rin
amidated
Wi
TAL
and
i
iat “34
a
ORGANIC ACIDS. 208.
Tho two last-mentioned acids form st present an exception to the rule
that monobasic acids contain 40 oxternal to tho nucleus; similarly with
eenanthic acid = C“H*O?,
2. Monobasic Acids with Ozygen-nucleus.
3
aooane
cae ‘Keane
awe wewng®
“
M10
In this list also, Acide slilbereux with ita 60 forms an exception to the
‘general law,
preeeerres
¢. Monobasic Acids with Chlorine. or Bromine-nucleus,
Boron ac
Bromosaliylc aid.
Bibromoualeyic aid,
Bromunide sad,
‘Chloronaphthalic acid.
d, Monobasic Acids with Aro-, Amidogen-, or Nitro-nucleus,
‘Nucleus.
(C HCN 0)
3 4
aannneo
°
2 Aspartic acid (9.
a {Aira aat
16 é
4 fe
2
rr
2%
rr
u
16
8
Taatinie acid.
1
1
1
1 CHAGOO, Oxamic acid.
1 2 4 = CBHAACHO#Ot, Chloranilam.
2 = SaPALO,” " Bensamicait
1
1
1
1
16 = CHHEX?,0%
4 = Ox,
4 = CHHEXO204,
‘Styphnic acid = Oxypicric acid.
Nitrobensoic acid.
4
6
6
4
4. Monobasic Acid of an Artenic-nucleus.
C'H*AsO* or C'H*ArOt, Cacodylic acid.
B. Brpastc Acips.
a. With Ozygen-nucleus.
‘OROANIC ACIDS.
205
Etameaat Gm tsk arcane dcoeeaal pedo wear meter ee
‘On the other hand, many of : 0
sion eve ca cata ee az
Seagate ree ik 0) le a
id,
of fo orp deta, “urtarin and uso ui, CERO, whe
‘other products, a ie —
‘pyrotartaric iPorinor(— soko" *— 4H0),
Phthalic acid, C*HVOF, distilled with oxcoes of ling, is rosolved into
4CO# and benzo), OPH,
Terbasie acids when. to dey distitfation exhibit similar rear
a i, n
tiona —Terbuste eases a,
im the form i ibaa monobaaio peibee | ay chloro eh ing
oie ‘Thich Wn also terbuse; this, homerer,
is ose athe yd
ORGANIC ACIDS,
Ege ig el tnt
only YA of oxo ones
ae Iwate eral cireaies
foriaulo, acconling to the Veotinraay a irilioetr
Rd pa cic oes pros Sse Son" of Ba tee
fe rcermarnttiery, Soc oF ke sepantie ural yale semiee oe
eaten ees eaneee
mea
Re HO ty" onother oa” Thus artnio of gota, tod moda
‘Bas tome wey se ai ompoonde valle
Rae ase convene one
rl ba foie espe nbn potion ot tho work,
[A terse uid exitite comepondiog faa te
aay
fit
eae
HE
Fat
Le
hil
EE
ae stent Seay
Sale eee hae Nees ial tig torbanio
seating bro oe cee ‘motals, although torbasio aid
acai esle ate ey much as the grey oxide of mercury,
Se nre ‘comport themselves with coganie seid in ome manner a8
which have the formula MO, fo
or Hs0,0'H00". Tn thie some ata
EE etd
edi ea 3 At, of oxygen to 1 or 2At.
of met exit ierent to organic acids,
‘Uraniec oxide, U°O%, in combining with ncetic acid, expula } At water,
‘and forme tho aubydrous ealt CH ‘or DO\CHPOS The drat
formals does not nocord with Poligot’s view, that uranyl=U0" ta to bo
‘regarded as a metalloldal (LV. 100)—In the
luranie oxide with tartaric acid, no water is expelled; for tho salt dried
at 200° is componed of LUO CHO. Similarly with oxalic acid, Tn
be
a
ant a3
aie |
after the
| Ht Bie
fl He
an ae
ce a
d
on fe from
Cterennterned
S
fea
Ra uiae
wae
34
sae beset
cob anand oy the
conrth
‘ETHENS OF THE THIRD CLASS.
# solution of potash
‘ae (the ether)
acid with an
ded by
boat al
moment of
alo
i ih Ln
when
ot an ether,
eats
imolved
rise es
Hel
do not,
apeanaseeigaa S40Hid Gti
Te
He Spunk i i HG
Faget ie al
HUB pill:
Heian Bata a
ies Rarag
Hei lieul | af iia Baga
He dea
da que! yg
cURL Al
only Higuida; a
raeres
third clase are general);
"Thoy yoltiine without
‘ilies heavier shan waler} and they aze hi
a
se
Bi
Be
En
at
i
te
:
ETHERS OF THR THIRD CLASS. alo
CHHO,S0" == CHH'SO%, Sulphurous ether.
CHHtO,NO? = CHINO, Nitrous ether. .
CtH*O,NO = CHINO’, Nitric ether.
SCHO, BIO? = CH*SIO; C1HI0,S(0!= 04 3; and CHO, 2810" = C1H'SPO?,
‘Three kinds of silicic ether,
2, With Organic Acids,
Alcohol-residue, Acid-resdue. Compound Ether.
CHaO+CHOO= CH CLO
45 1° 21 3 6 6 4 Pormicether,
45 1 2 183 6814
4321 21 3 6 4 2 4} Modited by chlorine,
4°51 2 18 6.64
45 1 43 3 88” 4 Aceticether,
4321 63 3 8624
43,2 4,53 S884
4231 43 8534 ‘i a
4141 43 3 4 4 4} Modifications containing
4 si 43 3 3854 PS
4 51 4818 a6 4
4 51 4128 174
4 51 4 33 8 8 4 = CICKO?=Chloraldehyde.
45 1 63° 3 108” 4 Aeplicetder,
45 1 65 5 1010 6 Ladicetber
450 1 87 3 1212 4 Butyeo ether
45 1 8 5 2.3 1210 2 4 Chlorobutyrc ether,
45 1 103 5 8” 6 Pyromucecther.
45 1 109 3 1414 4 Valerianle other,
45 1 12M 8 1616 4 Capote ether.
45 1 M5 8 1810 4 Bensole ether
45 1 M5 5 1810 6 Balicylcether,
45 1 4X5 18 9 x 6 Indigotcter.
45 1 M413” 3 1818 4 Ginamthylic ether.
45 1 167 5 2012 6 Anisiceluer,
45 1 16 6 Br S 2011 Br 6 Bromanisic ether.
45 1 16 6 CLS 20.11 Cl & Chloransic ether.
45 1 16 6X5 2011 X 6 Nitraasiccther.
45 1 1615 3 2020” 4 Capmplicether.
45 1 W7 3 2212 4 Cinnamic ether
45 1 18 6X3 211 X 4 Nierocinnami ether.
45 1 189° 7 314 B Veruticcther,
45 1 20.9 9 2414 10 Opianic ether,
45 1 3231 33 3636 4 Palmiticether.
45 1 M3 "3 3838 4 Margarcether,
45 1 3633 3 4038 4 Elaidioethers
ei 2 4 6 8 Oxalic ether,
w2 4 6 Chlorosale ether,
R10 2 a2 6 8 Pumaricether.
si 2 84 6 8 Succinicether.
2 8136 6
2 06 6 3
2 28 6 8
2 128 6
2 6a 6 8
2 9M 6 8 Camphorie ether,
2 mu 6 8 Chlorocainphoric ether.
2 216 6 8 Schacio ether,
12:15 30 123 9 2418 12 Aconitic ethers.
11S 312 S24 2014 Citric ether. Another
contains 1HO more,
Os the ede 2 At exsle acd with
> Rede pe oo) 2At ammonia, yiekl 4At
CHO + MP = tho + CHO.
Bat if ealy 1 At alcobel acts upon 1 At. oxalic acid, the produnts:
At water and 1 At asalevinie asl: i
He = 2HO ~ CHOCO.
duets are
Ie cow we spree 1 At. cxalie acid to be acted om by 1 At, ammonia
and 1 At alcohol. 4 At water wil be ceyarmted and 1 Af. of an amethane
pretsonl:
HW — @H'O! — (HO = CHENG’,
proceed by trating an etber of the thin
class with swall qua reacoia. £0 as to eliminate only balf the
Movtol: if a larger quaczity cf ammcnia le used, the ether may be com
Netely transformed inte ap amide,
Ths 1 At. exalic ether with 1 At. ammonia forms oxamethane and
aleshol:
ee =
Amethanes are
2010.0 = NE = C
OOF + CHO,
But if another atom of ammonia be added, oxamide
second atom of alookel is eliminated:
CHEN.CO = NEP
formed, and a
CHINO! + CHO,
‘This amethane may be regarded in various wayss—a, Ae a hall
® Jdogen- and half ether-compound of oxalic acid (or, what comes to the
‘Oxamethono
‘4, According to Gerhardt, this
Sieh Cif anon
4
to oxalic acid, and other aloohols also like
‘tha sino acid,
‘To th cas of anethunee inony th following componnie ford
feom wood-spitit, OPH'0%, alcohol, CHO and farebeil, C*H"O%
CIPRO = CHAD, COK =
CHO, ‘Ovamethane.
SSE Bea taiok Cae
d. Copulated Acids, Copulated Salts,
ae Pe om vie, nuclei in bo, yee i com=
= GIHPAG.ICO? = CHBO,CH
“ it Vilerwntade “i [80's suiphovinate of
. oJ ere noe BREN Foy ©
a eeu si stance from which, the
4 mi “py ee there
Benne
Gueepaei
with 1 At,
Hart be alte Be eg
ag Bier ards
if ‘i paliieg
He if a au ae
bie
a
ea a ae
i
er ret pet j Si eapecgs
te i su is i a ae
SHB HP aa uni
“ap. gr. 0°81
a
GLYCERIDRS. 245
tare of the second, solidifies ; melts at the temperature of tho third
(about 69°), and then solidifies only when the temperature has fallen below
all three. After solidifying at thie point, it may be mado to melt, again
‘at the first, second, and third melting ints respectively, solidifying
as before, below all three ; and these changes reproducible. in this
succession to any extent, without the slightest loss or gain of weight,
‘As the stearine approaches to purity (by repeated crystallization from
ther), the interval between the Bret and socond meltag points dimin-
shes ; honco it is probable that perfectly pure stoarin® (which has never
‘ot been obtained) would exhibit only two melting points, thoee, namely,
‘Which are here called the first and third.
‘The three modifications also difer in donity, the fret being lighter,
the second and third heavier than water} at 15°, the density of the fret ia
0-9867, of the second 1-0101, of the third 1-0178. ‘hese numbers
apply to mutton-stearin crystallized 32 times from other, and having it
third melting point at 69-7".
Similar modifications are exhibited by other glycorides, vir., stearin
from beef- fan glycorin-fat from a kind of vogetable tallow (the history
of which is not exactly known), palmitin and margarin. Tho following
table exhibits the melting points of theo fats:
Palmitin from palm-oil
‘Margarin from butter
‘Margarin (2) from human,
The proj
not to bal
hibited by stearic or cerotic ether, cerotin, cerotene, Chinese wax or
paraffin.
* The purest stearin which Dufly obtained hed been crystallized 32 times from
ther, and smouated to only 8 grammes from 2 Klogrammes of the cre fay tal,
hhoweter, appeared to be not quite pure; for the residue af the mother-liguid differed in
‘melting point by 2° from that which crystallized out.
jit i Hel
-besined by beinzing olefiant
terior. three isomeric varieties of CH! to
ion. dun Pharm, 33, 183,)—Ba,
1 260
4. Oil of vitriol dogs net ateorb margh-cas : bat anhydrous sulpbarie
acid decomposes it. with formation of water and sulphurous ant
‘of chamal (A JP 36 ;also J. pr. %
i \bsorbs z's of its volume of marsh-gas, (Daltoo.)
Si: Hkew'se Sbeorb it im small quantitye ©
Methylic Ether or Methylether. CHO = CH}HO.
nd Puligot (Ann. Chim. Phys. 58. 19)—
Methylendither, Methylaryd.
Metiyléne. (Dumas and Pi
Disguyerst by Pum:
Oxide Me
Formation. By heating woest-spirit, CoH40% with oil of vitriol (Dam.
41), or with excess of pulverized anbydrous borax (Ebelmen, ¥. 49%
gm. Phys. 16, 138).
,
ie
3 i i lene
7 :
ene
ease aa
H i :
a
Ce
ie ae a
ee
F080 Or
Pig
We
ae uy Bos 5 itt;
FE a
dw Mus, CHist. Nat. 1, 333; abo
15, 470.
1, 107; 72, 200—
4, 186, and 53, 145.—
Gobel. Detereizer,
relations of this acid.
Sours. In ants. ‘ally in Formica rufa, but not in the eges—
4 Acconiing to Fi (Eroricy's Netizen, 7, 141; Jadkresber. Le &.
? 1S47-S, 548), the active deleterious principle in caterpillars, especially
ne ee
posers
Fant)
s
a Hee f :
- ce ]
i iB
iad
ae
me whatly Sell
3
8H
ea
‘a H!
=
i
Es:
PT
Hil
beta A
oa
eohol and
the formals, CHKO'4 C4
acid
ey plbaiy
fred. in w argo quan
Antytrow.
Epa
HELGE
2
a3
‘The malt
tained 2-6
i
Tt ie
pro
_atrong:
sopreseatod by he tanta
Tho
water,
the neutral ealt. in
Forms ill-defined
wes
Gb. ded ee
init ‘base. Pies
i al
ie da
ving
‘mace.
Neds Ter eoeeret
to thooo of tho corresponding potash-mlt,
BZ ae 4073
ug" aro bags
eal
formic
‘this calt
a
ila a
TE is
Ht ae
uy
Had
Hie
on the two acute
fer ten
of
in aleobol,
" oe re erm 106 = 2
Cuno. 136 — 100-00
sy et ES eke ane Shes HTT so
Chlow-Holsither, Chor-Formiither, Bther methytique monockloruré
Mi Ftviol,
ea is pel igh tr gn hh Ft
then
of calcium: and tube
Ripouieateltarian tre bead wcioordy
4
talnnting below in as open neck Tato the other flare fa woo towered
tube with» terrow neck, swaaked with
by oil of vil in is of the tabos
By which the pasta oator tho globe roast bo placed as fer ae possiblesfeven
otra he gay ay nt oe il they have boon
Sli with ao thr gu tener a th nn hor
Teles piplot of pleat wil oon spirit pee
neck of the globe int an py moe
wl ie with « funnel in ite mouth, at some ;
ti botile mail ve enrvel--The glo ie upon to gli, but
ueved.—1 to
otto direct nating,"-An hour often capac befor
het upon each other; bal condensation oa place
‘with copious 6rélation of hydrocblarie acid. gha "The gases should Bow
nto tho globo with modorate rapidity, and ia equivalent 1
the globo exhibits « low tint from excess of ehloris supply of
ye ‘occlarnted, lect w cousideroble quaatity of
the explosive mixture should accumulate in the globe, and produce an
5 bat paral taut be 440 as t0 intorrupt
‘the stream of that gue till yellow colour removed by a
modorute supply of tho methyl-othor gus, But, in spite of very pro:
caution, nn exo of the m coven if it doce not caine 90
xin, wil wotnee ombortion,attonded with sed light
deposition of carbon; in that: eater he eee
ie stopped fil the appuratun haw he Viquid collected. in the
4.105%, and sang be ‘without "Vaponrdonstg,
8008. Has a suffocating odonr, and excites tours, just like phosgene—
oats Syieal caer. hy Ge hater aaiee etna ek
lke fi" convened tito CHENO, an aimaely two OPO.
* Vol. hee
mess eS Be Se eS eS sie
eters meet aed Oops dS tae
EHECIO STH. 10000 10000 1. $908
VOR Fite oy
J, Pharm.
Jahraber.
ol
ut
ne Hs E } hy
in dissly
nt
10)
ss
1851, 499.
iy
: = Hit nie f
= & ii ain Bt Fr Ser
sf # 3 (ui E
eu ate aa} Gi
Pie FE ge i a
, Fal \! heseulitit |!
ae iaaie
i EES
ieee
Rourvasaia.
{p. 09)
together
apold
‘SULPHOSOMETHYLIC ACID. 295,
Biborato of Methyl coe.
Eunumex . We in also Ann, Pharws. $7,
Qtr; led Chen or 364. ane
a Zweifashbovansaures Mehyloxyd, Bor Pormeter B; Perborate we
"Transparent, vitrot axis, which at a wodorala al becomes soft
dips deat ont tate thosioy 0 qeeslipt coabedie tg Sao
Pa Ee esa coos ei Water desaapeiec' italy
: . oo — Wat
‘vith great rae of temperature, produsing woodsplst and bornale old,”
‘Kbelmen,
1296
acid, Mahyluntershugftture (Kolbe); Acide
ujafemiqne (eaten); Aetienstipe eaeet (Goma.
nated ails, iy He Relea toe Chane Paes teraTis coe ik
Hr a0) crartion| of hla ood. ono lainataly cometead wiih fas
CHO", aoid
i a
face
3
8 ite
il
rite a5 1 : Bey
et ie tate a
TT
I
a ihe
wa |
fel aa Hn
raat na ia ape HES
tho sod: tarve beown sad: boglan to desompore.—It la uot
roconrosed. Ina OHNCISO" or ‘by exposure to dhe aan 4a
ACK, 303
‘Tho acid sustains without decomposition » tempernture of 140"; at a
stronger heat, it emits dense, white, and leaves a of
charcoal. It’ ix not doco c
ee smpored by nit pres feeling creat
tho two salts: CCPIZNO", 280", and C*CHPZAO», 280%, The ‘quantity
of Srdogen
0 is f ;
fortation extonly b affect hy sleetei ation (p< 207)- Tho mode of
‘ffucted by:
CCPINO!,280" + 2Zn = ZnCl + CCHZaO,280%,
‘The acid deliquesoes in the wir.
soluble metallic chlorides, and with bases it forms ealta
all of which are soluble in water,
‘als
i a (ein tn ait. When
above 807 {tires of carbonic exis, casbonls acl patio
fol ltr nd Taos ete of cd Soa
CCPHKO%280 = KCL + C + CO + HCl + 2804,
‘Tho carbonic oxide is probably formed by the action of the red-hot
charcoal fn the residue on the earbouic acid. ‘The salt dissolves
3
a g
é
aE
i
if
CHPOS0* + CHKO! = CHPO,CHO* + KO,50%
With bentoate of potash: benzoate of methyl, (Dumas & Péligot)
Sulphomethylic Acid. GH‘0',280"
‘Dumas & Pétsaor. Ann. Chim. 58, 34,
Kaxe, Phil. Mag. J. 7, 3975 also J. pr, Chem 7, 00,
MethyLachwrfelsivure, Acide uulphomethytique, Dieulphate de methylene.
‘When 1 of wood-apirit ix mixed with 2 ‘oil of vitriol, the
Dat, evel i San fo tedhw oe fran of tena It
a
Hi
u
E
ft
z
ii
£.
F
E
{iH
a
i
i
i
ru
We
ii
i
u
Ht
a
FE
I :
I
i
|
-: |
tables Raving a rweet taste, Thy
opens Barer & the bot more:
ee, crac of 102, — seater, When b
CHBOESO — 4; _ 1S 16000. 100-00 100-00
Limeesls —Azhydroas cetchedrons, very deliquescent. (Kane.)
Crpstatiiced.
0 ae ae
2805 le
cw0 3
CHNAOE2S0" 131
Cranis salt— Formed by precipitating sulphomethylate of baryta by
1. At. uranic sulphate. so that the filtrate may not exhibit any turbidity
either with sulphuric acid or with a baryta-calt, and leaving it to
alah vacun: | The residual seven, ati the lapen of wctoral mao
elds crystals which are very deliquescent, and must be dried, fra
Paper, and thea in vacuo. (Péligot, ¥. dan, Chim. Phys 1%
J. pr. Chem. 35, 152.)
307
EAD ODOISOS + Ag 386
= WloysO" + CHO, + Ag.
Lead-salt—Generally crystallizes in long prisms; sometimes also in
fables, which porhape contain 2 At, water, asily docompoeed by heat
into sulphate of lead and sulphate of methyl. The prisms, when dri
over oil of vitriol, give off 1 At. water. (Ke
baryiaaalt above, described, there oxsta also another
it, and called Isomeric sulphomethylate of baryla, Accord
ing to Dumas & Péligot (Ann, Chim, Phys. 61, 199), this alt is obtained
bby passing the vapour of anhydrous ealphuric acid into anhydrous wood
init diluting the liquid with water, saturating with baryts-water, pro-
cipitsting the excess of baryta by passing carbonic acid into the liquid,
‘and leaving the filtrate to évaporate at ordinary temperatures,
‘Very long, thin prisms, apparently rhombio.
Dried in vacuo.
66 670
400
120 695
30 15
80
(HBO 280" - 1196
Sulphamethylane. C'HAd,250*
Domas & Péizaor (1838). Ann. Chim, Phys. 58, 59; also Ann. Pharm.
18, 45.
Schuvefel-Formamester.
Formed by adding methylic sulphate to aqueous ammonia, gradually
and with agitation, beoaase the solution is attended with great evolution
of heat, and leaving the solution to evaporate to the erystallising point in
‘vacuo over oil of vitriol (p. 205),
Large, transparent and colourless tables, which are extremely deli-
“quescent, but may be restored to the orystalline form by drying in vacuo,
mas & Péligot).
x
ciat, and is therefore a mixture;
Eccitie whieh emells of hydrocyasie
> ecnsists of methylie formiate; it is nvt till
+ that methylic nitrate passes over in a state,
Lyaid of ep. ce F182 at 20°; boils at 66°, and yields s
vapoer wkcee Gessiy is 2640, Has a faint ethereal ‘smell, and i
Petfctly cesiral
vol.
2c. 2
3H 3
io 1
60 30
CHO,NO 2.
A As the analysis dees not agree well with the saleniaton; beset
%ligot consider it possible, though not very probable, that the compoux
uny be CIPO,NO". [Perhape the liquid was contaminated with methyie
nitrite, CH a compotd wot Known in the separate state.)
Methylic nitrate, when sct on fire, burns fiercely and with a yelor
“METRYLAMINE. 313°
~~ These several viows aro exhibited in tho following tablor 4
minus 210:
CHO! + CHO! = 2HO = Cr
| Wh 2 A. of hie cmpouo ar are apo by puta nly At of ho
methylio forminte ix decomposed, and the romaine; C*H"O%—
onbLesnor]
alo be a copulated of 1 At, methyl ad
| eallyeadait © copulated eompoun t. methylie forminte
| nH
| = Methylamine. CHN=CHYHN= ott}:
849).
© 100, 257; 0%
Gf
2. By the action of potash on methyl-urea, CSH*N*0* (Warts):
CHHNFOF + 2(KO,HO) = 2(KO,CO%) + NEP + CHUN,
. Iodide of methylammoninm, H(CH)N,1, or bydriodate of
Tamino, PN HI, is formed, among other , by the
eeetak sete am sc 1 hn Boe J 80)
‘on various
erie i
iu
EL
F
HF
i
Also,
BFEs.
i
a
ae if al
ane tl
38 i 7 2 : Ae
ety a ue all
4 ane 20) ehh
ra HE He indy
ds Ba ret 5 Basis ij
il fh pid PET aHBEL,
jn coe egies)
Ba a eh 1B Hi iii : HL iullbig:
Hila) Gee MeedSH aiaell
a UAH
ila Fil A
318
Warts,
12-32
SAL
50-00
ACHN) PC 1964... 100-00
‘This compound is analogous to Reiset’s first chloride, 2NH’,PrCl (VI.,
‘300).—According to Gerhardt’s notation, it may be regarded as the Hy
drochlorate of Diplatoso-methylamine, N(C'H")Pt, HCl.—W urts’s formula,
oatnys} HCI is scarcely admissible, inasmuch as it implies that
loric acid can act as a bibasic acid.
‘t Diniodo-methylamine. C(WT)N.
Wonrz. ¥. Ann. Chim. Phys. 20, 455.
Formed by the sotion of iodine on the aqueous eolution of mothyla-
mine (p. 315).
Garnet-coloured powder, which dissolves in alcohol, bat sppears to be
decomposed by that liquid,
Warts.
w 412
3 1.87
252 89°57
u
281... 100-00
‘This compound is decomposed by heat, but docs not explode like the
fodide of nitrogen. It is aleo decomposed by potash, with formation of
iodide of potassium, s volatile product having a very penetrating odout,
and a light insoluble residue consisting of » yellow floocalent matter,
not yet examined; Wurts has, however, ascertained that this residue does
sot consist of iodoform. (Wurtz ) .
‘+ Dimethylamine. OH'N =(CH*),H'N =(CH)HN,
‘This compound has been bat little studied. It is formed as a hydrio-
ate (or iodide of gimethyliom) by the action of ammonia on iodide of
meth; 179,321). The hydriodate distilled with caustio potash yields
the im the free state. (Hofmann, Chem. Soc. Qu, J. 4, 322.)
3333
15°56 .
sin
100-00
code of potassiom.
“sUretiy ascertained whether
fa the free state—1. Whea
the air. giving of a white vapour, which com
ie in water; the solution basa.
‘alkaline reacties. The quartity obtained was not sufficient for
2. When an ayteous sulcticn of the indide is subjected to the
‘the electric carrot. iodine and a small quantity of oxygen (from
jou of water) are separated at the positive pole, while at the
ay RHEN agate 3
i le ite cue uy 3
ee ee da
aba pete, Hea
eh , WIRE Nah
fi; (UE nae
SUREH UHH ert ahs
pe ae eat atEA a RRL
Seay ia
i rane Pitta : all
a fi uel li
rp
Ninkte ates:
ZINC-METHYL. 329
‘The names and formule above given to these compounds aro taken
. Chemie, S. 378. Paol Thénard, however,
P*H,PH?
‘Thus, the
PHCHY
No detailed account of these compounds has yot been pul
ed.
T Zino-methyl. CHzn.
Franazanp. Chem, Soc. Qu. J. 2, 29.
Formed by the action of zine on iodide of
methyl is heated with excess of granulated si
crystalline substance is formed, which, when di
‘When iodide of
led tube, a white
evolation of bydroge
which gives no .
‘zine-methy! is highly poisonous, producing shortly after inhalation all the
symptoms of poisoning by zinc. It decomposes water as rapidly as
Potassium, the tmall tube containing a few drope of the liqnid.becomin
red-hot under water; the products of the decomposition are 1 At, oxide of
tine and 1 At, mareh-gas; thas:
CHa + HO = 220 + CH,
Caleulation, according to Frankland.
130
2c
3H
E
On 100-00
Zino-methy! appeare to bo a radical capable of uniting with oxyge
chlorine, &0, (Frankland.) T i . =
eT
; a ae u anh i fd
i a a Hl ce
[igs ae eae
: ae We tal
Lee i ey
ft i ibeal Gu
B a eee inal hil 4] Halt {
g
—
Rreaguisd by Dore eee ite finest at nt ine
Produced by the action of bromine on fodoform (p. 396).
etren 2 canon enemas
bromide of hoa the free bromine
removed
Toft there tll
ie Sleds eet
‘of hydrocarbon, vehioh
leaving it for some time under very”
a of the bromiodoforin
mentionod
‘compound enna
Nine contains chlorine, }—
caaael for it ie not
necessary that the fodino which separates should bo converted into bromide
of iodino; indoad, it ia bottor to xopnrate tho bromiodoform from the iodine
by decantation or by aqueous potosh-solution ; it iv trae that the potash
juces iodate of potash, but thie be removed by careful
with wator and decantation. bro aust then be
freod from the remaining potash solution by nyitati of vitriol,
zo He Inter by mevkecin "paren: ed HOSES ES
ies, Colourloss ol, sol 10° to a brittle,
muse, w) pre eren p en Reo +05 peepee
Very volatile; has a penetrating ethereal odour, and a
it
Chioriodoform. CHLcr,
Oat Phyn, 25, 3145 aloo Shun. 41, 430—Anm. Chine
1, 104,
"28, 65 alto Ann, Pharm. 22, 229, 3
Combinations. soluble in water, to which it imy ina
liquid,
veh er odour. Tt ia miscible with
e Scoodary Nucleus, OBrH.
Bromoform, CHBP=CHBr,Br,
Lowra. Ann. Pharm. 9, 295,
Doman. Ann. Chim. Phys, 50, 120; abstr. Fogg. 31, 654.
Formyliromia, Berbromure de frmyle, [Aeformam) ;
ene one iy Lowigis 1980, Tees Somctbiton wer et rvcopaaasd
by Dumas,
Formation, Ta he econpntin of brows by agar Bae al
(Lowig.)—2. In tho decomposition of :)» aleohol or
See eee fetes eal ak vik hroaan (Cahors
BETO EO cin Besa een atom aimact
wy
(Cahours, 7. Ann. Chis 19, 484)—4. Nearly all
‘robistances, whon distilled with diluted bromine, yield = watery
roontalag in eolaion a small quantity of bromofow. (LOwig,)
Preparation. Bromal is distilled with exces of tho
Ti dol fom th boom ant ne Soa
Tite oil of vitriol, (Los -2. Alechol or wootoue ix le
pal fob Adpesits the watery stratum, ofthe di
=
21H flit
: fi Hee
Bal |
a fiiaecel fislungis
sii iid! cal ieee hati]
ee ae eae Hy Ht
Hit Gi Hi Hl iy ti He ee
Eee
ual ale Hees
. hie a Hl eo
ea ere ar beet Heer
: Hail ile a 2
a een
te
oe
mcr pr
TRRCHLORINATED SULPHOSOMETHYLIC ACID. 361
But Gerlardt (W. J. Pharm. 8,229) maintains, perhaps with
Teason, that its composition ia C>HCE,S'O', and supposes that its forma
taken place according to, the fullowing equation, which, egreoe
with that of Kolbe, excepting that 1 At, less of HCI is separated. The
aqueous or alcoholic solution, after the excess of sulphurous acid has been
removed by evaporation, is inodorous and colourless,
(CCKS0t + 280" + 2HO = CHCPSO* + 280" + HCI.
‘The aqueous or alooholie solution thus obtained is colourless and inodor-
ous, after the excess of sulphurous acid has been expelled by heat.
‘When the solution is exposed to the air, phoagene and sulphurio acid
aro formed by oxidation; so that when spread out upon a surface, it fills the
whole rooin with the suffocating vapours of these two products (Kolbe):
CCHSO! + 40 = 2CC10 + 280%,
‘According to Gerhardt’s formula, hydrochloric acid must be produced at
‘tho same time:
CHCPS?0* + 40 = 2CCIO + 280* + HCl.
Chlorine passod into the aqueous solution reprecipitates Berzcliue &
Mareet'a compound (Kolbe): ore
CICPS*O* + 2Cl = C*CKS04.
According to Gerhardt:
CHCES'O! + 201 = CCFO! + HCL.
Bromine forms « similar precipitate, but containing bromine as well as
chlorine. (Kolbe.) Iodine forms no ‘precipitate. The aquoous solution
boiled with potash, yields the potash-ealt of bichlorinated sulphooo-
methylio acid (Kolbe):
CCFSOt + KO + HO = CHECFS*0*,
Or, according to Gerhurlt:
CHCPS#Ot + 2KO = CHKCFS0* + KCI.
Kolbe this compound, sccording to his formula, C*CI'S'O', as
rulphite of chloride of carton, CCH,280'; Gerhardt, according to the
formula which be assigus to it, viz., CHCH.$*O%, rogards it as CHCH,2S0",
that is to say, as 8 compound of 2 At. sulphurous acid with mareh-
gae in which 3H aro replicod by 3Cl. Gerhardt’s formala may also be
written inthe form CHCLCPO%S'0"; according to which it would be =
compound of hyposulphurous acid with wood-spirit, in which 3H are
replaced by 3Cl.
Terchlorinated Sulphosomethylic Acid, C*cPHO*250%
CHorkohlen-Unterachwdfelsiure (Kolbe), Acide sulfoformique trichloré
(Laurent), Acide métholique trichlorom/uré,
History, Formation, and Preparation (p. 205).
On evaporating the aqueons solution, the acid crystallizes in small
0
i Fil cu
qld 2
aif 4 G2
inh a
HG Hi ee fi RET Se
He cc
; ry sga32 nui Fy FEE yerip. fesse
Fe Ey Hig peut ui she Heal Hine HE Reet
Brnrtsgersh- sts
anil Ha eet
aun
ae pieibiek: ; aa
de THE Hebe Tee
eae Dee
py pgp snes
frie
a eipersoe
costs
—MYDROCTANIG ACID, ol
much as the air in oseaping always carries M
iteand
Si Hep dec pe tee rine ns : ee
and prussian blue by spirting, it must be enol
quantity of carbonate of lime, or F baryta, in an
im of. ipa cid, nad the relied nil a mh eee Tesla
—- ry rapa (Kemmorioh, Br, Arch, 1255 ; Datos
‘astm Arch. 14, 114) is
ovring mode of oondactng the proseer may |
spo fo ing cary rn "fo part of cour es
exami of potion ae into ask, vith cooked
sig ate eames eoaneres nme
ask ius shorter arm, erhich ison ey ing hw br
valpie tho middle, #0 a4 to tho,
the original quantity, and in thin sid is
ee ee Sateen Mend KS
‘Tho following. modifications of the procen:
10. pls, forrooyanie,of potassutn, 270 ail of vitiol und 40
intled il 30 Fan of nallato are ebtined. (Sehenle) If-ne hoot
tyanle’ acid were fot, the datilate shoald by enlouation contain 19-16
wi eerie on da 4 are en
parte of water, ‘ail eee en el
(Givec, Soker. Ann. 2, 997.) Should contain 997 por cont, of b
of nolved in 40 pt, of hot
Saad Pah boc aot heead Gerster oa oak
C J
Geis ite!
{aaa ot ae
rs = E ;
aun
ahd :
Hee aiale au
2% 2 REI oa82 Fis rs
Hey eal
Ullae ra Lae heTh ie
i tel Sieei ses at 3FESe
Halen alight
sae UPSET esa cella stagesit afaeee:
HH Sea en
MYDROCYANIC ACED. 309
she selon cetera oye
Wi ‘Acid—Iu Vauquelin's noid, a fow drops of
1 ferro malt prodvce w deep red colour, :
soudstatt Phesphoneoc nlp aad tlpnatoat pote
‘eyauido of meroury.
|
Eosapour = aTv8. (Gay-tusme)
imppas tn eel rapa
nis coating afte bot herve tue be
ts have eniene pony
Tran es ng nl 4
‘not that of albumen or Bbrin) by
Ay sec Seen eared
hy ghee tad
‘urdy precipitate with nitrate of
Sheets
-WYDROCYANIG ACI, ol |
‘hich iv produced by the action
iad Lome
ONH + 4HO= NIP + CWO! er 4
avid and fuming
GRIT + KO + 3HO = CNKO! + XID
‘Cyanide of potamiiam, boiled in the atate of
(Palocr,
Syeitt pudenda i eis reenact
YOU. Vite ap g
aA Gee Gu eH Tem
eae aul i mall &
Dai ee aie
ae
hha Pate i
He reuee ia i cae Haw re Wu a iH
-"
ee ote ai | ay
Pee
hak bl lely (HH id
le a |
GUT Est 1 EUS nag
be Gaga lat t
gle ese reruiristiiisert
H
é
ehrotmitum i relisolral
se long asia auf yelht
shite fakes of cyasile
How masse by jv
tlanil leaying the yell
+ eur, the ehromidepati
acti cheers Tih Marsh cree aeeqiicy
Hf ehroedani, f b av be syarated by colaiiun >
water. The gel a Vaferate spemtancoualy Ju tte
‘sin depsdie mete of elzwalumy but when mixed witt
a simall qua vee amd then evapwraced, it gives off by
ly secqtieyanide of ebro
Recently previ
eons hydrveyanis aril. On ath
protechluride of uranium. bydn
precipitate formeh. ey
acid. (Ramweltery, Jy
Cornus Orie does not dissulve it
aque cyanide of potassium |
yunie acct is given off, amd a back
fog uf uriness sxide free from hydmveyanie
fa balers 1
white previpitate
sant discus
wnin } Cyanble of potassium forme a yellowish
). tho previpitate has a eplendil
J. (F.& B Rodgers) Tt like
of cyanide of potassium, farming
which vequines a deeper ye
le yelluse
f t “bydrvcyauie cid, Lut reiaine the odour of that acid, (Fe ©
in witrie a
very spar
Ht Hp
a
The Tigi:
vither ferric or fr
chitide of iron, | Kr
wel the eblorine to ae:
hse rhombie prisms
only 2
ay so that,
Sue rem:
and leave a mise
inwater. The =i
tis net precipetated lt
ors
SNE a
Fos +o
ties 16:
Silo
320 18
aa
wed maar tn sol
dle apn Blatant
FERROCYANIDE OF POTASSIUM. 463
+KO0,S0') +(Fe'0%380"), (Fownes, Phil, Mag. J. 24, 21; aleo Ann,
Pharm, 48, 38.) Dobereiner (Schw. 28, 107) ad previously obtained
pure carbonic oxide and a white residue consisting of sulphate of
Ammonia, sulphate of potash, and cyanide of iron. —Thomson obtained
sulphurous acid and a peculiar combustible gas, 3 volumes of which con-
tained 3 vol, carbonic oxide and 1 vol. hydrogen (comp. Berzel
Schw, 30, 57).—Merk (R-pert. 63, 190), by rapidly distilling ferrocy-
‘snide of potassium with oil of vitriol, obtained a distillato containing
small quantities of hydrocyanic and hy:lrosulphocyanic acid, together
with formic acid and a sublimate consisting of aulphite of ammonia
eryetallizod in needles.
2KIFECS? + 3(HO,SO) = SHCy + KFECy? + 3(KO,S0).
But, if the ferrocyanide of potassium is completely decomposed at the
commencement, without tho aid of heat, into ferroprussic acid and potash-
salt, wo must suppose that the forroprussic acid, whon resolved by heat
into hydrocyanie acid and KF*Cy’, again takes up 1 At. potash from the
potash-salt produced:
‘2H*FeCy* + 4(KO,SO%) = SHCy + KFeCy? + HO + 3KO + 4808,
According to calculation, 211-4 parte (1 At.) of crystallized ferrocyanide
of potassium, yield 40°5 Re ay AL.) or 19 p. ¢, of hydroey
100 parts of crystallized ferrocyanide of potassium distilled
12 pts. (24 At.) of oil of vitriol and 20 pts. of water, till 16 pts, hai
passed over, yield a distillate containing 17°58 pts, of anhydrous prussic
jd (=211'4-+37-62); tho sulphuric neid also constantly produces a small
quantity of formic acid. The yellowish white, inodorous, pasty residue,
treated with water, givee ups trace of ferrous eulphate’ and protmbly-
also of sulphato of ammonia] together with the acid sulphate of potash,
The insoluble residuo, which assumes a light blue colour during washing,
oxhibits the characters mentioned by Wackenroder (p. 475)—When
Forrocyanide of potassium is distilled with aqueous phosphoric acid, »
largo portion always remains undecomposed ; but the phosphoric acid does
not give igo to the production of formic acid. According to the Phar-
‘mac. Boruss., 100 parts ferrocyanide of potassium distille 200 pts.
phosphoric ach of ap. gr. 1-18, and 200 pte, alobol till « moist pasty
residue remains, yield only 11-49 pts. of anhydrous prussic acid (=211°4 +
24-29), (Wackenroler, WV. Br, Arch, 2, 3.)
‘A cold mixture of aqueous ferrocyanide of potassium and dilute sul-
phuric acid, begins to assume a turl id appearance at 40°, aud to deposit
& green powdor at 60°, but does not give off hydrocyanic acid till heated
Aormacion of the Vive dep
PERRICYANIDE OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM. 479
Tho crystals decrepitate when heated, acquire a green colour, fuse
with strong decropitation, but are not completely decomposed even by
long-continued iguition, Whon digested for some time with aqua-rogia,
they form a brown solution. This salt, when its powder is hoated with
oil of vitriol, behaves like the corresponding potassium-calt (p. 47),
exhaling a peculiar odour, becoming palo yellow, and then bluish white
and viscid, and finally giving of a large quantity of gas, and leaving &
residue of sulphate of ferric oxide and soda. (Bette.)—The salt deliquesces
in the air (Bette) ; dissolves in 5°3 pts. of cold and 1-25 pts. of boiling
water. The yellow solution exhibits a greenish tinge, stronger in pro-
portion to the degree of concentration, (Kramer.) The salt is ve
sparingly soluble in alcohol (Kramer), but aloohol does not precipitate ft
from the aqueous solution, (Bette)
Crystals dried at 100°, Bette,
BING cnn 09°6 |... 23°23 2273
2 560 1869 18-28,
6 156-0 52-07
2 18-0 6-01
SNuCy,Fe'Cy*+2\q. 299°6 .... 100-00
The water more probably amounts to 3 At,
4 Ferricyanide of Potassium and Sodium.
RON FeCy* = KCyaNaCy Foc = ON'KY CNN ONT =
aK Cy,FotGy: +aNaCy,FetCy*.
‘When » mixture of the ferricyanide of potsssiam and sodium is
solved in water, and the solution abandoned to spontaneous evaporation,
the double ferricyanide is deposited in fine, garnet-coloured, cubic crystals,
These crystals are anhydrous; when gently heated in'a tube, they
decrepitate and crumble to powder, but do not give off any water.—On
fone occasion, the mixed solution deposited large, black-brown, hydrated
erystals having the forin of hexagonal prisms, with angles nearly =120°,
and rounded at the baso; but on redissolving them, the solution yielded
crystals of the cubic sali, ‘Tho hydrated crystals do not givo off their
water at 100°, but at a somewhat higher temperaturo the water escapas,
and the erystals decropitate and crumble to powder, (Laurent, Compt.
mensuels, 1849, 324; abstr. Jahresber. 1849, 291.)
Hydrated. Laurent.
2 BC a MA ne 205
rt 12N 168
4 Fe... M2 165
3K luz S100
3Na. 69 164
12 HO. 148 2165
‘SKCy,3NaCy,2Fe'Cy* 610 +6Aq. 798
According to Laurent’s equivalents, the formula of the anhydrous salt is C'Nfe,KiNad,
fand that ofthe hydrated salt, CN%e, KINA! + Aq. [fe = Ferricum =}. 28]. 4
Tirunt Vy incon pars presse bse with milk of lime act #1
expoeae Uae Lome tp che az til the free lime is precipitate! 2
frm f arinnas. and evaporating. |Ittmer.) The crraps =
days eyaas viet s few days. (Berzelins, Schue. 30, é
Largs jae vellow rhombie prisms truneated at the obtuse <=
(erwin, Piaveoed rhumbe prema with a few acuminsnord
Wi: w= 139" nearly. (Bonen, Fogg 36, 416:) They have 33
iter aate, AL 40, they give Off 30°61 per cont (1
7, withuut falling to picces, aul ata higher temperature tber |
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(+ Te the Leet Acme Report aBcnion ie meade to a desive witch
Ret bees capremed by several Members of the Society thats
of Chemical aad P:
ment Eas sutnequen‘ly been made with the author which has
move i ficulty the Couneil had previously felt, and it is row
A that Paortssom BiscHor shall rewrite the work for the
Society in a more condensed form, and at the same time intmdice
facts and views as he may have acquired from recent
servations. The preparation of this work is now in progres
the first volume will be supplied to the Members in the course «f
such ni
the present ye
“The Organie part of Gare
also being prepared for publication.
‘Hand-book of Chemistry’ i
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‘t
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It was moved by Mz. Wizu1aw Basticx, seconded by Mu.
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