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HANDBOOK 


CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


MGooijIt: 


WORKS  OF  RICHARD  T.  DANA 
Handbook  of  Co\stbuction  Eqi'ipment 
Handbook  oi.'  ConaTKUCTtoN  Pi: ant 
Cost  Analysis  Exoinbebing 

By  GILLETTK  &.  DANA 
Mechanical  &  Electbicai  Cost  Daia 

A  handbook 
Cost'  Keeping  and  Mabaoement  Ehoiwbebino 
ConaxBUCTTON  Cost  Ki3:ping  and  Management 

By  DANA  &  SAUNDERS 
Hock  Dbillino 

By  DANA  A  TRIMBLE 
The  Tbackman's  Hij.peb 


MGootjl>j 


HANDBOOK 

OF 

Construction  Equipment 

ITS  COST  AND  USE 


RICHARD  T.  DANA 

Hem.  Am.  Soc.  C.B.,  Mem.  A.l.M.  it  M.S. 

Member  Yale  Englnetrina  Aut- 
Ottef  Eaginter.  Conttruction  Service  Co. 


McGKAW-HILL  BOOK  COMPANY,  Inc. 

NEW  YORK:  370  SEVENTH  AVENUE 

LONDON:  6  ft  S  BOUVERIE  ST..  E.  C  4 

1921 

.r,(K><(ic 


CorrRiom,  1981,  btthe 
HcGRAW-HlLL  BOOK  CO.,  Inc. 


MGootjl>j 


PREFACE 

ThU  book  U  presented  in  lieu  of  a  new  edition  of  the  "  Hand- 
book of  Conatructiod  Plant "  which  was  published  in  1914.  Three 
paragraphs  in  the  pr^ace  of  that  iMok  outlined  the  plan  of  the 
vorlc  in  the  following  terms; 

"  My  principal  reason  for  thinking  that  these  notes  would  be 
useful  to  others  is  that  I  found  them  all  but  indispensaJile  in 
m;  own  practice,  and  not  available  in  other  form.  My  justifica- 
tion for  the  alphabetical  method  of  claasification  is  that  this 
scheme  admits  of  more  rapid  service  on  my  desk  tiian  any  other 
and  I  have  attempted  to  eapplement  this  arrangement  by  a  very 
full  index.  For  encouragemeait  in  this  plan  of  procedure  I  am 
indebted  to  many  .of  my  engineering  friends,  who  have  aided  by 
suggestions  and  useful  criticisms. 

"  Finally,  the  keynote  of  the  book  has  been  practical  utility  to 
the  man  who  has  to  buy,  sell  or  use  construction  pltmt,  or  who 
needs  to  know  what  can  be  done  with  it.  The  existing  facts  in 
the  shortest  time  on  the  reader's  part,  rather  thsji  interesting 
theory  and  clever  comparisons  have  been  kept  most  in  mind.  Be- 
cause of  this,  a  large  wealth  of  material  that  would  probably  be 
of  intense  interest  to  the  economist  and  the  engineering  student 
has  been  put  aside  for  publication  some  time  later  if  it  seem  de- 
sirable, but  for  which  there  is  no  space  in  this  volUBie,  which  Wa 
grown  to  just  double  the  size  originally  planned  for  it. 

"  A  more  general  idea  of  the  scope  of  tlie  work,  its  field  and  its 
limitations  may  be  found  in  the  introductory  chapter  which  fol- 
lows the  preface.'' 

The  trend  of  evolution  in  construction  equipment  is  toward 
simplification  in  the  design  of  each  individual  machine,  and  a  more 
specific  adaptation  of  such  design  to  special  uses.  Consequently, 
the  number  of  types  of  equipment  is  growing  year  by  year,  and 
each  type,  for  its  particular  use,  is  more  efficient  than  its  prede- 
cessor. Wherefore,  it  behooves  anyone  having  to  do  with  con- 
struction equipment  to  be  up-to-date  in  knowledge  of  what  is  avail- 
able in  the  line  of  equipment,  trtiat  it  costs,  and  how  to  use  it. 

The  prices  have  been  revised  as  of  1920.  A  considerable  amount 
of  the  old  material  which  experience  in  estimating  has  shown  to 
be  of  less  than  the  average  utility  has  been  dropped  from  the  book 
altc^tfaer.  Mid  about  twicejierauch  material  as  made  up  the  old 


PREFACE 

book  has  been,  added  to  make  the  "  Handbook  of  ConBtmction 
Equipment "  about  tliree  times  as  large  in  content,  while  only 
slightly  more  bulliy  in  volume,  than  the  "  Handbook  of  Construe- 
tion  Plant." 

The  reader  is  very  particularly  rafwred  to  the  introductory 
chapter  which  ehould  be  read  by  every  engineer  and  contractor 
who  buys  the  book,  because  in  this  chapter  have  been  carefully 
brotight  together  a  number  of  bint«  and  suggestimis  aa  to  the  use 
of  the  material  for  the  purpdeea  of  the  estimator.  In  a  book 
such  as  this,  containing  a  great  many  prices,  the  qDCstion  is  con- 
tinually being  aeked ;  "Are  the  pricei  up  to  date;  and,  if  not, 
what  factors  should  be  applied  to  make  them  sot"  The  data 
of  this  book  are  so  fully  given  that  the  reader  can  readilj'  make 
the  necessary  adjustments  to  fit  the  condltirais  of  his  kicality 
and  time  if  he  will  study  carefullj'  this  chapter,  entitled:  "Gen- 
eral Principles  Applying  to  Equipment"  Errors  in  eetimatiiig  are 
generally  due  to  one  or  more,  tisually  more,  of  the  following 
causes,  viz: — 

{ 1 )   Failure  (o  visualize  the  conditions  of  the  work. 

(2)  Failure  to  correctly  gauge  the  trend  of  prices. 

(3)  The  inadvertent  omission  of  Hems  because  of  incomplete 

(4)  Altorations  in  design  after  the  estimate  has  been  made, 

under  the  assumption  that  the  estimate  provides  enough 
leewa;  to  cover  them. 

(G)    Blunders  in  computation. 

(6)  Chance  or  accident,  which  cannot  be  altogether  provided 
'       against  by  insurance. 

(7 1  Erroneous  information  as  to  conditions,  such  ae  the  work- 
ing capacity  of  equipment. 

(5)  Bias,  or  the  unconscious  leaning  due  to  an  effort  to  make 

the  estimate  come  to  a  certain  figure. 

It  is  believed  that  if  the  general  principles  of  the  chapter  re- 
ferred to  be  kept  in  mind  the  present  volume,  with  its  larger 
scope,  will  be  more  effective  even  than  its  predecessm  in  helping 
to  remove  the  difficulties  suggested  by  the  above  list  of  causes. 
If  this  be  accomplished  the  author's  hopes  will  be  more  than 
satisfied. 

My  sincerest  acknowledgements  are  due  to  Mr.  J.  6.  Breaznell 
of  the  Construction  Service  Company  for  his  painstaking  and 
most  excellent  work  in  checking  over  prices,  reducing  them  to  & 
1920  basis,  and  in  gathering  together  a  vast  quantity  of  this 
material. 

RicuAU)  T.  Dan/ 

15  William  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


General  Pbinciples  Applying  to  Equipmeni  ....  1 
Substitution  of  e(tuipm«nt  for  hand  labor — Varia- 
tion of  equipment  prices  and  labor  eo*te — Index  prices 
of  wholesale  commoditieii — Effect  of  war  on  prices — 
Uee  of  co«t  data — Depreciation  of  eqiiipmcBt— Method 
of  figuring  coett  and  conditMne  governing  the  proper 
selection  of  equipment — Object  of  the  book. 

AlK   COKTSESSOBS 11 

General  use  of  air  compressors — 'Air  c«nBiiinptio:i  of 
drills — Compre«»ed  air  plant  for  contractin«r — Types 
of  air  compreBsoTH — Cunt  of  compressor  installation — 
AuxiHary  machinery  tor  compreeaor  plant — PorWjle 
air  compressors — Care  of  compreeaors — Transmiasion 
of  compressed  air. 

Asbestos ...     38 

Asbestos  building  felt,  board,  wood  and  cement. 

Asphalt  Plants 39 

Portable  asplialt  plaJita — Coat  of  laying  asphalt — 
Municipal  repair  plants — Asphalt  paving  and  repairing 
equipment — Asphalt  tools. 

AUTOMOBILEa  ■    .       411 

Passenger  cars,  depreciation  and  cost  of  maintaining. 

BACKriLLLxo  Machines .     .     .     -"il 

Dragline  hackfllling  maphines — rBackfllling  wagons — 
BBekfllling  with  a  road  roller. 

Bab  Cuttbhb .'i(i 

Manufactured  and  home  made, 

Baeaes  asd  Scowh   ,     , ~i7 

Types  of  barges — Cost  new  and  maintenance  costB 
of  barges — Steel  barges —Comparison  of  steel,  untreat- 
ed and  treated  wood  barges — Quarter  lioats. 

Barb 70 

Crow,  lining,  claw  and  tamping  bars. 
Belting  tor  VowEtt  Pibposkr 70 

Leaither.  rnhber,  and  canvas  belts — Link  belts.    . 

vil  ■'        '  ^'"^'S'^' 


viii  CONTENTS 

Bending  Machinis 

Bar  and  Btitrup  benders — Bar  crimpers — Angle  bend- 
era — Power  bending  machines — Home-made  devices — 
Pipe  bending  maehines. 

Bins 

Portable  bins — Oravul  screens — Portable  bin*  for 
concrete  aggregates. 

Blacksmith  Shop  Outfit ■...'.. 

Tools  in  outfit  for  general  work. 
BLASTino  Machines  and  Supplies 

Blasting  machines — Thawin?  kettles — Augers^— Caps, 
fuse,  wire,  etc.,  for  blasting — Blasting  mats. 

Blocks       

Metal  and  wooden  blocks  for  wire  and  manila  rope. 

Blue  Pbint  Machines 

Machines,  frames  and  racks  for  blue  prints. 


Types  of  boilers  for  construction  plant — Care  of  boil- 
er8--Boiler  room  tools. 

Bbtck  Rattles 

Buckets 

Types  of  buckets — Bucket  handling  machines — Buck. 

et     excavator — Bucket     dredgeti — Cost     of     operating 

bucket  dredges. 

Buildings 1 

Portable  buildings — Dry  house — Car  camps— Porta- 
ble  bunkhouses — Description   of   construction    camp — 

Metal  garages. 

C.IBT.EWATS 1 

Description,  use  and  cost  of  cableways — Types  of 
carriers — Towers  for  cableways — A  rock  transporting 
cable  way. 

Types  of  dump  cars — Cost  of  handling  earth  on  cars 
— I^pe  of  cars  used  in  concrete  plant — Depreciation 
and  repairs. 

Cahtb 146 

Use  of  carts — Cost  of  handling  earth  with  carts — 
Types  of  carts — A  motor  cart. 


CONTENTS  ix 

Cement  Gun 152 

DescriptioD  and  operation  of  cement  gun — Cost  ol 
cement  gun  work. 

Cement  Testinq  Apparatub 159 

Ohairb leo 

Cost  of  chtuu — Table  of  weights,  etrengtb,  etc,  of 

Chain  Bloces 163 

Types  of  chain,  blocks — Care  of  chain  blockB. 

Chutes 165 

Kinds  and  uses  of  chutes. 

CoNCBffTB  Placing  Bquipxent 167 

Buckets,  hoppers,  chutes  and  equipment  for  gravity 
placing  plants— Comparison  of  steel  and  wooden  towers 
— Description  of  portable  plant — Gravity  plant  on  a 
barge. 

CoRCBETE  Sidewalk  and  Curb  Forms 161 

Forms  and  tools  for  sidewalk  and  curb  work. 

CohVetobs 186 

Belt  conveyors — Equipment  tor  conveyor 
Elevators — Goat  of  operating  conveyors — Portable 
veyors. 

CWJBHEBB  

Types  of  crushers — Portable  rigs — Repairs  to  crush- 
ers—Cost of  crusher  plants — Comparison  of  jaw  and 
gyratory  crushers. 


T^pes  of  derricks — Cost  of  derrick  work — Special 
uses  ot  derriefcs — Cost  of  derrick  repairs. 

DiviHQ  Ol-tpits 249 

Description  of  outflts — Selection  of  diving  apparatus 
— Notes  on  diving. 

Dbao  Scbapeb  ExcAVAToaa  264 

Description  of  excavators— Cost  of  scraper  work — 
T^pes  of  drag  scrapers— Buckets  for  use  with  drag 
scrapers — Cable  way  excavator  a — Tower  excavators — 
Self-contained  madiines  or  draglines — Cost  of  dragline 

Drawing   Boards 282 

r:„i-  j-,G(.K)tjl>J 


UaeiNiEH 

Typea  of  ilre(lgeH--CoBt  of  dredge  excuvfltion — Oper- 
ation ot  V.  S.  Army  diedges — Ladder  dreilgea — Hy- 
draulic dredscB — Selection  and  operation  of  dredging 
equipment. 

Dhills 

Types   of   hand   drills — Electric   air   drills — Cost   of 
diill     repairii— Drill     sharpeners — Submarine    drilla — 
.     Drill  wagons— Chan iielers— Pinion  drills — Chum  driirs 
— Cost  of  drilling — Auger  drills — Wash   boring — Dia- 
mond    drilling— Shot     drills — Sounding     rigs — Sand 

Electbic  Motoks 

Alternating  and  dirMt  current  motors. 
Elevating  Gbadebs    ...         


Types  of  st*am  enginch  for  construction  plant — ^Es- 
timating horse  power — Oasolint  engines — Care  of  gas- 
oline engines  in  free/inj;  leather 

ExFLosiiES  ,373 

Kinds  and  uses  of  ev plosives — F\plo8ives  store 
houses — Maga/  ines 

Fire  Eqlipmfnt  .     ,  380 

Chemical  engines— Extinguishers— Fire  hose  and  tlt- 

FoRGES 383 

FoRKfl 383 

Forms .   384 

Building,  wall  and  foundation,  and  column  forms. 

1  Ketti-es 385 

TyppM  of  furnaces  and  kettles. 

nsfi   Machines 3Ra 

B  of  scrapers  for  grading — Handling  of  earth  by 


rypes 


?l  and  Fresno  scrapers— Hoad  drags — GradOTs— Rull- 
dosing — Spreader   plow» — Shrinkage  of  earth   embank- 


Heatbhh 


O  ravel     heaters — Sand     dryers — Rigs     for     thawing 
■  ground. 


CONTENTS  Ti 

Hoisiina   Enqinbs 433 

Steam  aiid  el«clrie  hoisting  engfnei — Cost  of  operat- 
ing hoista — Gasoline  hoiata — Air  hoist — Traction  pow- 

H018T8 444 

Material  elevators  and  building  hoists. 

HOBSES    XND    MULEB 443 

Coat  of  maintaining  horsea  and  mules — Estimating 
the  cost  of  teaming. 

Hose 457 

Water  and  steam  hose. 

Htdraiiuc  MiNiisa  Giamts '    .     .  459 

Jacks         461 

Hydraulic  and  screw  jacks. 

Lead -    .     .  482 

Lrad,  lead  wool  and  lead  it*— Cost  of  pneumatic 
calking. 

Lktels 465 

Lights 485 

Contractora'  lights  and  t«rchca — PortaJtile  electric 
lighting  plants. 

Locomotive  CnAJtEa -  471 

Types  of  cranes — Tractor  cranes — Auto  cranes — Pile 
driving  attachniNits. 

IxicoMonvEa        477 

Tractive  force  of  locomotives — Types  of  locomotives 
for  conatruction  work — Gaeoline  locomotives—Life  and 
waintainance  costs  of  locomotives. 

MiCHifB  Shop  Outfit 486 

Lathes,  etc.,  for  contra  tors'  shop — Portable  shop 
mounted  on  auto  chKseis — Shop  beatk 

:^lIXERs 493 

Cta^iaes  of  concrete  mixcra — Heating  attachment 
for  millers — Cost  and  repairs  of  mixera — Pleating 
mixer  plant — Pneumatic  miser. 


xii  CONTENTS 

MoTOB  Tbucks SIO 

Formulaa  of  transportation  costs — Bodies  fpr  trucki 
— Uses  of  trucks — Cost  of  truck  operation-— Coat  of 
operating  trucks  and  trailers — Other  costs  of  truck  op- 
eration. 

Paint  Spbatimo  Equipbient '.  S30 

Spraying  outfits — Tests  ot  machines. 

PAOLINB .   fi34 

Photocbaphy S35 

Use  of  photography  in  construction  work. 

Picks  and  Mattocks 636 

PiEB  AND  Foundation  Equipment 637 

Cost  of  erecting  piers  and  foundations. 
Pile  Dbivebb 640 

Types  of  drivers — Cost  of  pile  driving. 
Piling 647 

Cost  of  sheet  and  round  piling — Method  of  pulling 
piling — Types  of  sheet  piling — Concrete  piles. 

Pipe 564 

Pipe — Cost  of  pipe  laying — Equation  of  pipes. 

Pipe  Line  Tools 572 

Plant  Rental  Chabgbs .      .   574 

Bent  of  construction  equipment. 

Plows 584 

Types  of  plows  for  construction  work — Cost  of  rip- 
ping pavement  with  plows. 

Post  Hole  Diooebs 588 

Powee         589 

Comparative  cost  of  gasoline,  steam,  gas  and  elec- ' 
tricity  for  small  powers. 

Pumps 507 

Classification  and  use  of  pumpt — Pnlsometer  pumps 
— Hand  pumps — Pumping  units. 

Bails  and  Tracks         611 

Rail  and  track  supplies — Depreciation  of  track- 
Portable  railways. 


REFSiGEBATitra  Plant 

RlVETINO    GUHB .        .        ,        . 

Road  Makino  Equipmekt 

Equipment  and  coat  of  road  conatructioii  plant. 


l^fpM  of  rolien — Cost  of  msintenHice  and  operatioii 

of  Bteam  rollers — Cost  of  operating  a  gasoline  roller. 

Kinds  of  wire  rope,  dimensions  end  etren^hs — Life 
of  wire  cable-^Directionn  for  splicing — Manila  and 
Bittal  rope~Tensile  atrengtha  of  manila  and  wire  rope 
compared. 

Sand  Blast  Machines 

Cost  of  equipment — Coat  of  sand  blast  trork. 

Band  and  Obatel  Washers 

Savs 

,    Portable    aawa,    woodworkers   and    saw    rigs — Saw 

mills — Outfits  for  cutting  off  piles. 

Portable  and  track  scales. 


Typea  of  Hcarifiera—Cost  of  ripping  pavement  with 

scarifiers. 

SCBXENS  

Sand    and    coal    screens — Home-made  _  wagon    side 


Hand  ahovela — Study  of  shoveling  aa  applied  to  min- 
ing— Steam  ahovela — Reaulta  of  extenaive  study  of 
shovel  work — Gasoline  shovels — ^Electric  ahovels— -Cost 
of  nhorel  work — Erecting  a  ahovel — Derrlek  exeava- 


Stone  and  cableway  skips. 
SLEDBEa  AND  Hamubbs 


Spurkiskb 

Sprinklers  and  road  oiling  machines. 


xiv  C0N1ENT8 

Stohe  Boats 729 

SniMP  PuLLEBS 729 

Types  of  pullers — Cost  of  clearing  land  by  various 
meUiads. 

SuBVEYiNG  AND  Enojneeeinq  Equipmem 741 

Tampebs 742 

Types  of  tampers — Cost  of  machine  and  hand  tamp- 
ing compared — Air  rammers  and  tampers. 

l>XEPiioNBB  AND  Telephone  Lines         74S 

Cost  of  construction  Hervice  line. 

Tents  and  Tent  EqriPMENT 751 

Equipment — Cost  of  framing  and  flooring  tents. 

Ties' ,754 

Number  of  ties  required  for  track — Life  and  cost  of 

Tool  Boses 756 

Tow  Boats 757 

Cost  and  repairs. 

Tbactobs 760 

Steam  tractors — Cost  of  hauling  with  tractors — 
Gas  and  oil  tractors— Comparison  of  traction  engine 
and  the  horse— <^ast  of  hauling  with  team  and  tractor 
engines. 

Tbailebs 767 

Types  of  trailers — Cost  of  operating  trucks  and  trail- 
ers— Trailer  bodies. 


Tbekchinq  Machines    ,.,.... 773 

Types  of  machines — Cost  of  trenching — Methods  em- 
ployed— Sewer  trenching. 

T^iUCKS ■    ....   786 

Timber  and  stone  trucks. 

UifLOADiNG  Machines 787 

Railroad  plows— Cost  of  repairs  to  unloaders — Port- 
able car  unloader. 


CONTENTS  XY 

Waoons 7B1 

Types  of  wagons — Cost  ot  operating  wagons. 

Waqos   Loadebh 7(15 

Types  of  loaders — Loading  plant — Wagon  loaders. 

Wbidino 7B9 

Thermit    and    acytelene    wedding    ontfita — Cost    of 

Wheexbabbowb  804 

Not«s   on   the   wheelbarrow — Contractor's   wheelbar- 

WlITCHES 814 

Appenbhi — Classifibd    List    of    CoNaTBUcrroN    E<juip. 

MENT  MAITOTACTUBras  AND  Deaiiss  815 


MGootjl>j 


MGootjl>j 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION 
EQUIPMENT 

QENEKAL  FSINCIPLES  AfPLTHTG  TO  ESUIPHEIIT 

At  the  time  of  thin  book  tioing  to  press  there  in  a  labor  shortage 
in  the  United  SlafeB,  and  tlie  ratpH  of  wasies  are  hijiher  than  they 
have  ever'i)een  liefore.  Consequently,  there  iu  a  great  deal  of  ron- 
slruction  work  which  eannot  be  done  at  all  except  by  the  exten- 
sive use  of  equipment,  and  there  ih  other  work  for  wliirh  rflpita! 
is  not  obtainable  unless  it  can  be  Hhnwn  thnt  new  nielhuiU  ba<-ed 
on  the  line  of  equipment  in  plaee  of  labor  will  rpxiilt  in  lower  unit 
cohts  than  can  be  hoped  for  by  the  old  methods  under  preM'nt 
conditione,  and  that  we  are  truly  living  in  an  cpo<^h  of  mannfac- 
tured  power  has  been  clpaily  noted  in  the  little  book,  "The  New 
Ejioch,"  by  the  great  George  S   Jlorison. 

Ab  a  transformer  of  energy  into  useful  work  man  is  about  the 
least  economical  machine  in  the  world  Working  at  top  "peed  he 
can  average  in  a  working  day  not  more  than  about  </ih"'  '>^  "'^^ 
mechanical  h.p.  Compare  this  with  tlie  rale  for  electrical  power 
in  any  civilized  community  and  it  in  at  once  apparent  what  an 
overwhelming  advantage  is  derived  economically  liy  reducing  the 
employment  of  human  energy  to  the  abaoiute  minimum  ronaiitent 
with  due  coordination  on  the  work  This  means  the  substitution 
of  equipment  in  place  of  human  labor  wherever  it  is  possible  to 
do  so.  Sloreover.  a  h.p  developed  mechanically  is  very  much 
cheaper  than  a  h.p.  derived  from  teamii  and  guided  by  drivers. 
Tlierefore,  wherever  the  same  work  can  be  done  by  machines  that 
would  otherwise  be  performed  by  horsM  the  former  is  economically 
perferable. 

It  ia  necessary,  then,  to  know  where  and  when  equipment  can 
be  substituted  for  (le«h  and  blood,  what  kind  of  eqnijiment  is 
available,  and  two  cost  factors, —  first,  how  much  of  an  invcKt- 
ment  is  necessary,  and  second,  bow  murh  the  work  of  equipment, 
itnelt,  would  cnfit;  in  other  words,  how  much  cnpilal  is  needed 
and  what  would  be  the  unit  cost  through  the  use  of  the  equipment, 
purchased  or  rented  aa  the  ease  may  lie, 
1 


2  BANDBOOK  GP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

TJie  prices, of  equipment  and. the  cost  of  labor  have  varied  more 
w ith ill 'tfie last  four  years  than  at  any  other  time  einee  186'!  and, 
consequently,  data  of  cost  of  plant,  or  eost  of  operating  it,  at  any 
time  within  the  five  year  period  must  be  considered  in  eonnection 
with  the  dates  at  which  the  data  were  obtained  Commodity 
prices  between  190S  and  1915,  although  showing  a  slightly  rising 
tendency,  were  fairly  stable,  but  from  1D1S  to  1S18  average  prieee 
of  commodities  increased  (rom  25%  to  35%  per  year.  In  order, 
therefore,  to  make  the  most  eHective  use  of  the  data  in  thia  book, 
if  is  necessary  to  hai'e  a  statement  in  convenient  form  of  the  trend 
of  commodity  prices,  which  is  given  herewith  in  the  diagram. 
Fig   1. 

The  index  prices  are  those  derived  from  two  sources;  (1|  From 
1H59  to  1899,  the  index  prices  are  those  given  in  Senate  Report 
No.  1304  on  "Wholesale  Prices,  Wages  and  Transportation,"  by 
Kelson  W.  Aldrich,  Mareh  3,  1893.  The  weighted  average  index 
prices  there  given  are  multiplied  by  0.9  to  reduM  them  to  the  , 
i^ame  base  as  the  index  prices,  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Labor,  the 
latter  inde>i  prices  being  those  from  1890  to  1919,  using  the  year 
1013  as  100.  The  Aldrich  report  index  prices  are  based  on  the 
wholesale  prices  of  223  commodities;'  weighted  in  proportion  to 
family  budget  expenses.  The  Bureau  of  Labor  index  prices  are 
based  on  the  wholesale  prices  of  192  commodities  in  1890,  a^  given 
in  Bulletin  No.  173,  and  in  the  Monthly  Labor  Review,  December, 
1019,  and  January,  1920. 

If  the  index  prices  given  in  Dun's  (Mercantile  Agency)  Revieiv 
are  multiplied  by  0  83  they  will  be  reduced  to  the  same  base  (the 
year  1913  being  Uken  at  100)  aa  that  used  in  this  table.  Dun's 
index  prices  are  the  weighted  average  of  300  ivholesale  quotations 
on  commodities  Ithe  weighing  being  in  proportion  to  annual  pro- 
duction). The  quotations  are  taken  for  the  first  day  of  each 
month,  and  the  resulting  index  prices  for  each  of  the  12  months 
are  added  together  and  divided  by  12  to  give  the  figures  that  ap- 
pear in  the  last  column  of  this  table  tor  every  year  from  1898  to 
1919,  inclusive;  but  prior  to  1898  Dun  gives  index  prices  only  tor 
Jan.  1  and  July  1,  of  each  year.  Tlie  numbers  given  in  the  last 
column  of  this  fable  from  1860  to  1897,  inclusive,  are  the  inileic 
prices  on  July  1.  Index  prices  on  July  1  are  ordinarily  quite 
close  to  the  average  for  the  entire  year.  In  not  a  single  year  since 
1898  have  Dun's  index  prices  for  July  1  differed  by  more  than 
4%  from  the  average  for  the  12  months:  but  for  the  years  19(13 
to  18(19,  it  seems  evident  that  Dun's  index  prices  for  July  1 
(which  are  those  given  in  the  table)  are  not  typical  of  the  entire 

This  diagram  is  plotted  on  semi -logarithmic  paper  on  which 


GENERAL  PRINCIPLES 


-I 


I 


[.3.l:.-:iMCiOOgl>J 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


similar  percentagra  of  Tariation  ehow  up  equally  to  the  e.ve  re- 
gardless uF  the  location  ot  Ibe  rurve  on  the  pa|>er.  Thus,  for  io- 
stance,  the  Dun  curve  hhowa  a  relative  increase  between  the  yeara 
1S07  and  inos  of  6r,%  at  an  alBmlute  increase  of  from  Gfl%  to 
S9%.  A  correspondins  relative  iiicreaae  of  0.j%  from  ini.l  would 
he  shown  by  equal  vertical  measurement  on  the  chart  upuard  from 
the  100%  line  indicating  \6'>%  of  the  1913  prices,  corresponding 
approximately  to  the  prices  of  ISIIT. 

Of  course,  the  prices  of  construction  equipment,  varying  from 
year  to  year,  will  not  vary  exactly  in  pro|K>rtion  to  the  curve  of 
commodity  prices  liut  since  the  weighted  commodity  priceii  are 
generally  accepted  an  the  best  haxic  criterion  of  indu»>triat  prices 
generally,  the  intelligent  use  ot  this  curve  will  enable  the  reader 
to  make  the  moat  xatiifaclory  use  of  the  various  data  in  this  book, 
which  have  lieen  compiled  from  a  multitude  of  sources  extending 
over  a  great  many  years.  The  curve  has  been  extended  back  to 
IStiO  and  may  he  uaed  to  good  advantage  In  estimating  the  prob- 
able trend  of  future  prices  in  view  of  the  close  parallel  between 
the  action  of  those  prices  before  and  after  the  American  Civil  War 
and  the  great  World  War.  Note  that  the  rise  in  commodity  prices 
from  1015  has  been  almost  exactly  parallel  to  the  corresponding 
riM^  from  IK02.  and  note,  aUo,  that  the  curv«  of  declining  prices 
after  IB64  has  been  at  about  the  rate  of  23%  in  ten  years  as 
compared  with   a  rise  of   23%   in   about  three  years   before   the 

Cost  data,  as  distinct  from  price  lists,  are  never  out  oi  date 
provided  they  are  accompanied  by  nuRicient  information  to  inter- 
pret the  conditions.  In  the  "Handbook  of  ^Mechanical  and  Elec~ 
trical  Cost  Data"  under  the  joint  authorship  of  Mr  Gillette  and 
myself  wc  said: 

"If  a  unit  cost  has  been  so  analyzed  as  to  show  the -quantities 
of  each  kind  of  labor  and  of  each  kind  of  material  involved  in  the 
production  of  the  given  unit,  such  a  unit  cost  may  be  quite  as 
servicealile  a  generation  or  more  after  its  publication  aa  it  was 
when  flrst  published  Thus,  the  yardase  costs  of  excavating  earth 
with  drag'Bcrapers  and  horses  which  Elwood  Morris  published  in 
1841  are  applicalile  now,  three-quarters  of  a  century  later;  for  we 
still  use  dragscraptrs  for  earth  excavation,  and  we  have  merely 
to  substitute  present  team  and  man  wages  for  those  used  in  the 
time  of  Morris.  Curiously  enough  many  men,  even  engineers,  have 
failed  to  see  that  '  out  of  date '  cost  data  can  often  be  thus 
brought  up  to  dale. 

"  liales  of  wages  are  frequently  omitted  in  giving  unit  costs, 
but,  if  the  date  when  the  cost  was  incurred  is  given,  it  is  usually 
possible  to  ascertain  the  wage  rates  that  then  prevailed.    An  ex- 


GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  5 

perienc«d  engineer  ofUn  knows  offband  the  prevailing  rates  of 
wages  that  were  paid  in  any  part-  of  the  ronntr;  et  any  given 
time.  While  it  is  true  that  wages  of  individual  workmen  often 
differ  quite  widely  even  in  the  game  locality  and  at  the  same  time, 
it  ahould  be  remembered  that  this  difference  in  tiRtially  eonaequent 
upon  their  individual  diiTerencee  in  efficiency.  TIiub,  when  rail- 
way carpenters  were  paid  f2  50  a  day  and  contractors'  carpenters 
were  paid  ^3  00  in  tl>e  aame  locality  for  the  same  class  of  work,  the , 
carpenters  working;  fur  a  contractor  did  fully  20%'  more  work 
daily.  Hence  llie  unit  cost  of  carpenter  work  did  not  differ  ma- 
terially even  where  the  wage  differed  20% 

"The  labor  cost  of  installing  a  machine  is  very  often  estimated 
as  a.  percentage  of  the  coat  of  tJie  machine.  Suppose,  for  example, 
a  given  machine  was  installed  20  years  ago  at  a  labor  cost  that 
was  10%  of  the  cost  of  the  machine  If  the  general  level  of  wages 
and  machine  prices  hati  risen  75%  since  that  time,  then  the  ratio 
of  labor  coat  of  installation  to  machine  cost  would  still  remain 
10%;  and  the  lalior  cost  data  of  20  years  ago  would  remain  ap- 
plicable today  if  applit'd  as  a  percentage  to  the  present  cost  of  the 
given  machine. 

"  The  labor  coht  of  installing  equipment  is  frequently  estimated 
in  dullara  [ler  tun  of  weight.  Although  the  weight  of  a  machine 
of  given  nze  and  type  is  seldom  given  in  an  article  containing 
costs  of  machinery  installation,  the  weight  is  usually  ascertainable 
from  tables  such  aa  are  given  in  tlits  )K>ok;  and  then  a  published 
labor  coat  of  installation  of  a  machine  may  be  converted  into  a 
cost  per  ton.  Old  installation  costs  per  ton  may  be  brought  up  to 
date  by  making  proper  allowance  for  the  rise  in  wages. 

"In  making  tables  that  give  the  prices  of  machines  and  equip- 
ment of  different  types  and  si^ea  wc  have  given  also  the  weights. 
It  is  therefore  possible  to  deduce  fiom  our  tables  the  price  per  lb. 
of  each  size  and  type  of  plant-unit.  Our  prices  were  normal  prices 
at  the  factories  in  1013  and  1014,  prior  to  the  world  war.  It 
might  seem  at  first  sight  that  these  tabular  prices  will  be  value- 
less at  least  until  the  war  is  ended  and  normal  economic  condi- 
tions are  restored.  Yet  a  little  consideration  of  the  matter  will 
show  that  our  tables  of  equipment  prices  may  be  uned  effectively 
now.  To  illustrate,  fuppose  it  is  desired  to  estimate  the  present 
price  of  electric  transformers  of  difl'erent  sizes.  Secure  either  the 
price  actually  paid  recently  for  a  given  transformer,  or  secure 
a  quotation,  then  divide  this  price  by  the  price  given  in  our  table, 
and  thus  esiabliiih  the  factor  by  which  to  multiply  other  prices  in 
the  same  table  to  get  present  prices.  This  procedure  will  save 
time  and  trouble.  Moreover,  it  will  be  found  much  easier  to  se- 
cnre  a  few  quotations  from  manufacturers  or  their  agenta  than  to 


(5  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

secure  ss  nmny  as  may  be  needed  for  on  approximate  appraiea)  or 
a  preliminary  eatimate  of  cost  of  a  propoeod  plant  unit." 

Much  trouble  has  been  caueed  for  contractors  and  many  engi- 
neers by  a  failure  to  appreciate  in  its  true  importance  the  matter 
of  depreciation  of  equipment.  The  subject  is  somewhat  intricate 
and  cannot  be  adequately  discussed  in  a  page  or  two  whereas 
inadequate  discuasion  of  it  is  likely  to  be  mjeleading.  The  reader 
ia,  therefore,  referred  to  pages  82  to  144,  covering  a  full  discus- 
sion of  depreciation  with  very  elaborate  tables  of  the  estimated 
lives  of  plant  units,  in  the  "  Handbook  of  Mechanical  and  Electri- 
cal Cost  Data  "  above  referred  to. 

The  problem  of  how  to  carry  out  a  given  plan  of  construction 
at  the  lowest  cost  is  year  by  year  becoming  mure  complex,  and 
it  is  becoming  more  and  more  necessary  to  apply  to  it  scientific 
methods  in  order  to  meet  the  growing  competition  between  various 
men,  methods,  and  machines.  The  contractor  of  long  experienoe 
who  applies  to  his  work,  even  in  its  simplest  operations  such  as 
moving  earth  by  scrapers,  the  methods  that  he  knows  absolutely 
were  the  best  ten  yearu  ago,  is  competing,  whether  he  knows  it  or 
not,  with  men  who  have  developed  up-to-date  methods  that  are 
very  likely  to  be  twenty,  thirty,  or  even  forty  per  cent  more  ~ 
cacious  or  economical  than  the  beat  old  ones. 

It  is  of  vast  importance  to  know  the  relative  coats  of  different 
methods,  some  of  the  reasons  for  which  it  seems  worth  while  tc 
outline  here.  Before  bidding  on  new  work,  it  is  generally  not 
diSicult  to  find  out  what  methods  the  other  bidders  are  accus- 
tomed to,  and,  by  making  independent  estimates  based  on  th( 
probable  niebbods  for  the  most  dangerous  competitor,  to  reach  a 
llgure  that  is  something  better  than  a  mere  guess  at  what  bi( 
bid  may  be.  Of  course,  it  muat  be  distinctly  understood  that  this 
is  not  an  attempt  to  eliminate  human  nature  from  the  contracting 
business.  The  "  most  dangerous  competitor "  may  suddenly 
change  his  methods  and  upset  a  lot  of  calculations,  and  whether 
he  will  do  this  or  not  is  just  as  much  a  matter  for  psychologic 
study  as  what  sort  of  hand  he  is  drawing  to  when  he  takea  one 
card.  Nevertheless  the  man  who  knows  his  competitor's  usual 
methods,  and  knows  the  relative  efficiency  of  those  methods  as 
compared  with  his  own,  is  in  a  position  to  bid  much  more  intelli- 
gently than  be  otherwise  could.  With  the  increasing  disuse  of 
old  methods  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  value  of  the  new  ones 
order  to  know  whether  it  will  pay  to  change  from  old  equipment 
to  new,  and  how  much  {it  anything)  the  change  may  be  expected 
to  save;  and  it  is  vastly  important  to  know  what  ia  the  very  best 
method  for  the  work  to  be  done.  Even  if  a  contract  can  be  carried 
out  at  a  handsome  profit  by  the  second  best  or  third  best  method, 


GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  7 

the  man  Is  a.  fool  who  would  hesitate  to  diBcover  and  apply  the 
first  best,  thus  converting  a-  handsome  profit  into  a  still  hand- 
■omer  one.  When,  inoreoveT,  a  loss  is  being  faced,  it  is  almost 
always  due,  according  to  my  experience,  to  the  fact  that  the 
wrong  methods  were  in  use,  rather  than  that  the  contract  had 
been  talcN)  at  "  impossible  figures."  In  such  a  situation  the  first 
and  most  necessary  move  is  to  ascertain  the  very  best  method  and 
apply  it  immediately;  and  to  assist  the  contractor  and  the  engi- 
neer in  the  selection  and  application  of  the  bent  method  in  the 
least  time  is  the  main  object  of  this  volume,  which  is  devoted  to 
Field  Equipment. 

It  is  a  fact  of  common  experience  that  if  we  want,  or  think  that 
we  may  want,  a  piece  of  equipment  for  certain  work,  we  iran  have 
a  large*  amount  of  free  literature  upon  the  Hubject,  backed  up  by 
the  extensive  experience  and  earnest  enthusiasm  of  the  salesmen 
of  eqnipment  houses.  Such  Information  is  not  always  reliable 
and  it  is  generally  confusing.  Moreover,  before  it  can  he  applied 
to  the  work  in  hand  it  must  be  sorted,  collated,  studied  snd 
verified,  a  process  requiring  a  ruinous  amount  of  time  for  every 
investigation.  This  book  attempts  to  save  the  estimator  and  con- 
tractor a  large  part  of  this  time,  whieb  is  ordinarily  lost.  The 
author  has  never  sold  any  kind  of  equipment  on  commission  and 
has  never  received  a  commisgion  of  any  kind  for  recommending 
the  adoption  of  any  machine  or  tools  for  any  purpose,  and  has  no 
interest  whatever  in  any  statement  contained  in  this  book  except 
to  see  that  it  correctly  represents  the  economic  facts  in  a  useful 
and  convenient  way.  Although  it  has  been  carefully  checked  for 
errors,  it  is  possible,  of  course,  that  mistakeB  may  have  escaped 
notice.  If  any  such  should  be  noted,  a  memorandum,  mentioning 
page-number  and  line  would  be  greatly  appreciated. 

Ilie  main  features  of  equipment  which  bear  upon  economic 
operation  are  as  follows : 

C    Cost,  ready  to  commence  work. 

Q     Capacity,  minimum,  standard  and  maximum. 

E     Operating  expense,  including  depreciation  and  repairs. 

A     Adaptability  to  the  conditions  governing  the  work. 

No  effort  has  been  spared  in  preparing  this  volume  to  put  the 
information  into  such  form  as  to  make  it  available,  with  the 
minimum  of  time  and  trouble,  and  it  is  believed  that  with  the 
aid  dT  the  information  contained  in  these  pages  an  intelligent 
estimator  of  practical  experience  can  determine  within  reasonable 
limits  the  figures  for  each  of  the  above  features.  Prices  vary 
from  year  to  year,  and  terms  of  sale  change  with  the  conditions; 
but  witbin  a  limit  too  small  to  affect  materially  an  estimate  of 


8  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

unit  cost  for  plant  perforniance,  I  believe  tlie  fiuta  here  given 
may  be  eafely  used.  For  making  apprftiasl  of  a  pUjit  to  be  sold, 
if  these  figures  be  used  they  should  of  course  be  checked  by  actual 
bids  from  the  manufacturers  or  dealers  to  the  appraiser.  In 
nearly  every  instance  the  prices  here  given  represent  liona  fide 
quotations  made  to  the  author,  but  since  the  book  is  Hot  written 
to  advertise  anyone  no  names  are  given. 

E;icept  where  otherwise  expressly  stated  the  prices  are  t.  o,  b. 
the  manufacturer's  works. 

(C)   The  cost,  ready  to  commence  work,  includes 
(p)   the  purchase  price,  the 
(t)   cost  o[  transportation,  and  the 
(a)  preparatory  cost,  including  unloading,  erectjng  sJid 
getting  into  working  position. 

When  possible  the  shipping  weights  have  been  included  here, 
and  the  freight  rate  may  be  obtained  from  the  nearest  railroad 
agent,  usually  on  the  telephone.  Data  on  the  cost  of  erecting  and 
installing  machinery  are  not  very  plentiful.  I  have  included  them 
wherever  possible  from  the  availahlc  information. 

(Q)  The  capacity  o£  equipment  is  a  very  elusive  quantity. 
That  of  a  wagon,  ship,  bucket  or  scraper  is  usually  listed  by  the 
manufacturer  as  the  "  water  measure  "  capacity  and  must  be  cor- 
rected to  obtain  the  "  place  measure  "  capacity.  The  capacity  of 
a  steam  shovel  in  theory  is  the  "  water  m«a«ure  "  of  the  bucket 
multiplied  by  the  rated  number  of  swings  per  unit  of  time;  in 
practice  it  is  likely  to  average  from  20%  to  70%  of  this,  with 
the  odds  on  the  lower  figure.  Therefore  the  capacity  Hgures  must 
be  taken  as  purely  relative  for  the  purpose  of  defining  the  sise  or 
type  of  equipment  mentioned.  A  good  many  elements  enter  into 
ijiis,  not  the  least  of  which  is  often  the  skill  of  the  operator.  A 
steam  nliovcl,  in  particular,  is  dependent  for  its  capacity  upun  the 
skill  of  the  runner  and  the  manner  in  which  the  runner  and 
craneman  work  together.  The  character  and  condition  of  the  ma- 
teria! that  is  handled  may  greatly  affect  the  performance,  so  that 
capacity  under  ideal  conditions  (which  is  the  manufacturer's 
assumption  when  rating  his  machines)  is  simply  the  maximum, 
and  is  rarely  to  be  equaled  in  working  practice.  Moreover,  the 
capacity  of  such  a  machine  as  a  steam  shovel  is  limited  hy  that  of 
the  cars  into  which  it  is  loading,  and  is  affected  by  the  necesHlty 
of  "  moving  up,"  and  of  changing  trains,  etc. 

(E)  The  cost  of  operating  a  machine  depends  a  good  deal  on 
the  skill  of  the  operator,  as  well  as  on  the  layout  of  the  work, 
weather  conditions,  etc.  In  estimating  this  quantity,  there  ehould  1 
be  included  the  incidental  and  necessary  costs  without  whicli  it 


GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  S> 

cftimot  work  to  advantage.  The  ro»t  of  operating  a  hoiating  en- 
gine, for  example,  inclndeei  that  of  coal  "  on  the  platfonu,"  which 
may  include  the  cost  of  hauling  coal  from  a  delivery  point,  and 
ahould  include  the  coat  oi  eoaling  at  night,  watchman's  lime,  etc. 
The  operating  cont  and  operating  capacity  are  reciprocally  de- 
pendent nn  each  other. 

{A)  The  adaptability  of  a  particular  machine  to  the  conditions 
govpming  its  work  ig  often,  if  not  always,  the  most  important 
feature  to  be  considered  in  its  selection,  since  on  thie  feature  its 
practical  efficiency  for  the  work  in  hand  largely  depends.  Adapta- 
bility ia  affected  by  the  peculiaritifH  of  the  work  on  which  it  if 
to  be  employed  a%  well  ae  thoae  of  the  machine  itself,  and  for  a 
proper  judgment  as  to  itK  value  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  ma- 
chine and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  conditions  under  which  it 
is  to  work  are  necessary.  Unfortunately  the  working  conditions 
are  not  always  ascertainable  with  suJTicient  eiactneHS  to  be  sure 
of  selecting  the  most  suitable  plant,  and,  more  unfortunately, 
reliable  information  about  new  equipment  is  scarce.  Salesmen, 
while  probably  no  worse  than  the  rest  of  mankind,  are  always 
hiaxed  by  their  persooal  interest  in  the  product  that  they  handle, 
and  they  cannot  be  expected  to  give  due  wei<;bt  to  the  fanlta  of 
their  own  machines  or  the  virtues  of  those  sold  by  their  com- 
petitors, and  are  poor  advisers  in  consequence.  Theoretically,  a 
way  to  avoid  this  disadvantage  would  be  to  call  in  rival  salesmen 
and  let  them  talk  out  the  whole  aubjeot  in  the  presence  of  each 
other.  The  writer  tried  thin  plan  junt  once,  at  the  request  of  a 
client,  and  it  was  a  howling  failure.  Advertising  statements, 
while  honestly  meant,  are  apt  to  be  ontrageoaaly  deceptive.  An 
an  instance  of  this,  the  following  was  cut  out  of  one  of  the  tech- 
nical jnurnal»: 


"DUMP   W.IGON    COSTS 

•■  OUR  COSTS 

"Eight  men  can  shovel  oni'  n 

M<.- 

"Tliu>     cubic     yard     machine     ii 

yinl    of    knee    undy    loani    lol. 

loadetl  in  K  minute;  therefore,  in  ■ 

1(1  hour  day  one  man  on  tliia  ma- 
chine can  load  Z.«0  cubic  rarda  o[ 

'oaM  load  a»  (uhi.-  yirdi  al  m 

material,  or  12  time*  ■>  much  M  S 

n.l     At  11.60  per  d.y.  B  »en   . 

coat 

niM;     therefore.     Ihc     labor     < 

coat 

in   a  lOhoor  day. 

"rone  on  m  yard>  would  be  fl 

"Ou  the  above  baaia  we  fl«nre  the 

Pfr  eobie    ysrd. 

two  teams  and  their  drivers  and 
even  Ihen  iHkina  lhi>  coat  al  |10.i>0, 
the  eogt  pet   cnhic  yard  would   ba 

'"niere  are  a  numtwr  of  ileom 

and 

thMe  coaU  but  the  ratio  of  roM 

1  10  21  in  favor  of  (hie  acraper." 

This  is  cost  analysis  gone  mad  with  a  vengeance,  yet  the  man 
who  wrote  it  in  all  probahilfty  thought  that  he  was  highly  con- 
sorvative.     A  great  many  manufactHrcrs  use  special  care  that  the 


10  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  1 

statements  in  their  trade  literature  shall  be  undeniably  on  the 
saEe  aide  on  account  of  the  ver;  bad  moral  effect  of  an  exaggera- 
tion. One  of  the  large  manufacturers  of  electrical  machinery 
hag  been  known  to  permit  salesmen  to  state  as  the  working  effi- 
ciency of  certain  machines  a  percentage  of  the  results  shown  by 
mechanical  tests,  on  the  ground  that  a  disappointed  and  disgusted 
customer  is  the  worst  advertisement  possible.  Notwithstanding 
this  fact,  there  are  many  machines  that  would  be  much  more  gen- 
erally used  did  contractors  feel  confidence  in  the  statements  re- 
garding them.  The  old  and  tried  mttehine  that  is  not  especially 
well  adapted  to  the  work  in.  hand  is  thus  often  used  for  lack  of 
reliable  information  about  the  new  and  unknown  one. 

No  book  can  tell  a  contractor  automatically  what  equipment  is 
the  best  for  his  une,  but  it  is  possible  to  put.  him  in  possession  of 
vastly  more  information  than  has  heretofore  been  available,  and 
this  has  been  attempted  in  the  present  volume. 

The  object  of  this  book  being  primarily  to  furnish  the  infor- 
mation needed  by  contractors,  and  the  material  having  become 
rather  voluminous,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  leave  out  a  great 
many  items  which  might  be  useful  to  a  very  few  contractors,  but 
which  would  not  be  generally  employed  by  the  vast  majority  of 
them.  The  author  will  appreciate  hearing  from  contractors  who 
would  like  to  find  more  material  than  obtained  in  Uie  book,  with 
a  view  to  finding  out  the  exact  demand  for  extra  matter,  and  will 
endeavor  to  insert  such  additional  material  in  future  editions. 

A  most  important  point  to  which  attention  is  called  is  that  all 
the  illustrations  in  this  volume  are  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  ' 
types  of  machines  of  which  costs  and  performances  are  given. 
No  quotation  or.  price  mentioned  in  these  pages  is  to  be  taken  as 
referring  exclusively  to  any  one  machine  illustrated  or  to  the 
production  of  any  one  manufacturer.  The  prices  are  frequently 
averages  of  several  quotations,  while  the  illustration  that  goes 
with  this  price  is  that  of  a  standard  piece  of  equipment. 


MGootjl>J 


AIS  COHPRESSOAS 

Theae  oiachiDeB  are  for  the  purpose  of  puttiag  power  into 
proper  form  for  convenient  and  eronomital  transmission.  Many 
of  the  opeiations  that  formerlj  were  done  only  by  band  are 
now  being  accomplished  by  machinery  and  machine  tools  driven 
by  compressed  air  or  Ite  subatitute,  compressed  steam.  Under 
many  circumstances  a  drill  can  operate  by  steam  as  well  as  by 
air,  while  tor  the  hand  tools,  such  as  riveters,  stone  cutters, 
etc.,  the  use  of  steam  is  not  convenient  because  ot  its  high, 
temperature  and  sometimes  because  of  the  dense  white  cloud 
of  condensing  steam  which  is  opaque  and  wet.  In  general,  air 
is  never  at  a  disadvantage  as  compared  with  steam  in  con- 
venience of  working;  and  u'bere  they  are  equally  convenient  the 
ruling  economic  feature  is'  the  distance  to  which  the  power 
must  be  transmitted.  A  boiler  is  less  expensive  than  a  boiler 
and  compressor  of  the  same  power;  hence  for  short  distances  the 
steam  power  is  more  economical,  other  conditions  bein^;  equal. 
As  the  distance  of  transmission  increases,  the  relative  economy 
of  the  steam  transmission  decreases,  on  account  of  heat  losses, 
and  there  is,  therefore,  a  point  at  which  the  e^tra  economy  of 
the  air  transmission  equals  the  extra  cost  of  the  compressor. 
For  greater  distances  than  this  the  air  transmission  is  economic; 
below  it  direct  steam  is  the  lees  costly.  The  actusJ  position  of 
this  critical  point  for  each  net  of  conditions  depnids  on  the 
conditions  themselves  and  can  be  worked  out  when  they  are  all 
determined.  It  should  be  remembered,  when  considering  such  a 
problem,  that  it  is  quite  possible  to  carry  sleam  for  half  a  mile 
in   well   la^ed  pipe  with  inconsiderable  heiit  losses. 

The  chief  peculiarity  of  air  compression  for  these  purposes  is 
that,  as  the  air  becomes  compressed,  its  temperature  rises.  It 
may  then  be  cooled  at  the  place  of  compression  by  artificial 
means,  or  it  may  be  admitted  to  the  transmission  pipes  without 
first  being  cooled.  In  the  latter  case  it  becomes  cooled  more  or 
less  in  transit,  necessarily  losing  some  of  its  pressure  by  the 
atft  of  cooling,  with  a  consecjiient  loss  of  efficiency.  For  large 
installations;  ttierefore,  it  is  customary  to  do  the  cooling  in 
the  engine' t^  a  water  jacket,  or  water  jets. 
11 


12  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

A  cubic  foot  of  "  free "  air,  at  noTinal  atmoapheric  pressure 
of  14.7  lb.  per  square  inch  and  initial  temperature  of  60'  F,, 
will  have  a  temperature  of  about  225°  F.  and  pressure  of  2.81 
atmoepherea  when  compresBed  to  one-half  Its  original  volume  if 
there  be  no  escape  of  the  heat  which  is  necessarily  generated 
by  the  increase  of  pressure.  This  is  "  adiabatic  "  eompresaion,  or 
compression  without  loss  of  heat.  If  by  a  cooling  arrangement 
the  generated  heat  could  all  be  removed  as  fast  as  generated, 
so  that  the  temperature  should  remain  constant,  then  the  final 
pressure  would  be  two  atmospheres  for  the  above  example,  and 
the  compression  would  be  "  isothermal."  In  actual  practice  some 
heat  is  tost  through  the  cylinders,  so  that  neither  the  adiabatic 
nor  isothermal  curves  represent  accurately  the  facts. 
If  V    represents   final   volume, 

V  represents  initial  \'olume, 

P    represents  final  pressure, 

P'  represents  initial  pressure. 
Then  in  general. 


(1) 


^  ( ; ) 


(2)  For  isothermal  compression,  n  =  1 

(3)  For  adiabatic  compression,  n  =  1,4 

For  commercial  machinery  the  expMient  will  be  somewhere  be- 
tween these  figures,  depending  upon  the  eSlciency  of  the  machine 
and  the  amount  of  cooling  that  is  introduced  into  it.  These  three 
simple  formulas  combine  the  theoretical  facts.  The  diagram, 
Fig.  2,  givi:^  In  graphic  form  the  adiabatic  curves  for  tempera- 
ture, pressure  and  volume  will  enable  the  approximate  tempera- 
ture to  be  obtained  without  tedious  calculation. 

Chart  for  Fiadlag  Air  CoaiompUon  «(  Drllli.  The  following 
notes  are  from  an  article  by  Robert  8.  Lewis  in  the  Eng.  and 
Mm,  Journal: 

The  chart  Fig.  3  is  a  modification  of  the  one  appearing  in 
"  Rock  Drilling,"  by  Dana  and  Saunders,  with  the  addition  of 
data  for  hammer  drills  and  basing  the  diagram  on  an  air  pressure 
of  90  lb.  per  sq.  in.  at  the  drill  instead  of  75  lb-,  to  conform 
more  nearly  with  the  requirements  of  modern  practice. 

The  inclined  linee  are  baaed  on  a  sea  level  datum  and  00  lb- 
pressure  per  sq.  in.  at  the  drill.  This  gives  a  factor  of  1 ;  tor 
any  other  altitude  or  pressure  at  drill,  the  factor  is  founS  at 
the  left  margin,  passing  there  from  the  intereectioD  of  the 
inclined  line  of  the  given  altitude  with  a  vertical  through  the 
given  pressure. 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 


i  1  1  1  1 

re,  Degree!  r. 

" 

f.     I 

I        \-     - 

t  — g 

I     i 

3  ...J 

I      %    - 

a 1 

I      i    - 

3,-    1=^ 

-                      1- 

gl...! 

:    \' 

=  1-3 

% 

r 

? ;    3 

'i-            1- 

- 1    - 

^"i    E 

c      ^i 

1 

S-^-  i 

s                        » 

\     J 

^^     5 

i'            -s 

i 

i  l-e 

" 

\  i 

sf  i 

-%  t 

* 

^w 

% 

;        3 

' 

-^     V 

S 3 

"         z^^ 

,'^    \ 

\ 

— J 

■#■01  'suiniOA 

The  average  consumption  of  air  for  botli  piKlon  and  hammer 
drills  is  given  in  the  table  of  Air  Consumptian  of  Rock  Drills. 

Hammer  drills  vary  ao  in  sir  t^onsumpliun  that  only  general 
figuree  can  be  given.  Catalogs  from  drill  manufaeturers  will 
give  the  consumption  for  any  particular  drill  and  generally  at 
no  lb.  pressure  at  sea  level.  By  means  of  the  chart  the  con- 
iumption  for  other  conditions  can  be  quickly  found. 


14  HANDBOOK  OK  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Table  of  Aib  Cobsumption  or  Rock  Dbills,  Cu.  Ft.  per  Min. 

90  lb   at  Sea  Level.     Piston  Drills. 

DrlllB,   in 2         !!4      !M      !W      !X      _ 

Cu.  ft.  p.  miD es       ST       92       »8      118      12S      129      >«>      . 

00  11).  at  Sea  Level.     Hammer   Drills. 


In  i-ase  niore  than  one  drill  is  used,  the  factor  by  wliii^h  to 
multiply  the  air  consumption  of  one  drill  to  determine  the  con- 
sumption of  a   number  in  to  be  taken  from  the   fallowing  table. 


This  is  based  on  manufacturers'  stet«mentB.  When  a  number 
are  working  they  are  seldom  all  running  at  the  same  time.  This 
table  covers  the  requirements  ot  from  one  to  fiisty  drills. 

Am  Consumption  for  More  Than  One  Drill 


7.S    B^    lO.S    nx    IS.l    n.l    19.7    22.0    ZB.5    30,S 


AIR  COMPRESSORS  15 

Oampreued  Air  Plant  for  Contracting.  Mr.  W.  L.  Saunders 
to  whom,  probably,  the  compressed  air  iuduntry  owes  more 
than  to  any  other  liviog  man,  published  the  following  notes  in 
Engineering  and  Contracting,  Mar.  19,  11)19.  The  character  of 
the  work  is  an  important  feature  in  the  determining  of  the  site 
and  the  selecting  of  the  type  of  air  compressor  plant;  for  in- 
stance, sueh  woric  as  tunnel  driving,  aqueduct  construction,  canal 
excavation,  etc.,  might  well  utilize  a  number  of  semi -permanent 
air  compreBBor  installations,  as  such  work  usually  extends  over 
a  considerable  period  of  time.  On  the  other  hand,  such  work 
as  road  building,  open  cut  excavation,  trench  digging,  structural 
work,  etc.,  could  more  profitably  employ  portable  air  compres- 
sor plants  which  move  with  the  work. 

In  the  case  of  semi -permanent  installations  the  requirements 
may  call  for  the  iastallation  of  both  high  pressure  and  low 
pressure  units,  the  former  for  purposes  of  operating  rock  excavat- 
ing machinery,  pneumatic  placing  of  concrete,  the  operation  of 
water  pumps,  hoisting  engines,  pneumatic  riveters,  and  the  like. 

The  availability  of  motive  power  will  be  a  deciding  feature  in 
the  selection  of  the  type  of  air  compressor. 

lu  earlier  practice  it  was  customary  to  operate  rock  excavating 
machinery  by  steam,  utilizing  the  boiler  horse  power  direct,  and 
thereby  eliminating  one  item  in  the  initial  cost  of  equipment. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  development  of  efficient  steam  operated 
air  compressors  and  greatly  improved  compressed  air  operated 
rock  drills  caused  the  contractor  to  realize  that  be  could  elTect 
more  efficient  and  economical  operation  by  installing  an  air 
compressor,  than  ho  could  by  adhering  to  the  now  admittedly 
obsolete  practice.  The  greater  loss  experienced  in  the  transmis- 
sion of  steam  over  long  distances,  as  compared  with  that  of  air, 
and  the  greater  consumption  of  boiler  horse  power  in  the  rock 
excavating  machine  per  unit  of  work,  as  compared  with  compressed 
air  drills,  more  than  compensated  for  the  additional  initial  outlay. 

For  portable  compressed  air  plants,  the  choice  of  motive  power 
falls  naturally  to  gasoline  driven  types,  due  to  comparative 
lightnesH  of  the  equipment,  the  simplicity  of  operation  and  the 
ease  with  which  satisfactory  operating  labor  may  be  secured. 
On  city  street  work  it  is  sometimes  advisable  to  use  a  motor 
driven  portable  unit,  securing  electric  power  from  trolley  lines 
or  commercial  power  circuita.  In  building  construction  the  semi- 
portable  skid-mounted  motor  driven  units  are  customarily  em- 
ployed. 

With  semi -permanent  installations  it  becomes  necessary  to  pro- 
vide suitable  housing  and  foundations  of  serai- permanent  char- 
acter.    The    question    of    housing    is    a    simple    one;    the    only 


IG  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

precaution  required  is  the  protection  of  the  plant  from  the 
elements.  With  work  of  long  duration,  it  is  advisable  to  iastall 
a  foundation  of  masa  concrete  or  stone  masonrj'  Btructnre- 
This  is  particularly  true  of  large  machines.  Machines  of  small 
and  moderate  capacity  customarily  employed  on  short  time  jobs 
give  aatisfftctory  service  bolted  to  skid  foundati<His,  firmly  an- 
chored. 

On  penalty  jobs,  or  in  such  work  as  pneumatic  caisson  sinking 
or  shield  tunneling,  where  the  lives  of  the  workmen  are  dependent 
on  the  absolute  un interruption  of  the  sir  supply,  it  is  imperative 
to  install  duplicate  units,  so  as  to  insure  against  failure  of  the 
power   supplied. 

The  radius  of  distribution  of  compressed  air  from  a  central  sta- 
tion  is  practically  without  limit. 

Transmission  lines  will  vary  from  2  to  6  in.  in  diameter,  de- 
pending upon  the  size  of  the  installation  and  the  distance  of 
transmission.  Suitable  control  valves  should  be  provided  at 
the  power  house,  as  well  as  the  points  of  outlet. 

In  pneumatic  caisson  work  an  after-cooler  forms  an  essential 
part  of  the  air  compressor  equipment,  it  being  utilized  tc  remove 
the  heat  of  compression  and  deliver  the  air  to  tlie  air  locks 
at  normal  temperature. 

In  the  operation  of  pneumatic  tools  of  various  kinds,  partic- 
ularly in  cold  weather,  some  trouble  may  be  experienced  from 
freezing,  and  under  such  circumstances  it  becomes  advisable  to 
install  some  form  of  air  reheater,  which  not  only  eliminates  this 
trouble  but  increases  the  power  delivered  by  the  air  compressing 

A  properly  designed  air  transmission  line  ehcwld  include  the 
installation  of  moisture  traps  at  convenient  intervals  for  the 
removal  of  the  moisture  which  the  air  contains  and  which  is 
deposited  In  the  transmission  line. 

Modern  air  compressors  have  reached  such  a  high  stute  of 
reHnement  that  aside  from  an  occasional  inxpeetion  to  insure  tight- 
ness of  stuffing  boxes,  absence  of  leakage  in  the  transmission  line, 
and  the  proper  functioning  of  the  lubricating  devices  they  require 
very  Uttif.  attention  on  the  part  of  the  operator.  Most  machines 
have  their  driving  parts  automatically  splash-lubricated  with 
force  feed  pumps  supplying  the  cylinders.  Air  compressors  for 
permanent  or  semi -permanent  installation  vary  in  size  from  50 
to  IO,Ono  cu,  ft.  of  free  air  per  minute,  pressure  ranging  from  16 
to  125  lb.  Porta1>le  air  compre^-*or  plants  range  from  50  to  500 
cu.  ft,  free  air  per  minute  at  similar  pressures. 

Types  of  Compreslors.  ComprpsBors  may  be  divided  Into  two 
general    classes.     The    lirst   classification   divides   them    into   the 


Alff  COMPRI^SORS  17 

straight-line  compresBor  in  which  the  Bteam  and  air  <7]indars 
are  arranged  in  a  Htrftijrht  line  and  the  power  is  applied  through 
a  single  long  piston  rflH  connnting  all  pistons;  and  the  duplex 
compressor  which  consiHtB  of  two  comprcssore  set  side  by  gide, 
each  made  up  of  a  steam  and  an  air  cylinder  connected  to  a 
crank  ahaft  carrying  a  single  balance  wheel.  The  cranks  of 
the  two  sections  are  set  at  a  90°  angle  to  each  other  with  the 
object  of  producing  no  dead  center  and  to  enable  the  machine 
to  operate  at  very  low  speeds. 

The  straight  line  machine  is  usually  of  lower  cost,  requires 
lighter  foundation,  occupies  less  room  than  the  duplex,  is  more 
reliable  in  the  hands  of  an  average  engineer  and  is  a  machine 
for  every  day  service  in  moderate  capacity.  The  duplex  has  more 
uniform  operation,  higher  ediciency  and  greater  steam  economy. 
Another  adrantage  is  that  in  case  of  accident  one  sidS  of 
the  machine  may  remain  uninjured  and  can  be  run  in  an 
emSrgehey. 

The  second  general  ela as iii cation  divides  them  into  steam  driven 
and  power  driven  compressors.  In  the  former  the  steam  cylinder 
is  an  integral  part  of  the  machine.  In  the  latter  the  compresnor 
is  operated  by  power  outside  of  the  machine  arid  may  be  driven 
by  belts,  ropea,  chains,  gears,  or  a  direct  shaft  connection.  Of 
these  the  belt  driven  is  the  most  common  and  the  direct  shaft 
is  used  only  with  electric  motors  or  water  wheels.  OompressorB 
may  be  classed  also  as  vertical  and  horizontal.  The  vertical  type 
is  advantageous  where  space  in  limited,  as  the  machine  is  small, 
and  is  commonly  restricted  to  the  power  driven  class.  The 
horizontal  type  is  generally  considered  the  better.  Another 
classification  is  that  of  the  single  stage  or  compound  stage. 
This  has  to  do  with  the  degree  of  eompresaion  to  which  the  air 
must  be  subjected. 

Locomotive  Comprenor.  The  simplest  of  air  compressars  Is 
the  standard  locomotive  pump  used  for  air  brakes.  Tl:is  ma- 
chine is  of  the  straight  line  type  and  was  originally  designed  for 
locomotive  air  brake  use,  but  ^au  since  l>een  applied  to  over  one 
hundred  different  kinds  of  service,  such  as  nmall  pneumatic  tool 
operation,  cleaning  metal  surfaces,  sand-blast  outfits,  in  sewage 
ejectors,   for   pumping   and  conveying   liquids. 

This  compressor  is  made  in  two  typpn,  the  single  cylinder 
and  croHS-com pound.  A  35  cu.  ft,  per  m!n.  displaeement  at  100 
lb.  pressure,  single  cylinder  machine,  weighs  afiprorimately  5S0 
lb.  and  is  priced  at  SI  30.  The  50  cu.  ft.  size  weighs  650  lb. 
and  costs  $160.  The  70  cu,  ft.  8i?e  weighs  about  1000  lb.  for 
shipment  and  costa  $235,  The  cross-componnd  type  in  the  150 
eu.  ft.  size  at  100  lb.  preBsnre  weighs  about  1750  Ih.  for  shipment 

f.ii.i.iii' 


18  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  I 

and  coats  $376.    All  the  above  pricee  are  f.o.b.  manufacturers' 

This  form  of  compreasor  requires  no  fffundatioD  (being  bolteJ 
to  a  column  or  wall)  nor  accurate  alignment  of  parts.  The  usual 
method  of  installing  a  water  jacketed  compressor  of  this  type  is 


Fig.   4.     Locomotive   Compressor   Cross-Compound   Type. 

shown  in  Fig.  5.  If  the  conditions  do  not  require  a  water  jacket 
the  water  pipe  connections  and  valve,  and  radiating  discharge 
pipe  may  be  omitted.  The  approximate  prices  of  the  chief  ele- 
ments are:  Lubricator,  $10.00;  Oovernor,  $21.00;  Air  gauge. 
$3.75;  Main  reservoir,  $36.00;  Drain  cock,  $1..';0. 


Single  Stage  Vebtical  Aib  Compressobs 

60-100  lb.  press. 

Rated  c  apse  itf  id         Apprcainiate  shipping  Pri 

cu.  (t.  per  m&.  wt.  In  *s.  f.  o.  h.  fi 


Single  Stage  Yertlcal  Coropxessors  for  belt  drive  are  designed 
for  either  intermittent  or  continuous  service  where  air  is  re- 
quired in  small  quantities.  When  electric  power  is  to  be  used 
these  machines  sre  equipped  complete  with  motor,  driving  pulle.v, 
endless  belt  and  short  drive  attachment;  all  mounted  on  a 
hardwood   Inse,   ready   to  set   on   foundation   and   not   requiring 


AIB  COMPRESSORS 


MGootjl>j 


20  HANDBOOK  OF  COKSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

any  adjustmentB  or  aligning.     Motors  are  furnished  to  order  to 
suit  power  requiremeale. 

Power  Driven  Sinole  Stage  Stb-iiqht  Line  Aib  Compbebsobs. 

100-150  lb.  presijure. 

Rated  cajiscily  In  Approitnute  shipping:  Price 

cu.  ft.  per  mia.  weight  in  lb.  1.  o,  b.  factOTy 

St  <60  t  330 

»  1S20  4W 


2300 
3200 


3W 


Yertioal  Type  Motor  Driven  Air  Coropreston  are  illuBtrat«d  by 
Fig.  8.  Tliia  type  of  compreBeor,  90  lb.  per  sq.  in,  pretiBure,  costs 
as  followfi:  In  the  f>0  ou.  ft.  per  min.  Bize,  the  approximate 
shipping  weight  is  3500  lb.,  price  $1950;  the  100  cu.  ft.  sii^e 
weighs  about  5000  lb.  for  Bhipment  and  ia  priced  at  ¥2100;   the 


Fig.  6.    150  ft.  Alternating  Current  Air  Compressor  with  Com- 
bined  Automatic   Controlling  Device. 

150  cu.  ft.  size  weighs  about  7500  lb.,  price  $2500;  the  200 
cu.  ft.  per  min.  size  weighs  10,000  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $2900. 
AD  the  foregoing  prices  are  f.  o.  b.  factory  for  complete  eom- 
preSHors  fitted  with  D,  C.  motors  for  220  volts  and  waterjacketed. 
This  type  of  compressor  may  also  be  had  in  capacities  of  from 


AIB  COMPRESSORS  21 

40   to   450  cu.  ft.   per  min.   at  presBureB  of  from   30  to   160  lb. 

Steau  Dbivex  Simple  Straioht  Line  Aib  Coupbessobb 

BO-126  lb.  pressure 

Bated  capMilr  in         Approiimsts  bhippiDi  Price 

cu.  (C.  per  min.                     welghl  in  tb.  t.  o.  b.  ttctoty 

iM                           uw  ma 

uo                           iiw  uw 

300                                       Mil  ItiO 


10-50  lb,  prMHure  , 


Steam  Driven  Two  Stage  Ai 
aO-lOO  lb    presBU 


Power  Dbiven  Two  Staoe  Air  Compressobb 
80-100  lb.   pressure 


MGoOtjl>J 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRLCTION  EQUIPMENT 


L  Straight  Line  Air  Compressor. 


Steam   Driven   Straight  Line   Air   Compressor. 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 


Fig.  9,    Angle  Compound  2-8tage  Power  Driven  Air  Compressor, 


Fig.     10.     2- Stage    Power    Driven    Air    CompresNi 


HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQtIPMENT 


COST  OF  C01CFKBS80K  IKSTAIXATIOH 

An  air  compreHsor,  electric  generating,  and  pumping  outfit 
was  installed  about  1B12  for  the  Water  Board  of  the  City  of 
New  York  at  Cornwall  Landing  on  the  Iludaon  Biver,  about 
2,000  ft.  south  of  the  West  Shore  Railway  Station.  Thifl  plant 
nae  ueed  to  supply  air  for  drills,  pumps,  and  general  shaft  and 
tunnel  work,  in  driving  the  Biphon  under  the  Hudson  at  Storm 
King  Mountain. 

18       25\ 

Compressor  Eqnlpmeut  Installed.    Tivo  (2)  —  x  — ^xl6  Class 

"  HH-3  "  croBs  compound  steam  driven  air  rumprpSBOTB,  having  a 
piston  displacement  each  of  1302  cii.  ft.  designed  to  operate  con- 
densing; air  pressure  100  to  110  lbs  ;  steam  pressure   ISO  lb. 

One   (1)   48"  improved  type  of  >*ertlcal  aftercooler. 

One  (1)   54"  dia.  by  12'  vertical  air  receiver. 

Boiler  Eqnipment  and  Pumps,  etc.  Three  (3)  130  hp.  Sterlinjr 
boilers. 

Two  (2)  6x4x0  outside  packed  boiler  feed  pumps  built  liy 
the  Buffalo  Steam  Pump  Co. 

Two  (2)  6  X  5%  X  8  piston  type  tank  pumps  built  by  the 
Buffalo  Steam  Pump  Co. 

One  (1)  10  X  in  X  10  independent  jet  type  condenser  built  by 
the  Buffalo  Steam  Pump  Co. 

One  ( 1 )  400  hp.  enclosed  Berriman  type  feed  water  heater 
built  by  the   F.   L.   Patterson  Co, 

One  ( 1 )  20  K.  W.  Kerr  steam  turbine  f^nerating  set  built  by 
the  Atwood   Reardick   Co, 

One    (1|    station   panel  complete  with   necessary  switches,  etc. 

One   (1)   feed  water  tank,  i 

2,600  ft.  of  6-in.  black  wrought  iron  pipe.  | 

2,500  ft.  of  1^-in.  2  conductor  cable.  I 

The  above  equipment  was  installed  on  rented  property  on  the     I 
Hudson  River  and   immediately  adjacent  to  the  right  of  way  of     i 
the   West   Shore   Railroad,     Cost   including   this   equipment   plux 
the  cost  of  the  railroad  siding,  actual  building  and  foundations,     ' 
piping   in   power   house,   boiler   setting,   together   with   all   labor 
and   other    charges   for   putting   this   equipment    into    operation, 
laying  the  air  pipe  from  the  plant  to  the  shaft,   some  2,400  ft. 
distant,    and    electrical    connections    between    shaft    and    power 
house,  and  adequate  well  to  obtain  boiler  feed  water  and  making 
proper  connections  to  the  Hudson  River  with  strainer,  etc.,  for 
condensing   and   circulating   purposes,   approximately   $35,000.00. 
which    includes    the    following    pohI  s  ;     Compressors,    aftercooler 


AIR  COMPRESSOBH  26 

sod  receiver,  approximately  913,500.  Balance  of  equipment,  con- 
Bisting  of  boilers,  pumps,  generator  set,  water  tank,  pipe  and 
electric  conductor,  etc.,  about  (10,000.  Railroad  siding,  building 
and  foundations,  piping  in  power  house,  boiler  settings,  fret), 
erecting  itacka,  labor,  superintendence,  charges  for  placing  plant 
in  operation,  rental,  lease   for   railroad   siding,   and   incidentals, 

«n,soo.oo. 

Fonnnlae  of  Coiti  of  Air  Compreiion.  Mr.  A.  A.  Potter  in 
Power,  Dec.  30,  1BI3,  derived  the  formulae  in  the  following  table 
for  the  cost«  of  air  campresaore,  by  tabulating  and  plotting  the 
net  prices  received  from  several  different  manufacturerB.  The 
prices  are  the  net  gelling  prices  f.  o.  b.  factory  and  do  not  include 
the  coat  of  erection. 

Oaijacity  up  to  Equation  of 

^pe  cu^  it.  ^r  mill.        coat  in  doUarfl 

Singla  cylinder,   belt  driien WOO  52  +  l.SS  X  eu.  ». 

Duplex,  belt  driven  S50  116  +  l.eTE  X  cu.  It. 

Corapound.  belt  driven   SSO  3.1  X  cd.  ft. 

Single  cjrUnder,  utMin  driven  350  :3l  +  !,32  X  cu.  ft. 

Dupin,   ateen  drivrn    800  160  + 2.ES  X  cu.  Ft. 

Compound,  stum  driven   EDO  71.25 +4.025  X  cu.  ft. 

The  results  obtained  in  the  use  of  the  above  equations  should 
be  multiplied  by  175%  to  bring  them  to  1920  prices. 

Cost  of   Motob  Driven    Compbessoks   with   Avxiuaries   a>d 
TuEiB  Installation 

220V  220V  220V  SOOV  flOOV  «00V 

Pinion  diBpUcement  in  CD.  ft.  per  min 15  25  50  50  IE  25 

Bhipping  tnlgbt  in  lb «30  S30  2050  1400  «20  S30 

Net  price  compreMor  f.  0.  b.  factory  $220  280  450  *M  W5  Z2S 

Net  price  governora  and  awiloh  t.  o.  b.  fac- 
tory           40  40  «  20  20  20 

Freiglit  and  drayage  st  fl.80  3  12  31  22  0  IS 

Ert.  cost  ol  receiver,  piping,  etc 40  40  40  40  40  40 

Onl  of  tuetaDinc  15  IE  15  IE  IE  IB 

$324  367  5T8  427  259  31J 

The  above  amounts  should  be  doubled  to  equal  1920  prices. 

Separator  for  Eemovlng  Water  from  Compreiied  Air.  In 
connection  with  the  operation  of  pneumatic  tools  any  wat«r 
which  is  in  the  compressed  air  supplied  to  them  occupies  valu- 
able power  space  in  the  cylinders  of  the>too1e,  thereby  decreasing 
their  efficiency  and  sooner  or  later  resulting  in  damage,  due  to 
the  constant  internal  hammering  action  of  the  water.  The  sep- 
arator utiliies  centrifugal  force  to  remove  the  water  from  the 
air.  As  the  air  and  water  enter  it  they  pass  through  a  helical 
path  formed  about  a  central  cylinder,  resulting  in  a  swirling 
motion  of   the  entire  mass.     As   water  is   several  times  heavier 


26  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

than  air  it  is  thrown  out  of  the  curving  air  current,  and  against 
the  walla  (^  the  separator,  which  it  meets  at  an  angle  without 
any  spatter  or  splash  and  slips  smoothly  along  until  it  reaches 
the'receiver  space  at  the  bottom.'  Here  the  motion  is  retarded 
by  Yanes  in  order  to  permit  drainage  of  the  accumulated  water. 
The  resulting  aeparation  if  practically  complete  with  very  little 
pressure  loss.  The  separator  is  made  of  close  grained  cast  iron, 
suitable  for  a  working  pressure  not  in  excess  of  200  lb.  per 
sq.  in.,  is  simple  in  construction,  has  no  movable  parts  and  will 
operate  indefinitely  with   a  minimum  of  attention. 

In  order  that  the  separation  may  take  place  when  the  air  is  at 
its  lowest  temperature,  it  is  desirable  to  install  the  separator 
as  near  as  possible  to  the  point  at  which  the  air  is  to  be  used. 
In  the  case  of  long  air  pipe  tines  out  of  doors,  where  there  is  a 
possibility  of  freezing,  the  separator  should  be  placed  in  the 
line  at  a  point  just  before  the  pipe  leaves  the  heated  building. 
To  maintain  the  beat  operating  conditions  it  is  well  to  install 
a  trap  to  automatically  drain  the  separator  of  water. 

AiE  Sep  ABATORS 


Retaeatert.  When  air  is  to  be  transmitted  tor  appreciable  dis- 
tances, particularly  out  of  doors,  the  losses  in  transmisBion  are 
largely  overcome  and  certain  operating  features  gained  by  the 
use  of  a  reheater.  Air  after  being  compressed  enters  the  pipe 
line  at  a  temperature  greatly  in  evcess  of  the  surrounding  atmos- 
phere. By  radiation  this  temperature  is  greatly  reduced  with  a 
corresponding  reduction  in  volume  and,  therefore,  capacity  for 
work.  A  reheater  placed  as  closely  as  possible  to  the  working 
machine  will  raise  the  temperature  of  the  air  to  about  250  degrees 
F.,  increasing  its  volume  approximately  30%  with  proportional 
gains  in  capacity  for  doing  work.  The  reheater  will  also  elim- 
inate the  freezing  of  the  moisture  in  the  exhaust  ports  and  clog- 
ging of  the  tool.  The  reheater  closely  resembles  a  stove,  the 
air  being  heated  by  the  combustion  of  coal  or  coke  in  the 
inner  shell,  and  the  heat  thus  generated  transmitted  to  the  air 
which  is  around  this  shell. 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 


Fig.  11.    AiB  Rqieateb 

The  following  data  give  the  result  of  a  t«at  made  in  the  ahops 
o(  the  Hanaell  Elcock  Co., 'Chicago,  in  driving  1,809  %-in.  Hveta. 
Half  of  theae  rivets  were  driven  using  an  ordinary  air  line,  and 
half  were  driven  uaing  heated  air  from  a  Sterling  Heater. 

A  plain  toggle  portable  yoke  riveter  was  used.  The  compreaeor 
cylinder  was  10  ina.  in  diameter  and  9^1  ina.  stroke. 

An  Excelsior  Airometer  waa  put  in  the  line,  ftt  which  point  line 


28  IIAXDIIOOK  OF  CONST RICTIOX  EQUIPMENT 

[ireasureB  and  tine  temperatureii  were  read.  Twenty  feet  of  1-in. 
rubber  hose  was  ueed  between  the  airomeier  and  the  BterlinK 
heater.  On  the  discharge  side  of  the  heater  a  gage  and  ther- 
mometer were  inserted  for  reading  the  temperature  and  pressure 
of  the  heated  air.  Between  the  heater  and  the  riveter  27^ 
ft.  of  1-in.  insulated  flexible  hose  was  used.  The  following  shonEi 
the  results: 

Wiibout       With 
heater       hraier 

Number  o(  riv»ta   804  804 

A^PiHCe  tempersture  o(  Une  aic       G7.G'  60.0° 

Average  prsBnure.   lb 85  85 

Total  en.  (l.  air  oawi  14,874  S.'nl 

Average  lemperalure  of  hojted  air 398° 

Cu.  fl.  of  air  used  per  rivet  18.5  lO.GS 

This   difference   in   air   used   per   rivet   equals   7.92   cu.    ft.    or 
an  increase  in  volume  of  74.7%.     This  increase  equals  an  actual 

saving  in  air  used  of  42.7%. 


Fig.  13.     Horizontal  Air  Receiver 

Assuming   1,500  rivets  per   day,   the   actual   air   saving  equals 

11,880  cu.  ft.  At  8  cts.  per  l,00f)  cu.  ft.  this  saving  equals  95 
cts.,  the  cost  of  opeialing  the  heater  equals  3  gal.  oil  at  10  cts. 
plus  8  cts.  for  ignition  current  e<]"als  18  cts.,  total,  a  net  saving 
of  77  cts-  per  day.  This  saving  six  days  per  week  would  pay  (or 
the  heaUr  in  one  year  and  leave  a  profit  of  S156.00. 

The  cubic  fset  of  air  given  were  actual  airometer  readings. 
On  account  of  the  intermittent  service  the  heated  air  tempera- 
tures are  not  quite  high  enough.  The  aetua.1  temperature  of  the 
air  supplied  to  the  riveter  was  about  1.5%  in  excess  of  the  heated 
air  temperatures  shown   in   the  table. 


AIR  COMPRESSORS  2fl 

Air  KeoelTers  (Fig.  12)  are  plain  steel  sheila,  which  cool 
and  reduce  the  velocity  of  air  before  it  paaeea  into  the  main, 
causing  deposition  of  moisture  where  it  can  be  drained  off;  they 
equalize  the  flow  of  air,  eliminate  puluating  eUeet  of  the  piston 
Htrokea,  thus  minimizing  friction  losses,  and  Herve  in  some  degiee 
as  reservoirs  of  power.  For  best  results  the  receiver  must 
be  close  to  the  compressor.  Secondary  receivers  at  the  other 
end  of  the  air  main,  and  near  the  operating  machines,  are  oft«n 
advantageous. 


AIB 

Eic 

rvEKS 

Horizontal 

and 

vertical  type 

CofflproBSortaMCity 

or  which  bMt  Bdspted 

i;u.  ft.  iier  min. 

Oootenl 

of 

Weight  of 

100-250 
300-650 

s"o-»no 

30 
77 

12™)-lsno 
1550-lSOO 

2000-3500 

192 
280 

ilii 

PropoTtioniniT  Air  Eeceivers.  To  determine  what  sized  air 
receiver  is  best  for  the  capacity  of  the  air  compressor  it  in  pro- 
posed to  install: 

1st.  Determine  the  maximum  capacity  of  the  compresBor  per 
min.  in  free  air.      (Piston  displacement  per  min.  will  do.) 

2nd.  Calculate  what  volume  this  air  will  occupy  at  the 
working  pressure,  and  this  will  be  the  required  voliime  of  the 

This  is  a  very  easy  calculation  to  make  as  the  following  will 

illustrate. 

'Suppose  the  raaliimum  piston  displacement  of  compressor  per 
min.  =  115  eu.  ft. 

Working  pressure  =  SO  lb.  (gage).  To  determine  the  volume  of 
63  cu,  ft.  of  free  air  when  compressed  to  80  pounds  pressure, 
the  following  formula  may  be  used 

V-.iilJl. 
'~  P.-i-  14-7 

in  which  V,  =  maximum  piston  displacement  in  cu,   ft,  per  min 
=  65. 

P,:=  Working  pressure    (gage)  =90   lb. 

\'j  =  Volume  of  the  air   at  the  hipher   preRSure. 


Cno^l^ 


10  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Substituting  in  this  formula  we  have: 


'       80  +  14-7 
=:  10  cu.  ft.  which  would  be  the  volume  of  a  r 
dia.   and   6   ft.   long. 

The  above  formula  determines  approximately  the  minimum 
aised  receiver  ne«esaary,  but  in  making  a  selection  a  larger  one  i 
is  preferable.  There  ia  no  drawback  in  having  the  receiver  too 
large;  a  receiver  is  eeldom  tCHD  large,  in  fact  moat  troubles  are 
caused  by  the  receiver  being  too  small  to,  overcome  fluctuation  in 
pressure  and  by  not  allowing  the  air  to  remain  stationary  long 
enough  to  cool  and  to  deposit  part  of  its  moisture. 

CooUuff  Derloes  increase  compressor  efficiency  by  reducing  the 
temperature  of  the  air  while  liein);  compressed.  Thin  also  de- 
creases danger  of  explosion  and  provides  drier  air  after  com- 
pression. 


Ooollne  aurf  see 


AlE   AFTEBCOOLEEa 

Horiiontal   and  vertical  type 


AIR  COMPRESSORS  81 


Fig.  13.    Air  Aftercooler 


MGootjl>J 


32  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Hethodi  of  Coolingf:  (a)  Ante-cooling;  (b|  cooling  during 
compression;  (c)  intercooliDg ;  ^  (d)  aftercooling.  Ante^coollng  I 
is  bj  leading  the  air  to  the  compreasor  from  the  coolest  Bide  of 
the  building;  or  hy  the  use  of  ante-coolers  (similar  to  after- 
coolers).  Cooling  during  compression  is  by  direct  contact  be- 
tween water  and  air  (as  in  wet  compressors,  now  nearly  obso- 
lete) or  by  the  use  of  water  jackets.  Tntercooler  is  used  in  stage 
compressors,  to  cool  the  compressed  air  between  the  cylinders. 
Upon  proper  cooling  at  this  point  depends  largely  the  ctHciency  i 
of  stage  compresaion.  After-coolera  cool  the  air,  anJ  therefore 
deposit  moisture,  between  compressor  and  delivery  pipe. 


Fig.   14.     Gasoline  Driven  Portable  Air  Compressor  I 

Portable  Air  Compressors.  Small  portable  gasoline  and  power 
driven  air  compressors  are  adapted  to  work  of  a  temporary  char-  i 
acter  reijuiring  compressed  air  in  small  quantities,  such  as  the 
laying  of  gas  and  water  mains,  where  air  tools  of  various  typ^s  i 
are  used  for  cutting  atphalt,  tearing  up  roadways,  rock  cutting.  I 
calking  lead  joints,  drilling  and  riveting  of  steel  pipes,  tamping 
dirt,  etc.  The  machines  are  usually  furnished  complete  with  the 
engine  and  its  fittings,  compressor,  air  receiver  and  fittings  such  as 
valves,  gages,  outlets,  piping,  etc.  They  are  rigged  for  hand 
transportation  and  may  also  be  had  fitted  with  tongue  and  single 
tree  or  bar  for  trailing  behind  a  motor  truck. 

Where  compressors  of  over  200  cu.   ft.  are   required   for  tern- 


AIR  COMPRESSORS. 


PoBTABLE  Air  Compbessobs 
SO-lOO  ib.  preaiure 
(Gasoline   driven) 
Bated  cspudtT  in         ApprndmBtfl  Bhipping  Price 


wr  mJD.  weliht^D  lb.  t.  g.  b.  ftcUaj 


ITOO 

100  330 

UE  4000 


(E)ectric  motor  driveu) 


The  following  tabit  gWeB  the  cost  of  amall  portable 
preeeore  f.  a.  b.  Michigan. 

Bated  capacity  Id         Approiimste  staippiag  Price 


In  the  above  table  the  last  two  cunpreasorH  are  of  the  6  by  6 
size,  the  42  cu.  ft.  machine  being  driven  by  an  S  hp.  engine  and 
having  a  pressure  of  T5  Ib.  per  eq.  in.,  and  the  10  being  driven  b; 
a   10  bp.  engine  and  having  a  pressure  of  100  lb.  per  sq.  in. 

Ettelenoy  of  CompreHon  at  VertoQa  Elevatioos.    Aa  it  is  a 
very   common  practice   to   use   air   in  drills   and   light  machines 
at  full  stroke,  a  table  of  the  eiTicienc;  of  compressors  when  the 
air  is  BO  used  at  various  heights  above  sea  level  follows; 
HilgU  in  H. 


■fometar 

Emclenr; 

iilCk«a 

30.00 

!■")   . 

KM 

n 

XIM 

93 

»M 

M 

mt 

ar 

M.79 

84 

OM 

n 

TS 

3311 

TO 

21.!9 

T3 

20.  I> 

TO 

1B.72 

GS 

1898 

ee 

as   ' 

niss 

eo 

UJS 

18 

.,C(K)tjl>J 


34  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Care  «f  ComprciMTI.  From  "  Mining  Engineerij'  Handbook," 
Peele. 

General.     So  locate  tlie  compressor  that  parte  are  readily   ac- 
c'easibie.     PoundationB   must  lie   level   in   both   dim'tiona  and, 
power  dri,ven  machineH,  the   motor  and  compressor   must   be   i 
curatel;  aligned. 

Air  Valvee.  Examine  at  least  oiit«  a  month,  to  see  that 
there   is  no  cutting,   and  that  the   apringa,   if  any,  are  in   good 

Cutting  is  caused  by  ineffective  tubrieation  or  grit  entering 
inlet.  If  the  latter,  remove  the  cause  of  dust,  or  change  position 
of  intake.  Keep  spare  valves  on  hand  for  prompt  renewal. 
before  wear  or  defect  becomes  serious.  Leaky  discharge  valvee 
greatly    reduce    volumetric   efficiency.  | 

Air  Lines.  Watch  closely  for  leaks,  which  are  costly.  A  0.25-| 
in.  hole  may  waste  enough  air  to  run  a  2,25-in,  drill.  ' 

Ltibricaiion  must  be  sufficient,  but  not  excessive. 

An  air  cylinder  requires  less  oil  than  steam  cylinder  of  eame 
size.  Use  best  air-cylinder  oil  for  cylinder  and  valves,  having;  a 
flash  point  not  lower  than  500°  F.  Never  use  kerosene  to  eut 
carbon  deposits  in  the  exhaust  valves  and  ports,  as  it  has  a  low 
flash  point  and  may  ignite  and  cause  explosion. 

EXPLOSIOXS    IN    COUPBKSaOBS    AND   RECEIVERS 

C'aueet:  excessively  high  internal  pressure,  due  less  to  the  air 
pressure  carried  than  to  that  prnduced  by  ignition,  in  compressor, 
piping,  or  receiver  of  an  explosive  mixture  of  air  and  gaa  from 
lubricant. 

Lvhricanta  in  general  use  are:  commercial  cylinder  oil,  and  a 
mixture  of  soap  and  water,  each  having  its  proper  function.  Soap 
and  water  has  inferior  lubricating  qualities;  if  used  alone  a  much 
greater  quantity  is  necessary  than  with  a  proper  oil. 

In  a  compressor  lubricated  almost  exclusively  by  soap  and 
water,  a  deposit  2  in.  thick  was  found,  which  readily  ignited  at 
400°  F.'  A  very  small  quantity  of  oil  with  a  flash  point  of  400° 
F.  had  also  been  used,  which  indicates  that  the  use  of  soap  Ibj 
not  a  sure  preventive  of  explosions.  Nevertheless,  it  will  cleani 
the  cylinder  and  valves  without  shutting  down,  and  its  use  is 
recommended.  All  oils  give  off  combu»tihle  gases  when  heated. 
The  lowest  temperature  at  which  this  begins  is  the  flash  point. 
the  ignition  temperature  being  the  burning  point.  As  ordinary 
lubricating  oils  (lash  at  about  250°  F.  .(a  temperature  below  the 
usual  working  temperature  of  compressors),  special  high-flash 
cylinder  oils  should   be  used. 


AIR  COMPRESSORR  35 

Temperature  Due  to  Conprtition  drpeada  upon  initial  temper- 
ature, the  working  preaaure,  and  the  elHcienc;  o(  the  cooling  de- 

Tetnpereture  of  discliarxecl  air  of  a  eingle-atage  comprcBHor   ia 
/P'\ii  — I 
found   by   T'  =  T  I  —  \~ —    where  T  and  T  =  abaolute  Initial 

and    final    temperature,    P   and    P'  =  abHolutc    initial    and    final 

preeaure,  n  =  constant^  1,41   and =0.29.     This   formula, 

for  adiabatic  compresBlon,  ia  not  abaolutelj  correct,  because  water 
jackets  permit  ver;  little  loas  of  heat  by  radiation.  Near  aea 
level  at  atmoapheric  temperature  of  70°  P.,  P  =  14,  and  at  HO 
lb.   gage  presHure   the   final  temperature   la 

/80-L  H\n.!S  • 

T  =  70  +  4SB"  I  — ~- —  1         =  917'    F.,   absolute,   or 

45S°  F.  thermometric. 

With  leaky  exhaust  valvea  thia  temperature  may  be  materially 

higher. 

If  no  exploeion  occurs,  CO,  from  imperfect  combustfon  of  the 
oil,  and  carried  with  the  compressed  air  underground,  may  cause 
danger  to  the  miners. 

PrecauHona  tor  avoiding  high  temperature; 
(a)  The  compressor  should  be  adapted  to  the  conditiona.' 
Cylinder  proportions  (or  sea  level  are  not  suitable  for  high 
altitudes;  (b)  Intake  pipe  should  be  of  wood  or  other  insulating 
material,  and  air  should  be  taken  from  as  cool  a  place  aa  pos- 
sible outside  of  the  engine  room.  A  lowering  of  5°  F.  may  in- 
crease efficiency  by  1%;  (c)  Unloader  should  be  designed  not  to 
cause  excessive  heating  when  in  operation;  (d)  Largest  possible 
area  of  cylinder  surface  should  be  jacketed,  and  plenty  of  the 
eoldeet  water  obtainable  used;  |e]  For  a  stage  compressor  use 
eHicient  inter-cool  era;  ff)  After-coolera  increase  efHeiency  and 
should  be  used;  (g)  If  circulating  water  be  reused,  provide 
ample  water-coolen;  (h)  Place  tei^eiver  inteta  near  the  top  and 
outlets  about  one  ft.  above  the  bottom,  to  insure  cleanliness  in 
the  air;  (i)  Receiver  should  have  blow-off  cocks  at  the  bottom, 
and  manhole  for  inspecting  the  interior;  (j|  Place  a  recording 
thermometer  between  high-pressure  cylinder  and  receiver;  (k)  An 
automatic  blowout  valve,  to  act  if  temperature  rises  alwve  a 
safe  point,  ia  advisable;  (1)  Tnlet  air  should  be  free  from  dust; 
—  washed  if  necessary;  (m)  While  running,  never  inject  kerosene 
into   the   compressor   to   cut   carbon   deposit. 

Data  to  Be  Oiven  When  Inavlrlng  About  Air  Compreuors. 
When  writing  for  prices  or  other  information,  give  aa  complete 


36  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  ' 

data  as  poBsible  regarding  service  to  be  performed  and   local 
conditions.    Following  points  sbould  be  covered; 

(a)  Purpose  for  which  the  air  is  to  be  used;  (b)  volume  of 
free  air  required,  cubic  ft,  per  minute;  (c)  working  air  pressure; 
(d)  altitude,  if  over  1,000  ft.  above  se*  level;  (e)  number,  size, 
and  kinds  of  machines  to  be  operated  b;  conlpressed  air;  (()  if 
air  is  to  be  used  for  pumps,  give  moke,  size,  speed  and  head; 
(g)  if  tor  raising  water  i^  the  air  Hft,  state  flow  per  min.  in 
gal^  dia.  and  deptli  of  well,  and  height  of  delivery  above  average 
height  of  water  in  the  well;  (h)  whether  the  demand  for  air 
will  be  constant  or  intermittent;  (i)  whether  the  compressor 
will  be  operated  by  steam  or  power;  (j)  if  steam-driven,  state 
steam  pressure,  kind  and  cost  of  fuel,  type  of  engine  preferred, 
andswhetber  condensing  or  non-condens[ng;  (k)  if  power  driven, 
state  motive  power,  and  whether  direct  connection,  belt,  or  gear- 
ing is  preferred;  (1)  if  belt-driven,  give  hp,  at  belt,  and  if 
apace  is  limited,  state  maximum  distance  allowable  between  driv- 
ing centers;  (m)  if  electric-driven  give  partieulars  as  to  current 
and  motor;  (n)  if  water  power  is  to  be  used,  give  hp,  available, 
or  head  or  fall  of  water  in  feet:  also  cu.  ft.  of  water  per  min.; 
|o)  state  transport  facilitiee.  If  machine  must  be  sectional) zed. 
state  heaviest  wt.  allowable  for  a  single  package;  (p)  state 
style  of  compressor  preferred.  If  portable,  state  whether  for 
surface  or  underground   service,  and  kind  and  source  of   power. 

TaANStuasioN  of  Coupressed  Aib  in  Pipes 

Kpe  Lines.  Wrought  iron  and  ateel  pipe  is  lap  or  butt-welded. 
As  lap-weM  is  the  stronger,  it  is  used  for  the  larger  sizes. 

Pipe  up  to  S  in.  are  usually  butt-weld,  though  lap-weld  pipe  as 
small  as  1.25  in,  is  made.  Pipe  and  fittings  should  be  galvanized 
inside,  as  the  scale  from  black  pipe  may  injure  machines  using 
the  air.  Extra-heavy  pipe  for  high  pressure  may  be  had. 
Wrought  iron  spiral-seam  riveted  pipe  is  useful  for  large  sizes. 
Itolled  sheets,  with  punched  edges  ready  fof  riveting,  are  con- 
venient for  transport  to  remote  regions. 

Joints.  W.  I.  pipe  lengths  are  connected  by  sleeve  couplings, 
or  bj  C.  I.  flanges  into  which  the  pipe  ends  are  expanded  or 
threaded.  Sleeve  couplings,  which  are  suitable  for  all  except 
very  large  sizes,  should  be  put  on  with  white  or  red  lead,  espe- 
cially where  leaks  may  develop  in  shifting  ground.  Gaskets  are 
used  for  flange  couplings ;  asbestos  near  the  receiver,  brown 
paper  elsewhere.  Expansion  joints  are  necessary  on  long  lines, 
but  too  many  should  be  avoided  as  they  are  likely  to  leak. 

Coat  of  laying  gas  mains  of  4,  6  and  10  in.  diameter,  and  W,  I. 


AIR  COMPRESSORS  37 

sleere-joint,  6  and  S  in.  ftir  pipe,  is  given  in  Gillette's  "  Cost 
Data,"  pp.  1S02,  1B04. 

Tranunluion  Louei  in  compressed  air  pipes.  The  heat  of  com- 
preseion  is  quickly  lost  in  the  flrst  few  hundred  ft.  of  air  main, 
and  cannot  economically  be  retained  by  non-conducting  covering. 
Before  using  air  expansively,  it  should  be  reheated. 

Tnn'imiulon  Line  Hints.  Losaes  from  leaky  joints  or  unsound 
pipe  often  exceed  all  other  transmission  losses.  Pipes  should  be 
inspected  regularly  to  eliminate  waste  of  power.  Pipe  of  too 
small  diameter  reduces  effective  pressure  by  causing  high  velocity 
and  undue  friction.  Velocity  in  mains  ahould  not  exceed  20  to 
25  ft.  per  second;  in  short  branch  pipes  it  may  he  40  or  SO  ft. 
Pipe  with  rough  interior  can  He  k  excessive  friction  loss.  Each 
length  should  be  cleaned  of  forci;(n  substances  before  coupling. 
Lead  forced  into  the  pipe  at  couplings  makes  obstructive  ridges. 
Surface  mains  should  be  protected,  to  avoid  freezing  of  the 
moisture  and  consequent  obstruction.  Tees,  elbows,  and  other 
Bttings  cause  friction  and  should  be  avoided  wherever  possible. 

flitcnoN  OP  Globe  Valves,  Tees,  and  Elbows 

Sednotlon  of  Pressure  by  globe  valves  is  the  same  as  that 
caused  by  an  added  length  of  straight  pipe,  as  follows: 

Added  lenjth=  (U4  X  dla.  o(  pipe)  ^  (1  +  (3.»-^di«.)) 

DiiL  nf  pipe,  in t       1,E       2       2.E       3       3.S       4       E  S 

Added  lenith.-ft 2       4          T      10        IS     IS        20      £S  3« 

Di"    of  D-«-    in 7       K        in      1!        Ij      IS        20     31  H 

A4dMl  leagtii.  ft 44      B3        10      SS      IIS    143       1S2    ISl  MO 

Redvotion  of  Treisure  by  elbows  and  tees  is  equal  to  two- 
thirds  of  thst  caused  by  globe  valves.  Following  are  the  added 
lengths  of  straight  pipe  equivalent  to  elbows  and  tees: 

Dia.  of  pipr.  in 1       1.5  2       S.G  3  S.E  4       t       « 

Added  Isnttli,  ft 22  ET  S  It  13      19      34 

DU.  of  uipr.  in 78  10      12  IS  IS  202224 

Added  length,  » 30      35  47      a«  77  M  IDS    120    134 

These  additional  lengths  of  pipe  for  globe  valves,  elbows  and 
tees  must  be  added  in  each  case  to  length  of  straight  pipe.  Thus 
a  6-in,  pipe  500  ft.  long,  with  I  globe  valve,  2  elbows  and  3 
tees  would  be  equivalent  to  a  straight  pipe  600  -f  36  +  (2  X  24) 

+  (3  X24)=6Sa  ft.  long. 


MGootjl>J 


38         HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Asbestos  Building:  Felt  and  Sheathing  in  less  than  ton  lots 
costs  14  cents  per  111.  and  may  be  had  in  thicknesses  weighing 
from  6  to  56  lb.  per  100  aq.  ft. 

Asbestos  Kill  Board  is  made  in  standard  sheets,  40  by  40  in, 
and  42  by  48  in.  It  varies  in  thickness  from  He  to  ^  '"■>  ""^  I 
in  weight  from  4  to  27  lb.  per  sheet.  The  price  in  ton  lote  per 
lb.  is  $0.086 ;  in  less  than  ton  lots,  in  crates  of  approximately  | 
400  lb.,  $0.00  per  lb.;  and  In  quantities  of  less  than  40(1  lb.,  its 
price  per   lb.   is  $0,125. 

Transits,  Asbestos  Wood  used  for  firepi.oofing  work,  ventilaf-  | 
ors  and  smoke  jackets,  comes  in  standard  sheets  30  b^  48  in.,  42   j 
by  48  in.,  and  42  by  06  in.     It  may  be  had  in  ail  thicknesses  from   | 
^^  in.  to  2  in.,  and  weighs  from  about  1.4  to  20  lb.  per  sq.  ft.     It 
costs  in  less  than  ton  lots  $0  1 1   per  lb. 

Asbestos  cements  are  used  for  covering  boilers,  domes,  fittings, 
etc.,  and  all  irregular  surfaces,  and  may  be  used  over  asbestos 
air  cell  twiler  blocks,  when  it  makes  an  excellent  covering. 
When  mixed  with  water  to  a  copsisteney  of  mortar  and  applied 
with  a  trowel,  it  forms  a  light  porous  coating  which  is  the  most 
efficient  non-conductor.  The  cost  of  this  cement  is  $4.50  per  bag 
of   too  111. 


MGootjl>j 


ASPHALT  PLANTS 


Portable  Alphalt  Mixing;  Plant.     A  plant  of  the  two  unit  type 
having  a   capacity  of  800  Bq.  yd.  consiats  of  the  following: 


iBt  Unit:  Boiler,  engii 
and  atone  storage  bin, 
complete  all  mounted 
lb.  and   ccwts  $11,500. 

ind  Unit:  Portable  sti 
mounted  on  wheels,  wi 


cold  material  elevator,  screen,  sand 
nea»uring  box,  weighing  bucket,  mixer, 
I  steel  frame  and  wheels,  weighs  44,200 


Fig.   15.     Two  Unit  Portable  Asphalt  Plant. 

A  three  unit  plant  similar  to  the  above  in  capacity  ia  as  fol- 

Ut  Unit:     Mixer,   drier,   etc.,   weight  34,200   lb.,  price  $0,000. 
2nd  Unit:     40  hp.  portable  boiler  and  25  hp.  steam  engine,  weight 

12,600  lb.,  price  $3,200. 
3rd  Unit ;     Same  as  sei'ond  unit  in  above  outfit. 

A  three  unit  plant  similar  to  the  above  rated  at  1,250  sq.  yd. 
capacity  ie  as  follows: 

30 


40  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Ist  Unit:     Mixer,  drier,  etc.,  weight  38,000  lb.,  price  $12,500. 
2nd  Unit:    50  hp.  porbible  boiler,  25  hp.  engine,  weight  13,100 

lb.,  price  $3,700. 
3rd  Unit;     Two  2,400  gal.  portable  ateam  melting  kettles,  weight 

19,600  lb.,  price  $3,700. 


Fig,  16.    Portable  Aaphalt  Plant. 

Portable  Road  Asphalt  Plant.  The  following  is  a  description 
of  a  plant  made  in  three  sizes.  These  plants  consist  of  tliree 
units.  For  the  plant  having  a  rated  capacity  of  75  yards,  or  the 
equivalent  Topeka  Mixture  Asphaltic  Concrete -Asphalt  Macadam, 
oi  any  of  the  patented  hot  mixture  asphalt  pavements  per  hour, 
the  first  unit  consists  of  a  sand  drum,  capacity  8  tons  per  hour; 
mixer,  capacity  5  cu.  ft.;  sand  bin  with  rotary  screen  divided 
into  two  comparttnonta  so  that  Sheet  Asphalt  Topping,  Topeka 
Mix  or  Asphalt  Concrete  can  be  laid  without  change,  capacity 
5  tons;  measuring  box  arranged  so  that  hot  'Band  and  stone 
for  each  hatch  is  weighed  quickly  and  accurately;  asphalt  bucket 
arranged  so  that  the  asphalt  for  each  batch  is  accurately  weighed: 
mounted  on  all-steel  trucks.  The  approvimate  shipping  weight 
of  thU  outfit  is  35,000  Ih  and  it  costs  .$10,000. 

The  second  unit  consists  of  a  30  hp.  locomotive  type  portable 
boiler  and  a  25  hp  engine,  mounted  together  on  an  all-steel 
trunk.     It  weighs   10,800  lb    for  shipment  and  costs  $2,.'>00. 

The  third  unit  consists  of  a  portable  melting  kettle  having  a 
capacity  of  12  tons,  mounted  on  steel  trucks  and  furnished  with 


ASPHAl/T  PLANTS  41 

two   plstformB.    The  shipping  weight   is  approximatelj    12,000 

lb.,  and  the  price  is  tl,7S0. 

The  plant  having  a  capacity  of  125  sq.  jd.  baa  a  Band  drum  with 
a.  ca.pacit]'  of  12  tons  per  hour;  a  T  cu.  ft.  batch  mixer;  a  7  ton 
sand  bin;  meaiiuring  box,  a»phalt  bucket  and  is  mounted  on 
trucks.  It  weighs  approximately  42,000  lb.  for  shipment  and 
costs  $12,600. 

The  second  unit  is  the  same  as  in  the  76  yd,  size.  The  third 
unit  is  also  the  same  as  in  the  75  yd.  size. 

The  plant  having  a  rapacity  of  ISO  sq.  yd.  has  in  the  flrat  unit 
a  sand  drum,  capacity  ot  18  tons  per  hour;  a  9  cu.  ft.  steam 
jacketed  mixer,  a  10  ton  sand  bin,  measuring  box,  bucket  and 
tH  mounted  on  steel  trucks.  It  weighs  approximately  46,000  lb. 
for   shipment  and   eoxts   SI5,000. 

The  second  unit  conxtHtB  of  a  50  bp.  boiler  with  a  40  hp. 
engine  mounted  an  it  with  belt  and  weighs  16,000  lb.  for  ship- 
ment and  costs  $3,000. 

The  third  unit  consists  of  two  of  the  same  kettles  as  used  in 
the  other  outflta.  • 

The  following  men  are  required  to  run  any  of  the  three  sizes; 
one  additional  man  for  the   180  yard  size; 

1  Drum  fireman. 

3  Men  on   the   mixer  platform   for   sheet  asphalt  and   other 
mixtures   requiring  the  addition  of  dust. 

2  Men    on    the    mixer    platform    for    Topeka   mix   or   other 

pavement   not    requiring    additional   dust. 
1  Man  to  fire  and  attend  to  the  temperature  of  the  kettles. 
1  General   foreman. 
1  Engineer   if   eieam   power   be   used;   he   can   be   dispensed 

■with  it  electric  power  be  used. 
1  Oiler  and  general  handy  man. 

Sufficient  laborers  to  carry  wet  sand  and  stone  to  the  cold 
material  elevator. 
For  municipalities,  these  portable  plants  may  be  used  as  sta- 
tionary plants  by  removing  the  axles  and  wheels,  setting  up  the 
plant  on  a  permanent  concrete  foundation   and   surrounding  the 
plant  with  a  suitable  building  of  light  construction. 
This  plant  is  illustrated  by  Fig.   17. 

A  portable  asphalt  mixing  plant  has  the  following  dimensions: 
length  over  all  3fi  ft.,  width  over  frame  7  ft,  3  in.,  width  over 
wheels  12  It.  3  in.,  wheel  base  22  ft.,  height  over  all  when  work- 
ing 21  ft.  0  in.,  and  height  over  all  when  the  elevator  is  taken 
down  for  travel  12  ft.  The  specifications  are  as  follows:  Asphalt 
kettle  capacity  1500  gallons  or  approximately  26  barrels;   boiler 


42  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMEMT 

48  in.  by  104  in.,  vertical,  34  hp.-,  engine  10  in.  by  10  in.,  vertical, 
25  hp.;  boiler  water  tank,  300  gallonn;  traveling  speed  one  mile 
per  hour;  tnpacity  ot  batdi  ^/t  cii.  yd.  or  1,000  Ik;  weight  of 
machine,  approximately  20  tons.  Price  f.  o.  b.  factory  $9,000.00. 
An  asphalt  mixer  waH  iixed  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago,  during 
1010  to  construct  an   asphalt  surfaced  driveway.     The  road  was 


Fig.  17.    Dryer  and  Mixer  Unit. 

40  ft.  wide  \  4,631  ft.  long,  and  had  2  inches  of  asphalt  on  an 
in.  base  of  crunhed  stone.  The  total  amount  of  asphalt  wa 
22,318  sq.  y^i.  The  material  was  mixed  in  an  asphalt  mixer  i 
the  following  proportions; 

i  part  tori>mlo  nand  {JS 


The  total  costs  were  ae  follows: 

Labwor  -lone,  p*r  ,q.  j-d.  W-JM 

T.slmr  on  ■"phalt.  per  m    yd 3K 


ASPHALT  PLAKTS  43 

Lobcv  coat  of  enib,  p«r  lln.  ft t  <M 

M»teriBl  cost  o(  eorb,  per  Ijn.  ft.  21 

Tot»l  ooet  of  eurb  (0^ 

These  coeU  include  all  repairs  to  the  plant,  but  no  depreciatiun 
The  coat  of  the  plant  was  as  follows: 

Link  Beh  Co.,  OBphBll  miier  f  5,590 

GBeoline  tractor 1,3X1  ■ 

e-lon  roDer  1,800 

15-ton  roller 1,500 

Asphth  tsnks  and  tools  1,000 

Total  T»lue  of  pUnt  (IMO)    «1,090 

The  municipal  asplialt  repair  plant  oE  New  Orleans,  La.,  was 
erected  on  a  lot  175  ft.  x  260  ft.,  and  covers  about  1,5M  square 
feet  of  ground. 

The  cost  of  plant  was  as  follows  ( 1Q06  prices) : 

Demolilion  of  old  Earbage  plant  buildings t     4T5.D0 

A«ph»lt    plant  — Wsrren    Bro«.    AephaU    Pacing    Oo.'h 
ronlract,   tlt.geZ.EO;    citT   atlsraliona  and   additiona, 

B.TOT.SO    19.599.00 

Yard  (encee  and  galoa   859.00 

Swilct  tracks   I.ISB  00 

Yard  paTemenla  and  drains  0,7211X1 

Tower  lank  and  filter   1,130.00 

Water  plpea  and  oullela  1,015.00 

Watefhouae  and  plBtform   1,«1.00 

iaphalt  Bhed    .  ""  "" 


Blacksmltta  ahop  and  equipment  2IS.00 

~    "       ollinr  pen  and  wagon  shed  5,311.00 

naher  and  Mnranti  bin  1.9S«.O0 

ilerlal  b 


Stable. 
Stone  crnahei 


n  building  E.E09.00 

Landing  bins  and  roade  I,45!.n0 

Lighting   S5S00 

General  cteanlBg  ot  premiaea  M8.00  ' 


In  addition  to  134  toolx  of  various  kinds  included  in  the  con- 
tract price,  the  plant  ie  furninhed  with  the  following:  1  roller- 
mounted  platform  scales;  I  4-wheeI  hand  truck;  12  wheelbarrows, 
IS  fihovels;  10  axes;  ft  picks;  8  crowbars;  S  sledge  hammefH;  and 
a  number  of  small  tools.  The  shed  tools  consist  of  the  following: 
2  tool  bones;  18  street  barriers;  1  8-ton  steam  roller;  I  3'A-ton 
steam  roller;  1  1,000-lb.  hand  roller;  1  Are  wagon;  1  mixing 
kettle;  18  asphalt  irons;  66  asphalt  axes;  107  picks;  18  mattocks: 
142  shovels;  24  wheelbarrows;  6  axes;  200  ft  of  hose;  6  sledae 
hammers;  8  chisels;  10  iron  bars;  and  other  small  tools.  The 
testing  laboratory  in  equipped  with  cement  testing  apparatus,  oil 
testers,  brick  testers,  etc. 


« 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


In  addition,  17  mules,  3  horHM,  9  aets  hamMS,  haltera,  blan- 
kets, etc.,  for  tlie  staUle,  and  10  wagons,  8  carta,  2  farm  wBg<me, 
1  float  dray  and  1  buggy  were  puri-haiied. 

This  equipment  cost  a«  foUowai 


ffi;Kf'."'.T*r."'. 

«1 

"Ip™-* 

*^V.'^ 

ToUl 

g 

follows; 

Bollitig  (tock  l.On.OO 


AsphBll.  465.«  looM  

Fluiing  OIL  Ui,5?7  lb 

Cwt 

18.G0 

JW75 

ToUl 

ii:,ta.-fiir,r-'^::::-- 

W 

\^ 

TrbHnnrU  River  Hand,  250  en.  ;d 

1** 

Biver  gravel,  6«  cu.  jd 

Clay  »ra»«L  3,17S  en.  yd 

Vevi  aoMll  [rantLe  blo<ka,  3,240  

zn 

^^J^J^^'i^'^hrl^  

.-        -^ 

Laiti.  >b<']k,  3.81SCU.  id 

Br.ckbaK,  6M  cu.  yd 

::::;:   i:*s 

:::::::    ff 

i.sm 

BilotaiS£''raDpiiii":!:;:i;r.:::;!:;:!;:;: 

m 

S7 

Cooslc 


ASPHALT  PLANTS  45 

I>iu'ing  the  same  period  ot  time  the  plant  turned  out  88,947 
cubic  feet  of  wear  surface  which  equals  49/116  square  yards  of 
2  inch  pavement. 

The  largest  day's  ruB  was  206  hoses  of  wearing  aurfaee  mix- 
ture. One  box,  or  9  cubic  feet,  will  lay  5  square  yards  of  2-inch 
pavemeDt. 

Operation  Coat,  Municipal  Aiphalt  Plant  of  the  Dlatrlot  of 
Columbia.  Itemized  costs  for  the  operation  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  municipal  asphalt  plant  are  contained  in  a  report  by 
the  engineer  department  for  the  year  which  ended  June  30,  1918. 
The  plant  output  for  the  year  was  185,952  cu.  ft.  of  material, 
consisting  of  1S1,152  cu,  ft.  of  old-material  mixture  22,050  cu. 
ft.  of  asphaltic  concrete  mixture,  and  12,744  cu.  ft.  of  topping 
mixture.  The  plant  was  operated  for  214  days  with  an  average 
daily  output  of  869  cubic  feet. 

Hauling  by  motor  trucli  was  introduced  during  the  year  for 
hauling  the  hot  mixture,  and  was  found  to  be  both  economical  and 
advantageous.     About  90%  of  the  liot  ha.ul  was  done  by  trucks. 

Municipal  Asphalt  Plant  Costs  at  Washinqton,  D.  C. 

Baaed  on  1  cu.  ft.  of  Mixture 

Old-Material  Mixture 

UBterUl  con ; 


SBnd.  0.34  ca.  ft.,  il 
Llmeetone  dnet,  S.l  it}.,  at  >^.bj 

TDM  tMt  ol  material  per  cabi 

Matm(acturlng  Bud  placing  cost: 

Plant  labor* 

Hot  haul 

Street  layinf  

Uaintenance  af  plant  and  toots  , 
Bnperviiion    

ToUl    

Total  cost  per  cubie  loot 


16  per  lu,  yd.  . 


.     tO.0593 


Asphaltic  Concrete  Mixture 

Material  cost: 

BcTfeningB,  0.6  en,  ft-,  at  1139  per  t^  ..: 

Sand,  O.Ben.  [I.,  at  II. 4S  per  ou,  yd 

Limealone  du>it,  t.2  lb.,  aft3.63  per  ton  

AqihatUe  esment,  9,ie  lb,,  at  tll.lO  per  loA  


;ort  of  maUrisI  1 JO.lBlt 

Lring  and  plaeins  coat  SSSS 


Total  a 


4U  HANDBOOK  OF  C0N8TKUCTI0N  EQUIPMENT 

Topping  Mixture 

UaWrial  eoM: 

Sand,  1.0  ca.  It.,  at  tl.43  per  cu.  yd.  t0.0530 

Lim»Miie  duet  *.2  lb.,  *t  i3.G3  per  too  .0076 

Asphsltlc  CHnent,  iM  lb„  M  tU.lO  per  tM  .087S 

ToWt  cost  of  ni»l«rial |0.14gl ' 

HttDutacturing  and  placing  iMWt MS5 

ToiBl  cost  per  cubic  fool  I0.51W 

A  Bummary  of  the  casts  of  material,  operatioQ,  hftuling,  layiBg, 
maintetiBiice  and  HUperviaion  is  given  in  tiie  table.  The  cost  of 
minor  repairs  to  sheet-asphalt  pavements  during  the  year  averaged 
l.Tc.  per  square  yard  on  a  yardage  of  3,064,700.  The  averaj^e 
coHta  for  the  past  10  years  have  been  as  follows:  190S,  3.8c.; 
1009,  2.3c.;  1910,  2.6c.;  1911,  2.2o.;  1912,  2.4c.;  1913,  2c,;  1914, 
I.S)c.;  191S,  1.9c.;  1910,  l.Bc;  1917,  1.6c  The  plant  began 
operations   in    1912. 

ASPHALT  FAVIBa  AITS  &EFAIEIH&  EaUIPKBKT 

Surface  Heateis.  A  heater  primarily  designed  for  heating  old 
asphalt  pavements  in  repairing,  but  which  may  also  bs  used 
for  general  heating  and  drying  purposea.  bums  cither  gasoline  or 
kerosene.  The  heater  weighs  approximately  61.'i  lb,  for  shipment 
and  costs  $190.     It  is  made  in  the  following  sizes; 

Hood  tlie  Burners 

4  by  t  ft,  B 

3  br  4  ft 4 

!  by  4  ft 3 

1  by  4  It S 

Another  make  of  surface  heater  has  the  following  speciflcations : 
Fire  Pan  — 6  ft.  by  6  ft.  by  6  in.,  flat  top.     Can  be  raised  and 

lowered   by   one   man. 
Tanks  —  main  tank,  3.5  gal.,  auxiliary  tank,  18  gal.,  total  53  gal. 
Consumption  —  6  gal.  per  br.,  kerosene. 
Wheels  —  36-in.  staggered  spokes,  steel. 
Fittings  —  air  and  oil   gauges,   valves,  etc 
Shipping  weight  — 1,300   Ih, 
Price-  $52.5,  f.  o,  h,  Detroit,  Mieh. 

The  manufacturers  claim  that  this  heater  will  remove  500  sq.  yd. 
to  a  depth  of  one  inch  in  eight  hours. 

Keioiene  Tool  Furnace.  This  furnace  is  designed  to  replace 
the  old  style  Rre  wagon  to  get  away  from  the  smoke  and  dirt 
and  time  lost  in  heating  the  tools.  With  the  kerosene  furnace  it 
takes  about  15  minutes  to  heat  up  the  tools  ready  for  use. 

This  furnace  has  the  following  specifications:     Capacity  —  ap- 


ASPHALT  PLANTS  47 

proximately  15  assorted  tools,  rakes,  shoTele,  tampers,  etc.;  three 
burners,  flanie  plays  directly  on  the  tools;  two  IS-gal.  tanks,  30-in. 
steel  wheels,  fittings,  gauges,  etc.,  complete.  Shipping  weiglit 
1,050  lb.,  price  ¥320,  f.  o.  b.  Detroit,  Mich. 

Fire  wagon  for  beating  asphalt  tools  made  of  heavy  steel 
channel  sections  and  equipped  with  uprights,  cross  bar  and 
hooks,  mounted  on  metal  wheels,  has  a  shipping' weight  of 
1,360  lb.,  and  costs  $165. 


Fig.  18.    Fire  Wagon. 

Hand   roller  for  patcliing  weighs  approximately   1,150  lb,   for 
shipment  and  costs  $135. 
Old  material  pan  for  re-heating  old  asphalt  is  about  10  ft. 

long,  4  ft.  wide  and  14  in.  deep.    It  has  a  shipping  weight  of 
725  lb.  and  costs  $125. 

Kettles 

CapBfily  Apprailoiitfi 

in»al.                                  Kind                                weight  in  lb.  Price 

10       Porlable  pstrol  kettle  135  t  W 

50       Slationarj'  reitangular  kettle    280  96 

IN       atalianary  rectsUKabr  kettle    4W  U9 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


60  Portable  recUnfuUr  kettle  71 

100  Portable  lectansulu  kettle  Hi 

160  PorlBble  TeclBQEuIw  kxtlle  IS 

100  Btsllonary  round  maalle  Irrttla  fi' 

150  StBtionirr  irclangulu-  mutle  kettle  31 

400  Portab'e  coQtlnuoiu  krttle  with  hood IS 

800  portable  eontinnouB  kettle  with  hood 

Asphalt  Tooi« 

Itam  weighllolb. 

Sandals,  in  pairs   «  d». 

Melting  pots,  T  ga1..  [or  piil«bin(  S 

Pouring  r>of,  *  gHl,,  8  in.  ipouC 7 

PouHhk  pot.  *  gal..  10  in.  apout 7 

Brick  fllllnK  pota,   1  (sl 7 

,      ABphult  Btrfft  arraniTa 10 

Diprfm  iriib  long  bandlM,  »  qt 9 

Diripera  with  long  handl».  »  qt 7 

Anphalt  cuttori'.   without  haadlM  10 

Smootben.,  aapbalt,  lOW  by  Btt  in « 

Smoolhen.  B!<phaU,  1IU  by  7U  in 87 

Tampers,  asphalt,  8  by  S  in 35 

Tamprra,  asphalt.  8  by  S  in 37 

TimperB,  a-nhait.  S  by  S  in 20 

Tanin»r«,  asphalt.  K(i  by  214  in W 

Tamnrn.  i-ODcrete,  S  In  S  in.,  bandka  10 

Asnhall  rakes    5 

,      Twoman  stoDB  rake    10 

8tone  and  binder  fork 8 

Aiphall  p»l«hing  hoes 11 

Wiro  niuh  brooms.  Iiandl.s 4 

Rattan  pn>ih  broomB.  handlei  S,% 

A>phall  shoyl".  solid  "orVet 0 

Asphalt  shovels,  open  socket  *'A 

Uaatie  "Hrring  rods 10 

MB»tlo  floafR 4H 

Usilio  Bborela,  long  handlei  *•& 

Doien  prices  apply  on  each  order  for  six  or  more  on  oni 


■,Gl.K»tjl>J 


ATTTOUOBILES 

(See  Motor  Trucke.) 

Faoenrer  Can.  For  use  of  a  BuiJerintendent,  the  passenger 
automobile,  enabling  bim  to  go  from  place  to  place  with  speed 
and  convenience,  is  practically  in  dispensable.  Tleir  first  cost 
is  known  to  almost  everyone  who  reads  the  papers,  hut  the  cost 
of  operation,  which  is  the  important  feature,  seems  to  be  a  mys- 
tery  to  ovmers  until  a  few  moathH  after  they  have  had  their  cars 
in  cominiBsion.  The  medium  priced  car,  say  from  $1,200  to 
S1,H00  for  a  five- passenger  touring  car  equipped,  is  worth  at 
the  end  of  its  first  year  a  little  less  than  two-thirds  of  its  first 
cost  it  in  proper  repair,  newly  painted  and  usually  with  two 
new  tires.  After  the  first  year  the  rate  of  depreciation  is  a 
little  less,  say,  25%  of  the  original  cost  when  new.  It  is  rea- 
sonably safe  to  figure  about  as  follows  for  a  standard  American 


.sin  and  paintini »%-«% 

rage   (girase)    (if  in  «t«.)   ""-   


26%-*)% 
«% 
,    »%-«% 
.    lB%-30% 


Glii»line  sad  oit,  lO.OOO  miles  li%-3e% 

These  figures  are  intended  to  represent  average  conditions, 
and  may  easily  be  exceeded  by  careless  handling  or  rough  usage, 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  may  be  too  high  for  certain  condi- 
tions. The  very  high  priced  cars  will  not  depreciate  as  fast  as 
35%,  while  the  very  low  ones  may  depreciate  faster  than  40%. 
If  given  lesB  than  average  use  the  repair  hill  will  be  low,  and 
the  gasoline  and  oil  costs  will  be  reduced  in  proportion.  If 
not  used  at  all,  but  stored  at  a  minimum  rate  of  5%,  the  above 
costs  will  foot  up  to  36%  of  the  cost  of  the  car  new,  while  with 
very  moderate  usage  50%  would  seem  none  too  high.  The 
proper  unit  for  gasoline  cost  is  that  of  the  car  mile,  but  here 
it  has  been  assumed  to  be  on  the  basis  of  gasoline  at  36  cents 
per  gallon  and  twelve  car  miles  per  gallon  of  gasoline.    I  have 


50  HANDROOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  j 

allowed  %  cent  per  mile  for  oil,  tuaktni^  3.5  cents  per  mile  in  all, 
or  $360  for  10,000  miles,  which  would  be  23%  of  the  first  cost  of  a 
$1,500  car.  The  other  Hguteg  are  properly  in  terms  of  percentaj;e 
of  flrBt  cost  per  year,  and  the  fuel  costs  have  been  assumed  aa 
above  to  get  them  into  tlie  sa,me  units  for  comparison.  The  last 
item  is  relatively  unimportant,  and  becomes  insignificant  if  the 
car  is  not  much  used. 

If  the  average  $1,500  car  is  used  200  days  in  the  year,  averag- 
ing Rfty  miles  per  day,  its  daily  mat  on  the  above  basia  will  be 
$9.00,  which,  allowing  for  chauffeur  and  overhead  eKpenses, 
checks  with  the  ordinary  rental  charges.  The  price  of  gasoline  is 
not  likely  to  be  lowered,  but  is  gradually  advancing;,  and  repair 
and  storage  rates  tend  to  fnerease  with  the  lapse  of  time.  Con- 
sequently, the  total  percentage  for  annual  maintenance  coet,  in 
terms  of  the  selling  price,  is  likely  to  grow  from  year  to  year  the 
country  over,  the  selling  prices  tending  to  steadily  decline  until 
they  reach  a,  standard  cost  of  production  plus  standard  overhead 
charges  and  reasonable  profits. 

Many  figures  of  "  sworn  statements "  as  to  repair  costs  have 
been  published  in  the  interests  of  the  manufacturers  of  ears. 
These  may  be  useful  as  advertising  matter,  but  they  are  hardly 
a  safe  guide  when  financing  a  purchase. 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  4 
BACEFIIXINO  SACHINXS 

In  trenching  nork  where  machinee  aro  used  for  excavation,  the 
eoat  of  baekfllling  (by  hand)  is  frequently  higher  than  that  of 
excavation,  and  there  ia  op)>ortunity  for  considerable  saving  in 
this  item  by  the  use  of  machines  instead  of  hand  labor. 

The  DraKllne  Baokfllling  Machine.  The  wheel  type  without 
traction  it<  made  in  the  smaller  sizes.    It  ie  designed  to  be  drawn 


Fig.   19.     Gasoline  Backfiller. 

by  a  horse  or  trailed  behind  a  motor  truck  to  the  job.  It  is 
moved  along  with  the  work  on  the  job  by  its  own  power,  by  the 
use  of  the  winch  heail  and  an  anchored  line.  This  type  of  ma- 
chine equipped  with  a  pulling  drum  having  a  capacity  of  175 
ft.  of  1^-in.  cable  and  a  maximum  capacity  of  a  1,700-lb.  load  at 
a  single  line  speed  of  85  ft.  per  min.  weighs  approximately 
4,IXK)  lb;     Price  f.  o.  b.  factory,  S700.00. 

The  following  table  givee  the  size,  weight  and  price  of  the  wheel 
type  with   traction. 

51 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Gasoline  Dbivek  Backfilling  Machines 

Wheel  type,  with  traction 

Horse  power  ehippinir  weight  in  lb.  [.  o.  b.  factoc; 

5  2800  %SX 

6  34IM  8M 

7  4000  »S0 


Hg.  20.    Backfiller  with  Traction. 

The   following  table   gives   the   size,   weight  and  price  of   the 
caterpillar  traction  type. 

Gasoline  Driven  Backfillii-o  Machines 

Caterpillar   traction   type 


BHckfllling  machinee  equipped  with  a,  winch  head  may  be  used 
for  Tariong  purposes  besides  backfilling,  such  as  raising  telegraph 
poles  by  a  gin'pole,  pulling  cable  through  conduit,  pulling  crib- 


BACKFILLING  MACHINES  63 

bing,  lowering  pipe  into  a,  trencb  or  unloading  it  from  care  (see 
Figs,  21  and  22),  and  many  others  where  temporary  power  is 
required. 

BaokfilllBK  Wagoni.  The  following  notes  are  from  the  Eieca- 
vating  Engineer!  By  moimling-  a  triangular  3  yd.  Ixis  on  an 
ordinary  wagon  body,  a  Chicago  contrattor  was  able  to  avoid 
piling  dirt  on  etreeta  and  rehandling  in  a  sewer  job.  The 
top  of  the  box  is  10  ft.  above  ground  and  the  floor  forma  a. 
chute  starting  at  the  top  on  the  outside  and  extending  at  a  4&- 


Fig.  21.     Unloading  Pipe  from  Car. 
Fig.  22.     Lowering  Pipe  into  Trench. 

deg.  angle  past  the  side  of  the  wagon  for  a  distance  of  about  3 
ft.  This  overhang  is  stifflcient  to  permit  discharging  the  material 
into  the  trench  a,nd  atill  keep  the  wheels  of  the  wagon  from 
crumbling  the  edge  of  the  trench.  The  diacharge  gate  consists 
of  B,  door,  hinged  at  the  top,  controlled  by  a,  lever  beside  the 
driver'a  Beat.     Ree  Fig.  23. 

Backfllllng' with  a  Koad  Boiler.  The  following  notes  are  taken 
from  Engineering  NetB»,  May  !3,  1015: 

For  rapid,  cheap  and  effective  backfilling  of  trenches  the  Los 
Angeles  City  Water  Department  has  utilized  its  steam  road 
roller,  rigged  up  to  wJiat  the  force  calls  a  "  pusher,"  the  con- 
trivance being  capable  of  doing  three  times  the  amount  of  work 


54  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

that  can  .b«  accompliibed  by  an  average  scraper  gang,  at  one'half 
the  expenae.  The  device  is  shown  in  the  illuatration.  It  con- 
sistH  of  a  piece  of  Oregon  pine,  2iiJ2-in,  by  3  ft,  long,  shod 
with  iron,  well  braced  and  bolted  to  a  6x6  Oregon  pine  beam,  10 
ft.  long,  attached  after  the  manner  of  a  wagon  tongue  to  the 
front  of  a  7-ton  lO-hp.  Kelly- SptingSeld  road  roller.  The  beam 
ia  supported  by  tackle  from  a  maet  of  4  x  4  Oregon  pine  fastened 
on  a  hinge  to  the  frame  of  the  roller  and  held  in  place  by  wire 
guys. 

This  machine  was  used  on  baekfllling  5  miles  of  ditch  excavated 
for  a  40-iu.  riveted  steel  main,  the  trench  being  5  ft.  deep  and  5\4i 
ft.  wide.    The  spoil  bank,  which  vrm  of  reaaouable  dry  earth,  had 


Fig.  23.     Piling  Dirt  on  Streets  and  Rehandling  Avoided  by  Use 
of  These  Wagons. 

a  base  of  approximately  12  ft.  and  a  height  of  aliout  6  ft.  After 
the  men  became  accustomed  to  the  use  of  the  equipment,  with 
every  forward  trip  of  the  roller  a  cubit  yard  of  fill  went  into  the 
trench.  Not  only  was  the  machine  satisfactory  from  the  volume 
of  earth  moved,  but  it  was  found  that  the  roller  could  batk  up 
to  a  freeway,  go  forward  again  and  have  its  load  in  the  diti'h 
in  the  time  that  a  two-horse  fresno  was  getting  into  position  for 
its  load. 

The  machine  on  this  ditch  in  an  8-hr.  day  did  an  average  of 
450  lin.  ft.  of  backfill,  the  expense  being  one  man  to  guide  the 
"pusher"  or  plowshare  at  $2.50;  a  second  man  to  raise  and 
lower  the  tongue  by  means  of  the  tackle  at  $2.50;  a  steam  engineer 
for  the  roller  at  S3.50;  and  800  lb.  of  coal  at  $13.50  per  ton  — 


BACKFILLIXG  MACHINES  55 

a  total  of  $13.90.  (This  rate  would  be  coneiderably  lowered  in 
B,  locality  where  ehemp  coal  in  to  be  had.)  On  the  same  work 
liefore  the  contrivance  was  put  in  service  two  two-liorse  scrapers 
and  drivers  at  $3.50  each  and  one  man  as  helper  at  S2.50  did 
150   lin.   ft. 

In  working  out  the  final  form  it  was  found  tliat  the  length 
of  tongue  should  be  nearly  ae  long  as  the  base  of  the  spoil  bank 
to  be  moved;   also  that  the  device  must  be  very  strongly  huilt. 


Fig.    24.     Steam   Roller   with   Pusher   Attachment   Backfillinp;   a 
Pipe  Trench. 

Two  conditions  necessary  for  {"ood  work  are  a  fairly  level  ground 
with  no  obstructions  in  the  way  and  auiflcient  room  in  the  street 
for  the  length  of  roller  and  tangue  to  get  at  the  outer  edge  of 
the  bank.  It  is  quite  possible  to  take  the  bank  at  an  angle,  but 
the  best  results  are  accomplished  when  the  bank  is  hit  squarely. 
Also,  the  use  of  the  machine  involves  stopping  of  traffic  in  the 
block  in  which  it  is  working. 


MGootjl>j 


SECnON  6 

BAA  CniTEIlS 

A  eutter  which  is  operated  by  a  ]?ver  and  takes  round  steel 
bars  up  to  %-in.  in   size,  weighing  about   130  lb.,  costs  $16. 

A  cutter  taking  flat  bars  up  to  %  by  3  in.,  weighing  120  lb., 
coets  $19. 

The   above    prices   do   not   include   stands. 

A  maehine  with  »tand  which  cuts  twisted  squares  up  to  I  in., 
and  rounds  up  to  1^  in.,  weighing  about  315  lb;  is  priced  at  $06. 


Fig.  23.     Home  Made  Bar  Cutter. 

Home  Kade  Bar  Cutter,  Mr.  L.  A.  Francisco  in  Engineering 
Record  has  described  a  home  made  bar  cutter  as  follows:  To  a 
12  X  12'in.  timber  ia  bolted  a  l-iu.  thick  steel  plate  having  two 
holes  over  the  center-line  of  the  timlier.  Through  one  of  these 
passes  the  pyrbolt  which  forms  the  hinge  of  the  jaw.  Into  the 
other  lit  several  different  siiws  of  anvil- blocks,  for  cutting  different 
sizes  of  uteel  bars.  The  movable  blade  of  the  shear  was  made  from 
an  old  bridge  eyebar  fitted  with  a  cutting  edge  of  hardened 
tool  steel.  The  leverage  shown  in  the  sketch  Fig.  25  makes  it 
possible  to  exert  a  pressure  ot  about  70,000  lb.  on  this  edge. 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


BABOES  AKB  SCOWS 

Wood  Barges.  The  following  data  are  vouched  for  by  Mr. 
C.  W.  Dunham  {Profesgional  Memoirg),  and  were  published  in 
Engineering  and  Conlracliiiff,  July  17,  1012.  Thej  cover  a  very 
interenting  and  instructive  record  of  initial  cost,  repairs  and  life 
of  various  claseee  of  floating  plant  used  on  the  Upper  Miasis- 
aippi  Improvement  during  the  last  thirty  years. 

During  this  period  of  thirty  years,  this  improvement  has 
owned  and  employed  282  barges  .(scow),  12  barges  (model),  90 
quarter -boats,  office'boats  and  store-boats,  3  steam  drill-boats,  4 
dipper  dredges,  5  hydraulic  dredges,  7  pile  drivers,  23  dump 
boats,  3  snag-boats,  IS  tow-boats  of  various  sizes,  and  a  very  large 
number  of  small  steam  and  gasoline  launches,  motor  and  ordinary 
skifTs,   pontoons,   and   other   small   pie  res. 

It  will  not  be  practicable  within  reasonable  limits  to  follow 
the  destinies  of  no  many  pieces,  and  therefore  certain  character- 
istic groups  of  various  kinds  arc  taken,  from  the  experience  of 
which  conclusions  may  be  drawn.  Pieces  built  within  the  last 
few  years  are  not  considered.  1  would  say  that  none  of  the 
pieces  up  to  1908  had  any  kind  of  wood  preserver  except,  occa- 
sionally, Carbolineum  Avenarios  laid  on  with  a  bruah,  but  during 
the  past  three  years,  SO  barges,  i  dumps,  3  dredges,  33  pontoons, 
and  3  quarterdeck  boats  have  been  built,  of  which  most  of  the 
lumber  in  the  hnlh  has  been  treated  with  creosote  by  the  open 
tank  or  dipping  process.  Sufficient  time  has  not  elapsed  to  show 
the  value  of  this  treatment. 

In  1911  we  treated  lumber  in  barge  construction  by  a  pressure 
process.  ^ 

Bcow  Barges.  The  standard  barges  used  in  this  district  are 
100x20]c4^-ft.  and  110x24x5-ft.  in  size. 

The  barges  used  in  the  earliest  years  of  this  improvement  for 
carrying  rock  and  brush,  were  mostly  of  smaller  size  than  those 
at  present  employed,  were  built  of  white  pine,  and  with  calking 
and  nominal  repairs,  gave  good  service  for  periods  ranging  from 
eight  to  eleven  years. 

Kodel  Ba^es.  Early  in  the  improvement  six  oak  model  barges, 
57 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


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BAKat-S  AND  SCOWS  «3 

135  Jt26xB%-ft.,  were  IniHt  on  the  Ohio  River,  three  hj  Howard, 
of  Jefferson vi lie,  Idd.,  and  three  bj  Cutting,  of  Metropolis,  III. 
The:»e  bargen,  numlHred  60-ft2  and  8ft-90,  ;wer»  built  in  1882  at 
$3,500  eatii,  and  were  not  uaii<temned  until  1001,  but  for  Ave  or 
BIX  ypars  pri-vious  th«  repairs  were  very  heavy.  These  barges 
were  in  li-e  eigUtepn  years. 

Steel  "Bargea.  Fnnrteen  steel  harfcea  built  for  U9e  on  govern- 
ment work  on  the  AIi^4^it»ippi  River  and  placed  in  commission  in 
1!II2  are  descrlhfd  in  Enginrcring  and  Con iroci in j,. April  24,  1012. 
Theae  bai^ies  nwt  fO^-lOO  each,  have  a  oapniity  of  about  400 
Ions,  and  an  estimated  lifn  nf  over  tivenly  jears  They  are  used 
in  conjunction  with  ereoMtcd  wood  bargen  of  aliout  the  same 
capaiily,  but  co»tln!r  half  an  mucli  and  with  an  e>itimaled  life 
of  (en  yearn.  It  will  tie  well  to  onmiMie  Ihose  cstimatea  of  life 
wilh  those  at  Mr.  UflgflMiP* k,  dowrilml  later 

The  steel  liarjroa  are  120  It.  lonjr,  30  ft  >ram,  7  ft.  4  in.  deep 
at  center  of  h'>ld  and  7  ft.  at  aides  They  are  of  steel  through- 
out, flat  botbkmed,  wiUi  rounded  knuck)e«,  wall  iidi-d,  aymmetri.'al 
about  center  line,  with  a  rake  15  ft.  long,  a  sheer  12  in.  high 
»t  each  end.  and  a  iroivn  of  beam  4  in.  There  are  fnur  tranv 
vcme  water-tight  bulkheads,  and  one  non-wnlpT- tight  lonai- 
tiidinni    bulkhead   over    the    center    line,    and    two    longitudinal 

Xlittreated  Wood,  Treated  Wood  and  Steel  Compared.  "Mx.  A.  C. 
Hagcliocck,  United  Stati-n  Innpcclor  at  Rock  Inland,  III,  in  a 
paper  presented  to  the  American  Wood  Preiervers'  A«»otla(ion, 
and  repiintcd  in  EngiMcring  and  Conlrarling,  April  24,  1912, 
gives  the  comparative  costs  of  barges  of  trealed  and  untreated 
timlicr  and  of  slivl  He  states  Diat  the  life  of  untresti'd  yellow 
pine  iMfgcs  Is  itiflicult  In  determine  due  to  lack  of  aeenrate  records, 
but  thai  a  barge  containin;^  a  minimum  proportion  of  sappy 
timber  is  pant  ccononiral  repnirn  at  the  end  of  ten. years.  Pres- 
sure-treated yellow  pinn  liargi-s  have  iieen  uspcl  for  twelve  years 
and  are  good  to  dny  fur  an  additional  life  of  ten  years.  It  is 
necessary  to  recalk  the  barges  after  two  yeara'  service.  The 
original  cost  of  nntrrated  barftce,  120  x  30  x  S  ft.  built  in  the 
early  nineties  was  aliout  $3,000,  and  the  cost  during  ten  years 
averaged  $2,00(1,61  per  barge.  The  original  cost  of  preifsure- 
treated  yellow  pine  linrges  ()f  the  same  si^e  was  $4,000,  and  the 
cost  of  repairs  a  vera  aed'  $5-57,115. 

The  ti)ble  on  page  60  compares  the  two  kinds  of  barges. 

TiepairB  to  untreated  flr  barges  are  mainly  due  to  decay  and 
not  to  abrasions.  The  life  of  barges  of  this  wood  used  on  the 
upper  MIssiiuiippi  has  been  from  ten  to  seventeen  years,  averag- 
ing Gfteen.     The   cost   of   repairs   Is   slight   up   to   the   sixth   or 


60  HANDBOOK  Of  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Comparative  Ankual  Cost  of  Tieatgo  and  Umtb£ated 

YiXLOW  ¥lSB  Babgeb 

■  120  Ft.  X  30  Ft.  X  0  Ft. 

UnlrtaW     Treal*d 

BarKeii.  10  Barces.  9 

r«n01d  YaanOld 

OriBin«l   cost    »,OM.JS       KflOOJM 

Cost  of  repBire   2,0««.SI  EB7.36 

ToOil  Oflsl  I5.100.W       14.65?^ 

Vslue  ol  bargM  Wd.y  IS.fOO.OO 

Cost  of  birgea  duriDg  (oUI  periods |5.10I>.IM  S6T.35 

Annual  cost  per  bnrge  SIO.-M  IW.TO 

Aaanal  ssTiDg  In  favor  of  ereosoted  barxn 4M.00 

seventh  year,  at  which  period  $200  to  $300  ie  spent  for  entensive 
repairs.  After  that  time  repairu  average  $75  per  year  until  the 
tenth  or  twelfth  year,  ivben  extenaive  repairs  are  agaio  required 
and  the  barges  have  to  be  talwn  from  rock  work  and  placed  in 
the  brush  carrying  service.  Tlie  life  of  treated  fir  barges  is  esti- 
mated at  twenty  years  with  Hiight  repairs. 

Tlie  following  table  is  based  on  government  freight  rates  on 
timber,  and  for  commercial  cbmparison,  $10  per  barge  should  l>e 
jldded   to  the  yearly  cost. 

CoupAbATivB  Cost  op  Light  Draft  Barges  Built  of  Vaeious 

KixuH  OF  Matebial 

100  Ft.  X  20  Ft.  K  4  Ft.  7   ill. 

DoQEhUL  Fir  TsLlow  Pine  8ted 

Untr'd     Tr'd  Uatr'd  Tr'd 

ID  lb.  11  lb. 

15y»ar  BOywr  ISjMt  22ynt  2B  year 

life         life  fifo  life  Ufe 

OrtBlnsl  coat  li.aw     »l.a»  IVMO  «,«»  «.«» 

Total  repaira  1,091          *»  l.OM  TO*  MO 

lnl«rest  at  E%  on  emit  ....       STO       1.500  »7G  l.»R  G.OOD 
iMereat  at  5%  on  repairs 


T«»l  coat   »3,5J5     liBK      13.710     H,29tt     W.BJS 

co«t  per  .b 
■eosoted  1 


Annual  s»>nc  in  lavof  of 

■  d  Ir  bariw  


Further  data  on  the  cost  of  Itarges  are  given  by  Mr.  John  L. 
Taylor  in  Engineering  iVeiot,  September  26,  1012,  in  whirh  he  takes 
eseeption  to  the  price  of  steel  bnrges  given  by  Mr.  Ilageboeek 
above.  He  states  that  the  following  is  an  abiitract  of  proposals 
for  fumishine  two  gravel  barges  for  Bam  No.  28,  Ohio  River, 
opened   on   November   23,    1911: 

r:„|.  :iMG00tjl>J 


BAEQES  AND  SCOWS 

Barges  100  Ft.  x 

22  Ft.  \  5 

Ft. 

r                                            E.M 

per  barge 

Amount 

M«t*ri»l 

IS.SSO 

|7,3M 

8,700 
7,J10 

Untreated  wood 

l'^ 

Unlreiited  woo* 

The  above  shows  a  ratio  between  the  cost  of  a  ateel  barge  and 
a  wooden  barg«  of  1.47  to  1  in  comparing  the  lowest  price  for 
a  wooden  barge,  and  1.27  to  1  in  comparing  the  average  price 
of  wooden  barges. 

Bids  opened  on  January  24,  1012.  for  two  dump  scowa  for  the 
same  work   were  as  follows: 

Bargea  SO  Ft.  x  21  Ft.  x  fi  Ft.  4  ins. 


I8.4M  m.em  Untreated  wood 

e.M5  13,130  Untreated  VDod 

E.«95  II,T»0  Untreated  wood 


The  almve  shows  a  ratio  between  the  price  of  stee)  and  loweat 
price  of  wood  bargea  to  be  1  14  to  1  and  between  the  price  of 
steel  and  average  price  of  wood  bargea  to  be  1.06  to  1. 

Bidn  opened  October  T,  1910,  at  St.  Louia,  Mo.,  reaulted  aa 
f oUowB : 

Flat  Barges,  55   Ft.  x   16  Ft.  x  3  Ft. 

Bid  No.  1,  lowert  bid  tor  steel  flat  bosti  {1,725  each 

Bid  Ho.  1,  loveBt  bid  (or  wooden  flat  boats  1,223  each 

Hlacella neons  Boatt.  Mr.  C.  W.  Dunham  in  Profeasiimal  ilem- 
oirg,  reprinted  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  gives  the  follow- 
ing information  in  regard  to  quarter  boats  of  pine  or  fir: 

Quarter  Boat*.  The  quarter  boats  used  in  (hia  Improvement, 
in  which  category  may  l>c  included  oHicc-boata  and  insgicction 
boats,  have  been  very  numerous  and  always  long  lived,  because 
it  haa  been  advisable  to  rebuild  hulls  or  provide  new  onea  on 
account  of  the  cabins,  which  do  not  decay  or  wear  out.  The 
dimpQsions  and  design  of  these  boats  have  varied  —  In  fact,  it  is 
believed   that   there  are  hardly  any  two  alike. 

Building  boats  have  not  been  standardized,  although  those 
recently  built  are  quite  similar.  Many  of  these  boats  were 
adapted  from  ordinary  barges.  They  arc  used  in  building  dams, 
liejng  Buapeniled  along  the  line  of  the  dam;  the  brush  and  rock 
liarges  are  handled  with  their  power. 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQlaPMENT 


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III  5  I 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTEUOTION '  EQUIPMENT 


BAAS 

Net  prices  for  aolil  steel  crowlmrg,  lining  bars,  claw  bars,  and 
railroad  tamping  bars,  are  about  bb  followB   (1920)  : 

Perlb. 

Orowbara     Mot. 

Lininj  b»fa :.■  IS  ot. 

CUw  bars,  goons  D«ck  14  ct. 

CUw  bBr»,  with  benl  Met, 

Bftilroad  lunpint:  ban   r.    II  ct. 


BEITIH8  POa  FOWEB  FUBPOSES 

Flat  Leather.  Price  per  one  inch  width  per  rojining  foot  in 
i^ents.  Single,  23  cents,  double  47  cents.  Weight  16  oz.  to  1  sq. 
ft.   in   single   ply. 

Bound  LeaUier.     Solid,  price  per  running  ft.   in  c«ails: 


Ks  in.  ^ 


Cut  ladnsTB,  bundles,  priee  per  <4-in.  width  per   100  ft.,  $1.90. 
Eabber.    Price  per  I  in.  width  per  running  foot: 


Stitohed  Casvai.    Price  per  1   inch  width  per  running  foot: 

Smslleit  PriH 

PI;  width  in  in.  p«r  n. 


Detachable  Unk  Beltt,  Below  is  a  table-  of  various  sizes  of 
detachable  link  belt  with  pricen,  etc.  Figure  the  working  atraia 
at    one -tenth    the    it  It  i  mate    stroigth    for    ^eeds    of    from    200 


BARGES  AND   SCOWS  71 

to  400  teet  per  minute.  For  lower  speeds  increase  this  by  two- 
thirde.  When  »  number  of  attttchment  links  for  fastening  on 
buckets,  ete.,  ore  used,  odd  about  15%  to  cost  of  chain. 

Cost   and  Steenoth   of  Lirk   Belt   Detachable  Chains 


Chain  ~F(ni« 

No.  per  ft. 

g::::::::;;:;;?S;:-frS! 


in  10  (t. 

.  ;t8-.. 


,r.(K>^llc 


Bxaronro  machises 

Hand  bar  bending  maahlne  capable  of  bending  any  Biz«  of  bar 
from  14  to  t^  in.  round,  square  or  deformed  to  any  angle  At^ 
eired,  weighs  about  400  lb.  for  shipment  and  coats  $100  f.  o.  b. 
Minnesota. 

Sttrrnp  and  Column  Stay  Benders.  A  small  bender  designed 
so  that  a  45  degree  turn  of  the  lever  will  give  a  90  degree  bend 
to  the  bar  costs  $S.O0.  A  larger,  capable  of  bending  round  bars 
up   to  %   in.,   costs   $12.     These  benders  may  be  mounted   on  a 

Bar  crimpers  designed  for  use  on  reinforced  concrete  construc- 
tion to  do  miscellaneous  bending  work  on  tbe  job,  such  as  bending 
slab  bars  around  elevator  openings,  stairways  and  beam  bars 
that  do  not  fit  as  calculated,  etc.,  cost  from  $6  to  $8.  Thej  are 
made  in  the  following  sizes  %,  %,  1,  1^  and  i'/,  inches  and  will 
bend   bars  their  equal   in   she  or  smaller. 

Another  make  of  bar  bender  costs  as  followa  f.  o.  b.  lUlnoia. 


UeigM 


'S'S" 


Fig.  2«.     Bar  Bender. 

This  machine  will  bend  round,  square,  and  twisted  bats  cold 
up  to  1^  in.  Bdid  hot  up  to  2  in.  The  2-in.  die  will  bend 
(lata  "A   by  2  cold,  and  1  by  2  hot;  the  3-in.  die  will  bend  flats 


BENDING  MACHINES  73 

^  t^  3  incbee  cold  And  1  h;  3  hot;   the  S-in.  die  will  bend  flati 
^   by  4  eoM  and  1  bf  5  hot.     Special  dies  for  this  machine  ma; 

Aa  angle  bender  fitt«d  with  special  dies  for  making  atiirupB 
and  hangers  for  beams,  anchors  tor  concrete  work,  etc.,  weighs 
about  135  lb.  and  is  priced  at  tSS.SO.  Special  dies  of  varioua 
sizes  ma;  be  bad  for  this  machine  at  from  $2.60  to  85. 


Fig.  27.    Angle  Bender. 


A  bar  bending  mactilne  partimlarly  designed  for  bending 
stirrups  is  illuatrattd  hk  Fig.  28.  The  Turner  Construction  Com- 
panf  stat«s  that  a  netaVlic  latber,  in  eight  hours,  would  bend 
from  3W  to  BOO  stirrups  per  day,  while  with  this  bender  they 
found  it  easily  possible  to  bend  from  1,200  to  2,000  stirrups  per 
day.     The  price  of  the  machine  is  about  $90,  f.  o.  b.  New  York. 

TTViet  Hosnted,  Fower  Operated  Bender  for  Keinforcin;  Bods. 
A  bar  bending  machine  equipped  either  with  gasoline  engine  or 
electric  motor,'  and  mounted  oh  wheels  for  transportation  by 
team  is  illustrated  by  Sgure  2Q.  This  machine  is  designed  to 
bend  Kny-tAm  ov.eluipe  of  reioforcing  rod  that  is  likelj  to 
be  used  in  bniUii^  operations.  It  will  bend  rods  up  to  1^  in. 
diameter,  ro«iid,  square,  or  defgrmed,  and  is  also  provided  with 
an  attachment  at  the  rear  by  means  of  which  spirals  or  rings  of 
any  diaweter  from  10  iu.  up  may  be  formed.  It  is,  for  example, 
used  frequently  for  turning  rings  for  column  head  reinforcement 
used  in  the  Tnnier  Mtithroom  system  of  reinforcing. 


7*         HAXDBOOK  «F- OOXfiritUCTlO^  EQflPMRXT 

Th&  opePAtion.is   Bimplt,   tke   actioii   olirtlie'beiidjhigi  nerober 

bein^ 'QOB  trolled  hya  levar  at  the  re^r  of  tha  Inn«JliI)e-^  t 

The  machine  ia  fitted  with  g^i^eti,  scaled  in  feet  and  ioches. 
N>  that' no  iDftrking'Of  the  coda  is  Hieiie^fiary,  ttnd  as  tJut  heigbt 
ofi  truss  and  .angl«  of  bead  cKit  be.aet..  WagOD  tfucks  and  steel 
wheels'are  prmided  e&  tlia>t  the  n^qbiiKt.jnuu'; (le.  readily  mov«l 
from  plaice  to  place;  .Each  rear  whwJ  i»  ;pr»\-jded  \vith  a.Bquart 
steel  shaft  which  fits  a  hollow  square  axle  so  that  it  can  be  read- 


.     :■      I  Fiy.BS.  -. 

Uji  irsmov«dj  BkAuI4'itl  .be,deeifled-  ta  'have  f^reater  ffcedoni  -of  mffve- 

malt  oboMt  ithe.iiBaiclwnet  by-  haviqg  the  iWbeala  eutrof-jtlie' way. 
Vli«  fpsmt  truckiican  be  turaediundflr  the.nuicbine..   -  - ,     r, 
.  The:  total  cOBt  «f,  .operatingi  tdii^.jnacfainie '-peK^teor  boor  ,,da.v 
is  given^as. follows; .'  .     '  , 

InleresC  asd  deprecistioB - :::ii.i,.  .■ii...^.^i^^.^uiiii  ■•  3ii 

'■"  "■  Total  ...' '..:.; '...:!.':;'■.. ;.■.'.'... v.'.'.'.,;;'kS 

■   One  mftn-ia  required  to  direct  theiwhrlcajnil -operate 'Ae^DMLckine, 

and.two^mtfi' to  hnUdle  the  etMI.  -Titer  mafiufMitaer'siritdteiiienl 
aS'  to'  perfonmanbc  is  one  .tonr  pir  'hour,  : average i routput^  at  a 
b«st  ofi  $l.(U)'.per  ton,  but  this  output' has  <!fTe(]ueiili}>.;be(tt.  ex- 
CHfled  *t  a  eorrespdndingly' lowee  «Dst.  TheiibsSt  iScbiissemeBt 
hafl'tieeii  3D'ton8  inOibMirs'ttt  a  ttott.olrSi Kte.'.pthiony- 
ThJH  niachiM>  equipped  with- a  gaeollnti.engine,!  mavnttnl  on 


BENDING  MACHINES 


75 


trucks  complete,  weighs  aglptoxinui^ly   2,700  lb.   for  Hkipmenb 
and  costs  $000  f.  o.  b.  Minnemtft. 

Home  Made  Benah  for  Bendln;  Belnferoing  Ban.    Mr.  E.  O. 
Keator  in  Hn^neering  and  OotUracling,  June  14,   IHII,  describea 


Fig,  29.     Track  Mouoifd  Potref  Operated  Reinforcing  Bar  Bender 

B  home  mode  bench  for  bendinj;  reinfoicin^  bar^      It  ib  illuetrBted 
by   Fig.   30.     The  lH*ph   proper  is  30  in    high  and  5  It    ffljuare 

on  top  and  cost  about  ^'t   for  labor  to  make,  uxing  second  band 
lumber.     The   bending  device  conaitits  of   two   ittationairy  sheaies 


Fig    JO      Home  Made  Bench  tor  Bendinj;  Reinforcing  Ban 


and  a  morable  abeaTe  D  mounted  on  a  sliding  strip  operated  by 
a  screw  C  The  bar  is  iniertod  between  the  sheavee  as  shown  and  ' 
a  man  operates  the  screw  O  Ibira  moving  the  «heavp  D  to  pro- 
Ja*e.tbe  bend     T)ie  pnnciple  of  operation  as  will  te  Mbrilis'ltat 


k 


7e 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


of  the  familiar  roller  rail  bender.  A  Bcala  on  the  elide  E  indi- 
catea  the  travel  required  to  produce  correiponding  bendi.  Tbt 
bench  as  illustrated  was  used  to  bend  the  steel  for  aewtri  and  a 
standpipe.  It  coat  $1  per  ton  t«  bend  ^-In.  steel  lor  an  e^* 
shaped  Bewer.  The  sheaves  used  were  taken  from  S-ia.  double 
blocks  used  on  the  job  and  they  were  pivoted  on  %  x  10-in.  bolts. 
The  stationary  sheaves  were  spaced  from  10  to  IS  in.  apart: 
the  heavier  bars,  ii^-in.  requiring  an  18-in.  spacing.  ' 

DevlM  en  Bender  to  Keep  Bars  from  IwiatinK.    The  following 
is  taken  from  Bn^ineeriitg  Record,  Jan.  2»,  1916.     A  number  ol 


« 

1  M 

^ 

\Uf\ 

li-f^^^^- 

i     (oY"](o) 

ja 

r   ^ 

"^ 

Fig.  ; 


Pipe  "  Tunnel  "  Prevents  Twisting. 


bars  bent  to  a  three-quarter  circle  were  required  in  building 
the  pier  walls  at  the  Halifax  ocean  terminal.  The  bars  were 
light  and  would  twist  up  in  going  through  the  rolls,  and  so 
acquire  curves  in  several  dilfereiit  planes.  To  overcome  this  and 
hold  the  bars  flat  on  the  table  a  pipe  "  tunnel  "  for  the  bent  end 
of  the  bar  to  feed  through  was  made  of  a  piece  of  I^-in.  pipe. 
This  was  bent  to  a  quarter  circle  and  clamped  down  to  the 
bending  table  on  the  circumference  of  a  circle  passing  throngb 
the  roIU.  Fig.  Sl.illuetrates  this  device, 
npe  BendisK  KaoUme*.    The  following  gives  vartous   aiiM 


BENDING  MACHINES  77 

of   pipe    bending   machines   together   with   the   shipping   weights 
and  prices.     The  band  power  machine  is  illustrated  bj  Fig.  32. 


Pipe  Bendiro  Machini 

(Without  power) 

KiS 

Approiimste  shipping 
weiglit  in  lb. 

^ 

2450 

(With  power) 

!»4 

mo 

A  hand  power  niaehine  of  this  type  is  stated  to  make  a  90 
deg.  cold  bend  in  a  6-iD,  Iron  pipe  in  leas  than  10  minutes  at  a 
labor  cost  of  about  $1.S0.  The  bender  consi^tij  of  a  circular 
head,  which  is  supported  by  an  upright  and  from  which  arms 
extend  to  carry  the  bending  shoe  and  a  toggle  jointed  lever. 
In  operation  the  pipe  is  placed  behind  the  head  and  the  banding 
shoe  aD4  the  pressure  applied  by  moving  the  lever.  In  making  a 
S-in.  bend,  six  laborera  handled  the  lever. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  8 

BINS 

PoRTADLt:  Bins 

''''""ight  iif  lb!"""' 


Gravel  screens  for  the  above  15  and  20  ton  sizes,  30-in,  dia. 
by  !»  ft.  long,  weigh  about  1,000  lb.  for  shipment  and  cost  *200 
f.  o.  b.  manufacturers'  works.  Screens  for  the  30  and  40  ton 
'sizes,  30-in.  dia.  by  12  ft.  long,  weigh  about  1.300  lb.  for  shipment 
and  coat  $270  f.  o.  b.  manufacturers'  works. 


Fig.  33.    20  Ton  Portable  Bin.    Screen  in  Position  for  Operation. 


BINS 


711 


Portable  Bins  (oi  Conerete  AKgre^tei.  A  portable  otorage 
sjatem  for  handling  cement,  sand,  gravel  and  crushed  atone  ia 
illustrated  by  Fig.  34  and  consiatH  of  u  number  of  binij  into  which 
the  materials  are  deposited  by  a  bucket  elevator.  These  bins 
Hre  built  BO  that,  no  danger  of  damage  from  rain  exUts.  The 
capacity  of  the  bins  La  one  carload  or  more,  and  the  agRregates 
are  fed  by  gravity  to  the  mixer  below.  For  batch  mixing, 
measuring  devices  can  be  fitted  to  the  chuies  or  the  materials  can 
be  directly  spouted  into  the  hopper..  For  continuous  mixing, 
automatic  feeding  devieea  can  be  attached  to  apouts,  regulated 
to    deliver    varying   amounts    from '  the    different    bins    at    the 


1 

i 

^ 

1 

J 

/ 

1^       Car 

M. 

iC^^ 

Fig.   34.     Portable   Bin   for   CoiK-rete   Aggregattea. 

By  this  arrangement  maximum  capacit;  can  be  reached,  as  the 
unloading  from  cars  can  l>e  accomplished  at  the  most  convenient 
time  and  a  large  supply  of  material  is  constantly  on  liaad  and 
available  by  operating  a  lever.  After  tinishing  one  job  the  equip- 
ment can  be  taken  down,  shipped  to  another  point  and  ijuickly 
reaeHembled.  The  m»chinery  can  be  operated  by  motor,  gas  or 
ateem  engine  or  any  other  available  power.  Theae  storage  sya- 
tema  can  be  built  all  steel  or  all  wood,  or  a  combination  of  ateel 
and  wood. 


MGootjl>j 


BLACKSMITH  SHOP  OUTFIT 


e  cSiurS,  coldTu  ib"at'u  ci 
(  Chieets,  liot,  8  lb.  M  42  ot. 
1  Cutter  for  pipe  up  to  3  in. 
1  Drill.  poBt.  liand  power  up 


12  Btraight  nhank  twist  drilLt,  laaortnl  tliea  k 

6  Drill  dollimi  

12  FiUs,  uhoiled,  «l  tS  i>«r  dei.  up  to  12  In.  . 

1!  FiiM.   flat   

12  Files,   rasps 


1  Taps  and  dies.  si't.  S  sites,  mKblne  threads --It.M' 

ti,  aiieaned   .■ ,       *M 

....  blapkimith'B  leg  -',    !S.(M 

1  Vise,  hinged  for  pipe  up  lo  3  in.-...i : ■../;'_J"«S 


,C,iK->^\i: 


SECTION  10 

BLASmrO  VACEHrBS  Am)  SVFFUJEiS ' 

Blasting  hj  electricity  is  the  moat  effective  and  economical 
system.  It  HurpaHseB  all  ottiers  in  safety,  certainty  and  in  re- 
eults.  By  this  Byatem  it  Ib  poaaible  to  fire  t\ro  or  more  charges 
Eimultaneously. 

Tlie  equiiMnent   necesHary  for  electric   blasting   is   as   follows: 
Electric  blasting  capi. 
Connei.'ting  wire 
Leading  wire 
Blasting  machine.     ,  i    '    .    .      .  ... 

'Blabtino  JtAcriisEs 

The  following  is  the  cost  of  blasting  machinea  operated  hj 

pushing  down.     The  pocket  size  is  operated  by  turning  a  Tiandle. 

Site  of  Maiimam                                                          Weirht 

machine  cHpacitr            Used  for  '  inlb.  '     Pnce 

Pocket  3  StumpiiiK  and  Wider   4H  .     tZl.M 

2  ID  Smu.l   hLju.i    ...,r. IS  IT.SO 

3  Sn  Grofral  work  .,... 26  2.S.W 

4  GO  Lurir  blasta   42  ,.      WM 

e  'WD  Larie  hluU GS  innOO 

6  m.        .Large  biMla; ., XI     .    ..-110.110  : 

BiAwrso  atPPiiEs 

(See  .al^o  Eitploelwa) 
Blastcrb  Thawing  Kpttleb 


Blasti^q  Auggbs 
Augers  ,na(r>  be  «aDvenientlj.  used  to  bora.koleB  for  inserting: 
dynamite  under  tre«  itumpit.alc.    They  tosl>  aa  iollowaj- 


i 

82  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMKXT 

lucbea  LiM  price 

•Dirt    Hi  %1.S 

•Dirt 2  1.36 

'Dirt    !-4  1.50 

Wood Hi  L7S 

Wood 2  2.2S 

■Wood     !(4  2.T5 

Aiig«r  handles   1.2S 

•Withont  handles. 

BLAsTixa  Caps 
Number.  S  .raps  are  strong  detonatMs.    No.  .8  are  nearly  double  : 
the  strength  of  No.  6.     The  following  are  prii'os  per   1,000. 

,  Numbar  o(  cans  -pTim  I 

■-""»•  Nuinb*r6  Number  8 


son 
■  -won 

3000 
10000 


.10 


».A« 


Discounta  t 


o  dead  nation 


>  apply  to  the  above  are  as  follows: 

'  In  lota  of  leas  than  1000  10%  f.  o.  b.  fsctory  or  dislrib' 
In  lota  of  iOOO  or  over  15%  I.  0.  b.  Ucioty  -'  ■'■•"'■I: 
In  lots  ol  20000  or  over         2B%  auiregt  R.R.  i 

Electric  Blasting  Caps 
The  following  ar^  the  prices  of  dectric  blasting  capf  per  100. 

Length  of    . 


12 


N'ubibcr  0 


12.' 


Pilee 


12.2C 


21.00 

The  gatne  diMOunts  apply  to  these  aa  to  the  above. 
Longer  lengths   (made  to  order)   $1.60  for  each  adilitional  2  ft. 
Waterproof  electric  caps  cost  aboijt  .30%  more  than  the  above. 
Electric   caps  are   packed   as  follott'S': 

Iiength  in  ft.  Quantity  per  case  Grose  lb. 


12 


'    BIW    ■ 
SOO  . 


BLASTina  Fuse 
Fuse  may  be  divided  into  four  classes  according  to  the  clasa 
of  work  it'ie  intf^d^  for.    There  are  maitylrinds  for  eai^  «l«i8. 
the  following  being  of  the-  plain  finisbrd'  varietieK. 


BLASTING  MACHINES  ASD  SUPPLIES 


Kind  of  tnn  tni  uae  perlOMfl, 

Cotton,  for  use  in  drr  work  only,  very  pMahle  »  9.SS 

Singli)  Tape,  for  nu  in  damp  vork  i  ..    in.n 

Doable  T»pe,  tor  UM  in  wet  work 13.15 

Triple  T«pe,  lor  um  in  Tery  wet  work  where  cxpo»d  to 

DiacountB  to  apply  to  the  above  are  as  follows: 

In  lot!  of  ten  than  MOT  ft.  10%  f.  o.  b.  CoanecticDt 

In  kita  to  ftWD  tt.  1G%  t.  o.b.  OoaDeetleut 

In  lots  to  lOOOO  ft.  K%  I.  o.  b.  CanneoIfcDt 

In  lots  at  less  Ihsn  IDW  ft.  7H%  I.  d.  b.  dtstributinc  point 

In  lota  to  MOO  tl.  12U%   t.  o.  b.  diatribatiug:  point 

Id  loll  to  MOOO  It  1TU%  t.  o.  b,  dlitribnliDC  point 

Approximate  weights  of  packages  of  1,000  ft.  in  50-tt  lengths 
are  13  Ih.  for  cotton  and  23  lb.  for  the  others. 

Fuse  should  be  stored  in  a  cool,  Atj  place  and  in  handling  car« 
should  be  taken  not  to  kinb  it. 

Blasting  Wise 

ConnectiiiK  Tire,    Kp,   20  B    A   S  gunge   and   No.   a  oa   lib.   and   2-lb. 

Leadins  wire.  No,  14  B  t  S  bolh  Bingle  and  daplex  In  tOO,  280,  300  and 
500  ft.  coili. 

Leading  wire  reels  |4.00 

The  priie  of  wire  varies  with  the  locality  and  the  market,  but  is 
about    as    follows: 

Connecting  wire  No,  20  tO.H9  perlb, 

Connecling  wire  No.  21   ..   .      .«4  per  lb. 

Ijeading  wire,  iinale  No.  H ,00  per  lb. 

Leading  wire,  dnplea  No,  It  .01  per  lb, 

BLAaTi:*o  Mats 
Sir.  H.  P.  Oillette,  in  "Rock  Excavation,"  sa-ys: 
"  Use  of  a  Blaitlng  Hat.  For  preventing  accidents  due  to  flying 
rockq,  all  blasia  in  cities  should  be  covered  either  with  timbers 
or  with  a  blaiiting  mat.  This  xhould  be  done  to  avoid  suits  for 
[lamages,  regardless  of  city  ordinances,  A  blasting  mat  is  readily 
made  by  weaving  together  old  hemp  ropes,  IH  '"-  diameter  or 
larger.  To  make  such  a  mat,  support  two  .lengths  of  1-in.  gas 
pipe  parallel  with  one  another  and  as  many  feet  apart  as  the 
width  of  the  mat  is  to  be.  Fasten  one  end  of  the  rope  to  one 
end  of  the  pipe;  carry  the  rope  across  and  loop  it  over  the  other 
pipe;  bring  it  back  around  the  first  pipe;  and  so  on  until  a  sulD- 
cient  number  of  close  parallel  strands  of  the  rope  have  been 
laid  to  make  a  mat  as  long  as  desired.  Starting  with  another 
rope,  weave  It  over  and  under,  like  the  strands  in  a  cane-seati.'d 
chair,  until  a  mat  of  criss-cross  ropes  is  made.    Such  a  mat. 


■ill 


84  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPlfENT 

weighted  down  with  a  few  heavy  timbers,  will  effectually  pre- 
vent small  fragments  from  flying  at  the  time  of  blanling.  The 
mat  and  its  ballast  may  be  htirled  into  the  air  eeverat  feet,  upon 
blaeting:  but  it  will  serve  its  purpose  by  stopping  the  Btnalt 
pieceR  of  rock  which  are  so  dangeroiu  even  where  light  blaBte 
are  fired.     The  mat  should  be  laid  directly  upon  the  rock.     Such  a 


Fig.  35.    Blasting  Mat. 

mat  will  save  a  great  deal  of  labor  involved  in  laying  a  grillage 
of  timbers  over  a  trench.  It  will  also  make  it  unnecessary  for 
the  blasters  to  stand  far  from  the  blast  when  flrfng." 

Manufactured  mtits  cost,  for  1  in.  dia.  rope,  $1.60  per  sq.  ft.  f.  o. 
b.  New  Vork,  These  are  furnished  with  a  loop  on  each  corner 
and  binding  on  the  aides.     See  Fig.  35. 


■,G(.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  11 
BLOCKS 

Wrought  Iron  Gin  Bloeki  (or  wire  rope  with  stiff  iwivel 
hooks  and  bMkets  iniiy  be  had  In  diaioetfTH  of  from  10  to  IB  )d. 
The  single  blocka  coit  from  (12  to  fli4,  the  double  from  $1*  to 
933,  and  the  triple  from  «30  to  (SS. 

Wronght  Inn  bloekt  for  wire  rope,  heavy  pattern,  are  made 
from  6  to  IS-in.  sheave  Ji>met^rB.  The  iron  bushed  tjpe  single, 
ooet  from  SIO  to  S3G,  doable  from  |I5  to  |50,  and  triple  from  <22 
to  466.    Tbe  self-lubrieatiDg  bronie  hushed  blocks  cost  about  12% 

Steel  deiriek  an4  hoiitlng  blocks  for  wire  rope  are  made  in 
Kizea  from  6  to  14-in.,  for  diameter  of  from  %  to  1  in.  Thej 
are  self-lubrj rating  with  broiiKe  buxhings.  The  single  cost  from 
$6  to  $16,  the  double  from  $8  to  (25,  and  the  triple  from  912  to 
$40. 

Wroi^llt  Iroa  UUttell  blocks  for  wire  rope  in  diameters  of 
from  6  to  20  in.  cost  from  tl2  to  $80  for  the  iron  bushed.  Tbej 
will  take  ropa  from  %  to  1^-in.  in  diameter. 

Standard  wood  shell  iron  strapped  blocks  with  sheaves  in 
diametere  of  from  1%-in.  to  Il-in.  with  common  bushed  sheaves, 
for  rope  of  from  %  to  Hi-in.,  single  block  cost  from  $0.00  to  #13, 
double  block  from  $1,50  to  $10,  and  triple  from  $2.25  to  $25. 

Metal  blocks  for  manila  rope  from  1%-in.  dta.  sheaves  to 
S^-iu.  dia.  sheaves  cost,  for  single  from  $0,60  to  $12,  double 
blocks  from  $0.90  to  $1S,  and  triple  from  $2.25  to  $26, 

The  above  blocks  are  some  of  the  more  commonlj  ueed  and 
the  prices  are  approximate  and  to  Ik  used  tor  estimating. 

There  are  a  great  man;,  difTerent  types  and  sisea  of  blocks  of 
which  the  above  is  a  fairly  representative  list,  but,  owing  to 
limited  space,  by  no  means  complete. 


MGootjl>j 


BLUE  PRINT  MACHINES 

^  I   -. 
Contitmons  bine  print  macblne  of  the  horiiEonUL  t;pe  is  il- 
lustrated  b;   Fig.   3G.     It   takes   continuous   rolls  or   c«t   sheets 
from  2  to  48  in.  wide.    The  tracing  may  be  delivered  at  will 
to  the  storage  compartment  or  to  the  opcrai#r.:iQr  nvprintiiig. 


Fit   3C.|   Horizontal   Blue, Print' Machine.  ■ 


This  machine  weighs  about  450  lb.  tor  sliipment  and  may  be  ha<l 
to  operate  on  any  current  condition.  The  price  for  the  standard 
speed  is  «285  and  for  the  high  speed  $350  f,  o  b.  factory. 

Blue  print  frames,  with  pad  and  polished  plate  glass,  cost  as 
follows ; 


BWE  PRlXTl  MACHINES 


Fig. '37.    Print  Frame  en  Wheel  Carriage  . 


Fig.  38.    Folding  Rack  tor  Blueprints. 


Se  HANDBOOK  OF  CONBTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

2Dx»    2ti30  30iU  SSitt  MitO    IXifiO    4fx73     I 

With  Mk  (nme   (26       tU  OSS  ITS  tSS       tUO       I13> 

With  bardwood  fnnw  »         U  U  n         85         I 

With  whMbd  e«ni*i«  TB  109  114  151         lO         200     | 

With  tilting  (larriags  on  rklta  for  ' 

window    1»  ISO       ITO         

Same   at   sbere   with   lavolfitic 

carriage    161  193  2ia 

Idr.  R.  M.  JoaM  in  the  Ameriean  Machiitiat,  Nov.  S,  IBIT,  de- 
scribes a.  folding  rack  for  blueprints  as  follows: 

lu  shops  msltiiig  a  standard  line  of  work,  blueprints  do  not    I 
need  to  be  taken  to  tbe  maohine,  but  muat  be  readily  accessible    | 
for   reference.     A   convenient   method   of   keeping   them   is   in   a    ' 
folio,  bound   at  the  top  and  hung  coi   the  wait  out  of  the  way, 
offering  little   space  for   dust   and   dirt  to  colleet.     However,   as 
it  is  handier  to  have  the  printa  in  a  horizontal  position  when  in 
use,  the  stand  illustrated  was  made. 

It  consists  of  two  braces  hingcii  to  two  pieces  fastened  to  the 
wall.  A  tie-bar  is  loosely  bolted  to  the  braces  far  enough  from 
the  wall  to  provide  necessary  room  to  allow  prints  to  be  folded 
back  on  the  bracea.  The  top  of  the  folio,  which  has  a  stiff  board 
back,  is  hinged  to  the  tie-bar. 

To  extend  the  folio  board,  it  is  lifted  to  a  horiBontal  position 
and  moved  to  the  right  until  the  supporting  braces  come  under- 
neath it.  To  close,  the  folio  is  moved  to  the  left  until  the 
braces  come  under  the  tie-bar;  then  it  is  allowed  to  fall.  This 
makes  a  simple,  inexpensive  stand  easily  put  in  position  (it  may 
be  worked  with  one  hand);  and  when  not  in  use,  it  is  out  of 
the  way  against  the  wall. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  13 


ITpriffht  tabolmr  bollen  with  full  lengUt  tubes  for  100  lb.  steBin 
pressure,  fitted  with  injector  and  10  ft.  of  emolEe  Htack  cost  as 


InTb. 


Standard  portabU  bollen  for  100  lb.  pressure,  conplete  vith 
fittings,  injector,  10  ft.  of  suction  bo«e,  neck  yoke,  eveocr  and 
wIiiinetreeB,  cost  as  follows: 


«* 

r^b.^N^i^Yori. 

'at' 

Price 

On  skids       OB«h< 

«J0 

1  nj         I  «! 

Ketim  tabalar  portable  boileTi  un  skids  complete  witli'drj 
pipe  under  ataam  outlet,  ashpit  front  with  dolors  and'bMts  ind 
injector,   100  )b.  prMSUre,  cost  as  follows: 

WeisHt  Pint 

H.  T.  iilb,  (.  0.  b.  New  York 

iS  7100  n.nso 

10  moo  i,ito 

i!  9  iS 

m  IMtO  UM 


90         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  outside  of  the  boiler  should  be  kept  drj  at  all  timea  and 
the  inside  of  it  should  be  as  nearl;  free  from  scale  and  rust  as 
possible.  Different  kinds  of  water  will  have  different  elTeots 
upon  the  life  of  the  bailer,  and  the  Teeults  to  be  obtained  from  it. 
In  a  limestons  country  the  boilers  will  scale  rapidly.  This  ecale 
is  a  poor  conductor  of  heat  and  bb  soon  as  it  reaches  a 
considerable  thickness  will  cayse  a  marked  decrease  in  a,  boiler's 
steaming  efficiency.  In  alluvial  country,  where  the  water  contains 
much  vegetable  and  loamy  mat:te^.  tl^e  boilers  will  gather  an  oc- 


Fig.  3S.     Ketum  Tubular  Boiler  on  Skids. 

cumulation  of  heavy  mud  and  should  be  blown  at  least  once  each 

Hr^  John  W.  AlvoM,  of  Chicago,  gives  a"  table' show4ng  the 
history  of  thirty-two  horitonta]  tubular  "boilers  uaed  in  water 
pumping  stations  in  Illinois.  Iowa  and  Michigan.  The  active  life 
of  these  boilers  wax  found  to  have  ranged  from  six:  years  for 
two  boilers  at  Sterling,  111.,  where  artesian  water  was  used,  to 
twenty-three  years  for  two  boilers  in  Oskaloosa,  la,,  where  river 
water  was  usied,  the  latter  boilers  being  still  in  service.  The 
average  life  of  this  group  of  thirty-two  boilers  was  fifteen  years. 


BOILERS  i)l 

This  would  indicat«  that  the  rate  of  depredation  (m  boilera  should 
be  20%  where  artesian  water  is  uswi,  10%  where  lake  water 
is  used  and  5%  where  soEt  river  water  is  used. 

Estimating  the  Honepowei  of  Contractors'  Boilers.  A  boiler 
la  usually  estimated  to  give  one  horsepower  for  every  10  sq. 'ft. 
oE  heating  surEace.  Henee  the  borw^ower  of  a  vertical  tubular 
boiler   is   found   thus: 

Rule:  Divide  the  total  l^eatiiig;,  surface .<)f  the  tubes  and  flrC'  box 
(expressed  in  square  EWi^4>f  ten,  snd  Hte  quotient  is  the  horse- 
power. 

The  square  foot  heating  surface  of  a  tube  h  quickly  calculated 
by  multiplying  the  length  of  the  tube  in  feet  by  0.26  and  then 
multiplyirig  by  the  outHide  diameter  of  the  tube  in  inches.  BincB 
tubes  are  ordinarily  2  inV,  the  total  heating  surface  of  the  tubes 
ia  found  by  multiplying  the  niimbei'  of  tubes  by  tlielr  length  ih 
feet  by  6.S2;  6r,  for  a U  prttctieal  purposes,  take  half  the  product 
of  the  number  of  tubes  by  the  length  of  tube  in  feet.  To  this 
heating  surtace  of  th«  tubes  must  be  added  the  heating  surface 
of  the  &x«  bov,  which  is  ascertained  thus:  Multiply  Uie  citcum- 
ferenne'of  the  Tire  box  in  feet  by  its  height  abwve  the  grate  in 
feet  a'n,d  add  the  square  foot  area  of  the  lower  ,flue,.ebeet. 

The  diameter  of  the  fire  tioz  or  Eurnaoe  is  UHuotly  4  to  5  in. 
leas  thi^i  the  outside  diameter  of  the  boiler.  The  heiglit  of  the 
lire  bdx'is  usually  2  to  2^  ft.  The  amount  of  coaJ  required  for 
a  contractor's  boiler  is  about  8  lbs.  per  horsepower  per  hour,  or 
60  lbs.  per  hdrsepower  per  day  of  ten  hours.  Heactiy  one  gallon 
of  water  will  be  required  for  each  pound  of  coal.  About  2%  lb. 
nf  dry  w«od  are  equal  to  I  lb,  coal,  or  2  cords  of  wood  equal 
1  ton  of  coal. 


BoiLEB  Room  Tools 


1.  to  1  in.,  no  to  un. 


MGootjl>j 


BSICE  RATTIEB 

The  citj  of  Baltimore  in  1D09  iDBUlled  a  "  rattler  "  for  tefltine 
vitriAed  blocks.  The  machiae  is  28  in.  in  diameter,  20  is.  long 
within  heEtds.  The  barrel  ie  a  regular  paragon  of  fourt««i 
3id«a  and  contains  about  12,01S  cubic  inches.  It  is  driven  I;^  t 
5  bp.  single  phase  electric  motor  making  1,710  revolutions  per 
minute.  The  speed  was  geared  down  at  the  "  rattler "  end  of 
the  belt  to  produce  thirtj  revolutions  per  minute.  The  coat  of 
the  outSt  and  the  expenditures  during  the  first  year  were: 

One  vilrified  blocli  rsttkr  with  belt  Wt.W 

OnB  6  hp.  motor  ]6I),» 

C«8l  alee]  <ihol 12,(» 

Freight  and  dr«j;Bje »^ 

Buildins  fonndition  and  ramodelinc  Rbed  53.11 


Elertric  iutilmllirion XIM 

Eleelric  coiii|>in7's  couDeetioiu   '....       3.TS 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


Contractors'  bucketi  are  of  two  general  typeg:  (1)  that  which 
is  filled  by  hand,  or  other  agency  outaide  itself,  and  (2)  that 
which  fillB  itself  by  digging  into  the  material  to  be  conveyed. 
The  lirHt  type  of  bucket  as  used  by  contractors,  is  usually  a  dump 
bucket,  and  the  bowl  is  cleared  by  either  tilting  it,  or  allowing 
a  door  or  grate  in  the  bottom  to  open,  thereby  releasing  the  mate- 
rial. The  second  type  of  bucket  is  usually  either  clamahell  or 
orange  peel,   but   is   sometimes  made  in  special  ^apes.  ' 

The  following  table  gives  the  approximate  weights  of  materials 
commonly  handled  with  buckets: 

WtAsM 

pmeo. 

Matfrial  yd.,  lb. 

Dry  Hind    2,TII0 

Wet  sand -. 3,«0 

Looae  rartli 2,«0 

WM  itay 3,W» 

Anlhricilo  coal l.SOO 

Crnshed  glone    ..'."\''^\\'.'.\''^l'.'.'.'\'.' ['.['.'.' '.','.'.'.'.'.'."'.'.'.:'.'.'.    3,000 

Iron   ore 4.KKI 

OranaUted   slag   '.  .  l.BOB 


F]g.  40.    Bottom  Dump  Bucket     . 

I  .,G(.K)tjl>J 


B4  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPM 

Bottom  dumpily  buckets  similar  to  Fig.  40  c 

Caiitwily  Appraiimald 

in  cu.  ft.  weight,  lb. 


Coal  tubs  Bimilar  to  Fig.  41  coat  as  follows: 

Cojiacity  Weiehc' 

ciwi.  loiu  Cii.rt.  Inlb. 


BUCKETS     I 
Contraeton'  tub*,  Fig.  42  cost  as  folkiwi! 

Oapaeily  Length  Width  Deuih 


Contraoton'  and  minen'  round  tnbi,  Fig.  43  cost  as  follows: 

Capacity  Lcnglb  Width  Drpth 

cu.  ft.  incbaa  inches  incbH  Price 


Bottom  dump  bnoketl,  similar  to  Fig.  44  cost  as  followa: 

Cipscll;.  Top  Bottom 


StlalKlit    aide    self -dumping,    self-righting    tip    bucket,    which 
dumps  itself  under  load  when  the  catch  is  released  and  auto- 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


pmcity. 
el  f  nn. 


Center  domp  bucket  for  general  use  is  built  with  the  bottom| 
of  the  bucket  larger  thin  the  top  eo  that  -no  difficulty  ie  met  in 
dumping  at)  kinda  of  material  whether  wet  or  hardened.  Tli« 
operating  lever  locks  and  unlocks  the  bucket  automatically. 
This  bucket  is  reinforced  and  stated  to  be  practicaJly  grout 
tight. 

CsTiacity  Npt  veiibt  Price  | 

In  eu.  ft.  in  poaudi  t.  o.  b.  (actrar 


J  ra  ;     ■  2011  pBO 

\  _  Tow  Ltee  Bottom,  Sump  Bucket.  This  backet  is  a  controllable 
diticharge  bucket  with  all  four  sides  tapF»hg  outward  toward  the 
bisttom,  making  it  larger  at  the  bottom  than  at  'the  top.  It 
nla;  be  used  to  handle  concrete  of  an^  consistenej,  aggregates, 
earth  and  rock.  It  ia  praeticallf  groutiight  and  is  operated  bj 
ivip  lines,  and  may  be  had  with  a  double -operating  hook  which 
brioga  the  holding  line  and  the  operating  line' 'toother  in  a  unit- 

ia  en,  ft.  In  pounds  f,  o.  b.  taetory 


n  several  sixes 


ControllaUfl' Fonn  Bnrtett.  TheM  buckets  are  used  for  placing 
concrete  in  [orjng  where  a  narrow  controllable  bottom  discharge 
is  advaDtageous  (Fig.  45). 


Fig.  45.    Controllable:  Form  Bucket.       ■  '  ' 

Clau  Shell  Buck^s 
A  ttfong,  flhnpl^,  dam  ehell  bncket  to  bpCi^te  on  two  hoisting 
cables  eotits  as  follttws. 

Oapaaitr  A-pproKinflte  Bhiypiai  Fries 

incpijrd.  weight  in  lb.  t.o.b.  lectors 

U  1120  '   '  t  450 


Tbe  above  prices  are  for  buckete  without  teeth.  If  teeth  s 
wanted  add  from  $35  to  S«0. 

A  more  powerful  bucket  operating  on  two  hoisting  cables  cot 
as   follows : 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

OmpasUa  AppreiiDate  ahlpplnc  Price 

in  en.  yd.  weight  in  lb.  [.  o.  b.  (artory 


2M 


The  above  prices  are  for  buckets  without  teeth.  Teeth  : 
from  $35  to  $00  extra. 

The  above  bucketn  arranged  to  be  operated  with  a  four  p. 
hoisting  cable  cost  $60  more  for  each  size. 

A  bucket  of  another  niake  costs  as  (ollowa: 


Ospseity  Approiimal*  ehippine 


11600 


The  above  buckets  are  designed  to  be  uaM  with  a  Ave  part 
reeving  when  operated  with  a  counterweight,  and  three  part 
witliout  the  counterweight.  Price  includes  biicket,  complete,  willi 
teeth. 

Equalizer  bars  may  be  added  to  thetie  buckets  to  take  two  hold- 
ing lines.  These  bars  aie  mounted  on  the  hold  line  pin  at  head  of 
bucket  and  arranged  cither  parallel  or  at  right  angles  to  hinge 
pin.  These  bars  cost  from  $21  to  $40  for  the  18-in.  size,  $26  to 
$50  for  the  24-in.  size  and  from  $30  to  $75  for  the  36-in.  size. 

Single  line,  automatic,  clamshell  buckets  when  operated  by 
derricks  may  be  UMd  for  handling  sand,  gravel,  coal,  ele,,  and 
excavating  in  loose  soil.  Thej  may  also  be  attached  to  portable 
cranes,  steam  shovels,  and  other  single  drum  rigs  without  the 
necessity  of  additional  druina.  They  may  also  be  used  on  cable 
ways  without  any  change  in  engines  or  lines.  They  cost  as 
follows : 


heavy  material. 


Capacily 

Price 

in  «u,  ri. 

veigbt  in  lb. 

f .  a.  b.  f  BCtOTT 

\ 

3SG0 

'IS 

IM 

B200 

1.7n0 

i%, 

10000 

a!  100 

ore  and  es^tra  hard 

Fig.  46.    Scraper  Clamshel)  Bucket. 

Obanoe  Peex  Buckets 
Standard  omagt  peel  buckets  are  adapted  to  all  classeB  of 
dredging    and    excavating.     They    are    good    all    around    digging 
buckets,  and  are  eometimeB  used  for  handling  ore. 


Xnlti^ower  OTan^B  peel  bu<dtet*  are  uaed  for  digging  olay, 
compact  Band,  and  other  hard  material,  and  are  built  about  ao  the 
extra  heavy  atandard,  but  differ  in  the  cloning  mechanUm,  which 
in  this  «ase  hu  tvice  the  doHlng  and  half  the  lifting  power. 


Capkcilr 


,Wk„Ic 


100        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  I 

Three-sided  orange  peel  bnOketa  are  especially  w«ll  adapted  for 

the   handling    at'   boulders,    broken    rock,    and    other   odd-shaped    j 
materiale   difficult   to  hold   unleas   an   even    force   is  .exerted   on 
bearing  part.    This  ie  possible  with  this  three-bladed  bucket. 

An  excellent  illustration  is  given  in  Fig.  47  of  what  a  three- 
bladed  orange  peel  bucket  can  do  The  points  of  three-bladed 
buckets  coming  in  contact  with  a  boulder,  or  pile  will  cither 
force  it  inside  the  bowl  or  wHl  grasp  the  object  'aa  in  the 
illuxtration  in  such  a  manner  that'  the  holding  force  will  be 
positive  and  the  strain  equally  divided. 

Capacitj'  Approiimate  ghipidne  Price 

1  fl.500 

1»  2.200 

2  2MI0 


Fig,  47.    Three  Bladed  Orange  Peel  Bucket 

Hinlatnre  Exea^wtixg:  BncAetta.    The  (oHvwing  notes  aib  from 

Bttgineerin^  Record,  Ftb- 26,  1910.       .    ■   ,   .        . 

In  tlie:  special  foundations  of  a  part  of  tlie  New  York'  rapid 
transit  «u^w.a;s  and  some  adjacent  but  Id  in  gs,  about  350'  e^iindii- 
cal  stpcl  and  concrete  piles,  about  14  in.  in  diameter  and  varying 
in  length,  froni  H  it.  undrr  Hnioe  buildings  to  Cp  ft.  under  the 
subway,  have  been  sunk  through  strata  of  earth,  sand  and 
gravel.  intcri^perKed  with  stones  of  considerable  si^e.  The  piles 
were  constructed  by  putting  down  a,  steel  shell  and  then  filling  it 


1/    .  '  BUCKETS 101 

with  eoncrefo,  but  vwing  to  the  limited  lietjidroom  and 'contracted 
working-  spttce  none  of  the  usual  methods' of  placing  concrete 
piles  could  be  used.  It  was  necsHsar;  to  drive  the  %8'in.  steel 
easing  in  successive  lengths,  2  ft.  long  and  overlapping  each 
other  atKMit  a  foot,  by  means  of  a  hydraulic  jack  or  drop  ham- 
mer.   This  could  be  accomplUhed  without  much  trouble  by  ubing 


Fig.  48.     Dwarf  Bucket  in  Use. 

a  cap  on  top  of  tbe  upper  section  of  the  easing  to  prevent  injury 
to  It,  kut  the  removal  of  tbe  material  inside  the  citBfng  proved 
decidMlly  troulilPBomD  at  flmt. 

It  waa  derided  to  use  Uiiiisture  orange  peel  budieta  weighing 
about  28  lb.  apiece.  They  were  operated,  like  the  ordinary 
sizes,  with  two  lines,  one  at  the  head  of  the  Inicket  and  the  other 


10?         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

ftttafrbed  H>  iha  bull  ivheel,  which  were  carried  up  to  the  leaves    ! 
of  .a  double  block  and  managed  by  two  men,  one  for  each  line,  and 
removed    all    the.  material    succexB fully. 

Tliis  kind  uf  exi-HVatin^  was  neteH^tarily  conducted  in  a  biic- 
ceesion  of  Btageti.  After  the  casing  wan  foi'ced  down  a  few  feet 
by  tfae  jack,  tlie  cHp  wati  lifted  off,  and  tlie  material  taken  out 
with  a  bucket.  Other  Hections  of  the  easing  were  then  placed  on 
top  of  those  already  sunk,  and  the  driving  wan  rennmed  until  it 
was  necessary  to  use  the  bucket  again.  If  a  large  stone  was 
encountered  it  was  broken  up  by  a  drilling  bit,  which  was  churned 
up  and  down  until  the  rock  was  broken  up.  The  siite  of  some 
of  the  pieces  of  stone  brought  up  by  these  little  buckets,  when 
compared  with  the  sii^c  of  the  buckets  themselves,  was  surprising. 
After  a  casing  hud  lieen  sunk  and  tested  to  see  that  it  had  the 
bearing  capacity  required  by  the  Public  Service  Commission,  it 
was  filled  with  concrete,  thus  completing  the  pile.  The  buckets 
frequently  operated  in  25  ft  or  more  of  water,  and  one  of  them 
could  excavate  from  3  to  8  lin.  ft.  of  material  in  a  day,  depending 
upon   its  character  and  the  working  conditions. 

It  is  apparent  that  these  little  buckets  are  adapted  for  other 
classes  of  work  which  often  cause  trouble,  such  as  digging  and 
cleaning  wells  and  handling  materials  heated  in  kettles  or  cal- 
drons. For  es:ample,  articles  thrown  into  a  hot  bath  could  be 
removed  in  this  way  by  perforating  the  blades  of  the  bucket 
to  allow   the   liquid   to  drain   out. 


Fig.  i'.h     Counterweight  Drum. 

CotiBterwalglit  Dmiu.  Where  a  double  drum  engine  ia  ttsed  in 
connection  with  a  bucket,  and  the  boom  of  the  operating  machine 
is  to  be  raised  and  lowered,  a  counterweight  drum'  will  take 
the  place  of  an  additional  drum  on  the  engine  at  considerably 
less  cost.    These  drums  may   also  be  used  in  connectioD    with 


BUCKETS  103 

a  single  drum  enpne  when  opprating  the  TBrioua  types  oferange 
peel  and  dn»  shell  bucketn. 

The  dnun  ie  in  no  way  connected  to  the  hoisting  engine  and 
may  be  placed  in  any  convenient  location  for  the  leading  of  the 
holding  line  to  the  bucket  and  the  counterweight  line  to  the 
counterweight. 

In  operation,  the  bucket,  being  lowered,  raiseB  the  counter- 
weight; when  being  hoisted  the  counterweight  rotates  the  drum, 
taking  up  the  slack  in  the  ctosing  line,  and  when  the  dumping 
point  is  reacbf^  the  hand  brake  holds  the  bucket  at  any  desired 
point.     The  band  brake  may  be  operated  by  a  foot  or  hand  brake. 

A  drum,  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  4!),  weighs  approxi- 
mately 1,100  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $235  f.  o.  b.  New  York. 

Oatoline  escaTatoT  for  operating  a.  clam  shell  or  orange  peul 
bucket  has  a  30-ft.  boom  and  is  equipped  with  a  two-drum  control 
to  operate  any  standard  bucket.  The  manufacturer  claims  that 
with  a  %-yd.  bucket  in  sand,  stone  or  gravel  the  daily  average 
h  10  to  15  cara  per  day.  This  machine  has  the  following  gen- 
eral uses:  digging  sewers,  cutting  gravel  banks,  removing  over- 
Ijurden,  dredging,  excavating  and  rehandling  material.  The  aver- 
age  working  speed  ia  estimated  to  be  from  1  to  3  buckets  per 
min,,  with  a  capacity  in  ten  hours  of  from  400  to  600  eu,  yd. 
depending  on  the  material.  The  shipping  weight  is  approximately 
32,500  lb.   and  the  price  is  $0,500.00,  bucket  extra. 

LAUD  DKSDQE  OE  QKAB  BTTCEET  EZCATATOK 

In  building  irrigation  ditches  in  the  Modisto  and  Turlock  dis- 
tricts along  the  San  Joaquin  ri-ver  in  California  in  sand  and 
hardpan  a  land  dredge  .or  grab  bucket  exeavator  was  used  for 
part  of  the  work.  The  machinery  is  mounted  on  a  skid  plat- 
form 18  X  30  feet  which  rests  on  movable  wooden  rollers  running 
on  pianks  on  the  ground.  The  diedge  moves  along  the  ajjial 
line  of  the  canal  receding  from  the  breast  as  it  is  excavated.  It 
is  moved  ahead  from  3  to  5  feet  at  a  time  by  means  of  a  steel 
cable  anchored  to  a  "  dead  man  "  and  wound  on  a  drum  driven  by 
the  engine.  The  A-frame  which  supports  the  boom  is  20  feet 
high.  This  boom  inclines  about  45°  and  may  be  swung  180° 
horizontally  by  a  bull-wheel  but  has  no  vertical  motion.  The 
bucket  is  of  the  clam  shell  type,  one  cubic  yard  capacity,  weigh- 
ing 2,800  lb.  The  operator  stands  on  a  pla<tform  on  the  A-framc 
and  controls  the  machine  by  3  levers  and  2  foot  brakes.  A  26 
hp.  single  cylinder  gasoline  engine  furnishes  the  power  and 
drives  a  series  of  combination  gear  ani  friction  brake  drums 
controlling  the  motion   of  the  excavating  bucket.     The  machine 


104        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

•soat  $S,000.  Wages  of  the  crew  of  5  men  and  a  team  during 
oiii-  tniinlh  amnimtrd  lo  $30->,r>0.  The  fluiiplica,  wbieh  Included 
400  feet  of  %-in.  hoiating  coble  costing  $1)0.40^  rollera  cotiting 
$21,110,  a  lar^f  intermeiliale  gear  cobtiny  $14.-00,  deprecintiDn  of 
marbine  9'"). Of),  and  sasolfne,  oil.  exploeiven,  etc.,  amounting  to 
$216.24.  Fourttvn  tiioUHand  cubic  yards  were  excavated  at  a  coat 
of   $0,035   per  cubic  yard. 


Fig.  50.     Clam  Shell  Dredge  Cleaning  Canals  in  Imperial  Valley. 

Traction  driven  machines  (Fifr.  50),  equipped  with  15  c«  ft. 
clam  shell  buckets,  wpre  used  hy  the  California  Development 
Co.  for  cleaning  canals  too  small  to  float  drcd^s.  Thcae  ma- 
chines have  a  40*ft.  steel  boom  carricil  on  an  all  ateel  frame. 
The  maximum  width  of  cut  is  14  ft.  The  power  is  supplied  by 
a  15  hp.  gfli^olinC  engine  The  machine  ha^t  two  forwnril'  trac- 
tion speeds  and  one  reverse  TTic*c  machines  cost  $5,000  each 
(atiout  1910)  and  tho  co-it  of  handling  material  with  them  was 
about  13  cents  per  cu.  yd. 


-..Cot^lij 


BUILDINGS 

The  only  buildings  that  prapeil;  need  be  described  in  a  bo<^ 
of  tliiH  character  are  tlioke  of  a  temporary  or  semi -permanent 
character. 

ContTMtort'  Portable  Iron  BnildinKi.  The  following  notes  ap- 
peared in  the  Engineering  Record,  Ort.  26.  11)12. 

Several  portable  iron  buililin^H  were  erected  to  provide  quarters 
for  tbe  coiiHtruction  force,  and  to  hautie  materialx  and  hiipplics 
used  in  building  a  power  plant  for  the  Nortlicrn  Ohio,  Traction  & 
Light  Co.  near  Akron,  Ohio.  The  smalleBt  building  is  a  powder 
house,   12x12   ft.   In   plan.     An   office   12x32   ft,   shown   in   Ibc 


Fig.  61.    Sectional  Metal  Building  for  Construction  Work. 

scTOmrmnying  itlnntrstion,  a  bunk  houw.  12x2H  ft,,  and  a  stor- 
age bouBe,  12x28  ft.,  also  were  provided  The  biiildinsa  are 
conatrueted  in  units  so  the  width  or  length  may  be  increased  l>y 
any  multiple  of  i  ft.  Bills  of  8x  10-in.  timliers,  pinned  together 
at  the  corners,  were  proviited.  ^Yith  these  in  place  for  each 
building,  the  front  corners  of  the  latter  were  bolted  down  and 
105 


lOfi        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

then  the  balance  of  the  sections  were  ereefed  in  successive  order. 
Eaeh  section  is  fastened  to  tlie  next  by  means  of  three  bolts.  As 
fast  aa  the  sides  were  in  place  the  roof  could  he  erected  without 
any  framing,   as   the   buildings   are  complete   in   themselves. 

Jlry  HoQse.  Mr,  R.  E.  Tremoureux  in  the  Uinitig  and  Scien- 
tific  Press,  June  17,  1H18,  has  written  the  followinp; 

A  new  dry -house  was  built  at  the  Champion  mine,  Nevada 
City,  California,  in  November,  1015.  to  accommodate  320  men, 
at  an  approximate  cost  of  $S  per  man.  The  house  is  built  on  a 
level  waste-dump,  with  concrete  walls  four  inches  above  the 
floor-level.  The  floor  contains  2,160  square  feet  of  concrete  put 
in  at  the  following  cost  per  square  foot: 

Lsbot :..  »M* 

suppijBB O.Ota 

ToUl  ».aj 

The  floor  is  built  with  a  grade  to  the  centre  of  tlie  shower- 
baths.  The  building  is  36  by  GO  ft,  and  12  ft.  high,  with  a.  0-ft. 
rise  in  the  roof.  The  building  contains  6,254  board- feet  of 
lumber,  built  at  the  following  cost  per  M  board-feet: 

L»bo( - »1*.80 

Suppliei !tl!0 


The  roof  and  sides,  having  5,407  square  feet  of  outside  surface, 
including  doors  and  windows,  cost  per  square  foot: 

Irfbor W.*08 

Supplies 0.143 

ToUl W.lBl 

The  house  is  built  to  contain  8  sections  of  suspended  lockers, 
each  locker  containing  40  compartments.  The  lockers  are  counter- 
balanced on  the  outside  of  the  building  and  can  be  raised  and 
luwered  easily  by  one  man.  When  raised  the  bottom  of  the 
locker  is  eight  feet  from  the  floor  There  are  four  showers  in 
the  main  room  and  one  in  the  foreman's  otGce.  The  wash-standit 
are  built  along  the  sides  of  the  showers.  The  dry  is  heated 
through  2-in.  pipe-radiatois,  by  an  Ideal  hot-water  boiler.  The 
total  summarized  costs  are  as  follows:  i 

Mater  lain 

Labor       kadaupplJas  Total                | 

Oradioc    I  19.E0                I     »£•             I 

CoQcrele  walls    13.13                 £S.»)  44.63 

Contrele  floors    S3.75              149.BE  !«.» 

BuildiDg    T7.7S               llt.S*  IB914 


BUILDINGS  ■  107 

Hilecials 

Labor       aDdsnppliw  Total 

RMf  and  lidei    41. »)  779.(18  SiOM 

Window!  and  dnori  £900                  IM  mns 

Locken    217 »  2J7.B4  4U  S4 

IdOBl  boiler  eri-clion  12.a  2W30  2129J 

BoUer  TBdiilori    10315  IWM  2».30 

Hot-water  boiler   ,. 13.37  KISO  34.17 

Eleclrlcal    work    20  98  10  DO  30  98 

Showan   ...     .  2B3S  il.t2  U.fiD 

ForemaD'a  oIBcb 11,75                  750  1».25 

Pipe   work 2()«2  3«65  67.27 

W&ita.waahfPt    2<  60                  3.W  27.70 

SiindIT 3875                  2.63  «.38 

Sup«rmleDd«nc« 60,00  60.00 

TolBli     t32>.8S  tl.7t7.iT  t2.6T7.13 

Car  CampB.  The  following  was  taken  from  Engineering  yewt 
Record,  Feb.  27,  19]9.  Car  renips  on  wheels  with  a  bunkhouae 
and  mesB-hall  unit  In  each  outfit  repay  their  cost  each  season 
on  road  maintenance  in  Gogebic  Count;,  Michigan,  by  reducing 
lost  time  of  men  and  wear  and  tear  of  camp  equipment,  An 
outfit,   with   a   mess-hall   unit   complete,   as   illustrated,   and   an 


Fig.  52.     Portable  Car  Camp. 

eiHctly  nmilHr  hunkhouae  unit  without  fumiiihings.  was  built  hy 
a  local  wagon  maker  for  9676, 

The  wagons  are  standard-gear,  with  %  x  4-in.  tires.  !i%  k  13-)n. 
skeiiia,  28-in.  front  wheels  and  36-in.  rear  wheels  The  tralsters 
are  made  aa  wide. as  possible;  in  this  case  they  are  40  in.,  and 
the  front  bobiter  is  ao  arranged  that  the  front  wheels  can  turn 
under  the  t>ody  aa  far  as  the  reach. 

The  bunkhouBC  unit  will  atKommodate  cott  for  12  men.  A 
7,i)00-lb.  trkotor  hauls  each  unit  easily. 

The  City  of  San  Francisco  has  adopted  a  stHndard  design  for 
bankluMues  on  the  Hetch  Hetchy  project.  This  is  not  only  to 
simplify' nlBteria)  billing  and  construction,  but  in  order  to  fit 
in  with   the '  nscesiity    for   moving    camp   fre4)oenlly.    Becauw 


lOS       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

practirally  all  parts  of  the  work  are  reached  hy  the  city's 
SS-mile  railroad,  it  19  de^iiable  to  use  bunkhouMa  that  can  be 
readily  loaded  on  a.  flat  car. 

Two  standard  flizefl  are  in  uae,  a  10-ft,  x  IG-ft.  bouse  for  eight 
men  and  a  10-ft.  JtSO-ft.  house  for  sixteen  men.  Both  uae  two 
tiers  of  buDks.  The  deaign  calls  for  2-in.  x  4-Tn.  stildding,  4-iD. 
X  4-in.  corner  poxtn  and  battons  over  the  joints  betw^een  the  1-in. 
aheathing.  There  is  nothing  unusual  about  the  design  except, 
perhaps,  that  the  4-in  x  6-in.  floor  plates  are  always  used  in 
full  length  pieces  to  aPTord  a  substantial  "  bottom "  on  which 
the  house  can  be  jacked  up  and  akidded.  The  frame  ia  well 
braced  to  with.stMnd  the  racking  inci'lental  to  moving,  and  a 
tar-paper  roofing  keeps  the  weight  to  a  minimum.  The  lumber 
in  the  larger  si:?e  structure  totals  only  aliout  3,000  ft.  bm. 
Where  a  camp  ia  to  be  maintained  for  a  ^hort  time  only,  the 
custom  is  to  skid  the  bunkhoufe  from  flat  car  onto  a  crib  built 
up  alongside  to  suitable  height  and  \eave  it  there  until  tlM  next 
move  ia   in   order. 

Portable  Sectional  Bnnkhonses.  The  following  Is  taken  from 
Engineering  News  Record,  Jan.  IT,  inig.  The  standard  design 
adopted  by  the  Fennsjivania  B.  R.  for  wooden  buildings  of 
thiH  sort  is  shown  in  Fig.  53.  - 

The  buildings  are  of  light  framing,  with  sheathing  of  tongued- 
and-grooved  white  pine,  and  roof  panels  of  plank  covered  with 
tar  paper  They  are  built  in  lO'^-ft.  lengths,  and  have  a  uni- 
form width  of  20  ft.  and  heinht  of  16  ft.  from  floor  to  ridne. 
The  exterior  is  covered  with  pebble  dash  roofing  paper.  For 
semi 'permanent  structures,  aa  at  railway  shops,  the  floors  are 
set  on  concrete  piers  almut  18  in.  above  the  ground,  and  roof 
gutters    and    downspouts    are    provided. 

The  btiildings  can  l>e  made  of  any  desired  length,  and  equipped 
for  various  uses.  The  bunkhouse  has  usually  five  aectiona.  It 
has  steel  double-deck  bunks,  and  is  fitted  with  lockers  and  sta- 
tionary washotands  supplied  with  xunninjf  hot  and  cold  water. 
Shower  baths  are  provided  whenever,  possible.  A  73^i-ft.  mess- 
room  has  two  sections  {21  ft.)  for  the  kitchen,  and  live  aeotiona 
(52>^  ft)  for  tho  dining  room.  This  latter .  has  nix  rows  of 
benches  and  two.  tables.  The  commis^ry  buildjng  for  the  store- 
keeper or  timekeeper  has  two  sectioils. 

Sidaa,  ends,  floor  and  roof  form  i^parate  sections  or  panels. 
These  are  packed  flat  for  shipment,  and  material  -  for  four 
buildings  can  be  transported  easity  tm  a  Aat  or  gondola  car. 
When  erected,  the  Mctioosare  put  ti^ether.with  hooks  aid  eye- 
serewa.  Tbe  sepatate  panels  are  remlity  treated  witk' dUinfec- 
taiits,  applied  by  brush  or  spray,  >and  this  workis' Msite  and 


mora  Hfwtire  IhtB  diHtnfecting  fCAt.  Cost  ol' construction' is 
aboDt  7W  wdlH  per  eui  fl;  UnTnailin*  «»•>  iTectJ«g  vosts  abbot 
$5  per  vnity  disnuntllng  snd  loftdidg 'tihe  Mmai' 


Fig.  C3..  P.  R-  R  Standard  Portable  Bunk  Hoiue. . i 

Censtnictian  Camp  for  the  Town  of  Torrance,  Cal.  Mr.  Ralph 
'Bfmmttt-.itiiiinffimttTinf  Jiews,  Aug.  27,  11114,-haB  written  tlie  foli- 
lewingi.  .'      <  ,  I 

A.ftUDp,  whether  tMnpoiary  .or  permanent,  ehouldibe  iloeated 
on  geotly  sloping  ground  >vbicli  will  ptiovtde  Hatiafa«torj  drain- 
age.. .  ■..   ■  ..   I       ■.;..-,■    . 

The  no«t  importanti  requidite  is  water.  Pri»vji«ioD  shmild  be 
made. for  accuring. a. supply  .uhiih-will  be  ample  tuird,uof.'<mtam-- 
iiiwt«d>  duiing  tlM  entire  duration  of  the  work.  Water  tihouldi 
cOEie:  to  the  itamp  unlv-x  agfTicient  <preBsui:e  for  ortLinHr.yntaQk 
uae  and  ihauld  be  auppjied.tliioiigh  fnpee  3.  or  4  in.  ^n  diametw 
HO  that  rone' or  tnoiifaiE-iiwd  lire  strAaraa  ean  be  used.  Tberis 
shouldi.h*  a  2-in.  hoae.outlet'with  100  ft.  of  1^-in.  cotton  fac-. 
tory  flra.hoae  ioctUtd  to  cot»  every  bwildioie.-        ;.  ,  ,.i 


Ill)       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  I 

Ab  a  matter.  (A  fire  protection,  as  well  as  «f  eonTenunce,  all   . 
building*   ehouU    be   wired   for   electric    lights,   and    the   us«    of    ' 
lanterns   should   be   restricted    to    thoec    clasBca   of  .  work   whicb 
require  portable  outdoor  lights. 

The  structures  composing  a  permanent  camp  'are  usually  a 
cook  house,  dining  room,  one  or  more  bunk  houKes,  aatdble  for 
horses  and  a  commiseary  or  company  store.  To  these  there  is 
frequently  added  a  wash  house  and  sometimes  a  number  of 
cottages    for   married    men. 

In  the  cook  house,  the  item  of  most  particular  intereiBt  is  the 
roof  and  window  arrangement.  A  shed  roof  is  poneiderably 
cheaper  lo  build  than  any  other  style.  In  the  design  shown 
(Fig.  55),  necessary  stiffness  is  secured  for  both  the  rooj  and  the 


building  by  the  use  of  a  simple  nailed  trnte  under  erery 
rafter.  The  window  openings  are  practically  continuous,  are 
screened  on  the  outside  and  have  tfao  sash  mounted  against 
the  inside  of  the  boarding  without  frames.  These  sashes  can 
be  leaned  back  during  the  summer  or  pulled  up  to  close  the  open- 
ings, as  the  climate  warrants.  This  side  of  the  cook  house 
should  preferably  face  the  east  or  northeast  in  order  to  obtain 
the  early  morning  sunlight  without  becoming  oserhmted  dnring 
the  afternoon.  The  high  windows  furnish  aneven  light  ron  all 
tables  and  prodiKe  satisfactory  ventjlation  with  biit  little  draft. 
In  a  cook  home  larger  than  the  one  shown  there  should  be  a 
door  opposite  each  runway.  All  doors  must  lie,  of  ample  size 
and  arranged  to  swing  out.     All  (qienings  must  be  Bereentd. 


BUILDINGS 


in 


The  main  stove  should  be  of  atnpk  size  and  should  be  set  on 
a  concrete  or  brick  or  rock  base  large  enough  to  be  safe  from 
accidental  ignition. 

The  stove  should  have  a  water-back  with  large  storage-tank. 

Tbe  larger  the  sink  and  drainboard  the  less  trouble  tliere  is  in 
retaining  flunkejs.  The  tables  should  be  covered  with  white  oil- 
cloth. White  enamel  ware  appears  to  give  better  service  than 
Bay  other  st^le  of  table  (umiehiug.  Benches  and  tables  ahonid 
be  aubetantial.  The  tables  should  be  4  ft.  wide.  This  clast  of 
furniture  is  thoroughly  aatisfactorj   for  camp  use. 


Fig.  55.     Cook  House  and  Dining  Boom,  Torrance 
Construction  Camp. 

If,  as  is  now  frequently  the  case,  the  management  provides 
an  occasional  lecture  or  moving- picture  show,  this  high-ceiling 
room  is  quite  satisfactory. 

Tlie  bunk  house  (Fig.  56)  is  in  its  general  arrangement 
typical  of  a  large  number  of  b^nk  honses  in  use  in  California. 
The  use  of  a  shed  rotrf  with  high  windows  fumishes  better  light 
and  air  than  does  the  old  stjie  peak  roof.  In  this  particular 
bouse  the  bunks  are  usually  commodious  and  are  provided  with 
a  continuous  seat  alongside  of  each  lower  biuik  in  preference 
to  a  single  central  bench.  Steel  bunks  are  sometimes  substituted 
for  wooden  frames.  They  have  the  advantage  of  being  vermin- 
proof,   but   the   disadvantage 'of   leaking   loose   straw   and   other 


112 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


nutterial  ibore  or  1««b  :  covtiBUOiuly.  Exitept  '  in  very  gi 
elimates,  no  stove  Bhould  be  ptrmitted  in  a  biuik  house,  ii  tkeit 
is  a  very  conaiderble  number  of  employeei,  the  aonMruoUou  of  a 
number  of  medium -sized  buak  hsaees  in  mvch  to  be  prtferrad  to 
the  use  of  a  abigle  large  building.  The  lotai  in  gate  ol  fire  ii 
lees  and  the  meh '  are  better  eaiieied  in  th&t  tiuy'  can  acparatt 
)7  natitmalitiee  and  trades. 

Certain  clastea  of  cmplOjeeB,  such  as  co^b,  atftUe  men,   fore-  ' 
men   and  HuperiRtendents,   nequire   separate  lutsaes  ia   any    caw. 


Fig.  50.    Cross-Seetion  of  Bunk  House. 


Shed-roof  buildinga  of  the  same  type  can  be  used  btd;  aubdivide<! 
cvoaewise  intO'the;  necesnary  number  of  apartments. 

A  oombined  loaliag  roinni  bath  and  n-ash  room  ehquld  he  con- 
structed in  a  cArap  housing  lees  than  100  men.  In  Urger  campn 
these  can  be  aeparwted  to  advtittagei  The  atove  here  should 
have  a  tvater-baek  ta  supply,  water  fer  the  shower  hatha  and  for 
lEBBhiDg.  the  mCBi'g.  cktt^ing;.  There  should  be  with  it  a  tank  of 
very  consideraible  ei^e.  If  Uie  tinployw  furnishes  small  wash 
tuba  in  pltjee  of  the  traditional  fr-gal.  oil  cane,  the  men  will  ap- 
pteoiatw  than.    For  iraAbitig  the. face  and  bands,  there  should 


BUILDtNOS        '  113 

be  ft  row  of  faucett  iMHrted  out  of-doon  in  the  sno  abort  k 
wooden  tvoBgh  equipped  irith  granitenrBre  wash  baiina.  ' 

The  sa»itBtioD  irf  the  ctmp  awl  minor  policing  should  he  i« 
charge  of  a  aweflper  or  ewMpers  who  would  clean  up  daily, 
supply  netcMarj  wood  and  start  the  waab-houie  Are  befort 
the  end  of  the  day. '  He  riiaiild  keep  all  bnildiitga  locked- dnrisg 
the  day'  and  when  unooeupied. 

Ample  suppllM  ol  diEuillectant  ahonld  be  allowed  atld  thera 
should  be  a  periodical  whitewashing  of  the  entire  property. 

Night  shift  employeei  should  he,  bo  far  ae  is  possible,  seg- 
regated into  a  separate  bunk  house. 


|wrt*9. 


Fig.  67.    Fly  Trap  for  Construction  Camp. 

Water  cloeets  equipped  with  flrst-clasB  plumbing  should  be 
installed  in  any  camp  where  the  duration  of  the  work  will  war- 
rant it.  They  art  more  sanitary  arid  agreeable  in  every  way 
than  the  heat  possible  sinks,  and  have  the  very  great  advantage 
that  they  can  be  so  8Ci>eened  aa  to  minimis  the  possibility  of 
fly-transmited  infection.  ' 

The  most  serious  fbe  of  health  in  the  eanip  is  the  fly.  Flies 
live  on  garbage  and  b^ced  in  manure,  '  Manure  should  be  hauled 
away  daily  and  garbage  should  b«  kept' covered.  A  number  of 
fly-trapa  similar  to  the  one  shown  1^  Fig,  oT  should  be  located 
around  the  camp  and  emptied  very  frequently.  '  The  trapped 
flies  can  be  stuniMd  by  dashing  distillate  or  gasoline  into,  the 
cage  and  can  then  be  shaken  out  and  burned,    ' 


lU         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

A  camp  of  any  site  employti  a  large  number  of  faorfeee  and  they, 
with  their  feed  and  equipment,  occupy  a  stable  of  coaeiderable 
magnitude.  The  preferred  arrangement  of  ump  Btat^a  places 
the  manf^ra  lengthwise  of  the  center  line  with  the  feed  on  one 
side  and  the  animals  on  the  other.  Centerpoat  coii»truation  will 
tie  more  economical  here  than  a,  single-span  shed  roof-  .  If  the 
Htalls  are  on  the  south  side  of  the  building  and  are  tomewhat 
sheltered  from  the  prevailing  wind,  that  side  of  the  stable  can 


Fig.  58,    Portable  Dry  Closet  for  Camps. 


be  left  almost  entirely  open.  The  depth  back  of  the,  animals 
should  be  ample  for  a  convmieat  runway.  The  haniess  of  work 
ajiiraals  is  nearly  always  hung  an  a  bracket  opposite  the  animal, 
but  there  should  be  •  looked  kameea  room  for  .storing  and  repair- 
ing spare  equipment.  The  bigger  tke  corral  ud  the  bi^r  use 
there  is  made  of  it,  the  leas  trouble  there  is  in  nuiataining  the 
health  of  the*  animala.  A  great  many  horse  diMase«  are  com- 
municated  by  dirty  watdr  in  drinking  troughs.  Series  troughs 
should  not  be  used  cm  aocouat  of  this  possibility.    Si^alli  abort. 


BUILDINGS  115 

individually -filled  troaghs,  emptied  and  cleaned  once  a  day,  are 
much  to  be  preferred. 

Folding  Portable  Dry  Clout.  Tite  following  appeared  in 
EngiTieering  Neu>»  Record,  Jul;  17,  1910. 

A  standard  design  of  dry  closet,  ,wi.tb  folding  portable  build- 
ing, designed  tor  temporary  use  bj  bridge  gauge,  etc.,  on  the 
Kaebville,  Chattanooga  ft  St,  Loi|iB„Il.  K.,  and  adapted  alto  fM' 
use  at  construction  campsj  is  Bltown-in  the  accompanying  cat. 
One  end  is  hinged  to  the  back  and  the  other  to  the  front,  ao 
that  the  buildfng  Can  be  folded  np  for  traUiportation.  Three 
heavy  0-in.  trap  hinges  are  used 'at  eaeh  ot  these  eornera.  The' 
other  two  comers-  are  each  fitted  with  ttro  4x4-in.  loom  plin 
butts  for  holding  the  building  together  when  it  has  been  aeeem- 
bled,  a  box  being  provided  for  boMiag  the  pins  when  the  tniilding 
ie  dismantled. 

The  drip  board  is  provided  with  two  pieces  of  No.  27  galvanized 
iron,  12  x  19  in,,  centered  on  holes  at  the  front  of  the  seat.  The 
foot  board,  drip  board  and  seat  are  connected  by  S-in.  strap 
hinges  so  that  tbene  three  parts  can  be  folded  ti^ther. 

For  the  roof,  the  plank  sheathing  receives  a  coat  of  white  lead 
and  linseed  oil,  and  while  this  is  wet  it  is  covered  with  heavy 
roofing  canvas  secured  by  flat-bead  copper  tacks.  Two  coats  of 
white  lead  and  mi  are  then  applied.  Screws  and  cement-coated 
nails  are  used  in  the  building,  which  gets  two  coats  of  paint 
inside  and  outside. 

Standard  portable  m^tal  garages  coat  as  follows  f.  o.  b.  Mil- 
waukee, Wis. 

2S  ij>ui«  lingle  nail 
Bint  osUlli*  In  lb.  Price 


SOb;  a 


26  gauge  double  wall 


10  by  le  tllS 

10  by  18  1K5 


lObr  a) 


19S4  513 

90  (sag«  altt'iili  wall'     -        ^   ■- 

17SS  tm 

ioaa  .1    XI' 

■  iSJ  .          »  ..   ..  ■■ 

Mbrw                    .  ifiiot-  wc  -  '  ' 
for  swinging  dMir  add  IJ.DO' eaA,  let  iiiriitgiDr  wladbwa  kdfl  ItJU'eat^b.' 


10  19  11 
12  by  10 
Mby"" 


"'      ■  ''  '."  '   .,  '  ■         "SECTION  17     ■  ■^,^.      ■■  '^^  ■      ■   :    ■' 
,    OABtEWATS  ,    . 

The  follqwing  notea  cu  cftUew*j«  are  from  Cbnpter  ^III  of 
Gillette's."  Earthwork. a^id  Ita  CoHt."    ..  .     , 

Cableways  propcrlp  ucliide,o*lf  those  neaiu  (d  huilage  wherein 
the  load  is  Buepended  beuestii  a.  cable  bf  nnanaof  a  carriage 
whoBB  gropved  whwli  run  oArt^iP  "^  the  cable. 


Fig.  S9.    StandOird  Cablewa^  Carriage. 

Cableway.  The  term  cablewa;  was  coined  in  order  to  indicate 
an  aerial  transportation  macliiiie  in  which  the  ,Bltig1b  load  was 
hoiated  ae  well  ae  transported  on  a  single  strand  of  cable.  The 
term,  "aerial,  tramway "  applifft  tp.  a  nachlne   In   which    the 

lie 


;  OABtEWAYS  UT 

loctds,  -often  gnftll' and  ^numerooB,  are  hiialed  aliM^  a  'flsM  trtttk 
by  a  rooviBg  traction  rope.  On  tfie  aerial  t]<amw«7  tlie'c8iTf«r 
may  be  armnged  tit  pass  the  towers  or  Other  etipperts,  aid  tblfe 
is  one  ot  iUe  difltiTirtive  points  of  dlfferMiiJe  between  an  aetlal 
tramway  and  a  eibl^Wf.  tn  the  aerial  trimwa;  th«  cables  art 
tightened  by  roeana  of  weights  or  litUitar'tengioD'  device,  bat  la 
the  case  of  the  coaBttng'or  gravity 'eabIewb.y'tio  tension  deVfcea 
are  required. 

A  cablewniy  conslBts  eeientiaily  of  a  mtin' 'cable  smptnitA 
between  two  towers  or  anchorages,  aerviug  at  the  track  for  a 
trolley  carrying  the  load.  Thia  load  ia  pntled  back  and  forth 
by  umaller  .cables,  n'here  the  track  cable  U  ao  arranged  that  the 
slack  may  be  increaeed  or  diminished  at  the  will  of  the  operator, 
thereby  directly  raising  or  lowering  the  load,  the  machine  is 
termed  a  "  slack  cableway."  Similarly,  when  one  end  of  the 
cableway  can  bq  rained  or  lowered  ao  that  the  load  may  slide 
through  gravity  to  the  other  end,  the  mfichine  ia  termed  a 
"coasting"  or  "gravity  eablaway."  When  the  loads  on  a  cable 
way  are  all  to  be  carried  in  one  direction  it  will  often  pay  to 
have  the  dump  end  of  the  cableway  at  a  lower  point  than  the 
loading  end. 

Another  type  of  cableway  is  that  in  which  the  track  cable  is 
also  the  hauling  and  Tetnm  cable,  the  cable  being  continuous 
from  one  end  of  the  apan  to  the  other  and  back  againt,  The 
bucket  is  either  firmly  fastened  to  the  cable  or  held  in  place  on  it 
by  friction. 

tke  IboBomlo  Vm'  of  cableways  is  limited  bj^  the  following 
conditioils:  (If  A  sOfBcient  quantity  of  work  to  pay  the  cost 
of  the-Srst  installation,  pins  the  cost  of  ensuing  removals' and  re' 
install ations,  and  (2)  a  riuflltient  qu*hlfty  of  work'  WitWn  the 
length  of  ipan  and  within  -economical  rSaching  distance'  each 
Bide  of  thfe  tableway  to'  repay  the  Cost  of  tne  installation  and 
removal.  These  conditions  are  often  fulfilled  On  trenchand  canal 
excavatioit  and  in  the  construction  of  dam  foundatiiMiS. 

Cableway  Ctitta.  The  colt  of  a  eableway  depends  «t>on  Uie 
length  ot^pan,  height  and  type  of  towers,  ahd  the  quantity  and 
kind  of  pOwel-  required:  In  general,  a  caMeway,  deslgmd  M 
operate  lb  earth  escaVation  or  for  conveying  bQckAs,  coste  ffom 
tS  to  $15  pef  ft.  of  span,  for  spans  of  46^  to  800  ft.,  asdl'frow 
W  to  «12  itei''ft.  of  span,  for  spans  Of  I,(WO  'fo  2,000  ft:  ■"      ' 

A  Duplex  (^blewayt two  coinplete  cables,  IS' to  SO  ft.-  apart, 

on  cofflmoh  towers)  wHI "cost  about  Sll.SO'jjer  it.  of  apan,  for 

spans  of'^,0O0  ft.,- whenthetowers  are  from  n  to  130  ft.  higfc. 

OableWVy  SyitMu.    T.  T:  KtfMdga,ln'  En^iie^-ing  ahrf  ©ff* 

trwUng,  Jan.  6,  1008,  gives  the  following:     Hrr  ttuMdgedefilHa 


119        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

on  incUtMd  cableway  aa  one  having  sutBeiant  inoUnation  so  that 
the  pQwer  required  to  hoUt  liie .  load  ia  leas  :thftD  th&t  required 
for  conveying.  Xbie  ^enAbles  the  uae  of  a.  aingie  rope  for  both 
hoiiiting  and  conveying..  Where  the  inctinatMn.  of  the  'cablewa; 
14, less  than  thip,  it  ia^claBBed  ««  horizontail,' though- the  ends  of 
the.epan  may, be  at  dJAerent  leveU. 

.  ^orisonfffl  CabieKay.  In  this  syatera,  in  addition  to  the 
mble  and  carriage  that  travels  upon  it,  there  must  be  provided 
indefic^adent  mean^  Jcir  hoisting  and  conveying  the  load. 


F^.  60.     Balanced  Cable  Crane  Horizontal  Cable"wiy. 

.  Iu.th«  case  where  the  motor  Ib  installed  upon  the  carr^ge,  the 
latter  is  propelled  hy  gearing  to  the  sheaves  traveling  ifpoa  the 
main,  fable.  As  a  cahle  with  both  ends  filled  takes  the  ftpproxi- 
owte  form  of  an  ellipse,  it  would  be  impoBsible  for  the  cftrringe 
to.  cjijnb  the  steep  part  of  the  curve  at  either  end.  To  pvercome 
this,  the  bents  or  towers  are  free  to  move  at  the  top  in  the 
direction  of  the  cable  and  they  are  bo  weighted  that  the  main 
cable  is  under  constant  tenBion.  This  causes .  the  caj'riage  to 
travel  »»  approximately  uniforni  grade..  This  device  U  called 
the  Balanced  Cable  CraJie.  The  fact  that  the  i-able  must  sustain 
the  .additional  weight  of  the  motor  and  motormau  is  a  dixad' 
vantage  but  in  many  c^ecB.it  is  offset  by  the  adyantage  qf  having 
(he  pptifator  cbwe  iv  the  points  of  loading  and  dumping.  . 

Arrangemmt  of.lfMtting  imd  Conveying  ftopea.  Ii)  cases  where 
the  engine  or, motpr  is. located  at  the  end  of  tlie.Hp^jif  iropetv  in 
addition  to  the  ma^n  cable  are  neces^arf,  the  one  for  hoisting, 
thei  ather  for  conyeyifig. :  When  an  «range-peej  or  «thKr<B«iU-fllIing 
bucket  is  used,  a  <third  rope  and  an;  extra  di;H^  im  ^..enginp 
iBtut  be  provided.,  t  . 


CABLEWAYS 


119 


Fig*.  81,  S2  and  88  Aovi  tbru  different  atrBngenMtg  of  hdbtn 
ing  and  conveying  ropes  which  have  been  adopted  b;  the  Lidger- 
wood  Mfg.  Co.,  the  Lambert  HoiBting  Engine  Co.,  Mid  the  TreDtoa 
Iron  Co.,  reBpectiv  ' 


Tn  the  arrangement  adopted  bv  the '  Lidgerwood  Co.  the  load 
in  first  hoiBted  to  the  dealred  height.  f>uring  eoiive;ring,  Kotli 
hoisting  and  convening  drums  must  be  In  operation,  and  of  th« 
same  diameter  bo  that  the  toad  may  remain  at  a  constant  dis' 
tanee  from  the  cable. 


Fig.   02.     Arrangement  ot   Lambert  Cabkwaj'. 

In  the  arrangement  used  bj  the  Lambert  Co.,  the  engine  druma 
have  different  diameters,  the  larger  being  the  conveying  drum. 
This  permits  simultaneous  hoisting  and  conveying,  and  a  con- 
veying speed  greater  than  the  hoisting  speed. 

The  arrangement  used  by  the  Trenton  Iron  Co.  was  devised 
to  obviate  the  necessity  of  ueing  carriers  to  prevent  sagging  of 


Fig.  03.    AirangMnent  of  Trenton  Iron  Co.'s  Cableway. 

the  boisting  rope.  The  hoisting  rope  is  attached  to  an  endless 
rope  at  tbepoint  A  by  meanH  of  a  specially  construoted  swivel 
connection.  The  endlees  rope  is  passed  a  number  ot  tines  around 
an  elliptio'faoed  drum,  to- give  sufficient  friction  for  boieting  the 


120       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

load.  In  operation  both  hoisting  and  OMivafii^  drums  are  in 
motion  during  conv^ng,  and'beth  must  be  of  the  sane  diamet«r. 

Fail-Rope  Oarriers.  The  eoonomieal  operation  of  a  cahleway 
depends  in  no  small  meaeure  upon  the  carriera  employed,  llieir 
function  is  to  prevent  excessive  tension  (due  to  ia^)  in  the 
hoisting  rope,  ao  that  when  the  load  ia  detached  from  the  fall- 
block,  the  latt*r,  while  free,  will  not  ascend  to  the  carriage. 
Even  with  the  uae  of  carriers  it  is  necessaary  to  use  a  weighted 
fall-block,  Bo  that  it  may  be  raised  or  lowered  ly  the  engineman 
when  no  load  ia  attached.  ' 

The  following  are  styles  of  carriers  in  use: 

(I)  Chain-Connected  Carriers.  These  consist  of  a  supporting 
sheave  {Whfch  travels  upon  the  main  cable,  below  which,  in  the 
same  frame,  are  sheaies  for  the  aupport  of  other  necessary  rppes. 
The  aide  plates  which  form  the  frame  for. the  Reaves  must  pro- 
ject bqiond  them,  so  th.at  when  ad j agent  carriers  strike  each 
other  the  sheaves  will  not  come  into  contact.    The   connected 


Fig.   04.    Lambert-Delaney   Carrier. 

9  are  attached  at  one  end  to  the  lower  and  at  the  other 
to  the  carriage.     When  tht  carriage  is  close  to  the  head  tower 

(engiie  end ) ,  the  carriers  at-e  all  in  contact  with  the  chains  hang- 
ing in  loops  below.  J\a  the  carriage  moves  toward  the  tall  tower 
the  carriers  are'a^ced  along  the  cable  with  the  chains  hanging 
in  festoons  below. 

(2}  ButtonrKope  Carriers.  With  this  carrier  an  additional 
rope  across  the  span  is  required.  It  is  fixed  at  one  end  and  kept 
at  a  constant  tension  by  a  weight  at  the  other.  At  intervals 
along  the  rope  are  affixed  "  buttons  "  with  a  gradation  of  diam- 
eters, the  smalleat  being  the  first  from  the  head  tower.  The  car- 
riers are  provided  with  eyes  having  a  corresponding  gradation 
of  diametera,  slightly  smaller  than  thehuttons,  through  which 
the  button  rope  Is  thredded.-'The  carriage  is  provided  with  a 
projecting  arm  or  "  horn,"  which  picka  up  the  carriers  as  each  is 
met  during  the  trs(«l  of  carriage  toward  the  head  tower.  All 
the  carriers  are  ridlfig  upon  the  arm  when'  the  head  town  ia 
reached.  On  moving' away  from  the  head  tower,  the  ftret  button 
passes  throiigh'the  eyea  of  all  the  carriera  but  the.  last.    This 


CABLEWAY8  321 

one  is  snlrtehed  from  the  «r]n  and  deposited-  upon  tlw  cable.  Tht 
second  button  aelecti  the  next  carrier,  and  so  on. 

(3)  The  Lttmiert-OeUmeg  Cmrriar.  This  it  ratber  as  ingenl- 
OUB  device,  depMidi^  upon  the  fact  t^at  pointe  aloiig  tbeteslidid 
diameter  of  a  horizcoitallf  rolling  wheel  travel  at  dia'H<«nt  to- 
locitieB.  The  rollioif  wlie«l  in  the  ease  «f  the  <arrier>ii  biverted, 
and  rolls  upon  the  under  tide  of  the  main  cable:  me'ciArt«ring 
rope  is  the  rolling  force,  and  is  applied  at  dttfereiitdlstaDces  from 
the  center  of  the  rolling  eheave  to  obtain 'the  required  i  variation 
in  veloeitT^  of  trarel.  Pig.  04  illultrates  the  Canbtmctloh.  Ib'will 
be  noticed  that,  in  the  quaiter  s]<eed  earriev,  it-yvike  wttli  Mt 
screw  ifl  naed  to  Increase  the  friction'  between  Ue  liolllog' sheave 
and  cable. 

Th*  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the 'above  types  of  car- 
riers are  M  folkrws: 

Ckain-c<mnf<eUd  Carrien.  Advantages:  -fa)  Sfm^lefl}',  (b) 
Not  easily  deranged.  4c)  Pneltlve  s{iacing.  '  DisadvantafMi  1b|- 
Extremely  heavy,  (b)  Omuiderable  wear,  (c)  "Power  ^eqiilHd 
to   stretch  chains  as  carriage  neara   tail  towern 

Buttotirrop9  Carrien.  Advantages;  (a)  ■  Estremeli'  Hfht. 
(b)  Minimum  wear  to  both  carrier  and  cable.  (c>  -Positive  spa»' 
ing.     Disadvantages:      ta)   Maintenance  of  bnttoH'Tope:-' 

Laittibert'Delomfif  CdrrUrt.  Advantages:  (h)-'  Neither  I'ope 
nor  cbains  requited  for  spacing,  ^b)  Weight  of  ■  carrtart  -utii- 
formly  distributed  at  all  times  between  carria^  and  Mwera.  (c) 
Moderl^te  weight.  DisadvantsgeS:  (a)  Doulile  bending  of  Con- 
veying rope  wbitc  pssBing  through  earrierg.ca'asing' short  ISfe!  of 
rope,  (b)  Variable  spacing  due  to  stVp  between  rolling  sheaved 
and  cable,      (c)  'Largfl  tiumbet'bf  sbeateH  to  mBintaln. 

The  BrrsTigmnent'  altftwn  in  Fig.  •»■  ia  "  the  Lnurnit-Cherrv " 
ayatem,  whkh  employB  no  carriers,  as  above  ineHtioned.  Tbi 
advantages  arer  (a)  A  minimum  of  working  part^  not  easily 
accerisible.  (b)  A  minimum  of  dead  wsigfati  to  tn  sustained  by 
cable.  The  disadvantages  are:  (a)  The'endlces  boi^ting  rop^'is 
subject  to  considerable  near  owing  to  coitatdnt -slipping  00  ell^tie-' 
faced  dram,  (b)  When  hoisting  from  a  eonsldcralile  depth  bcIoW 
the  main  eabte  and  conveying  toward  the  tail  to«-or,  there  Is  K 
limit  to  the  distance  of  approach  to  the  tail  tOw«r,  (nrtttg  *b 
the  fact  thkt  oonnectton  at  A,  Fig.  63,  Cannob-pass  over  tiio  t«ll 
tower  sheave.'  On 'this  account  a  greater  spBn  Is  necessary  nnde:^' 
such  comTitiobs  than  iii  tbc'othcr  arrangelnents. 

The  Incline  Cahleicay.  It  is  obvious  that  whew  t^  Inclination 
of  the  cable  is  such  that  greater  power  is  rtqnirM  for  'eonviyihg 
than  for  hoisting,  tb*  carriage  will  rem»In  stBtionarT-  -on  the 
cable  while  the  load  is  being  hoisted,  even  though  no  conveying 


122        HANDBOOK  OF  COKSTHtCTlON  EQUIPMENT 

or  endleaa  rop«  U  uxed,  Should  the  load  be  hoisted  ulitil  the  faJI- 
block  cornea  into  contact  with  the  Mirriagc,  the  further  pull  oi 
the  hoi»tmg  rope  will  Mtuse  the  carria^  with  the  loBd  to  movi 
ftloDg  the  cable.  A  single  drum  engiite  is,  tiierefore,  alt  that  ii 
ueceiMry. 

The  simplest  toria  of  incline  cubleway  Is  used  where  the  load- 
ii^  and  unlcading  are  always  done  at  the'same  point.  In  this 
case  a.  stopping  block  is  clamped  to  the  main  cable  to  prevent  the 
carriage  running  below  the  point  of  loading,  and  a  wlf-enga^injc 
latch  is  clamped  to  the  cable  at  the  unloading  point  to  Aold  the 
carriage  in  positioa  while     the  load  is  lowered. 

Where  it  is  necasBary  to  provide  means  for  loading  and  un- 
loading at  any  point,  an  endless  rope  is  used  as  in  the  horizontal 
cableway,  hut  no  power  is  necessary  for  iU  (qteratioD,  ite  function 
being  merely  to  hold  the  carriage  at  any  desired  point.  This  is 
accomplished  by  passing  the  aidless,  rope  a  number  of  times 
around   an   elliptic-faced  drum   provided  with   brake  only.  , 

The  A-crial  Ihimp.  The  range  of  the  cableway  is  largely  in- 
creased by  the  posMbility  of  dumping  the  contents  of  the  akip 
at  any  point  in-  its  travel  by  the  manipulation  of  a  lever  at  the 
eagine.  The  skip  employed  has  an  open  end,  so  that  tilting  is  all 
that  is  necessary  for  dumping.  The  skip  is  suspended  from  the 
hook  of  the  fall-block  by  chains  with  hook  ends  attached  to  the 
sides  and  ends  ot  the  skip.  The  end  of  the  skip  is  also  attached 
to  another  fall-bloek  reeved  with  the  dump  Una.  The  latter  neces- 
sitates two  additional'  sheaves  below  the  calile  in  the  carriage, 
and  is  reeved  in  a  manoer  similar  to  t^e  hoisting  rope.  In  the 
Lidgerwood  wlf-dumping  device  the  dump  line  i»  wound  on  the 
hoisting  drum,  and  when  it  ia  desired  to  dump  the  skip,  the  line 
is  shifted  t^  a  anitable  mecjianism  upon  an  inoreased  diameter  of 
drum.  Thii  oauses  the  dump  line  to  be  drawn  in  at  a  higher 
rate  of  speed  than  the  hoisting  rope,  and  reanlts  in  the  tilting  of 
the  skip  for  discharging  the  contents. 

In  the  Lambert  aystem  the  dump  line  is  attached  to  .its  own 
drum  mounted  on  a  shaft  with  the  hoisting  drum,  in  glese  con- 
tact with  the  latter  and  so  arraoged  that  the  hoixting  drum, 
when  released  with  a  load,  can  make  only  a  half  revolution  while 
the  dwnp  line  drum  ia  stationary.  During  hoisting,  -the  hoisting 
drum  drives, tlie  dump  line  drum  and,  both  being  <if  the  same 
diameter,  the  skip  remains  horii!<M>ta!.  Wh^  it  is  desired  to 
dump  the  skip,  the  brake  is  applied  to  the  dump  line  drum  and 
released  on  the  hoisting  drum. 

Lv^Tioati<».  Hie  fact  that  the  sheavea  in  the  oarriera,  car- 
riage, and  tape  of  towers  are  not  easily   accessible  renders  self- 


CABLKWATTS  123 

tnbricating  baghtnga  dmlrable,' and  tbef  tire  genentilf  used.  TbMv 
Bfie.  however,  does  not  mean  that  little  attention  (b  leqnirtd.  Tlis 
tsrrisge  and  hoiating  rope  Mpeciallf  sbmild  be  cKrefully  exBmined 
dnily.  for,  while  tlie  appaTatUs  is  s^dont  used  to  tranHport  men. 
the  load   is  )^nerall}'   conveyed   above  them. 

Tovrert.  Either  tower  ma;  be  Axed  or  movable.  When  both 
are  movable  the  tracka  must  be  parallel.  The  parallel  track  ar- 
rangement wag  used  estenuTely  lb  the  gTr^vnf|in£  ol  the  Chicago 
drainage  canal.  A  cinunon.  acraagemeut  Ja..Ui£  radial  cablewa;, 
where  one  tower  is  fixed  and  the  other  movable.  ', 

Movable  lower*  am  uaualtj  mounted  on  Btanidafd  railroad 
wheels.  Thtf  track  oOi|Mts  of  six  or  seven  lines  (tf  rails,  and  rail- 
hraceg  ebould.be  ntfd  plentifully.  _.PoHer  for  mivdng  tbe  tower 
may  be  obtained  ^rom  tbe  wineb-head  on  the  cableway  engine,  or, 
if  the  tower  must  be  moved  often,  a  special  engine  is  provided. 
Movement  is  Bccompliahed  by  block  and  tackle  between  the  engine 
and  anchorage  at  either  end  of  the  trark.  Considerable  powen  is 
neeessary  on  account  of  'th»  large  amount  of  friction  betweeit 
Rangea  of  wheels  and  rails.  .     . 

Pw  low  towers  in  fixed  positions  tbe  "A"  frame  iscomibluilTi 
Daed,  but  the  head  tower  sbould  not  be 'fa  "low.  or  the  engine 
HO  close  t(y  it,  that  the  fleet  angle  of  the  ropes  becomes  excessive. 
In  some  cases,  aspecially  in  incline  cableways,  the  tail  tower 
may  WdlapenSed  with  and  ^  rock.aiichurage  BuMltilUd.  High 
towers  are  cobmion  nliere  heiglit  in  deiiired  for  dis|iosal  of  ma- 
terial beneallk  the  latble.  and  In  very  low  Sfmns  where  thie  deflec- 
tion of  the  cable  is  nec(«!iBrily  large.  'Biey  are  nsAally  con- 
structed of  wood,  for  the  reason  that  the  cost  is  lees  and  in  most 
cases  they  will  last  .as  long  as  the  cableway  is  rniuirtd.  The 
bsse  of  the  tower  is  usually  from  onn-^rd  to  ortfl-half  t\if  height. 
Steel  masts  lire  sgawtiines  used  for  tail  towers.  They  iA)uire  at 
least  tbre^  Mron^;  and  well  anchored  guy  lin^x.  The  bMe  has  a 
ball  and^Mcltet' joint  d -al«el  castings,  and  the  cuatomary  wood 
saddle  ii  bolfM  to  theTCo;^  for.the  main  cable. 

Slain  Cable.  The  essential  features  of  the  main  cjtble  ar^ 
strength,  lightness,  flexibility,  and  a  surface  which  will  not  only 
receive  the  least  wear  but  impart  the  least  weaj  to  the  sheaves 
rolling  upon  it.  The  standard  hoisting  rope  is  objectionable  from 
the  standpoint  laet  mentioned.  Though  t««a  flexible  than  the 
hoisting  rope,  tbe  lOeked-wire  rope  is  generally  used  for  the  reason 
that  the  other  qualities  are  possessed  to  a  mncfa  greatei'  degree. 

Fig.  05  shows  the  socket  used  on  tbe  lodced'-wire  ropa.  There 
arc  six  wedge  segments'  in  each'cone,  with-  tJie  sxception  of  the 
snialle«t,  which  contains  f6ur. 

Means  are   provided   for  taking   up   the  main   rable   when   the 


124       HANDBOOK  OF  C0N8TBUCTI0N  EQUIPMENT 

deflation  has  bseamreKceeaive,  ive  tc  ab'stcbing.  In  ehort  spane 
a  turnbitokie,  k  in»ertei.  in  the  aliog  wliiclt  pamieg  around  the  a 
chorage  and  tiieBce  tbcou^  a  aheave  attacli^  to  the  end  • 
the  eatile.  Far  long  Bpaiu,  -apecial  double  or  triple. rii<«ve  blocks 
are  uaed,  reeved  with  wire  rope.  The  take-up  is  UBualiy  located 
at  the  head  towcj'fend'ao  tbai  the  engine  may  be  utilized  whea 
taking  up  ii 


Pig.  S5.    Step  Soek«t  for  Main  Cable: 

Aitehoraget,  The-  tenHion  of  the  main  cable  ia  nanally  from  tive 
to  six  times  the  load,  depvnding  upon.. the  deOection.  Anchorages 
aeeure  beyond  all  poBsible  doubt,  are  «saential,  aa  tbcir  failure 
vrould  ppovs'  diaottroUe  to  the  aablevS|y  aad  ivperil  tha  lives  of 
men.'!  Since  it   ii  ImpoaMble  to  otdculate  the  resjatance   offered 


by  the  earth  to  a  buried  anchorage,  it  is  usual  to  find  a  much 
•troDger  anchoMge  than  ie  neceaaarj.  The  usual  form  for  mod- 
erate tenaiona  —  aay  up  to'  30  tons  —  ja  a  weU  tarred  oak  log 
about  18  in.  in  diamoteF  and  16  ft.  Jong,  buried  to  a  depth  of  S  or 
10' ft.  If  longet  )i&i  t a  desired,  or  if  the  tension  la  greater,  a,  con- 
crete anchorage  maj  be  aubstltuted.  A.  iatm  which  bas  been  suc- 
c^aafnlly  used  is  skowa.in  Fig.  (tOi 


CABLEWAVS 


IM 


'  A  CoktUng  OaMemir.  Ifiia  n  sj  simple  device-  ottbe  Utvtf 
of  {v'ttRbtmBf  m  whidk  b  line,'  steTting  at*,  point*  about  'Oi  « 
level  with  the  base  of  &  pile  driver  or  derrick  it  rnn  orw  & 
alieave  cm  the  tap  of  the  leads  or  modt  mud  down  to  the'  engone 
drnm.  A  uiatah  block  travels  on  Itaia  cable.  A  tag  rope  ia 
fastened  to  thii  block  and  may  be  controlled  by  ennbbiiig  around 


Fig.  C7.     Coagtiii(r  Conveyor. 

a  post  w  a  winch  or  drum  w  the  engine.  Heavy  loads  can  be 
moved  easily  by  raising  or  lowerii^  rnie  or  both  of  the  linas,  a« 
illustrated  in  Fig.  6T. 

The  author  has  used  this  device  on  a  email  job  for  handling 
heavy  timbers  and  pile  caps.  A  floating  derrick  was  utilized  for 
the  same  purpose  ill  the  coastruption  of  the  pile  folindationfori  a 


Fig.  .68.    A  Cahleway  tor  ConKeyiog  Materials  in.,  building  Coiv 
;cr«t«  fiws,  «jt^9rthumberland,  K.  Y.  ^        . 

large  eewer  in  New  York   (see  Tronri,  ,Am,..Hoe.  0.  S.,  Vol.  31,  p. 
673).     Itimay  be  adapted  for  moving' flarth.     i    .i   .    ,„: '    ..   .. 

Parker  asd  Slynn  uwd  an  intxpoDsiva  cablevay  1(9'  ctmitiruct- 
iag  cMtrrfitc^  piers  at  Northumberland,  iN'ew  Yttfk-  ,Xl4S-  device 
was  illustrated  by  them  in  EMffi^etrina  Neu>»,  Jime  2fl,  1902,  It 
coasisted  of  a  65-it>  guy  dartiek,  H)ithout  boom,  placed  near  th« 
edge  of  the  bank  at  ibe  aide  of'the  tiyer,  and  »  t>^o>-lesg«d  bent 


128        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUOTION  EQOPMENT 

plaaed  initW  middla  of  tke  river.  Tlie  ocMe  vbS  of  :%^d:'  steel 
*nd <  was 'Stretched  from  'a<de*d  man  on  the  lAore  ab(t«t  150  ft. 
back  of  the  derrick,  past  and  just  croesing  thA  derrick  to  the 
bent.  Under  the  top  of  thebent  at  the  end  of  this  cable  hung 
two  weighte  which  eoneisted  of'  scale  pans  loaded  with  concrete. 
In  passing  over  th?  bent  the  oableiivaj'  was  carried  on  a  16-in. 
block.  The  boom  fall  of  the  derrick  was  then  hooked  onto  the 
cable  at  the  foot  of  the  mast.  The  carriagvon  the  cable  (ft>n- 
Riatcd  of  two  16'Jn.  cable-sheaves  with  iron  straps,  forming  a 
triangle,  and  carrying  a  chain  on  whfcl(  the  backet  was  hooked. 
In  operation  the  bucket  was  Iwofeed  t^  the  carrier  on  shore,  i 
single  drum  hoisting  engine  wound  up  the,  boom  fall  and  the  cable 
was  hoisted  until  it'liad  a  pitch  down  toward  the  river  of  IS  < 
20  ft.  in  the  apirn  of  450  ft.     The  loadiM  tucket  travelled  under 


Fig.  e».    Cableway  in  Which  Sag  in  Cable  ie  Practically  Ikme 
Away  with  by  Oacillating  Ttfwera. 

gravity  away  front  the  shore.  After  thebucket  had  been  dumped 
the  h^m  .tftll  was  low^tred  until  the  aableway  l^d  a  reversed 
pitch  of  li  or  2D  ft.,  whdn  thv^okftty  bucket  returned  -to  ihe-ehore. 

The  speed  of  the  bucket  was  governed  by  the  slope  of  the  cable. 
When  the  cable  was  at  its  extreme  grade  the  buekfet  would  run 
from  the  platfbrm  to  the  beht  a  distance  ot  450  ft.  in  35  seconds 
and  return  in  about  the  same  time.  This  device  might  be  em- 
ployed fof-  earth  excavation. 

A  Balanced  Cable  OTane.  En^neering  imd  OoHfaeting,  NoV. 
13,  190T,  grres'the  following^  This  cableway<wa6  inatalkd  at  A 
coal  Htofafee  plant  at  'Watertown,  N.  Y.  It  Is  equipped  with 
electric  motorB  not  only  ta  the  trolley  or  carriage,  tmt  aiso  on 
each  of  the  oscillating  'towefA.  In  this  manner  each  tffwer  c 
lip  propelled  along  the  single  rfcil  traekr    It  Is  not  necessary  that 


CABLEWAYS  127 

tiiB  two  ttann  move  tlnultancouely.  Iade*d,  one  tower  cia 
travel  26  ft.  without  moving  the  other  tower.  The  towm  hg*e  ft 
traveling  speed  of  43  ft.  per  min.,  «lien  it  t>  desired  to  shift  th«m. 

The  electric  load  carriage,  or  trolkp,  handlce'  a  3-cui  ^d.  <jdni- 
ehell  buchet.'Hid  hma  &  traveling  epeed  otlfiQO  It.'per  min.'aiid  a 
hoisting  speed  of  80  ft.  per  mio.,  with  a  6IMip;  mobn. 

It  is  intereetinft  to  not«  that  this  cableway  as  built  commands 
about  9,000  cu,  yd.  of  materJaT'per  ft.  of  d~epth.  It  mighf  easily 
be  economical  equipment  to  use  on  an  emavating  job. 

A  (kmbination  Cableway  find  Derrick.  Ei>gineering  a^d  Con- 
tractittf,  Feb.  24,  1006,  gives  the  following: 

To-day  the  use  of  cableways  for  building  Mwers  U  rapidly  in- 
creasing, as  is  also  the  use  of  p«rtable  derricks.  With  both  ma- 
chines good  work  can  be  done  both  in  excavating  the  trerfch  and 
In  placing  matei lals  in  Ihe  cunsti  uutiuii "of  tlwsewern.  xht  this 
page  w«  illditrate  a  combination  cableway  and  derrick  designed 
tor  spans  ap  to  600  ft.,  that  promises  to  And  a  great  field  of 


Fig.  70.    Comhination,C«Mew*y  Jind  Derrick. 

usefulness  in  not  only  building  sewera^bit^  it>' inaU^  other  classes 
of  construction. 

The  general  plan  is  extremely  simj^  ^e  derrick  is  built  on 
a  car  with  a  hoisting  engine  and  boiler.  Over  the  A  frame 
for  the  derrick  is  erected  a  head.tow.er  for  tile  cableway.  A  tail 
tower  is  reeled  at  the  other  end  of  th*  work  and  the  cableway 
strung  and  anchored  to  dead  men  as  shown.  In  moving  the  cable- 
wa;,  only  the  tail  tower  need  be  taken  dirwn. 

It  is  possible  to  -Use  both  the  derrick  and  cableway  at  the  same 
time,  or  work  a^  be  cai-ried  on  with  either.  This  arrangement 
means  a  saving-  iff  time  in  cairying  on  work.  This  design  was 
jrotten  up  by  the  Kew/Vork  Cableway  It  Engineering  Co.,  2  Rector 
St.,  New  York. 

life  of  Hals  Cable.  A  %-in.  wire  eatilft  used  on  an  incline  on 
the  Chicago  Main  Drainage  Canal  tasted  from  100  to  160  days, 
during  7hich  time  it  made  from  30,000  to  60,Q(>O  trips,  carrying 
from  SOjOOQ  to  SO.OOO  on.  yth-of  solid  rock.  AasUming^lM  rock 
H>  weigEJpOD'  lb.  per  cu.  jd..the  life  of  the  cable  was  fr«n  108,000 
to  172,1»0  tons, 

A  Telpher  iTitflm.'    Ettginefrin^  and  (hntraetinff,  Oct.  tS,  1910, 


128        HANDBOOK  OF  eONSTEUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

deBcribMiia  method  of  '  dUpoeiiig^<  of  aubw&y  aKcaTftiioi)  in   New 
York  City,  by  tetpher^e. 

The  power  for  boi»tiiig  aad  triJleTiag  was  f limited  by  a 
SO-hp.  SSO-volt  direot  current!. motor.  A'  Lidgervood  2-drum 
liolst  nag  used 'for  heiating  and  trolieying.  The  eac  wftS  a.  home- 
made affair,  com poeed  of  four  atAiidard  out 'iron  iirbealB  &-in. 


Fig.^Tl.    ArrangesteDt  of  Cable8<f>w  Telpher  BjBiem.- 


diameter,  which  run  on  two  18-in.  I-beams.  These  wheels  sup- 
ported two  standard  cast  iron  sheflvea,  16-in.  in  diameter,  through 
which  the  hoigting  cable  ran.  The  cables  wer^  arrai^ed  as  ahown 
in  Fig.  71^  'steel  buckets  and  skips  were  used  for  handling  ma- 
terial, tiie  former  holding  about  1  yd.,  the  tha  Uttei  2  yd.  ot  ma- 
terial.     .-     -  — 


Fig.i  72.    Skip  DnnipiDg  Hav.io^  for  Gablaw»:f«v, 


CABLEWAYS  129 

A  Skip  Dumpintr  Scvloe.  Thia  was  developed  in  conneotion 
with  the  Aehokan  Beservoir  work  of  the  Catskill  Aqueduct  and 
is  described  in  finyineertnjf  and  Ctm-traeting,  Nov.  9,  1919.  The 
cableway  used  was  of  the  Lidgerwood  type  and  was  equipped  with 
Ijjcber  skip  dumping  mechanism. 

As  shown  in  Fig.  72  the  dump  line  and  the  hoisting  rope  are 
wound  on  the  same  drum  C  in  the  eablewa;  tower  and  all  their 
motioDB  coincide.  Tbe  dump  rope,  at  the  tower,  runs  down 
through  a  fall  block  A,  then  up  orer  the  sheave  B,  and  thenc«  to 
the  main  drum  O.  By  pulling  down  the  fall  block  A,  which  is 
suspended  In  the  loop  of  the  dump  line,  this  line  is  shortened, 
lifts  the  rear  of  the  skip  and  thus  dumps  it.  It  is  the  method 
of  pulling  down  this  fall  block  which  is  novel.  The  old  method 
was  by  a  cable  which  wound  upon  a  small  drum.  This  method 
worked  well,  but  was  slow.  The  new  method  consiBts  in  pull- 
ing down  the  fall  block  by  means  of  a  cable  which  ia  fas- 
tened to  the  block  and  passes  from  there  through  a  stationary 
sheave  D  directly  below,  thence  through  a  sheave  E  fastened  to  the 
end  of  a  piston  rod,  operated  by  a  compreMeed  air  cylinder  about 
12x72  in.  in  size  and  thence  back  to  a  stationary  anchorage 
F  on  one  of  the  heavy  timbers  of  the  tower.  By  passing  the  cable 
through  the  sheave  E  on  the  end  of  the  piston  the  distance  through 
which  the  piston  acts  is  only  one-half  the  distance  through  which 
tbe  fall  block  is  moved.  The  piston  is  operated  by  compressed 
air   which   is  uaed  for  operating  all   the  machines  in   the  work. 

CABLEWAY  DATA 

HcishI 

Jjoeation               Span  toner         Engine                                 Remarks 

in  (t.  in  ft.    cjiiindere— hp.       Co«t 

Koch«t8r,  N.  Y...      «3»  60      i-8*4iWin.S0         ....    2  rablewaj*  80  It. 

SodaiD  Dam.  N.  Y.      «T  

ireuch  work 200-300  20-3E    Z-TilO  In. 

ChicBEO   canal OO-nS  TI-«J    2-10il2in. 


rage  cableway. 


Concrete    cablewa;     g2S 
Dam   No.   4.    Ohio 


e,500   thi  in.  cabk; 


1^0         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Karlne,  Bo  ok- Transporting  Cableway.  The  following  notwE 
appeared  in  Enginetring  A'chjs,  Dee.  8,  1910. 

The  problem  was  to  exi'avate  into  a  solid  hill  of  gianite  and 
to  load  this  stone  on  bargee  which,  on  account  of  the  shoals, 
t.'ould  not  anchor  nearer  than  600  ft.  to  shore.  For  the  work,  the 
contractors,  Messrs.  lYaser  &  Chalmers,  Ltd.,  of  London,  Eng- 
land, called  in  the  Lidgerwood  Mfg.  Co.,  of  New  York,  and 
this  firm  designed  and  built  the  plant  described  herein.  The 
transporting   plant   consista    of   a   so-called   "  quarry    cableway," 


Fig.    73.     Layont    of   Rock    Transporting    Plant    on 
Island  of   Kalagouk    Bay   of   Bengal 


paralleling  the  rock  face,  and  a  marine  cableway  "  croa'ing  the 
former  at  right  angles  and  reaching  to  a  fixed  tower  alongside 
of  which  the  transporting  barges  anchor  The  quarry  cableway 
consists  of  a  fixed  pivotal  head  tower  85  ft  high  and  a  traveling 
tail  tower  74  ft.  high,  moving  on  radial  tracks  through  a  48° 
arc.  The  cable  is  840  ft.  long,  and  the  distance  between  towers 
is  757  ft.  7  in.  The  marine  cablewa>  has  a  3l>-ft  head  tower  and 
a  cable  extending  585  ft.  out  into  the  sea  to  a  M  ft  tail  tower 
built  on  piling  driven  into  the  soft  bottom  These  marme  towers 
were  built  on  the  "  duplex "  plan  so  that  if  necesaarv  a  second 
parallel  cableiray  might  be  added  if  required     Both  cables  are  I 


J 


CABLEWAYS  131 

controlled  from  &  steam  boiler  plant,  shown  on  the  drawing,  from 
tiieir  head  towers  on  shore  near  the  plant. 

In  operation  the  brolien  rock  is  loaiied  by  hand  labor  on  the 
open  skip  traveling  on  the  quarry  cableway.  The  skip  is  then 
pulled  in  towards  the  head  tower  and  dropped  immediately  under 
the  marine  cableway,  where  it  is  picked  up  by  the  carriage  and 


Fig.  74.     Head  Tower  of  the  Quarry  Cableway. 

(Showing  the  Bklp  an  IhH  qniirry  line  and  the  dumping  cBrriage  on  the 

marine  lin«  at  rigtai  angles  to  it.) 

swung  out  on  the  marine  cableway  to  the  barge.  These  skips 
measure  8  X  S  X  2  ft.  and  carry  approximately  6^  tons,  with 
each  load.  The  carriage  speed  upon  the  cables  is  1,000  to  1,200 
ft.  per  min.,  and  the  hoisting  speed  is  200  ft.  per  min.  The 
main  cables  are  of  locked  wire  rope  2t4  in.  in  diameter. 

Fig.   74   shows  the  head   tower   of  the  quarry   cableway   with 
the  boiler  house  in  the  background.  .  Crossing  at  right  angles  to 


132         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQIIPMENT 

the  cableway  from  thie  head  tower  may  be  seen  the  matine  cahle- 
way  with  its  traveling  carriage  in  air.  Fig.  75  shows  the  towei 
at  the  ocean  end  of  the  marine  cableway.  It  was  necessary  In 
have  at  least  20  ft.  of  water  here,  and  as  there  ia  a  20-ft. 
tide  the  base  of  the  tower  proper  had  to  be  at  least  40  ft.  abovt 


Fig.  75.    Barge  Loading  Rock  at  the  Tail  Tower  of  the  Marine 
Cable  way. 

bottom.  The  additional  13  ft.  to  the  tower  deck,  in  order  to  clear 
the  deck  of  the  barge,  makes  a  very  high  structure,  which  hud 
to  be  thoroughly  interbraced.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  head 
piece  is  provided   in  duplicate,  in  case  additional  service   is  re- 


CoO'jIc 


Donbl«  Side  Bteel  Damp  Can.    A  make  of  ceitb  of  this  typ« 
coat  as  follows:      (Fig.  76| 

Cmpscity  Gange  ApproiinuiW  Price 

in  CQ,  ft.  in  inches  weight,  lb.  f.  o.  b.  Pa. 


A  cradle  double-side  steel  dump  car  having  a  capacity  of  31^ 

■u.  ft.,  weighs  about  1,200  lb.  and  i-osU  $165  f.  o.  b.  Pennejlvania. 

A  rocker  double  side  steel  dump  car  of  2  cu.  yd.  capacity,  38-in. 


^uge,  weighs  approximately  2,400  lb.  and  coats  $290  f. 
Pennsylvania 
Another  make  of  double  aide  rocker  dump  cars  is  as  foil 


..Coo^lt^ 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


cheB  weight  in  lb. 


A  make  of  rocker  dump  cars  equipped  with  end  lock  that  will 
automatically  lotk  itself  in  three  position  a.  and  with  roller 
bearings,  coats  as  follows:      (Brakes  can  be  furnished  if  desired 


In  ezcsTatinff  a  bank  of  hardpan  with  a  14-ft.  face  in  190T, 
the  following  equipment  and  men  were  used: 

10  sMel  donble  side  dump  esra,  3fl  cu.  H.  «apBcitj,  M-in. 

EBUge  at  I72.B0   I  T2S.O0 

2  brake  cars  at  t»a.B»  188.09             I 

2BwiUhea  complete  at  pD.OO  60.00 

1,600  ft.  ot  301b.  rail  and  pUtea,  elc.=  600  ft.  of  track 

and  1  turnout  at  19  ct.  per  ft , i«5.00 

2O0  lies,  e"x4'  apruce,  EH  «.  long M.60 

Spikes  and  bolts 40.O0 

Total  cost  ot  plant  : I1,3«.E0 

1  foreman  at  ta.OO t       S.OO  i 

6  pick  BDd  bar  men  at  |1.60  ».00 

lasliovelf™  at  J1.50  18.00 

1  borae  and  drirer  at  P.eO 8.50 

«  trackman  at  tl.BO  .76 

1%  dumpmen  at  Jl-EO  2M 

Total  labor  coat  per  10  hours  t     36.B0 

The  earth,  which  waa  extremely  hard,  waa  undermined  and 
pried  down  with  picke  and  bars,  and  loaded  into  a  train  of  six 
cai'B.  The  whole  gang  then  started  the  train,  which  ran  down 
the  4%  grade  to  the  dump  by  gravity.  After  being  dumped,  it 
was  hauled  hack  by  one  horse.  Thirty-three  trains  or  108  cars, 
well  loaded,  per  day,  was  the  output.  A  car  was  found  to  contain 
about  1  cubic  yard  of  earth  place  measure.  This  gives  a  labor 
cost  of  about  18.5  cents  per  cubic  yard.  About  $1.75  per  day 
was  spent  on  repairs  to  the  equipment.  : 


On  another  job  two  trains  of  ten  cars  each  i 
gang  was  as  follows: 


1  trackiQBi]   . 


TotBl    161.40 

The  earth  wan  of  bardpan  and  sand  and  the  cut  ranged  from 
0  to  15  feet.  The  till  was  about  S  feet  in  height.  The  average 
haul  was  800  feet.  Thirteen  hundred  feet  of  track  was  laid  at 
a  eoHt  of  $75.  The  average  daily  output  was  330  cars,  or  yards, 
making  a  labor  cost  of  about  10  cents  per  yard. 


Fig.  77. 

Cars  similar  to  these  were  loaded  by  a  30-ton  traction  shovel 
for  10  cents  {contract)  per  yard,  and  dumped  and  hauled  back 
by  horses  for  7  cents  per  yard,  average  length  of  haul  1,600  feet. 
The  repairs  on  cars  were  very  high,  amounting  to  about  4  cents 
per  yard. 

Two-way  side  dump  oars  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig. 
77,  without  brakes,  cost   as  tollowa: 


136        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


A  make  of  two  way  side  dump  cam  cost  as  follows : 


12  2e,8(»  2,51:  ' 

10  14.500  1,187 

The  above  cars  with  the  exeq)tion  of  the  lO-yd.  size  are, 
fitted  with  air  brakes.  All  these  oars  have  wood  beds  and  arel 
dumped  hy  air.  The  gauge  is  standard.  These  cars  are  all  of 
standard  construction  and  are  built  to  the  requirements  of  thcj 
Interstate    Commerce    Commission. 

An  S-yA.  dump  car  fitted  with  air  brakes  and  dumped  by  bandj 
weighs  17,300  lb.  and  costs  $1,549.  36-in.  gauge.  This  car  mav 
also  be  had  with  air  dumping  device.  | 

Smaller  dump  cars  of  the  same  make  without  brakes  and  a^ 
ranged  to  dump  by  hand  cost  as  follows: 


ight  ia  lb. 


1700 


M  18  1000  113 

The  above  cars  are  of  standard  construction  and  are  fitted 
with  wood  beds.  They  may  also  be  had  with  steel  beds,  i 
foot  brake  is  fitted  without  extra  charge  to  every  fourth  car 
when  ordered.     Additional  brakes  are  charged  for  extra. 

Bottom  Dnmp  Cars.  A  12-cu.  yd.  bottom  dump  car  with  oati 
bed,  of  standard  construction,  standard  gauge,  weight  about 
18,000  lb.,  without  brakes  and  arranged  to  dump  by  hand,  cost; 
$1,794  f.  o.  b.  factory.     This  car  may  also  be  had  with  air  brakes. 

A  similar  car  with  a  capacity  of  0  cu.  yd.  weighs  9,400  lb,  and 
costs  (903. 

Theee  cars  are  useful  for  ballasting  purposes,  either  on  electrir 
or  steam  railroads,  for  filling  in  trestles,  hauling  cinders,  coal. 
gravel,  crushed  stone,  etc. 

Standard  platform  can  with  lour  wheels  having  frames  of 
steel  and  platforms  of  wood  cost  as  follows:      (Fig.  78.) 


CARS 


In  the  above  table  the  cars  priced  at  $65  base  platforms  6  ft. 
by  36  in.,  those  priced  at  S75,  bave  platforma  6  (t.  by  48  in.  and 
tlie  one  at  $95,  8  ft.  by  60  in. 


Steel  Tops  or  Wood  Tops 
Gauge  Nel  weight 


Flat  care  of  still  anotber  make  Pont  a 
Capsrity  Gauge  Approx 


138       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Fig.  7!}.     Revolving  Dump  Car.  ' 

RotATy  dump  cars,  self -dumping,  provided  vith  automatic  lock- 
ing device  which  prevents  dumping  and  rotation  while  the  car  is 
being  moved,  ^me  in  the  following  sizes: 


3     cu.  fd.  3S  S4S0  E26 

Qable  hottom   cars,  designed  for  use  in  minea  and  quarriee 

have  bottom  sheets  with  steep  an^le  of  slope  which  inaurea 
complete  and  rapid  discharge.  Locking  levers  prevent  dumping 
when  oar  is  in  motion.  Equipped  with  roller  bearings,  brakes 
fitted  if  desired. 


Skip  Car.  This  car  is  designed  to  be  used  as  an  automatic 
dumping  shuttle  car  between  the  point  where  the  materials  are 
delivered  on  the  job  and  the  storage  bin.  The  rear  wheels  are 
eaat  with  a  stepped  tread  for  carrying  this  end  of  the  car  up 
the  discharge  rail  for  automatic  dumping. 


CapacitJ  Osage  Qmga  Net  weight 


f.  0.  b.facloiy 


1%  56  64  1431)  Z35 

Comparative  Coat  of  Handling  Earth  on  Tlat  and  Air  Dump 
Cars.  Tbe  following  appeared  in  Itailicay  Age  Oazette,  June  IS, 
1915: 

In  excavating  far  the  new  passenger  terminal  and  belt  tine  at 
Kanaaa  City  it  was  necessary  to  remove  over  2,000,000  cu.  yd. 
of  eartK  and  rock.  This  material  was  handled  on  flat  cars  and 
on  12-yd.  Western  air  dump  cars.  For  two  months,  the  cost  of 
handling  material  with  these  two  types  of  equipment  was  care- 
fully compiled.  The  conditions  nnder  which  the  two  kinds  of 
equipment  were  employed  were  very  similar,  the  material  in  each 
case  consisting  of  at  feast  15%  solid  rock.  If  conditions  favored 
either  type  of  equipment,  tbe  advantage  was  with  the  flat  cars  as 
the  interference  with  traffic  was  greater  at  the  dump  when  the 
air  dump  cars  were  used. 

The  following  tabulation  gives  the  relative  cost  of  operation 
for  the  two  months: 


First  Month 


EogiDM  .. 
Liileerwood 
Libor  on  c 
L»l»r  on  t 


VlSRi      (o.iis: 


140        HANDBOOK  OF  COXSTRCCTION  EQUIPMENT 

LmboT  on  csri  OSJT  .ODTT 

Lnbor  on  Irack 09»  JBTO 

Eng.  aTid  lupar  OniS  .0060 

UucfUtnwus 0083  .0043 

Total  per  en.  yd W-2882       fO.USS 

It  will  be  noticed  from  tlie  above  that  tliere  was  conaiderablf 
dilTerence  in  the  cost  of  car  repairs.  In  juetice  to  the  flat  care 
it  should  be  said  that  the  repairs  shown  fnr  these  two  months 
exceeded  the  average  cost  up  to  that  time  by  approximately  1 V: 
ct.  per  cu.  yd.  The  flat  cars  were  of  wooden  construction  witli 
capacities  of  60,000  lb  and  80,000  )b.,  and  had  been  in  constant 
service  tot  18  months  at  the  time  thJH  infoimation  was  collected. 
The  dump  earn  were  of  ateel  frame  construclion,  of  80,000-lb. 
capacity  and  had  been   in   aervicc  five  months. 

The  cost  of  engine  service  includes  the  rental  of  the  engines 
and  the  pay  of  the  crews  from  the  time  of  their  arrival  to  the 
time  of  the  departure  of  the  trains  at  the  dump.  A  sufticient 
track  force  was  always  maintained  to  assure  no  delays  to  th« 
trains  waiting  for  the  dump  tracks  to  be  put  into  condition. 
During  the  two  months  under  consideration  tlie  unloading  was 
done  in  yards  exclusively,  and  for  this  reason  the  cotit  of  engine 
service  was  not  as  great  as  later  when  the  material  was  un- 
loaded on  the  main  tracks,  which  carried  a  trallic  of  approxi- 
mately 150  trains  per  day  in  addition  to  many  switching  move- 
ments. Very  lillg  unloading  was  done  on  the  main  tracks  by 
means  of  a  Lidgerwood  engine  and  plow  because  of  the  dan^r 
of  delays  both  to  the  construction  trains  and  to  tralTic.  On  llic 
other  band  trains  of  dump  cars  were  freijuentiy  sent  out  to 
unload  a  few  minutes  ahead  of  passenger  trains  with  only  slight 
danger  oE  delaying  them. 

The  third  item  of  cost,  that  of  I..id{[erwood  and  airmen,  arosr 
from  the  fact  that  it  was  found  desirable  to  have  a  mechanii- 
operate  the  Lidgerwood  to  reduce  delays  and  for  the  same 
reason  to  have  a  mechanic  with  the  air  dump  cars.  In  addition 
to  taking  care  of  the  air  valvea  and  pipes,  ibis  man  also  made 
light  repairs  on  the  cars.  The  cNpense  for  labor  on  the  cars  was 
much  greater  on  flat  than  on  dump  cars,  especially  during  the 
winter  months,  as  would  be  expected  because  of  the  dilRcuKy 
of  keeping  the  ear  fioora  and  aprons  clean  to  prevent  dirt  from 
accumulating  and  freezing. 

The  cost  of  track  labor  was  dependent  more  on  the  height  of 
the  fill  and  other  conditions  than  on  the  type  of  equipment  used. 
Where  it  was  practicable  to  use  only  one  track  a  saving  in  track 
labor  was  effected  by  the  use  of  the  dump  cars  aa  they  could  be 


CAIffl  141 

unloaded  more  quickl;  and  thereby  esa%e  less  delay  to  the  track 
laborers.  Where  two  dumping  tracks  were  available  this  differ- 
ence did  not  exist. 

While  the  last  two  iteme  in  the  tabulation  do  not  depend  on 
the  type  of  equipment  used,  it  was  found  that  more  emergencies 
aroee  from  the  use  of  flat  cars  with  Lidgerwood  unlaaders  and 
plows  than  from  the  use  of  dump  ears.  Alao,  it  was  found  pon- 
sible  to  unload  at  the  end  ol  a  spur  track  on  a  fill  successful!}' 
with  dump  cars,  while  this  could  not  be  done  with  flat  car»  and 
plows  siDce  the  blow  at  the  end  of  the  train  occupied  a  space  of 
at   least  20  ft 

Cabs  Used  in  ConcBETB  Plant 
Itadlal  Qat£  Hopper  Car  used  for  the  distribution  of  concrete: 


Controllable  Bottom  IHiinp  Car,  mounted  on  a  skeleton  truck 
for  placing  concrete  in  forms  where  a  narrow  controllable  bottom 
discharge  is  needed:  ^ 


Side  and  End  Dnmp  Hopper  Can.  These  discharge  through 
.  controllable  radial  gates  of  a  ^ire  to  empty  the  ears  quickly  and 
to  handle  any  aggregates  generally  used  in  construction  work. 
The  gates  are  practically  grout  tight  for  concrete. 

Side  Dpmp  Hopper  Cabs 


MGootjl>j 


142        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
Emd  Dump  Hoppeb  Cabb 

Capscity, 
welcouerete  Net  weight  Pric 


54  1808  2S0 

The  gauges  for  these  cars  are  the  (tame  as  tor  the  side  dump. 
Side  Dump  Backet  Cars.    This  car  differs  from  the  hopper  car 

in  that  the  ends  o(  tlie  bucket  are  vertical,  the  length  of  the 
gate  being  the  full  width  of  the  bucket.  The  longer  gate  is  bet- 
ter in  placing  concrete  which  is  somewhat  stiff,  and  in  handling 
aggregates,  earth,  etc.  The  gate  is  of  the  radial  type  and  is  made 
grout  tight  for  concrete. 

Capacily, 
wet  concrete  Net  weight  Price 


Fig.  80.     Hand  Car. 

Inspection  and  Hand  Cars.  Inspt^etion  car  having  platform 
6  ft.  long  by  4  ft,  5  in  wide,  with  seat  for  passengers  and 
furnished  with  either  single  or  double  end  lever,  and  hand  brake 
in  front  of  seat  to  be  operated  by  passengers,  weighs  approxi- 
maUly  500  lb,  and  is  priced  at  $80  f.  o.  b.  manufacturers'  works. 

Hand  car,  standard  gauge,  with  platform  G  ft,  long  by  4  ft.  6 
in.   wide   weighing  about   575   lb.   for   shipment,   costs   $52.    One 


CARS 


14S 


-vrith  plfttform  8  ft,  long  by  5  ft.  8  in.  wide  weighing  about  TTO 

lb.  for  ahipment  costs  $74. 

Orderin?.     In    ordering   cars   or    making   inquiries    from    maoii- 

f acttirerg  the  following  poimta  should  be  noted. 

Gauge  of 'trade. 

Weight  of  rail  on  which  cars  run. 

TtadiuB  and  length  of  sharpest  curve. 

Style  of  car   (give  number  of  catalog  cut  nearest  to  your  require- 
ments). 

Material  to  be  handled  and  its  weight  per  cuhiu  foot. 

Capacity  of  car  in  tons  or  cubic  feet. 

Give  dimensions  of  car,  if  possible. 

Any  limitations  as  to  height,  length  or  width. 

Style  of  coupling  and  drawbar. 

Distance  from  top  of  rail  to  center  of  drawbar. 

Method   of  operation  —  hand,   animals,   steam  or  electricity. 

Whether  to  be  deed  singly  or  in  trains. 

Number  ears  to  a  train. 

Diameter   of   wheels  and   axles  already   in   use,   if   new   cars  are 
to  be  used  with  old  ones. 

Style  of  axle  boxes,  if  inside  or  outside,  roller  bearings,  etc.,  if 
with  or  without  springs. 

Any  other  points  to  be  considered. 

Depreciation    and    Bepalis.    The    following    tables    give    the 

original  cost  and  average  repairs  per  month  on  about  22,000  cars 

on    a   large   railroad   system.     I   am   indebted   to  Mr.   J.   Krutt- 

suhnitt  for  the  data  from  which  it  has  been  compiled. 

Steel  or  Steel  Undebpbaue  Cars 


Type  of  ear 

Origin 

81 
W 
EC 

ta 

00 
29 
Oft 
W 

No- of 

ten 

2,!M 

1 

Mlfl 

1,693 

B,2« 
IS- 
MS 

2,700 

Monthly 
(About  l»a) 

Box    

-^ 1.M5 

K.i,.- 

■ MS. 

1.05 

Wooden  Cab 

SO 
W 

Elk  ■■::;:::;;; 

144        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRICTION  EQIIPMENT 

The  average  coat  of -repairs  on  steel  uoderframe  cars  wae 
$2.79  and  od  wooden  cars  $4.04  per  month. 

Beports  from  various  railroads  indicate  that  the  average  cost 
of  repairs  of  wooden  cars  varies  from  835  to  $85  per  car  per 
year,  and  of  steel  or  atecl  uiiderframe  cars  varies  from  $9  to 
$10  per  car  per  year.  Tlie  average  life  of  a  wooden  car  is  about 
15  years,  and  of  steel  cars  about  25  years. 

The  cost  of  repairs  on  cars  per  year  in  percentage  of  the 
original  cost  is  as  follows: 

8t«el  Wood 

T;pe  am  cars 

%  % 

BsllsBt    T.O  9. 75 


Furnilare B.4  16.8 

Gondola  or  ore S.l 

Oil    B.7B  8.7 

Stock 1.3  9.6 

In  the  Railroad  Oazeite,  October  11,  1S07,  Mr.  William  Mahl, 
comptroller  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  Southern  Pacific  railways, 
gives  some  valuable  data  as  to  the  life  of  equipment  on  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railway. 

The  follouing  arc  averages  for  the  period  of  six  years,  1902 
to  1907,  the  costs  being  the  average  cost  per  year. 

Bnmber  ^"'^  P"  Bnnum 

Olsu                                       BorviceRble  Retiairs              Vacated 

LocjmotlTeB 1,M0  niGS                     (ISS 

PasbengTir    cars fM  759                      104 

Freight  cara *2,9SS  TO                        17 

In  "  repairs "  are  included  the  annual  expenditure  for  repairs 
and  renewals  of  each  locomotive  or  car,  other  than  the  expendi- 
ture for  equipment  "  vacated,"  In  "  vacated  "  is  included  the  cost 
of  equipment  destroyed,  condemned  and  dismantled,  sold  or 
clianged  to  another  class. 

From  1801  to  1907,  a  period  of  17  years,  the  average  number 
of  freight  cars  "  vacated  "  each  year  was  3.03  per  cent  of  the 
total  Dumber  in  service.  Dividing  100  by  this  3  63,  we  get  27^4i 
which  is,  therefore,  the  average  lite  in  years  of  each  freight 
car.  These  cars  were  nearly  all  wooden  cars,  of  which  the 
cost  of  a  box  car  did  not  exceed  $450,  excluding  air  brakes. 

On  the  Panama  Canal  work  during  the  six  months  ending 
June  30,  1910,  the  cost  per  day  of  repairs  to  cars  of  all  kinds 


was  $1.03.     For  tbe  Mtme  period  the  cost  of  repairs  to  plant  and 
equipment  per  unit  of  work  done  was  ae  follows: 

Item  Cn-yd-  Pereu.yil. 

Dry   excavKtion    10,S15,4M  tO-0796 

Wet   eicaraiion ' 5.!7t.ejS  0.0711 

Concrets :, CG:>45a  0.IJ41 

S«nd 311,028  0  27S9 

Stone 581,812  0.2410 

Dry   fill   I,»13,!)61  0.0086 

Wet  HD   1,55«,74B  0.05*7 

The  Compartment  Type  of  Eock  Car  aeed  by  the  Los  Angeles 
Pacific  Railway  Co.,  has  proved  very  sueceasful.  In  this  type  of 
far  a  bos  is  built  on  an  ordinary  flat  car  having  a  floor  raised 
about  2  feet  along  the  center  line  of  the  car  and  eloping  to  each 
side.  This  box  is  divided  into  twelve  or  more  compartments, 
each  having  two  doors,  one  on  each  side  of  the  car:  The  team- 
ster drives  his  wagon  along  the  side  of  the  car  and  adjusts  a 
Imard  between  his  wagon  and  the  car  which  prevents  the  spilling 
of  any  rook  on  the  ground.  He  then,  with  his  shovel,  loosens 
the  hook  holding  the  door  in  place,  which  allows  it  to  awing  up 
and  discliarge  the  whole  two  yards  which  each  compartment  con- 
tains. Tlie  whole  operation  is  consummated  in  about  one  min- 
ute. Mr.  H.  R.  Postle  gives  the  following  bill  of  lumber  for 
building  such  a  box  on  a  ^4-foot  flat  car: 

«  —  2x   41n.xl8fl,  12-41  4in.i  Stt. 

e  — 4k  nin.iintt.  4  — 2il6in.il6rt. 
60  — 2il2iB.iMK. 

Total,  2,043  tt.  at  122  per  U  (t.=  ^58.15. 

He  does  not  give  the  amount  of  bolts  and  iron  required,  but 
eays  that  the  shop  foreman  of  the  railroad  told  him  that  each 
ear  coeta  a  total  of  $B60. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  19 
CAATS 

The  following  notes  are  from  "  Earthwork  and  Its  CobI,"  bj 
H.   P.    Gillette; 

The  method  of  hauling  with  one-horse  two-wheeled  dump-earts 
ia  especially  adapted  to  work  in  narrow  cuts,  hasement  excava- 
tions,  and  wherever  the  haul  is  short;  hwt  in  such  plaices  whwl 
scrapers  are  ordinarily  better,  unless  the  haul  is  over  street 
pavements. 

The  great  advantage  that  earts  possess  over  wagons  is  ease  of 
dumping  (one  man  cau  dump  them)  and  especially  of  dumping 
into  hoppers,  scows,  etc.  The  data  of  Morris,  who  kept  account 
of  the  cost  of  moving  150,000  cu,  yd.  of  earth  with  carts,  are  the 
most  reliable  in  print.  In  his  work  one  driver  was  required  for 
each  cart.  Trautwine  erroneously  assumes  that  one  driver  can 
attend  to  four  carts.  For  the  short  hauls  upon  which  carts  are 
ordinarily  used  one  driver  can  attend  to  not  more  than  two 
single  horse  carts,  Morria  found  the  average  speed  to  be  20O  ft, 
a  minute,  and  the  average  load  14  '^^-  y*^-  (bank  measure, 
equivalent  to  0.37  cu.  yd,  place  measure)  on  a  level  haul;  V,  cu. 
yd.  on  steep  ascents,  and  there  were  4  min.  of  "  lost  time  "  load, 
ing  and  dumping  each  trip.  As  above  stated,  the  coat  of  picking 
and  shoveling  average  earth  .is  one  hour's  wages  per  en.  yd.,  while 
if  earth'is  loosened  by  plow  the  cost  of  loosening  is  about  i^-hr. 
wages  of  team  and  driver,  and  the  cost  of  loading  plowed  earth 
ii  ^-hr.  wages  of  laborer  per  cu.  yd. 

Upon  these  assumptions,  and  accrediting  a  driver  to  each  cart 
with  an  average  load  of  ^  cu.  yd.,  we  have: 

Enle.  To  find  the  cost  per  cu.  yd.  plowing,  shoveling,  and 
hauling  "average  earth"  with  carts,  add  together  these  items: 


To  which  add  1^  hr.'a  wages  of  cart,  horse  and  driver  for  each 
100  ft.  of  haul.  With  wages  of  a  man  at  -10  ct.  and  of  a  horse 
at  15  ct.  per  hr.,  this  rule  becomes:  To  a  fixed  cost  of  35  ct.  add 
2.25  ct.  per  cu.  yd.  per  100  ft.  of  haul. 


CABT8  147 

If  one  driver  attends  to  two  cart«,  as  is  yerj  often  the  case, 
tlie  hauling  item  is  %o  hr.'s  wages  of  a  man  and  two  horses, 
or  1.5  ct.  per  cu.  yd.  per  100-ft.  haul  at  wages  above  given. 
In  cities  where  streets  are  level,  and  hard,  even  if  not  paved, 
one-horse  carts  holding  %  cu.  yd.  are  used;  furthermore  horses 
travel  faster  than  the  200  ft.  per  minute  given  by  Morris  on 
railroad  work,  220  to  250  ft.  a  minute  being  the  speed  at  a  walk 
over  hard  level  roads.  With  large  %-jd.  one-horse  carta  and  one 
driver  to  each  eart,  the  cost  of  hauling  per  cu.  yd.  per  100  ft. 
is  therefore,  14^  hr.'s  wages  of  horse  and  driver,  or  1  ct.  per 
cu.  yd.  per  100  ft.  of  haul. 


Fig.   81.     Two-Wheeled  Cart. 

Cost  with  Carta  Engmeenng  and  ( ontracttng  Jan  22  1108 
gives  the  following 

The  job  was  earth  excaiation  in  the  construction  of  a.  rail 
road.  A  cut  was  taken  out  with  arts  which  were  loaded  by 
men  using  ahort  haodled  shotela  The  work  uas  done  in  the 
late  fall  and  earh  u  inter  when  a  fair  amount  of  ram  fell 
but  snow  falls  did  not  ocLur  \t  nl^ht  the  ground  froze  to  a 
depth  of  a.  few  inches  and  naa  generally  thaived  out  b\  the  sun 
during  the  day  This  made  the  runuat  muddy  and  made  some  >f 
the  shoveling  liardcr  The  material  nas  red  claj  that  readily 
absorbed  water      The  average  length  of  the  haul   uas  900  ft 

The  earth  was  loosened  bj  picks  two  pickers  keeping  three 
shovels  going  Tliree  mtn  sloveled  into  a  cart  two  carts  being 
loaded  at  one  time  Four  carts  Here  used  one  driver  attending 
to  two  carts  vhich  be  toik  to  the  dump  together  One  man  on 
the  dump    with  the  aid  of  the  diner    dumped  the  carts 

The  wt^es  paid  for  a  10  hr  diy  were  as  follows 


148         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Fommn, tSjEO 

WbIw  ^'■■■■^■---■■■■■"■■■■--■■'■■■■-■■"i"  lioO 

2  Mrts  uid  1  driver   tSO 

The  cost  per  cubic  yard  of  doing  tbe  Tork  w>b  : 

Fonnan    |0,OBO 

ShovHiai; oiiao 

DusipiBS    0.021 

Water  boy    0.014 


The  output  of  thia  g&n^  per  daj  was  TO  cu.  yd.  This  is  t 
high  cost,  aa  a  greater  yardage  should  have  been  e\cavated. 
The  pickers  loosened  about  18  cu.  yd  per  man  day,  while  about 
11  cu.  yd.  per  man  day  were  shoveled.  The  man  on  the  dump 
took  care  of  70  cu.  yd.  per  day  A  careful  analyHis  of  this  and 
a  comparison  of  costs  of  similar  n'ork  show  that  the  cost  of 
hauling  is  a  little  low,  while  the  other  costs  are  all  high.  Thia 
leads  to  the  concluaioa  that  there  were  not  enough  carts  for  this 
length    of   haul. 

As  the  foreman  was  experienced  and  realized  that  he  was  tihort 
of  carts,  he  did  all  he  could  to  keep  them  going  continually  and 
loaded  them  as  heavily  as  the  ground  over  which  he  had  to  haul 
would  permit.  The  result  was  that  be  worked  the  horsen  harder 
than  they  are  ordinarily  worked,  as  will  be  noticed  from  the  cost 
of  hauling,  which  was  11  ct,  for  a  distance  of  900  ft.  With  Ihf 
waires  given  above,  the  cost  of  hauling  per  100  ft.  with  carts 
would  be  about  1  ct.,  and  adding  to  this  the  lost  team  time  Ihf 
total  cost  should  have  been  for  a  OOOft.  haul  about  12  or  13 
ct.,  while  the  cost,  as  stated,  actually  wbh  11  ct.  That  tbe  fore- 
man did  his  work  well  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  with  a  \tA 
of  carts  that  was  bound  to  make  his  men  idle  at  times  waiting 
for  the  carts  to  come  back  from  the  dump,  he  got  an  output  of 
about  1 1  cu.  yd.  from  his  shovelmen  per  day. 

It  two  more  carts  had  been  used,  the  ahovelers  could  no  doubt  i 
have  loaded  14  cu.  yd.  to  the  man,  and  instead  of  using  only 
three  men  loading  to  the  carta  four  men  could  have  been  em- 
ployed. This  would  have  made  the  output  per  day  112  cu.  yd 
instead  of  70.  Thus  a  saving  on  the  total  cost  of  nearly  20% 
could  have  been  effected. 

With  the  material  that  had  to  be  excavated,  a  man  could  ; 
readily  loosen  with  a  pick,  by  caving  in  a  bank,  from  2S  to  30  I 
C1I.  yd  per  day,  and  a  man  could  load  into  a  cart  with  a  shovel 
14  cu.  yd.  The  dumpman  could  easily  have  cared  for  the  112  cu, 
yd.  that  were  sent  to  the  dump. 


CAKTS  149 

The  CMta  as  given  illiitftrate  in  a  striking  manner  how  one 
detail  of  a  job  that  is  not  properly  managed  can  materially 
increase  the  cost  of  all  the  other  details  and  that  of  the  whole 
job  and  yet  that  particular  cost  may  be  low.  Such  facts  can 
only  be  learned  by  keeping  udetail  coat  data  and  then  carefully 
analysin;;  them. 

A  contrartoT's  dump  cart,  body  made  of  white  oak,  ironed  and 
braced,  white  oak  wheels,  tire  sii-e  3  by  ^  inch,  height  of  wheels 
5  ft.,  body  size  3  ft.  wide,  5  ft.  long,  1  ft.  deep,  weighs  complete 


Fig.  82.     Grout  Cart. 

660  lb.,  price  $75.  The  end  board  lifts  out  and  by  releasing  the 
bo.\  at  front  end,  dumps  automatically. 

Brick  Cart.  This  is  designed  for  hauling  heavy  material  and 
is  made  of  hard  wood  throughout.  This  cart  has  a  bed  ot  5  ft. 
length,  depth  of  26  inches,  width  at  bottom  ot  3  ft.  rt'/j  in.,  fiare 
board  12  inches  wide;  capacity  361^  cu.  ft.;  wheels  54  inches 
high.  Appro\imate  weight  1,000  lb.,  price  $B3  f.  o.  b.  Aurora, 
III. 

Trasb  Cart.  Similar  to  the  above  but  of  lighter  construction. 
Capacity  36^  cu.  ft.,  weight  approximately  800  lb„  price  $01. 

Piok-np  Carts  or  beam  trucks,  having  two  wheels  and  a  raised 


150         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

axle,   are  used  for   picking  up  and   hauling   iron   pipe,  til 
structural  stiapea,  etc. 

They  are  usually  drawn  by  hand.       " 


weight,  lOo  II 
Keiiht,  '450  II 
veight,  690  II 


Grout  Csrt.  A  cart  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig,  82  is  de- 
signed ao  that  the  paddle  wheel »,  which  keep  the  grout  well 
mixed,  are  on   the  same  axle  ae  the  wheels  proper  and   revolve 


with   them.     The  price  of   this  cart  ia   $55  f.  o.   b.   distributing 

Concrete  Carts.    These  carts  have  two  wheels  and  are  made  ol 
steel. 


A    patented    gasoline    truck    fitted    with    an    automatic    dui 
^>oAj,  Fig.  83,  has  a  capacity  of  1  cu.  yd.  of  dry  mix  or   18  i 


CARTS  151 

ft.  o(  wet  mix.  It  has  an  dll-metal  bod;  of  the  hopper  tjpe  and 
automatically  spota  and  dumps  its  load  in  any  desired  plat^e. 
It  will  take  wet  mix  directly  from  the  central  mixing  plant 
to  the  roadway  or  dry  mix  from  the  storage  pile  or  bin  to  the 
mouth  of  the  mixer  without  rehandling.  It  is  equipped  with 
wide  faeed  steel  wheels  to  prevent  cutting  up  the  finished  subgrade. 
It  haa  three  wheels,  the  load  being  carried  by  the  two  front  driv- 
ing wheels  and  the  steering  being  done  by  the  single  wheel  in 
the  rear.  It  operates  at  speeds  of  txom  'A  to  12  miles  per  hr., 
with  an  average  gasoline  consumption  of  3  gal,  per  day.  This 
machine  weighs  2,400  lb.,  and  costs  about  $1,700  i.  o.  b,  factory. 


MGootjl>J 


CEMENT  GTFir 

The  cement  gun  ie  illustrated  bj  Pig.  S4.    It  has  two  chamberB. 

the  upper  being  fitted  with  a  hopper  and  oontaining  two  bell  i 
valves,  the  lower  containing  the  feed  wheel,  air  motor,  and  air  I 
jet.  It  is  mounted  on  wheels  no  that  it  maj  be  readily  moved  j 
MH  the  worlt  progreases.  The  standard  equipment  conaiats  of ' 
50  ft.  of  material  hose,  50  ft,  of  air  hoae  and  50  ft.  of  water : 
liose,  together  witli  complete  nozzle  having  water  valve  and  , 
water  connection.     These  machines  may  be  had  in  the  following 


150  (o  IW  S5  to  »l  150  to  160  1,400  1.400 

aw.io  2no  M  (a  eo  ass  i.eoo  i.soo 

The  aliove  capacities  are  based  on  a  surface   1   inch  tbick   i 
S  hrs. 

Operation.     The  following  notes  on  the  operation  of  the  cemen 
gun  were  by  Mr.  Byran  C,  Collier. 

In  operating,  the  material  is  firut  mixed  dry,  and  placed  in  th 
upper  chamber  of  the  machine  from  which  it  travels  in  consecu- 
tive stages  to  the  lower  chamljer,  and  thence  through  the  hose  to 
the  nozzle.  It  la  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  a  normal  percentage 
of  moisture  in  the  sand  {i%  to  0%)  is  advantageous,  aa  oth- I 
crwise  there  is  too  great  a  tendency  of  the  sand  and  cement  ; 
particles  to  be  segregated.  The  water  is  introduced  through 
the  walls  of  the  nozzle  in  needle  jets  under  higher  pressure  than 
the  air,  thereby  causing  these  jets  to  puncture  this  stream  o 
flowing  material-  The  action  of  the  air  in  the  main  hose  cause 
the  water  from  these  jets  to  become  atomi/ed,  resulting  in  th 
covering  of  all  the  particles  with  this  fine  spray.  When  thii" 
hydrated  material  is  impelled  against  the  surface  to  be  coaled 
the  flrst  efl'ect  is  to  cause  a  very  marlied  rejection  of  material. 
which,  examination  has  shonii,  is  sand  only,  showing  that  the 
cement  has  adhered  to  the  surface  forming  a  film  of  neat  cemeni 
which  acts  as  ft  matrix.  When  thia  matrix  assumes  a  perceptible 
152 


CEMENT  GUN  153 

thirkneas  the  Band  finds  a  Rent,  and  the  reJH'ted  material  grows 
markedly  leu.  There  continuee  a  certain  amount  of  rejection 
of  this  inert  material,  each  grain  o£  which,  however,  hne  per- 
fornied  the  fuiietion  of  acting  as  a  tamppr  to  drive  the  preceding 
grains  deeper  into  the  matrix  in  which  they  are  seated.  The 
result  of  thin  pounding  action  is  to  produce  a  very  dense,  hard 
and   durable  mortar. 

Although  this  "  rebound  "  has  a  definite  and  useful  action,  it 
also   presents  a  difficulty  which   must  at  all   times  be  reckoned 


Fig.  84.     Cement  Gun. 

with  in  order  to  insure  proper  and  satisfactory  work.  It  is  the 
custom  to  use  air  at  a  pressure  of  about  35  lbs.  at  the  "  Gun  " 
under  normal  conditions  of  operation,  and  with  from  50  to  100  feet 
of  hose  in  use.  This  will  mean  that  the  impelled  material  will 
have  sufficient  velocity  to  result  in  the  "  rebound  "  being  thrown 
back  BUfflciently  to  clear  the  reinforcing  wires.  If,  on  the  other 
hand,  too  low  pressure  is  used  this  rebounded  material  lacks 
sufficient  velocity,  and  (auaes  it  to  fall  behind  the  reinforcing 
wire  in  loose  piles  forming  what  are  termed  "sand  pockets."     In 


154        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT   ■ 


veiop«d.  to  overcome  this. 

Cost  of  Cement  Gnn  Work  at  tbe  Elephant  Butte  Dam.  The 
followiog  notes  from  Compreaged  AW  Uagazine,  May,  1916,  il- 
luatrEit«  very  welt  tbe  detailed  manner  of  cement  gun  operation. 

The  upstream  face  of  the  Elephant  Butte  dam  of  the  United 
States  Reclamation  Service  vai  waterproofed  with,  port  land- 
cement  mortar  mixed  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  cement  to 
two  parts  sand  and  applied  with  a  cement  gun  in  a  coating  about 
1  in.  thick.  Advantage  was  taken  of  rising  water  in  the  reservoir 
to  work  from  rafts  specially  constructed  for  the  purpose.  There 
were  two  of  these,  each  D  x  13  ft.,  made  of  planking  on  a  frame- 
work laid  on  and  attached  to  16  oil  barrels.  One  raft  contained 
the  machine,  operator  and  helpers,  small  mixing  box  and  a  few 
sacks  of  cement  and  sand,  while  the  other  was  loaded  with  cement 

The  coating  was  applied  in  horizontal  strips  about  10  ft.  high 
and  the  length  of  the  dam  at  water  level.  The  surface  was  first 
cleaned  thoroughly  with  scrapers  and  wire  brushes  and  then  gone 
over  with  a  sand-blast,  using  coarse  sand,  passed  through  the 
machine  to  olitain  tbe  necessary  pressure.  This  roughened  the 
surface  sufficiently  to  cause  the  mortar  to  adhere  to  it.  The 
surface  wag  then  thoroughly  moistened  with  a  hose  and  the  mortar 
immediately  applied.  The  mortar  was  put  on  in  four  layers,  e.ach 
about  <4  in.  in  thickness.  It  was  found  that  a  thicker  coat  than  . 
this  applied  on  a  vertical  wall,  without  reinforcement,  would,  . 
on  account  of  Its  weight,  slough  off  before  setting.  Each  layer 
followed  tbe  preceding  one  before  it  had  attained  its  final  set. 
Numerous  samples  taken  from  the  face  showed  perfect  adhesion 
to  the  concrete,  it  being  impossible  in  every  case  to  break  the 
morlar  from  the  concrete  at  the  line  of  contact.  The  cost  per 
square  foot  for  the  first  100,000  gq.  ft.  of  this  coating  was  as 
f oUows ; 

OperULnE  ■id  repair  work,  including  cMt  of  air  snd  water  tO.lIS 
Staging,  cleaning  wall,  moving,  etc .006 


Deprecialinn  o(  Eun  and  equipnunt  -..      .010 

Ehibtotal WOTS 

Orerliead ■      -WT 

Total  coat  |jer  iq.  ft MOTS 

Some  experiments  were  also  conducted  at   Elephant   Butte  to 
determine  the  feasibility  and  probable  cost  of  troweling  the  mortar 


CEMENT  OUN  155 

placed  by  cement  gun,  with  the  ide»  of  using  the  machine  for 
the  lining  of  canala  or  for  repairing  lining  that  had  disintegrated 
aud  required  a  smooth  finish.  The  area  treated  waa  75  ttq.  ft. 
TliiH  was  covered  with  murtar  averaging  %  in.  in  thicknetis  in  15 
mia.  working  time,  or  at  the  rate  of  300  eq.  ft.  per  hr.  for  this 
average  thickneBe.  One  good  tinieber  troweled  56  eq.  ft.  in  25 
min.,  or  at  the  rata  of  135  aq.  ft.  per  hr.  Possibly  two  men 
eould  keep  up  with  the  gun.  The  finishing  waa  not  done  to  a 
screeded  surface.  The  surface  ia  wavy,  but  much  smoother  than 
a.  formed  surface  would  be.  It  could  be  screeded  to  a  plane,  if 
thought  necessary.  Care  must  be  taken  that  too  much  material 
is  not  deposited  in  one  coat,  or  horizontal  cracks  will  occur,  due 
to  settlement.  Some  cracks  appeared  in  this  e.iperiment,  and  in 
each  one  the  material  was  found  to  be  from  1  in.  to  1  V'j  in. 
thick.  The  cost  of  this  particular  experiment,  not  counting  coat 
of  setting  up,  equipment,  etc.,  was  as  follows: 


Per  eqaare  fool   ».M14 

Depreciation,  staging,  moving,  etc.,  would  depend  on  the  job, 
but  it  is  probable  that  the  total  cost  of  placing  thia  coating, 
including  the  troweling,  under  average  conditions  would  not 
exceed  5c  per  sq.  ft. 

In  using  tUe  cement  gun  the  sand  must  lie  clean,  sharp  and 
not  too  fine.  It  must  not  be  bone-dry,  or  trouble  with  feeding 
wilt  occur.  The  air  pressure  should  be  about  30  lb.  in  the  gun 
and  the  water  pressure  over  GO  lb.  It  has  been  figured  at 
Elephant  Butte  that  30  ft.  of  free  air  at  100  lb.  pressure  at  the 
point  of  delivery  to  the  gun  and  10  gal.  of  water  are  required 
per  minute. 

Cost  of  Lining  a  ReserrolT  with  Concrete  by  the  Cement  Qnn. 
The  following  notes  by  Mr,  E.  C.  Eaton  appeared  in  Engineering 
Xewt  Record,  July  24,  1019. 

The  total  area  to  be  lined  was  114,000  sq.  ft.,  and  speciiica- 
tions  called  for  a  gunitc  lining  I  in.  in  thickness,  with  a  mix 
of  one  part  of  cement  to  5'^  parts  of  sand;  no  lime  was  used  in 
the  mixture.  The  lining  was  reinforced  with  galvani2e(l  poultry 
netting,  ll^-in.  mesh,  No.  19-gage  wire,  placed  in  the  center  of 
the  concrete  to  confine  cracks  due  to  ctpansion  to  hair  cracks, 
and  no  expansion  joints  were  used. 

This  work  was  let  by  contract  at  a  price  of  lOl^c.  per  square 
foot,    including   the    trinaming    and    preparation    of    the   banks. 


186         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Work  was  commenced  Jan.  14,  1919,  and  completed  Mar.  19. 
Because  the  work  had  to  l>e  done  during  the  winter  months  the 
actual  num1)er  of   working  days   in   this  time  waa  on);   39. 

The  cement  gun  uHed  wae  what  is  known  as  the  N2  size. 
was  kept  on  the  upper  bank  of  the  canal  at  a  ma>:iinum  distance 
of  600  ft.  from  tlie  compresGor,  to  which  it  wag  connected  with 
a  2-iu.  iron  pipe.  Tlie  compressor  was  of  tlie  portable  tjpe. 
direct -con  nee  ted  to  a  semi-Diesei  typo  of  engine;  it  was  12  <(  12  in, 
and  ran  at  a  speed  of  300  r.p.m.  A  pregeure  of  42  lb.  per  square 
inch  was  maintained  at  tlie  eompreesor,  giving  about  32  lb.  at  the 
gun.  A  2-in.  rubber  hose  200  ft.  in  length  was  used  from  the 
gun  to  the  nozi^le,  and  the  rubber  tips  in  these  nozzles  lasted 
nearly  one  week  before  requiring  replacement.  The  depreciation 
on  the  hose  for  the  period  of  the  job  was  $200. 

In  lining  the  114,000  sq.  ft.,  2904  sacks  of  cement  were  used, 
or  nearly  39  sq.  ft.  of  lining  per  sack  of  cement.  The  average 
rate  of  progress  throughout  the  work  was  200O  sq.  ft.  per  working 
day.  Tlie  maximum  day's  run  was  about  5000  sq.  ft.,  though 
better  average  pro^reas  would  have  Wen  made  in  the  dry  season, 
as  the  principal  delays  were  due  to  wet  sand  clogging  in  the  hose 
and  necessitating  frequent  cleaiimg  out  of  the  niaihine.  A 
certain  amount  of  moisture  is  necessary  in  the  sand  for  this 
class  of  work,  and  the  best  results  were  obtained  when  sufficient 
water  was  present  so  that  the  sand  just  failed  to  hold  its  shape 
when   squeezed  in   the  hand. 

The  total  quantity  of  sand  used  on  the  work  was  000  tons,  and  I 
the  total  cost  of  sand  per  ton  was  as  follows:  ^ 

Per  ton 

Londing  charge  «t  sand  pit  tO.30 

Ttrigbt   .«• 

Un'o.Jing .12  ' 

Hanlins  la  Bile  i.'M  i 

Total    KK    .        I 

The  hauling  over  the  wet  roads  a  distance  of  two  miles  was  the  | 
biggest  item.  The  weight  of  a  cubic  yard  of  sand,  which  was  ' 
wet,  was  2,600  pounds. 

The  cement  was  $3.45  per  barrel  delivered  at  the  site,  after 
an  allowance  of  $1  per  barrel  was  made  for  sacka.  The  poultry 
netting  delivered  at  the  site  cost  $1.17  per  100  square  feet. 

The  construction  crew  employed  was  as  follows: 

Per  Day 

I  Compressor  engineer I  7.00 

1  NoMbmaii B.OO 

1  Man  pUcing  Hire   .  .  B.M 

2  Miiera  at  »   8.TO 


CEMENT  GUN  l,-.7 

1  Man  loading  gun  *,00 

1  NDzstemaa  nelper  t.OO 

Total  payroll MIJW 

One  HMD  was  kept  coulinuausly  cloie  to  the  n'oszlemau,  his 
dutiea  being  to  brugb  back  the  rebound  at  the  junction  of  new  and 
old  work  and  to  raiae  the  reinforcement  b;  means  of  a  hook  to 
insure  its  being  placed  in  the  center  of  the  lining. 

The  fuel  used  conaisted  of  a  fuel  oil  having  a  gravity  at 
27  -[-.  Ten  druniB  of  this  oil  of  104-gal.  capacity  per  drum  were 
used.  The  coat  of  the  oil  wag  SB.BS  per  drum,  delivered  to  site. 
The  loss  by  rebound  in  percentage  of  the  sand  uaed  was  SVi; 
this  was  not  wasted,  however,  as  it  was  collected,  screened  and 
used  over  again  with  good  reaults.  except  that  only  30  sq,  H.  of 
lining  per  sack  of  cement,  or  23%  less  than  with  new  aand,  could 
be  gotteo  when  rebound  was  need,  due  to  the  material  being 
coarse  and  requiring  more  cement  to  fill  the  Toids. 

Particular  attention  was  paid  to  the  curing,  by  sprinklit^,  of 
the  newly  completed  lining  for  a  period  of  two  days,  and  up 
(o  this  time  no  cracks  other  than  fine  hair  cracks  have  devel- 

Coit  of  Cement  Sand  Coatine.  The  following  costs  of  cement- 
sand  coating  of  an  experimental  mine  were  taken  from  an  article 
by  Mr.  George  S.  Rice  in  The  Coat  Indrntry,  Jan,,  1918. 

For  coating  379  feet  of  entry,  averaging  5.0  feet  in  height  aJid 
9.15  feet  wide,  the  cement  averaging  about  2  inches  in  thickness 
on  the  ribs  and  %  inch  thick  on  tha  roof,  the  coats  were  aa  fol- 

Labor  and  Repairs 

Labor    '. tisSM 

Super»i»ion    ISM 

Cleaning  sod  reiutiring  gun   lO.Tt       tlTS.M 

Material 

Cement,  280  *aclu,  or  TO  bbl.  at  tlJO  p«r  bbl.  ...      T7.0C 

Sand,  a  toni  at  .89  87.88         1W.3S 

Total 1281.02 

The  cost  per  lineal  foot  of  entry  averaged  79  cents,  and  the  cost 
per  square  yd.  of  surface  averaged  32  cents.  This  job  took  10 
days  and  the  speed  was  4.7  lineal  feet  per  hour  or  11^  sq.  yd. 
per  working  hour.  In  a  subsequent  job,  the  total  cost  per  lineal 
foot  of  entry  was  fl3  cents  and  the  average  cost  per  sq.  yd.  was 
40  cents. 


158        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

One  of  the  companieB  m  PennBylvania  reports  that  the  actual 
TOBt  was  $3  per  lineal  foot  of  heading  The  beading  averaged 
22  square  feet  in  section  making  the  coet  aliout  13  b  tents  per 
square  foot  or  $1  22  per  square  ;ard  of  gunite  deposited  This 
cost  IS  based  on  cement  at  about  $2  20  per  barrel  and  sand  at 
$2  per  ton  at  the  site  The  thieknesa  was  about  one  inch  no  rein- 
forcement being  used  but  it  was  most  carefully  done  and  prob- 
ably includes  all  coats 

At  a  mine  in  the  ConnelH^ilte  district    the  cost  of  cementing 
6  220  square  feet  was  accomplished  m  12  days   the  daily  coat 
as  follows 


The  total  labor  a 

Kt  was  tU4.82. 

Material 

60  (..  mininj  m«,h 

Grand  lotnl   

taaa.M 

Tile  post  per  square  foot  woa,  therefore,  6.38  cents,  or  per  square 
yard,  37  cents  It  will  be  observed  that  theae  figures  vary  widely, 
but  it  ia  thought  that  under  average  conditions  with  men  fully 
trained  in  the  use  of  the  cement  gun,  that  work  can  be  done  for 
at  least  50  cents  per  aquare  yard  on  the  baais  of  wages  prevailing 
prior  to  1S17. 

Information  obtained  in  January,  1319,  relative  to  costs  in  a  , 
Pennsylvania  mine: 

Main  Slope 

TrimnilnK  and  handlins  rook  I  TO.W 

Milling  cement  outside  -■      B6.B0 

Labor  oD  cemeDt-gun IKS.SS  I 

2»14  bbl.  cBmeot  at  n.7fl  B'.B3 


MGoOtjl>J 


SECTION  21 
CEKEHT  TESTDTO  APFABATUS 

On  large  concrete  jobs  it  ie  desirable  that  all  cement  shall 
be  tested.  The  usual  practice  is  to  engage  a  apecialiat,  who 
iKnds  a  representative  to  obtain  samples  from  the  job  for  teeting 
at  his  own  laboratory.  This  is  undoubtedly  the  best  way,  but 
where  work  is  located  far  from  large  cities  testing  in  this  manner 
is  very  expensive.  This  diffieulty  is  general lyn  overcome  by  select- 
ing samples  from  the  care  immediately  before  they  leave  the 
factory  and  then  sealing  the  cars.  On  worlc  where  these  methods 
cannot  he  used   a  field  laboratory  can  be  installed. 

Such  a  laboratory,  exclusive  of  the  building,  water  supply,  and 
few  pieces  of  furniture  will  cost  as  follows: 


Chmsnt  ttBling  machine  with  Wnaion  BttBChmeot 

mi- 

BTSn  bulanea  »™le  witii  braw  weighu  

Three  section  gang  moulda  »t  tl6  

Si. 

88t  c™ent  teat  ■■»*«,  m.  m  ftnd  »»,  wilh  lid  and  hM 

I  Set  8«nd  leM  sieves,  20.  30,  with  Ud  tnd  bottom,  br.an. 
Total    

i0.0 

Where  any  considerable  amount  of  testing  is  to  be  done  several 
more  gang  moulds  with  some  sort  of  damp  closet  are  desirable, 
costing  an  extra  $40  or  $50. 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  22 
CHAIN  BEITS 

(See  Belting  for  Power  Purposea.) 

CHAINS  I 

Cliftina  possess  about  %  the  strength  of  alogle  bars  of  iron-j 
They  should  be  very  carefully  tested,  as  one  weak  link  means 
that  the  whole  chain  is  weak.  The  diameter  of  sheaves  or' 
driima  should  not  be  less  than  thirty  times  the  diameter  of  thf 
chain  iron  used,  and  for  hoisting  purposes,  chains  should  he  of 
short  links  with  oval  sides.  The  lite  of  a  chain  is  greatly  in- 
creased by  freqiient  lubricating  and  annealing. 

B.  B.  B.  Chain  is  of  iron  of  4S.0OO  to  50,000  lb.  per  sq.  in. 
tensility,  about  28^  elongation  in  8  in.,  and  3S  to  40%  reduc- 
tion at  fracture. 

Special  Iredse  chain  is  of  iron  of  48,000  to  52,000  lb.  per  sq. 
In.  in  tensility,  with  about  30%  elongation  in  8  in.  and  50% 
redurtion  in  area.  In  the  following  table  the  safe  load  should 
be  taken  as  %  the  "  proof."  The  breaking  strength  is  about 
double  the  proof. 


Pipe  ok  Sto:<e  Chains  with  Hook  abd  Ring  Cost 

%  ineh  U  Coot  lunsth  (  g.2S 


Log  Chains,  16'  long,  heavy,  short  link,  ^g"  swivel  i 
weight,  30  lbs.;  price,  $3.25. 


Coosic 


^ss^^iassss 


% 


i  ||y*_s.s^.. 


102         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTHUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


DIamelet 
of  Iron 
In  laches 


Breaking       Tesling 


0  Weiqht  of  Studded  Liuk  Cable  (Ui 


Weigtt 
inlb. 


K 


MGootjl>j 


CEAIH  BLOCKS 

For  moTinj;  loadi  Tertically  where  great  power  in  not  oTitain- 
able  and  speed  is  not  a  requieite,  chain  blocks  are  the  best  means. 
Tliese  are  made  in  three  types,  spur  geared,  screw  geared  and 
dilTerentiftl. 

Spue  Ceabkd  Blocks 

Ciipacitr  Ho[at  Weiiht.  lb.  Eitra  holat 


800 

mm 

850*.0» 

1 

1  .80 

1  .00 

I  «  well  M  a 

a  upper  block. 

Geared  Buwks 

rclirhl.  lb. 
(Net) 

Priee 

Extra  hoM 
pet  ft. 

HoiM 

^t^^i"'- 

Eit 

raholrt 

Price 

2! 

or.* 

MW 

30 

«,«« 

4.80 

B 

BOO 

1" 

m 

won 

9» 

180 

laoloo 

aiflo 

HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Fig.  85.     Chain  Block  in  Use. 

Chain  blocks  kept  well  oiled  and  kept  under  cover  where  grit 
and  dirt  cannot  enter  the  gears  shoald  have'  a  life  ot  from  five 
lo  twenty  yeara.  On  outnide  work  where  sand  and  grit  is  alloned 
to  enter  the  geara  the  life  of  a  block  is  reduced  very  much,  and 
repairs  may  cost  us  muck  as  50%  of  the  first  cost  annuallj. 


MGootjl>j 


CHUTES 

Chut«B  for  stone  or,  in  fact,  almost  anj  mLtsrul  must  be  lined 
with  sliwt  iron  or  steel  to  prevent,  excesnive  wp«r.  Sooner  or 
latcc  a  Iiole  wears  in  these  sheets  and  it  is  then  necessary  to  renew 
the  entire  piece. 

VVilhorW,  Sherman  &  Co.,  at  Slineville,  N.  Y.,  use  bar  steel  for 
lining  their  ore  eliiitcB.  The  lars  are  %  x<5  inrhes  in  size,  and 
when  worn  are.  replaced  by  s  new  piece.  In  this  way  no  steel 
is  waited  an'I  the  time  spent  in  repairs  is  much  lessened. 

Dolese  &,  Shepard,  in  their  stone-cruuhing  plant  in  Chicago,  at. 
mH  points  where  the  cruiihed  stone  drops,  have  made  pockets 
where  a  certain  amount  of  the  materia)  collects,  and  saves  the 
chutes  and  bins  from  excessive  wear  at  these  points. 

Angle  Extension  Wagon  Chates  for  hard  and  soft  eoal  may  he 
economically  used  in  ronslruction  work  for  placing  concrete  and 
tranHporting  other  materials.  They  are  adapted  to  indefinite 
extension,  but  each  section  is  in  itself  an  independent  chute. 
The  prices  <^  chutes  IS  in.  wide  at  top  and  17  in.  at  foot,  made 
of  Xo.  13  black  sheet  steel  witli  heavy  end  baiids,  weighing  ainiut 
5%  lb.  per  foot,  are  as  follows : 

6  ft.  tengOu.  each H.OO       10  (i.  tenphs,  e»rb  »  9.« 

e  (I.  lenBdn.  e.th B.i»       11  ft.  laoKthi,  csch  iOJfi 


S  It.  knttiii,  each  , . 


CAE  CHUTE 


A  chute  constructed  of  sheet  steel  and  angle  iron  so  as  to  hook 
on  any  car  or  wagon  is  made  in  three  stock  sizes  and  in  many 
cases  effei.ls  great  saving,  in  the  cost  of  unloading  material  from 
cars.      (See  Fig.   80.) 

This  chute  is  manufactured  in  two  si/es.  The  1  cu.  yd.  size 
weighs  approximately  3Sj  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  -$flO.  The 
H^  cu   yd.  weighs  about  410  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  S70. 

A  loader  used  for  unloading  cars  to  trucks  or  wagons,  having 
a  capacity  of  30  cu,  ft.,  is  made  in  two  parts,  the  bowl  and  frame. 
It  weighs  about  400  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $65  f.  o.  b.  New 

les 


166        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

York  ^tat«.  The  manufactuTers  give  the  saving  on  &  job  hy 
the  use  of  these  loaders  as  follows :  Before  the  loaders  were  put 
into  use  the  time  for  a  round  trip  per  truck  was  1  hr.  30  min. 
By  use  of  the  loaders,  four  of  them,  the  5-ton  truck  made  the  | 
round  trip  in  one  hour,  s.  time  saving  of  33i^%, 
deliveries  of  50%  reducing  the  lost  time  t 
creasing  the  earnings  almost  $22  daily. 

Gar  Chnte.     The  following  description  of  a  home-made  device 
appeared  in  Engineering  Xeu:a  Record,  May   15,  1619. 


Fig.  86.    Car  Chute. 

It  coneistB  of  a  simple  box  made  of  old  lumber  and  meaBuring 
about  6x7  ft.  in  plan  by  1  ft.  6  in.  deep.  It  holds  about  2  cu. 
yd.  of  material  and  loads  a  motor  truck  by  one  operation  io  a 
few  minutes.  The  box  is  arranged  to  rest  on  the  side  of  the  open 
railroad  car  in  which  the  material  ia  received,  is  slightly  over- 
balanced outward,  and  is  dumped  by  the  release  of  a  rope  at 
the  end  of  a  lever  at  its  back,  which  is  fastened  to  the  opposite 
side  of  the  car. 

On  the  job  where  this  was  used  it  took  as  long  to  fill  the  truck 
by  the  ordinary  hand  shoveling  as  was  required  for  the  truck 
to  make  a  complete  round  trip.  The  device,  therefore,  practically 
doubled  the  number  of  trips  per  day  for  each  truck.  Further 
more,  the  loading  laborers  were  continually  busy  filling  the  bov 
and  did  not  lose  time  waiting  tor  the  truck  to  c< 
I  he  car. 


MGootjl>j 


CONOSETE  PLACING  EaUIFUENT 

A  Boiler  Boiit  Bnoket  that  automatically  places  itnelf  under 
the  miier  at  the  bottom  of  the  tower  to  receive  the  concrete  and 
delivers  it  with  the  same  automatic  movement  into  the  receiving 
hopper  at  the  top,  coeta  aa  follows: 

Oftpacitr  Wvight  In  Price 

in  CO.  ft.  pounds  f.  o,  b.  fsctoT; 

»  m  I14G 

u  Tn  sm 

M  tC»  S40 

H  U71  30« 

This  bucket  is  11861!  where  a  large  amount  of  concrete  worit 
is  to  be  done  with  the  hoist  bucket  permanently  fixed  at  one 
tower  position,  such  as  work  on  bridges,  dams,  viaducts  and  all 
construction  where  the  height  is  limited. 

Qniek  Shift  Eoiit  Bnokets  used  in  building  construction  and 
work  of  considersblo  height  where  it  ia  necessary  to  uhange  the 
position  of  the  tower  hopper  cost  as  follows: 

CsjMcitj'  Weight  la  Price 

incu.  ft.  pounds  f.o.  b.  facMry 


Vertical  Back  BeeeirliiK  Hopper.  This  hopper  is  used  in  con- 
nection with  plants  employing  chutes  for  taking  the  concrete 
away  from  the  hopper  proper. 


Extended  Gate  ReoeiTing  Hopper.    This  hopper  ts  used  where 
it  is  neoeesary  to  carry  the  concrete  away  from  the  hopper  by 

carts  or  cars. 


Cosic 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Capacity  Weight  in  Price 


Floor  BeoeiviDK  Hopper  to  he  placed  on  the  floor  to  chai^ 
carts  or  cars  for  local  dirttfibution,  that  may  also  be  used  as  a 
charging  hopper  for  the  hoist  bucket  at  a.  relay  point,  costs  as 
follows;  .  ,       ■ 


Katerial  and  Hopper  Bin  Oatet  cost  as  tollowe: 


Si™  in                        W-'ig^tin 
Sby  12                                  K 

'dii  1            IS 

f.0.b.lMtOIT 

li 

Tower  Sheave  Bett  cost  as  follows: 

Top 

■    Wamelerof                        Weight  in 
aheavo  in  inohM                       pounds 

f.o^b.t7cWy 

■  Sliding  Frane  Fixtures  for  Oiilok  Shift  Plants.    These  can 

be  anpHed  to  either  steel  or  wonden  towers  atid  are  designed 
ao  that  quick  change  of  the  position  of  the  receiving  hopper  may 
be  effected. 

Weijht  Price 

Hopper  elldlnt  frame  tor  wood  or  Btsel  toweni  4H  %Vn 

Wood  tower  boom  niant  Blldmii  frame  13S4  330 

Steel  lower  boom  plant  Bliding  frame  2353  370 

Chutes.  A  type  of  chute  section  used  in  concrete  placing  equip- 
ment having  a  hopper  at  the  receiving  end,  and  an  apron  at  the 
discharge  end,  is  as  follows ; 


rr 


CONCRETE  .PLACaNQ  EQUIPMEKT 

.     .  Weight 

in  Ih.  Pri( 


These  sections  may  be  bad  in  various  lengths  as  above,  wit}i 
flanges,  hoppers,  joints  or  aprons  at  the  ends.  A  line  gate  for 
the  above  Beetlons  weighs  263  lb.  and  costs  $70. 

Another  type  of  chnte  section  having  elbows  at  the  ends  instead 
of  hoppers  and  aprons,  is  made  in  the  same  lengths  as  those 
above  and  eosts  about  $12  more  for  each  length.  It  may  he  had 
with  elbowD  flanges  and  joints  at  the  ends.  Bo 
this  t}*po  cost  as  follow^:  ' 


Weight 


Continuous  Line  Chnt«B  are  made  in  lengths  ae  follows,  with 
flanges  on  the  receiving  end.  an4  joints  on  the  discharge  end.  ' 

Leneth  Weieht 

Id  ft,  iaIL.  Price 


A  two  wheel  trolley  to  support  these  chutes  weighs  40  lb.  and 
costH   Sin.50. 

Line  Oateg  may  be  set  in  the  eontiijuoiw  .line  chujtea.  from 
which  distiibutint!,  ECctionB  of  ,t)ie  above  type  pay  ha  run,  A 
line  gate  in  a  lO-ft.  section  ^tted.  w;ith  a  flexible  joint  wej^s 
322   11).  and  co4«  .$S0.' 

Ilexlble  Chute  Sections  can  be  used  where  tV  ^n|:i;etfr,  i;  to 
flow  in  vertical  oi^  nearly  vertical  lines, .  They .  arei  connected 
together  with  chains. 

"         LenKlh  Weieht 


inTb, 


A   three-ft.   section   fitt^.  with  a   24  by   e4-in.  hopper   weighs 
SO  lb.  and  cants  $20.00.  ...  ,      ■ 

Flat  Bottom  Tapered  Cbute  Sections  are  made  in  two  staBdur^ 


170        HANDpOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

lengtbg.     The   S-ft.    length   weighs   140   lb    and   coHta    $20.      The 
20-It.  length  weighs  280  lb.  and  costs  $40. 

HOISTIKO  T0WXR8 

Heavr  Steel  Towen  for  roller  hoiet  buckets  are  made  in  a  wide 
varietf  of  siies.     A  few  of  these  are  giveu  as  follows: 

Relgbt  CspMiV  for  PriM 

inlt.  contiauouB  tbuta  in  (t.  f.  o.  b.  tnetarj 


Steel  towers  of  the  light  type  having  a  rated   capacity  of 
%  yd.  for  use  with  the  buckets,  hoppers  and  chutes  of  the  concrete 


WElght 
inlb. 


ISO  vew  i.m 

Steel  towers  of  one  yard  capacity  are  made  In  the  same  sizes 

as  the  above  and  cost  from  $5S  to  ?125  more  for  each  height. 
Towers  of  heights  other  than  those  shown  above  may  be  had  at 
prices  in  proportion  to  the  height. 

A  KoTBble  Wooden  Tower  was  used  for  placing  the  concrete 
in  a  grand  stand  built  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  The  grand 
stand  was  404  ft.  long  by  114  ft.  wide,  and  it  was  necessary 
to  move  the  tower  four  times  in  order  to  place  all  the  concrete. 
The  tower  was  72  ft.  high  and  8  i  R  ft.  in  section  (See  Fig.  87). 
A  %-cu.  yd.  mixer  was  set  on  the  bottom  framework  of  the  tower 
so  that  it  would  discharge  into  a  bucket,  which  in  turn  elevated 
the  concrete  to  a  hopper  on  the  side  of  the  tower,  00  ft,  above. 
The  chutes  were  of  the  open-trough  type,  10  x  12  in.  in  size,  of 
galvanized  iron,  and  were  suspended  from  cables  ran  from  the 
tower  over  the  grand  stand.  The  tower  was  placed  on  6-in.  wooden 
rollers  placed  on  a  plank  runway,  power  for  moving  being  sup- 


CONCRETE  PLACING  EQUIPMENT  171 

piled  by  a  cable  from  the  hoiBting  engine.  Six  men  were  re- 
quired to  place  rollers,  runwa;  and  cables  while  moving.  A 
move  of  50  ft.  occupied  (.bout  4  hours.  The  cost  of  the  tower, 
including  labor  and  material  for  erection  and  labor  for  dia- 
mantling  was  about  $600   (about  1910  prices). 


Fig.  87.    Movable  Wooden  Tower  for  Concrete  Chuting  System 


172       HANDBOOK  OF  C0N8THUCTI0X  EQUIPMENT 

COaiFARISON  BETWEEN  lOWEBS  OF  STEEL  ASH  WOOD 
The  eo«t  of  a  wooden  tower  ia  about  ©800.  If  we  figure  that 
it  will  be  good  for  only  one  job,  that  job  must  be  Urge  eaough  to 
warrant  the  expeoditure  of  $600  to  avoid  UBin|;  the  Drdinai? 
wheelbarrow  method.  The  difference  in  cost  of  placing  concrete 
by  the  two  metkode  ie  usually  about  75  eta.  per  cii.  yd.  of  concrete 
ao  that  if  we  liave  a  job  containing  more  than  800  cu.  yd,,  or 
say  1,000  eu.  yd.,  the  chuting  system  will  he  the  more  economical. 
If  the  tower  is  built  carefully  and  so  that  it  may  again  be 
erected  on  other  work  it  will  pay  to  build  one  for  smaller  jobs. 
It  will  cost  about  S2i}0,  however,  to  erect  audi  a  tower  on  any 
job,  BO  that  on  a  job  containing  less  than  200  cu.  yds.  It  would  not 
be  practicable  to  use  a  tower,  especially  a  tower  of  euch  size. 

There  will  be  no  difference  in  the  coat  of  concreting  as  between 
wooden  and  steel  towers,  as  their  operation  ia  practically  the 
aame.  The  dilTerence  in  first  cost  is  the  main  conai deration  and 
for  towers  75  ft.  high  this  is  about  $400.  The  wooden  tower  can 
not,  however,  be  expected  to  maintain  its  rigidity  for  more  than 
a  half  dozen  joba  and  there  ia  no  doubt  that  if  a  permanent 
tower  ia  deaired,  a  ateel  tower  will  be  more  economical  than  a 
■wooden  tower  after  five  or  aix  joba  have  been  built.  ThiH  ia  very 
well  illuatrated  by  ctHuparing  the  'oost  of  setting  up.  Resuming 
that  the  cost  of  the  erection  of  the  wooden  tower  is  S200  and 
the  cost  of  erecting  the  steel  tower  ie  $100,  we  have  added  $S0O 
to  the  original  cost  of  the  wooden  tower  by  the  time  it  has  been 
erected  for,  its  fifth  job.  The  money  inveated  in  it  then  ia  S600  + 
^00  or  $1,400.  By  the  time  the  ateel  tower  is  erected  for  its 
fifth  job  the  money  invested  in  it  is  $1,000 -)- $400  or  $1,400,  an 
equal  amount  to  that  inveated  in  a  wooden  tower.  The  wooden 
tower  may  stiU  be  in  fair  condition  but  it  is  reasonable  to  believe 
that  the  steel  tower  will  remain  in  good  condition  for  a 'much 
longer  time  and  it  will  coat  only  about  half  as  much  to  erect. 
We  may  assume,  therefore,  that  a  portable  wooden  tower  ia 
economical  for  jobs  above  1,000  cii.  yda.  and  until  it  has  been 
erected  five  times,  and  that  a  portable  steel  tower  would  be  more 
economical  if  itg  uae  is  contemplated  for  more  than  live  jobs.  - 
The  first  towers  used  for  hoisting  concrete  were  naturally  of 
wood  and  were  located  entirely  within  an  area  to  which  chutes 
could  be  run  in  all  directions.  Later,  auxiliary  towera  were  used 
in  connection  with  very  high  main  towers  to  carry' concrete  to  a 
conaiderable  distance,  thia  diatance  always  being  controlled  by  the 
angle  of  the  chute  (about  23°  to  30°),  and  the  height  of  the  main 
tower.  The  ateel  tower  was  primarily  auhatituted  for  the  wood 
tower   to  provide  a   permanent   "  knock  down  "   structure  which 


CONCRETE  PLACING  EQUIPMENT  173 

(-ould  b«  uaed  over  and  over.  Its  rigidity  as  compared  with  the 
wooden  tower  has  finally  led  to  the  portable  feature.  This  feature 
makes  the  steel  tower  more  economical  than  wooden  towers  as 
auxiliary  towers  and  alao  makes  the  steel  tower  more  economical 

! 


Pig.  88.    View  of  Concreting  Tower. 

than  a  fixed  wooden  main  tower  under  the  conditions  illustrated 
in  Fig.  186,  which  pictures  the  construction  of  a  thirty-stall 
concrete  roundhouse  for  the  Lake  Shore  A  Michigan  Southern 
Railway,  and  is  described  in  Engineering  and  CrmtTOcting,  August 
2,  1012.    Here,  it  was  at  first  planned  to  build  three  wood  towers 


174        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

for  the  construction  of  this  roundbouM,  which  u  405  ft.  in 
uneter.  These  were  eetimated  to  coit  at  l«BBt  $2,200,  as  against 
$1,000  for  a  single  steel  tower,  which  could  be  moved  fiom  place 
to  place. 

Other  towers  built  for  tbis  purpose  will  no  doubt  be  improved, 
as  the  experience  with  tbis  one  baa  shown  to  be  advisalile. 
swivel  post  should  be   placed  at  tbe  top  to  fasten  the  guys,  : 
that  the  tower  ma;  be  turned  around  more  easily,  and  probablf 
some  sort  of  truck  placed  underneath  would  facilitate  the  shifting 
of  the  tower. 

Figure  S8  shows  the  construction  of  the  tower  which  is  72 
ft.  high.  The  steel  work  is  carried  on  wooden  skids  whicb  lie 
across  two  railway  rails  forming  a  truck.  On  the  bottoms  of  the 
skids,  where  tbe;  rest  on  the  rails,  are  steel  plate  shoes  which 
are  fitted  with  clamp  butts  for  anchoring  tbe  tower  to  the  rails. 
The  tower  is  also  guyed,  tbe  guys  running  through  blocks  at  the  i 
deadmen. 

Referring  to  Fig.  88,  it  will  be  seen  that  attached  U>  the  tower 
is  a  main  spout  60  ft.  long  consisting  of  a  U-shaped  trough 
10  in.  across  at  the  top  and  10  in.  deep,  nude  of  galvanized 
sheet  iron.  Tbis  trough  is  open,  except  at  its  lower  end,  where  it  ' 
discharges  into  the  30-ft.  swivel  pipe  leading  to  tbe  forms.  The 
concrete  can  be  spouted  96  ft.  with  this  arrangement  of  110  ft. 
with  an  extension  pipe,  which  is  kept  at  hand.  This  trough  is 
supported  by  a  light  steel  truss,  which  is  shown  in  the  photo- 
graph. A  special  feature  is  the  support  of  this  spout  and  truss 
by  a  40-ft.  boom  which  is  ri^ed  from  the  top  of  the  tower  and 
held  in  place  by  a  steel  cable  running  to  a  winch  placed  at  the 
foot  of  tbe  tower.  The  construction  of  the  trough  on  top  of  the 
truss  is  such  that  tbe  wearing  parts  may  be  easily  removed  and 
replaced  without  disturbing  the  truss  itself. 

Comparative  Coit  of  Wood  and  Steel  Tawen.  The  following 
notes  appeared  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  Jan.  24,  1012. 
During  tbe  construction  of  a  reinforced  concrete  building  in 
Chicago  the  contractors  used  two  hoisting  towers,  one  of  wbii.'h 
was  the  ordinary  wood  tower  and  tbe  other  a  steel  tower  made  of 
light  structural  shapes.  The  towers  were  operated  under  the 
same  conditions  and  the  comparative  cost  of  the  towers  for  the 
work  was  in  favor  of  the  steel  tower,  although  the  whole  cost  of 
the  tower  was  charged  against  the  first  job. 

The  coat  of  the  tower  given  by  the  contractor  follows: 

Lumber    UTB 

TitmiBg    EO 

Ermlins WO 

DiunaMUnc    lOg 

Tottl    t«i 


CONCRETE  PLACING  EQUIPMENT  175 

The  cost  of  the  Bteel  tower  wai  as  foUoWH: 

TOwec     tU5 

Erection    40 

Diemsnlling    40 

Total    f545 

Thia  is  a  saving  of  about  5%   id  favor  of  the  ateel   tower  on 
the  iirst  job.  -  If  the  cost  of  the  tower  were  charged  off  on  the 


first  joh,  then  on  the  eeeond  job  the  cost  would  evidently  be  only 
$90,  or  a  saving  of  about  85%.  Thia  U  probably  a  somewhat 
!  estimate  as  some  minor  Items  would  no  doubt  ent«r  in, 


176       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

but  in  the  long  run  it  is  quite  erident  that  the  atfiel  t«wer  would 
be  more  economical  than   towers   built   af   wood. 

The  steel  tower  is  built  in  12-ft.  secliona,  ia  of  structural  shapes 
throiuihout  and  is  supported  by  g\iy»  entirely  independent  of  the 
building.  Thi4  it  an  advantage  because  the  tower  can  be  oon- 
Btrueted  to  full  height  before  the  building  is  erected.  The  weijfht 
of  the  tower  is  about  flO  lb.  per  lineal  foot,  so  that  it  id  not 
necessary  to  dismantle  the  bottom  section,  which  oan  be  easily 
handlf^  Uy  three  men  and  set  up  and  leveled  ready  for  the  erection 
of  the  other  seetions.  These  can  be  erected  piece  by  piece  in 
place  or  the  sections  can  he  set  up  on  the  ground  and  hoisted 
to  place  by  a  derrick.     Thrpe  men  can  erept  three  aectiona  a  day. 

The  tower  is  designed  primarily  bh  a  hoist  for  an  automatic 
dumping  ronc:rete  bucket,  and  this  bucket  and  a  hopper  is  pro- 
vided. The  hopper  ean  be  set  at  various  points  on  the  tower  for 
distributing  the  conrrete  by   gravity. 


A   POBTABtE  fLAHT   FOB   mZIHO  AIID   COHTETTTIQ   COB- 

CBETE  FOB  FODNIIATIOII  WORK;   LABOR  COSTS 

OF  38,000  CU.  TD.  OF  WORE.* 

The  accompanying  photograph  (Fig.  00)  illustrates  a  portable' 
concrete  mixing  and  conveying  plant  which  was  used  by  the  Great 
Lakes  Dredge  &  Docks  Co  on  foundation  work  for  a  blant  fur- 
nace plant  near  Chiraso.  The  concrete  plant  is  Imilt  on  a  plat- 
form 20  ft.  square  which  is  mounted  on  rollers.  On  (he  platform 
a  75  hp.  hori7ontn1  boiler  is  mounted  wliicli  furnishes  eteam  for 
the  operation  of  the  Rsnsome  mi\er  and  Lidgerwood  hoist.  The 
l-yd.  miver  in  placpil  near  the  rear  of  the  platform  and  a  hopper 
bin  is  erected  above  it,  which  has  a  capacity  of  10  co.  yd.  of 
stone  and  5  cu.  yd.  of  sand.  The  bins  were  filli'd  from  ears  on 
a  parallel  track,  by  means  of  a  locomotive  crane  and  clamshell  , 
bucket.  Storage  is  provided  for  500  liagi  of  cement  on  the  ; 
platform  at  one  side  of  the  mi>;er.  The  material  from  the  storapv  i 
bins  i»  dumped  into  a  l-yd.  butch  hopper.  From  the  mixer  the 
concrete  is  delivered  to  a  Ransnme  tower  bucket  whifh  ia  raiieil 
7.)  ft.  and  delivered  into  the  <'Inite.  The  chute  consists  of  a  13- 
in.  galvanized  pipe,  supported  by  two  80-ft.  booms.  From  the 
ends  of  the  liooms  lines  run  to  equidistant  points  on  the  chute 
thus  supporting  it  uniformly  and  keeping  it  in  a  straight  line.  ; 
The  booms  are  swung  horizontally  over  the  work  by  hand.     The 

*  Dnta  lak»n  from  s  tabic  appenacd  to  paper  by  Viftor  WindcM.  pri- 
Bcntrd  to  ^VE»IPrn  Society  of  EnelncRi's  on  ^une  1,  ISll,  published  in  Bigi- 
niering  and  OtiUraetinB  July  E.  1911. 


CONCRETE  PLACIXG  EOlilPMENT  177 

lower  60  ft.  of  pipe  is  made  in  movahlo  Ipngtiis  of  8  ft.  The 
plant  itnelf  is  pulled  aloD^;  on  its  rollers  by  attaching  a  line 
to  a  deadtUBD  and  taking  it  in  on  the  hoist. 

The  cont^rete  work  consisted  of  foundations  for  power  house 
and  blast  furnace  buildines.  The  work  was  started  in  1010  and 
continued  through  the  winter  and  spring  of  IBll. 


The  work  on  the  Waat  furnace  building  was  massive  concrete 
work,  the  blast  furnare  foundations  conHiiitin!;  of  concrete  slabs 
.  50  X  70  ft.  square,  and  having  a  firebrick  rare  averaging  23  ft. 
in  diameter.  There  were  IO,)>OS)  cu.  ;d.  of  concrete  placed  at  a 
complete  labor  cost  as  given  below ; 

8q.  ft.  tonim  per  ou.  yd 7.57 

Sq.  It.  footing  *iiKHe  (do  lariuil  8.54 

ToUl  dun  irork  110 

Actual  concreting  tiiiui,  days     S8 

Iiiilar  dHviiof  9  honni  B,020 

Oonireto  pliiivd  prr  day  ot  Roni-rptinK  dHjg  (jd.' 
OonrT«te  plfl^'^  pf^r  day  of  total  timfi  (yd.)  -.,. 


Total  coal  per 


per  ca.  yd.  per  day  per  nun 1      0.4fi 


178        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  iTork  on   the  hot  blaat  etove   and  boiler   foundations   was 

}  work,  including  10,064  en.  yds.  of  concrete  placed  during 
r  at  the  following  cost: 

Sq.  tt.  form  BurfiCB,  per  ou.  yd ».74 

8ii.  ft.  Burlace  without  forms,  pec  ea.  yd 16.1 

TDt»l  days  wort 79 

Total  d»y«  concrelins  B7 

TdtHl  labor  dava  of  »  taoon .  3,977 

Concrete  per  day  at  total  time  (yd)   128 

Concrefe  pUcnl  per  day  of  concreting  time  (yd.)  1^ 

Oo«l  per  cu  yd.  per  man,  per  d*y I      0.40 

Total  labor  com  per  yd t       1.2* 


This  wort  was  done  in  the  winter.  The  power  house  founda- 
tloDB  consisting  of  light  piers,  floors  and  flome  massive  piers, 
Including  in  all  eome  3,733  tn,  yd.,  were  placed  as  follows: 


surface  witboul  forma,  per  c 

:VdV:::;:':;;:::;::: 

crclo  per  day  of  concreting 

The  casting  machine  building  foundation!)  were  built  in  the 
Bprini;.  The»e  consisted  of  light  piers  and  walls  amounting  in  all 
to  1,225   en.  yd.     This  concrete  contained  no  reinforcement. 


CONCRETE  PLACING  EQUIPMENT 
I.  farm  surface  per  yd.  .  •  ■  < 


Total  dsfs  work  

TMsl  d«78  macTtting  

Totsl  labor  days  of  9  hours 


Total  cost  per  en,  yd (      2^1 

The  work  on  the  wharf  conaieted  of  3,344  eu.  yd.  of  concrete 
in  maseive  work.  Two  rows  of  piles  were  capped  with  concrete 
formin);  a  base  for.  the  wallti  Hupporling  the  rails  of  thC  unload- 
ing crane.  This  work  was  done  in  the  winter  and  early  spring. 
The  data  on  the  work  arc  aa  followe: 

Sq,  (I.  form  surface  per  cu.  yd 6.1 

8q.  ft.  surface  withont  forms,  per  cu.  yd 

Total  dwB  vorkcd  Z* 

Tola]  days  concreting iff 

Tolal  labor  days   1.290 

Yd.  ofconcrele  p*r  day  oE  (oial  limo 139 

Yd.  of  concrete  per  day  of  concretinc  Ume  1«T.E 

Coat  per  yd.  per  day  per  man  t       0.39 

Tola!  cost  per  yd t  -    l.!l 

The  conetruclion  of  the  piera  for  the  steel  trestle  consisted 
of  moderately  heavy  work  amounting  in  all  to  6,Q71  cu.  yd  of 
concrete.  The  work  wae  done  in  the  winter  and  the  chuting 
Bjatem  wae  not  used.  Instead  the  concrete  was  delivered  in 
hand  pushed  Koppel  cars  of  1  cu.  yd.  capacity. 

Sq.  ft.  form  surface  per  cu.  yd S.fiS 

Sn.  ft.  Hurface  without  forms,  |ier  cu.  yd 14.7 

Total  days  worked  , 70 

Total  daya  concreting 112 

'niial  Isbor  days 3,900 

Yd.  CDDCrele  per  day  of  tolal  time  100 

Td.  of  concrete  per  day  of  concreting  time  113 

Cost  per  yd.  per  day  per  man  t      0  58 

Total  coat  per  cu,  yd t      1-74 

The  general  averages  and  totals  taken  from  the  above  data 
urnish  the  following': 

Total  yd,  concrete  plaecd  M.Ut 

Sq.  ft,  forms  per  cu.  yd,  . 


Sq.  (t.  conorete  surface  withont  form>  (pel 


Total  day.   . 

Total  days  concreting  , 
Total  tabor  days  of  9  hi 
Yd,  concrete  placed  pel 


A : 


Included   in   the   above   tabor  coats   is   the   placing   of   500,000 
lb.  of  steel  reinforcement,  or  about  14  lb.  per  cu.  yd,  of  concrete. 


180         HANDBOOK  OF  CXJNSTKUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and  the  labor  for  erecting  and  diflinantling  the  plant  for  handling 
the  concrete.  The  rute  of  wagea  jiajd  averages  $0,344  per  man 
per  hour  inclmling  tlve  entire  force  employed. 

Qravlty  Concrete  Plant  Carried  on  a  Barge.  A  gravitj  plant 
mounted  on  a  38  hy  120  ft.  barge  confuting  of  a  steel  tower  104 
ft.  high,  roller  hucket  of  34  cu.  ft.  eapacity,  hopper  capacity  54 
cu.  ft ,  boom  chute  of  SO  ft.  and  counterweight  chute  SO  tt.  long 
was  used  in  thn  construction  of  revetment  on  the  banks  of  the 
Miatjisaippi  River.  The  plant  ie  atated  to  have  placed  182  squares 
of  pavement  on  ita  first  day  of  operation. 


MGootjl>j 


COHCBITE  SIDIVAIE  AND  CVBB  FOBHS 

Adjustable  attel  aidewHlk  and  curb  forma  are  extensively  uwd 
ind  where  the  amount  of  work  Is  large,  their  extra  cost  U  justi- 
ied. 

Side  Rails    (Rigid) 
ID  ft.  lengths 


Rails  aboTter  than  10  ft.  used   in   "  ending  up  "  work  e 
he  had  in  lengths  of  from  2  to  S  ft. 


Fig.  92,    Use   of   the   O-iuoh    Hadius  Curve. 
181. 


1S2        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Flexible  rails  are  to  be  had  in  the  aame  lengths  and  heights  u 
the  Bide  rails  at  about  50%  higher  prices. 

Radius  rails  ma;  be  had  ia  the  same  lengths  and  heights 
as  the  side  rails  at  a  price  of  about  100^  higher  for  the  smaller 
heights  and  60%  ^igber  at  the  greater  lieights. 

Flexible  and  radius  rails  are  usually  furnished  in  sets;  that 
is,  one  for  the  inside  and  one  for  the  outside  curve.  Separate 
inside  or  outside  rails  can  be  furnished  when  required. 

Sidewalk  Division  Plates 

wdewilk  4"  depth       G"  depth       6~  depth 


CouBiNED  Curb  and  Gutteb  Dividino  Plateb 

Height  Thlckriees     Width 


CONCRETE  SIDEWALK  AND  CURB  FORMS 
CUBB  DiviDiNo  Platib 

It  Thickneu 


Steel  Faoe  Rails  used  with  rigid  aide  rails  to  form  the  front 
fat*  of  a  gutter  cost  as  follows; 

1  in.  hlBh  by  10  ft.  long  M.IO 

B  in.  hich  by  10  ft.  ionj  *,30 

8  in.  high  by  10  It,  long  4.60 

7  in.  hijh  by  lOlt.  long  6.00 

S  in.  high  by  10  ft.  long  E.40 

Steel  Bpaeen  need  in  curb  construction  for  suspending  the  in- 
side rail,  and  to  space  that  rail  the  proper  distance  from  tlie 
outside  roil  fost  2S  cents  each. 

Battered  Rtgld  Side  Rails  10  ft.  long  cost  $7.40  for  the  lO^-in. 
height  and   $8.10  for   the   12i^-in.  height. 

Beveled  Zdge  Rigid  Steel  Side  Rails  10  ft.  long  cost  $S.30  for 
the  S-in.  height  and  $8.70  for  the  6-in.  height. 

Bteel  Sidewalk  Radlui  Coineit  to  attach  to  the  rigid  eide  rails 
$1.40  each  for  the  4,  6  and  6-in.  height  b^  18  or  24'in.  radius. 

Steel  atokei  cost  as  follows: 

18  in.  tang  JO.lg 

a*  IB.  long  S* 

27  in.  long  26 

30  in.  long SI 

3«  in.  long  30 

42  in.  long  « 

For  longer  stakes  add  8  cents  for  each  additional  3  in.  of  length. 

Stake  Clanps  cost  14  cents  each. 

Steel  Road  Rails  especiall;  designed  for  use  with  concrete 
road  finishing  machines  are  furnished  in  ail  heights.  The  stan- 
dard length  is  10  ft.     The  prices  f.  o.  b.  factory  are  as  follows; 

4  in.  bigh  (5,40 

6  In,  high  8,10 


Steel  Strike  Off  weighs  approximately  8  Ih,  per  ft.  and  costs 
tB  follows,  f  .0.  b.  factory. 


1S4         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSISLXTJON  EQUIPMENT 

Steel  Bnlfeheadi  for  Concreto  Koedt,  fitted  with  angles  toi 
facilitate  handling,  are   priced   as  follows: 

U  ft.  ro«d  W7,M 

18  ft.  ro,id 3I.Be 

IS  a.  rood 34.M 

a)  It.  roHd  -.- 38.50 

The-ie   bulkheads   may   be   had   in   any   size   and   type  at   special 
ptiooH. 

Steel  mvUlon  Plates  for  Concrete  Boads,  made  of  %-in.  steel 
plate  to  conform  with,  the  crown  of  the  road  are  priced  ae  fol-! 

14  It.  road jaCOO 

Ifi  It.  rond 25.W 

18  ft.  rosd jr  00 

20  ft.  road 29J» 

All  the.  fnrpnoijij:  prices  are  f,   o.,  b.  faitory. 

Cement  Workers  Tools.  Tlic  folluwln?  are  net  prices  at  rbiea<;o 
for  tools  uted  in  constructing  and  6ni»hing  .cemeat  sidewalks. 
The  prices  are  for  iron  nitkel  plated  tools. 

■  JOINTE*  ^  - 

2%  in.  wide,  8  In.  lone,  *ach  .--.,. , -/?;..•,■■■■  .Wt5S 

Narbow  Jointf^  1  .. 

1?4  tn.  wide.  8  in.  long,  %  in.  biade,  each  .'.-..rjO-ffT  ' 

1%  in.  wide,  8  in.  long,  M,  in.  blade,  each XJ 

Straiobt  End  Jointer 

3  in.  wide,  ti  in.  long,  ^  in.  deep,  each fD.GT  , 

Narkow   Straiout   T.sn  .Iointek 

VH  in.  wide.  S  in.  long.  %  in.  biadr,  each  !....  10.67  I 

15  in.  wide,  8  in.  long,  S  in.  blade,  eseli  .;.;.;.      ja  I 

Driveway  Groover 
The  following  are  net  prices  for  driveway  groovers,  3  in.  wide 
and  9  in.  long: 

Orooier,   %  in.  deep,  each    W-K 

Ornover,  half  round,  earh M 

A  6-in,  Vgrooier,  %  in.  widii,  W  in.  deep,  costs  E2  el.  *aph. 

.    ,       ,  Stb.vight.,  E.\D  Gboqveb 

$-ia.  V-grooTer,  %  in.  wide,  U  in.  deep,  eaoh  .- tO.ET 

Edcebs 
The  net  prices  of  edgers,  %  in.,  2%  in.  and  6  in.  long,  are 
follows : 


Concrete  sidewalk  and  curb  forms        i 

in.  turned  edger,  »Mh  ;0.5S 

iD.  torned  edger.  10  in.  long,  each  1.35 


8  in.  lone,  Hi  in.  wide,  eHcb  lO.CT 

e  in.  long,  IH  in.  vide,  with  lulde  5S 

A  reversible  handle  edger,  right  or  left,  1  in.  turned  edge,  %  ii 
radiuB,  3  in.  wide  and  0  in.  long,  cotttn  S7  ct. 


ClBCLE  Edcebs 


A  square  edger  3  in.  wide,  6  in.  long,  both  edges  Toundwi, 
with  H^-in.  cutting  edge,  coats  83  ct.  Bevel  edgers,  2%  in,  wide, 
6  in.  long,  with  either  %-in.  bevel  or  %-in.  bevel,  can  be  bought 
at  57  ot.  each.  Corner  tools,  one  end  etraiglit,  the  other  cniring 
back,  6  in.  long,  !V>  in.  wide,  «l*o  cont  9T  ct,  each.  Curbing 
pdjrers  with  2  in.  turned  back  with  rndius  of  \%  in.,  314  in.  wide, 
814  in.,  long,  cost  $1,20  each.  Rai^4ed  (tuck),  pointers,  y^,  14, 
^B.  %  or  M-ia.  Bize.  eoKt  50  ct.  each. 

Long  handled  finiishing  tools  coft  as  follows: 

Trowel  with  one  long  adjustahie  handle,  one  short  handle,  one  ' 
wrench;  price  15  in.,  $iJO;  24  in.,  $0.00,  Jointer,  with  one  long 
bandle,  one.  sbert  handle,  one  wrench;  pric«,  $4.50.  lUger,  same 
equipment,  $4.50.     Six-ft.  compasses,  $3.85..' 

Long;  Handled  Sidewalk  Tools  .with  patented  double  action 
device  cost  as  follows: 

Finiiiiine  UawBl,  24  in.  lone,  E  in.  vide  VIM 

Float,  21  in.  long,  8  in.  widB , 7«t 

Divided  float.  16  In.  long,  6  in.  wide  7.50 

Jointer.  16  in.  lone,  5  in.  ¥-idP  ...: ; 7.00 

Floor  header,  10  in.  lonz.  3H  in.-wido  ,. 4,» 

Edfer,  Id  to.  long.  *%  fa.  wide  *,75 

Long   huidlPd    BidewaUi   mirlcei.    iteet   hMde,    1   (1.    Undle.   tbst   will    cnt 

itrouBli  5  in.  of  foncrrlo  ctwt  (I.K.    ' 
Opdi.nt  tomiK,  S  in.  squnre.wilh  4  it.  baudle  ooat  tl.60.    10  in.  aquBie,  %2. 

Sl«■^FWH-AIrtB^■»n^■■to^e(■d  ateel  Blade  WTn.  long,  Tin.  wideVcMts  W. 
Midewnlk  roll-ra  with  line  patlerna,  6  ft.  handle,  7  la  12  in.  long,  icon,  ooal 
„     t3.7j.    Dot.  iwltprn,  M.25. 

Steel  mortar  b"n  hnvine  an  amnio  cap » city  tor  H  pu.  yd,  wplghn  approil- 
iBatelr  iOa  lb.  for  ahlpment  and  ia  priced  at  fll  f.  0.  b.  factor;. 


,C(K)t(l>J 


CONVEYOBS 

Belt  Ctmvejm*  were  first  used  in  186S  and  since  thAt  date  have 
attained  great  popularity  as  a  means  of  conveying  all  sorte  of 
eolid  mat^rialx.  Tbe  great  advantages  of  belt  conveyors  are  the 
Bmall  horsepower  required  to  drive  tbem,  their  noiseless  operation 
and   large  capacity. 

PoTei  Kcqnired.  In  a  concrete  nii:cing  plant  in  New  York  Citj 
a  belt  eonvejror  24  inches  wide,  traveling  at  a  speed  of  400  feet 


Fig.  94.     Diagram  Showing  Power  to  Operate  Belt  Conveyors. 

per  minute,  and  carrying  the  concrete  from  the  mi-ier  to  the 
forms,  required  but  I  horsepower  to  drive  it.  The  belt  which 
carried  the  materials  to  the  mixer  was  20  inches  wide,  228  feet 
long  and  had  a  rise  of  34  feet.  It  traveled  at  &  speed  of  360 
feet  per  minute  and  required  but  6  horsepower  to  drive  it  with 
its  load  of  100  tons  per  hour.  In  the  Transvaal  a  belt  with  a 
18d 


COin'EYOES  187 

horizontal  carry  of  200  fe«t  and  a  verticH.)  lift  of  43^  feet,  con- 
veying 71.4  tons  per  hour,  required  8.1  horHepower  to  drive  it. 
A  belt  with  a  horizontal  carry  of  600  feet  and  a  vertica)  lift  of 
i-)'^  feet  required  8.6  horsepower  to  convey  90  tons  per  hour,  and 
2.9  horaepower  to  drive  the  unloaded  belt. 

The  capacity  of  belt  conveyors  is  shown  in  two  diugramB 
(Figa.  94  and  06),  published  by  Mr.  R.  W  Dull  in  the  Chemical 
Engineer,  August,  1009.  These  are  based  on  good  feeding  con- 
ditionB  and  variations  as  great  as  50%  are  iikely.  Some  of  the 
curves  are  stopped  off  at  certain  sized  belts,  as  with  large  pieces 

Mai[nium  CapaiHy,  1bni  ptr  Hour 
_o      ooooSoSoSoooooO 


Pig.   95.     Diagram   Showing  Capacity   of   Belt   Conveyors. 

It  is  not  advisable  to  use  a  conveyor  any  narrower,  regardless  of 
^hat  capacity  is  required.  It  is  advantageous  to  install  a  feeding 
device  of  some  hind  if  the  feed  is  irregular.  Materials  should 
^  delivered  to  the  belt  in  the  direction  of  motion  of  the  belt  and 
"ith  aa  near  the  same  velocity  as  possible. 

Wear.  Small  belts  of  stitched  canvas  or  woven  cotton  are 
o'ten  used  and  are  usually  well  oiled.  For  large,  permanent  con- 
''eyora,  rubber  belts  composed  on  a  cotton  duck  foundation  are 
moat  satisfactory.  Mr.  George  Frederick  Zimmer  in  Caaaier'K 
^"gazine  for  August,  1909,  gives  the  following  table  showing  the 
Wear  wi  different  materials  aubjected  to  a  uniform  sand  blast 
for  45  minutes: 


18S        HANDBOOK  OF  OONSTRUGTION  EQt:iPMENT 

-  Rabbet  belt 1-0 

EoLed  Bleel 1-S 

Oa«   Iron    : '.  8^ 

BbUM  belt,  includinc  kbdi  aovtt  G.O 

Woven  cotton  belt,  higfi  grade  fi^ 

Btifched  duck,  high  pile   S.O 

Woven  cotton  belt,  low  grade D.O 

The  rubber  covering  performa  two  officeH,  that  of  reaiating  wear 
and  that  ot  preventing  moisture  froqi  reaching  the  body  of  the 
belt. 

The  ItnmbSf  of  Flies  ITecessary  is  given  hf  Mr.  C.  K.  Baldwin. 
Belts  12  to  14  inches  wide,  not  leas  than  S-ply;  16  to  20  inchCR 
wide,  not  less  thafl  i-ply;  82  to  28  inches,  not  less  than  5-ply,  and 
30  to  36  inches,  npt  less  than  6-ply.  The  tension  on  a  belt  must 
not  be  more  than  20  to  25  lb.  per  inch  per  ply  and  a. good  belt 
should  have  a  breaking  atrain  of  400  lb.  per  inch  peT  pTy. 

Belts  are  usually  troughed  because  thia  increases  the  pafpacity. 
A  sufficient  number  of  idlara  should  be  provided,  as  this  lessens 
the  chance  of  damage.  Idlers  should  be  kept  well  Inbrfcated  with 
a  viscous  lubricant  as  oil  is  liable  to  spiH  (Hi  the  belt.  The 
best  method  of  joining  belts  is  with  a  butt-joint  held  together 
hy  [damps. 

(Josti.  For  eontf act  ■  purposes  the  belt  conveyor  is  generally 
mounted  on  a  more  or  leas  elaborate  wooden  framework,  housed 
or  otJterwise,  the  cost  of  which  must  be  estimated  in  accordance 
with  the  special  conditions  and  design  ot  the  outfit.  The  belt 
conveying  apparatus  proper  consists  of  a  driving  mechanism, 
which  is  often  belted  or  somethnes  directly  connected  to  electric 
mcAors;  the  idlers  and  belts;  and  the  troughing  rollers. 

Xhe  following  notes  on  the  costs  of^  belt  conveyors  are  taken 
from   "  Mechanical   and   Electrical   Coat   Data,"   by   Qilletle   and 

In  talcing  up  the:  cost  of  belt  conveyors,  the.  questions  of  deterio- 
ration and  amortization  must  be  duly  considered.  In  the  handling 
of  certain  materials,  fighter  and  cheaper  belts  —  and  the  belt  is 
the  most  eaLpesBivE  item  entering  into  the  equippient  of,,  a  belt 
conveyor  —  may  sometimes  be  recommended  than  that  required  for 
more  severe  service;  but  ordinarily  the  best  grade  of  belt  is  none 
too  good,  no  matter  what  so^pvice  it  may  be  subjected  to.  The 
IttTge  capacity  of  ithe  equipment  makes  the  question  of  initial  cost 
of  secondary  importance.  The  genersl  formula  given  in  Fig.  96 
and  the  coats  graphically  depicted  thereon  are  those  for  the  aver 
age  high  grade  belt  conveyor  with  suitable  rubber  belting  and 
wdl  dieaigned  grease  lubricated  idlers.  The  coat  of  the  belt  is  in- 
cluded in  the  first  term  of  the  second  member  of  the  formula,  so 


CONVEYORS  180 

that  the  cost  of  the  conveyor  with  a  cheaper  belt  U  readily  ob- 
tainable from  the  same  formula  simpl;  by  reducing  the  coefficient 
of  the  length  by  the  difference  of  the  coet  of  two  ft.  of  high  grade 
rubber  belting  with  that  of  two  ft.  of  the  cheaper  belt.  Couveyora 
equipped  nith  ball  bearing  idler,  etc.,  eoat  about  5%  more  than 
the  figures  indicated  by  Fig.  90,  but  this  difference  in  coet  is 
frequently  offset  on  shipments  to  distant  points  by  the  decrease 
in  freight  rates,  ball  bearing  idlers  weighing  lees  than  grease  or 
oil  lubricated  idlers. 

An  arbitrary  charge  which  covers  most  simple  installations  of 
belt  conveyors  of  ordinary  length  is  about  1.5  cents  per  hour 
per  inch  width  of  conveyor  for  Installations  with  grease  lubri- 
cated idlers,  or  a  charge  of  1  ct.  per  in.  width  for  CMiv^ors 
equipped  with  ball-bearing  idlers. 

s'Z  I 

I":  i 

5  »,  > 

Fig,  98.     Average  Coat  of  Standard  Troughed  Rubber  Belt  Con- 
veyors with  Grease  Lubrication. 

The  eicpenee  entailed  for  grease  or  oil  and  the  other  incidental 
supplies  required  to  keep  the  equipment  in  good  operating  condi- 
tions is,  in  a  conveyor  in  frequent  use,  very  nearly  directly  pro- 
portional to  the  hp.  consumed  in  operating  the  conveyor,  and 
averages  about  0.Q26  ct.  per  hr.  per  hp.  Of  this  charge  about 
0.5  ct.  per  hr,  is  the  cost  of  the  grease  required,  so  that  the  fwer- 
age  BUj^lies  charge  for  roller -hearing  conveyors  is  hut  about  0.125 
ct.  per  hr,  per  hp.  consumed. 

Deterioration  and  amortization  of  belt  conveyors  constitute  an 
exceedingly  complicated  subject  anii  one  that  here  must,  perforce, 
be  treated  in  a  very  general  manner.  Depreciation  is  due  not  only 
to  wear  but  to  constant  and  quit«  apparent  continuouH  deteriora- 
tion of  the  belts,  whether  they  are  in  use  or  not,  so  that  the  de- 
preciation charge  is  little  affected  bj  careful  use,  provided,  of 
course,  that  the  equipment  is  operated  a  reasonable  amount  of  the 
time.  This  deterioration  is  largely  due  to  the  hardening  of  the 
rubber  cover  and  the  loss  of  resiliency,  and  is  more  apt  to  be  ac- 


,190         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQOPMENT  ] 

centuated  hy  idleness  than  by  sane  and  careful  use.  The  rest 
of  the  mecbaniBm  is  not  more  greatly  affected  than  other  mechan- 
ical equipment,  if  well  eared  tor  and  not  abused.  Ordinarily  ti 
depreciation  charge  of  about  25%  on  the  belt  and  about  10%  on 
the  balance  of  the  equipment  covers  all  reasonable  wear  and  tear: 
the  general  formula  on  Fig.  07  is  baM>c1  on  such  apportionment. 
The  curves  shown  are  plotted  from  data  compiled  in  a  more  in 
tricate  and  Exacting  manner,  but  the  diserepaney  between  the 
results  obtained  from  the  general  formula  and  the  readings  de- 
rived from  the  chart  is  ao  slight  that  dependence  may  be  placed  . 
on  either  the  figure  readings  or  the  formula.  For  conveyors 
with  roller-bearing  idlers  the  depreciation  charge  is  reduced 
about  10-?^. 


Fig.  97.     Annual  Depreciation  of  Standard  Belt  Conveyors, 

Belt  conveyor  installations  are,  of  course,  subject  to  the  usual 
burden  of  fixed  charges,  consisting  of  interest  on  investment, 
insurance,  and  taxes.  These  ordinarily  amount  to  about  8.5%  of 
the  initial  cost  per  year  {<l%  interest,  1%  insurance  and  2%  of 
three  quarters  of  the  value  of  the  property  for  taites). 

Kote.  At  speed  of  300  ft.  per  minute  a  12-in.  belt  should  not 
carry  material  more  than  Vj-in,  in  diameter:  8-in.  belt,  matf 
not  more  than  IVj-in.  in  diameter;  24-in.  belt,  not  larger  than 
3-in.;  30-in.  belt,  not  larger  than  4-in.:  3C-in.  belt,  not  larger 
than  fl-iu.  in  diameter. 

When  speeds  up  to  600  ft.  per  minute  are  used  material  larire 
than  2-in.  size  is  not  likely  to  stay  upon  the  large  belts  and  for 
mnlerial   I-in.  and  larger  a  belt  no  smaller  than  18-in.  should  be 

Economic  SpeedB  of  Conreyori  for  Tarlons  Hateriala.  The 
following  tables  appeared  in  l«du»trial  Management,  Nov.,  1916, 
in  an  article  by  Mr.  R.  Trautathold. 


EcosoMio  SPEEse  OF  BEa-T  CoNvmoBg  fob  Vabioub  Maiebialb 


Material 

olie    

e   (GMTU)    .. 


Sand  »nd  grneX   110  316 

Fina   cosl    50  *00 

Economic  Speeds  fob  Dl'cket  Costeyobs  fob  Vabivub  Materials 


Coke    


Crnslied  9 
Sand  snd 


The  following  notes  on  bolt  conveyorB  for  concreting  material 
appeared  in  Engineering  ^'euw,  Nov.  26,  1914, 

Belt  conveyors  have  been  installed  at  BandaH's  and  Ward's 
Ifllanda,  New.  York  City,  for  handling  concrete  matpHal  from 
BC0W8  to  storafte  piles,  in  the  construction  of  the  Hell  Gate  Brldse, 
oroBHing  the  East  River.  The  belt  at  Ward's  Island  is  380  ft. 
long  by  24  in.  wide  and  inclined  at  21°.  At  Kandall'a  Island  a 
20-in.  belt  is  used. 

The  receiving  dock  for  materials  at  Ward's  Island  is  double- 
decked.  The  loose  materials  are  unloaded  from  the  scow  into  a 
common  hopper  on  the  upper  deck  of  the  dock,  by  a  derrick 
equipped  with  a  grab  bucket,  located  on  the  dock.  The  belt  is  fed 
by  a  chute  from  the  hopper.  The  bags  of  cement  are  lifted  from 
tfae  scow  in  9-bag  sHngs,  by  means  of  a  gasoline  hoist  on  the 
scow.  Four  men,  working  two  snd  two,  unfasten  the  alings  and 
place  the  individual  bags  on  the  belt.  As  many  as  1600  bags 
per  hour  have  been  handled  in  this  manner  without  confusion. 

The  sand  and  stone  or  gravel  are  lifted  by  the  belt,  above 
storage  piles,  where  thoy  are  dropped  by  a  tripper.  From  the 
piles  they  are  later  rphandled  into  car:!  fur  diKtrihuting  to  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  work.  Coal  for  the  dinkey  engines  is  conveyed 
by  the  belt  in  tlie  same  manner.  The  bags  of  cement  are  dis- 
charged from  the  belt  on  a  table  in  a  storage  house,  where  they 


192         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  number  of  men  employed  on  tJiis  work  at  Ward's  Island  U 
as  follows:  A  gaBoline-lioiat  operator  on  the  scow;  a  man  to 
direct  the  sling;  three  to  make  up  the  slings;  four  to  place  tht 
bags  on  the  belt ;  one  to  operate  the  tripper,  and  12  to  15  men 
in  the  cement-storage  room. 

At  Bandaira  Island  the  scheme  of  handling  ia  eascntiallj'  the 
same,  but  instead  of  having  a  eeparate  hoist  for  the  cement,  the 


Fig.  98.     Belt  Couveyot 


one  derrick  on  the  dock  unlnada  all  materials.  To  handle  cement 
out  of  the  »cow,  the  grab  bucket  is  lowered  into  the  scow  and 
ahoat  12  bags  placed  ia  it  and  lifted  to  the  dork.  At  this  plant, 
abra,  a  second  belt,  18  in.  wide,  runs  from  the  storage  piles   to 

Mr,  Edwin  IT.  Mcssiter  says  that  for  ordinary  mine  run  ore 
the  largest  lumps  of  which  do  not  contain  over  I  cubic  foot,  a 
30-in.  conveyor  is  auilable.  Siies  of  lumps  which  may  be  carried 
by  the  Bcveral  sizes  of  tonveyors  are: 


Lamps  OmmyoT 

a  Id.  30  in. 

6ia^  30  In! 


■  Lost  colamu  is  CBpscltj-  (or  on  weiehing  100  lb.  per  cu.  tl.  st  a  bphiI 
I  400  ft.  per  minote. 

Speeds  up  to  400  ft.  per  mmute  may  be  used  and  700  ft.   in 

Inclination  should  be  limited  to  20°  from  horizontal,  but  20° 

lay  be  used  with  steady  feed  and  fine  material.  Life  of  belts 
aries  with  tnnnage.  If  correctly  designed  and  made  of  proper 
lateriala  on  large  conveyors,  belt  renewals  will  approximate  0.1c. 
I'r  ton  of  ore.  Cost  ia  greater  on  small  conveyors  than  on  large 
nes.  Horwpower  required  will  average  alwut  O.OHfil 3  hn'-'^e- 
io«-cr  per  ton  per  foot  of  Loriiontal  dintanee  carried,  plus  0.001 
oraepower  ton  per  foot  of  height  elevated. 


Fig.  00.    Movable  Tripper. 

Belt  conveyor  equipment  of  one  make  costs  as  foUowa: 
Aatomatlo  Tripper.     Thcae  trippers  are  desijnied  to  distribute 

naterial  carried  by  belt  conveyors  on  long  piles  or  large  J^ins. 
[Tiey  travel  on  a  track  between  two  pointa,  automatically  re- 
umint;  and  diacharging  tbeir  loads  continuously.  They  can  be 
0  regulated  as  to  diiirharge  at  one  point.  The  following  gives 
he    appro^Limate   prices   of   these   trippers   without   chutes: 

iVLdlhotbeU  Width  of  belt 

inches  Prioe  inchei  Price 


194        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Hand  Ftopelled  Trlppen  discharge  materiala  at  fixed  points 
to  which  they  arc  moved  aloog  a  track  by  hand.  They  cost  at 
follows  without  chute; 

Width  of  belt 


TronehitlS  Idleri  and  return  idlers  with  side  cUmp  boxes 
wood    Htringers   cost   alxiut   as   follows: 


Fig.  100.    Troiighing  and  Return  Idlers. 

Flight  Conreyon.  The  following  is  takm  from  "  Mechanical  and 
Electrical  Cost  Data."  When  great  quantities  of  material  which 
is  not  liable  to  damage  by  direct  contact  with  the  propelling  flights 
have  to  be  handled  at  a  rapid  rate  in  a  limited  space,  when  Iht 
cost  of  power  is  not  a  governing  condition  and  the  initial  invest 
ment  is  a  seriuus  consideration,  Ai^ht  conveyorii  are  frequently 
resorted  to.  Their  capacity  is  great  owing  to  the  compact  IobiI 
per  foot,  notwithstanding  the  comparatively  low  speeds  at  which 
they  have  to  be  run. 

As  in  the  case  of  belt  conveyors,  the  economic  sptieds  for  various 
materials  vary  conDideral>ly,  and  the  economic  value  of  a  flighi 
conveyor  depends  upon  its  operation  at  the  highest  speed  suii^abli 
for  the  load.     Good  practice  is  listed  in  Table  II. 


u       1   >  1   1   1  j   1 

?:;  ^.  '^■^'^^         // 

1  „     '■'•^%%'r'^"*"      /  / 

k "              i*'^ 

5 '               A.'^y^ 

£ "                fJ^^* 

*               ^'^\ 

&"         "4^ 

* '       ^  y      1 

"^    > 

/             1 

-AM^ 

-■ffiSS- 

»7»tM 

pi"^ 

^ 

2?  "[3;  -  ^^ 

±  =  -± 

Fig.  101.     Horsepower  liequircmenlB  of  Flight  Conveyors. 

A  general  formula  for  calculating  the  power  requirements  of 
flight  conveyors  with  double  etranda  of  chain,  the  usual  typo 
found  in  the  manufacturing  plant,  and  a  graphic  preaentation  of 
calculated  resulte  are  given  in  Fig.  101.  The  reduction  in  power 
coniiumptiuD  carried  Ijy  equipping  the  flighls  wilh  rollers  or 
wheels  is  not  as  great  as  is  generally  claimed,  for  the  main  con- 
sumption of  power  in  any  flight  conveyor   is  in  dragging  along 


Ifl6         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

the  load,  the  power  consumed  in  dragging  forward  the  chains  and 
flights  being  appreciably  secondary.  Sliding-nhoe  flight  conveyors, 
when  fully  loaded,  consume  but  about  10%  more  power  than 
similar  flight  conveyors  in  which  the  fliTlits  are  mounted  on 
rollers.  Equipping  the  flights  with  rollers  adds  to  their  coat 
to  some  extent,  but  reduces  the  rate  of  depreciation,  and  ia  in 
reality  an  economic  gain. 

The  depreciation  of  flight  conveyors  is  naturally  rapid,  for 
the  load  exerts  a  very  destructive  scouring  or  abrasion  on  both 
the  flights  and  the  trough.  This  deterioration  is  naturally  much 
more  pronounced  when  handling  certain  materials  than  it  is  when 
less  destructive  materials  are  dragged  through  the  trough.  The 
deterioration  due  to  the  handling  of  certain  materials  is  bo  very 
much  more  marked,  Jn  fact,  that  the  character  of  the  load  must 
be  taken  into  consideration   in  any  reliable  investigation  o(  the 


Fig.   102.     Depreciation   Factors  for   Standard  Flight   Conveyors. 

average  depreciation  charge.  Arbitrarily  assuming  a  convenient 
basis  of  compartBOD,  an  average  depreciation  factor  is  arrived  at 
in  the  general  formula  on  Fig.  102,  which,  when  multiplied  by  the 
"  depreciation  factor  coefficient "  given  on  the  same  chart,  gives  the 
average  annual  depreciation  in  dollars.  The  depreciation  amounts 
to  about  the  same  in  similar  conveyors  whether  they  are  equipped 
with  sliding-shoe  flights  or  with  roller  flights,  although  the  rate  of 
depreciation   Is  slightly  less  for  the  more  efficient  type. 

Flight  conveyor's  are  usually  shorter  than  belt  conveyors,  and  in 
addition  they  require  more  attention  in  the  way  of  opening  gates, 
etc.,  80  that  the  labor  charge  per  ft.  of  conveyor  is  higher  than  in 
the  cane  of  belt  conveyori,  and  averages  between  2  and  3  ct.  per 
in.  width  of  convpyor.  It  is  not  correnpondingly  higher  per  ton- 
nage handled,  however,  because  of  the  large  capacity  of  a  flight 
conveyor  of  the  same  width  and  length  of  flight. 
-    The  charge  for  incidental  supplies,  as  in  the  case  of  belt  con- 


CONVEYORS  1B7 

v^ors,  is  nlmoet  directly  pToportional  to  the  power  requirementa; 
Mid  OB  a  number  of  iacidental  repaira  can  logically  be  charged  to 
the  same  eicpense,  safe  figures  for  this  it«m  are  2  ct.  per  hr.  per 
hp.  for  conveyors  with  Bliding-shoe  flights  and  about  10%  lesB, 
or  l.S  ct.  per  hr.  per  hp.  couBumed,  for  conveyors  in  which  the 
flights  are  furnished  with  rollers.  The  incidental  repairs  on  the 
latter  tjpe  of  coQTeyor,  chargeable  to  the  item  of  "  supplies,"  are 
lesB  costly  than  those  on  flights  with  sliding  shoes,  but  the 
lubrication  charge  is  higher,  so  that  the  saving  of  the  more 
^tGcient  construction  is  only  about  10%. 

The  burden  of  interest  on  investment,  insurance,  and  tases  is 
proportionally  no  higher  than  in  the  ease  of  other  conveying 
equipment  and  on  the  average  amounts  to  about  S^%  per  year 
of  the  initial  cost  of  the  installation,  in  addition  to  which  there 
is  usually  an  annual  renewal  charge  of  about  20%,  which  is  in 
esceas  of  the  depreciation  usual  to  other  conveyors. 

Belt  Elevator.  The  life  of  belts  of  the  same  grade  varies  widely 
between  limits  according  to  tonnage  carried,  the  length  of  belts, 
and  the  economic  layout  of  the  whole  arrangement.  On  large 
belts  of  course  the  cost  for  repairs  per  unit  of  material  delivered 
will  be  considerably  smaller  than  on  small  belts.  For  special 
work,  such  as  crusher  plants  and  outHts  of  similar  kind,  the 
operation  is  almost  automatic  and  with  the  exception  of  renew- 
als which  can  be  made  rapidly  there  is  practically  no  interrup- 
tion to  continuous  service. 

At  the  Union  Stock  Yards  in  Chicago  a  belt  carrier  with  24-in. 
x24in.  buckets  and  a  vertical  lift  of  58  feet  with  a  38-ft.  hori- 
zontal run  bad  been  in  operation  about  five  years  handling  an 
average  of  2,500  tons  of  coal  per  week,  with  no  cost  for  repairs, 
and  in  1908  was  not  likely  to  need  repairs  for  another  five  years. 

In  Pittston,  Pa.,  operating  on  a  35°  incline  and  conveying  coal 
355  feet  with  48-in.  wide  buckets,  a  belt  carrier  installed  in  1902 
handled  130,000  tons  a  month  and  after  four  years  was  in  excel- 
lent condition.  Cost  of  repairs  av«raged:  material,  .04c  per  ton 
handled;  labor,  .06c  per  ton  handled,  these  repairs  being  the  re- 
newal of  the  carrier  rollers  and  the  driving  pinion  of  the  head 

The  illustration  (Fig.  103)  shows  a  twenty-four  inch  conveyor 
one  hundred  feet  long  supplied  Charles  F.  McCabe  of  the  Robins 
Conveying  Belt  Co.,  for  removing  10,000  cubic  yards  of  earth 
and  rock  at  ISlst  street  and  Jerome  avenue,  New  York.  The 
picture  shows  the  very  disadvantageous  circumstances  under 
which  such  a.  belt  conveyor  will  work  to  advantage.  Earth 
was  shoveled  on  to  the  conveyor  by  hand  and  was  discharged 
from  the  head  end  to  wagons.     Pieces  larger  than  a  man's  head 


IflS        HANDROOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENr 

were  frequently  placed  on  the  conveyor,  and  were  carried  suc- 
cessfully, although  it  ran  at  timeR  at  an  upward  inclination  of 
over  23  degrees.  A  Mundy  engine,  located  in  a  pit  beneath  the 
tail  end,  drove  the  conveyor. 

In  the  installation  illuetrated  and  described  in  the  foregoing 
it  was  impoBsible  to  support  the  eonv^or  by  any  other  than 
the  most  crude  supports.  This  fact,  however,  did  not  interfere 
with  the  successful  operation  of  the  conveyor,  nor  did  it  injure 
the  machinery  to  any  appreciable  CKlent.  The  belt  itself,  when 
the  work  was  completed,  showed  little  signs  of  wear. 


Fig.    103. 

Figure  104  shows  a  Robins  Belt  Conveyor  used  by  Ryan  & 
Parker  in  excavating  for  the  foundation  of  the  power  house  of 
the  New  York  Gas  and  EHeetric  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Co.  The 
earth  was  delivered  to  the  conveyor  from  wheel  scrapers  through 
bridges,  and  the  excavating  was  done  by  practically  the  same 
means,  employed  more  recently  by  F.  M.  Stillman  &  Co.,  for  their 
work  at  East  12th  street,  New  York.  The  conveyor  was  driven 
at  its  head  end  by  a  small  horizontal  engine,  very  little  power 
being  required.  It  was  subjected  to  the  roughest  kind  of  usage; 
rocks  weighing  over  100  pounds  were  constantly  dumped  upon 
it,  but  never  caused  a  moment's  stoppage  during  the  entire 
work.  The  width  of  the  belt  was  30  inthes,  and  the  actual 
quantity    removed    exceeded     1,200    cubic    yards    per    day.     The 


CONVEYORS  199 

work  was  all  done  during  very  cold  weather,  in  December  and 
January. 

A  Steel  Incline  and  Tipple  is  often  uapd  to  convpj  earth  from 
ft  steam  shovel  to  the  top  of  a  hij>h  bank  where  it  Is  dumped. 
Such  a  machine  is  illustrated  in  Figs.  lO.I,  106.  The  steel  truss  of 
the  incline  weiglis  S,500  lb.,  and  the  tntal  load  of  boilers,  with- 
out ears,  etc.,  is  100  tons.     The  engines  are  Il-in. x  18-in.,  double 


e\  linders,  and  their  cost  with  the  boiler  was  $2,700.  The  shovel 
cut  was  20  ft.  wide,  18  ft.  deep  and  the  best  month's  record  was 
020  cubic  yards  per  10-hour  shift.  The  whole  machine  cost  aljoiit 
$4,000,  prior  to  1912, 

Estimated  Cost  of  Unloading  and  Storing  Coal  "with  T  Bttcket 
EIcTBtor  Conveyor.  The  following  not*a  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Carver 
appeared  in  the  American  Wool  amd  Cotton  Reporter,  May  20, 
1920: 

Unloading  a  car  of  coal  by  hand  requires  about  twenty  hours 


200        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EyLIPMENT. 


MGtK")tjl>J 


1 


s 


MGootjl>j 


202         HAN'DUOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQl'IPMENT 

labor,  and  with  six  men  it  reijuireB  from  three  to  four  hours,  or 
poflsiblj  more,  depending  on  tlie  c(r[cien<'y  of  the  men.  The  cost 
to  unload  and  trim  coat  back  from  cars  by  hand  ia  from  $20  to  $30 

With  the  use  of  a  concrete  t^a<^k  hopper  and  a  V-bticket  elevator, 
with  supporting  frame-work,  coal  can  lie  uiilouded  from  cars  bv 
one,  or  not  more  than  two  men  at  the  rate  of  a  car  per  hour, 
and  at  a  cost  of  Bl>out  $3.00  per  ear  for  power  and  labor.  The 
cost  per  car  char^ctiblc  to  infeiest  on  the  investment  in  thi' 
unloading  plant  and  for  depreciation  in  the  machinery  runs  from 
'  S4.00  to  $^,00  per  car,  accordinj^  to  the  yearly  tonnage  handled, 
making  a  total  cost  to  unload  of  $7  00  to  $11.00  per  car,  against 
$20.00  to  $.10.00  for  hand  unloading. 

The  total  cost  of  a  discharging  plant,  including  a  concrete  track 
hopper,  a  V-bucket  elevator-conveyor,  and  supporting  structure 
for  same,  with  ehufe  to  ground  storage,  will  run  from  $4,000  to 
$10,000,  according  to  its  height  and  the  amount  of  coal  to  lie 
stored.  Tlie  cost  will  also  be  (governed  somewhat  by  the  condi 
tions  at  the  site  of  the  proposed  work,  such  as  condition  of  the 
ground,  availability  of  labor  and  material,  etc. 

As  a  comparison  of  the  cost  to  unload  and  store  a  ear  of  coal 
under  certain  conditions  the  following  table  of  estimated  costs 
is  of  interest; 


MO  7S00  3.00  4,87  7.87  1B.74  et. 

Portable  ConveTors,  mounted  on  wheels  and  having  a  self 
contained  power  unit  which  may  be  either  a  gasoline  engine  or 
eleetric  motor,  have  many  uses.  They  can  load  materials  from 
storage  piles  into  wagons,  or  from  wagons  or  trucks  to  stor^iP 
piles,  or  in  combination  with  fixed  conveyors  can  build  np  high 
storage  piles.  These  machines  are  efficient  in  that  they  greatly 
decrease  hand  shoveHng  and  also  cut  down  haolasre  costs  by 
reducing  the  loading  time  for  trucks.  Figures  107  and  108  illus- 
trate two  of  the  u-'t's  cjf  portable  conveyors. 

These  conveyors  have  proved  their  ability  to  reduce  handling 
costs  from  50  to  90%.  Single  units  have  replaced  from  3  to 
20   men. 


CONVEYORS 


203 


In  the  service  of  the  Western  United  Oas  A  Electric  Co.  at 
its  plant  in  Joliet,  III.,  twu  B-0  portable  belt  convejors  are 
operated  in  series  in  loading  eoke  into  railway  cari.  Tbese 
earn  are  loaded  in  from  two  to  four  hours,  according  to  sikb 
and  type,  with  lean  than  half  the  labor  that  waM  preriously  re- 
quired to  load  them  in  from  7  to  10  hours.  The  saving  in  cost 
is  about  50%.  This  is  typical  of  results  secured  by  nse  of  am- 
veTore  in  many  places. 

For  elevating  at  angles  under  25°  a  plain  Iwlt  Is  employed. 
For  angles  of  30°  to  35°  a  belt  e<|iiipped  with  steel  flights  is 
provided  to  prevent  the  material  slipping  down  the  (trade  For 
chemicals  that  will  corrode  metal  conveyors  of  similar  design 
are  provided  with  wooden  frames. 


Fig.  107.  Sketch  Showing  How  Conveyor  Is  Uaed  to  T-oad  a 
Railroad  Car  from  a  Motor  Trnek  — the  Truck  Dumping 
Directly  into  the  Hopper  End  of  the  Conveyor. 

Fig.  108.  Sketch  Showing  tlie  Use  of  Permanent  Conveyor,  a 
Clinic  and  Portable  Conveyor  for  Building  Storage  Piles  Well 
Back  from  the  Bailroad  Track. 

Coat  Of  Loading;  Bricks  into  a  Box  Car  Uiing  b  Portable  Belt 
Conveyor.     The  following  oliservatiOns  are  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Haskell 

in  Engineering  and  Contiacthg,  Sept.  15,  1015.     The  ho.t  car  was 
on  a  siding  and  the  bricks  were;    (a)   in  piles  about  .10  ft.  away 
and    (b)    brought   in   on   small    Hat  cars  on   an   industrial   track 
parallel  to  and  about  40  ft  from  the  siding. 
"'  I  ted    on    two    wheels    of    about    4    ft. 

by  a  smalt  motor  supported  on  the 
I  20  in.  wide,  20  ft.  lon^  flnd  had  * 
The  lower  end  was   1.5  It    above  the 


diameter,  and  was  dri 
frame  work.  The  belt 
speed  of  240  ft.  per  m 


204        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

ground  and  the  uppor  end  about  2  ft.  above  the  car  floor  and 
extending  about   a.   foot  witliin   the   car. 

One  man  stood  a^  the  foot  of  the  convej'or  and  received  brirka, 
four  at  a  time,  passed  to  him  hy  two  others  alternately  from 
the  piles  and  placed  them  on  the  conveyor.  Two  men  Htanding 
at  eilber  aide  of  the  belt  in  the  car,  took  them  ofT  and  patuted 
tliem  alternately  to  two  others,  at  either  side,  who  piled  them 
in  tlie  car.  The  following  time  atudy  was  made  when  loading  from 
the  piles: 


On  this  liaBis  in  an  S  hr.  day  4I,G00  bricks  would  be  loaded, 
wbieh  is  between  3  and  4  carloads.     Allowing  45  min.  for  shifting 

the  conveyor,  etc.,  the  total  would  be  reduced  to  37,700. 


119.75 

or  $10.75  -=-  3T.7  =  52.4  ct.  per  thouxand. 

Therefore  to  load  a  car  with  12,000  bricks  which  is  about  the 
average  would  cost  3sG.aO. 

A  time  study  waa  made  when  they  were  unloading  the  bricks 
from  the  flat  Koppel  cars  with  wheelbarrows  and  transporting 
them  to  the  conveyor.  The  average  number  of  men  loading  wag 
two,  and  the  average  number  of  hricks  per  wheelbarrow  was  73. 
The  distance  of  travel  to  the  foot  of  the  conveyor  was  30  ft. 
The  averngi!  time  to  deliver  the  load  of  each  wheelbarrow  waa  2.57 
min.  On  thix  baHJa  the  tolal  number  of  bricks  handled  per  day 
by  the  three  wheelbarrows  would  be: 

4H0 

„-rrX3  X  73  =  40,000 


,  as  Ijefore,   the  time  to  uhift,   the  number  would  be 

Dflding  It  11.75  I  3» 

ratifli>ortinff  at  fl.TG  ....,...■■.. SJS 

It  conwyor  ml  |1.75 15.7S 


CRUSHERS  205 

or   $28.50-;- 37  =  72.2  ct.  per  thouaand,  or  at  the  rate  of  $B.28 
per  carload. 

Cost  ot  Sooop  Conveyon.  The  following  table  given  tbe  cost 
of  scoop  conveyors.  The^  conveyors  may  be  had  with  either  a  low 
cleat  belt  or  «  b>gh  flight  belt.  The  low  cleat  belt  is  uied  fur 
conveying  boxes,  tile,  brick,  stone,  aand,  gravel,  etc..  and  the  high 
flight   is   intended  only  to  handle  coarse  gravel   and   large   lump 

8ii«  of  macbine  Approximate  ehlpplag  Price 

width  o(  belt        length  weight  in  lb.  (.  o.  b,  (Mtory 

12  )n.  14  ft.  BOO  t*^ 


The  above  prices  are  for  conveyors  with  power  unit  included. 
This  power  unit  may  be  either  a,  gasoline  engine  or  electric  motor. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  28 

CBITSHERS 

Machines  for  crushing  rock,  ore  and  similar  hard  materials  a 
in  two  usual  formg.  Jaw  cnisliers  and  gyratorj  cruidiers.  Jsb 
i;ruahers  are  usually  of  smaller  capacity  than  are  gyralory  crush- 
ers.    The  jaw  crusher  operates  in  general  in  the  following  man- 


Fig.   lUS.     Jaw  truuher 

end.  At  a  point  between  the  power  end  of  thia  arm  and  the 
fulcrum  is  a  "  toggle  "  to  which  is  imparted  a  forward  and  bai'k- 
ward  movement  by  the  arm  and  whiph  in  turn  imparts  the  s 
movement  to  the  lower  end  of  a  eorrugated  ateel  or  cast 
crushing  plate  free  at  its  lower  and  hinged  at  its  upper  end. 
Opposite  this  plate  is  a  somewhat  smaller  llxed  plate  and  the 
two  together  form  the  "  jaws/'  By  changing  the  toggle  f 
206 


CRUSHERS  207 

larger  or  smaller,  the  "  set "  or  size  of  the  opening  at  the  bottom 
of  the  jawA  ia  regulated,  and  thereby  the  size  of  the  product.  The 
*'  jaw  opening"  is  the  width  by  the  length  of  the  opening  between 
the  upper  ends  of  the  rruahing  plates  and  determines  the  great- 
est  size  of   stone  that  can  be  introduced. 


Fig.  110.     Geared  Elevator. 

The  jaw  crusher  is  of  limited  capacity,  its  product  is  not  uni- 
form, and  the  machine  itself  is  subject  to  frequent  breakages 
due  to  the  severe  shocks  it  has  to  sustain.  For  these  reasons 
tlie  gyratory  crusher  was   invented  and  is  used  wherever  a  uni- 


208         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRICTION  EQUIPMENT 

form  product  of  grmt  quantity  is  essential.    The  principal  objee 

ciou  to  it  is  ita  nun-poi  tability.  In  this  type  of  crimher  a  per 
pendicular  shaft,  to  which  arp  fastened  the  inner  crunking  plates 
revolves  with  an  eccentric  motion,  inside  of  the  etationary  outei 
crustiing  ptatea.  Tlii>  actions  of  thv  inner  jaw  plates  are  hoiA 
rolling  aiid  crushing  Ttie  huri/ontal  distance  apart  of  tho  lower 
ends  of  the  concentri'^  jaws  determines  tho  aize  of  the  produd 
and  is  regulated  by  rai::ing  or  lowering  the  inner  jaw. 

Jaw  Cboshees 

Oapacit;,  ton*  Approximate  PHee 

pet  hour  weigLt  in  lb.  t.  0.  b.  t«f  tory 

3-  4W  3,T00  %   72* 


Elevators 

Elevators  for  use  in  connection  with  crushers  are  illustrated 

by  Fig.  HO.     The  price  for  a  14  ft.  length  is  given  in  the  following 


"  Back  Gear  Driving  Connection  "  is  an  arrangement  for  driving 
the  elevator  and  screen,  partit'Ularly  used  with  tho  smaller  sizes, 
and  takes  poner  from  the  breaker. 

A  gravel  crushing  and  screening  plant  consisting  of  an  elevator. 
the  frame  of  which  Ih  constructed  of  steel  channels,  attached  to  a 
cru!iher  by  means  of  heavy  angle  bars  and  having  an  elevatoi 
with  extra  large  buckets  to  convey  the  material  from  the  pit  tn 
the  crusher,  capable  of  turning  out  about  150  yd.  of  crushed  and 
screened  material  a  day  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  111.  This  outfit 
weighs  about  20,000  ]b.  without  the  power  unit  and  costs  $3,200 
f.  o.  h.  factory.     It  is  operated  by  an  engine  or  motor  of  30  hp. 

A  portable  gravel  screening  plant  consists  of  a  portable  bin 
with  revolving  screen  mounted  on  top  therpof,-an  elevator  of 
proper  length  attached  to  and  formins  a  part  of  the  outfit  and  a 
hopper  placed  in  the  ground  under  the  elevator  into  which  the 
gravel  to  be  screened  is  put.  The  bin  has  a  capacity  of  20  tons 
and  is  driven  by  a  7  hp.  gasoline  engine  placed  under  the  bin. 
It  weighs  approximately  11,000  lb.  and  coats  $1,600  f.  o.  b. 
factory  without  the  engine. 


CRUSHERS 
A  Belt-Buatained  portable  rig  coDsietB  of  tte  following: 

Wheels,  «l«s,  truck  frame  .nd  bin  g«t™  t   1 

2^  lip.  tomiilelB  ' 

g  wiin  chute  BtK^n  f, 

niDlete  rig  with  rotsry  screen  2.. 


CrD^hnr.  1  by  12  In.  . 

Ossolir-   "  ■■■ 

Compli 


Kg.  111.    Portable  CruBhing  and  Screening  Plant. 
Gybatoby  Obusiiebs 


10-25  "*.000  1.IW 

2ol4S  22.«00  2.600 

Power  required  for  the  above  crushers  is  from  8-10  hp.  for 
the  6-12  ton  size,  10  to  15  lip.  for  the  10-25  ton  she,  and-  12  to 
20  hp.  for  the  20^8  ton  size.  Thia  type  of  crusher  is  illustrated 
bj  Fig.  112. 

A  reduction  crusher  or  secondary  crusher  of  the  gyratory  type 
which  will  fake  the  tailings  of  a  primary  crusher  up  to  41^-in. 
cubes  with  a  minimum  discharge  opening  of  Ms-'n.  weif^ha.  about 
14,000  lb.  and  costs  $2,450  f.  o.  b.  factory.  This  mackine  requires 
about  20  hp.  to  operate  it.  The  approximate  hourly  capacity 
with  a  Vj-in.  opening  is  from  10  to  12  tons,  and  with  a  1-in. 
opening  is  from  .10  to  22  tons  per  hr. 

The  cost  of  moving  a  B  x  15  crusher  plant  with  non-portable  bin 
a  few  miles  and  setting  up  ready  for  crashing  ia  about  S125  under 
average  conditions. 

Bepain.     In  crushing  224,203  tons  of  roclt  in  188&-7  an  aver- 


210        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

age  of  eight  sets   of  crusher  apparatus  being  in  operation,   ' 
following  new  parts  Were  required. 

U  lerera   O  125.00  »3l».0O 

9  iaw  pl«tB(  @    15.50  139.50 

la  i»w  plaits   @    12.00  m.oo 

Timles,  check  iilatfs  and  sundries  SIT.SO 

Total    1831.30 


Fig.    112.     Gyratory  CruHher.     , 

or  an  average  of  about  $100  per  crusher.     This  does  not  include 
babbiting  the  bearing  or  labor  of  making  repairs. 
Kepairs  for  Solli. 

7  pairs  tires  @  1120  )   BtO.OO 

Qau  wheels  and  pinions  135.00 

Tolal     (1,175.00 

or  about  9147  for  each  pair  of  roUe.  The  tires  of  the  rolls 
used  for  coarse  crusliing  are  not  turned  when  worn,  but  are  re- 
placed by  new  onen.  For  the  screens  21  sets  of  perforated  plates 
@  $60.76  =  $1,275.76  were  required,  or  an  axerage  of  2.6  eets  per 
year  per  screen.  The  average  life  of  the  wearing  parts  of  a  jaw 
crusher  is  therefore  about  eight  months;  a,  set  of  screen  plates 
about  four  months. 

In  Camp's  "  Notes  on  Track  "  there  is  a  description  of  a  crush- 
ing plant  installed  b^  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  for  the  crushing 


CHU8HER8  211 

of  track  ballast.  It  consisted  of  a  g7ratory  crusher  of  40  to  60 
cubic  yards  per  hour  capacity  and  a  smaller  nuxiliarj  crusher. 
The  stone  from  a  large  crusher  was  taken  t>;  a  belt  conveyor  to  a 
revolving  plate  screen  12  feet  long  by  4Vj  ttxt  in  diameter, 
divided  into  three  sections  having  one-incU,  two-incb,  three-inch 
liolea.  On  the  outside  of  the  onerinch  hole  screen  was  an  auxili- 
ary screen  of  ^-inch  mesh.  The  rejected  material  was  led 
through  a  chute  to  the  smaller  crusher  whence  it  was  aj^aln 
conveyed  to  the  screens.  After  the  stone  had  been  screened  it 
dropped  into  tour  bins.  The  products  of  the  stone  were  17% 
screenings,  6%  %-iDch  atone,  33%  I'^-inch  stone,  42%  2^  inch 
Blone,  From  the  bins  the  material  was  chuted  directly  into  cars 
Tliis  plant  was  operated  by  a  150- horsepower  engine  The  labor 
necesBary  consisted  of  one  fireman,  one  oiler  and  four  laborers 
whose  total  wages  per  hour  were  $i.lil'/j  The  repairs  and 
renewal  of  broken  parts  coat  SSOO  for  four  hundred  working 
hours.     Tbe  above  prices  are  prior  to  11112. 

The  Dolese  &  Shcpard  Company  of  Chicago  have  estimated  the 
life  of  tlieir  new  1912  atone  crushing  plant  at  twenty  years  with 
5%  annual  depreciation.  Tliey  have  found  from  experience  that 
repairs  to  crushers  cost  5%  snnually,  repairs  to  screens  ami  con- 
veyors 13%.  The  large  size  atone  wears  the  acrcens  and  conveyors 
miU'li  more  rapidly  than  tbe  small  si/e  stone.  Tor  example,  the 
iK-reen  for  No.  9  crushers  had  to  )■•  renewed  in  nine  monllis. 
wliereaH  the  other  screens  had  been  in  service  eight  months  and 
showed  no  wear. 

Tbe  Illinois  Stone  Company,  at  Lemunt,  111.,  had  in  11)12  a 
stone-crushing  plant  with  a  capacity  of  TOO  cu.  yds.  in  10  liours 
The  plant  is  a  timber  structure  and  cara  are  hauled  up  a  short 
iiii'line  to  the  main  crusher  where  they  are  dumped  automatically 
Tlic  stone  passes  througb  a  No.  7%  and  two  No.  4Vi  gyratory 
crushers,  and  3  ft.  cylindrical  acreeuH  of  sizes  from  %  In.  to  Vj  in- 
The  original  cost  of  tbe  machinery,  the  three  iruahcrs,  screen, 
lu'lts,  etc  ,  was  $2.t,000.  Tlie  coat  of  repairs  given  below  is  for 
new  parts  and  does  not  include  the  labor  of  making  repairs. 


Second 


rem n,9C»M 

^   SOOOO 

fiflh  yean.  -.. 1,«».00 

To(»1  tor  flva  yen'n  «,90n.00 

Aierage  per  jifor ..  t  7SO.0O 

The    \i    in.    steel    plates    bave   been    replaced    about   twice    i 


MGootjl>J 


212        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQU[PMENT 

ESmUTEI)  COST  OF  atrAXBT  FLAKT. 

The  followin*;  cslimated  cost  of  eonstructing  and  operating  a 
quarry  plant  tiuilHlile  for  manufacturing  Im11<i»i(  for  railroads,  is 
obtained  from  the  Proceedinga  o(  the  American  Kailway  En- 
gini^ring  and  MaintenaiU'C  of  Way  ABsociation,   1D09. 

Cost  of  Plant.  From  published  figures,  the  cost  of  Iniilding  a 
plant  of  1,000  tons  daily  capacity,  and  its  cost  of  operation  to 
quarry,  is  as  follows; 

Cmnsrilj-,  l.WIO  louB  daily  SOn,«M  tana  aruHwIly 

MOpu   ]d.  Irun  ]>fr  liI'LnuT  dnr 270,000  eu.  yd.  anuuully 

Oru^rrs,  t,  ZMiod  Farren,  at  n,2S0  f  S.noo 

Eneinpi.  4,  «»  hp  ,  14x12  U  tM>  i'lV 

Foiindallons ino 

Beltini,  13  in,  300  tt..  at  tS.TS GEO 


Eksles,  SO  [t.,  includins  (oundatiaiu  and  timber 1,225 

Biua 600 

Eieralon  with  pialtn-ma.  4  at  tl.fWi  (tor  tailinia) e.nOO 

Piimn  Car  valor  •iiimly,  G,EWI  eallona  i«r  liour  ZOO 

T^nk,   M.OflO  gallons   1.S0O 

Stoam  drilJB  »ith  triitods  roDnHlioB  hon,  20  at  t24& 4,900 

Serpens,  rolary,  H  in ,  1  at  ».'«  2,800 

Small  toola,  forgei,  bars,  wedgm,  bamioerB,  etc 1.200 


Land,  SO  acrea  al  fl5n  per  acre 7,HW 

Cable  railway  and  dump  cars  for  hani   lo  rniHlier, 
thig  being  »  varying  Item  aa  quarry  ia  worked  ....      E.MM 

ToUI  cost  o(  quarry  (19091 ^,478 

Cost  ov  Opimatiox  op  Quarry  Plant 

IS  drillera  at  tl  per  day,  36a  diss  *  tfi.a» 

I8hflp*ra  at  (ITS  rier  day   SW  daya  ., 9,150 

3  hlarkamiltia  at  ta  rrr  day,  SOD  day! 2.TD0 

50  bar  sli-dEPrs  at  H./r  per  day.  3")  Jays  ai,KO 


[HT  day   im  di 

r  day,  31»  d*) 

F.  Sno  daya 


300  daya  . 
■m  dajT 


Ipnglnwr  al  tS  ixt  day,  3Cn  ilaya MO 

4  bin  men  at  11,75  per  itay.  VKl  daya 2,100 


Fnel,  2.7110  lona  of  coal  at  »  70  .... 

Oil  waul"-,  Mf 

Dynamiti',  7  lb.  i<«r  cu.  yd.;  270,00 


CRUSHERS  213 

Drill  Tep»ii»,  1  mmcbiaist  »t  M  l.»0 

1  helper  at  ta.BO  760 

Suppliei  »t  $1.2S  per  montb  per  drill  2TD 

Bl*dcnait)u  included  above  

Tot*l    Il«,410 

4%  on  flnl  cost  ot  plant  »2,«S 

10^  depreciation  on  macbinery.  «xc«pt  crushera  ..    2,160 

1«%%  deprHistioa  on  cmshera  883         S.411 

tl4fi,821 
Contingeniiei,  87„   ll.TBO 

Thli  Bbovs  a  cost  per  jnrd  of  W  ct.  (1909). 

The  folloning  notes  on  the  um  of  electric  motors  in  grEurel 
and  Btone  plants  appeared  in  Engineering  and  Oontracling,  Mar. 
21,  1017.  A  email  rock  crushing  plant  driven  hy  a  30-hp, 
motor,  was  turning  out  6  cu.  yd.  per  hour,  and  the  motor  not 
onlj  drove  the  crusher  and  elevator,  but  was  used  to  operkte  a 
winch  for  hauling  cars  of  rock  up  an  incline. 

In  and  near  cities,  electricity  can  usually  be  purchased  for 
power  at  prices  under  5  et.  per  kilowatt- hour.  As  a  kilowatt  is 
one  and  one-third  horsepower,  this  is  equivalent  to  aliout  4  ct. 
pn  horsepower-hour.  But  this  does  not  mean  tliat  a  30-hp. 
motor  would  use  $12  worth  of  current  in  a  10-ho\ir  day,  even  at 
4  irt.  a  horsepower-hour;  for  the  tact  is  that  the  full  power  of 
the  motor  is  used  only  occasionally,  and  then  for  but  a  few  mo- 

In  cniabinf;  and  elevating  a  cuhic  yard  of  stone  with  a  small 
jaw  crusher  about  15  lb.  of  coal  are  required  for  limestone,  and 
about  18  lb.  for  tough  trap.  Considering  the  fuel  losses  in- 
volved in  operating  a  20-fap,  boiler  and  engine,  it  is  likely  that  a 
consumption  of  9fl0  lb.  of  cosi  per  day  of  10  hours  Indicates  an 
Rctual  10-hour  average  of  less  ttian  10-hp.  and  perhaps  as  low 
»5  8-hp.  If,  then,  a  30-hp.  otflfitric  motor  averages  only  TV^-hp., 
or  75  horsepower- hours  per  Iff-hour  day,  and  if  the  price  of  the 
current   is   4   ct.  per  horsepower-hour,   the  current  cost  is  $3   a 

A  small  i-msher  using  0,4  ton  of  coal  a  day  at  £4,  requires 
only  $1.60  for  fuel;  but  this  is  only  a  "starter"  in  the  e.xpense 
of  the  steam  power.  There  is  the  wage  of  the  engineman,  and  the 
interest,  repairs  and  depreciation  ot  the  boiler  and  engine,  be- 
sides the  cost  of  water,  lubricating  oil   and  other  incidentals. 

OntpTltS  ot  Stone  CnnherB.  Very  little  has  appeared  in  print 
regarding  the  outputs  of  atone  crushers,  therefore  the  accompany- 
ing table  showing  the  actual  output  of  a  numher  of  stone 
crushers  may  be  of  interest; 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


sIm  Dt  bJoke'n%Wne;io:'.';.'.;.*.*.":;.''";.**"      a?*    2W,iii.lV4     "iVi     si 

Number  of  men  feeding  crusher 2  12         2 

Omput  in  cu.  yd.  per  100  hr SW  600  3S0    a)tolM 

Aierage  output  in  cu.  yd.  per  10  hr 300  600  4SI>* 

Beat  output  Id  cu.  yd.  per  10  hr 450  150  £00*        .. 

*  TaOB.    f  NolhinK  larger  tban  wiU  pass  a  2  In.  screen. 

( 1 )  Information  furnished  by  the  Brecken ridge  Stone  Co., 
Breckenridge,  Minn.  The  roek  was  a  limestone.  In  addition  to 
the  two  men  feeding  the  crusher,  a.bout  45  others  were  employed 
by  the  company  on  other  work  about  the  crusher  and  quarry. 
12)  Information  furnished  by  the  l-ake  Shore  Stone  Co,  of  Bel- 
gium, Wis.  The  rock  was  a,  very  hard  dolomite  limestone.  The 
"  one  man  "  referred  to  in  the  table  keeps  the  stone  from  "  bridg- 
ing "  and  keepg  the  hopper  free.  In  addition,  44  men  were  eai' 
ployed  loading  atone  into  cars  going  to  the  crushers,  (3)  In- 
formation  furnished  by  the  Elk  Cement  &  Lime  Co.,  Petoskey. 
Mich.  Tlie  crushers  were  side  by  side,  the  Gates  being  used  for 
rejections.  Hie  rock  was  a  hard  limestone.  The  size  of  broken 
stone  from  the  crusher  ran  up  to  2'%  in.  (4)  Information  fur- 
nished by  Holmes  &  Kunneke,  Columbus,  O.  The  rock  wu  a  hard 
limestone. 

COST  OF  OfEKATINO  A  BTOHE  OKUSaiNO  PLANT  BT  CTTT 

EKFLOTEES    FOB    THREE    AND   ONE-HALF 

MONTHS,  BOSTON,  1IA8S. 

The  Boston  Finance  Commission,  in  1908,  made  a  Btatement 
to  the  efrect  that  in  12  years  the  cily  of  Boston  had  waMrd 
$1,000,000  by  operating  its  own  stone  crushing  plantfl  inntead  of 
buying  crushed  stone  from  contractors  for  street  work.  Cpon 
the  request  of  certain  city  employees  who  professed  confidence 
in  their  ability  to  turn  this  tide  of  extravagance,  the  mayor 
promised  that  for  a  limited  time  one  crushing  plant  would  be 
placed  at  their  disposal  to  demonstrat«  their  claims.  The  em- 
ployees choHe  for  the  experiment  the  Church  Hill  Ave.  plant  and 
the  Boston  Finance  Commission  placed  the  work  of  recording 
the   results  in   the   hands   of  its   engineer!,  Metcalf   &   Bddy,  of 


CRUSHERS  215 

Boston.  The  full  report  or  the  engineers  is  given  In  Vol.  Ill  of 
Finance  Commiesion'H  report  recently  made  public  and  from  this  I 
take  the  following  data: 

The  crusher  plant  occupies  an  area  of  570,000  aq.  ft.,  pur- 
chased in  1RH2  for  $30,000  and  having  an  assessed  value  in  1907 
uf  $79,800,  The  tract  is  used  in  part  for  other  than  quarrying 
and  crushing  purposes.  The  plant  consists  mainly  of  a  30  x  13-in. 
Farrel  crusher,  a  72  x  16-in.  Atlas  engine,  a  66-in.  x  17-ft.  tubular 
boiler,  the  usual  elevators,  bins,  extra  parts  and  tools,  and  of 
three  tar^  and  one  baby  steam  drills.  The  estimated  cost  of  the 
plant  was  $16,653;  interest  was  calculated  at  4%  and  deprecia- 
tion at  6.75%  annually,  which  gives  an  amount  of  $1,791  which 
in  the  costs  following  was  applied  on  a  monthly  basis.  The 
charge  for  steam  drills  is  based  oii  a  rental  of  50  ct,  per  working 

Form  Employed,  The  force  employed,  with  wages,  was  in  gen- 
era] as  follows: 

Labor  Bl  Ledge :  Per  day 


1  tUiiliHBith  at  t3 S.OO 

1  blMltsmiUi's  helper  at  K.X  Z.26 

Stlatm  drilltra  at  K.ie e,7t 

3  iteam  driUers'  help*™  at  12.25  8,75 

10  Btone  breafcers  at  (2.25  2250 

Shand  drilleri  at  »2JS 11.25 

1  powderman  at  «,25  2,26 

Sloadlra  at  I2.2S  ■. 305S 

Total t  78.50 

L^ibor  at  Ornahct: 

1  eniioeer  at  t3.C0  t    3,B0 

1  flreman  at  13,25  3.25 

1  weigher  at  tt.BO  2.60 


Teamirfg : 

6  lin^  teams  at  J3.60  %  21,00 

Total    $121.0(1 

The  force  consisted  largely  of  men  who  were  in  some  degree 

skilled  in  rock  work.  The  majority  of  the  men  were  young  and 
all  were  vigorous  and  skilled  to  such  an  extent  that  the  force  aa 
a  whole  was  ekilful  and  efficient.  There  was  a  marked  lack  of 
interest  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  employees,  which  undoubt- 
edly had  ite  effect  in  reducing  the  amount  of  work  done  eon- 
sfderahly  lielow  tlie  amount  which  would  be  done  under  cootract 


f,.>.»lc 


2111       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

eonditionsi  on  the  other  hand,  it  ahovld  be  stated  that  eome  of  the 
men  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  work  and  did  their  fuU  dut;. 
Freparstory  Work.     To  put  the  plant  in  condition  for  the  test 
there  were  expended  the  following  amoynts: 

Hems  CoHt 

Labor    |2ff7.Bl 


This  made  a  charge  of  80.028  per  ton  of  output  during  the  test 
trun.  Th?re  were  also  $68.44  expended  on  repairs  to  scales  ^rhich, 
being  permanent  repairs,  were  not  charged  to  the  test;  thej 
amount  to  a  charge  of  $0  0076  or  about  ^i  ct.  per  ton  of  output. 
To  house  and  prepare  plant  and  tools  for  the  winter  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  test  run  coat  $18  or  $0,002  per  ton  oE  output- 
Method  of  Operation.  The  quarry  was  first  stripped  of  the 
earth  overlying  the  le^e,  after  which  holes  were  drilled  in  the 
rock  hy  means  of  steam  drills.  These  holes  were  loaded  with 
dynamite  and  exploded,  thus  throwing  out  great  4|uaDtities  of 
stone.  Much  of  the  stone  thus  thrown  out  was  in  large  blocks, 
which  required  breaking  before  they  could  be  put  into  the  crusher. 
In  some  cases  this  conid  be  done  by  sledging  and  it)  other  cases 
holea  were  drilled  in  them  by  means  of  a  bftby  steam  drill  and 
hand  drills,  and  the  blocks  cracked  by  use  of  dynamite.  The 
stone  thus  prepared  for  the  crusher  was  hauled  to  the  loadin>! 
platform,  where  it  was  dumped  into  the  crusher  and  upon  thi' 
platform-  Men  were  stationed  on  the  platform  to  feed  the  roci: 
into  the  crusher.  After  passing  through  the  crusher  the  broken 
stone  was  delivered  by  elevator  to  a  revolving  screen  where  it  wae 
separated  into  two  grades;  the  very  fine,  or  dust,  being  conveyed 
to  one  set  of  bias  and  the  cracked  stone  to  another  set.  These 
bins  hold  aH>roximately  400  tons;  and  when  the  demand  for  atone 
tor  use  upon  the  streets  was  not  equal  io  the  output  of  the 
crusher,  and  the  bins  were  full,  it  became  necessary  to  haul  the 
balance  of  the  output  to  a  pile  in  the  yard  — about  2,25!)  ton? 
of  broken  stone  and  194  tons  of  dust  being  stored  in  the  yard 
for  this  reason. 

There  was  a  misunderstanding  with  regard  to  hauling  of  stone 
from  the  bins  to  the  pile  in  the  yard,  which  cauwd  a  elightj 
delay  on  July  1,  2  and  3,  during  a  portion  of  which  time  thel 
crusher  was  abut  down.  This  delay  amounted  in  the  aggregate  ui 
not  over  two  days  of  erusher  service,  during  which  time  tha 
quarrying  was  proceeding  as  usnal.  After  July  3  there  wag  no 
appr«eiable  delay  on  account  of  causes  beyond  the  control  of  tbel 


CRUSHERS  217 

fareman,  except  such  oMasionitt  delays  as  are  inevitaUe  upon 
aiKh  work  due  to  temporarj  disa.bleiDetit  of  the  plant. 

In  this  coniiMrtlon  it  sbould  be  noted  that  the  capacity  of  the 
bins   being   only   about   400   tonsi  they   were   sufficient   only   for 

about  2\ii  days  output  oE  t!ie  cruehcr  as  it  was  operated.  The 
normal  capacity  of  the  crusher  is  claimed  by  the  manufacturers 
to  be  about  250  tone  per  day,  while  the  maximnm  output  tor  any 
one  day  during  this  teat  was  22,1  tons. 

During  three  weeks  in  July,  three  drills  were  operated,  but  this 
was  found  to  be  inadrisable  because  the  force  of  laborers  was 
unable  to  handle  the  rock  as  fast  as  it  was  blown  out. 

Periods  of  Operation.  The  results  of  this  test  have  been  di- 
vided into  three  periods,  so  that  the  comparative  progress  from 
time  to  time  can  be  noted,  as  well  as  any  improvement  in  the 
Mst  of  operation.  The  dates  of  closing  these  periods  were  so 
selected  that  the  amount  of  uncrushed  stone  which  had  been 
quarried  was  comparatively  small,  being  in  no  case  in  excess 
of  200  tons. 

First  Period  — The  first  period  was  from  May  28  to  July  13, 
inclusive,  but  included  only  that  drilling  and  Jtlackamithing  done 
Dp  to  July  0,  inclusive,  which  corresponded  to  the  output  ot  the 
first  period.  The  work  and  expense  of  this  perio*  may  be  sum- 
marized as  follows : 
Work  Done: 

aiTinpIng  rcmoied    17*  lona 

Holes  drilled  <£%'lii.  diuneler)  b;  strain  drills 1,IW9.B  ft. 

m«ted)    2«l  taaa 

Broken  iilons  ready  for  rmsher  at  snd  nf  period. oona 

ToUI  ou^nt  oFcrugbed  Htone  dmlBg  this  period 1,K1  louB 

Coet: 
Idbor  and  teaniiBg  per  tnn  ol  ootpnt  fl.21 

ToUl  cost  per  Ion  ot  ontynl  |lJt2 

In  this  summary,  as  in  the  summaiies  of  the  other  perioils,  no 
account  is  taken  of  interest,  depreciation  or  rental  ot  plant,  and 
certain  general  items  ot  expense,  or  a  few  incidental  supplies. 
The  final  summary  covering  the  entire  period,  however,  includes 
all  of  these  expenses. 

It  should  be  noted,  in  the  consideration  of  the  first  period,  that 
the  cost  per  ton  of  output  includes  all  of  the  preliminary  work, 
which  amounted  to  approximately  J0.I5  per  ton  of  the  output  ot 
this  period.  Deducting  the  cost  of  the  preliminary  work  from  the 
cost  per  ton  of  output.  $1.32,  for  the  first  period  leaves  the  net 
cost  for  this  period  $1.17  per  ton,  which  cost  can  be  compared 
with  similar  costs  for  the  second  and  third  periods. 


,  ai8         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Second  Period  —  The  Beeond  period  extended  from  Juiy    14   to 
11   a.   m.   of  July   2\,   incluBive,   and   inclndee   the   drilling    and 
hla^^ltsmithing  applicable  to  this  period.     Tlie  vork  and  expense 
of  tlie  Becond  period  may  be  Buntmadzed  ae  follows: 
Work  Dons: 

airipplog  remOYBd   85  tong 

HoloB  drilled  13%  in.  diameUr)  by  ete>m  dill]!i  402.7  ft. 

Dnbroken  etone  dd  liaad  at  eipiration  of  period  (eBli- 

roaled)     GO  tons 

Broken  elone  ready  for  crueber  at  expirallon  ot  period  none 

ToUl  ontpat  ot  crualied  stone  daring  this  period  HOG  ions 

Cost: 

MalerialB  osed   '^'.\'^"'.'.'^'.'.'.V.'.'.'.'.'.    OM 

Total  roat  per  U>a  of  output  10.88 

Third  Period  — The  third  period  extended  from  II  a,  ni.  of 
■Itily  21  to  September  lO,  inclusive,  and  final  date  of  the  test.  The 
work  and  expense  of  the  third  period  may  be  summarized  as 
follows ; 

Work  Done; 

Stripping  removed   125  toni 

Holea  drilled  <2%-in.  diameter)  by  sleam  drilki  2,08T.»ft. 

Unbroken  stone  on  band  at  enpirallDn  ol  iieriod  (esti- 

maledJ .'     200  tons 

Broken  aloae  ready  for  cruaher  at  eipiration  ot  period  none 

Totel  oulpnt  of  crualied  stone  during  thia  iierod  0,S97  lona 

Labor  and  teaming  per  (on  of  ouliiul  VIS 

Materials  used 0.08 

Total  cost  per  ton  of  output  t0.8t 

It  should  be  noted  tliat  the  cost  per  ton  of  output  during  the 
third  period  was  very  close  to  that  of  the  second  period.  The 
reduction  in  cost  of  stone  crushed  during  the  second  and  third 
periods  below  that  of  the  first  period,  after  deducting  the  cost 
of  preparatory  work,  shows  the  result  of  the  experience  acquired 
by  t]ie  force  and  improvement  in  organisation. 

Sesulta  of  Entire  Test.     Ah  already  stated,  the  duration  of  this 
test  was  from  May  28  to  Septcmiier  10,  inclusive.    The  details  of 
the  cost  of  this   test  are  given   in  Table   B,     The   work   accom- 
plished during  the  test  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 
Work  Doner 
Stripping  removed  (a  largo  part  of  (be  itripping  bad 
been  done  prior  to  tbe  beginning  ot  thia  teat  and 

is  DOt  included  herein)    3S1  toaa  i 

Holea  drilled  (2:K'iD.  diameter)  by  aleam  drill 4,1(0.1  ft. 

Unbroken  atone  on  hand  at  beginning  of  teat  none 

mated)    ...'.." 200  tout  I 

Broken  atone  ready  for  crusher  at  eijiiration  of  lest..  sane 


HU-k' 


CRUSHERS  219 

Tutsi  output  ot  cnuked  iloiie  dorinc  Hal : 

Dual  I.ITO  tma  (22%)- 

atone  «,9S3  1ons  (78%) 

Tlie  -cost   t(i  the  tity   of  producing  the  8,053   tons   of  cruslied 
stone,   exclusive    of   S6S.44    paid    for    permanetit   repairs   to    the 
scales,  may  \>t  Hummarized  as  follows: 
Cost: 

L.alior  sDd  (eamlng  |0.S8l 

Maleiial  used 0.1« 

Interot.  deprcriation  and  reulil  at  toob  and  macbiiwrj.    0.06S 


ginnine  or  t«t  .. 
Total  cost   


Het  cost  at  crushed  stane  iiroduced  11  ,OTS 

The  major  items  of  the  foregoin<-  stimmRry  may  lie  8iil)d)vided 
into  a  oompara lively  Bmsll  nomli^r  of  items  whiuh  will  show 
the  cost  of  the  various  parts  of  the  proeeas  of  preparing  crushed 
ntnne.      (See  Talile  A.) 

Table   A  —  Summaby  Showiso   Afpboxiuatc  Distbuution   of 
Expenses  at  Chestnut  Hiu.  AvE\rE  Cbisbeb 

OoM  per         ot  total 
lOD  flgnn^       rhsr(«d 


Qmrrjinf^  jnd    brcskinc    ItM    Iiavlnc 

lie  pnd  ot 


deducted    • 


Stripping UtS4 

Snipping  done  jirior  to  lest  mtimilpdj .  223.S3                 .uid                 ^.> 

Loidinj  and  dellTery  to  ornaher  l.SSO.W                 .2S1                M.E 

Crushing: 

Operation  (includinr  feeding  crniheM  ..  1,25B.M                 .HO                13.0 
Interest    and    depreciation    on    planl    (3 

apeciBl  expense* : 

n'eighiDg  (tone  in.SI  -          .MO  tS 

Weighing  itrippmi    19.67.  .1X12  0.2 

HaqliDgTjIna  to  pile  {2,<53  loni)  281.15  .032  S,0 

Holidaya    TIB.TS  .079  7.3 

Abtent  witli  pa;  27.5S  .003  0.3 

Total  charged  to  output  (9.831.99  t).l)7&  100.0 

F^rmanenl  repaln  lo  icalai  68.44 

Total  cart  of  teat  19.700.43 

*  Output  equala  S,S&3  tons  o(  cmalied  aloue  (inolnding  duat).    Ilnae  unit! 

Qnirrying  and  breaking 80  749 

Cruahing    0  214 

Holiday's  and  alneot  olth  pay  0082 

Total    I1.07S 


2E0       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

DlBtrlbntion  of  Cost  of  Foreman,  Bmgliiecr,  Flrem&n  &ad  Coal. 

The  Foreman  devoted  his  time  almout  wholly  to  work  of  quar- 
Tjing  ftnd  breaking  the  rock  for  the  crunlier,  and  only  a  Email 
portion  to  the  operation  of  the  crusher.  We  have,  therefore, 
charged  30%  of  liia  lime  to  the  quarrying,  00%  to  the  breakint; 
and   10%  to  the  erushinj;. 

The  steam  for  running  the  steam  drills  waa  furnished  from  the 
boiler,  which  constituted  a  part  of  the  crusher  plant.  This  boiler 
was  under  the  general  direction  of  the  engineer  and  was  cared 
for  hj  a  Qreman.  We  have  not  charged  any  portion  of  the  lime 
of  the  engineer  to  quarrying,  but  have  charged  one-half  of  the 
lime  of  llie  fireman  aa  well  as  one-half  the  cost  of  the  coal  used. 

Stripping.  In  certain  places  the  ledge  was  covered  with  a 
layer  of  earth,  which  it  was  neceaaary  either  to  remove  before 
blasting  or  aeparate  from  the  stones  after  blasting.  A  portion 
of  this  material  had  been  removed  from  the  ledge  prior  to  the 
beginning  of  Ibis  test.  The  quantity  of  stripping  removed  dur- 
ing the  experimental  run  uas  384  tons,  and  pur  eatimate  of  the 
amount  which  was  moved  prior  to  the  beginning  of  tha  run  (the 
cost  of  which  should  be  charged  against  this  experiment)  would 
be  350  tons,  or  an  amount  nearly  equal  to  that  removed  durinj! 
the  test.  The  cost  of  stripping  done  during  the  test  was  $0  637 
per  ton  of  soil  stripped  from  the  surface  of  the  ledge.  At  thia 
rate,  the  stripping  done  prior  to  the  test  would  have  cost  $222.ii5 
had  it  been  done  by  the  same  force  aa  a  part  of  the  experiment. 
This  estimated  cost  of  preliminary  stripping  amouDts  to  30.025 
per  ton  of  output. 

Allowance  for  Bock  Dnarried  but  Fot  Slatted.  As  already 
stated  there  was  no  quarried  rock  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of 
the  test,  but  there  was  a  quantity  of  about  200  tons  remaining 
'  at  its  close.  This  should,  of  coume,  be  credited  to  the  experi- 
ment, which  has  been  done  by  deducting  the  cost  of  qijarrying| 
it  from  tlie  entire  cost  of  tbe  experiment.  The  cost  of  quarrf' 
ing,  including  stripping,  was  about  $0.2S  per  ton  of  rock  4}uir 
ried  ( 8,9S3  tons  of  output  -|-  200  tona  unbroken  rock  =  0,103  tone 
quarried).  The  coat  of  quarrying  200  tona  was  therefore  t-iO. 
which  amounts  to  $0,005  per  ton  of  output,  which  has  been  d^ 
ducted  from  the  total  cost  of  output.  I 

Beromt  of  Eeanlts  of  Test.  This  test  has  covered  a  period  of| 
time  sufllciently  great  to  demonstrate  with  accuracy  the  cost  of 
producing  crushed  stone  at  the  Chestnut  Hill  avenue  crusher  ht 
day  labor,  under  the  conditions  of  the  test.  The  force  apparently 
consisted  of  men  skillful  and  cMnpetent  aa  could  be  selected  froa 
the  entire  organization  of  the  division,  and  certainly  gave 
dence   of   being   reasonably   akillfu!    and   able-bodied.     So   far  11 


CRUSHERS  221 

Foutd  be  seen  the  faremon  in  charge  of  the  work  was  given  an 
absolutel;  free  hanil  to  organize  his  force  as  he  deemed  best, 
and  to  adopt  snch  methoda  of  handling  the  work  b«  be  might 
deaire.  With  very  slit^ht  and  unimportant  exceptiona  he  was  fur- 
niEbed  with  tools  and  Bi^jpliee  promptly,  so  that  there  is  no  rea- 
Bon  to  think  that  the  output  could  have  been  increaaed  by  the 
improyement  oE  conditions  depending  upon  the  co-operation  of  fain 
Bupcrior  officers  in  the  Street  Department.  The  net  renult  of 
IliiB  teat  appears  to  be  that  tbe  crushed  atone  wat  produced  at  a 
^oet  to  the  city  of  $1,075  per  ton.  These  figures  make  no  allow- 
inee  for  the  cost  of  the  quarry  to  the  city,  or  tlie  cost  of  ad- 
miniftration  and  clerical  serviceB  at  the  office,  the  latter  of 
which  is  estimated  at  ^.05  per  ton  of  output. 

This  experiment  has  been  carried  out  under  tbe  very  best  of 
conditione.  Tlie  quarry  and  crusher  selected  was  tbe  mosl  favor- 
able of  any  which  the  city  haa  worked  in  the  post,  and  pro- 
duced crushed  stone  in  11)05  more  cheaply  than  any  other  cruehcr. 
During  that  year  each  of  five  cruahera  produced  more  than 
30,000  tons  of  broken  stone  — tbe  Bleiler,  Centee  Street,  Chestnut 
Hill  Avenue,  Codman  Street  and  Columbia  Road  crushers,  Of 
these  the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenve  crusher  yielded  the  smalleet  out- 
put, although  the  coet  per  ton  of  cnisbed  etone,  $1,148,  was  lower 
than  that  of  any  of  the  others.  The  cost  of  producing  crushed 
stone  during  tbe  test  was  therefore  reduced  less  than  ^.OS  below 
the  cost  of  producing  crushed  stcoe  at  this  crusher  during  the 
fear  1»05. 

We  have  already  called  attention  to  the  marked  increase  in 
efficiency  of  tbe  force  employed  at  tbe  crusher  during  tbe  second 
and  third  peiiods  of  tbe  experiment.  It  is  reasonable  to  ittquire 
nhat  tbe  cost  of  tbe  output  would  have  been  had  all  the  work 
been  done  with  the  same  efficiency.  Such  an  estimate  may  be 
obtained  by  adding  the  coat  of  interest  and  depreciation,  rental 
of  machinery  and  tools,  temporary  repairs,  and  the  stripping  done 
U-fore  tbe  beginning  of  tbe  test,  to  the  cost  of  any  particular 
period,  4r  tm  assumed  cost.  Theee  items  amount  to  over  $0.10 
per  ton  of  output,  so  that  it  is  reasonable  to  estimate  tJie  cost 
of  operating  tbe  crusher  at  $0.06  to  $1  per  ton  of  output,  based 
upon  tbe  efficiency  attained  during  tbe  sectrnd  and  third  periods. 
This  estimate,  as  in  all  other  cases,  doea-not  include  any  charge 
tu  account  of  administration  or  office  expense,  nor  does  it  include 
any  char;^  for  the  cost  of  owning  and  maintaining  the  quarry. 

Comparison  with  Harket  Fiioei  of  Cmihed  Stone.  According 
to  tbe  report  upon  stone  crnehers  already  cited,  the  market  piii^ 
of  crushed  stone  f.  o.  b.  ears  at  tbe  crusher  is  50  cts.  per  net 


222         HAMDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

ton.  While  it  ia  not  possible  to  determine  accuratet;  the  market 
price  of  crushed  stone  f.  o.  b.  cars  Boston,  under  a  contract  simi- 
lar to  one  which  the  city  might  negotiate,  an  eBtimate  was  given 
in  the  report,  from  which  we  have  just  quoted,  amounting  to 
SI  per  ton  f.  o.  b.  cars,  or  $1.10  loaded  upon  wagons  ready  for 
hauling  to  the  atreeti.  It  thus  appears  that  the  cost  of  crushed 
stone  produced  during  this  teat  was  more  than  twice  that  of 
crushed  stone  f.  o.  b.  cars  at  the  crusher  of  a  private  corporation, 
or  more  than  twice  the  price  for  which  it  could  be  produced  at 
the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue  crusher  by  a  contractor,  and  that  t\tt 
cost  was  about  t0.02S  lean  than  the  estimated  contract  price  of 
.crushed  stone  purchased  in  the  local  market  and  loaded  upon 
wagons  in  BoBton.  These  figures  include  no  part  of  administra- 
tion or  office  expenses,  and  no  portion  of  the  cost  to  the  city  of 
owning  and  maintaining  the  quarry.  The  administrHl  ion  and  of- 
fice expense  would  doubtless  amount  to  as  much  as  £0.05  per  ton 
of  output,  but  wc  aie  not  in  position  to  make  any  estimate  of 
the  cost  to  the  city  of  owning  and  maintaining  the  quarry. 

We  made  the  statement  that  the  cost  of  cruslied  stone  produced 
during  the  test  was  more  than  twice  the  price  for  which  it 
could  be  produced  at  the  Chestnut  Mill  Avenue  crusher  by  con- 
tract, upon  the  assumption  that  conditions  could  be  the  same  at 
this  crusher  as  at  the  large  commercial  crushers  in  use. 

As  we  understand  the  law,  a,  contractor  producing  stone  at  this 
crusher  for  the  use  of  the  city  would  be  obliged  to  confine  the 
hours  of  labor  to  an  eight-hour  day,  which  would  materially 
increase  the  cost  of  his  work.  It  iii  also  probable  that  the  city 
would  find  it  impracticable  to  take  the  maiimum  output  of  the 
crusher  at  all  times,  which  would  also  be  an  important  factor  in 
the  cost  of  operating  this  plant. 

As  stated  in  our  report,  the  companies  furnishing  crushed  stone 
within  reasonable  railroad  disluices  of  Boston  appear  to  be  very 
willing  to  dispose  of  their  product  at  50  cents  per  ton  t.  o.  b. 
cars  at  crusher.  We  have  one  instance  where  crushed  stone  of 
one  si/e  {not  the  run  of  tiie  crusher)  was  furnished  at  a  coat 
of  55  cents  per  yard,  or  about  44  cents  per  ton  delivered  in  place, 
including  more  or  less  freight  expense.  Obviously  this  stone  was 
sold  at  a  prii^e  at  least  as  low  as  40  cents  per  ton  at  crusher.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  these  plants  are  very 
large  ones,  much  larger  than  the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue  crusher. 
We  have  obtained  the  following  data  relating  to  the  cost  of 
operating  a  small  temporary  crushing  plant  on  a  trap  rock  quarry 
from  April  to  October,  1908.  The  crusher  was  a  IO14  by  Ifi 
inch  Acme — a  smaller  outfit  than  that  in  use  at  Chestnut  Hill 


Avenue,     The  ctMt  of   producing  the   itoiie  is  given  i 
the  following  table: 

Og« 

Picking  or  drillini  n,16E,03 

BreakioK    1,937.23 

Loading    1,S43M 

Haulinr aWJM 

Crushing    1,229.7S 

Suporlnlendeneo    «7.H> 

Colli,  oil,  etr 6iiH» 

Dynamite  and  exploderi  418.iW 

Total    t8,3«.IB 

Flint  rental  (fZlO  per  mo.)  


It  appears  from  the  foregoing  table  that  the  total  amount  of 
atone,  18,599  tons,  was  quarried  and  crushed  for  43  ct.  per  t«ii, 
not  including  rental  of  plant.  TIte  rental  of  plant  —  actual!;  a 
rcntod  plant — was  S0.07U2,  which  added  to  45  c«nte  would  make 
n  total  cost  of  .13  rents  per  ton. 

It  is  important  to  note  that  during  the  teat  run  of  the  Chest- 
nut Hill  Avenue  crusher,  the  average  output  wan  120  tons  prr 
day  for  three  uionthB  (75  dajs)  of  actual  operation  of  crusher. 
The  nominal  capacity  of  the  crusher  being  240  tuns,  it  appeals 
that  the  output  was  just  one-half  of  the  capacity.  Uniler  good 
management  there  should  b«  no  ditHculty  in  turning  out  240  tonn 
of  stone  per  day,  and  this  could  have  been  turned  out  during  the 
test  run  without  materially  increasing  the  exp»i*e  of  the  output, 
escept  for  the  cost  of  quarrying  and  breaking.  ThCBC  items 
would  have  been  materially  increased  if  the  methods,  djei-ipline 
and  character  of  labor  remained  the  »ame. 

In  considering  this  subject,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
there  is  not  euQirient  rock  available  at  this  location  to  warrant 
the  establishment  of  a  very  large  crushing  plant.  There  is 
prohably  stone  enough  to  supply  the  present  crushing  plant  for  a 
period  of  three  or  four  years.  (This  is  only  a  rough  guess  be- 
cause no  measurements  have  been  taken  upon  which  to  base 
an  opinion.} 

Prom  a  further  consideration  of  the  statement  in  our  report, 
which  we  have  quoted  above,  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  a  eon- 
traetor  might  produce  crushed  stone  at  the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue 
i^rusher  for  about  one-half  of  the  cost  of  crushing  stone  during 
the  test  run.  This,  however,  would  probably  not  Include  the 
contractor'!  profit,  and  would  necessitate  his  having  an  abundant 
market  which  would  enable  him  to  work  the  plant  to  its  maxi- 
mum capacity.     It  Is  not  probable  that  the  city  could  let  this  work 


224        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

to  a'  contrnctor  for- a  aum  aa  low  as  one-lialf  the  eoat  of  the 
output   during  the  test   run  for   the  reasons  aJread;  given. 

Cost  of  Hauling  Cmilied  Stone  to  the  Streets.    An  examina-  | 
tion   of   the   teaming   checks   covering   a   period   of  alwut    thre*   j 
weeks,  a  portion  of  which  was  during  snd  a  portion  after   this   ' 
teat,  showed  that  the  cost  of  delivering  stone  amounted  to  about 
$0.40  per  ton  for  the  first  mile,  and  about  80.10  per  ton  for  each   ■ 
additional  mile.     Thus,  with  stone  costing  $1,075  per  ton   in  the 
bin,   the   total   cost  to   the  city  of   such   stone   delivered   to   the 
street,   At   a  distance   of  one   mile   from   the   crusher^   would   !>«   ' 
$1,476  per  ton,  or  at  a  point  two  miles  from  the  crusher,  $l.fl75 
per  ton.     For  comparison  with  contract  prices,  this  figure  should   . 
be  increased  by  the  amount  of  the  coHt  of  purchasing  and  main- 
taining the  quarrj  and  the  proportionate  cost  of  adajinistration   ^ 
and  office  forces,  not  only  on  account  of  the  quarrying  and  crush-   i 
ing,  but  also  on  account  of  teaming. 

Table  B  —  Data  on   Cobt  of  Opebatino   Stone  Cbusbeb  at 

Chestnut  IIiil  Avbkue  Lshoe,  Bsiohton,  Mabs.,  fbom 

Mat  2S  to  Sutembeb  10,  lOOtt,  Inclubivb 

Ilem  Cwtper 

IiBbor :  '  ton  figured 

SupervlisloD  (faisniaii):  Total  coat       oa  output 

breakiiij;,  90%  t  253.S8  tons 


Buildint- 

Innslliiig  drlnlnE  plant  TT.El 

BamoTlas  and  iloring  drilling  pUnt  18.00 

Openting  drilh   453.9S 

Furni'bing  Ble*Di  for  opprntlng  steam  drills  111.16 

Clrnnine  loc-k  for  drills  and  moving  eame  ..  lOO.W 

Blacksmith  an  Imlge  loidii  and  piiie  fliliiica.  392^ 

Blasting  and  rare  of  exploalvea  1K2.;9 

Breaking  elone  1,3B!.« 

Hand  drUling  (block  holm)   Glt.!>5 

Loading  alonp  l,0in.S7 

Jteaiaviag  and  loading  atrlnping  124.00 

Weighing  atODO. ISUT 


Frvding 


Oroahtir  onaratkia  (enrdnFar,   flremaB,    oiler 

and  pitman)   639.74 

Crusher  rppalra   B5.it4 

Absent  with  pay  Z!SX 

Holidaya    706.75 


Buildings    i^ 

DrillinK  plant    SOD 

Hanling  alone  to  crusher  SE9,38 

Hauling  BirimilDg  111.47 

Hauling  product  to  rilo  281.15 

Total   r.M'.efi 


|l|PI|i::ni;i:n!:iii     iiliii 


m  u 


iHNnr^ ^^^^^ 


'liifi 


228        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

:    iiiiiiiiiS   ||S|||||1     I 
I 

I    pS5i3Sp    iP||i||.l||l 


ispSSiS 


; ;  i :  li  ii-i  :s1a;   i:   ; 


I 
I 


i? 


ij 


i:      Intnli 

^!    J:ii!l 


Jaw  aod  f^jrator;  crnahere  are  the  two  distinct  types  of  crueh- 
erB  extensively  used  for  the  preliminary  reduction  of  rock  and 
ore.  Tbe  well  known  Dodge  and  Blake  cruahera  are  the  beat 
examples  of  the  jaw  type  and  have  been  widely  used  for  inan,v 
years.  Aside  from  some  modilicationB  in  the  method  of  apply- 
ing the  thrust  and  in  tbe  construction  of  the  frame,  these  ma- 
chines a>  built  today  are  similar  to  the  early  designa.  The  gyra- 
tory type  of  rock  breaker  waa  introduced  about  ld8r>.  Ita  large 
cnpapity  was  its  moat  attractive  feature  and  led  to  its  rapid 
introduction.  The  early  designs  were  faulty  in  many  features. 
There  is  an  improved  design  which  has  become  more  or  less 
standard  with  the  several  manufacturers.  This  is  the  suspendeil- 
Bhaft,  two-arm  spider,  drop-bottum  type,  with  cut-steel  bevel 
geartt,  forced  oil  circulation,  mangaaese-steel   crushing  head  and 


Since  it  is  possible  to  purcliaae  either  type  of  crusher  in  almost 
any  size  and  with  the  aasuranco  that  the  design  and  construction 
are  adequate  for  the  work  intended,  the  choice  of  type  can  be 
made  strictly  on  the  basis  of  suitability  and  economy.  There 
are  fadd  in  machinery  aa  well  as  in  millinery.  The  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  gyratory  crusher,  and  its  success  in  meeting 
severe  requirements  have  led  many  to  advocate  the  complete 
retirement  of  the  jaw  type.  £ai;h  type  has  a  field  in  which  it 
is  superior,  and  it  is  easy  to  deilne  tbe.  limits  of  each.  There 
are  certain  advantages  and  disadvantages  that  are  inherent  in 
each  type  of  machine,  irrespective  of  size  or  service,  and  these 
are  generally  fairly  well  recognised  Of  greater  importance  and 
less  generally  appreciated,  are  the  characteristics  of  each  machine 
for  a   particular  size  and   service. 

Table  I  baa  been  prepared  to  show  at  a  glance  tbe  compara- 
tive features  of  the  two  types  over  a  wide  range  of  sizes  and 
services.  Ail  the  machines  quoted  in  the  table,  except  the  two 
largest  sizes  of  gyratory  crushers,  are  standard  sizes.  The 
weights,  capacities,  required  power,  etc ,  are  those  guaranteed  by 
the  maoufacturera  for  average  conditions  with  hard,  friable 
rock.  The  machines  quoted  in  the  table  to  deliver  a  certain 
sized  product  are  tbe  medium  sizes  adapted  to  that  product,  as 
both  larger  and  smaller  machines,  witliin  amall  limits,  could 
l>e  adjusted  to  produce  a  certain  size  of  material.  The  par- 
ticnlara  of  the  3Sx282-in.  and  the  42x345-in.  gyratory  crushers 
are   only   approximate,    as    the   largest   standard    size   manufac- 


228         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

tured  is  24  x  108  in.  Gyratory  cruBhera  Ui^r  than  24  x  198  in. 
have  been  liuilt  to  special  design. 

Size  of  Feed.  Inappction  of  the  compiled  and  calculated  data 
in  Table  I  reveals  the  following  intereBting  comparisons;  It 
develops  that  in  each  cane  the  gyratory  is  a  machine  of  greater 
weidht,  capHpJty  and  horiepower  than  the  Btake  cruhher  for  the 
same  size  feed  and  product.  The  ttti  opening  of  the  Blake 
type  ia  rectangular,  that  of  the  gyratory  ia  neceBearily  the  seg- 
ment of  a  ring.  From  this  fact  it  follows  that  the  weight  and 
capacity  of  a  gyratory  crusher  will  increase  more  rapidly  with 
an  increase  in  the  width  of  the  receiving  opening  than  will  the 
Blake  type.  In  other  words,  we  may  vary  the  width  or  the  length 
of  the  feed  opening  in  the  Blake  type  Independently  of  each 
other,  while  in  the  gyratory  type  the  width  of  the  feed  opening 
controla  the  entire  design,  and  the  whole  maehine  m'lst  be  pro- 
portioned accordingly.  This  ie  an  important  charftcteriBtic  and 
has  great  influence  in  deflnini;  the  field  of  earh  type. 

Weight,  Capacity  and  Horsepover.  Table  II,  which  is  com. 
puted  from  the  data  given  in  Table  I,  indicates  a  notable 
superiority  of  the  gyratory  tjpe  aa  refn>rds  cffiKienoy  of  power 
conHumption  and  capacity  per  twi  weight  of  crusher.  In  all 
canes  tabulated,  except  the  first  (cruahing  from  7  to  1%  in.), 
the  relative  capacity  of  the  g>-ratory  ia  greater  than  either  thf 
relative  weight  or  required  power.  Referring  to  the  third  col- 
umn of  Table  II,  it  appears  that  in  this  case  the  weight  of  the 
gyratory  ia  l.C  times  that  of  the  Blake  cruaher  for  the  same 
size  few!  and  product,  but  the  capacity  of  the  gyratory  is  2.9 
timea  that  of  the  Blake,  and  the  relative  power  required  is  onlj 
1.66.  This  comparison  l>etwe«n  the  two  types  is  also  emphaaized 
by  the  values  of  capacity  per  installed  horsepower  which  wen 
computed  for  Table  I.  The  gyratory  is  shown  to  vary  from 
0  68  U>a  per  hour  iniitalled  horsepower,  in  the  smalletit  siae  tabu- 
lated, to  4.60  for  the  largest  siM,  while  the  Blake  has  the  vAlun 
O.RO  to  2  for  the  same  condllione.  The  greater  duty  per  installed 
horsepower  in  the  gyratory  type  is  due  to  several  reasons.  A  jav 
cruHher  must  break  a  rock  by  simple  compressive  force,  bigti 
stresses  l>eing  obtained  by  impact.  The  gyratory  has  the  adsan- 
tase  of  breaking  a  large  nombcr  of  pieces  by  beam  action  he- 
cause  of  the  eonrave  shape  of  the  shell  and  the  convex  shape  of 
the  cruahing  head.  This  action  introrinrea  both  compressive  and 
tensile  atresses  in  the  piece  of  rock,  causing  it  to  break  with  lew 
exertion  of  force  because  the  tenaile  strength  of  rock  ot  ore  ia 
only  a  fraction  of  its  compresKive  strength. 

The  gyratory  is  more  economical  of  power  owing  to  its  cmi- 
tinuoua    action.     A   jaw   breaks    consumes   a   large   amount   of 


CRUSHERS  229 

energy  in  oTeTcomiug  the  inertia  of  the  heaTf  and  rapidly  re- 
ciprocating parte.  Another  feature  which  helps  to  aicnunt  for 
the  relatively  large  amount  of  power  that  is  installed  for  Blake 
crushera  is  the  intermittent  character  of  the  work.  The  demand 
is  irregular,  and  ma;  temporarily  far  exceed  the  average,  so  a 
crusher  of  the  jaw  type  must  be  liberally  equipped  with  power. 

Couparlion  of  Operatlnt  Adranta^i.  Referenee  to  Table  1 
shows  the  marked  advantage  of  the  BlaVe  over  the  gyratory 
type  as  regards  the  height  of  crusher.  This  ie  an  important 
item,  ai  it  coirtrols  the  height  of  buildinga.  Tn  addition  to  the 
greater  actual  height  of  the  gyratory  it  requires  much  clear 
headroom  both  above  and  below  the  machine  for  the  necessary 
raising  and  lowering  of  the  parts.  The  floor  space  oocunied  is 
about  the  same  tor  either  machine  for  a  certain  size  feed  and 
prod  net. 

The  concave  shape  of  the  rigid  shell  of 'the  gyratory,  resulting 
in  breaking  some  of  the  rock  by  beam  action,  causes  the  mate- 
rial to  he  more  cnbieal  in  form  than  tjie  product  of  a  jaw 
crusher.  For  this  reason  tbe  gyratory  nsually  gives  the  most 
uniform  product  from  a  given  ore  or  rock. 

Other  conditiottB  being  equal,  there  is  less  actual  wear  on  the 
liners  of  a  }aw  crusher,  because  the  tendency  toward  a  certain 
grinding  action  cannot  be  entirely  eliminated  from  the  gyratory 
type.  Owing  to  the  conical  shape  of  the  concave  liners  of  a 
gyratory  they  cannot  be  reversed  when  worn  at  the  bottom. 
The  plates  for  a  jaw  crusher  can  be  arranged  to  be  turned  end 
for  end  when  the  lower  part  becomes  badly  worn.  For  these  rea- 
sons the  renewals  for  the  gyratory  type  are  a  greater  expense 
than  in  the  jaw  type. 

Provided  the  feed  is  previously  reduced  to  proper  size,  attend- 
ance is  tbe  same  for  one  machine  of  either  type,  which  gives 
an  important  advantage  to  the  gyratory  in  those  esses  where 
its  larger  capacity  enables  It  to  replace  two  or  more  jaw  crush- 

Sepaln.  Repairs  are  more  difficult  to  make,  and  possibly  more 
frequent,  with  the  gyratory  type.  Tbe  critical  mechanical  fea- 
ture of  the  gyratory  is  the  eccentric  drive  on  the  lower  end  of 
the  main  shaft.  With  hard  rock  and  heavy  feeding  it  requires 
efficient  lubrication  to  keep  the  bearings  cool.  A  well  designed 
Blake  crusher  Is  easier  to  keep  in  order.  The  introduction  of 
Steel  casting*  for  the  main  frame  of  the  jaw"  crushers  has 
Increased  the  strength  and  lessened  the  weight  of  that  important 
part.  Ab  regards  vibration  during  operation  the  gyratory  ie 
superior,  as  it  rune  very  eteadily. 

The  consideration  of  relative  merits  for  a  specifled  capacity. 


230        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and  the  compariBoas  drawn  therefrom  are  all  on.  the  basis  of  a 
giveD  size  of  feed  and  product.  It  would  be  desirable  to  compare 
the  two  types  on  the  basis  of  given  capacity  ae  well  as  sice  ol 
feed  and  product,  but  this  is  not  possible.  When  we  desi^ate 
tiie  feed  and  product,  the  si)^  and  capacity  of  the  appropriate 
crusher  of  each  type  is  determined  thereby,  and  these  vary  widely 
for  the  two  types. .  Tlie  bearing  that  the  required  capacity  has 
upon  the  compariaan  of  merits,  although  left  for  the  last,  is 
all -important,  as  will  tic  shown. 

Consider  the  case  in  the  first  column  of  Tables  I  and  II.  This 
is  the  only  case  of  those  tabulated  in  which  the  gyratory  does 
not  excel  in  capacity  per  ton  weight  of  machine.  If,  however, 
a  particular  installation  required  the  capacity  afforded  by  the 
T)[58-Jn.  gyratory  (seven  tons  per  hour),  it  might  be  selecteii 
in  place  of  two  10K7-in.  Blatie  crushers,  becauseof  the  economy 
of  one  machine,  one  foundation,  and  one  attendant  If,  however, 
advantages  are  to  be  gained,  as  in  small  stamp  mills,  by  dividing 
the  work  between  several  small  crushers  so  as  to  avoid  conveying 
the  crushed  material  and  to  gain  bin  storage  without  additional 
height,  two  small  Blake  crushers  might  be  selected  in  preference 
to  one  gyratory.  It  should  lie  noted  that  the  relaitive  weight 
of  the  two  types  is  not  an  exact  index  of  the  relative  Hrst  cost. 
because  the  gyratory  crushers  are  sold  at  a  higher  price  per  pound 
than  the  Blake  type.  There  are  othM  factors  affecting  first 
cost  besides  the  price  of  the  machine  at  the  manufactiirer'B  works. 

Eock  Breakers  ts.  Bolldoiine.  Referring  to  the  kst  columns 
of  the  tables,  there  is  a  most  interesting  case  which  is  not 
generally  well  understood.  We  are  dealing  with  large  receiving 
openings  and  coarse  crushing.  During  the  last  few  years  a 
demand  has  arisen  for  crushers  of  this  magnitude  in  order  to 
introduce  economies  in  the  mining  and  milling  of  ores.  It  has 
long  been  recognized  that  rock  breaking  is  cheaper  tiian  stamp 
milling  down  to  a  size  of  alwut  I  in.,  and  now  it  is  begiuDing 
to  be  understood  that  rock  breaking  is  cheaper  than  bulldozing 
and  sledging  pie^'es  several  feet  in  each  dimension.  This,  of 
course,  applies  only  to  large-scale  operations  where  the  amount 
to  be  handled  and  the  transportation  equipment  render  such  an 
installation  feasible.  To  show  the  economies  possible  in  this 
direction  it  may  be  noted  that  at  the  Treadwell  mines  in  1903  * 
the  amount  of  powder  used  in  Htopin^  was  0.34  lb.  per  ton  of 
ore  mined,  while  it  re<|uired  0.H5  lb.  per  ton  mined  to  hutldoze 
this  rock  after  it  was  stoped.     It  required  one  man  breaking  rode 

•The  TrCDdwplI  Group  of  UJdm,  Douglas  Id..  Aluka.  br  ft.  A.  Kiniii', 
Trans.  A.  I.  M.  E..  1»M. 


CRUSHERS  231 

for  each  machine  drill.  Much  labor  was  necessary  on  the  feed 
floor  of  the  cruBher.  The  ftyrttory  t<nisber8  in  use  did  not  receive 
large  pieces.  It  is  understood  that  improvements  in  this  dlreo- 
tion  are  now  planned. 

Returning  to  the  tabulated  features  of  the  crushers  with  Isrge 
feed  opening,  one  Is  Impressed  at  once  with  the  enormous  capac- 
ity and  colossal  siie  of  the  gyratory  mHchioes  for  this  class 
of  work.  While  the  calculations  show  that  the  f»yratory  cruahera 
in  these  sizes  have  marked  advantsfirefi  in  efliciency,  their  tre- 
mendous size  and  cost  are  prohibitive  unleas  their  lar^  ^npac- 
ities  can  be  utilized.  The  3«x282-in.  gyratory  in  estimated  to 
have  a  rapacity  of  900  tons  per  hour  to  a  12-in.  product,  and  the 
42x345-in.  1.200  tons  per  hour  to  IS-in.  Tt  would  be  a  re- 
markable mining  or  quarrying  operation  that  would  furnish 
large  material  at  such  a  rate,  and  that  is  why  we  do  not  hear  of 
Kyralory  cruahers  of  such  dimensions.  Some  machines  have  been 
huilt  larger  than  24  k  ins-in.,  but  they  are  not  likely  to  come  into 
general  use.  On  the  other  hand  the  laree  Rlake  cruahera  are 
commonly  built  and  successfully  installed.  Their  capacity  is 
HBually  in'excess  of  the  requirement,  but.  as  is  evident  from  Table 
1,  not  to  the  prohibitive  extent  that  is  true  of  the  gyratory  type, 

Cnublag  Flant  for  S00-8tamp  Mill.  As  an  illustration  oC  the 
application  of  the  preceding  data  and  conclusions,  the  design  of  a 
crushing  plant  for  a  20I)-Htamp  mill  will  he  considered.  Assume 
a  wide  body  of  hard  ore,  which  can  be  mined  cheaply  if  the  ore 
does  not  have  to  be  blasted  beyond  what  is  necessary  to  break 
it  from  the  solid,  and  adequate  transportation  facilities  are  pro- 
vided to  convey  the  large  material  to  the  crushing  house,  I 
further  assume  that  a  knowledge  of  the  character  of  the  vein 
and  the  general  conditions  of  mining  are  such  that  it  will  be 
desirable  to  provide  for  receiving  pieces  up  to  38x42  in.  Assume 
that  the  stamps  have  a  capacity  of  5  tons  per  day,  then  for  the 
200-stamp  mill  1,000  tons  per  day  crushed  to  pass  a  1%  in.  ring 
(equivalent  to  H4-in.  cube)  must  be  delivered  by  the  proposed 
crushing  plant.  It  is  apparent  that  the  ore  must  lie  crushed 
in  stages.  Since  the  initial  crushers  of  large  receiving  opening 
will  of  necessity  iiave  a  large  capacity,  it  will  be  best  to  con- 
centrate the  crushing  into  one  S-hour  shift,  thus  introducing 
economies  in  operation.  This  calls  for  a  crushing  capacity  of 
125  tons   per  hour. 

Tn  Table  III  the  distribution  of  sizes  in  run-of  mine  ore  is 
obtained  from  experience.  The  percentages  of  the  different 
sized  particles  in  the  product  delivered  by  any  particular  crusher 
may  be  found  by  consulting  the  diagram  shown  in  Fig.  113.  For 
example,  when  crushing  to  pass  a  6-in.   ring,   81%    will  pasa 


232        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTEUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

a  5-iii.,  and  about  20%  will  go  through  a  l^-in.  ring.  Thia 
diagram  was  constructed  by  the  Power  and  Mining  Machinery 
Co.,  and  ie  stated  to  be  the  result  of  the  compilation  of  a  large 


Fig.    113.     Diagram   Showtni?    Proportions   of   Rock   Cruabed   to 

Various  Degrees  of  Fineness. 

amount  of  experimentBl  data.  The  redults  obtained  are  stated 
to  have  been  unifono,  and  the  diagram  is  recommended  to  be 
need  to  determine  the  percentages  of  certain  sized  products  from 
any    crusher,    roll.    Or   screen.    The   diagram    Is   apprgximatel; 


CRUBHBRS  .    .  233 

correct  for  hud  friable  ore,  and  proper  aDowonee  must  be  made 
if  the  rock  baa  any  inherent  tendencf  to  break  in  a  certain  way. 

Taking  the  required  capatities  and  duties  as  arrived  at  in 
Talde  III  and  rfferrinjt  to  Table  I,  it  ia  apparent  that  we  would 
select  the  42x3a-in.  Blake  c^uaher  fw  the  initial  breaker.  This 
macltine  han  exceaa  capacity  over  what  is  required,  but  not  buch 
enormouB  excess  eoi-t  and  capacity  aa  a  gyratory  for  the  same 
work.  For  the  aecoadary  crushing  one  12x6S-iD,  gyratory  )b 
strikingly  superior,  aa  it  would  require  three  24  x  12'in.,  or  two 
40  X  I2-in.,  or  two  36  x  18-in,  Blake  cruahers  fur  the  aame  capacity. 
For  the  final  crusliing  two  lOxSO-io.  gyratory  orushera  would  be 
indicated. 

If  tile  ore  foundation  and  conditions  of  mining  and  transporta- 
tion were  such  that  an  initial  crusher  to  receive  pieces  24  x  36-in. 
was  Hufficiently  large,  it  would  be  found,  iipon  making  a  size 
analysis  similar  to  that  showu  in  Table  111  lor  3S  x  42-in.  that  one 
36  X  24-in.  Blake  machine  cTUsbing  to  4-In.,  followed  by  two 
10  K  80-in.  gyratory  crushers  each  giving  a  product  to  pass  a 
1%-in.  ring,  would  meet  the  conditions. 

In  an  installation  of  the  aise  considered  above,  the  crushing 
plant  would  be  separated  from  the  mill,  the  crushed  product 
being  delivered  to.  the  ore  bina  by  conveyara  The  large  initial 
crusher  must  have  a  solid  foundation,  preferably  resting  directly 
on  the  ground.  The  large  pieces  to  be  handled  make  it  imperative 
that  the  ore  be  dumped  into  a  receivii^  hopper  that  feeds  directly 
to  the  large  crusher.  If  a  gravity-plant  site  is  not  available  or 
desirable,  there  is  no  diHicultJ'  in  elevating  the  product  of  the 
initial  crusher  for  further  reduction. 

The  conclusions  reached  above  are"  in  accordance  with  the  most 
advanced  practice.  The  economy  of  breaking  by  crusher  over 
bulldozing  and  sledging  ia  beginning  to  be  appreciated.  Recent 
installations  in  South  Africa  employ  large  Blake  crushers  for 
initial  breakers,  followed  by  gyratory  machines  preliminary  to 
stamp  milling.  A  notable  installation  in  the  United  States  is 
'yiat  of  a  6'>x42-ia.  Farrell-Bacon  jaw  crusher  capable  :of  breaking 
down  to  16-in.  the  largest  pieces  of  hard  Iron  ore  ihat  can  he 
handled  by  a  70-ton  steam  shovel.  Other  plants  where  economies 
have  been  secured  by  Introdufing  large  initial  crushers  of  the 
Farrel-Bacon  jaw  type  are  the  Qranby  mines,  Phoeni.t,  B.  C,  the 
Briti:<h  Columbia  Copper  Company  and  the  Natomas  Consolidated 
of  California. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  while  each  type  has  a  field 
in  which  It  is  superior,  no  sharp  4ines  can  be  d^awn  because  of 
the  many  factors  involved.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  with 
the  aid  of  the  data  here  pre8ent«d  an  iavestigatioa  along  the  lines 


234        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

a  H§-s~  -  ss  s 

i  i*M«i*o^oo3o-   a  tea  - 

I   s      "I'la  |s2"|«  ^  as  ^        's 

I    i  S     a  s  I        J 


3  .. 


£      ■-  /LOivliO  1         ^     ^     J 

■■S 


I  111 


I  1 


s3S3 


:^^^ 


Ji    I   i*StS 


IIP 


CKUSHEBS  23fi 

indicaUd  will  quickly  disclose  the  moat  desirable  machine  for 
any  particular  service. 

Note  particularly  that  the  capacity  in  tona  per  hour  of  a 
crusher  is  a  very  uncertain  quantity.  The  data  in  these  tables 
have  been  gathered  from  various  sources  and  are  believed  to  !« 
fairly  accurate,  but  the  author  disetaims  responsihility  for  what 
any  one  crusher  may  do  on  any  particular  job  or  on  any  particu- 
lar kind  of  rock.  The  only  safe  course  is  to  leave  a  liberal 
margin  for,, contingencies.  The  guaranteed  capacity  of  a  manu- 
facturer, even  if  accompanied  by  Bpecifi cations  and  a  contract, 
may  mean  only  the  guaranteed  capacity  for  a  run  of  an  hour,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  hour  the  machinery  may  need  to  stand  still 
for  another  hour  to  cool  off.  Crushers  have  been  sold  on  such 
a  baais  more  than  once  to  the  sad  discomfiture  of  the  contractor. 

Table.  III. —  Size  AitALTSia. 
Crushing  Plant  Designed  for  125  Tons  per  Hour. 

36  and       "i'^d    "s  ind*™*  in. 
IZ  Id.        3  in.       IK  in.    and  under 
Run  in  mine  ,    5S  40  K  15 


Product  of  second  croshet  ..  JO  40 

Fe«d  to  third  cnuher  60  . .  ■ 

Product  ol  third  cruBber  ,.  ..  60 

In  asking  for  estimates  on  crusher  plants,  the  following  in- 
formation should  be  given  the  manufacturer: 

The  nature  of  the  material  to  be  crushed. 

Tons  or  cubic  yards  to  be  crushed  per  day  of  ten  houra. 

Sizea  into  which  the  material  is  to  be  screened. 

The  different  sizes  to  be  obtained. 

Storage  capacity  for  crushed  stone  desired, 

(This  information  will  enable  the  determination  of  the  proper 
length-  of  elevator   if   one  is  needed.) 

Whether  power  plant  is  wanted. 

(If. so,  kind  of  power  preferred,  steam  or  electrical.  If  elec-. 
trical,  advise  whether  direct  or  alternating  current,  and  voltage, 
phase  and  cycle.) 

System  of  delivering  rock  to  the  crusher  best  fitted  to  local 
conditions : 

A  —  incline  and  automatic  dump  cars. 
B  —  Level  with  end  dimip  cars  and  tipple. 
C  —  Level  with  side  dump  cars. 
D  —  Incline  chute. 


23«        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

E —  Incline  track. 

F  —  Dump  ears  on  tramway. 

G  —  Horse  and  cart. 

Give  an  idea  ae,  to  tbc  character  of  the  ground  in  the  proposesd 
location;  wheUier  level  or  on  a  hillaide.  If  on  a  hillaide,  give 
approximately  the  grade  with  a  rough  sketch  of  the  site,  if  pos- 
sible, showing  the  position  of  the  quarry  Relative  to  the  plant 
and  the  position  of  railroad  tracks. 

Answers  to  the  above  questions,  together  with  each  other  sug- 
gestions and  directions  as  may  be  otTered  by  a  prospective  cus- 
tomer, will  facilitate  very  much  the  preparation  of  plans  and  the 
selection  of  appropriate  machiDery  for  the  plant. 


MGootjl>j 


DEBRICXS 

Bulky  Derrick  having  a  capacity  of  2  tons,  timber  of  4  by  4  in. 
bf  12  ft.  apnice  or  pine  including  two  single  blocks  and  50  ft. 
steel  wire  rope  or   100  ft.  manila  rope  coBtB  $142.      (Fig.   114.) 

Four  Ltg  Derrick  4  by  4  in.  b;  12  ft.  of  spruce  or  pine,  with 
iron  drum  and  gear,  but  without  blocks  or  rope  costs  $76. 

Three  leg  Derrick  3  by  3  in.  by  11  ft.  of  spruce  or  pine  with 
wooden  drum  6  by  30  in.  and  no  gpar,  blooks  or  rope  costs  $38. 

Tripod  Derrick  constructed  of  black  steel  pipe  and  steel  drop 
forged  fittings  costs  aa  follows   (no  blocks  or  rope  included): 

Cipuitr  tn  tb.  Wsl(ht  In  lb.  Price 


CapaeiQ'  lyp«  LenfUi  Frice 

3.C00  Top  point  IS  118.41) 

4,000  Becnlu  18  E«.«0 

If  longer  lengths  are  desired  add  $1.10  per  ft.,  for  more  capacity 
uid  $2.20  per  1,000  lb.,  fish  tackle  to  swing  derrick  in  and  out, 
with  5  blocks  and  50  ft.  rope,  $7.20. 

light  Pole  Derrick  capacity  1,400  lb.  with  100  ft.  cable  and 
winch,  not  geared,  complete  with  no  guy  lines,  18  ft.  $44. 

Pole  Derrick  complete  with  winch,  126  ft.  steel  cable  and  block: 

Ospacity  Length  Price 

2.500  to    3,BI»                                        1»  t  B2  M 

4,D0()  to    E.OOa                                         IS  71  DO 

8,000  to  10,000                                         IS  126  60 

For  additional  lengths  add  $1.10,  $1.05  and  $2.20  respectively 
per  ft 

A-Frame  Derrick.  For  hoisting  and  setting  timbers,  columns, 
beams,  etc.  Complete  with  125-tt.  cable,  block,  geared  winch, 
height  21  ft.,  capacity  2,S00  lb.,  price  $70.  Combination  pole  and 
derrick  $S«. 

237 


238         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Tower  Boom  with  14-ft.  boom  $60.50.  Add  $1.10  per  ft.  for 
additional  lengths  up  to  24  ft.     FittJngB  $45.50  per  eet. 

Circle  Swing  Bnilder"!  Derrlok.  Capacity  1,000  lb.,  weight 
200  lb.,  can  be  operated  by  hand,  horse  or  power.  Height  74 
ft.,  boom  extends  6  ft.,  equipped  complete  with  llO-ft.eteel  cable. 


Fig.  114.     Sulky  Derrick, 


Capacity   2,500  lb,  weight   350  lb.,   height  8   ft.,  swing   10   ft., 
equipped  with  150  ft.  cable. 


Hand  and  power  Tlio 

8t«l  boom  e«r»   4.1S 

Stiff  Leg  Serrtoks.  Complete  fittings  without  timber  for  der- 
rick to  1»  operated  by  a  double  drum  uteam  or  electric  hoist  cost 
as  follows: 


DERRICKS 

Three  p»r»  line 


Guy  Derrick.    Complete  fittings  without  timber  for  gu^  derrick 
to  be  operated  by  a  double  drum  hoisting  engine  cost  as  fo)lona: 


Another  roalie  of  derrick  costs  as  follows; 

Gut  Debricks  for  Standabd  Work 
CspBcitf  Apjiroiinuite  shipping 


Our  Derricks  fob  Bucket  Woek 

Loaded  bucket  Auproiimste  shipping  Prlr;e 

in  lb.  weight  d(  fltttap  In  lb.  f.  o.  b.  New  Jerger 

6000  4G&e  I  WO 

BOOO  E115  710 

lOOOO  SS55  ftSO 

moo  B56&  960 

Stiff  Leg  Derricks  for  Standabd  Work 

Capscit;  Approiinuta  (hipping  Price 

in  tons  weight  of  fltlings  in  )b.  (,  o.  b.  New  Jeney 


..Coo^lt^ 


240        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSIBUCTION  EQUIPMSNT 


Stiff  Leo  DESBioKa  i 


;  Bucket  Work 


Iiaaded  bucket 


0.  b.  Now  Jeraey 

820 
1,080 


The  prices  of  the  stiff  leg  and  gay  derricka  include  all  neces- 
sary fittings,  bolts,  sheaves,  blocks  and  12  ft.  all  eteel  bull 
wheels  with  guide  sheaves,  but  do  not  include  any  timbers  or 
wire  rope. 


Fig.   115.     Stiff  Leg  Derrick. 

JlNNIWlNK    DOIBICES 


The  price  of  the  three  ton  size  includes  a  pair  of  0  in.  double 
sheave  tnanila  mpe  blocks  and  the  manila  rope  snatch  block  for 
the  boom  fall  line,  which  is  usually  snagged  to  a  cleat  on  the 
A  frame  when  the  derrick  is  1»  operation.  Two  9  in.  double 
manila  rope  blocks  and  a  single  drum  purchase  hand  power  are 
also  included  for  the  main  fall.     No  timbers  or  rope  are  included. 

The  price  of  similar  material  for  the  5  ton  size  to  be  operated 
by  an  engine,  which  is  the  UMial  rig,  is  given  above.  The  price 
for  this  derrick  to  be  operated  by  hand  power  is  approximately 


MGootjk' 


IRONS  FOE  POWER-OPERATED  STIFF-LEG  DERRICKS 

The  following  list,  to  accompanj  Fig.  116,  enameratei  the  moflt 
important  metal  parts  of  stiff-leg  derricks  to  be  operated  by 
power.    It  doe«  not  include  guide  BheaVe»,  bloidrs,  or  other  rutmiDg 


Fig.  lie.     Iron  Work  Complete  for  Power  Stiff-Leg  Derricli  —  Aa 
Regularly  Furnished. 


MHt  Top  with  ■traps  and  Eud- 

D 

1     Single     Boom     Sheavs     with 

^taat    Bottom    complete    with 

boie<,  for  centra  at  must. 

1   Double   Sheave   MmI  BraekM. 

atop,  double  aheaves  aod  strap 

P. 

these  rurnlsbed).  and  sll  neces- 

for  boom. 

H 

Flat  Boiled  Boom  Baud  with  2 

lililE.. 

swj-  bolls. 

In  building  1,000  ft.  of  15-tn.  pipe  sewer  at  Big  Rapids,  Mich., 
a  trench  4  ft.  wide  and  about  15.5  ft.  deep  was  dug  in  graral  and 
bouldera.    About  8   cto'ds  of   stone,  manj   of  them   Urge   siie 


242         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and    near   the   bottom    of   the    trench,   were    removed,     A    fuller 
description  of  this  work  ia  in  Gillette's  "  Cost  Data,"  p.  817- 

The  firat  5  ft',  were  taken  out  with  a  scraper  and  a  team  and 
driver.  The  remainder  was  removed  in  buckete  with  a  derrick 
having  a  capacity  of  1,500  lb.,  18-ft.  mast  and  18-ft.  boom, 
with  sheaves  arranged  for  three  lines  in  the  bottom  tackle  and 


Fig.  117.     Parker  Derrick  No.  4  —  Hand  Power. 

three  lines   in   the  hoisting  tackle.     About  50  ft.   of  sewer   we 
completed  per  day  at  the  following  cost: 

oan  at  JZ.flO  j  a.OO 

3*r  Iram  slid  driver  K  »3.75  3.7S 

holding  Bcr.per  st  «-50  UO 

1  mui  dumping  scraper  s(  tl.SO  LW 

9  meu  puiiing  nheMiDg  and  carrjinE  it  St  HM 1.00 

.  man  pulliDE  aheetiug  and  carrriu  it  at  H.SO  LW 

hone  and  driver  on  haul  ]iD«  atn.611  2.E0 

' aUiog  two  itcu.  yd,  bucket*  at  »» IM 

lajing  i)ipa  at  BOO  tM 

layer'*  helper  at  tl.EO 1,50 


DERRICKS  243 

This  gives  a  coat  of  60.6  cents  per  lln.  ft.  of  sewer.  Tiie 
BRtaal  coat  of  excavation  wag  20  centti  [ler  ;d.  for  scraper  and  12.0 
rrata  for  derrielt  work.  The  derrick  waa  moved  two  or  thrw 
times  a  day,  which  tfHsk  almut  seven  minutes  each  time, 

Mr,  Saundere  git-ea  the  following  detailed  cost  of  a  large 
quarry  derrick  with  a  capacity  on  a  single  line  of  20  tons. 

Timber  for  miit  J4'ii  a".  7S'  f  46.0I> 

Timber  for  boom  SB- 28.00 

Expenw  p(  deliierlng  limber  ItM 

Carpfntef .  wotk  on  mut  and  boom  at  tl2^  >  day K.na 

Derritk  irom,  nbptTPt    2W.00 

i.lOO'  ol  beat  gilTSnlied  1"  iron  rofie  for  S  cuy  137M 

Thimbles.  cIbdiik,  etc 26.W) 

SOO'  steel  hoiiting  ropa,  1%"  240.00 

Labor  on  d»Bd  men.  4  men,  2  day!  M  tl,4A 1120 

Labor  rsiiiiDg  derrick,  S  men.  2  dars  at  t\A(\  E2.10 

Labor  fliini;  got'.  B  "en,  !  daj-a  at  tl.40 82.40 

Total  (prior  to  1912]  JKI1.50 

On  railroad  work  hi  Newark  it  took  six  men  and  a  foreman 
one  day  to  move  a  etitf-leg  derrick  with  a  60-ft,  boom  150  feet  and 
one  day  to  Bet  it  up,  at  a  total  coat  of  $24.00.  This  includes 
moving  the  engine  and  the  stone  used  to  weight  the  stiff  legs. 
Two  guy  derricks  with  70-tt.  maats  and  80-rt.  booms  were  used  for 
two  yeara  in  building  a  concrete  filter.  Dnring  that  period  they 
were  erected  once,  moved  five  times,  and  Anally  removed  once 
at  a  cost  of  $1,400.  an  average  of  $100  per  move.  As  a  rule, 
however,  a  guy  derrick  can  be  shifted  more  easily  than  a  stilT- 
leg  derrick,  as  there  are  no  stones  to  be  liandled.  Above  costs 
were  prior  to  1912. 

Derricks  should  be  provided  with  a  bull  wheel  where  possible, 
as  the  wages  of  two  tagmen  will  soon  pay  for  it. 

Sizes  and  prices  of  steel  bull  wheels  complete  with  braces: 

Diameter,  For  booma,  Weight 

feet  lengrthinfeel  complete  Price 

s  40  isoo  noo 


It 


4TG 

3000  BBO 


A  derrick  formerly  known  as  the  Kearng  derrick  was  used  in 
the  construction  of  a  14-ft.  concrete  sewer  at  Louisville,  Ky,  The 
sewN^  was  4,230  ft.  long  and  had  an  average  depth-of  30,3  ft,; 
the  average  number  of  yards  per  ft,  was  26.5.  The  derrick 
excavated  to  within  14  ft.  of  the  bottom,  and  a  Potter  macbine 
excavated  the  remainder  and  carried  it  to  the  rear  for  barklill. 
The  derrick  operated  a  ^iyd,  clamshell  bucket,  which  loaded 
into  wagons  for  spoiling  or  into  Koppel  cars  for  backfllh  The 
output  was  aboHt  1^00  eu.  yds.  per  week. 


241        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTKUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  machine  conaUted  of  a  stiff-leg  derrick  mounUd  on  * 
turn-table.  The  power  plant  was  a  7  x  10  in.  engine  with  three 
druma,  and  a  30  hp.  boiler.  Th«  entire  outBt  cost  about  $6,500, 
prior  to   1912. 

Kethod  of  DepoiltliLK  Material  by  Derrick  Beyond  Beach  ot 
Boom.  The  following  notes  by  Mr.  M.  A.  Miltiff  appeared  in 
Engineering  and  Contracting,  Feb.  2,   1916. 

The  fitting  of  the  derrit-k  and  the  mode  of  operation  are  shown 
by  the  diagrams  1  to  5  in  Fig.  118.  Three  lines  are  employed. 
From   the   back   drum   the   load   line   runa   through   a   sheave  at 


Sears-'" 

Fig.   118 

the  mast  bottom,  thence  through  a  aheave  at  the  boom  end.  and 
its  end  ia  made  fast  to  a  steel  block.  Prom  the  middle  drum  the 
trolley  line  runs  through  a  stream  at  the  mast  bottom,  thence 
through  the  boom  end  stream,  thence  through  the  steel  block  and 
thence  to  the  top  of  the  gin  pole  wher«  it  is  made  fast.  From 
the  ilrst  drum  the  boom  line  runs  through  a  sleeve  at  the  mast 
bottom,  thence  to  another  at  the  mast  top,  thence  to  boom  end 
sleeve,  thence  back  to  a  second  sleeve  at  the  mast  top  and  thence 
it  is  dead  ended  to  the  middle  of  the  boom. 

If  a  two-drum  engine  is  to  be  used,  the  boom  line  oan  be 
carried  on  a  hand  crab,  as  only  an  occasional  change  in  the 
position  of  the  boom  ia  necessary.    The  block  wed  is  an  ordi- 


DESEICKS  24B 

naiy  single-slieave  at««l  block  with  swivel  hook.  It  i«  oMeaaarj 
to  cut  out  the  rWet  or  bolt  In  comer  fkeing  derrkk,  ai  trollc^ 
csble  would  rub  on  it  durtog  operation. 

The  material  boc  is  an  open-end  skip  of  1-cu.  yd.  capacity, 
fitted  with  «hains  —  one  to  each  bask  corner  and  one  to  the 
middle  of  the  front  end.  The  front  chain  is  ^tted  vith  a  trip- 
hook.  The  ring  in  end  of  the  chains  ia  hooked  in  the  hook  in 
the  block. 

For  the  gin  pole  or  tail  tower,  26-ft.  yellow  pine  pilee  were 
tued,  set  up  on  a  suitable  foundation  to  pr«vent  sinking  into 
(he  ground  under  strain.    Old  hointing  cable  was  used  for  guys. 

I  sboHs  poeitloa  when  picking  up  the  loaded  box.  The 
operator  hoists  the  load  by  picking  up  on  the  load  line,  bringing 
the  trolley  line  tight  as  the  load  is  raised  and  swinging  the 
derrick  around  so  that  the  boom  will  face  the  gin  pole.  The  load 
in  hoisted  to  the  desired  height  and  the  trolley  line  tightened  as 
Bhown  in  2.  At  this  point  the  operator,  holds  the  trolley  line 
tight  with  the  foot-iirake  and  then  releases  friction  on  the  drum 
carrying  the  load  line,  which  allows  the  bos  to  trolley  toward  the 
gin  pole  as  shown  in  3.  When  the  box  is  over  desired  dumping 
place  the  foot-brake  holding  the  trolley  line  tight  is  released, 
Blloning  the  box  to  drop  as  shown  in  4.  The  hook  on  the  front 
rhoin  is  then  tripped  and  the  box  is  dumped  by  bringing  the 
trolley  line  tight,  as  shown  in  S.  The  box  is  returned  by  pulling 
is  on  the  load  line  and  slacking  off  on  the  trolly  line,  bringing 
the  bos  back  into  position  for  loading. 

The  derrick  can  be  swung  around  by  swinging  gear  or  swinging 
engine  and  bull  wheel  as  in  other  derrick  work.  It  was  found, 
liavever,  that  it  was  necessary  to  put  an  attachment  on  the  end 
oF  the  boom  to  prevent  the  trolley  line  from  jumping  out  of  the 
theare  when  worked  at  an  angle  greater  than  SO  degrees  each 
aide  of  the  line  from  the  derrick  to  the  gin  pole. 

Two  derricks  were  lued  on  this  work,  both  being  10-ton  steel 
guy  derricks  with  SO-ft.  masts  and  7S.-ft.  booma,.  One  derrick 
was  equipped  with  a  three-drum  7^  by  10-in.  hoisting  engine 
with  swinging  gear  attached,  and  the  other  with  a  two-drum 
S^x  10-in.  engine  with  independent  swinging  engine.  The  8^ 
I  lO-in.  engine  did  the  work  more  eatisfactorl^  than  the  snuiller 

The  trolley  line  arrangement  has  been  ofierated  for  a  distance 
of  300  ft.  with  a  12-ft.  drop.  The  load  necessary  to  operate  it 
depends  on  the  condition  of  the  hoisting  engine  and  the  ease 
with  which  the  drums  overhaul,  hut  It  is  believed  that  a  2,500-lb. 
load  will  be  found  necessary  to  operate  trolley  on  this  flat  slope. 

In  bailing  elush  out  of'  a  hote  wher«  Ave  men  flUed  the  braes 


248       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

with  buckets  and  one  foreman,  one  hoisting  engineer  and  a 
laborer  to  dump  the  boxei  completed  the  crew,  137  boxes  have  been 
moved  in  eight  hours.  In  harder  digging,  where  it  wae  necessary 
to  load  the  boxes  with  BhoveU,  an  average  of  70  boxes  in  eighl 
hours  has  been  maintained  with  the  following  crew;  One  lore- 
man;  one  hoisting  engineer;   and  eight  laborers. 


Fig.  IIB.     Derrick  Arranged  to  Prevent  Twlstiug  of  Fall  Block.) 

Method  of  Keeping  Fall  Block  on  a.  Derrick  from  Tvlstioi 
and  SwlngiiV'  As  shown  by  Fig.  IIH  a  cable  is  fastened  along 
the  boom  with  about  3  ft.  of  slack.  One  end  of  the  cable  \» 
fastened  as  close  as  possible  to  the  sheave  near  the  end  of  the 
boom,  and  the  other  end  of  the  cable  is  fastened  about  10  or  15 
ft.  from  the  luise  of  the  boom.  Two  flat  pieces  of  iron  almul 
^  X  2  in.  X  2  ft.  are  fastened  together  with  two  sheaves  between 
them,  one  sheave  at  each  end,  as  shown  in  the  sketch.    This  is  th^n 


DERRICKS  247 

put  on  the  derrick  with  the  slack  cable  and  the  fall  line  paeBiog 
between  the  aheaves.  aa  shown  in  the  operation  of  the  derrick. 
Thig  guide  elides  up  and  down  on  the  cables.  When  the  boom 
LB  being  lowered  the  guide  slides  up.  Besides  preventing  the 
twisting  of  the  blocks  it  also  serves,  to  some  extent,  in  preventing 
the  load  from  swinging. 

Floating  Serrloki.  A  floating  derrick  was  purchased  by  the 
cit;  of  Chicago  in  1905  at  a  cost  of  $6,2S7.26.  It  was  used  on 
the  hydraulic  filling  of  the  Lincoln  Park  extension  in  1910  for 
various  purposes.  It  was  in  commission  ten  hours  per  day  and 
wHB  operated  by  a  crew  consisting  of  an  engineer,  llreman  and  a 
varying  number  of  deck  hands,  usually  tour.  The  cost  of  opera- 
tion during  1910  was  as  follows: 

Hoan  In  cammiuion  1.7SJ.G0 

Libor  of  opwMion tl.871.a 

Fuel  BUd  lappliM  cm.OI 

InauTUiee    100.00 

Lsbor  npiin  S68.J0 

TawiDI    riM 

Total    |2,8S6.«S 

Tolal  cml  of  repair*  I8S.3Z 

Total  c«l  of  opcratian   2,5TD.M 

Total  COM  v>i  hour  1.60 

Total  coat  per  da;  18.00 

During    191 1    the   derrick   was  in    commission    for   440   hours 

with  a  crew  of  two  men,  and  for  1,254  hours  with  a  crew  of  six 

nien.  The  cost  of  operation  and  repairs  for  the  1,694  hours  in 
service   is  given  as  follows: 

Cost  op  Derbick  Opeeation  and  Kepaibs 

Operation  Per  honr 

Idibor,   watching:   |  1J8.07 

Fuel     2S7.M 

Sappliei    i«,e3 

Inanrance     H.SO 

1   TBT.M  tO-45 

lAbor    t   188.70 

Haterial    140.75 

Trams    U.OO 

f  343.45  Vt.Sa 

Total  operation  and  repair*,  eiceptiat  operat- 

lor  labor    (1,10051  (D.tE 

April  1  to  Anc.  1,  4W  boon. 

Operatins  labor   %   SE8.ES  (1.29 

Fuel,  snppliea  and  repain 0.65 

Cost  per  hoar.  440  hours %IM 


I        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Alter  4.0S.  1,  1,264  hoorai 

OperatiDs  labor   tS.lES.Se  t2Sa 

Fuel,  tappliM  sod  repairs DM 

Cost  per  hour,  l.ffi*  hours  13,17 

ToMI  COM  for  TStH-  {UU)  t4,8!S.43 


MGoOtjl>J 


sirmo  OUTPITS 

A  diver's  outfit  conBiata  of  &  metal  helmet  or  head  covering, 
a  breast  plate,  an  air-tight  diving  suit,  and  shoes  with  weights. 
Weights  are  also  attached  to  his  waist  to  overcome  buojutncj.  ' 
The  helmet  always  has  one  window  in  front,  usually  oua  on 
«acb  side,  and  sometimes  one  near  the  top.  The  air  hose  runs 
from  the  pump  to  a  valve  either  in  the  helmet  or  breast  plat^. 
Besides  this  one,  a  safety  and  a  regulating  valve  for  controlUng 
the  pressure  are  provided.  The  diver  is  raised  or  'lowered-  by  a 
rope  attached  to  his  waist  called  the  safety  lin*.  .. 

The  air  pump  is  always  operated  by  hand  power,  may  luive 
from  one  to  three  cylinders,  Toay  be  single  or  double  acting,  and 
of  either  the  lever  or  fly-wheel  type. 

The  following  are  the  prices  of  several  diving  outfits.  The  ' 
equipment  furnbhed  with  outfit  number  6  is  .  itemized;  that 
furnished  with  the  other  outfits  ia  aimilar  but  more  extensive. 
In  outfit  No.  1  for  two  divers  the  equipment  ia  duplicated, 
with  the  exception  of  the  pump  which  ia  designed  ao  that  it  may 
be  used  for  either  one  or  two  divers. 

There  ia  a  large  number  of  extra  fittings  and  equipment  not 
included  in  the  following  outfits,  auch  aa  electric  lanterns  and 
generator  outflta,  chafing  clothing,  cushions,  pads,  etc. 

Helmets  cost  $175  to  $205;  suits  $60  and  $65;  air  pumps  $226 
to  $726;  hand  dynamo  with  cable,  tamp,  complete  $140.  Electric 
breast  lamp  fitted  with  lens  and  16  c.p.  lamp,  126  ft  of  cable 
$40.  Submarine  electric  lantern  $75.  Magneto  for  blasting  20 
holes  $35.    40  holea  $65.     (See  Blasting  Machines  and  Supplies.) 

DiTlnr  Outfit  No.  5.  This  is  designed  to  bt  used  in  very  shal- 
low water  and  for  light  work.  It  is  for  one  diver  only  and  will 
supply  air  in  30  ft.  of  water.    It  is  made  up  as  follows; 


Pump  on  Dl 
1  imprciTed  dmnE  heli 
1  rnbbar  diving  dreM  . 


cylindsrs.  lingle  action 
-in  Dlanlc,  without  csae. 
'    'met,  tbree  liKhtB.  c 


...  ...  -.  ...indard  wbile  air  hose,  two  pIscOT,  coupling  .. 

1  get  diflni  veighta.  borseahoe  mtteru  

IpaiT  dhring  abiKi,  lead  soles 

1  pair  cuff  eipsuders  

24B 


250         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


I  pair  riaea  and  cUmpa  

1  pair  rubW  diTing  miiwns 
1  Ufe  or  liciiBl  line,  100  (t.  . 
1  pail  cliafiD^  paoU  


y,  yd..  robWt 
1  can  rubbei 


teos.M 


Price  of  complete  outfit  with  pump  on  plank  and  without  case, 
$573.35.     Shipping  weight  of  the  above  outfit  is  350  lb. 

DlTlnK  Ontftt  ITo.  4  is  adapted  for  examinations  and  all  nork 
of  brief  duration  in  shallow  water,  as  for  water  works,  sewer 
departments  and  contractors.  Is  for  one  diver  only  and  will 
supply  air  to  flO  ft.  of  water.  Complete  outfit  with  single  cyl- 
inder, double  acting  air  pump,  helmet,  dress,  etc.,  $662.20. 
Shipping  weight  475   lb. 

DtTing  Ontflt  No.  3  is  especially  designed  for  river  and  harhor 
work.  Used  by  contractors,  engineers,  railroad's,  etc.  With  two 
cylinder,  single  action  pump  and  complete  equipment  for  one 
diver,  $1073.35.     Shipping  weight  1,000  lb. 

Diriug  Outfit  Ho.  S  for  special  work  in  deep  water  for  one 
diver,  is  designed  for  general  work,  deep  sea  or  shallow  water, 
harbor  and  dock  work,  wretking,  salvage,  etc.  Will  supply  air 
to  180  ft.  of  water.  Price  of  complete  outfit  with  three  cylinder 
single  action  pump,  $1,203.3.1.     Shipping  weight  1,100  lb. 

Diving  Ontflt  Ho.  lA.  Complete  with  one  cylinder,  double 
action  air  pump  for  one  diver  in  95  ft.  of  water  $923.35.  Ship- 
ping weight  1,000  lb. 

OlTing  Ontflt  So.  1.  For  general  use  of  contractors,  divers,  etf. 
Complete  outfit  for  one  diver,  $1,2BR.3S.  Shipping  weight  l,20fl 
lb.  Complete  outfit  fop  two  divers,  $1,871.70.  Shipping  weight 
1,800  lb. 

AH  the  foregoing  prices  are  f  .o.  b.  Boston  or  New  York. 

The  manufacturer  states  that  outfit  No.  2  or  No.  3  is  ^enerall; 
called  for  by  contractors. 

SELUCTtOn  OF  SITINO  APPARATUS 

In  the  selection  of  an  outfit  the  following  points  should  be 
given  caireful  consideration: 

1.  Duration   or  the  work. 

2.  Whether  it  is  to  he  conducted  with  long  or  short  8pac<'» 
of  time  intervening. 


NOTES  ON  DIVING  251 

3.  Depth  of  wat«r. 

4.  Whether  the  outfit  is  to  be  used  on  rockj  or  sandy  bottom. 
J.     Character  of  the  work. 

U.     Selection  of  the  pump. 

The  selection  of  the  pump  is  the  most  inipoi'tant  point,  and 
in  view  of  recent  experiments  and  tests  of  the  work  that  can  be 
accomplished  by  a  diver  at  different  depths,  buyers  are  apt 
to  order  pumpa  of  too  small  capacity.  A  volume  of  air  equal 
to  tliat  ordinarily  breathed  at  the  surface  (about  1^  cubic  feet 
per  minut«)  should  be  introduced  into  the  helmet.  The  volume 
of  free  air  that  muat  be  taken  in  by  the  pump  at  the  surface 
to  deliver  1^  cubic  feet  per  minute  at  £>  fathoms  is  about  3 
cubic  feet;  at  10  fathoms,  about  8  cubic  feet;  at  27  fathoms, 
about  0  cubic  feet,  ete. 

The  following  table  gives  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch 
at  a  given  depth  of  water: 

30  feet.  ISK  poundi.  150  Itel.    «&t4  pounda  (luail  limit). 

SO  f«et.  Z6U  poundi.  ISO  (e«l,    T8      pounds. 

90  feet.  39      pounds.  310  feet,    01>4  poundi. 

120  feet.  E2K  pounds.  240  feet,  tM      ponnds. 


NOTES  OH  DIVINa 

Tlie  following  notes  have  been  taken  from  a,  manufacturer'* 
catalog:  Due  to  the  strain  and  excitement  of  BUbmarine  work 
the  diver  is  not  quite  in  normal  condition.  The  greater  his 
exertions  the  more  air  he  will  need,  as  is  the  case  when  a  man 
runs  rather  than  waliJs. 

The  average  male  adult  breathes  at  the  rate  of  15  inhalationa 
per  minute  or  approximatply  .25  cubic  feet,  taking  30  cubic 
inches  as  tjie  average  inhalation.  Exhaled  air  contains  on  the 
average  about  70.1%  nitrogen,  16.5^  osygen  and  1.4  carbonic 
acid  gas. 

Tbe  superficial  area  of  an  average  man  is  2,160  sq.  in.,  at 
atmospheric  pressure  (15  db.  per  sq.  in.)  the  total  pressure  on  a 
man  is  about  32,400  lb.  At  a  depth  of  33  ft.  of  sea  water  the 
Pfeasure  would  be  about  65,000  since  the  pressure  increases  nearly 
half  a  pound  per  sq.  inch  for  each  foot  in  depth.-  The  pressure  is 
''alanced  by  the  air  supplied  from  pumps  or  compreasors. 
nesaure  gauges  are  generally  graduated  to  show  presmires  in 
excess  of  atmospheric  pressure,  that  is,  tlie  reading  of  the  gauge 
'e  alnayg  about  15  lb.  less  than  the  absolute  pressure.  For 
ordinary  diving  work  the  above  data  will  be  entirely  adequate. 

In  cotnputing  the  air  necessary  for  a  diver  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  the  volume  of  a  gas  under  pressure  varies  inversely 


252        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

with  that  pressure.  (Boyle's  Law.)  Experiments  sliow  that 
the  same  volume  of  air  should  be  maintained  for  all  depths,  that 
is,  the  supftly  must  be  proportional  to  the  depth.  For  instance, 
if  a  diver  U  receiving  1^  cu.  ft.  in  t^  unit  of  time  at  the  surface, 
be  must  be  receiving  3  eu.  ft.  in  the  same  unit  of  time  when  he  is 
at  a  depth  of  33  ft.  where  the  pressure  is  15  lb.-,  at  165  ft.,  S 
cu.  ft.;  and  at  297  ft.,  15  cu.  ft.  ot  air.  However  if  two  or  three 
times  this  amount  of  air  be  available,  so  much  the  better. 

The  minimum  circulation  of  air  through  the  helmet  should  be 
equal  to: 


Depth  in  feet 

■  -ii  {ii  if  fresh  wate: 


B  pressure  (water)! 


L  14-7  J 

or  1.6  times  the  number  of  atmospheres  absolute  pressure,  cubic 
feet  (measured  at  atmospheric  pressure)  per  minute. 

On  entering  the  water  the  increaeed  pressure  drives  the  air 
from  the  lower  portion  to  the  upper  part  of  the  diver's  dress, 
forcing  the  water  against  the  lower  part  of  the  diver's  body. 
If  the  escape  valve  is  wide  open  the  diver  will  probably  feel  the 
effects  of  the  increased  pressure  and  find  some  difficulty  in  breath- 
ing. The  escape  valve  should  be  regulated  so  that  an. amount 
of  air  sufficient  to  overcome  the  pressure  ot  the  water  will  be 
retained  in  the  dress  and  helmet. 

The  formation  of  nitrogen  bubbles  in  the  blood  and  tissues  has 
been  found  to  be  the  chief  difficulty  in  deep  diving.  This  danger 
can  be  obviated  to  a  large  degree  by  reducing  the  time  spent 
in  deep  water  and  by  making  the  descent  and  the  first  part  of 
the  ascent  as  quickly  as  possible.  The  last  part  of  the  ascent 
being  made  in  fixed  stages.  The  old  ijheory  that  a'' diver  should' 
descend  slowly  has  been  exploded,  for  the  diver  will  absorb  nitro- 
gen as  the  descent  is  made.  Occasional  distress  occurs  in  rapid 
descents  from  pressure  on  the  ear  dnims  althn  few  good  divers  ar; 
troubled  in  this  respect.  During  test  conducted  by  the  U.  S. 
Navy  all  the  divers  were  able  t«  descend  at  the  rate  of  100  ft. 

Sometimes  on  arriving  at  the  surface,  a  diver  will  experience 
difficulty  in  breathing  and  even  become  unconscious.  If  partly 
dressed  he  should  be  dressed  at  once  and  lowered  to  slightly  more 
than  one  half  the  depth  at  which  he  was  working  and  brought 


NOTES  ON  DIVING 

up  according  to  tUe  tables.*  The  fact  that  he  i 
makes  no  difference  ae  thia  is  the  only  way  to  aave  his  life. 
When  possible  another  diver  may  be  sent  down  to  tend  the 
afflicted  diver.  Occasionally  paralytic  symptoms  appear  within 
&  few  minutes  and  sometimes  as  late  as  a  Jialf  hu.ir  after  the 
diver  comes  to  the  surface.  The  diver  should  be  lowered  and 
promptly  brought  back  to  the  surface.  If  the  diver  is  afflicted 
with  the  "  bends  "  it  will  be  found  that  these  pains  invariably 
pass  off  shortly,  but  immediate  relief  may  be  obtained  hy  recom- 
pression followed  by  proper  decompression.  If  he  fails  to  answer 
signals  he  should  be  brought  to  the  surface  and  artificial  respira- 
tion applied." 

full  initruetiona  lor  naipi  diving 


together  with  f 

sot.  may  lie  bad  fn: 

m  the  DUDIlfutU 

rchsi 

ied.    The  (orpgoinr 

rew  J.   Morw  A  So 

:  use 

or  ■living  eqoipmer 

t'U>h«'oluUl;>^ 

MGootjl>j 


SECTION  31  I 

SKAO  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS 

(See  Grading  Machines.)  i 

Under  this  heading  are  included  all  machines  that  fill  buckets 
b;  dragging  them  along  the  ground.  The  simpler  form  of  drag 
Ncrapere  pick  up  the  load,  nhen  being  pulled  toward  the  power 
unit,  carrying  the  material  in  and  ahead  of  the  bucket.    The 

bucket  is  then  pulled  back  along  the  ground,  and  the  operation 
repeated.  With  this  type  of  acraper  a  "dead  man"  la  put  down 
and  a  line  is  fastened  from  the  front  of  the  bucket  to  the  drum  of 
the  power  unit,  the  line  then  going  to  a  block  on  the  dead  man 
and  to  the  rear  of  the  bucket,  so  that  the  bucket  is  pulled  back 
and  forth  by  operating  the  drums. 

Drag  scraper  exeavatorH  in  general,  use  are  so  controlled  that 
the  bucket  is  lifted  above  the  ground,  after  being  filled  by 
scraping,  and  carried  to  the  point  of  dificharge.  It  is  then 
dumped  and  returned,  above  the  ground,  to  the  point  of  excava- 
tion, lowered,  and  the  operation  repeated.  This  type  of  apparatus 
may  be  operated  by  a  cableway,  or  self-contained  machine.  The 
cahleways  may  he  run  with  st«am,  electricity,  or  gasoline  and 
may  lie  stationary,  or  operated  on  rails.  The  self -contained 
machines  are  furnished  with  wheel,  caterpillar  and  walking  trac- 

Bottomleii  Drag;  Seraperi  hold  from  0.5  to  7  cu.  yd.  and  cost 

from  £300  to  $700.  These  scrapers  are  furnished  with  renewable 
cutter  edges  or  teeth.  Gillette  says  it  requires  a  35  to  80  hp,  | 
engine,  %  to  1  in.  haul  back  line  and  1  to  IK  '".  pulling  line. 
With  a  600  ft.  haul  approximately  15  trips  per  hr.  should  he 
made;  with  a  1,500  ft.  haul  about  6  trips.  An  output  of  about 
500  cu.  yd.  per  9  hr.  day  can  be  averaged  under  favorable  con- 
ditions. 

This  type  of  excavator  will  work  to  any  depth  and  to  any  width 
and  is  adaptable  to  railroad  work,  stripping,  irrigation  ditches- 
river  work,  trunk  sewers  and  work  of  like  nature. 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


DRAG  SOHAPER  EXCAVATORS 


Prior  to  1012. 
By  James  C.  Bennett.* 

The  goM-dredging  industry  of  California  has  given  rise  to  a 
method  of  lereling  ground  that  offers  possibility  of  a  consider- 
ably more  general  application  than  has  been  developed  to  date. 
The  method,  by  the  electric  drag  acraper,  was  originated  in  the 
(Jroville  field,  where  one  of  the  dredging  companies  wan  required 
by  the  municipality  to  restore  to  an  approximately  level  surface 
the  ground  that  it  had  dredged  within  the  city  limits.  Although 
some  such  leveling  had  been  done  by  meann  of  horses  and 
scrapers,  prior  to  the  development  of  the  electric  drag  scraper, 
it  had  been  on  small  tracts  only,  and  the  cost  had  been  almost 
prohibitive  when  the  acreage  involved  amounted  to  more  than 
one  or  two,  or  possibly  three,  acres. 

A  few  months  ago,  the  writer  was  called  upon  to  arrange  for 
grading  a  piece  of  ground.  The  work  involved  leveling  down 
some  piles  of  gravel  to  a  grade  suitable  for  building  lota,  makinj; 
a  roadway  60  ft.  wide  by  600  ft.  long,  half  the  width  being  a 
cut  and  the  remainder  a  fill,  and  filling  a  targe  water  hole  to  a 
grade  above  the  level  of  standing  water.  Practically  all  previous 
work  had  been  done  hy  owners  on  force  account,  and,  since  the 
only  object  to  be  gained  was  to  level  the  ground  to  any  con- 
venient grade,  no  attempt  had  been  made  to  determine  the  yard- 
age involved,  hence  no  unit  cost  was  available.  Tlie  nearest 
approach  was  based  on  the  co!«t  per  acre,  which  ranged  from 
$175  to  $200  per  acre.  Tn  this,  however,  it  was  impossible  to 
secure  any  suggestion  even  as  to  the  approximate  yardage  rep- 
resented. 

In  preparation  for  the  proponed  work,  an  attempt  was  made  to 
determine  the  approximate  yardage  involved  by  a  rough  measure- 
ment, but  without  aucress.  Some  idea  mty  be  gained  of  the  difS- 
cultiea  of  making  measurement^^  on  ground  of  thi^  character 
from  the  statement  that,  for  purposes  of  railroad  construction  in 
this  field,  it  was  found  ncceiwary  to  make  cross-sections  at  lO-ft. 
intervals.  An  estimate  based  on  previous  acreage  costs  would 
be  unreliable  in  this  instance,  owing  to  the'  necessity  of  working 
to  grade.  The  writer  and  the  eontraetorg  made  a  joint  estimate 
of  the  time  required  to  do  tlie  work.    Aa  the  approximate  daily 

■  Abatraded  tuna  Enffmetring  Newt. 

C.m^k 


25<t       HANDBOOK  OF  OONSTBUCIION  EQUIPMENT  i 

ezpenBe  woB  Icnown  within  fairly  nurow  limits,  this  afforded  the  i 
moet  ecjuitabJe  ba«is  of  coet.  '    ' 

Seventy-five  working  days  wm  a^eed  upon  «a  sufficient  tim^  . 
to  complete  the  work.  This  was  to  include  lo«t  time  on  account 
of  repairs,  setting  deadmen,  moving  linea  and  blocks,  and  moving 
machine  from  one  position  to  another.  During,  and  upon  com- 
pletion of  the  work,  the  following  data  were  obtained: 

Daily  Gxpeneee 


ZBelpen  &  (2.50 

1JJ.J3  kw.-hr.  e  eu  ct 

Uaking  s  total  dailf  cost  of  

Hme  Required 

Md.  diiTB  sctuaDf  Dcrspiai  

No.  dBji  Du>vin(  linea  and  winch  and  naktat 


HakiDg  toU]  dayi  worked  

No.  workine  days  in  whicb  no  work  was  done. 
UakiHS  elapsed  working  time  dara 


CosU 


LIB  @  tH.0O  H,0OS.I)O 

■^,  inalerialB  only  ""■ 


4^borae  leam,  man  and  acraiwr,  aurfacJDi  street 


id,  14-in.  back  line  MM 


DeprecialiOD  at  ID^ 


III  the  foregoing  figures,  as  will  be  noticed,  a  charge  is  made 
against  the  job  for  the  full  coat  of  the  ropes.  In  doing  this,  the 
job  is  being  charged  with  a  little  more  than  is  really  legitimate. 
as  the  same  ropes  are  good  for  probably  two  to  three  thousand 
yards  additional.  Also,  the  depreciation  charge  is  probably  lib- 
eral, as  there  is  very  little  severe  wear  and  tear  on  anything  but 
the  scraper. 

A  tlose  tally  was  kept  of  the  number  of  trips  made,  or  load^ 
hauled,  and,  from  time  to  time,  the  loads  were  measured.  An 
average  of  ly  cu.  yd.  per  trip  is  believed  to  be  very  nearly 
correct.  The  total  amount  of  material  moved,  baeed  on  the 
number  of  trips  made,  was  15,300  cu.  yds.  Tlie  actual  coat  per 
cubic  yard  was  thus  8.2  cents. 

For  the  92  days  of  actual  scraping,  the  average  running  time 
was  seven  hours  per  day. 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  257 

Atdtbes  hmrlh  of  haul  17S  ft. 

AversgB  day's  duty  217  cu.  jd. 

Largest  dar'H  duty  <25  m.  yd. 

Averaee  Lonrly  dnly  S5.?  eu.  yd. 

The  equipment  consisted  of  a  winch,  motor,  tran8forTDer<,  drag 
rraper.  hauling  and  liack  lines,  and  snatch  blocks.  The  winch 
Taa  of  the  type  commonly  used  on  gold  dredges,  having  hpen 
aken  from  a  dismantled  dredge.  It  was  driven  hy  a  5fl-hp. 
uotor,  throiiffh  one  belt  and  two  gear  reductions,  giving  a  rope 
ipeed  — both  lines  —  of  about  130  ft.  per  minute.  There  was  but 
me  drvm  on  the  winch,  having  a  central  flange  to  separate  the 
■opes.  The  hauling  speed  proved  a  very  satislartory  one,  but  the 
eturn  rope  should  have  been  speeded  up  to  at  least  150  ft,,  and 
raasihly  would  have  worked  satisfactorily  at  175  ft.  per  minute, 
n  fitting  up  the  winch  for  the  scraping  woric,  the  original  caat- 
ron  frame  was   discarded   in   favor   of   a   much   lighter   timber 


Fig.   120.    Section  Through  Bucket  Used  on  Electric  Drag 

Scraper. 

Tame,  in  which  skids  were  made  a  part  of  the  machine.  For 
.ransmitting  power  from  the  transformers  to  the  motor,  an 
irmored  three-conductor  cable  was  used.  This  permitted  the 
'inch  to  be  moved  about  the  field  with  its  oivn  power,  and  made 
unnecessary  any  moving  of  transformers.  During  the  execution 
if  the  work,  the  winch  was  moved  twice,  that  is,  had  three  posi- 
ions,  iiicluding  the  original. 

The  transfca'mera  were  not  disturbed  after  being  originally 
■onnected,  as  the  nature  of  the  ground  permitted  the  ieleetion  of 
I  location  within  reach  of  the  several  positions  of  the  winch.  The 
lower  company  made  no  extra  charge  for  running  the  necessary 
pole  line  —  some  five  or  six  hundred  feet  —  and  connecting  the 
iritngformers  and  motor. 

The  scraper  was  made  of  2-in.  ptanks,  the  cross-section  being 
of  the  shape  shown  by  the  accompanying  sketch  (Fig.  120) .    The 


258         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

inside  measurements  were  IB  x  18  id.  and  it  was  12  ft.  wide, 
little  experimenting  was  necessary  at  the  beginning  of  the  worii 
to  determine  the  correct  angle  at  which  the  bail  irons  should 
be  set.  It  was  found  nece^ary  to  make  one  or  two  changes  of 
this  angle  during  the  progress  of  the  work,  owing  to  different 
conditions  of  the  ground  and  material.  The  planks  were  well 
strapped  together  with  bar  steel,  and  the  ends  were  of  steel 
plate.  One,  and  some  of  the  time  two,  pieces  of  rail  were 
fastened  to  the  top  of  the  scraper  for  added  weight.  Both 
hauling   and   back   lines   were   second-hand   mine   hoist   ropes, 


Excavatai' 


very  good  condition,  but  discarded  for  mine  use  in  compliance 
with  state  mining  laws.  With  the  exception  of  one  or  two  i 
portions  of  the  work,  the  hauling  line  ran  over  only  one  snatck 
block,  while  the  back  line  ran  over  three  blocks  a  large  portio* 
of  the  time.  A  fairly  liberal  use  was  made  of  deadmen,  it  beio^ 
more  economical  than  to  move  the  winch. 

A  Dragline  Scraper  ExcaTator  having  novel  features  was  ustJ 
on  one  of  the  New  York  State  Barge  Canal  contracts  held  by  th? 
Atlantic,  Gulf  &  Pacific  Co.,  New  York  City.  This  exca 
is  known  as  a  Field  Tower  Scraper,  being  named  from  it 
ventor,  the  superintendent  for  the  company  at  Comstock,  N.  Y. 
As  shown  by  Fig.  121,  the  essentials  of  the  excavator  are  a  mov* 
able  tower,  a  cablewny  and  hauling  lines  and  a  special  scrape 
bucket.  The  tower  carries  a  double  drum  engine.  From  one  drum 
a  line  passes  up  the  tower  and  over  a  sheave  located  from  out- 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  259 

fourth  to  one-third  its.  height  snd  thence  down  to  the  bucket.  Thig 
is  the  hauling  line.  The  second  line  passes  up  and  oner  a  tower 
liead  sheave  and  thence  to  a  pulley  block  on  the  oppodite  side  of 
the  prism.    This  pulley  block  rides  on  a  i^-'n.  cable  about  200  ft. 


Pig.    122.     Details   of  Tower   for   Field  Tower   Excavator. 


ZfiO        HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTRICTIOX  EQUIPMENT  I 

long,  Htretched  parallel  to  tbe  prum  between  twu  deadmen,  mor- 
ing  along  the  cable  bb  the  tower  moves.  This  second  line  is  tbt 
cableway  on  which  the  scraper  bucket  travels  back  and  forth 
across  the  canal,  being  pulled  toward  the  tower  by  the  hauling 
line  and  eliding  back  bf  gravity. 


Fig.    123.     Saiierraan    Type   of   Movable    Tower,   Used    on    Levee 
Work,   Deepening   and   Widening   Hivers,   et«. 

The  Tower.  The  tower  is  a  framed  timber  structure  of  height 
HUiiable  to  cover  the  width  of  the  excavation  for  which  it  U 
intended  (the  standard  tower  being  75  ft.  in  height).  This  tow*i 
rests  on  a  trussed  platform  or  ear  which  carries  the  hoisting 
enpine,  coal  and  other  suppliea.  The  tower  is  rigidly  secured 
to  the  truBs  and  g«yed  by  back  stays  to  the  projecting  back  end 
of  the  platform.     The  platform  or  car  runs  on  four  solid  double 


DRAO  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  2B1 

flange  tasf  steel  wheels,  16  In.  in  diameter  and  4  in.  tread. 
The  track  consists  of  two  90.1b.  rails  each  npiked  to  6  s  8  in.  x  4 
ft.  ties  spaced  2  ft.  apart  and  bolted  to  two  2  x  12  in.  x  30  ft. 
planks.  The  engine  maj  Ije  any  good  make  10x12  in.  engine 
with  double  drums  and  two  niggerheads.  The  haoling  line  is 
%  in.  and  return  cable  is  %  in.;   13  in.  sheaves  are  used. 


Fig.  124.     Type  of  Built-up  Timber  Mast.     Photo  Taken  o 
Reservoir  Cleaning  .lob. 


The  tower  is  moved  forward  or  back  by  a  ly^  in.  manita  line 
secured  to  a  deadman  suitably  placed,  passing  through  sheaves 
secured  to  the  platform  and  around  the  niggerhead.  The  track 
is  also  moved  ahead  by  the  same  means,  the  deadmen  being 
dispenRed  with  and  line  passing  around  the  end  of  a  boom  which 


2«2        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

is  n  part  of  the  tower.  The  line  around  the  niggerbead  is  op- 
erated by  the  firemsA. 

The  operator's  cabin  is  placed  up  about  one-third  the  height 
of  the  tower  id  full  view  of  the  work,  and  the  eogine  is  manipu' 
lated  bj  Buitable  levers  and  brakes  connecting  the  operating 
cabin  with  the  engine. 

Scraper  Bucket.  The  distinctive  feature  of  the  excavation 
is  the  scraper  bucket  which  is  shown  bj  Fig.  12S.  This  bucket  has 
a  capacity  of  48  cu.  ft.  level  full,  but  in  ordinary  material  it  will 
"  crown  up  "  to  2  cu.  yd.  capacity.  Particularly  easy  and  certain 
control  are  claimed  for  this  bucket.  These  advantages  are 
brought  about  by  the  combination  of  two  eheavea  placed  at  the 
rear  end  of  the  scraper  at  right  angles  and  vertically  to  it,  the 
return  line  passing  reversely  over  the  upper  and  under  the  lower 
sheave,  while  the  bottom  of  the  scraper  is  fitted  with  two  curved 
cradles  or  shoes,  resulting,  in  connection  with  the  pulling  line, 
in  such  control  of  the  cutting  edge  that  the  scraper  can  be  sus- 
tained at  any  vertical  angle  at  the  will  of  the  operator. 

Celt  Sata.  The  chief  first  cost  of  this  plant  is  in  the  hoist- 
ing engine  and  cable,  which  are  all  standard  eonunercial  designs 
and  usable  for  other  purpoaee.  The  following  is  an  estimate 
furnished  by  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  &■  Pacific  Co.  of  the  cost  of  a 
tower  scraper  plant,  including  everything: 

5,080  n.  B.  M.  lumber  at  (38  per  M %   W3M 

3«0  II.  B.  M   while  osk  bI  MB  p«r  M.  18.20               I 

5fci  lb.  ironbolU  »nd  nnta  at  6  ct.  M.M 

lao  ft.  H'ID.  wire  rope  bscluUye USA 

2  H-ln.  tumbocklei M 

1  headblock  iheave  »nd  bearing 10  00 

1  tiauUng  Bheave  and   bearing    4.00               I 

1  S>4  z  10  Lidnrwood  double  drum  haialinc  engine  . .  l,0gS.0a 
1  BCraper  budlet,  coniplete  with  cutting  edge,  iheavH, 

etc 800.00 

Labor   directing    bsied    on    condition    in    northern 

Kew  York,  earpentera  at  *i,60  per  8-hour  day  ..  200.00 

ToUl  (prior  to  1912)   tLS&S.M 

The  following  is  an  estitnato  of  the  operating  cost  of  the  plant    ; 
also  furnished  by  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  &■  Pacific  Co.: 

Coat 
Item  per  month 

Wire  rope   tUO.OO 

20  toni  coal  at  14  SOM 

Oil.  wula  and  repair*   U.Ot 

Total  (prior  to  1912)  W5S.00  I 

To  this  is  to  be  added  the  labor  cost.  Each  shift  requires  the 
following  force: 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  263 

1  foremBD  st  37H  rl.  per  hour  t  3.00 

1  engiuBfr  Bl  J7H  rt.  per  hoot S.OO 

1  OrBmsn  «  22  cl.  per  hour 1.76 

1  aigDsl  maD  at  Si  ct.  per  honr  2.M 

E  Isboren  •(  20  el.  per  hour 8.00 

And  an  addilionsi 

1  Uboren  st  20  ct..per  hour  6,10 

Total  (prior  to  1912)   B4.1S 

Aaeuming  26  working  daya  and  two  shifU  per  day,  the  labor 
coit  for  one  month  ih  ¥1,250.32,  which,  added  to  S255  given  above, 
makee  a  total  cost  for  operation  of  $1,511.32.  Atiauniing  interest 
on  plant  at  '/S%  per  month  we  have  an  additional  S9.30,  making 
the  grand  total  $1,520.62.  Assuming  an  output  of  TOO  cu.  yd. 
per   day    we   get   a   cost   per   cubic   yard    of   8,4   ct.     This   cost 


Fig.    125.    Scraper  Bucket  for  Field  Tower  Excavator. 

included,  however,  a  proportion  of  the  field  ofSce  Mcpensee.  In 
regard  to  the  life  of  the  cables  used,  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  &  Pacific 
Co.  writes : 

"  While  the  life  of  the  wire  rope  used  depends  almost  entirely 
upon  the  character  of  material  to  be  excavated;  in  clay  and  loam, 
the  plant  working  two  eight-hour  shifts  per  day,  26  days  each 
month,  excavating  approximately  700  cubic  yards  per  day,  w-ll 
use  800  to   1,000  ft.  of  wire  rope  per  month." 

Cost  of  IhUK  Scraper  Buckets.  The  following  table  gives  the 
cost  of  these  buckets  without  teeth. 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRIXITION  EQUIPMENT 


ir  teeth  are  wanted  a  set  of  4  for  the  %,  1  and  IV^  nize  conl^ 
$S2.  For  the  2  and  2Mi  Bize  the  cost  is  $112,  and  for  the  3  and 
3Vi    Bize.   $180. 

Coit  of  Cableway  D»e  Scraper  OntAti.  The  following  tn  the 
eost  of  buckpt  and  carrier  equipment  including  exoftvator  bnuket, 
[carrier,  traveler  bloek,  dump  block,  atup  button  and  patented 
[■bain  mountings. 

Approiimale  Price 

diippin;  wdftit  in  lb.  (.  «.  b.  Cbicigo 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  265 

A  50O  ft.  qpan  dragline  cablewa;  ext^avator  ini^luding  bucket 
and  carrier  equipment,  mast  top  PSBemlily,  bridle  and  anchor  at- 
tachmentn,  wire  rop«  a ppc ideations,  without  neceseary  engine  or 
limbera  for  mant  or  tower  costa  an  follows: 


Aaseinbl;  of  the  Sauerman  (Shearer  and  Mayco  l^P^) 
Dragline  Cableway  Bucket.  Carrier  and   Mountings. 


son  le  by   16  72  31300  t6» 

fiOO  1«  by    16  30  MOO  170 

The  following  notes  on  a,  cableway  dra|;  scraper  by  Mr.  J.  B. 
Slattery  appeared  in  Engiiteering  A'ews  Record  May  25,  mfS, 
Thia  installation  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  130. 

The  first  cost  of  a  machine  of  this  type,  erected  and  equipped, 
in  about  946,000.     It  has  a  clear  apan  of  M2  ft.     The  towers  am 


26»        lUXDBOfjK  OF  COXSTBUCTIOK  EQUIPMENT 


lilllkcc 


0      "i^ii 


111 


11     l|     Jr^ 

>!b         'ays         a'stsw 


I 


I   «;  lailiSSSsosssgasB  |  |S js|siissa!is|  1 1 


II 


e  8'aas°'*-*"'KSS5S3;! 


_g  ^-a32sas2sa3as=^-s  "^  -* 


1^! 


DRAG  SCRAPEK  EXCAVATORS 


267 


of  steel,  8&  and  45  ft.  high  respectively,  and  support  betwesn 
them  a  2^-in.  cable.  On  this  c&ble  travels  a  carriage  which 
carries  a  3-jd.  drag- line  bucket.  The  carriage  is  moved  back 
and  forth  hy  mMins  of  an  endlsu  line,  operated  by  one  of  the 
drums  of  the  main  engine.  The  bucket  is  loaded  bj  means  of  a 
cable  which  leads  from  the  front  end  of  the  bucket  t«  another 
drum  on  the  main  engine,  and  is  lifted  bj  means  of  a  cable 
which  is  attached  to  the  bail  of  the  bucket  and  runs  thence 
around  a  sheave  on  the  carriage,  ovtr  a  sheave  at  the  top  of  the 
head  tower  and  thence  to  a  third  drum  on  the  main  engine. 


ELEVATION 
Fig.  128.  Diagram  of  Dragline  Cableway  Excavator  Installed  for 
Excavating  Sand  and  Gravel  from  Shallow  Deposits  in  River 
600  ft.  Wide.  Includes  a  100  ft.  Self. Supporting  Movable 
Tower  on  which  h  Alounted  the  Hoistiog  Engine  and  Grav- 
ity Screening  Equipment. 

A  pull  of  50,000  lb.  for  loading  the  bucket  is  developed  by 
means  of  a  specisl  engine,  which  operates  a  hau|.down  rope  which 
runs  from  the  drum  of  this  engine  around  one  sheave  of  a  double 
tandem  block  (the  second  sheave  of  which  rides  on  the  drag  or 
loading  line)   and  thence  to  the  frame  of  the  tower. 

The  bucket  is  dumped  at  will  by  means  of  a  haul-down  rope 
which  pulls  down  on  the  dumping  line  attached  to  the  back  of 
the  bucket,  and  running  thence  to  the  conveying  drum,  thus 
accelerating  the  movement  of  the  rear  of  the  bucket  relatively 
to  that  of  the  front  end  and  consequently  causing  the  hack  end 


208         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

of  the  bucket  to  lift  and  the  materUl  to  dump.  This  hant-donn 
rope  in  operated  by  meana  of  a  piston  and  steam  cylinder.  A 
special  engine  is  provided  on  the  head  tower  to  move  the  EUtme. 
The  tail  tower  is  moved  by  means  of  a  friction  dram  operated  by 
the  conveying  line. 

The  crew  of  this  machine  consists  of  one  foreman  ri^^r;   one 
operator;  one  rigger's  helper;  one  engineman;  one  flreman;  otM 


ELEVATION 
Fig,    129.     Diagram   of   Sauerman   Dragline  Cableway   Excavator 
Installation    for    Digging   Gravel    from    Itiver    Bottom    and 
Delivering  Material  to  Gravity  Screening  Plant. 

signalman;  eight  laborers  (trackmen),  three  on  tail  toWer  and 
five  on  head  tower;  three  laborers  (dressing  levee)  ;  three  team- 
sters  (ploughing,  dressing  levee  and  hauling  supplies). 


WOEK    DUBING    101-^    BY    I.IDIiKHWOOU    T-F.' 


Yardage  plai 
Uontb  during  moii 

Apra    5.211 

UVr   13.239 

JuM    ,..  !O,060 

Jnlj'   3»,85(l 

Aoffuit    19,0511 

Beptfinfcsr    ..,,',.■,,     i,rm 

Odobrr 2i.80O 

Novamber    26,600 

18,«00 


10«.IOO 


s 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  869 

The  very  high  costs  of  September  were  dne  to  practically'the 
entire  month  having  been  lost  on  account  of  high  water,  wet  pits 
and  delays  incident  to  renewing  the  main  Gallic  —  the  1att«r  due 
.  purely  to  bad  management.     The  high  cost  ul  December  was  dne 


&- 


>f 


Fig.    130.     Lidgerwood   Drag-Line   Cableway   Excavator   Used    in 
Vicksbnrg  District  to  Build  Hissisaippi  Levees, 

to  a  flood  and  to  the  necesnity  of  stopping  work  some  days  before 
adually  drowned  out,  in  order  to  prepare  for  a  prolonged  high 
water.  Shortage  of  coal  and  the  holiday  season  also  cut  down  tlie 
output  of  this  month.     The  past  season  was  an  exceptionally  bad 


Kg.    131.    Tower    Drag    Scraper    Excavator. 

one   for   levee   work,   and   progress   was   retarded   throughout   by 
wet  pits. 

The  Tower  EsMTator.    The  principal  parts  of  this  apparatus 
are  a  hoisting  engine;   a  tower  65  ft.  high,  guyed  to  caUes  ex- 


270     .  HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTEUCTIOK  EQUIPMENT 

tendiDg  to  the  grouod  on  each  aide,  where  inateod  of  being 
stationary,  they  slide  on  other  cablee  stretched  parallel  to  the 
ditch  and  fastened  to  deadmen,  thus  giving  stability  to  the  tower, 
while  allowing  it  to  move  parallel  to  the  ditch;  the  scraper 
bucket  in  which  the  earth  ie  moved;  and  cables  for  operating 
the  bucket.  The  machine  is  built  upon  a  platform  and  is  moved 
on  rollers  by  winding  a  cable  fastened  at  one  end  to  a  deadmsn. 
A  more  efficient  provision  for  moving  the  machine  would  doubt- 
less result  in  considerably  reducing  the  cost  of  operation.  The 
operation  of  the  machine  is  illustrated  in  Piga.  131  and  132.  Its 
cost  was  about  $1,600  prior  to  1012.  With  the  strengthening 
of  parts  neceaearj  to  fit  it  for  estra  heavy  work  the  cost  would  be 


Fig.  132.     Bucket  Used  with  Tower  Drag-Scraper  Excavator. 

about  $2,000,  of  which  $1,200  would  represent  the  cost  of  a 
hoisting  engine   ( 1BI2  figures). 

In  operating  the  excavator  the  bucket  is  loaded  by  pnlling  il 
toward  the  tower  by  winding  up  the  cable,  which,  passing  over 
the  lower  sheave  on  the  tower,  is  attached  to  the  front  end  of 
the  bucket.  The  bucket  is  then  dumped  by  winding  over  the 
drum  the  cable  which  passes  over  the  sheave  on  top  of  the  tower 
and  which  is  attached  to  the  back  end  of  the  bucket.  The  bucket 
is  returned  to  the  ditch  by  further  tightening  the  upper  cable 
and  loosening  the  lower  one,  then  it  quickly  slides  back  by 
gravity  to  the  starting  point.  The  earth  is  deposited  between 
the  ditch  and  the  machine. 

The  following  is  the  cost  for  each  eight  hour  shift  in  operating 
this  machine: 

Engineer   t  SM 

Flremm     !.0» 

Foreman t.DO  i 

Sign»l  man 2.00 

Csble  BhlflCT  1.80 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  271 

Horsa  ■cd  mun,  nmiag  track  3,00 

4  Liiboreri,  n  KM  «k1i  S.W 

Itt  ton*  o(  cMl  to  the  «hift,  «t  »3  per  ton tM 

ToWl  IptlOT  to  191!)   »» 

If  to  this  18  added  ^1.50  per  shift  for  maintenance,  depreciation, 
interest,  and  repairs  at  tlie  rate  of  50%  per  annum  on  the 
irij^nal  cost  of  the  investment,  the  total  cost  per  shift  is  $27. 

By  arranging  for  the  operator  to  work  from  a  station  in  the 
tnw«r,  where  the  woric  would  be  in  full  view,  the  signal  man 
.vould  be  eliminated,  and  by  plaeing  the  machine  on  a  track  vrith 
in  arrangement  for  moving  the  machine  ahead  on  the  work  b; 
means  of  gearing  attached  to  the  axlee  probably  two  or  three 
more  men  could  be  dispensed  with,  thus  further  reducing  ther  coat. 

The  bucket  used  on  this  machine  had  a  capacity  of  about  2 
yd.,  but  in  ordinary  operation  at  least  3  yd,  were  carried  at 
pach  load.  While  in  operation  about  1  bucketful  wag  excavated 
and  deposited  in  each  forty  seconds.  This  would  make  a  rate 
of  4  cu.  yd.  a  min.,  and  the  contractor  was  of  the  opinion  that 
he  could  maintain  an  output  of  1,000  yd.  per  eight-hour  shift  for 
an  entire  acason's  run  on  continuous  work  of  a  favorable  char- 
acter. The  work  actimlly  done  wu  not  carried  on  continu- 
ously, and  the  beat  record  made  wfCl  40,000  cu.  yd.  per  month 
for  two  shifts  for  one  machine.  At  a  cost  of  $50  a  day  for  two 
shifts  this  would  amount  to  about  3  ct.  per  yd,  fof  the  month's 

The  machine  has  a  reach  of  210  ft,  from  the  far  side  of  the 
ditch  to  the  near  side  of  the  waste  bank.  Tha,t  ia,  all  the  dirt 
must  be  excavated  and  deposited  in  a  space  t>f  210  ft.,  making  a 
waste  bank  about  20  ft.  high  if  necessary.  The  bucket  ia  le- 
markably  well  under  control. 

This  machine  was  in  many  ways  crudely  built,  and  its  excellent 
record  is  due  apparently  to  the  exceedingly  simple  principle  of  its 
operation,  and  to  the  economy  of  power,  motion  and  time  in  ex- 
cavating. The  bucket  moves  on  a  straight  line,  across  the  ex- 
cavation and  onto  the  waste  bank,  and  when  dumped  alides  with 
great  rapidity  down  the  tightened  cable  to  the  position  tor  dig- 
ging- 

With  a  construction  including  modern  devices  for  moving  on 
Ihe  work  and  the  improved  bucket,  it  seems  that  this  should  be  a 
very  important  addition  to  the  types  of  excavating  machinery. 
It  is  fitted  tor  digging  ditches  20  to  100  ft.  wide  and  2  to  30  ft. 
deep,  though  its  greatest  economy  of  operation  ia  in  constructing 
the  larger  sectionB. 


MGootjl>J 


272       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

SELF-CONTAIKED  MACHINES 

The  Drag  ScrapCT  Excavator  haa  been  used  with  great  suc- 
cess on  the  Neiw  York  Barge  Canal.  Where  canals  are  being 
dug  and  a  large  waste  batik  munt  be  built,  or  where  a  heav> 
fill  is  to  be  made  in  ground  which  i»  average  and  hae  no 
large  boulder  or  tree  stumps,  this  machine  is  very  aucccesful. 
The  scraper  bucket  is  auspended  by  caliles  from  the  end  of  a 
long  boom.  Booms  00  ft.  or  10()  ft.  long,  giving  a  refkch  of  100 
or  lift  ft.  from  the  center  of  the  machine  Ui  the  end  of  the  boom, 
are  practicable.    The  entire  machine  swings  on  a  circular  tum- 


1  New  York    Bargf 


tal>le.  The  bucket  ia  filled  hy  pulling  it  directly  toward  th« 
center  of  the  machine  by  means  of  a  cable  so  there  is  no  strain 
on  the  boom  except  that  due  to  its  own  weight  and  the  weight 
of  the  bucket  and  its  load.  As  a  result  the  liooma  of  thU  typ< 
of  machine  can  safely  be  made  lighter  and  consequently  longer 
than  is  the  case  with  the  booms  of  dipper  dredges  of  similnr 
size  and  strength.  A  machine  of  the  type  illustrated  (Fig.  133). 
U8ed  on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal,  has  an  S5  ft.  boom,  a  reach 
of  06  feet  and  weighs  147  tons.  A  2  yd.  dipper  is  used  which  in 
operation  is  usually  filled  full  and  sometimes  earried  4  jrd,  at  a 
load.     The  engine   is   of   16   hp.   capacity   and   the  boiler   54  bp. 


f.ii.i.iii' 


DRAG  SORAPER  EXCAVATORS  273 

The  machbe  is  probably  strong  enough  to  operate  a  3Vi  yd, 
dipper.  It  excavated  earth  00  ft.  from  tlie  center  oE  the  machine 
an  one  side  and  deposited  100  ft.  from  the  center  on  the  other 
aide.  It  can  deposit  material  on  banks  from  20  to  3S  ft.  in 
height.  A  machine  is  usually  moved  forward  b;  means  of  cables. 
During  May,   1910,  the  items  of  cost  "of  operation  were  as  fol- 


EDgioeer,  it  UO  per  tDtmlh  t  90.00 

Engineer,  u  tSS  per  monlh  84.01 

"d-y"'..^™.''."^'!'..'!?,".."''.'!.'.'! .'f",.'....;....1*!  sss-oo 

Cosl,  at  |3per  tan  147.00 

Total    .,.  ISS8.86 

The  hrst  cost  of  thin  machine  was  $10,000.     The  cost  of  opera- 
tion of  this  machine  on  the  Kew  York  Barge  Canal  was  as  fol- 

Item  April       May       Jnne       July       AnguM 


3U.T4    (£84.29    t74T.TT    t   BSO.SS    tl,lt8.ET 
.      tS.Si       62.00  4li.!a  7(i.l2 

175.00      I7B.0O      175.00        175.00        175.00 


Shitting  on  work  .... 
Tats)    '..1921.54    »375.11    »So.37    n,lR).94    11,368.08 

Averan  CM(  per  yd.. ..      tO.177      ta.04S     (O.OSBS       t0.0Q4S       (0.0289 
Yards    complete  duriog 

month    S,a05      18,366       26,333        33,055        17.S63 

'Uacbine  fell  inla  canal. 

Eleatrlcallj  Operate!  Drag  line  Macbinei.  Average  cost  for 
the  season,   including   all   charges,   4,1   ct.   per  yard.     Two  large 

electrically  operated  drag  line  scrapers  were  used  on  the  Calu- 
met Sag  Channel  near  Chicafto.  These  machines  had  100  ft. 
steel  booms  and  were  equipped  with  2V2  cu  yd.  seraper-buck- 
ets,  and  each  weighed  about  120  tons.  The  following  description 
id  reprinted  from  Enginrr'rirtg  and  CoKlrru^ing,  Jan.  22,  1013: 

The  arrangement  of  the  operating  machinery  is  shown  in  the 
accompanying  drawing  (Fig.  134).  The  double  drum  hoist  is 
operated  directly  liy  a  gear  on  the  shaft  of  a  112  hp.,  60-cyc1e, 
^■phase  motor,  making  000  r.  p.  m.  A  62  hp.,  00-cycle,  S-phaae 
motor,  955  r.  p.  m.,  operates  the  bevel  swing  gear  as  shown.  The 
sir  brakes  are  operated  through  power  furnished  by  a  25  cu.  ft. 
motbr-driven  air  compressor.  Tlie  current  is  furnixhed  by  a 
public  service  company  and  is  brought  from  Blue  Island,  several 
miles  away,  over  a  high  tension   liae  at  33,000  volt  to  «  trans- 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  275 

former  house  on  the  work  where  the  voltage  ia  stepped  down 
to  2,300  volts.  It  ii  agiun  stepped  down  to  440  volts  through 
B  portftble  transformer  which  is  attached  to  the  dragline  ma- 
chine by  a  cable  and  is  pulled  along  on  ita  trucks  a,s  the  machine 
moves  ahead.  On  the  machine  the  current  is. stepped  down  to 
110  volts  for  the  incandescent  lamps  and  to  3S  volts  for  the 
Bcarchlight  which  is  placed  on  the  front  of  the  house  and  just 
under  the  boom. 

The  maobine  ia  operated  by  two  men  on  board  and  two  men 
outside  for  handling  the  track.  While  moving  to  position  or 
commencing  work  one  of  the  machiueB  was  moved  410  ft.  in  one 
day.  The  track  sections  upon  which  the  machine  runs  are  15  ft, 
long  and  are  built  up  solidly.  They  are  built  of  a  solid  3-in. 
plank  bottom  upon  which  are  fastened  the  ties  set  about  8  in. 
apart.  On  top  of  the  ties  are  B  x  10  in.  timbers  cm  edge  under  the 
W-lb.  rails.  The  whole  is  bolted  together  and  has  eyebolts  near 
the  ends  of  the  6  x  IS  in.  timbers  bo  that  it  can  be  handled  by  a 
four-way  chain. 

The  work  upon  which  the  machines  are  engaged  consists  of 
about  8,000  ft.  of  canal  section  from  31  to  37  ft.  deep,  36  ft.  wide 
on  the  bottom  and  with  slopes  of  2  on  1.  The  south  berm  will 
lie  about  90  ft.  wide  or  will  extend  150  ft.  from  the  center  tine 
of  the  canal  and  the  north  berm  will  be  40  ft.  narrower,  accord- 
ing to  the  plans.  About  8  to  12  ft.  of  the  bottom  work  on  Section 
5  will  be  rock  and  it  is  not  yet  decided  by  the  contractor  how  this 
will  be  handled,  though  it  is  likely  to  be  handled  in  skips  by  a 
derrick  with  a  very  long  boom.  The  dragline  machines  are  set 
on  opposite  banks.  The  one  on  the  aouth  will  excavate  half  the 
canal  nection  in  two  cuts. 

That  the  use  of  electricity  will  be  economical  is  illustrated  by 
machines  in  California  which  actually  used  ^  of  a  K.W.H,  per 
cubic  yard  of  material  handled.  The  coat  of  the  current  there 
was  on  a  sliding  scale  ranging  from  %  to  1  ct.  per  kilowatt 
hour.  On  the  New  York  Barge  Canal,  electrical  machines  were 
used  where  the  coat  of  current  at  about  2^  ct.  per  kilowatt  hour 
was  about   1  ct.  per  cubic  yard. 

The  reliability  of  power  is  a  most  important  argument  in 
favor  of  the  uae  of  electricity.  The  uncertainty  of  securing  fuel 
Knd  water,  especially  in  bad  weather,  is  a  iource  of  trouble  to 
the  contractor. 

The  cost  of  hauling  coal  for  a  steam  machine  of  this  size  would 
likely  amount  to  $40  per  day,  and  the  coal  itself  (about  10  tons) 
would  cost  about  S30.  These  itnns  are  eliminated  where  electric- 
ity is  used,  and  the  cost  of  the  current  is  substituted. 


276        HANDBOOK  OF  CONBTEUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

EIectri«  Dragline  Work  on  the  BoIbc  FTOjoet.  The  follviriiig 
notes  are  from  The  Ea:oavating  Engineer,  April,-  1916. 

In  the  spring  of  1918  the  Reclamation  Service  made  a  careful 
survey  of  the  district  and  proposed  the  construction  of  a  system 
of  open-cut  drainage  ditches.  This  plan  called  for  the  construc- 
tion of  50.4  miles  of  open  draina  varying  in  depth  from  7  to  14 
ft.  and  in  bottom  width  from  5  to  IS  ft.  with  side  slopes  of 
1^  to  1.  The  system  contemplated  2,000,000  cu.  yd.  of  excavation 
besidas  many  culverts  and  bridges,  the  total  expenditure  of  which 
was  $226,000.  Actual  construction  was  started  in  Nov.,  1913, 
and  completed  by  June  5,  1916.  The  excavatimi  was  done  by  two 
Bucyrus  electrically  operated  dragline  excavators  mounted  on 
caterpillars. 

A  third  Bucyrus  electric  dragline,  similar  to  the  two  above 
mentioned,  woe  used  for  digging  drainage  ditches  oh  the  Fargo 
Basin  of  the  Boise  Project  proper.  This  work  was  completed 
in  April,  1915,  and  consisted  of  275,044  cubic  yards  of  excavation 
or  about  5^  miles  of  open  drains.  Some  of  the  records  given 
later  refer  to  thia  work.  This  work,  liecause  of  softer  material 
and  less  water,  was  comparatively  easier  than  that  «i  the  Pioneer 
Irrigation  District.  Consequently,  this  must  be  kept  in  mind  in 
reading  the  records  of  output. 

Conditions  existing  demanded  the  use  of  electricity  to  operate 
the  machines.  The  water  throughont  the  district  Is  uniit  for 
boiler  use,  due  to  the  large  amount  of  alkaline  salts  which  it 
contains.  Furthermore,  for  a  large  part  of  the  time,  the  machines 
were  working  In  swamps  where  it  was  at  times  impossible  to 
drive  a  loaded  wagon  close  enough  to  the  machines  to  supply 
them  with  fuel.  Power  was  secured  from  a  44,000-volt  tranamie- 
slon  line  that  passes  through  the  district.  This  voltage  was 
reduced  to  4,000  volts  at  a  held  substation,  from  which  it  wa^ 
delivered  to  sub-stations  at  the  excavators  where  the  current  was 
again  reduced  to  440  volts,  i 

Power  was  purchased  .for  one  cent  per  K.  W,  hour.  The 
average  aniount  of  power  used  per  cubic  yard  of  material  moved 
was  0.9  of  a  kilowatt. 

Each  dragline  had  a  50  ft.  boom,  a  Wt  yd.  bucket  and  weighed 
about  65  tons.  The  main  machinery  was  driven  by  a  motor  of 
50  hp.  continuous  and  SO  hp.  intermittent  rating  and  the  swinging 
machinery  by  a  25  hp.  motor.  The  character  of  the  material 
over  which  the  excavators  operated  was  so  soft  that  a  cater- 
pillar mounting  was  chosen. 

The  following  is  the  performance  of  machine  No.  1  during 
August,  1915: 


DRAG  8CRAPRB  EXCAVATORS 


N 

0.   I   Dragline 

East  Caldwel 

Drain 

Amount 

cn.yd. 

number 

KCBTFIIsd 

P«r  Shift 

s 

'S 

1,2W.S 

Total  uid  ST 

W.B..,  7,910 

»,5g9£ 

1T8J 

l,189-« 

Highest  run  per  shift  this  month:  1,573  cubic  yards. 
Numlwr  of  shifts  dug:   *OVi- 
Excavation  started  August  14,  1915. 


DigKlDi 


Machine  Efficiency,  Machine  No.  1 

Hours 

3»:M 

iniort  »^*lra U:30 


Elect  ri( 

BlMtint;    :  45  .1 

Total tM:K  100.0 

The  total  yardage  excavated  by  the  two  machines  on  the 
Pioneer  District  under  tbft  original  contract  wax  1,755.238  cubic 
vards  neat  meaBurement.  Probabl;  20%  of  the  mat'-rial  would 
class  as  hardpan,  A  total  of  16,200  pounds  of  dynamite  was  used 
in  blasting.  All  of  the  material  was  saturated  and  often  very 
Boft  and  miry.  Both  excavators  were  operated  continuously,  three 
ei^ht-hour  shifts  per  day,  with  the  exception  of  the  month  of 
Januarj',  1015,  when  work  was  suspended  because  of  deep  frost 
snd  a  lO-day  delay  on  one  uiachlne  in  Septem1)er,   1914. 

The  best  month  for  one  machine  on  the  original  Pioneer  con- 
tract was  made  in  March.  1915,  on  the  Solomon  Slough  Drain. 
We  give  this  below. 

Total  yardage *t,633  cu.  yd. 

Average  per  hour  155.3  cu.  yd. 

ATeraga  prr  shift 99«  cu.yd. 

Higheel  shift   l.tWcu.yd, 

On  the  original  contract  from  Feb.,  IdU,  to  June,  1915,  in- 
clusive the  hfgh«at  k*erage  per  hoar  was  133.)  cu  yd.  Average 
number  of  hours  actually  worked  per  g-hour  shift  was  6,13.  The 
highest  average  per  shrft  was  850  cubic  yards,  working  an  aver- 
age of  4.T1  hours  per  8-hour  shift. 

As  stated,  the  work  on  the  Fargo  Basin  was  somewhat  easier. 


278         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and  below  is  the  average  for  the  month  of  March,  1916,  on  the 
Laht  and  Griffith  Drains. 

Total   y«id»(e    M,743iu.rd. 

AT9r»gB  per  hour   180.3\:u.7d- 

AverBce  par  shift  1.1T8  co.  yd. 

Hisbsit  rnn  par  ihitt  1,701  cu.  yd. 

ShiftB  worlied TC 

In  September,  1S15,  on  the  Midway  itnd  Nampa  Drains  of  the 
Pioneer  District,  under  the  supplemented  contract,  the  follow- 
ing were   recorded: 

Total  rard«KB    64,lMcu.  yd.- 

AvemgB  per  hour  1T7  eu.  yd. 

A«er»Be  p«r  shirt l.lSTen.i'd. 

Highest  run  per  shift  1.8K  en.  yd. 

Shffti  worltBd    M 

Cost   of  Operation 

The  crews  employed  consisted  generally  of  three  men,  an  oper- 
ator, an  oiler  and  a  laborer.  The  laborer,  however,  was  only 
used   when   blasting   was   necessary.  - 

Below  is  the  unit  coat  of  the  work  per  cubic  yard  on  the  Pioneer 
Irrigation  District  accomplished  under  the  original  contract, 
exclusive  of  depreciation  and  overhead  cost. 

On  repairs   ....'.l\'.l\'.''.'.\''.'.''.'.'.'.'.\'.\''.'.''.\'.\"\'.l      '.WM* 

Onblasling  tni  driUing Wit 

On  moTing  machine .0019 

On  clearing  right  et  way  and  trlnoiiiii  hunks  . .      .0006 
On  eniinfering  and  auperlnteadence  .0033 


Electrical  power  at  .Ca  per  hw.  honr tO.OOSS 

fiepair  parts  and  mlacMlaaeoas  luppllea  .0077 

Wire  rope  and  armored  cable  .      .0015 

Blaaling  euppliea    .0015 

•Total  unit  malcrial  and  snpply  cost  tO.DlK 

Electrical  inatalUtlon  of  transmiision  hnes 012E 

Total  unit  cost  ¥>MO 

Cost  of  Draglines.  Draglines  may  be  had  in  a  wide  number 
of  aizes  and  capacities.  They  are  operated  by  steam,  electricity 
or  internal  combustion  engines  and  are  furnished  on  skids,  trac- 
tion wheels,  caterpillars  or  trucks  with  or  witboat  the  self- 
propelling  feature. 

The  steam  operated  machine  is  the  moat  widely  used  at  the 
prsHcnt  time  and  the  following  prices  are  for  that  t^pe  of 
machine. 


DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS  279 

A   steam   operated   dragline   mounted   on   ekidB,   with   a  45-ft. 
boom  and   11^-cu.  yd.  bucket,  weighs  30  tons  and  roHta .  $20,800 


Fig.  134A.  Stesm  Operated  Dragline  MouDted  on  Caterpillars 
Building  a  Levee  in  Missouri.  Length  of  Boom,  45  ft..  Size 
of  pucket  1%  c«.  yd. 

f.  o.  b.  factory.    Thia  same  size  machine  mounted  on  caterpillars 
weighs  60  tone  and  costs  $29,000. 
A  draglme  mounted  on  skids,  with  a  60-ft.  boom  and  2-cn.  yd. 


Fig.  134B.  Steam  Operated  Dragline  with  a  125.ft.  Boom  and 
6-cu.  yd.  Bucket  on  Levee  Enlargement  Work  on  the  Mis* 
sissippi  River. 

bucket,   weighs   62   tons   and   costs   $26,700,   mounted   on   cater- 
pillars the  machine  weighs  30  tons  and  costs  $3S,30o! 
A  dragline  mounted  on  skids,  with  a  100-ft.  hoom  and  3>^cu. 

f.ii.i.iii' 


280         HANDBOOK  OF  COX  ST  RUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

yd.  bucket,  weighs  145  tods  and  cobU  $46,000,  mounted  on  eeU- 
propelliug  trucks  the  machine  weighs  166  tons  and  costs  $56,800. 

A  dragline  mounted  on  self-propelling  trucks,  equipped  with  a 
125-ft.  boom  and  4-cu.  yd  bucket,  weighs  210  tons  and  <nisIs 
$71,300. 

Various  conlbinalionl^  of  boom  lengtlis  and  bucket  capacities 
may  be  had.  For  certain  work,  such  as  levee  building,  it  is  very 
often  advantageous  to  have  a  machine  with  a  longer  boom  and 
a  bucket  of  smaller  capacity.  The  manufacturer  is  prepared  to 
meet  special  conditions  by  designing  machines  accordingly. 

Electrically  operated  machines  are  economical  where  no  great 
dietaucee  are  to  be  moved  and,  of  course,  where  electric  power 
suitable  for  the  operation  of  the  machine  is  available. 


Fig.   135.     At  Work  in  a  firavel  Pit. 

Gasoline  or  kerosene  engine  power  may  be  applied  to  the 
smaller  si/es  of  machines;   two  machinee  being  described  below. 

A  gasoline  engine  operated  drag  line  excavator  (Fig.  135| 
weighs  approximately  32,000  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  S6,000 
coigplete  The  engine  is  40  hp.  for  either  gaaoline  or  kerosene. 
It  is  p(|iiipped  with  a  %  cu.  yd.   bucket. 

This  machine  will,  on  open  work,  dig  and  place  tile  in  the  trench, 
and  then  backfill  the  trench.  In  this  kind  of  work,  two  men  are 
necessary  for  the  operation  of  the  machine;  one  man  for  the 
actual  operation  and  one  to  do  the  incidental  work  around  the 
machine  during  the  operation.  The  machine  may  also  be  u»ed 
ill  ditch  cleaning  and  repairing,  and  other  work  where  a  light 
drag  scraper  machine  can  be  used  to  advantage. 

Gasoline  Dragline  Excavator  having  a  30  rt.  boom,  operates 
a   %-yA.  bucket  and  is  furnished  with  caterpillar  traction.     Thi? 


UKAG  SCHAPER  EXCAVATORS  281 

lacbine  U  operated  by  a  marine  type  gaaoUne  motor,  hae  an 
atimated  capaoity  of  300  to  600  cu.  yd.  in  10  hr.  depending 
n  the  material  and  a  traction  speed  of  from  Hi  to  IH  miles 
er  hr.  It  uses  from  35  to  45  gal.  of  gasoline,  keroseite  or  dia- 
illate  in  a  10  hr.  day.  The  approximate  shipping  weight  of 
he  machine  is  38,000  lb.  and  it  co«U  $0,530  f.  o.  b.  factory  without 
be  bucket. 

The  XolloniDg  cost  data  of  a  traveling  excfivator  appeared  io 
n  article  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Patch  in  Enginetrittg  Record,  Dec.  12, 
!)14. 

When  operating  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  this  ma- 
hine,  with  a  crew  of  four  men,  excavated  400  cu.  yd.  in  a  day 
if  ft  hr.  While  for  a  period  of  seven  months  the  average  per- 
urmaDre  baa  been  at  the  rate  of  40  cu.  yd.  per  hour,  even  when 
ime  lost  on  account  of  repairs  and  moving  from  ptarc  to  place 
B  included.  If  blasting  is  required,  or  if  the  ground  is  so  soft 
la  to  require  planking  beneath  the  wheels  of  the  machine,  then 
he  crew  is  increased  to  a  total  of  six  men. 

^OSTH   0 


Item  Coal  eu.  yd. 

UbOT,  rwTi   t2.G70.8S  fO.MTS 

LsbOT.  boTHi  m.3i)  ■  .IXI3> 

Eiplosiy^B    -...: 321.97  .OOSS 

Fwl,   (Baoline    29U.03  .0C62 

Snppliea  (greue,  oD.  lumber,  etc.)  E24.T5  .WH 

DcprwiatiOD.  tnaebine   I.IM.OD  .0213 

Gewrsl  eipentM 712.15  .0111 


Totil    t«.S55.8S  10.1188 

The  work  comprised  deepening  an  old  ditch  which  carried 
Jrsinage  water  constantly.  The  old  aection  was  about  2  ft.  deep, 
4  ft.  wide,  and  had  1.5  to  1  side  «lopes.  The  new  section  was  6 
'1.  deep,  5  ft.  wide  at  the  bottom  and  had  1.6  to  I  side  slopes. 
Tfce  ditch  was  about  4  mi.  long,  and  for  approximately  one-half 
<•(  its  length  the  bottom  2  ft.  was  in  indurated  materials  which 
r^uired  blasting  before  it  could  be  excavated. 

The  crew  compriHcd  frdm  4  to  0  men  and  2  horsea  at  the  fol- 
lowing wages:  Machine  operator,  $130  per  month;  gas-engine 
"lan,  (80  per  month;  powder-man,  $3  per  day;  2  laborers,  each  ' 
*2.48  per  day;  2  horses,  each  Sl,25  per  day,  A  day's  work  com- 
prised 8  hr.  on  the"  job.  The  total  material  moved  was  56.017 
•^a.  yd.  or  approximately  40  cu,  yd.  per  hour. 


DILAWIFG  BOAItDS 

Drawing  boards  of  thoroughly  seaBoned,  xelected  narrow  Btrip« 
of  white  pine,  and  either  finished  natural  or  with  a  light  coat  of 

shellao,  coat  ae  follows:  i 

One  face  for  drawing i2  1 17  in.  %1S& 

One  face  (or  dr» wing  Ifl»!lin.  2.(» 

One  lace  for  drawing       MxiSin.  S.»  i 


Bolb  rices  (I 
Both  fBcee  f< 
Both  faces  fc 
Both  facM  [< 


30 1 M  in. 
SSxSlin. 


G.EO 


r  dcaviUE  31 1 

Drawing  boards  of  white  pine,  with  hardwood  ledges  attached 
by  BcrewB,  arranged  to  allow  for  contraction  and  expansion : 

One  face  for  drswins  31i42ia,  S.80 

One  face  Car  driving  SSxBSin.  16.00 

One  faee  for  drawing  36i60iQ.  HJW 

Extra  large  drawing  boards  of  pine; 

SB  X  71  in t  28.00 


42 1  «0  in. 
42  X  73  in. 


6DxHiii 


3T.0O 
48.00 
42J» 
M.OO 


103.00 

Trestles  and  horses  for  drawing  boards.  Wooden  horses,  light 
construction,  37  in.  high,  35  in.  long,  per  pair,  $6.60. 

Ditto,  fine  quality,  37  in.  high,  35  in.  long,  per  pair,  {9.75. 

Ditto,  fine  quality,  with  removable  sloping  ledges,  37  in.  high, 
35  in.  long,  per  pair,  $10.60. 

Adjustable  wooden  horses,  best  workmanship,  30  In.  long,  adjust- 
able for  height  from  37  in.  to  47  in.  on  level  or  slope,  per  pair, 
H3.20. 

Adjustable  drawing  table  with  iron  supports: 


SECTION  33 
DEED0E8 

There  are  four  types  of  dredges:  (1)  The  dipper  dredge;  (2) 
the  grapple  dredge;  <3)  the  bucket  elevator  dredge;  (4)  the 
bjdraiilic  dredge.  For  harbor  work  or  where  the  water  is  rough 
the  8COW  ccmtaining  the  machinery  also  has  pockets  for  the 
inat«rial,  which  it  conveys  to  sea  or  some  other  dumping  place. 
Thie  is  called  a  hopper  dredge. 

SIFPIIl  DBEDQES 

A  dipper  dredge  is  really  a  long-handled  steam  shovel  mounted 
on  a  ecow.  The  dippers  range  in  size  from  ^  to  15  cu.  yds. 
This  type  of  dredge  is  adapted  to  work  in  all  kinds  of  materials. 

Mr.  Gillette,  in  "Earthwork,"  describes  a  home-made  dipper 
dredge,  the  cost  of  which  was  as  follows; 

1  Hnsling  eagina  sod  boilei  tslsile  drum,   dbl.  cyl., 

8  hp.,  )«H1  in.;  weiBM  S.EOirib.)   t   6IXI.D0 

2  Scows,  S,m  (t.  B.  M.  (t  1 34  ft.)  


10  BhMTM,  fl  in ».' 

liO  n.  ^e  In.  bolBtint  chklD.  260  lb..  ®  8  ct W.i 

IW  Ft.  »  In.  iron,  256  lb.,  ®  *  ct lO.i 


„_.'.  1^  yd.,  400  lb.,  ©  10  it 

10  Ft.  cut  iron  FKli,  2m  lb..  9  10  ct 

-  ~       table  piBlP  and  rim.  100  lb.,  Q)  10  c1 


100  Bo1l_,   .,  _ 
1,000  Ft.  B.  M.  ] 


11.000.00 

This  dredge  can  be  loaded  on  two  flat  cars  or  four  ordinary 
wagons.  The  erew  consists  of  three  men  and  the  total  cost  of 
operation  is  about  $6.00  per  day.  fn  di^fting  a  trench  IS  ft. 
wide  by  12  ft.  deep  the  average  capacity  in  10  hours  is  60  yards 
of  hardpan  or  175  yards  of  river  )jravel. 

In  Engineering  News  of  October  30,  1902,  is  described  a  dipper 
dredge  with  a  2^  cu.  yd.  bucket  which  excavated  in  clay  20  ft. 
below  the  water,  depositing  the  material  in  two  scows,  each 
having  a  drop  poeket  of  140  cu.  yd.  A  tug  boat  towed  the 
scow  containing  material  to  the  dumping  ground.  The  total 
coat  of  tlie  outfit  was  $43,000.    Six  per  cent  Interest  plus  6  per 


2S4         HAXDBOOK  OF  COXSTRITTIOX  EQUIPMENT 

eent  depreciation  over  100  working  days  g^ves  a  coat  of  $51,611 
per  day.  The  usual  rental  of  such  a  plant  itt  $100.00  per  da.v. 
The  daily  wages  and  coal  bill  average  about  $30.00.  The  etveragF 
output  in  10  hours  was  745  eu.  yd.  at  a  total  cost  of  He  per  cu. 

Land  Dredgres  of  the  dipper  type  are  made  b;  one  manufac- 
turer  in  two  desiipiB;  the  walking  and  track  type.  They  tnav 
also  be  adapted  for  floating  work. 

These  dredges  are  adapted  to  a  very  wide  range  of  -work, 
but  are  more  frequently   used  in  the  conatrtiction  of  drainage 


Fig.   136.     Dipper  Dredge  —  Walking  Type. 

and  irrigation  ditches  having  approximate  dimensions  of  from 
6  to  6(1  ft.  top  width,  4  to  20  ft.  in  depth,  constructing  the  rp 
quired  slope  of  bank,  ranging  from  Mi  to  1^  ft.  back  to  1  ft. 
in  perpendicular,  also  establishing  a  berm  width  ranging  from 
6  to  10  ft,  ■  ' 

They  are  well  adapted  to  the  recleaning  <rf  old  drainage  or 
irrigation  canals  where  small  yardage  is  encountered,  necessi 
tating  the  installation  of  only  such  machinery  as  can  b«  moyed 
on  to  the  work  at  a  small  first  cost,  and  can  be  operated  rapidiv 
at  a  minimum  of  cost  for  labor  and  supplies. 

When  not  on  work  incident  to  the  ctmstruction  of  new  ditcher 
or  the  recleaning  of  old  atructurea,  they  can  be  adapted  t« 
handling  gravel  from  bank  or  pit  into  auto  trucks  or  gondols 
cars  when  used  in  connection  with  general  conKtruction. 

f.ii.i.iii' 


DREDGExS  2«S 

The  yardage  handled  bj  thia  type  of  eqoipment  depends  quite 
largely  upon  the  clasa  and  nature  of  the  soil  being  handled  antt 
upon  the  ekill  and  familiarity  of  the  principal  operator  with 
hia  equipment.  Under  normal  -  eoodrtions,  the  i^  yd.  equipment 
will  handle  from  400  to  800  yd.  of  earth  per  10  hr.  shift,  while 
the  1  yd.  capacity  will  handle  from  000  to  1,100  yd.  for  the 
same  length  of  time.  While  an  experienced  operator  who  is 
willing  to  make  use  of  hia  skill  can  attain  the  best  results,  it  is 
not  essential  to  provide  such  a  man,  as  one  with  average  mental- 
ity  and   willingness   to   do   the   thing   as   directed   can   attain   & 


Fig.  137.     Dipper  Dredge  —  Track  Type. 

sufficient  knowledge  of  this  equipment  to  operate  it  safely  and 
with  satisfactory  results  within  a  period  of  from  two  to  six 
days.  The  manufacturer  states  that  the  mechanics  furnished  to 
erect   the  dredges   in  nearly  every  case  instruct  new  men  in  the 

The  walking  and  floating  types  of  land  dredge  are  frequently 
and  generally  handled  by  a  chief  operator  and  helper,  the  helper 
heing  the  understudy  of  the  operator.  He  does  lubricating, 
provides  water  for  the  cooling  system  of  the  oil  engine,  and  many 
small  jobs  incident  to  the  operation.  The  track  type  dredge 
requires  a  principal  operator  and  a  man  to  lay  track  on  either 
side  of  the  dredge  under  favorable  conditions,  and  additional 
men   to  lay  track  when  soft  eArth  is  encountered   or  diRicultieH 


286        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

incident  to  new  work  through  timbered  areas.  When  used  in 
the  work  of  loailing  trucks  or  cars  the  principal  operator  is  the 
only  one  required. 

The  coBtB  of  BUpplies  and  operation  depend  largely  upon  thone 
of  labor,  fuel  and  lubricating  oil,  cable,  and  repairs,  in  the  local- 
ity where  the  work  is  being  done.  Under  reasonably  favorable 
conditions  these  vary  in  the  case  of  the  walking  type  of  dredge 
from  «15  to  »25  per  dayrin  the  case  of  the  track  type  from  fl-S 
to  $30  per  day. 

The  approximate  cost  of  these  dredges  is  as  follows: 


Walking  Dbedoe 

Boom, 

Prke 

H.P. 

Id  ft. 

Vl.iBlb.       t 

0.  b.  IGchifU 

20 

as 

38,000 

(6,900 

20 

.20 

40,000 

T.m 

30 

42,000 

8.900 

3n 

85.000 

.     B.OOO 

so 

40 

88,000 

9.a» 

30 

30 

4S 

79,506 

9,mi 

^ACK 

Type  Dbedge 

Price 

inn. 

wt.  ia  lb.     f 

o.b.Uichi2ai> 

20 

W 

33:000 

14,700 

20 

26 

35,000 

4,B00 

26  or  30 

46,000 

8^400 

SS 

B2.000 

6.700 

39 

» 

B8.000 

B.9» 

28-29 
32-35 
37-40 


Dredges  of  this  make  are  operated  by  oil  engines  of  either  the 
single  cylinder  or  double  cylinder  opposed  type,  using  tor  fuel 
either  gasoline,  kerosene  or  distillate.  These  engines  are  mounted 
on  a  structural  base,  which  is  in  turn  mounted  upon  skids,  these 
skids  carrying  as  a  separate  unit  the  engine  fuel  and  cooling 
tanks.  In  this  manner  the  power  plant  is  intact.  The  engine  is 
controlled  by  the  operator  from  bis  position  in  the  front  of  the 
dredge. 

The  dredges  are  of  all  steel  construction,  and  are  designed  to 
dismantle  into  sections  for  ea«y  transportation,  the  entire  equip- 
ment being  divided  into  from  ten  to  fifteen  loads  for  the  ordinary 
wagon  or  truck. 

Hethodt  and  Costa  of  Dre^e  Ezoaration  of  Drainage  Ditoliet- 
The  following  notes  by  Mr.  D,  L.  Yarnell  are  from  Bulletin  No. 
300,  Ofllce  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  on  "  Escavat- 


DREDGES  287 

ing  Machinery  ue«d  in  Lanil  Drainage."  The  cost  figures  are  aa 
of  1015. 

The  cost  of  dredges  advanees  lapidl;  aa  the  size  and  capacity 
are  increased.  Dredges  of  the  same  rated  capacity  also  vary 
eomewhat  in  coat  with  the  different  manufacturers.  All  of  the 
machinery  ia  usually  made  at  the  shops  of  the  manufacturer. 
The  material  for  the  hulls  may  also  be  supplied  by  the  manufac- 
turer, but  usually  the  purchaser  obtains  lumber  in  the  op^i 
market  and  builds  the  hull  in  the  field.  The  coat  of  hauling 
the  material  and  machinery  from  the  railroad  to  the  place  of 
erection,  the  local  price  of  labor,  and  the  conveniences  for  hous- 
ing and  feeding  the  workmen  are  factors  which  will  enter  into 
the  cost  of  a  machine  of  any  type.  It  requires  at  least  two 
cars  to  transport  the  material  for  a  small  dipper  dredge,  while 
for  a  machine  of  large  size  from  four  to  nix  cars  are  required. 

The  following  table  gives  the  approximate  costs  of  the  various 
sizes  of  dredges  ready  for  operation,  though  these  would  be 
largely  ejected  by  the  difficultiea  and  expense  of  transporting  the 
material  and  aasembling  the  machine: 

Aproximate  CoflTB  Of  DivsEB  Dredges 

Cost  of  Coat  of 

Siie                                               mschiaerr  wood  hull  Total 

Kyard     13,700  $1,8W  %  B.iM 

l-ysrd 6,400  2,K»  7.lln0 

H4-r»rd     S,iOO  3,IGD  8,350 

ItiTBrd     . ..      T.ino  4,B0ll  11,*10 

VA^jtri     14,000  »,000  11,000 

It  requires  practically  a  month  for  ten  men  to  erect  a  1-yard 
ilredge,  six  weeks  to  erect  a  1^-yard  dredge  or  1%-yard  dredge, 
BJid  eight  weeks  to  construct  a  2-yard  or  2^-yard  Biachine.  It 
•requires  lees  than  one-half  the  time  given  above  to  dismantle  a 
machine.  A  l-yard  dredge  which  cost  $8,000  was  shipped  about 
400  miles  and  hauled  by  wagon  18  miles.  The  dumantling  cost 
about  C490;  the  freight  charges  were  about  $700;  hauling,  $36l>; 
and  rebuilding  about  $STO.  These  costs  are  fairly  representative 
for   tbia  size  of   machine. 

Method  of  Operating.  With  a  floating  dredge  the  conatruction 
should,  where  practicable,  b^in  at  the  upper  end  of  the  ditch  and 
proceed  downstream.  Sometimes  it  ia  not  feaaible  to  transport 
the  machinery  end  material  to  the  upper  end  of  the  diteh  and 
the  dredge  must  then  woilc  upatream.  This  is  undesirable,  un- 
less the  fall  be  slight,  since  in  working  upatreain  dama  must  be 
built  behind  the  boat  to  maintain  the  necessary  water  level.  In 
working  downstream  the  ditch  remains  full  and  the  dredge,  float- 
ing high,  can  dig  a  much  narrower  bottom  than  if  working  up- 


288         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

[itream  in  shallow  water.  Moreover,  whea  floating  low,  the  dipper 
may  not  properly  clear  the  spoil  bank.  Again,  in  working  down- 
Btream,  any  material  dropping  from  the  dipper  into  the  ditch 
will  be  taken  out  in  the  next  ehovelful;  whereas  if  working  up- 
stream any  material  dropped  or  any  silt  washed  behind  the  dredge 
is  left  to  settle  in  the  bottom  of  the  ditch.  If  work  is  Iwgun  on 
the  natural  ground  surface  a  pit  must  lie  dug  to  iBUndi  the  boat; 
or  if  in  a  stream,  it  may  be  necessary  to  build  a  temporary 
dam  in  the  channel  to  raise  the  water  high  enough  to  float  the 
boat.  The  depth  of  water  required  varies  from  2  ft.  upward,  de- 
pending on  the  size  of  machine. 

The  floating  dipper  dredge  moves  itself  ahead  by  means  of  the 
dipper.  The  spuds  are  first  loosened  from  their  bearings  and  the 
dipper  is  run  afiead  of  the  machine  and  rested  on  the  natural 
ground  surface  in  front  of  the  ditch.  The  spuds  are  then  raised 
and  Uie  engines  operating  the  baching  drum  are  started;  the 
dredge,  being  tree,  is  thus  pulled  ahead.  The  spuds  are  then  low- 
ered and  eTicavation  continued. 

In  timbered  country  the  right  of  way  must  be  cleared.  In  many 
cases  the  timlier  cut  will  supply  sufficient  fuel  for  the  dredge. 
It  is  poor  |iolicy  to  fell  the  tree«  and  leave  them  on  the  ground 
to  be  removed  by  the  dredge.  The  stumps  should  always  be 
shattered  with  dynamite,  as  the  strain  on  the  machinery  is  thus 
rendered  much  less  and  the  life  of  the  dredge  increased. 

An  engineer,  a  craneman,  a  fireman,  and  a  deckhand  are  re- 
quired to  operate  a  dipper-  dredge.  The  output,  loss  of  lime  due 
to  breakdowns,  and  the  cost  of  repairs,  depend  almost  whully 
upon  Iheir  skill  and  efficiency.  The  engineer  should  be  an  all' 
around  mechanic  as  well  as  experienced  in  dredging. 

Tlie  amount  of  fuel  consumed  depends  upon  the  size  and  type 
of  boiler  used,  and  upon  the  burning  and  heating  qualities' 
of  the  fuel.  A  very  great  saving  <'fln  he  effected  by  covering  the 
lioiler  with  an  asbestos  coat.  Ordinarily,  about  i5  lb.  of  coal 
pbr  horse  power -hour  are  consumeci  on  dredges.  Tlie  cost  of  re- 
pairs depends  largely  upon  the  operator;  a  careless  operator  will 
cause  many  unnecessary  breakdowns.  It  is  not  only  the  high  cost 
of  repairs  for  machinery  hut  also  the  time  lost  which  nids  in 
in<'reBnirig  tlie  actual  cost  of  the  output.  It  is  a  well -established 
fact  that  it  is  not  the  initial  cost  of  a  dredge  or  of  any  maehiiie. 
but  the  operating  and  overhead  expenses,  that  reduce  the  profits. 

Colt  of  Operation.     The  cost  of  dredge  work  depends  upon   a 
number  of   factors.     The  loiality  of  the  work,  the  kind   of   soil. 
repairs,  delays,  labor,  etc.,  greatly  influence  the  actual  cost  of  any 
work.     If  the  water  level  can  naturally  be  maintained  within  a    ' 
foot  or  so  of  the  surface  of  the  ground,  the  cost  of  excBvation    ' 


^■D  be  reduced  very  low  with^thu  tjpe  ol  nuu:hia«.  The  dait. 
jhen  in  t^e  following  pages  w^re  obluiited  from  the  actual  ooet 
records  of  the  varitaia  projects.  Unfortunately,  tbe  flgucaa  Kre 
not  alwayi  strictly  comparable,  one  project  with  anotber,  oving 
!»  variations  in  the  items  of  coat  isduded,  UnleiH;  otherwise 
stated,  interest  is  taken  at  6%  and  depreciation  at  35%  |ier 
aniiuiD  OD  the  cost  of  the  dredging  outfit.  Intereat  and  deprecia- 
tion are,  however,  charged  only  for  the  interval  of  time  wpoD 
iiliich  the  unit  cost  is  tiased.  This  is  nut  st'rioUy  oorrect,  ae-  « 
certain  vaount  of  tine  consumed  in  getting  the  machine  on  luid 
oFT  the  work  should  be  diarged  to  each  project.  In  most  castiB 
it  nas  impossilile  to  aacer^ain  the  time  that.ehould  be  charged 
tu  moving,  building,  etc,.  And  therefore  the  item  has  been  ignored 
in  all  cases,  for  the  sqke  of  uniformity.  On  aome > pf ojects  figures 
for  operation  over  an  extended  period  were  not  obtainable.  lii 
eui'h  cases  the  unit  cost  is  based  upon  the  daily  coat  of  opera- 
tion and  the  average  amount  of  ditch  dug  per  day,  no  allowance 
being  made  for  interest  and  depreciation. 

In  the  construction  of  a  ditch  in  North  Cai-oiina  a'  new  1^- 
yard  dipper  dredge  was  employed.  This  dredfje  had  a  5  x  2C  x  70- 
ft.  hull  and  was  ef[uipped  with  8%  x  10-in  double-cyttitder  hoist- 
ing engines!  TxT-in  double  cylinder,  reversible  swingil^  •ligines; 
a  50-hp.  Scotch  marine  return-flue  boiler;  a  Hi-)*ara 'dipper, 
31-ft.  dipper  handle,  and  45-ft.  boom.  The  spuds  were  conVjerti- 
Ue  to  liank  or  vertical  and  were  operated  by  the  hoisting  engjne?. 
The  cost  of  this  dredge,  erected,  was  $10,-142.19.  The  dredge  was 
operated  eonlinuously,  each  shift  working  11  hours  per  daj"- 
The  men  were  paid  at  the  following  rates  per  montbj  Superin- 
tendent'  in  charge,  $110;  engineers,  $100;  cranemen,  $00;  fire- 
men, 848;  deck  bands,  $36.  Tlie  men  furnished  their  own  sub- 
sistence. The  ditch  was  9^  miles  long  and  ranged  from  22  to  30 
it.  wide  on  top  and  from  8  to  10  ft.  deep;  it  had  side  slopes 
uf  K  to  1  and  a  berm  8  ft.  wide.  The  water  level  was  easily 
inainfained  near  the  ground  surface.  Very  little  right-of-way 
i:learing  was  required.  In  the  construction  of  this  ditch  the 
ilredge  excavated  350,720  cu.  yd.  of  earth.  One  year  was  re- 
i|uircd  for  the  dredge  to  complete  this  work.  The  following  cost 
data  were  taken  from  the  records  of  the  drainage  district  which 
owned  and  operated  the  dredge : 

Co^t  of  operBliim,  indndiiiK  labor  and  fuel fl^SBS.Ol 

Rer.Blra  

InjereM 


Total    ,.  122,077,47 

Omi  per  cubic  yard.  10.0620. 

new,  dredge  -of  the  same  size  and  type  as  the  one  just 


2»0         HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

dcMribed  was  need  in  the  extravatlon  of  a  drainage  dit«h  in  tht 
same  locality  as  the  foTegoing  project.  The  ditch  fallowed  an 
old  creek  channel  for  the  greater  part  of  its  length.  The  cosl 
of  the  dredge,  erected,  was  $0,365.34.  It  wag  operated  in  om 
shift  of  11  hours;  the  actual  time  of  operation  was  not  recorded. 
The  erew  and  the  rateg  of  pay  were  the  same  as  in  the  foregoing 
example.  The  ditrh  was  3%  miles  long  and  ranged  in  top  width 
from  H2  to  28  ft.  and  in  depth  from  6  to  10  ft.  The  side  slop« 
were  ip^  to  1 ;  the  berm  was  8  ft.  wide.  The  dredge  worked  down- 
stream and  the  water  level  was  easily  held  near  the  ground  aur 
face.  Practically  no  right-of-way  clearing  wag  done.  The  ma- 
terial excavated  was  a  loam  top  soil  underlain  by  stiff  clay; 
very  little  rock  was  encountered.  The  coat  of  the  work  was  con 
siderably  affected  by  the  expense  ($1,490)  of  passing  three  bridges. 
The  tot«l  amount  excavated  in  a  period  of  about  10  months  was 
121,200  cu.  yd.  The  dredge  was  owned  and  operated  by  the 
drainage  diiitrict.    The  following  costs  were  recorded; 


S.199.80 

OmI  per  cubic  jrard,  tO.OSlT. 

A  dipper  dredge  with  a  5^  x  16  x  60-tt.  hull,  7  x  8-in.  doubl^ 
cylinder  hoisting  engines,  friction  awing,  1-yard  dipper,  35-ft 
boom,  and  telescopic  bank  spuds  was  utied  in  the  construction  ol 
about  5  miles  of  ditch  in  western  North  Carolina.  No  reliable 
Information  was  available  as  to  the  amount  of  material  moved; 
but  the  following  figures  as  to  the  cost  of  installing  the  dredp 
are  of  interest: 


Hschinery ; 

MMerial    4.800.00 

Preijht   --.. "OiO 

ilnyaga    72.S0 

losUnlng     SIO-W 

Bxira  equipment  Horge  tooli,  etc.)   M.OO 

Ue>>''°K  equipmeul  (engine  and  drDBina  and  wiring) . .  9)7.00 

ToUl    tJ,(62.53 

In  Colorado,  a  dipper  dredge  having  a  24x75-lt.  hull,  Ihiy^ 
dipper,  and  60-ft.  boom,  was  used  in  cleaning  out  and  enlarginj 
about  20  miles  of  canal.  The  equipment,  complete,  ineludiu 
cook  and  bunk  boats,  coat  $16,500.  Two  shifts  of  11  hours  esrt 
were  run.  During  the  year  for  which  the  data  are  given  th 
dredge  was  actually  in  operation  but   187  days,  or  58%  of  tk 


DREDO.es  2fll 

(otal  working  days.  The  following  crew  weTe  paid  the  given 
rates  per  month,  including  board:  Head  runner,  8120;  1  runner, 
$110;  2  franemen  at  ?55;  2  flremen  at  $45;  2"deckhands  at  $40-; 
]  teamster,  $40;  1  cook,  $50.  No  right-of-way  clearing  was 
required.  The  water  for  the  boiler  was  talien  from  the  canal, 
and  as  a  result  eonsiderable  trouble  was  experienced  from  mud 
and  scale.  The  cost  data  below  are  based  on  the  amount  of 
material  moved  from  inside  the  grade  stakes  during  tlie  year, 
amounting  to  394,387  cu,  yd.  It  was  eetimated  that  an  exceaa 
of  25%  was  actually  moved.  The  following  was  the  cost  of  the 
work  for  one  year ; 
OperstiOD : 

Liibor  opeTBtlnE  dredfe  t  $,243.70 

Ooal,  iDdudiug  (reigbt,  l,m.SS  loos,  at  t2.S5  i-OOBJl 

HiuliiiE  coairi.27lt.G5  tons,  at  Sl%  ct 1.<1SSM 

Oil.  WMIle,  and  mincdlBiieaua  suptilies  1S2.» 

Cost  of  (antrolling  waier  to  floul  dredco  3ei3t 

Repairs,  labor,  and  material  3,8»4.fl7 

Rumoving  ■nd  fsplacing  brldg«  gOT.TS 

loMrnt  Rod  deprenialiOD    S.IKM 

Total    |!2,8H.G( 

Coat  pei  cubic  ;ard,  U.OOB. 


Building  up  ditch  baok  and  making  road  on  Ion d.T21,T5 

Right  ol  way  and  le— 


EuEineet-iog  a 

^'■■■'■'■'•"■■"^■ic.. 

d  legal  e: 

Total     t  8,768,27 

Tlie  coat  of  the  dredging  outfit  wae  as  follows; 

Hull ; 

Material t  l.SSOM 

Labor,  iiiohiding  hauling l.9^J99 

Mafhiner? : 

Coat,  including  freight »,9»7.72 

Hauling  and  inatalling S17,^ 

Cook  and  bunk  boats; 

Material 663.90 

Labor   • <53.«6 

Equipment    648. S5 

Total    „ 116,600.00 

In  connection  with  a  drainage  project  in  southwest  Louisiana 
a  sfeam-opprated,  floating  dipper  dredge,  equipped  with  a  1-yd. 
dipper,  40-ft.  boom,  and  convertible  power  spuda  was  employed 
in  the  excavation  of  about  10  miles  of  ditch  which  varied  in 
width  from  18  to  50  ft.  and  depth  from  4  to  6  ft.;  Ifl-ft. 
lierme  were  apeciiled.  The  cost  of  the  dredge  on  the  work  is 
Mid  to  have  been  $10,000.  Two  shifts  of  10  hours  each  were  run, 
Imt  the  actual  number  of  days  of  operation  was  not  recorded. 


2!)2         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  I 

The  crew  and  monthly  rates  of  pa^,  including  aubgLitence,  werf 
Hs  fullowH;  Two  runnel's,  at  $100;  2  cronenien,  at  $60;  %  firemen, 
at  $G0;  1  deckh^d,  $40;  1  eook,  $30.  The  materia)  exeavatfd 
was  a  hard,  KtilT  elay.  The  tolnl  amount  oKeavatt^  in  about  H 
months  was  147,000  cu.  yd.  The  average  cost,  per  month.  «i 
.upnraliun  was  bh  [dHowb: 

Ldlior    (  Eio 

Bo»rd ...    ■    li» 


On  another  project  in  southern  Louisiana  there  was  emploved 
a  floating  dipper  dredge  with  a  Sx22x73-ft.  hull;  8xI0-in. 
double-cylinder  hoisting  engine;  6  x  8-in.,  double -eylinder  reversi 
hie  swinging  enyines;  l^-.yd.  dipper,  ami  40-Jt.  boom.  The  ma- 
chine was  equipped  with  bank  spuds.  The  cost  of  the  dredge, 
readj  to  operate,  was  $13,000.  The  ditehes  averaged,  about  Sd 
ft.  wide  and  were  from  5  to  6  ft.  deep.  The  lard  was  nearly  level 
and  the  water  surface  was  easily  kept  within  a  foot  tif  the  ground 
surface.  The  material  was  a  top  muck  underlain  by  an  alluvial 
mud  which  was  hardly  solid  enougli  to  hold  ita  shape  when 
dropped  from  the  dipper.  There  were  few  submerged  logs  or 
stump'.  The  dredge  was  operated  the  year  around  for  two  years. 
No  record  was  kept  of  (lie  aetnal  time  of  operation.  The  averB<!e 
output  per  shift  (12  hours)  on  a  SO-ft.  ditch  5  ft,  deep  waa  1^ 
cu.  yd.,  at  a  coat  as  folIoHs: 

Labor  (4  men)  llO.Bn 


Tola!    f9& 

Coat  per  en.  rd.,  euIuHve  of  ialarest  sad  dcpreciBtioa.  Vt.vSl. 

In  the  sane  general  locality  atf  the  foregoing  ease,'  and  under 
the  same  soil  conditions,  a  1-yd.  dredge  which  was,  except  in  re- 
spect to  capacity,  equipped  similarly  to  the  above'de^ctibed  ma- 
chine, was  ppeeated  in  the  CDnstruction,  of,  ditehetj,  wbiclj  averaged 
30  ,(t  wjde  and  5  ft.  deep.  The  cost  of  tbe  dredge,  erected,  n-»' 
,$11,000.  The  average  output  per  12-hour  shift  during  a  2-year*^' 
.run  was  1,000  cu.  yd.    Th6  cost  per  shift  was  as  follows: 

Labor  (I  men) |inj)0 

Fnfll.  EhW   oil,  mltl.75  ,,, .'. ..   ..      gm 

Repilri,  oUi  and  grtate E£0 

Total ..,. 

Cmt  vr  cu.  rd..  exdutlTe  of 


Id  another  draiaage  project  in  southern  Louie  iana.  eereral 
ditches*,  cfceh  three  milee  long,  were  constructed  by  a  dipper 
dredge  intttalled  on  a  SMt  x  18  x  70-ft.  bull  The  power  wsh  ob- 
tained from  a  00-hp.  interna  I -combust  ion  engine.  The  dredge 
)iad  a  IH-yd.  dipper,  40-ft.  boom,  and  conveiUlile  power^  spuds. 
The  total  cost  of  tlie  outfit,  including  house-boats  and  email 
towboate,  was  S12,000!  Two  shitta  of  10  hours  eKl-h  were  run 
for  26  days  in  each  month.  The  crew  were  furnished  subsistence, 
and  eavh  shift  consisted  of:  One  runner,  at  $123;  1  craneman, 
at  $D5;  and  1  engine  tender,  at  $40  per  month.  One  cook,  at 
$35,  and  one  general  utility  man,  at  $60,  were  also  employed, 
making  a  total  labor  cost  of  ^55  per  month.  The  nvertis.'B 
ilijoena^ojjB  ot  the  ^ditA  were:  ,mTop.,width,,^  ft.;  bottom  width, 
18  f^.|-and',ai;ii(!>,  ^-fl.,  t>e'gfeu^.i'.w«8 'nVarly  level  ai|d  \hfi 
Kate'i;  (Stood,  a!»ut  3  ft,  bflow  ^fie  groynd,  surtagp,  :  Tlie  e.\cav«ted 
material^  w.a's  stiff  ^^ndyiclay.  Apout  3.4,  mtlea  .of  tltt  v/ork  con- 
eisliMl  i|i_  ;cleaning  Hie  old  <tlianpel,^.wbifh  required  ^retment,  mi^y- 
ing  and'  gave  pn alleys rdagp.  ,,Ilie,  tqtal,  exc^vaiion  i^  fiv^  roqnths 
was  alKiut  216,001)  (jj,'  yd.  The  cost'  wap  as.followa: 

LbW  Biii'board  '. tl.SSi 

JSlfl  md-tril  ,. J.3TO 

Itepkirx.  ...,.,.... '.1. «0 

Interest  and  depreciation  ,, 2,030 

"Total    J- ,..; ','. J8,895 

CobI  per  cubic  y»rd,  W41i. 

A  steam  operated  floating  dipper  dredge,  mounted  on  a  '5x  15  x 
90-ift.  liuli  and  equipped  with  a  1-yd.  dipper,  38  (t.  boom,  ftnd  in- 
clined telescopic  bank  spuds,  was  used  in  the  excavation  of  alMut 
10%  miles  of  ditch:in  North  Carolina.  The  cost  of  the  dredge  is 
stated  to  have  been  >«,613.8a.  One  shift  of  10  hr.  per  day  was 
run.  The  actual  niimijer  of  days  of  operation  was  not  recorded 
Thu  prew  and  rates  of  pay  were- as  follows:  One  engineer,  9126 
per  mo.;  1  craneman,  £2.00  per  duy;  1  fireman.  $1.25  per  day; 
1  w»t<;h»an,'i$ISO  pwday;  the  crew  furnislied  their  own  Sub- 
si  efinl*.' ■' The  dilch''WRB  ai«lrt  IB 'ft.  in  t6p  rftdth,  1*  ft.  deep, 
and  had  V-  to  I  slopes.  It  followed  an  old  creek  b*d'  'Por-  a 
large 'p«rtr<rf  tlie  distance.  The  tnaierlHl  Excavated' was  a  (lay 
thoiinfc' '  sDfns'J'Wk  was  encouWtered.  Based  iipon- the  ffiven 'di- 
wensiwrts  *>f  (he  (Ulch,'aie 'tothl  excavation  a Wouiilrt  to  2M,0M 
cu.  yd.  .Blghf««i  -  BKththB  were .  required  tO  (onVpIete  the- wlwb. 
The  coHl  *a9  aV  tb)loW6;'     -  ■  I 

pjjeratJ^;   , .     .  .    „   i    ,,;    I     .,..,..  ..... 

■Lubor     ..'.. '.....','....'...'. "i  8.310.84 

Fuel 2,310.30 


204        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Labor 1,88002 

UaterUl I.IM.TI 

Intenst  and  depreciation 4,067.00 


Ooat  per  cubio  Tud,  tO,0612. 

UlscetlaoeouB  eipenaea; 

EnginMring   

aearing  right  of  way  

Rebuilding   bridges 


Total     t  1,219.26 

Some  Costs  of  Dredgework  on  the  Loi  Anselcs  Aqnednct, 
Tlie  following  costs  of  dredging  are  taken  from  the  monthly 
report  for  Februarj,  1911,  on  a  section  of  the  Los  Angelea 
aqueduct  through  the  Owens  Valley.  The  dredge  conaiBta  of  a 
scow  on  which  ia  mounted  a  No.  00  Marion  electric  shovel  with  a 
li^-cu.  yd.  dipper.  The  cost  of  the  dredge  was  $lB,8fl7,  and  it 
was  built  according  to  the  specificationg  of  the  aqueduct  engineers. 
The  yardage  is  based  upon  the  theoretical  aection  of  the  aqueduct, 
or  14.81  (cu.  yd.  per  lineal  foot.  This  is  exceeded  to  a  small  ex' 
tent  by  excess  cutting.  The  following  are  the  data  for  February: 
Teams  and  Renewals 

and  niFn    Operalion      and  rep.       Ulsc.         Totala 


20t 
8.825 

•i| 

M 
fl,18S.W 

12 

t  mm 

■ft 

11.003,78 
10.0:58 

»17.8S 
117.85 

Live  stock.  No.  of  dW> 

Cubieyardi   

,... 

»•»■■» 

Power  cMt  

Tolal  eoala   

Cnit  cost  per  Co.  yd. 

«l.29 

»0.«W1 

tO.0GGE 

The  unit  coat  per  euhic  yard  tor  the  month  flgurea  5.6S  cents, 
but  the  unit  cost  given  for  the  work  of  the  dredge  to  date  is 
tl.T   cents. 

Grapple  Dredge.  Grapple  or  grab  bucket  dredges  are  also 
known  as  clamshell  or  orange  peel  dredges,  according  to  the  type 
of  bucket  used  in  excavating.  They  are  adapted  to  work  in 
very  deep  water  or  in  confined  places,  such  ae  caissons. 

In  Engineering  Neica,  February  2,  18B0,  an  Osgood  10-cu.  yd 
clamshell  dredge  is  described.  The  crew  consisted  of  ten  men, 
and  five  tons  of  coal  were  consumed  in  ten  hours.     The  machine 


DREDGES  295 

had  a  pBpacitj'  of  one  bucket  load  per  minute  and  averaged 
about  400  cu.  yd.  per  day. 

The  Ubl«  on  pages  2S&-20S  faaa  been  compiled  from  the  report  ol 
Gen.  Bizby,  Chief  of  Engineers  of  U.  S.  A.,  for  the  fiscal  year 
of  the  U.  S.  Grovernment  ending  June  30,  1911,  and  contains 
some  important  data.  The  column  headed  "  Total  Coat  of 
Dredging "  is  understood  to  include  cost  of  repairs,  hut  not 
iaterest  and  depreciation.  The  oldest  of  these  dr^ges  wemB 
to  have  been  built  in  1869,  which  would  make  its  age  at  the 
time  of  the  report  42  years.  It  is  hardly  safe,  however,  to 
consider  this  the  standard  age  for  computing  depreciation.  At 
the  age  of  30  a  dredge  is  either  so  antiquated  aa  to  make  repairs 
very  heavy,  or  so  out  of  date  as  to  make  it  uneconomical  to 
operate.  Therefore,  fixing  30  years  as  the  life,  which  is  more 
than  that  of  the  averagi>  locomotive  in  the  I'nited  States,  and 
allowing  interest  at  0%,  the  annual  interest  and  depreciation  on 
the  total  cost  of  the  dredges  would  be  $82,061,  or  about  2c  per 
ou.  yd.  in  addition  to  the  average  figure  of  13.6c  given  in  the 
table. 

A  oiam  shell  dredge,  Delta  (Fig.  I3B),  was  used  by  the  Cali- 
fornia Development  Co.  from  Novemtier,  1906,  to  1912  in  places 
where  it  was  necessary  to  build  up  levees  to  greater  heights  than 
could  be  reached  by  the  dipper  dredges.  The  following  dedcrip- 
tion  is  compiled  from  a  paper  by  Mr.  H,  T.  Corry,  Trans.  Am, 
Soc.  C.  E.,  November,  1012: 

The  dredge  had  a  hull  120  ft.  long,  54  ft.  wide,  and  11  ft. 
ileep,  and  was  equipped  with  a  clamshetl  bucket  mounted  on 
a  150-ft.  boom.  The  machinery  comprised  a  150  hp.  internally 
tired,  circular,  fire-tube  boiler,  and  a  20  x  24-in.  engine  on  each 
aide.  Work  on  the  hull  ^  was  started  May  1,  the  hull  launched 
.August  15,  and  the  machinery  in  place  at  the  end  of  October. 
The  total  cost  of  the  dredge  was  $80,000,  including  $34,000  for 
machinery  f.  o.  b.  San  Francisco.  The  weight  of  the  craft  was 
S50  tons. 

1  cspUin  »t  I12K  to  »160  per  month  and  bo»rd. 

a  leTeiDien  at  t8S  per  moDth  SDd  bmrd. 

i  Bremen  ii  t«0  per  montli  and  board. 

3  d«Mi»ad>  at  (SO  per  month  and  board. 

1  cook  al  IM  per  month  and  boaid. 

1  blackamitli  at  tW  per  month  and  board. 

1  rouataboul  at  ^40  per  montb  and  board. 

Three  shifts  were  worked,  making  a  total  of  22  hours  actual 
work  per  day.  The  average  time  in  operation  was  28  days  per 
month.  In  good  ground,  with  side  swings  averaging  70  d^reea 
on  each  side,  the  time  per  bucketful  was  40  seconds.    The  ^uan- 


Class  C— Bucket 


built  ouuic 
Dredee                  Year  Dollars 

AaaiBOn    '9>  HMO 

AUbmsu  ......: '91  32,30» 

Albany    '. '»8  U,731 

AMalla   'Ot  17,000 

AuU««  'OS  13,*« 

arroilton    '(B  22372 

PranWort    ."...■08  10.19S 

Orecn  Rirar 'M  4,0M 

Kfntudky     ,,..:'00  3U0O 

K«aslBd     :..!...  '99  11,001) 

Sapfllo    •B4  K,<m 

Tenneaiee    '10  37.613 

Dpatol   |0l-    16,T1» 

No.  1  d!'b""!"!!"'08  g,SI)0 

Dradee  No.  1 'Ot  18.9S0 

No.  18  '06  4.B)» 

Totals    t2«S,«ll 

Aiai- "W  -  ll,a» 

AlBOina    .-. '72  29,600 

Apophe    '95  15,255 

ArriieiflB    '7G'  'Unoo 

Farquhar  CoL 'G3  15.500 

PrnnlPnac    '91  14.650 

HaruDOe   ■- i.."S*  W.OOO 

Omro    '78  B.509 

Oshkoih    'OS  89,529 

OtlPrtail'-.v..... -m  12.600 

Pboi'oii    ,..., ,..'85  19,525 

Vulcan    -83  19.19) 

DrM«a  Nn.  a ■"     

Aiat" ■.".■.'.■.'.?*.■.■.■.  'M^Ib'bH 

ChwKw   -K  «.»00 

Hercnle*  '07  M.6« 

Sfuppfrnong   '04  10,300 

Derrick  A  .,..*J..... 'OT  «,00« 
BsDk  DenkkNo.-l..  ■»  ;     *.tS7 

Bsirk  Derrick  No.  2. .  '10  2  7ST 

Total!    tlM.120 

Oa«cade    'OS  «,OSS 

Chjtmpoej    '01  BO.aw 

Oowliti    "95  .  4,750 

Totsla    ^  *J1,'i« 

U>v>B^lie  ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. -K  26^000 

M*lls    'IW  lT,"on 

Ohio    '73  35,000 

OBweEo   '83  2-inn 

To'ala    1127.112 

hpHshIi.  's9  2'-^ono 

Dredic  Ka.  1 '01  17,5«e 

»r«dgo  No,  1 'W  M,*» 

Total)-, |G4.ira 

'■■Wanfltotate  .:.:■'    1879,5*3 


Depth 

Type'^m^ 

"of 
Boom 

pylinder 
facta^i 

% 

S0i30i7 

^ 

•St 

2T 

S 

IVB 

10ll4 

wxsote 

8niP«T5 

s 

1«' 

'S 

■!> 

2(i 

i!!^S.^S 

S 

fit' 

s 

'9'li 

7Bifii«       CB    6-f.  f.       Krfni 
7^2410       SB       IH      '    38 


!eOO     80i3«i7      BD 


14itO 


inii29TS 

^ft 

1} 

§f 

sortois 

78^4rf 

OS 

iW 

estsoxt 

1) 

2W 

M 

B7<30rt 

D 

IK 

W 

1(1«M 

EnCIXE™    DePABTMCST    AT    I>BOE,    U.    S-    ABMY,    r«B  fUK  PWl'AL 

JrSB  30,  IDH. 
and  Supper  DredgcB. 

.  b                       ■         Qh          '     '                 Haleriil  Total 

-       S    ■«  -  S         -fr^  b'  dredged  coal  Co^l 

l8       a§             •SS'SS'"™                 ,       dnrtnr  To«l  per    of 

e=       H     I            2E    E   S-bOHmMUrof          year  vwl  0(  cu.    re- 

Irs      QJ  (DBiSQSi     dndied  1*10-11   dredjim  yd.  pair. 

in.    ft.    lip.    lb.  meo  c.jd.     msUrisI               Yd.  DoLan  Ot.     I 

I.      M    IKU    60     90      8      31    O.  3d.  St. ■   15,30C  3.T21  IAS     115 

M      80    17       40     90      7    as    SM.  O •  137, OSS  8,888  601,921 

U'  ■  »    10       *J"lftO     7      50    BR     •  lg.5Jl  4,4J3  US     342 

r      78    li!4    60    180     7      60    9d,  Q,  BR •   12.000  4,866  40.5     13i 

L      4S    U%    45    100      9    120    3d,  6.  Ul •   25.464  2,835  11.4     499 

T      61    16       70    110      9      90    Sd,  S,  Ud t   40.6lD  4.1SB  10.3     438 

FbT      60    15       40    125      9      50    Sd,  S,  Ud t   37.^5  7,]3»  18  9     292 

Ij      48    14       61    liO      S      50    Md,  L.  8d,  St.*   36.118  4.7U  13.1     340 

L      88    »     10O    MO    10    175    L6   .- tJM.SOO  14,617  B.O  1,381 

I,     41    15       40    IK     8      87    HP,   R t   4a.ttE  5.9tG  14.8  5,-21)2 

TT     »e      8       45    U»    10  ■  40    sa     r f   ii,'«lt  1'0«0  908     4no 

Ij      88    20      100    lis    10    150    o,    tt. n«0.»O-  22,6SI  14.0  tKO 

I.   {  «    }T}   135    ISO    10    126    ^    g    g ^^^^  ^.^  ^j.     ^ 

L      41    Ifi       40    100      6      10    aa    t  11.100  2.2M  18  4  3,048 

V      51     sy,  60    1*0    15-60    Sd    0 t   60.575  B.sis  170  3.095 

L      42,  12^    40    IBO     6      7&    Sd,  B  f   14,470  1,013  7,«     JSO 

ST      43      8       30    12S     3      40    M4.    R t     1,700  400  24J)       70 

9«J,1T7  ttl4,«75  UB 

<0    O,  Md,  B •   BS,987  6.384  19.1  1.40! 

'"    ~-    —•     ~    -.■221,980  a«61      9.7  J,«2 


62    14H-40'    90      8    105    Ui. 
64    17«    75     90      8      «    bS 


.-    -  C.  Md,  Sd.  R..'   74,055  4,963      6.7 1.4"8 

„      60    ID       ..      SO  .3  66    Sd,  C,  6.  8h..t   4E,1T1  7  263    16.1  1,«S7 

1,      48    15       K,T100  8  SO     ui,  9d.  Si,  G.t   48.810  ,-7.423    152     475 

L      66    19-    100     70  W    175    Ud.    B.. •   72,i!90  23,548.92.4  4,846 

8H     84    11       35    110  6      30    c,  Md,  8d *   94,820  3,438      3.8     S36 

SH    MB    10     140    125  -S    200    C,  Mk,  Sd '135,776  8,Wa      60  3.880 

L.      tt'lt-      40'    90  10      «n    TO    •   42.100  6.m    15,33.504 

FB      80    15       75    125  6     70,R,6,.O •  4J.430  7,889  .18. «     7»0 

FB      «0'17'    ^75    108  «    lOO-R    ,,, f   2I,6»  8,ni    V7£     B19 

I,      64    19  ■  125  .  W  ?    100    Bd.  C... t    97.746  U  TOl    Hj6     600 

:  .  ,,                                  940,OM  U20.T14    12.9 

L      S4    W    125      80  a  l'<    Sd.  Md,  Oi  Sp.* 642 1)37  28,476  -58      ... 

BT      72 'IS      150     90  U  S')    Hd.  Id, -8p.  ...•   91,132  12,683    1213,416 

■  L      84    23'    160,9ft  n  160  .ad.  Md,  C.  8p.' 666,631  ..W.117     60      ... 

L      *2    20   ■  too  ' 'R  11  36.    Md.  HP,  R..,.*   Sl,6SB  13,098    15.8  1.146 

VT'    48     8«    ..    m  10      2^  .8  ■     J.ISO  1,251    393      81 

PF      48     8»    60    126  S  40    8d, .  Hd,  So...*   27004  8.3B6    124      ... 

PF      »■   9       25    100  3  35    Sd.    Md,    Sp...'   2J,6«  1022    12.8      ... 

1,342,1S8  t  96,402      71 

V      68  '  S«  ,50     90  8     59    Si  •   34,180  .  6,30*    15B  1,3»I 

L      4!    I5l|    40      9*  10      69    G    •   43.433  10,383    91.0  1,9(4 

RT      W    12-  ■  SO     90  10     75    Si  G,  C •  67JS8  .     •,483.  US  1,708 

131.779  J22.17B    16fi 

I,      80    ..       80 '100  6    200    Md,    C« •   6S,M0  6.0"3      7*     787 

L      54    ..        60    100  6      90  ,Md,  Cs.  B ■   ilSJS  6.502<.1B»  tOlB 

L      48    17       56      »  9 -120    sa,  a,  Md,  B."   91.763  13,913    15  2  2.0=3 

RWT      ..     ..      150    120  14    250    Q,   ad,  B •  W.BTB  ■    3BMi.  KVt.ll 

BWT      ..     ..      120    120  11    250    0    gJ    R '122967  20.736    M.7  2.874 

.  43».fil4  t  67,336    15.6      ... 

ML  ■  »«   14    '  M     Ttl  11  100                               t   ll.S6«rt  U,Oa».  135.0  I,B« 

64    IS  J  . 

LV   -80     8""70    no  9  100    Md.'    LR..:,...t   S4,S50^      2S,S22    33,9     8M 

64    18 

LT      tS      7       75    100  9  87                                7)16.614  1     26.162    22.8  1,287 

212,330  171.007    21.t     .-■ 

4.032,086  490.»Oe    11.1     ■■, 


BUCKET  TYPE.  BD— BoElom  Damp;  0— CtaDUlUll :  CB— Chain 
Bucketa:  D — Dipper;  Q— Grapple;  Gb — Clrdb:  OP — Orange  Peel; 
SB— Blidiiig  Bottom;  SD — ficor-  "' -■  ""     fA... ..  i.. 


2.  BOILBR    TYPE.    1— 

FT— Fire   Tubular;    i.— i-oic 
PF— Plain  Flue;  RT— Belur 


rubular;  BWT— Roberts  V 


15 


3 


I      I 


SU,SGE     i&.0     £.301 


«,-m  1,118.480 

e,TM  1,148,802 

B,«44  5R9,6t4 

G,OSS  838,88E 

8,318  l.U4,«IG 

e,380  1,03I,«»4 

8,917  1,017,187 

«,3S2  936,322 

8.700  1.194.148 

g's82  'su'.sn 

0,402  1,388.844 

8,900  l.!81,aBl      _,. 

3.K2  683.927     42. 


.S     OSS  0.52  O.DS 

.9     0.82  0.49  O.Oe 

-      1.77  0.9!  0.iS 

IJS  0.89  ... 

1.21  0.82  O.CS 


Mai  poaaible  time  in  resr'i 


tr-belt,    and    new    I 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


Bfotth  ll.rii»;  T— Tnlraliri  U— Upright  TnblilU';  V— Verticil: 
VTWVsrHcsl  Tobe. 
I.  CHARACTER  OF  DSEDGED  UATERIAL.  B — Bouldcn;  BR— 
BtMled  Rock;  O— Clay;  Ci—Oiudsn:  O— Gravel;  HP— Hard  Pan; 
L— I*«ve»:  LG — Loom  Oravil;  LR— Ledte  Kock;  Md— Mnd;  Mk— 
"  ■  :  Ml— Marl:  R— Rotk;  Sd— Band;  8h— BhaU;  Si— Silt:  8M— 
""    '      "  3t— Stooa;  TO— Tanaiioua  Clay. 


CiUFOBNU.  Gold 


£    d   I 

C(.      CI.      ot. 


1J7     !.»     ».« 


l.»     OJG      O.IS     3.e< 


3W    0.»      0.20      E.M 


U<     (1.28      0,22     !.S! 


SskeT'^tdi 


DlSeult  [round,  in  pU«u  cenunMd  craTei. 

lUlllenlt  rronnd. 

DIffleuH  aisfinE. 

DIIBcdK  dtsfinc. 

Mediam  fraTel  with  conaldaraUe  titj,  maeh  broah 

Ijim88  iritai,  heavy  Dm-burden  of  aandy  loam. 
Loose  navel.  hsiTT  orerbDrden  of  umdy  foam. 
Difficult  dlgsiii«,  worhing  acainit  24-ft.  bank. 
Diflicull  digglag.   s^aiBl  coarse,   partly  cemeotsd.* 

OompBft  graTBli  heavy  digging. 
Compact  gravel,  heavy  diggn^ff. 
Compact  grayel. 

Med  Rim  compact  bench  gravel. 


1    with    hydraalic    tail  inn 


dlEcing,     20- ft.     bank 


O.oe      1.30       Fine 


"Depreciation  chart 
'Afrt.  dredge  is  i 
'  Thlg  dredge  aiicee! 
Mold  not  handle  the 
'  Segregated  enla  n 


<■  included 
fnljj  replaced 


digging 


n  open-cenneeted  backet-dredge  whicb 


MGootjl>j 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTKUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


.;«! 


iip*ip      uDlpng  c 


"""■—"•'""-"Is 


ISISiiiiSiiilliliilli '   s 


303        HANDBOOK  OF  COXSTBUCTIOK  EQUIPMENT 

tity  handled  varied  with  the  kiird  of  material  from  3  to  8 
cu.  yd.  extremeH,  On  the  Sacramento  River,  under  good  con- 
ditions,   150,000  cu.   yd.   per   month   were   handled. 

Maothly  eipentea: 

Uaialeaance  stuI  aperalon  tZ.EOO.Oa 

Intetest  on  inTHtment  at  B7e KNI.OO 

Tbim  and  iuonnM  200,00 

DeterioTation 100,00 

The  foregoing  "monthly  expensea"  is  a  luiDimum;  ordinarily, 
in  Mexico,  the  monthly  expense  was  £5,000.  The  average  coat  iu 
Mexico  was  4  to  0  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

Ladder  Dredges.  Bucket  elevatijr  dredges  are  known  as  bucket 
ladder  dredges,  chain  bucket  dredge*  or  endless  bucket  dredges. 
They  are  used  principally  abroad,  and  in  the  United  States  mainly 
on  canal  work.  They  are  very  good  where  the  cutting  is  light  and 
also  in  finished  work,   for  they  leave  a  smooth  bottom. 

In  Trans.  A.  8.  of  M,  E.,  188ft-7,  Mr.  A.  M,  Robinson  says  that 
i  hp.  on  an  elevator  dredge  will  excavate  6  to  S  cu.  yd  whereas 
in  a  dipper  dredge  1  hp.  will  excavate  about  3%  cu  yd.  in  32  ft. 
of  water. 

In  Engineering  A'eiM,  August  4,  1892,  a  Bucyrua  bucket  ele- 
vator dredge  is  described.  The  average  daily  output  was  1,180 
yards  in  10  hours  in  soft  sponge  material,  '[he  crew  con- 
sisted of  six  men  and  the  cost  of  excavation  per  cu.  yd.  waa 
about  3c. 

In  a  paper  read  before  the  Institute  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy 
of 'Great  Britain  on  April  1»,  lOOS,  Mr.  E.  Seaborn  Marks  and 
Mr.  Gerald  N.  Marks  gave  descriptions  of  bucket  dredges  used 
for  dredging  gold  in  Australia.  A  total  of  60,000  to  70,000 
sup.  ft.  of  timber  are  used  in  building  a  pontoon  which  will 
measure  from  70  to  90  ft,  or  more  in  length,  about  30  ft.  in 
width  and  0  ft.  8  In  in  depth.  These  dimensions  vary  with 
the  weight  qt  machinery  and  the  general  arrangement  and 
design  of  the  plant.  Auxtralian  hard  woods  are  sKceltent  ma- 
terial, on  account  of  their  strength  and  durability,  but  their 
weight  is  an  objection  should  a  shallow  draft  be  required.  In 
this  case  Oregon  pine  would  be  preferable  for  planking,  with 
hard  wood  framing.  If  hard  wood  is  not  procurable,  pitch  pine 
should  t>e  used  for  framing,  as  Oregon  does  not  hold  spikes 
securely.  All  pontoons  are  coated  with  tsr  to  preserve  the 
timber,  after  the  seams  have  been  calked,  and  are  plat«d  with 
W-in,  Bt^l  plate  for  C  ft,  at  either  end  as  «  protection  from 
sunken  logs.    In  countries  where  transportation  is  difficult  and 


skilled  labor  scarca,  pontoone  are  constructed  of  iteel  plates 
aod  girders.  These  are  built  in  the  worka  and  afterwards  taken 
(o  pieces  and  shipped  in  sections.  The  cost  of  building  thr«« 
plants  and  pontoons  ia  given  below,  but  these  pricea  will 
necessarily  vary  with  the  cost  of  transporting,  tabor  and  such 

(1)  A  pontoon  of  hard  wood  with  an  Inner  skin  of  Oregon 
pine  cost  85,760.  The  complete  iilant  cost  $32,500.  This  machine 
is  a  screen  dredge  with  a  discharge  into  a  sluice  run.  A  similar 
plant  with  a  tailings  elevator  (in  which  case  the  screen  would 
be  lowered  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the  deck  and  power  thereby 
saved  in  pumping  up  the  water  for  washing  purposes}  woujd  cost 
approximately  $5,000  more. 

(2)  The  pontoon  constructed  of  Oregon  planking  spiked  to 
hardwood  framing  of  cheap  and  effective  design  cost  $4,140. 
The  complete  plant  cost  927,500.  The  frame  has  diagonal  struts 
forftard,  on  the  lower  one  of  which  the  frame  is  pivoted  and 
tAa  be  moved  up  and  down  to  alter  the  dredging  depth. 

(3)  A  pontoon,  built  on  somewhat  different  lines  with  diagonal 
and  croHs  braces,  is  constructed  of  Oregon  planking  with  hard 
nuod  frames  and  is  suitable  for  working  light,  shallow  grounda. 
The  (-aiitry  from  which  the  ladder  is  swung  is  constructed  of 
sleel  in  the  first  two  pontoons  but  in  this  case  it  is  of  Oregon 
pine.  This  dredge  has  a  combination  of  sluice  box,  screen  and  ele- 
vator and  can  be  lengthened  so  as  to  do  the  combined  work  of  a 
screen  and  tailings  elevator.  The  coat  of  the  plant  complete 
vas  $30,000.  The  buckets  rn  general  nse  were  of  4%  cu.  ft. 
capacity  of  5-18  to  '^  in.  Bteel.  They  varied,  however,  from 
3  to  12  cu.  ft.  capacity.  The  boiler  generally  used  is  of  the 
return  tube  marine  type  irlth  internal  flue  working  up  to  120 
lb  per  sq.  in.  It  is  usually  6  ft.  G  in.  in  diameter  and  S  ft. 
long  (12  ft.  over  ail  with  combustion  chamber  and  amoke  box), 
fitted  with  48  tubea  and  will  give  75  I.  H.  P.  The  engine  is 
from  16  to  26  hp,,  making  125  revolutions  per  minute.  The 
IS  hp.  one  has  compound  cylinders  H  x  14^  and  14  x  14^  in, 
A  belt  from  the  fly  wheel  connects  with  the  first  motion  shaft, 
and  the  pulley  works  a  12-in,  centrifugal  pump,' 

The  following  table  is  the  result  of  two  dredges  used  In  dredging 
[.■old. 

No.  1  Dredie  No,  2  Drsdm 

FaU  workine  time  loi  a  year B2  wk,  or  7,*88  hr.  la  eusb  ciso 

Actual  time  worked   B.lSl  hr.  E.BIZ  hr, 

PeneoXige  of  loat  lime  IT.70%  25.g% 

Gross  cspaelly  ol  dredge  130  cu,  yd,  li:,S  en,  yd. 

Uiterial  iclnally  treated   32MHJ  eu.  yd.      ittCsW  eii.  ji. 


304        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQLIPMEXT 


worked   40.«%  «% 

OoLd  recoTMed    J,198  oi,  12  dwi.     JUS!  oi.  17  dwt, 

Nrt  T«lB«  14,»IB  tfa  U  £S,l»riS«  Id 

TaUl  working  exponae  t:t,321  !«■  8d  £1,119  l«ii  id 

Net  profit £1.49t    CH  H  fl.SH    Is  Gd 

ViTsr  Vfr  cu.  yd.  of  msleriil  tr«al«d..  I.Tft  gr.  or  3.B  d      t.a  kt.  or  4d 

Coal  D(  tnataent  p«c  cu.  id 2.U  l.U 

•0«lciilated  io  each  CREa   wilb   Vi  ev     tl.  budkMa,   hit  in   tiM  im  U 

The   following   table  gives   the   expenditurei   during   the   week 
(Hiding  Aug.  17,  1005: 

'                                                           No.  1  Dredsa  No.  2  Dredoe 

s.     •       i  f      s       d 

..S  »■  15    11.2 

U  «    10      1.7 

.4  5    15    11.9 


(pain  a  I 

Id  re: 

■HliDI 

eiU"a. 
Br^^and 

Fi 

'■'•««'■■■■■■■■■■■■'■■ 

'X'li?,' 

OI 

3    19      97 
1      1      2.0 


I      1.8   ,  0    H      4  2 

6-5    17      72  m    11      5.7- 

,  A  bunket  ladder  dredge  and  special  conveyor  were  built  at 
Adamn  Basin  on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal  during  the  surainer 
of  1!)0!)I 

The  dredge  itself  it  floated  on  two  steel  pontoons  which  are 
parallel  to  each  other  and  are  braced  togetlier  bf  a  nigid  framp- 
work.  A  gantry  projecta  in  front  of  and  between  the  pontoons 
and  supports  the  ladder i  whii:h  extends  to  the  bottom  of  the 
canal.  Tlie  bucket*  each  have  a  capacity  of  B  eu-.ft.  From  a 
hopper  at  the  top  of  tie  ladder  th£  material  i«.  dieeharged 
upon  a  belt  which  in  turn  diachaTges  into  n  eegond  hopper  and 
a  second  belt  at  the  rear  of  the  dredge.  A  third  belt  ig  carri»l 
on  a  separate  pontoon,  along  a  steel  cantilever  frame  which 
carries  the  belt  40  or  60  ft.  to  the  bank.  Each  belt  ia  operated 
by  a  separate  motor  receiving  powe^  from  the  dredge.  The 
plant  cost  S70,000,  

The  cost  of  the  work  for  the  first  threr  months,  wu  aqifqltows^ 

August,   1900;    1S,S34  cu.  yd.   e:«cavat«d: 
Coal  a 


I  -         .1  DREDGES    .    .  305 

Interest  and  deprenKtion,  etc.,  were  not  to  be  included,  on 
account  of  commencing  nork  in  thia  month. 

Dram*   Atti   scrapertl  aiipplement^d   lAedredeei.  luavin^   li^44 

;d.  lor  a  total  of  $1,280:50,  or  20.5  ct.  per  cu   yd.     The  coat 

of  wooden  liman  and  of  spreeiUng  und  e(«ipBctJi^  amounted  to 

Cl,193.35  *6r  iO,Oi5  ou.  yd.  o!  embankment,  or  11,9  ct,  per  tu.,yd. 

Septem^l-,  190^;  32,0Wen.yd.-eseavated; 

Inlerent,  deWialion  sod  Vepeirg  .....' t2,JW.90 

180  1ODB  oMi,  U' (£  tOIU.'per  abilt)  ....; GUM 

160  e»l.  jasoline  «  12  ct. 18.00 

Oil  (80  («L  at  19  It.;  SO  gal.' 6 1  SB  el;)'..', SB.aO 

i.XO  lb.  giease  st  8  «t ..^-.... .'. i .- H.OO 

ZflOlb.  WBslB  Bl  Bet, 16.00 

Teams    : ; 24S.W 

Labor    ;,.,: ,....-.....: 2.887  .(W 

Tolal  cost' *. '.' ■. ...■.  fS,936.20 

Cost  iler  .cubic  yard.  !*«  ccnti;   -  . 

A  total  of,  90,  eight-hour  ahift*  were  worked  The  cost  of  the 
embanlunent ;  WHS  an  fallows; 

Labor;  rprcadlng' anrt  coWpaeliDg  ■.■...:..■..  t3;l31.B0 

Hauling  1«m  imrtitr  .,..;..-,,,..■, 17I.1B 

<i»t  form  liimtier  , 1,12500 

Genfral    r....'.'. ; 2Bn.09 

LalMT  M' roma  -> S2SM 

Hauling  supplies  E6.00 

Itotal     .,: Ki,SM.S8 

Only  11,000  eu.  yd.  were  allowed  for  the  above  work  on  em- 
bankment, as  the  forma  gave  way  and  thi^  soft  material  liad  to 
be  scraped  back.  ,  This  brought  the  cost  of  embankment  for  the 
montji  up  to  51.1  ct.  per  yd. 

October,  1909;  35,500' cu.  yd.  excavated; 

rnteresi  and  depreciation   .' !'. ; t2,lE1.68 

31Wlanaooalat.ta.a5' ■. 6-)010 

Teams" \v^\\\\'^"'.\y^l'.y^\^z\v^'.'^'.'.'^','.'.'.'.\'.'.'.'.'.'.\"  '  fno 

on.  snaae  and  wasM ; 153.00 

Oaioliiw    , IS.fiO   . 

Bepairs ■.. ..'L.......         18.90 

■ToUl   cost tftSJ 

<^)Al  per  cubic  jatd,  2iA  ccnta. 

A  total  of  QS  eight-b<jur  riiifts  wer«  worked.  The  coet  of 
embftukmewt  was  as  followB: 

_Labor,  aprcading  and  compacting  '...'...!....  tZ,S9S,25  . 

finfllsn ..-.. ,,       lOSia)   : 

Hauling 95.* 

ToWl     1-.- ,. - - ,■■■..-.  «,fi69.26 


306        HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

This  givei  for  21,800  cu.  yd.  of  embankmeDt  a  coat  of  10.0  ct. 
per  cu.  yd. 

Recent  Ezamplei  of  C&IlfoniU  OaM  Dtedtrea  with  Coat*  of 
Sredslnff.  A  concise  atatement  of  practice  in  California  in  dredge 
ronatruction  for  reclaiming  gold  from  underwater  gravela  is  taken 
from  an  elaborate  paper  by  Mr.  Charles  Janin  in  the  bulletin 
for  March,  11)12,  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 
The  paper  also  gives  a  table  of  costs  ^ich  are  of  general 
interest  in  view  of  the  increasing  favor  with  which  elevator 
dredges  are  being  considered  in  America. 

The  modern  California  type  dredge,  with  close-eonnected  buck- 
ets, spuds  and  belt  conveyor  for  stacking  tailings,  was  a  gradual 
development  through  years  of  experimenting.  This  dredge  em- 
bodies the  ideas  of  successful  operators,  and  it  is  generally 
conceded  that  dredge  construction  and  operating  methods  in 
California  are  far  ahead  of  those  in  any  other  country  in  the 
world.  The  dredges  built  in  California  cost  from  $25,0O0  to 
$265,000  each!  a  standard  S.S  cu.  ft.  boat  costing  from  $150,000 
to  $175,000,  according  to  conditions  to  be  met  in  operation.  With 
the  great  improvements  made  in  dredge  construction,  and  corre- 
sponding reduction  in  operating  costs,  areas  that  were  at  first 
considered  too  low  grade  to  be  equipped  with  a  dredge  are  being 
profitably  worted. 

California  dredges  vary  in  size  from  3.5  to  16  I'u.  ft.  buckets. 

In  Alaska  some  dredges  are  equipped  with  buckets  as  small 
as  i.25  cu.  ft.  to  dig  shallow  ground,  and  are  reported  to  be 
working  profitably.  While  electricity  is  the  ideal  power  for 
operating  dredges,  steam  has  been  succMsfullj  used  on  a  number 
of  installations,  and  experience  has  proved  the  merits  of  the 
gasoline  distillate  engine  for  this  work.  There  seems  little 
doubt  that  the  successful  development  _of  the  gas  producer 
for  the  generating  of  electric  power  will  prove  an  important 
fsctor  in  considering  future  dredgihg  of  gravel  areas  in  districte  I 
where  electric  power  or  water  power  for  the  installation  of  i 
hydro-electric  plants   is  not  at  present  availabic. 

One  of  the  larjieat  gold  dredges  operating  in  California  was 
put  in  commission  at  Hammonton,  in  Yuba  River  basin,  August 
10,  1011.  This  dredge  was  built  by  the  Yuba  Construction  Ca 
and  is  one  of  five  practically  similar  dredges  built  by  the  same 
company  this  year  It  required  820,000  ft.  of  lumber  for  the 
hull  and  housing  the  hull;  its  dimenBions  are  150  x  58.5  x  12.5  ft, 
witli  an  overhang  of  S  ft.  on  each  aide,  making  69.5  ft.  total 
width  of  housing.  The  digging  ladder  is  of  plate  girder  con- 
struction and  designed  to  dig  85  ft.  below  water  level,  and  is 
equipped   with  ninety   15  cu.    ft.   buckets  arranged    In  a   close 


DREDQES  307 

rauDeetcd  lioe.  The  entire  wei^t  of  tiie  digging  ladder  and 
burket  tine  ie  approximately  71)0,000  lb.  The  washing  screen 
JB  of  th«  revolving  type,  roller  driven,  and  is  9  ft.  in  diameter 
by  SO.O  ft.  long  and  weighs  111,721  lb.  Two  steel  spuds  are 
used,  each  weighing  over  44  tons.  The  ladder  hoist  winch  has 
a  double  drum  and  weighs  67,016  lb.  The  swinging  winch  con- 
Msts  of  eight  drums  and  weighs  34,183  lb.  Tbe  stactier  hoist 
winch  weigbe  3,722  Ih.  The  gold  saving  tables  are  of  tbe 
double  bank  type  and  have  an  approximate  riffie  area  of  8,000 
sq.  ft.  The  tailings  sluices  at  tbe  stern  can  lie  arranged  to 
discharge  the  sand  from  tbe  tables  either  close  to  the  dredge 
or  at  aome  distance  bt^hiiid.  The  conveyor  stacker  belt  is  42 
in.  wide  and  27n  ft.  long,  on  a  slacker  ladder  of  the  lattice 
girder  type,  142  ft.  long.  Nine  motors  are  In  use  on  the  dredge 
with  a  total  rated  capacity  of  1,072  hp.  Tbe  total  weight  of 
bull  and  equipment  is  4,640,S62  lb. 

Natoma  No.  10  dredge,  now  under  construction,  is  equipped 
with  Ifi  cu.  ft.  buckets,  and  will  have  a  steel  bull,  being  tbe 
flrst  dredge  operating  on  a  steel  hull  in  California.  The  hull 
will  be  150x66x10.5  ft.  and  will  have  a  total  weight  of  020,000 
lb.  Tliis  will  be  about  one-half  the  weight  of  a  wooden  hull 
to  carry  tbe  same  machinery,  and  the  draft  of  the  boat  will 
be  considerably  lighter.  This  boat  will  be  in  operation  in  April, 
1012. 

The  machinery  of  some  California  dredges  lias  been  dismantled 
and  moved  to  other  fields  and  installed  on  new  dredgee.  The 
estimated  cost  of  dismantling  the  Bcott  River  dredge,  which  was 
equipped  with  7,5  cu.  ft,  buckets,  building  a  new  hull,  installing 
macliiuery,  including  a  28-mile  haul,  with  a  freight  cost  of  over 
1  cent  per  pound  and  building  a  5-niile  transmission  line,  was 
$t<0,O0O.  Tlie  Butte  dredge  was  put  in  operation  in  November, 
1902,  end  dismantled  in  July,  1010.  It  was  equipped  with  3.5 
cu.  ft.  buckets.  The  machinery  is  being  placed  on  a  new  hull  and 
includes  a  new  bucket  line  of  4  cu.  ft.  buckets.  The  cost  of  the 
installation  has  been  estimated  at  «30,000. 

The  dipper  dredge  has  been  successfully  operated  on  small 
areas  at  Oroville  and  elsewhere,  but  does  not  meet  with  approval 
among  dredge  operators  in  general,  who  contend  that  tbe  effi- 
ciency of  these  boats,  both  as  to  yardage  and  gold  saving  capac- 
ity, is  not  up  to  that  of  the  standard  type.  These  boats  have  a 
low  first  cost  (about  ^6,000,  f.  o,  b.  factory)  and  are  built  with 
buckets  of  from  1.25  to  2.6  cu.  yd  capacity.  It  is  claimed  by 
the  dealera  and  some  operators  that  under  the  following  con- 
ditions there  is  a  Held  for  this  type  of  dredge:  (1)  Where  tbe 
ground  is  somewhat  shallow;   (2)  where  tbe  extent  of  tbe  ground 


308        HANDBOOK  OF  COKaTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

is'  not  sUfBcient  to  wa^rraut  the  insWIatian  ot  a  ooBtly  dredge; 
(3)i  where  tlie  material  is  oi  a  rough,  character,  bouldera  and 
itvuDpe;-  (4)  where  the  ground  is  mixed  with  more  or  less  tAa,f, 
as  the  dipper  will  irelieve :  itaetf  notwitliBtaKdiag  the  .  adhesife- 
nesB  of  tite  OMterial.  > 

What  se^iis  to .  t>e  a  rscoEd  is  dredge/  conttraction  ia  the 
building  of  the  dredge  .f«r  'the  Julian  Gold  Milling  &  Dredging 
Co.  6n  OBbottrM  ereeh,  near  Nome,  AlaaksL  .This  dredge'  was 
constmetad  by  the  liuton  CoastructJon  Oo.-  of  San  PraBciseo, 
The  dredge,  was  shipped  from  San  FranciBCo  on  June  1|'  arriving 
at  Nome  June  13.'. On  June  17  tJie  eompanj'  commented  haulwg 
material,  and  on  July  2Z  the  dredge  was  completed  and  opera- 
tions staifted.  The  dredge  hull  is  SOxdOxB^S  ft,  It  ii  equipped 
with  34  open  connected  2.76  en,  ft.  buckets,  and  is  designed  to 
dig  14  ft.  below  water  leVel.  Power  is  furtaithed  by  -  gasoIiTie 
engines  as  follows:  One  50  hp.  for  digging  ladder^  winches 
Bnd  screen;  one  30  hp.  for  pump;  one  7  hp.  for  lighting 
apparaJ^uK;  a  total  of  87- hpi.  Distillate  costs  at  Nome  Bl  cents 
per'  gallbn.  Operating  expeuBes  at  present  range  from  JllO  to 
S1J5  per. day,  and  the  capacity  of  the  dredge  is  from  1,000  to 
1,300  eu.  yd.  per  day,  indicating  an  operating  cost  of  from  10 
to  11  cents  per  cubic  yard,  exclusive  of  repairs.  The  cost  o( 
the  dredge  complete  and  iuoperation  was  $45,000. 

The  operating  cost  of  dredging  is  always  a  matter  of  interest, 
but  working  costs  cannot  be  fairly  nsed  in  comparison  unless 
uniform  methods  of  det«rmining  them  are  empl<^d,  and  also 
unless  operating  conditions  are'  somewhat  similar.  As  in  other 
branches  of  the-  mining  industry,  it  ihay  also  be  said  that  the 
apparent  operating  cost  is  in,  a  great  measure  a  matter  of  book- 
keeping. It  is  interesting  to  note  the  following  average  oper- 
ating cost  per  cubic  yard  of  the  large  companies  working  in 
California  during  IBIO.  The  Yuba  Construction  Co.,  for  the 
year  ended  February  28,  1911,  handled  13,970,72*  cu.  yd.  at  a 
total  cost  of  fi,67  cents  per  cubic  yard.  The  Natomas  Cmiaoli' 
dated  handled,  for  the  year  ended  December  31,  1910,  a  total  of 
I5,Q89,523  cu.  yd.  at  a  total  cost  of  4.62  cents  per  cubic  yard, 
and  during  the  aix  months  ended  June  30,  1911,  a  total  of  10.- 
703, 8Q1  cu.  yd.  at  a  total  operating  cost  of  3.7S  cents  per  cubic 
yard.  This  company  has  put  in  commission  during  1012  three 
dredges  -with  buckets  having  a  capacity  of  15  cu,  ft.  These 
two  boats  are  now  satisfactorily  handling  ground  that  for  s 
long  time  was  considered  too  difficult  for  ecannmical  dredging. 
The  gravel  is  deeper  and  more  compact  than  any  other  in  the 
district,  and  dredge  No.  8  is  handling  ground  containing  much 
Rtifl  clay.     The  Oroville  Dredging,  Ltd.,  for  the  year  ended  July 


;   '  :: 'I,  DRJBDeDS        ■■■■•'  '309 

31,  1910,  handled  SfieifiUcu.  yd.  st  a  total  cost  of  5.05  cente 
pel  cubic  yard.. 

Hydranlic  Dredgei.  The  omlitiaTy  hydraulio  dredge  has  a 
cantritugal  pump. to  raise, the  tarth  and  -water,  and  a  int«.ry  cutter 
or  a  wate>  jet  to-  h«M«a  the  material.  The  discharge  is  carried 
through  pipes  supported'  on  scows.  Tough  cisy  witli  very  large 
boulders',  cannot  i*  handled,  und  lebile  sharp  sand  JB  excavated 
readily  ip  cuts  ths  pu«p  and  disobatgo  pipa  badlyi  hut  for  soft 
material   the  hydraulic  dredge   ia  very  sWiMfaoflory. 

Id  .the  TEawai)t.iona 'oE  A.  &.  0.  E.,  ISM,  Mr.  L.- J.  Le  Cbnte 
l^ives  the  coF^t  of  dredging  in  Oakland  Harbor,  Cal.  The  average 
output  was  30,01X)  cubic  yards  per  month  for  eight  months. 
T]ie  best  output  was  80,000  cubic,  yards  in  2>3  daysof  10  hours 
Mch,  with  delivery  pipe  1,100  ft.  Icog.  An  output  of  46,000 
cubic  yards  in  19  days  of  10  hours  each  was  aocomplished  when 
the  lift  was  20  ft.  above  the  water,  with  a  pipe  1,000  tD  2,000 
ft,  long.  The  dredge  was  equipped  with  a  6  ft.  centrifugal  pump, 
tno  18a  30,.iii.i  eqg^es  for  the  pun^i  two  13x12  in,  engines 
tur  operating  the,  cutter,,  etc.,  and  t*e  lOO  hp.  boilerB.  .On  an 
average, .  15.%  of  the  Jnateriai  pumped-  was  Boilid,.hutnpto  40% 
ill  solids  cotfjd  be  carried,!  The  daily  oost  was  m  followe: 
CMU  olCMia-WMta  ■..,■.."...  t.lB.iS 


Cook  Ai 
Repaid 


Mr.  J.  A.  Ociterson,  in  the  Tranaaotions  of  A.  g.  C.  : 
given  the  following  cost  of  operating  three  dredges; 


Oipuclty,  and  p«r  ht.  ..,.  '■    KNJ  en,  yd.  ?,000  cu,  yd,  SCI)  ca, 

Drift  ,:.. i  (t,  10  in.  «  ft.  10  in,  4  (t,  3 

JItin  engines  '. 3«0  hp,  2.000  hp,  BOO  b 

sn.  renlrifuB»l  pumpg 1  2  I 


7  ft 


leter  peqtrifufal  pumpa 

Wsnieier  diurhuge  Dive  ■ . 

wliTprr  hud  J  -".■.-  "  ".  -■  ■- 

^eturily    ot  discbarM.    t>ei 
wrond   10  (t.  14  ft,  10  It, 

A(iUtoi-8  01  lutter.  «-2V.-iii.  jela  B  ctlerK  S-SW-in.   jetc 

Coil  uHd,  2*  hour* SOttbu.  2,08Shii,  woliu, 

Cdsi  Dt  mnDim  per  day . , .  »T.OO  t!21,«S.  tlOO.EI 

'Add  |3T  (or  rteam  tender  and  W  tor  pile  sinker  per  12  hour, 
Mr,  Emile  Low  describes  a  small  dredge  used  by  the  Unitei 

States   Government    at   Warrood    River,    Minn.     The   dredge    ii 


310        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

of  the  "  aeftgiHiig  hopper  type "  with  stern  wheel,  but  is  mlso 
adapted  and  equipped  for  Uie  with  a  supported  ditcharge  pipe 
for  river  channel  and  river  hftrbor  dredging.  The  dimensions 
are;  Length  of  hull,  100  ft.;  width  midship  at  main  de<^k,  27 
ft.;  depth  of  hull  midahip,  8  ft.  6  in,;  length  over  (.11,  including 
stem  wheel  and  revolving  outter  on  the  bow,  158  ft.;  height 
of  hull  and  superstructure,  26  ft.  4  in.;  draft  light,  4  ft.  2  in.; 
draft  loaded,  3  ft.  4  in.     The  machinery  consiHtH  of  the  following: 

Two  12  in.  centrifugal  pumps. 

One   16  hp.   vertical  engine   operating  the   revolving   cutter. 

One  20  hp.  horizontal  engine  operating  the  cutter  hoitt,  chain 
drums  and  rope  spools. 

Two  10  X  GO  in.  stem  wheel  engines. 

One  6  X  10  in.  duplex  force  pump. 

Four  hand  power  worm  gears  for  manipulating  the  sand  pit 
shutters. 

Two  75  hp.  Scotch  marine  boilers. 

The  pumps  are  arranged  to  take  material  through  trailing 
suction,  ends  from  both  sides  of  the  dredge  and  one  pump  is 
'  alao  oonnected  with  the  suction  end  of  the  cntter  for  dredging 
in  clay  and  other  hard  material.  The  dredge,  complete  ^ith 
wood  barge,  pipe  floats  and  small  boats,  cost  $29,130.  It  com- 
menced operation  on  May  T,  1904,  and  between  that  day  and 
June  30  accomplished  the  excavation  of  1,380  lin.  ft.  of  channel 
with  an  average  width  of  100  ft.  and  a  mean  depth  of  9  ft.  The 
total  excavation  was  8,625  cu.  yd.  at  an  average  coat  of  21?^ 
cents  per  cu.  yd,  tor  all  expenses,  including  labor,  fuel,  supplies, 
subBiatence,  etc.  The  cost  of  subsistence  per  ration  was  44 
cents.  The  material  dredged  was  equal  quantities  of  hardpan 
and  mud,  the  latter  full  of  tough,  fibrous  roots.  Stormy  weather 
delayed  the  work  5^6  daya.  The  total  excavation  for  the  fiscal 
year  July  1,  1904,  to  June  30,  1005,  was  55,205  cu.  yd.  The 
average  cost  of  excavation,  including  charges  on  account  of  the 
plant  used,  was  13.03  cents  per  cu.  yd.,  and  the  cost  of  subsistence 
per  ration  36  cents. 

The  following  tables  give  some   data   concerning   the  best   six 
liydraulic  dredge  in  use  on  the  Mississippi  River. 
Obiginal  Cost  op  Pi^aRt 

Name                               Dredge  Tender     File  sinker       Total 

DeUa   tl24,9*0  |4'.862           M.SSl  1176,88* 

Epsilon     102,l»»  47,862            2.884            161,746 

Zeis    106,000  47,SS2            S,SS4  1S9,74« 

•lots    1I»,4S0  ....  100,490 

•Ksppa 134,600  ....  184,600 

•Pl»d    184,600  ....  134,600 

•  Solf-propelling.  Atw«b«  cost  lot  nnn-prap^lns,  tl«i.7Mi  ««r»Be  nut 
for  Belf-prapelling,  1121,^;  average  coat  of  one  plant,  $142,876+. 


DREDGES 


311 


Repairs,  Renewals,  Altebations  ani>  Betterments  to  Plant 

Dale  of            Repairs  aad  Altanttiom  and 

Name         delivery               renewals  beMermenta           Totals 

Delta,   Ang.,  IWT  t28,'r«I.IH  f20,«34.!0            t49,3K.Tg 

Ep«ilon,  March.  IS»S  21,331.17  1.094.3E              22,4TE.G2 

Zeta.   March,   1808   ^0,318.06  1.IZS.17              EI.IU.SS 

Iota,    Aug.,  1900  13,155.28  g,174.1»              21.3i9.17 

Kappa,  Jal7,  IMl  -.-      T.EJS.lt  4.se4.9t              ia.lSS.U 

Flad,   July.  1»01   fl,605.63  4,737,n              U,S13,M 

Tenders.  Opt..  ISM nO.Tlg.M 

Pile  sinkers,   Dec,  1S98. 'iSX.K 

•Average  o(  i.  Repain  and  renewals,  averacf  of  8.  tlS,2»2.4g:  repairs 
tnd  renewals  (omit  DelU),  aieriKe  of  £,  ^3,798.66;  aHeratiani  and  better- 
DMnts,  sTersge  al  6.  16,738.81;  alleratiang  and  betterments  (omit  Delta), 
sterase  of  5.  f3.%>.BS. 

The  dredges  Delta,  Epeilon  and  Zeta  are  non-propelling,  re-, 
qniring  the  eervice  of.  a  tender  and  pile  sinker,  and  Iota,  Kappa 
and   Flad  are  self- propelling. 

The  average  repairs,  etc.,  per  dredge  for  the  last  3  years  were 


B.61. 

COBT  OF  FlBLD  Opebatioss 

Number  Total  T> 

of  seasons  costfletd  boi 

Name                         operated  operatians  comn 

Delta    J  1115,951.40  If 

Ep«iloD     T  ia),44t.42  14, 

Zeta    7  100,114.57  13, 

Iota    B  8ftM!.51  12, 

Kappa     *  58,780.57  9, 

Flad    4  82,218.32  9. 


Cost  at 


ATeraEeeoot 


,872,81 
'997;78 


5,232.51 
4,605.55 
4,353.14 
4,510.27 


Ineluding  field  repairs,  average  monthly  cost  for  operating  a 
non-propelling  dredge  with  tender  and  pile  sinker,  $5,711.14;  same 
for  a  BeU-propelling  dredge,  $4,661.41;  excluding  coet  of  material 
tor  field  repairs,  the  monthly  cost  of. operating  a  non- propel  ling 
plant,  $6,506.23;  same  for  a  self-propelling  plant,  $4,523.32. 

The  rated  capacity  ot  these  dredges,  baaed  on  an  assumed 
Telocity  of  13  ft.  per  second  in  the  discharge  pipe  and  a  carrying 
capacity  of  10  per  cent,  of  sand,  is  1,200  eubic  yards  per  hour 
for  the  Delta  and  1,000  eubic  yards  for  each  ot  the  other  dredges 
delivering  through  l.OOO  ft.  of  pipe.  In  tests  made  in  1907,  the 
follovring  results  were  obtained: 


H2        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRlXTrON  EQUIPMENT 
Capacity  I^bt  of  Thb^;  Dredoeb 

Awr.  Telocity  Per  cant.  Average 

Nuae                                   per  (econd  of  sand  aandpra-lioar 

Oelt»    15.10  It.  11-6S  1,850  cu.  yd, 

EpailoD     16.7Sfl.  SO.SS  ^563  cu.  yd. 

Zeta    18.48  rt.  Ill*  1,364  cu.  yd. 

Field  tests  under  actual  conditioDB  were  made  in  13BS. 


Dredi* 

DurBtion 

per  hour 

,.  27  3B 

l.;96 
M05 

Sand,  ma 
Blue  clay 

I.  rate  3^0 

ZMa   "..'".'.'. 

Tests  made  with 
deductions ;. 

only  water 

pumped  i 

a   I9m  wou 

CAPAcrrr  Tests 

Averag" 

^Cu.  ,d. 

»r  hour-. 

16  76 
MM 

^lir' 

i 

2.3t» 

WKS-  land 

i.m 

■      I,'b60 
1,296 
1,S« 

•With  ibro 

dedmn 

.« 

The  actual  a\arages  of  all  the  dredges  in  all  materials  from 
clay  to  sand  were  190!  5B70  yarda;  1902,  431.6  yards;  1903,  , 
42^8  yards  1004  537  1  yards  average,  500.0  yards.  This  aver-  | 
age  of  500  yards  per  hour  ean  be  depended  on,  under  normal  con-  i 
ditions.  for  20  hours  per  day  and  25  days  per  month.  Allowing  , 
10%  for  idle  time,  this  gives  252,000  yar.  e  per  month,  The 
season  of  1904  lasted  four  months,  on  which  basis  90S^0  cubic  , 
yards  per  season  could  be  accomplished.  I 

The  contract  price  of  the  Harrod.  under  construction  in  1907,  ' 
complete  with  pipe  line  and  all  auxiliaries,  was  $239,9!)8.l7;  Its 
rated  eaparity  baned  on  an  estimated  velocity  of  23  ft,  per 
second  in  the  dirtcharge  pipe  and  a  carrying  capacity  o£  10% 
of  sand  ia  2,100  cubic  fardt  per  hour.  The  coat. of  operating 
the.  Harrod  is   assumed  to   be  $5,500   per  month  .while  in   cmd- 

The  following  Botes  on  the  hydraulic  suction  dredge  are  from 
U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Bui.  230: 

For  the  construction  of  the  larger  levees  the'  itae  -of  th« 
hydraulic  iSuction  dredge  ia  entirely  feasible  In  coititfotjoo  with 
the  use  of  other  excavating  machines.  Ilyithe  cflTOti!uot**>n  of 
the  muck  ditch  a  retaining  bank  will  be  built,  to  as  great  height 


JWiaiOES  313 

u  the  earth  can  be  made  to  itand.  A  aimjlar  retaiDtug  bank 
will  be  constructed  at  the  othar  toe  of  the  levee  by  depotiting 
earth  excavated  from  the  nearest  margin  of  the  ditch.  The 
apace  between  the  twcr  retaining'  walls  can  then  be  filled  by  a 
hydraulic  suction  dredge,  the  discharge  pipe  being  supported 
by  a  cantilever.  This  machine  (Fl^.  139),  in  its  pretent  state 
of  development  probably  repreients  the  most  economical  method 
now  til  use  for  e^teavating  very  la rg^e .  channels,  unless  the  ladder 
dtfdge  be  excepted. 

The  following  table  indicates  the  cost  of  operating  a  hydraulic 
auction   dredge   on   the   New   York    Barge   Canal  jn    1908.     The 


Fig.   139.     Hydraulic   Suction   Dredge,   Showing   Discharge   Pipe 
,    Supported  by  Cantilever. 

Aredoe  in  question  is  of  modern  construction,  has  a  20- inch 
discharge  pipe,  and  cost  $115,000.  A  large  part  of  the  excava- 
tion was  in  stiff  clay,  though  a  part  was  in  sand.  The  clay 
BUB  of  such  fitm  texture  that  after  remaining  on  the  ground 
over  winter  the  pieces  had  the  same  shape  as  when  they  were 
discharged  from  the  end  of  the  pipe  line,  still  showinft  the 
marks  of  the  cutter  While  removing  the  old  rock  wall  of  the 
canal,  the  dredge  was  stopped  sometimes  twenty  times  a  day, 
it  is  said,  fpr  removing  Imuldera  from  the  pump.  Once  during 
the  season  the  dredge  waw  sunk  to  the  bottom  of  the  canal. 
Otherwise  the  work  was  favorable,  and  the  excavation  made 
was  representative  of  the  capacity  of  the  machine  in  ordinary 
clay  soil.     The  charge  against  plant  is  Intended  to  cover  interest 


3U        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and  depreciation  at   1S%   p«r  annum.    Under   " Material"  are 
included  coal  waste,  tug  hire,  and  Blmilar  itema. 

Cost  op  Opbkation  of  Htdbaulic  Suction  Dbedge  on  the  New 
YoBK  Babge  Canal  fob  the  Seasob  of  1908 

Item.                                 Awil-           M»y-  Jane.            July. 

Labor    I3.«7».%'  t^US.St  $£.616.75  t  5.S3SJ4 

FUnt     408.30         1.3«T.«0  l,«n  SS           1,135.50 

Mlterua    I,900.fl2         2.55g.8S  J.aBilg          Z,44S,4B 

ToUl  for  montli  .■.|5.»7?.87       jB,095.n  $9,868.78  110.017.08 

Yard!  eics*Aled   120.573          301,Si3          203,474  BOT.SSO 

Item.                                                        Auk.           Sept.  Oct, 

Lsbra-     |5,9gB,S7  14,993.11  M.8S4.14 

Pl«nt    : 1,531,(55         1,692.86  1,791,16 

Ub^UI     2.320.92         2,430.06  2,573.60  , 

Total  (or  month   I9.937J4       $9,116.01       $9,188.19 

YardB    excBiated    174,385  231.473  :i4.43g 

Unit  cost  for  the  season,  4.03  cents  per  yard. 

An  examination  was  made  of  several  xucfion  dredges  on  the 
New  York  Barge  Canal  and  of  the  material  excavated  by  them. 
In  only  one  instance  was  the  material  at  all  comparable  with 
that  to  be  excavated  in  huilding  the  flood  way  levees,  and  in 
that  instance  the  material  was  being  removed  at  a  cost  of 
about  2^  or  3  cents  per  cubic  yard,  including  all  cost  of 
maintenance,  depreciation,  repair  and  interest.  The  work  planned 
for  this  type  of,  machine  on  the  St.  Francis  project  is  the 
excavation  of  large  ditches  outside  the  floodways,  using  the  ' 
earth  for  constructing  levees,  and  in  dredging  the  channels  of 
Tyronza  and  Little  rivers.  In  the  former  case  the  work  is 
estimated  at  10  cents  per  cubic  yard  plus  the  cost  of  clearing 
and  grubbing  the  ditch  section  at  $150  per  acre.  In  the  second 
instance  the  work  is  estimated  at  9  cents  per  yard,  including 
the  cost  of  clearing  Imnks  to  enable  the  material  to  be  deposited. 
This  dredge  can  be  used  to  advantage  also  for  constructing  two 
or  three  of  the  largest  lateral  ditches,  which  empty  into  ditches 
along  the  flood  way. 

In  Engiittering-ConiracHng,  Vol.  XXXV,  No.  -8,  the  following 
description  is  given  of  a,  hydraulic  dredge,  its  tenders  and 
capacities,  etc, : 

This  dredge  was  used  to  fill  in  part  of  the  Lincoln  Park 
extension,  Chicago,  and  was  purchased  in  1007.  It  is  of  the 
open  end  type,  with  a  steel  hull  148  ft,  long  by  38  feet  wide 
and  10^  ft,  deep,  Tlie  main  pump  has  30  in,  suction  and 
discharge,  and  the  main  engines  are  of  the  triple  expansion 
marine  type  of  1,200  i.  h.  p.     The  two  double-ended  marine  boilers, 


DREDGES  315 

10  ft.  6  in.  hy  18  ft,  long,  with  eight  corrugated  furnaces,  wer» 
fitted  at  the  beginning  of  last  season  with  underfeed  stokers. 
The  installation  of  engine  room  auxiliaries  includes  condenser, 
independent  air  pump,  independent  circulating  pump,  fire  and 
bilge  pumps  and  an  electric  light  outfit.  The  rotary  cutter  is 
adapted  to  hard  clay  material  and  its  edges  are  of  hard  ateel 
and  are  movable.  Two  seasons'  work  have  worn  the  cutting 
edges   ba^ty   and   manganese   ateel   will   probably   be   substituted. 


Fig,  140.    View  of  Pontoon  Discharge  Pipe  Used  in  Connection 
with  the  30-in.  Hydraulic  Dredge. 

The  dredge  Is  anchored  by  heary  spuds  operated  by  power. 
It  can  make  a  radial  cut  of  175  ft.  wide  with  a  maximum  depth 
of  35  ft.  The  dredge  is  provided  with  a  complete  repair  shop 
and  living  quarters  for  the  crew. 

The  pipe  line  adopted  has  a  central  conduit  30  in.  in  diameter 
carried  by  two  cylindrical  air  chambers  33  in  in  diameter.  The 
sections  are  95  ft.  long  and  are  joined  with  the  usual  rubber 
sleeve.    The  material  excavated  was  very  stiff  gumbo. 

r.    Time  Repobt  of  Dbedge  "  FsANCia  T.  Simmons"  fob  1910 


4!?.: 


September 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
II.    As'ALveis  OF  W<«Kivc  Time 


Total 


ilible 


Htb. 


Oredgo  worked   3M 

Otiara    , ,-.-  218 

GannB  or  I>elay>:  Bn. 

WMtlwr 67 

Short  pipe   21 

Suction  pip^r  pumping  and  pluic  H 

SwiBBias  cabiei IG 

Hsin  engine 3* 

Cntti^  BBKine   

Mnrme  dri^^  lo  new  cul  - & 

TowiDK   and   pieparation    34 

MiM-plianf.ou>    1 


Oprra 


Totals 


Per.  lir. 


fuel  n.fmM  a,»s3s 

SujmliM,  loob.  kleeTes.  oil,  etc.  .    i.'.a.':Z  l.<in>i^ 

OommlHai?  labor  and  Bupplie*  .    G,nin9ft  U914      , 

Field  repafrs,  labor  and  material    e.'»OM  1.39S3 

Tub   aerrice 13.eST.S3  3.H53 

DpTTiek    aeniee     827  20  .0757 

Motor  boat  5S4.0ft  .ISSa 

Insurance     3.5IM.00  ■     .OOS      • 

Winter  repaire  and  flltine  up: 

Labor     G.267.68  l.ttSt 

MHferisl     a.l«l.af  .     ,  .6M 

Fuel  comnjiaiaiy  and  toon    1,«2S41  .            .M7* 

Tin  service   753.06  •         .1743 

Ouec 'lion S5.230.07  15.0996 

Repairs 9.M0.4a  a.liW 

Operation    and    repairs    ....r4.«0  4»  (17.2316          i 

IV.    FouE  Ybabs'  Opekation  of  Dredge 

Cubic  jarda  45T,2<2*               m.SW  fil8,921)* 

Cost     |54,MI.1»*           W8,a59.n'  »69,2fl!.»2' 

Coat  per  cubic  yard              lO.llS                  tO.131  (0.133 
Hours  in   eomnda-                                  . 

Hou™    pumpine-'.' 1.088=37  %      4,500=60.6%  1117=64.3% 

Houro  delated    ac 

count  weather  ..     683=13.2%         686=14.4%  294=  ».0% 

Hour"    deUyed. 

mi.eelUneoua     ..  1.169=89.8%      1.100=26  %  830=26.7% 

Hourg  delayed,  to- 
tal       1,852=83  %      1,736=39.4%  1,174=3C  7%       1 


«  of  the  dredge  is  ae  folloi 


1  AwisUnl    onerMor    

l^.jm 

1  ABBiBtant   ciipf  etiginMT    

.  -  .  llft.W 

OommiBBsry: 

1  I>nrt«r M.6o 

The  following  data  are  for -the  year  1911: 

V.    Time  Bepobt  of  Dreooe,  lOfl 

'ark 

"as/""' 


time,  persenlage  of  « 

The  best  month's  work  was  in  November,  when  the  i^'orking 
lime  efficiency  was  Ifl-SI^.  The  dredge  was  started  for  tlie  year 
on  April  15.  during  whi.eh  month  tlie  working  .time  was  85%  of 
the  total.  The  dredge  went  out  of  commiBsion  November  30. 
The  worldn^  seaaon.  then,  was  7M  moiithH.  or  62.5%  cf  the 'year. 
In   calcnlating  interest  charges  on  this  equipment,  the  monthly 

100 
interest  must  be  taken  at  1/12  X  fT^  X  annua?  interest. 


VI     Cost 

OF 

DRrowB  Opbhatio 

H    AND    REI 

■AIRF 

Op*r«ion: 

I-bor      ■ 

Sub-MMIfc 

..n8.BTJ.S6 

AdminiatrHion    . 

Tot»l    '. »19,8e5,W 


318       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


MGootjl>j 


DREDGES  319 

covering  the  bottom  tfiird  of  the  pipe.  This  %-iDcb  ebeet  was 
worn  and  was  replaced  for  the  1912  seaaoit's  work.  The  rubber 
sleeves  joioing  the  Bections  of  the  discharge  pipe  gave  fairly 
good  service.  The  average  life  of  u  sleeve  was  41  days;  but 
eliminating  those  sleeves  which  were  damaged  due  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  pontoons,  the  average  life  of  a  Hleeve  was  64  days. 
The  cutter  blades  required  to  be  renewed  each  year. 

Cost  of  Stedge.  The  following  table  gives  the  list  of  items 
which  together  make  up  the  cost  of  the  dredge  as  it  was  put  in 
operation  in  IfllO: 

Engineering,  plana,^  inapeolion,  ele .,  ,,|  _9,M8.IB 


Tenniaul  pooloon  scow  (199?)  .,.. 
S  Jones  undertcud  Kokara  (1908)  . 


151.402,19 
1227.88 

s.Too.no 

10,185.00 


MiseellBoeouB - 

Total    |1SO.B06,B6 

Cost  of  Tendbhs 

A  motor  boat  costing  $1,150  was  used  for  transportation  of 
the  men,  etc.  One  hundred  and  forty-six  days  of  its  time,  at  a 
(■ost  of  $4.00  per  day,  were  charged  to  the  dredge, 

A  hydraulic  dredge  was  employed  in  the  harbor  improvements 
at  Wilmington,  Cal,  The  following  statement  shows  the  cost 
of  dredging  from  April  1  to  June  30,  l&OS; 

Rantine  omos  work,  labor   f     073.JS 

e  of  plant  sod  properly,  labor 180.00 


urveys,  labor  »nd  .aupnlies   1C5^ 

owing  ind  dispatch  work,  labor,  fuel  and  auiip'—  *"'  "" 

Iterationa   and   rscaira   to   dredging  plant,   labo 

E  dredge,  intluding  ai 


I.   fnel,   trcah  water,   lubrleanti 


ippnee    ....'. 10,081.M 

lerloraKon  of  Dlant  and  properly,  estimaled  2,2«3J4 


Cost  per  cubic  yard,  $0.0708. 

In  addition  to  the  hydraulic  dredge,  the  following  auxiliary 
floating  plant  is  employed:  A  gasoline  launch,  lenj^h  over  all 
•K)  ft.  11^  in.,  7  ft.  beam,  depth  3  ft  7  in.,  propelled  by  a  18  hp. 
"  Standard  "  engine.  Also  nine  pontoons,  each  35  ft.  x  10  ft.  x  3 
ft;  IB  pontoons,  each  21  ft.  3  in.  x  10  ft  x  3  ft.;  one  water  boat, 
34  ft.  »  in.  X  10  ft.  X  4  ft.  0  in.:  one  oil  boat,  34  ft  9  in.  x  10 
ft  X  4  ft.  6  in.;  one  derrick  boat,  29  ft.  6  in.  x  10  tt.  7  in.  x 
3  ft.  10  in.  The  original  cost  of  the  dredging  plant  was  as 
follows : 


MGootjl>j 


320        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTHUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

SVInpb  sriritiOn  dredge  .i i ' ;..f  99.453 

'OscriiB*    lauDcli'     j , 1,TJ3 

EUsrharae  uliw  line  tor  dredge  >,MI 

Bubbei-  aleeroa   i 1,276 

■   Ponioont  and  bBrgwi   6,aH 

:    Skift.  .,.; ■■■■■• .,,,-... IH 

..;.-■  1112,139 

On  the  Chicago  eanal  two  dredgea  were  used,  which  are 
destrilied  in  Engineering  N&wa,  September  6,  1894.  Each  dredge 
was  equipped' with  a  6-inch  centrifagal  pump  and  a'  BSD  hp. 
engine.  The  discharge  pipe  was  18  in.  in  diameter,  made  in  33  ft 
lengths,  coupled  with  rubber  hose  held  by  iron  clamps.  Each 
dredge  averaged  1,732  yards  in  10  hours. 


Fig.  ]41.  20-inch  Hydraulic  Dredge  Designed  and  Gqnipped  to 
Work  on  New  York  State  Barge  Canal.  This  Dredge  Has 
Delivered  45S.0O0  Cubic  Yards  in  One  Month  and  Cost  $76,- 
000,  Not  Including  Pipe  Line  or  Pontoons. 

In  Engineerinif  Hew*,  Octob^  30,  1002.  Mr.  John-  Bogairt,  in 
charge  (if  the  Masiiena  |N.  Y.)  ranal.  pivea  the  cost  of  operating 
two  dredges.  Dredge  No.  I  cost  $10,1)00.  It  had  a.  12-inch 
wrought  iron  discharge  pipe,  a  rotary  cutter,  and  a  centrifugal 
pump  driven  by:  a  Lidgerwood  compound  condensing  engine  o( 
125  hp.  It  lifted  the  material  30  feet  above  the  water  and 
discharged  it  through  a  2,000-1001  pipe.  The  di^plh  of  cut  was 
22  feet  below  tho  water  surface,  llie  output  averaged  1,125 
yards  in  22  hours,  at  a  cost  of  $05,80,  or  8'A  cents  per  yard. 
Dredge  No.  2  cost  $00,000.     Its  discharge  pipe  was  IS  inchea  in 


DREDGES  321 

diameter.  The  output  averaged  1,554  cubic  yards  at  a  coat  of 
$145,  or  9.4  centB  per  yard. 

Engineering  an4  Contracting,  May  15,  1918,  gives  the  follow- 
ing on  the  conBtruction  of  18,000  ft.  of  42  ft.  top  width,  21  ft. 
high  embankment  by  the  hydraulic  dredge  method.  The  ap- 
proach embankments  to  the  Columbia  River  Interstate  bridge 
were  construeted  by  the  hydraulic  dredge  method.  The  embank- 
ments have  a  total  length  of  about  18,000  ft.,  an  average  height 
of  about  21  ft.  and  'side  slopes  of  2  to  1.  The  Hayden  Ave. 
embankment  1,480  ft.  long  and  the  main  approach  to  Union  Ave. 
Eire  42  ft.  wide  on  top.  The  embankment  of  the  secondary  ap- 
proach to  Derby  St.,  5,800  ft.  long,  has  a  top  width  of  40  ft. 
The  Vancouver  approach  embankments,  total  length  500  ft.,  have 
top  widths  conforming  to  the  streets  occupied. 

The  embankment  for  the  Union  Ave.  approach,  having  a  total 
net  volume  of  821,000  en.  yd.,  was  placed  in  160  days  or  at  the 
rate  of  about  5,000  cu.  yd.  per  day.  The  material  was  excavated 
from  the  Oregon  Slough  hy  means  of  a  suction  dredge  with  a  cut- 
ting bead  and  was  transported  to  plaoe  by  being  pumped  through 
a  line  of  pipe  24  inches  in  diameter.  The  operation  was  liy 
electric  power  and  the  main  pump  on  the  dredge  was  operated 
by  two  500  hp.  motors.  The  pump  was  of  capacity  to  give  a 
discharge  through  the  24  inch  pi|)e  at  a  velocity  of  from  12  to  15 
ft.  per  second.  Operations  continued  24  hr.  per  day  during  the 
time  specified  and  the  dredge  was  actually  running  atiout  14  hr. 
per  day.  For  periods  of  a  few  hours  at  a.  time  the  dredge 
pumped  as  mui'h  as  1,000  cu.  yd.  per  hr.  There  was  of  course 
a  very  considerable  run-off- of  sand  from  the  embankment,  as  well 
as  a  certain  amount  of  fine  material  which  tlowed  away  with 
the  waste  water,  and  it  is  estimated  that  about  2,i0,0D0  cu.  yd. 
more  than  the  above  net  amount  was  transported.  The  dis- 
charge pipe  line  was  extended  to  a  length  of  about  5,500  ft. 
working  from  the  dredge  alone.  For  greater  distances  a  booster 
pump  was  installed  in  tlie  line  to  give  greater  impetus.  This 
pump  was  operated  by  a  single  1,000  hp.  motor  operating  with 
ccnaiderahle  overload.  The  dredge  and  booster 'pump  together 
transported  through  a  maximum  length  of  0,000  ft.  of  pipe. 
Such  long  distance  dredging  into  an  embankment  bo  compara- 
tively- narrow  and  high  is  believed  to  mark  a  record  for  work  of 
this  character.  The  pipe  was  of  the  ordinary  riveted  variety  with 
slip  joints  made  of  7  ga^  materiel  on  the  pontoons  and  of  10  gage 
material  elsewhere.     It  was  moved  aliout  hy  teams  and  wagons. 

The  embankment  was  formed  by  the  use  of  timber  bulkheads. 
The«e  were  built  of  6  hy  8-in.  posts,  about  10-ft.  centers,  support- 
ing 2  by  12-in.  sheathing,  surfaced  both  edges.     The  sides  of  the 


322        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  ] 

embankment  were  built  up  by  these  means  in  steps  8  ft.  wide  and 
4  ft.  bigh.  The  first  bulkheada  were  placed  upon  the  natural 
ground  surface  by  driving  in  the  S  bj  S-in.  poets  with  a  band 
maul  and  setting  the  lower  plank  into  a  small  trench  so  that  the 
bulkhead  aheathing  extended  perhaps  8  to  12  in.  below  the 
ordinary  ground  surface.  When  the  sand  had  been  filled  in  about 
the  top  of  such  first  bulkheads,  posts  for  succeeding  bulkbesde 
were  set  in  place  and  the  lower  plank  placed  ao  that  it  extended 
about  12  in.  below  the  top  of  the  first  bnlkhead  below.  These 
posts  were  tied  back  into  the  embankment  by  2  by  6-iii.  ties 
spiked  on  near  the  top  of  each  post  and  extending  back  to  a 
short  post,  in  front  of  which  were  placed  a  few  pieces  of  lagging 
to  offer  additional  resistance.  The  pipe  was  laid  to  discharge  into 
the  middle  of  the  embankment  and  was  carried  forward  from 
the  river,  bringing  the  embankment  up  to  the  final  grade  and 
working  away  from  the  dredge.  A  framework  of  bafOelioaTdB  was 
placed  under  the  discharging  end  of  the  pipe,  causing  the  water 
to  spread  out  and  spill  over  the  ground  below  and  run  forward, 
distributing  the  different  sizes  of  material  as  the  velocity  de- 
creased. At  some  convenient  low  point  there  was  provided 
an  outflow  down  the  side  of  the  embankment  for  whit^  the 
steps   of   the   embankment   were   paved   with    plank    to    prevent 

The  methods  of  constructing  the  bulkheads  and  of  the  dis- 
charge arrangement  are  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration 
After  sections  of  tbe  flnisbed  embankments  became  thoroughly 
drained  as  the  work  proceeded,  the  posts  of  the  bulkheads  were 
cut  away  and  the  planks  removed  and  carried  forward  for  re- 
peated USB.  Parts  of  the  posts  and  of  the  2  by  6-iff:  ties  therefore 
remain  in  tbe  embankment-  The  finishing  of  the  slopes  was  done 
by  hand  with  shovels,  and  the  successive  steps  were  so  located 
that  the  upper  corner  of  each  step  filled  into  the  lower  corner  of 
the  step  i>elow,  to  provide  the  proper  slope.  The  actual  pumping 
and  transportation  of  tbe  sand  in  the  bands  of  the  contraetMri 
were  the  simplest  parts  of  tbe  work,  and  they  found  it  economicai 
to  permit  a  very  considerable  wastage  of  material  where  such 
wastage  saved  in  the  construction  of  bulkheads. 

Tlie  secondary  approach  to  Derby  St.  was  oonstructcd  in  ■ 
similar  manner  by  an  electrically  operated  auction  dredge  with 
20-in.  diameter  pipe  equipment.  The  maximum  distance  the 
material  was  carried  was  about  6,B00  ft.  This  embankment  con- 
tained about  515,000  cu   yd. 

The  embankments  were  constructed  by  the  Tacoma  Dredging 
Co.,  tbe  unit  price  for  tbe  Hayden  Ave.  and  Union  Ave.  approach 
being  13.24  ct.  per  cubic  yard;  the  price  for  the  Derby  St.  ap- 
proach was  16  48  ct.  per  cubic  yard.     J.  L.  Harrington  and  E.  E 


DREDGES  323 

Howard  were  Consulting  Engineers  for  tlie  bridge.    The  matt«r 
given  aboi-e  is  sbBtracted  from  their  final  report. 

BGlection  and  Operation  of  Sredglng  Equipment.  The  follow- 
ing notes  have  been  abBtracted  from  a  reprint  of  eome  admirable 
articlea  in  Engineering  Record  which  were  called  to  the  attention 
of  the  author  by  the  writer,  Mr,  Shaw's  notes  on  the  handling 
of  dredges  should  be  read  carefully  hy  everj'  one  undertaking 
work  of  thia  character.  Certain  well-developed  types  of  dredges 
will  work  economically  under  a  considerable  range  of  conditions, 
but  there  is  do  one  machine  which  is  best  suited  to  all,  or  even 
te  most  conditions. 

This  diecue»ion  of  various  types  of  equipment  and  the  power 
plants   used   to   operate   them    ie    confined   principally   to    those 
used  in  the  reclamation  of  lands  in  tlie  lower  Mississippi  delta. 
Tlie  types  considered  are  dipper  dredges,   orange-peel  and  clam-    . 
shell  dredgea,  hydraulic  dredgea   and  dragline   dredges. 

In  a  number  of  cases  moderately  large  dredgea  have  been 
moved  intact  over  considerable  dietances  across  land,  but  the 
writer  has  yet  to  learn  of  any  iudividuBl  owner  who  has  made 
such   an   experiment  and  who   is   ready  to   attempt  it   a   eecond 

The  greatest  variation  In  the  details  of  floating  dipper  dredges 
is  found  in  tile  types  of  spuds  used,  in  the  manner  of  raising 
and  lowering  the  spuds  and  in  "  pinning  up."  There  are  two 
general  types  in  common  use  —  the  vertical  and  the  bank  spuds 
Vertical  epudii  are  comparatively  simple,  are  adaptable  to  a 
wide  range  of  depth  and  are  independent  of  the  width  of  canal. 
They  are  usually  raiaed  and  lowered  by  independent  engines, 
either  by  means  of  cables  or  by  compound  gears  engaging  a 
heavy  rack  which  is  attached  to  the  spud.  Cables  are  now  quite 
generally  preferred,  though  the  rack  is  still  in  common  use  and 
is  preferred  by  some.  Neither  type  has  any  marked  advantage 
in  the  matter  of  simplicity.  The  cable  system  haa  one  con- 
siderable advantage  in  that  it  permits  setting  the  engines  far- 
ther aft,  where  they  can  be  more  easily  attended  to  by  those 
having  the  care  of  the  main  engines. 

The  power  for  raising  spuds  on  some  dredges  is  compounded 
by  means  of  worm  gears,  but  the  writer  considers  a  worm  gear 
a  necessary  evil,  to  he  tolerated  on  some  machines  but  never  on 

Bank  spuds  give  greater  stability  to  the  hull,  being,  as  their 
name  implies,  set  out  on  the  berm  or  bank.  They  permit  the 
nse  of  B.  much  longer  boom  on  a  dredge  of  given  width  than  is 
possible  by  the  use  of  vertical  spuds.  On  some  machines  the 
liank  Bpuds  act  as  an  outward  support,  the  strain  twing  carried 


324        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQITPMENT  | 

to  the  hull  bf  a  well-braced  structure  acting  as  a  beain.  In 
other  cases  the  strain  ie  transferred  direct  to  the  t«p  of  tb« 
A-frame.  That  portion  of  the  spud  which'TesU  on  the  bank 
is  in  the  form  of  a  plajik  platform,  and  for  work  in  soft  material 
these  piatforme  are  extended  so  as  to  cover  a  considerable  ares. 
In  eome  cases  these  platforms  are  hmged  aloi^  the  center  m 
that  they  may  be  more  easily  raised  out  ot  sticky  material. 
One  of  the  principal  objections  to  bank  spuds  Is  that  thej  often 
crush  down  the  berm,  inducing  slides  in  the  leree  or  waste  bank. 
It  is  impracticable  to  use  bank  spuds  in  wide  canals  or  open 
water  of  any  considerable  depth. 

Owing  to  the  powerful  thrust  of  the  dipper  acting  in  various 
directions,  the  rigid  bracing  of  spuds  and  fastening  of  all  spud 
connections,  whether  of  the  vertical  or  bank  type,  are  most  im- 
portant. 

Comparison  with  other  types  of  dredges  is  most  favorable  to 
the  dipper  type  when  working  in  hard,  compact  material  such  as 
cemented  gravel  and  ledge  rock.  It  is  usually  preferred  for  dig- 
ging through  heavily  timbered  country,  especially  through  trees 
having  lai^e  tap  roots.  Its  ability  to  bring  a  tremendous 
amount  of  power  to  bear  at  a  single  point  contributes  to  its 
popularity  in  heavy  timber  work.  Whenever  possible,  however, 
all  large  stumps  should  be  loosened  and  shattered  before  the  dredge 
reaches  tbem. 

Dredges  are  designed  for  handling  earth,  and  there  ia  no 
economy  in  delayinjr  and  overstraining  them  in  grubbing  stumps 
when  it  is  reasonably  practicable  to  i^move,  or  at  least  loosen, 
the  stumps  by  other  means.  In  soft  ground,  blowing  stumps 
entirely  out  of  the  ground  should  not  be  attempted,  as  the  ground 
beneath  tbem  does  not  afford  sufficient  resistance  to  make  this 
possible  without  an  excessive  cost  for  dynamite.  A  better  plan 
is  to  bore  a  hole  into  the  stump  and  place  tbe  explosive  where 
its  shattering  effect  will  be  the  greatest. 

Hard  gravel  and  rock  should  be  blasted  ahead  of  the  dredge 
even  though  it  may  be  possible  to  make  some  progress  without 
first  loosening  the  material.  Dipper  -  dredges  equipped  with 
crowding  engines  on  the  boom  and  with  special  teeth  on  the 
bucket  will  make  fair  progress  without  preliminary  blasting  in 
soft  limestone  rock  which  is  in  fairly  thin  layers.  It  will  nstially 
be  found  more  economical,  however,  to  do  some  preliminary  blast- 
ing in  all  such  material. 

Loss  of  time  frequently  occurs  in  the  use  of  a  dipper  dredge 
by  the  Jamming  into  the  bucket  of  a  large  stump  or  boulder, 
though  a  skillful  operator  will  seldom  permit  this  to  occur. 

In  mucky  soils  dipper  dredges  often  dinintegrate  the  material 
tji  such  an   extent  (Jiat  much   of   it  is   carried   in   suspension   in 


DREDGES  328 

the  canal  for  several  houre,  to  be  deposited  later  in  the  bed  of 
the  canal  and  materially  reduce  the  section.  In.  the  very  soft 
trembling  prairies  of  southern  Ijouisiana  this  will  occur  to  a 
certain  extent  with  any  type  of  dredge,  but  is  most  noticeable 
with  dipper  and  dragline  machineH,  nhich  require  a  long  move- 
ment of  the  bucket  in  filling. 

Variations  in  mounting  and  methods  of  moving  are  much  the 
aame  with  grab-bucket  dredges  as  with  the  dipper  typei  Spuds 
are  usually  cable -operated.  The  spuds  are  used  as  anchors  only, 
since  there  is  lesB  necessity  for  pinning  up  a.  dredge  with  thin  class 
of  machinery.  For  levee  construction  and  other  classcB  of  work 
on  which  the  bulk  of  the  material  is  to  be  dumped  to  one  side  of 
the  excavation,  gravity  swing  outAts  are  preferred~on  account  of 
their  simplicity,  Ion  first  cost  and  economy  of  operatiMi. 

Orange-peel  and  clamshell  buckets  are  most  efRcient  in  handling 
gravel,  sand  and  soft  material,  though  boulders,  pig  iron  and 
blasted  ledge  rock  are  handled  economically  by  the  larger,  tbree- 
bladed  orange-peels  of  extra-heavy  constructkin.  In  hard,  pai'ked 
sand  the  clamshell  is  most  suit&hle,  as  it  gathers  its  load  by  the 
scraping  actiim  of  the  blades.  In  hard  digging  teeth  are  placed  on 
the  edges  of  clamshell  buckets  for  loosening  the  material. 
Thougb,  owing  to  the  lurge  number  of  wearing  parts,  repairs  are 
frequently  required  with  grab  buckets,  tbey  are  readily  made, 
usually  by  the  subatitution  of  small  bushings  and  pins.  A  lib- 
eral supply  of  these  repair  partti  should  lie  kept  in  stock.  It  is 
usually  found  moat  economical  to  keep  an  extra  bucket  on  hand 
so  that  at  least  one  may  be  in  perfect  condition  at  alt  times. 

'  Orange-peel  buckets  are  preferred  to  clamshells  for  dicing 
stumps,  widening  canals  and  other  work  where  it  Is  necessary 
for  the  bucket  to  fill  on  irregular  surfaces  or  grab  hold  of  mate- 
rials of  varying  density.  For  digging  stumps  other  than  those 
having  large  tap  roots  the  orange-peel  dredge  of  large  size  is 
fully  equal  to  any  other  type.  Its  ability  to  dig  on  all  sides  of 
a  stump,  tearing  loose  each  individual  main  root,  makes  up  for 
its   lack   of   the   great  lifting  and   shoving  power   of   the  dipper 

While  not  well  adapted  to  digging  hard  sand,  the  orange-peel 
bucket  may  be  used  in  such  material  with  moderate  success  if 
properly  handled.  To  insure  economical  loading  the  bucket 
ibould  be  dropped  into  the  pit  in  a  partly  closed  position,  the 
blades  being  held  as  nearly  vertical  as  practicable.  After  drop- 
ping, the  closing  line  should  be  overhauled  slightly  and  released, 
repeating  this  operation  as  many  timcH  as  may  be  necessary  to 
load  the  bucket.  It  is  not  usually  feasible  to  secure  a  full  load 
by  this  method,  nor  is  this  desirable,  as  the  "  suction "  in  such 


328         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  I 

material  ie  eo  great  that  it  ie  almost  imposBible  to  break  Ioom 
with  a  full  bucket  of  packed  Band. 

Though  carelens  manipulation  of  dredger  of  anj  type  when 
working  in  aoft  muck  will  stir  up  the  material  in  much  the  sitme 
manner  ae  will  a  dipper  dredge,  grab  buckets,  if  iatelligenti}' 
handled,  will  excavate  such  material  much  better  than  any  other 
bucket  dredge.  When  working  in  material  eanily  carried  in  eua- 
peneion  by  the  water,  the  bucket  should  not  be  permitted  to  burj 
itself  in  the  bottom  of  the  canal,  but  should' be  held  by  the 
"  standing  line,"  eo  that  it  will  load  with  only  sneh  material  ae 
it  can  take  out  of  the  canal.  Overloading  and  con^iequent  drop- 
ping of  broken  material  back  into  the  water  is  the  cause  of  moat 
of  the  loss  in  section  through  sedimentation  of  canals  dug  b; 
grab  buckets.  In  cleaning  out  old  canals  which  have  become 
partly  filled  with  Ane  ooze  especial  care  is  necessary  to  insure 
tight  closing  of  the  bucket.  In  the  tough  muck  and  Sharkey  claf 
which  are  typical  of  the  lower  Mississippi  delta  grab  buckets 
may  be  loaded  30%  to  40%  beyond  their  rated  capacity  without 
danger  of  any  considerable  portion  of  the'load  dropping  off. 

Until  quite  recently  most  of  the  river  leveea  on  the  lower 
MiaBiaaippi  were  built  by  wheelbarrow  or  team  work.  These 
methods  are  now  largely  superseded  by  land  dredges  and  by  tower 
and  cable  rigs,  though  a  few  floating  dredges  are  also  used.  As 
the  material  for  building  these  levees  ie  taken  from  the  river  side 
and  land  equipment  cannot  be  operated  excepting  during  moder- 
ately low  stages  of  the  river,  the  working  period  is  reduced  to  a 
few  months  of  each  year.  It  would  seem  ae  though,  by  making 
a,  slight  modiRcation  in  the  Hpeciflcations  for  the  construction  of 
these  leveea,  it  would  be  posaible  to  use  floating  dredges  with 
extra-long  booms  for  a  large  portion  of  such  work. 

It  is  seldom  that  a  dragline  dredge  is  mounted  on  a  barge,  as 
its  operation  tends  to  form  a  mud  roll  ahead  of  the  bucket  which 
cannot  easily  he  removed  excepting  as  the  machine  backs  awsT 
from  its  work.  Dragline  machines  are  moved  on  rollers,  trucks 
or  caterpillar  treads.  The  "whirler"  type  is  usually  preferred, 
as  it  can  reach  hack  for  sectionB  of  track  which  have  been  passed 
ovet  and  transfer  them  ahead.  An  escellent  type  of  track  for  a 
heavy  skid  escavator  operating  on  soft  ground  is  described  bv 
D.  W.  O'Bannon  in  the  Eixa-vating  Engineer  for  July,  1016. 

The  dragline  machine  has  a  marked  advantage  over  other  types 
in  that  it  can  handle  a  larger  bucket  for  a  given  power  unit  than 
any  other  bucket  dredge.  Little  if  any  lifting  force  is  required 
while  the  Inicket  is  Ulling,  and  the  power  for  loading  in  applied  in 
nearly  a  direct  line  from  the  winding  drum,  thus  making  it  pos' 
aible  to  ^xert  practically  the  entire  power  of  the  engine  in  filling 


and  cutting  through  obstructione.  The  dragline  embodies  many 
of  the  advantages  of  both  grab-bucket  and  dipper  dredges,  with 
some  of  their  disadvantages,  aa  well  as  some  peculiar  to  itself. 
It  can  dig  around  a.  stump  in  much  the  same  manner,  though  not 
3o  well,  as  an  orange-pesl  and  can  bring  great  power  to  bear  at 
a  single  point  in  an  effort-to  ovr^rtum  the  stump.  Large  stumps 
cannot  be  lifted  clear  of  the  pit  without  the  use  of  chains,  and  in 
making  an  extra  hard  pull  there  is  always  present  the  danger  of 
overturning  the  machine  or  of  pulling  it  from,  its  supports. 

These  machines  will  handle  almost  any  matciial  that  can  be 
excavated  by  a  dipper  dredge.  Thep  are  not  iceCI  adapted  for 
digging  soft  material  which  vxuhea  eaeily.  The  stirring  action 
is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  dipper  dredge  and  the  bucket  ia 
not  so  well  able  to  retain  the  material.  Obaervation  of  a  dragline 
machine  engaged  in  excaivating  material  deposited  by  a  sluggish 
current  in  an  old  canal  showed  that  the  bucket  was  taldng  out 
only  about  30%  of  its  rated  capacity  at  each  load.  In  suitable 
material,  howevfr,  it  will  load  considerably  beyond  the  rated  ca- 
pacity. Under  skillful  manipulation  a  dragline  machine  is  capa- 
ble of  dressing  aft  a  levee  much  better  than  can  be  done  hy  any 
other  type  of  bucket  machine. 

Hydraulic  dredges  are  often  preferred  for  interior  canal  con- 
Btruction  on  account  of  their  ability  to  spread  the  excavated 
material  over  a  wide  area,  thus  avoiding  wasteful  and  unsightly 
banks.  They  are  not  often  used  for  levee  building  on  reclamation 
projects,  though  they  have  been  so  employed  with  good  results. 
The  preferred  method  in  cutting  new  canals  is  to  make  a  first  cut 
with  a  small  bucket  dredge,  dumping  the  material  in  about  equal 
quantities  on  either  side,  to  form  a  barrier  which  prevents  the 
material  excavated  by  the  h}'draulic  dred°e  from  flowing  back 
into  the  canal.  In  other  cases  a  small  hand-built  levee  serves  the 
same  purpose.  A  levee  or  rid-'e  of  sod  2  ft.  in  height  will  usually 
retain  the  discharge  from  a  12-in.  hydraulic  dredge,  provided  the 
point  of  discharge  is  30  ft.  or  more  beyond  the  levee.  For  canals 
having  a  section  much  in  cKcese  of  10  yd.  per  linear  toot  a  larger 
levee  will  be  required. 

Suction  dredges  are  subject  to  delays  through  the  stoppage  of 
suction  pipes  and  pumps  from  grass,  roots  and  other  debris, 
though  the  larger  sizpA  are  seldom  troubled  by  anythin;^  smaller 
than  stumps.  Nothing  less  than  a  10-in.  pump  should  be  used 
for  work  of  this  class,  owing  to  frequent  stoppage  of  the  suction 
line,  while  the  very  large  si^es  are  usually  unsuitable  because 
they  require  so  large  a  hull  that  they  cannot  be  used  in  the 
smaller  canals.  A  12-in.  dredging  pump  with  all  necessary  equip- 
ment can  be  mounted  on  a  barge  24x80  ft,  which  will  be  found 


328        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQl'IPMENT  ' 

suitable  for  digging  30-ft.  canals  —  a  common  size  for  the  emaller 
systems.  A  12-in.  pump,  equipped  with  a  suitable  cutter,  will 
pass  a  surprising  amount  of  soHd  articles.  In  cleaning  out  the 
Chalmette  slips  below  the  city  of  Neir  Orleans  a  solid  cannon 
ball  from  the  Chalmette  battlefield,  pieces  of  ship's  rigging  and 
TarioUB  other  bric'fl-brac  were  brought  out  by  the  suction  dredges. 

The  greatest  variation  in  these  dred^s  is  found  in  their  cutter 
heads,  their  design  and  speed  of  rotation  being  dictated  by  the 
character  of  the  material  eicavated.  In  .hard,  gravelly  material 
a  rugged  cutter  head  is  required  which  will  produce  the  msxj- 
miim  agitation  in  the  material.  In  the  muck  and  soft  clay  soils 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  delta,  on  the  other  hand,  a  slicing  action 
of  the  blades  secures  better  results,  especially  it  combined  with 
only  moderate  speed  of  rotation. 

The  effective  work  of  a  hydraulic  dredge  depends  to  a  great 
extent  on  the  percentage  of  solids  discharged.  This  percentage 
will  drop  with  a  dull,  sickening  thud  If  the  dredge  is  operated 
carelessly  or  if  it  is  not  equipped  so  that  the  cutter  head  may  be 
kept  close  up  to  the  work  and  so  regulated  that  it  will  not  clog. 
In  deep  excavations  care  must  be  used  to  prevent  undercutting  to 
such  an  extent  that  heavy  material  can  drop  down  onto  the  ladder 
and  cutter  head  and  choke  the  pump  or  wreck  the  end  of  the 
ladder. 

Hydraulic  dredges  for  canal  excavation  should  be  equipped  so 
that  they  will  discharge  normally  through  a  V  connection  on 
both  sides  of  the  canal.  The  point  of  discharge  should  be  not 
less  than  50  ft.  beyond  the  side  of  the  hull,  the  pipes  being  sup- 
ported by  gallows  frames  or  A.frames  with  cables.  Each  dis- 
charge should  be  equipped  with  a  valve  so  that  it  can  be  closed 
temporarily  for  passing  obstructions  or  intersecting  canals. 
Where  growing  crops  or  other  improvements  do  not  prohibit  the 
discharge  of  water  and  mud  over  adjacent  lands  hydraulic  dredges 
are  preferred  to  any  other  type  for  cleaning  out  old  canals  which 
have  lost  much  of  their  original  section  through  sedimentation. 

Ruction  dredjics  may  handle  stumps  by  first  undermining  and 
then  dragging  them  out  with  a  line  from  a  winch  head  on  board 
the  dredge.  Although  stumpa  may  be  taken  out  in  this  manner 
this  type  of  dredge  cannot  be  operated  economically  in  a  heavily 
timliered  area. 

Most  of  the  power  problems  in  dredge  operation  and  design  are 
common  to  all  the  classes  of  equipment  described.  Heretofore 
steam  power  has  been  used  almost  exclusively,  the  smaller  dredges 
being  equipped  with  the  simplest  type  of  slide-valve  hoisting  en- 
gines. Hydraulic  dredges  have  usually  employed  a  better  grade 
of  engine  in  their  main  power  unit. 


DREDGEfj  326 

Great  difficulty  la  eiperiesced  near  t^  coast  in  securing  suit- 
able  boiler-feed  water.  The  unlimited  use  of  raw  water  from  the 
<:anal0  results  in  expensive  delays  and  repair  bills  through  the 
rapid  deterioration  of  boilers,  steam  piping  and  engines.  This 
trouble  is  reduced,  though  not  eliminated,  1^  the  use  of  con- 
densers. A  dredge  equipped  with  a  complete  salt-water  outfit, 
including  condeneer,  circulating  and  vacuum  pump  and  a  high- 
speed evaporator,  was  constructed  by  the  writ^  in  one  instance 
for  use  in  waters  which  were  exceptionally  had.  This  plant  has 
now  been  in  nearly  continuous  operation  for  three  years  with 
no  serious  delays  from  the  steam  end  of  the  outfit.  Although 
the  steam  auxiliaries  cost  nearly  the  same  as  the  boiler  itself,  it 
appears  by  comparing  the  operation  of  this  dredge  with  th*t  of 
others  operating  in  the  same  water,  but  not  similarly  equipped, 
that  the  extra  equipment  has  paid  for  iteelf  several  times  over. 

The  intermittent  but  frequently  e:(cessive  demands  for  steam  on 
most  types  of  dredges  makes  it  necessary  that  an  ample  capacity 
for  producing  dry  steam  should  be  provided.  Condensers,  evap- 
orators and  steam  separators  are  an  aid,  but  nuthin^^  will  fully 
make  up  for  a  deficiency  in  boiler  capacity.  Foaming,  due  to 
overcrowding  the  boilers,  eepecially  when  supplied  with  poor 
water,  reduces  the  available  power  of  engines,  carries  away  the 
lubrication  and  contributes  to  a  large  extent  to  engine  break- 
downs. 

Another  factor  in  limiting  the  power  supply  is  curtailment  of 
draft  through  the  unnecexsary  abbreviation  of  the  stack.  There 
is  no  reason  why  the  average  floating  dredge  should  not  carry  a 
smokestack  more  nearly  approximating  the  length  eatabtished  as 
good  practice  in  other  lines  of  steam  engineering.  In  spite  of 
this  fact  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  an  SO  or  100-hp.  dredge  boiler 
supplied 'With  a  20-tt.  stack.  The  design  of  the  stack,  however, 
should  be  based  on  the  coal  burned  per  hour  rather  than  on  the 
rated  horsepower  of  the  boiler,  which  should  be  considerably  in 
excess  of  the  theoretical  requirements. 

The  accompanying  table  illustrates  the  writer's  ideas  as  to 
suitable    proportions    for    a    H^-y^-    orange-peel,    gravity-swing 

Suitable  Pbopoetions  fob  Ii^-Yard  Okanob-Peel  Dbedqe  with 

50- Foot  Re.\ch 

Width  of  hull  38  ft. 

LeDSth  of  hnll  80  ft. 

Depth  of  hull  6  tl. 

Length  of  .boom   ..,..,......■.-.,. ...■■.  75  ft. 

I^ollble^!Jlinlle^  main  engine   -^^--■■■"-^.---■■■■■iilil2  in.'. 

Boiler     80  hp. 

Diameter  of  eUek  !7  in. 

Height  of   sUck 60  ft. 


330        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

dredge  designed  for  a  given  reach  of  60  ft.  from  the  aide  of  the 
excavation.  Theee  proportions  contemplate  eetting  the  machiner; 
down  in  the  hull.  If  set  on  deck,  it  would  be  advit<able  to  in- 
crease the  dianiet«r  of  stack  to  30  in.  and  reduce  the  height  to 
40  ft.  Such  an  outfit  should  operate  on  about  300  lb.  of  coal 
per  hour. 

Gravity  awing  dredges  may  be  operated  satisfactorily  by  single. 
conBtant-speed  engines,  the  speed  of  lioisting  lines  and  other 
operations  being  regulated  by  the  slipping  of  friction  clutches. 
The  control  of  hoisting  speed  b;  the  slipping  of  frictions  ia  con- 
sidered by  many  as  wasteful  and  unsatisfactory,  but  with  a  prop- 
erly designed  device  it  has  b««n  found  satisfactory,  especially  on 
machines  of  moderate  size.  For  such  service,  the  friction  blocks 
should  be  of  generous  dimensions  and  turned  true  so  that  there 
will  be  complete  contact  over  a  large  area.  Maple  seems  to  be 
preferred  for  friction  blocks  by  manufacturers  of  dredging  and 
hoisting  machinery,  but  the  writer  has  secured  better  results  at  a 
smaller  cost  by  using  well-seaHOned  black  gum.  Any  good  pat- 
tern maker  can  turn  out  a  satisfactory  set  of  blocks  if  given  an 
aceuMte  set  of  drawings  to  work  from.  A  small  gravity  swing 
dredge  has  been  operated  from  a  constant- speed,  internal -combus- 
tion engine  for  a  period  of  oveii  three  months  without  renewal  of 
the  black  gum  friction  blocks  used  iu  controlling  the  main  hoist- 
ing drums. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  34 

Hand  HamineT  DrilU  adapted  tt>  work  in  hard  rock  on  excava- 
tion jobB  of  all  kinds  where  holes  are  to  be  drilled  downward 
fither  vertically  or  at  an  angle,  except  where  very  deep  holes 
or  those  of  large  diameter  are  required,  are  illuetratd  by  Figs. 


Fig.    14Z,    Hand  Hammer  Drill,  Sullivan  "Botatflr." 

142  and  143.  In  addition  to  their  use  for  general  rock  excava- 
tion, these  drills  have  a  wide  application  in  demoliBhing  old 
masonry,  breaking  up  concrete,  removing  pavement  and  kindred 
jobs  for  which  service  they  effect  a  saving  over  hand  work.  On 
many  jobs  hand  hajnmer  drills  have  demonstrated  their  ability  ta 


332         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

turn  out  more  work  than  mounted  drills  due  to  the  fact  that  no 
time  is  lout  in   setting  up  and  moving  tripoda. 

All  self-rotating  hand  hammer  drills  require  hollow  drill  steel 


Fig.  143.    Hand  Hammer  Drill,  Ingereoll-Sand  "  Jack  Hammer." 


and  ma;  be  had  with  either  an  air  jet  device  or  with  a  device 
feeding  both  air  and  water  to  the  i)ottom  of  the  drill  hole  to  free 


i 


¥ig.  144.    Mounted  Hammer  Drill.    LeyneT-Ingeraoll  Type  Set  Up 

on  Column  with  Arrangement  when  Water  Tank  Is  Used. 


The  prices  are  as 


followfl: 


Fig.    145.     Air   Feed  Hammer  or   Stope  Drill   Fitted   with   Dust 
Allayer. 


334        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTKUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Konated  Hanner  Drllte  adapted  for  use  in  tnimel  driving  and 
mining  are  operated  with  a  tripod  mounting  where  the  drilling 
is  downward  and  a  colunm  or  bar  where  the  drilling  is  horizon- 
tal. They  are  illustrated  by  Fig.  144  and  are  generally  of  the 
water  feeding  type,  employing  hollow  drill  steel.  For  their  work 
capacity  they  are  lighter  than  the  reciprocating  type  of  drill. 
The  price  without  the  mounting  is  aa  follows:  «300  tor  the  light 
type  weighing  about  100  lb.;  «3flO  for  the  heavier  type  weighing 
aboat  160  lb.     These  drills  are  operated  by  air  only. 

Air  Feed  Hammer  DrlUi  or  stope  drills  generally  used  in  min- 
ing may  also  be  used  in  trimming  the  roof  of  a  tunnel.    They 


Fig.  14S.    Sullivan  Rotating  Water  Stoper. 

are  designed  to  work  at  an  angle  above  the  horizontal.  One 
make  may  be  had  in  two  types;  the  dry  weighs  about  85  lb.  and 
costs  $200;  the  wet  type  weighs  about  00  lb.  and  costs  S225. 

Another  make  costs  as  follows:  automatic  feed,  dry  type  $276; 
wet  type  $300;  both  of  these  weigh  about  120  lb.  Hand  feed, 
dry  type  $200;  wet  type  $225;   both  of  these  weigh  about  86  lb. 

An  attachment  for  use  in  allaying  the  dust  from  the  cutting  is 
illustrated  by  Fig.  146  and  consists  of  an  attachment  on  the 
drill  with  a  connection  to  the  air  supply  and  a  bucket  or  other 
receptacle  for  the  water.     This  attachment  costs  SIO. 

Hounted  Piston  Diilli  used  in  quarrying  and  open  cuts  are 
mounted  on  either  a  tripod  or  quarry  bar.  They  may  be  operated 
on  either  compreseed  air  or  steam.     The  cost  as  follows: 

DiHDieter  ApproiimBte  Price 

of  piatOD  in  In.  weight  in  lb.  f.  o.b.  fulorf 


Electric  Air  Drlllt.  Some  of  the  conditions  that  particularly 
favor  the  selection  of  this  type  of  drill  are  as  follows; 

(1)  High  altitude,  which  impairs  the  efficiency  of  the  ordinary 
compressor.  • 


DRILLS  33S 

(3)  Long  tranemiBBion  lines,  wire  being  cheaper  than  pipes. 

(3)    Cheap  electric  power,  of  the  right  voltage  and  frequency. 

The  electric  air  drill  is  driven  hy  pulsations  of  compresBed 
air  cauaed  by  a  "  pulsator,"  which  is  driven  by  an  electric  motor. 
The  air  ia  not  exhausted,  but  is  simply  used  over  and  over 
again,  working  liackward  and  forward  in  a  closed  pneumatic 
circuit,  from  which  some  leakage  of  air  is  neceaaarily  inevitable. 
This  leakage  is  provided  for  by  compensating  valves  on  the 
pulsator,  adjusted  to  automatically  maintain  a  constant  average 


Fig.  147.    "Electric  Air"  Drill  at  Boutwell  Milne  and  Vamum 
Quarry,   Barre,   Vt. 

pressure  in  the  circuit.  The  drill  is  practically  a.  cylinder  con- 
taining a  moving  piston  and  rotation  device,  without  valves 
chest,  buffers,  springs,  side  rods  and  pawls.  The  cylinder  is 
larger  than  that  of  the  corresponding'air  drill,  but  the  piston 
IB  shorter,  thus  involving  no  great  difference  in  weight  between 
this  and  the  older  types.  The  pulsator  requires  no  intake  and 
discharge  valves  nor  water  jackets.  It  is  geared  to  a  motor 
which  may,  of  course,  be  of  either  direct  or  alternating  current, 
and  is  mounted  on  a  wheeled  truck  for  convenience  in  handling. 
The  pulnator  and  drill  are  connected  by  two  short  lengths  of 
hose,  each  of  which  acts  alternately  aa  supply  and  exhaust. 
It  IB  claimed  by  ttie  manufacturer  that  with  the  electric  air 


336         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRCCTION  EQUIPMENT 

drill  there  in  far  leas  Iobb  of  power  than  in  the  case  of  the 
ordinary  air  or  steam  drill,  and  this  claim  eeems,  on  theoretical 
grounds,  to  be  well  founded. 

Complete  electric  air  drills  average  about  $1,000  in  price- 
Similar  machines  driven  by  a  gasoline  engine  instead  of  an 
electric  motor  are  also  manufactured. 

Drill  Eepain.  In  the  South  African  gold  mines  the  cost  of 
drill  repairs  was,  in  1S12,  about  $300  per  drill  per  year,  or  5Dc 
per  shift  for  two-shift  work,  and  the  site  of  the  average  drill  is 
about  314  inches. 

Mr.  Thomas  Dennison  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  the 
average  monthly  cost  of  keeping  a  drill  in  repair  when  working 
in  the  Michigan  copper  minea  is  as  follows : 

Suppliee    ll.M 

"'-''■"■    •■  ,., 8.4B 


Blsckimilh    labor    

Total   per  mooth   ni.3< 

Number  of  drills  in  shop  at  one  time  is  about  15%  of  the  total 
number. 

Mr.  A,  R.  Chambers  has  used  25  Sullivan  U.  D.  drills  for  11 
months'  work  in  hard  red  hematite.  The  holes  varied  from  6  to  S 
feet  in  depth,  and  a  drilling  record  of  104  feet  was  made  in  one 
ten-hour  shift.  The  drills  were  mounted  on  columns  with  arms, 
and  the  cost  of  repairs  was: 


.  2.00 


per  month  per  drill,  or  about  30  cents  per  ten-hour  day  per  drill- 
Mr.  Josiah  Bond  kept  record  of  drill  repairs  for  three  years 
and  they  show  a  coat  of  $102,  $101.60  and  $93.75  per  year  per 
drill,  respectively,  for  the  three  years.  It  is  his  opinion  that  a 
drill  used  night  and  day  for  one  year  is  sufficiently  worn  at 
the  end  of  that  time  to  scrap  and  that  its  life  for  single  shift 
work  is  three  years. 

Mr.  Charles  H.  Swigert  is  authority  tor  the  following  data 
on  tunnel  work  in  very  hard  basaltic  rock.  In  9^4  months  the 
total  of  85,400  feet  of  hole  was  drilled,  being  an  average  of  29 
lin.  ft.  of  hole  per  drill.  The  drills  were  of  3-in.  size.  Cost  of 
repairs  for  four  drills  was  as  follows: 

Per  Lin.  Ft.  PerCu.Yd. 

Repalra  of  Hole  Eicaiatfld 

Labor     DMcenta  2.60  cents 


DRILLS  337 

The  total  drill  repaira  amounted  to  68c  per  eight-hour  shift. 
In  g)^  monthe  2,262  ebifts  were  worked. 

Mr.  Hftuer  states  that  on  one  Inger soil- Sergeant  drill  of  3%-il). 
size,  elaes  i',  the  repairs,  not  including  repairs  to  hose,  amounted 
to  $5  per  month  for  a  period  of  four  to  five  months. 

i  am  indebted  to  Mr.  John  Kice,  vice- pre  si  dent  of  the  General 
Crushed  Stone  Co.  of  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  for  the  following 
infQrmation  as  to  drill  repairs: 


<lu»rt»ila  — IMS. 
3SJ.S  8.57 

Limeslone  —  ]903. 


The  Injereoll-aei 


i  rnKetsol 


Mr.  Bond  (quoted  above)  observes  that  a  well-made  heavy 
bar  or  column  ahoUld  outlast  four  drills,  and  arin^  are  generally 
strong  enough  to  finish  three  drills.  He  considers  that  repairs 
and  depreciation  on  a  stoping  drill  are  about  50c  per  shift. 

The  cost  of  repairs  to  two  Ingersoll  drills  3^  inches  in  siM 
at  the  Melones  mine  was  $91.00  for  over  2.600  feet  of  tunnel. 

The  following  drill  repair  eoata  are  given  in  "Rock  Drilling," 
by  Dana  and  Saunders; 

The  cost  for  putting  in  shape  tor  work  nine  drills  on  the 
D.,  L.  &  W.  cutoff  was  $1,100.  Repairs  on  fourteen  drills  for 
the  first  13  months  after  the  commencement  of  the  work 
amounted  to  $695.02,  or  an  average  of  $3.80  per  drill  per  month, 
or  38  cents  per  drill  per  shift. 


338         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

At  Thornton,  111.,  the  repairs  on  fourteen  drills  during  nine 
monthH  in  1900  cost  $3,059.47,  or  93  cents  per  drill  per  day,  single 
shift  work. 

The  foregoing  eostg  of  drill  repairs  are  all  prior  to  1912. 

Drill  Sharpening  KaohlneB.  These  machines  are  Illustrated  hj 
Pigs.  148  and  149.  A  machine  weighing  4,400  lb.  for  Hhipmect 
costs  $1,225  without  dies  or  dollies.  Another  make  comes  in 
three   sizes,   2, ISO   lb.   costs   $1,200,   1,700   Ih.   costs   $900    and   a 


Fig.  149.    Leyner  Drill  Sharpener. 

small  machine  for  bitting  and  shanking  weighs  about  925  lb. 
and  coats  S600.     All  the  foregoing  prices  are  f.  o.  b.   factory. 

Complete  Hhsrpening  shops  generslly  have  intluded  in  their 
equipment  a  punch  for  opening  a  hole  in  hollow  steel  after 
sharpening  and  shanking  and  a  grinder  for  dressing  drill  shanks 
and   light   grinding.     Both   of   the^e   mscbinee   are   air   operated 

One  drill  sharpening  machine  was  operated  by  one  man  who 
attended  his  own  forge  and  made  necessary  repairs.  It  ran  on 
an  average  of  4  hours  per  day  and  sharpened  approsimatel; 
36,000  drills,  averaging  50  drills  per  hour.     The  amount  of  fuel 


DRILLS  3S9 

used  was  about  one-half  that  required  in  band  work.  To  form 
and  Bfaarpen  nen  drills  required  1%  minutes.  The  life  of  a  bit 
sharpened  by  this  machine  ie  longer  than  when  done  bjr  band, 
the  bits  being  better  compacted,  and  drills  can  be  eharpened 
at  the  same  machine  b;  the  eame  dies.  Before  this  machine  was 
uHed  'two  blackamithe  and  two  helpers  were  neceseary,  the  ma- 
chine showing  a  saving  over  hand  labor  in  6  months  of  $1,738.60 
and  saving  in  coal  for  183  dajs,  $S3.  Total  saving  for  9  months, 
$1,821.60.     (No  record  as  to  machine  cost.) 


Fig.   149.     Sullivan  Sharpener  on  a  Tunnel  Contract  in  Arizona. 

in  the  South  African  'gold  mines  each  drilling  machine  uses  an 
average  of  twenty  drill  points  per  shift,  which  amounts  to 
600  lb.  of  drills  removed  to  and  from  the  job  for  each  machine 
per  shift.  One  blacit smith  with  a  helper  will  keep  5  to  7 
drills  supplied  with  sharp  bits.  In  medium  rock  a  bit  mast  be 
sharpened  for  each  2  ft.  of  hole,  in  hard  rock,  for  each  1%  ft,, 
and  in  soft  rock  for  each  i  ft.  The  direct  cost  of  sharpening 
bits  by  hand  is  about  as  follows: 

Blucknnith    tl.TO 

Charcoal 80 

Totst  (ISl!  flcaru)   140  bits  at  i  cents  =  15.60 


340        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Mr,  T.  H.  Proske  saya: 

"  The  power  drill-ebftrpeoer  has  removed  many  of  the  ghort- 
comiogs  attendant  upon  the  hand  iharpeniog  prooesa,  with  the 
reBUlt  that  where  these  machines  are  used  it  is  possible  to  ae- 
eomplish  from  25%  to  100%  more  drilling  than  under  the  old 
methoda."  I  take  this  to  mean  25%  to  100%  more  drilling  per 
trip  to  the  ahop  on  the  part  of  the  drill  tender,  which  etat«ment 
ia  well  within  the  facts.  Especially  is  this  true  when  the  ma.- 
ehine  sharpening  is  combined  with  the  selection  of  special  drill 
steels. 

Hand  Hammer  DrUU,  Hecnd  Hammer  Dritla  are  light,  power- 
ful, small  toola  which  are  adapted  to  light  work  in  mines  and 
quarries. 

These  drills  cost  about  $05.  Drill  steel  in  small  quantities 
costs  about  20c  per  lb.  for  the  hollow  and  about  13c  per  lb.  for 
the  solid. 

Riveting  hammers  cost  from  SOO  to  SlOO  and  weigh  from  15  t« 
30  lb.  Scaling  and  chipping  hammers  weigh  from  7  to  15  lb.  and 
cost  from  $60  to  $70. 

PertoTmance  of  Small  Hand  Hammer  Siill,  The  author  exam- 
ined with  some  care  the  operation  of  a  small  hand  hammer  drill 
in  the  Held  operating  in  granitic  schist  in  a  New  Hampshire 
quarry.  The  operation  of  changing  steels  required  an  average  of 
H%  seconds  on  the  part  of  a  highly  skilled  operator.  The  field 
notes  of  this  test  were  aa  follows; 


Honra  Minutes  Scronds 

Start  of  first  steel 1  42  3 

FiQisb  of  first  steel 43  25 

3(Brt  at  secoad  st«el    43  37 

Finish  of   second  steel    H  M% 

SUrt  of  third  sterl    45  BVl 

Finish   of  third  Bteel   46  20 

StsM  of  fourth  Bteel  48  SW4 

Finish  of  fourth  steel   47  ami 

Start  of  fifth   steel    --     ..  •            47  IMS 

PinbH  of  fifth  Bl«el 48  »» 

TotsI  depth  of  hole,  BBW  in. 

Average  depth  per  iteel,  11  in. 

The  steel  used  was  T^-in.  heiBEOnal  hollow  rolled  itcsl. 

First  Nt,  dismeter.  IK  in, 

LsM  hit,  dismelsr,  1>4  in. 

After  the  hole  "was  flniahed,  dust  filled  the  hole  to  about  a 
depth  of  8  in.  until  blown  out,  which  time  for  blowing  out  is  not 
included  in  the  above  time  study.  The  elapsed  time  for  the 
entire  operation  was  6  min.  19^  sec,  or  8.32  min.  The  toUl 
time  to  change  steels  was  ii%  sec.,  or  .75  min.,  making  5.67 
min.  for  drilling  time,  or  practically  10  in.  per  minute.  Thia,  of 
course,  did  not  include  the  time  of  getting  ready  for  a,  new  hole 


DRILLS  341 

or  blowing  out  the  old  hole,  both  of  which  operations  could  easily 
be  accomplished  in  30  Heconda  by  an  average  operatov.  ThiB 
example  is  given  to  show  the  adaptability  of  these  small  hand 
machini^B  for  rapid  and  economical  work  on  comparatively  shallow 
holes.  In  addition  to  the  air  ]upe  is  showh  a  pipe  running  to  the 
pressure  gauge,  which  registered  102  lb.  when  the  drill  was 
not  working  and  85  lb.  with  drill  running.  The  former  pressure 
represented  the  pressure  at  the  compressor.  In  this  drill  some 
of  the  exhaust  goes  down  through  the  bit  and  blows  the  rock 
cuttings  up  out  of  the  hole,  producing  a  heavy  cloud  in  a  strong 

STTBHABinE  VSnXS 

There  are  two  general  methods  of  sulimarme  drilling  ( I ) 
"  Platform  Method,"  so  called  from  a  platform  or  staging  ^up 
ported  on  "spuds."  This  method  is  applicable  where  currenfa 
are  excessively  disturbing  influences  (2)  The  'Barge  Method" 
pmploys  a  floating  scow  or  barge  carrying  the  drills  and  other 
equipment,  anchored  m  place  by  cables  or  chams.  The  height 
of  the  framing,  length  of  feed  etc  and  resulting  price  of  equip 
ment,  depend  upon  depth  of  drilling 

A  number  of  plants  for  subaqueous  drilling  are  described  >n 
"  Rock  Drilling,"  by  Dana  and  Saunders,  from  which  the  following 
data  are  abstracted: 

The  Platform  Method  Ct lindrual  telescopic  tubes  with  a 
conical  taper,  fitted  with  an  ejettor  attachment,  rest  on  the  rock 
with  upper  end  above  the  surface  of  the  water  Drilling,  washing 
and  charging  are  performed  through  these  tubes  The  use  of  the 
water  jet  is  usually  very  eionomieal  The  boilers,  ships  pumps, 
diving  apparatus,  etj? ,  are  usually  carried  by  barge  or  scow 
moored  to  the  platform  and  by  author^ 

In  the  operations  on  Black  Tom  Reef,  New  ^ork  harbor,  which 
commenced  May  2,  1881,  344  actual  working  days  were  occupied  in 
drilling  1,736  holes,  a  total  of  17,658  lineal  feet  (av.  depth  iai7') 
and  removing  5,136  cu.  yd. 

The  cost  of  plant,  including  alterations  and  additions,  was  aa 
followH: 

Baree  No.  4,  hull  and  equipment   t  S,«40,00 

Drill  Flost,  Ko.  1  4,O96.T0 

Drill  Float.  No.  2   4.88T.40 

MscMnerr,   el« 3,816.61 

Totjl     «»,53g.61 

The  foregoing  cost  of  plant  and  the  following  cost  of  operation 
are  excessive,  due  to  the  experimental  work  prior  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  improved  methods  of  operation. 


342        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
The  operatiDg  exp«nftes  were  oa  followe: 


Al^tnK1  repairs  to  plsi 
Repnln  to  drillfl 


Total  CMt 

...tft.m.ss 
...  >,4ei.Da 


per  Lin.  Ft  per  Ou.  Yd. 


ire.'^TT!*  lb."!!!: 
cir  coaaectloDB.  7 


Total     (ISSZ) 

Ares  drilled  oier  

Dynnmtto    nwd     

Exploders  used    ........ 

Wnmh»r  ot  drjniiig  mu 

iSPd  (oct«(con  1M»") 


Bai^e  Ketliod.  The  drill  boat  used  t^  the  Great  Lakes  Dred^ 
Dock  Co.  at  West  Neebish  Channel,  St.  Mark's  Eiver,  in  1909, 
was  of  timber,  126  ft.  long  bf  30  ft  beam,  covered  b;  a  bouse 
in  which  were  boilere,  shops  and  men's  quarters.  The  equipment 
included  the  following:  i 

1  Scotch  marine  (3  fire)  boiler.  14'  loa(  i  13'  diameter. 
1  Eieh  blaelumilh'a  torEe.  aniil.  block  villi  stack,  bench,  viae,  pipe  clamp. 
IT  Span  drill  bits. 
1  I^draulic  c^Under,   ISTx  IE'  C  with  3'A"  platou  and  traction  cbalu  lor 

1  Small  feed  pump. 

2  Force  pumps, 

1  dyaamo  (and  Bwilcbboard)  driven  br  one  cylinder  belted  englae;  drnaico 
110  TOltl  and  42  amperes,  D.  C,  S  h.  p.,  1,«C0  r.  p.  m. 

1  Small   Ferlical  waahoot  boiler. 

E  Drill  machinea,  Bli"  on  trailc  of  2'  6"  I  beama. 

4  apu"  e[S'ne"a.-''F'l  iW". 
Tbe  coat  of  the  pUnt  was  approlimataly  135,000.00. 

The  drill  boat  "Earthquake"  uaed  by  Dunbar  ttnd  Sullivan  on 
Section  No.  3  of  the  Livingstone  channel,  Detroit  River  channel 
improvement,  hod  a  steel  hull  106  ft.  long,  30  ft.  wide  and  ' 
5  ft.  9  in.  deep.  The  deck  was  of  2-in.  planking,  and  the  house, 
89  X  19  X  13  ft.  high,  also  of  wood.  The  framework  of  the  hull  was 
composed  of  standard  anj^Iea  and  brackets,  and  divided  into 
four  watertight  compartments  by  transverse  bulkheada. 

The  equipment  includes  tbe  following: 

4  Drills  and  equipment. 

4  Spud  anct'om. 

4  Sivud  anctaor  engines. 

2  B((«in  opatani. 
IT  Bits, 

r:„|.  :iMG00tjl>J 


f    Miiiiiiiilliliiil 


ikylihili 


I  if  1 1 

4S'r,As   isssisjsi  liin^iii  I  s  s 
■-I   illllllllllll   Jill   II 

-iiiii##!t 


344         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

1  Hydraiilic  cslinder.  11  ft:  timg  i  1!  ia.  diameter  for  ijiilting  drill 
1  Boiltr,  12^4  1 1<A  ft. 

1  InJe«tor. 


1  Dtdbdio  and  imaU  eDEiue  for  liEhla. 

1  Tank.  7  i  21  X  S  ft.,  (or  heating  leeA.  water  for  hydraulic  lift  in  winter. 
1  Cutter  and  1  powder  boat. 
ThL>  cOBt  of  the  plant  wa>  approxiniat«l;  tlS.Om. 

On  tbe  Hay   Lake  and  Neebish   Channels   improvement   of   St. 
Mary'H  River,  Mich.,  Section  No.  4,  the  following  plant  was  used: 


Fig.   150.     15  Ft.  Feed  Turntable  Drill  Wagon. 


DRILLS  345 

The  drill  boata  have  wooden  hnlle,  98Tt25x6  (t.,  90x30i['6  ft. 
and  65  X  16  X  5Mi  ft.,  the  two  largest  having  3  drills  each  and  the 
smaller   2  drills. 

The  tabulation  on  page  343  of  the  coat  of  subaqueous  drilling  is 
also   abstracted    from   "Rock    Drilling"; 

Deep  Hole  Drill  Wasons.  This  type  of  drilling  rig  ia  adapted 
to  work  in  the  excavation  of  rock  in  quarries,  canals,  railroad 
cuts,  and  work  of  a  similar  nature,  where  the  material  to  be 
drilled  is  too  hard  to  use  the  ordinary  rigs.  They  may  be  op- 
erated by  a  crew  of  two  men,  and  are  illustrated  by  Fig.'  150. 
The  following  types  are  to  be  bad:  Portable  wagon  mounting 
for  single  drill,  mounting  for  three  or  more  drills;  turntable 
drill  wagon,  and  portable  wagon  mounting  *'  electric  air "  drill, 
with  or  wilJiout  turntable. 


hisceilauxoits  drills 

Channelers.  These  machines  are  used  generally  where  the 
output  of  quarries  consists  of  dimension  stone,  but  sometimes,  as 
on  canal  work,  it  is  more  economical  to  channel  rocks  to  a  required 
face  than  to  drill  and  blast  beyond  the  "  pay "  limit.  Another 
definite  advantage  in  the  use  of  channelers  ia  noted  in  the  building 
of  the  Cbicago  Drainage  Canal,  where  the  walls  were  required  to 
be  left  smooth  and  solid.  The  depth  to  which  a  channeler  can 
cut  depMids  upon  the  character  of  the  rock.  A  cut  as  great  as 
17  ft.  has  been  accompliahed,  but  very  rarely.  The  general  aver- 
age is  from  7  to  10  ft.  With  a  9  ft.  cut  in  ahale,  a  machine 
under  my  direction,  in  February,  1908,  cut  from  80  to  250  sq.  ft. 
per  day  of  three  shifts  with  a  total  of  3,139  sq.  ft.  for  the 
month.  The  width  of  a  channel  cut  will  vary  with  the  conditions 
from  1^  in.  to  6  in.,  more  or  ^eas.  The  coat  per  square  foot 
channeled  was  13.6  cents  labor  and  atiout  4  cents  for  coal.  These 
costs  are  exclusive  of  plant,  superintendence  and  overhead  charges. 

In  the  fixed-back  channeler  the  movement  of  the  steels  ia 
limited  to  two  vertical  planes  and  the  cut  is  vertical  witti  square 
ends.  The  swing-back  track  channeler  is  intended  for  angular 
cutting  in  quarries  where  the  floor  is  to  be  enlarged.  And  it  is 
desirable  to  follow  it  without  removing  overlying  rock.  The 
Broncho  channeler  has  a  purpose  intermediate  between  the  heavy 
track  channeler  and  the  light  quarry  bar  and  drill.  The  under- 
cutting track  channeler  is  designed  to  meet  conditions  in  rock 
in  which  there  are  no  free  horizontal  beds,  and  the  cleavage  of 
the  stone  is  nearly  vertical. 

A  steam  operated  double  acting  channeler  with  hotter,  complete, 
weighs    about    25,000   lb.    and    costs    about    $11,000.     A    similar 


34«         HAXDBOOK  OF  COSSTBl-'CTION  EQOPMEST 

machine  siogle  acting,  wn^is  about  1S,000  lb.  aod  costs  about 
tlfiOO. 

Gadder.  The  Gadder  is  used  to  drill  a  nomber  of  parallel  holes 
in  a  plane,  at  an;  angle  from  horinNital  to  vertical,  or,  in  con- 
□ection  with  the  channeler,  in  drilling  the  horizontal  undercutting 
holes.  Id  "  plug  and  feather "  wort  it  ia  nsed  to  bre^  the 
large  blocks  cut  free  by  the  chaunelers. 

The   equipment    includes   the  following;     Drill   and    standard 


Fig.  151.    Sullivan  Steel  Gadder. 

muunted  on  carriage,  with  steady  plnet  and  adjusting  screws, 
crank  handle,  oil  cans,  wrenches,  etc.,  and  does  not  include  hose. 
Its  weight  complete,  set  up  ready  to  run,  is  4,100  lb.  and  it  costs, 
about  $1,400. 

ftnarry  Bar.  Complete  quarry  bars  including  carriage,  weights 
and  wrenches  are  made  for  drills  having  cylinder  diameters  of 
from  2  to  S  in.  in  lengths  of  from  3  to  12  ft.  The  shipping 
weights  for  the  complete  outfits  are  from  1,000  to  2,200  lb.,  and 
their  cost  is  from  $400  to  $650  f.  o.  h.  factory. 


DtaLLS  347 

Eleotrie  Air  Chaaneler.  Thta  machine  is  opersUd  on  the  mme 
principle  as  the  electric  air  drill  heretofore  described.  It  costs 
about  96fiOO  t.  o.   b.  factory. 

WheD   requesting  quotatione  on  rock  drilling  machinery,  the 
following  information  should  be  furnished  the  manufacturer: 
In  QnaiTrlnC- 

1.  Give  the  location  of  work,  whether  on  aarface  or  under- 
ground. 

2.  Describe  the  nature  of  the  rock,  whether  sandstone,  alate, 
limestoite,  granite,  marble,  etc.  State  whether  the  material  is 
hard,  medium  or  soft. 

3.  Is   the  quaTTf  output  in  dimension  stone  or  simpi]'  broken 

4.  If  the  material  is  shell;,  state  whether  it  is  tight  or  loose. 

5.  What  is  to  be  the  extreme  depth  of  holesT  Are  there  man]' 
or  few  of  these  deep  holes? 

6.  What  is  the  average  depth  of  the  holes  to  be  drilled!  (This 
is  important.) 

7.  What  is  to  be  the  average  diameter  of  the  holes  at  the 
bottom  T  If  undecided,  state  whether  dynamite  or  black  powder 
is  to  be  used. 

9.  What  is  the  greatest  distance  to  which  eteam  will  have  to 
be  piped  or  will  ever  be  used? 

ft.  A  rough  sketch  of  ths  quarry  is  very  useful  and  also  a 
small  sample  of  the  material  to  be  quarried.    If  the  latter  is  sent, 
it  should  be  properly  labeled  with  the  name  and  address  of  the 
sender  and  prepaid;  a,  3-inch  or  5-inch  cube  is  a  good  size. 
In  Railway  Cut  or  Ezcavatlon. 

10.  Give  the  full  dimensions  of  the  cut  and  in  addition  answer 
such  questions  in  above  list  as  may  apply  to  the  case. 

In  Sewer  or  Trenehlngr  Work. 

11.  Give  answers  to  questions  Noi.  2,  4,  6,  7,  8  and  8  above. 

12.  Give  the  width  and  depth  of  the  trench,  stating  the  depth 
of  the  rock  nhich  is  to  be  removed,  and  depth  of  earth  (if  any) 
over  the  rock. 

In  Ketal  HtnlnE- 

13.  Give  full  information  as  to  the  nature  and  quality  of  the 

14.  Describe  the  general  system  of  mining. 

15.  Give  the  dimensions  of  the  shafts,  drifts,  stopes  and  winzes 
which  are  to  be  driven. 

10.  If  a  compressed  air  equipment  is  desired,  answer  the  ques- 
tions under  the  heading  of  "  Compressed  Air." 
In  Tunneling. 

IT.  What  is  tlie  nature  of  the  material  which  is  to  be  passed 
through  T 


348         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  I 

IS.  Dimenaions  of  tunnell  ! 

IB.  What  is  to  be  the  total  length? 

20.  Are   heading  and   bench   to   be   driven   together,   or   will  »    \ 
heading  be  driven   first  and   the  bench   removed   afterwardl 

21.  is  the  tunnel  to  be  driven  from  one  end  only,  or  from  both! 

22.  Are  intermediate  shafts  to  be  sunk?  If  so,  give  their  depth 
and  cross -section,   and  describe  the  material  to  he  ]>enetr«ted. 

23.  If  compressed  air  ie  to  be  used,  distributed  by  pipes  leading 
from  a  central  station,  these  stations  should  be  located  where 
coal  and  water  are  most  readily  accessible.  In  such  ca»ea  answer 
the  questions  under  the  heading  "  Compressed  Air." 

In  Shaft  Work. 

24.  What  are  to  be  the  dimensions  of  the  shaft! 

25.  Give  the  depth  proposed  and  nature  of  the  rock  or  ore 
penetrated.  If  compressed  air  is  to  be  used,  answer  the  ques- 
tions  under   that  head   below. 

In  Snbmarine  DrlU  Turk. 

26.  Give  the  greatest  depth  of  water  over  the  rock  to  be 
excavated. 

27.  Give  the  depth  of  rock  which  is  to  be  blasted  and  the 
depth  of  the  holes  to  be  drilled.  If  possible,  state  a  maximum 
and  minimum  depth  required. 

2S.  Give  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide,  if  any. 

29.  Give  the  velocity  of  the  current,  if  any. 

30.  State  whether  the  drilling  ia  to  be  done  from  a  scow,  pon- 
toon, platform  or  whatever  support  is  used. 

31.  State  whether  the  rock  is  covered  with  mud,  cla,y,  gravel 
or  sand,  and  if  so,  to  what  depth. 

Where  Comprised  Air  Is  to  Be  ITaed. 

32.  State  the  altitude  above  sea  level  at  which  the  compressor 
is  to  be  located. 

33.  Give  a  general  idea  of  the  location  and  arrangement  of  the 

34.  State  how  near  the  plant  is  to  fiiel  and  water,  and  the 
kind  and  cost  of  the  fuel. 

35.  State  haw  far  the  compressing  plant  is  from  the  work  to 
be  done. 

3G.  If  other  machinery  than  drills  is  to  be  ran  by  air,  give 
the  cylinder  dimensions,  the  speed,  the  pressure  necessary,  thf 
running  time,  the  location,  and  other  information  likely  to  be  of 

37.  State  whether  the  compressor  is  to  be  run  by  steam. 
electricity  or   water   power. 

3S.  Give  the  steam  pressure  which  is  to  be  used. 

39.  State  whether  the  compressor  is  to  run  condensing  or  non- 


DBILI£  349 

condensing.    If  condenijng,  state  quality,  temperature  and  quan- 
tity of  water  available. 

40.  If  a  boiler  is  alreftd;  available,  state  its  rated  horae-power. 

41.  State  how  long  the  work  is  to  last,  and  whether  the  most 
economical  or  a  cheaper  plant  is  contemplated. 

42.  If  electric  power  is  to  be  used,  state  character,  volts^  and 
freqiMDc;  of  current  available. 

43.  If  water  power  is  to  be  uaed,  state  head  and  quantity 
available. 

44.  If  the  compressor  must  be  sectional ized,  state  limit  of  weight 
permissible. 

FncTtmatle  FiBton  Drills.  Pneumatic  piston  drills  are  used  tor 
drilling  metaU,  boring  wood,  tapping,  reaming,  flue  rolling,  etc. 
They  are  made  in  the  reversible,  n  on -reversible  and  close  quarter 
types.  They  weigh  from  10  to  75  lb.  and  are  priced  at  from  $75 
to  $105.  Attachments  may  also  be  had  for  operating  grinding 
wheels  and  saws. 

Chnrn  nriUi.  Churn  drills  or  portable  drilling  machines  are 
made  in  about  fifteen  bizes,  some  of  thcr  largeiA  of  which  are  also 
built  with  a  traction  attachment.  The  small  portable  and  all  the 
traction  maj^hines  are  usually  equipped  with  a  folding  pole  der- 
rick, which  takes  up  less  space  than  a  ladder  derrick. 

The  prices  of  machines  are  about  as  follows: 

Table  op  Chubn  Drills 


50)       Traetion  f 


3500       Friction  hoist  de«p  well  ng  2^.000  4.3» 

The  400  ft.  macliine  is  adapted  for  blast  hole  drilling  and  ma? 
he  had  with  either  steam,  gas  engine  or  electric  motor  at  ap- 
proximately the  price  given  above.  This  type  of  machine  is  il- 
lustrated by  Pig.  l.'Ji 

A  rotecry  shot  drill  attachment  including  worm  feed  on  rope 
reel,  rotating  table  pulleys,  and  complete  outfit  that  can  be  uaed 
with  the  500  ft.  machine  in  the  above  table,  is  uaed  when  it  ia 


f,.>.»lc 


360        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

neceasai?  to  penetrate  strata  that  cannot  be  drilled  with  tlie  cable 
Tig,  coats  $1 160  f.  □.  b.  factor;. 

E4]vipmetit  for  blast  bole  drilling  adapted  to  tbe  250  and  SOO 
ft.  size  ie  as  folbwe: 


IS  ft.  bl<ul  h(we   . 


Fig.  152.     Churn  DrilL 

Tlshinr  Tools.  Bope  knife  for  cutting  cable  oS  close  to  top* 
socket,  used  on  1  in.  gas  pipe  coata  $14.00.  Rope  apear  for  fishing 
out  a  lost  cable  or  sand  line  costs  $10.50.  Spuds  ior  cutting 
around  bit  of  tool  that  baa   become   lost  cost  from  f32   to  ^ 


DRILLS  351 

according  to  eize.     Sockets  for  fishing  out  tools  cost  iToja  935  to 
$100  according  t«  size. 

Mr.  W.  G,  Weber,  in  the  Wiaoontin  Engiwecr,  described  the 
use  of  churn  drilla  in  exploring  low-grade  copper  ore  bodies  in 
Arieona.  A  drilling  crew  uauallj  coittisted  of  raie  driller  and 
one  helper  or  toed  dreaner,  working  in  twelve-hour  shifts.  The 
costs  of  operation  were  as  follows; 

CtfcT  Of  DaiixiKO 

OuetperFt. 


Idboi 

2  driUe 


driUere  at  tS  per  day  10.48 

helpen    Bt  14. S)  per  day 3S 

Bsmpler  at  |4  per  dsy  16 

totemsn  M  K  per  day    (2  machiats)    .,     .12 


Foreman 


Water    .10 

Tcsming     .10 

AaaayiaE.  afflce  and  incidsntalB.  etc .10 

InlercHt  at  &%  and  depreciation  (life  4  yra.)  oo  IO.0OD 

oolflt     -ZO 

ToWl  coat  per  foot  of  hole  (prior  to  1S12)    %2M 

The  monthly  average  of  the  cost  per  foot  of  hole  drilled 
varies  with  one  company  from  $2  to  $3.  In  another  instance, 
where  holes  are  drilled  further  apart  and  the  drilling  Is  poorer 
the  oost  per  foot  has  run  as  high  as  $5.  When  drilling  is  the 
only  means  of  development  being  used  on  a  property,  the  cost 
of  camp  maintenance  and  incidentals  coosidcrably  swells  the 
coat   account. 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  gives  the  cost  of  drilling  blasting  holes 
on  tbe  Pennsylvania  railroad  work.  The  drills  used  were  the 
ordinary  portable  churn  drills  having  engines  of  from  4  to  6 
hp.  driving  a  walking  beam  which  raided  and  lowered  a  rope, 
to  -which  was  fastened  the  churn  bit  and  rode.  A  5^-inch  bit  was 
uRed  in  this  work.  Each  drill  averaged  three  20-foot  holes,  or 
80  feet,  in  shale  per  10-hour  shift.  In  limestone,  however,  and 
in  hard  sandstone,  not  more  tlian  10  feet  of  hole  were  drilled 
per  shift.  Had  the  bits  been  reduced  to  3  inches,  and  the  drill 
roda  suitably  weighted,  much  better  progress  would  have  been 
made  in  hard  rock. 

AdTantag^ei  of  Cknni  Drills.  Certain  advantages  of  this  type 
of  drill  over  the  regular  rock  drill  are  sa  follows: 

( 1 )    A  drill  will  not  so  readily  stick  in  the  hole  because  of  the 


352         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  ! 

powerful  direct  pull  of  the  rope  that  operates  the  drill  rods;    (2) 
there  is  no  limit  to  the  depth  of  the  hole  aod  the  deeper  it  is  (up    , 
to   any   limita  possible   in   blasting)    the   better   the  drill    works,    , 
due  to  the  increased  weight  of  the  rods;    (3)    this  tjpe  of  drill 
consumes  less  fuel  than  the  ordinary  stenm  drill;   (4)   the  weight 
of   bite   to  be   carried   bat-k   and   forth   from   blacksmith   shop   is 
much  less  than  for  the  ordinary  machiue  drills;    (5)   the  driller    . 
will    drill    through    the    earth    overlying    the    rock,    bo    that    no 
stripping   is   neeeasary;    (6)    the  hole  at  bottom   is  much   larger 
than    with    the   ordinary   drill,    thus   allowing   the    bulk    of    the 
powder   charge   to   be   concentrated   at   the   bottom   of   the   hole, 
where    it    should    be.     For    the    same   reason    a    lower    grade    of 
explosive  ean  be  used. 

Holes  drilled  with  bits  to  give  3  inches  diameter  at  tbe 
bottom  of  the  bole,  with  depth  of  24  feet  in  solid  brown  sand- 
stone in  Eastern  Ohio.  In  14  days  of  Ifl  hours  each  the  driller 
put  down  092  feet,  or  practically  50  feet  per  day. 


C  bu.  (490  lb.)  coal  »t  10  et 60 

Total  tor  SO  If.  o(  hole    tS.20 

This  gives  a  cost  of  12^  cents  per  foot  of  hole,  not  including 
interest  and  depreciation,  and  bit  sharpening.  The  best  day's 
work  in  the  brown  sandstone,  using  all  the  weights,  was  53 
feet,  hut  in  blue  sandstone,  which  was  softer,  GO  feet  were 
drilled  per  day,  using  light  weights. 

In  the  same  brown  sandstone  cut  an  S-day  test  was  made 
with  a  3Vi-iiith  Rand  drill  for  comparison.  The  holes  were  20 
feet  deep,  1%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  bottom  (as  against  3 
inches  with  the  well  driller),  and  28  holes  were  drilled  in  the 
8  days,  making  70  feet  the  average  day's  work.  A  10  hp.  boiler 
furnished  steam.  The  daily  cost  of  operating  the  Rand  drill  was: 
Drill  runner IJ.OO 


10  bu.  (800  lb.)  toHl  at  10  el 1.00 

Tola!  for  70  ft.  of  hole   K.2B 

This  was  equivalent  to  ll.S  cents  per  foot  of  hole,  not  including 
interest  and  depreciation,  and  bit  sharpening,  or  slightly  less  than 
with  the  churn  drill. 

Mr.  William  R.  Wade,  in  the  Mining  World,  1908,  gives  some 
coats  of  churn  and  cor?  drilling  in  exploring  for  turquoise  mines 
in  the  Burro  Mountains,  New  Mexico.     The  machines  used  cost 


DRILLS  353 

$4,300,  fully  equipped  and  on  the  work.  About  3I>  feet  of  4-infh 
hole  were  cut  in  8^  hours  at  a  cost  of  $1.00  per  foot,  including 
interest,  repaire,  iiuperint«ndence  and  incidentals.  Six  barrels 
of  wuter  and  %  cord  of  juniper  (equal  to  pine,  cedar  or  similar 
soft  wood  in  fuel  value)  were  used  per  day.  Mr.  Wade  statea 
that  nith  a  crew  uf  three  men  the  actual  drilling  cost  about 
50  cents  per  foot,  including  labor,  interest  on  the  drill,  supplies 
and  $1.00  per  day  for  repairs,  but  not  including  office  expenses, 
superintendence,   aaaaying,  etc. 

Eiectrlo  DriTcn  Well  Driller  Used  for  dnanyliir  Ornsbvd  Stone 
as  described  in  EngiHeering  and  CotMracling,  July  21,  ItKM),  is 
equipped  with  a  10  hp.  specially  geared  motor  placed  over  the 
rear  truck  and  belted  to  the  drilling  mechanism,  which  is  back 
geared  and  balanced.  The  controller  box  is  located  at  the  front 
uf  the  machine  close  to  the  driller's  hand.  The  drilling  tools 
comprise  a  stem  weighing  alwut  1,000  lb.,  a  drill  bit  weighing 
150  lb,,  and  a  rope  socket  weighing  about  50  lb.,  or  about  1,200 
lb.  altogether.  The  bit  cuts  a  5%-in.  hole  and  the  stem  is  3% 
in.  in  diameter  and  22  ft.  long.  As  the  stroke  is  from  30  to  30 
in.,  a  blow  of  from  3,000  to  3,500  lb,  is  obtained  at  each  stroke. 
The  macliine  is  built  with  gear  hoist,  capacity  500  ft.,  or  with 
friction  hoist,  capacity  350  ft.  The  makers  consider  the  latter 
style  of  machine  probably  the  best  for  quarry  and  rock  cut  work 
where  the  tools  are  being  constantly  raised  and  lowered  as  in 
tamping  a  ciiarge,  and  wliere  the  holes  will  rarely  exceed  150  ft. 
in  depth. 

In  operating  at  the  full  speed  of  the  motor  the  tools  make  about 
60  strokes  per  minute.  As  the  hole  becomes  deeper  or  clogged  with 
cuttings,  before  sand  pumping,  the  rapidity  of  the  stroke  is  gradu- 
ally reduced  to  spy  60  strokes  per  minute  in  older  that  the 
cutting  bit  may  deliver  ita  blow  with  best  effect.  This  change  of 
Hpeed  is  produced  hy  reducing  the,  speed  of  the  motor.  The  best 
results,  it  has  been  found,  are  obtained  with  a  5%-in.  hole.  This 
aizs  obviates  the  necessity  of  squibbing  charges,  which  must  be 
employed  in  smaller  holes.  A  5%'in.  hole  is  also  more  easily 
and  cheaply  drilled  than  a  hole  of  larger  or  smaller  diameter; 
the  larger  hole  involves  more  cutting  while  permitting  no  corre- 
sponding gain  in  size  and  weight  of  drill  bar;  i.  e..  the  heaviest 
practicable  tools  can  be  operated  in  a  5%-in,  hole,  while  a  smaller 
hole  necessitates  a  reduction  in  the  diameter  and  weight  of  the 
stem  and  bit  which  cuts  down  their  elficiency. 

Besides  doing  the  drilling  this  machine  is  used  for  loading  the 
holes.  For  this  service  the  regular  drilling  bit  in  removed  and 
in  its  place  a  wooden  rammer  \u  placed  on  the  drill  stem.  From 
5  to  9  sticks  of  dynamite  having  been  dropped  into  the  hole  the 
drilling  tool  is  lowered  after  them,  forcing  them  to  the  bottom 


35*       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  tools  axe  then  withdmwa  and  the  operation  repeated  untU 
ajl  the  charge  ie  placed.  Ihe  placing  of  the  firing  cap  and  wires 
and  the  tamping  are  done  by  hand. 

The  machine  was  furniahed  by  the  makers  oo  the  guarantee 
to  drill  to  a.  depth  of  60  ft.,  at  the  rate  of  4U  ft.  per  lO-hour  day, 
or  4  ft.  per  hour.  Id  the  tests  mads  on  delivery  of  the  machine 
the  following  records  were  obtained :  The  machine  waa  aet  up 
on  June  5  at  S  o'clock  and  ran  for  1  hour,  drilling  9  ft.  of  hole. 
From  the  following  Monday  morning  until  Friday  forenoon, 
Bomething  over  4  days,  working  10  houra  a  day,  four  66  it.  holes 
or  264  ft.  of  hole  were  drilled.  In  the  following  week  four  holee 
106  ft.  deep  or  420  ft.  of  hole  were  drilled.  These  figures  are 
furnished  by  the  Keystone  Quarry  Drill  Co.  In  actual  work  the 
machine  averaged  40  ft.  of  6%-in.  hole  per  lO-hour  day.  The  daily 
operating  expenses  are  as  follows: 

One  drill  runner  at  KM |2.m 

One  belpsr  at  >2 a.TO 


ToU,l  per  d»y   (1909)    ....|8.0O 

Thia  gives  a  cosb  per  foot  of  hole  drilled  of  20  ct. 
Ship  Angers.  A  3-in.  ship  auger,  welded  to  a  e-ft.  shank 
threaded  to  screw  to  a  standard  1-in,  water  pipe,  was  used  very 
satisfactorily  by  the  Author  in  1910  for  making  test  borings  in  a 
clay  pit  to  a  depth  of  30  ft.  Where  the  clay  is  fairly  dry  this 
method  is  effective  to  a  depth  of  50  ft.  The  apparatus,  shown  in 
Fig.  153,  consisted  of  a  wooden  tripod  12  ft,  high  when  erected,  a 
1-ton  chain-block,  a  rope  tackle  with  one  single  and  one  double 
block,  the  3-in.  ship  auger  with  welded  shank  and  a  couple  of 
12-ft.  lengths  of  1-in.  standard  water  pipe.  The  cost  of  the  outfit 
in  October,  1919,  was  about  as  follows: 

3  inch  ship  »uger  with  welded  shank   t  XSa 

Tripod  made  on  the  job  from  i[r«en  timber  bj  S  men,  1  dav. 

and   1   team   %    day    27.00 

Rope   tackle,    1   aioile,    1   double  block    S.W 

Olioin    block,    1    ton    eft.QO 

2  StiJIson   wrenthes  ior   revolTing  the  aujer  ■ B.OO 

MiM«llaiieoos    and   orerhead    86.W  | 

Total  (1919) tl60.«)  ' 

The  auger  was  found  to  be  extremely  well  adapted  to  sinking  a 
hole  rapidly,  taking  out  a  core  which  gave  a  sample  typical  of 
the  material  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  The  cost  of  the  borings 
varied  from  about  25  cents  per  foot  to  one  dollar,  according 
to  the  condition  of  the  material.  Some  holes  were  abandoned 
on  account  of  striking  rock  or  large  boulders.  Bard  aand  wae 
an  impediment,  usually  surmountable;  and  helow  a  certain  depth. 


DRILLS  36S 

usually  between  20  and  30  ft.  the  wet  clay  squeezed  in  the  sides 
of  the  holes  lu  soon  as  the  bit  was  withdrawn,  parti;  closing 
the  hole,  and  thus  making  it  impoBsible  to  go  further  with  the 
neit  boring.  This  condition  of  plasticity  of  the  clay  thus 
defined  the  depth  at  nhich  this  method  was  practicable.  After  the 
bit  was  put  down  8  in.  or  bo  into  new  material,  it  was  pulled  out 
for  several  feet  with  the  block  and  tackle,  using  the  chain  block 
to   start    it   where   occasionally    necessary,    after   which    it    was 


Fig.   153.     Ship  Auger  and  Tripod  for  Test  Borings  in  Clay. 

lifted   out  by  hand.     Four  men  comprised   the  crew,  which  was 
directed  by  Mr.  R.  D.  Sandford,  of  Litchfield,  Conn. 

Wash  Boring.  Wash  boring  is  the  most  rapid  and  economical 
method  of  penetrating  unconsolidated  material.  It  is  not  a  suit- 
able means  of  prospecting  where  samples  are  required  as  all 
strata  penetrated  are  mixed  together  and  brought  up  by  the 
water  jet.  It  is  particularly  adapted  to  sounding  the  depth  to 
rock  when  the  overiiurden  is  too  thick  to  be  economically  pen- 
etrated by  augers.  Where  diamond  drilling  is  to  be  done,  wash 
boring  is  often  used  to  penetrate  the  overburden. 


3Bfl         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRICTION  EQUIPMENT 

Hand  augers  are  used  t«  bare  through  surface  materials  in 
starting  a  well.  The;  are  to  he  had  in  sizes  of  from  2  in,  to  6 
in.  in  various  types.     The  price  of  the  3  in.  si2«  is  $8.20. 

Hydraulic,  jetting  and  revolving  drills  used  in  rotary  boring 
machines  for  enlarging  a  liole  in  order  that  a  pipe  casing  may 
follow,  may  be  had  in  a  number  of  styles  and  are  carried  in  stock 
in  sizes  from  2  to  16  in.     A  3  in.  drill  coits  $16. 

Diamond  DriUinK.  Diamond  drills  are  uned  where  it  is  neces- 
sary to  obtain  samples.  The  cores  obtained  may  run  from  10^ 
to  100%  depending  on  the  condition  of  the  material  drilled.  In 
cases  where  the  rock  is  hard  and  uniform,  core  recovery  is  high- 
est, and  where  the'  rocit  is  loose  and  soft,  recovery  is  low.  Near 
the  surface,  where  tlie  rock  ia  decomposed,  recovery  is  less  than 
at  the  lower  portion  of  the  hole. 

A  hand  diamond  drill  outfit  complete  without  diamonds,  for 
400  ft.  depth,  weighs  approximately  2,200  lb.  and  costs  $1,000, 
A  gasoline  driven  outfit,  same  depth,  without  diamonds  weighs 
approximately  4,000  lb.  and  coata  $1,600.  The  aame  outfit  driven 
by  steam  costs  $3,500  and  weighs  approximately   11,000  lb. 

For  this  type  of'drlll  six  one  and  a  half  Itarat  stones  are  used. 
The  present  price  of  a  good  quality  stone  is  $1 15  per  karat. 
The  best  practice  is  considered  to  have  two  sets  of  stones.  The 
price  would  be  $1,035  per  set,  or  $2,070  for  both  sets. 

Tbe^cost  of  diamond  drill  borings  in  the  Colorado  coal  measures 
was  given  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  Mar.  13,  1907  as  foi- 

The  outfit  used  was  a  Sullivan  Class  CN  coal  prospecting  drill, 
with  a  capacity  of  500  ft.,  and  2-in.  diameter  core.  This  was 
complete  with  all  necessary  apparatus.  Three  sets  of  tubes  were 
drilled,  one  of  nine  holes,  one  of  seven  holes  and  one  of  three 
holes.  The  drilling  gang  in  each  case  was  made  up  of  one  fore- 
man at  $1S0  per  month,  who  had  charge  of  the  day  drilling;  one 
night  driller  at  $3.50  per  day;  two  assistants  at  $2.50  per  day; 
one  teamster  at  $2  per  day,  and  a  cook  at  $50  per  month.  The 
foreman  kept  records,  set  diamonds,  bought  supplies,  etc.  The  men 
all  received  board  and  lodging. 

The  following  figures  are  average  costs  per  foot  for  each  set  of 


Camp  account 


..W.H« 


DRILLS  357 

tuhea-  In  Set  1  nine  holes  were  drilled  a  total  depth  of  4,738 
ft.;  in  Set  2  ievwi  holes  were  drilled  a  total  depth  of  3,040  ft., 
and  in  Set  3  three  holes  were  drilled  a  total  dopth  of   1,767  ft. 

The  figures  as  will  be  seen  do  not  include  interest  and  deprecia- 
tion on  plant,  transportation,  etc. 

Botary  Shot  Drills.  Rotary  sliot  drills  are  used  for  the  same 
purpose  aa  diamond  drills.  In  this  type  of  drill  steel  shot  are 
used  to  cut  instead  of  diamonds.  This  machine  is  illuBtrat«d  hy 
Fi^.    154.    A   machine   driven   by   either   steam    (no   boiler    in- 


Fig.   154.     Core  Drill. 

eluded),  gasoline,  horse  or  belt,  capable  of  drilling  to  a  depth 
of  300  ft.  and  recovering  a'2>^-in.  core  weighs  from  2,800  to  4,000 
Ih.  depending  on  the  equipment,  and  costs  from  $000  to  $1,300, 
Similar  machines  -for  depths  of  SOO  ft.  weigh  from  about  4,500 
lb.  to  7.000  lb.  and  cost  from  Sl,900  to  $2,000.  The  size  of 
core  in  this  machine  is  3Vj  1".  These  machines  are  manufactured 
in  sizes  recovering  cores  to  19  in.  in  diameter  and  drill  to  any 
practical   depth.     They   may   be  had   with   various   power   equip- 

The  following  cost  data  are  from  a  report  by  Mr.  F.  R.  Fisher  on 
a  drilling  and  grouting  job  at  River  Mill,  Oregon.  The  total 
net  cost  of  drilling  and  grouting  was  $47,770.65  or  $1.40  per  lineal 
foot.     Of   the   total   footage   drilled   32,91!)   lineal   feet  were   put 


358         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

down  by  roteiy  shot  drills  and  1,119  feet  with  dimnond  drills.  The 
holea  put  down  with  the  diamond  drille  cost  about  one-third 
more  than  those  with  the  shot  drill. 

Rook  Bonndlne  Big.  The  following  description  of  ft*  rock 
sounding  rig  appeared  in  Engineering  Jfeiog,  Apr.  8,  1915. 

A  eimple  rig  which  has  been  used  both  to  obtain  the  thickness 
of  earth  caver  over  rock  and  as  a  drill  for  blast  holes  in  soft 
shale  or  hardpan  has  been  devised  by  J.  L.  Weller,  Engineer  in 


^ 


Fig.    15&     Bar   and   Attachments    for    Rock   Sounding    Rig. 

Charge  of  the  Welland  Canal,  St.  Catharines,  Out.,  and  has  been 
used  on   the  revision  work  in  that  canal  and   on   an   earthwork    ' 
contract   in  Nova  Scotia. 

The  rig  essentialiy  is  a  light  piledriver  which  is  used  to  hammer  I 
a  long  bar  into  the  ground.  The  piledriver  is  about  25  tt.  high  | 
and  weighs  about  200  lb.,  so  that  it  is  easily  portable  by  two  '. 
or  three  men.  It  carries  a  135-lb.  hammer  operated  by  hand 
through  a  single  line  over  a  sheave  at  the  top  of  the  leads.  The 
bar  is  3  in.  in  diameter,  with  an  upset  head  and  a  tenon  point  1 
into  which  fits  a  driving  point  of  conical  shape  and  slightly 


DRILLS  369 

larger  outside  diameter.  New  driving  points,  at  a  cost  of  2c. 
apiece,  are  provided  for  each  operation,  the  old  one  being  left 
in  the  hole.  For  pulling  the  bar  a  clamp  in  the  shape  of  a  bi- 
furcated cone  ifl  fitted  under  the  head  of  the  bar  and  the  pile- 
driver  rope  slung  around  the  clamp.  A  pull  on  the  rope  tends  to 
bind  the  clamp  to  the  bar  and  at  tbe  eanie  time  to  pull  the  bar 
upward. 

The  rig  was  used  extensively  on  the  Welland  Canal  work  to 
locate  the  rock  surface,  which  lay  in  a  fairly  uniform  plane 
beneath  the  gronnd  surface.  The  easily  portable  rig  made  quite 
easy  and  cheap  the  determination  of  rock  depths  at  close  spaciugs. 
On  the  Nova  Scotia  job  the  rig  worked  ahead  of  the  Bteamshovel, 
making  blaat-holes  (or  anisll  shots  to  break  up  the  sbaly  forma- 

Sand  Pompa.  "  Down "  holes  in  rock  forming  a  mud  which 
will  not  aplash  out  must  be  cleaaed  at  intervals  —  usually  at 
«very  change  of  steels.  For  this  purpose  the  sand  pump  is  used. 
It  is  a  section  of  wrought  iron  boiler  tube  having  a  valve  at  its 
tower  end  which  opens  to  admit  tbe  slush,  but  closes  when  tbe  tube 
U  lifted.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  tube  a  chain  should  be  at- 
tached, made  up  of  several  links  of  rod  by  which  the  pump  is 
forced  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  A  ring  at  the  last  link  pre- 
vents the  chain  from  dropping  in  the  hole.  The  two-foot  length 
is  used  for  cleaning  holes  without  moving  the  drills;  greater 
lengths  BJe  intended  for  deep  holes.  Standard  sizes  and  prices 
are  tabulated  below. 

Sand  Pump  with  Bah. 


i: 


o.  b.  ttclory 
tSJS 


Sand  pump  bottoms  of  east  iron  cost  $2.20  for  the  U^g-in. 
size,  $2.60  for  the  aiiHs-'O-  size,  $2.90  for  the  3%-in.  size,  83.30  for 
the  4^-in.  size  and  £3.T5  for  the  4%-iD.  size.  For  cast  steel  add 
100%  to  price. 

Blacksmith  drills  operated  by  hand  power,  for  drilling  holes  up 
to  1^  in.,  weigh  from  90  to  150  lb.,  and  cost  from  $12.00  to 
(25.00. 


^.Gootil>j 


SECTION  35 
ELECTRIC  H0T0B8 

Electrie  motors  used  by  contractors  m  general  conBtruction 
work  range  in  size  from  a,  fraction  of  a  hp  to  about  150  hp 
Direct  current  motors  may  b«  furniehed  shunt  series  or  com 
pound  wound  Shunt  wound  motors  maintain  a  perfectly  con 
stant  speed  regardless  of  load  They  are  used  when  constant 
speed  IB  required  under  changed  loading  conditions  and  are  par 
ticularly  suitable  for  dnvin)f  line  shafting  or  groups  of  ma 
chines  operated  by  one  motor  Series  wound  motors  vary  in 
speed  m  proportion  to  the  load  carried  They  e^ert  a  veri 
strong  start  torque  and  will  race  if  allowed  to  run  free  They  are 
particularly  suitable  for  operating  cranes  howts  etc  where 
frequent  reversals  are  necessary  and  where  the  speed  of  the 
motor  In  (.onstantU  under  the  control  of  an  operator 

Compound  wound  motors  combine  the  advantages  of  the  shunt 
and  of  the  series  wound  motors  They  will  \ar>  in  speed  under 
thanged  loading  conditions  more  than  a  shunt  wound  motor  hut 
the^  will  not  race  nor  slow  down  under  a  lieayy  load  to  such  an 
extent  as  a  series  wound  motor  They  are  adapted  to  driving 
pumps  etc  where  fairly  steady  speed  and  starting  torque  are 
required 

The  single  phase  alternating  current  motor  has  been  quit«  well 
developed  during  the  last  few  years  but  it  hai*  as  yet  come  into 
rather  limited  use  The  polyphase  motor  tas  come  into  very 
general  use  its  relative  simplicity  being  a  strong  feature  These 
induction  motors  mav  be  either  ol  two  general  types  the 
squirrel  cage  type  and  the  slip  rin^  or  wound  motor  type  The 
squirrel  cage  t\pe  is  the  more  simple  and  has  no  moving  con 
tacts  and  hence  no  wearing  parts  except  the  bearings  Relative 
freedim  from  sparking  is  assured  and  the  motors  can  be  used 
with  some  safety  in  locations  surrounded  by  inflammable  or 
explosive  material  For  c  nstant  speed  service  with  fairly  m 
freiuent  starting  or  with  frequent  startings  on  circuits  where 
lo-ie  voltage  regulaticn  is  mt  essential  the  squirrel  cage  is  the 
preferable  type  The  slip  ring  type  however  liy  the  use  of  ad 
justable   starting   resistance   in    series   with   the   secondary     will 


ELECTRIC  MOTORS  361 

start  a  given  load  with  lesn  current,  and  is  therefore  preferable 
where  frequent  atarting  with  heavy  load  is  neeessary  and  where 
cloae  voltage  regulation  is  essential.  The  slip  ring  motor  is 
also  useful  for  some  kinds  of  varying  speed  service,  notably 
hoists  and  cranes,  where  its  service 'is  comparable  to  that  of  a 
seriea  wound  d.  e.  motor- 
Motors  for  a  variable  speed  use  are  designed  for  interinittent 
service  of  a  maximum  of  S(i  minutes  duration  and  this  reduces 
the  coat.  Motors  when  well  protected  have  a  long  life.  The 
brush  is  the  quickest  wearing  part  and  one  will  last  from  1  to  4 
years,  depending  on  the  care  given  and  the  kind  of  service. 
Klicn  a  motor  is  overloaded  the  brush  sparks  and,  therefore, 
wears  out  very  rapidly.  A  brush  will  last  longer  on  alternating 
current  than  on   direct. 

The  following  fable  gives  the  average  prices  of  direct  current 
motors,  also  the  "weights.  There  is  a  variation  in  the  cost  of 
about  159!>  either  way,  and  of  the  weights  a  variation  of  about 
30%  either  way.  These  figures  are  useful  in  estimating  and  are 
for  machines  rated  at  StlQ  r.p.m.  Machines  rated  at  other  speeds 
cost  more  for  the  slower  types  and  less  for  the  faster  types  per  hp. 

Size  in  hp.  Weight  in  lb.  Price  {.  o.  h.  Isctory 


The  following  is  the  average  cost  of  alternating  current  motors 
BO  cycle  for  110  to  220  volts  two  or  three  phase  rated  at  1200 
r.p  m.  The  same  variations  of  weights  and  prices  apply  to  these 
motors. 


D.  C.  KotDts.  The  following  table  gives  the  prices  of  one  make 
of  motors  and  applies  to  motors  operating  on  115,230  and  SOO 
volts.  The  prices  are  for  complete  machines  with  base,  pulley 
and  starter. 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


>lllDpiW««l|d)t 

l.o,h.factm 

g»)-19!5 

1B5-23B 

t    77-102 

3«5-«IO 

110-195 

850-1750 

18S-29S 

760-2009 

750-1310 

300-4J5 

»*O-1310 

345-125 

600-1760 

1420-2300 

eso-90i> 

60(^1760 

l«I0-29« 

eso-ioM 

BDO-lOW 

850-1050 

2800-6060 

600-826 

S200-5060 

1360-1B40 

5400-0100 

2200^830 

42S-610 

47S 

S400-MOO 

38S)-«60 

D.  C.  Oeneraton.  The  following  givea  the  cost  of  a  make  of 
generatorB.  These  mat^hines  are  rated  at  voltages  of  125  and 
250  and  the  prices  include  sliding  base,  puUe;  and  Held  rheostat. 


2&  580  2750  1130 

GO  900  3175  1400 

A.  C.  Hoton,  squirrel  cage,  are  made  for  voltages  of  110, 
220,  440  and  560  for  2  or  3  phase  25  and  60  cyctea  (moet  com- 
mon). The  following  table  gives  the  prices  of  these  motors  for 
60  cycles.  The  prices  given  are  for  motors  rated  at  1,200  and 
1,800  r.p.m.  no  load  speed.  These  motors  may  be  had  in  no 
load  speeds  of  600,  720,  900,  1,200  and  1,800  r.p.m.  The  speed 
at  full  load  is  from  30  to  50  r.p.m.  less. 


A.  C.  Moton,  slip  ring,  are  made  in  the  same  voltages  as  the 

squirrel    type.     The    following    are    for    motors  rated    at    1,200 
r.p.m.  for  2  or  3  phase,  60  cycle. 

Approjiinule  Priee 

bp.                          iblppiDE  weight  Id  Ik  f .  o.  b.  fsetoir 

1                                           280  ;  ZIO 

S                                           395  2»4 


,C(K)t(l>J 


ELECTRIC  M0T0B8  363 

The  prices  for  these  a.  c.  motors  are  for  the  complete  motor  on 
base  with  pulley  and  starter. 

In  general  the  prices  are  less  for  the  higher  speed  motors  uid 
more  for  the  slower  speed. 


i-,Ci(.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  38 
ELETATIKO  OKADERS 

These  machines  are  geaerally  drawn  bj  twelve  iioraes  (eight 
in  front  and  four  hitched  to  a  push  cart  behiod)  or  more,  or  b; 
a  traction  engine.  The  machine  consista  primarily  of  a  plow 
which  caste  a  furrow  on  a  transversely  moving  belt  that  elevates 
the  earth,  and  dumps  it  into  wagonn  or  at  one  Hide. 

An  all  steel  elevating  grader  equipped  with  an  IB  ft.  elevator 
which  can  be  shortened  to  15  ft.  by  removing  one  section  weighs 
approximately  7,080  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  81,250  f.  o.  b. 
factory.  A  larger  sized  machine  weighing  7,650  lb.  costs  $1,450 
f.  o.  b.  factory.  The  manufacturers  claim  that  theae  machines  arc 
capable  of  throwing  1,000  yd.  of  earth  into  embankments,  or  load- 
ing from  5  to  600  I^-yd.  wagons  in  10  hr.  work  where  the  con- 
dition of  the  soil  is  suitable  for  their  operation. 

The  following  is  the  cost  of  stripping  a  gravel  pit,  covered 
with  sandy  loam,  with  a  number  of  pockets  of  varying  depths  up 
to  10  in.  The  contract  called  for  the  stripping  of  a  space  3,000 
feet  long  and  250  feet  wide,  and  the  placing  of  the  material  in 
storage  pif^s  in  the  rear. 

The  outnt  consisted  of  1  elevating  grader  6  l^->;d.  dump 
wagons,  4  No.  2  wheelers,  and  2  plows.  Wheelers  were  used  to 
excavate  the  pockets.  More  wagons  should  have  been  provided 
aa  the  grader  was  delayed  waiting  for  them, 

ll),fl70  cubic  yards  were  atripped  during  the  month  of  Septem- 
ber, 11)00. 

Orad»r  — 


51j    Teams 

V.  heelei 

3   TesDU   B 


Labor  — 

Foreman  8B.00 

Mucker     24    dBye     &    KW  48.00 

Corral  man    2S   dB>B     @   (2  00  E«.l» 

Qrader  driTera    24  dafB     ®    K25  lOS.tO 

Total    coat   at  WA   ceuta   per   yard    ;2,4R2.D0 


ELEVATING  GRADERS 


MGootjl>j 


388        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Mr.  Daniel  J.  Hauer  gives  the  coat  per  en.  yd.  of  earth  excava- 
tion with  elevating  graderjs  on  eeverat  railroad  joba.  The  fol- 
lowing rates  of  wages  were  paid  (or  a  10  hour  day: 


TBder  . 

and  2d 
and  Id 
■Dd  ]  d 

.'   mi 

:     206 

'.m 

■  ^4^ 

3  Hone  tetaoB 

■s. 

'bto 

300 

Fv: 

"i 

.010 

>03SS 
709 
284 

;oo2 

,oo« 

■"1 

I0.09S 

'.oa 

.003 
.009 

t0.2S3 
500 
ISO 

..    6.25 

10.151  toaoo 

SS-fc  ■:::::;■:■ 

.050         .029 

I0.4S0  fo.zes 

Cu.   yd.  per  <Uy   -, 

^m      ^ 

Mr.  Gillette  places  the  average  output  of  elevating  graders 
loading  into  dump  wagons  at  500  cu.  yd.  per  day,  and  estimates 
the  interest  and  depreciation  as  20%  of  the  firat  coat  distributed 
over  60  working  days  per  year.  The  author  has  found  that 
the  life  of  a  grader  is  from  5  years  to  as  much  as  12  years  when 
the  grader  is  well  cared  for. 


MGootjl>j 


Simple,  Center  Crank  Euglnei  without  boilerB  cost  aa  follows: 


10 


2025 


The  prices  of  the  same  engines  mounted  on  locomotive  boilers, 
which  in  turn,  are  mounted  on  either  tvheels  or  sills,  are  as  fol- 

On  Wheels 

hp.  Weight  iD  lb.  Price,  f .  o.  b.  factory 


.060 


»& 


Fig.  1S7.    Center  Crank  Engine  on  Skide. 


SOS        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRl'CTlOX  EQUIPMENT 


A  single  cylindeF,  renter  crank.  h«ri;;ontal  steam  engine  similar 
to  the  one   in  Fig.   157,  complete  with  nub-baHe  and  all  fittings, 


Fig.   158.     Single   Cylinder,  Center   Crank   Horizontal   Steam 
Engine. 

The  above  ratings  are  based  on  a  steam  pressure  of  about  80 
lb.  at  the  throttle. 

Portable  Engines  and  Boilers  od  skids  similar  to  the  one  shown 
in  Fig.  l-i8  have  locomotive  type  boilers  and  the  same  engines  as 


B  followH  f.  o.  b.  Racine, 


Thi*e  engines  are  complete  with  locomotive  type  boilera  and 
aide  or  disc  crank  engines.  They  are  mounted  on  lar^  wheels 
with  wide  tires. 

Estlmatiiig  the  Hone  Power  of  Coatractors'  Engiaei.  The 
SIM  of  an  engine  is  usually  expressed  in  terms  of  tlie  diameler 
of  the  cylinder  bore  by  the  length  of  the  piston  stroke.  In  a 
6x8  engine,  the  cylinder  has  a  bore  of  6  in.  and  the  piston  has 
a  stroke  of  8  in.  This  stroke  is,  of  course,  just  twice  the  length 
of  the  "  throw  "  of  the  crank  arm.  Bear  in  mind,  therefore,  that 
the  "size  of  cylinder"  as  given  in  catalogue  i«  the  bore  of  the 
cjlinder  by  the  stroke  of  the  piston,  and  not  by  the  full  length 
of  the  cylinder. 

If  a  contractor's  engine  is  designed  te  have  a  piston  speed  of 
SOO  ft.  per  minute,  and  is  using  st^am  with  a  boiler  pressure  of 
loo  lb.,  it  Is  an  easy  matter  to  deduce  a  very  simple  rule  for 
estimating  the  horsepower  of  the  engine.  The  following  rule 
is  precisely  correct  when  the  product  of  the  piston  speed  by  the 
mechanical  efficiency  is  equal  to  1,050;  and  this  is  ordinarily  the 
case  with  contractors'  engines  having  cylinders  of  8  in.  or  more 
in  diameter. 

EfLE;  To  ascertain  the  horsepower,  square  the  bore  of  the 
cylinder  and  divide  by  four. 

Thus,  it  the  engine  is  8  x  8,  we  have  a'  cylinder  bore  of  8.  Hence, 
squaring  8  we  have  64,  and  dividing  by  4  we  get  16,  which  is 
the  horsepower.  This  is  the  actual  delivered,  or  brake,  horse- 
power. For  small  engines,  whose  piston  speeds  are  usually  less, 
it  is  sate  to  divide  the  square  of  the  bore  by  five  instead  of  by 
four.     A   6x6  engine  would,   therefore,   have   7   horsepower. 

If  the  engine  has  two  cylinders  (duplex)  of  course  the  horse- 
power is  twice  that  of  a  single  cylinder. 

Oasoline  BnKlnei  are  usually  furnished  with  the  machinery 
they  are  designed  to  operate,  and  for  that  reason  when  machinery 


370        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

whicli  may  be  operated  by  gasoline  ia  described,  the  price  of  the 
engine  ia  included  in  the  total  cost.  However,  at  timea,  it  may 
be  desirable  to  equip  a  piece  of  machinery  now  driven  by  steam 
or  other  power,  with  a  gasoline  engine. 

A  gas,  gasoline  or  Iterosene  driven  engine  of  a  horizontal  water 
cooled  type  is  of  four  oycle,  with  built  in  magneto,  centrifugal 
goTernor,  and  hag  the  fuel  supply  tank  in  the  bane  of  the  engine. 
The  price  of  the  engine  on  iron  suh-baae  is  as  follows:  , 

ApproximaW  Price  j 

bp.  shipping  weight  in  lb.  f ,  o.  b.  (actor;  i 


This  price  includee  complete  equipment. 
The   same   type   engine   mounted   on    an   all   steel   truck   i 
follows; 

ApptoiimaW  Price 


In  the  above  table  the  1^,  2,  3  and  6  hp,  sizes  are  mounted  on    ; 
hand  trucks;  the  8  and  I2hp.  sizes  are  mounted  on  trucks  with  pole 
and  may  be  had  witli  single  or  double  trees  at  an  additional  cost. 

Care  of  QasoUne  Engines  in  Freezing  Weather  b;  Vse  of 
Antl-FrecEing  Uixttiies.  The  following  are  rules  for  avoiding 
freezing  of  water  in  the  cylinders,  pipes,  radiators,  etc.,  of  the  cool- 
ing system  of  water -cooled  automobile  engines  and  stationary  ei- 
plosive  engines.  As  soon  as  freezin»  weather  approaches  or  when 
the  temperature  drops  as  low  as  40  degrees  F.  all  water  should 
be  drained  from  the  radiator,  cylinders  and  pump,  says  Oa» 
Review,  and  the  radiator  filled  with  one  of  the  solutions   given. 

1.  A  mixture  of  glycerine  and  water  in  the  proportion,  by 
weight  of  25%. of  the  former  and  70%  of  the  latter,  to  which  is 
added  2%  of  sodium  carbonate. 

2.  Chemically  pure  calcium  chloride  dissolved  in  hot  water  in 
the  proportion  of  4  pounds  to  one  gallon  of  water.  t 

3.  Sodii'm  chloride  (common  salt)  or  magnesium  chloride  dis- 
solved in  water  in  the  proportion  of  1^  to  2  pounds  to  the  gallon. 

4.  Wood  alcohol  in  the  proportion  of  20%  alcohol  to  80%  of 
water.  This  solution  has  the  advantage  oE  being  sufficient  for 
average  winter  weather,  and  it  has  no  ill  effect  of  any  kind  on 
metals  nor  does  it  leave  any  sediment. 


Fig.  159.    Gasoline  Engim 


Fig.   160.     Gasoline   Engine  on   Skids. 

r:„|.  :iMG00tjl>J 


372         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Should  the  thermometer  reach  ag  low  aa   15  degrees   F.,  a  go- 

lution   of   about   25%   alcohol   and   75%   water    should    be   used. 
For  temperatures  below  zero,  use  30^o   alcohol  and  70%   water. 

EXCAVATORS 

(See  Buckets,  Drag  Scraper  Excavators,  Dredges,  Elevating 
Graders,  Grading  Machines,  Shovels,  and  Trenching  and  Ditching 
Machines.) 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  88 
EXPLOSIVES 

Nature  of  Ezploslre  Action.  The  value  of  explosives  in  con- 
atruction  work  ie  derived  from  the  volume  of  gas  generated  upon 
detonation  or  explosion,  and  the  speed  at  which  the  generation 
takes  place.  The  pressure  of  the  generated  gases  ia  equal  in  all 
directions  (contrary  to  the  belief  of  many  "practical  men"), 
but  a,  alow  burning  black  powder  will  take  many  times  aa  long 
to  generate  the  gas  aa  a  detonant  like  nitroglycerine.  Dyna- 
mite will  shatter  a  rock  without  even  a  mud  cap.  because 
the  gases  are  liberated  with  such  extreme  velocity  that  the  effect 
is  produced  on  the  rock  before  the  atmospheric  air  can  overcome 
its  own  inertia  and  yield. 

Chupowder.  There  are  tbe  following  general  claaaes  of  black 
powder  manufactured: 

Nitre  Powder,  the  highest  grade,  consists  of-  75%  saltpetre 
(KNO,),  15%  charcoal,  and  10%  sulphur.  It  usually  comes 
in  25  lb.  kegs,  and  costs  about  $9.25  per  keg. 

Soda  Powder  contains  sodium  nitrate  (Na  NO,),  which  de- 
teriorates in  time  by  absorbing  moisture  from  the  air.  It 
usually  comes  in  25  lb.  kegs  and  costs  about  $2.25.  The  average 
weight  of  loose  powder,  slightly  shaken,  is  62^  lb.  per  cu.  ft., 
or   I   lb.  occupies  2B  cu.  in. 

Jndion  Powder,  which  Js  a  free  running  black  powder,  comes 
in  50  lb.  kegs  and  coats  about  $7.25  and  under.  It  is  a  soda 
powder  and  contains  from  5  to  .10%   of  nitroglycerine. 

Nilroglyeerine    6% 

Sodintti  nitrate  «% 

Sulphur    16% 

Cannel  coal   1E>% 

Dynamite  consista  of  any  absorbent  or  porous  material  satu- 
rated or  partly  saturated  with  nitroglycerine.  The  absorbent 
is  called  the  "  dope."  If  40%  of  the  weight  of  dynamite  is 
nitroglycerine  it  is  known  aa  40%  dynamite;  if  75%,  it  is 
known  as  75%  dynamite. 

High  explosives  are  usually  packed  in  oases  containing  25  and 

50  lb.     "  Car   load  "  means  20,000  pounds  dynamite  net  welgbt, 

373 


374         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

except  where  the  railroad  Tequirea  a  larger  minimuin  quantity, 
in  whicli  event  that  minimum  quantity  is  conaidered  a.  car  load. 
Prices  on  200  pounda  or  more  uaually  include  deliveiy  to  the 
nearest  freight  station.  The  prices  of  high  esploaivea  vary  in 
the  different  aections  of  the  country  aa  much  as  $2.00  or  $3.00 
per  one  hundred  pounds.  For  instance,  in  greater  New  York  and 
most  points  in  Colorado  and  Florida  the;  are  high;  in  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania  and  the  greater  part  of  New  Jersey  they  are  low 
as  a  rule.  The  price  in  any  aection  is  liable  to  change  without 
notice  and  their  variation  is  due  to  many  different  causes,  h-ucIi 
as  high  or  low  freight  rates,  local  ordinances  regarding  the 
method  of  delivery,  etc.,  hence,  the  rates  given  below  are  aver*  . 
age  and  are  mainly  of  use  in  determining  the  relative  prices  of 
different  kinds  and  grades  of  explosives. 

Average  Pbices  of  Hioh  Explosives  , 

Strencthi  Frtce  p«i  lOD  lb. 

%  Ton  lota  beat  than  ton  Iota 

flS.M  I 


PisutssiBu:  Explosives 


!T  100  lb. 


Kind  Ton  lota 

MonobBlB  1  *  «  laSW  .      »23.ffi 

Monobeli  2,  8.  4  4  5  20.50  it.TS 

OsrbonilM  1*2  1B,0»  20.25 

Catbonites  3  A  «  17.00  18.36 

Red  Cross  Explosives  are  especially  valuable  in  cold  weather 
because  although  they  will  freen-,  they  do  not  freeze  readily  and 
will  thaw  when  ice  melts.  Identical  in  appearance  and  similar 
in  action  to  other  standard  grades. 

Ammonia  Dynamite  has  a  strong  heaving  aiid  rending  effect, 
producing  a  minimum  of  fine  material.  Fumes  not  objectionable. 
Difficult  to  ignite  by  "  side  spitting  "  of  fuse.  Suitable  for  open 
or  underground  work. 

&emi-Oelatln  is  an  excellent  explosive  for  wet  work.  No  ob- 
jectionable fumes. 

Qelatin  Dynamite  is  dense,  plastic,  fumes  not  objectionable. 
Little  affected  by  water. 

Blasting  Qelatin  is  a  very  high  power,  quick-acting  explosive 


EXPLOSIVES 


6    Is*"- 
S     4  Si 


6&^  . 


assssssa  sa 


Ulllll 


376        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

with   good  ttater  resistinft  qualities  aad  a  lack  of  objectionable 
fumes      For  nhe  in  rock  too  hard  for  80%  Gelatin  Dynamite 

A  permissible  explosive  le  one  which  has  been  approved  b\ 
the  Lnited  btatea  Government  a*  permissible  (or  use  in  gaseous 
or  dust;  coal  mineii 

Monobei  No  2  and  (.  arbonite  No  1  are  recommended  for 
antliracit«  coal  bituminoua  ciking  co&I  and  other  coal  nhere  a 
quick  acting  explosive  n  needed 

Monobei  No  3  and  Carbonite  No  4  are  slower  in  action  and 
should  be  used  where  a  maximum  of  large  lamp  is  desired 

Carbonite  No   2  is  slower  than  No   1  and  quicker  than  No    3       i 

Monobei  No  1  is  designed  for  use  m  quarries  and  ore  mines  . 
It  docB  not  require  thawing    and  ib  practically  tumeleaa 

Judson  powder  la  intermediate  between  dynamite  ani)  blasting  ' 
pow  der  It  It  especially  valuable  m  soft  and  friable  work  I 
Judson  R    R    P   has  already  been  described 

lodBon  F   FF  and  FFF  are  put  up  in  cartridges  like  dvnamite 

The  weight  of  dvnamite  per  in(h  of  stick  is  about  as  follows  I 
and  all  of   the  grades  weigh  about  the  same  per  stiik  | 

DiB  of  stick  (in  )  Wt  per  in  of  leneth  (lb ) 


EXPLOSIVES  STORE  HOUSES 

Professor  Courtenay  de  Kalb,  in  his  "  Manual  of  Explosives," 

"  Storage   (of  explosives)   in  caves,  tunnels,  earth  or  stone  cot-   i 
ered  vaults  and  in  log  structures  should  under  no  circumstances 
be  tolerated.     The  chief  objection   in  all  theses  cases  is  that  the 
structure  will  hold  dampnesR,  and  any  dampness  in  a  magazine 
containing  any  explosive  into  which  nitrates  enter  as  an  essential   i 
or  accessory  ingredient  is  certain  to  affect  its  quality  and  render   | 
it  more  or  less  dangerous  in  subsequent  use.     This  applies  to  gun- 
powder   (common    black    powder)    and   to   practically   all    dyna- 

Professor   de    Kalb    recommends   a    building   of    tongued    and  ' 

grooved  boards,  blind  nailed,  with  tar-paper  covered  roof,  and  if  J 

danger   of   lire   is  apprehended,   steel   shingled   covered   roof   and  ; 

walls.     An    ordinary   tool    box    covered    with    tin   or    sheet    iron  | 

and  painted  red  with  large,  distinct  "  danger  "  signs  on  all  sides  : 

f.ii.i.iii' 


EXPLOSIVES 


377 


ia    excellent.     However,    it    is    possible    to    obtain    rehdy    made 
magazines. 

On  October  1,  1011,  Me,saachu setts,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Cali- 
fornia, and  Oklahoma  ha.d  lawu  regulating  distances  at  which 
specific  quantities  of  explosives  might  be  stored  with  reference 
to  dwellings,  putilic  buildings,  railroads,  etc.  Almost  all  cities 
and  towns  have  laws  regarding  this  and  all  who  intend  to  store 
pxplosivcB  should  inform  themselves  on  all  state  and  local  laws. 
Where  no  laws  affecting  storage  of  explosives  are  ia  force,  we 
recommend  .that  magazines  be  locai«d  in  compliance  with  the 
.American  Table  of  Distances,  to-wit: 


i%n 


ill? 


s,ooo 


780 


ISOO 


49) 


900 


\\here  municipal  regulations  do  not  prohibit  storing  explosiwea 
within  city  limits,  powder  or  d\namite  in  quantities  of  10(> 
pounds  or  less  mav  be  kept  in  a  small  portable  magazine  Al 
ways  mark  on  this  maga/ine  the  words  Powder  Magazine  ' 
(use  may  be  kept  in  store  and  blasting  caps  or  electric  fuses,  not 
ticeeding  600  each      Alwais  keep  magazine  locked 

Sidewalk  Magazine  Without  Wlieela  A  magazme  built  of  2  in 
boards  covered  entircij  on  the  outside  witli  No  20  flat  iron, 
having  the  lid  secured  bv  ordinary  hinges  and  fitted  with  hasp, 
staple  and  padloik  (No  maga/fne  should  be  allowed  to  rest  on 
the  ground  because  powder  absorbs  i 


For  50  lb  poiidfr  : 
For  100  lb  powder  ! 
For  m  lb  dfoBQiile 
For  1«0  Ih  dynamite 
For  200  lb  dynnnile 
For  300  lb   dynamite 


378         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Sidewalk  KagOEine  with  Wheels.  Similar  to  that  without 
wheels,  but  supplied  with  four  6'in.  cast  iron  wheels  on  the 
outaide  at  the  bottom. 

Cost 

(Una  earns  dimeiuioiu  u  thoea  without  wh«elal 
For    60  lb.  powdBT  tlZtotM 


Tor  3( 


>'  %nZ 


Iron  Haeazlnei  lor  storing  explosives  are  of  two  kinds;  the 
portable   sidewalk   magazine   on   wheels,   and   the   storage   maga-   ' 
zine.     The   former   in   furnished   in   five   sizes   from   that   with   a 
capacity  of  eight  kegs,  size  24x23x36   in.,  weight   150   pounds,   I 
price  $3S  f.  o.  b.  Ohio,  to  that  with  a  capacity  of  thirty  kegs,  size 
30x30x60   in.,  weight  450   pounds,  price  $86.     The  latter   kind 
comes  in  ten  sizes,  from  the  smallest,  capacity  108  kegs,  sise  . 
3  X  S  X  Q  ft.,  weight  800  pounds,  price  $115,  to  the  largeqf,  capacity   | 
1,84S  kegs,   size   11  x  8x21   ft.,  weight  4,700  pounds,  price  $675. 

General  Speotfloattont  for  Sand  Filled  Dynamite  ]IaKazia«  are 
as  follows: 


>  n««d,  . 


spaced  G  tt.  c.  to  c.    I 
wall  stepped  to  li  or 


Sills  and  PUtea 

2i«in 

Studdlni; 

Siding: 

I       ID. 

%-ln.  (onfue  and  groove,  or  shiplap. 

Sheath  inside  at  bnilding  tram  sjlle  to  plate  with  H-jn. 
tontrup  end  groove  blind  nailed,   or  irfdplap  with  uib 

countetaunk. 

Bullet  Prooflng; 

As  inside  sh«a(hing  is  put  on  Btl  space  between  tbe  oIL 

pUle,  studding.  ouKide  end  inside  sheatbinR  wrth  coarsa 

sand,  well  tamped.    Da  not  n<e  graval  or  stone. 

Roof; 

Ratters:  2i4  in.,  spaced  Si  in.  c.  to  e.    Bhe«thlnc.  Ma. 

Rooflnar 

No.  U  galv.  eorrugaMd  iron. 

.,Coo^lL■ 


EXPLOSIVES                                     379 

Cornice; 

ICndw  ant)  So.  afaalv.  flat  iron.   To  make  roof  bullet- 
prool  from   aboie,    uail  plank  on   raftvTs  «tid   flit  vith 

8id«  aod  Bod-  to  be  covered  with  No,  34  or  Ko.  2S  bUck 
or  ,alv.  flat  or  corrujaled  iron. 

plilF.    All  binges  to  be  secured  b;  liolti  passlnt  ihrouth 
to  iniide. 

i-in.  Dt  4.in.  globe  Tentilator  Id  root.    VoDtiUtor  holeii  u, 
bt  cut  in  toundalion. 

Iron  CvTBTlnc; 
Door: 

VenHlMion; 

Cost 

For  storinB 

LWlb.,  >Ee  SxSft tmtofllD 

B.O(»lb.,  aiMSxS  ft 160  M    140 

DiataDce  from  ground  to  door,  3  fe«t.  From  floor  to  cavea, 
8  leet. 

Brick  Magatlne.  Tbese  htive  8  in.  walls,  have  floora  of  and  are 
lined  with  %-in.  plank,  and  have  roof  covered  with  corrugated 
galvanized  iron. 

Cost 


For  alorinj  I.nno  lb.,  aits  7 
For  Btorinf  1,000  lb.,  Ilia  T 
For  (torinc  3,0nn  bl.,  ilie  T 
For  atoHni  4.nno  Ih.,  al™  T 
For  atoring  l>,OOD  lb,,  site  T 


7  ft,   . 


. .  nZO  to  lltO 
. .    tto  to    200 


MGoOtjl>J 


SECTION  39 

FIBE  EQITIFHENT 

Cbemical  Engines.  This  engine,  Fig.  161,  has  proved  to  be  a 
most  valuable  piece  of  fire  fighting  apparatus  for  use  id  ware- 
houses, factories,   lumber  yards,  private  reaidencee,  etc. 

The  construction  consists  of  a  forty  gallon  steel  cylinder, 
tinned  inside  and  out,  set  up  on  two  euitable  wheels  42  inches 
in  diameter,  either  of  the  sarvan  or  all  steel  wide  tire  pattern, 
the   cylinder    being   properly    balanced   lietween    the    two    wbeeU 


Fig.  IGl,     Chemical  Engine. 

so  that  when  the  engine  i«  set  upright  on  its  bottom  the  wheels 
clear  the  floor  or  ground ;  suitable  handles  are  provided  by  which 
the  en$>ine  .is  easily  run  from  place  to  place  and  when  required 
tor  village  fire  department  u^e  a  suilahle  drag  rope  is  furnished. 

The  equipment  consists  of  50  ft.  %in.  chemical  hose  with 
couplings  and  shut  ■off  nozzle.  Dimensions,  height  62  inches, 
diameter  16  inches,  width  over  hubs  of  wheels  35  inches,  track 
2!1  inches. 

Finished  in  aluminum,  bronze  or  any  color  Japan. 

Charge  consists  of  17  lb.  bi-carbonate  of  soda  and  10  lb.  sul- 
phuric acid. 


FIRE  EQUIPMENT 


The  price  of  thia  engioe,  lead  lined  i 
A  fire  extiDguisber   aimilar  to  the  on 


Fig.    162.     Standard   Underwriter   Equipment- 


mode  of  copper  and  is  tested  to  350  lb.  pressure.     The  3  gal.  size 
costH    $13.00   net.     An   extra   thargo   for   this   extinguisher   costs 
(0  50. 
Carbon  Tetrai:hloride  lire  extinguishers  are  made   in  Heveral 


Fig,   103.     Fire  Extinguisher. 


eiiCB.     One  having  a  capacity  of   Hi  quarts  coats  $12,  an  extra 
i^liarge  coats  $1,85,     1%  quarts  capacity  $16,  extra  charge  $2.50, 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

;al   can   of   fluid   $5.00.     These  extinguishers   are   made  of 
and  are  worked  bj  a  pump  handle 

Standard  Undebwkiter  Equipment 
(As  illustrated  in  Fig.  132.) 


Linen  Fire  Hose  tented  to  600  lb.  pressure,  in  SO  ft.  lengths  witli 
couplings  coats  as   follows: 


Cotton  KnbbeF  Ilsen  Hoie  coats  a 


Fig.  104.    Linen  Fire  Hose, 
-e  made  in  various  styles  and  f 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  40 
FOBOES 

A  small  rivet  forge  of  the  lever  type  weigha  80  lb.,  and  coBts 
with  hood  $14.50.  A  aintilar  forge  operated  by  a  crank  gear 
costs  ¥25.00. 

A  larger  forge  simikr  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  105  ia  auitabte 


Fig.  las.    Forge. 

for  horse  ehoaing  aftd  small  repair  work.  These  forges  are  made 
in  a  wide  variety  of  styles  and  sizes  and  coat  from  $40  to  $60. 
They  weigh  from  200  to  400  lb. 


Stone  or  Ballast  Forks.    Net  prices  for  extra  grades  atone  o 
ballast  forks  in  quantitica,  at  Chicago,  are  aa  follows: 


384         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Length  Width  WeiEht 

No.  Tines  Fork  per  3oi.  Prit 


The  above  prices  are  for  forks  with  natural  finish,  wide  strap 
ferrules  and  heavy  caps,  with  wood  "  D "  ash  liandlea. 


SECTION  42 

FORMS 

Building,  light  wall  and  foundation,  and  column  steel  forms 
may  be  either  purchased  or  leased.  For  miscellaneous  work  such 
as  foundation  construction  or  house  building  it  may  be  economi- 
cal to  piuchase  a  suitable  outlit  of  moderate  size,  as  the  format 
can  be  used  over  and  over  again.  For  the  larger  jobs  it  i$ 
usually   more  economical   to   lease  the  necessary  forms. 

Building  forms  for  contact  surface  work  may  be  rented  at 
about  $0.25  per  sq.  ft.  This  includes  the  labor  of  handling  thf 
forms  on  the  work. 

Steel  forms  for  light  wall  and  foundation  work  may  be  rented, 
and  cost,  together  with  the  furnished  labor,  about  Sl.OO  per 
»q.    ft. 

Column  forma  used  with  flat  slab  construction  are  rented  si 
$21,00  per  column  form  including  the  labor  on  the  job.  For  »se 
with  beam  aod  girder  i»>UBtnietioD  the  cost  h  about  $18. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  43 

FUBKACES  AND  KETTLES 
(See  Asphalt  pt&ots.} 

A  goaoline  lead  or  leadite  furnace   (Fig.  166)    is  made  in  aer- 

eral    sizes.     The   small   size   furnaec  has   a   gasoline   capacity   of 
4  gal.^  the  pot  has  a  capacity  of  ^)0  lb, ;   it  is  fitted  with  three 


Gasoline  Fnmace. 


burners  and  coats  $62.00  f.  o.  b.  factory.  A  larger  size  has  a 
gasoline  capacity  of  6  gal.;  it  baa  a  pot  capacity  of  325  lb.  of 
lead  or  60  lb.  of  leadite;  it  wdghs  approximately  170  lb.  for 
shipment  and  costs  IM.OO  t.  o.  b.  factory. 


380        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

A  lead  melting  furnace  Himilar  to  the  one  shown  in  Pig.  187 
ia  made  in  tbe  following  sizes.    The  price  includes  pat,  bar,  grate 

and  ladle. 


Fig.  107.    Lead  Melting  FimftCe. 


Fig.  168.    Kerosene  Fiirnai?e. 


FURNACES  AND  KETTT.ES  387 

Pressed  ateel  pouring  pots  are  made  in  si/«s  of  from  50  to  125 
lb.  capacity  and  cost  from  $4.50  to  $7.00.  Heavy  cast  iron  melt- 
ing pots  are  made  in  sizes  of  from  200  tu  TOO  lb-  capacity  and 
oost   from   $6.00   to  $10.00. 

A  portable  kerosene  lead  melting  furnace  (Fig.  188)  costs  aa 
follows : 


Csparitv  at  Oil  cooHuiDntion  Approiinii 

pot  in  lb.  gal,  iierlir,  pVng  weigl 


Fig.  169.    Tar  Heating  Kettle. 
Tar  Heating  Xettles.    Cost  as  follows: 
2  Wheel  KtarLn 

OapBcitf  Anpr(>iiiiu(e*ihip' 

in  ftl  pIdk  weight  in  lb.  I.  > 

SO  son 

100  i.ito 

ISO  1.140 

4  Wheel  Kettle 


GSASIHO  MACHINES 

(See  also  Elevatiog  Qraders.) 

HacbineB  which  more  earth  by  aliding  or  rolliiig  over  the 
ground  and  by  either  puebing  the  earth  betore  them  or  into  them 
by  a  combination  of  the  two  actions,  thereby  conveying  the  earth 
to  the  place  of  deposit,  are  known  variously  ag  scrapers,  road 
machines,  graders,  spreaders,  levelers,  ete^  and  are  of  many 
types. 

The  commonly  used  scrapers  are  of  three  kinds;  wheel,  drag 
and  buck  or  Fresno.  In  all  three,  as  in  the  case  of  all  scrapere 
anil  levelers,  except  where  the  soil  is  very  sandy  and  loose,  the 
earth  must  first  be  loosened  by  plows  or  picks.  Tn  the  three 
kinds  of  scrapers  the  cutting  edge  of  the  machine  digs  into  the 
soil,  thereby  loading  itself,  and  the  drag  scraper  slides  over  the  . 
ground  carrying  its  load,  the  wheel  scraper  rolls  along  carrying 
its  load  and  the  Fresno  scraper  both  drags,  and  carries  and 
pushes  a  load  in  front  of  it. 

Drag  scrapers  are  efScient  for  b,  short  distance  only,  from  50 
to  100  feet,  while  Fresno  scrapers  can  be  used  economically  up 
to  about  275  feet,  when  wheel  scrapers  should  be  substituted.  : 
The  drag  scraper  is  pulled  by  two  horses  and  the  driver  dumps  ' 
the  scraper  as  well  as  drives.  An  eictra  man  is  usually  needed 
for  loading.  In  the  case  of  the  Fresno  scraper,  which  is  usually 
pulled  by  three  or  four  hor»ea,  the  driver  is  able  to  both  load 
and  dump  the  machine  and  to  spread  the  earth  to  the  proper 
depth  while  dumping  it.  The  wheel  scraper,  however,  needs  • 
loader  and  an  extra  snatch  team  at  the  pit. 

Wheeled  Sonpen.  The  theoretical  capacities  ot  wheeled 
scrapers  cannot  be  attained  in  actual  work,  the  actual  being 
about  one-half. 


Cspieitr 


MfS' 


GRADING  MACHINES  389 

BepalTS.  Six  new  wheel  drapers:  Aret  cost,  $46.00  to  $50.00. 
Repairs,  for  fl  months  averaged  $2.60  per  scraper  per  month; 
life,  i  years.  Second-hand  wheel  scrapers,  original  cost  $45  00  to 
$50.00.  Repairs,  blacliBmitb  at  $3.60  per  daj  over  a  period  of 
S  months,  averaged  $3.50  per  Kcraper  per  montb;   lite,  4  yeara.i 


Fig.  170.    Wheeled  Scraper. 

These    scrapers   were   two  or   three   years   old    wh»i    these   data 
were  collected. 

lto«K  Seraperi  likewise  hold  ahout  half  the  listed  contents.     - 

(Opacity  Approiimste  Price 

CD.  ft.  wslgliimlb.  [.  a.  b.  Ohio 

3  TS  tSDO 


Fig  171.    Drag  Scraper. 
Double  Bottom  Deiao  Scbapebs 


Prices  of  the  double  bottom  scrapers  are  f.  o.  b.  Chicago. 
Fresno  Scrapers.    This  type  of  scraper  is  ideal  for  building  rail- 
road embankments  from  side  ditches  and  for  wasting  earth  taken 


3iM)        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

from  cutB  when  the  earth  is  free  funn  Urge  stoneB  and  roots. 
It  has  been  the  author's  experience  that  if  the  Bcraper  is  pulled 
at  right  anglce  to  the  line  of  the  plow  furrows  the  loading  will 
be  completed  in  a  much  shorter  time  than  when  the  scraper  is 
pulled  parallel  with  the  fiirrowe. 

No.  1,  5-foi*  cutting  edp-,  cspatity  18  tu  ft,,  weiehl  30ft  lb,  |2«,W  to  »3I),HI 
N'o.  2,  4  toDt  fultini  edge,  capuity  14  en.  ft.,  weiglit  27E  lb.  28.00  to  30.m 
No.  3.  J^'ft.  cutting  edge,  capacity  12  en.  [t„  weithi  ISO  lb.    ZT.60  to    29.U 

The  listed  capa^^ity  of  the  Fresno  Scraper  has  been  found  by 
the  author  to  be  about  twice  the  actual  place  measure  capacity. 

The  following  notes,  covering  an  exhaustive  examination  of 
economic  ecraper  work,  are  from  an  article  by  the  writer  in 
Engineering  and  Contracting,  1914.  The  prices,  wages  and  costs 
are  of  that  year. 

The  Eoonomlo  Handling  of  Earth  by  Wheel  and  Treano 
Scrapers.  The  cost  of  earth  moving  is  a  anbatantial  factor  in 
the  total  expense  of  nearly  all  construction  work,  and  a  consider' 
able  part  of  all  earth  moving  operations  is  for  work  where  it  is 
not  economical  to  use  locomotives  and  cars,  either  because  of  the 
length  of  haul  or  because  the  magnitude  of  the  work  is  not 
sufficient  to  justify  the  preparatory  costs  of  a,  large  plant 
■  Under  such  conditions  a  choice  must  be  made  between  wagons  or 
carts  and  one  or  more  of  the  various  types  of  scraper, 

A  careful  study  and  analysis  of  scraper  work  was  made  under 
the  direction  of  the  writer  by  Mr.  A,  C,  Haskell  for  the  Construc- 
tion Service  Co.  of  New  York,  and  the  results  are  given  below  I 
to  enable  those  who  have  scraper  work  to  make  rapidly  and  con- 
veniently those  computations  without  which  no  work  of  this  kind 
can  economically  be  done.  The  general  economic  formula  for 
transportation  is  as  follows:  ' 

Symbol  Psctor 

0   - The  IDlal  etpenaes  per  diy  in  cents. 

a   The  net  load,  for  the  average  trip,  in  ponnda,  or  other 

fl    The  apeed  (average!  when  loaded,  in  feet  per  minnte.      I 

KS    The  ape^d  laverage)  when  relnmiDi;,  in  feet  per  min 

D   Thelenglh  of  haul  in  feet. 

1    The  time  loet  in  turning,  reating.  and  waatfd  fpr  an 

W    '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.Tbe  number  of  minulea  in  the  working  day.  | 

"nie  following  facia  are  dedncible  alKebraieaDr : 
D 
~  Time  for  a  loaded  trip,  in  minntei. 

» 

Time  for  the  empty  haul. 


w 


GRADING  MACHINES  391 

..ActQHl  time  doI  occnpied  in  transportliu  nuierlal.  in 
minaMa, 

.  .Average  lime  for  one  round  trip,  in  miaatea. 

.  .ATeraffl  number  of  trips  p«r  dar,  Thie  value  must  be 
an  Intefral  qnablit^,  lor  the  averaie  work  for  ani 
one  day. 

..ATerage  total  amount  tnniported  per  day. 


n=C Coat  of  traniportatlon  per  pound,  or  other  eMtrenlent 

Wv  unit. 

The  value  for  C  will  depend  upon  the  Dumber  of  horgea  uMd 
in  a  team,  whether  extra  teaoiB  are  employed  in  loading,  the  gen- 
eral organization  of  the  gang,  and  to  a  lesser  extent  on  the  cost  of 
repairs  and  depreciation  of  the  scrapers  themaelvcB.  The  valtie 
to  of  the  net  load  will  depend  entirety  upon  the  type  and  size  of 
equipment,  and  the  care  with  which  loading  is  done.  It  is  likely 
to  vary  much  more  with  wheel  scraperH  than  with  FresnoH.  In 
heavy  ground  which  has  not  been  well  looaened,  particularly 
where  there  are'many  roots  of  trees  and  occasional  boulders,  the 
wheel  scrapers  often  fail  to  get  more  than  a  60%  or  70%  load. 
The  value  for  u>  was  determined  by  taking  the  average  of  several 
hundred  trips,  the  amount  of  each  load  being  estimated  by  the 
inspector  on  the  basis  of  the  space  occupied  loose,  multiplied  by 
a  density  factor  and  afterward  checked  by  the  place  measure  com- 
putations. The  check  on  the  wheeler  capacity  was  not  so  accurate 
as  that  with  the  Fresnos,  in  which  case  the  computed  amounts 
from  several  cellar  excavaliona  checked  the  estimated  loads  within 
5%. 

In  a  well  organized  scraper  gang  the  speed  loaded  and  that 
light  are  fairly  constant  tor  constant  conditions,  changing  as  soon 
BB  the  local  conditions  vary.  These  conditions  are  the  wetness  of 
the  ground  hauled  over,  the  "  sea  room  "  available  for  each  team 
■nd  the  grades  and  curvatures  along  the  line  of  haul.  The  length 
of  haul  is  nearly  always  a  constantly  varying  quantity.  Ita 
average  value  was  determined  by  measuring  it  at  regular  inter- 
vals, and  averaging  the  figures  thus  obtained.  The  time  lost  in 
turning,  loading,  etc.,  varies  somewhat  but  for  a  given  set  of  con- 


302         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

ditiona  was  taken  as  an  average  of  a  large  number  of  obeerva- 
tions.     The  data  obtained  in  this  way  by  an  inspector  who  timed 
scrapers   for    two   bours   or    so   each    day   were   afterward    com- 
pared with  a  eount  liept  by  a  bay  with  a  tally  machine  at  the 
dump,  resulting  in  very  close  agreement,  except  that  the  average 
coete  obtained  by  the  time  study  method  were  nearly  always  a. 
few  per  cent  less  than  the  probable  attual  costs  kept  by  the  tally    i 
boy  over  the  whole  day's  work.     The  main  reason  for  this  seemed 
to  be  that  when  under  the  eye'of  an  inspector  with  a  watch  in  one   , 
hand  and  a  note  book  on  hia  knee  the  drivers  keep  their  teams   : 
going  a  little  faster  when  not  loaded  find  are  a  little  more  prompt   ; 
in  dumping  and  turning  than  when  observed  by  a  boy. 

In  the   following  tables   the  columns   headed   "  Transportation 
Cost "   show   the   cost   for   actually   moving   the   material,   while   i 
the  columns  entitled  "  Static  Cost  "  are  for  the  coat  of  waiting   | 
at  the  loading  point,  loading,  dumping  and  miscellaneous  delays.    ' 
No  accouitt  is  taken  of  extraordinary  delays,  such  as  breakdowiis,etc. 

Wheel  Scraper  Work.    The   following  observations  of    wheel 
ecrapera  cover  a  period  of  some  three  months  and  were  made   i 
under  various  conditions, 

The  wheel  scraper  is  a  modified  form  of  the  drag  scraper,  being  , 
suspended  between  two  wheels  in  such  manner  that  the  pan  drags 
along  the  ground  when  loading  and  then,  when  full,  may  be  raised 
by  a,  system  of  levers,  so  that  it  rides  suspended  several  inches  i 
above  the  ground.  The  operation  of  loading  ordinarily  requires 
the  assistance  of  a  two  or  three-horse  snatch  team  and  driver, 
and  a  "  loader  "  whose  duty  it  is  to  lower  the  pan,  guide  it  while 
being  filled  and  to  raise  it  when  full.  At  the  dumping  point  the 
pan  is  unbooked  and  lowered  and  the  dumpman  by  an  upward 
thrust  upon  the  attaiheil  handle  causes  the  pan  to  make  a  quarter 
turn,  thus  dumping  and  partially  spreading  the  material. 

Distinction  has  been  made  between  wheelers  in  loam,  clayey 
loam  (Table  I),  etc.,  and  wheelers  in  sand,  fine  gravel,  etc.,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  nature  of  the  soil  materially  affects  the  size 
of  the  load,  and  consequently  the  speed  of  transportation  more  or 
less.  Although  it  may  take  less  time  to  get  a  full  load  in  soft 
sand,  it  usually  takes  more  time  to  get  started  after  the  snatcli 
team  has  been  unhookeji  owing  to  the  wheels  being  deeply  buried. 
And  during  transit  the  sand  will  waste  much  more  than  the 
loam,  so  that  the  load  actually  dumped  is  considerably  less. 
.  In  Table  I  column  12  gives  values  of  fi  in  the  transportation 
formula. 

From  Table  I  it  wiU  be  seen  that  the  average  cost  per  cubic 
yard  was  6.2  ct.  for  the  fixed  or  static  cost,  which  includes  «08t 


GRADING  MACHINES  893 

of   loading,   dumping  and   idle  tine,   and  4.1   ct.  per   100  ft.   of 
haul  for  the  traDsportatiou  cost,  based  on  the  time  study  figures. 

Table  I.— Wheel  Sckapebs  in  Loam  and  Clayet  Loah. 

(Arranged  in  order  of  static  charge.) 


if 

i     . 

S 

s 

% 

"o 

1    "   ■ 

S 

1 

l~- 

is 

■1     S^ 

§ 

^ 

ti. 

So.    8c.     D. 

Loud 
K    O.Y. 

IMin 

i 

1  ii 

1 

i 

i 

1 

im 

446 

212 

233 

.06 

0.38 

.10 

26 

40       1K.2 

2, 

3    3.0 

6...  190 

22B 

2« 

.OS 

.23 

V 

5"!   345 

345 

'.on 

051 

:oo 

30 

39       Iflls 

11 

)     si 

5.,.  335 

286 

1^ 

19T 

0.41 

1...  510 

360 

2W 

'.2B 

32' 

43:6  lOJ 

5: 

11 

1       3.3 

5T0 

SSH 

m 

■" 

0.3T 

,48 

25.3 

S3.3    23.0 

4...  350 

350 

m 

312 

400 

222 

.68 

5«'      IM 

7;!:  335 

520 

aos 

256 

la 

o;3o 

.54 

19.3 

73J    22.8 

4...  126 

190 

m 

0,50 

89.0    16.2 

i 

1.13 

!S9 

B2.4    2T.0 

It 

I     «!fi 

4'.'.:  195 

IBS 

m 

240 

32 

0.35 

M 

ssis 

7T.1    18.0 

t 

!       4.5 

7...  2» 

330 

m 

■ .» 

.23 

Uin.    4..  126 

150 

.00 

3£J)    u!d 

3! 

i       3.0 

ky.     5.5.  .332 

m 

SO! 

m 

:,u 

0:35 

.64 

28:7 

«0J    19.1 

6. 

11 

M«x.  7..  m 

826 

2SS 

312 

1.38 

J!3 

In  the  Bbove 

UU 

ab 

ravis 

lions 

are 

s  tollows: 

No.    Se 

Nnmber  at  scraparg 

D     

LeDglb  at 
Ungth  of 

»nlpty  ha 

{,  tet 

Rdte 

at  tr 

vel, 

KB  ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Ri.fe 

'S 

K  

latin 

t«lo 

ded  B|>eed. 

Load  0.  Y.  . 

it\ 

n  dump. 

Oth»r'"i""tiine  . 

Dthfr 

lost 

w  fdle  tim 

;  til* 

in  addition 

tol 

ad 

ng  time. 

The  ohgervstlons  in  Table  II  were  made  where  a  road  had  been 
cleared  through  the  woods.  The  soil,  a  rich  loam,  was  mor«  or 
less  interspersed  with  roots,  to  extricate  which  required  the  labor 
uf  two  men.  In  this  instance  the  static  cost  is  high,  due  In  a  inea- 
BUre  to  tko  time  required  to  load.  Owing  to  the  root*  running 
through  the  soil  sometimes  it  was  necessary-  to  make  Aiorb  tban 
one  att«mpt  to  load,  bnt  good  full  loads  were  obtained,  which.  Is 
really  more  essential  than  saving  a  few  seconds  and  starting  for 
the  dump. with  a  half  loaded  scraper 


394 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


The  principal  tiling  to  be  called  .to  attention  here,  liowever, 
in  a  fault  verj  frequently  observed,  the  wrong  appoTlionment 
of  scrapers  to  lengtb  of  haul.  In  this  case  there  were  toci 
many  for  so  short  a  haul,  thereby  causing  frequent  delays  both 
at  the  loading  point  where  they  hecame  bunched'  and  en  route  to 
the  dump,  which  forced  up  the  attttic  cost.  The  rate  of  progress 
in  transit  was  also  reduced,  eapecially  on  the  return  from  the 
dump,  as  is  shown  by  KB,  when  the  teams  were  obliged  to  slow 
down  to  allow  those  ahead  room  to  turn,  load,  etc.  This  is  a  atate 
of  alTalrs  which  should  never  be  permitted:  scrapers  should  main- 
tain a  steady  progress  in  both  directions,  and  at  no  time  should  a 
scraper  be  obliged  to  wait  idle  at  the  loading  point  for  the  ones 
ahead  to  be  loaded. 
Table  II. —  Wheel  Scbapeh  Wobk,  Loah,  Obstbdcted  bt  Roots. 


rc™ 


■'fc. 


D'-Enpty  luu 

i".. 

-■3'«„«i. 

1...M ...... d'irt,.,::;: 

IS 

KS— 190'  1  m., 
K-15(l/2«8  

" 

1.00 

D/8  +  D'/Ka 

....D.12S  o'u,  yd. 

■MM 

»='™x'il 

.= 

iS.l  tt    per  «u.  sd. 

=  8.3  cl.  malic  cgiil  +  6,E  ct.  per 

m 

baul. 

The  observations  in  Table  III  were  taken  where  the  top  soil 
was  very  dry,  clouds  of  dust  being  raised  at  each  attempt  to  All  ' 
a  scraper. 

Both  the  static  cost  and  the  transportation  cost  per  100  ft 
of  haul  are  excessive.  The  former  is  due  partially  to  the  time 
wasted  at  the  dump,  which  observation  showed  to  be  prolonged 
beyrald  all  necessity.  Drivers  were  wont  to  stop,  take  long 
turns  about,  etc.,  when  really  there  was  no  need  of  stopping  «t 
all,  and  the  scraper  should  have  been  turned  about  immediately 


GRADING  MACHINES 


-Wheel  Scbapeb  Woek  i 

Tranaportinc 
Load!  DC.  loaded.        Damp 

Uin.    Sbc.      Min.    S«c.     Min. 


Vkby  Dby  Loam  (1914). 


TiBDipoiting 


At.O       39  g        0         £1.2       1 

D-Loaded  hsnl   275' 

D'— Empty    hanl    ....SZG' 
S-2TG  1  m.  1«.2  a.. ..216'  min, 
KS— 62S  Z  m.  3S.1  s...2t4  min. 
K—Ztt/216    1.13 

D/S  +  D'ka  ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.     3   min! 

w  0296  en.  ' 

C-«l30/8   S38.3J  cl. 

W     600  min. 

S3S.33        5.T2 


8.3  ct.  itatio  cost  -t-  6.6  cl 


BFt«r  dumping,  in  the  Bhorteat  possible  radius.  Tlie  i 
transportation  cost  per  lUO  ft.  baul,'to  which  maf  be  directly 
traced  the  high  eost  per  euhic  yard,  was  owing  to  the  extremely 
lung  empty  haul  1/  ae  compared  to  the  loaded  haul  D,  whereby 
considerable  time  was  consumed.  The  haul  should  always  be 
tha  shortest  route  to  the  dump,  and  the  return,  it  it  is  not 
frasible  to  use  the  same  route,>Bhould  he  as  direct  as  possible. 
The  loads  were  small,  due  to  the  dry,  dusty  nature  of  the 
materia),  which  could  not  be  heaped,  and  wasted  considerably  en 
route  to  the  dump,  which,  of  conrse,  runs  up  both  static  and 
transportation  costs. 

The  obeervatioDS  of  Table  IV  were  made  where  a  gang  was 
removing  top  soil  from  a  piece  covered  with  tall  weeds,  the 
roots   of   which   prevented    full    loads.    The   soil  was  dry   and 

Here  is  another  example  of  too  many  scrapers  for  the  length 
of  haul.  This  fact,  combined  with  the  small  loads,  produced  the 
high  costs.  The  time  "  Waiting  and  Preparing  to  Load  "  is  alto- 
gether too  high.  The  speed  K8  on  the  return  is  less  than  S  loaded 
speed.  When  this  state  of  affairis  exists  it  can  invariably  be 
traced  to  too  many  scrapers,  for  they  become  bunched  about  the 
loading  point  and  the  returning  drivers,  seeing  this,  slow  down, 
Ihns  wasting  considerable  time. 

D/S(l  +  J/l)  +1 

In  the  formula,  K  =  0   all  the  quantities 


3M         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Fig.  172,  Curves  Showing  Coats  Per  Cubic  Yard  of  Handling 
Loam  and  Loam  Clay  with  Wheel  Scrapere  for  VariouB  Sizes 
of  Load  and  Length  of  Haul  (1914  Figures). 


Table  IV. —  Wheel  Scbafbb  Wobe  in  Dbt  Son,  Full  op  Tall 
Weeds  (1B14). 

prepnting  _  .•  _  .. 


AtJI 


'k;:^^:"- 

.    Sec. 

Min 

MiD.    Sec. 

Min, 

Sec.      H 

Min.     Sm. 

1         W 

(1 

10 

82.4 

S— !B0,  1  min.,  08,5  Me-.  18  per  min. 
KS^S",  1  min...  «3  gM^K  per  min. 
K-afl/MS H  S3 . 

D/S  + '"6' /ks'V ".''.'.'.'.'.'. 2  mm'.  Dsls  se 

o-i^o/i "..'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. '.m  ct. ' 


it  Df  7  scraper  gang... 


GRADINQ  MACHINES  391 

Data  Usrat  m  Calcduttka  Cubvcs  Fig.  172  for  Wheix.  SoKAf- 
sxa  IN  LoAu  AKP  Clayey  Loaic  (1914  Figures). 

C    838  ita.  D   YiilM. 

w  Vsrie*.  S  EOS  ft.  min. 

I  1.54  min.  K   1.1 

W  «00  mln.  t/S    O.W    ■ 

Valne  t«  0  for  S-ienper  ekhc  (!•■ 

lOmDUf  at  H-Tt   m.6l> 

G  driven   itt  tl.SB    9«S 

1  kMder  M  t>A  -- 
1  dumpD  -       -  -    — 


dumpinaD   i.    ,_    

_  3-mDle   iDBteh    «t  K.26    ....  S.» 

1  S-rnule  uinteh  driTsr  at  %iX  tX 

1  D.  B.  »t  3%  per  monlh 1.01 

ftnwDBn  at  KM 4.00 

Waterbo;   at   Il.OO    1.00 


Talue  of  icraper 


-v]   ^i[' 


4[" 


'8H  X  l.n  D      1.B4  X  sg 


M  S.14  SI  .28  S5.U 

majr  have  fised  values  determined  from  observation  assigned  to 
them,  except  IF  uid  D,  the  load  and  haul,  which  will  va.ry  ac' 
cording  to  the  kind  of  scraper  employed  and  the  nature  of  the 

Curves,  Fig.  172,  maj  be  drawn  showing  costs  for  varying  loads 
and  lengths  of  haul. 

The  observations  of  Table  V  were  made  where  the  material  was 
a  mixture  of  sand  and  loam,  without  enough  of  the  latter,  how- 
ever, to  lend  stability  to  the  whole.  Boaldere  were  numerous, 
often  interfering  with  the  obtaining  of  good  loads. 

The  above  coets  are  a  good  example  of  how  conditions  affect 
results,  and  the  above  method  of  analysis  readily  shows  this. 
The  static  cost,  8.4  et.  per  cubic  yard,  is  SQmewhat  above  the 
average,  due  partly  to  the  boulders  making  loading  difficult,  and 
partly  to  the  small  loads  carried  to  the  dump.  But  it  is  the 
high  transportatioQ  cost  which  attracts  attention.  This  was  due 
to  the  road  to  the  dump  being  exceedingly  rough  and  muddy  after 


398        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
Tablb  v.— Wheel  Soupeb  Wobs  in  Sandt  Loaic   (ISU). 

Wsltinc  and 

prepuins                                     TruuportinE  Damping  and  Traniportioi 

to  toad.               Ijoadiai.               loaded.  tnmiDi.  emplr- 

Min.      Sec.  Mio,      Sec.         Uiu.      Sec.  Uin.      Sec.  Min.      Sec. 


18.S 

(6S0    fSE.OO 

_      tSS-  I  .>..i/-h 

S— 585,  a  min.  13.8  sec....lSl'  per  mii 
KS— «2t.  2  min.  G7.2  *ec.,2U'  per  mil 

K— 212/181  U7 

1 1  min.  30  » 

D/S  +  D'/KS    «  min.  10.8 

o-TSM/io '""',',!!',!!',!'.'.  ms  It. 


loremui    .. 


B X =  *a  cl.  cu.  yd.  =  8.1  ct.  aUtic  +  6,9  pt  per  lOD-tt.  haul 

«00       0.22 

recent  raioB,  the  scrapera  ginking  at  times  almost  to  the  hubs. 
The  loads  were  consequently  small,  wasting  away,  and  the  rate  oi 
moving  (S  and  K8)  materially  reduced.  Observations  were 
taken  in   the  afternoon  of  the   same   day  when  a  new  and   less 

Tabu;  VI. —  Scbafbb  Wobk  in  Coabsb  Sand  (1914) 

Waiting  and 
preparing  TraoeportiDg      Dumping  and      Transporting 

toload.  Loading.  loaded.  tureiog.  empty. 


Av.l  40,4  0  16.7  2  3S.5  0  MA 

D  685'  ■ 

D' MO" 

S— 586.  a  min,  30.6  sec... 220'  per  min. 
K8— «l»,  2  min,  21  sec  .258' per  mtn. 

,''7^'f.:::::::::.::::::'A., »..  .„.  »■•  •'  •  "»•«  »•.  ■ 

D/S  +  iy/KS    5  mio.  00.5  bcc. 

w  0.26  ou.  Td. 

C-68.46/B  - ■.,.. 760.5  ot. 


60O        0.26  •    '  ■  P^  ''' 

lion  per  IDO-tt.  haul. 


GRADING  MACHINES  390 

difllcalt  path  was  uied,  and  the  effect  was  thowii  directly.  S 
increaBiug  to  101  ft.  pet  minute  and  K8  to  234  ft.  per  miDut«,  and 
tlie  transportatioti  cost  being  reduced  1.1  ct  per  cubic  yard. 

The  obBervatioiiB  of  Table  VI  were  made  where  the  m«.t«rial 
handled  was  a  coarse  MLnd  with  a  Hprinkling  of  loam. 

In  this  instance  the  reveree  of  the  last  esse  oited  is  true. 
Here  the  transportation  co«t  is  normal,  but  the  static  coit  Iwhich 
showB  fluctuations  in  coet  doe  to  all  operations  except  actual 
transportation),  is  very  high.  Sihall  loads  w^re  again  responsi- 
ble in  part,  but  the  oliief  reason  was  because  of  a  long  turn  of 
about  220  ft.  around  a  pool  of  water  at  the  dump.  The  time  con- 
sumed in  making  thi*  extra  long  turn  aftei  the  material  bad 
been  dumped  so  increased  I,  the  time  when  the  scrapers  are  not 
actually  engaged  in  th«  handling  of  material,  that  in  consequenoe 
the  static  coet  w«s  exoessive.  It  will  he  noticed  in  the  time  study 
that  two  or  three  of  the  serapers  turned  about  shortly  without 
waste  of  time,  and  the  foreman  should  have  seen  that  all  did 
likewise. 

The  obserTations  of  Table  VII  were  made  where  the  material 
was  a  coarse  dry  sand  which  wasted  a  great  deal  en  route  to  the 

Olwervation  has  shown  that  high  costs  are  more  often  due  to 


Transporting  Dnmpliie  tad  Trsuaportini 
Loadine.  loaded.  turiAiig  tmpis. 

Urn.    Sec,      Min,    Sec.     Mio.    Sac.      Min.    Sec. 


....224'  min. 
»B(.2TV  min. 

.«0f.lch  and  driver 

«««tor  ■::;:,::::: 

&-"^^ 

no.M 

E-!!!!x— - 

t2.t 

«.  c».  yd.  -^  B.7  «t- 

BtB««  +  3.E  ct.   per 

lOft-ft.   haul. 

400        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

carrying  poor  loads  to  the  dump  tban  to  snj  other  cause.  It  irill 
be  noticed  that  in  the  gang  a  sbovelman  was  employed  whose 
duty  it  was  to  follow  a  srraper  as  it  was  being  loaded  and  without 
delaying  the  progrei^B  of  the  work  to  fill  up  the  scraper  kb  mudi  as 
possible.  By  thin  meauH  the  wedge^thaped  space  at  the  back  of  the 
scraper,  invariably  left  empty  whra  using  a  snatch  team  alone, 
wBH  filled.  BesideH  causing  much  larger  laadH  t«  be  delivered  at 
the  dump,  the  scheme  prevented  the  drivers  from  standing  in 
this  space  and  riding  the  scrapers  loaded,  a  thing  frequently 
observed  under  the  excuse  that  it  was  {tecesBary  to  keep  the 
scrapers  balanced  and  prevent  the  material  wasting  out  the  front, 
but  which  should  under  no  conditions  bo  allowed.  The  diaterial 
here  was  very  soft,  however,  and  a  great  deal  wasted  off,  as  the 
haul  was  rather  long  and  rough  Front  gates  upon  the  scrapers 
would  have  made  the  retaining  ot  the  good  loads  produced  by 
the  shovelman's  efforts  possible,  and  correspondingly  decreased 
the  unit  costs.  - 

In  order  to  plot  curves  for  various  loads  and  length  of  haul 
for  wheel  scrapers  in  sand,  average  values  would  be  substituted  in 
the  formulas  as  follows,  on  the  basis  of  a  5-scraper  gang: 

w.  D  =  10ft'  BW  lOOO' 

C    8M  ct,  .10  S9.J7 

1   1.7:.  min,  .15  !B.»  S1.S3 

w  Tsrlsbk)  .20  U.68  ^H 

a    .2]S  ft.  per  min.  .25  1E.TS  36,98  <3,U 

K   j.i  .81  18.70  ».8!  a.a 

l/K    .C.91  .SB  1I.2S  M.41  «.I7 

D     TSriable  .10  ggl  23.11  39.70 

W    SO^nHii.  .  M  8.75  DtM  SEJS 

1   /B9«X1.91D       g96Xl.ra\        1 

R  ^  -  ( + 1  =  —  (0.0132J  D  +  8.«1) 

w\   215X«)0  600      /        w 

The  time  studies  given  abova  show  how  important  it  is  to  have 
full  loads  and  the  proper  apportionment  of  the  number  of 
scrapers  to  the  length  of  haul.  In  order  to  make  this  latter  point, 
which  is  ot  prime  importance,  more  specific,  one  or  two  illus- 
trations will  be  given  to  show:  (1)  How,  if  too  few  scrapers  are 
at  work  upon  a  given  haul,  the  addition  of  another  will  lessen  the 
cost  per  cubic  yard,  and  (2)  if  there  is  already  a  sufficient  num- 
ber at  work  to  produce  economical  results,  how  the  addition  of 
one  more  may  make  the  unit  cost  per  cubic  yard  higher,  and  in 
addition  may  actually  reduce  the  total  amount  of  material  han- 
dled. 

The  following  observations  were  made  where  the  material 
handled  was  a  loam  and  clay  mixture,  rather  sticky,  but  which 
loaded  well  and  did  not  waste  on  the  way  to  the  dump.    The 


QttADINO  UACHINES  401 

length  4^  haul  was  about  325  ft.  From  6:45  a.  m.  to  2  p.  m., 
6^  boon,  omitting  one  hour  at  noon,  with  tour  scrapers 
working,  330  loads  were  dumped  =  110  cu.  yd.  at  three  loads  to 
a  yard. 

tterapen  at  KM  421.00 

lanatcli   team   and   driver    TXO 


aVt        3591 

Cost   per   ou.   yd.  = X =20.4    ot    per   cu.    yd.  =  6.3 

10  110  r-  / 

ct.  per  cu.  yd.  per  100-ft.  haul. 

10 

At  the  above  rate  of  handling X330  =  62S  loads,  or  176 

6H 

en.  yd.  would  be  dumped  per  10-hour  day. 

From  2  p.  m.  to  6:4S  p.  in.  3%  bourn,  with  five  scraperH 
working,  2S2. loads  were  dumped  :=  84  cu.  jd. 

Cout:     As  above,  with  addition  of  1  scrap«r=:41.41. 
3%  4141 

Coat  per  cu.  yd.  = X   =18.6  ot.  per  cu.  yd.  =5.7 

10  84  r-  ■> 

ct  per  cu.  yd.  per  100*ft.  haul. 

10 

At  above  rate  of  handling ,X  252  =  072  loads  or  224  cu. 

^  394 
yd.  would  be  dumped  per  10-bour  day. 

Thus  It  will  be  observed  that  the  addition  of  a  scraper  in  this 
instance  was  all  for  the  better,  as  for  an  increase  of  15%  in  cost, 
27%  more  material  wonid  be  handled  per  day  at  a  decreased  coat 
of  10%  per  cubic  yard  and  10.6%  per  cubic  yard  per  100-ft.  haul. 

Another  instance  was  where  a  coarse  sand  was  hauled  about  325 
ft.  The  loads  were  not  very  good  and  the  coats  were  rath.er 
high,  but  the  case  serves  well  aa  an  example  of  the  point  in  view. 
From  S:4E  a.  m.  to  12  m.,  6^  hours,  with  five  scrapera  working, 
275  loads  were  dumped  =  75  cu.  yd.    The  cost  was: 

SwbMlBra    at   K.EO ..(H.IW 

I  iBalcb  laata  and  drtnr   ,.    7.50 


402        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQl'IPMENT 


Cost,  per  PM.  yd.  = 


10 


75 


=  29  et.  =  88  ct  per  ( 


,  yd. 


per  100-ft  haul. 

At  the  above  rate  of  haiK^^g,  ^  loa<)B,  or  143  cu.  yd.  would 
he  dumped  per  lO-hour  day. 

From  1  p.  m.  to  S:A5  p.  m,  4^  hourn,  with  six  ecrapers  work- 
ing,  324   loada  =  88   cu.  yd.   were  dumped. 

CoBtt     As  ahove  plus  one  wliceler  =  $40.01. 
4%         46!)  I 

Cost  per  cu.  yd.  — X  — ■  =  25,3  ct. 

10  88 

=  7.8   ct,  per  cu,  yd.  per  100-ft.  haul. 

At  this  rate  of  handling  083  Inada,  185  pu.  yd.,  would  1)#  dumped 
per  10-hour  day.  Thus  for  an  increase  in  cost  of  13%,  29%  more 
material  would  be  handled  per  day,  at  a  decreased  unit  cost  of 
18V4%  per  cu.  yd.,  and   14%  per  cu.  yd.  per  100-ft.  haul. 

It  is  not  easy  to  comprehend  a.t  first  glance  the  efTects  pro- 
duced by  having  too  many  scrapers  for  a  certain  haul.  It  Beems 
natural,  without  analysis,  to  suppose  that  the  more  scrapers  tbere 
are  working,  the  more  work  will  be  accomplished.  ,  Proof  of  this 
waa  evidenced  by  such  conditions  existing.  In  order  to  look 
more  oloaely  into  the  details  of  this  case,  it  is  worth  while  to 
present  the  complete  time  study.  Table  VIII.     The  material  was 

Table  Vlll. 


0  tt  0  12  Z 

AtJ)  «J  0  12,1  2 

D mttt. 

D' 6Snft. 

a    «SK.min. 

K8    aKft.miQ. 

K  ...J.l». 

1     Iniin.i3.4ip 

D/8-|-D'/KS    4inin.*g,5se 

w   (I.30(!u.yd. 

O    sao.Tct. 

W    «»£nin.  ■ 

B  ^  820.7  X  S.OS  -  27.4  et.  pet  cu.  yi 
per  IWti.  h»nl. 


Omt  at  7  acnpe 


L.  ;d.  ttitic  +  3.65  rl 


GRADING  MACHINES  403 

EL  mixture  of  ctaj  and  sand,  with  eoongli  of  the  latter  to  cauie 
it  to  break  up  well  when  plowed.     Seveo  scrapers  were  at  work. 

At  the  above  rate  of  hauling  210  cii.  jA.  of  material  would 
be  dumped  per  lO-hour  day. 

The  ohBervationa  in  Table  IX  were  made  whea  eight  Bcrapers 
were  worl;ing  in  the  game  nmteriaJ  and  hauling  to  the  same  dis- 

600 

At    the   aiove   rate   of   handlinflr X  8  X  0.3  =  205   eu.  yd. 

7.03 
will  be  dumped  per  day. 

Thus,  be  it  observed,  actually  less  material  was  handled  wiUi 
eight  Bcrapers  than  with  seven,  so  that  in  consequeuee  the  unit 
coeta  per  cubic  yard  were  higher-  This  result  was  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  time  lost  at  the  loading  point  was  nearly  doubled 
(compare  time  etudiea)  owing  to  the  scrapers  getting  bunched 
up  there  and  being  obliged  to  await  their  turn  to  he  filled  with 
the  snatch  team;  the  time  of  transportation  was  materially 
increased  owing  to  the  enforced  reduction  of  the  rate  of  travel' 
ing  due  to  overcrowding,  so  that  the  time  necesearily  lost  bj 
the  gang  due  to  this  congestion  more  than  overbalanced  the 
extra  amount  of  material  which  an  additional  scraper  would  or- 
dinarily handle. 


Table  IX. 


TriDBpoIilDE 

emptT, 
Min.      9ec. 


Cost  of  S  icraper  gi 


404         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  above  preeeatB  a  typical  example  of  conditioni  very  fre- 
quently observed,  conditiona  for  the  exiaUnce  of  which  there  is  ■ 
no  excuse,  especially  when  the  work  is  being  carried  on  ooder 
the  supervision  of  a  roan  of  long  experience  in  Buch  work,  who, 
if  he  opened  hia  eyes  to  facts  and  took  an  interest  in  his  work, 
could  not  help  but  determine  what  conHtitntei  the  effieloit 
handling  of  hia  gang.  But  experience  has  proved  that  the  great 
majority  of  foremen  do  not  take  enough  interest  to  sit  down  after 
working  hours  and  figure  out  how  the  efOciency  of  their  gang 
may  be  increased  during  working  hours.  Scraper  work  may  be 
divided  into  the  following:  Loading,  transporting  and  dumping. 
Each  of  these  operations  is  distinct  !n  itself  and  yet  each  so 
depends  upon  the  others  that  if  there*  Is  any  flaw  in  one  the 
whole  work  must  show  the  effect.  For  example,  a  few  moments' 
observation  of  a  piece  of  work  shows  tliat  the  scrapers  are  con- 
stantly in  motion  with  no  idle  time  at  the  loading  point  except 
that  required  to  turn  and  get  into  position  for  loading  and 
the  progress  to  and  from  the  dump  is  brisk,  but  there  are  periods 
when  the  snatch  team  is  idle  for  several  minutes  waiting  for  a 
scraper   to  load  and  the  dumpman  sits  idle  upon  his  shovel. 

Again,  if  the  loading  team  is  hooking  into  one  scraper  after 
another  in  rapid  succession  and  the  dumpman  has  no  sooner 
spread  one  scraper  load  than  the  next  team  comes  along,  but 
gathered  a/ound  the  loading  point  idly  awaiting  their  turn  to  be 
loaded  are  several  scrapers,  the  drivers  laughing  and  joking,  the 
horses  nosing  about  on  the  ground,  the  progress  to  the  dump 
reduced  because  of  congestion,  is  it  not  self-evident  that  too  many 
scrapers  are  on  tbe  work  and  enough  should  be  taken  off  to  keep 
them  moving  all  tbe  time?  When  things  are  going  briskly  the 
entire  atmosphere  of  the  work  is  charged  with  energy,  felt  alike 
by  man  and  beast,  but  when  obliged  to  wait  for  minutes  at  a 
time  in  idleness  a  feeling  of  inertia  pervades  the  work  which,  in 
its  results,  it  must  necessarily  reflect.  Keep  everything  in  mo- 
tion. See  that  the  loader,  snatch  team,  and  dumpman  are  kept 
busy,  that  the  scrapers  are  continually  on  the  move,  and  worb 
will  be  performed  economically.  Have  regular  intervals  for 
letting  the  whole  gang  rest.  If  necessary,  but  while  at  work  let 
each  individual  unit  of  the  whole  be  performing  its  function  to 
the  best  of  its  capacity. 

The  greateit  trouble  with  wheel  scrapers  is  likely  to  be  caused 
by  the  heavy  pressure  on  the  collars  of  horses  and  mules,  due 
to  loading  in  heavy  ground.  For  this  reason  tbe  collars  should 
be  made  to  fit  as  perfectly  ae  possible,  and  tbe  animals  exam- 
ined every  night  for  sores  on  the  necks  or  withers. 

When  loading  wheelers  with  a  snatch  team  the  cbaia  should 


QRADINO  MACHINES  405 

be  hooked  to  a  point  as  near  as  possible  to  the  acraper  Iteelf, 
otherwise  the  puJl  of  the  snatch  team  will  throw  a  heavy  load 
on  the  backs  of  the  n  heeler  team. 

The  working  speed  of  a  team  is  snch  that  when  beaTllj  loaded 
the  t«am  proceeds  a  little  more  slowly  than  the  ordinary  man 
will  walk,  but  when  "light,"  horses  (more  than  mnles)  are  apt 
to  move  faetor  than  the  ordinary  walking  gait  of  the  driver. 
Consequently  it  is  a  good  plan  to  require  all  drivers  to  ride  In 
the  scraper  (which  can  be  done  with  wheelers,  but  not  with 
Fresnos)   when  light,  and  never  to  sit  on  the  loaded  scraper. 

When  dumping  a  wheel  acraper  it  ia  important,  so  far  as  pos- 
sible, to  have  the  team  on  ground  at  least  as  high  as  that  on 
which  the  Bcraper  rests.  Otherwise  the  heavy  load  that  always 
comes  on  the  collar  or  saddles  by  the  act  of  dumping  will  be  in- 
creased by  gravity,  often  to  the  great  distress  of  the  animals. 

In  loading  a  scraper,  care  should  be  exercised  not  to  allow  the 
team  to  pull  it  farther  and  overload  it  after  it  is  Mice  full,  since 
such  extra  effort  is  utterly  useless  and  ia  very  exhausting.  Con- 
versely, each  load  should  be  a  full  one.  The  first  mark  of  a 
badly  handled  job  is  improper  and  variable  loading  of  the 
vehicles. 

It  should  be  borne  constantly  in  mind  when  laying  out  and 
directing  earth  moving  work  with  small  equipment  that  the 
"  normal  haul "  for  a  wheel  scraper  is  longer  than  for  a  Fresno 
and  shorter  than  for  a  one-horse  cart. 

Fresno  Soraper  Work.  With  this  type  of  equipment,  each 
acraper  is  hauled  by  frdm  two  to  four  horses,  or  mules,  depending 
upon  its  capacity;  but  the  Bervices  of  a  snatch  team  and  driver  and 
usually  of  a  dumpman,  regularly  required  for  wheel  scraper  work, 
may  be  dispensed  with.  The  salient  features  of  the  Fresno  are  the 
speed  and  ease  with  which  it  can  be  loaded  and  dumped  and  also 
its  much  lower  first  cost.  The  capacity  of  the  Fresno  ordinarily 
hauled  by  three  hoe»es  is  from  T  to  8  cu.  ft.  as  against  a  capacity 
of  S  to  10  cu.  ft.  for  the  No.  £1^  wheelers.  As  mentioned  at  the 
t>eguu)ing  of  this  paper,  in  comparing  two  methods  to  determine 
the  more  economical  for  the  handling  of  material  it  boils  down  to 
a  question  of  amouat  carried  and  speed  of  handling.  Now,  it  is 
evident  that  of  two>  methods  of  practically  equal  coat  of  opera- 
tion if  one  is  sufficiently  more  speedy  than  the  other  it  will  do 
work  more  economically  even  though  handlipg  less  material  per 
unit.  On  the  other  hand  there  may  come  a  point  where  the 
haul  gets  so  long  that  the  advantage  gained  in  speed  of  loading 
and  dumping  (the  time  consumed  in  transit  of  course  assumed  as 
being  the  same  in  both  instances)  will  be  overcome  by  the  fact 
that  the  other  method  handles  more  material. 


406         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

For  example,  assume,  Table  X,  two  gangs,  one  composed  ol 
live  Fresno  acrapers  and  one  ol  five  wheel  acrapers.  For  this 
gang  the  unit  cost  per  scraper  u  practically  the  same,  aa-y  900 
ct.  For  each  round  trip  the  wheelec  loads  in  1^  minutee  and 
dumps  and  turns  in  ^  minute.  The  Fresno  loads  in  ^  minute 
and  dumps  and  turns  in  14  minute.    Then  in  the  (ormula. 


The  Fresno  ia  not  suitable  for  work  including  many  roots  or 
boulders,  and  is  not  generallf  used  with  snatch  teams  for  loading. 
When  the  ground  is  too  hard  for  Fresno  loading  it  may  not  be 
too  hard  to  be  loaded  by  wheelers  and  snatch  teams,  but  where 
the  haul  is  short  it  fs  generally  much  more  economical  to  loosen 


Table  X. 

r.:-v:::- 

220-  vtr  min. 

it  with  a  plow  and  haul  with  Freenos  than  to  use  the  wheelers. 
The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  mainly  to  show  comparisons  be- 
tween methods  where  both  or  all  are  possible,  bnt  when  one 
and  one  only  can  be  economic.  For  hauling  the  material  up 
heavy  grades,  such  as  a  railway  embankment,  the  Fresno  is 
much  more  satisfaetory  than  the  wheeler  and  second  only  to 
the  smalt  scoop.  A  peculiar  advantage  of  the  Fresno  for  certain 
kinds  of  work  ia  that  It  can  be  made  to  take  a  heavy  or  light 
cut  at  tlie  option  of  the  driver.  In  grading  lawns,  finishiDg  cuts, 
etc.,  the  Frenno  can  take  a  thin  slice  of  an  inch  or  a  deep  scoop 
of  nearly  a  foot  with  equal  facility,  and  is  controllable  in  load- 
'ng  by  one  hand  on  the  dimiping  lever. 

2  4-  2         .  2  +  0.75 

R  =  900.  — — =  1 8  ct.  per  cu.  yd.  tor  wheelers.  =900. 

600  X  ^  600  X  W 

^  16^^  ct.  per  cu,  yd.  for  Fresnos,  showing  the  latter  to  be  more 
economical. 

Or  suppose  the  assumptions  are  as  in  Table  XI, 


GRADING  MACHINES 
Table  XI. 

iW  <«• 

220'permln.  tW 

!S0' per  min.  220' 


D/a 


i 

I.: 

t::::::: 

" 

and 

•'■ 

-Fbebko    Scbafe8    Costs    (1)114) 

TrBuiportatian. 


>    1«6    m    210    1,09 


3  200  WO  226  ilS  0.97 

3  UO  120  228  234  1.03 

3  S&  106  1S3  2IS  1.12 

2  120  145  264  199  0.7B 

3  IK  19S  18T  1S9  1.01 

2  ss  105  sen  2M  O.OS 
i  13E  ISO  198  222  1.12 

3  112  135  18T  238  1.27 

2  120  140  an  2W  1.04 

3  SOD  235  212  24g  1.17 


3  140  150  ZOE  236  1.14    0.1 

S  175  210  211  KS  1.21    ' 

3  1B6  18G  2IS  214  0.9S 

3  130  155  136  208  1.12 

3  156  180  201  153  0.S1 

3  200  300  204  211  l.OS 

3  24S  2TD  220  212  0.9« 

2  IK  236  IM  108  D.8G 

3  300  315  214  224  1.05 
3  120  170  217  195  0.«0 


.51      .280      8.5 


i.   i    ^ 

I J  It 


.250  21.0 
.2M  13.0 
.230    12.7 


'    177    1«3    0.75    0.39    0.230      8.2 

'    16S    l»S    212    220    1.05    "  "    "" 

300    315    2C6    283    1.38 

■■-0.  and  L..  clayey  loam;  8.  and  C.  cUj-er 
iiism.  a.,  nQou.  ir  —  Loodfd  hMil  Id  fMt.  D' — EmptT  litul  In 
Loaded  *p«d  la  ft.  per  min.  KS  —  Emplr  speed  in  ft.  per  i 
Ratio  of  empty  and  loaded  speed.    I  —  Timo  otber  thaa  that  ot  ti 


Coder  "  HaterUI 


409         HANDBOOK  OP  C»N8TRl'CTION  EQUIPMENT 

4  +  2  4  +  0.75 

R  =  900. =  27  ct.  per  cu.  yd.  for  wheelers  =  900. 

600  X  w  eoo  X  % 

=  29W  ct.  per  cu.  yd.  lor  Fresnoa. 

Showing  that  now  the  wheelers  an  working  the  more  eco-, 
nomically. 

Table  XII  gives  resuUt  of  a  large  anmber  of  coet  data  on 
Fresno  work  in  various  materials,  arranged  in  the  same  manner 
as  those  on  wheelers  in  the  early  part  of  this  article. 

Below  are  shown  in  detail  time  studies  of  various  observations, 
with  remarks  upon  the  ironditions  affecting  the  results. 

The  ohservations  in  Table  XIII  show  the  Fresno  to  have  been 
working  very  well.  The  material  was  a  loam  and  clay,  enough 
of  the  latter  being  present  to  form  an  ideal  track  for  the  scrapers, 
hard  and  smooth.     The  loads  were  of  good  size. 

Table  XIII. — .Fresno  Scrapeb  Wosk  in  Ci^tey  Loau 

WBilingandpTe-  Trsmportinj  TranaportinB  Other 

prsparinr  to  load       LotdiiiK  loaded  emptj'  dslHvs 

MiD.  See.  Uin.  3ec.  Uin.  Sec.  Min.  See.  Uln,  dec. 


At.    0      U  0       81*  0      «»  0     «  0       4 

D    126'  1  scMDsra  and  drlTer*  »t  IT.20  $28,80 

D'     16!!'  1  loadpr    US 

a  — la'rt?  tt  ■ ITTpwinlii.       1  torenmn    4,(0 

KS-r-iee'  (7  ■ nO'permiD.       I  waterbor    l.W 

K  — 210/in  1.19  ■— 

1    ...O-Zm  W6.J6 

D/S  +  D'/K8    l-a»S 

w  0.24eu.yd. 

O  — 3B.TS/4   «»*et. 


R  =  —  X =  27.4  ct.  per  cu.  rd.=  2.4  ct.  elallc  +  7.4  ct,  per  IWtt.  haul, 

600      0.24 

The  static  cost  here  is  considerably  below  the  average,  which 
shows  at  once  that  there  was  very  little  wasted  time,  and  that 
the  work  moved  smoothly.  He  transportation  cost  is  somewhat 
above  the  average  uid  a  glance  at  8  and  KS,  the  rates  of  moving, 
which  are  low,  makes  the  reason  apparent,  showing  that  as  a 
whole  the  work  went  smoothly,  but  slowly.  No  doubt  the  general 
speed  of  this  work  could  have  been  considerably  increased  and 
still  have  things  move  nicely,  bnt   it  is  preferable  to  have  the 


GRADING  MACHINES  409 

work  nu  unifonnly  even  at  the  expense  'of  speed  thaa  to  rneh  in 
transit  and  wait  idle  about  the  loading  point. 

Tho  observations  in  Table  XIV  were  made  where  the  material 
handled  was  top-soil,  rather  sticky  from  recent  rains. 

Table  XIV. —  Fbesno  Sorafeb  Wqbe  m  Heavy  Topson. 

Walling  at  Transportinf    ,  OVrBing       IVanaporttns 

kwding  paint        LoBdIng  losded  atdump  nopty 

IiGd.  Sw.  Htn.  8«c.  MliL  Sec.  Min.  £ec.  Hin.  Seo. 


At.    0     32.4.  0      1T.2  0     X3.S         .    0     14  0     62.2 

D    la)" 

D'   170' 

S  —  12l>'/31.2  sec 217'pctniln. 

KS  — IT0'/52^    IBS' pur  min. 

K-19B'/21T J-^i„.n8(„<.        Coit  0/ J  Bcr»p«r  B»De »!9.25 

b/'^+'iy/KS" '.'.'.'-'.'.'. -lmiB.2bAtet'. 

w   0,25cu.yd. 

C-S9ffi/3 STSi>t. 

W   .SOOmin. 

976       2.BJ 

R  —  —  X =  1*.7  ct.  per  on.  jd.  =  lA  ct.  per  e<x.  yd.  sttttie  +  7.T  ct.  per 

600     oje 

lOO-rt.  haul. 

In  this  instance  the  etatic'cost  ia  far  above  the  average,  due 
to  excessive  idle  time.  In  the  first  place  the  time  of  "Waiting 
at  Loading  Point "  is  far  too  high  and  arose  from  a  condition 
veiy  often  observed  upon  scraper  work  for  the  existence  of  which 
there  is  no  excuse  or  reason  except  negligence  upon  the  part  of 
the  man  in  charge.  This  is  allowing  the  scrapers  to  get  bunched 
together  so  that  the  work  becomes  spasmodic.  Teams  are  idle  at 
the  loading  point  waiting  for  the  ones  ahead  to  be  loaded  and 
tvhen  all  are  en  route  to  the  dump  the  loader  is  idle  until  the 
flrat  arrives  again.  In  consequence  the  whole  speed  of  action  is 
reduced.  It  is  just  as  easy  to  keep  teams  equally  spaced,  espe- 
cially when  there  are  but  three  or  four  upon  a  short  haul,  as  in 
this  case.  Then  the  loader  works  with  regularity,  the  teams  move 
with  uniform  speed,  do  not  get  bunched,  and  there  is  no  necessity 
of  wasting  time  in  idle  waiting.  In  the  second  place  the  loading 
time  is  too  great.  This  was  due  to  the  scrapers  frequently  hit- 
ting some  bard  spot  not  sufficiently  plowed,  overturning  and  hav- 
ing to  turn  about  tor  reloading.  Having  the  ground  well  plowed 
ia  of  prime  importance  in  Fresno  work,  as  it  cuts  down  the  actual 
loai^in^  time,  and  keeps  the  whole  work  in  motion  better.  In 
the  third  place  the  time  "  Turning  at  Dump  "  should  be  reduced 
one-half.    There  Is  no  necessity  of  stopping  a  second  in  dumping 


410        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and  onc«  the  Bcraper  is  empty  the  driver  should  turn  hia  team 
right  about  without  moving  from  hia  tracks.  Too  often  a  long 
sweep  is  made,  wasting  much  valuable  tim.e.  The  transportation 
charge  is  above  the  average  due  to  the  slow  return  from  the  dump 
{K  and  8},  arising  also  from  crowding  and  the  material  reduction 
of  speed  occurring  when  drivers  see  that  teams  ahead  of  them  are 
idle  at  the  loading  point. 

In  the  work  for  -whicli  the  time  study,  Table  XV,  was  made 
the  material  Ttas  well  plowed  top  soil  in  almost  ideal  condition 
for  Fresno  work. 

Tabu;  XV. —  Feesno  Scbapee  Work  in  Weil  Loobk^ed  Top  Son, 

WiiUngat  Traneporling       Dnrnpins     TraiuportiiiK 

loodinr  poiat        IfOHding  load^  mnd  turniaff  emptr 

HiD.  Sec.  Uin.  Sec.  Min.  See.  Mia.  Sac.  Hid.  See. 


At.    0      13.S  0       5.» 

D ....IW 

D'    iay 

S   22B-perniii 

K8   ..  Z34'|termii 

K  — 231/226   1.035 


■  0  —  30  7  gee  ''•'*  "^  *  '^'•P"'  »»°B  ■ 

'a  +  D'/K8    '.'.I  —  WAbbb'. 

0.2Sctt.jd. 

-29.T6/3 TO2et. 

.,. SOttitiin. 

M2        l.S 


Hefe   both    static    and    transportation   charges   are   below    the    j 
average.     A  more  unifonn  spacing  of  scrapers  was  observed  witb    j 
the  result   that  tbe  idle  and   loading  timee  were  materially   re-    I 
duoed;   and  the  rate  of  transportation  was  very  satisfactory  ac 
eoimting  for  the   low  transportation  charge.  i 

To  secure  cost  diaj-rama,  Fig.  173,  for  Fresno  scraper  work, 
average  values  may  be  substituted  in  the  general  transportation 
formula  given  above,  where:  C=  879  ct.;  1^0.67  min.;  W  = 
600  min.;   S  =  212  ft.;  K  =  1.0-5;   I/K  =  0.95,  load  and  haul  b*- 

The  costs  above  given  do  not  include  anything  for  overhead 
charges,  superintendence    (above  foreman),  pKparatory  charges, 


GRADING  MACHINES  411 

office  expenses,  contractor's  profit,  etc.  This  refers  to  both  classes 
uf  scrapers.  These  values  are  plotted  on  the  accompanying  chart, 
from  which  witb  conditions  approximately  as  assumed  the  cost  of 
such  work  for  various  lengths  of  haul  may  be  read  directly. 

When  Fresno  scrapers  are  loaded  from  plowed  ground  it  is  in- 
finitely easier  to  load  when  dragging  across  than  lengthwise  of  the 
furrow.  Double  plowing  is  often  economical.  The  dumping  op- 
eration should  be  accomplished  by  a  quick,  sharp  lift  on  the  han- 


I 


5 


Fig.  173.  Curves  Showing  Cost  Per  Cubic  Yard  of  Handling 
Loam,  Sand,  etc.,  with  Fresno  Scrapers  for  Various  Sizes 
of  Load  and   Length  of  Haul.      (1914  Prices.) 

die,  and  preferably  on  a  down  grade.  When  the  ground  is  very 
well  loosened  the  driver  can  do  his  own  loading  as  well  as  dump- 
ing. The  path  to  the  dump  must  be  reasonably  free  from  ob- 
structions, else  the  scrapers  may  dump  themselves  without  in- 
tention on  the  driver's  part. 

Oeaeral  Hints  on  All  Soraper  Work.  ( 1 )  Be  sure  to  use  the 
right  kind  of  scraper.  A  Fresno  with  three  mules  is  economical 
up  to  about  275  ft.  of   haul   as  against  wheel   scrapers   with   2 


412        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

mulee,  when  it  can  load  readily.    Where  the  grovind  is  full  of 
roota  use  wbeelero. 
To  drivers : 

(2)  Report  any  case  of  bad  fitting  hamesB  to  the  foreman  im- 
mediately. Don't  let  the  t«am  drag  you  hy  the  reins.  ¥ou  are 
uippoaed  to  tw  abla  to  walk  as  fait  a«  a  loaded  team. 

To  foreman : 

Malce  a.  personal  detailed  Inspection  of  each  male's  harness  the 
first  thing  in  the  morning  and  at  noon,  and  report  any  case  of 
ill  fitting  harness  to  the  timekeeper  on  his  next  round.  Fore- 
men will  be  held  responsible  for  allowing  any  mnle  to  work  with 
badly  fitting  hariicBs. 

(3)  See  that  each  scraper  is  fully  loaded.  The  coat  of  plowing 
is  leHH  than  1  ct.  per  cubic  yard,  which  is  lees  than  the  cost  of 
letting  Bcraperg  work  when  only  partly  loaded. 

(4)  In  loading  the  scraper  when  it  is  once  full  of  earth  do  not 
let  the  mules  try  to  pull  it  any  farther  and  overload  it.    The  last 


Data  Used  i: 


t  Fresno  Scbap- 


mpars  in  atsndkrd  i[B>>i.   Thtee  anioiAla  per  aemp 


a  «t  I1.T5  tsf.. 


WaterbO)'  *t  tl.DD  

Total  (UM  flfOTw)  . 


X1.J5D     87»X  0.671        1  f  1 

+ =-    0-0136  D  +  «.9eU 

SXBOD  «00       J       wL  J 


-<S.01)  for  3M' 

1 
-(8.M)  tor  «0' 


GRADIT4G  MACHINES 


413 


two  seconds  of  driig  against  the  dead  weight  of  earth  { 
killers. 

(5)  On  all  Bcraper  work  drivers  are  required  to  walk  at  all 
times  when  tlie  scraper  ia  loaded  and  they  are  to  walk  at  all 
times  with  the  Fresno  serapei,  whether  loaded  or  empty.  With 
wheeler  scraper  work  drivers  should  ride  on  the  scraper  when  it  is 
empty.  In  stepping  on  or  off  of  the  scraper  be  sure  not  to  delay 
the  team  in  sjiy  way. 


Fig,  174.    Diagram  Comparing  Economy  Up  to  276  Ft.  Haul  of 
Fresno  and  Wheel  Scrapers. 


(8)  In  dumping  wheel  scrapern  try  not  to  dump  when  the  mules 
are  on  ground  that  is  lower  than  the  scraper,  sa  by  doing  this  it 
bring!  ft  tremendous  load  on  the  mules'  necks. 

(7)  So  direct  the  work  that  the  loaded  teams  will  have  the 
shortest  haul  and  the  empty  teams  if  neceenary  may  have  a  much 
longer  haul,  tmt  in  no  case  should  the  empty  haul  be  unneces- 
sarily' long.  It  is  better  to  let  the  mule  team  stand  still  to  rest 
than  to  let  it  cover  unnecessary  ground.  This  Beems  like  a  simple 
rule,  but  its  violation  has  often  been  observed  on  several  different 

(8}   See  Oiat  the  scrapers  are  spaced  as  even  a  distance  apart 


414        HANDnOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

as  posaible.    This  will  make  the  work  lighter  on  the  mules,  easier 
on  the  drivers  and  will  tend  to  avoid  tonfusion. 

(9)  The  loaded  acraper  should  alwajs  have  the  right  of  way 
as  against  the  unloaded  scraper. 

(10)  Whenever  a  aeraper  gets  stuck  or  ia  in  any  trouble  don't 
lose  any  time  before  notifying  the  foreman  and  sending  for  help. 
The  snatch  team  is  employed  for  the  purpose  of  helping  the 
acrapers  at  all  timea  and  in  all  posaible  ways. 

(11)  Be  sure  not  to  have  too  few  acrapers  on  a  long  haul  and 
too  manjr  scrapers  on  a  abort  haul ;  see  that  every  acraper  ia 
busy  all  the  time;  see  that  the  loader  and  anatch  teams  are  busy 
all  the  time;  in  short,  that  each  unit  of  the  work  is  contributing 
its  maximum  effort  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  whole. 

Figure  174  is  a  diagram  showing  that  Fresno  scrapers  are  more 
economic  than  wheel  airapers  up  to  275  ft.  haul. 


Fig.  175,    Doan  Scraper. 

Tonene  Scrapers.  This  machine  is  composed  of  a  wooden  plat- 
form drawn  at  an  angle  of  about  S0°  with  the  surface  of  the 
ground  and  the  horses  are  hooked  to  the  pole.  It  ia  a  very  valu- 
able machine  for  lilling  ditches,  leveling  roads  or  other  uneven 
places.  The  author  has  found  it  an  extremely  economical  machine 
for  spreading  topsoil  which  bad  been  previously  stacked  in  piles. 
It  has  a  steel  cutting  edge  4S  inches  wide,  which  can  be  easily 
replaced.    The  weight  is  120  lb.  and  the  price  $10.00. 

Ihe  Soan  Scraper.  This  machine  is  very  useful  for  cleaning  out 
and  back  filling  ditches  or  leveling  uneven  surfaces.  Manufac- 
turers claim  that  it  will  back  fill  as  much  earth  as  50  men  with 
shovels.    Price,  $n.20. 

Graders  and  Kaad  Hacfaines.    The  difference  between  graders 


GRADING  MACHINES  416 

and  scrapers  ie  that  the  scrapers  pick  up  a  load,  transport  it  a 
certain  distance  and  unload  it  at  once  place,  white  the  road  ma- 
chine is  used  mainly  for  cutting  off  high  places  and  filling  up  the 
adjacent  low  places  while  the  machinu  is  in  motion.  Another 
function  of  the  grader  is  that  of  moving  earth  into  n' 
Bpreading  it  from  winrows  in  thiu  layers. 


Fig.  170,     Fresno  Scraper. 

Berenible  Graders.  A  make  of  steel  grader,  the  smalJest  of 
which  can  be  operated  liy  a  man  and  two  boraes,  and  the  largest 
by  a  tJaction  engine,  costs  as  follows: 

Length  ol  Weight  Price 

Made  in  tl.  in  lb.  t.  o  b.  ChicBio 

6  1,450  )  250 

7  2,em  400 


Another  make  of  graders  costs  as  follows; 

Length  of  Weieht 


12  TOOO  8o0 

A  machine  that  will  rip  ui  old  macadam  road  and  grade  it  at 
the  same  time  has  the  Cotlowinj,  ^petiAcations  Number  of 
rnoter  teeth  j  apa<.in^  center  to  (ei  tcr  10  in  length  of  grader 
Made  0  ft  approximate  weight  8  400  lli  price  fob  Th  cH„n 
S1500, 


418-      HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Two  BUde  Adjnit&ble  Boad  Srac.  A  drag  similar  to  the  one 
Bhown  in  Pig.  179  ia  used  to  cut,  crush,  pulverize,  pack,  uuooth 
and  cKiry  eaj-th.     The  varloui  operationa  are  accompUahed  by  the 


Fig.  177.    BeTersible  Grader. 

adjustment  of  the  blades.  Thia  machlDe  weiy;hi  280  lb.  and  costs 
$33.00  f.  o.  b  factory.  Another  make  of  a  similar  drag  weighs 
300  lb.  and  coata  $30.00  f.  o.  b.  Chicago. 


Fig.  ITS.    Reversible  Grader. 

Three  Blade  Dra;  similar  to  the  above,  but  designed  for  much 
heavier  work  weighs  3S0  lb.  and  costs  $40.  The  length  of  the 
blades  fa  7  ft.  6  in.,  and  the  width  6  in. 


GRADING  MACHINES  417 

Boad  Hone  mounted  on  wheels  Himllar  to  the  one  in  Fig.  ISO  is 
u»ed  for  smoothing  puddling  and  leveling  dirt  roads.  It  weighs 
complete  365  lb.  and  costs  $70.     It  is  operated  by  one  pair  o£ 


Fig.   170.    Two-Blade  Adjustable  Road  Drag. 


horses  and  is  moved  on  its  own  wheels  without  tearing  up  the 

Three-way  Road  Drag,  Fig.  181,  will  cover  the  entire  width  of 
the  road  in  one  trip.  A  drag  designed  for  horse  power  weighs 
850  lb.  and  costs  $80.     Another  make  weighs  approximately  1000 


Fig.  180.     Eoad  Hone. 


Ih.  and  costs  $02.    A  heavier  drag  for  engine  power  weighs  1^50 
lb.  and  costs  $120. 
Coit  of  HoTlng  Dirt  with  Power  Kaohlnery.    The  following 


418        HAN'DBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

notea  appeared  in  Engineering  and  Conlraoting,  May  1j,  lOIS, 
and  exemplify  in  a  striking  way  that  we  are  moving  in  thv 
Epucli  of  Manufactured  Power. 

Using  power  maciiiiierj  only,  125,(100  cu.  yd.  at  dirt  were  moved 
on  an  Illinois  road  job,  at  a,  cost  of  4.1  ct.  per  cubic  yard.  The 
work  was  done  in  connection  with  the  improvement  of  a  road 
k>ading  north  toward  Pontiac,  111.  The  first  5  miles  of  this 
highway  was  changed  from  a  narrow  winding  road  to  a  level,  well 
drained  all  the  year  road,  60  ft.  wide  between  fences  and  40  ft. 
wide  between  drainage  ditches. 


Fig.   181.     Three-Way  Road  Drag. 

Th  k     f     I  g  th        ght    fw  y  was  started  on  May  1, 

1917  1  mi  I  ted  J  IB  lOlT  d  g  which  period  6  18  acres 
w  1        dF        t^ldm  fbsh   and   shrubs  and   over 

200  I  t  f  m  3  t  3  ft  d  meter.  Trees  were  pulled 
by       7    Ip        t    p  II       t      t  100-ft.  cable.     Two  cable 

tfit     w  Bed  tl    t  th     t      t        vas  not  delayed   waiting 

f      hth      tbemd       Th      ostfl     ring  the  roadway,  includ- 

glbo         ft  tmtdn  allowance  of  20%  for 

dp        t         f    q    p       t  $990  30   or  »10I  29  per  acre. 

Th    g    d    g  f     t  d         J         18    1!)17.     One  75-hp.  cater- 

1   II       t      t  wd  t     1    II  tw     W  stern  graders,  one  12-ft. 

t     m  k     th         t    f  II       d   1  8  ft    to  tarry  the   dirt  to  the 

t         f   th  d      A   Vl     t  1       ting   gradur   pulled   by   a 


GRADING  MACHINES  419 

75-hp.  cateniillar  trsetor  was  used  in  some  places  in  making 
fills.  However,  on  some  of  the  deeper  fills  it  was  necessary  to 
use  some  other  method,  in  order  to  make  time,  and  a  751ip. 
eaterpillar  tractor  was  used  in  connection  with  a  caterpillar  land 
leveler.  This  land  leveler  is  a  tool  used  e:(tens)vely  in  the  West 
and  is  in  realitj  a  large  scraper  having  a  capacity  of  approxi- 
mately 3<^  ;d.  With  this  machine  the  dirt  could  be  taken  up  and 
parried  across  the  road  and  tlien  unloaded  gradually  or  all  at  one 
time  as  conditions  required. 

The  gravel  for  the  road  was  taken  from  a  nearby  creek  with  a. 
drag  line  excavator  which  delivered  it  to  a  loading  hopper.  With 
the  drag  line  excavator  working  steadily  it  was  possible  to  keep 
the  hopper  filled,  so  that  when  the  tractor  train  came  up,  which 
consisted  of  a  TS-hp.  caterpillar  tractor  with  6  reversible  trailers, 
they  could  be  loaded  without  delay  or  without  shoveling. 

With  this  equipment  a  total  of  a  little  over  125,000  cu.  yd.  of 
dirt  was  moved  in  75  working  days.  The  total'  cost  including 
labor,  interest  on  the  investment  and  an  allowance  of  20^' on 
depreciation  of  equipment  was  $5,147  or  4.1  ct.  per  cu.  yd. 

At  no  time  were  more  than  S  men  employed  on  the  job.  Horses 
or  mules  were  not  used  at  any  time  in  the  work, 

A  OraTcl  Spreader  was  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Colo- 
rado Ttiver  Levee.  This  spreader  was  built  on  an  ordinary  flat 
car  and  is  of  extremely  simple  construction.  A  small,  well- 
braced  tower  is  built  in  the  center  and  on  each  side  S  x  17  in.  pine 
stringers  are  firmly  bolted  to  the  side  sills  and  to  stringers  laid 
across  the  top  of  the  car  body.  Ten  H4"in.  eyeholts  run  up 
through  these  stringers  and  from  these  ai'e  suspended  two 
isosceles  triangular  wings,  one  on  each  side  of  the  car.  These 
wings  are  raised  and  lowered  by  means  of  ropes  and  blocks  at 
the  point  of  the  wings  a.nd  at  the  top  of  the  tower  and  are 
raised  by  braking  the  car  and  hauling  on  the  line  by  a  loco- 
motive. On  the  outside  the  wings  are  faced  with  iron  and  have 
a  reach  of  16  feet.  .The  46-yard  side-dump  cars  were  unloaded 
when  standing  still,  so  that  the  top  of  the  dumps  on  either  side 
was  from  3  to  4  feet  above  the  tracks.  In  spreading  this  ma- 
terial the  machine  is  put  through  the  entire  length  at  a  speed 
from  7  to  10  miles  per  hour.  Several  trips  with  the  wings  at 
different  heights  are  sometimes  necessary.  The  cost  of  spread- 
ing material  per  yard  is  aiiout  1/10  cent,  the  cost  of  constructing 
machine  about  $300.00,  and  its  operation  requires  the  service  of 
a  locomotive  and  of  four  men  to  handle  the  wings.  This  work 
was  prior  to  1912. 

Qradiug  for  Zoadi  AoroM  Slough*  by  BuII-DobIbe-  The  fol- 
lowing notes  by  Mr.  L.  U.  Martin  appeared  in  Engineering  and 


420         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  ' 

Contracting,  May  7,  1910.  This  method  is  particularly  adapted 
to  eloug^B  containing  standing  water  and  to  short  stretches  of  bog. 
The  grade  tor  this  work  should  be  carried  from  40  to  60  ft.  wide 
at  the  luiHe)  or  in  the  case  of  etanding  water  to  a  minimum  width 
of  40  to  45  ft.  at  the  water  level.  Wagons  or  scrapers  are 
dumped  as  close  to  the  edge  as  it  is  possible  to  drive  the  teams 
and  the  dirt  is  then  pushed  ahead  by  the  bulldoser.  A  good 
operator  on  the  bulldoser  can  handle  the  dirt  from  5  to  0  teams 
on  an  average  haul  of  600  ft.,  and  more  as  the  length  of  haul 
increaseH.  With  a  good  operator  little  time  is  lost  over  a  straight 
haul  on  good  ground.  The  outAt  shown  was  pushing  for  five 
No.  2  whceters  (15  cu.  ft.)  on  a  400-ft.  haul.  A  heavy  steady 
team  is  required  to  handle  this  pusher.  The  actual  cost  per'yard 
over  straight  haul  dirt  with  a  good  operator  should  not  exceed 


Fig.  182.    Pushing  the  Grade  with  a  Bulldoser. 

2  ct.  per  yard,  and  may  eTen  run  below  this  Unless  dirt  can  be 
sent  both  vrays  from  the  cut,  however,  or  the  fill  is  long  enough 
to  use  the  full  outfit,  an  elevating  grader  is  not  worked  at  full 
capacity  and  the  extra  cost  per  yard  on  this  account  will  be 
raised  to  perhaps  G  ct  additional  as  a  maxiinum- 

Tlie  outfit  was  a  home-made  affair  consisting  of  the  front  wheels 
of  a  dump  wagon,  a  Ktraight  telephone  pole  8  in.  at  the  butt  anJ 
20  ft.  long;  and  a  putib  board  braced  as  shown,  shod  with  a  3-in. 
by  %-in.  iron  edge  on  tbe  bottom.  It  was  so  made  that  the 
pole  with  l>oard  attsihed  could  lie  removed  in  a  few  minutes  from 
the  wlieck  and  loaded  on  a  wagon.  This  method  is  much  superior 
and  cheaper  than  the  old  one  of  having  shovelers  at  Ibn  end  of 
the  grade  pushing  the  dirt  off  with  a  shovel 

Jordan  Spreader.  On  the  Hudson  Division  of  the  New  York 
Central  &  Hudson  River  H.  R..  where  considerable  double  tracking 
work   was   in   progress,   the   Walsh-Kabl    Construction    Company 


GRADING  MACHINES  421 

were  uaiii^  a  dump  car  train  and  Jordan  epreadera  (Fig  183)  to 
widen  out  shoulders  iufKcientlj  to  lay  a  conetruction  track  ao  as 
to  clear  the  present  main  line  trarka.  With  a  good  locomotive 
and  crew  a  train  load  of  150  to  200  cu.  yd.  of  ordinary  material 
can  be  leveled  so  aa  to  clear  passing  trains  in  8  minutes  and  can 
be  leveled  down  to  2  ft  below  top  of  rail  in  from  10  to  15  minutes. 


Fig.    183.     Jordan   Spreader   in  Use  on   Four   Tracking. 

The  cost  per  da;  of  a  spreader  may  be  estimated  as  follows, 
SHSuming  all  items  liberally  to  insure  their  covering  the  cost  in 
any  case: 

DepreciiUoD  oa  {5,000  mSFhine  at  IS  jent  Mte,   SSt  days 


TotsI  {im  flpiiaa) '.....  I6.1S 

This  does  not  include  cost  of  locomotive  and  crew. 

This  will  indicate  what  may  lie  the  cost  of  using  a  spreader. 
If  the  machine  is  taken  care  of  it  should  be  sold  at  the  end  of  15 
years  for  a  reasonable  price,  but  no  account  is  tal>en  of  the 
scrap  value  in  this  estimate. 

The  machine  csn  easily  handle  all  material  whicli  can  lie  sup- 
plied by  trains  which  might  be  anywhere  from  1,000  to  20,000 
yards  per  day. 

Spreader  Plow.  A  new  type  of  spreader  plow  built  by  the 
Rucyrus  Co.,  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  184.  It  wei!;hs  about  68 
tons  having  a  larger  wing  area  and  wider  spread  than  any  o'her 
plow.    The  width  of  spread  may  be  varied  automatically  with 


422        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

no  loss  of  time  and  the  winga  mayJ)e  opeaed  or  closed  irreapective 
of  their  inclination.  Thld  plow  will  operate  elTectivel;  with  an 
ordinary  train  presBUre  of  70  lb  of  air  and  will  operate  with  as 
low  a  pressure  as  60  lb.  The  control  is  entirety  automatic,  one 
man   being  required  for  the  operation. 

The  maximum  width  of  spread  from  the  center  of  the  track  is 
22  ft  6  inches,  24  inches  below  the  top  of  rail  and  23  ft  5  inches 
on  level  with  the  top  of  rail.  Any  intermediate  width  of  spread 
may  be  obtained  The  vertlral  travel  of  the  wing  is  43  inches, 
from  10  inches  above  to  24  inches  below  the  top  of  the  rail 

The  car  body  is  heavily  built,  trucks  being  M.  C.  B  Standard 
for  100,000  lb.  capacity  cars.  Each  main  wing  is  made  up  of 
three   heavy    steel    castings    so   designed    that    should    the   plow 


Fig.  184.    Spreader  Plow. 

encounter  an  immovable  object,  the  pina  would  shear,  allowing 
the  wings  to  swing  without  any  damage  to  them. 

The  operating  mechanism  is  entirely  pneumatic,  independent 
air  cylinders  being  provided  for  each  wing. 

The  operator's  station  is  located  forward  where  he  can  obtain 
a  clear  view  of  the  work  at  all  times,  all  controls  being  placed 
in  the  cab. 

This  machine  is  used  for  such  work  as  spreading  ballast,  second 
tracking,  grade  revision,  track  elevation,  bank  building,  bank 
trimming,  ditching,  spreading  spoil  dumps,  snow  plowing  and  yard 
construction. 

The  cost  of  operation  consists  of  the  pay  of  a  single  operator 
of  about  $5  00  per  day,  the  cost  of  running  the  engine  and  a.  charge 
nf  about  $5.00  per  day  for  renewals  and  incidental  expenses,  plux, 
of  course,  interest  and  depreciation  on  the  machine  itself. 


GRADING  MACHINES  423 

A  plow  of  tbis  tjpe  was  used  in  embankment  ^onBtTuction 
on  the  dumps  of  the  Hull-fiuet  Mine  at  Bibbing,  Minn.  The 
material  bandied  was  mainly  gravel  with  a  sprinkling  of  Imulders. 
The  speed  meintalued  in  plowing  uauallj  averaged  from  7  to  10 
miles  per  hour. 

The  method  of  building  tbe  embankment  was  deecriljed  in  The 
Eamavaling  Engineer,  July,  1020,  froDi  which  the  fotlowiag  notes 

A  fairly  level  etretuh  was  selected  and  the  track  laid  in  sections, 
with  tbe  joints  broken  evenly,  in  order  to  facilitate  handling. 
Tbeee  sections  were  unloaded  from  a  Hat  car  with  a  locomotive 
crane  which  spotted  tbe  sections  ahead,  these  sections  being  bolted 
up  as  fast  as  laid.  This  track  was  made  as  level  as  possible  by 
blocking  up  temporarily.  The  first  procedure  varied  somewhat 
with  the  character  of  material  encountered.  Where  this  material 
contained  considerable  boulders,  the  load  from  the  Grst.dtimp  was 
spread  level  with  the  top  of  the  rail,  thus  building  a  24-io-  em- 
bankment. The  tracks  were  then  shifted  to  the  top  of  this 
newly  constructed  road  bed  It  can  I'eadily  be  seen  that  with  the 
most  careful  blocking  tbe  track  contained  considerable  depres- 
sions. The  facility  with  which  tbe  alxive  mentioned  embankment 
waa  made  level,  was  accomplished  by  raising  and  lowering  the 
wing  aa  the  material  was  spread,  thus  assuring  an  even  grade. 

When  the  material  ran  even  and  no  large  boulders  were  en- 
countered, the  first  procedure  was  to  plow  12  in.  below  the  bottom 
of  the  tie,  attaining  this  depth  in  successive  cuts.  This  provided 
space  in  which  to  dump  material,  thus  eliminating  the  tendency 
of  the  material  to  flow  back  on  the  rails  when  dumped  from  the 

When  this  24-in,  embankment  was  completed,  material  was 
dumped  to  the  far  side  in  order  to  anchor  the  track.  This  pre- 
vented the  shifting  of  the  track,  due  to  the  side  thrust  of  the  plow 
during  later  operations,  Tliis  material  waa  usually  spread  ofT 
level  with  the  ties.  The  next  procedure  was  to  dump  trains  of 
20-yard  cars  from  the  new  track  This  was  done  where  the  cars 
stood  without  spotting  as  it  proved  to  be  unnecessary  to  make 
one  continuous  pile  and  to  butt  th<i  contents  of  one  car  aeainnt 
that  of  another.  This  not  only  facilitated  plowing,  but  saved  con- 
Hiderable  time. 

This  dumping  of  material  was  spread  in  three  atepa  with  the 
wing  horizontal,  on  the  level  with  the  track,  fixed  at  a  min- 
imum angle  of  12  ft.  from  the  center  of  the  track.  The  sec- 
ond step  waa  to  plow  the  same  material  with  the  wing 
flxed  at  16  ft.  width  of  spread,  and  then  at  the  maiiimum 
or  2214    feet  width  of   spread.     These   operations  were  repeated 


424        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

three  times,  making  a  total  of  nine  operations  on  this  dumping. 
The  tame  Ht«pi  were  taken  ea^h  time  except  that  the  maximum 
width  was  reduced  each  time  to  two  ft.  or  t«  20<^,  18  and  16 
ft.  respectively,  each  time  graduall]'  lowering  the  wing  horizon- 
tally until  the  maximum  depth  had  been  reached  at  2  ft.  below 
the  top  of  the  rail.  The  purpose  of  decreasing  the  width  each 
time  was  to  raise  the  material  higher  and  to  Imsen  the  aide  thrust 
on  the  rail  and  the  power  required  to  push  the  plow,  and  further- 
more, to  attain  the  object  of  throwing  the  material  beyoml  the 
reach  of  the  wing.  The  object  of  feeding  down  was,  as  stated 
betore,  to  provide  dumping  area. 

The  base  of  the  material  was  now  10  ft.  from  the  center  of  the 
track.'  The  wing  was  then  raised  horizontally  to  IS  in.  above  the 
top  of  the  rail  and  the  same  dumping  was  plowed  at  the  maxi- 
mum width  of  2214  ft-  The  purpose  of  this  procedure  was  to 
carry  the  ridge  over  as  far  as  possible  and  to  build  a  shoulder 
at  this  width.  It  will  be  seen  that  this  one  dumping  was  plowed 
ten  times. 

Then  more  material  was  dumped  in  the  space  provided  and 
this  was  plowed  with  the  wing  horizontal.  This  is  repeated  until 
a  Tiaxiniimi  depth  of  24  in.  and  a  12-ft.  width  was  attained. 

The  wing  was  then  raised  to  the  maximum  of  19  in.  above  the 
track  level  and  the  material  was  thrown  over  as  described  before. 

At  this  juncture,  a  bank  had  be&n  constructed  514  ft.  In  height, 
above  the  top  of  the  rail. 

The  tip  of  the  wing  was  then  raised  to  the  maximum  of  7  ft. 
above  the  inner  end.  This  consumed  about  15  minutes.  More 
material  was  then  dumped  and  plowed.  The  plowing  was  first 
done  with  the  wing  at  this  inclination  at  a  minimum  width  of 
spread.  This  width  of  spread  was  increased  in  three  steps  or  to 
12,  10,  and  2214  ft.,  gradually  lowering,  the  wing  each  time,  dowu 
to  the  masimum  depth,  maintaining  the  same  angle  of  iaclina- 

This  was  repeated  as  often  as  necessary  or  until  the  material 
lay  in  a  line  from  the  inner  point  of  the  wing,  2  ft.  below 
the  top  of  the  rail,  to  the  tip  of  the  wing  at  22^  ft.  from  the 
center  of  the  track.  This  again  provided  dumping  space  for  a 
new  load^vhich  was  then  dumped. 

The  wing  was  then  raised,  maintaining  the  same  inclination, 
until  its  inner  end  was  level  with  the  top  of  the  track.  The 
material  was  plowed  as  before  in  steps  of  12,  16  and  221^  ft., 
feeding  down  each  time,  (with  the  wing  at  the  minim'.im  width 
of  spread),  as  before  described,  in  order  to  provide  dumping  space 
for  the  next  load. 

More  material  was  now  dumped  and  the  sajne  procedure  was 


GRADING  MACHINES  42B 

r«pe«ted  e&ch  time  changing  the  slope  of  the  bank  b^  bringing 
in  the  tip  ot  the  wing  1  (t.  This  added  BUcceasive  wedge-shaped 
slices  to  the  embankment.  This  procedure  was  repeated  nntil  the 
minimum  width  of  spread  was  reaiihed,  or  12  ft. 

The  embankment  by  this  time  had  attained  a,  height  of  T  ft. 
with  a,  top  width  of  iO^i  ft,,  thia  last  dimension  being  the  differ- 
ence between  maxinium  and  minimum  width  (^  spread  with  the 
wingat  tbe  maximum  inclination. 

If  it  is  desired  to  raise  this  embankment  to  a,  still  higher 
elevation,  the  tracks  may  be  lifted  b;  a  locomotive  crane,  sec- 
tion by  section,  and  placed  on  this  new  embankm^it,  and  the 
above  procedure  repeated  as  often  as  necessary,  as  shown  in  tbe 
accompanying  sketch. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  tbe  procedure  here  described  Is 
that  followed  on  the  spoil  dump  of  the  Hull-Rupt  Mine  at  Hib- 
bing,  Minn.,  but  it  may  readily  be  Been  that  conditions  en- 
countered eliewhere  might  alter  the  method  employed  in  small 
details.  For  instance,  if  boulders  were  not  encountered,  the  wh<^e 
procedure  would  be  considerably  simplitied.  It  whs  found  that 
large  boulders  could  be  easily  plowed  ajid  elevated  if  the  wing 
encountered  this  boulder  below   its  center. 

Shrinkage  of  Earth  Embankments  when  made  with  various 
kinds  of  equipment.  Specific  instances  of  shrinkage  of  railway 
embankments  were  cited  in  a  committee  report  submitted  at  the 
20th  (1919)  annual  conventioit  of  the  American  Railway  En- 
gineering Association.  Information  was  given  regarding  8  em- 
bankments between  mileposta  540  and  553  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
ft  Santa  Fe  By.  The  following  tabulation  compiled  from  the 
report  shows  the  percentage  of  material  required  to  restore  the 
several  embankments  to  their  original  width  after  a  lapse  of  4 
years'  time: 

Quantities 
UUBDtitisB  rsQuired  to 

in  an  at  resUiTc  All  to      Amount  ot 

coiapletion.      original    width     nhrinkage 
Nov.,  IBU  of  13  ft,  Percent. 

Ou.  yd.  Not.,  19U! 

Cu.yd. 

Embaakmeat  Ho.  1   15.7G2  1,S£4  ll.S 

Erabantanent  No.  2  H7.5SE  S,996  *.7 

Embankment  Ma.  3  1£5,S»>  2,3TI  1.9 

EmbaDknent  No.  1   iSnST  99  .6 

Embankment  No.  G   1E0,S52  8St  A 

Embankment  No.  6  ET.70S  1,643  2.3 


The  base  of  embankment  No.  1  was  eonstmeted  from  side- 
borrow  with  freanos.  It  was  topped  with  wheelers  and  carts. 
The  material  was  brown  pack  sand,  gyp  and  joint  clay.    The 


426        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

bane  of  emtiankment  No.  2  was  also  made  from  aide  borroiv 
with  fresnoB  and  wheelers.  It  waa  topped  with  cars.  Thf 
material  was  the  same  as  for  No.  1.  For  No,  3  the  bane  waa 
plated  with  fresnoa;  it  was  topped  with  wheelers.  The  material 
was  brown  pack  sajtd,  gyp  and  joint  ciay.  Several  rains  oc- 
curred during  the  period  this  fill  was  being  placed  which  acconnta 
for  the  small  amount  of  shrinkaj^e.  The  base  of  No.  4  was 
placed  with  fresnos;  it  was  topped  with  wheelera  using  gyp 
and  pack  sand.  The  bane  of  No,  5  was  placed  with  freanos 
from  aide  borrow;  it  was  topped  with  machine  and  wagons.  The 
material  was  red  sandj  claj  and  gyp,  Freanoa  were  need  in 
placing  the  base  of  No,  6;  it  was  topped  with  wheelera.  The 
material  was  brown  sandy  clay  and  gyp.  During  the  time  this 
ftll  was  being  put  in  there  were  several  very  heavy  rains,  which 
accounts  for  eipall  amount  of  ahrinkage.  The  ill]  for  embank- 
ment No,  7  was  made  from  aide  borrow  with  freanoa;  the  material 
was  black  sandy  loam  and  clay.  The  1111  for  No.  S  was  made  from 
side  ijorrow,  the  base  being  placed  with  fresnos  and  the  top  with 
wheelers.  The  material  was  black  aandy  loam  and  brown  sandy 
clay  and  gyp. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  45 

HRATEAS 

A  heBt«r  consisting  of  a  Bteel  framework  (Fig.  1S6)  tlie  eidee 
of  which  are  built  up  of  perforated  shelves  arranged  so  tliat  the 
gravel  or  stone  drops  from  one  ehelf  to  another  and  is  heated  l^ 


Fig.    185.     A   Portable   Gravel    Heater. 

re  built  beneath.     It  will  dry  gravel  or  atone  up  to  2   in. 
,  but  cannot  be  used  for  drying  sand. 

0»p»cily  Weight 

No.                                                         OWt         Tons  per  tour  Lb. 


428         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Heaters  similar  to  the  one  showti  hy  Fig.  18S  suitable  for 
drying  sand  are  made  in  three  sizes,  with  and  without  external 
gratings.     They   cost   as   follows: 

Cipucitjf  in  ApproiiniBl*  ihip-  Price 

(oiu  dBil7  pine  weight  in  lb.  (,  a.  b.  factory 


Fig,  186.    Sand  Drying  Stove. 

Portable  Sand  Brier  L-onsi^ting  of  two  dnuns,  one  within  an- 
other, the  inside  one  lieing  30  in.  in  diameter  and  10  ft-  long, 
and  the  outcT  48  inches  by  11  feet,  giving  the  two  a  total  area 
of  21G  sq.  ft.  of  heating  surface,  is  operated  by  an  8  hp.  engine 
with  a  12  hp.  boiler.  The  time  required  for  the  material  to  pass 
through  the  drums  is  stated  to  be  four  minutes.  The  capacity 
per  hr,  is  6V2  eu.  yd.  of  sand  containing  not  more  than  2% 
moisture  heated  to  about  350°  F.  The  heating  is  done  by  a 
kerosene  or  crude  oil  burner  placed  bo  as  to  fire  the  inner  drum. 
The  approximate  fuel  consumption  is  75  gal.  per  day.  This 
machine  is  mounted  on  a  steel  frame  and  wheels;  it  weighs  ap- 
proximately 7,500  Ih,  and  costs  about  $1,800  f.  o.  b.  Chicago. 


HEATERS  42B 

A  combination  BHnd,  stone  and  water  heater  is  herewith  illus- 
trated (Fig.  1S8).  It  was  used  to  heat  the  materials  used  in 
constructing  concrete  culverts  on  the  New  York  Central  &  Hudson 
Kiver  R.  R.  It  conaista  of  a  Bemi-cylindrical  sheet  of  steel  10. 
ft.  long  and  2  ft.  high.  One  end  of  the  arch  is  closed  and  a 
short  Hmokestadc  is  erected  on  top.  On  the  other  end  a  water 
tank  having  a  capacity  of  S7  gallons  and  with  a  radiation  of 
12   square  feet   le   construrted,     A  wood  fire   is  built  under   the 


Fig.  187.    Portable  Sand  Drier. 

work  and  the  eand  and  gravel  to  be  heated  are  heaped  on  the 
top  and  aidea.  It  weighs  1.20O  lb.  and  can  be  built  for  about 
«100. 

Big  for  Tbawlnx  Froien,  Groimd.  The  following  is  from  a  re- 
port by  the  author,  on  a  method  of  thawiog  frozen  ground,  during 
the  winter  of  1017-18,  at  the  New  York  Navy  Yard,  while  he  was 
there  in  the  capacity  of  Supervising  Engineer.  This  method 
proved  at  leaet  twice  as  efficient  as  any  otlier  previouely  known 
to  hitn  or  to  the  contractor  on  that  work. 

In  order  to  expedite  the  construction  of  the  aircraft  storage 
building  at  3Sth  Street,  it  was  necessary  to  devise  an  effective 
method  of  thawing  the  ground  within  the  building  which  had 
bera  frozen  to  an  average  deptk  of  some  24  inches  as  a  result 


430         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

of  the  exceedingly  cold  weather  that  commenced  in  the  last  week 
of  December,  I91T. 

Ae  eoon  as  the  building  wai  roufed  and  the  eaeh  glased  the 
contractor's  expert  devised  a  method  that  was  substantially  as 
follows : 

A  considerable  number  of  %-inch  eteam  pipes,  each  one  con- 
nected with  a,  valve  and  fitted  with  an  elbow,  were  connected 
to  a  26  hp.  boiler  through  a  2-inch  main  in  such  a  manner  that 
a  steam  jet  from  each  of  these  pipes  could  be  directed  into  the 
ground  into  which  at  proper  intervals  to  fit  these  pipes  holes  had 
been  previously  made  with  the  aid  of  very  hot  iron  bars  worked 
into  the  soil  by  hand.     These  holee  were  spaced  in  the  oeighbor- 


hood  of  three  feet  apart  and  after  the  pipes  had  reached  to  the 
bottoma  of  the  holes  previoualj  driven,  the  entire  affair,  which 
measured  some  20  feet  x  50  feet,  was  covered  with  a  tarpaulin 
stretched  about  3  feet  above  the  ground  with  enclosed  ends  and 
sides.  Upon  steam  being  turned  on,  the  condensation  resulted 
in  each  of  the  holes  being  filled  with  water  which  was  kept  at 
the  boiling  point  by  the  issuing  steam,  and  the  hot  water  grad- 
ually thawed  the  ground  and  percolated  into  tlie  ground  between 
the  holes,  finally  producing  a  boggy  mass  which  had  the  merit  of 
not  being  frozen.  It  had  the  disadvantage,  however,  of  being 
so  wet  as  to  be  unsuitable  for  the  laying  of  concrete  floor,  and  the 
method  had  the  further  disadvantage  that  it  required  about  4S 


t... 


■il' 


HEATERS  431 

Iiours  to  thaw  out  the  ground,  several  hours  to  adjust  the  ap- 
|)arati)B  and  several  hours  more  for  the  water  to  drain  away 
KiilDt^iently  to  enable  concreting  to  proceed.  The  method  wae 
very  coHtly  to  the  contractor  and  resulted  in  filling  the  building 
with  moisture  from  the  eteam  that  escaped  through  and  under  the 
tarpaulins. 

After  some  six  days  of  experiment  with  the  above  described 
arrangement  the  contractor  was  induced  to  make  a  test  accord- 
ing to  a  plan  recommended  by  tlie  author.  The  test  having-  been 
very  satisfactory,  the  method  was  adopted  and  is  here  described. 
The  cost  for  labor  and  material  per  square  foot  of  ground  by  the 
method  proposed  and  described  below  is  approximately  one- 
third  the  cost  of  the  method  described  above,  and  the  time  re- 
quired to  thaw  the  ground  by  the  method  to  be  described  is  about 
one-fourth  the  time  required  by  the  previous  method.  It' is 
thereforo  believed  the  method  has  sufficient  merit  to  deserve  con- 
sideration. It  is  not  claimed  that  the  method  is  new  and  it 
certainly  introduces  no  facts  new  tq  steam  engineering  or  ther- 
mo-dynamicB,  and  it  seems  rather  surprising  that  it  does  not 
appear  to  be  generally  known  to  contractors  who  have  occasion 
to  lay  concrete  where  the  ground  is  frozen. 

Few  situations  are  more  agonizingly  baffling  than  to  have  to 
lay  concrete  on  ground  which  one  does  not  know  how  to  thaw 
out  rapidly,  and  it  is  believed  that  any  method  which  may  relieve 
such  a  situation  at  any  time,  no  matter  how  simple  or  how 
crude,  is  deserving  of  being  brought  to  the  attention  of  those 
who  have  such  work  to  do. 

The  method  proposed  and  adopted  is  as  follows:  Six  unite  of 
area  for  thawing  were  arranged,  each  unit  consisting  of  13  lengths 
of  ^-inch  pipe  20  feet  long.  Each  of  the  six  units  or  coils  has 
at  its  supply  end  one  2-inch  x  %-inch  reducer  and  one  %-inch 
globe  valve,  and  at  its  return  end  one  %  inch  globe  valve 
and  the  pipee  are  arranged  as  illustrated  in  the  accom- 
panying figure.  By  arranging  the  pipes  in  the  manner  shown, 
it  is  not  necessary  to  connect  and  thread  the  pipee  to  the  exact 
20  ft.  lengths,  but  they  can  be  purchased  as  they  come  in  the 
market,  usually  an  inch  or  two  overlength.  A  couple  of  pieces 
of  2x4-in.  studding  18  feet  long  underneath  each  unit  or  coil 
is  useful  for  moving  the  unit  about  from  one  completely  thawed 
piece  of  ground  to  the  next  section  to  be  thawed.  It  will  be 
observed  that  in  this  manner  ~^team  is  admitted  to  a  unit  of 
%-inch  pipe  amounting  to  some  260  feet  in  length  and  contain- 
ing some  T2  square  feet  of  external  heating  surface.  These  unite 
arranged  six  at  a  time,  are  laid  directly  on  the  frozen  ground 
and  covered  by  the  tarpaulin,  which  is  separated  from  the  pipe 


432        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

by  2  or  3  inches,  accMuplisbed  by  laying  3x4  pieces  of  wood 
up<Hi  the  pipe  at  3  or  4  foot  intervals.  The  seccMtd  tarpaulin  i9 
placed  over  the  tirst  and  separated  from  it  by  the  apace  of  3  or 
4  inches  in  a  similar  manner. 

6.  A  teat  was  made  on  January  IB,  1018,  on  an  area  of  2,000 
square  feet  and  the  following  figures  obtained: 

Ares  coYpred   2,000  eq.  ft. 

Depth  ol  froit IS  lnch« 

Oil  (door  temperature  (BveriEeJ  2T  des.  V. 

Indoor  lemverature  (BTersjs)   33  d«t<  ?■ 

Trpe  at  bailer TO  tap.  iBOomotlve 

AversEe  sleun  presmua  90  1b. 

Budiation : 
2"  supply  piping: 

Outdoor  30  feet  9)  sq.  ft.  surface 

Indoors  110  (eet  exposed  to  sir 7B  >q.  ft.  surf  see 

■%"  hSBtiDg  rdiIb; 

l.Tn  feet,  covered  vitb  tarpaulins  iN.  tq.  ft.  surfsce 

An  efficiency  test  was  run  from   10:00  p.m.  to  8:30  a.m.,  or 
10.5  hours.     The  results  obtained  were  aa  follows: 


Water  used 816  cal. 

T^miwratnre   (Bv«r»Be)    JS  del:.  P. 

Gondeiuale SSO  jar 

Temperature   (Bverage) KB  d«.  F. 

Oncondansed  BteBm   lt£% 

The  cost  of  thawing  out  the  ground  was  as  follows: 

Eopipmenl  cost: 

TranBportatiaa  (both  vbtb)  and  ersctioD.  Z  boilera tU5.00 

Pipe  and  flttinjB,  (531  lesa  50%  8»W«(»  265.50 

CBnTBa  corera.  (SOO  teaa  75%  ealrsEe  185.00 

Area  of  baildinn  OSft-xSOQ-),  111,000  aq.  ft.  t    O.OOW 

GoBt  per  Square  Foot. 

jLalwr  (enilneera,  lendint  coils  and  morliiE  appantoal.  TTSGJW 

Boiler  rent  «1.50 

OoBl    08.00 

ToUl    JBM.GO 

Ares  thawed  23,000  iq.  ft. 

Coal  per  aquare  fool  t   0.0389 

Total  cost  per  square  foot  (1018  figures)  t    0.0<36 

7.  During  the  thawing  process  a  trial  was  made  of  covering  the 
steam  pipes  with  sand  and  placing  the  canvas  covers  as  t>efore. 

This  method,  however,  did  not  give  as  good  results  as  when  no 
sand  was  used  and  was  therefore  discarded. 


HOISTING  ENGINES 

Steam  driven  engines  are  manufactured  in  a 
of  styles.  Below  are  given  the  average  prices  of  tbe  tjpes  most 
generallj  used  These  prices  and  weights  vary  greatly,  but  they 
are  accurate  enough  to  be  used  for  estimating.  For  the  purpose 
of  tabulating,  hoisting  engines  have  been  arbitrarily  divided  into 
tlie  foUowine  pIshspb: 

Double  Cylinder  Single  Prictlon  Drum  Engine  adapted  to  work 
in  bridge  building,  pile  driving,  log  skidding  and  general  hoisting. 
Approxtm  ate  ship-  Price 


DauhU  Cylinder  Sonble  Friction  Drum  Engine.  Adapted  to 
hauling  car9,  pile  driving.  bTi<lge  building,  operating  derricks  aid 
general  hoisting  purposes,  cirrular  saws,  concrete  mi\ers,  centri- 
fugal  pumps,  etc. 

Approiimole  ehin.  Price 

Hp.  ping  WPijlii  in  lb.  f .».  b.  factory 

8  6,ft.50  (1,600 


Double  Cylinder  Tbree  Trictlon  Drum  Engine  for  boom  derricks 
with,  orange  peel  and  clam  shell  buckets. 


SO  18.^00  3,350 

Dovble  Cylinder  Double  Friction  Drum  Engine  with  reversing 
gears  and  drums  for  swinging  boom  derricks. 

ApT>r6:iiinBf«  ship-  Price 


Coo^llc 


434         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQl^IPMENT 


Fig.  ISO.    Double  Cylinder  Single  Friction  Drum  Engine. 

Electric  Hoisth 
-Single  Frictio.v  Drum  Electric  Hoist 


ApproiiaiBlo  ship 

ptneweiKhtltilb. 

d.c.motoi 

a,e.mMa 

3,100 

ILOM 

tl.OSO 

5.m 

1,250 

i;«25 

8,"000 

iItoo 

i,raG 

ouble  Fiiction 

Drum 

Electric 

Hoist 

G.OOO 

1,3«0 

1,150 

8,200 

1,375 

1,300 

9,000 

1,700 

1.^ 

10,500 

2,000 

1,850 

H0I8TIKG  ENGINES 


Fig.  190.    Double  CylJnder  Double  Friction  Drinn  Engine. 

Double  Friction  Drum  Electric  Hoist 
with  patent  revereing  boom,  ewinging  gear  and  driuna 


Double  Cylinder  Double  Friction  Drnm  link  engine  with  ratch- 
ets, pawls  and  winch  for  general  hoieting  and  operating  material 
elevator  and  elevator  sheaves,  etc. 


The  prices  for  the  foregoing  hoisting  engines  are  for  the  com- 
plete outfit.    If  the  hoisting  engine  is  to  be  used  in  connection 


436        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Fig.  191.    Hoisting  Engine  with  Boom  Swinging  Drum 


Fig.  192.    Double  Friction  Dnira  Electric  Hoist. 


HOISTING  ENGINES 


l>redgt   Enerines.    A    double   cylinder,   double    friction    drum 
dredge  engine  with  brake  bands  and  boiler  coBts  Si  folloira: 

Appraxfmitte  Bhip-  Ptice 

Hp.  ping  weight  in  lb.  f ,  D.  b.  IsctoiT 

'    20  15,K«  t!,400 


Hetbod  of  Compntinf  Bope  Capacity  of  a  Dram.  The  method 
of  computing  rope  capacity  of  a  drum  used  by  the  A.  Leachen 
&.  Sons  Rope  Company  ia  as  follows:  Add  the  depth  of  flange 
in  inches  to  the  diameter  of  the  drum,  and  multiply  this  result 
by  the  width  (out  to  out)  ot  the  drum.  This  product  is  then 
multiplied  by  the  figure  below  corresponding  to  the  size  of  rope 


.  4.ie        i%  in. 


as: 


.G72      2      in. 


.167 


.US 


Hi  in 

W4  in 

Cost  of  Operating  Steam  and  Electric  Motor  Eolat.  The  follow- 
ing notes  cm  an  electric  hoist  as  compared  with  a  steam  hoist 
appeared  in  Engirteerittg  imd  Contracting,  Jan.  21,  1014. 

The  electric  hoist  does  not  require  a  licensed  engineer.  Almost 
any  intelligent  workman  can  learn  to  operate  it.  The  control 
is  very  simple,  and  the  motor  requires  no  attention  when  operat- 
ing. A  single  handle  controls  all  motor  operations.  Throwing 
it  one  way  startn  the  hoist  in  one  direction,  the  speed  depending 
upon  how  far  the  handle  is  moved;  throwing  the  handle  in  the 
opposite  direction  reverses  the  hoist,  the  same  speed  range  being 
also  available. 

The  electric  hoist  requires  no  fireman,  no  fuel  or  water.  There 
are  no  ashes  to  handle,  no  objectionable  smoke  and   exhaust, 


438         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION^  EQUIPMENT 

and  nQ  sparks,  which  eliminateB  the  fire  risk.  The  electric  hoist 
is  also  lighter  and  more  compact  than  the  steam  hoist  with  its 
boiler,  and  is  therefore  cheaper  to  move. 

Where  the  steam  hoist  is  driven  [rom  an  independent  iKiiler, 
steam  pipes,  which  are  leaky  and  awkward  to  handle,  must  be 
laid.  The  electric  hoist,  on  the  other  hand,  gets  its  power  from 
.  flexible  cables  which  can  be  tun  anywhere  with  ease. 

Another  advantage  of  the  electric  hoist  is  that  it  consumes 
power  only  when  actually  in  use,  and  when  at  rest  involves  no 
expense  for  power  whatever,  whereas  with  a  Bt«am  hoist,  steam 
must  be  kept  up,  and*frequently  the  staud-t^  expense  exceeds  the 
actual  operating  expense. 

The  motor-driven  hoist  is  in  general  less  likely  to  be  out  of 
commission  than  a  steam  hoist.  It  can  be  started  at  any  time 
without  delays  for  steaming  up.  There  is  nothing  about  it  to 
freeze  up  and  hence  it  is  independent  of  weather  conditions.  Tbe 
simple  construction  of  the  motor,  with  its  two  bearings  only  and 
no  reciprocating  parts,  insures  minimum  delays  for  repairs,  and 
as  for  reliability,  motors  designed  especially  for  crane  service 
are  as  strong  and  rugged  as  any  steam  engine. 

There  remains  nothing  but  a  consideration  of  the  coat  for 
current  as  compared  with  that  for  coal.  This  will  naturally 
vary  with  local  conditions,  but  it  can  be  stated  that  In  general 
the  cost  of  operating  an  electric  hoist  will  not  be  greater,  all 
factors  considered,  than  that  of  operating  a  steam  hoist. 

For  example,  with  a  coal  hoist  in  Pittsburgh,  where  a  motor 
wag  directly  substituted  for  a  steam  engine,  all  other  factors  re- 
maining the  same,  the  following  results  were  obtained: 

Coat  of  coal  p«r  month  t  W 

Cost  o(  wat«r  per  month  IK 


Totals  pea         nra 

Thus  the  electric  hoist  showed  a  saving  of  $4S  per  month. 
But  it  also  proved  itself  able  to  handle  more  coal  With  the 
8t«am  hoist  a  bucket  containing  42  bushels  was  lifted  every  60 
seconds  whereas  the  electric  hoitt  required  only  oO  seconds  for 
Uie  trip  because  it  could  he  accelerated  more  rapidly  Hence  in 
a  10  hour  day  the  electric  hoist  can  perform  120  more  trips,  or 
handle  over  5  000  bushels  more  than  the  steam  boist 

Tlie  cost  m  labor  of  unloading  from  cars  and  setting  up  a 
hoisting  engine  ready  for  work  averages  from  $35  to  $50  (1910 
prices) 

0a«oline    Eolit      The    following   are    some   prices    of   gasoline 


HOISTING  ENGINES  439 

driven  hoists.     Th«ee  are  furnished  complete  with  magneto  equip- 
ment.    If  battety  reserve  is  aUo  required  the  price  is  $10  extra. 

CiLAjN   Ubiven  Single  Deum  Hoihth 

Back  geared  —  non   reveraible 

ApproitmMe  ship-  Price 


Chain  Dbiven  DorBi-E  Druu  Hoists 
Back  geared  —  non  revemible 

Approiimste  ship-  FrJFi 

Ip.       ,             prng  weisfat  in  lb.  1.  a.  b,  fa 

6                                    3,584  t   SW 

9                                    4.400  l,«i: 

3                                    6.10(1  1,161 


Fig.  193.    Gasoline  Hoist. 

A  small  chain  driven  gasoline  boiat,  portable,  non-reversible 
having  a  single  drum,  horse  power  3<^',  approximate  shipping 
weight  1,850  lb.  is  priced  at  $445  f.  o.  b.  factory.  A  similar  ma- 
chine of  the  same  horse  power  with  a  double  drum  weighs  about 
2,200  lb.  for  shipment  and  is  priced  at  $625. 

Gasoline  hoists  of  another  make  are  priced  as  follows: 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Heavy  Duty  Double  Dkvu  Hoists 

(nou- reversible,  with  magneto  and  friction  cintchj 

Appniiimale  ablp-  PriM 

Hp.  piDE  weifbt  in  lb.  t.  o.  b.  taetarj 

none  2.2SO  %   TM 

S  3,«»  i.n^ 

10  4.0EO  1,]20 

15  4,«)0  1,560 

reversible 


Double  boom  sninger  for  tlie  above,  complete,  S200.  If  friction 
clutch  gear  is  not  wanted  deduct  $46.  If  Boach  magneto  ta  not 
wanted  deduct  $60. 

Heavy  Duty  Single  Dbum  Hoists 
(non-reversible,  no  magneto  or  friction  clutch) 

ApproKiinatB  ship-  Prico 


IS  3.360  1,^ 

In  the  above  hoists  the  drums  hold  1,250  tt.  of  ^i-in.  cable, 
and  have  a  line  speed  of  150  ft.  per  min.  If  an  independent  winch 
head  is  wanted  add  $57  to  the  above  prices. 

These  machines  may  also  be  had  in  a  light  duty  type  having  a. 
drum  capacity  of  750  ft.  of  "4-1".  line  and  a  line  speed  of  125  ft. 
per  min.  The  n  on -reversible  double  drum  type  may  be  had  in 
three  sizes  4^^,  8  and  8  hp.  It  weighs  1550  lb.  without  engine, 
1,S60  to  2,400  lb.  for  shipment  with  the  engine.  The  price  is  $455 
without  enifinp  and   from  $C55  to  $800  with  engine. 

The  reversible  light  duty  double  drum  type  weighs  about  100 
lb.  more,  and  costs  $50  more  for  each  size. 

The  light  duty  single  drum  non- reversible  hoists  weigh  800 
lb,  and  cost  $250  without  engine.  With  a  4  hp.  engine  it  weighs 
about  1,450  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $455.  The  6  hp.  size 
weighs  about  1,650  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $530. 


HOISTING  ENGINES  iH 

The  light  duty  reversible  single  drum  hoists  weigh  about  100 
lb.  more  and  cost  ¥55  more  than  the  non-reveraible  tfpe. 
!Extras  for  the  light  duty  hoists  cost  as  follows: 


Double  boom  swinger,  eomp1«(a  

Indepbndeat  W]Dc1Ui+:ad,  compkto  ■' 

BoKCb  magneto  

Friction  dutch  eogine  gear 


T.ight  single  drum  hoists  having  a  drum  capacity  of  750  ft. 
of  ^-111.  cable,  a  line  speed  of  100  ft.  per  min.  and  a.  single  line 
pull  of  from  750  to  1,350  lb.  cost  for  the  non-reversible  type  as 
follows: 

Approiimstfl  ship-  Price 

Hp.  ping  weight  in  tb.  t.  o.b.  factory 

none  .150  I  80 

Hi  ST5  242 


The  reversible  light  elngle  drum  hoiate  weigh  about  100  lb. 
more  and  cost  about  $70  more  than  the  non- reversible  for  each 
size.     Magneto  $56  extra. 


Fig.   194.    Reversible  Belt  Driven  Hoist. 

Small  Belt  Driven  Hoist.  A  reversible  friction  hoist  designed 
to  be  operated  l^  a  gasoline  engine  or  motor  through  a  belt  has 
ttw  following  speclScations; 


442       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
DiMENsjONs  AMD  Capacity 

Weigbt.  i.sm  lb. 

Floor  ipBce,  3  ft.  8  in.  x  2  ft.  8  in. 

Capncity  of  drum,  S.ftOO  lb.  on  a  einile  line. 

Drum:    Diameter,  6  in,;  between  Singet.  18  in. 

ElevBtor  sheave,  M  in.  diameter ;  capacily,  400  lb.  lift. 

Hoisting  Bp«ed.  IM  ft.  per  minule. 

Hp,  required.  B. 

Complete  with  winch  head,  drum,  elevator,  and  puUej'.  but  not 

Compressed  Air  Hoist.  A  hoist  intended  for  light  lifting  work, 
having  a  capacity  of  one-halt  ton,  U  adaptable  to  various  kinda 
of  hoisting,  BUch  aa  materials  and  toola  in  structural  work,  plac- 
ing concrete  forms,  laying  sewer  pipe,  drain  tile,  etc.,  and  for 
moving  dump  cars  over  a  limited  distance,  etc.     It  will  accooimo- 


Fig.   195.     Air   Operated  Hoist  Tor   Construction   Work. 

date  a  length  of  700  ft,  of  ^-in.  rope  or  450  ft,  of  ^9  rope.  The 
capacity  is  1,000  lb.  at  a  rope  speed  of  85  ft.  per  min.  at  a  pressure 
of  S5  lb.  It  will  operate  on  either  compressed  air  or  steam,  has 
a  single  drum,  moving  parts  except  drum  enclosed,  weighs  less 
than  30O  lb.  and  cosU  $350. 

Traotlou  Power  Hoist.    A  light  self-propelled  power  hoist  capa- 
ble of  lifting  3  tons  at  a  radius  of  0  ft.  is  operated  by  a  gaso- 


HOISTING  ENGINES 


Traction  Power  Hoist. 


line  oigine  with  friction  clutch  controls  tor  hoisting,  swinging  and 
traveling.     The  fuel  eetimate  is  6  gal.  of  gasoline  per  10  hrg.     The 

speed  is  from  ^  to  1  mile  per  hr.     The  shipping  weight 
nplete  is  about  5,650  lb.,  and  the  priee  is  $2,800  f.  o.  b.  Chicago. 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  47 

HOISTS 

Material  elevators  co(istriict«d  bo  that  one  platfMtn  is  moving 
up  at  th:  same  time  the  otlier  ia  moving  down  are  built  of 
wood  reinforced  with  iron.  The  price  includes  all  the  neceBaary 
sheaves  and  %-in.  6  x  19  crucible  steel  rope. 

Leoetbof  , — Weight  in  Lbs. ,  , ; Prioo-; , 


Fig.  197. 


The  following  table  is  for  eingle  platform  mat«ria]  elevators 
with  wooden  platforma. 


The  following  prices  are  for  Biagle  platform  material  elevaton 
vith  steel  platforma  6  ft.  by  6  ft. 


These  elevators  may  also  be  hail  in  lengths  of  40,  55  and  65  ft. 
at  corresponding  prices. 

A  single  or  double  cage  elevator  without  cable,  cable  sheaves, 
or  sheave  bearings  costs  $110  and  weighs  910  and  940  lb.  respec- 
tively, for  shipment.  Upper  sheaves  with  hearings  cost  $10.60 
each  and  the  lower  sheaves  with  bearings  cost  $4.75  each.  The 
double  cage  elevator  is  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  197.  Jt 
has  two  cages  3  ft.  by  S  ft.  The  single  cage  elevator  has  a  cage 
5  ft.  8  in.  hf  6  ft. 

A  light  traveling  elevator  illustrated  by  Figs.  19S  and  199 
was  described  in  Vol.  71,  No.  24  of  Engineering  Record  by  Mr. 
Robert  Shannon.  He  states  that  this  rig  has  cheapened  by  40  to 
50  cents  per  cu.  yd.  the  cost  of  placing  relatively  small  volumes 
of  concrete  in  piers  and  floors  of  building  work.  This  saving 
per  cubic  yard  is  over  the  cost  of  doing  similar  work  with  a  dis- 
tributing system  depending  on  a  tower  elevator.  A  complete  ele- 
vator of'this  kind,  including  the  skip,  has  been  built  for  less  than 
the  coat  of  the  average  tower  alone  of  the  same  height.  One  of 
these  towers,  3S  ft.  high,  has  been  set  «p  and  material  handled 
on  it  45  min.  from  the  time  it  arrived  on  the  job.  The  elevator 
is  rolled  along  on  a  track  beside  the  wall,  floor  or  pier  forms  into 
which  it  is  delivering,  saving  wheeling  materials  on  long  runs.  It 
is  built  in  12-ft.  spliced  sections,  and  can  be  easily  knocked 
down  and  taken  to  another  contract  or  to  another  part  of  the  job. 
The  one  illDstnited  has  a  6-cu.  ft.  skip,  and  was  used  with  a  port- 
able mixer  mounted  on  a  truck  which  discharged  directly  into 
the  skip.  The  concrete  mixer  was  built  with  a  special  hoist  added 
for  the  purpose  of  hoisting  lumber  and  forms,  as  well  as  concrete, 
BO  that  it  is  a  combined  mixer  and  hoist. 

A  separate  gasoline  hoist,  however,  may  be  u^  with  this  ele- 


440       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

vator,  and  it  or  the  mixer  or  both  movfd  only  at  intervals.  In 
thia  event  concrete  may  be  carried  to  the  skip  in  eflrts.  On  one 
job  where  the  line  needed  to  reach  the  extreme  poBltJon  of  tlie 
elevator  wae  too  long  to  be  coiled  on  the  drum  of  the  hoist  when 


Fig.   198.     Elevator   in   Use. 

the  elevator  was  near  by,  the  end  of  the  rope  was  coiled  up  aiHl 
clamped  above  the  bail  of  the  bucket. 

Where  the  elevator  ie  moved  and  the  hoist  remains  stationarf. 
it  JH  impossible  to  mark  the  cable  ho  the  engineer  can  tell  when 
the  skip  is  in  a  dumping  position.  Neither  Is  it  always  poesiblr 
for   the  engineer   to  see  the  skip  in   this   position.     In  place  af 


HOISTS 


447 


having  the  ordinary  b«ll,  pulled  with  a  wire  hj  some  one  on  top 
of  the  form,  an  electric  contact  device  mounted  on  the  ^ideg 
on  which  the  bottom  wheels  of  the  skip  run  rings  a,  signal  at  the 
hoist  when  the  skip  reachee  the  dumping  position,  and  discharges 
its  load.  This  device,  made  of  a  brass  spring  and  contact  fastened 
on  with  carpet  tacks,  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  drawing. 

The  elevator  is  ehown  arranged  as  an  A.frame  straddling  a 
aeries  of  pier  forms  or  a  wall  form  in  the  drawing.  It  may  also 
be  used  without  the  back  l^a  and  the  second  track  by  leaning  it 


Fig.  19a.     Details  of  Traveling  Elevator. 

against  the  form  work  or  against  the  site  of  the  building.  As 
it  is  very  light,  it  is  easy  for  one  or  two  men  in  the  latter  case 
to  hold  it  out  from  the  building  while  it  is  being  rolled  along 
the  traek.  It  may  also  be  held  out  from  the  building  by  a  guy 
line  attached  to  its  top.  The  elevator  has  been  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Danforth  Theatre,  a  swimming  pool  known  as  ths 
Peoples  Palace  and  several  other  buildings  in  Jersey  City. 


MGootjl>j 


HOBSES  AND  UULES 

The  price  of  horses  and  mulee  varies  very  greatly  with  the 
locality,  BeaBon  of  the  year  and  also  from  year  to  year.  Gen- 
erally speaking,  a  good  horee  or  mule  coats  from  $200  to  $350. 
A  mule  weighing  1,100  lb.  will  do  as  much  work  as  a  hoTse 
weighing  1,400  lb.,  and  is  less  liable  to  Hicknees,  can  stand 
harder  treatment,  and  eats  slightly  less  than  a  horse.  Twenty- 
eight  mules  bought  in  Kentucky  and  Missouri  in  1910  were  of 
an  average  weight  of  1,100  lb.,  average  age  6  years  and  cost  on 
an  average  of  $255,  including  expenses  of  transporting  to  New 
York,  As  a  rule  a  mare  mule  is  more  desirable  than  one  of  the 
other  sex.  A  freight  car  load  of  horses  or  mules  contains  22, 
an  espress  car  load  28.  It  takes  about  three  weeks  to  acclimate  a 
green  animal.  The  annual  depreciation  of  a  horse  used  on  con- 
struction work  is  about  15%.  In  figuring  the  cost  of  feeding 
horses  on  construction  work  it  should  be  appreciated  that  the 
horses  will  eat  hay  the  whole  year  round,  while  they  will  require 
grain  only  during  the  period  when  they  are  actually  working. 
Hay  necessary  for  one  horae  for  one  day  is  14  lb.  of  hay  grown 
by  irrigation  or  22  lb.  of  cultivated  timothy  and  red  top  or  30 
lb.  of  natiye  hay.  One  horse  or  mule  eats  as  much  as  three 
burros  or  jaeks. 

The  average  daily  feed  of  each  horse  or  mule  nsed  by  the  H.  C. 
Frick  Coke  Company  during  a  period  of  six  years  was  26  ears  of 
corn  (70  lb.  per  bu.),  6  qts.  of  oats  and  Ifl^^  lb,  of  hay,  A 
water  supply  sufficiently  large  to  give  14  gallons  of  water  to  each 
horae  should  be  allowed  for. 

In  the  southern  portion  of  the  United  States  horses  on  large 
jobs  may  work  almost  every  day,  but  in  the  north  it  ia  ordi- 
narily possible  to  obtain  180  days'  work  each  year  only. 

In  a  Brooklyn  St  Ry.  cost  of  feeding  2,000  horses  was  $20.00 
per  month  each  prior  to  1910  and  the  depreciation  per  horse  was 
considered  to  be  25%  per  annum'.  Besides  about  4  galltniB  of  wa- 
ter per  day  each  animal  consumed  the  following  amounts  of 
food; 

448 


HOUSES  AND  UUISES 


straw    . 

1.       ToUl  (IbB.) 
14,281,172 

:::::::  !fiS 

1 

per  Eoru. 
I10S.50 

ToUli. 

prior   to  1910 

tlT0.7S 

«>.4«65 

According  to  some  records  in  Manhattan,  Bronx  and  Brooklja, 
the  coat  with  the  average  number  of  haraea  kept  for  this  period 
were  as  ehown  below,  the  costs  and  averages  being  figured  on  the 
bttais  of  36fi  days  per  yew: 


ToUle  und 


namber  of  horses  kept  l.lTf 
eotel    t  n-** 


268.00                 £48.00 
and  bedding  171.00  


Feeding  and  bedding  171.00  ITI.OO  171.00 

18^8  


Tatak,  prior  to  1010  *4T3.43  1475.77 

Mr.  Kichafd  T.  Fos  of  Chicago,  In  a  report  to  the  Street 
Cleaning  Department  of  Boston,  gives  the  following  figuree; 

Total  number  of  iiorses  owned  b;  the  deputmenl 12S 

MalnUinsd  directly  by  the  dt-partment  K 

Boarded   bf    the    Sanlury   Depirlinrat    13 

Net   c«l   p«r    hone   per   year   lor    rent,    repalri,   ahoelag, 
Teterlnary  (errioee,  medicine  and  feed,  prior  to  1910.  ...(B1T.83 

Mr.  Fox  found  that  8.  S.  Pierce  A  Co.,  wholesale  grocers  of 
Boston,  paid  $27.95  per  horse  per  month  for  maintenance  and 
shoNng,  veterinary  services  and  boarding  in  a  public  stable. 

For  shoeing,  the  Street  Cleaning  Department's  bill  amounted 
to  $33.43  per  year  per  horse.  He  found  that  Pierce  &.  Co.  paid  a 
little  less  than  312.00  per  year  for  veterinary  services  and 
medicine. 

In  constructing  the  water  purification  works  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  the  teaming  and  horse  work  was  done  mainly  by  teams 
owned  by  the  company  or  faired  and  kept  by  it.  The  greatest 
number  of  horses  owned  was  43  and  the  greatest  number  hired 
and  kept  was  10.  Hired  horses  cost  $1.00  per  day  per  horse  for 
rent.  A  stable  100  ft.  long  by  30  ft.  wide  was  constructed,  and 
the  equipment  consisted  of  20  bottom  dump  wagons,  6  wheel 
scrapers,  car&vans,  express  wagons,  et«.  The  roads  were  in  bad 
shape  and  had  very  heavy  grades.    All  tlie  horses  were  yonng 


450       HANDBOOK  OF  OONSTHUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and  cost  on  an  average  S230  each,  coat  of  shoeing  and  keeping 
these  horsee,  including  all  expensea,  was  ae  foUowBi 

Cost  of  Teauinq  Work  —  72,474  H<»SE-Houiis 

Bnildinp.                                                                                Par  Hcne-hoar. 
Coat  of  miMrlBli  used  in  bnUding  lUble  Kt.OOS 


ToW    ««t   of    building!    (0.0104 

DepiecistioD  and  Repairs : 

Cost  of  depreciation  on  hwua.  including  freieht fO.Ml 

Coit  of  depreciKtion  on  harnenei  and  rspain  <m  «me  .  .01 
Cknt  of  dfjirecistion  on  wagons  and  repair  parts  tor  same  .01 
Ceet  of  labor  on  wagon  repairi 0O38 

Total  co«t  of  depreciation  and  repair*  i  .MM 

Cost  of   Inenrance W.OOe 

Coit  of  rent  paid  tor  birrd  hones .0£ 

Cost  of  tcainstprs  and  barn  men    JUT 

Cost  of  labor  sboeing   M.WWB 

Cost  of  malerlsla  shoeing .001         .OOGT 

Cost  of  fodder  al  M  kinds   .0S4S 

Oraad  total  cost  of  keeping  horses  per  horse-hoar  acta-    

aJlr    nsed     tO.Wn 

Cost  of  single  tasnu   per  bour ,.,V>3I» 

Cost  of   doable   leanu    pet   boor    .(OG  | 

The  entire  cost  of  the  stable  and  a  fair  proportion  of  the  cost 
of  the  blBckamith  shop  is  charged  against  this  one  season's  I 
work.  Had  the  horses  been  kept  for  the  two  seasons,  the  figure 
would  have  been  reduced  one-half.  , 

The  depreciation  on  the  horses  represents  the  value  of  five 
horses  lost  and  shrinkage  in  value  of  the  remainder  after  one 
season's  work.  This  figure  would  also  probably  show  some  ini'  ' 
provement  if  extended  tbrough  two  or  more  seaaons. 

The  wagons  received  rather  severe  usage  under  the  steajn 
shovel,  and  repair  bills  were  correspond  it)  gly  large. 

A  4-horBe  team  averaged  16^  miles  per  dky  over  floe  macadam  i 
rotids  as  follows  i 

Case  I.  Case  II. 

Loads    per    day    1»  7 

Lenrtb  of  lead,  ft 3,IX»  B.10O 

Lerel.    ft a,«»  S,«0 

B%    Grade,    ft 800  3,900            I 

Gross   load,   tons    S.ffi  815            I 

Ton    0.05  0.S 

Net    load,    tons I.OQ  1.G0           | 

Tractive  force  on  level,   lb 2565  !»,B 

Trsetire  force  on  5%  grade,  lb W6,0  B78J) 

Dnty  per  da/,  foot  ponnda  U,000,DaO  n,aD«,aOI> 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  has  nuiint«ined  teams  at  the  following  per  I 
month  per  team: 


HOBSES  XSD  MULB8 


H  Vtm  ot  h>;,  a  fl0.oe  . 

30  Ba.  of  oats.  @  3S  cenU  . 

Straw  tor  bedding  

SluHitis  snd  meiloine  


iie.so 


Twenty-five  horses  workingi  for  a.  period  of  12  muilJis  on  road 
constmction  in  San  Fraociaco,  cost  per  horse  per  da;  as  follows: 

2S     Lb.  vbest  bar   §  nS.BO  per  ton  t0.31S 

12      Lb.  ndled  bailey   ®    U.IO  per  ton    D.IKI 

1<AU>.   oata m    2T.40perton    O.IMO 

14  Lb.   brwi S      a.SOpOTWm    O.flOS 

IK  Lb.  straw  baddiDf   #    IS.BO  per  ton    O.OOI 

WaEBB  oE  ilaUeman  (JTIE  for  12  mot.)  snd  basliDC  forage 
(jail   for  la   moa.)    0.113 

Tot»I,   prtor  to  1910  »51D 

COST  07  KAUtTAIKINO  CITT  OWUXS  TEAKS 

Interesting  data  on  the  maintenanee  of  tMrBes  b;  manicipal 
departments  are  girea  in  s  recently  issued  report  by  Uie  Rochee- 
ter  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research,  Inc.,  on  the  collection  of 
refuse  in  the  Cit;  of  Roeheet^,  N.  ¥. : 

Coat  of  KaintalntnK  Hones  at  CalamhnB,  0.  According  to 
the  report  of  Super intMidcnt  E.  W.  Stribling,  of  the  Division 
of  Garbage  and  Refuse  Collection,  the  cost  of  maintaining  142 
horses  by  the  city  irf  Columbus,  O.,  in  1816  was.  83.7  ct.  per 
borse    per    day.     Tliia    included   a    coet    of    41.S3    ct.    for    feed; 

13.53  ct.    for    veterinary    services,    shoeing    and    supplies;    and 

25.54  ct.  for  stable  labor.  In  1616  the  unit  cost  was  83  ct. 
pw  horte  per  day,  including  45.77  ct.  for  feed,  11.08  <^  for 
veterinary  services,  shoeing,  and  supplies  and  2S.2S  ct.  for 
stable  labor.  The  labor  force  nmsisted  of  IS  men  and  a  night 
watchman.  The  coat  of  feed  wa»  «bont  ?14  per  ton  tor  hay,  75 
ct  per  buahel  for  «om  and  50  ct.  per  baihel  for  oata.  StT*w  coat 
about  J7  per  ton.  In  1916  each  horse  consumed  daily  30  lb. 
of  hay,  and  13  lb.  of  grsiin,  6.3  It>.  of  straw  were  used  in  bedding 
each  horse.  In  1915  tbeee  quantitieB  were  31  lb.,  12.75  lb.,  and  6.3 
lb.  respectively. 

Coat  of  Hofse  Kalntenaiiee  at  ClueinnatL  Similar  costs  for 
1916  in  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  given  in  the  report  of  Fred  Maag, 
Superintendent  of  the  Department  of  Street  Cleaning,  Sewer  and 
Catch  Basin  Cleaning,  indicate  tJiat  34.9  ct.  per  horse  per  day  was 
the  cost  of  feeding  and  39.4  per  ct.  was  the  cost  of  "  other  stable 
cEpenses,"  the  totAl  coet  being  74.3  ct.  per  horse  per  day.  Ap- 
proximately   ISO  horses   and   80   miiles   were   maintained    in    17 


482        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Btables,  practically  one-half  of  thie  number  being  boarded  in  one 
Btable.  Each  borse  consumed  14.7  lb.  of  bay,  lU  lb.  of  oats  and 
2.8  lb.  of  nutritja  daily.  Hay  cost  about,  CIS  per  ton,  oats  45 
ct.  per  bushel  and  nutriti^  $1.60  per  hundredweight.  (No  allow- 
ance  apparently  was  made  for  bedding  straw.) 

Co*t  of  FeedlnK  Horse  at  Waitalnffton.  In  Washington,  D.  C, 
according  to  the  report  of  the  Engineering  Department  for  the 
fiscal  year,  lBld~16,  the  cost  of  feed  amounted  to  40.2  ct.  pet 
horse  per  day.  The  daily  allowance  per  home  was  3.3  lb.  of  drj 
straw,  T  lb.  of  long  timothy,  7  lb.  of  mixed  clover  hay,  12.8  lli, 
of  oats  and  1,7  lb.  of  bran.  Straw  cost  at  t^e  rate  of  (16,  long 
timothy  at  $20.80  and  mixed  clover  hey  at  $20  per  ton,  oats  at 
64  ct'.  per  bushel  and  bran  at  $1.27  per  hundredweight.  The  cost 
df  shoeing  was  stated  to  be  2.9  ct.  per  borne  per  day. 

Cost  of  Kaiutalnlns  Hones  by  Hew  Tortc  Street  Cleaning 
Department.  In  the  annual  report  of  the  D^artment  of  Street 
Cleaning  of  New  Yorlc,  in  1016,  Commiwioner  J.  T.  FetheTBton 
states  that  the  cost  of  "  labor,  materials,  supplipg  and  consumable 
equipment  used  directly  in  the  care  of  horses  "  amounted  to  91.0ST 
per  borse  per  day  and  that  this  cost  represents  prices  of  forage  , 
and  supplies  considerably  alwve  normal.  About  64<%  of  the  total 
cost  reprenents  the  cost  of  forage,  30%  the  direct  labor  cost  and 
6%  the  cost  of  maintaining  stable  equipment.  In  the  2S  stables 
maintained  by  the  department,  2,400  faOTBea  were  cared  for.  One 
hostter  and  one  stableman  were  empk^ed  for  each  13  horsee.  In 
ISIT,  the  daily  allotment  for  ea^ih  horse  was  23  lb.  of  oats,  IS  lb. 
of  hay,  3^  lb.  of  bran  and  3  lb.  of  BtTa,w.  In  addition  to  this 
each  horse  was  given  1^  lb.  of  coarse  salt  and  ZVt  lb.  of  rock  salt 
per  month.  When  idle  the  horses  were  given  half  ration  of  oats.  ' 
In  leie,  the  daily  ration  was  21  lb.  of  oats,  16  lb.  of  hay  and 
1^  lb.  of  bran.  The  other  items  were  practically  the  same  a« 
for  1917.  This  appears  to  be  an  unuxually  heavy  ration  and  the 
coat  of  feed  altme  was  practically  TO  ct.  per  horse  per  day. 

Stable  Costa  at  noohester.  For  Rochester  it  was  possible  to 
obtain  from  James  M.  Uarrison,  formerly  superintendent  for  the  | 
Grenesee  Reduction  Co.,  data  of  the  cost  of  maintaining  horses 
employed  in  garbage  collection  from  lIKtS  to  IRIO.  On  Jan.  1, 
1617,  the  Department  of  Public  Works  took  over  the  operation  of 
the  garbege  plant  stables  and  the  1017  costs,  therefore,  are  avail-  I 
able  also. 

In  1017  the  08  horses  quartered  at  the  garbage  plimt  stables 
eost  about  63  ct.  per  home  per  day  to  maintain.  The  approxi- 
mate cost  of  feed  amounted  to  50,7  et.;  the  direct  labor  coat  of 
stable  operation,  0.4  ct ;  and  the  estimated  cost  of  bam  supplies, 
shoeing  and  haruesH  repaire,  7.0  et.  per  horse  per  day.    No  exact 


HORSES  AND  MULES  4S3 

ration  Bllotment  was  maiile,  bnt  aceoMing  to  the  total  qnantltiM 
purchaeed  during  the  y«ar  eftch  hone  c^oneumed  about  11  lb.  of 
oats  and  22  lb.  of  hay  per  daj'.  The  approximate  average  coit 
of  oats  was  60  ct.  per  biuhel  and  the  coat  of  haf  was  about  $1B 
per  ton.  The  stable  forea  conaieted  of  one  barnman  and  three 
helpers,  the  barnman  and  one  helper  working-  seven '  days  and 
the  other  two  helpers  six  days  per  week.  The  drivers  cleaned 
and  harnessed  the  horses  and  gave  them  tJieir  noon  feeding. 

The  foregoing  data  and  certain  additional  data  as  to  the  coat 
of  maintaining  horses  hy  the  Genesee  Seduction  Co.  before  1BI7, 
are  shown  in  Tables  I  and  II.  ... 

From  the  foregoing  and  other  data  it  appears  that  a  boree 
used  in  collection  work  should  be  fed  on  the  average  abont 
20  lb.  of  hay  and  14  lb.  of  oats  per  day,  in  addition  to  possibly 
2  lb.  of  other  feed,  consisting  principally  of  bran,  salt,  etc.  Also 
each  horse  should  be  bedded  with  approximately  6  lb.  of  dry 
straw  daily.  On  this  basis  and  with  hay  costing  $1S  per  ton, 
oata  80  ct.  per  bushel,  other  feed  $1.60  per  hundredweight  and 
straw  $12  per  ton,  the  total  daily  cost  per  horae  of  feed  and 
bedding  would,  amount  to  the  following: 

Zaib.  of  btj  st  HS  p«r  ton  ».lg 

1*  rb.  of  oaW  at  JB.Sfl  per  bu M 

%  lb.  of  other  lend   at  fl.50  per  cwt OS 

5  lb.  of  Rtraw    St   fl£  per   ton    ■' '  .OS 

Total  eslinialed  coat  of  feed  and  beddint  per  horse  per  dsy.tO.ra 

In  addition  to  this  the  cost  of  veterinary  services,  maintenance 
of  stable  equipment  and  supplies,  shoeing,  and  harness  repairs 
should  not  exceed  12  ct.  per  horse  per  day.  If  one  hostler  at 
$800  per  year  and  one  stableman  at  $750  per  year  were  provided 
for  every  20  horses,  the  direct  labor  cost  of  stable  operation 
would  amount  to  about  21  ct.  per  horse  per  day.  This  would 
include  the  cost  of  all  work  involved  in  feeding,  bedding,  cleaning 
and  otherwise  caring  for  horse«,  and  all  labor  about  the  etahlea 
such  as  cleaning  stables,  handling  and  moving  equipment,  cleaning 
equipment,  etc. 

The  total  cost  per  horse  per  day,  therefore,  might  be  estimated 
at  92  ct,  distributed  as  follows: 

Feed, and    bedding    fO.GS 

Direct  labor' coat  of  ■labis  openUon.   .'.....'. Si 

Total  maintenanfe  coat  per  horae  per  flay  |0.« 

The  annual  cost  of  maintaining  horses  at  this  figure  would 
be  $330.65   per   horse,  exclusive  of  the   cost  of  overhedd   super 


dS4       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTHUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

vUion ;  fixed  charges  on  first  cost  of  horees,  stable  sites  and  stable 
buildings,  depreciation  of  horses,  and  depreciation  and  mainte- 
nance of  stable  buildings. 

The  annual  (purchase)  cost  of  the  horses  used  in  garbage 
collection  in  Rochester  since  1912  haa  been  about  $31  per  horse, 
which  includes  replaoenunts  aa  veil  as  the  purchase  of  three 
horses  during  the  six  years  in  addition  to  the  number  owned  at 
the  beginning  of  the  period.     (Se«  Table  11.) 


s.m.st 

t  »'!  ST 
1.827.04 
T,K1«.2» 

8.771.77 
ID.SGS.Og 
B,  570.47 


Total 

horsM. 

Eatiniates  as  to  the  economic  life  of  a  horse  used  in  eollectioo 
work  vary  from  4H  to  8  ;'ear«.  U  is  believed,  however,  that  a 
good  horse  should  give  at  least  aix  years  of  useful  service  in  this 
kind  of  work.  AsBuming  a  first  cost  of  $275  and  a  salable  value 
of  $76  at  the  end  of  six  years,  the  annual  depreciation  would  be 
$33.33  per  year  per  horse. 

Cost  of  Horse  Maintenance  at  Boston,  Kats.  The  average  coat 
in  1918  of  maintaining  the  horaea  of  the  sewer  and  aanitary 
division  of  the  Public  Works  Department  of  Boston,  Masa.,  waa 
$1,6S  per  day  per  horse,  according  to  the  recently  issued  annual 
report  of  the  department.  An  average  of  171.6  horsea  was  kept 
The  iteniiied  coat  was  as  follows: 


HOKSEa  AND  MULES 


Knlei  for  Pack  Anlmali.  Material  packed  on  animals  should 
be  divided  into  two  equal  portions  and  hIuhj;  on  eath  side  of  the 
back.  A  fair  load  for  a  horse  is  300  pounds,  for  a  mule  200  to  300 
pounds,  for  a  burro  100  to  150  poundu,  for  a  South  American 
llama  50  to  T5  pounds.  However,  the  proper  load  for  a  pac-k 
animal  varies  with  the  size  of  the  animal  and  the  condition  and 
grade  of  the  road  to  be  traveled. 

Table  for  Estimating  the  Cost  of  Teaming.  The  accompany- 
ing table  prepared  by  Mr.  E.  B,  Iliatt,  engineer  of  Madison  County, 
Iowa,  has  been  of  service  in  estimating  (he  cost  of  team  hauling 
on  work  for  that  county.  The  figures  are  based  on  a  rate  of 
travel  of  2  miles  per  hour  with  loads  and  3  miles  per  hour  re- 
turning empty.  Forty  minutes  is  allowed  for  loading  and  un- 
loading 3,750  lb.  with  shovels.  This  weight  was  the  average 
load,  season  of  1018.  The  vehicle  considered  wee  a  common  farm 
wagon.  A  comperisiHi  of  the  schedule  with  the  flat  rate  of  1  ct. 
per  bushel  per  mile  for  hauling  wheAt  in  northern  Iowa  end 
southern  Minnesota  shows  that  at  11  miled  the  rates  are  practi- 
cally the  same,  while  at  6  miles  the  county  would  pay  $.138  man, 
and  at  15  miles  $.0S5  less. 


Schedule   i 


Prices  fob  Hauling   One  Tor 


l.SU       2.(178       2.S1S 


'■^  "r 

m 

mm 

.KM 

yw 

3 

.512 

m 

737 

.w 

4S6        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


S.395       2^13 


5.TM 
6!2Se. 


MG00tjl>J 


SECTION  4» 
HOSE 

Rubber  water  hose,  regular  construction. 

, Price  n 

<i  InFb  DUmeler. 

SPly    ».» 

SPfr     ITH 

*  Ply    21 

flPiy   3114 

DiuneUii  ran  from  U  inch  to  8  inchee. 

Rubber  8t«am  hose,  Tpgnlar  construftio: 

. Pn 

14  Inch  Diameler. 

S  Ply    lO.M 

4  Ply .38 

SPly    49 

8Pte    .69 

7  Ply    m 

8  Pl»    79 


The  following  table  shows  the  proper  ply  hose  for  pressures  of 
from   30  to   100  pounds: 


;   30r      mi^inr      1-5- 


'rK    1^; *-piy    i«; 

Hi^tpiy     Hi"  s-iiij 


;6.plr        IW^Sply 


-.-     8-pty 

114"  10-ply 


SeamlesB  cott«n  rubber  lined  bone. 


114"     IM- 

■    -"1    10.35    ) 


Price    V>M   1 

These   prices   do   not    include    couplings.     Unliaed    linen    hoM 
costs  about  half  of  the  above. 

Coverings  for  rubber  hose  designed  to  protect  it  from  excessive 

wear  may  be  woven  cotton,  wire  wound,  marlin  woven  or  marlln 

wound.     The  disadvantages  of  various  covers  are  as  follows:     In 

wire  wound  hose  the  wire  is  liable  to  cut  the  hose  when  the 

457 


458       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

latter  is  stretched,  woven  cotton  and  marlin  absorb  moisture  and 
rot,  marlin  wound  covering  is  liable  to  became  loose  as  soon  ae 
ore  Btrand  is  cut.  These  coverings  add  about  15%  to  the  price 
of  plain  hose- 
Metal  tube  hose  consists  of  a  metal  armor  with  asbestos  pack- 
ing and  a  rubber  coating.  It  is  adapted  for  use  with  steam,  gas, 
oil,  or  any  fluid  whicb  haa  a  tendency  to  qause  rubber  to  de- 
teriorate  rapidly, 

8tie.   diamfter   W  %-  1"  IVi'       .   IW 

Prlce  per  toot   n.ZK  (1.33  tl.GS  K.IO  12.90 

A  flexible  metallic  hose  designed  especially  for  hot  water   is  a 
peculiarly    prepared    rubber    cover    with    non.rustable    metallic 


SlM,  dUDietrr   :(4"  8"  Zli'  814" 

Priue.  per  toot  W.98  (1.65  |1.J5  J1.95 

A  llexibiG  metallic  hose  designed  to  withstand  the  action  of  oil 
and  air  and  fitted  for  rougli  service  is  covered  with  braided  wire. 

Siie.    diimetar    "4"         H"  %'  1"         Hi"         !»" 

..I0.!5       »JS       ».«       10.62       t0.3T       tl.lO 


Price,  BiDgle  ™wr  ..10. 

An  especially  strMig  flexible  hose  is  armored  inside  and  out, 
adapted  for  hard  service  with  drills,  etc. 

Siie.    di«meWr    %~     \'         1"      !«'     IW"    Hi'      ^      '^'      »' 

Price,  per  foot  t0.«3    tO.TT    W.fiS    tl.lO    tlM    tl.15    t2.10    t2.S0    »3.50 

Suction  hose  reinforced  spirally  with  flat  wire  is  made  with 
smooth  bore  for  use  on  large  dredges  and  centrifugal  pumps  and 
rough  bore  for  use  on  diaphragm  and  small  steam  pumps. 

Inlemal  diameter   %'      1'    US'      r       3"      B- 

PricB  per   foot,    ronih  Tian...t0.31    10.60    tO.84    11.30    ;2.S0    M20 


rpugh"^bor8  " t5.30    tg,40    |U.!0    |11.30 

■moo^'  l»re    E.wi      3.M     18.50      16.00    122.00    ISB.M    (12.00 


MG00tjl>J 


ETDBAUUC  HDriNG  GIANTS 

The  nozzlee  Gret  used  in  hydraulic  mining  ranged  from  plain 
pipe  or  hoee  to  simple  nozzles.  The  first  improvement  in  dia- 
cliaree  pipes  wa,H  a  flexible  horizontal  iron  joint  formed  by  two 
elboWB,  one  working  over  the  other,  with  a  coupling  joint  be- 
tween them.  These  elbows  were  called  "  Qoose  Necka."  These 
joints  were  very  defective,  the  water  pressure  causing  them  to 
move  hard  and  "  buck."  The  evolution  of  the  hydraulic  nozzle 
was  from  the  "  Goose  Neck  "  to  the  "  Globe  Monitor  ";  then,  euc- 
cesBively,  the  "  Hydraulic  Chief,"  "  Dictator,"  and  "  Little  Giant." 
The  "  Hydraulic  Giant "  is  a  modification  of  the  Little  Giant,  and 
is  ehowu  in  Fig.  200. 


Fig.  200.     Hydraulic  Mining  Giant. 

Under  high  pressure  the  "  deflector,"  which  is  fitted  to  the  butt 
of  the  discharge  and  carries  the  nozzle,  should  be  used.  By 
means  of  the  "  deflector "  the  Giant  can  be  turned  with  the 
greatest  ease.  In  the  table  of  sizes,  weights,  etc.,  of  Giante,  the 
column  headed  "  Approximate  Amounts  of  Gravel  Washed  in  24 
Hours  "  is  based  on  the  assumption  tliat  the  water  carries  about 
2.89%  of  solid  material.  This  percentage  varies  widely  and 
depends  upon  a  number  of  conditions,  but  mainly  upon  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  direction  of  washing,  and  slope  of  the  sluices.  Under 
extremely  favorable  conditions  it  is  possible  to  carry  as  large  a 
perceittage  as  20  or  25,  but  in  many  cases  the  proportion  of  earth 
to  water  is  a«  1  to  200  or  more. 

459 


460       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
^         -MwaBB^a        :         ^  S         S 


fl,i  s    "     '-     ' 

—  =>!  «        ^  £  s 

lll^  I'sslitislsssglsiS 

g^S^^J  I         ^  £  ± 


B|  p«H  a^llMjita 

(■ililJni)  '  '  ""  ~^ 

4V  Bino(j   mi*  A  «  w  s 

■HUB     JO     ■"■«! 

(■■oi)     »wiil  B  t.  8.  - 

»did  JO  -niBia  a 

'raqmiiKiiig  e  m  ••  ■> 

■        r:„i-  j-,Gl.K)tjl>J 


Flain  Hjdraulic  Jacka 

Uaxlmam  Wdgbt 

liss  in  in.  In  lb. 


Broad  Base  Hydraulic  Jacks 


30  19  .  24a  185 

40  22  MT  2IT 

In  the  above  typM  the  plain  jack  i»  used  where  a  firm  rest 
or  footing  can  be  obtained  for  the  base  luch  an  a  cement  floor, 
hard  ground,  wood,  Htonc,  etc.  The  broad  base  jack  is  uaed  where 
a  firm  rest  or  footing  cannot  be  obtained  tor  the  base,  or  where 
the  load  is  unsupported  and  etcadineas  is  required.  It  ie  used 
largely  under  locomotivca,  cars,  et«. 

A  aerew  jack  operated  by  a  lever,  of  either  the  worm  gear  or 
bevel  gear  type  coats  as  follows:     (Lift  10  inches.) 


Oipadtr  Wsitht 


Locomotive  jack  screws  cost,  f.  a.  h.  Chicago,  i 
Capuitr  Height  oTerall 


b.  factory 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


I£AD  I 

Lead  coeie  about  8  cents  per  lb.  in  ton  lote.  i 

Lead  Wool  is  put  up  in  elrands  whi<^  abould  be  placed  in  the  ' 
joint  one  at  a  time  and  eacb  strand  thoroughlj'  calked  before 

the  next  strand  is  added.  It  is  extremely  valuable  where  the  | 
trench  ie  wet  or  where  the  pipe  is  under  pressure,  aa  it  can  be 
used  under  water,  whereas  molten  lead  cannot.  Calking  is  some- 
what difficult  if  ordinary  methods  are  pursued,  but  by  tie  use  of 
an  outfit  such  as  is  described  under  "  Air  Compresaors "  this 
difficulty  is  obviated.  The'  manufacturers  claim  a  saving  in 
amount  necessary  to  calk  a  joint  as  compared  with  cast  lead, 
as  shown  by  the  following: 

DIuD.    of   pipe,    inches 3    4  6  B  10  12  16  20  24  3D    ;»             I 

Cast  lead  nquired,  Foonds    &    6  9  13  17  20  SO  tO  65  «0 103 
Maiimutn    b  mount    o[    lend 

wogl  t«qaited,    Poands    ...  6  ID  12  14  20  28  40  60    86 

It  costs,  in  lots  of  not  less  than  200  lb.,  including  calking 
tools,  U^  cents  per  lb.,  and  in  ton  lots  10%  cents  per  lb.,  f.  o.  b.   , 
New  York.      (See  Air  ComprcssorB. ) 

Leadlte,  a  substitute  for  lead  used  in  jointing  cast  iron  water 
mains,  comes  in  powder  form,  packed  in  sacks  of  100  lb.  and 
barrels  of  350  lb.  One  ton  of  this  material  is  equivalent  to 
four  tons  of  lead  and  requires  no  calking.  Price  for  less  than 
car  load,  12  cents  per  lb.,  f.  o.  b.  Philadelphia, 

Cost  of  Pnenmatlo  Calking  of  Lead  Joints.  Engineering  and 
Contracting,  Dee.  17,  1913,  gives  the  following; 

In  work  done  in  New  York  City  in  1910  for  the.  Consolidated 
Gas  Co,,  on  a  48-inch  line  about  750  joints  were  calked  with  I 
compressed  air.  These  joints  were  air  calked  at  a  coat  of  about 
$5  30  per  joint.  The  cost  of  hand  calking  would  have  been  about 
$7.00  per  joint,  so  there  was  a  saving  per  joint  of  $2.00.  On  the 
36-in,  line  the  cost  of  air  calking  was  $2.15  per  joint,  including 
labor  costs,  coat  of  operating  compressor,  cost  of  yarninir  and 
depreciation  on  the  outfit.  The  cost  per  joint  of  calking  by 
hand  on  this  line  would  have  been  about  $.'(.'7.  This  gave  a 
saving  per  joint  in  favor  of  compressed  air  calking  of  tl.02  or 
about  32%  —  very  close  to  the  average  percentage  of  saving  on 
403 


LEAD  463 

the  48-ii).  work.  On  the  30-m.  work  a.  pair  of  calkere,  with  a 
little  practice,  could  air  calk  five  joints  per  day  as  against  two 
joints  by  hand.  This  gave  a  iaving  of  about  30^  in  the  acpeoBe 
for  caltdng. 

Since  the  foregoing  data  were  given  oot  by  Mr.  Oolin  C.  Sinipaon 
in  1010  the  cost  of  pneumatic  calking  has  been  reduced  materially. 
The  decrease  in  cost  has  been  due  largely  to  the  improremeatfl 
in  the  air  hanuner  for  calkijig  purposes  whioh  have  reduced  air 
consumption  and  increased  the  efficiency  of  the  tools. 

It  has  been  dffucaiBtrated  repeatedly  that  lead  wool  joints 
calked  by  a  pneumatie  hammer  are  tighter. than  hand-calked  joints, 
and  that  the  time  and  expense  of  making  the  joints  is  at  times 
cut  in  half  by  the  u«e  ot  air.  Even  better  records  have  been  made. 
Mr,  Charles  Dougherty  gives  the  following  data  on  a  comparative 
test  of   pneumatic  and  hand-calked  joints. 

A  test  was  conducted  in  the  presence  of  representatives  of 
various  gas  and  water  companies,  from  the  vicinity  of  BoetMi,  in 
the  yards  of  the  M^den  Gas  Co.^at  Maiden,  Mass.,  to  determine* 
the  relative  effieiency  of  a  hand  and  pneumatically  calked  joint  for 
hi^  preasure  water  service.  About  15  miles  ot  suoh  high  pressure 
pipe  is  to  be  laid  for  the  fire  department  of  the  city  of  Boefow. 
These  mains  will  be  under  a  continuous  hydrostatic  pressure  of 
300  lb. 

A  special  hub  and  cap-with  a  special  double  groove  high  pres- 
sure joint  was  provided  by  the  water  department,  for  pneumatic 
calking,  against  time.  The  demonstrator  first  yarned  the  joint 
with  about  1^  in,  of  hemp  rope,  the  remabder  of  the  space 
beine  filled  with  lead  wool  and  calked,  strand  by  strand,  in  a 
t«tal  time  of  two  hours.  This  included  the  preparation  of  the 
yarn  and  lead  wool  for  insertion  in  the  joint.  Tbe  hammer 
used  a  calking  Iran  with  a  round  shank. 

The  record  made  is  noteworthy  as  compared  with  calking  a 
similar  jmnt  by  hand.  Fast  records  show  that  with  two  men  it 
required  an  average  of  two  days,  of  8  hours  each,  to  complete 
such  a  joint,  making  about  32  hours  per  man,  by  hand. 

After  tbe  calking  bad  been  completed,  the  joint  was  submitted 
to  a  test,  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  water  department, 
calibrations^ere  made  at  different  pregsuiee,  so  as  to  determine 
the  expansion  of  tbe  joint  under  varying  conditions,  up  to  a 
point  when  it  showed  a  tendency  to  pull  away.  Up  to  a  pressure 
of  600  lb.  there  was  no  leak  apparent,  although  the  joint  had 
spread  coasiderabtj,  about  .015  of  an  inch.  The  test  for  tight- 
ness shows  up  very  much  in  favor  of  the  pneumatically  calked 
joint,  as  similar  joints  made  with  cast  lead  and  calked  by  hand, 
would  raise  as  much  as  1%  in.  under  a  pressure  of  600  lb. 


464        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  ' 

The  .a.boTe  mMitioned  teat  wa«  made  under  i^ther  adverse  c<m- 
ditiona.  In  the  first  place,  the  hammer  used  had  been  in  service 
a  number  of  years.  Id  addition  the  calking  irons  provided  were 
not  of  just  the  right  size  or  shape  for  the  special  joint  under 
teat;  OS  a  result  a  grent  deal  of  Ume  was  lost  in  the  calking  of 
the  joint. 

The  reeulta  of  this  teet  show  that  the  pneuoMtic  calking  process    ; 
is  faster  and  at  the  some  time  gives  a  better  jmnt  than   hand 
calking,  using  lead  wool,  and  that  it  is  also  far  superior  to  poured    I 
lead  joints  whether  hand  or  pneuma.tica)l7  calked.  I 

Cast  Lead  Jotntc. —  A  test  was  made  for  the  D^artment  of  i 
Water  Supply,  Gas  and  Electricity  of  N»w  York  City,  of  the 
efficiency  of  pneumatically  calked  cast  lead  joints  with  the  i 
reeulta  here  described.  The  joints  selected  for  teste  were  on  a  ' 
36-in.  tine.  One  cap  and  one  regular  pipe  j<Hnt  were  calked  by  i 
pneumatic  tools  and  one  cap  by  hand.  I 

The  time  to  calk  the  cap  by  the  pneumatic  tool,  including  the    , 
cutting  off  of  the  slug  or  iip,  which  weighed  7  lb.,  required  SO    ' 
minutes,   while   the    ordinary    joint    required    only   22   minutes. 
The  difference  in  time  of  eight  minutes  ie  doubtless  due  to  the    i 
fact  that  the  operators  had  to  work  between  the  four  extension 
holts   that   were   provided    as   a   means   for   retaining   the   eaps. 
The  joints  calked  by  the  pneumatic  tool  contained  an  average  of    | 
IBO   lb.   each   of   lead.     The  air  preaaure   used   waa   70   lb.     The 
standard   H^S-in.   yarn   with   3Vi   in.   of   lead   was   likewise   used,     i 
The  cap  calked  by  hand  required  1  hour  and  45  minutes  to  com- 
plete.    Two  men  were  used  on  each  joint;  that  is,  two  hand  men     i 
and  two  men  with  the  pneumatic  hammer- 
After  being  completed  and  pronounced  aa  satisfactory  looking 
joints,  the  water  t«st  was  applied  by  means  of  filling  up  the  pipe 
sections  and   capping  all  outlets.     The   pump  was   started   until 
a  pressure  of  2l>0'lb.  hod  ahown  when  the  huid-calked  cap  started 
to  leak.     The  retaining  bolts  were  then   removed  and  the  pump 
started  again  and  the  hand-calked  cap  let  go  mtirely  when  the    i 
gage  showed  a  pressure  o!  140  lb.     The  city's  representative  fig- 
ured that  the  pressure  exerted  against  each  cap  was  83  tons.  ' 

The  eaps  were  then  removed  entirely  and  a  section  cut  fnm) 
the  hand-calked  cap  and  the  machine-calked  cap-  Inspection  of 
these  sections  showed  that  the  machine-calked  cap  was  much 
denser  and  had  likewise  been  pressed  agalnat  the  yam  so  firmly 
that  it  required  quite  an  ^ort  of  the  fingers  to  separate  the 
yarn  from  the  lead.  The  hand-calked  aectfon  did  not  show  raeh  ■ 
rssult 


MGootjl>j 


LEVELS 

An  engineer's  dumpy  level  with  an  IS-inch  teleBcope  coate, 
'With  split  tripod,  $115.     The  weight  complete  ie  13  lb. 

Ad  engineer's  Y  level  with  an  IS-inch  telescope  costi,  vith  split 
tripod,  $140.     The  weight  complete  is  20V^  lb. 

Hand  levels  cost  from  $4,00  to  $7.00. 

A  patented  reflecting  hand  level  costs  about  $16.00. 

An  architect's  or  builder's  dumpy  level,  with  an  11-Inch  tele- 
scope, weighs  4  lb.,  and  costs  $40.  An  architect's  or  builder's 
T  level,  with  an  11-inch  telescope,  weighs  6  lb.,  and  costs  $50. 
With  CMnpasB,  $65. 


SECTION  84 
LIQHT 

Some  construction  work  must  be  done  at  night,  and  much  of 
it  can  be  expedited  if  certain  portions  are  done  after  the  regular 
day  shift  has  knocked  oft. 

For  instancy  a  macadam  road  must  be  flntshed  in  a  limited 
time,  the  road  to  be  surfaced  is  straight-away  from  the  quarry, 
dock  or  siding  where  the  stone  is  procured  and  the  only  econom- 
ical way  of  hauling  the  stone  is  along  the  finished  road.  It  is 
almost  impossible,  or  at  least  very  difficult,  to  use  more  than 
one  gang.  In  such  a  case  it  is  obvious  that  if  the  stone  is  un' 
loaded,  hauled  and  spread  at  night  the  work  will  be  facilitated. 
There  is  no  reason  why  this  should  not  be  done.  Proper  lights 
are  necessary  however. 

Many  steam  shovels,  cranes  and  derricks  are  operated  at  night. 
Darkness  <^ers  no  cjjstacle  to  the  working  of  eahleways,  belt 
conveyors  and  other  conveying  machinery  if  the  loading  and 
unloading  places  are  properly  illuminated.  The  means  of  light- 
ing work  may  be  anything  from  candles  to  electric  light.  Kero- 
sene  consumed  fiva  timet)    and    candles   sevvn  times  aa   miH^i 


466        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

oxygen  as  acetylene.  Kerosene  gives  off  nine  and  candles  ten 
times  the  product  of  combustion  given  off  by  acetylene.  The 
light  of  kerosene  and  candles  is  obscured  by  the  smoke  given  ofT 
by  them;  whereaa,  the  light  of  acetylene  and  electricity  is  not 
thus  interfered  with. 

cohtbactoas'  liqets  and  tokcees 

Contractors'  lights  are  made  in  a  number  of  different  typea 
of  which  we  iHustrate  the  most  important. 

Kerosene  Bnrnlng  Lights  are  made  by  aeveral  companies  and 
the  usual  form  consists  of  a  cylindrical  tank,  with  proper  valves 
and  feed  pipes,  and  a  support  for  the  burner.  They  can  be  used 
for  heating  aa  well  aa  lighting,  and  are  very  useful  as  paiat 
burners,  for  boiler  repairs,  and  for  melting  lead  joints  in  water 
pipe. 


Fig.  201.     Kerosene  Light. 

A  kerosene  light  and  heating  burner  similar  to  Uie  o 

in  Fig.  201   costs  as  follows: 

power  per  hour         shipping  wei^t  in  lb.         f .  < 


Another  kerosene  light  is  mode  in  three  sixes,  ae  folloWB: 


3000  m  SS  80 

4000  2  »■  M 

Carbide  burning  ILampi  consist  of  an  outer  tank  holding  water, 
an  inner  tank  holding  carbides,  and  the  pipe  and  burner.  These 
lights  are  not  usually  affected  bf  wind  or  rain  and  burn  water 
and  calcium  carbide  in  about  ereu  proportions.  Pig.  202  givei 
an  illustration  of  this  type  of  light.  A  tight  capable  of  burning 
six  hours  at  an  operating  coet,  manufacturers  claim,  of  6  cente 


Fig.  202.     Carbide  Light. 

per  hour,  is  fitted  with  a  single  reflector.  It  weighs  63  lb.  for 
shipment  and  costs  $50. 

A  similar  light  capable  of  burning  12  hours  at  5  ct.  per  hr. 
weighs  80  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $55. 

A  light  similar  to  the  above  but  fitted  with  a  double  reflector 
and  double  burner  capable  of  burning  12  hrs,  at  an  operating 
cost  of  10  ct.  per  hr.,  weighs  121  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $75. 

A  hand  light  of  the  same  make  burns  8  bra.  at  a  cost  of  less 
than  1<^  centa  per  hr.  It  weighs  14  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs 
$18. 

Derrick  light,  capable  of  burning  12  hours  at  an  operating 


468        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

coat  of  5  ct.  per  hr.  provided  with  21^  ft.  of  pneumatfc  ho«e  and 
reflector,  weighs  approximately  100  lb.  for  ihipniKit  and  costs 
$75   compJete. 

Carbide  cakes  for  use  in  the  above  lights  are  to  be  had  in  100 
lb.  drums  and  cost  $6.30  per  drum. 

Cakes  for  the  band  light  are  furnished  in  75  and  40  lb.  dnimB  at 
a  cost  of  $6.60  and  $3.85  reapectively. 

All  above  prices  are  f.  o.  b.  Dunufacturer'a  warehouse  at  point 
of  shipment. 

Another  make  of  carbide  lights  cost  as  follows: 

Candle  Op«r&tiiig  c«t     Bumll 

...     ,    . _..  «.      -  a.  b.  fn;t€>r7 


Fig.  203.  Fig.  204. 

Another  lamp  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  204.  This  type  is  adapted 
to  attachment  on  a  steam  shovel,  crane,  etc.  It  is  rated  at  15,000 
candlepower  and  costs  from  6  to  8  cents  per  hr.  to  operate.  It 
weighs  140  lb,  for  shipment  and  costs  $100  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

f.ii.i.iii'  ' 


Carbide  in  drums  of  100  lb.  for  the  above  lights  costs  about  $7 

Oasoline  Llgbti.  A  gasoline  burning  lantern  rated  at  200 
candle  power  and  stated  to  burn  IS  hours  on  one  quart  of  gasoline 
weighs  31^  lb.  net  and  coats  $7.50. 

A  hand  Bearchligbt  rated  &t  5,000  candlepower,  which  throws  a 
beam  50  ft.  wide  and  300  ft.  long  weighs  30  lb.  and  costs  $63. 

A  portable  flood  light  rated  at  12,000  candlepower,  stated  to 
eonetime  a  gallon  of  gasoline  in  sia  hours,  the  rays  covering  an 
area  of  250  by  400  ft.,  weighs  80  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  com- 
plete $120. 


Fig.   205.     Gasoline-Electric   Generating   Set, 

Oil  and  Vapor  Torches,  familiarly  known  as  banjo  tort-lies,  con- 
tiisting  of  a  pan  shaped  tank  for  holding  the  kerosene  or  gasoline 
fviel,  a  gravity  feed  pipe,  and  a  burner,  for  use  in  lighting  small 
apacea  are  manufactured  in  many  varieties,  but  are  alike  in  the 
general  method  of  operation.  A  novel  use  of  these  torches  was 
for  heating  green  concrete  sewer  pipe  during  cold  weather. 

Price  with  single  burner  $2.10.     Double  burner  $3.25. 

Electric  Light  Plant.  An  automatic  plant  consisting  of  a  single 
cylinder  1  7  hp.  4  cycle  gasoline  engine,  a  generator,  control 
1)oard  and  starting  battery  arranged  ao  that  the  unit  can  be  started 
from  a  remote  point,  weighs  approximately  600  lb.  for  shipment 
and  costs  $490  f.  o.  b.  Michigan.  This  outfit  is  rated  7S0  watta 
at  110  volts  and'  the  manufacturer  claims  it  will  operate  on  a 


470        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

load  of  600  wB,tt8  for  6  hours  otrntinuouBly  on  one  g«Iton  of 
gasoline.  A  load  of  600  watts  is  obtained  b;  burning  30  twenty 
watt  lamps. 

A  gasoline-electric  generating  set  illustrated  hj  Fig.  206  is  to 
be  bad  in  three  sizes  5,  10  and  IS  Kw.  The  5  Kw  plant  will 
operate  200  twenty  oandtepower  lampat  It  weighs  approximately 
1,800  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $3,000  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

The  10  Kw  plant  will  operate  400  twenty  candlepower  lamps, 
it  weighs  approximately  3,000  lb.  and  oosts  $4,000  f.  o.  b.  fac- 
tory. 

The  15  Kw  plant  will  operate  600  twenty  candlepower  lamps, 
weighs  about  4,000  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $5,000  f.  o.  b. 
factory. 

During  the  war  the  army  used  a  number  of  machines  similai 
to  the  above  mounted  on  auto  trucks.  These  machines  thus 
mounted  were  used  where  flexibility  of  electric  power  was  needed. 
Tbe  application  of  such  rigs  to  couatmction  work  is  practical 
where  fcnditione  will  warrant  it. 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


lOCOMOTITE  CRANES 

These  machines  are  commonly  steam  driven,  but  may  be  had  ar- 
ranged for  gasoline  or  electric  drive.  Steam  cranes  are  usually 
equipped  with  double  cylinder  enginea.  The  several  motions  of 
rulation,  transfer  on  the  track,  moving  the  load  and  boom,  are 
ordinarily  accomplished  by  use  of  friction  clutchee;  the  engine 
then  Ireing  of  the  non-reversing  type.  The  boiler  is  placed  behind 
the  rngine,  thus  serving  to  counterbalance  the  crane.  The  fuel 
and  water  tanks  are  also  placed  in  the  rear  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  following  are  the  usual  spec iRcat ion s : 

Gangs  of  tTKlt  4  ft.  »»  In.  or  8  ft 

Boiler  presaurt  lOO  lb.  to  12G  lb. 

Cat-off 6/10  to  8/10  of  stroke 

RevolutionB   per  min.    (engine)    80   to   200 

Car  wheels  24  lo.  iii»m. 

Truk  speed  300  lo  SOO  (t.  per  min. 

Truck  pDHH'.  lerel  track   i  to  4  loaded  cars 

SlowiuK  apeed  4  rovdutiana  per  rain. 


Fig.  206.     8-Wheel  Type  Locomotive  Craae. 


4T2         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Owing  to  tbe  limitations  of  the  counterweight  the  crane  will 
raisa  its  ^eateet  load  when  working. at  its  shortest  radius. 
These  cranes  are  generally  able  to  pull  eeveral  loaded  cars  on 
level  track.  The  boiler  should  be  large  in  order  to  demand  only 
occasional  attention  from  the  operator. 

Locomotive  cranes  eimilar  to  the  Mies  shown  in  Figa.  20S  and 
207  cost  as  follows : 


Steau  Driven 

—  4  Wheel  Type 

w 

pFne^eielitinlb. 

(.  0.  b.  ffctoiT 

ii 

75.000 

*8;boo 

12,000 

J 

(  Wheel  Type 

«,000 

SB,0O» 

■a 

Fig.  207,    4-VVheel  Type  with  Bucket, 

In  the  above  the  maximum  capacities  are  at  a  radius  of  \2^ 
ft.  and  the  minimum  capacitiea  at  40  ft. 

For  prices  of  the  above  with  oil  burning  boilers  add  S%.  For 
electric  drive  add  4%. 

One    type    of    locomotive    crane    is    made    in    the    following 


LOCOMOTIVE  CRANES  473 

Sated  Approximate  Friw 

capaFily  Sid.  boom  stiippiDE  f.  o.  b. 

Ho.        in  Um>  ^pe                ten^h  wt.  in  lb.  t>Ftory 

6           3tM0  8  wtael  «  ft.  4  In.  136,000  |23,S0a 

4           1&-20  S  wheel  35  It.  4  in.  87,50)  I4.O0O 

2           10-12  4  wheel  31  n.  5  in.  SO,0OO  10.B00 

1            3-5  4  wheel  20  tt.  SO.OOO  7,600 

Of  the  above.  No.  1  is  to  be  had  with  gaeoline  power  wbich  adds 
ftbout  15%  to  the  cost. 

If  electric  power  is  to  be  used,  the  prices  of  the  above  are  about 
6%  higher. 


Fig.  208.     Crane  Hoisting  Buckets  of  Concrete. 

Eleetro  UBgrneta.  St«am  turbine  generating  seta,  eomplate 
nith  magnet,  frtmi  $4,000  for  10  KVV  set  with  55-inch  magnet,  such 
aa  IB  uxed  on  the  larger  cranes,  to  $2,500  for  a  6  KW  set  with 
3fl-inch  magnet,  as  used  on  the  smaller  cranes. 

A  machine   primarily  designed   aa  a  steam   shove),  but   which 


474         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

can  be  equipped  with  the  locomotive  crane   boom   and  arranged 
to  operate  a  clam  abell   bucket,  coats  aa   follows: 

SCandard  type  A,  locomalive  crane   cap.  »  tons,  2«  ft.  boom tT.2M 

Standard  type  A,  sboTel  cap.  ii  cu.  yd 7,200 

Standwd  type  B,'  (hoTel  ~cap!  %  cu.'yd.  .'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.    S,200 

Approsimate  shipping  weight  of  type  A  Is  24,000  lb.  and  of 
type  B  h  40,000  1I>.     Prices  f.  o.  b.  Pennsylvania. 

A  tractor  crane  similar  to  the  one  sbown  in  Fig.  209  has  the 
following  speciilcationH.  It  consists  of  a  stiff  leg  derrick  with 
a  couDter weighted  mast  mounted  on  a  steel  car.  It  is  operated 
by  a  steam-driven  hoist  and  due  to  the  counterweight  no  out- 
riggers are  required,  permitting  the  boom  to  be  swung  through 


Fig.  208.     Tractor  Crane. 

an  arc  ot  about  300  degrees.  The  capacity  is  rated  as  follows: 
a  hook  load  of  5,500  lb. ;  a  I  yd.  clam  shell  bucket  with  coal 
weighing  50  lb.  per  cu.  ft.;  a  ?4  y<i.  bucket  with  material  100 
lb.  or  lees  per  cu.  ft.;  and  a  %  yd.  bucket  with  wet  sand  or  other 
material  weighing  120  lb.  or  less  per  cu.  ft.  The  maximum  reach 
Is  :iO  ft.  from  center  of  mast.  The  hoisting  speed  is  rated  at  175 
ft.  per  minute  for  bucket  work  and  100  ft.  per  minute  for  hook 
work.  The  travel  speed  on  a  4%  grade  is  75  ft.  per  min.  The 
approximate  shipping  weight  is  25,000  ib.  and  the  price  is 
S6,500  with  tractor  wheels  and  $7,500  with  caterpillar  wheels. 
A  patented  auto  crsne  has  the  following  specifications.  Ca- 
pacity as  a  derrick,  4,600  Ib.  at  a  20  ft.  radius.  Maximum  dead 
load  capacity,  5,000  lb.  Length  of  car  body  17  ft.  10  inches, 
width  6  ft.  e  in.    Length  of  boom  30  ft.,  weight  without  bucket 


LOCOMOTIVE  CRANES  476 

n  tMks.  Propelling  speed  ISO  ft.  per  mln.  on  hud  level  ground. 
This  outtit  may  be  had  witii  either  steam,  gasoline  or  electric 
ifriTe  and  costs  with  wheel  traction  $6,000  not  including  bucket. 
With  [Caterpillar  traction  the  cost  is  more.  For  car  unloading 
a  %  cu.  yd.  bucket  is  used  and  for  excavating  a.  ^  yd.  bucket. 
The  bucket  costs  about  STOD  extra.  The  approximate  ihipping 
weight  of  the  outfit  is  13  tons.  This  machine  is  illuetrat«d  by 
Fig.  210. 


Fig.  210.     Auto  Crane. 

A  gasoline  driven  crane  has  the  following  speci  float  ion  b  :  multi- 
pedal  traction,  Btandard  boom  of  30  ft.,  capacities  of  from  4,500 
lb.  at  a  30  ft.  radius  to  13,000  lb.  at  a  10  ft.  radius.  The  trac- 
tion speed  is  from  ^  to  114  miles  per  hour. 

This  outfit  weighs  about  33,000  lb.  and  costs  $9,600  t.  o.  b. 
Chicago. 

Locomotive  Crane  Equipped  with  an  Attachment  for  File  Driv- 
ing. A  novel  device  for  driving  piles  has  been  used  on  the 
Kickel  Plate  R.  R.  in  its  grade  crossing  elimination  work  in 
Cleveland.  The  contrscfor  has  fitted  this  crane  with  a  simple 
and  inexpensive  attachment  for  driving  the  piles.  The  accom' 
panying  cut  shows  the  crane  with  this  special  attachment  driving 
piles  for  an  elevated  switih. 

Two  25-ft.  guides  are  hi;ng  from  the  end  of  the  crane  boom, 
being  held  by  a  bolt,  and  they  are  free  to  swing  back  and  forth. 
When  driving,  the  guides  are  held  rigid  by  a  brace  fastened  to 
the  completed  portion  of  the  trestle.  The  piling  is  securely  held 
in  the  guides  by  several  cross  braces  on  the  back  side,  and  on  the 


476        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

front  Bide  by  an  iron  b*r  placed  cross  the  two  books  at  the 
bottom  of  the  guides.  The  hammer  ie  operated  'with  a  single 
hoiBtisg  rope,  and  hook,  controlled  by  the  operator  of  the  crane. 
The  trigger  for  releasing  the  hammer  at  the  top,  ia  a  bolt,  inserted 
Id  one  of  the  guides.  The  crane  hoista  the  piling  up  into  the 
guides  for  driving,  nitb  the  same  hoisting  rope  that  operates 
the  hammer.    While  this  is  being  done,  the  hunmer  is  held  aX 


Fig.   211.     Crane   and   Pile   Driver   Attachments   Operating   on   a 

the  top  of  the  guides  with  a  holt,  placed  through  the  guides  by 
one  of  the  workmen.  The  guides  are  equipped  with  a  ladder  as 
shown  in  the  cut  so  that  the  workman  can  reach  the  top. 

The  railroad  has  ueed  40-ft.  pilea  and  has  driven  them  20  ft.  into 
the  ground,  which  conaiats  of  practically  all  shale.  The  contrac- 
tor claims  that  he  can  drive  four  of  these  piles  in  leas  than  an 
hour.  The  guides  are  eaaily  and  quickly  attached  to  or  removed 
from   the  locomotive  crane. 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


LOCOMOTIVES 

The  tractive  force  or  drawbar  pull  of  a  locomotive  ia  its 
pulling  Btreugtli  in  pounds  measured  by  a  dynamometer.  The 
larger  the  cjlinda-s  and  the  greater  the  ateam  preemre,  the 
grearter  the  tractive  force;  the  larger  the  diameter  of  the  driving 

wheela,  the  leis  the  tractive  force. 

Let  T  reprswDt  the  trnotive  forw. 

Let  D  represent  the  dimneter  at  the  cylinders  In  inches, 

Liet  L.  represent  the  leajth  o!  atrake  of  the  pialooa  In  inches. 

I<et  O.SSp  represent  SG%  of  the  boiler  preeeure  in  poundB  per  aqoare  inch. 

I^t  d  represent  diameter  of  the  driviAg  wheelg  In  inchea. 


Example;  To  find  the  tractive  force  of  a  locomotive  with 
cylinders  10  in.  in  diameter  by  16  in.  stroke,  150  lb.  boiler 
pressure,  and  driving  wheels  33  in.  in  diameter: 


Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  says :  "  It  is  very  commonly  stated  that 
20  lb.  is  the  force  required  to  pull  a  2,000-lb.  load  aver  light 
rails.  This  may  be  so  over  carefully  laid,  clean  traclt,  with  ties 
cloae-spaced  and  with  car  wheels  well  lubricated;  but  over  the 
ordinary,  rough,  contractor's  track  20  lb.  is  much  too  low  an 
estimate. 

"  In  the  '  Coal  and  Metal  Miners'  Pocket  Book  '  is  a  table  giving 
actual  results  of  traction  teats,  including  eeveral  hundred  sep- 
arate teste  under  varying  conditions.  Prom  these  tables  I  have 
summarized   the   foilowing; 

PeFahoHtMi 

Pan  to  start  mine  cars  (old  atyle)  loaded  BDIb. 

Poll  to  «tart  mine  can  (new  alyje) 


PnU  to  keep  np  *H-mi!e  per  hour  speed  (old  atyle  fulil',.. 
Pull  to  heap  up  4U-niiU  per  honr  apeed  (new  style  mipty) 
Poll  to  koep  np  4H-aitle  per  hour  a^eei  (new  style  f ulfj  . . 


478        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

"  The  foregoing  was  for  trains  of  I  to  4  cars,  but  with  a  train 
of  20  cars  the  pull  was  46  lb.  for  old  style  cars  and  26  lb.  for 
new  style  cars  per  short  ton  on  a  leTet  track.  The  mine  cars 
need  had  a  wheel  base  of  3%  ft.;  they  weighed  2,140  to  2,415  lb. 
empty  and  7,886  to  9,000  lb.  loaded.  The  diameter  of  the  wheels 
was  16  in.,  and  of  axles  2%  in.  for  old  style  car  to  2Vi  in. 
f<y  new  style  car,  with  a  steel  journal  6^  in.  long,  well  lubri- 
cated in  all  cases,  in  fixed  cast-iron  boxes.  The  new  style  cars 
bad  better  lubrication,  the  importance  of  which  is  well  shown  hj 
the  resulte  of  the  teste.  The  track  in  the  mine  was  level  and 
in  good  condition.  We  know  of  no  tests  on  car  resistance  of 
small  cars  tJiat  are  as  extensive  and  trustworthy  as  the  fore- 
going." 


Fig.  212.    Saddle  Tank  Locomotive  4-Coupled. 

Based  upon  these  data,  and  upon  the  assumption  that  the 
resistance  to  traction  is  40  lb.,  per  short  ton,  an  8-ton  dinkey  ia 
capable  of  hauling  the  following  loads,  including  the  weight  of 

the  cars: 

L*tb1  track TO 

1%  grade W 

2%  (Tads  31 

3%  grade  , SS 

4%  grade  a 

6%  srads  17 

6%  grade  14 

B%  grade  10 

Mote:  On  s  pwr  track  not  even  sa  ireal  loads  aa  the  abom  can  be 
hauled. 

Due  to  the  accidents  that  frequently  occur  from  the  breaking  in 
two  of  trains  on  steep  grades,  and  from  the  running  away  of 


LOCOMOTIVES  470 

engines,  it  is  advisable  to  avoid  using  grodee  of  more  thaa  6%. 

When  heavily  loaded,  a  dinkej  travels  S  miles  per  hour  on  a 
straight  track;  but  when  lightly  loaded,  or  on  a  down  grade, 
it  may  run  9  miles  an  hour. 

Foiir-Coupled  Tank  Lopomotivea  of  one  make  are  aa  follows: 


E  by  10  2'  11,700  175  t^aoa 

1  bj  12  y  17,200  3SS  5,500 

8  hj  U  S'  21,000  BIB  6,200 

10  br  li  3'  35,700  S55  7,200 

11  br  U  3'  3S,S00  lOOO  £.700 

The  hauling  capacity  on  a  i^%  grade  is  about  one-half  of  that 
on  the  level.  Ou  a  6%  grade  it  is  about  6%  of  the  hauling  capac- 
ity on  the  level. 

Six-Conpled  Locomotive  for  contracting  service  la  built  in  stan- 
dard gauge.     The  cylinders  are   16  by  24  inches,  boiler  pressure 


Fig.   213.     6-Coupled   LoctHnotive. 

180  lb.,  the  weight  on  the  driving  wheels  is  S6,300  lb.,  weight 
with  tender  15«,(MJ0  lb.  The  hauling  capacity  in  tons,  exclusive 
of  the  engine  and  tender,  is  2,035  on  the  level.  The  hauling 
capacity  on  a  %%  grade  is  960  tons;  1%  grade,  590  tons;  2%, 
310  tons;  3%,  195  tons.  This  locomotive  costs  about  ?21,2(>0 
f.  o.  b.  works. 

LoctHUotives  of  another  make  cost  as  follows; 

TOVB  COUPIKI 

Saddle  or  side  tanks,  fuel  box  in  cab. 

C^lloden  Gauge,  in.     Tract.  elTart  Weight  Price 


10  by   U 

11  1^  M 
13  b7  U 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
with  rear  fuel  buDk» 

I  11,000  66,000  t  9,500 

L  14,)0»  30,000  12,000 

1  21,400  98,000  16,000 


12  by  18 
14  by  30 

16  by  24 


The  Hteam  pressure  for  the  above  locomotives  i»  from  160  to 
ISO  lb,  per  sq.  in. 

Qear  Drive  locomotlTei  egpeciftllj  designed  for  conetructioa 
nork,  are  ae  follows: 


Six  Wheel 

s&'-^s. 

Qauie  in       Tract,  effort 
inclea            iapoQada 

]»' 

,.JA^ 

s*s.s 

10      bjM 

Uli  by  H 

24  to  36                6)700 

FouB  Wheel 

Is 

flO.WW 

III      II 

24  to  36              mIbOO 

",S 

6,700 
7,800 

sIboo 

The  boiler  pressure  of  the  above  is  160  lb.  for  the  smalleT  sizes 
and  ITO  lb.  for  the  larger.  The  foregoing  prices  are  all  f.  o.  b. 
factor;  in  Iowa. 

Chwoline  locomotlTe.  A  gaBoHne  locomotive  similar  to  that 
shown  in  Fig.  214  is  built  in  two  sizes.  The  3  ton  size  has  the 
following  specifications;  Gauge,  from  IS  to  56^  inches;  speed, 
up  to  10  miles  per  hr.;  draw  bar  pull,  1,200  lb.  at  S  miles  per 
hr.;   aOO  lb.  at  10  miles  per  hr,;   coat,  f.  o.  b.  Ohio,  $2,200. 

The  6  ton  size  has  the  following  specifications;  Gauge  from 
24  to  56H  inches;  speed,  up  to  10  miles  per  hr,;  draw  bar  pull, 
2,400  lb.  at  5  miles  per  hr.;  1,200  lb.  at  10  miles  per  hr.;  cost, 
$3,650  f.  o.  b.  Ohio. 

Mr.  Andrew  Harper  says  that  the  life  of  a  dink^  locomotive 
used  on  construction  work  is  about  20  years.  During  that  time  it 
will  need  2  or  3  sets  of  driving  tires,  and  brasses. 

Upon  Investigation  of  a  very  large  number  of  locomotives  upon 
the  Great  Northern,  Northern  Pacific. and  other  railroads  made 
by  Mr.  Gillette  tor  a  railway  commission,  the  average  life  of  a 
locomotive  in  railroad  service  is  not  far  from  25  years,  so  that 
a  fair  average  for  depreciation  may  be  i%  if  figured  on  the 
straight  line  formula.  This  does  not  represent  the  life  of  the 
diflerent  parts  of  the  engine  however. 

On  the  Southern  Pacific  R.  R.  in  six  years  there  was  an  average 


LOCOMOTIVES  481 

of  49  locomotives  out  of  1,540  vacated  per  year  or  3.2  per  cent, 
which  would  eBtablieh  the  life  of  these  locomotives  at  31  years. 

From  July,  1807,  to  June,  1908,  the  cost  o£  repairing  looomotivea 
for  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  averaged  about  $S1.45  per 
month  per  engine  valued  at  about  $7,500,  or  at  a  rate  of  13% 
per  year. 

Mr,  R.  Price  Williams  contributed  &  paper  on  the  maintenance 


Fig.  214.    Gasoline  Locomotive. 

and  renewal  of  average  railway  freight  locomotives  for  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  of  Great  Britain,  from  which  have 
b«en  abstracted  the  following  data  on  the  life  of  various  parts  of 
locomotives : 


Brui  tubes,  tUd  fermiea. 
Crmnk  aileB,  mourda,  ecc. 
Tina,    preaanre   Raugea,    buffer    planlu,    apindtei,    bros* 


Boiler,   /onrnal   boxen  and 

capa,    braaaea,    braw  Talvpj 

.nd  ajphona,  firebox  ahel 

1  ends,  tabs  plate  and  back 

firebox,  copper  receas  plal 

Mtchidide  blocks,  blaat  pine. 

Mb   pan     fiutaide    .rd  1. 

laido   aprinia,    apriiig    liaka, 

airing  pfna.  eK. 

482         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

30       Plain   ailM,   whmla,   ODtside   crsaks,   bilaDce   wei(hU, 
■lide  bar  brockela.  slide  bars,  dislsace  blocks.   ec«D- 


Pulnl 
D       Oak  piuuc. 

"Tlie  standard  Vklue  of  &n  engine"   (on  the  parabolic 
tion)  ^%  net  cost,  and  the  normal  dilapidation  i^  net  coat. 
The  life  of  locomotive  tubes  ia  a,  very  important  part  of  this 

Mr.  VV.  Garstang  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  on  the 
Big  Four  the  average  life  of  charcoal  iron  tubes  was  75,000  miles 
and  on  freight  aervice  5S,0OO  miles  taken  from  engines  with 
flhallow  firehoses.  When  the  firehoses  are  deep  the  tubes  accom- 
pliflh  15%  more  mileage.  The  data  were  obtained  from  No.  II 
tubes  weighing  2%  lb.  per  foot  and  it  was  the  practice  to  con- 
tinue to  piece  the  beet  tubes  until  the  weight  was  reduced  1.4 
lb.  The  average  tube  was  pieced  about  10  times  before  being 
condemned. 

Mr.  B.  Haakell,  of  the  Pere' Marquette,  believes  that  the  life  of 
locomotive  tubea  varies  from  5  to  9  years,  depending  upon  the 
quality  of  water  used.  The  tubes  worked  an  average  of  15 
months  in  service  before  being  removed. 

C.  E.  Queen's  experience  was  to  the  effect  that  with  alkali  and 
incrusting  solids  in  the  water  the  tubea  ha.ve  failed  in  as  short 
a  time  as  3  months,  while  with  no  scale  and  good  water  the  tubes 
will  last  as  long  an  15  years. 

Mr.  D.  Van  Alatyne,  of  the  Chicago  Great  Western,  Bays  that 
the  average  run  on  the  road  was  16  months,  with  average  life  of 
7  to  S  years,  steel  tubea  being  limited  to  0  months'  service  in  one 
engine.  Life  of  the  deep  firebox  is  longer  than  that  of  the 
shallow  one 

Mr.  Thos.  raxton,  of  the  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.,  does  not  know  of  a 
single  feature  of  locomotive  maintenance  subject  to  wider  varia- 
tion than  tuliee.  On  the  Middle  Western  division  of  that  road, 
in  freight  service,  it  was  difficult  to  get  18,000  miles  per  tube, 
while  on  the  west  end  of  the  Chicago  divlBioD  S0,000  miles  was 
obtained. 

In  the  year  1907  the  cost  of  maintenance  of  engines  on  several 
representative  American   railroads  was  as  follows; 


LOCOMOTIVES  4B3 

These  show  an  average  of  a  little  over  $2,000  per  locomotive 
per  year,  whicli  is  probably  not  far  from  20%  of  the  original 
cost  of  each  engine. 

locomotive  Eepalr  Coiti,  Panama.  The  cost  lA  repairs  to  loco- 
motives, 2S^  in  service,  at  Panama  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1010}  was  as  follows  per  locomotive: 

Item  Out 

Labor t  R18 


Totol   n.iS* 

The  total  cost  of  repairs  during  the  8  months  ending  June  30, 
1910,  for  31,055  daye'  service  was  an  average  of  $0.94  per  loco- 
motive per  day. 

The  following  is  a  detailed  statement  of  the  coet  of  repairs 
to  engine  No.  7,  Danavifle  &  Mt.  Morris  R,  R.,  under  the  charge 
of  the  author.  This  engine  bad  been  operating  for  over  a.  year 
with  nothing  but  minor  repairs  and  was  no  longer  in  fit  condi- 
tion for  regular  operation.  These  repairs  include  a  pretty  gen- 
eral overhauling  and  are  about  what  would  be  neceseary,  aside 
from  minor  work  that  can  be  done  by  a  roundhouse  man,  to  keep 
it  in  fair  condition  for  one  year  with  a  performance  of  about 
15,000  miles.  This  is  on  a  small  railroad  in  the  central  part  of 
New  York.  The  tractive  power  of  this  engine  was  11,100,  the 
total  weight  43  tons,  and  the  weight  on  the  drivers  29  tons. 


■  ""si  ^  t 


a  sm-in.  W.  C.  6WiS!i,  4.496  n 


176  viz  cop^r  imulM  %xm il^rss"ib''®"s3H' '. '. 
43  New  stay  boto,  "Ha  1 7'.  ©  .0° 


5  New  itay  bolls  l«a'  iron,  10  1b.  6  .OBMo 

13  New  ^6^  twist  drills  (broken  drillins  slsy  bolt  bolea) 
2  New  aheete  ^s"  Unk  steel  (tank  botUrnO,  SM  lb.  O 

1  N8w'9heet'?iB""isnii,'*B 'ib.'ij'zio'!!!!;!!!!!!;!!!"!;!! 

2  New  sheet)  0.  R.  itcket  steel  No.  22 1 2S  x  73".  56  lb. 

@  2.80  

1  New  O.  I.  drJTinr  box  ihoe  und  wedge.  SO  lb.  O  M^i- 

Babbitt  metal  tor  crosebeads,  m  lb,  &  JH  ..'. 

Wrought  iron^  72  lb.  ©  .02%  

1"  BM  pipe,  «\4  « 

1  Air  boke  complete  with  couplincs  

iW  lank  bose.  3  ft.  @  .B8  

1 1"  brsM  plog  eock  

lS!4ia'  bolls  with  nuts  and  washers,  ,08 

3E  H-IW  bolla  with  nuts  and  waaheri,  .014  

a  «-l"  bolts  with  nuls  sad  washera,  .Olli  

Z%»15-  bolta  with  nuts  and  washera.  .OT  

4gi[8-  bolts  with  nuts  md  washers,  .06 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

6  H"  wMfcers   At 

Nsile  iOd,,  1  ib.  .OS,  IM.,  dp  1  lb.  ,03  .« 

RiYBH,  Ki%.  Bib d 

BiTMs,  Hi%.  M  lb l.« 

EiTMs,  Sil.  :  lb    Ji 

Blvett,  HilM.  2  lb II 

SIB"  KqauTt  buUrd  fllei,  O  J8  ,« 

1  ler  half  round  b&itud  file  J] 

eC«ndl«,  O  .02«   II 

1  HMkgDW  biftda   li 

Coke,  flO  lb « 

ii  Cord  wood  (bating  Ure«)   IJ) 

Wool  waalB,  1!  lb,  «  SHVi  ,6 

T»r  p»per.  S8fL  X 


Powdered  emery,  1!4  lb 

4  Piecpi  f)ni>''cd  pioe  3x8x19  ft.  ,.. 
«  Pieees  BnithPd  pine  2  x  g  1 19  ft.  . . . 
3  Pii-cei  finiclied  nine  I'lixiniS  ft.  . 

1  Plere  Snished  oah  2x9x13  ft 

1  Pioro  flnubed  oak  2 1  g  1 10  f t.  . . . . 

A-phalium,  1«  g 

Glow  Mack.  %  ?.  

Drop  black.  S  lb 

Cab  giwn,  W  g.  

Tdrptnline,  1  K 

Linteed  oil,  K  (.  

Wbite  lend,  2  lb 

Red  lead,  lib 


Bonla  jtct^t  floiahi  1  E 

B'aok  engine  Bniah,  l<i^g.  . 


Credit  tor  scrap,  u  toUowa 
4  8t«el  tin*.  2.490  Ib.  Q  12  50  0   T 
Tobe  and  tube  ends,  ^  lb   0  ^  rent  lb 
92  Second-hand  tube.,  rxlO-O"    &   10!i 
Copper  temiteK,  E  lb.  0    10<4  lb 
Star  bolls,  38  lb.  O  H-cenl  Ib 
Tank  cteel,  8T4  lb    OH  cent  Ib 
C.  I.  tboe  and  «>ed7e.  5S  lb   WA  cent  Ib 


Guo^L 


LOCOMOTIVES 
This  included  the  following  items  of  repair: 


New  3>^-in.  tirefl. 

Examine  crank  pina. 

Take  up  aide  motion  in  driving  bosee. 

Turn  engine  truck  tires. 

~  driving  bos  brftsees, 

cjlindera. 

valves. 
Examine   front  end, 
Xew   Btuda  tor  front  door  ring. 
Cross    bead   gibs   babbitted. 

Bemove  fliies  and  copper  both  ends  when  replaced. 
Examine  ata^  bolta  and  drill  tell-tale  holes. 
Examine  boiler  as   per   form   No,   2,   Public   Service   Com.  i 

examine  all  cornera  of  mud  ring  for  leaks. 
Examine  flue  sheet. 
Teet  steam  gauge  and  pops. 

Take  out  9i-In.  air  pump  dry  pipe  and  replace  with  1-in. 
Examine  tender  bottom,  protubly  renew. 
Stay  sheets  in  tank  gone,  replaced.  . 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  57 
MACHINE  SHOP  OUTFIT 

Lathes  cost  from  £200  for  the  small  eizea  to  $2000  to  the 
larger  sizes  depenilmg  on  the  type.  A  24-iiich  swing  12  ft.  bed 
engine  lathe  weighs  about  5,600  lb.  A  second-hand  machine  of 
this  type  can  be  bought  for  about  $500. 

An  upright  drill,  20-in.  weighs  700  lb.  and  costs  $200. 


Fig   215.     20-in.  Upright  Drill. 

A  bolt  cutter  to  thread  bolts  or  tap  nuts  %  in.  to  li^  in., 
right  or  left  hand,  weighs  1,200  lb.  This  machine  can  be  bought 
second-hand  for  about  $400. 

A  single  end  punch  or  shear  weighs  about  4,600  lb.  and  will 
punch  a  1  in.  hole  through  ^  inch  plate  or  will  shear  a  4  by  ^ 


MACHINE  SHOP  OUTFIT  487 

inch  bar.  A  aecoDd-hand  one  will  coat  atx>ut  $550  and  a  new  aae 
$950. 

GrindBtone,  maehintet's :  30-in.,  heavy,  mounted  on  an  iron 
frame,  with  shield  and  water  bucket,  weighs  about  1,500  lb.  and 
costs  new  about  $100, 

fartable  Shops  as  Developed  by  the  Engineer  Department  of 
the  v.  S.  Aimy.    1.  Earl;  in  191T,  the  advisabititj  of  supplying 


Fig.  216.    Bolt  Cutter. 

Engineer  troops  in  France  with  portable  shops  was  considered 
by  the  Engineer  Department.  Designs  were  aoon  drawn  up  and 
orders   placed. 

2.  The  units  decided  upon  form  a  train,  consisting  of  a  port- 
able machine  shop,  carpenter  shop,  blacksmith  and  tin  shop,  and 
a  portable  supply  or  material  unit.  Each  consists  of  a  special 
body,  mounted  upon  a  5^-ton  tmclc.  The  train  can  be  operated 
as  a  whole,  or  each  of  the  units  can  be  operated  independently. 
The  shops  were  designed  for  the  repair  of  the  equipment  of 
practically  all  classes  of  Engineer  troops.  This  includes  equip- 
ment for  Roadmaking,  Forestry,  Quarry  operational  Pontoon  and 
other  Bridge  aetiyities,  Water  Supply,  General  Construction  and 
Railroad  Construction. 


488         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

3.  The  moxt  interesting  unit  of  the  four  is  the  Machine  Shop, 
the  equipment  ot  which  ib  outlined  below: 

A  sti>el  l«ly  with  solid  wood  floor,  supported  from  proper 
sills,  waa  arranged  to  be  easily  mountahle,  or  demountable,  at 
will,  yet  seture  when  under  wevere  running  eonditiona. 

The  floor  spaced  body  closed  is  8  ft.  !)  in.  x  13  ft.  While  with 
the  platform  sides  swung  down  to  floor  level,  the  floor  space 
becomes  11  ft.  3  in,  wide  by  15  ft,  3  in.  long.  The  head  room  h 
appro.vimately  7  ft. 

Suitable  canvas  covers  provide  shelter 
covered  by  the  folding  up  of  the  platfor 

Within  the  shop  the  equipment  is  an 


Fig.  217.    Engineer  Field  Machine  Shop. 

ing  room  about  each  tool  and  bench,  and,  at  the  same  time,  all 
tools  or  equipment  may  be  removed  for  temporary  use  outside. 

The  principal  tools  are  a  14. in.  LeBlond  lathe  with  5  ft.  bed, 
driven  by  a  2  hp.  110  volt  motor,  the  lathe  has  the  usual  comple- 
ment of  attarhments  and  controls.  An  18-in.  drill  press  —  motor 
driven  and  capahle  of  drilling  with  a  %-in.  drill  in  steel;  a 
2-wheel  10-in. x  1-in.— 2,000  R.P.M  motor  driven  grinder;  a 
work  bench  with  vifie  and  6  drawers  —  the  top  made  of  1^-in. 
OHh  being  2  ft,  3  in.  x  5  ft.  6  in,  long;  an  electric  portable 
drill,  good  for  1-in.  holes  in  nteel:  2  electric  portable  hammers, 
2  eomplefe  ovyacetjlene  weldins  and  cutting  outfits;  a  reason- 
able complement  of  bench  ajid  hand  tools,  «bra*ivei,  drills,  sup- 
plies, jacks,  measuring  tools.  These  latter  arranged  for  with 
proper  fastenings  in  place. 

TTie  shop  is  electric  lighted,  the  wiring  being  carried  in  r^uU- 


MACHINE  SHOP  OUTFIT  489 

tion  conduit,  and  with  suitable  outlets  for  cutting  in  or  out, 
to  or  from  the  engines,  tools  or  other  units  outside  ot  the  shop. 

A  suitable  comer  crane  with  a  1,000  lb.  Yale  Triplex  Hoiat 
Berres  the  purpose  of  lifting  heavy  articles  onto  or  off  of  the 
floor  and  ground.  The  power  plant  ia  an  independent  unit,  direct 
connected,  4  cylinder,  1,000  R.P.M.  Winton  Gasoline  Eigine,  ■ 
and  a  5  K.  W,  Generator  complete  with  switchboard,  tanks  and 
cooling  aystem,  arranged  for  power  and  lighting  circuits 

The  cost  of  the  complete  outfit  —  truck,  body,  and  coWipIements 
of  tools  at  war  prices  was  less  than  $8,500.  The  entire  train 
complete  cost  $27,800.  (The  body  and  tools  weigh  around  11,- 
WO  lb.)  A  number  of  the  complete  trains  were  used  in  France, 
others  on  this  aide  at  the  training  camps  and  schools  for  En- 
gineer Troops,  giving  excellent  satisfaction  and  receiving  favor- 
able comment  from  those  who  used  them  extensively. 

The  speed  of  this  machine  on  ordinary  roads  is  about  6' miles 
per  hour  and  on  good  roads  is  about  10  miles  per  hour.  The 
time  to  set  up  ready  for  work  under  ordinary  conditions  is  gen- 
erally 10  minutes.     It  would  lie  more  for  accurate  work. 

It  ia  believed  that  the  outRt  should  have  a  place  in  the  equip- 
ment of  any  contractor  who  handles  projects  of  reasonable 
size.  The  investment  is  not  large,  and  the  service  capable  of 
being  rendered  on  the  spot,  in  quick  order,  would  save  much  time 
of  delivery  of  parts  for  repairs  usually  sent  to  a  village  shop. 
The  body  could  be  demounted  at  the  site  and  the  truck  used 
for  other  work  in  the  interval.  Interest  on  the  investment 
added  to  a.  12%  depreciation  amounts  to  about  $1,200,  which, 
for  300  working  days,  makes  a  cost  of  84.00  per  day  added  to 
Bupplies  needed-  On  this  l]a=is,  it  is  not  bari  to  fiirure  the 
volume  of  yearly  business  which  would  wsrrant  the  maintenance 
of  such  an  outfit. 

The  author  is  indebted  to  Major  Gen.  Black,  Corp.  of  En- 
gineers, U,  S.  A.  for  the  above  notes,  and  tor  the  photograph  of  the 
apparatus. 

Shop  Boatt  fot  Eeeplns  Plant  in  Eepair.  Maior  H.  Burgess, 
in  Professional  Memoirs  for  December,  1915,  has  written  the 
following:  A  machiae  shop  l)oat  and  carpenter  shop  boat  not 
only  keep  the  plant  in  repair  but  also  manufacture  small  repair 
parts.  The  machine-shop  boat  carries  a  small  ice  plant  and  a 
blacknmith  sliop.  The  equipment  at  Kogers  Island  includiu 
two  dipper  drudges  with  11^  yd,  buckets,  one  lowtMjat  and  one 
small  ateam  tender,  three  derrick -boats  equipped  with  1-yd. 
orange-peel  buckets,  two  full-sized  drill  rafts  and  tenders,  one 
hfllf-si/ed  drill  raft  and  small  tender,  and  a  number  of  scows, 
barges,  quarter -boats,  launches  and  ^Iffs. 


490        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  laj'out  of  the  floating  carpenter  shop  is  shown  by  tii« 
lown  Bketi-h.  A  Hhop  building  106x24  ft.  in  plan  1>v  II  ft.  higli 
waH  coQstrueted  on  a  detlied  barge  and  equipped  with  a  wood- 
worker, a  lathe,  a  bandEiaw  with  adjustable  table  and  a  grind- 
stone, all  driven  bj  a  10-hp.  gaeoline  engine.  There  is  also  an 
electric  borer.  At  one  end  are  two  derricks  tor  handling  heavy 
timbers,  small  launcbea  and  skifTs,  one  of  which  is  rigged  with  a 
double  and  triple  block,  the  other  with  a  differential  ehainblock. 
The  derrieks  place  heavy  pieces  on  roller  cars,  which  can  be 
moved  readily  about  the  shop. 

The  floor  space  is  auffieient  for  simultaneously  working  on 
two  or  three  of  the  longest  and  largest  boats  used  in  the  fleet,  for 
building  at  one  time  several  skilTs  or  for  repairing  a  launch  at 
the  same  time  that  skiffs  are  being  built.  When  the  demand  for 
carpenter  work  is  light,  the  floor  space  can  be  utilized  for  stor- 
age. 

The  barge  cost  $4,375  to  build  and  $2,000  to  equip  with  cabin 
and  machines. 

The  hull  of  the  machine-shop  boat  is  exactly  like  that  of  the 
carpenter-shop  boat.  Its  total  cost  equipped  was  about  $11,- 
620,  The  steam  for  operating  engines,  pumps  and  generator  set 
ia  supplied  by  a  GO-hp.  boiler. 

Shop  Cost  ajtd  Puechasb  Pbice  of  Dbedoe  Pabts 

Bhop  Cost  froni 

Dipper  dredga  parli                                         cost  dealer 

Dinpw  (hafl,  weieht  BO  ib. I  2.J5  t  5.00 

C  boll,  weight  125  lb fl.50  13,fiO 

Lslch  kwper.  weight  «0  lb 4.75  9.R0 

Lilch  bar,  veieht  38  lb iM  6.H 

Botlom  bind,  wrwbt  200  lb S.50  13.K 

BbpIc  hitcf,  wrlEhl  108  lb 4,80  S.M 

Door  plBte,  weigbt  3«  Ib 14.00  1S.9S 

The  blacksmith  shop  occupies  the  full  width  of  the  cabin,  i-f  37 
ft.  long  and  contains  two  forges,  two  anvils,  one  power  blower 
and  the  usual  equipment  of  tools,  quenching  tanks,  etc.  The  tioor 
is  covered  with  a  2-in.  carpet  of  mixed  coal  dust  and  cinders, 
which  is  kept  damp  for  fire  protection.  There  are  three  shifts  of 
one  man  each.  Comparatively  heavy  work  can  be  done  here;  for 
example,  a  broken  6-in,  wheel  shaft  of  one  of  the  tow-boats  was 
successfully  welded  and  the  wheel  again  in  service  in  48  hr.  An 
important  duty  of  the  smiths  is  to  keep  ready  for  use  an  extra 
fticket  of  each  size  and  shape  for  installation  on  any  dredge  or 
derrick  boat. 

Tn  the  ma  chin  e-shop,  power  is  furnished  by  a  I5-hp.  Dayton 
center-crank  vertical  engine.    The  general  layout  of  the  shaft- 


■  MACHINE  SHOP  OUTFIT  491 

ing  is  about  what  ia  found  in  a,  amall  machine  shop  on  land. 
The  principal  work  of  the  mechanics  is  keeping  ready  for  service 
the  full  number  of  drills  needed  for  one  half-eized  itnd  Four  full- 
Bized  rafts  —  that  is,  about  54  drills.  The  service  of  the  drills, 
especially  in  the  flint,  ia  aevere,  and  four  or  five  are  broken  a 

The  actual  co«t  of  making  certain  dredge  parts  at  the   shop 


^ 

^->-7^ 

fii 

■«»«  —  _  _ 

^9^^ 

T 

nOATINS    HAQhlNE    SHOP 


nOATINQ    CARf^NTCS    SHOP 

Fig.  218.    Layout  of  Two  Federal  Shop  Boats  —  Machine  and 
Carpenter. 

and  the  purchase  price  from  dealers,  according  to  the  experience 
of  the  past  two  years,  are  tabulated  altove.  To  the  shop  coat 
should  be  added  about  10%  to  cover  depreciation,  overhead 
charges,  and  other  elements  of  total  cost. 

Coit  of  Electric  Power  for  OperatlnK  Haotatue  Shop.  The  fol- 
lowing table  ia  taken  from  bulletin  No.  38  of  the  Iowa  State  Col- 
lege Engineering  Experiment  Station. 


492        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Msehine 

BEt*dhp 

«t<-alMct 
perkw.hr. 

SSu™:;;:;;::;:;:;;;;:;;; 

S-ioot  borinj  mm  

n 

M 

!,C,oo^\i: 


Concrete  mixers  are  UBuallj'  divided  into  three  classes:  (1) 
Batch  mixerB,  (2)  Continuous  mixors,  and  (3)  Qiuvity  mixerB. 
In  batch  mixers  the  ingredients  of  the  concrete  in  a,  proper  amount 
or  "  batch "  are  placed  in  the  machine,  mixed,  and  discharged 
before  another  batch  is  placed  in  the  mixer.  In  continuous  mix- 
ing, the  materials  are  allowed  to  enter  the  machine  and  the  con- 
crete to  discharge  continuously.  Qravity  mixers  consist  of  ea- 
pecjallj'  constructed  hoppers,  troughs,  or  tubes  so  arranged  that 
the  ingredients  flowing  through  them  under  the  influence  of 
gravity  are  mixed  together  into  concrete. 

1.  Batch  mixers  are  commonly  of  two  types:  One,  that  in 
which  the  drum  is  tilted  in  order  to  discharge  the  mixture;  the 
other,  that  -in  which  the  drum  is  not  tilted,  but  the  ccmcrete  on 
being  raised  f^  the  mixer  by  the  mixing  paddles  drops  on  the 
inner  end  of  a  discharge  chute  which  conveys  it  to  wheelbarrows 
or  other  placing  devices. 

Th»  following  prices,  etc.,  are  those  of  a  tilting  mixer  In  which 
the  drum,  supported  on  horizontal  axes,  is  tilted  in  order  to  dis- 
charge the  concrete.  The  drum  of  this  machine  ia  formed  of 
two  truncated  cones  with  their  large  ends  joined  and  the  con- 
crete is  mixed  by  means  of  steel  plate  deflectors: 

Description                                                                     No.  1  No.!     Ko.S 

Usted  opuity  p«i  batch  mixed  concrete,  en.  n Vii  4%           i 

Uixer  od  ikidi,  band  or  belt  power,  wt.  425  lb t  SS         

Uier  on  (bid*,  tight  end  looae  pulley,  wt.  SEE  lb tl3S 

Ifixer  on  ■bida,  tight  and  loose  puUey,  1.1TG  lb t  300 

Miner  iiHKinl«d  on  band  pMtable  truclte,  47B  lb SG         

Miior  on  extpnded  irurks  (or  mitine.  960  lb ...  MB 

Kiior  on  Iruek.  with  2  hp.  engio*,  »75  lb MO         

Uixer  on  trucki,  3  hp.  aniine,  1,550  lb 3% 

Uiier  on  trucks.  3  bp.  enclae  and  hoist.  1,S75  lb. OS 

MiMr  on  trneki,  3  hp.  enjine  and  loader,  a,4S0  lb SS5 

Uiier,  tmcki.  S  hp.  engine,  kMder.  hoiet,  ttok,  3,115  lb,    . . .  790 
Uixer,   trackB,   5  hp.   engine,    loader,    water   tsnk   and 

power  donp.  weight  9.92S  lb 1.(60 

Miier.  trucki,  S  hp.  engine,   loader,  boitt,  water  tank 

■Dd  power  dump.  w»ght  4,S10  lb ...         1,!9G 

Plaola;  Plaat,  including  mixer,  designed  for  eliminating  as 
much  labor  as  poHiUe  in  the  placing  of  c(mcret«  in  forms  on 


494       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

such  work  Bs  foundations,  piers,  abutmente,  slabs,  floors,  roofu, 
arches,  bridges,  etc.,  consists  of  an  inclined  track  ma^le  up  In 
five  sections,  each  10  ft.  long,  skip  car,  hopper  at  end  on  track  to 
receive  bat«h,  self- supporting  spouts  reaching  25  ft.  Additional 
spout  and  track  may  be  had  if  desired.  The  mixer  is  complete 
with  engine  and  drum  for  operating  the  hoist,  power  loader  and 
tank.  The  outfit  comes  with  two  sizes  of  mixers;  with  mixer  of 
8  cu.  ft.  mixed  concrete  per  hatch,  the  complete  weight  is  7,880 
lb.,  price  $1,835.  With  Iniser  of  4^  eu.  ft.  capacity,  weight 
5^85  lb.,  price  $1,270. 


Fig.  219.    Mixer  Capacity  3  to  4  cu.  ft.  Unmixed  Materials,  or 
About  2Mt  cu.  ft.  Mixed  Concrete. 

In  the  installation  of  this  equipment,  the  manufacturer  sug- 
gests a,  rise  of  not  more  than  4  ft.  per  section.  With  regular 
outfit  of  5  sections  the  top  of  the  last  section  w^itld  be  20  ft. 
from  the  ground,  10  ft.  of  this  is  needed  for  the  fall  of  the 
spouts  which  leaves  10  ft.  for  the  height  of  the  forma.  If  higher 
forms  are  used  it  is  necessary  to  use  more  sections.  Extra  sec- 
tions of  10  ft.  weigh  200  lb.  and  cost  $55. 

A  paver  of  the  type  given  in  the  table  above  is  made  in  one 
■ize.  It  has  a  capacity  of  8  cu.  ft.  of  mixed  CMicrete  per  batch. 
It  is  equipped  with  open  end  bucket,  water  tank,  power  dis- 


charge,  platform  for  operator,  traction  forward  and  r«verae, 
difTerential  gears,  knuckle  joint  steering,  one-man  control,  apout, 
8  !hp.  engine,  cnnplete.  The  weight  of  this  machine  ia.  6,750  lb. 
and  the  price  ia  $3,105. 

Tlie  prices  of  all  the  foregoing  machines  are  f.  o.  b.  factory  in 
<0)iio.     The  general  typ^  of  the  mixer  is  as  follows.     The  drum 


Fig.  220.     Mixer  8  cu.  ft.  per  Batch,  with  Power  Loader. 

has  a  single  opening,  of  the  tilting  type,  the  manufacturers 
claiming  the  following  points  in  euperiority  to  the  non-tilting 
type:  larger  capacity  for  its  si^e;  requires  less  power  to  operate; 
produces  a  better  mix  in  less  time;  a  larger  opening  to  load; 
discharges  more  rapidly  and  stays  clean.  The  drum  eonsista  of  a 
seQ)i-st«el  bowl  which  forms  the  lower  half  of  the  drum,  the  steel 
cone  forming  the  upper. 


496        HANDBCKK  OF  C0N8TBUCTI0N  EQUIPMENT 


.  ft.  per  Batch  Paver. 


MIXERS  4!>7 

The  bowl  has  two  flat  pieces  on  opposite  sides  which  help  to 
bring  material  from  the  bottom  forward,  the  cone  part  carryiDg  it 

Mixers  of  the  non-tilting  type,  of  one  make,  are  priced  as  fol- 

SiM  of  bilch  in  on.  ft 5  7  10  IS 

CapBcity  io  eu.  yd.  p«r  hour  7W  B(4  15  2i 

Horae   power    S-4  S-5  5-6  8-II) 

Shipping  weighc  without  powKr  ou  trucks  ....  1.600  3,400  3.400  4,900 


I  extra  for  power  loader  and  tank  . 


Fig.  223.    Low  Charging  Mis^. 


Another  make  costs  as  follows: 
Onpacitf  pec  bsteh  in  cu,  ft.  loose  materiiil. 


Horse   power  with  power  loader    

Stiiprieg  weight  without  power  on  trucks  . 
Sbippiag  weight  with  steam  eniian  anil  hoili 
'"■ir—tfin  TF-nii-ht  '-".h    irtiwili 


Price  wltioat  power   on   trucke    '.....    t  3*5       (475       »  566       (1325 


408       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Fries  vith  itesm  ptuit    »•    I 

Price  with  gHoUne  eogiae   47E  «H>  T95  19:S 

Priea  wtr»  (or  power  losdar    6»  M  TO  W 

Price  eitrs  (or  wster  lank 35  M  »)          15 

Price   eilTB    for  plsttorm   25  t5  25 

Bakli  mixers  of  another  make,  complete  on  trucks  with  gasoline 
engines  without  hopper,  tanks,  etc.,  are  priced  as  follows: 


With  st«am  engine  and  boiler  complete. 


so  18.000  «0D. 

In  the  above  the  weight  and  price  for  the  BO  yd.  size  are 
the  outfit  with  Bt«am  engine  and  do  not  include  the  boiler. 

For  the  above  mixers  there  is  a  wide  variety  of  additional 
attachments  and  space  does  not  permit  them  to  be  listed  in  detail. 

Extra  equipment  for  the  6  yd,  machine:  batch  hopper  $110, 
water  tank  $U0.  1(1  yd.  size:  batch  hopper  $75,  water  tank  $85, 
power  loader  with  tank  $250.  26  yd.  size:  batch  hopper  $150, 
water  tank  $100,  pivoted  power  loader  and  tank  $625.  40  yd. 
size;  batch  iiopper  $180,  water  tank  $170,  pivoted  power  loader 
and  tank  $750.  50  yd,  Hize:  batch  hopper  $250,  water  tank  $200. 
80  yd,  size:  batdi  hopper  $oOO,  water  tank  $350, 

A  Concrete  Mixer  EeatisE  Attachment  consists  of  a  tank  con- 
taining oil  under  pressure  that  is  forced  through  a  burner  in. 
serted  throuRh  the  hollow  trunnion  of  the  mixer.  The  flame  heats 
the  revolving  aggregate. 

This  outfit  is  regularly  made  in  two  sizes.  The  smaller  is  for 
use  on  mixers  up  to  %  yd,  aize.  It  consists  of  an  oil  tank  with 
12  gal,  capacity,  Htted  with  a  powerful  hand  pump  and  gauge. 
bu^ne^  complete,  and  one  length  of  hose.  It  consumes  2  gal.  of 
kerosene  per  hour,  weiglis  approximately  160  lb.  for  shipment  and 
costa  $1 10  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

The  larger  size  is  adapted,  for  use  on  a  mixer  up  to  %  yd. 
capacity.  It  consumes  2\^  to  3  gal.  per  hr.,  weighs  approximately 
175  lb.  for  shipment,  and  costs  $125  f.  a.  b.  factory. 

KortBT  Hlzer  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  ITig.  225  is  operated 
by  a  4  hp,  gasoline  engine,  rated  at  a  capacity  of  material  enough 
for  25  masons,  weighs  1,500  lb.  on  trucks  and  costs  $443  f.  o.  b. 
factory.  j 


MIXERS  499 

Qront  Kixer  and  Placer.  The  machine  illustrated  in  Fig,  22S 
is  designed  foi  mixing  and  placing  grout  under  preseure  by  means 
of  compressed  air.  It  is  used  to  seal  the  fissures,  rifts,  etc.,  in 
tunnel  work  and  to  check  the  flow  of  water;  to  close  and  eliminate 
voids  where  absolutely  water  tight  work  is  required;  to  repair 
washouts  under  dams,  walls,  foundations,  etc.;  to  solidify  bad 
rock  foundations,  back  fills,  etc. 

m^mm  '■■■■■■,""       ■    ■■""■^ 


Fl^.'224  Concrete  Mixer  Heating  Attachment. 

The  size  of  batch  is  two  sacks  of  ennent  and  2  cu.  ft.  of  sand 
and  whatever  water  may  be  required.  Under  ordinary  conditions 
and  when  working  under  a  bead  of  175  ft.  or  less,  the  batches 
placed  per  hour  will  average  about  forty.  The  air  consumptioD 
per  bateh  is  approximately  260  tt.  of  free  air  per  min.  at  the 
required  pressure. 


600        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

This  machine  cornea  in  three  types;  the  etandard  type  operatce 
at  a  presBure  up  to  150  lb,;  the  high  pregswe  up  t«  300  lb.;  and 
the  extra  high  preesure  up  to  600  lb. 

Thia  machine  is  rented  by  the  manufacturer  at  from  $100  to 
J150  per  month  according  to  the  type. 

Adapting  a  Concrete  Hlzei  to  Road  Work.    The  great  derveiop- 
ment  of  the  last  few  years  in  the  use  of  concrete  for  roed  build' 
ing   has   brought   out   many   concrete  mixers   eepecially   desigiicd    I 
for  road  work  —  paving  mixers  or  "  pavers."     With  a  little  in-    I 
genuity,  however,  almost  any  mixer  may  be  made  over  into  a 
traveling  unit  for  road  work. 


Fig.  225.     Mortar  Mixer. 

In  order  to  adapt  it  to  road  uee  and  to  facilitate  quick  moving, 
the  expedient  of  mounting  the  mixer  upon  a  truck  was  resorted 
to.  The  boiler  of  the  machine  was  dismounted,  this  preserving 
the  balance  of  the  apparatus  as  mounted  upon  the  truck  and 
reducing  the  dead-load  to  be  moved.  The  truck  ran  upon  rail- 
way traeks  built  in  8-ft.  sections,  the  3-ft-  rails  being  bolted  to 
3-in.  flat  planks  and  moved  as  one  unit.  The  units  were  bolted 
together  with  fishplates  as  the  truck  was  moved  from  one  aec- 
tion  to  another.  Motive  power  was  furnished  by  a  tandem  eteam 
roller,  not  only  supplying  the  steam  for  the  mixer  engine  but 
'  also  acting  as  a  tractor  in  moving  the  plant. 

With  the  above  arrangemMt  on  an  average  300  tin.  ft.  of  con- 
crete pavement  per  day  were  laid,  IS  ft.  wide,  with  average  depth 
of  concrete  of  6^  in. 

TrttTeling  Bin  for  Cbai^ue  Klxer.  The  following  description 
of  a  bin  appeared  in  the  Engineering  Neuia  Reeord,  Fob.  5,   1820, 


MIXERS  501 

A  mfxer  charging  machine,  which  comprises  storage  bine,  a 
measuring  cylinder  and  a  track  incline,  all  mounted  on  wheels, 
reduced  the  coat  of  handling  materials  to  the  mixer  on  two  Wayne 
County,  Michigan,  concrete  roada  built  in  1919.  The  structure 
is  steel  with  the  bins  and  measuring  device  at  the  forward  end 
and  the  track  inclihe  arrangement  shown  by  the  accompanying 
viewl  The  capacity  is  8  cu.  yd.  of  stone,  sand  and  cement 
Cars  of  stone  and  sand  arriving  at  the  top  are  discharged  into 
the  bins  aad  then  returned  to  the  surface  tracks.    Cars  carrying 


Fig.  226.    Grout  Mixer  and  Placer. 

cement  in  bags  are  held  at  the  lop  while  the  bags  are  untied  as 
needed  and  emptied  through  a  hopper  and  chufc  into  the  mixer 
charging  hopper  which,  when  lowered,  extends  under  the  qverhang- 
ing  platform  on  top  of  the  bins. 

Two  24-in.  gage  industrial  tracks  spaced  10  ft.  apart  on  centers 
on  the  subgrade  carry  the  apparatus.  These  tracks  connect  1^ 
switches  with  the  industrial  track  on  the  shoulder  of  the  road. 
A  stiff  coupling  connects  the  structure  with  the  mi.ver  so  that 
when  the  mixer  moves  ahead  it  pushes  the  bins  along. 

Contlntioiia  Ulzers.  A  continuous  mixer,  of  one  make,  illus- 
trated by  Fig.  227  costs  as  follows: 


502         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

OipaeH;  in  Weight                        Price 

en.  yd.  per  hi.  tap.  In  lb.  [,  o.b.  (vtory 

4  to    &  :K  E.Om                           t4M 

K  to    S  34  2,300                             4R6 

12  to  IS  4U  S.WO                            645 

20  M  35  a  t.TOO                             880 

The  above  prices  are  for  mixerB  with  battery  ignititHi.  Far 
High  Tension  Magneto  add  $35.  All  the  above  are  mounted  on 
steel  wheels. 

A  mixer  similar  to  the  above  fitted  with  pullej  for  belt  drive, 
rated  at  from  6  to  10  eu.  yd.  per  hr.,  is  mounted  on  skids  and 
weighs  1,200  lb.    The  price  is  $in6. 


Fig.  22T.     Continuous  Mixer. 

A  mortar  mixer  of  the  same  make  as  the  above,  is  rated  to 
supply  from  35  to  75  masons.  Fitted  with  a  4^  hp.  gasoline 
engine,  it  weighs  2,450  lb.  and  costs  $430.  With  high  tension 
magneto,  $36  extra.  This  machine  is  mounted  on  trucks  with 
titeel  wheels- 
All  the  above  mixers  may  alao  be  driven  by  electric  motors. 
the  12  to  18  and  20  to  35  cu.  yd.  sizes  may  also  be  had  with  steam 
engines  and  boilers. 

Comparison  of  Rented  and  Owned  Concete  lllzeri.  From  £h- 
gmeermg  Record,  New  York.  The  figures  in  the  accompanying 
tables  have  been  compiled  from  the  records  of  the  Aberthaw  Con- 
struction Company,  of  Boston,  who  ran  a  ledger  account  for  each 
mixer.  The  oldest  mixer  is  nearly  seven  years  old.  The  original 
cost,  repairs,  and  other  expendl.tures  are  charged  against  the 
machine  and  it  is  credited  with  so  much  per  day  for  the  elapsed 
time  it  is  on  a  job.    This  rental  credit  is  based  as  nearly  as  pos' 


MIXERS  SOS 

sible  on  what  it  wonld  coat  to  rent  this  ptuit  instead  of  buTing  it 
outright. 

Int«re8t  is  figured  at  the  rate  of  6%  per  annum  on  the  original 
purchase  price  and  compounded  annually  Jan.  1.  All  the  flguree 
are  brought  up  to  Jan.  1.  1!1|0,  and  the  inventory  value  of  the 
machines  taken  at  this  date.  The  yardage  is  a  very  close  approxi- 
mation of  the  actual  amount  mixed. 

Comparison  of  the  owned  and  rented  plant  cotite  for  each  mixer 
shows  that  there  is  very  little  saving  by  owning  the  mixers  when 
they  are  over  5  years  of  age,  as  in  the  cases  of  Noi.  2  and  3.  In 
fact.  No,  2  shows  a  small  balance  in  favor  of  renting.  On  the 
other  hand.  No.  Q,  a  comparatively  new  machine,  working  on 
large  yardage,  shows  a  lees  economy  than  No.  3.  Mixer  4,  owned 
a  little  less  than  4  years,  rented  62.7%  of  the  time  and  working  on 
comparatively  email  yardage,  auch  as  reinforced  concrete  build- 
ings, shows  the  largest  economy  from  an  owner's  standpoint. 

I. —  FiBBT  Cost  anb  Repaibs  for  Fovk  Mixbrb 

(Actually  Owned) 

Mixer  So.                                        i  i  *  6  Total* 

D»t9    of   pnrchMe    SAS/Oa    S/IO/M  S/7/0S  fl/B/Cr7 

Origiait    cost    }  626.01)  f   975.00  )   975.00  t   936.00  t3,6I0.«O 

Inlereet  at  «%  tn  Jen.  1.  IMO     281.51  368.90  220.67  153.37  1,021.S6 

Repairs  to  Jan.  1.  mO    B41.S7  3G0.29  21«.43  437.01  1,946.60 

Total   Cfwt  U>  Jan.  1,   1910    ...  l.S48.3g  1,691.19  1,412.00  1,52S.38  6,479.95 

Inmntory    vahie    Jan.    1,    1010     125.00  3S5.00  400.00  500.00  1.360.00 

Net   coat  to  Jan.  1,  1910   1,723.38  1,369.19  1,012.00  1.92S.8S  G.129.95 

Tetal   Tda.   mixed    12.350  15,600  10.500  19,000  67,X.W 

Plant  con  per  yd 10.1395  |0^S3  t0.09S4  tO.0640  fO.WM 

II. —  Bestjj,  Cbeihts  fob  Foub  Misers 

Ifiier  Ho.  2  3  4  S  Tclala 

Daya  owned   to  Jan.  1.   1910..  2,32S  2,029  1.302  938  6,596 

Daya  renti'd  to  Jan.   1.   1910..  827  718  816  536  2.997 

Per  cent  of  daya  rented  28.1  2S.3  62.7  67  46.4 

BanUI  rate  per  day  12.00  n^  t2.26  (2.25        

Total   rental   to   Jan.    1    n,666.00  tl,61lt.26  11,836.36  11,304.50  16,311.00 

Total    ydi.    mlied    12,350  15.500  10,600  19.000  57,350 

Plant  coat  per  yd 10.1340  10.1043  10^748  t0.0C34  tO.UOO 

Ill.-r  CoMPAHTBON  OP  Owned  and  Rented  Plants 

Wxer  Ho.  2               3  4  6  Totals 

Plant  coat  per  yd..   Table   1..  tO.1396  tD.0S33  tO.IWM  t0.054D  tO.0S94 

Plant  eofil   pi>r   yd.,    Table   2..  0.1340        0.1048  0.1T4S  0.0634  0.1100 

Per    eant   aanut   by   ownlns 

pUnt,  baaed  on  rental  coat.  4,1          15.26  44.8  14,7  18.72 

Ths  cost  of  unloading  and  placing  in  condition  for  work  aver- 
ages about  $05  (a  tT6  per  mixer. 

Ontvttj  Kizen.  The  moat  common  form  of  gravity  mixers 
coneists  <rf  two  or  fotir  small  hoppers    (depending  upon  the  size 


504        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

of  the  mixer)  set  upon  a  frame  support,  which  l&tt«T  also  Cftrrim 
a  platform  on  which  the  men  are  etatiooed  to  load  the  inat«Tial3 
into  the  hoppers.  Below  these  top  helpers  three  large  hoppers 
&re  Bet,  one  below  another.  To  operate  the  mixer  after  the  top 
hoppers  have  been  charged  the  gates  oE  these  are  opened,  and 
material  allowed  to  pasa  into  the  hopper  below,  where  it  is 
caught  and  held  until  this  hopper  is  full,  upon  which  the  gatee 
are  opened  and  the  material  allowed  to  flow  into  the  next 
lower  hopper  and  bo  on  until  the  concrete  ia  received  in  the 
bottom  hopper-  ready  to  be  taken  to  the  forma.  This  is  properly 
a  batch  mixer,  but  the  charging  is  carried  on  while  tite  material 
is  being  mixed  in  the  lower  hoppers. 


Fig.  228.    Plan  of  Screening,  Crushing  and  Mixing  Plant, 
Springfield  Filters. 

Mr.  Chas.  B.  Gow,  in  a  very  complete  paper  read  before  the 
Boston  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  1910,  givee  the  cost  of  concrete 
oruahing,  mixing  and  placing  plant. 

This  plant  is  shown  in  Fig.  228.  The  engine  used  waa  a  40 
hp.  gaaoline  engine,  but  a  25  hp.  was  all  that  the  plant  required. 
The  crusher  waa  a  10  x  20  in,  jaw  crusher  which  was  fed  by 
hand  with  stone  dumped  by  teams  on  the  crueher  platform - 
The  gravel  and  sand  were  dumped  on  the  platJorm  and  shoveled 
on  to  an  inclined  grating  which  allowed  the  sand  to  drop  into  a 
34.ft.  buckei  elevator,  while  the  larger  gravel  was  «hut«d  to  the 
crusher  and  thence  to  the  elevator.     The  rotary  sereea  separated 


MIXEBS  605 

the  aa.nd  and  atone  into  bins  from  which  it  dropped  to  s  measur- 
ing hopper  and  thence  to  a  skip  car.  This  car  was  provided  with 
the  pruper  amount  of  cement  from  a  hopper,  waa  hoiated  up 
the  incline  and  its  contents  automatically  dumped  into  a  one- 
yard  mixer  which  discharsed  into  a  one-jard  hoisting  bucket  on 
a  flat  car.  These  cars,  whith  had  room  for  one  emptj  and  one 
full  bucket,  were  drawn  by  cable.s  alonj;  a  track  to  the  placing 
derricks,  of  which  there  were  two,  with  T5-ft.  guyed  masts  and 
80-ft.  booms. 

This  plant  cost  about  85,000  at  the  factory,  $800  tor  treipht 
and  tra asportation  and  S3,»00  to  install  and  maintain  in  working 
condition;  total  coat,  therefore,  $0,500.  It  was  capaTile  of  mixing 
60  cu  yd.  per  hour,  but  actually  mixed  lesa  than  15.  The  total 
numljer  of  yardi)  of  conorete  placed  was  13,282,  which  was  leaa 
than  the  amalleet  amount  ne<%ijBary  to  make  the  use  of  such  a 
plant  eeonumical. 

Coat  per  cubic  yard  for  crushing,  mixing  and  placing: 


Transporting    to    Work:  ParOa.Td. 

Freight  of  pUnI  to  Weatfield   t0.0139 

Cost  of  nolamliDg  pIsDl  from  cars  D.OItS 

Cost  of  Wsmlnc  pUnl  (o  work   OJHSl 

Total  cost  of  Isndiug  on  job   tO.OUg 

Final  Reraoiai  of  Plant: 

Gobi  of  labor  dnmantling  and  loading  (0.0302 


■nd  UaiDtaining  Crveh«r  and  Concrete  Flani; 
10.1725 


Cement  SiorehooBP,  BO  Ft.  by  25  ft.: 

Cost  or  materula  uaed  ¥0.0205 

Coet  of  labor  buildioK  DJ1I20 

Total  coal  qf  cement  house  0,0326 

Erecting,  Moving  and  RemoTlae  Derrii^ks  and  Hoistera: 

Coat  of  labor  (0.1008 

Coet  of  miMelUoeoas  mppllei  O,0C33 

Coat  of  miscellanMuB  teaminc  O.OOU 

Total  coat  of  dertitla 0.106! 

DepreciallDH  on  Plant; 

Coet  of  deprrclalioa  on  concrete  plant RfOOS 

Cost  of  depreciation  on  emxIiR  plant  OJ3T0 

Total  deprEciWion   0.1062 

Goal  and  Oil  Dsed  in  UEiin[  and  in  Operating  Dirricks: 

Cost  of  CDBl  10.1222 

Coat  of  oil OOUO 

Total  cost    0,1J3I 

Qrand  total  cost  of  cruaher  and  coacrete  plant  10.8893 


506        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTIOK  EQUIPMENT 

Lieutenant  L.  M.  Adfwns,  Corps  of  Engineera,  U.  8.  A.,  in 
" Profesaional  Memoirs"  for  January-March,  1911,  describes  a 
mixing  and  handling  plant  mounted  on  a  barge  for  use  in  work  in 
locks,  dams,  etc.  Thia  plant  is  supplied  with  sand  and  gravel  from 
barges  alongside  and  the  concrete  ia  removed  from  it  by  a  derrick 
set  up  on  the  forma  or  on  a  boat  adjacent.  The  general  Beheme  ia 
shown  in  Fig.  229.    The  coat  waa  as  followe: 

Hull    of   Imrge    (4,000.00 

Coal,  sand  {S)  cu.  fd.)  snd  imvel  (40  ea.  yd.)  bins  ...  «ao.00 

Boikr  baiiRe  and  ccmeDi  ehed   a.OOO  barrele)    300,00 

Derrick    (EG   ft,    boom)    comiilete   vith    (SftxlO  tandem 
drum)    hoiFit,    two   dnpricale    boilerg    (ekob   W   hp.),    3 

strand  19-wite  plow   eteel  rope    3,300.00 

114-yard    clam    sheU    bncket    eOO.OO 

Wier.    complele    I.30B.00 

Cement  c«r   («  bagel   and  hoiel  «0.00 


Total    »10,B0tl/» 

Labor   cost  of  operation  per  8-hour  daj  ahift   

Coal   W  turniih  *0  hp.    per  abifl 

Capacity,  twenty  Hi  cubic  yard  batches  per  24  hours  .. 


In  an  article  by  Mr.  Wm.  Q.  Fargo,  of  Jacknon,  Mich.,  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Michigan  Engineering  Society,  1906,  aeveral 
typea  of  concrete  handling  planta  are  described,  Mr.  Fargo  con- 
siders that  on  work  requiring  the  placing  of  1,000  cubic  yarda  of 
concrete  or  over,  it  is  usually  cheapest  to  inatall  a  plant  for 
handling  the  materials.  The  wheelbarrow,  on  large  concrete 
works,  should  seldom  be  used.  The  tip  car  with  roller  bearings 
will  enable  one  man  to  push,  on  a  level  track,  from  5  to  K  times 
a  wheelbarrow  load  of  concrete.  Wagons  or  cars  for  bringing 
materials  to  the  mixer  may  be  drawn  by  teams  on  grades  of  2%, 
and  by  locomotivea  on  grades  of  4%  or  5%,  Steeper  grades  will 
require  cable  haulage.  On  long  retaining  walls  or  dams  the 
cableway  is  especially  valuable.  A  cablswaj  of  800- ft.  apan, 
capable  of  handling  a  yard  ot  concrete,  will  cost  complete  with 
boiler,  hoist  and  stationary  towers  45  ft,  high,  from  ?4,500  to 
$5,000,  and  for  the  movable  towers  about  $1,000  more. 

Such  a  plant  should  be  capable  of  handling  SO  cubic  yards  per 
hour.  Where  the  area  is  wide  more  cableways  are  necessary,  but 
if  not  too  wide  derricks  may  economically  rehandle  the  loa^d. 
On  work  where  the  total  width  is  a  large  fraction  of  the  length 
and  where  other  conditions  are  favorable  the  trestle  and  car 
plant  may  be  much  cheaper  than  the  cableway.  When  the  dis- 
tance from  the  miners  to  further  boundary  ia  less  than  500  ft. 
this  is  especially  true.  The  following  figures  give  the  coat  of 
a  car  plant  having  a  capacity  of  ZOO  yards  p«r  day  with  length 
of  500  ft.  out  from  the  mii:ers. 

r:„|.  :iMG00tjl>J 


MGootjl>j 


50S         HANDBOOK  OF  CONeXRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

TreBtle  —  Double  track,  24'm.  gauge,  6  ft.  between  centers  of 
tracks;  6in.  x  Sin.  stringeTB,  ZZ  or  24  ft.  long;  2-in.s:C-in.  ties, 
2-ft.  Q'ia.  centers,  2-iu.  s  12-iii'  running  boards  betwe«)  rails,  12-Ib. 

Trestle  legs  (30  ft.  average  length)  of  green  poles  at  6  coits 
per  ft.,  will  cost  complete  about  $1.S0  per  lineal  ft.  of  double 
track,  or  for  the  150  ft..-  i 

At    Jl-50.    crectfd    .■: »»;(» 

Five  split  fwit;:ta€9,  with  iprinE  bridlei,  (tt  tl^.OO 90.00  I 

Two   iron   turntEblBB,   at   faP.OO    80,00  ■ 

Three  ;^;d.   btwl  tip  cara,   with  nillBr  bearings    1M.0O 

t5ffi.00 

This  outfit,  with  repairs  and  renewals  amounting  to  10%,. 
should  be  good  for  live  seasons'  work.  If  labor  costs  $I.TS  per 
day  the  cost  of  handling  200  cu.  jd.  of  concrete  would  be  4% 
cents  per  yard.  This,  according  to  Mr.  Fargo,  would  be  a  saring 
of  aliout  5%   cents  per  eu.  jd. 

Pneumatic  HizinK,  Conveying  and  Placing  of  Concrete.  A 
patented  outfit  for  the  pneumatic  mixing  and  placing  of  concrete 
consists  of  a  series  of  hoppers  suspended  above  a  machine  for 
the  pneumatic  placing  of  the  concrete.  This  process  ini\~eB  the 
concrete  and  delivers  it  to  all  parts  of  the  work  in  the  same 
uniform  mix,  either  wet  or  dry,  as  whrai  it  first  left  the  machine. 
The  delivery  pipe  is  either  three,  four,  five  or  six  inch  wrought 
iron  pipe  depending  on  the  output  required.  The  pipe  may  termi- 
nate in  a  rubber  hoi^e  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  pipe. 

The  mixer  consists  of  two  conical  hoppers  connected  ti^ether 
by  chains  so  that  they  hang  one  below  the  other.  The  ingredients 
are  put  in  the  top  hopper  as  follows:  the  broken  etont  leveling  the 
top  surface,  then  the  cenient  leveling  the  stone,  and  then  the  sand. 
The  proper  amount  of  water,  determined  by  experiment,  is  then 
sprayed  over  the  top.  The  door  of  the  hopper  is  then  opened  by 
hand  and  the  coptenfa  are  allowed  to  flow  into  the  hopper  below, 
where  they  are  caught  and  held.  The  hopper  door  of  the  second 
hopper  is  then  opened  and  the  mixed  concrete  flows  into  the 
conveyor  below.  The  operation  is  then  repeated.  The  lower 
section  of  the  conveyor  ia  of  the  same  general  outline  as  the  hop- 
pers. The  top  of  the  chamber  is  closed  by  a  flap  door  operated 
by  an  air  cylinder.  At  the  bottom  of  the  conical  chamber  is  a 
SO  deg.  elbow  to  which  is  attached  the  discbarge  pipe  and  air 
inlet. 

The  compressed  air  plant  should  supply  air  at  a  pressure  of 
from  80  to  100  lb.    The  following  table  gives  the  capacities  in  cu.    j 
yd.  per  hour  at  the  indicated  distances.  i 


Rated  eapMiiy  in  cu.  yd-  per  bonr. 


ng.  230. 

An  adaptation  of  this  machine  ia  Bbown  in  Fig,  230.  This  rig 
is  used  where  it  ia  necesuary  to  move  the  outfit.  Special  riga  are 
used  for  each  particular  job.  This  machine  complete  without 
compressor,  for  four  ur  six  inch  discharge  coBts  about  $2,S00. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  59 
MOTOR  TBUCES 

(See  Treilerg) 

The  veJu«  of  an  automobile  truck  for  handling  nutterials  and 
supplits  depends  on  a  good  tntuij  factors  that  are  ott«n  not  famil- 
iar to  a  contractor,  especialiv  when  he  haa  no  data  except  those 
furnished  hitn  (/or  nothing)  by  the  willing  salesman.  The  motov 
truck  has  certain  marked  characteristics  that  place  it  in  a  distinct 
class  by  itself.  When  comparing  it  with  two-horse  wagons  these 
pecuiiftiities  must  be  considered  to  avoid  an  erroneous  conclusion. 
The  common  unit  of  passible  comparison  is  the  tMi  of  "  live 
load "  transported.  The  cost  of  loading  and  unloading  may  be 
assumed  to  be  the  same  with  motors  as  with  horses.  The  easential 
factors  are,  therefore,  as  follows: 

W  rz  net  live  load  in  Ions.  STerage. 


p.    wALtint  to  load   and    unload. 
D  =  deprecimlion, 


m  ^Dumber  of  nilout«g  in  the  working  day. 
n  =  numbw  of  ronnd  tripa  per  working  day  at  a 
Then  we  have  the  lollowing  farmalie: 
D 
(1>  —  =  time  in  mlnulw  tor  a  loaded  trip. 


(21  L  +■ — =  actual  non-productive  1 
KS 
D 
(3)  L-H — -HD/S- total  aTeragfl  tii 


MOTOR  TRUCKS 


—total    nnmber    of   round    trips    per    dw'.    ThtB    in    the 

D  /         1\       mnjority  of  cHsex  muBt  be  eith-r  an  integral   number 

I.H — (1+--)  or  sn  iDleeral  vha  W,  since  the  trnek  must  usually 
B\       K/      lie  up  for  the  nlifal  at  one  end  of  ths  trip. 

—  Average  load  tranayorted  per  daj,  in  tons. 


-'[-=(-3] 


insportation    per    I 


-  welgkt  al  load  divided  by  weifbt  a 


M  +  W 

There  are  eight  factors  composing  the  quantity  R,  and  these 
seven  formulas  give  us  all  the  csiiential  relations  for  detrTmining 
the  economic  policy  to  be  pursued  for  any  given  conditions 
from  vhit^li   the  values  of   the  eight  factors  can   be  determined. 

Several  of  these  may  he  taken  as  standard,  while  two,  namely, 
the  practicable  net  load  and  the  distance  of  haul,  will  vary  with 
the  nature  of  the  work  and   the  hourly  conditions  on  the  work. 

To  make  proper  comparinnns  between  an  automobile  truck  and 
other  means  of  transportation,  the  cost  curves  for  each  method 
should  be  plotted   and   the  costs  thus  readily  be  estitnated. 

Motor  trucks  vary  in  price  from  aliout  $1,000  for  a  half-toD 
delivery  wagon  to  about  $6,500  for  a  7^i-ton  truck. 

The  prices  of  several  makes  of  trucks  are  given  as  follows: 


Oapaclty  I.  o.  b  Clevelend 

*i  Ion  chassis,    weight   2,960  lb |2,*)l) 

\  ton  conii,[ete,  witU  eiprees  body 2,S75 

2      ton  chassis,    weight    419)   lb     3,301) 

2     ton  comiilplf,    with   eipreea  bndy    ...3,600 

2      ton  complete,    with    pisiform    laiily    3,560 

1     ton  power  dump  truck,    witU  l>odj    3,900 

SH  Ion  rhaisis.    weight    7,750    lb. (.WO 

314  ton  complBlo,    wLlh    plalform    body    4  576 

m  ton  power    dum|.    Irurlc.    with    body,    weight   10,225    lb,  4.9no 

B      ton  rhassie,    WPight  7.tl2S  lb. B.IW 

5      ton  fomplelB,    wllh    platform    body    5,275 

S     ton  power  dump  truck,   with  body,   weight  10,470  lb.    ..  6,6110 

Another  make  is  as  follows:     (Prices  for  chassis.) 


513         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Truck  o[  unolher  tnakc  coste  as  follows: 


Another  make  costo  as  fallown,  f.  o 


2  Inn  .-hHisis  G,10O  4m 

Z  ton  bodr  1,500  EGO 

The  prines  for  the  bodies  include  the  hoist  and  power  take-ofl 
arraiigeniente  necessary  to  operate  them. 

Prices  as  given  are  usually  for  the  chassis  alone  and  do  not 
Inpludp  the  liody,  which  latter  may  be  had  in  a  variety  of  forms 
at  little  abore  actual  cost.  Some  typpa  of  body  are  very  in- 
genioiiKly  dpsigned  and  the  remoi-able  body  is  of  especial  interest. 
This  is  made  separate  and  of  a  eiie  to  «uit  the  work  it  has  to 
perform,  and  ie  mounted  on  rollent  and  can  be  removed  from  the 
chassis  and  rolled  onto  a  hand  truck  or  other  support  and  while 
it  is  being  loaded  or  unloaded  the  chassis  is  performing  ite  work 
with  another  body  of  the  name  type.  This  is  very  valuable  on 
short  hauls,  or  where  material  vhicb  is  difficult  to  handle  is  being 
carried,  where  the  loading  charge  would  be  a,  large  part  of  the 
total. 

A  make  of  standard  straght  side  dump  bodies  built  for  any 
motor  truck,  trailer,  semi-trailer,  wagon  or  railroad  car  gear 
which  dumps  automatically  by  gravity  and  discharges  the  load 
clear  ot  the  wheels,  costs  f.  o.  b.  Chicago,  as  follows: 


Oapacit;  Weight 


IS  Steel  eoren 


t:,>.«lc 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  513 

SeotlonRl  Side  Dnmp  Bodlet,  the  hoppers  of  which  operate 
tndependetitly  of  one  another,  allowing  mixed  loadt  to  be  oiTrhid 
and  dumped  at  eeparate  points,  are  as  {ollowai  (The  CBpaoitieg 
shown  &re  total  capauitiea  and  prices  are  for  complete  outfits.) 

Prico  WelfM    ' 

Jotal  op.  "--         "^ —        ■"— -         '" —        ■"- 


Jvui  cap. 


Fig.  231.    SCajidikra  biue  Ounip  tSodf. 


514         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Tbree-Way  Dnmp  Body  which  iriU  dump  to  either  iide  hj 
gfavity  and  also  eodwise  bj  meftiis  of  a,  hoiat,  Nthei  band  Oi 
hydraulic,  ie  as  followH: 


Fig.  233.     Standard  Automatic  End  Dump  Body. 


Automatic  End  Dump  Bodies,  the  dumping  being  controlled  bv 

a  worm  and  gear  operating  mechanJBm,  allowing  the  load  to  be 
dumped  fa«t  or  slowly  as  required,  cost  as  follows : 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  515 

A  truck  bod;  tbat  elevates  to  a  "  tailgate  height "  of  from 
7  ft.  3  in.,  to  S  ft.  0  in.,  and  then  dumps,  is  operated  by  a,n  S  inch 
hydratilic  hoist.     The  following  data  apply: 


The  maxitnum  height  that  the  tallgajto  may  be  raised  above  the 
ground  depends  on  the  wheelhase  of  the  trucic  on  which  it  n 
mounted.  For  most  trucks  of  laVj  ft.  wheelbase  this  distance 
is  7^  ft.  and  with  a  15  ft.  wheelbaac,  9^  ft.  These  elevations 
of  the  tailgate  give  the  body  suHlcient  slope  to  cause  hard  coal  or 
any  other  similar  material  to  slide  to  the  rear  and  out  through 
a  chute.  A  slope  of  50%  which  gives  a  tailgate  height  of 
about  5^4  ft.  ia  suitable  for  a  clean  dump  of  any  adhesive 
material. 

Holat  for  Dump  Bodlea.  A  hoist  that  wili  raise  a  load  of  from 
1  to  S  tone  to  an  angle  of  from  35  to  jiO  degrees,  and  is  operated 


Fig.  234.     Hydraulic  Hoist  Body. 

by  one  man,  furnished  complete  for  mounting  on  any  truck 
chasaiH  costs  $126  f.  o.  b.  Kansas  City,  Mo.  This  hoist  can  also 
be  used  with  a  commercial  wood  body  by  using  rear  dump  bed' 
hinges  with  a  cross  rod  at  an  additional  price  <it  $1170.  The 
approximate  shipping  weight  of  the  hoist  is  400  lb. 

All  Hetal  Dump  Bedf,  co«t  as  foltowB,  f.  o.  b.  Kansas  City, 
ifo.: 

[:„l-  j-,C(K)t(l>J 


616        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


ii  Ut  » 

42  to    M 

GSto  81 
82  la  96 
96  10  108 
IW  to  135 


BhippiBff  iruifht  in  lb. 


S2S 


428 
1175  *55 


Dry  und  Sbulifn    K       1.1       1.8       2U       2.«       2  3K       4U 

J  Rock S         .9       Hi       iS       -"       °"       - 


Discounts  to  apply  to  the  above  for  atraJght  tiAaa  35 —  10%, 
flare  sides  30  —  10%.' 

Vabdaqe  of  Diffebettt  Matebials  to  Nobuai.lt  Load  Tbucks 

OommodiEy  to  be  Caoacitr  of  Truck  (Toiib) 

hsndled  1  114       2H       J  Sli       4  5  «  TW 

A«h«  of  Sort  Coil   ....  IK      »i       4M       &U      «  1  »K     lOM     13 

Hard    ..™™!'...."!'..  .«  *i  m  IK  a  21i  8  SH  4« 

Ponland   OemeiU    K  1.1  !£  2U  S.a  8  8K  M  B» 

Cinder*     1%  2(4  4W  6%  6  7  S5i  1014  13 

Clay,  irr,  in  Lumiw   ..  li  1%  3  3U  4  4%  B  7  8^ 

Cod.   Anthriclle    Hi  2  2^4  314  41A  B  flW  Tit  W 

Coal.   Biluminout   lU  2!4  3%  4H  Eli  6  714  S^  11 

roTii-rrte   WM   \4  H  Hi  Itt  Hi  a  2(4  3  3* 

Earth,   Hoiit.    Packed..  K  1.1  1.8  21i  SA  3  3\  4(4  S(4 

Gravel    8  .9  Hi  1.8  2.2  214  3  114  4?! 

Mn-onry   r  '    *  -  ,.,  .  «. 

Sand.   Dry   . 

CruBhfd  Rork   . 

Gnutaed    Granite    Si  .8  1.3  l.S  1.8  2  2.6  3.2  4-]i 

Mr.  Charles  L.  Gow,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Boston  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers,  cites  an  instance  where  the  S^^-mile  road 
from  the  railroad  to  the  work  was  in  such  bad  condition  and 
of  such  steep  grades  that  2-horse  and  aometimes  4-horse  waji^DS 
were  unable  to  make  more  than  two  trips  per  day,  carrying  3,000 
pounds.  A  steam  traction  enj;ine  failed  of  greater  aucceea  on 
account  of  the  bad  roade  and  hecauFie  the  steep  grades  going  up 
hill  caneed  the  steam  dome  to  be  Hooded  and  going  down  caused 
the  crown  sheet  to  be  uncovered.  A  gasoline  traction  engine 
failed  besauee  of  the  presence  of  sandy  patches  in  the  road  which 
destroyed  the  tractive  force  of  the  wheels.  A  2-ton  38. S  horae' 
power  automobile  truck  was  introduced  with  great  success, 
making  six  trips  per  day  over  a  longer  but  better  road.  However, 
the  use  of  the  truck  on  the  steep,  icy  roads  became  too  dangeroue 
and  was  stopped  diiring  the  winter.  Mr.  Gow  aaya: 
highly  probable  that  had  two  of  tbeee  trucks  been  purchased  at 
the  beginning  of  the  work  great. saving  would  have  been  effected 
in  the  oost  of  handling  materials." 

Forbes  &,  Wallace  put  a  gasoline  machine  in  service  Hay  1, 
1000,  to.  deliver  bundles  from  their  d^artmevt  SIM'S.  Hie  resalt 
of  eight  months'  use  is  as  follows; 


.    .        ,      Mf!TDRi  TEUCK8      .  ,  ■  517 

Tatal  nnmb«r  of  bandits  delitered   '--"v r- ^^^i 

EKpanae   ladndlns   atorace.   ml.'  ptiiti   ind   labor    ...!...(  3SS.IKI 

Tirw    and    Tflpeite     .......     1!17«* 

GaiMliue IM-OO 

Regii'ti-atiDn   .--- lOlW 

Total    .,...'. '.'. |l,"2Ta.OO 

Depreciation,  33^%  per  annum.  Cost  of  delivering  bundles  bj 
automobik.  6^c,  by  hprse,  9^^.  ... 

Four  Overland  delivery  cars  were  UBed,>y  the  United  States 
Mail  Service  at  "Indianapolis,  for  .eighteen  montha.  Each  <^ar 
replaced  three  horee-iiriveii  wagons  apd  covered  sisty  to  aev^ty- 
Sve  tiiileB  a  day.  ',■..;. 

Duriiur  the  winter  of  IBIO  in  New,  York  City  a  motor  truck 
carried  ten  cubic  yards  of  snow ,^8  compared  with  five  eiibii; 
yards  can-ied  ^y  an  ordinary  contractor's  wagon,  T1)b  ?etu);ij 
trip  from  the  unloadini;  point  to  the,  dock  took  the  motor  truij^c 
OD  an  average  forty  miuutea,  while  the  best  record  trip  with 
a  two-honw  truck  was  one  hour  and.  twenty  minutes.  At.  the 
rate  of  36  cents  per  cubic  yard,  iM  motor  truck  earned  $7.90, 
while  the  best  of  its  horse-drawn  c^mpetitiors  earned  $1  nv.  A 
New  York  contractor  hauls  heavy  sbinie  to  the  crusher  and  broken 
stone  away  from  it.  A  3-ton  motor  truck  in  one  and  a  half  days 
does  the  work  that  five  teams  took  two  days  to  accomplish. 

In  New  York  City  a  5-ton  truck  delivered  963  tons  of  coal  in 
twenty-six  working  days  with  no  delay  from  breakdowns;  it  aver- 
aged twenty -eiglit  ipjlea,,pfr  ,48y  imi  tl»irty-sevffn.jtqn»,jpiM.  .day. 
A  10-ton  truck  delivei^  eighty-four  tons  a  ,day  siod  covered'  twA 
and  a  half  miles, on  eac^  gallon, 5>f  gii^line.. 

An  industrial  concern  on  Stfiten  .Islfind  used  ffne  3-tan  gospline 
truck,  one  3-horge  truck:an4  pop. Srh^rae. truck,  oyer  «  niund  trip 
of  twenty  miles.  .The  horse-drawQ  triKks.  made  one  tcipieach  and 
the  motor  truck  two  trips  per  day.  7he  3-horse  tnick.  Iwuled 
41^  tons  at  a  cost  of  $10.03,  the  2-hor8e  trunk  hauW.  tbree-tona 
at  a  cost  of  ST.3I.  The. motor  truck  hauled  aii  .tons  at  aiooat 
of  $13.40 

The  Chicago  Public  Library  has  been  using  six  1 -ton  gasoline 
wagons  to  deliver  books  to  their  branches.  .  Xhey,w«re,  installed 
in  November,  1904,  and  tlye;  following  statement  ,wa<|,»stimatad 
to  April,  1009.  .  .,;-,. 


PaintiDK  

InlPr««»te%  

StorsEB   

f,tt'r«!^..:;:: 

.■tin,sw;fi2 

SIS        HANDBOOK  OF  CONRTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Average,  miles  per  day,  33;   average  coat  per  ton  mile,  1 

This  service  formerly  co^t  20c  per  ton  mile  with  liorge  drawn 
wagons. 

The  Maoz  Engraving  Company  replaced  four  double  teams  with 
one  3-tQn  truck  which  made  two  trips  daily  on  a  round  trip  oE 
more  than  fourteen  miles.  Five  gallons  of  gasoline  were  ui 
per  day. 

In  the  Boston  American  Economy  and  Reliability  contest,  held 
in  October,  1910,  for  motor  trucliB,  the  cost  of  gasoline  and  cylin 
der  oil  per  ton  mile  ranged  from  *0  0068  to  «0.n8<)2  and  for  the    ' 
twenty-eight  cars  the  average  was  $0026,  with  gasoline  casting 
16  cents  and  oil  costing  60  cents  per  gallon. 

Standard  speeds  for  motor  trucks  were  formally  adopted  at  a 
convention  of  the  National  Association  of  Automobile  Manufac- 
turers held  in  1612.  Those  speeds,  as  reported  in  the  Povjer 
Wagon  of  Chicago  are  as  follows: 

Losd  Ifilea  Load  lOet 


Typ«»  Of  Truoks.  There  are  several  types  of  motor  dump  trucks 
for  use  by  contractors  and  others  who  handle  material  in  bulk. 
These  trucks  are  so  made  that  the  body,  together  with  its  load  of 
from  three  to  ten  tons,  can  be  raised  at  the  front  end  and  the 
load  slid  out  or  else  raised  vertically  to  a  sufficient  height  to 
permit  chutes  to  be  used.  One  of  these  trucks  has  a  body  that  is 
raised  at  the  front  end  by  a  pair  of  chains  moved  by  a  train  of 
gears  driven  from  the  transmission  set  of  the  truck.  Another  is 
similarly  operated,  except  that  the  chains  are  wound  up  on  the 
drums,  which  are  worm  driven  from  the  primary  shaft  just 
back  of  the  clutch. 

There  is  also  a  dump  tmek  that  is  operated  by  compressed 
air.  A  vatve  on  the  dash  is  opened  to  admit  compressed  air  to 
a  long  vertical  steel  cylinder  behind  the  seat.  This  raisea  a 
plunger  whose  rod  is  connected  to  the  top  of  the  front  end  of 
the  body,  thus  hoisting  the  body  with  the  load.  Releasing  the 
air  from  the  cylinder  allows  the  bod;  to  settle  back  to  normal 
position.  The  compressor  is  operated  by  the  vehicle  engine. 
A  new  and  valuable  feature  o£  some  of  the  dump  trucks  are  the 
automatic  tail  boards  with  which  they  are  equipped.     These  are 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  519 

hung  on  trunnions  at  the  top  and  «o  connected  to  a  afBt«m  of 
toggle  arme  at  tbe  lower  rorners  that  they  open  automatically 
as  the  front  end  of  the  bodf  is  elevated,  thus  enabling  the 
driver  to  dump  tbe  load  without  leaving  hia  seat.  Upon  lower- 
ing the  body  the  tail  board  iHosea  and  Ib  locked  into  positicai. 
CoBti  of  KotAi  Track  Operfttion.  The  following  table  ie  from 
Engineering  and  Contrwitinff,  Jan.  17,  1917. 

Operating  Costs: 

Tone  oapBcity  Tolst  coet  Total  cmt  p«r  annum  ton  mile 


7H  IVM  ITOT  .1KB 

The  above  table  has  been  computed  on  tlie  baeU  of: 

Interest  on  half  total  investment  of  6%. 

Fire  insurance  at  Z%  on  80%  of  total  inveetment. 

Fixed  d^reciation  exclusive  of  tires  at  10%. 

300   working  days   per  year. 

30  miles  per  day. 

9,000  miles  per  jear. 

100,000  miles  life  of  truck.  : 

25  ct.  per  gal.  cost  of  gasoline. 

60  ct.  per  gal.  cost  of  lubricating  oil. 

$20  per  month  wages. 

$20  per  month  garage  charges. 

The  following  notes  appeared  in  Engineering  aitd  Contractittg, 
Oct.  13,  1915. 

Firet  Cost. —  "Hie  first  cost  varies  with  the  kind  of  body,  the 
general  finish,  the  appurtenances  and  other  items.  A  very  general 
figure  for  the  cost  of  different  trucks  is  given  in  Tabic  I. 

Table  I. —  Fibst  Cost  of  Moiob  Tbccks  for  Refcse  Collbgiioh 

Bated  esptcit;,  Ont  of  tmek. 

tons,  oompUM. 

1     (2,600 

3    S,4C« 

S *,»» 

4 4,800 

e 6.400 

«  e.000 

^   e.6W 


Coi.><i\c 


5a0         HANDBOOK  OF  CONBTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Operating  Ooatt. —  The  rost  of  operatii^g  VHTieB  (considerably 
from  one  locality  to  another.  Rome  gettcral  data  are  available. 
Table  11  givee  the  manufacturers'  eitimate  of  the  d&il;  coat  of 
operation,  based  on  a  trarel  of  '40  mtlee  per  day. 

Table  IIi— Cost  ow  (^er»ti;40>  QAeouifK  Teikss:  Fm  DaT'of 
40  Miles  Travel 

Rated  capwity,  I 

tons.  Cod  per  day. 

1 17.40 

2 7,80 

5 SM 

6  '.['.'.^il[[','.ll[l'.''^^'.[ll'.[\\['.'.'^['.ll'.]^'.'.i'.ll"['.    11,00 
e ,. U75 

7     1S.W 

These  figures,  of  couree,  are  only  approximate.  They  iDclude 
all  charges,  both  fixed  and  operalinK. 

The  Electrical  World  has  compiled  operating  costs  for  electric 
motor  trucks  in  commercial  eervice  from  .10  plants  taken  from  all 
parts  of  the  United  States.  The  coats  include  interest,  deprecia- 
tion, insurance,  licensee,  upkeep  of  tiree,  Itatteriei,  meehanical 
parts,  power,  supplies,  garage  charges,  drivers'  wages,  and^  super- 
vision. The  dai^  mileage  is  not  recofded  but  the  total  -co&t  per 
day  is  as  follows  for  the  various  sizes  Of  trucks;'  '' 


3.5 


These  are  quite  representative  figures,  and  are  only  slightly 

higher  than  the  manufacturers*  costl 

A  study  of  a  number  of  records  indicates  that  the  daily  mile- 
age of  trucks  will  range  from.  25  to  40.  A  mileage  of  30  fnilee  per 
day  would  give  the  following  approximate  costs  per  ton  mile,  com- 
puted' from  the  average  maitufacturer'a  figures:  ' 

Table  III,— Total  Cost  or  Opebatisg  Motob  Trucks  per 

■:,    ■        1      I  TOlt-MlLB 

Coat  per 
Rated  c»padtT,  toi>-mtle.lnclud- 

tOB«.  log  flxed  cbargea. 


MOTOR  TRUGK8  521 

The  Chicago  Civil  Servife  ComiBinrian,  after  ftn  extended  stud;, 
found  the  operating  eoet  of  a  3-ton  gaaoline  tru(4(  to  be  (0.13  per 
ton  mile.  A  3-ton  ekttric  truck  coat  SO.ll  per  ton  mile  with 
euCT«iit  at  0.6  ct.  per  kilowatt-hour.  Hiia  is  a  v^ry  low  coat  for 
eleHric  power. 

The  Automobile  Chamber  of  Commerce,  after  eompiling  a  lar^ 
number  of  cost  data,  for  comniercial  vehicles  at  various  sizes,  ar- 
rived at  an  average  cost  of  operation,-  including  ilsed  charges^ 
of  $0.11  per  ton  mile. 

The  Department  <A  Public  Worka  in  Chicago  usea  a  5-ton  and  a 
2-ton  gasoline  truck  for  delivering  materials  between  city  yards 
snd  construction  jobs.  The  average  coat  of  operating  the  6-ton 
truclt  was  13  ct.  per  ton  mile-  The  coat  of  operating  the  2-ton 
truck  varied  from  14  to. 32  ct.  per  ton  nule.  The  cost  by  teams 
under  contract  was  26.0  ct.  per  ton  mile.  These  coats  were  from, 
actual  service  records  during  the  lastiMK  months  of  191t  and 
include  &xed  charges  and  all  other  cost«- 

These  figures  are  from  truck  operation  only  fad  do  not  iac]ude 
the  wages  of  helpers,  for  loading  in. collection  service. 

A  study  of  the  coat  of  operation  indicates  that  the.  .flued 
rhargea  amount  to  about  58%  of  tlie  total  cost.  The  power  cost 
ia  generally  less  than. 10%  of  the  total.  Consequently  the  cboiee 
between  gasoline  mul  electric  .trucks  docs  sot^depeod  wholly  upon 
the  power  item,  but  rather  .upon  special. local  conditions. 

Gontractnn'  Cost  nf  EanUng  Blasted  Hock-  The  foUoWHf- 
data  (about  1!)10)  on  motor  truck  work. hauling  blasted  rock' 
were  furnished  by  the  Charles  P.  Boland  Company,  engineers  and 
contractors  of  Troy,.K.  Y,  The  contract  called  for  the  e:(cavatioii 
and  removal  of  23,000  cubic  yards  of  rock.  The  rock  was  blasted 
and  Jtauled  in  two  3-ton  trucks.,  These  were  .et^uipped  with' 
patent  dumping  bodies  and  V'ere.  used  -coatknupuety,  day  and 
night  shifts-  The  excavated  material  was  hauled  in  some  cases 
a  diata^oe  otjwie;  and  «  b»14  piiea,,..  i^^he  eeronia  »bow  that  itese 
trucks  carried  about  twice  the  auonnt  usually  hauled  in  a  l^i 
cubic  yard  dump  wagon  and  made  tlie  trip  to  the  dumping 
ground  and  return  in  just  half  the  ,time  re<^ired  for  &  t«am  to 
make  it. ,  Experience  proved  that  it  was  necessary  to  keep  the 
trucka  continuously  on  the  move  in  order  to  work  them  eco' 
nomically.  and  with  thin  id^  in  mind  large  steel  bottou  dump 
bucket*  were  u»ed  in  loadiog  t^  trucks;  thus  no,,tTO&  was  loat. 
in  loading,  as  several  bupket?  were  full, .at. all  time*  and  the 
operation  of  reloading  the  tracks  tooH  only  the  time  required  to 
hoiet  the  buckets  over  the.  trucks, .  The  actual  leading  operation 
required  but  a. few  minutes.. 

In  the  hauling  of  materia)^  from  the  fr^igbt- house  to  the  build- 


522        HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

iog  sit«,  the  records  show  that  hauling  cement  co«t  about  IV^ 
cents  per  bag,  or  30  cents  per  net  ton.  Eighty  bogs  were  car- 
ried OD  each  trip  and  eight  trips  were  required  to  unload  a  car 
containing  S40  bags.  Increased  efficiency  was  obtained  by  baving 
at  least  six  laborers  to  do  the  loading,  aa  little  time  ie  lost  if 
the  loading  force  is  large  enough.  The  average  reoord  of  each 
car  of  cement  friwi  the  freight  house  to  the  site  of  operations, 
a  distance  of  about  I^  mile*,  was  a»  follows; 


Total UXl 

Referring  to  their  experience  on  this  work  the  contractors  write 
as  follows; 

In  the  care  of  an  automobile  truck,  onr  experiaice  has  taught 
UR  that  it  is  economical  to  keep  every  part  well  lubricated  at 
all  times.  A  cheap  or  an  inferior  grade  of  oil  should  not  be  used, 
as  the  carbon  forming  qualities  of  a  cheap  oil  more  than  offset 
the  saving  in  the  price.  Where  more  than  one  truck  is  in  use  at 
least  one  chautTeur  should  be  employed  who  is  a  thoroughly 
practical  mar.  This  will  enable  one  to  have  each  tmck  carefully 
looked  over  each  day  and  any  disarrangement  corrected  before 
damage  is  done.  We  have  bad  little  or  no  trouble  with  these 
trudcs.  The  main  expenee  in  connection  with  tbe  maintenance 
of  tbe  trucks  is  tbe  wear  and  tear  on  tires.  We  are  now  using 
a  wire  mesh  tire  made  by  the  Diamond  Rubber  Company  which 
-  seems  to  give  us  good  service.  The  company  referred  to  sells 
these  tires  on  a  guaranteed  mileage  basis,  and  if  renewals  are 
necessary  before  tbe  mliesge  is  completed,  a  replacement  is  made 
by  them  and  an  adjustment  made  on  tbe  basis  of  the  mileage 
obtained. 

OpenitlEg  Cost  of  Kotor  Tmok  In  DeliTeriiie  Butd  and  OraveL 
The  following  is  from  Engineering  and  GoKtracting,  Mar.  SI,    I 
1917. 

A  Pacific  Coast  sand  and  graTel  company  is  using  a  5-ton 
truck  for  delivering  sand  and  gravel.  The  material  is  nearlj 
always  mixed  and  usuajly  is  quite  wet.  It  runs  4  yd.  to  the  | 
load  and  3,400  lb.  to  tbe  yard,  ajid  is  hauled  over  country  roadn 
of  various  kinds;  about  equally  divided  between  gravel  and  dirt. 
There  are  many  hills,  some  of  thetn  quite  steep,  necessitating  going 
in  flret  and  second  gears.  Most  of  the  trucking  was  for  deliverino 
gravel  on  county  roads,  and  spreading  it  with  the  attachment 
on  the  truck.  The  following  operating  cost*,  furnished  by  the  i 
company,  cover  a  5-months  period   last  year; 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  E 

ATersge  diatanc*  of  dellverr.  mile*  S.1 

Cost  on  ysrd  mile  tO.lOBS 

Cost  per  ton  mill MTl 

VoM    talinge     7,»(» 

Y>rd>   deliTwed S,190 


iVeifht  ol  rra'eli  ^ 


a  hanled    lS,StO 

-i-on   mu™   hiinlsd    JS,83B 

HetluNl  of  ngurlDc' 

Wlu  per  day       ysrdB        yuda    ■ 

X =  per  dw 


The  track  was  new  last  jesr.  Tbe  driver  wae  paid  for  an 
extra  hour  each  day  the  truck  wae  operated.  This  extra  time  he 
put  in  screwing  down  the>  grease  cape  and  inspecting  parts  on 
the  truck.  The  driver  was,  therefore,  held  responsible  for  any- 
thing happening  that  could  have  been  prevented  by  his  inspection. 
In  several  instuices  he  discovered  that  there  was  a  loose  nut, 
missing  bolt,  cup  gene  or  something  of  minor  importance,  which 
if  neglected  might  cause  lost  time  and  more  or  less  expense. 

These  things  were  immediately  attended  to  and  as  a  conse- 
quence no  time  was  loBt  on  account  of  truck  trouble. 

The  following  data  on  hauling  with  motor  trtKHcs  are  from  ft 
1920  issue  of  The  Ocrmmereiai  Car  JourtuU: 

R.  H.  Gumz,  paving  contractor  in  Milwankee,  paid  91-50  per 
cu.  yd.  for  hauling  concrete  aggregatee  SVj  miles  from  the  pit 
to  the  job.  The  trucks  hauled  6  eu.  yd.  to  the  toad  and  usually 
made  six  trips  a  day.  The  cost  of  hauling  aggregates  this 
distance  by  team  would  have  amounted  to  nearly  twice  that  price, 
even  it  tee^s  could  have  been  secured  at,  $1  an  hour. 

During  the  construction  of  the  Beloit-Janesville  road  in  southern 
Wisconsin,  the  contractor  paid  for  the  delivery  of  aggic^tea  as 
follows : 


Hie  AtwoDd-Davis  Sand  k  Gravel  Co.,  from  whom  the  aggre- 
gates were  bought,  delivered  thein  on  the  job  for  the  above  prices, 
using  three  trucks,  two  trucks  hauling. 40  cu.  yd.  per  day  and  <>ne 
truck  hauling  24  cu.  yd.  per  day. 

The  following  tables  show  the  cost  of  hauling  aggcegates  on 
a  highway  job  in  Luce  county,  Michigan,  under  oonatructim 
during  the  summer  of  iS18,  Two  5<t«n  trucks  were  .used.  The 
interest  on  track  investsMnt  was  taken  at  6%  per  year,  and  no 
1  included: 


524        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUOTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  cbmrgu  tor  track  Ho.  1  ware: 

DtpreciiittoD,   lOO.DOO  iiiUea   (track  nine  minaa  timj    ..t  26Ejt 

Tot«l  w»ge«  of  driver  119.74 

Qawline,  1,37T  esI.  st  25  cl MSB 

LubHcatmg  oil,  U7  gal.  at  Be  ct es.53 

Hard   oil,    128,B  lb.    M   «   tl , 7.71 

WuM,   20  ih.  At  20  ct 4,00 

Tire  derrecistioa,  i.3W  mil«B  st  S  et.  US. IS 

Repair*   and   renewala    180.00 

Total   operatlDg  chargw    tl,SUM 

Filed  chargea  (intereal)   i 28S.0O 

tl.«03.gS 

Average  haiil  In  milee    5.U 

Number  of  yarda  hauled   1.S83.0O 

Total  namber  yard  miles  nFrformed,  lO.SZl  ....fO.lU  ji.  mile 

'Total  number  ton  miles  performed,  lB,m  0,104  toa  mile 

The  eharse»,for  truck  Sa..2  were: 

Deprcciiiion,  lOO.ma  milee   (truck  lala'e  minua  tirea)    ...t  237.40 

'■  To  fill    wages    of   driver    .-■. ■,.. »700 

GawliDa.  1,£3&  gal.  at  3S  et J08.T5 

LubricBliiiE  oila,  117  gal.  at  65  ct BS.Sg 

Hafd  oSla,  12S.S  lb.   at  8  ct 4.0B 

Waalei    gU  lb.    at  »   ct    , 4.J0 

Tire  deiireciallon  at  3  ct.  per  mile  148^3 

Bepalra  and   renewala    131.00 

Total  operating  chargna   , '. H.UO.TS 

FiiAd  .charxa    (imerwl)    i88.00 

|1,4»7.T9 

A\inga  haul  Is  wUea  ..; iM 

Number    of    yarda    hauled 1,780.00 

Taial  numluT  of  yard  milm  perTonnad,  9,8^  M.IM  fd.  mile 

Total  Qnmbw-ol  loa  mile  performed,  1^791 0181  toa  mils  - 

The  cost  of  baullng  ag(^pgat«s  by  raUor  trudt  for'  the  conatnic- 
tion  of  it  one-couree  concrete  road  in  Alien  cOunty,  Indiana,  was 
$0,011  per  sq.  yd.  iif'paveMent.  The  Muling  was  done  wHb  3  and 
4-ton  trucks,  the  a'ei'ttge  length  of  haiil 'beiiig  1.7  init«H.  The 
materials  were  loaded  me<^hanicaUy  at  a' cost  of  a'ppro:tihiftteij 
!l  ot.  per  cubic  yard,  the  actual  cost  of  bauliag  being  42  ct.  per 
lubic  yard. 

A  saving  of  about  $1,000  per  mile  was  effected  by  Itasca  eotinty, 
Minnenota,  by  using  motor  tru<;ks  instead  of  teams  for  hauling 
materials  on  tti6  construction  df  the  Grand  RapidsDuIuth  high- 
way In  the  fall  of  IfflS,  Two  motor  trucks  of  6  bh;  yd.  capacity 
and'tTiree  of  3icn.  yd.  (*ii«city  were  usfed,  Fipurliig  in  all  ex- 
penses for  operation  of  trucks,'  and  including  deprMiation  «nd 
interest,  garage  charges,  repairs  and  overhauling  on  'completion  of 
the  work,'  'it  was  found  that  the  cost  of  hauling  was  91  15  per 
yard,  the  average  Hauling  being  3  miles.  '  Ifthe  hauling  had  been 
done  'by-  teaniit,  the  cost  would  have  beeta  very'sekr  to  92"per 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  626 

cubic  j%rd  and  the  cost  of  the  toad  would  hare  been  incieased  by 
$1,000  per  mile. 

During  the  construction  of  the  Belair  road  of  the  Maryland 
State  Highwaj'  Commission,  in  tbe  eprlng  of  1&I9,  vet  ctmcrete 
was  delivered  from  a  central  crumbing  and  mixing  plant  to  the 
road  surface  by  motor  truck  over  hauls  ranging  from  ^  to  4 
ntileB.  Extensive  rebandling  of  materials  was  thus  dispensed 
with  and  the  cost  of  the  work  reduced.  In  spite  of  the  lengtb 
of  the  haul,  there  was  no  apparent  injur;  to  the  quality  of  the 
coneret«  mixturtt.  As  there  was  e:tcellent  atone  in  the  hills  adja- 
cent to  the  road,  a  location  was  selected  about  midway  on  the 
contract,  a,  quarrj  opened  and  a  crushing  and  mixing  plant  in- 
Ht&lled.  A  3  ft.  strip  of  concrete  S  inches  thick  was  built  on 
each  side  of  tbe  macadam  road.  Tbe  mixed  concrete  was  dumped 
from  the  trucks  upon  the  surface  of  the  old  road  and  shoveled  into 
the  forms  at  the  side.  Forty  cubic  yd.  of  concrete  were  placed 
per  day,  tbe  average  cost  of  hauling  being  $1.76  per  cu.  yd. 

Cost  of  Operating  Tmak  and  Trailer.  The  following  appeared 
in  Engineering  Wewa  Record,  Nov.  28,  1914. 

A  test  was  made  recently  at  Kenoaha,  Wis.,  to  determine  tbe 
possible  saving  in  tbe  use  of  a  four-wbeel  drive,  brake  and  steer 
motor  dump  truck  with  trailers  for  hauling  material  2.7  mi. 
from  railroad  cars  in  connection  with  the  building  of  a  concrete 
rood.  At  the  time  of  the  test  tbe  work  was  being  done  by  mulea 
and  wagons,  at  a  cost  of  from  $54  to  $60  per  day.  With  th6 
motor  ontflt  it  is  asserted  that  a  saviAg  of  $35  per  day  was 
effected. 

Uaing  the  mulee  or  horses  with  1%-yd.  Bain  patent  duitap  wag- 
ons four  trips  per  day  were  being  made.  The  charge  was  $6  for 
team,  wagon  and  driver.  Hence  the  cost  per  cubic  yard  of  ma- 
terial hauled  was  $1.  Tbe  contractor  usually  employed  nine 
or  tetl  ertra  teams  for  this  work.  About  2,000  cu.  yd.  of  material 
to  the  mile  bad  to  be  hauled.  For  the  stretch  over  which  the 
test  was  mode  half  the  distance  'was  good  concrete  road,  while 
about  %  mi.  was  loose  sand. 

After  several  test  trips  with  the  motor  equipment  it  was 
found  that  tbe  best  results  wpre  obtained  by  using  four  trailers, 
leaving  two  at  the  t«un  track  to  be  loaded  while  the  others 
were  being  hauled;  hiring  enough  extra  shovelere  at  the  team 
tra^  to  keep  the  specially  devised  S-yd.  hopper  full  for  tbe  arrival 
of  empty  trailers;  using  one  of  the  teams  on  the  Job  to  reverse 
the  trailers  while  the  truck  was  being  turned  arouiid  at  the 
construction  end,  and  letting  the  driver  do  nothing  else  but  drive. 
Under  these  conditions  it  was  found  possible,  with  liberal  allow- 


B26        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

ances  for  delays,  to  m^e  the  iime  Indicated  under  tbe  taUe 
"  Time  Required  for  Round  Trip." 

TiuB  Required  roB  Round.  Taip 

Item.  Time. 

Time  to  iMd  track  S  min.    One. 

Time  M  pidk  up  loaded,  trillers D  min.  4S  lee. 

Time   lo  dump   truck   and   trailen,    turn   traiien 

trDuDd,  leietse  truck  knd  coujri«  up  agsiii ...    3  min.  46  aec. 
Bunning:  time  to  team  track,  empt;  ■■' — i5  min.  15  gee. 


SvMMABizEfi  Combined  Costs  op  Tbuck  asd  Tbailebs 

Filed  eOBta  per  day: 

Trucka '. (6.17 

Trailers    0.88 

Total , fS.W 

■■    VariiAlB  oosU  per  milt ;  '  '" 

Truck     i 10.86  centi 

Trailera    , 2.30  centa 

Tot*] 13.ie  centa 

At.tliiB  rate. twelve  round  trips  per  10-hr.: djij  can  be  made. 

The  truck  was  a  "Quad,"  furniahed  by  Uie  Thomas  B.  Jeffery 
Company,  of  Kenoeha,  Wis.,  which  company  conducted  the  test 
and  gBFe  the  results  in  a  copyrighted  pamphlet  from  which  the 
foregoing  was  abstracted.     The   contractor   was   George  Wade. 

The  following  article  appeared  in  Engineering  and  Contracting 
issue  of.  Jan.  1,  .1019. 

In  .  nnintaining  county  roads  in  the  vicinity  of  Denver  the 
Colorado  Highway  Department  is  employing  a  tractor,  trucks, 
and  a  sand  ^levator,  screen  and  loader.  The  complete  outfit  con- 
sists  of  the  following:  One  C.  L.  Best  caterpillar  gas  tractor 
of  40-hp.  drawbar  capacity,  weight  28,00Q  lb.,  costing  $6,000; 
one  grader  with  scarifler  and  blade  attachment,  coating  $800,  and 
two  light  drags;  2  White  5-ton  trucks  and  a  Kelly- Springfipid 
5-ton  truck,  costing  £0,000  each;  and  a,  £!allion  sand  elevator; 
screeD  and  loader,  costing  $1,500. 

The  traetpr,  grader  and  one  drag  are  generally  used  together 
and  can  be  operated  by  two  men.  If  the  work  is  simply  dragging, 
or  smoothing  with  the  grader,' a  distance  of  20  miles  might  be 
covered;  that  is,  if  one  round  trip  is. made  they  would  cover  10 
miles  of  road;  if  two  round  trips  were  necessary,  then  S  miles 
of  road  would  be  covered.  The  latter  figure  might  be  taken  as  an 
average  in  all  kinds  of  materials   for  the  dragging. 


MOTOK  TRUCKS  527 

In  many  places  it  is  neceBBary  to  tcarify  'the  eu'rface  in  order 
to  reBhape  it  and  remove  the.chuckholes  and  wavee.  On  work  of 
this  latter  class  the  tractor  and  grader  are  used  very  guccess- 
fiiUy,  except  on  macadam  or  very  solid  gravel  roads,  where 
it  is  found  that  the  scarifler  la  too  light  and  it  is  necessary  to 
uae  the  heavy-toothed  scarifier.  On  scarifying  and  reshaping  it 
has  been  found  that  about  ^  mile  per'day  would  be  an  average 
day's  work. 

The  sum  of  $50  per  day  hae  been  taken  as  the  cost  of  the 
operation  of  this  parti<'u1ar  outllts  This  tignio-^^  obtained 
as   follows^ 

Cslerp'Usr  tractor,  expense  per  day: 

Gag  and  oil (IJ.OO 

Maintenance    9.U) 

Operator    5,00 

Depreciation  (based  on  aesamption  of  lilc  of  4 
jean  for  enfiae  and  ISO  working  day*  in  eaeh 
year)    8.B0 

MaiDtenaaefl    I  (.00 

Ijibor     4.5» 

Depieciation  (based  on  ISO  vorkins  davg  per  year)      Z.KI 

tIB.00 

Total (50,00 

Some  vn satisfactory  features  should  be  noted;  The  trac- 
tor is  very  heavy  and  aa  unaaf»  load  on  many  of  the  old  [bridges. 
It  is  unwieldy,  requiring  a  cross-road  intersection  or  a  full 
width  road  for  turning.  The  lighter  .size  tractor  of  36-hp.  at  the 
drawbar  ia  free  from  these  objections,  and  will  do  most  of  the 
work  that  caji  be  done  with  the  larger  size. 

In  charging  up  the  work  to  the  various .  roada  the  following 
has  been  adopted,: 

Gxpense  tor  the  year : 

■  Operator,  lOtnontds,  at  tlW (1,000 

Malntcoute,  oil  and  iss  1,000 

DeprecUtion,  K%  of  Bis  coat  1,500 

OrerhSad  and  incidental  9O0 

Total    : JB,400 

For  IBO  working  days  this  equals  $30  per  day.  The  charge  for 
the  sand  elevator  and  loader  is  based  on  the  following; 


Operator,  180  dam  at  WW  , ,.  t   flJO 

Gaa  and  oiL  18(1,  da—    "  "  -^  ■     "^ 


1    ISft.days,  at  »1.50  .. 


Depreciation,  211%  of  eort'..... 

OverhaiHl,  labor,  teams  and  InaidenMln 

Total    


SSS        HANDBOOK  OF  COKSTRLCTION  EQUIPMENT 

For  160  wcvking  days  this  equals  $26  per  day,  and  this  rate  is 
charged  to  the  road  upon  wbieh  th£  work  is  being  doue. 

The  following  is  -from  Enginetrittg  a»d  Oontrvcting,  Apr.  2, 
1018. 

The  cost  of  hauliDg  with  motor  trucks  ia  highway  work  in 
1S18  in  Luce  County,  Jriiehigao,  aversged  Bbaut  tO  ct  per  ton 
mile.  Two  5-toD  White  trucks  were  employed.  The  interest  on 
the  truck  investment  was  taken  at  6%  per  year  and  amounted 
to  82H8  for  each  truck.  There  was  no  insurance.  The  chai^^ 
for  Truck  No.  1  were  as  follows: 

Dopreelation  lOO.OOO  mllea  (trncsk  TSlne  mlDiu  tins) t  2^.18 

ToWl  WBg«  of  driTer 319.74 

Gsaolme,  1.3n  tal.  at  »  ct UtM 

Lubriri ling  oil,  117  u1.  It  G>  el. tS.SZ 

Bsrd  oii,  laS  lb    at  6  «. 7.71 

WmM,  »  lb.  at  M  rt  4.0O 

Tin  d'ureriilian— li.ns  mtlH  St  act IBa.4S 

Bepalrs  sad  nuwala 160.00 

TMal  ^MTatiDK  chaiKM   (1,316.86 

Fixed  obsrgea  (interest)   £88.00 

tl,e03.»6 

AvpraKe  hani  in  milei  G.5I 

Number  of  yarda  bauled Ut) 

Total  number  of  yard  inilea  itfrformed.  10.321  ».1S5  rd.  mils 

Total  number  at  toD  milea  isrfomed,  15,481  O.IM  (on  mite 

fieveiL  and  One-Half  ton  Tracks.  The  following  ia  from  the 
Sept.  22,  1916,  issue  of  Engineerinff  and  Cotitracling: 

The  Northern  Construrtisn  Co.  xublet  the  hsiilinR  of  the  ag- 
gregates from  their  plant  to  the  road  to  the  C.  A.  Milter  Cartage 
Co.,  Elkhart.  This  company  used  three  l^^-ton  motor  trucks 
huilt  by  the  Ma«k  Brothers  Motor  Car  Co.,  Allentown,  Pa.  Two 
of  the  trucks  were  bought  in  1914  and  the  third  is  a  year  older. 

The  minimum  length  of  haul,  which  is  from  the  plant  to 
the  beginning  of  the  road,  is  2  miles,  and  the  maximum  5  miles- 
E.icept  for  a  short  distance  over  city  pavements,  the  route  which 
the  trucks  have  to  follow  U  over  deep  sand  roads  which  cut 
down  their  capacity  of  125  miles  per  10-hour  day  by  about  20%. 
As  an  average,  for  their  first  and  longest  haul,  the  trucks  made 
ten  round  trips  per  day,  carrying  a  load  %>f  4  cu-  yd.  of  material 
each  trip. 

The  working  day  was  from  10  to  12  hours  long,  five  days 
a.  week,  and  on  Saturday  from  6  to  10  hours.  As  nearly  as 
could  be  determined  the  average  came  very  cloa»  to  10  hours 
for  six  days;  SO  hours  a  week,  and  it  is  on  this  basis  that  the 
cost  of  hauling  is  computed  in  the  following  table.  As  the  C.  A 
Miller  Co.  uses  the  trucks  to  haul  coal  in  thff  winter,  they  are 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  529 

idle  very  little  of  the  time.  In  figuring  iatereat  on  capital 
invested,  etc.,  it  was  assumed  that  -the  trucks  were  in  operatiim 
275  full  daja  out  of  the  year. 

Cost  of  Haulino  Sasd  ahd  Obavel  bt  Mcttob  Tepck 

Lenrth  at  bsnl.  nne  wst,  6  mike 

per  10. 

Labor:  '    "' 

Driver  «t  W  per  week  t  3-IW    . 

t3.IM 

latsmC.  etc.: 

I«M«iMon  eo«t.  1(1,350  at  S%  .'1  tlB 

DeprMialioB,  U%  |>er  aanun t.SI 

Insuidnco  (Uifaillt}'  and  CreJ,  tX  per  ■dduib  ^ 

Repairs    .". .38 

l*.BO 
Running  ncpeneea: 

Oai,  IBgal.  »tn  et t  2.JB 

Oil  2*4  ga[.  M  «  c[ 1.00 

Hardsrcaie,  K  lb.  at  £8  ct M 

Tirei  renewBd  once  eierj-  two  years  at  t«00  .73 


.  ilS.22 


Total  cost   pel  tniclt    

Cubic  7ardi  liauled  one   mile  In  one  day   (return  trip  empt)'), 

10  X  G I  i  =  200. 
Ooet  per  ca.  fd.  per  mile,  10.0611. 

Awuming  tliat  wet  eand  and  gravel  wei^s  120  lb.  per  en. 
or  1.62  tona  (3,240  lb.}  per  cu.  yd. 
Cost  per  ton  mile,  $0.0377. 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  60 
PAINT  SPKAYIir&  EttinPHENT 

Paiut  spraying  outfits  are  efficient  on  large  jot«.  The  manu- 
facturers claim  that  one  man  operating  a  paint  gun  caJi  do  the 
work  of  from  three  to  ten  or  mtM'e  skilled  palntcTs,  depending 
on  the  nature  of  the  work.  Painting  hy  machine  has  also  the 
following  advantages  over  the  liand  method.     Finished  coats  are 


Fig.  235.    Paint  Spraying  Outfit. 

uniform  and  free  from  brush  marks,  rough  surfaces  difScult  to 
coat  with  a  brush  are  easily  covered,  and  where  single  coat  work 
is  required,  either  a  lighter  or  heavier  coat  can  be  obtained  than 
is  possible  with  hand  brushes. 

5.30 


PAINT  SPRAYING  EQUIPMENT  531 

The  type  of  paint  spraying  outfit  geDer&lly  ia  uie  conshts 
of  a.  source  of  compreaaed  air,  wliich  ma;  ba  either  a.  portable 
compreaaor  or  piped  from  the  main,  a  tank  into  which,  ii  put  the 
paJnC,  the  cwtrol  tiead  of  the. tank,  the  paint  gun,  or  hand  device 
which  is  fitted  with  the  nozzle  and  trigger  valve,  and  suitable 
hose  with  ccmnections.  ' 

A  paint  spraying  outfit  without  the  compressor  ia  illustrated 
by  Fig.  235.  This  consists  of  a  paint  gun  nitfa  tdjuatable 
Hpreeder  attachments,  a  preasure  control  head,  a  i-H  gal.  material 
container,  a  12  ft.  length  of  ^  in.  flexible,  metal-lined  material 
hoae,  and  a  12  ft.  length  of  %  in.  heavy  rubber  air  hose  with 


Fig.    23ft.     Complete    Paint    Spraying    Outfit. 

necessary  renewable  couplinga.  The  shipping  weight  of  thia 
outfit  ie  approximately  TO  lb.  and  the  price  is  $123  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

Another  make  of  painting  machines  costa  as  followa: 

Outfit  No.  62,  ueed  on  larg«  painting  jobs,  consisting  of  a  3-hp. 
gasoline  engine,  air  cooled  compreasor,  20-gal.-  tank,  8-gal.  paint- 
ing unit,  air  brush,  25  ft.  of  hose,  all  mounted  complete  on. a 
steel  truck.     Shipping  n-eight  approxii)ul,tely:l,250.1b.|  priee.-H^- 

Oatflt  No.  60,  same  as  above,  with  3-hp.  eleotrie  mot«r,  4SdO. 
Metal  housing  for  either  outfit  $35,  shipping  weight  95  lb. 

Outfit  No.  SS,  rated  to  do  the  work  of  4  meii,  2-bp.  engue.  20- 
gal.  pressure  tank;  air  eooled  compressor,  8-gaL  painting  i  unit^ 
air  bru^  and  25  ft.  hose,  all  moueAed  on  eteeil  truck  cofiplete. 
Shipping  weight  about  675  lb.,  price  $300.  Also  to  be  had  with 
electric  motor  at  tjie  same  price. ,  Fig.  230. 


682        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  IKJUIPMENT 

Outflt  No.  <BB,  20-ga].  painting  unit  complete  'with  hose  ftid 
air  brush  mounted  on  wheels,  shipping  weight  aboot  100  1I>., 
price  9164. 

Outfit  No.  66,  Bimilar  to  above,  weight  120  lb.  for  AipmMit,  cost 
S13S. 

Nap  Saak  Outfit,  S-gaJ.  capacity  cMnplete,  shipping  weight  18 
lb.,  price  $56. 

itaok  Painting  Eqalpment  used  without  scaffolding,  consieting 


Fig.  237.     Stack  Painting  Equipment.      '' 

of  an  9-giil,  tonic,  air  brueh,  50  ft,  of  air  line  hoae,  260  ft.  rope 
and  safety  block  and  tackle  costa  $150.    Fig.  2S7. 

'Other  equifODentB  are  8  and  4  gal.  units  mounted  on  a 
stationary  base,  weighing  60  and  45  lb.  for  shipment  oand  costing 
$7B  KBd  $68'  respectively.  H-gal.  unit,  vertically  mounted  on 
wheels^  iVeighB  about  35  lb.  and  costs  $S5.  A  double  tank,  two 
color  fainting  oatfit  coats  complete  $134  and  weig{ia  12S  lb.  for 
BhipnMnt. 

All  prices  tor  this  make  are  f.  o.  bv  Chicogo. 


''       PAIST  BPllAYlISG  EQUIPMENT  633 

A  comparati^^"test  of  a[ip>1jift^  paint  With  a  arraying  maebitie 
and  1^  haHd'Wttti' Utadeit  the'  United  Stated  Naval  Hospital 
in  Sept..  1919.  ' 

In  the  wall  test  an  experienced  spraj  brush  <q>erator  started 
the  epraj'  on  one  side  of  the  building,  and  two  experienced  paint- 
ers with  4i^inch  brushes  started  on  .the  other  aide  of  the  building, 
which  was  exactly  the  same  in  size,  etc.,  as  the  one  selected  for  the 
machine  work.  After  about  ^e-fltlh,  of  the  building  was  coated 
by  machine,  the  operator  of  tile  Hpmy  brush  was  changed  to  a 
man  unfamiliar  with  the  use  of  the  gun.  The  following  is  a 
summary  of  Ore  data  obtSitied  from  the  test. 

Wall  Tests  (Extebiob) 

Metliod  at           Ares  of  Paint  Time,  lag  nte .     Time  to 

Bpplicstion         surf  ace  used,  Iman,  pernl.,      coat  100 

Pint  coat:                  aq.  tt.  gai.  boon         aq.R.      (^.^.,10111. 

Uocbine    4.1S2  «.S              S%             GIO             U.G 

Bnuh    i.HM  G.»7           £0                 e*B             2» 

Second  coat; 

MaehiBB  - 4,lSa  1.3  10«  S«3  IS 

Braih     4,104  3.9  21  M2  30.T 

In  addition  to  the  above,  data  were  obtained  on  the  coating  of 
a  large  area  of  the  roof  with  the  machine.  Nearly  9,000  sq.  ft. 
of  aurface  were  coated  with  22^  gal.  of  paint  in  14  hr.  by  one 
man.  This  included  the  time  to  mix  the  paint,  place  it  in  the 
containers,  raise  the  machine  to  the  roof,  etc  The  average 
journeyman  painter,  working  on  wall  work  will  do  about  200  sq. 
ft.  an  hour  and  about  250  aq.  ft.  an  hour  on  roof  work.  .It  will 
be  seen  from  the  preceding  test  that  the  painters  were  evidently 
interested  in  the  test  and  speeded  up  thir  hand  brush  work,  and 
accordingly  have  made  higher  averages  than  the  figures  juat 
given.    The  results  of  the  roof  test  follow: 

Spread- 
Method  of  Area  of        Paint        Time.       lag  rale       Tide  to 
application  ani-lBcc         itaed,         Iman,      per  sal,,      mat  100 


The  paint  used  in  this  t«8t  was  a  whit«  lead  paint,  the  materials 
were  mined  by  the  men.  It  was  tinted  with  ochre.  The  first 
coat  weighed  17.6  lb.  per  gal.,  and  the  second  coat  20  lb.  Both 
paints  were  easily  handled  bj  the  paint  gun.  From  observations 
it  is  apparent  that  the  spray  machine  will  handle  paint  of  almoet 
any  weight  per  gallon. 

On  the  flrat  coat  the  hand  work  showed  a  smoother  appearance 


634        HANDBOOP.  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

than  the  work  done  with  Ute  gun.  ,0n  tbe  ■ecvnd.ai^t  no  ftppre- 
cisble  difference  was  noted-  Both  kinds  of  .applicatifro  toi^  about 
the  game  time  to  dr;. 


Si»,  White  Na.  SB  White  No.  100 

fe«t  D.  8.  Army  D.  S.  Aims 

7t>;    T  t    *^  I    SJ3 

■  brio  i-oi  lOvW 

SbjrlS  *M  UM 

ubru  UJ>  ».w 

u  bjr  u  axo  nas 

14  br  14  1»^  4L00 

16  by  so  4IA  «J« 

18  by  *2  TO.*9  Tf.TB 

23  bf  GO  106.00  IStM 


Cno^k' 


FHOTOGBAFET 

No  construction  work,  however  small,  should  be  carried  oil 
without  the  aaaistance  of  the  cafnera.  For  motion  ntudf- It  is 
intliapen sable,  and,  as  an  adjunct  to  the  keeping  of  records^ 
nearly  so.  Photographs  of  conntructioD  work  have  saved  man; 
dollars  to  the  contractor  in  empioyees'damagpg  eniita,  and  to  tba 
owner  or  contractor  in  other  legal  cases.  .  . 

On  unimportant  work,  pictures  leas  than  .4x5  inches  are  ,Ku(fi- 
cientl;  Urge  for  all  purposes*,  as  small  pictures,  ckb.  be  enlarged 
to  8x  10  inches  or  more,  if  necessary.  After  much  eq>erimeut- 
ing  in  this  line,  the  author  uses  an  Eastman  folding  pocket 
kodak  N'o.  3,  which  holds  a  6  iir  12-exposure  film  roll,  and  takes 
&  picture '3>^  xHi  inches.  This  type  of  camera  is  convenient  as 
it  occupies  very  little  spae«  when  folded.  The  picture  is  large 
enough  to  show  fair  sized  groups  and  details. 

On  important  wort  .tflrge' pictured  should  be  taken  not  lesi 
often  than  once  each  month,  and  more  frequently  if  the  work 
is  of  sufficient  size  and  progress  to  ^arrant  the  expense.  For 
this  purpose  the  Empire  ^tate  plate  camera,  taking  a  picture 
8  X  10  inches,  ia  recommended.  For  geBpiid  %ke  a  No.  5  Qoerz 
Dagm-  F:  6,8  or  V.  8.  2,9  lens  is  very  good.  When  this  lens 
is  wide  open  it  covers  a  7  x9  iuoh  plate;  when  »{>«»  at  F:iS  or 
U.  S.iia  it  covers  an  8  s  10  inch  plate,  and  at  FiSa  or  U.  8.!«4  it 
covers  a  12  x  16.  For  a  wide  angle  lens  the  No.  2.  listed  to  coraf  a 
6x7,  has  a  greater  speed  and  better  definition  than  a  regular  wide 
angle  lens.  While  this  lens  is  listed  to  cover  a  amallcr  plate 
than  8  X  10  it  is  actually  large,  enough.  This  lens  is  convertiUe; 
the  full  combination  —  equivalent  focus  10%  inches  —  may  b«  used 
for  general  work  and  the  1>ack  combination  —  ^uivalent  focus  21 
inches  —  tor  objects  at  a  distance. 

For  glossy  prints,  to  show  extreme  detail,  use  glossy,  V^ox; 
for  general  results,  but  extreme  detail,  velvet  Velox.  In  order  to 
secure  compactness  use  the  ready  made  developer.  The  "  Tab- 
loid "  brand  is  very  handy.  Always  keep  a  10%  solution  of 
bromide  of  potash  at  hand  to  slow  down  the  developer.  A  room 
4  ft,  X  6  ft.  is  all  that  is  necessary  for  developing  pictures. 
S35 


636        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

If  there  is  a  window,  cover  it  with  a  piece  of  red  gtuM  and  ^ 
eheets  of  jiellow  P.  0.  paper,  or  with  the  red  and  yellow  fabrics 
made  for   photographic  purpoaeH. 

For  much  of  the  data  in  the  forgoing  article  I  am  indebted 
to  Mr.  A.  A.  RuBsell  of  Flushing,  L.  I. 

There  is  an  excellent  article. ia  Engineering  Nevta,  Nov,  19, 
1908,  page  552,  on  "  Industrial  Photography,"  by  8.  Ashton  Hand. 

Except  where  construction  wori,  is  in.-ifolated  places,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  develop  fihns  or  plates  on  the  job  as  practitially 
every  towb  whether  large  or  small  has  a  photo  developing  ata- 

When  it  is  necessary  to  have  an  outfit  on  the  job,  it  should 
include,  beside  the  dark  room,  a  suitable  number  of  trays  for 
developing^  washing  and  fixing,  graduate  glasses,  wide  mouth  bot- 
tles, printing  frames,  photo  clips  and  a  l-uby  lamp.  The  chemicals 
and  full  directions  for  their  use  are  to  be  had  at  any  supply  store. 

■HiePO  is  «.  wide  variety  of  patented  developing  machines  and 
other  like  appHaneet,  some  of  which  are  arranged  so  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  develop  without  the  uso  of  the  dark  room. 


SECTION  63  I 

FI0E8  AND  HATT0CE8 

Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  picks  and  mattocks,  in  quantkies 
are  as  follows  i 
Sallroad  or  Clay  Hoka  weighing  714  lb.  cost  tl6  per  doi., 

weighing  9^^   lb.  cost  $18  per  6oz. 

Drifting  TUkt  weighing  i%  lb.  cost  $15  per  do£.,  weighing  6 
lb.  cost  S1T.50  per  doz. 

Kattoeki,  adze  eye,  with  long  cUtter  weighing  6  lb.  cost  $17 
per  doi.,  weighing  6^  lb.  with  short  cutter  cost  $19.50  per  doz, 

Plak  Mattookl  weighing  6  lb.  coet  $17  per  doz. 

Aiphalt  Kattooks.  The  net  prices  tor  asphalt  mattocks  in 
quantities,  at  Chicago,  arc  as  follows.  For  a  mattock  with  cruci- 
bla  steel'cutter  and  chisel  ends,  weighing  tl  lb.,  the  cost  is  $24  per 
do2.  A  mattock  with  double  cutter,  weighing  10  lb.,  can  be 
bought  for  9S3  pet  doz. 


,C(K)t(l>J 


FXER  Ain»  FOTTFDATIOK  EQIJIFHEirr 

Plen  wid  ronndatlDDB  for  the  Chloagg,  HUvankee  ft  PaK<t 
Sound.  By.  Bridge  CtouIuk.  tlie  Colsmila  Birei.*  The  bridge 
crossea  the  Coliunbi»  lUv^  about  420  milw  irom  |te  moutb.  At 
this  point  ttta  river  bu  &  nridtb  at  lov  irater  ot  1,050  ft.,  at 
average  high  nater  ot  2,800  ft,  and  at  jaxtreme  high  water  of 
4,500  ft.  The  bridge  ia  M0S,84  ft.  lon){)  its  approacbm  4re 
timber  trestle  on  concrete  i>edeeta1))  and  are  1,319.5S  ft.  and 
323.68  ft.  long  renpectively  Tbp  principal  dimenHione  of  the 
piers  are  given  in  Table  I.  All  piers  have  a  batter  of  '^  in.  to  1 
ft.  on  the  aide*  and  downBtream  end  of  3  in.  to  1  ft.  on  the  cut- 
waters. The  footings  vary  in  width  from  13  to  32  ft.  and  in 
length  ffMn  82  to  60  ft 


Total    . 

For  IS  land  pISN,  fcSl*  en.,  ral.;  an  trettgt  CMt  vn  ea.  rd.  at  ■■■   > 

coocftp     ., I!1.«. 

Pot  i  linr  pitn.  T.7Z6  on.  yd.;  B««Ke  eoiA  pfr  en.  yd.  of  oobcrcle   iXM 

•  Condeued  Irom  t  Mper  by  R.  H.  Ob«r,  bcTora  tbs  pMlflo  Hortkrat 
Society  oTBttgineBra.   FrBeeedinEs  Vol   IX,  W  i.  Deeemhcr,  Ulf 
537 


S38        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

TrBBtpartlne  Constmotloii  Ihterialt.  About  14,000  tons  of 
material  and  Buppliea  were  required  for  tbe  conatruction  of  the 
bridge  guhstructure  and  of  the-  line  near  the  river.  The  cost  of 
freighting  materiel  acroag  country  by  wagon  from  the  nearesl 
railroad,  a  distance  of  about  35  miles,  was  estimated  at  {12  per 
ton.  This  coet  and  the  character  of  the  service,  with  its  delays 
and  uncertainties,  made  this  impracticable,  and  it  was  determined 
to  handle  all  freight  by  river  if  posBible.  Navigation  between  the 
site  of  the  bridge  and  a  supply  point  on  the  river  below  the 
Cabinet  Rapids,  about  one-half  mile  from  Vulcan  Station  on  the 
Great  Northern  R.  R.  and  S  milea  below  the  Great  Northern 
bridge,  was  considered  to  be  practicable  for  light  draft  river 
st«amefB.  Arrangements  were  mad*  for  the  constrnctlon  of  a 
stern  wheel  rivei'  steamer  of  the  type  generally  uaed  on  the  upper 
Columbia  River,  and  the  steamer  8t.  Paul  waa  built  at  Trinidad 
'and  placed  in  commtsBion  on  October  30,  1906.  The  principal 
dimeneionB  of  the  Ht«anier  are  as  follows: 

■Lenjth  of  hall    UB  (t. 


Draft  llgbl about    IS  In. 

"~"  — '-'  abput     8*1. 

about  200  (ODB 


't  loaded  . 


'SX. 


1  stroke,   boiler 


This  steamer  cost  about  $11,000  to  build  and  was  used  not  onlj^ 
for  handling  materials  and  supplies  but  also  for  towing  and 
tending  at  the  bridge,  handling  barges,  etc.  The  operating  ex- 
pense for  a  period  of  about  27  months  wae  a^  follows: 

Fuel ;.-..  (IftMO 

Wse«B  of  craw  BDd  cbsrtcr  of  gt«amer  £9.801) 

TotsI    .-.'■ W.000 

The  cost  of  unloading  and  handling  freight  from  the  cars  a( 
Vulcan  to  the  steamboat  landing,  about  one-half  mile  distant,  by 
wagon,  was  about  C2  per  ton.  The  cost  of  handling  by  steamer 
from  Vulcan  to  the  bridge,  a  distance  of  about  36  miles,  ranged 
from  about  $1  to  M  per  ton,  varying  at  different  stages  of  thr 
river,  averaging  approximately  Sl.80  per  ton.  making  the  cost  of 
freight  from  the  cars  to  the  bridge  about  $3. SO  per  ton. 

Contract.  A  contract  was  entered  into,  on  a  pereentAge  basie. 
for  the  construction  of  tbe  substn>cture  and  trestle,  approaches, 
and  for  the  erection  of  the  falsework  tor  the  superstructure. 

Under  this  contract  the  contractor  furnished  all  tools,  outfit, 


PIER  AND  FOUNDATION  EQUIPMENT  B3fl 

machineiT  and  equipment  necessary  for  the  doing  of  the  work, 
with  the  exception  of  equipment  of  a  nature  not  generally  used 
lij  the  contractor  and  of  a  character  peculiarly  required  by  the 
nature  of  the  work  to  be  done,  which  latter  equipment  was  fur- 
nished by  the  railway  company-  The  plant  furnished  by  the 
contractor  included  the  following: 

8  boiitiut  mtinft.  -    "   .        ;    " 

E  ■tationary  •D(ineB. 

I  rock  cnuher  and  engine. 

1  aiCht-iucti  oenttifuul  Immi«. 
I  slz-lmcli  senttlragaT  pnlipa.  - 

3  Heun  MTeri,  40,  SO  and  M  hp. 


12  dump  CI 

11.0I»  feet  iteel  nili, 

li  Meel  hoisllnf  bncketi. 

t  or*Dge-p««I  dredgee. 
1  clun-abell  drediiP. 
ST  toil!  of  Uanil*  Tiqx. 
10,001)  lineal  leti  ol  V"  wire  rope. 
14.060  lineal  feM  of  %'  wirt  Tops,    ' 
12.700  UDe»l.(eet»t!i^  wire  tap..  ■     . 

MO  lincil  tnt  of  1'  wire  rape. 

SmBD'toDll  ■nd'flHinprK  Teqnirefl. 

The  tot^l  ntus  of  tbla  pUat  was  arproiiDuWIf  ^48,000  (1 


MGoOtjl>J 


FILE  DBIVERS 

There  are  three  typpB  of  pile  drivers: 

1.  Free  fall,  in  which  the  hmnmer  is  detached  from  the  hoist- 
ing rope  and  allowed  to  tall  freely  upon  the  pile. 

2.  Friction  clutch,  in  which  the  hammer  remainfl  always 
attached  to  the  hoisting  rope,  and  by  means  of  a  friction  clutch 
on  the  hoisting  engine  the  drum  ia  thrown  into  gear  or  out  of 
gear  at  will. 

3.  Steam  hammer  or  pile  hammer,  which  is  described  tinder 
that  bending 

A  free  fall  hammer  strikes  about  7  blows  a  minute  when  the 
fall  is  20  ft.  and  a  hoisting  engine  is  tised.  A  friction  clutch 
strikes  about  18  blows  per' minute  when  the  fall  is  12  ft.,  and 
25  blows  per  minute  when  the  fajl  is'fi  ft.  A  s^eam  hammer 
strikes  about  3(*0  blows  per  niinnte.  A  railway  pile  driver  is  a 
heavy  driver  of  the  overttanging  type,  mounts  on  a  Hat  car, 
either  drawn  by  an  engine  or  self  propelled.  Similarly,  a  scow 
pile  driver  is  a  pile  driver  mounted  on  a  scow.'  A'  scow  pile 
driver  will  drive  more  piles  per  day  than  a  railway  pile  driver 
because  there  is  no  delay  engendered  by  the  sawing  off  and 
capping  of  each   pile   in  order  to  allow  the  machine  to  pass 

Pile  drivers  range  in  height  from  30  ft.  up;  the  highest  pile 
driver  in  the  world  in  1908  was  one  108  ft.  high. 

A  large  pile  driver  traveling  on  a  track  was  used  by  the 
government  on  the  Columbia  Biver  Improvement.  Its  equipment 
consisted  of  boilers  and  engines  for  hoisting  a  5,700  pound  ham- 
mer and  of  boilers,  pumps,  etc.,  for  operating  a  water  jet.  The 
machine  had  a  reach  on  each  side  of  30  ft.  and  the  height  of 
leads  above  the  cut-ofT  of  the  piles  was  BO  ft.  The  largest 
pile  which  the  leads  would  take  was  26  inches  in  diameter 
and  piles  up  to  this  size  were  driven  by  using  the  hammer  in 
combination  with  the  water  jet.  Files  31)  inches  in  diameter 
were  driven  by  resting  the  hanuuer  on  their  edges  and  driving 
with  the  jet.  Piles  as  long  as  150  ft. 
The  total  weight  of  the  machine  was  ' 
$12,000.   ' 

540 


PILE  DRIVEBS  641 

The  LouisTilU  A  Nashville  R  B.  Co  used  a  railway  pila  driver 
oi  their  own  make.  Mr.  O.  W.  Hinman  gave  the  ooat  of  operatioa 
per  day  as  follows: 

FoTBOmQ  and  W  men  (22.00 

EnginHT,  fimoan  mnd  wsWlUMin  8.80 

Condudor  ind  2  flKgrnen   T.OO 

Coal,  oil  mnd  w«le  2.50 

Uw  of  iMomotive 12  00 

ror  me  o(  drjrer  aad  looU  2.60 

Total  (prior  to  1810)  1^.80 

The  above  crew  was  used  for  building  short  trestles,  say  of  30 
to  40  piles.  When  longer  trestles  were  built  a  larger  crew  proved 
more  economical  because  of  fewer  delays  to  trains.  This  pile 
driver  was  also  used  hh  a  derrick  and  material  of  all  kinds  waa 
unloaded  vith  it. 

Mr.  Aaron  S.  Markley  said  that  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinoia 
Railway  used  a  Bay  City  pile  driver.  This  was  eelf-propelling 
and  made  abont  S  miles  per  hour  under  its  own  steam.  It  wan 
able  to  haul  5  or  6  cars  on  a  level  grade.  When  the  pile  driving 
was  done  within  H^  miles  of  a  side  track  an  engine  was  rarely 
used  to  haul  it  The  operator  was  paid  $2  SO  per  day.  The 
hammer  weighed  2,800  1h.,  and  the  orgjnal  cost  of  the  entire 
machine  was  $4,600.  Very  few  repairs  were  necessary;  the 
chains  and  sprockets  being  alxiut  the  only  parts  Which  needed 
renewing,  and  they  had  a  life  of  from  1  to  VA  years.  The 
machine,  when  working,  drove  from  40  to  50  piles  per  'day. 

Pile  drivers  mounted  on  sills  for  operation  by  a  st^m  engine 
coat  as  follows; 

Price  complete  without  blocks,  lines  or  engine: 


li  -4  c  i  11  lit  n  k 


I  m 


i;ooo 

2,500 
3,000 


Pile  drivers  mounted  on  sills  are  usually  operated  by  horse 
power.  When  so  operated  the  hammer  on  the  small  sius  is 
raised  direct;  on  the  large  onea  the  end  of  a  line  is  fastened 


642        HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQnPMENT 

to  a  poet  or  other  deadman,  carried  throngli  a  tackle  block  on 
the  main  hoistinf;;  line,  and  tied  to  the  whiffle  trees.  Winchee, 
bolted  to  the  ladder,  can  be  used  to  raiee  the  hammer  but  are 
very  slow.  Prices  complete  without  blocks,  lines  or  engine,  are 
HB  per  table  following: 

Sizes  and  Costs  or  Pile  Orivess  on  Sills. 

(Prices  without  blocks,  lines,  or  engines.)  i 


'1   Ss 


1°    •S^JV'S.S'dSS' 

t»g    2*1  Itr  aheeliiiK 

...    in'  square  or  ronnd  pi 

...    12"  nqvKte  or  i-onud  vV 

. . .    Hmtt  concrete  pilis 

Dg  the  length  of  stroke,  cost: 

E.50O     vi     n     no 


A  small  pile  driver  30  ft.  high  with  a  hammer  head  weighing 
2,200  lb.  was  constructed  at  the  following  cost.  Bill  of  lumber 
for  the  driver  is  as  follows: 


VILE  DRIVERS  1 

TOO  feet  B.  M.  atliOMI tUM 

"-' d  DSill  "" 


BolU  and  d 

Lmbor 18.00 


340(»rt  of  1-in.  rop« 10.00 

ToWl,  prior  to  1910 (102.00; 

The  City  of  Chicago  Id  1001  coi»truct«d  some  inteTce[iting 
sewers  by  day  labor.  Wakefield  sheet  piling  2  x  12  in.  x20  ft., 
!4orway  and  Georgia  pine  lumber,  surfaced  one  side  and  one 
edge,  was  used.    It  was  found  that  Norway  pine  would  stand 


Fig.  238.    Special  Traveling  Pile  Driver. 

about  50%  more  blows  under  a  drop  hammer.  The  city  built 
with  its  own  labor  a  turntable  drop  hammer  pile  driver.  The 
hammer  weighed  3,000  lb.  The  driver  was  equipped  with  a  7  x  10 
inch  double-drum  hoisting  engine  and  a  duplex  steam  pump  for 
jetting.  Tlie  leads  were  40  ft.  long.  It  coet  $2,200.  In  op- 
eration it  was  found  practical  to  swing  the  driving  apparatus 
about  oncfl  each  day.  In  ordinary  driving  the  crew  averaged  00 
pieces  of  sheeting  in  8  hours,  which  is  equivalent  to  45  ft.  of 
trench.  The  pile  driving  crew  consisted  of  13  raen  costing  {40.66 
per  day,  which  gives  a  fost  of  00  ct.  per  ft.  of  sewer.  The  bill 
of  material  required  for  60  ft.  of  piling  was  as  follows: 

f.ii.i.iii' 


544         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

lO.BH..  B.  M.  2xl2iilchxa>faot  tlmtwr.  O  moO t2S7M 

HO  HI  D  ipikM.  &  li.%  per  100  U  86 

1  t4>n  of  coil  for  pile  iriycr  IM 

ToW t2e4.» 

This  gives  a  roat  ol  $3.87  per  ft.  of  trench,  or  a  total  cost  of 
$6,77  per  ft. 

During  the  six  months  ending  June  30,  1910,  the  cost  of  repairs 
to  all  pile  drivers  on  the  Panama  Canal  work  was  an  average  of 
$9.42  per  day  for  442  days  of  work. 

The  pile  drivers  used  on  the  work  of  improving  LiDColn  Park, 
Chicago,  during- 1010  and  1911,  were  of  the  drop  hannner  type, 
equipped  with  45  ft  leads  and  2,400-lb.  hammers.  The  coat  of 
operation  of  Oliver  No   1  during  1910  was  as  follows: 

Hours  <D  tolnniiHfon TM 

Libor  owrsiiun    tiSIS.TO 

Part  aod  supplits iH.M 

Libor  repilrk E1E7S 

Toning.  iM  hours.  Si  tt.72  JZ.M 

Iniurkace    SEOO 

ToWl  ecKt   t3,T2g.U 

Cm(  per  hour  4.74 

The  cost  of  operation  and  repairs  on  Drivers  No.  I  and  No.  i 
during  1011  are  here  given.  The  extensive  repairs,  including 
a  new  deck  house  and  a  new  boiler  to  fit  driver  No.  2  for  work, 

accounts  for  the  high  repair  cost  for  that  machine. 

Cost  or  Operation  and  Eepaibs  o?  Pile  Driver  No.  1 

Hmn  in  conuniaion  1,U6 

OperiUon-.  Per  hour 

Lsbor t1,»SB.a       «J7 

Poel    ilfiU  .18 

Suppli™    KSM  XI 

Wslchlnt    22S«  M 

iDiUTUiee    7»20  ,07  ] 

f  5,MT  91       tG  IS 

Labor' t  BSOJg       tO.IS 

HkMrial    m,«  .17 

ToMl  operatioa  ma  repairs  K-iKM    ■   tG,TT  . 

Cost  of  Operation  and  REPAtRs  or  Pile  Dbiver  No.  2         | 

DUrs  In  commiBBfon   ,.,.- .,,..,. 

Rmffi  " 


OpfTBlion :                                                                          Per  hour 
.     LalNT  .  


l!6,f» 

Buppliea    ,. \ti.Tt 

.witRhins  •, ixiaa 

InniTBiice    79,20 

t3.2H,91 


PILE  DRIVERS 

Labor H.237.89  «45  , 

Mwertfll 678.57  1.06 

Darrlvk    .., W.U  .10 


Total  Dperuin  and  repair*  • p,te$M     .(8.31    . 

Steam   or   Alt   Hammer.    The  principle  of  DpcfaUmi    is   the 
alternate  rapid  rising  and  driving  down  of  a  ram  of  considerable 


Fig.  239.    Steam  or  Air  Pile  Driver- for  3-in.  Sheeting. 

weight,  by  steam  or  compressed  air.  It  gives  a  lighter  ■  blow 
than  tjie  drop  pile  hammer,  bnt  its  blows  follow  ea(4i  other  so 
rapidly  that  the  pile  and  the  ground  do  not  have  time  to  settle 
back  into  their  Dormal  static  condition  before  the  n«st  blow 


648        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTHUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

etrikei  the  pile.    It  does  not  split  or  hToom  the  pile  head  aa  much 
EB  the  drop  hammer  does,  and  it  holds  the  pile  more  steady. 

The  hammer  illustrated  in  Fig.  192  can  be  euspeuded  in  the 
leada  of  a  pile  driver  or  hung  from  a  derrick,  crane  or  beam. 
Table  127  gives  the  sizes,  weights,  prices,  etc.,  including  fittings 
for  attaching  hose  to  hammer  but  no  hose.     Hose  costs  as  follows: 


Sin,  ineb 


Kumbftr  of  pUei 


A  Patent  Steam  Drlren  Pile  DrlTcr  designed  so  that  in  operation 
the  pressure  of  steam  in  the  cylinder  is  added  to  the  weight  of 
the  hammer,  is  built  in  the  following  sizes. 


Boiler  bp.  Oa.  n 

rsqvlred  «  fren  air  at 

SO  lb.  pmiare    89  lb.  pnaiare 


Weicfat 
12.100 


Price 

0.  b.  factory 

IS.7B0 


Steam  driven  pile  drivers,  of  another  make,  cost  as  follows; 

Bollarbp.  Co.  ft. 

SInAea  .  Ft.  lb.       rtqnirei 

par  noln.       per  Uow     SO  lb.  pi 


treeitr'at 

T:r 

Price 

80lb.p«.. 

(.cb.faeWry 

75 

145 

t   KO 

SE 

.3» 

360 

too 

l.GDO 

seo 

2000 

860 

3G0 

G,Doa 

400 

n.soo 

i!«oo 

eoo 

U.1B6 

s,ooo 

Uble.  the 

dntr  of  ham 

<o«n  i.  uauato 

HammcM  driving  i-iil2-  aheeting  wUl  driTo  9"  >hwC  ateel 
plUng  to  »■  penetrMtion. 

Hammen  ariTioK  3"i  U"  sheeting  will  drive  12"  eheet  Mcel 
piltn*  to  20'  penatration. 

Hammen  ariTini  fxW  Bfaeetlng  wUI  drive  13"  aheet  ateel 
plIlDK  to  iS'  peactration, 

Bammera  driTing  14'  roand  piles  will  drtve  It"  aheet  ateel 
pRInl  to  W  penetraKon. 

Hammeia   (btripg  W   round    pika   will  drha   IB^   abeet   aleil 


MGootjl>j 


PILING 

TTie  prieea  of  piles  vary  conaideralily  depending:  on  the  diatane* 
of  the  delivery  point  fiom  the  distribution  point.  AloHt  dektera 
include  the  freight  ehargeg  in  the  pricen  quoted.  The  followiDg 
prices  were  in  efTect  the  flrat  part  of  1020  for  yellow  pfne  pilea 
ot  12  inch  butt  and  fi  inch  top.  Prices  are  per  ft.,  f.  o.  Ii.  New 
York,  >f.  y.  Short  leaf,  30  to  40  ft.,  Ifl  ct .;  40  to  50  (t.,  IB  ct.; 
50  to  80  ft.,  22  et  Long  leaf,  30  to  40  ft.,  28  ct.;  40  to  60  ft., 
30  ct.;  60  to  60  ft.,  32  ct. 

Coat  of  piling  and  piles  in  the  construction  of  an  ore  dock  for 
the  Duluth  &  Iron  Range  R.  R.,  is  abstracted  from  an  article  by 
Leiand  Clapper,  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  July  17,  1912. 

The  following  tables  give  the  time  of  the  various  classes  of 
labor  and  of  the  outfits  used  in  carrying  out  dilTerent  parts  of  the 
work.  The  time  allowed  for  outHt  includes  only  the  time. while 
actually  in  use.  A  40  bp.  gasoline  boat  did  most  of  th«  towing 
and  the  time  of  its  engineer  is  included  in  the  tables. 

Id  Table  I  for  sheet  piling,  the  item  "  preparing  and  handling  " 
includes  spiking  on  the  tongues  and  grooves,  using  about  dO 
%  X  8-in.  spikes  per  pile,  also  sharpening,  loading  by  derrick  from 
skidway  to  seow,  and  unloading  at  the  drives.  The  item  "  waling 
and  tyiog  "  covers  the  placing  uf  the  temporary  inside  guide  tim- 

I. —  Time  Cost  op  Sheet  Piung  (2,^0  Pin») 

Honra  pec  100 

Preparing  and  handling:  Hours  aheetuUe* 

Foreman    370  '     16.58 

OarpcnMn    G!0  21.8S 

Skilled  labor   l.SSO  70.73 

Common  labor   4,»60  ai8.« 

Enflneer   < 340  14.S1 

Toe  "nd  crew  ia  l.« 

Dsrrick   icdw    ZSO  10.53 


Skilled  labor  1,890  TsIbt 

Comnon  WMf    !JW  »0,»1 

EngiDeer    830  34.91 

iMrtn    B7»  M.OO 

547 


64B         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Cutting  off: 

ComnKiii  labor   1.700  71.5T 

'Wallnt  >Tid  t;ioi; 

PoremsB    TM  ».(» 

OarMDlera    2,Mi>  100.20 

Stifljd  l-bnr    0.3TO  amA9 

Oobuddd  bb«T  U.JTO  662.88 

Enpnew    l.MO  Si.M 

Tng  »nd  wew  40  l.es 

Derrick  icow 1,0«I  *3.78 

DriTen 670  M.OO 

bere,   tlie   temporcir^   outeide   waling  timberB   and   all  temporary 
KDd.  permanent  bolts,  a^  ancborB- 

Table  IT  for  round  pilex  includeH  ciUf.  those  piles  in  the  dock 
proper.  The  item  ."pointing  and  Jiandling "  includea  sorting, 
pointing,  rafting  and  deliTeiring  to  drivers,  The  cutting  includes 
the  removal  of  the  old  pile  head. 

.  II.-T-TiME  Cost  Of  Bousb  Pile,  Wobk  (183,500  Piles). 

Pvintlns  Ud  baa4]ip«:  .                                           ^o^m  lOOIin.ft. 

Poremsn     "  20,  .0122 

'           Enginser  ■..-.. :':...: '     '3(W  .»3B 

■      Skig«d  tebor  u..',,-.. iW  I.42W 

Common  Inbor 4390  l.<579 

■       ■     Dt&idlt   ifeoir'  ..■1,...; ..■■    1»  .crr9s 

T««,. ..,,.... :.,...v.-i.       »60  .8106. 

'iFarUiui    iz: ..,.'...■ 1, ...'..'.    '   I7»  '  .4087 

VingiaetT    , i WO  .WB7 

amti  labor  8,670  ,     16287 

<':Cunm6B  labtn    IfiM  *     1.6WB 

Pile  driver. „.....,    660  .M!6 

:-     CBIting  off  iililar.:  • 


Cost  of  firlving  Fllei  with  a  Oasoline  Hoist.  '  The  following  Is 
froni  the  July  18,  1914,  issue  ot  Engineering  Netoi-Record. 

A  reversible  gasoline  hoist  with  a  81^-hp.  engine  and  operating 
a  1650-lb.  dropbammer  has  been  used  for  driving  1,300  pilea  to  sup- 
port a  stage  tor  7,000  singers  during  the  St  Louis  pageant.  These 
piles  .were  driven  from  a  scow  about  6  ft.  deep  in  the  bottom  of 
the  Miasisaippi  River  at  Forest  Park.  The  niggerhead  of  the 
hoist  was  used  to  pull  the  piles  in  place  and  the  drum  was  util- 
ized for  hoieling  the  ram.  In  addition,  a  pulley  on  the  flywheel 
ran  a  pentrifu^l  pump  for  keeping  the  si^ow  dry. 

In  the  chart.  Pig.  240,  are  shown  the  total  number  of  piles 
to  he  driven  on  schedule  and  the  actual  number  ot  piles  .driven, 


PILING 


340 


the  estimaied  «oiBti  ofdrtTing  1,300  piles  And  the  actual  Met  of 
labor  oa  piW  drlvou.  The  largnt' number  of  pilcft  driTen  in  one 
day  wfts  Beventj'five.  In  the  eHtimate  were  included  17,106  lin. 
ft.  of  piling'at  a  cost  of  IT  eenta,  giving  a  total  coet  of  $e,007.8S. 
The  average  length  per  pile  was  eitimated  to  be  13.16  ft. 

Actua.li7  l^e6<  piles,  aggragatnig  10,104  lin.  ft.  and  averagtng 
]4,4  ft.,  wprp  driven.  Of  this  number  26  piles  were  driven  out  ot 
lino,  eo  tblit  Ute  n«^u|.  number  was  1,301  pilei,  aggregatinf^  18, 
735  iin.  ft.  Aliowmg  1011%  d*pre<:iBtioii  on  ei^ine  and  ioow,  the 
cost  of  driving  18,7S5  lin.  fti  was  92,148.88,  at  11.5  cents  per  foot. 
This  depreciatimi,  of  course,  »  exMBBivs,  and  if  S0%  is  allowed  on 


engine  and  mow  and  15%  for  ovvrhdad  cfaargN  the  total  coat  o4 
driving  waa  «e,0(H)02;  or  lfl.7  cent*  per  linearfoot.  The  coat  td 
the  pi-lea  dnliveicd  waa  t-1 ,439.80  c>r  7.G  cents  per  linear  foot;  so 
that  with*  cost  of  drlvihgot  10.7  wnt«  the  cost  per  linear  foot  ot 
pile  in  place  was  18.2  centa.     The  brew  consiatedof  foil*  men. 

The  itenaitad  ooBts  were  aa.  follows!  Cost  of  piles  delivered, 
S1,432.B0;  toial  payroll,  S1,053.S3;  engine  and  hoisting  outfit, 
£340;  .araw,  ¥154.40.  ..  '  :. 

Pile  Penetnttkoi  With'  aad  Witkont  a  WUer  Tet.  The  fotlow^ 
ing  is  frew  an  rarticlfebj  Mr.  F.  T;  Parker,  in  Engine«ritty  A'eaw- 
Record.  Mar.  2S,  1615. 

Bxtanstvei^obmMtidna'of!  the  twkavfor  ot  wood  piles  drWen 


G50        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

in  dik«  conitructiDD  along  tbe  MiBBieaippi  River  between  the  Ohio 
Bj]d  Hieaouri  Rivers  were  made  during  the  sprfng  and  Huminer  of 
1B14. 

The  dilies  consisted  of  three  rows  of  three-pile  clumps,  9  ft. 
apart,  the  ctnmp  piles  being  drives  at  tlie  apexee  of  approximatel.v 
equilateral  triangles  tbe  aides  of  which  were  between  3^  and 
4  ft.  long. 

The  Boil  was  for  the  meet  part  sand  and  quicksand,  althot^ 
a  certain  amount  of  mud  and  some  gravel  were  ^countered. 

Single-acting  ateam  hammera  and  ordinary  drop-hammere  raised 
bj  hoisting- engines  with  friction  clutches  were  used  on  the  work. 
The  drop-hanunere  weighed  2,40(1  lb.  each;  they  were  used  with 
400-Ib.  Casgrain  pilecaps.  The  total  weight  of  each  steam  ham- 
mer was  7,000  lb.,  of  which  the  ram  constituted  5,000  lb.  These 
hammers  could  deliver  a.  maximum  of  60  blows  per  minute;  but 
unless  the  piles  were  fairly  large  and  straight  the  joarimum  could 
not  be  reached  without  danger  of  breaking  the  pite.  The  rate  of  i 
delivery  was  between  45  and  60  blows  per  minute  for  all  crooked 
and  small  timber,  which  allowed  tbe  pile  to  recover  between  blows. 

The  drop-bsjnmer  drivers  were  equipped  with  Hooker  12xGi4^ 
IS-in.  jet-pumps  running  between  60  and  60  r.pjn.;  the  jet- 
pumps  oa  the  steam-hammer  drivers  were  10x6xl0-in.  Gordon 
duplex. 

Under  100  lb.  of  ateam  and  water  each  Gordon  pump  made  84 
r.p.m.,  discharging  (through  50  ft.  of  2'^-in.  iron  pipe  and  50  ft. 
of  rubber  hose)  420  gal.  of  water  at  65  lb.  per  sq.  in.  from  a  !%• 
in,  nozzle.  With,  tbe  nozzle  submerged,  tbe  impact  at  various 
distances  therefrom  was  as  follows:  120  lb.  at  1  ft.,  US  lb.  at  2 
ft.,  100  lb.  at  3  ft.,  60  lb.  at  4  ft.  However,  for  jetting  purpoaea 
both  the  Hooker  and  the  Gordon  pumps  approximated  60  lb. 
noEEle  pressure  (under  water)    lOO  ft.  from -the  pumps. 

Each  jet-pump  was  connected  to  a  stbtionary  2^^-in.  gas  pipe. 
extending  from  the  pump  to  the  second  platform,  in  the  piledriver 
leads.  A  hose  connected  this  pipe  to  coupled  sections  of  2^-in. 
gas  pipe  with  the  end  section  reduced  to  a  I^-in.  nozzle. 

Before  placing  the  jet-pipe  the  pile  was  driven  several  feet  into 
the  ground;  driving  was  then  stopped  and  the  pipe  placed  against 
the  pile  and  carefully  lowered  to  the  river  bottom.  The  pump 
was  then  started  and  the  pipe  churned  below  the  foot  of  the  pile. 
A  rope  leading  from  the  pipe  through  a  snatchblock  to  the  spool 
of  the  hoisting  engine  was  used  for  this  work.  As  soon  as  the 
jet  became  effective,  driving  was  resuioed,  and  the  jat  kept  a  few 
feet  in  advance  of  the  pile  until  tbe  desired  penetratim  waa  se- 

When  no  further  penetratimi  waa  attained  the  jet-pipe  w»a  with- 


PIUNO  551 

drawn  mmI  relocated  Bgainst'the  pile.  Occatioiially  eereral  relo- 
cations failed  to  give  tgbiUIb.  Often  a  pipe  "froze"  in  tbe 
ground  and  diCBculty  was  experienced  in  withdrawing  it  (  this  WM 
overcome  by  keeping  the  pipe-te-spool  line  taut,  and  tapping  the 
pipe  with  a  hanuner  or  sledge. 

Difficult;  wai  always  eneonntered  in  forcing  the  Jet^pipe'  through 
the  brush  foundation-mattresB  of  the  dikes,  which  had  been  made 
and  sudIe  in  place  before  piledriving  started. 

After  starting  the  jet  the  pile  would  sometimes  drop  several 
feet  under  its  own  weight  plus  that  of  the  hamitter,  and  this  drop 
WBB  followed  by  a  marked  tncraase  in  pendn«t4on  pei*  Mow.  This 
usually  immedia,te1y  followed  each  relocation  of  the  jet. 

Neither  shoes  nor  rings  were  used  on  the  piles,  but  vatIous 
experimental  pointings  were  giv«)  to  butts  and  tips. 

The  controlling  factoT  in  "  hntts  or  tips  down  "  was  to  have, 
after  driving,  the  greatest  pile  cTM<-seetKni  at  the  point  of  maxi- 
mum bending  moment.  The  deaired  penetration  (about -25 ft.)  w«s 
a  constant;  but  the  depth  of -water  and  the  coning  of  the  pilee 
were  unknown.  Soundings  gam  the  depth  at  pile  clump  loca- 
tioDs;  pile  eoningE.  were  flitimatad.  From  these  dsta  was  esti- 
mated the  greatest  cross-section.  In  very  deep  or  very  shallow 
water'  it  was  only  necessary  to  estimate  tbe  pile  coniugs. 

A  number  of  tables  were  compiled  giving  pile  lengths,  penetra- 
tions and  drop  of  hammer  for  each  blow,  diameters  of  ptlee  and 
dimensions  of  sharpoied  points.  From  these  records  certain-facts 
were  deduced: 

1.  Compacting  of  the  soil  occurred  at  pile  dumps  wlien  the 
water  jet  was  not  in  use.  The  accompanying  view  shows  thfe 
effect.  The  piles  of  this  green-cypress  clomp  were  driven  by  a 
steam  hammer  without  jetting,  to  the  Mime  penetration.  The 
imprint  of  the  ram  on  tbe  pile  head  shows  whieh  pile  was  driTen 
first  and  whloh-  last. 

2.  Both  hard  and  soft  woods  were  i»ed  for  pile  timber.  When 
driven  in  connection  with  the  jet  no  appreciable  difference  was 
noticed  in  their  resistance  to  bTomning  and  splitting.  The  kind  of 
timber,  wbether '  green  or  dry,  crooked,  bowed  or  straight,  bark 
on  or  offt.  butt  or  tip  down,  tip  sharpened  or  square,  seemed  to 
influence  "driving  time"  v^ry  little  provided  the  jet  was  kept 
in  proper  position.  Some  crooked  pilee  took  lon^r  to  drive  due 
to  inability  to  follow  pile  movements  with  the  jet. 

3.  Apparently  the  most  im|iortaDt  requisites  for  rapid  driving 
were  to  keep  the  jet  on  ibie  ■mth,  and  a  few  feet  in  advance  of, 
tbe  sinking  pile  and  to  maintain  the  pile  plumb  in  the  piledriver 

4.  Hie  records  indicate  that  chisel  pointings,  especially  for  tips. 


562        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSITHUCTION  EQUIPMENT  ■ 

are  prefevable  to  square  «nda  or  pencil  poiaUi  WUen  tke  jet  ■was 
not  in  use,  the  tendency  of  the  piks  to  euit  was  lega  nith  the 
unpointed  Bqunje-ejidEd  pitea.     ■ 

6.  Th»t  gneat  differenccK  sKist  in  Uie  pMiettsbilily  af  sands  wae 
evident;  the  meet  pronounced  irregularitiee  appear  fn  quickBands. 
A  mixture  of.  sand  and  gravd  was  easki  to  petketrate  tban  either 
sand  OT  gravel  aloue^  .  .,         .  < 

6,  The  superiority  ofeteain  ovei  drop-hanunera  is  irnqoeationed. 

7.  Instances  ocsiMCed  where  thp  pra-formance  of  the  jet  ■was 
disappointing;  hut  the  .water  jet  is  an  iSTaluahle  adjunct  of  the 
hammer  and.  a  aeoesau'j'part  ol  «ver7  iuptodat«  piledriver  equip- 

For  driving  average  timber  in  ordioajy  soils,  the 'writer  advo- 
cates a  medium-weight  doubie-aictingateam. hammer  striking  180 
OF  more  blows  per  minute  in  ooojunction  ^wilb  a.  single-pipe  water 
jet.  The- jetrpump  eluwld  furi^eh,  at  a.  diiitanee  of  100  ft.,  17S 
lb.  pressure  at  a  1  ^tin.  iKMBle  IsubmergM  10  ft>  With  this  n«(ezle 
preMure  the  hammer  would  be'merely  an  adjunct  of  the  jet,  and 
its  use  limited  to:a  few  blowta  at  the-beginaing  and  end  of  each 
operation.  Moreover  tha  time'required.to'sifik-a  pile  woiild  be  re- 
d lined,  to  a  minimum. 

The  standard  dovelailedi  sheet-piling  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railwajr  used  J3y<  Mr:  Kruttschnitt  in.  cloeing  breaks  on  the 
Miasiseippi  leveee,  >a  described  aa  follows  in  the  Realamtttio* 
Jteoord. 

"The  main  bod;  of  each  pile  is  composed  of  a  4xl2'in.  plank 
W^h,  the  lower  end  adzed  ilio  a  slope  of  about  L6  dsgrces  with 
the  horicontal,  so  as  to.  force,  thel  piliag  in  driving  against  the 
preceding  one.  On  one  edge  of  the  body'  are  nailed  two  strips 
made  of.  I-in.boarda, -having  their  Ulterior  edges  ia  the  plane  of 
the  face  of  the  pilei  and  thMri  interior  edgea  beveltd  bo  as  to  form 
a  trapezoidal  groove  between  them  with  a  larger  base  adjacent  to 
the  body  o£. the  pile.'  Thie  larger. baae  is  jnjule  Bbont'3  Inches 
in  length,  tha  shorter  base  a^at  1  inch  .in  loDgth.  On  the  other 
edge  of  the  main,  body  of  the  pile  w  nailed  ft  sugle-  strip  made  of 
1-in.  board;,  and  aa  Waled  08  to  pemit  it  to  ttip^  itug^y  betwees 
the  beveled  opening,  on  the  adjacent  pile.  The  strips  aj»  nailed 
to  the  main  pile  with  UM  wire  naila  spaced  6_  in."  : 
,  The  09Bt  of  joaking  I  sq^.ft.|.ot.4hie  piling  would  be  about  as 
follows: 

li-il2"»ir  ptiiiili.lROpir  My' B. ,«,...,,.,..'...,,. W4« 

■        Si-x  l"i  12"  planks  ■(  tSO  per  M.,B.H. .OIB 

-     Sliad.Tiia  ■■■i[a:*tt2.20  par  keg  ........^j... ....,..;  >....      .ttt 

'A  hour  at  cirpcnMr  st  60  cents  pet  hour  .liS 

•      iSWal  t»M)- j........;.-..,.l...'.t/.l...v..iL.;...i ftJtt 


PILING 


563 


Plle.Band  Puller.  Fig.  340A  ia  a  iketch,  kindly  contributed  b; 
Mr  Arlhfjr.ir  Shfl^,  Consulting  Enaineer,  ol  a  pilp  ^nd  puller 
that  ban  been  found  very  useful  in  removiog  tbe  iron  bands  from 
tbe  top^  of  pileH.  It  in  made  out  of  rnthi^r  beHuy  matviUI  but 
should  be  available  to  any  organization  that  haa  a  blackamith 
outfit. 


iM=£^ 


-Pig;  aWA.- 


Pulling  Sheet  Piling  with  Steaa^  ttammpr.  The  following 
uifteB  arc  from  Engineering  Newa-Reoord,  Dec.  IS,  1915. 

An  iny(!rted  steam  bammur  pulled,  in  90  eec.  each,  pieces  of  3&-ft. 
Bietl  Bheet  piHng  vhiih  were  used  in  coffer-daniB  for  conatructing 
tbe  faunilalions  of  the  Pittaburgti  &  Lake  Krie  Ilailroad'a  new 
warehouse  in  Piltaburgb,  Masa  concrpte  for  the  footinga,  5  ft. 
thick,  n-HH  poured  directly  a^ainat.  the  sheeting  with  no  attempt 
(o  prevent  a.  bond,  and  the  ebfferdftma  were  backfilled  to  the  top 
bi»Fore,  any  pulling  was  done.  K^vertbeless,  a  majority  of  the 
pilm  were  ntarted  and  drawn  in  one  minute  less  than  the  average 
driving  time  on  each  pile. 

The  ringing  conBiated  of  a  wire-rope  filing  suspended  from  the 
crane,  hook  suppoitliiB  tbe,iov«-t*d,'ham«pr.  Ovor.tbe.aavil  block 
of  the  Utter, puswd.a  heavy  strap  of  at'eelj  ahaeklei  at  tbe  lower. 
end  to  pulling  ntrapa  pinned  to  the  pile.  Tlul  hammer,  a.  Xn.  B 
MiKieniBn  T:»rrff„jn  ratfld  a*  2'5  Woffs  *  minutR.with  an  894-in. 
stroke.     It  waa  swppJieduith  «t*aru  trom  thecrafle. 

Out  of  several  carloada  drawn  with  the  hajnnwr  at  Pittshurgh 
practiealiy  espry  pile  waa  in  conditio^)  for  immediate  rsdrivii^. 

Wemllncer  &baet  Bteel  Piling  coetK  i  o.  b.  New  York,  u  fol- 
lows : 


B64        HANDBOOK  OF  C0N8TRLFCTI0N  EQUIPMENT 


With  Full  Length  Clips 


Laokawanna  Bteel  Filing  illustrated  by  Fig.  241  costs  f .  o.  b. 
Pittsburg  from  £2.70  to  S3.00  per  100  lb.  (Jan.,  1Q20,  quotatitu).  ' 


Fig.    241.     12i^-ir.    Piling,    %-in.   and    i^-io.   Web. 


Special  pieces  sucb  aa  tees,  crosses,  corners,  etc.,  takt,  an  additional  | 
90  cents  per  100  lb.  It  comes  in  any  length  up  to  70  tt  and  its 
other  dimenaione  are  as  follows: 

Thick-  Wcllhtper  DiBt.Cnil«r  WciKht 

neu  ol  Bquarr  Fool  lo  Otnlw  of  per  Linail  Width  of  Jmnl 

Web,  In.  o?W«ll,  Lb.  Jolnls.  In,  Foot,  Lb.  Over  AH.  In. 

A                                                   B  C 

H  40.00                    1!K                    12.5m  31E/C4 

H  35.110                    124i                    1T.1S7  S«/«4 


Thia  piling  drives  easily.  In  a  test  a  50-ft.  kngth  was  driven 
4T  ft.,  uiider  a  6-ton  hammer  striking  90  b1owa,'wrth  a  penetratitm 
of   1  inch   at  the  last  Wow. 

Test  of  Driving  Bteel  Sheet  Filing,  Cleveland,  0.  Ond  place 
on  the  short  line  of  the  L.  8.  &  M.  S.  K.  R.  around  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
required  tunneling  under  the  grounds  of  a  manufacturing  plant- 
The  tunnel  was  to  have  two  standard  grade  tracks  at  an  eWatioo 
Of  about  SO  ft.  below  yard  level  ol  thii  plant.  '  The  Wadi  t«Bt  bor- 
ings taken  at  this  point  showed: 


piUNG  see 

BtJov  frade 

Yard  I«ie1  to  5  ft Slu  and  cinden. 

E  ft.  below  to  20  ft TeDow  cIbt  and  irnel. 

ZOft.  below  to  30  ft.  Fine  cravel. 

S1 11.  b»low  -  ■"  "  " ' 


40  ft.  below  to  EO  ft. 

BO  ft.  below  to  U  ft 

66  ft  down  , Hard  pai 


U  R Coane  aand  and  paiel. 


The  fine  Mad,  40  t«  60  ft.,  wab  in  the  nature  oF  quicksand,  and 
there  was  a  surcharged  load  at  the  eidee.' 

The  engineers  of  the  l^ke  Shore  R.  B.  decided  on  eteel  sheet 
piling-  This  work  required  BO  ft.  penetration.  Five  bars  of 
]29i-'n  t^-in.  Lackawanna  eteel  sheet  piling,  weighing  40  lb. 
per  Bq.  ft  and  SO  ft.  long  w«re  ordered  for  this  test.  These 
bars  wer«  driven  by  a  No.  1  Vulcan  hammer,  weighing  10,150 
lb.,  total  striking  part  5,000  lb.  with  a  42'in.  stroke.  In  goieral 
the  record  was  as  follows: 

No.  1  Pile  teipetlmeotlng,  etc.   Accnrate  TMord  not  taken.) 

Blows 

No.  i  FileiO  mln.  actual  drivlDC  time  I.IM 

Ni.  IPIleS3M  Diln.   aclaal  drlrlDff  time   i.sn 

So.  *  Pita  36  mlD.  actual  drlviiw  lime  2,!84 

No.  6  Pfle  20'i  mln.   actual  driving  time   i.OS 

No.  S  pile  was  followed  down  to  10  ft.  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground  in  18"^  minutes,  with  1,163  blows.  AIT"  Ave  bars  were 
driveu  to  tbs  surface  of  the  ground,  making  a  penetration  of  ' 
50  ft. 


Fig.  242. 


+ 


Jonei  A  LoncliUn  Pllli^r,  illustrated  in  F^r'^42.  costs  about 
3  ct.  per  lb.,  ft  o.  b.  Pittsburgh.    It  is  made  in  any  length. 

8tie  W(,  per  8q.  Ft. 


36.00 

37.20 
3S.7S 
42.2S 


TTnited  StBtes'  Steel  She«t  Tiling  la  rolled  in  three  sizes:  M 
106,  M*  104  and  M  103.  Tt  wae  luofed  in  Jan.,  1920^  at  about 
».80  per  100  lb.  f.  o.  b.  Pitteburgh. 


656       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTOiUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Straliht  wction      Bwnl  V  coran 

Widtb  weight  in  lb.  weiBht  in  lb. 

Svetioit  lulu.  peraq.ft.  pO' iio.  ft. 


91  pieces  of  the  12>i-in.  piling  should  drive  100  ft.  of  walL  130 
pieces  of  the  9-iii.  piling  should  drive  100  ft.  of  wall. 

Friestedt  InteilooklnK  Channel  Bar  PlUncr,  fabricated  from 
chaanels  and  zee  h&re,  do^ee  not  possess  high  interlocking  Btiengtli 
but  is  adapted  to  ordinal;  conErtmctloa  work. 


Id  Id. 


Poandi'pCT  ftmt 


Zmb       BegnliT  Cornel 


Fig.  243.    Symmetrical  Interlock  Channel  Bar  Piling. 

gymmetrleal  tnterlDok  Channel  B^r  Filing  EJmit^ r  to  the  Frie- 
Btedt  piling,  suitable  for  difficult  driving  wWe' ^reat  interlock 
strength  is  not  required,  is  oa  follows;     (See  ^Fig,  ^3.) 


PILING 


'  Founds  per  foot 
lannola  Z«a        Repjiar  Corner 


DrivlnE.  United  States  piling  ehould  be  driven  with  the  ball 
Bide  afaecMl  so  that  the  looae  material  will  not  interfere  with  the 
driving.  Symmetrical  piling  should  be  driven  with  the  long  Z  bar 
aheAd,  which  serves  to  stiffen  the  free  edge  of  the  pile,  Friestedt 
piling  may  be  driven  alike  in  either  direction,  plain  pile  following 
Z  pile  alternately. 

Sheet  steel  piling  is  driven  in  the  same  manner  as  wooden  piling. 
In  shallow  trench  work  wood^i  mauls  hung  from  a  tripod  may  be 
used.     In  heavier  work  a  power  driven  hammer  is  to  be  preferred. 

The  Bush  Terminal  Oo.  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  decided  in  1010  to 
substitute  steel  for  wood  sheet  piling  in  the  con^ructiijn  of 
the  foundation  pits  of  their  new  buildings.  Each  of  the  28H 
reinforced  concrete  columns  in  these  buildings  requires  the  dig- 
ging of  a  foundation  pit  10  ft.  k  12  ft.  x  12  ft,  deep.  In  excavat- 
ing some  of  tie  first  of  these  pita,  the  sheeting  was  of  2  s  '10-in. 
wood  piling  which  cost  $1.00  per  horiiiontal  foot,  including 
rangers,  bracing  and  removal,  making  a  coat  per  pit  of  about  $44. 
This  wood  was  good  (or  onJy  2  or  3  drivings,  an'  average  o^  2'^. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  tons  of  steel  piling  simtlar  to  the 
above,  of  the  8-in.  x  12-ft.  section,  weighing  II  lb.  per,  ft.,  were 
purchased.  Thil  qtiantity  was  sufflcieat  for  about  40  pits,  uid  it 
haa  already  been  re-used  over  14  times,  and  is  jet  in  verj  good 
condition.  The  bracing  conHista  of  2  'Sets  of  6  x  8-in.  rangers  with 
one  cross-bar  of  the  bame -dimensions,  btit  it  has  been  found  that 
lighter  bracing  can  be  used.  Thii  piling  was  driven ;  by -hand, 
with  wooden  mauls  for  about  one-half  the  diatance,  and  with 
iron   sledges   for   the   remainder;   a  flpdcial   cap   being  employed. 

The  averse  coat  of  40  pit«  she^'tbed  with'  st«el  piling  has  been 
$14.63  for  driving  and  S4.R4  for  pulling,  or  about  2%  ct.  and  1 
ct.  per  sq.  ft.,  respectively.  The  steel  piling  cost  $222  per  pit, 
or  43  ct.  per  eq.  ft.  For  the  14  times  it  has  been  re-Osed,  this 
uiakes  a  total  cost  as  follows: 

Stad   mstfrW    |2!!.M 


Total  fw  U  piU  

Averaca  eoM  of  1  pit  , . 


ill 

illl; 

i  :1     i 

Ml : 

Ml  ; 

Mfi 

If 

II 

is 

:i 

li 

a 

H 

tS 

it  ■'" 

Hlntn 

t  Si 

61= J? 


tfl  £  IS  EOO'Q  So  m  X 


1^ 

ill  ■ 
in 


'jaatoisq  JO  »Ux 


o.ci,aiP>ap.E>eiBia§r!a§§aB,a§a.B 

3      -o)  'mp!*  aaaH;jHTJsa!iHHaH33sa33a 


sgoSi  si  s-  r^  s   2*^^-i*^  S-3J 


PILING  SS» 

This  BhowB  a  saving  over  wood  of  about  ^  per  pit,  or  20%,  and 
the  steel  material  is  still  available  for  future  use. 

The  above  matter  bss  been  compiled  fTom  an  article  b;  Mr. 
F.   T.  Lewellyn  in  Engineering  Record. 

The  table  on  followiog  page  has  been  abstracted  from  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Co.'b  booklet,  "  Steel  Sheet  Piling." 

Concrete  piles  may  be  divided  into  two  claases,  those  molded 
&nd  hardened  before  driving  and  those  molded  in  place.  There 
are  several  patented  methods  of  driving  and  molding  piles  in 


QS?__ 


a 


t"r 


Fig.  244.  "Tig.  246.     Fig.  246.     Fig.  247.     Fig.  248. 
FiE.  H*.    A  core  and  cylindticsl  cuing  ire  flnt  drlvw  to  (he  reqDlrcd 


depth. 

Fie.  2/a 
tlie  Tiotui 


3  feet 
Fig. 


nov  remoTed  ■ 


■  chsrie  of  cooerMe  d 


24fi.    Ths  » 


The  core  ii  a 

of    the   MIJDS. 

~  ii  QDw  aged  u  a  ramnMr,  to  coapraca  Via*  eoncrate 

e  Ducrauuuiuii  aoU.    The  proceu  la  repaated  until  (he  hue  la  about 
In  dlametar. 
24T.    The  enlaried  baae  being  Mmpleted  Ibe  caaing  la  flllad  to  Uw 

ll  caainf  from  tha 


Dcd.    The  completed  I 


place,  some  presenting  advantages  over  others  under  different 
conditions  to  be  met  in  the  work  and  soil.  'Kia  Simplex  pile  em- 
ploys a  cylinder  to  which  ia  Atted  a  cost  iron  or  steel  point; 
when  the  pile  has  been  driven  to  the  required  depth  the  cylinder 
is  filled  with  concrete- and  is  then  pulled  out,  leaving  the  point  at 
the  bottom  and  the  wet  concrete,  settling,  completely  fills  the 
hole.  The  Pedestal  pile  is  constructed  by  driving  a  cylinder  and 
core  tc^ther.  When  the  required  depth  is  reached  the  core  is 
withdrawn,  some  concrete  is  poured  in  and  the  core  is  then  used 


iSlfi ;: 


■Mi  -~ 

■Ssi  ii 


-I! 
ill 

MM 


a       lis      ii  .  .U3S 

^^    ^  ■  .  .-    59*   ^ui  -^u 


■«  Jad  »)' 


BwqjoBa^^SEgg 


fiii2"i|iti|i 


|M»«s» 

.aaoaaaa, 
J       -qr'wi(»M,s!SgSSSSSS$SS?S5RS35*SgSSS 


^FlJS 


^iS3s>:' 


Hioca  a<  ^SuHM  b  chCQtt  I 


PILING  sei 

as  a  t«tmp«r  to  coiDpreeg  the  concrete  below  the  fylinder  into  th^ 
ground  to  form  an  enlarged  bearing  foot  or  "  pedestal." 

It  ia  evidest  that  in  soft,  water  bearing  ground  or  in  grouad 
below  water  the  above  methods  cannot  be  uaed  or,  if  used  in 
very  aoft  grovnd,  there  cannot  be  any  certainty  that  a  perfect 
pile  has  been  made,  and  the  mult  at  beet  must  be  doubtful. 
Sui^h  conditions  are  met  satiafactorily  and  well  by  the  Kaymond 
method. 


Fig.  24fl.  Two  Views  of  the  Foot  of  a 
Pile.  The  large  Irregular  Projectioi 
Cemented  into  the  Foot. 

Baymond  System  of  Concrete  FiUng.  Of  the  two  classes  of 
concrete  piles,  pre-caet  and  ca*t  in  place,  this  system  is  the  only 
method  of  the  cast  in  place  class  wherein  a  permanent  form  is 
provided  for  each  pile. 

This  system  consists  of  a  collapaihie  steel  mandrel  or  core 
tapering  from  S  inchea  in  diameter  at  the  point,  at  the  rate  of 
.4  inch  per  ft.  in  length,  until  in  a  length  of  37  ft.  the  diameter  is 
23.2  inches.  Upon  this  expanded  mandrel  or  core  is  placed  a 
spirally  reinforced  sheet  metal  shell,  the  reinforcement  of  which 
is  grooved  into  the  metal  on  3  inch  centers  and  for  the  entire 
length  of  the  core  or  pile.  This  reinforcement  provides  rigidity 
to  the  shell  and  renders  it  capable  of  withstanding  very  severe 
soil  pressure.  It  also  prevents  foreign  substances  from  entering 
into  the  green  concrete. 

The  combined  mandrel  and  shell  is  driven  into  the  ground  tcF 
the  point  of  refusal:  the  mandrel  is  then  collapsed  and  withdrawn 
from  the  shell  leaving  a  permanent  form  for  the  pile.  The  she]) 
is  then  inspected  on  the  inside  and  if  in  perfect  condition  from 
tip  to  top  is  filled  with  concrete  and  completed. 


502       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  extreme  taper  of  the  shell,  combined  with  the  friction  be- 
tween the  ahel]  and  the  surrounding  soil  increases  the  carrying 
upacit;  of  the  pile.  The  safe  load  on  a.  RayintHid  pile  varies 
from  25  to  SO  tons. 

The  John  Simmons  Co.  are  supplying  sectional  casings  in 
lengtha  of  4  ft.  to  20  ft.     The  sections  are  fitted  together  ob  the 


Fig.  35l>.     Raymond  Piling. 

driving  proceeds  by  means  of  an  interior  sleeve  i  the  pile  may  be 
driven  with  a  ca^t  point,  or  if  without  a  point  the  dirt  or  sand 
may  be  jetted  out,  the  concrete  in  either  case  being  poured  in 
when  the  pile  has  reaj?hed  tiie  required  depth.  The  particular 
advantage  of  this  pile  is  that  it  can  b^  used  where  the  head 
room   i»  limited. 

Cast  piles  may  be  made   in  any  section,  circular,  square,   Iri- 


PILING 


503 


angular,  or  corrugated.  They  are  reinforced  with  bars  or  meeh 
or  with  bars  and  mesh,  or  with  bars  and  hoops  or  even  with 
built-up  aectione,  ae  I-l>eams;  in  short,  piles  are  reinforced  jiiat 
as  columns.     They  are  driven  in  the  same  way  aa  are  wooden  piles. 


Fig.  251. 

Piles  are  cast  in  horizontal  molds  lihe  beams,  or  in  vertical 
molds,  like  columns.  They  are  allowed  to  set  hard  before  forma 
are  removed  and  to  harden  thoroughly  for  30  daya  before  being 
driven-  Often  an  iron  pipe  is  molded  in  the  pile  at  its  center 
throughout  its  length  for  use  of  a  water  jet  to  help  in  the  driving. 


MGootjl>J 


L  Pipe  —  Black  i 


D  GALVAmzst 

per  ft. 

to.a% 


4S.U> 

o  apply  to  the  above  are 


^to3 

3K  to« 


The  above  weights  are  per  length  to  lay  !2  feet,  including  atan- 
dard  aockete;  proportionate  Allowance  to  be  made  for  any  varia- 


Clay  Tttain  TUe.     The  foUowing  a 
quoted  in  New  York  Jan.,  1920. 


theipnriees  per  1,000  lin.  ft 


,„'» 


I. 
IS 

1 


l1 


.  J.,.  > 

I 


Hi  If. 


^.  |liis8  liiii  iiililiii  I 


I- 


*|Sa3S  S|i||  |3g| 
|.      |lj^|5§3gsliSiiiiiiii|| 


560       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

(  per  ft_  quoted  in  New 


36  SK  3E0  6  1>J 

Ooit  of  lipe  Laying.     The  following  is  from  mj  notes  in  ltll4. 

The  coet  per  linear  foot  of  pipe  laid  depends  upon  the  kind  of 
pipe,  involving  its  weight,  size  and  mode  of  lowering  into  the 
trenc)i,  on  the  depth  of  the  trench  sjid  obstructions  to  lowering 
due  to  sheeting,  etc.,  on  the  kind  of  joint,  whether  bitumen,  lead 
or  cement,  and  on  the  directorship  of  the  foreman  and  the  skill  of 
the  workmen.  A&  in  the  case  of  sheeting,  pipe  laying  requires 
skilful  workmen.  Men  should  be'  carefully  trained  to  do  this 
work  and  should  then  be  kept  at  it. 

Unit  Coalt  for  Small  Pipe.  In  Table  1  will  be  fonnd  unit  costs 
and  other  data  on  5,  6,  10  and  12-in.  sanitary  aewer  pipe.  This 
pipe  was  vitrified  salt-glazed  clay  pipe,  and  had  joints  first  calked 
with  oakum  and  then  filled  with  hot  bitumen.  Two  or  three 
lengths  of  pipe  were  joined  together  on  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
the  hub  and  spigot  being  first  cleaned  of  any  foreign  subetances 
by  washing  with  a  solution  of  bitumen  dissolved  in  gasoline.  The 
joints  were  next  calked  with  oakum  and  then,  with  the  pipes  In  an 
upright  position,  the  joints  were  filled  with  melted  bitumen. 
When  the  joints  were  cool  and  firm,  a  rope  having  $,  hook  on  one 
end  wae  placed  through  the  pipes  and  hooked  to  the  lower  edge, 
in  which  position  the  pipes  were  lowered.  Another  method  of 
lowering  was  to  pass  a  rope  through  the  pipes  so  that  both  ends 
might  be  grasped  by  men  on  the  surface  and  the  pipes  lowered 
horizontally.  The  lowering  and,  in  fact,  the  laying  were  retarded 
greatly  by  the  braces  which  held  the  sheeting,  and  also  by  the 
great  depths  of  trench. 

Aft«r  a  «ection  wae  towered-  into  the  trench  and  properly  lineal 


T  Ont,      No.      pipe. 


Sheeting 
SlieetiaR 
Solid  ineetinc 
Solid  ■twetlns 
Solid  iheatins 
Solid  ihefltlnx 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


No.    MDU  p*r  Out,      No. 
Obc.      Ud,  ft.      (t.       nuQ 


T4T     Oaknm       BnoArki 


Soli 


-Unit  Costs  (1914)  and  Othe^  D.\ta  fob  Stobh 
DaAi:4s,  Sizes  12,  IS,  24  and  36  In. 


1^33  Mo  nbrPliiic 

3M  No  >hiN!llng 

1  Jl  No  ah^lDK 

1.(1  iro*b»rtini 


4.TS       No  ih»aioi 


Nn  hhrrtins 
No  Kb'Minc 
Ha  iheMins 


ShHtinf 


ShertioB 

Shntiac 


Tor  Oalnitti    '  Kemaris' 
81  '  BhKtiaK       ' 

'&A  .  .    BImtInc 

41  No  she^iEtB ' 


Solid  »iinUn« 
Solid  iheclinE 
Solid  sbesliDK 


Aiersee  widUis  of  Ircncb,  lZ-ii>.  pips,  36  id.;  IEid..  30  In.;  Mia.,  a  In.; 
36iu,  W  in. 

In  the  above  unit  (roata  crmenling  tfap  pipe  jointa  it  included  with  the  ]»y- 
iug,  iIbo  ft  iiroparlion  ol  ihe  cbargee  [or  (oTeiniiD  and  waterbof. 

in  both  horizontal  and  vertical  planes  the  joint  was  calked  with 
oakum  and  filled  with  bitumen,  using  a  "  snake "  in  the  same 
manner  that  a  leaded  joint  is  run.  One  man  on  top  was  in  charge 
of  jointing,  and  another  man  was  responsilile  for  supplying  the 
men  in<the  trench  with  hot  tar,  alno  astiixting  in  lowering  the 
pipe.  When  not  so  engaged  he  should  asiiist  the  first  man  to 
prepare  the  pipe.  A  third  man  was  needed  to  assist  in  lowering. 
In  the  trench  one  regular  man  and  an  atiaiatant  had  charge  of  the 
jointing  and  alignment.  When  not  so  engaged  they  made  grade 
For  the  next  two  !en;;the,  using  the  material  thus  removed  for 
backfill  over  the  pipes  last  laid. 

Unit  CoBit  for  Large  I'xpe.  In  Table  2  will  be  found  unit  coxts 
and  other  data  on  storm-water  sewer  pipes,  12,  15,  24  and  36  in. 
in  diameter.  All  joints  were  cemented  after  the  pipe  wea  lowered 
into  the  trench  in  single  lengths.  The  12*in.  pipe  was  of  circular 
section,  some  cement  and  some  vitrified.  Lowering  was  done  by 
hand,  using  a  rope  pasued 'through  the  length  of  the  pipe. 

The  15  and  24-in  pipe  uwed  in  the  work  were  made  of  cement 
and  were  egg-shaped.  To  lower  these  into  the  trench  a  tripod 
rigged  with  a  difTerential  block  and  tackle  wae  used.    The  3S-iB. 


.;lc 


570         HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

pipe  was  vitrified  and  circular  In  iection.  A  tripod  and  a  block 
were  bIbo  used  here  in  lowering. 

Average  widths  of  trench,  6-in,  pipe,  30  in.;  fl-in.,  S2  in,;  10-in., 
36  in.;  12  in.,  38  in. 

In  the  above  unit  coeia  are  iaclnded  the  cost  of  preparing  pipe, 
lajint;,  calking  and  tarring,  and  a  proportion  of  the  charges  for 
loremBn  and  waterboy . 


MGootjl>j 


-.  -  ps«5S3S=  5Sa§  |]J| 

S  I  «  33325  55S31S333S  ||l|= 
-  5§  5sss353jj,jgj  lite} 


571 

,<.,CK)glc 


FIFE  UNX  TOOLS 

Zead  Heltln^  Furnace,  pot,  bar,  grate  and  ladle  on  two  wbeela 
with  handle  and  stand.     Of  heavy  boiler  plate  with  vrou^ht  iron 

C»p«eilj  Priea 

Id  lb.  On  nhMle  On  1«gi 


A  Qasoline  X«ad  Helting:  TnmaCe  havinif  a  c&[NRity  of  200 
lb.,  ciBts  $62;  capacttv  of  325  lb.,  $54. '      "  ^^         , 

CalWnE  Hammers,  3  lb.,  $1.00;  4  lb.,  $1.25  handleiL; 

Calking  Tooll,  set  of  5  tools  and  yarning  Iron,  weigKt  9  lb.,  price 
40c  per  lb. 

Lead  Wool  Tools,  cost  50c  per  lb.  ' .  .  -;; 

Dog  Diamonds,  4  lb.,  $I.7S, 

DoK  Chiseli,  2%,  3,  3<4  and  i  lb.,  40o  per  lb.        '' 

Hand  Chisels,  %  octagon  at«el,  40c  per  lb. 

Hand  Diamond  Foists,  Yg  octaj^n  steel,  40e  per  lb.- 

Bursting  WedKCS,  8  in,  long,  1  Vj  to  2  lb.,  30c  per  lb. 

Asbestos  folnt  Knnners,  range  from  $2.40  (or  the  %  in.  aqu&re 
for  4,  S  and  6  in.  pipe,  t«  $14.40  for  the  1^  in.  square  for  48  in. 
pipe. 

Pipe  Jointers  cost  from  $3.30  for  4. inch  pipe  to  $9.50  for  20 
inch  pipe- 
Sewer  Builders  Kanls  of  hickory  having  a  diameter  ot  7  in. 
and  12  in.  in  length  »eigb  about  2<  lb.  and  coat  $4.00  each.  j 

Steel  Plank  Caps.     Box  caps  2  b;  6  and  2  by  8  in.  cost  $2.75    < 
each.    Open  end  caps  2  by  6  in.  coat  $2.00  and  2  by  8  in.  coat  $2.50    I 

Plank  Pnller  of  coat  steel,  for  2  in.  plank  $5.00,  3  in.  plank    | 
$7.00.  I 

Trench  Braces  with  1^  inch  pipe  barrels  and  1^  in.  screws  ex- 
tend safely  10  tn.  cLre  made  up  t4>  3  ft.  0  in.  length.     The  Ioniser    I 
braces  have  2  in.  pipe  barrels  and  1  %  in.  screw,  and  extend  safe^    ! 
13  in-  ■ 

572-  I 


PIPE  LINE  TOOIS 


Length  vhe 


All  the  foregoing  prices  a 


do" 

Price 
per  dm. 

!8 

ilS 

iS 

! 

11 

3.  New  York. 

Fig.  252.     Laying  48-in.  Water  Main  at  BiifTalo,  N.  Y.     Width  of 
Cut  &i^  ft.     Size  of  Brace  Uaed  4^  ft.  (Ctoaed). 


MGootjl>J 


FIAHT  HEHTAL  CHASGES 

The  following  lint  ot  rental  charges  for  construction  equipmcnl 
WHS  BUbmitted  b;  an  eastern  contractor.  Tt  in  taken  frozn  an 
article  in  Engineering  and  Coniracling,  Jan.  21,  1920. 

Weekly 


Backel,  cUmsliBll,  %-j-d 

Curs,  »liip,  H4jd 

Cars,  iil»l.  1  ;d.  and  emullfr 
Oniilier  onlr,  Acnm  No.  9^  . 


1.  3D  to  Kl  [t.,  wmdeii.  borne  id 


En[lns.  akeletoD,  Z-dniin,  20  hp 

Eniine.  guoliue.  to  8  hp S.Oft 

Entiae,  gtaotlnt,  K  bp 5.K) 


engine,  11  to  IS  tt.  »p.  . 


MolOTB,  10  hp 

Hotori,  2B  hp 

Molon.  60  hp.  ..,,      9.1 

Pump*,  ecalrifugel.  lO-in.,  belt  driien,  with  engine " 

Pumpii,  pnlwmeler,  to  4-in 

Pumps,  3-in..  with  gRBolins  engine  ..  ., 

PumpB.  diBphrsgm.  with  gasoline  engine 


In  aubmitting  tbe  list,  the  contractor  wrote  as  follows  concern- 
ing his  ftrm'H  policy  on  equipment  rental : 

The  plant  rental  sheet  was  revised  the  first  o(  this  year  and  will 
be  revised  again  for  another  year,  probably  upwards.  Our  rental 
basis  for  our  own  work  is  entirely  that  ot  replacement  cost.  AW 
plant  costing  $160  or  more  whose  lite  extends  over  a  period  of 
years  or  oTer  several  jobs  is  shown  on  our  detailed  list,  which  is 
compiled  from  our  experience  of  the  proliable  life  ot  each  tool. 
There  are  three  classes: 

674 


PLANT  RENTAL  CHAKGES        ,  576 

Class  A  —  Tools  which  will  ls«t  through  60  weeks  of  ctaitinu' 
ClaBH  B  —  Toots  which  will  last  through  7S  weeks  at  contiauoiu 
riass  C — Tools  which  will  last  through  100  weeks  of  eonttauoui 

Our  rental  is  sufficient  to  produce  enough  revenue  to  make 
'xtraordinary  repairs  B.nd  to  replace  the  plant  at  the  end  of  this 
IpDgth  of  time. 

You  will  And  that  these  rentals  are  naitonnlf  low  because  the; 
ire  at  cost  to  ourselvM  and  apply  on  jobs  where  wc  are  operating 
Ihe  plant.  These  plant  rentals  go  into  a  costplus  or  fised'fee 
ntntract  as  a  part  of  the  jolt  cost  on  which  profit  is  figured. 

If  we  rented  the  plant  to  outsiders  we  would  char^  about  half 
UN  oMcb  again  for  it. 

Our  method  of  handling  small  tools  such  as  shovels,  picks,  bam- 
mers,  etc.,  is  to  oharge  their  entire  cost  to  the  job.  If  they  are 
worn  out  they  ljecoTni>  part  of  the  job  cost.  At  the  completion  of 
the  work  an  inventory  is  taken  and  each  tool  is  appraised  In  co- 
operation with  a  representative  of  the  owner.  We  have  five 
gradeH:  (1)  New,  100%  of  first  cost;  (2)  good,  75%;  (3)  fair. 
50%;  (4)  poor,  26%;  (S)  worthless,  0%.  We  take  them  back  as 
per  inventory. 

The  following  notes  and  tabic  of  rental  values  of  construetion 
equipment  are  from  an  article  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Hertihy  in  Enfftmetring 
.Vew«  Record,  .Jan,  15,  1920. 

The  cost  to  the  contractor  of  owning  equipment  may  be  broadly 
defined  as  comprising;  1,  capital  investment;  2,  interest  on 
capital  investment;  3,  insurance;  and  4,  storage  eipenee  during 
idle  time. 

The  column  In  the  tabic  headed  Original  Capital  Cost  is  in- 
tended to  show  typical  results  only  and  ia  given  as  a  bails  on 
which  the  details  of  plant  rental  (both  costs  and  percentages) 
are  worked  out. 

In  actual  prafctice  the  true  first  coat  of  the  equipment  should  be 
substituted  for  that  shown  in  the  talile  and  the  analysis  worked 
out  accordingly,  using  as  the  other  (actors,  the  fixed  percentages 
"hown.  Where  the  contractor  owns  several  machines  of  the  same 
claas,  siie  and  type,  which  cost  different  prices,  the  average 
original  cost  should  he  used.  Average  depreciation  only  is  eon- 
'idered  in  fixing  the  various  factors  of  accrued  costs,  and  charges 
shown  in  the  labte  as  depreciation  will  vary  for  the  different 
makea  of  equipment  on  the  same  clans  of  work  and  will  be  de- 
pendent more  or  less  on  the  nature  of  the  work  for  all  classee  of 
equipment.    Average  equipment  working  under  ordinary  coadl- 


676        HANDBOOK  OP  C0N8TKUCTI0N  EQUIPMENT 

tiooB,  covering  the  entire  time  the  cootractor  nuiy  be  in  bnainees, 
is  considered.  The  figures  shown  in  (he  table  for  repair  itema. 
a,-n  based  on  present  [iricea  ajid  average  conditions.  They  nill ' 
vary  with  the  fluctuation  of  the  la.bor  and  material  market  and 
withthe  different  makes  of  equipment,  depending  more  or  leae  on 
the  cha'racter  of  the  work  and  the  manner  in  which  the  equipment 
is  handled.  The  perccot^e  rate  of  depreciation  »nd  the  average 
esrniMg  days  per  annum  are  quantities  that  experience  alone  can 
measure,  a  perusal  of  the  records  of  contractors  who  have  been 
using  the  class  of  rquipment  undtr  consideration  for  an  appre- 
ciable time  being  the  only  source  of  infonnation.  The  factors 
need  in  the  table  for  depreciation,  average  earning  daja  per 
annum,  and  ^op  and  Held  repairs  show  the  writer's  concluHions 
of  their  values  based  on  his  general  experience,  a  perusal  of  ex- 
tensive data  on  the  subject  and  the  records  of  a  large  grading 
Dootractor.'  Additional  information  was  secured  from  several 
months'  attendance  at  arbitration  proceedings  in  which  more  than 
$600,000  worth  of  -  rental  charges  on  equipment,  similar  to  that 
shown  in  the  table,  were  part  of  the  issue.  Several  weeke  were 
spent  on  the  principles  and  rates  of  rental  esclusivslj,  and  much 
expert  tcstimoiij  was  adduced  b;  both  sides.  The  finding  of  the 
afbitrators,  while  not  allowing  all  rental  claimed  for  other  rea- 
sons, approved  the  rates  of  rental  contended  for  and  the  principles 
thereof  in  most  instances.  The  rental  rates  in  that  case  were 
based  on  practically  the  same  percentaees  and  principles  as  those 
ir  the  table  shown  here,  the  cost  of  repairs  l)eing  praotic&lly  the 
obly  departure.  As  the  rental  factors  in  that  case  were  based  on 
pre.wac  cotiditions,  this  departure  is  necessary  to  bring  tbe  cottt 
of  these  items  into  conformity  with  present  values.  Proceeding 
to  analyze  the  different  coat  elements,  we  have:  — 

DtCerent  Cost  Elements.  Original  Capital  Coat.  This  element 
represents  the  first  cost  ol  the  equipment  which  must  be  recov- 
ered by  changing  oft  the  depreciation  periodically  and  from  the 
proceeds  of  its  sale  at  the  end  of  its  useful  life.  In  fixing  the 
annual  rate  of  depreciation  (average  between  idle  and  working 
time)  due  credit  haa  been  given  the  first  cost  of  the  equiptnmt 
for-  its  scrap  or  otisolescent  value.  The  rate  shown  represents 
simplytlie  rate  of  depreciation  reduced  to  terms  of  original  cost 
which,  if  applied  annually,  against  the  first  cost,  -will  take  care 
of  the  difference  between  first  cost  and  the  sale  price  at  the  end 
of  the  useful  life.  Obsolescence  is  considered  as  being  reached 
with  any  piece  -of  equipment  when  it  must  be  discarded  for  one 
that  will  do  the  work  more  economically. 

Interest  on  Capital  Inveitment.  The  rate  shown  in  the  table 
represents  Che.  rate,  which,  if  applied  annually  i^ainst  tlM  first 


PLANT  RENTAL  CHARGES  677 

coat  o[  the  equipment,  will  take  care  of  interest  charges  against 
the  capital  investment  throughout  the  useful  life  of  the  equip- 
ment at  the  customary  rate  of  6%  per  annum  on  the  average 
capital  value.  Assuming  the  sate  price  of  the  equipment  at  the 
end  of  the  useful  life  at  25%  of  the  first  cost,  this  makes  the 
average  capital  value  of  the  eqiiipment  82^%  of  the  first  cost. 
For  machines  which  have  no  gale  value  at  the  end  of  the  useful 
life  this  becomes  50%  of  the  first  cost. 

Ininrance  and  Storage  SnriuK  Idl<  Time.  These  two  items  of 
expense  have  been  combined  in  the  table  because  the;  are  more  or 
less  related  and  the  insurance  Item  is  less  than  1%  per  annum  of 
the  original  capital  cost.  The  charge  tor  these  elements  of  coat 
include  interest,  depreciation,  and  maintenance  of  storage  facili- 
ties, and  all  expense  incurred  for  the  storage  of  equipment.  It 
also  includes  the  expense  of  insurance  on  storage  facilities  and 
construction  equipment.  The  annual  percentage  rate  shown  in  the 
table  is  based  on  an  annual  cost  of  $15,000  to  cover  these  items 
of  expense  on  a  construction  plant  the  first  cost  of  which  was 
J*00,000. 

The  columns  headed  "  Rate  of  accrued  charges  on  original  cost " 
and  "  Total  annual  charge "  in  the  table  sum  up  the  percentage 
and  money  charge  respectively,  that  must  be  applied  annually 
against  the  first  cost  of  each  piece  of  equipment.  These  columns 
bimply  sum  up  the  interest,  depreciation,  insurance  and  storage 
items  just  described.  The  values  in  the  column  headed  "  Total 
annual  charge  "  will  vary  with  the  original  capital  cost,  but  those 
shown  in  the  percentage  column  will  remain  constant  and  they  are 
the  key  to  finding  the  actual  annual  charge  to  be  made  in  all  cases. 

Having  arrived  at  the  annual  cost  to  the  contractor  of  owning 
tlie  equipment,  the  next  thing  to  ascertain  is  how  to  apply  the 
charge  against  the  different  contracts  in  order  to  come  out  whole. 
In  making  this  application,  it  is  necessary  to  understand  that 
there  is  of  necessity  a  certain  amount  of  idle  time  between  con- 
tracts during  which  the  contractor  has  no  work  against  which  to 
apply  the  accrued  costs  of  owning  the  equipment,  and  that  con- 
tractors engage  tn  the  contracting  business  to  stay  indefinitely. 
It  naturally  follows  that  the  contractor  must  carry  on  hand  at 
all  times  enough  equipment  to  enable  him  to  hid  on  work  with  a 
certainty  that  he  can  equip  the  work  in  the  time  provided  for  by 
the  specifications.  The  contractor,  therefore,  who  fails  to  include 
charges  in  his  plant  rental  rate  during  the  earning  time  of  the 
equipment  that  will  absorb  the  accrued  costs  during  the  idle  time 
between  contracts  upsets  the  very  foundations  of  sound  business 
principles  and  faces  inevitable  losses,  either  by  way  of  being 
forced  to  dispose  of  the  equipment  quickly  at  the  best  price  oh 


678       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTKUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

tainable,  or  by  assuniing  (he  accrued  cobIb  of  holding  it  during 
the  idle  time  between  covtiactB.  Of  courBc,  there  is  the  alterna- 
tive of  renting  the  equipment  during  the  idle  time  but  that  too 
haB  its  nncertaintiee,  as  a  renter  will  jiot  alwavB  be  available 
If  these  premisea  are  correct  the  nnmber  of  earning  days,  or 
the  Diiinber  of  calendar  day^  on  which  the  equipment  is  assigned  | 
to  nork  per  annum  is  the  factor  to  apply  ta  the  total  annual  I 
charge  in  arriving  at  the  correct  daily  rental  charge  to  be  made 
against  the  work.  By  thia  method,  the  total  accrued  costs  of 
owning  the  equipment  is  abeoibed  by  tlie  earning  time  of  the  equip- 
ment and  the  enforced  idle  Costa  properly  accounted  for.  The 
average  number  of  earning  days  per  year  for  the  different  claasea 
of  equipment,  based  on  the  information  described  at  the  beginning  ' 
of  thia  analysis  is  shown  in  the  table.  The  values  shown  repre- 
sent the  number  of  calendar  days  and  not  actual  working  daya 
intervening  between  the  time  the  equipment  has  been  shipped  to 
the  work  and  its  return  to  the  storage  plant,  or  until  it  has  been 
assigned  to  another  Job.  In  other  words,  rental  should  be  charged 
against  the  work  for  each  and  every  calendar  day  on  which  the  : 
equipment  is  assijjncd  to  tbe  work,  working  days  being  too  uncer-  ' 
tain  a  factor  on  which  to  base.  The  column  headed  "  Daily  charge 
for  interest,  depreciation,  insurance  and  storage"  represents  the  ' 
values  arrived  at  by  dividing  the  annual  charge  for  accrued  ex-  ; 
penses  and  cbargea  by  the  avejage  number  of  earning  days  per 
year.  The  rates  shown  in  the  column  should  be  used  only  in  mak-  I 
ing  charges  on  work  of  such  duration  as  to  permit  of  shop  and  ' 
field  repairs  being  charged  directly  against  the  work, 

ilainlaining  Equipment  in  Vaeful  Condition.  Having  disposed 
of  the  cost  to  the  contractor  of  owning  the  equipment,  there  re- 
mains the  expense  of  maintaining  it  in  useful  condition.  This  ex- 
pense, as  before  stated,  comprises  tbe  elements  of  general  or  shop 
repairs,  and  of  field  repairs  All  construction  equipment  must  be 
overhauled,  and  renewals  and  major  repairs,  commonly  designated 
as  shop  repairs,  made  periodically.  The  cost  of  these  repairs 
per  earning  day,  U  shown  in  the  table.  The  expense  of  naaking 
these  repairs  cannot  ordinarily  be  charged  directly  against  the 
work,  as  they  usually  accrue  on  several  contracts.  The  moat  , 
satisfactory  method  of  handling  them  is  to  provide  a  sinking  fund  i 
by  charging  in  the  rental  rate  an  amount  daily  that  will  accumu-  ! 
late  a  fund  sufficient  to  cover  the  cost  of  these  repairs  at  such 
periods  as  they  are  required.  It  is  this  daily  charRe  that  ia  shown 
in  the  column  headed  "General  ahop  repairs  daily"  in  the  table 

Daily  Rental  Value  Including  Shop  Repaira.  In  the  column 
of  the  table  headed  "Daily  rental"  will  be  found  the  values  of 
rental  per  earning  day  for  the  different  classes  of  equipment,  in- 


PLANT  RENTAL  CHAJiGES  578 

eluding  the  allowance  fw  ainking  fund  to  take  care  of  shop  repaire. 
ThU  represents  the  daily  rental  cliarge  that  should  be  made 
against  eaeh  piece  of  equipment  on  ordinary  work  to  take  care 
of  the  annual  charge  and  uhop  repairs.  It  is  the  values  shown 
in  this  column  of  the  table  that  bhuuld  be  used  for  all  jobs  except 
tboae  which  are  of  too  short  duration  to  allow  for  field  repairs 
to  be  charged  directly  against  the  work  and  those  which  are  long 
pnough  to  allow  both  field  and  shop  repairs  to  be  charged  directly 
against  the  work. 

Field  Repairg.  Field  repairs  are  generally  charged  up  directly 
against  the  work.  They  comprise  simply  such  minor  repairs  and 
replacemente  as  are  due  to  the  ordinary  breakage  and  wear  of 
parts  that  must  be  taken  care  of  on  the  job  to  keep  the  equipment 
running.  The  column  beaded  "Est.  cost- field  repairs  daily" 
gives  the  value  of  these  repairs  per  earning  day. 

Total  Rental  Charges.  There  is  a  final  columo.  in  the  table, 
headed  "  Total  rental  charges  daily  including  fteld  repairs "  in 
which  the  daily  charge  shown  in  the  column  headed  "  Daily 
rental  "  is  augmented  by  the  addition  of  the  field  repair  charge. 
This  colnmn  is  given  for  the  information  of  the  estimator  who 
is  concerned  only  with  the  total  cost  daily  of  equipment  to  the 
work,  as  his  charges  must  also  include  the  field  repairs  in  making 
up  the  tender.  The  values  in  this  column  are  also  used  in  charg- 
ing out  rental  on  jobs  of  short  duration  where  there  will  be 
practically  no  field  repairs,  thereby  preventing  the  charging  of 
the  field  repairs  directly  to  the  work. 

In  cases  where  force  account  jobs  come  up,  requiring  the  use 
of  equipment  for  short  intervals  of  time  less  than  weeks,  it  is 
recommended  that  charges  be  made  on  a  working  day  basis  instead 
of  the  earning  day  basis  shown  in  the  table.  In  this  manner  the 
lost  time,  including  holidays  will  be  taken  care  of.  It  will  be 
usually  found  that  an  increase  of  2S70  on  the  total  rental  rate 
including  field  repairs  will  cover  this  condition. 

It  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  all  valuer  shown  in  the  table 
for  equipment  rental  show  actual  costs  and  do  not  include  any 
element  of  profit.  Should  the  equipment  be  rented  to  outsiders 
a  profit  should  be  added  to  the  above. 


MGootjl>j 


680        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Bentai.  Rates  for  GsAone 


OImi  of  •quipment 
Steam  Bhorel    


SUndBrd  i>c«  lacomotlTB. 
Standard  gsie  loromotlTe. 

Dinliej'  locamotiTe  

Dlokflf  toeoinotiTe  .--.,-,- 

JordanBreader    

Bail  per  Ion  

Track  throwing  machine . 

It-yd!  air  dump  cars  '.'.'.'.'. 
i2ji.  air  dump  cars  

l»-yd.  dump  cara   

I'M.  dump  caia  

Flat  cara   

Oaeollne  locomoliT"   

1-yd.  Koppel  can,  V  ataape 
Motor  truck.  6-K.n  

Caterpillar  Wacior "gnii".'.'. 


EHeam  pump  

Centrltunl  pump,  d.  c.  , 

Bcltrd  pump  

DMp  wan  pomp  

Oaaoline  ea^ne   

St«am  engine   

Holating  engine   

Horae  pile  drirer 

Steam  pile  driver  

IVsrk  pile  dviver 

Steam  pile  hammer  

Electric  motor  .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'■ 

Deep  wen  drill  

Steam  tripod  drill  

Jack  hammer  drill  


Olam  ebell  bncket  . 
Rock  channfler  mai 


3,a» 
110 
S.OW 

5,000 
900 
l.HW 


|3| 


Isl 


III  ir 
ill  i! 


12S 


PLANT  RENTAIi  CHARGES 


CoKivACTOBs'  Eqcipment 

1   'II 

II    I 


M 


i<H        lUXDBtMK  OF  OOXSntUCTlOS  flQnPlEENrT 
Cum  or  EQcmfEirT 


-=       S"* 


Eba3^  w*« 


i-hi.  call,  ptpc  par  IW  H. 
M-iB.  BdT.  Pip*  p.  U*  ft. 
I-Ql  C>I*.  pip*  per  Ut  ft. 


!:g 


5^  =|t  l|i  i;=; 

1    III    ill  --i    ^'si 


MGooijIt: 


RENTAL  CHARGES 


I 


I!. 


fl 


It 


h 


is     P 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  71 


t  Grading  Plows 


AH  Steel  Rooter  Flows  to  be  operated  by  from  2  to  12  horaes  or 
the  equivalent  tractor  depending  on  the  character  of  tbe  work 
weigh  2S0  lb.  ajid  coat  $60.  Eixtra  revereible  points  weigh  26  lb. 
and  cost  ¥7. 

Hard  Fan  Rooter  Flows  for  tearing  up  hard  Btreeta,  cobble 
pavements,  shaly  rock,  gravel,  hard  pan  or  for  an;  work  where  a 
common  plow  cannot  be  used  cost  |3Q  and  the  extra  points  cost 
$6.60. 

Plows,  of  one  make,  suitable  for  road  work  are  as  follows; 

Weight  Price 

Type  Horses       in  lb.  f.  o.  b.  Obieago 

Township    2  100  |2I.TB 

•Railrosd  ond  lowDship  2  IK)  26.T& 


•HfaTj  railroad   10  MO  43.25 

•HesTy  mil  road   12  IGO  GT.50 

Rooter  plow    4  2ffi  30.BO  - 

Rooter  plow,  with  extra  point  «  310  M.OO 

Rooter  plow   12  BIS  TT.50 

Plows  marked  with  asterisk  are  furnished  with  extra  share. 

Wing  or  Dltoh  Flowg,  These  plows  are  dCHigned  for  making, 
cleaning  and  filling  ditches,  tile  trenches  and  sewers.  A.  plow 
for  use  with  two  or  three  horses  costs  $46.50,  one  for  use  with 
tour  to  six  horses  costs  $4H.50.  and  one  for  use  with  from  eight  to 
ten  horses  coats  $70.00.     All  prices  f.  o.  b.  Chici^o. 

Using  Flow  to  Open  Favementi.     The  following  by  Mr.  G.  A. 

Bryan  is  from  Engineering  Record,  July  25,  1914.     Plowing  was 

684 


PLOWa  585 

the  method  adopted  to  break  up  stoue- surfaced  streets  in  Carliile,  * 
Pa.,  aa  the  preliminary  operatioD  in  the  conBtruction  of  a  new 
eewerage  BjBtem.  The  beam  of  the  blow,  vhich  was  designed  to 
looEen  the  material  to  a  depth  of  12  in.,  was  made  from  a  wdl- 
Beaaoned  piece  of  hickory,  8  in.  square  and  12  ft.  4  in.  long. 
The  point  or  ripping  device  was  rigidly  attached  to  one  end  of  the 


Fig.  253.     Contractors'  Two  or  Four  Horse  Plow. 

beam,  and  at  the  other  a  substantial  iron  eye  was  provided  through 
which  stout  chains  could  be  passed  to  a.ttach  the  plow  to  the  ma- 
chine that  was  to  haul  it.  The  point  or  ripper  was  of  manganese 
steel  1^  in,  thick  and  3TVj  in.  long  and  was  beveled  at  each 
end;  the  bevel  amounted  to  6  in.  at  each  end.  The  point  projected 
S  in.  in  front  of  the  cutting  edge  and  was  rigidly  attached  to  it  by 
steel  plates  ^  in.  thick  placed  on  each  side  of  the  cutting  edge 


Fig.  254.     Rooter  Plow. 

and  securely  bolted  t*>  it  by  %-in.  bolts.    These  same  plates  were 
similarly  bolted  to  the  point  or  ripper. 

The  cutting  edge  was  made  of  a  piece  of  steel  I^  in.  thick  and 
18^  in.  square.  Tb«  front  or  cutting  edge  was  V-sbaped  in  or- 
der to  decrease  the  resistance  of  the  plow  in  passing  tlirough  the 
ground.     As  a  piece  it  was  rigidly  attached  to  the  under  aide  of 


666        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTEUCTION  EQUIPMENT  | 

the  beam  b7  meaiiB  of  two  3  x  3\i,  x  %-in.  angles.  The  abon  , 
legs  of  iMith  siiglen  were  Iraked  to  U\v  Ijeam  bj  %-iii.  bollu  whith  | 
paused  entirely  through  the  beam,  and  the  cutting  ed^  was  in 
tuin  bulled  tu  the  long  legs  of  thene  angles  bj  %~iii-  bolts  passing 
tiiTOUgh  both  the  1 14-iii'  plate  and  the  leg  of  the  angles.  The 
point  ur  ripper  was  thus  secured  about  24  in.  below  the  beam. 

To  strengthen  the  siden  of  the  beam  a  piece  of  band  iron  G  x  60 
X  14  in.  was  secure);  t>olted  to  eaeh  side  at  the  rear  of  tbe  plow, 
and  two  narrower  piecex  served  the  same  purpose  at  the  front 
end..    Tlie   plow   wax   guided   b;   means   of   handles. 

To  faeiiitale  moving  the  plow  from  place  to  place  a  two- 
wheeled  truck  was  built.  This  truck  carried  a  sort  of  iron  loop 
into  which  the  point  or  ripper  could  be  slipped,  thus  raising  it 


Fig.   265.     ^^o^king   Plow   with    St«am    Itoller. 

about  6  in.  above  the  ground  and  allowing  the  plow  to  be  easily 
hauled  about.  An  iron  wheel  about  6  in.  in  diameter  was  at- 
tached near  the  front  end  of  the  plow. 

The  plow  was  designed  to  be  hauled  behind  a  steam  roller,  to 
which  it  was  attached  bf  means  of  heavy  iron  chains.  The 
method  of  operation  was  as  follows;  The  center  line  of  the  sewer 
trench  was  first  located  by  the  engineer,  who  drove  nails  50 
ft  apart  in  the  surface  of  the  street.  A  line  was  then  stretched 
from  nail  to  nail  and  a  laborer  passed  alonj;  it,  distributing  red 
clay  as  he  moved.  This  line  of  clay  clearly  defined  the  center  line 
of  the  ditch  and  acted  as  a  guide  for  both  the  man  operating  the 
roller  and  tbe  men  steering  tbe  plow.  A  hole  was  then  dug  at 
one  end  of  the  block  to  be  ripped  up  and  made  large  enough  to 
set  the  plow  info  it.    The  plow  waa  put  into  place,  the  engine 


PLOWS  6S7 

B.ttaclied  and  tbe  plow  dragged  elowlj  along,  following  the  center 
line  BM  marked. 

Generally  it  was  found  neceBsary  to  drag  three  or  tour  timeB 
over  the  ditch  in  order  to  loosen  completely  the  stone  surfacing. 
In  this  way  it  was  found  that  the  stone  surfacing  would  1>e 
looBened  for  a  width  of  about  1  ft.  each  side  of  the  center  line  of 
the  ditch  and  for  a  depth  of  between  1  and  1^  ft.  below  the 
surface  of  the  street.  The  gang  wbh  conipoaed  of  four  or  five 
men  —  one  man  to  operate  the  roller,  two  to  steer  the  plow  and 
one  or  two  on  the  fiont  end  of  the  plow  in  order  to  hold  it  down, 
as  it  Always  exhibited  a  tendency  to  rise.  Usually  between  two 
and  three  hours  were  required  la  plow  up  the  surfacing  on  m 
block  averaging  500  ft.  in  length. 

The  results  obtained  were  very  successful,  as  the  plow  left 
the  surfacing  materials  so  thoroughly  loosened  that  they  could 
be  eaisily  removed  with  pick  and  shovel.  Stones  fully  1  cu.  ft. 
in  size  were  removed  by  the  plow.  It  was  found  that  the  plow 
would  loosen  almost  any  stone  that  was  used  in  constructing  a 
road,  but  it  could  not,  of  course,  affect  solid  rock.  It  would 
a-lao  rip  up  without  much  difGculty  crosswalks  built  of  grouted 
paving  brick.  On  some  streets  conaiderable  ditTieulty  was  ex- 
perienced, this  tieing  especially  noticeable  on  those  Htrpet,)  where 
the  solid  rock  projected  into  the  street  surface.  In  one  instance 
this  resulted  in  the  breaking  of  the  plow  Iieam.  It  wa?t  also  found 
that  the  cutting  edges  required  frequent  sharpening  in  order  to  get 
the  best  results. 

The  accompanying  table  gives  the  estimated  cost  to  the  con- 
tractor of  the  work  of  ripping  up  the  street  surfaces  on  all  the 
blocks  on  which  this  plow  was  used. 

Costs  of  Rippixo  Up  Patemestb  with  Piow 

ForenuD.  147  houn  M  25  eenia  I  U.7G 

Ro...!,    iiic.uuins    en^iiicei.    oil,    (ual,    etc..    Mil   boon   at 

BO  «Dta  ia6.M 

Lsbor,  «0  hours  H  IIM  eenU  T8.TS 

Originul  con  of  plow  K.OT 

Repsln   (eatimslad)    20,00 

ToUl  c«rt  to  eontraetor  WSB.BO 

LflDeir  feet  ol  itrcet  lurfsclng  ripp«d  Dp  (»st1ni«ted) 22.000 

Eitimaled  cost  per  lluesr  loot  of  ireneh  lO.Olfi 


MGoOtjl>J 


SECnOX  72 
POST  HOLE  DI06EBS 

Po«t  bole  diggers,  ntt  prict*  S.  a.  h.  St.  Lonis,  >re  ma  follawB: 

Lnictk «(      Wi.  per  Prwf 

HcdriaiB.       du.  prr  dm. 

ChMBjitOB.  inm  hsndla  C                 U>  flS.M 

Eurtka.   •rood  hiodln   *                 112  19.(U 

InTincibte,   wood   bindla   10                 im  aOO 

BDck>7C.  •rood  baiidla  CM              115  W.tt 

Post  hole  augcn. 

Diimder  of    W(.  per  Prin 


Ivan  pattern  . 


10  130  MSe 

Stag  tttoSO  1S.TG 


Fig.   266.     Using  Post  Hole  Augers  to  Dig  Holea  tor  Posts  for 
Office  Building,  Forest  Hilts,  N.  Y. 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  73 

POWEB. 

(See  Boilers.) 

Mr.  Wm.  0.  Webber,  a  consulting  engineer  of  Boeton,  has  pub- 
lished some  very  interesting  and  moBt  important  ltgnre»  to  show 
the  comparative  cost  of  gasoline,  steam,  gas  and  electricity  for 
small  powers.  Uis  data  have  been  compiled  on  the  basis  of 
yearly  operation,  the  year  comprising  3,080  hours,  and  for  pur- 
poses of  work  in  the  Northern  climate  these  will  have  to  be  modi- 
fied to  suit  the  special  case  in  point.  I  have,  however,  ab- 
stracted the  tables  without  attempting  to  change  them. 

I. —  Cost  of  Oasounb  Powbb  (1012) 

Siie   of   pltmt  in   horse- 

...        2  t  10  20 

«  tlM.OO       t   32S.0I>       I   GOO.OO       t   7E0.00 


Ooxoline 

€iiKiDe  i 
per    B. 

H.    P.' 

eallon 

ptT  3,m 

«°d«" 

sup„ii«.  2im  

t   323.00 

UkbI. 
t      0,20 


0.19       t      0.18 

97613  |1,388,(» 
SOS.OO 
37  J» 
2T.E0 


3  space  occupied,  as 


Talne  of  Bpsee  occnpied  tlOO.OO 


690         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
II.— Cost  of  Electric  CuaeiuT  (1012) 
The  costa  for  the  electric  current  which  are  ueed  in  this  table 
are  figured  from  the  discount  table  shown  aa  followa: 

DiBconnU  on  Monthly  BiU. 
Uonthly  Bill.  Discounts. 


t  5    10% 

10  twJM    1K% 

»  to      26    20% 


.  B0% 


ffl.US  =^  t7M.5fi,    . 


wilhout  dUcount 


(1.7*6  X  J0.135  X  45% 


Monthly  coat  =  IISO,    DiMOunt ; 
For  lO-horsepower  plant: 


ft  =  1298,    DiKom 
3  080  X  20  X  0.7+ 


With  wirlnn,   rtr. 
Cost  of  eleelricitr, 

.  AtttndsDce    

tnt«nRt,    6%    

DrprrciMSon,  10%  . 

B^pslm.    !>%    

SoppliH.   1%    

I^iea.  1%   

Tutsi  e 


3,0e0  hrBj529.5a 


tinnm    ..tG73.GS     tl.D3T.:0     H^Z.W     t2,Bn.«) 


in.— Cost  of  Gas  Power  (1012) 


B.  T.  D. 
8_<M  pUnt 


.  a.  at  EU  leu  20%,  it  paid  in  10  d>yi  =  tl.20  net, 


„ t  i(  in  pl«ce   ...|2C 

Ob*  per  hp.  in  fe*t  

Value  of  ia>  oonaumed,  1,080 


t37s.«o      fKs.oo    ti,as 


Bapplln,  20%  . 
Innraaen,  t%  . 
Taxee,   1%    


...    i.oa 

Poirer  cdM  -: ItlS.TS 

Annaal  charEe  for  apace  , . ,     3.00 

Total  t(M  per  annnm  . . .  .tfi£4.7t 
Cost   of    1    hp.   per 


S.TS 

es'oo 

11,00- 
6.60 

los'oo 
no.oo 

loiw 

I1,02S.6B 

H.3ST.6! 

|2.m,E0 

13.50 

18.00 

2T.0O 

»i,«aT.is 

|1,40S.82 

»2,2«4.60 

im.es 
to.occi 

10-01^ 

tll3.22 
|0.03«7 

IV.— Coax  OF   STEiM    POWBB    (1912) 


of  «oH]  at  K  per  |i 
idance,  S.OSO  houra  . 
waaW   and   mppliea 


...tlM.OO      llffl.OO      fSS.' 


.    75.00         50.00 


Cost  1  hp.  per  aannm,   10-hr,  basis fZ7». 

Cost  of  1  hp.  per   hour    t0.09 


Mr.  Webbn'  baa  eleewhere  observed  tbe  fact  that  a  gas-oigine 
of  single  cylinder  type,  which  will  operate  on  i,^  gal.  ot  fuel  per 
hp.  at  full  load  will  perhaps  require  over  a  gallon  of  hp.  at  a 
10%  load;  and  a  small  steam  engine,  which  will  run  on  6  pounds 
of  coal  per  hp.  per  hour  at  full  load  may  need   15  pounds  at  ^ 

Mr.  W,  0.  Webber  has  also  given,  in  the  Engineering  Magazine, 
some  interesting  detailed  figures  on  the  cost  of  eteam  plaJit  in- 
stallation, which  are  given  in  the  following  table: 

Cost  tw  Installation  or  i.  lO-HoseEPOWSS  Si^am  Plant  (1612) 

Land  for  engine  and  biriler  room.  300  aq.  ft.  ®  tlfSOO.OO 
B^er  and  eagiue  room   building,   SO(F  iq,   ft,    @ 

11.60  450.00 

Chlmnej-,    lO-iW     400.00 


692        HANDBOOK  OF  COKSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

lO-honepower  boiler  tU.OO 

BoUn  foundation  *nd  eettluB,  3,IKW  0.  B.  EM  F.  B.  IfiO-M) 

Blow-off  Unk    31.00 

.    Damper  «nd  legulBim  T5.D0 


Fnnip  snd  TBCuiim    122JM 

Peed    wster    hesler    40.«0       • 

Pipe  OOTeriBg  60J» 

789.00 

Engine,  7  by  10  J184.00 

PouodBUon  lor  same   W.OO 

8te*m   Hper4lor    %,00 

on  eepsrator   26.0Q 

Piping     95.00 

Freight  and  earUge   ■ SO.W 

«29.W 

t3.37&« 

Cost  of  Installation  «w  a  60-Hobsepowbb  Steam  Flakt  (1912) 

Land  for  engine  and  boiler  room   (2.600.00 

.  BuildiDgg  for  engine  and  boiler  room   1,EOO.OO 

Chimney    1,200.00 

80-borBBpower    boiler    t   TM-OO 

Aah   pan   [or   boiler    (behnr  high   tide   level).,.      130.00 

Bailer   and   engine   geUings    I,£83.e0 

BlovolF    tank     81.00 

"  r  regnlator    TE.OO 


lUXO 

j,«n.7s 


Watei  __. 
Piping  for 
Pamp  and 

reed    w»t«    

Pipe   corerlng    T0.T5 


fngine,  12  by  80  H.OOS.OO 
an  (or  engine  fly-wheel  TZ.DO 

aiaun  aeparator   W.OO 

Oil   Hperalor   41.80 

Piping,  freight  and  eartace  1,0».41 

Sharttng  in  place  t  660.00 

Belting  in  ^a«   285.00 


2.2SE,2T 


SSE.OD 

m.sn.os 

tU.»TT.9»  -I-  M  =  flBa.SI  per  hp. 

Mt.  Wm.  E.  Snow  haa  contributed  to  the  engineeTing  press  some 
extreme);  useful  tables  of  the  various  costi  of  steam  plant  for 
different  siEes  of  instalktion. 

From  his  fignrea  of  1^06  I  have  compiled  tbe  following  tbree 
diagrams,  Figa.  257,  2fi8,  259,  wliicli  show  graphically  the  elTerl 
of  size  of  plant  upon  the  various  elements  of  cost. 

Tint  Cost  and  Goit  of  Operating  Power  Flantt  for  Vrlvln;  | 
North  UlTei  Tnnneli  of  Pennsylvania  Kallroad.  New  York  City. 

(Extract  from  a  paper  entitled  "The  New  Yorlt  Extension  ol 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  North   River  Tunnels,"  by   B.  H.  M.  i 


POWER  5fl3 

Hewett  and  W.  D,  Brown,  Proceedings  Amerieein  Society  a!  Civil 
Engineers,  1010,  Vol.  XXXVT,  p.  690.)  Two  power  plants  were 
conatruct«d,  one  on  each  side  ot  the  river.  The  plants  contained 
in  the  two  power  houses-  were  almost  identical,  there  being  only 
slight  differences  in  the  details  of  arrangement  due  to  local  con- 
ditions. A  list  of  the  main  items  of  the  plant  at  one  power  house 
ia  shown  in  Table  I.  A  summary  of  the  Hrst  cost  of  one  plant  is 
given  in  Table  II. 


Fig.  257.  Approximate  Yearly  Costs  of  Steam  Power,  150  Days, 
10  Hours  per  Day,  Simple  Condensing.  Plotted  from  Data 
Compiled  by  Wm.  E.  Snow,  1&08, 

Table  I  —  Punt  Ar  Obe  Powiai  House  (ifllO) 

Description  of  Hem.  Coat. 

SEOO'hp.    watertube    Sterlln?   boilers    t  15,ISB 

2  feed  pumps,   Oeorge  F.  Bliilie  MsnufocturiDe  Ctf.    740 

1  Henrv  R.  Woribineton  surface  condeiuer   .°. 6,539 

2  eleclriciJlj'  driven  cLrculating  puini,a  on  river  front  ...      B.961 

3  low-pressure    compressore.    In ^r soil  Sergeant    Drill    Co.    S3,780 


a  hrdraulie  power  pumps,  George  P,  Blake  Mff.  Co 3,OTS 

2  OenersI   Electric   Co.'b   gcneralors   coupled   to  Ball  and 

Wood  engine!    7.82* 

Total  cost  of  main  items  ot  plant  (1310)   179,572 


k         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
Table  II  — SdHiuBY  of  Coar  of  One  PL&nt  (1910) 

ToWi  coBi  of  nmin  llenm  of  plant   t  7»,BW 

Coal    or    tour    Hhierds    (includiaj    iasUllation.    demolition, 

of  ofl^  and  all  mnci  llHOeoui 'plaoU  ...' im.SlS 

Ooet  of  insWUstlon,  includiuf  prepKrallon  of  slle  3S,53i 

Total  prime  eoet  of  one  power  hoaie  plant  (13101   %m,tSi 

lij  Dollor*;  \t     ^i 


Fig,  258.  Approximate  Costa  per  Horsepower  oE  Ste&m  Power 
Plants  Complete,  Simple  Condensing.  Plotted  from  DaU 
Compiled  by  Wm,  B.  Snow,  1908.  ' 


Fig.  258.  Approximate  Yearly  CoBte  of  Steam  Power,  150  Daye, 
10  hrs.  p<>r  Day,  Simple  Non-Condenaing.  Plotted  from  Data 
Compiled  by  Wm.  E.  Snow,  1908. 

In  order  to  give  an  idea  of  tbe  general  cost  of  running  these 
plants.  Tables  III  and  IV  are  given  as  typical  of  the  force  em- 
ployed and  the  general  supplies  needed  for  a  24-hour  run  of  one 
plant.  Table  III  gives  a  typical  run  during  the  period  of  driving 
the  shieldfl,  and  Table  IV  ia  typical  of  the  period  of  concrete 
construction.    In  the  latter  case  the  tunnels  were  under  normal 


5U6        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

air  pressure.  Before  the  junctioD  of  Uie  ohieldB  both  plants 
were  running  continuously;  aft«r  the  jnnction,  but  while  the 
timuelB  were  still  under  compresBed  air,  only  one  power  house 
plant  was  operated. 

Table  III  —  Cost  of  Ofboatino  One  Powes  House  roB  24  HouBs 
During  Excavation  and  Metal  Limno  (1910) 

Labor.                                                              Rate  per  D»y.    Amount. 
t  Knelneen     *3.00  t     18-M> 


1  Pompraeo 3.00  6.0B 

1  ForfiDiAD    electrician    ..-.-.-...- fi-00  tt.OO 

1  Electrician     3M  8.09 

1  Laborer     I.OO  S.OO 

Total  per  day  t     2S.IM 

Total  for  30  dBya   SMM 

SupplieB.                                                          Bate  per  Da;.  Amoaut. 

Ooal  (14  tons  per  day)  »  I.lfi  I     44.10 

Oil  (4  gala,  per  dayi    fl.BO  2.00 

Watw     13.00  IS.OO 

Other   Buppliea    2.00  JM 

...»     81.1( 

...  XfSt.K 

T  30  daya   t.CTl.OD 


MGootjl>j 


PUHPS 

1  have  taken,  the  following  clarification  of  pomps  from 
Turneaure  and  RuBsell's   "Public   Water  Suppliee": 

Pumps  may  be  claaaified  in  various  waya,  but  for  the  consid- 
eration of  their  mechanical  action  they  may  be  best  Considered 
under  the  following  heads : 

1.  Diaplacement-pumps. 

2.  Impeller-pumpa. 

3.  Impulse- pumps. 

4.  Bucket-pumpa. 


Fig.  260.    Submerged  Type. 
597 


698         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
The  various  subdivigions  of  the  claesifii^tbn  ore   shown  ii 


_  1  Plabu.       fIo«iiir-p»eked 

irmnger    |_ceiil8r-pBcked 


I  Hieb-presBoie 
f  Oompouud 


^,,  ,  Surface  (iuMion) 
RoUry         ^^'  i  Submereed  or  de 

inngoi-flow    Li>o^^^ting 


[minilH    (a>  name   ImpHea)  —  WsMr-t 
Bucket  (recepUcte  alternatety  fiUed  t 


Centrifi^ftl  Pnmps.  The  centrifugal  pump  (Fig.  260)  has  ben  i 
HO  developed  and  perfected  that  it  is  now  recognized  as  a  simple, 
reliable  pump  of  great  range.  | 

The  princijial  trouble  with  a  centrifugal  pump,  eBpecially  ' 
when  tlie  pump  is  at  a  substantial  height  above  the  water,  is  in 
starting   it.     When    the   pump   sucks   it  .must   be   reprimed  and 


PUMPS 


S9» 


started  again.  Therefore,  if  the  amount  of  water  to  be-  handled 
is  not  as  great  as  the  minimuiu  capacitj  there  will  be  many 
Btopa  and  knock-offs  to  prime.  Before  starting  up  a  steam  pump, 
especially  in  cold  weather,  it  nhould  be  well  warmed  up  by  live 
steam  from  the  end  of  a  hose  in  order  to  thaw  out  an;  ice  that 
may  have  formed  in  the  cylinders  and  to  give  the  iron  parts  a 
chance  to  expand  gradually. 

Iron  Vertical  Centrifugal  Vnmps,  submerged  or  suction  type, 
furnished  complete  with  short  shaft  and  coupling,  one  bearing, 
pulley  for  connecting  shaft  and  discharge  elbow,  are  used  exten- 
sively for  irrigation  purposes,  sewage  pumping,  and  for  any 
place  where  a  pump  may  be  placed  in  a  pit.  Suitable  for  ele- 
vating water  50  to  80  feet. 

IBON  Vebtical  CENTBiPuaAL  Pumps 


1 16      lO.IVM       fl'fl" 


'Refen  to  lovlitt  pumps  ti 


(Lb.)       Price  Complete 

I  ^      I       S 


7S5       140       210 


Fig.  2S1.    Horizontal  Type. 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


600       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

lion  Horteontal  CentrlfiiEal  Piunpi  for  belt  drive.     A  pump 
used  extaniively  for  all  purpoaeB. 


Iron  Houzontu.  CESTaauau.  Puups 

d 

£ 

■3 

i 

I 

ts 

li 

1 
1 

g 

1  fi 

d 

11 

:;       ta 

6.% 

u 

£vJ 

S      5' 

» 

a 

b 

S" 

3        m 

M* 

tl   8 

y>^ 

<            260 

'^ 

8*   8 

kIm 

41 

M 

!Si*l 

6            TJS 

.45 

g         1.050 

.69 

15.12 

37iM 

1,18 

\2         3,000 

Miza 

2,010 

16      i.m 

30x14 

«3x71 

3.«15 

t         4,200 

2,00 

20il2 

BliM 

8,800 

20       10,000 

40 1 10 

8.0O0 

0      10,000 

30il« 

eetis 

5.800 

0.BO 

48120 

OOitS 

10,800 

A     liwa 

13.00C 

pnoips  tor 

elevMi 

DS   up   to 

Kleet. 

1.150 

s.ieo 

3,000 


The  above  pump,  fitted  with  a  direct  eonneet«d  vertical  steam 
engiDe  costs:  4  in.  side  auction,  4x4  in.  engine  $420;  weight, 
l,2eo   lb.     S   in.   Bide  auction,   5x5   engine,   $450;   weight,    1,440 


6  in 

side 

auction  6x6   in.  engine,  $475 

weight,-  1,570  lb. 

DiBECT 

Connected  Dbedoino  Pumps 

1 
1 

S 

Cylinder.    jj|    ^= 

1    1    lil 

3 
1       ' 

Dmtble 
Double 
Single 


PUMPS 


601 


Direct  Conneoted  IHtigtag  Pnrops,  complete  with  auetion  and 
lischarge  elbow,  flap  viklve  and  steam  primers,  lubricator  and 
>il  cups.  Cast  iron  impellor.  The  shipping  weight  and  the  price 
nay  vary  20%  from  the  averages  given  in  table. 

Belt  IMtcb  Siuid  and  Dredgtng  Pnmpa,  complete  except  for  pipe 

Belt  Dbiven  Pumps 


i 


RS    1 


•^    1; 


Is 


Fig.  202.    Standard  Side  Suction  Volute  Pump. 

sntrifugal  pumps  costs  as  fol- 

ea\.  per  min.  Wt.  in         Price 

din  A.  lb.      f.o.  b.  facUHf 


IM  147  190  220  260  280  30« 

200  310  380  430  480  GIO  »0 

350  fiSO  6O0  700  770  850  020 

600  850  lOOO  1130  1270  1400  1500 

■reo  1050  130E  1E70  1620  1770  1905 

1280  1880  2100  2400  27O0  2900  3100 

20M  3000  3fi60  4200  4700  4500  1000 

2200  4200  4960  5400  5800  6040  8200 


402        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  above  mkchiDM  are  of  the  single  siictiou  open  impeller  •typ< 
and  are  used  for  law  lifts  and  gritty  water. 

Donble  Bnction  Centrtfngsl  Pmnps  used  for  general  set-vice  a-rt 
made  in  a  wide  diversity  of  eizes  and  capacities.  In  this  typt 
of  centrifugal  pump  each  different  condition  requires  a  apecia. 
design  of  pump  and  equipment  and  it  is  impossible  to  give  sizec 
and  other  data  within  the  available  apace. 

Moltl-Stage  Centrifugal  Pumps  used  for  heavy  duty  and  higli 
lifts  are  also  specialty  designed  for  each  particular  job. 


Fig.  263.    Direct  Acting  Piston  Pump. 

Direct  Acting  Pliton  Pumps  designed  for  general  service,  made 
ivith  iron  water  cylinder,  bronze  lined,  and  bronze  piston  rod,  cost 
is  follows; 


Vertical  Plunger  Binkliig  Pump  used 
etc.,  for  gritty  water,  requiring  a 
costs  as  follows; 


The  capacities  in  gallons  per  minute  of  the  above  two  types  nravt 
be  reduced  20%  if  the  lift  is  high. 


Fig.  264.    Vertical  Plunger  Sinking  Pnmp. 

Contractor'!  Differential  FlnnKer  Fnmp,  adapted  to  work  where 
the  lift  iB  light  and  the  water  contaios  conHiderahle  sediment  is 
rated  at  a  displacement  of  from'  60  to  03  gal.  per  min.,  neighs 
630  lb.  and  coBts  $260.    The  diameter  of  the  suction  pipe  is  3  in.. 


604         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRliCTION  EQUIPMENT 

diBcharge,  2^  in.     Diameter  of  the  Bteam  pipe  U  %   in,,  exhaust 

Pulaometer.  A  very  well  known  steam  operated  vacuum  pump 
is  the  one  illustrated  in  Fig.  265.  It  eonsistB  of  two  bottle  shapeil 
eylindera  with  the  neceBsary  valve  inlet  and  outlet  pipes.  The 
operation  of  this  pump  is  Buatained  by  alternate  pressure  and 
vacuum.  Steam,  cushioned  by  a  layer  of  air  automatically  ail- 
mitted,  is  brought  to  bear  directly  upon  the  liquid  in  the  pump 


Fig-  205. 

chambers  and  forcee  it  out  through  the  discharge  pipe;  the  sub- 
sequent rapid  condensation  of  the  steam,  effected  by  the  peculiar 
construction  of  the  pump,  forms  a  vacuum  in  the  working  cham- 
bers, into  which  atinoepheric  pressure  forces  a  fresh  supply  of 
liquid  through  the  suction  pipe.  This  action  ia  majntained  quite 
automatics  I  l.v,  and  is  governed  by  a  self-acting  valve  ball  in  the 
neck  of  the  pump,  which  obeys  the  combined  iofluencee  of  steam 
pressure  on  one  side  and  vacuum  on  the  other.  The  valve  ball 
oscillates  from  its  seat  in  the  entrance  to  one  chamber  to  its 
seat  in  the  entrance  to  the  other  chamber,  thereby  distributing 
the  steam. 


This  pump  will  do  all  classes  of  rough  service  raieing  yrater 
up  to  75  feet  elevation.  It  has  no  piston,  no  packing,  no  oil, 
!Lnd  seldom  breaks  down,  but  is  very  uneconomical  of  steam. 

PULSOMETEB    PUUPS 


il 


6        %       3>4  3H  30O  2«5  200  12  3S5  43T  5T0 

T        %       4  4  425  J7B  275  IS  480  OJO  T45 

SI           5  5  TOO  625  450  25  «90  755  1,975 

0       11^  11  S  l.COD  »00  050  36  900  970  2,100 

10      2          8  8  2,q00  1.8O0  1,400  70  l.BOO  ....  3,800 

Each  pump  is  furnished  complete  with  either  basket  or  mush- 
room strained  steam  and  release  valve  connection,  and  pump  hook 
for   suspending  when   necessary,   but   no  piping. 

These  pumps  will  work,  admitting  30%  of  air  or  2S%  of  grit, 
and  a  continuous  run  of  four  months  has  been  recorded.  Th^ 
are  especially  valuable  in  quicksand  and  wherever  the  quantity 
of  water  is  variable.     The  coat  of  repairs  is  nominal. 

These  pumps  are  made  in  two  types;  the  standard  consists  of 
two  vertical  cylinders,  each  with  a  discharpe  and  suction  valve, 
topped  by  one  simple,  three-cylinder  horizontal  engine,  with  the 
necessary  air  cocks,  lubricator  and  condenser  piping,  but  no 
steam,  suction  or  discharge  pipe  is  supplied. 

Steam  Opebated  Vacuum  Pumps 


The  capacities  in  the  above  table  are  calculated  on  a  head  or 
lift  of  20  ft.     They  diminish  at  the  rate  of  about  4%  for  every  10   ' 
ft.  additional  up  to  150  ft.,  the  highest  head  recommended. 


eOfl        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQiaPMENT 


Capacity  in  Approiimslo  ihip-  price 

^■1.  p«r  min.  ptuK  weight  in  lb.  I.  o.  b.  tacWrr         i 

TE  2TS  ttlO 

im  360  138 

The  Junior  consists  of  a  single  cylinder,  a  steam  pist<ai  yalvt 
suction  valve,  discharge  valve,  condenser  pipe,  check  valve  and 
stop  cock,  and  is  furnished  with  the  patented  foot  valve  and  quick 
cleaning  atrainer. 

Capacities  stated  in  table  in  gallons  per  minute  and  per  hour 
are  calfulateil  on  a.  head  or  lift  of  20  feet.  These  c*pftcitiea 
diminish  at  the  rate  of  about  e%  for  each  10  feet  of  additional 
head  up  to  100  feet,  the  highest  lift. 

Hand  DiapbraKm  Pumps,  uned  upon  colTerdams,  pier  founda- 
tions, trench  work  and  all  work  of  similar  kind,  are  made  in  sev- 
eral sizes.     Two  sizes  of  one  make  are  as  follows;     Capacity  per 


Fig.  266.    Diaphragm  Pump. 

stroke  1  gal.,  3'iit.  suction,  weight  185  lb.,  price  $36;  capacity  per 
stroke  2  gal.,  4-in,  suction,  weight  200  lb.,  price  $60.  Prices  in- 
clude hand  brake  or  handle,  but  no  hose. 

Hand  Trench  Fump  of  the  diaphragm  type  rated  at  from  600  to 
800  gal  per  hr.  when  operated  by  one  man,  and  rated  to  lift 
water  20  ft.  and  to  force  it  50  ft.  higher,  is  mounted  on  a  board 
and  costs  £23.  Price  of  this  pump  Including  10  ft.  of  suction  hose 
and  25  ft.  of  linen  discharge  hose,  all  coupled  up,  is  $50. 

Pnmplng  Uniti.  There  are  a  great  many  makes  of  gasoline 
driven  pumping  units  of  several  types  on  the  market.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  prices  of  a  few  of  the  makea. 


PUMPS  ea 

DiAPHB&GM  PuMPB  FOR  Long  amd  Contisuous  Opebatiok 

3-ln.  pump  on  skida  witliirat  eDgine,  CBpuitr  3000  eal.  pe 
3-in.  pump  on  skids.  2^  bp.  engin'-.  Blii;ipiiiE  veifpn  580 
3-iii.  pamp  on  lni<ik>,  2^  Ip.  engine,  ehippfne  *  fight  K 
4-iii.  pump  OD  skids  wlihont  rn^ine,  fapacitv  450ii  anl.  pe 
4-iii.  pomp  on  skid«,  2hi  hp.  eoEind,  abipping  weiglit  «50  lb... 
4-ln.  pump  on  (rucks,  2^  lip.  engine,  shipping  weight  850  lb. 


Double  Diaphragm  Pumps  Mounted  on  Trucks 
OMseilyin  Hp.of  Sbii 


f .  o.  b.  Micbip 


Triplex  Pumping  Outfits  Mounted  on  Skids 

CBpaelty  in  Hp.  of  Shipping  Pt 

SU.  perhr.  engine  weilht  in  lb.  f ,  o.  b.  t 


3.000  e  i^ioa  soo 

3,000  S  2,2^  000 

4,800  10  5,000  1,336 

In  the  above  add  $25  for  hand  trucks.    Pump  operates  at  { 

preunre  of  150  lb.,  the  total  head  in  ft.  is  350. 


F^.  287.    Triplex  Pump. 


i        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
HioH  Pbessvbe  Fobob  Pumps  on  Skids 

^•mcity  in  Hp.  of  Shipping  Prtc 

gat.  per  hr.  engine  weight  in  lb.  t.  o.  b.  Hi 


In  the  above,  add  $20  for  hand  trucks.  The  total  head  for  the 
above  is  400  and  515  ft.  the  pressure  i»  175  and  225  lb,  per  sq.  in. 
Magnetos  for  all  the  foregoing  typee  coet  $50  extra. 


Fig.  268.    Force  Pump. 
Pump  AcccfisoKiES 


BrMS  hose  couplinga  lor  S-inch,  per  sel  S.BO 

HraHa  h<we  rovplingv  (or  l-jDch,  per  Get  .■■-....-....-.-.....    LQ.AS 

Gstvanised  strainer  and  foot  Talie  for  3-iDch  3M 

OalTaniMd  strainer  and  foot  valte  (or  Jinch  6.2G 

Hose  hands  for  3  inch,  each  M 

Hose  bands  for  4inch.  each .«5 

Rubber  diaphragm  for  3inrh  pump  3.00 

Kuhb^r  diaphragm  (or  <inch  pump  3.50 

Another  make  of  pumpa  coxtn  as  follows: 

OutJit  No.  1,  engine  1^  hp.,  3  in.  suction  diaphragm  pump,  ca- 
pacity 3,000  to  5,000  gal.  per  hr.,  depending  on  conditions,  weight 
050  lb.,  price  $230. 


PUMPS  609 

OutSt  No.  2,  eogine  2  hp.,  4  in.  Buctjoa  diapbn^m  pump,  ca- 
pacity 7,200  to  8,400  gal.  per  hr.,  depeodiiig  on  conditionB,  weight  • 
926  lb.,  price  S270. 

Outfit  Ko.  3,  engine  3^  lip.,  two  4  inch  diaphragm  puin[e,  ca- 
pacity 12,000  to  17.000  gal.  per  hr.,  depending  on  conditions, 
weight  1,530  lb.,  price  $410. 

Outfit  No.  4,  engine  2  hp.,  connected  to  3  inch  Cesspool  dia- 
phragm pump,  cap^ity  2,000  to  4,600  gal,  per  hr ,  weight  950  lb., 
price  $310. 

Outfit  No.  5,  engine  3%  hp.,  connected  to  a  3  inch  suction  cen- 
trifugal pump,  capacity  160  to  250  gal.  per  min.,  weight  1,260  lb., 
price  $430. 

Outfit  No.  6,  engine  2  hp.,  connected  suction  and  force  pump 
of  piston  type,  capacity  1,000  to  18,000  gal.  per  hour,  weight  725 
lb„  price  $260. 

Outfit  No.  7,  engine  3^  hp,,  connected  to  piston  pump  cylinder, 
capacity  2,000  gal.  per  hr.,  weight  050  lb.,  price  $336. 

Outfit  No.  S,  engine  3%  hp  ,  connected  to  3  in.  centrifugal  pump 
and  diaphragm  pump,  capacity  of  centrifugal  pump  12,000  gal. 
per  hour,  diaphragm  pump  0,000  to  84,000  gal.  per  hr.,  weight 
1,600  lb.,  price  $550. 

High  hand  Wock  »  30 

One  hone  truck  with  shatls  »« 

Two  horse  truck  wHh  pole lOS 

Meek  ^oke  single  ind  douhle  trees  12 

Tf  eagines  are  wanted  withont  trucks  dednct 30 

Uhcb  for  above.  Outfits  1  and  2  for  trenches  and  excavations, 
etc,  where  water  can  flow  away  by  gravity. 

Outfit  2  has  large  capacity  and  can  be  used  to  remove  water 
from  two  places  at  the  same  time. 

Outfit  4  used  for  removal  of  sewage  water  from  ceespoole  and 
drains. 

Outfit  6  used  for  low  lifts  and  gritty  water. 

Outfit  6  used  for  pumping  from  drains  and  culverts  and  small 
excavations;  for  filling  tanks,  watering  carts  and  boilers^  for 
supplying  concrete  mixers;  will  elevate  water  to  maximum  height 
of  235  ft. 

Outfit  7  used  for  road  work,  will  deliver  water  for  distance 
of  two  railee,  or  elevate  water  to  height  of  from  100  to  300  ft. 

Outfit  8  combining  advantages  of  outfits  2  and  5. 

Hose  and  FnriNas 

Suction  hoae,  S  inch,  per  ft 1 1.50 

Suction  hose,  3  inch,  per  ft IM 

Suction  hose,  4  inch    per  ft 3.00 

Discharge  hoae.  lU  inch,  per  ft M 


aiO       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Diictiarge  hou,  2  Inch,  p«  tt 48 

Dischsrite  hoie,  3  inch,  pw  fl.  TI 

Br«H  coupling*,  IW  inch,  per  wt  1« 


ron  and  toot  valTg 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  75 


SAILS  Am)  TBACES 


steel  KaUi. 

Pittsburgh. 

SUDdard  B.  _ 

Sttndaid  own  heurth  r 
Light  rails.    8  to  IC  '" 
Lizht  mils,  12  to  It 
Light  ri  ■■     - 


I  the  quoUtioDB  Ju.,  1920,  f.  o.  b. 


■mils,  25  to  46  lb 2.45  per  IW 

Track  StippUei.    Jan.,  1^0,  f.  o-  b.  Pittsburgh. 

Standsrd  spikes.  %t  In.  and  larger 


Prices  in  fair  eised  lots  Jan., 

Wood  Place 

Flr-grenn  San  Francis 

FHrcreOTOted  San  Prnnr-i- 


most  generally  used  and  their 


One  flat  car  will  hold  about  60  rails 


i- 


The  ordinary  R.  R.  rails 


classifled  about  aa  Mlowai 


ill  i8sl 


612        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

is 

1^     ^ 

g         saw  -ja  -flail!    sisSSffiSSEJSSSaffiSKSSR 
5     ■«!!«    JO    ii|a!»M"i5;^s^!Sngsi^geE2ag3|S2^ 


;3  ■not  -18  gsss23s»^g553;s5«BPe 

I    "W'»  ■"i""i'|||||i||i|i||||||i| 

^         Mioq  JO  i3qnmN||m^m|l|im|§| 


RAILS  AND  TRACKS  613 

I.     Fit  for  main  track  on  a  standard  railroad. 
II.     Sides  worn  from  curves  but  perfectlj  smooth. 

III.  In  good  condition  but  witli  bettered  ends  which  can  be  cut 

ofT  and  the  bolt  holes  rebored. 

IV.  Fit  onlf  for  sidings. 

Fishplates  and  Bolts  Requibid  fok  One  Mile  Sinqle  Tback 

Oomplete  OomplMe 

Lentpholrftil                          ]alala  I«nKtli  ol  rail                          j«iut« 

All  21  (eel  603  All  30  teat  352 

All  21  feet MO  SOW,  50  fevt  I 

All  28  feet V»  10%.  »liorWr| 

All  £S  reet STI  ; -388 

Each  joint  consists  of  two  plates  and  four  bolts  and  nuts. 
Therefore  the  number  of  plates  required  is  twice  as  many  as 
the  number  of  complete  joints,  and  the  number  of  bolts  required 
is  four  times  as  many.  If  six  bolts  are  required  for  a  joint,  then 
the  number  of  bolts  will  be  six  times  the  number  of  complete 

Railboad  Spikes 

Size 

meai-  Rail 

ured  AierBgs  namber  Tiei  2  fe«t  between  lued. 

under  per  teg  ef  eentere,  *  Bpiles  weight 

head  £00  pounds  per  tie  needed  per  mile  per  yard 


«eo  pgand*  —  £3U  kepi 


>uQda-EO  k^eO 
jundB  -  ir.V4  liegs  I 
.und«-imkeg»r 
juad>-«?ikegBj 


2%i%  1S42  1G75  poondB  -  m  >««■  12  to    IS 

Portable  Tracks  are  used  mainly  for  industrial  purposes,  espe- 
cially in  plantations,  mines,  handling  lumber,  quarries,  wharves, 
power  and  industrial  plants,  but  many  times  in  general  con- 
tractors' work  the  use  of  such  track  is  economical  because  of  its 
liglit  weight,  compactness,  and  portability  Portable  track  is 
usually  shipped   "  knocked  down "   to   save  freight  charges. 

DepTMlation.     Rails  in  general   lose  value  from  the  following 


Through  loss  of  weight  due  to  » 

Frcnn  becoming  bent  and  unlit  for  smooth  operation. 

From  the  weakening  ^ect  of  attrition  or  wear. 


au        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

The  flrat  of  thes»  cauam  dependa  partly  upon  the  climatic 
conditioDB  and  partly  upon  the  nature  of  the  traffic  that  goes 
oTet  the  rails.  Befrigerat*ir  cars  containing  a  large  atnount  of 
brine  are  very  deadly  to  steel  rails  beeause  the  brine  leaking 
slowly  upon  the  rail  tends  to  keep  it  more  or  Icse  saturated  with 
a  salt  solution  whith  rapidly  combines  with  the  iron  to  form 
hjdrated  iron  oxide  or  rust. 

The  second  cause  outlined  above  obtains  principally  on  con- 
tractors' light  rail,  where  the  rail  is  too  light  for  the  track  «nd 
where  the  ties  are  spaced  too  tar  apart.  If  contractors  would 
appreciate  the  fact  that  a  rail  which  bas  been  thoroughly  kinked 
is  fit  only  for  scrap  and  that  it  need  not  be  kinked  at  all  il 
the  tie  a  are  proper  I  >■  spaced,  their  depreciation  on  ordinary 
equipment  of  this  kind  would  be  much  less  than  it  usually 
averages,  and  there  would  be  the  collateral  advantage  of  fewer 
derailments.  Today  the  habit  is  growing  among  contractors 
to  use  a  rail  of  heaiier  section  than  formerly,  and  also  to  space 
the  ties  nearer  together.  These  ties  should  never  be  more  than 
three  ft.  apart  and  seldom  more  than  30  in.  A  good  weight  of  rail 
for  narrow  gauge  track  ia  40  lb. 

Mr.  Thos.  Andrews  has  published  the  results  of  some  exam- 
inations of  the  loss  of  weight  per  annum  of  11  rails-of  known 
Bge  and  condition  under  mail  train  trathc  in  England.  The 
first  ten  of  these  were  in  the  open  and  the  eleventh,  with  a  life 
of  7  years,  was  in  a  tunnel.  The  average  wear  and  life  of  each 
are  given  in  the  following  table: 

Timolife  islperyd. 


21  ycBtB  «.)») 

25  yesn  0.420 

IT  TP»r«  0.S20 

18  years O.MO 

IS  jenrs  O.280 

1»  rears  O.BSO 

21  years,  avarBje  (10)   0.324 

7  rears  2.800       ■ 

Ckmtractors'  light  track  <^  30-lb.  rail  with  36-in.  gauge  was 
laid  on  a  grading  job  in  1009.  Teams  and  drivers  coat  65  ct-; 
labor,  IE  ct.,  aiid_  foreman,  35  ct.  per  hour.  The  rail  and  ties, 
which  latter  were  of  0  x  6-in.  spruce,  6  ft.  long,  were  gathered 
from  various  places  on  the  work  and  hauled  hy  horses  an  average 
distance  of  1,500  ft.  to  the  site  of  the  track;  1,000  ft.  of  track, 
including  2  complete  snitches,  with  ties  4  ft.  apart,  were  laid,  at 
a  total  labor  cost  of  $58.65,  or  «0.057  per  ft. 


RAILS  AND  TRACES  615 

1^00  lin.  ft.  of  track,  including  twi;  switchea,  Bimilar  to  above, 
fere  laid  on  another  job  in  five  days  gl  the  following  cost: 


lt««D         at   6.00 2S.i» 

Tot*].   1909    1121.25  =  t0.O81/fl. 

Ibe  lakx>r  cost  of  unioailiiig  and  setting  up  industrial  track 
in  buildings  und«r  conxtructitm  whs  in  IfllO  about  3  ct.  per  lin.  ft. 
of  track.  It  coatB-  about  the  same  to  move  such  track  from  floor  to 
floor  and  set  up  again. 

Portable  Kailways  for  Hanline  Katerlals  fat  Boad  Constmo- 
tlon.  The  following  is  from  Engiiteering  and  Contracting  Mar.  4, 
1914. 

These  railways  consist  of  track  rails  and  ties  made  up  into  units 
capable  of  being  carried  b;  two  men,  and  of  similar  turntable, 
switch  and  other  special  units,  all  of  which  are  laid  down  on  the 
ground  and  connerted  up  to  form  a  continuouR  line.  Transporta- 
tion over  these  railways  is  aecomplit-hed  by  special  small  cars 
hauled  either  by  horses  or  by  "  dinky  "  locomotives.  For  roadwork 
the  portable  track  is- laid  along  the  side  of  the  grade  or  along  tbo 
shoulders,  and  extcsids  from  the  railway  siding,  gravel  pit,  atone 
quarry  or  other  source  of  supply  to  the  plaoes  where  work  is  being 

The  equipment  used  consisted  of  about  four  miles  of  narrow- 
gauge  portable  track,  40  36  k  24-in.  dump  cars  and  two  5-toD  dinky 
locomotiTea.  The  cars  were  hauled  in  trains  of  12  oars  each,  the 
arrangement  being  so  made  that  there  was  always  one  train  of 
loaded  cars  on  the  way  to  the  site  of  the  work,  one  train  of  emptiee 
returning  for  material  and  one  train  of  cars  being  loaded.  The 
average  amount  transported  was  BO  cu.  yd.  per  day 

While  hauling  stone  three  milen  from  a  crusher  at  the  quarry 
to  the  road  the  cost  of  operating  the  trains  was  as  follows: 

Pei- 

Item  Amount  ru.  yd. 

Ualariila: 

Foel  ud  oil  for  iMomativiw  and  cars |  8.00  tO.lDO 

Labor: 

:  eagineer*  at  12.75  B.SO  0.««9 

ZbriVemen  at  fl.TE 3.»  O.OM 

1  track  tonman  at  f3  3.00  0.03T 

1  track  laborer  at  11.79  1.75  0.02! 

TOUIt     I21.T5  10.272 

As'  the  material  was  hauled  three  miles  the  unit  cost  was  0  ct. 
per  cubic  yard  per  mile.    The  average  cost  of  grading  the  shoulder 


616        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT  j 

or  berm  of  the  road  ready  for  track  laying  and  laying  track  was 
between  2  and  3  ct.  per  foot  of  track. 

Partiettlars  Seqnlred  for  Inqnlriei  and  Orders.  In  order  to 
facilitate  the  making  up  of  offers  and  eatimatee  and  to  save  time 
and  uimecesBary  correspondence,  buyers  should  always  answer  the 
following  questions  as  completely  as  possible; 

For  RaiU.  State  weight  per  yard,  name  of  mill  rolling  the 
rail  and  numbor  of  section  (both  of  which  con  be  found  on  web 
of  rail),  or  send  sketch  of  section  or  a  short  sample  piece.  Also 
state  drilling  of  same;  distance  from  end  of  rail  to  center  of  firnt 
hole  and  distance  from  center  of  first  hole  to  center  of  second 
bole,  and  diameter  of  holes. 

For  BwiitAtt.  Besides  the  foregoing,  state  gauge  of  track, 
length  of  switch  points,  number  or  angle  of  fri^,  style  of  frog, 
kind  of  groundthrow  or  switchstand,  radius  desired,  whether 
rl^t,  left,  two-way  or  three-way,  and  whether  for  wooden  ties 
or  mounted  on  steel  ties. 

For  Crouingt.  Besides  rail  eeetion,  drilling  and  gauge,  as 
above,  for  all  tracks  that  are  to  be  connected  by  the  croHsing, 
state  angle  of  crossing,  curvature,  if  any,  and  atyJe  of  crossing. 

For  Turntables.  Besides  rail  section,  drilling  and  gauge,  as 
above,  state  weight  of  car,  including  load  to  be  turned,  its 
wheelliase  (wbeelbase  is  the  distance  from  cent«r  to  center  of 
axle  on  one  side  of  the  car),  diameter  of  whnels,  and  whether 
turntable  is  to  he  used  inside  or  outside  of  buildings,  and  portable 
or  permanent. 

For  Wheel*  and  AaiUs.  State  gauge  of  track,  diameter  of 
wheels,  diameter  of  axles,  outside  or  inside  journal  and  dimeii' 
sions,  load  per  asle,  width  of  tread,  height  of  fUnge. 


SECTION  76 


Two-Han  Eakes.  Two-man  rakes,  used  in  levying  broken 
stone,  sell  at  the  following  net  prices,  for  quantities,  at  Chicago: 

lO-Kwg     'i«M 

14-tooUi     49.00 

Asphalt  or  Tar  Sakes.  Asphalt  or  tar  rakes  made  of  solid 
steel,  with  drop  shank,  strap  ferrules,  S-ft.  selected  white,  ash 
handles  and  18-in.  square  iron  shanks,  sell  at  a  net  price,  tat 
quantities,  at  Chicago,  of  $24.00  per  doz. 


Coosic 


SECTION  77 
BSFBIOERATIHa  PLANT 

On  large  jobs  where  a  camp  ot  considerable  size  is  tnaiotained  a 
refrigerating  plant  would  often  be  ver;  aatiefactorj'.  A  3-hp. 
motor  and  air  compressor  with  a  direct  expansiMi  system  and 
brine  tank  auxiliary  for  storage  will  take  care  of  a  box  0x6x11 
ft.,  containing  1^  tons  of  perishable  foods.  The  first  coat  of 
such  an  equipment  would  be  about  $2,000  and  the  operating  cost 
of  electricity  about  $26.00  per  month. 


BITETni&  QUITS 

The  following  are  the  prices  of  a  make  of  riveting  guns; 

BivaU  Cu  II.  rr««  air  Weiiht  Price 

apto  per  min  SO  lb.  inlb.  t.  o.  b.  facto 


IS  in.  sa.ll  23  SO 

On  Pierson  &  Son's  work  on  the  East  River  tunnels  for  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  200,000  rivets  were  required  in  each  of 
2  caissons.  The  record  day's  work  on  the  caisson  was  1,406 
rivets  by  a  gang  with  a  Boyer  riveter  working  from  a  regularly 
suspended  scaffold.  One  extra  man  worked  in  the  gang.  1,200 
rivets  were  the  ordinary  day's  work.  All  rivets  had  to  be  tightly 
driven  ao  as  to  render  work  absolutely  water  tight. 


..Cno<(lt^ 


Fig.  289.    Riveting  Gun. 


818         HANDBOOK  OF  COKSTRl'CTTOS  EQllPMENT 

Steel  Bivete.    The  foUowing  were  tlie  prices  f.  o.  b.  Pittebargh, 
January,  1920,  per  100  lb.  j 

Stnirtiiral,  «  in,  ind  lirgn-  14.10 

OoDii  hud  boiler,  ^  in.  and  larier  4.30 

%  ind  iWo  4.45 

W  »nd    *i8 4.TO 

heagtha  shorter  than  l-in.  take  an  eitra  50  rents.  I 

Lengths  betireea  l-in.  and  S-in.  t^e  an  extra,  SS  cents. 


,Gootjl>j 


SECTION  79 

BOAD  KAEINO  EQITIPMEirr 

(See  Grading  Machines) 

Soad  Constroctfon  Plant  of  the  Boaid  of  Eoad  Commiulonert 
of  Wayne  County,  Kichigan.  (From  Etiffineering-OantracHng, 
Nov.  8,  1010.)  Some  years  ago  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  adopted 
a  plan  for  the  construction  of  good  rottds  thTou^lioiit  tlie  county. 
In  accor'dance  with  this  plan  a,  board  of  county  road  commiseioners, 
reporting  to  the  county  nupervisoTs,  was  appointed  to  handle 
and  dlshurse  all  money  Appropriated  for  county  road  purposes. 
A  definite  HyHtemetic  plan  of  road  construction  corering  a  period 
of  years  was  adopted,  and  work  under  this  plan  haa  now  been 
under  way  for  four  years.  The  work  of  the  romm i as i oners  is 
extensive,  covering,  as  it  does,  the  main  highways  leading  into 
tbe  city  of  Detroit  and  the  main  highwayn  radiating  from  the 
smaller  communities  in  the  county.  One  feature  of  especial  inter- 
est in  the  work  of  tbe  commissioners  is  the  comparatively  large 
mileage  of  concrete  paved  road»  that  have  been  constructed.  Of 
this  type  of  road  about  16  miles  have  been  completed  or  are 
under  way  at  the  present  time.  Most  of  the  road  work  has  been 
done  by  day  labor,  at  times  as  many  at  250  men  being  in  the 
employ  of  the  commission. 

In  its  road  work  the  board  ha«  eliminated  all  band  and  horse 
labor  wherever  the  same  or  better  results  could  be  achieved  by 
machinery.  Stone,  cement  and  sand  are  hauled  in  trains  of  from 
two  to  HiK  cars  holding  seven  ton  loads  by  road  engines.  Water 
is  piped  and  pumped  by  gasoline  engines  wherever  possible. 
Plowing-  and  grading  are  done  behind  an  engine.  Concrete  is 
mixed  in  a  mechanical  batch  mixer  which  travels  under  its  own 
power  and  from  which  a  long  crane  projects  over  the  work,  on 
whit'h  tt  clamshell  bucket  travels  with  the  mixed  material.  The 
accompanying  figures  taken  from  the  fourth  annual  report  of  the 
roBil  commisHioners  tor  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1010,  show  the 
original  cost  of  the  plant  used  by  the  commissionera  in  their 
road  work : 

619 

r:„|.  :iMG00tjl>J 


620        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Hauling  and  Grading  MaohiDery  and 
Equipment : 

Steam  enginra   i  %tiraii 

Road  rollers  4 

Seven  Ion  Slono  dump  wagons  24 

Top  boips  (or  Bsme  24 


8erap«TB,  Doan   . 
Serapers,  hnnd  .. 


Concrete  Equipment: 


l^crele  carw    

IJU 

s 

2-in.  blick  lead  pipe,  feet,  B.3CT 

OanTMea  for  prolmting  concrelo  

a 

KM 

«.n 

Taquaree  (jrsding  ban)  

9 

t  4.740.M 

Scythe  and  '"'"i  v- ■ 

3 

SprinUiDK  rans    

IE 

iJ:S 

Blackamlthing  Outfit  and  Toots; 


Ratchet  drill  . 
Brean  drill  .. 
Drill  tnl«  


fiOAD  MAKING  EQUIPMENT 


Shovels  and  Handled  Toola: 


Shovels,  D.  H. 
Shovela,.  icoop 


Poat  hole  dimier  ■ 


Concrete  Tile  M&king  Equipment: 

IbUt,  8-tn 

HoMa,  la-in 

Top  rings,  8-iii 

Ibp  Tioga.  IZ-in.  . 


BoWom  ringg.  I 


I,  «-iD.   . 


Camp  Equipment: 


tiea  ftnd  bunk  li 


O-  blanket!    

Dlibea,   eatlerr,  pote,  ketttw,  i 


38  J3 
3«1.17 


Id  addition  to  the  above  the  commiBsionera  own  the  following: 


0»rpenter»'  tool* t     82.73 

UiKeUsnwus 131.96 

Eoginenring  Bnd  oKri'  pquipmenl 1,IB5J7 

Oemeot  teating  sppnmtuB  56.05 

The  total  original  coat  of  the  plant  and  property  was  $33,185.38. 
The  depreciation  for  1609  was  pla<^ed  at  $3,850.88  and  the  depre- 
ciation for  1910  at  1S%  wae  placet^  at  $4,400.18. 


822        HANDBOOK  OF  OONSTRUCTION  BQtJIPMENT 

Erad-KkkUtg  ftent.  The  following  U  the  approiimjite  coat  of 
a  road-making  plant,  operating  in  the  State  of  MisHouri,  figures 
of  1910. 

Six  dump  can  •nd  300  ft.  ot  trackage  for  aee  in  qnuir  ■  t  WO.OO 

CrDBhar.  11  In.  t^  18  in.,  35  Mas  p«r  bonr  opuct^  TTS.oo 

Bin  — S  wctioni KO.OO 

KtaTBlor  — U   fL    IBO.OO 

Rerolviag  KTeeD  — 30  in..  4  ft.  kmg  IS.IM) 

Two  Ir.clion   cngimw— aOhp     3.000.00 

One  loton  WEBm  roller  — la  hp i,B00.00 

One  e-bonr  grader   300.00 

Sii  dump  wagoni  — 1)4  co.  yd 800.00 

TVeWe  hand  drilli,  12  piekg.  12  crowbnr*,  »  shovels 60,00 

One  road  plov.  tS  — 11  in,  out,  4  horM  30.00 

8ii  wheelers.  No.  3  —  12  en.  ft.  capacitr  J9O.0O 

BiidriK*,  No,  2  — 4S  m.  ft.  tnpaetly  40.00 

Sprinkling  wagon  No,  i  —  MO  gal,  oapaoitj  3XM 

18,935.00 

Moving  the  plant  12  milee  overland  and  setting  it  up  at  a  new 
quarry  cost  $500.  After  the  move,  the  plant,  new  to  begin  with, 
which  had  only  been  used  to  build  four  miles  of  10-ft.  roadl>pd. 
eost  4200  for  new  flttinijs  and  repairs,  which,  for  six  months' 
use,  is  an  annual  depreciation  on  plant  of  5%  of  the  cost. 


mGoojjI>j 


ROLLERS 

A   reversible   horse  roller   of   the   latest   type,   with   two   rolls 
having  a  total  face  width  of  5  ft.,  ts  manufactured  in  sizes  from 
3<^  to  10  tons  of  ^-ton  variation  and  is  sold  for  $IG5  per  ton. 
The  diameter  of  the  rolls  varies  from  4^^  ft.  on  the  lightest  rollers   ■ 
to  6  ft.  on  the  heaviest. 

Hand  Roixebs 

Diameter  Length  Sections  Weifbt 


Fig.  270.    Cast  Iron  Reversible  Road  Roller. 

»2»  .(Ic 


824         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Stemm  Roller*  eire  made  in  two  types:  the  mocBdam  or  three 
wheel  type  and  the  tandem.  The  macadam  type  is  generall.v 
made  in  two  sizes;  the  average  cost  of  the  10  ton  size  ia  $4^50, 
and  the  12  ton  S4,S00.  The  average  prices  {or  the  tandem  type 
are  «l,700  for  the  21^  ton  size,  82,875  for  the  5  ton  size,  $3,500  for 
the  S   ton   size,   and   $4,200   for  the  »  ton   size. 

A  simple  road  roller,  steam  driven,  that  may  be  converted  into 
a  hauling  engine  and  designed  so  that  the  engine  can  be  used  for 
stationary  wdrk,  hoe  a.  rolling  surface  width  of  6  ft.  6  in.     It  has 


Fig.  271.    Ten  Ton  St«am  Type  Boiler. 

a  short  wheel  base  that  allows  short  turns,  differential  gear  for 
two  wheel  drive  and  a  mechanical  steering  device.  It  is  made 
in  two  sizes.  The  10  ton  size  costs  $4,000  and  the  12  ton  size 
$4,500  f,  0,  b.  Wisconsin. 

Cost  of  Kalntenance  and  Operation  of  Steam  Bollen.  The 
following  table  shows  the  cost  of  maintenance  and  operation  of 
the  six  ateam  road  rollers  owned  by  the  city  of  Grand  Rapids. 
Mich.  The  figures  have  been  taken  from  the  annual  report  of 
the  City  Engineer  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  31,  1911. 

Cost  of  Maintenance  and  Operation  op  Steam  Road  Rollers 

No,  1  No, »  No.  3  No.*  No.  B  Ko.t 

Haintsnancf :                  Roller  RcUer  RoUer  Roller  Roller  Roller 

Labor,    ihop    %  117.37  f   106.72  f   149.«7  f   116.67  f  2B.11  t     99.61 

Repair  paru    33S.94  126.46  £21.16  12S.12  tiSJ  43.U 


IT^  a^Vooi.-::; 

4 

ROLLERS 

No. 

\ 

Ko.S 
Roltor 

60 

.IS 

.TO 

Hand  bole  dtmj*   .SB  

PadJocks    «n<l   ehsing 80  .75 

Tolsl     t  *fl6.71    t   479.23    t   *2Ut  t  255.31  I1W.90  t   1ES.63 

Op«r*tloD: 

Labor.   TUDiiinE   |   SVT.48    t   822.40    t  783.00  |   835.05  ;390.00  f   831.30 

Labor,  cleaumg   34.1)0          34.00          32.00  58.00  3.60  6.00 

Tools 1,34            4.19             .26  1.40  2,08  1.85 

Coal    847.3!        356.17        3iS,73  215.01  178.46  278.86 

Kindling     26.00          25.00          21.60  15.60  UXO  19.50 

Oil 20.47          2B,80          20,61  37.68  1056  14.90 


Lanterng   and    Elabes.  1 

GrcBSB    ■. 

Condi**     

Total  Op.  and  Main!..  tl,71) 
Total    OperatioD    I1,2B1 

Repairs  on  two  rollers  of  the  convertible  type  during  the  first 
eeaeon  of  operation  coet  $86.00;  S77.0O  of  this  was  for  one  roller 
which  had  not  been  kppt  in  good  shape  and  $0.00  was  for  the  other 
roller,  which   was   operated  by   a   particularly   efficient   engineer. 

In  1905,  on  16  steam  rollers  belonging  to  the  Massachusetts 
Highway  Commissioners,  cath  roller  averaged  90.3  working  days 
per  year  and  the  average  cost  of  repairs  was  $1.12  per  day  per 

In  1906  the  total  days'  work  of  16  rollers  under  the  control  of 
the  Masaachueetta  Highway  Commission  was  1,719.5,  an  average 
of  107.5  days  per  roller  per  season.  Total  cost  for  maintenance 
of  these  rollers  was  as  follows: 

tl,725.00  for  practically  rebuilding  two  rollers  which  had  been 
in  active  service  about  ten  years,  and  an  average  of  $53.14  each 
on  14  others.  The  total  cost  of  repairs  on  16  rollers  was,  there- 
fore, $2,468.06,  or  an  average  of  $154.31  each. 


020        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Fig.  272.     5-Toii  Tandem  Roller. 

Id  1907  the  above  10  rollers  did  1,808  days'  work,  an  aTerage 
of  113  dajH  per  roller  per  season.  Two  rollers  were  prarticall; 
rebuilt  for  $1,8SS.00  a^nd  ordinary  repairs  on  the  14  others  cost 
$e51_.69.     The  total  average  cost  was,  therefore,  {158.73. 

Mr.  Thomas  Aitken,  the  English  author,  states  that  the  repairs 
on  a  roller  up  to  the  14th  year  were  small,  with  the  exception 


Motor  Road  Roller. 


ROLLERS  627 

of  Dew  driviiig  wheels  and  repaiis  to  the  flrebox  and  tubes.  All 
repairs  amounted  to  an  average  of  JjoOO  a  year.  At  this  time 
heavy  repairs,  oosling  $850.00,  were  needed.  The  total  cost  per 
year  during  a,  life  of  25  years,  of  100  working  days  each,  is 
$105.00,  or  b%  of  the  first  cost.  The  rear  wheels  of  a  roller 
lasted  T  years,  during  which  time  they  consolidated  60,000  tons  of 
road  metal. 


Fig.  274.    Ten  Ton  Two-Cylinder  Kerosene  Motor  Boiler. 

Motor  Koad  Koller  of  the  tandem  or  three  wheel  type,  operated 
by  gasoline  or  kerosene  is  made  in  five  sizes  as  follows: 


The  10-ton  or  larger  sizes  will  haul  a  scarifier,  grader  or  road 
plow. 

This  machine  has  a  trussed  frame  made  of  heavy  steel  plates, 
which  carries  the  engine,  thereby  eliminating  a  great  defect 
found  in  steam  rollers,  that  of  making  the  boiler  act  as  the  frame, 

f.ii.i.iii' 


628        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


1.  No  Hinoke,  steam,  sparks  or  soot  blowiDg  about. 

2.  No  daily  water  supply  needed. 

3.  No  daily  coal  supply  needed, 

4.  No  nightly  banking  of  fires. 

5.  No  time  lost  raising  steam. 

0.  Licensed  engineer  not  neoesHary. 

7.  No  laying  up  for  boiler  repairs. 

The  great  divadvantsge  is  the  uDreliabilit}'  of  all  gasoline 
eofiines.  However,  in  situations  where  coal  transportation  is 
expensive,  a  motor  roller  is  the  proper  mscbiiic  to  use,  as  it  hss 
a  tank  capacity  for  10  to  20  hours'  fuel,  and  can  trail  s  tank 
wa^n  carrying  a  month's  supply. 

The  tandem  type  is  built  in  four  sizes,  ia  operated  by  a  kerosene 
engine  and  cMts  as  follows: 

8ii«in  Net  weight  Price, 


Comparative  Cost  of  Operatlnr  Steam  and  QatoUne  Rollers. 
The  road  building  outfit  of  the  Highway  CommiBsioners  of  York 
County,  Ontario,  includes  two  12^-ton  and  two  Il^-ton  steam 
road  rollers  and  a  12-ton  2-cylinder  gasoline  road  roller.  In  the 
report  of  the  Commission  covering  the  year  1912  Mr.  E.  A.  James, 
Chief  Engineer  of  the  Commission,  gives  the  following  figures  to 
show  the  cost  as  nearly  as  can  be  judged  of  operation  of  the'  steam 
Hnd  gasoline  machinei?,  both  rollers  working  under  similar  con- 

CoBT  OF  Ofebatinq  Steam  Rolleb 

For  10  Hours'  BolUnf. 
roBl  — 

Kindlinjt  wood  W.OS 

Goal.  SSOIb.  at  tS.86  poi- ton  1.30 

Water  — 

600  gal.,  bauliDi  3  hr.  at  BO  et.  per  hr l.GO 

Oil.   etc, r!7. 0J» 

Engineer  —  llli  boor*  at  30  et.  per  hour    3.46 

Total    I6.36 


ROLLERS  t 

For  ID  Hovn'  SpikLnf  and  ScarityioS- 

Fuel- 

Eiadliag  wood  lO.OS 

0«1,  tSO  lb.  at  W.86  psr  ton  .: l.M 

Wmler  — 

SOU  gal.,  hauling  2.00 

Oil 0.06 

BDsinmr  — IIU  honra  at  30  cl 3Ai 

Total    I7.1S 

Cost  of  Opebatino  a  Gasoline  Rolleb 

For  10  Honla'  Railing. 

Fnel  — 1!  gaL  gasoline  at  IB  et.  per  gaL  (1,80 

Water  - 

Coolin(,  qnailer  hoof  O.Utt 

OU IKOT 

Engineer  — 10%  hoars  at  30  ct S.OTli 

Tolal    J5.0J 

For  10  Houn'  Spikinc  sod  Besritylng. 

Fne1-a)  B»l    8»o»ae  afu  et.  per  gi^ KM 

Water  — 

rVw  cooling   O.IS 

Oil    0.07 

Engineer  —  lOU  hoan  at  3D  ct S.OT 

TWal    WJ9 


MGoOtjl>J 


SECTION  81 

EOFE 

wire  Kope.  The  firBt  wire  ropes  were  constructed  largely  of  I 
iron  wire,  but  the  modern  wire  re|>e  is  made  of  varionsi;  manipu-  ' 
lateil  and  treated  carbon  Eteele.    The  usual  claeBifications  are: 

Crucible  steel.  I 

Extra  strong  crucible  steel.  j 

Plow  steel.  I 

The  so-called  Iron   ia  a  mild  Bessemer  or   Basic  steel  of  from  ' 

60,000  to  100,000  Ui.  per  square  inch  tensile  strengtli ;  the  Crucible  ! 

Steel   is  a  carlion   open  heartfa   steel  of  from   100,000  to  200,000  ; 

lb    per  square  inch  tensile  strength;  the  Extra  Strong   Crucible  ■ 

Steel  raii<-iti  in  Hlrengtb  from  200,000  tu  240,000  lb.   per  sijiiare  I 

inch,  and  the  Flow  Steel  ranges  from  about  240,000  lb.  per  aquare  | 

Up  to  May  1,  1000,  the  breaking  strengths  of  wire  rope  man- 
ufactured in  the  United  States  were  based  upon  the  strength  ol 
the  individual  wires  in  the  rope,  but  «inee  that  time  all  manu 
facturers  have  adopted  strength  figures  compiled  from  results 
of  actual  tests. 

There  are  a  vast  number  of  arrangements  possible  in  wire  rope 
construction,  but  the  usual  construction  is  one  iu  which  a  number 
of  wires  are  built  up  on  a  hemp  core. 

SlBOonnts  to  apply  to  the  following,  which  were  in  effect  in 
January,  1020,  are  as  follows: 


Flow  Steel 


Crnolble  Cast  Steel 

Sinndurd     


i>  J3%-10% 
»30%-t0% 


List  price  lesi  »)%— 10% 

Standard  Iron  Hotating  Rope 

6  by  IB LUC  price  len    E%— 10% 

GalTBDlced  Steel  Boiinliis  Rope 

S  by  li.  fi  by  Z4,  T  hemp  coreB  List  price  leu    T  %— 10% 


aalvanlzed  Etteel  nigging  Bope 

«  by  7  List  pri™  less    7%— 10% 

Qalvanlied  Extra  Flexible  Holstln;  snd  Koorlitfr  Lines 

«  by  37.    Net 

Oalvaftlied  Iron  Rigglae  Bope 

e  bt  1.  Net 
Standard  Iron  Tiller  Sope 

6  by  6  by  7  List  price  less    5%— 10% 

Hon-Sp  inning  Bope 

18  by  7  Lisl  prise  less  10%— B% 

Transmission,  HEinlBg«  or  Standing  Rope.  Six  strands  of  seven 
wires  each  built  on  a  hemp  core  make  what  is  known  as  haulage 
rope.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  types  and  was  formerly  largely 
used  for  power  transmUsion,  but  now  its  use  is  largely  confined  to 
mines,  for  slope  baulagc  systems  emlwdyin;;  endless  and  tail  rope 
applications,  on  coal  ilocks,  in  oil  well  drilling,  and,  when  gal- 
vanized, as  guys  for  derricks.  It  will  etand  considerable  abrasion 
and  rough  handling,  bat  is  stiff,  and  its  use,  therefore,  is  lim' 
ited. 

Pbioeb  Tbanbmihsion,  Hatjlage  ob  Standino  Hope 
(Standard  St    ng  hs  Ad  pted  May  1,  1910) 


e-Straods  — 7  \ 


to    h    S    and  —  One  Hemp  Core 
coun  n  page  630 ) 


i 

■SB 


1    I 


I' 


HAXt»t3>^K  or  t:f>N'?iRixTi>:'X  EtjcrrifENT 

CrwihfeCtMt  Seed 


Extok  Strang  CrociUe  Caat  Steel 


ffi    I- 


Uonitor  Plow  Steel 


All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  more  than  7  and  lees 
than  19  wires  to  the  atnnd,  with  the  exception  of  6x8,  take  19, 
wire  list. 

Standard  Holltins  Bope.  Six  Btrands  of  nineteen  wires  each 
make  a  hoisting  rope  which  has  a  wider  and  more  varied  applica- 
tion than  any  other  tjrpe.  It  combines  both  flexibility  and  wear- 
ing serrice  and  is  used  in  mining  shafti,  for  operating  the  cages 
and  elevators,  derricks,  coal  and  ore  handling  machines,  togging, 
dredges,  skip  hoists,  conveyors,  etc 

Pbices  Standabd  Hoibitno  Rope 
{Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910) 


1^  i 


■Hi  111  is  0 


M 


634        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSIHUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


ll 


Hff       ala-J     bS'oJ    "flS-S 


Crucible  Cast  Steel 


Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  8t«el 


s 


llM 


MoDitor  Plow  Steel 


:a 


11. 


;»;-  sale 


Coosic 


(130         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  strands  made  up  oi 
more  than   10  and  less  tlian  37  wires,  take  37  wire  list. 

"  Where  the  requirements  are  severe,  we  reeommend  Monitor 
rope.     It  is  the  strongest  and  most  efficient  rope  produced. 

"  It  is  indispensable  for  heavy  dredging,  logging,  stump  pulling, 
derricks,  coal  and  ore  hoisting  service." 

Extra  Flexible  Steel  Hoisting  Kope.  KIght  strands  of  nineteen 
wires  each  make  an  extra  flexible  rope  whose  application  is  con- 
fined to  a.  somewhat  limited  Keld.  It  is  used  on  derricks  and  is 
similar  places  where  sheaves  arc  of  very  small  diameter,  and  in 
flexibility  is  about  on  a  par  with  the  6  x  37  construction,  differing 
only  in  the  fact  that  it  is  not  quite  as  strong,  owing  to  its  large 


List  Pbices  Extra  Flexible  Steel  Hoibtino  Rope 

(Standard  Strengths  Adopted  Ma;  I,  ISIO) 

Eight  Strands  —  IB  Wires  to  the  Strand  —  One  Hemp  Core 

Crucible  Cast  Steel 
I.  S  i      i.oa  « 


3:a^ 


SES.I 


ktS       g-52S    s.a££     .a-S-g? 


f 


%             H4                .35  73  H 

Jia            IVi                jn  6.7  I.l 

%              IK                .20  4.2  S 

«8            1                   -13  2-75  .5 

•A               %                .<S  1.80  .3 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 


s|J       III  " 


Monitor  Plow  Steel 


m         Ji5         ss 


Speoial  Flexible  Holitlug  Hope.  Six  strands  of  thirtj-seven 
wirea  each  make  a  apecial  flexiWe  rope  which  ia  largely  uaed  on 
electric  travel  cranes  and  for  large  dredge  ropes.  It  permits  the 
use  of  fairly  amall  sheaves  and  bends  over  them  easily.  This 
rope  DOtnes  in  diameters  of  ^^-in.  variation,  but  is  much  better 
in  tfa«  larger  aine  than  the  extra  strong  on  account  of  the  smaller 
hemp  core. 


MGootjl>j 


«3«        HANr>r«»OK  OK  a>XSTRlXT10K  EQflPSIEXT 

LiHT  Prices  Special  Flexible  Hotgnxa  Ropes 

(Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  Uaj  I,  1910) 

Six  Strmda  — 37  nirea  to  tbe  Strand  — One  TIemp  Core 

Crucible  Cast  Steel 

£l  IS         BS=        2^      8 11^    6^1^        III? 

j^  a-        -c^"       ^^    ■*^-"   £-^°*       saffita 


ExtTB   Strong  Crucible  Cast  St«el 


d 

iii 


HS8  HttE3     J|o3      A=Sfi 

III  paitoill? 


JTtt 


Monitor  Plow   Steel 


IW 


Ropes  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  37  wiree  add 
10%  to  lint  priee  of  G  x  37 

Tiller  Rope  or  Hand  Hope.  The  0  \  0  x  T  construction  is  kntnrn 
ae  tiller  rope  and  is  the  moat  flexible  rope  manufactured.  Its  first 
applirations  were  to  the  bleering  gear  of  boats,  hut  its  greatest 
■ppIicBtlon  today  is  for  hand  rope  on  elevatorn.  This  is  made  up 
of  si*:  Btranda  of  fartj'two  wireii  each  and  seven  hemp  cores  and 
comes   in  diameters  of  Me''"    variation. 


MGootjl>j 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
Pbices  Tilleb  Hope  or  Hand  Rope 

—  Lilt  Price  per  Fool  —  WeiEbl 

Cracibls  Dimmeter        Circnmtrrence      per  Foot 


,07"i  .11  W  1i  .07 

The  wiree  are  very  fine.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  subject 
it  to  much  abrasive  wear. 

It  is  used  to  a  limited  extent  for  steering  lines  on  jaehts  and 
motor  boats.  Galvanized  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Yacht  Bope,  6 
atranda,  ID  wires  to  tlie  strand,  1  hemp  core,  is  preferred  bj 
many  [or  motor  boats. 

%  and  Vi-in,  diameter  Iron  Tiller  or  Hand  Rope  is  used  for 
starting  and  stopping  elevators.  This  rope  is  klso  called  Elevator 
Shipper  Rope. 

Tiller  Rope  of  tinned  or  galvanized  iron  or  Bt«el  is  furnished 
if  reijuired. 


Fig.  275. 

Flattened  Strand  Rope.  Flattened  Strand  Ropes  are  used  for 
heavy  derricks,  hoiata,  etc.,  where  great  Qexibility  and  long  life  are 
required.  They  are  made  in  a  variety  of  types  and  steels.  Those 
with  an  odd  number  of  oval  strands  are  particularly  difficult  U) 
aplice.  The  best  type  is  that  composed  of  6  triangular  shaped 
strands  of  wire,  each  strand  made  up  of  12  large  outside  steel 
wires,  1  large  triangular  inside  iron  wire,  with  12  smaller  round 
steel  wires  between.  This  comes  in  the  various  iron  and  steels, 
but  we  give  prices  and  capacities  of  Monitor  plow  steel  rope  only. 


FLATTENEn  Steakd  Rope 

Type  A  —  5  Stiande,  2S  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  H«np  Core 
Type  B  — 6  StraadB,  26  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  Hemp  Core 


_ 

— Type  A— 

-Type  B- 



^ 

a. 

r^ 

^ 

4S 

r- 

1 

l| 

I 

B 

u 

i 

h 

11 

$ 

.^1 

i 

a 

hi 

m 

Is 

|«a 

1 

i 

$ 

|!.BS 

Z31 

8.20 

IM 

38.2 

S'30 

1»3 

ans 

m 

M,« 

*J« 

14S 

29:2 

5S0 

22 

i.K 

s** 

Type  C  —  0  Strands,  9  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  Hemp  Core 
Type  D  —  a  Strands,  S  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  Hemp  Core 


SoB-SpiniiliiK    HoittliiE    Kope.    Stand  nrd    strenf^hs    adopted 
Ua?  1,  1910.     Eighteen  strands,  seven  wires  each,  one  hemp  core. 


(i42         IIAN-DBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Non-Spinning  Rope  is  necessary  in  "  back'haul "  or  single  lin 
derricks,  in  shaft  sinking  and  mine  hoisting  where  the  buckc 
or  eage  ewlaga  free.  That  of  the  beat  type  is  composed  of  si 
straiida  of  seven  wires  each,  laid  around  hemp  core  and  co' 
ercd  with  an  outer  layer  of  twelve  strands  of  seven  wires  ead 
regular  lay.  It  is  made  in  Swedes  iron,  crucible  cast  steel,  exlr 
strong  crucible  cast  steel,  and  plow  steel.  With  a  rope  of  thi 
type  the  Vermont  Marble  Co.,  of  West  Rutland,  Vt.,  hoisted 
large  hlocji  of  marlile,  hanging  tree,  250  tt.  without  its  making] 
half  turn.      ( Fip.  276  ) 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Ste«l 


I.3-. 


Fig.  276.  ■ 

Plat  Wire  Xope.  Flat  wire  rope  ia  eomposed  ot  a  number  of 
wire  ropea  called  flat  rope  strandB  of  alternate  right  and  left  lay, 
uaually  of  crucible  steel  placed  side  by  side  and  sewed  together 
with  soft  Swedish  iron  or  steel  wire.  This'  sewiitg  wire,  being 
softer  than  the  steel' strands,  acts  as  a  cushion  and  wears  ont 
much  faster  than  the  strands  themselves.  The  rope,  however,  is 
very  easily  repaired.  As  a  large  reel  is  not  necessary  for  wind- 
ing it,  it  is  used  principally  where  space  is  limited.  It  comes  in 
widths  of  !^-in  variation. 


^  Inch  Thick 

height  p*c  SI 

Foot  in  T 


!B  Tons  of 
2,000  Pound 


644        HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Weight  per  Str»s*  Worki 


Tone  of 
2,1)00  Pound! 


•  Crucible  aUel  vlU  STerBin  3D%  to  50%  stronger  than  the  Otcanm  in  these 

The  approximate  price  per  lb.,  erueible  steel,  is  21  cents. 

Unless  order  dietinctl;  apecifles  to  the  contrary,  the  rule  for 
thickness  applies  to  siee  of  strand  before  sewing. 

Wire  rope  is  as  flei^ible  as  new  manila  or  hemp  rope  of  the 
same  strength,  and  when  used  ae  hauling,  hoisting  or  standing 
rope  is  generally  more  durable.  The  working  load  for  hoisting 
and  haulage  ropes  should  be  about  ^  the  breaking  strength; 
standing  rope  about  U :   in   shafts  and  elevators  from  ^  to  ^o- 

Uee  the  largest  drums  and  pull^s  possible,  and  have  them 
truly  aligned  with  the  rope.  To  increase  the  capacity  of  hoisting 
rope  increase  the  load  but  not  the  speed,  as  the  wear  ineressea 
with  the  latter.  Do  not  "  fatigue  "  the  rope  unnecessarily  by  re- 
peated shocks.  A  wire  rope  should  be  discarded  by  tlie  time  half 
the  diameter  of  the  outside  wire  is  worn  away. 

Galvanized  ropes  have  about  10%  legs  strength  thaa  ungalvan- 
i^ed,  and  the  latter  may  be  protected  from  the  weather  1^  the  use 
of  one  of  the  many  oil,  tar  or  grease  mixtures. 

In  wire  rope  the  outer  fibres  of  each  wire  going  round  the 
sheaves  are  in  tension,  and  the  inner  wires  are  in  compression 
with  a  neutral  point  within  the  circumference  of  the  rope.  As 
the  rope  goes  round  the  drum  or  sheave  the  result  of  these 
differential  stresses  is  to  produce  a  crawling  or  creeping  .or 
sliding  of  the  wire  upon  each  rope.  It  therefore  follows  that 
when  thoroughly  greased  the  life  of  wire  rope  will  be  very  greatly 
increased.  In  Engin^ertTig  d  Mining  Journal  it  is  reported  that 
the  same  kind  of  rope  well  oiled  made  386,000  turns  over  24-)n. 
pulley  before  breaking,  as  against  76.000  turns  when  not  oiled; 
a  difference  in  favor  of  oiling  of  over  500%.  In  mine  work  when 
a  rope  is  coated  with  cable  compound  once  a  week  a  steel  wire 


BOPE  . .  046 

rape  of  best  graJe  1%-in.  m  diameter  with  an  ultimate  strength 
of  about  100  tons  will  last  from  1  to  II^  years.  To  prevcait  kink- 
ing, the  cage  Hhould  be  lowered  to  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  and  the 
rope  removed,  being  allowed  to  hang  loose  to  uneoil. 

In  the  Rix^erj  Building,  Chica^,  44  Swedi^  iron  hoisting 
cables,  %'in,  diameter,  of  eix  etrands  of  nineteen  wires  each,  four 
cables  to  an  elevator,  have  been  running  twelve  years,  without 
replacement.  They  are  lubricated  twice  a  year  and  carefully  in- 
spected each  mtMith.  The  hand  rope  in  Uie  same  elevators,  how- 
ever, wears  out  vary  rapidly  on  account  of  the  abrasion  caused 
by  the  eye  holes. 

CABIE  ON  BBOOKLTN  BEIDQE 


48,002,412  £2,142.000  ST  t 

47,810,000  25,292,890  212  T.S 


leS^tTE 


The  life  of  Htreet  railway  cable  is  likely  to  range  fr<»n  SO  to 
115,000  miles  where  the  cable  itself  is  between  13,000  and  33,000 
feet  long.  The  average  o^  12  cables  of  which  we  have  record  is 
74,017  miles. 

A  cable  used  op.  a  Lidgerwood  Uuloader  Plow  on  the  Panamft 
Canal  .work  was  installed  April  12,  1!)0D,  and  was  first  hiokea 
Ma;  6,  1910.  In  the  thirteen  months  it  unloaded  1,830  nineteat- 
car  trfi|iis  of  spoil  from  Culebra,.  This  is  a  record,  as  the  jwll 
on  these  cables  ranges  from  00  to  125  tons.  The  life  of  the  cable 
on  this  work  averages  from  350.  to  500  trains.  After  breaking, 
the  cables  are  spliced  and  u^d  again. 

The  principal  causes  of  destruction  of  wire  ropes  are; 

(ft)     The  wearing  of  lie  outer  surface  of  the  outside  wires. 

(b)  The  fatigue  of  the  steel  where  the  rope  is  worked  over 
small  pulleys. 

As  an  esample  of  the  first  case,  the  cable  on  cable  tramways 
is  worn  by  the  grips;  therefore,  use  a  stilT  cable.with  large  wires; 
as  an  example  of  the  second  case,  ropes  used  over  small  blocks 
break  frequently;   therefore,  use  a  rope  with   small  wires.     The 


648       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

stTengtfi  fff  la  wire  rope  is  about   10^  lese  Clwn  the   enm  of 
the  strengths  of  the  wtres  composing  tiie  rope.     ■ 

A  wire' ro|]p' way  was  («ii^lructed  for' the  Plimosas  Line  con 
aisting  uf  an  emilodg  rope  20^230  feet"1oDg  supported  at  interraU 
of  from  104  to  1,935  feet  on  not^Ii  sheaves.  "  After  the  rope  had 
been  running  about  two  jears  the  splicea'  (ommenced  to  give 
w»y  Bt  the  points  where  the  two  cable  etrandg  are  inserted  into 
the  rope  to  take  the  place  of  the  hew p  heart.  "  '  *  When  new 
rope  ia  spliced  with  oU  the  new  Btrands  stand  out  somewhat 
more  than  the  oM  ones  and  the  wear  is  very  rapid,  ■"  *  *  A 
flexible  wire  rope  (19  wires  to  the  strand)  cu)  be  spliced  so 
that  there  will  be  little  difference  in  the  wear;  but,  in  a  rope  o( 
seven-wire  strands  made  out  of, plow-  (fe«l,  at. the  point  just 
above  and  below  where  the  two  steel  strands  are  inserted  into 
the  core  and  take  the  place  of  the  hemp  heart,  there  ia  a  spot 
(about  an  inch  in  length)  where  the  rope  is  seven  strands  instead 
of  sik:  on  the  circumference.  This  makes  the  diameter  greater 
and  iacreaaes  the  wear  on  the  splice.  "  *  "  In  a  flexible  rope 
the  strands  can  be  set  together  with  a  mallet  so  that  tlie  splice 
cannot  be  noticed." 

DireotlouB  f«  Splicing  Wire  lope.*  Wire  rope  is  susceptible  to 
the  most  perfect  splice;  a  smoother  and  better  splice  can  be  put  in 
a  wire  rope  than  in  any  other  kind  of  rope,  for  the  simple  reason 
that  it.  is  made  with  a  view  to  this  purpose.,  It,  has  the  desired 
number  of  strands  and  a  hemp  core  which  provides  a  place  for 
fastening  the  ends.  It  is  a  plain,  simple  process,  and  but  the 
wdrfcof  «n  hour  for  any  one  to  learn. 

To  Qet  the  Length  of  the  Rope  to  Be  Spliced  Endless.  In  most 
ca«ee  the  ropes  can  be  applied  endless,  and  in  such  chsch  the  ropes 
can  be  forwarded  spliced  ready  to  go  on.  Ropes  ready  spliced 
can'be  procured  by  giVing  the  exaH  distance' ffoiU  center  to  center 
of  shaft,  and  the  exact  diameters  of  the  wheels  on  which  the  rope 
is'toruBi  This  measure  can  begot  best  by  atretchihg  a  wire  from 
shaft  to  shaft,  marking  the  distance  from  center  to  center  of 
shaft  and  eartfully  measuring  th^  Wire;' 

In  ceaea  whe(e  the  endless  rope  cannot  be  pUt  on,  the  rope  has 
to  be  put  around  the  sheaves,  hove  taut  %''pulley  blocks,  and 
the  splice  made  on  the  spot.     See  Flg.l  in  diagram  of  splices. 

The    Xeceiaary   Tools.     A   hammer   and   sharp   cold    chisel   for 
cutting  the  ends  of  strands;  a  steel  point  or  Inarlin  spike  for 
opening  strands;  two  slings  of  tarred  rope  with  sticks  for  un- 
twUting'  rope;    a'po4'ket  knife  for  cutting  the  "hemp    core;  »   ' 
wooden  mallet  and  block.  i 

■  Abetrscted  rrom  ciitiiloifup  ol  Broderlck  ft  BMeom  Rope  Co.  ! 


ROPE 


647 


First.  Put  tlie  lope  aiound  the  BbQei;«B,  and  Jieave  it  tight 
with  block  and  fall.  (See  Fig.  ,1.).  The  blocka  should  be.hitclved 
far  enough  apart  so  as,  to  give  ^oom  l>etween  to  make  a.  2p-ft. 
splice.  A  small  clamp  may .  be  used  to  prevent  the  lashing 
from  slipping  oo- the  rope  where  the  blocks  are  hitchetl-  ISee 
Fig.  1.)  Next,  aee  that  the  rop«s  gverlap  about  20  feeti  about 
ten  feet  each  way  from  thje  center,  a»  sbown  by  theairow  li]ieB 
in  Fig.  I.  Next  mark  the  center  on  both  ropes  with  a  piece  of 
chalk,  or  bf  tjiing  on  a  BniaU  string.  .  Now. proceed  to  put  in  tlie 
splice,  with  the  blocks  remaining  taut  when  it  is  necessary;  but 
the  better  way  is  to  remove  the  blocks,  throw  ofT  the  rope  from 


tlie  aheaves,  let  it  hang  loose  on  the  shafts,, and.  proceed  jivitb 
the  splice  on  the  ground  or  floor,  or  HCanol4,  a^  the  ee^Be  may  Tite. 

SecQtid-  Uijlay  the  strands  of  both  ends  of  the  rope  for  ajiia- 
tanee  of  ten  feet  each,  of  to  the  center  ma*k',  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 
><ext.  cut  off  the  hemp  cores  cloae  up,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  and 
bring  the  bunthea  of  strands  together  sp  that  the  opposite 
strands  will  interlock  regularly  with  eaoh  other,      (See  Fig.  3.) 

Third,  t'nlaj  any  strand.  A,  and  follow  up  with  strand  1  of 
ttie  other  end,  laying  it  tightly  in  open  groove  made  by  unwind- 
ing A,  make  twist  of  the.  strand  agree  exactly  with  the  twist  of 
the  open  groove.     Proceed  with  this  until  all  but  twelve  inphes 


C4S       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

of  1  are  laid  in,  or  till  A  haa  become  t«n  feet  long.  Next,  cut  oS 
A,  leaving  an  end  about  twelve  inehes  long. 

fourth-.  Unlay  a  strand,  4,  of  the  opposite  end,  and  follov 
with  strand  D,  laying  it  into  the  open  groove  as  belore,  and 
treating  this  precisely  as  in  tlie  first  case.  {See  Fig.  3.)  Next, 
pursue  the  same  rourse  with  B  and  2,  stopping  four  feet  short 
of  the  first  set.  Next,  with  li  and  E,  stopping  as  before;  tben 
with  C  and  3;  and  laetlj  with  S  and  F.  The  Htrands  are  now 
all  laid  in  with  the  ends  four  feet  apart,  aa  shown  ia  Fig.  4. 

Fifth  and  Last.  The  ends  must  now  be  s«cured  without  enlarg- 
ing the  diameter  of  the  rope.  Take  two  rope  slings  or  twisters 
(see  Fig.  5)  and  fasten  them  to  the  rope  as  shown  in  Fig.  6; 
twiHt  them  in  opposite  -directions,  thus  opening  the  lay  of  the 
rope.  (See  Fig.  6.)  Next,  with  a  knife,  cut  the  hemp  core  about 
twelve  inches  on  each  side.  Now  stcaightaii  th«  .«n<ls,  and  slip 
them  into  the  place  occupied  by  the  core;  then  twist  the  slings 
haclt.  closing  up  the  rope,  taking  out  any  slight  inequality  with 
a  wiKiden  mallet.  Next,  shift  the  slings,  and  repeat  the  operation 
at  the  other  five  places,  and  the  spliee  ia  uiado. 

If  the  rope  becomes  slack,  in  time,  and  runs  too  loose,  a  piece 
can  be  cut  out  and  the  rope  tightened  up.  This  will  require  a 
piece  of  rope  about  40  feet  long  and  two  splices,  oim  aplice  to 
put  on  the  piece  of  rope,  and  Uie  other  splice  to  join  the  two 
ends  together. 

Cost  fob  Labor  of  Sfucina  Bofe  to  Make  Ehdlbsb 

IMBineter  ot  Diameter  of 

Rope  "Liiit"f<tt  Rape  Lial  tor 

"ta^so''  \u\<l  Vm* 

X«)  llilolW  *.B0 

»to%  3.60 

The  above  charge  to  be  in  addition  to  the  extra  rope  used  in 
making  splice.  These  prices  apply  only  On  wire  ropes  spliced 
at  the  works  of  the  manufacturer. 

Hanila  anfl  Sisal  Kope.  Manila  and  sisal  rope  ar^  sBually 
classed  aa  "  regular "  rope  or  rope  having  three  strands,  four 
strand  rope,  bolt  rope  or  eB|)ecially  selected  long  Jams  and  trana- 
misaion  rope  which  is  of  yam  selected  and  woven  with  great  care. 
The  prices  are  computed  from  a  "  base "  which  varies  with  the 
season  and  according  to  the  condition  of  the  trade. 

The  table  below  gives  the  standard  sizes,  weights,  etc. 

Sisal  rope  has  approximately  the  same  weight  as  Manila. 

Iklanila  about  25%  stronger  than  aisal. 

Hawser  laid  rope  weighs  about  one-sixth  lees  than  3  strand. 


iis«: 


IS.  KM 
20,000 
26,000 


..   0     in. 
.    I     i&. 

'.   <     in! 


(  Transmission  Ropf: 


weishl  in  lb. 
p«rlOO(t. 


s"en^^ 


Mr.  Oeorge  J.  Bishop  in  IS9T  made  some  records  to  determine 
the  life  of  Dianila  rope  in  pile  driving.  The  drum  of  the  engine 
and  the  sheave  on  the  top  of  the  leads  wise  14  in.  in  diameter. 
The  nheavc  at  the  front  of  the  pile  driver  was  10  in.  Tlie  hammer 
weighed  10,000  lb.  The  rope  was  of  three  dilTerent  makes  of  1>^- 
in  diameter.     Common  manila  three-ply  rope  made  the  best  show- 


050        HANDBOOK  OF  COSSTRUCTIOX  EQUIPMENT 

i      ^»  a 

5     «    ll  »-.  ■^".         IS-  :8 

-    K      I  -sIlRSSSa  safest  saasa  s*""  " 

I !  "1 

5     8.    Ill    >!f:i_„,  ~    «    «SSS  :5 

1  I  if  """"■ 

^     «     5  9  gosSR--" 

s-  e  .£ 

«  I  ^  -„«... ^.- 

I  I  -'-^ 

■        i        V  |13 a.-,   . 

"Sis  5-ls  :  ■  ■  :  :      ^SSSS    aSJSSa    S'-^*''  : 

? !  S-- 

I     3     St^    Htttl ':]■;■■.     :  -.      ^SI^SS  : 

S    a    "^SiS  ^i£!-2 !2ese  gsass  -»Jrf«  : 

I  I   III      pll--=   ^sss!.  ^^^^s  ^s;S2; 

E    g     is"        iS 

S  ^  £§■:--      :enii9    Sa"*-    -""--i  : 


l-SiSiS^^^S!  £^J2  ;^tsa(#*  jsjS*^* 


■BOPJ? 


«5J 


ing.  The  l^gtbpf  ri;^  w^  12?;  ftj^nd,  its  weight  iftasti  frw 
74  to-B^  fb.^  aveTFige  85  1^.,  or  nea^l;  O.T  lb.  per  Soai.  ,  T^e  prioe 
of  tbe  rope  v/aa  fi^ic^nts  pei  ib.,  or  S6.63  per  a.vfc«ge /op«,  T«a 
ropeH  weirp  )i«ed  up  in  driving  1,335  piles  tp  bjj  ^vernge  penatr*- 
tion'o^'20  ft.  J  hence,  each  rope  averaged  .^3i)  piles  pt  a  coat  o£:4 
cents  per  pile  per  rope.  However,  6  ropes  averaged  only  101  piles 
each,  and  S  averaged  160  piles  each. 

The  Plymouth  Cordage  Company  in  191i>-ll  conducted  a  series 
of  tents  on  various  brands  of  rope  to  determine  the  extent  to 


K                                                                                                                                        ' 

l^^jk-z^zfm^^^i 

835  r  T""    "\,i(\i^  Ky ) 

";!._i.ias';2i__k..i_:-- 

„■     S'^rn^    3  L  t  " 

^     ±  3l    i-    "=1" 

:  I  _J-  ■_      vt            \t 

J  "•-.--«*,           "5                   -f 

"i  ■  T;"r^''                   "  "^ 

;; '  Tpp  ■■       ^    ~    ' 

t  '1 8 1  ■)    i  t>    1 1 1,  i    1  11  ,li 

Fig.  278.     Diagram  Showing  Variation  of  Wire  Rope  from'  Stan- 
dard Plymouth  Cordage.  / 


which  manila  rope  mi^ht  \ary  in  (|uallty.  An  average  Plymouth 
cordage  sample  was  used  as  a  standard  and  from  this  the  varia- 
tions plus  or  minui  in  sue  iieight  and  strenglli  were  plotted 
on  the  accompanying  diagram  TWenty-two  sampleti  of  rope 
nominally  3  in  in  c)rbu inference  made  by  various  jnanufacturers, 
were  tested  The  strongest  rope  failed  under  a  load  of  9,010 
lb.,  while  the  neakeat  was  able  to  stand  only  4,04(!  lb.  Glancing 
at  the  tabk  it  .will  be  seen  that  in  several  cases  where  the  size 
curve  shows  a  defidpd  rise  the  weight  curve  dips.  It. would  be 
natural   to  suppose  thtbt  the   weight  would   inereaee  correspond- 


658         HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTEUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

tnglf  wHh  the  bim,  but  this  does  not  seem  to  be  the  case  and 
murt  indicate  that  lome  brandg  are  more  looselj  twiated  than 
others.  Ab  will  be  noticed  the  weighta  vary  between  minus  fl.fll^o 
and  ptne  20%  and  the  table  showe  that  so-called  3-in.  rope  le  not 
alwaji  3  in.  in  circumference. 


SAHS  BLAST  KACHIHBS 

A  BBDd  blast  tank  machine  eonsiating  of  a  eteel  tank,  hose, 
connections,  operator's  hood,  g1ove«  and  respirator,  of  1,000  lb. 
sand  capacity,  costs  $310.  The  tank  meaeures  30  bj  30  in.  A 
compreaaor  for  this  outQt  should  be  capable  of  supplying  lOO  cu.  ft. 
per  min.  at  a  pressure  of  about  60  lb.  per  sq.  in.  A  screen 
hopper  for  the  above  costs  $85.  Several  eizefl  and  capacitiea  in 
this  type  of  machine  may  be  had.  AU'  prices  f.  o.  b.  Chicago. 
The  approximate  shipping  weight  of  the  above  outfit  is  1,000  tb. 
This  machine  will  clean  front  2  to  3  ft.  of  surface  per  min.  de- 
pending on  the  condition  of  the  surface. 

At  the  United  States  Naval  Station,  Key  West,  Fla.,  steel  sheds 
were  cleaned  and  painted  by  compressed  air.  These  sheds  were 
used  to  store  coal  and  the  action  of  heat  and  the  impurities  in 
the  ooal,  combined  with  the  salt  water  used  for  extinguishing 
spoutanedus  combustion  fires,  rapidly  corroded  the  steel  and  ne- 
cessitated a  thorough  cleaning  and  painting  every  time  the  sheds 
were  emptied.  The  following  outfit  was  purchased  and  cost 
$2,000: 

i  horiionUI  guoline  tagiae.  about  26  bp. 


(The  iboTe  appsmtDB  wh«  all  monated  on  etMl  trsnut . 
vBKon  wilh  wDadBa  bauBing.) 

:  sand  biMt  mscliincs,  Fipai^Uy  2  cu.  (t.  of  aand  euh. 

2  paint  ipraj^ng  marhlnps,  one  H  hand  machine  of  %  lal.  ca- 
pacity for  one  operator,   the  other  ot  10  gal,  capaetty  for 

lOOltn.  (t.  ot  Band' Wart  hoes, 

iOOllp.  ft,  oF  pneumatic  hasa  (or  aand  blaaC  macbiSeB. 
*00  lin.  (t.  of  jineumatic  boae  (or  painting  machiuM. 
100  lin.  ft.  of  air  and  paint  ho«e  for  painting  macbineB. 

1-kbaki  halDeiii.  witb  inicB-cw«red  opeoiiagi  for  t^e  nym. 
200  lin,  ft  ,ot  £-in.  galvaniied  iron  pipe. 


SAND  AND  GRAVEL  WASHERS  «53 

Cleaning  by  hand  cost  over  4  cents  per  square  ft.  In  IBIO.  The 
:abor  cost  per  day  of  cleaning  by  machine  is  shown  in  the  follow- 

-ng: 

1  eoEins  Waiai  t  3,W 

1  helper  (id  charge  ol  the  work  and  lending  machines)  ....      2.24 

E  laborarg  on  mschineB  al  tl.76  each 3.E2 

1  laborer  arying  Band,  fllllng  machlDea,  Dl« 1.78 

Total  (1910  figurea)  tlO.B« 

9,000  square  feet  of  surface  were  cleaned  at  a  cost  for  labor 
it  997.6S  and  for  gaaoline  of  91815,  or  at  the  rate  of  less  than 
1!^  cents  per  square  foot;  9,000  square  feet  of  surface  were 
painted  at  a  cost  for  labor  of  $28.la  and  for  gaaoline  of  $3.80, 
or  at  the  rate  of  %  cent  per  square  foot  (1010).  The  intercBt, 
depTeciation  and  repairs  to  plant  would  add  an  inconsiderable 
amount  to  this. 


Mint  Am)  OBATEL  VASHKBS 

A  portable  Sand  and  Gravel  Washing  Hachfne,  rated  bj  the 
manufacturer  at  10  to  12  yd.  per  hr.,  costs  $2,750  f,  o.  b.  Chicago, 
This  machine  is  equipped  with  a  gasoline  engine  and  is  mounted 
on  wheels.  In  operation  the  elevator  carries  the  material  from 
the  ground  level,  spouting  it  into  a  preliminary  scrubber  from 
which  it  goes  into  a  conical  screen  which  removes  the  oversir^, 
producing  one  grade  of  gravel  and  one  of  sand.  The  oversize, 
gravel  and  sand,  are  spouted  from  the  machine  in  separate  chutes. 

A  Patented  Sand  and  Oravel  Washer  consisting  of  a  hopper 
into  which  is  put  the  material  to  be  screened,  and  the  water  for 
washing,  a  screen  made  up  of  several  conical,  nested  screens,  and 
suitable  arrangement  for  driving,  but  not  with  power  equipment, 
coats  aa  follows: 

Oapaoily  in  Approiimate  FrUe 

cu.  jd,  i^er  hr.  weightinlb.  f .  -  "-  "'  — 

20  to  30  ZIOO 


MGoOtjl>J 


SAWS 

S&w  Tables-  A  belt  driven  circular  «aw,  of  a  Bimple  tjpe.  tha 
will  cut  timber  up  to  10  inches  weiglts  300  lb.  for  shipment  ain 
coetB  $3I>.  A  eimilar  saw  with  an  extended  table  that  will  swini 
a  HBw  up  to  30  in.  in  diameter  weighs  330  lb.  and  costs  $32.  An 
other  rig  with  countershaft  weighs  335  lb.  and  costs  $37. 

These  saws  are  primarily  designed  to  cut  up  wood  for  fuel,  biii 
may  also  be  used  for  more  exacting  work  within  certain  limits. 

Portable  Combination  Bwii^  Cnt  Off  and  Kipping  Sawa.  Ar 
outfit  consisting  of  a  complete  adjustable  table,  with  cross  cul 
gauge  and  saw  guard,  ripping  gauge,  mitre  gauge,  saw  dust  guard. 


Fig,  '27ft.     Combination  Swing  Cut-Off  *nd'  Ripping  Machine. 

complete  idler  with  lever  and  brake,  swing  frame  with  idler, 
leather  belt  for  swing  frame,  14  inch  rip  saw,  16  in.  cross  cut  ea«, 
all  mounted  on  yellow  pine  skids,  costs  S265  without  engine  and 
engine  belt.  Complete  outfit  with  5  hp.  gasoline  or  kerosene  en- 
gine, «400. 

An  outfit  similar  to  the  above  with  16-in.  rip  saw  and  2010. 
proas  cut  saw  without  engine  costs  $300.     With  7  hp,  engine,  $5n0. 

An  outfit  similar  to  the  two  above  with  34-in.  rip  saw  and  34'tn. 
654 


roBB  cut  saw  coats  without  engine  $450, 
Jete,  $750. 
Extras  tor  the  above 


A  Universal  Toni  I'nit  to  attach  to  any  of  the  ftlime  raartilncs 
s  composed  of  a  6  in.  jointer  and  guard,  adjuptable  jointer  beds, 
adjuiitable  jointer  gauge,  boring  machine  with  %,  %  and' 1-inch 


Fig.  280.     Portable  Woodworker. 

bits  and  complete  adjustable  sliding  boring  and  sanding  table, 
10  in.  Bander,  mandrel,  and  iron  frame  ready  to  attach  to  the 
awing  frame.     Price  complete  $114. 

A  Portable  Woodworker  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  2S0 
i^oatB  aa  follows: 

1-12  inrh  rip  »w  1  8.25 

1-Htnch  inni  cnl  ■•w 7.91 

1—  g  Inch  dumclrr   dado   far   araoTiiic  and    ralibcttlne, 

■wldlhB^lfl  10  Hi  In.,  depths  up  to  Wi  in RTE 


656        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


1—  «  incb  jointer  oomplete   

1-   S  incl  emery  wbeel  

TO.Ott 

::::::::::::  tS 

1-Wood  saw  table  wilb  ripping  gauge,  combi 
and  cross   cot  gauge  bbw   mandrel 
bait  tightener  with  bbw  guard  

1  —  3  hp.  engine  with  magneto  and  belt  

alion  mitre 
vilb   pulley, 

ioe.s6 

Woodworker  with  li  in.  rip  aaw,   H  in.   croi 

table  Bnd  gancea,  3  bp.  engine  <na 
ii-ioch  band  saw  attacbment  comidele  wilb  on 

BBW  TO.OO 

«B,«I 

Portable  S«w  Bin  Bimilar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig  281  are 
made  in  aeveral  types.  A  rig  designed  for  aawing  pole  or  cord 
wood   consisting   of   an   «)giue   complete   with   batter;    ignition, 


Fig.  281.    Portable  Saw  Rig. 


A  patented  rig  simitar  to  the  above,  arranged  io  that  the 
»aw  attachment  can  be  removed  ao  that  the  engine  can  be  used 
IS  a  portable  costs  as   follows: 


Appraiimate  ihiv- 

ping  welgbt  In  lb. 


Portable  Saw  Kill  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  282  hat  U 
average  enpaoity  of  about  4,000  ft.  per  day  when  operated  with  * 


SAWS ,  , ,  «67 

horee  power  of  (rom  15  to  20.  Wide  ya^i^tJcin  £ri^  this  figure 
is  possihle  depending  on  the  kind  of  wood  cut  and  the  experience 
of   the  crew. 

A  mill  with  a  carria^  16  ft.  b;  2S  in.,  having  a  variable  fric- 
tion feed  with  a  length  of  track  and  ways  of  40  ft.,  weighs 
complete  2,800  lb.,  and  costs  $404.  The  standard  saw  for  this 
machine  is  48  in.  in  diameter  at  a  coat  of  $108  extra. 

Another  saw  mill  with  a  patented  feed  will  swing  a  S2-ia. 
saw.  It  has  a  carriage  20  ft  iy  36  in.,  length  of  tr^ck-56  ft.  It 
wei(fhii  complete  5,550  lb.  and  costs  $713.     e2-in.  saw,  $141. 

A  saw  mill  having  a  20  ft.  by  40  in.  carriage  and  a  66  ft.  track 
weighs  7,500  lb.,  and  coats  $1,170.     Saw  s^mf  as  ,bef9re. 


Fig.  282.    Saw  Mill, 

Ontfiti  for  Cnttlng  oS  Piles  Below  Water  Ltae:  An  elTectine 
arrangement  for  sawing  oH  piles  under  water  is  employed  by 
Whitney  Bros.  Co.,  general  marine  contractors,  Superior,  Wii. 
Their  equipment  consista  of  a  machine  very  similaT  in  appeaninefl 
to  a  amall  swing  pile  driver.  Instead  of  the  drop  hammer  in  tlie 
teada,  there  is  a  3-in.  shaft,-  which  la  raised  and  lowered  by  the 
usual  hoisting  cablex.  The  shaft  runs  throtigh  boxe^i  whicli  .are 
attached  to  guides  which  run  up  and  dnwn  the  leads  according 
to  the  depth  required.  A  12'in.  belt  drives  the  shaft  which  runs 
from  a  drum  on  the  hoisting  engine.  This  engine  also  furnishes  ' 
poWer  for  turning  the  leads  to  the  position  reqnired.  A  '48-iD. 
circular  saw  is  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  The  whole 
equipment  is  usually  mounted  on  a  flat  scow,  at  each  end  of  which 
is  placed  a  steam  winch  which  furnishes  the  motive  power. 

The  procedure,  for  instance  on  an  ore  dock  foandatit»i,  is  to 
start  with  the  leads  swung  in  line  wilh  the  center  of  the  first 
row  of  piling  and  then  proceed  the  length  of  the  row  with  tlM 


658        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQt^npMENT 

use  of  the  steam  wincfaee.  The  mflchiiK  i^  then  swung  around 
and  the  secand  row  in  cvt  off  by  the  eanie  mMbod.  Each  row  in 
turn  is  sawed  olf,  it  being  only  necessary  to  swing  the  driver 
the  distance  required  to  be  in  line  of  the  center  of  each  euu- 
eeeding  row. 

It  has  been  found  that  this  equipment  makes  a  very  accurate 
cut  at  depths  down  as  far  aa  SR  ft.  Tbe  average  capacity  is 
approximately  500  plies  per  10-hour  day.  However,  on  several 
occasions  an  average  run  of  960  piles  and  over  per  day  has  been 
kept  up  for  two  weeks  running.  The  cost  of  cutting  the  piles 
varies,  of  courses,  with  labor  and  material  conditions.  It  ranges 
around  19  ct.  to  50  ct.  per  pile  according  to  depth. 

In  extending  the  ways  at  the  steel  ship  yards  of  the  O.  M. 
Standiter  Co.  at  Vancouver,  Wash.,  last  summer  the  special 
outfit   shown   in   the  drawing  was  employed   for   eawing   off  the 

The  launching  ways  consist  of  3!l  bents  of  piling  of  8  piles 
each,  spread  6  ft.  center  to  center  of  bents.  All  underwater 
bracing  wae  done  by  divers  before  starting  cut-off  operationa. 
At  the  stage  of  river  at  which  the  work  was  to  be  done,  the 
lowest  cut-off  was  some  7  ft.  below  water  level.  The  two  out- 
side rows  of  piling  were  cut  off  by  hand  on  a  grade  parallel  to 
the  required  .true  grade  and  T  ft.  above  it,  thus  bringing  this 
temporary  cut-otT  at  water  surface  at  the  lower  end.  A  12-in  X 
12-in.  cap  was  then  placed  tbe  full  length  of  the  way  on  this 
temporary  cut-off.  This  cap  was  fitted  with  a  3-in.  X  4-in.  atrip 
on  top  to  act  as  a  guide  on  which  the  carriage  support  was  to 
move.     The  remaining  inner  rows  o!  pilii^  were  not  cut. 

The  carriage  support  consisted  ,of  two  lO-in.X  I2-iu.  timbers, 
cross  braced  S  ft.  apart  and  fitted  with  truss  rods  bo  as  to  span 
tbe  space  between  the  two  temporary  caps.  On  these  two  tim- 
bers were  fitted  2-in,  X  2-in.  strips  with  a  2-in.  X  2-in.  angle 
iron  to  s»rve  as  a  rail  for  the  traveling -carriage.  On  the  car- 
riage was  mounted  a  25  h p.  motor  which  drove  the  saw  shaft 
with  a  quarter-turn  belt.  The  saw  shaft  wag  set  square  with 
the  carriage  framing  and  so  varied  from  the  vertical  an  amount 
equal  to  the  grade  angle. 

The  4S-)n.  circular  saw  was  fitted  at  the  lower  end  of  this 
shaft  at  the  elevation  of  7  ft.  below  t^e  temporary  cut'Off  — 
that  is,  so  it  would  cut  on  the  true  grade  line.  A  hand  wind- 
lass with  light  cable  anchored  at  the  ends  of  the  carriage  support 
provided  means  (or  movement  of  the  carriage  transversely.  TIip 
carriage  support  was  pulled  ahead  from  bent  to  bent  bf  cable 
line  from  a  donkey  engine  on  shore. 

In  operating  the  saw  the  carriage  was  moved  to  the  upper  end 


SAWS  659 

of  the  way  with  the  «*w  on  the  lower  aide.  The  dcmkey  line 
skidded  it  aheud  along  the  temporary  caps  to  the  first  bent. 
The  saw  was  started  in  the  center  space  and  cut  the  piling  on 
one  aide  of  the  center  line,  being  fed  through  them  by  the  hand 
windiasa.  The  outside  pile  waa  only  cut  about  three-fourths 
through  on  account  of  its  supporting  the  saw,  Tlie  aaw  was  then 
fed  through  the  piling  at  the  opposite  aide  of  the  center  line, 
and  returned  to  the  center  ready  to  be  skidded  ahead  to  th«,  next 
bent.    The  outside  piles  were  cut  the  remaining  amount  by  hand 


Fig.  283.    CutKjff  Saw  tor  Cutting  off  Piles  below  Water  Line, 

after  the  saw  had  passed  oi'cr.  Caps  were  placed  in  the  usual 
way  by  divers  using  block  and  tackle.  The  lull  equipment  was 
easily  transferreil  to  the  next  way, 

A  distinct  advantage  of  the  saw  cutting  waa  that  it  {ireserved 
a  very  true  and  even  grade  in  spite  of  the  small  irregularities 
in  the  driving  of  piles.  The  time  actually  required  for  cutting 
off  one  way  after  the  preliminary  work  was  done,  waa  about  2Vi 
or  3  hours,  one  way  of  216  pllea  actually  being  done  in  1  hr. 
and  60  min. 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  85 

SCALES 

Portable  Platform  Scales  adapted  to  the  weighing  of  all  kinds 
of  general  merchandiae. 

CapRcIti'  Size  at  pUtform  PrlM 

in  lb,  in  inche*  (.  o.  b.  New  Twk 

600  in  bf  25  tUM 

1000  IS  br  n  auo 

ISOO  22  by  31  44,80 

2SD0  25  br  S4  KM 

Wheelbarrow  Scales  with  rune  on  both  sides  for  wheelbarrows 
and   hand   trucks. 

Capacily  8iie  ot  pUtfonn  Price 

in  lb.  in  inches  t.  o.  b.  New  York 

IDOO  42  bv  3«  |T«.W 

2000  44  bj  35  »6.0D 

Steelyard  or  Welghinaster's  Beam  with  a.  capacity  of  2,000 
lb.  beam  7  tt.  10  in.  long,  weighing  1E7  lb,  coats  87fl  f^.b.  New 
York. 

Track  Scale  for  weighing  of  material  in  smalt  cars  with  i 
capacity  of  4  tons  weighs  about  820  lb.  and  coats  $112  f,o.b. 
New  York, 

Cost  of  Track  Scalts,*  On  the  New  York  Central  a  100-ton 
tratk  scale,  42  ft.  long,-  cost  as  follows,  in  11)02 : 

BcBlea  and  materials    fl.TSO.OO 

Labor  ft40.0« 

■ttrtal    ..-..'. (8,400.00 

8.7  tons  mita  (rdajerB),  at  ISO t  174.00 

.    ,16  lies  at»,»  ..-■. ■.., - ».«> 

Siscellaoeos*  material  ., -.---j WO.OO 

ibor  lading  tract,  etc 70.00 

.'  ';.Wnd  toM   , !'..-„,: itioM 

No  piles  were  usied  In  foiindation. 

The  cost  of  SOlon   track  scales,  42  ft.  long,  on  the  Northern 
Paciflc,  in   1890,  averaged  as  follows; 
■Hand  Booli  of  Cbst  Data,  b;  H.  P.  Qillette. 
660 


SCALES  t 

Scam,  dsliiertd   I   G8O.0O 

Other  DwUrislB   170.00 

Labor  (HTBtoMOO)  S6O.O0 

ToUl (I.OOO.OO 

The  coBt  of  80-toii  track  acalea,  SO  ft.  long,  in  1905,  was 
follows: 

8ii*1m  and  mal«i»la  11,260.00 

Labor  (tSOO  ta  t700> SGO.OO 

TUtal |l,»0O.0O 


,C(K)t(l>J 


SECTION  86 

8CABIFIER8 

A  Bcarifler  illiistTftt«d  by  Fig.  284  in  so  designed  that  it  ma 
be  ete«red  independently  of  the  hauling  engine  and  can  tur 
around  in  its  own  tracks.  The  t«eth  can  be  lowered  or  lifte 
instantly  by  a  lever  and  the  angle  at  which  they  enter  th 
ground  can  be  adjusted  to  suit  conditions.  It  may  be  haulC' 
by  a  road  roller  of  10  t»»B  or  more  and  two  men,  one  on  Ih 
Teller  and  one  guiding  the  scarifier  constitute  the  crew.  Thi 
machine  costs  $700  f.o.b.  Chicago. 


Fig.   2B4.    Scarifier. 

A  pneumatie  scarifier  for  attachment  to  a  motor  road  rollei 
consists  of  a  cylinder  attached  to  the  rear  of  the  roller  fratw 
and  is  operated  by  air  pressure  from  the  storage  tanks.  He 
teeth  are  forced  downward  by  the  air  pressure  on  the  piston. 
The  air  is  supplied  by  a  small  eompressor  mounted  on  the  engine 
cylinder  and  operated  by  the  engine  from  the  crank  shaft.  Thii 
attachment  coets  $1,100  f.o.b.  Chicago.  A  similar  attachment 
for  a   steam   roller  operated   by   steam  costs  $700. 

A  scarifier  for  attachment  to  a  steam  roller  weighs  1,1511  lb. 
and  coets  $460. 

Another  type  of  scarifier,  built  on  the  same  general  lines  as  t 


SCARIFIERS  683 

road  machine,  uid  klBO  fitted  with  a  grader  blade,  has  5  rooter 
teeth  on  10  inch  ceiit«re,  the  width  of  the  blade  is  0  ft.,  the 
weight  is  approximately  8,400  lb.;  price  $1,600  S.  o.  b.  Cliicago. 

The  fotlowing  is  the  cost  of  ripping  up  pavement  by  htuid  com- 
pared with  the  cost  of  doing  this  by  machine. 

30  men  with  piekg  b1  K.OO  per  imf t     40.00 

8lmr(*nlnf  il  picks  «  10  ct. 8.00 

ForcBUUi     3,00 

Owt  per  day  for  ITO  ft.  of  rMd  16  ft.  «id>  t     Gl.OO 

Oo«t  pur  mile   I1.68S.00 

,    The  coat  by  machine  was  as  follows: 

Operator  on  machine  - f  t^SQ 

Sharpenine   picka SJO 

vafi'eS^..'..'.y.]^'.'.'.\['.y.'.'.'.]'.'.'.'.i[i['.'.'.i'.'.'.^'.'.\'.y.'.'.'.'.'.[i'.  aim 

Bent  o[  roller  W.OO 

Com  per  day  for  1818(1.  at  rtMd  It  H.  wide  ...- 126.00 

Cost  per  mile  (67.00 


SCBAPIXS 

(See  Grading  Machines,  page  388) 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  88 

SGILEENS 
(See  Crushers.) 

Ordinary  sand  and  coal  screens  cost  from.  Sft  to  $18  each. 

A  make  of  revolving  screen  mounted  on  a  wooderi  frame  and 
furnished  with  shafting',  gears,  etc.,  but  no  power,  is  made  in 
two  standard  diameters.  Any  practical  length  or  number  of 
sizing   sections   ma;   be   had.     The   following   are   the   prices   of 


Screens  in  permanent  plants  should  be  made  of  the  beet  steel, 
A  carbon  steel   screen  of   %-in.   plate,  after  handling   10,000  to 


Fig.   285.     Wagon   Side   Screen.  ' 

14,000  yards  of  crushed  trap  rock,  was  reduced  to  ^  inch  at  the 
point  where  the  chute  delivered  it.  The  holes  had  been  enlarged 
from  I^ig  inches  to  1i?4b  inches,  and  from  2H  inches  to  2"«^ 
inches.     A   ^-inch   rolled   manfianeae  steel  plate  screen   replaced 


the  first  screen,  and  after  handling  10,000  cuhic  jards  showed  Do 
appreciable  wear. 

Another  make  of   screens   mounted  on   frames  with   no  power 
costs   ae   follows: 


iZ  Qrv  driT«B  16  597 

61  Roller  driven  20  l.SW 

ID  Roller  drtren  24  E,SOO 

The  above  screens  ma;  be  had  in  other  lengths  than  thoSe  In- 
dicated  at   corresponding   prices. 

Wagon  Side  Screen.  A  screen  illustrated  by  Fig.  283  was 
described  in  Engineering  flevis-Recorii  hj  Donald  A.  Thomas. 

The  screpn  is  supported  by  props  and  by  one  siile  of  the  wagon 
being  loaded.  Using  the  ordinary  mason's  screen,  the  cost  of 
this  work  averaged  alwrnt  44  ct.  per  yd.  for  the  screened  product, 
including  loading.  About  oiie-thJrd  of  the  material  handled  was 
waste.  By  throwing  the  material  against  the  wagoD  screen, 
allowing  the  waste  to  drop  to  the  ground  and  the  screened 
gravel  to  roll  into  the  wagon,  the  cost  given  was  cut  to  about 
22  ct.  per  yard. 

The  screen  used  was  3  ft,  wide,  and  the  length  of  the  dump 
wagon  about  0  ft.  The  frame  is  made  of  2  x  4-in.  .scantling 
with  two  croas-hraces  of  the  same  material.  It  is  covered  witnl 
screen  wire  having  14"in.  to  l^-in.  mesh,  which  gives  a.  satisfactory 
product.  The  angle  at  which  the  screen  is  set  can  be  varied  to 
suit  the  material  being  dug.  The  lower  edge  of  the  screen  le 
provided  with  hooks  to  hang  on  the  side  boards  of  the  wagon, 
while  the  other  side  of  the  screen  is  supported  by  posts  hinged 
on  t)oltB  to  the  edge  of  the  frame. 


■.,G(.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  SB 
SHOVELS 

There  IB  not  much  difference  in  coat  between  a  poor  shovel  anf 
a  good  one  and  this  difference  is  quickly  made  up,  with  the  u» 
of  a  good  ahovel,  in  the  added  life  and  the  increase  in  thi 
material  handled  over  that  of  the  poor  type.  For  each  particu 
Ur  kind  of  work  there  is  a  shovel  deaigned  which  is  best  suited 
to  produce  the  most  work  with  a  given  effort.  Id  esoavating 
a  long  handled  shovel  is  generally  to  be  preferred  and  it  shouli 
be  of  a  type  having  the  handle  nearly  parallel  to  the  blade 
For  loose  material  a  square  pointed  shovel  is  better  than  s 
round  pointed  one.  as  more  material  can  be  handled  with  it  than 
with  the  round,   using  practically  the  same  effort. 

In  unloading  material  from  a  steel  car  a  pointed  end  ahovel 
is  beat  to  start  the  work.  After  the  bottom  of  the  car  has  been 
reached  the  square  pointed  shovel  is  the  best  to  use.  This  type 
of  shovel  should  have  a  bend  near  the  blade  so  that  the  ahovel 
can  be  gripped  close  to  the  load,  which  will  add  to  the  ease  of 
shoveling. 

In  mixing  concrete  on  a  platform  a  square  pointed  shovel  i^ 
to  be  preferred.  A  shovel  for  this  purpose  should  have  a  Ion 
rib   so  that  the   material   will   not  stick   to  the   blade 

A  shovel  for  packing  the  concrete  in  forms  should  not  ban 
much  rib  that  may  hecome  clogged.  A  perforated  shovel  is  good 
for  this  USB  but  it  should  be  carefully  cleaned  as  the  concrete 
will  harden  and  fill  up  the  perforations.  It  it  hardens,  the 
shovel  is  liable  to  break  when  hit  to  dislodge  the  concrete. 

Concrete  Facing  Spades  with  long  handles  and  perforated 
blades  cost  about  $22.80  per  doz.  with  handles  4%   ft.   long. 

Concrete  Shovel*  with  hollow  back  and  square  point,  D  handler. 
cost  $24,70  per  doz. 

Ore   Shovels  with   hollow  back   and  D   handle  cost   $24.70   per 

Back  Strap  and  Hollow  Back  round  and  square  point  shovels 
cost  from  822. SO  to  S24.40  per  doz. 
Back  Strap  and  Hollow  Back  Scoops  cost  from  $24.70  to  $27-10 

Breakdown  Sooopa  cost  from  $28.50  to  $30.90  per  doz. 


SHOVELS  807 

T«l«Erftpli  Post  Hol«  Shovels  cost  abont  ^4  per  doz.  with 
i-ft.  handles. 

TeI«Kraph  TmI  Hale  Spoons  with  8-ft.  handles  coat  about 
124  per  dozen. 

A  Stvd7  of  ShoTeUng  as  Applied  to  Mining.  The  following 
Lot*B  from  a  paper  by  G.  Townserd  ITarley  in  the  Bulletin  vf  the 
Itnericatt  Itutitvle  of  Mining  Engineer*  are  quoted  here  nith 
:ern  admiration   for   their  scientific  value  and  scholarly  presen- 

Stoping  methoda  in  which  ahoveliii^  plays  an  important  part 
ire  gradually  being  replaced  by  other  and  cheaper  methods. 
iiit  there  will  always  be  considerable  shoveling  done  under- 
jround  in  Btopea  as  well  as  in  dritta,  tunneln,  winzes,  and  shafts. 
it  the  mines  of  the  Phelps-Dodge  Corporation  at  Tyrone,  N.  M., 
.lie  cost  of  slioveling  in  all  stopes  in  1917  amounted  to  24  ct 
ler  T.  In  the  top-slice  stopes  for  the  same  period,  it  coat 
n  rt.  per  T.  or  ie%  of  the  total  cost  of  theae  stopes.  The 
.onnage  for  shovelers  from  all  stoping  was  0.3  T.  per  inan, 
■  nd  for  top-slicing  8.2  T.  per  man.  These  atopes  were  not 
jnduly  hot,  and  there  was  not  more  than  the  usual  amount  of 
timber  to   interfere  with  the  work  of  the  men. 

The  tonnagea  obtained  per  ahoveler  were  considered  low;  first, 
lecause  of  a  poor  grade  of  Mexican  labor,  many  of  the  men  hav- 
ing come  in  from  ratlroad  grading  camps;  and  serond,  because 
i\  a  poor  spacing  of  raises,  eapecially  in  the  top-slice  atopes, 
»here,  in  geni>nil,  they  were  spaced  25  ft.  by  68  ft.  centers, 
rhe  average  wage  per  laborer  ahift  was  $2  67  during  the  year. 
it  waa  thouglit,  however,  that  even  under  theae  conditions  the 
men  were  not  producing  the  tonnage  that  they  should,  and  with 
the  poQpent  of  the  management,  the  writer,  undertook  to  deter- 
nine  how  the  general  efficiency  of  tlie  underground  shoveling 
^ould  he  improved. 

ftellminary  Work.  As  a  first  step,  several  weeks  were  spent 
uodergroiind  makiiig  a  general  survey  of  the  Held  and  making 
time  studies  on  various  men,  in  order  to  see  what  points  would 
need  to  be  determined  for  a  full  consideration  of  the  subject, 
rhe  following  factors  wertf  soon   iccognii^ed : 

1.  The  type,  weight,  size,  and  deeign  of  sliovel  giving  the 
zreatest  shift  tonnage  without  too  much  wear  and  tear  on  the 
man  would  have  to  be  determined,  Tliia  work  would  also  de- 
termine the  point  at  which  a  shovel  should  be  discarded  as  worn 
out. 

2.  A  standard  of  comparison  would  be  necessary  if  the  ill 
pITecls  of  mine  air,  powder  gas  and  smoke,  temperature,  humidity, 
and  poor  light  were  to  he  estimated. 


888,       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

3.  The  layout  and  spacing  of  cbutes  would  Imve  to  be  atndini 
with  regard  to  their  effect  on  ahoveliog  directl;  into  the  chute)', 
or  loading  into  wbeelbarTowB  or  car»  aitd  tranuuing  to  them. 
This  work  would  determine  the  proper  distance  at  whic^  shovel- 
ijig  into  a.  chute  should  leave  off  and  loading:  into  a  wheelbarrow 
or  car  be  taken  up..  The  information  would  also  be  of  ver; 
great  use  in  pl&nning  the  development  of  a  slope. 

Table    1. — Weiqhtb  and  Volume  of  Bboken  Qbk 


*ll 

l£ 

P 

a" 

s 

f 

i 

.0683  307 

0G«  327 


U  ■  ill 

D.OMC  471 


4.  Hindrancea  to   work   such  i 


timber  standing   in   line  of 


results 


throw  or  very  closely  apaced,  men  and  supplies  passing  back 
and   forth  through  working  apace,  etc. 

6.  Manner  of  placing  the  shovelers  to  obtain  n 
from  them,  number  of  men  in  one  wording  plac 
working   place   required   per   man. 

6.  The  hours  of  actual  work  and  the  cause  and  amount  of 
delays,  such  aa  shoveler   interrupted  to  help  in  other  work,  etc 

7.  Tlie  capacity  of  a  man  for  work  as  the  day  progresses. 

8.  Proper  rest  periods  for  men  to  maintain  maximum  efflciencj. 

9.  Best  means  for   instructing  men   and   supervision   work. 
At  the  time  this  work  was  started,  three  types  of  shovels  wer( 

in  general  use  at  the  mines;  a  No.  2  scoop,  used  principally  bj 
contractors  in  development  work,  but  favored  by  some  of  lb* 
shift  bosses  tor  use  in  the  stopes;  a  No.  2  or  a  No.  3  aquare-poiDl 


3 

"^■.Wr' 

1 

i     1 

1^ 


^1 


W.P.  =  Weglarn  Pattern  Scoop. 

D-handle  ahovel  for  shoveling  off  of  a  mat  in  the  stopea;  and 
a  No.  2  round-point  long-handle<  shovel, .  for  scraping  down  a 
muck  pile,  shoveling  .pff  of  a  rough  boilom,  cleaning  up,  etc. 
The  first  task  was  t«  determine  the  average  load  that  the  various 
tfpea  and  Bizea  of  shovels  i^quI^  handle,  in  order  to  be  a,ble  to 
deterqitine  whether  the  21-1^.  load,  aa  advocated  by  Br,  Taylor, 
applied  to  underground  work  as  well  as  to  the  surface  work,  and 
whether  it  was  the.  best  load  for  the  average  Mexican  laborer  of 
the  Southwest'  These  average  rapacities  were  obtained  by 
repeatedly  shoveling  a  weighed  pile  of  ore  with  each  of  the 
Bbov«la  and  counting  the  number  of  shovel  loads  required  to 
move  it.  Table  1  gives  the  number  of  cubic  Inches  of  ore  in 
»  21-lb  load,  for  ore  breaking  to  different  volumes  per  ton; 
and  Table  2  gives  the  sizes  and  types  of  shovels  that  will  average 


070        HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

up  to  an;  given  content.  Owing  to  the  variety  of  conditioOB  in 
underground  tilioveling,  bucIi  as  the  material  of  which,  the  ehov- 
itling  jilatfarm  h  made,  whether  of  wood,  iron,  or  natur&l  bot- 
tom: the  unsized  material  Hhoveted;  and  the  amount  of  moisture 
in  the  ore,  caueing  it  to  be  sticky  at  times;  these  average  shovel 
capacities  ware  found  not  lo  accord  with  actual  practice,  except 
over  test  periods  of  long  duration;  for  short  periods  the;  would 
vary  as  much  as  %  lb.  from  the  average,  while  single  shovel 
loads  would  vary  as  mui-h  as  3  lb.  For  Burro  Mountain  ore. 
the  tables  show  that  it  requires  a  specially  made  shovel  with  a 
10-  by  t3-in.  hUde  to  hold  the  Z-l-lb.  load,  or  363  cu.  in.  In 
practice,  however,  we  are  ui'ing  at  the  present  time  a  No.  4 
square-point  shovel  holding  373  cu.  in.  and  a  No.  5  round-point 
shovel  holding  340  cu.  in. 

During  the  period  of  preliminary  work,  it  was  discovered  that 
the  work  of  a  shovelcr  can  be  classifled  into  the  following 
divisions,  each  susceptible  to  comprehensive  study  and  analysis, 
and  to  each  of  which  can  be  given  a  definite  relative  time  value. 

Time  spent  actually  shoveling,  which  may  he  divided  into: 
Penetrating  mass,  lifting  mass,  throwing  mass,  and  return  to 
start  of  first  motion. 

Time  spent  picking  down,  considered  as  a  rest. 

Tramming   and   dumping  time,   with    wheelbarrow   or    car. 

Time  spent  resting,  divided  into:  Definite  rest  periods  and 
delays   due    to   interferences,    blasting,   men    and    supplies    pass- 

Timo  spent  other  than  in  shoveling,  not  counted  in  shoveling 
time,  but  included  delays  before  starting  to  work,  lunch  period, 
quitting  early  at  end  of  shift,  and  time  spent  on  other  work, 
helping   mai'hine  man,   timbermen,  etc. 

By  studying  each  motion  separately,  it  was  possible  to  estab- 
lish a  standard  time  for  each  and,  cotisequently,  A  standard  of , 
performance  for  the  whole.  It  was  possible,  also,  to  discover 
which  were  the  most  tiring  motions  and  how  each  was  afTected  by  . 
length  nf  lime  worked,  length  and  distribution  of  rest  periods,  ' 
size  of  shovel,  design  of  shovel,  and  length  of  throw. 

It  was,  of  course,  impoKsihlc  to  tiutc  all  the  motions  made  with  | 
any  one  shovelful;  consequently  these  figures  had  to  be  obtained 
in  rotation,  each  figure  set  down  on  the  sheet  being  an  ayenge 
of  10  consecutive  readings.  All  delays  and  rest  periods  wer* ' 
timed  and  all  wheelbarrow  and  car  loads  counted.  As  a  check 
on  the  tonnage  handled,  a  record  was  made  of  the  number  ofj 
shovelfuls  making  up  a  load,  the  average  capacity  of  the  showl 
and  of  the  wheelbarrow  or  car,  an  estimate  was  made  of  the  ton- 
nage in  the  original  pile  and,  in  many  rasea,  the  tonnage  dram 


out  of  the  chute  into  which  the  man  was  Bhoveling  of  dutaping 
the  ore. 

InTCStleattoni  Hade  on  Snitaoe,  In  order  to  obtain  some 
standard  of  compariBon  for  the  underground  work,  some  of  the 
mine  ehovelers  were  brought  to  the  surface  and  a  record  made 
of  their  work  under  ideal  condttionB;  that  is,  with  good  air, 
good  light,  no  timber  to  interfere,  stead;  shoveling  for  various 
lengths  of  time,  and  standard  lengths  of  throw  for  the  muck. 
A  platform  was  built  on.  the  aide  of  the  mine-waate  dump, 
about  12  It.  below  the  yard  level,  with  a  slide  from  the  track 
above  80  arranged  that  no  matter  what  quantity  of  mock  was  in 
the  elide  the  toe  of  the  pile  was  always  in  the  same  place  on  the 
platform  and  the  ahoveler  did  not  have  to  move  up  as  shoveling 
progressed.  At  several  places  on  the  platform,  trap  doors  were 
installed  so  as  to  obtain  any  desired  length  of  throw  into  what 
corresponded  to  a  ehute  in  the  mine.  The  muck  thrown  through 
these  doors  rolled  down  the  side  of  the  waste  dump,  out  of 
the  way,  so  that  the  opening  was  always  clear.  A  track  was 
laid  along  the  side  of  the  dump  at  the  platform  level,  so  that 
testa  oould  be  conducted  in  which  the  shoveler  loaded  the  mudc 
into  a  car,  which  he  then  had  to  tram  a  distance  uf  about 
100   ft.,   dump,   and   return  to   the   muck   pile   again. 

Tests  were  carried  on  for  2  mo.,  thiee  different  shovelerg, 
taken  from  the  mines,  being  observed.  Each  of  these  men  'was 
warned  that  he  bad  to  work  at  Iuh  best  speed,  all  during  the 
job,  but  that  fae  was  not  to  overtax  himself.  He  was  told  that 
when  he  became  tiled  he  was  to  tako  a  few  momenta  rest;  as  it 
uaa  better  for  him  to  rest  at  intervals  than  to  try  to  work  all 
the  time,  at  the  expense  of  speed  and  capacity. 

SbovellnK  Directly  Into  a  Chute.  All  u(  the  underground 
shoveling  testa  may  be  classitled  under  one  of  three  headings, 
shoveling  directly  into  chutes,  shoveling  into  wheelbarrows  and 
tramming  to  chutes,,  and  shoveling  into  ears  and  tramming  to 
chutes.  Each  of  these  seriea  was  conducted  independently  of  the 
others,  and  was  complete  in  itself..  The  men  undej  observation 
worked  for  periods  varying  f lom  I  to  8  hr ,  and  for  each  length 
of  job  they  threw  or  trammed  the  muck  over  a  wide  range  of 
disiances,  with  various, types  and  sii:es  uf  shovels.  In  all  the 
underground  tests,  the  work  was  doAe  under  the  actual  mining  , 
conditions,  with  the  one  pjcception  that  the  men  were  always 
under  observatioD  and  consequently  were  working  at  a  good 
speed  for  the  full  period  of  the  teat.  In  no  case  did  the  men 
overtax  thtmselves  and.  we  feci  confident  that  all  tonnages  ob- 
tained and  indicated,  oi)  the  charts  are  easily  obtainable  by  a 
good,   ifitt   not   wcceptional,   Alexiean   laborer    after   he   has   been 


672 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


properly  instructed,  and  under  close  and  intelligent  superviBion. 

It  Hoon  became  evident  that  the  great  majority  of  shovels  be- 
inji  tested  were  not  Kuitablc  for  efficient  work,  and  although  wc 
continued  to  work  with  them  to  some  extent,  we  have  charted  only 
the  V'ork  of  the  No.  4  shovel,  which  handles  the  21 -lb.  load, 
togetlier  with  the  No  2  scoop,  which  was  held  in  high  esteem 
by  many  of  the  men  in  the  operating  department.  In  each  of  tlie 
charts,  the  results  obtained  during  the  surface  tests  are  plotted 
alongside  of  corresponding  results  from  underground,  in  order  to 
accentuate  the  adverse  effects  of  underground  conditions  on 
shoveling  capacity. 

In  Fig.  286  will  be  found  the  number  of  shovels  per  minute 
thrown  into  a  chute  at  a  distance  of  S  ft.  from  the  ore  pile  for 


Fig.  286.     Effect  of  Length  of  Job  o 
per   Minute. 


Number  of  Shovels 


jobs  varying  iu  length  from  1  to  S  hr.  In  all  of  these  charts,  the 
length  of  job  should  be  understand  to  mean  the  total  working 
time,  and  when  it  is  said  that  the  length  is  4  hr.,  the  man  v/m 
actually  occupied  at  shoveling  ore  for  4  hr,,  and  then  his  work 
was  Gnishcd.  All  points  on  tbe  curves  are  corrected  averages 
tor   the   time   periods  to   which  they   correspond. 

In  connection  with  Fig.  280,  the  following  facta  will  be  noted: 
Tor  all  lengths  of  Job,  the  number  of  shovels  per  minute  U 
greater  with  the  No  4  shovel  than  with  the  No.  2  scoop.  Both 
on  the  surface  and  underground,  the  speed  of  shoveling  decreawa 
more  rapidly  Vith  the  scoop  than  with  the  shovel,  as  the  len^tb 
of  the  job  increases.  A  man  working  with  a  scoop  underground 
can  perform  at  only  72%  of  hit  speed  on  surface  for  8  hr.  while 
with  a  No.  4  shovel,  he  can  work  at  82%  of  his  surface  spe«(t.  , 
Tlie  percentage  reduction  in  speed  between  surface  and  under- 
ground work  is  the  measure,  in  part,  of  the  effect  of  mine  air, 


SHOVELS  673 

xiwder  gas  and  amoke,  temperature,  humidity,  and  poor  light, 
Under  the  eamo  condition  of  work,  tbe  ditTerence  in  apeed  lie- 
;ween  the  No,  4  shovel  and  the  No.  2  scoop  ia  due  to  the  dif- 
ference in  the  load  handled.  For  short  lengths  oE  time,  the  dif- 
'erence  in  working  speed  between  a  scoop  and  a,  shovel  is  so 
imall  that,  disregarding  rest  periods,  the  ecoop  is  a  slightly 
greater  tonnage  mover  than  the  nhovel ;  but  for  longer  periods, 
.he  difference  in  apeed  is  such  that  the  shovel  with  its  smaller 
:apacity  moves  more  muck  than  tbe  scoop. 

Fig.  287  indicates  the  manner  in  wliith  the  length  of  throw 
will  affect  the  speed  of  the  shoveler.  The  decrease  in  shoveling 
speed  on  the  surface  amounts  to  an  average  of  2.5%  for.  every 
distance  thrown  in   the  case  of  the  scoop,  and 


Fig.  287.    Effect  of  Distance  Tlirown  on  Number  of  Shovels 
per  Minute. 

l.S%  for  the  No.  4  shovel.  Underground,  the  working  speed  is 
decreased  more  rapidly,  being  respectively  4.4%  and  3.2%  per 
foot  increase  in  throw.  The  rate  of  decrease  in  shoveling  speeil, 
both  on  the  surface  and  underground,  ia  greater  for  the  heavily 
loaded  scoop  than  for  the  shovel. 

To  And  the  average  shoveling  speed  for  any  length  of  job  and 
for  any  dletance  that  the  ore  has  to  l)e  thrown,  the  number  of 
ehovels  per  minute  for  a  throw  of  8  ft.,  for  the  proper  period, 
can  be  obtained  from  Fig.  286;  this  ran  be  increased  or  dimin- 
ished by  the  proper  percentage  obtained  from  Fig.  287,  depend- 
ing on  whether   the  distance   is  less  or  greater  than   8  ft. 

Fig  288  shows  the  amount  of  rest  required  (or  shoveling  jobs 
of  various  lengths.  The  scoop  again  has  a  negative  effect  both 
on  surface  and  underground,  causing  a  man-to  use  up  more  time 
in  resting  than  with  a  No.  4  shovel.  The  rest  period,  as  con- 
liidered  here,  is  made  up  of  the  time  consumed  in  delays,  the 


074        HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

time  actually  spent  in  resting,  during  which  the  man  may  smoki 
a  cigarettt!  and  sit  down  for  a  few  minutes,  and  the  time  ueed  jn 
looseaing  the  muck  pil«,  scraping  up  the  dirt  on  the  Bhovelin; 
plat,  or  doing  other  light  work,  not  actually  shoveling,  bul 
doaely  rehited  to  it. 


Tig.  288.     Rest  Period  Required  for  Various  Lengths  of  Job. 

Over  a  long  period  it  was  possible  to  demonstrate  the  feasibility 
at  accurately  determining  the  percentage  of  the  worliing  day  tliDt 
%  man  will   actually  devote  to  shoveling.     The  working   day  at 


Fig.  289.     Average  Tonnage  Shoveled  per  Hour  for  Any 
Length   of  Job. 

the  Burro  Mountain  mines  is  8  hr.,  ^  hr,  of  nhirh  is  giif* 
up  to  the  lunrli  period,  leaving  7^  hr.  as  the  total  pMsibli 
working  time  It  was  found  that  of  this  TA  hr,,  the  mM 
actually  worked  at  shoveling  for  82,5%  of  the  time,  or  for  6  lit. 


SHOVELS 


675 


^Dd  12  min.,  ana  on  all  tbe  charts  involving  time,  thia  partieu- 
^r  leng^  of  job  has  been  designated  by  a  special  lioe.  The 
Remainder  of  IJie  possible  working  time,  or  17.5%,  is  spent  on 
pttier  work,  quitting  early  for  lunch  or  to  leave  the  mine  or 
commencing   to   work  late  at   besinning  of  the   shift  or  after 


Fig.  290.    Comparison  of  Worker  of  N'o.  2  Scoop  and  No.  4  Shovel 

Fig.  289  gives  the  average  tonnage  per  hour  to  be  expected  of 
a,  man  throwing  the  muck  a  distance  of  8  ft.  over  any  period 
»f  time;  and  Fig,  290  given  the  total  tonnage  shoveled  for  any 
period,  over  the  same  distance. 

Fig.  201  shows  how  the  time  of  shoveling  one  shovelful  of 
ore  is  influenced  by  the  length  of  the  job,  with  the  length  of 
throw  remaining  constant.    In  chart  B,  tbe  total  time  of  handling 


678       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

one  ehovelfu)  of  muck  has  been  divided  into  its  ci>mpoiient 
movements.  Tbo  lines  representing  the  work  of  penetrating  masB, 
lifting  mass,  and  return,  show  a  eonsttiiit  increase  as  the  length 
of  job  increases.  The  actual  increase  in  the  time  of  each  move- 
ment is  not  due  so  much,  we  tliink,  to  a  decrease  in  the  speed 
of  making  th«  move,  which  probably  is  fairly  conetant,  as  it  ii 
to  an  ever- increasing  period  of  rett  taken  at  the  beginning  and 
end  of  each  movement,  which,  however,  was  too  short  to  be  ac- 
curately timed.  Throwing  mass  is  not  influenced  as  much  as  the 
other  moves,  as  the  muck  must  be  thrown  along  a  definite  path, 
which  is  limited  to  distance  and  height,  and  hence  a  constant 
speed  must  be  maintained  to  carry  it  over. 


Fig.  291.    Time  Consumed  in  Handling  One  Shovelful  of 
Muck  with  No.  4  Shovel  Underground. 

The  reader  will  be  well  repaid  by  a  careful  study  of  Fig. 
290  and  the  following  points  should  be  noted: 

1.  The  diHerence  in  tonnage  bandied  by  the  same  shovel,  on 
the  surface  and  underground,  for  any  length  of  job,  is  the 
measure  of  the  bad  effects  of  underground  conditions.  For  » 
Job  of  G  hr.  and  12  min.,  with  a  No.  4  shovel,  the  underground 
work  is  20.5%  less  than  on  surface. 

2.  The  difl'erence  between  the  amounts  shoveled  with  the  No. 
2   scoop   and   the   No.    4   shovel,   under   same   conditions,   is   th^ 

>  of   the  effect  of   the   difference   in  load  handled  by  the 


3.  Each  line  on  this  chart  showa  a  peek  at  some,  particular 
length  of  job,  and  the  total  tonnage  shoveled  for  any  greater 
period  than  this  is  actually  less.  The  point  at  which  this  pe^ 
occurs  should  be  termed  the  "economic  shoveling  day,"  and  » 
company  should  not  require  its  men  to  work  at  shoveling  uf 
longer   than   this,   except   in   emergency   cases.  I 


SHOVELS  677 

4.  The  presen<:e  of  thle  p«ak  accords  with  the  experience  of 
mBLiiy  superintend  eats  and  managers,  who  state  that  their  men  do 
more  work  in  an  8-hr,  day  than  thej  did  on  an  old  10-hr.  baaiB. 

5.  The  "  economic  shoveling  day "  is  about  G^^  hr.,  with  a 
No.  2  Bcoop  on  the  surface,  and  6^  hr.  underground.  With  a 
Xa.  4  shovel,  on  the  surface  S  hr.  is  about  the  proper  length  of 
day,  while  underground  6^  hr.  seems  to  be  about  correct.  As 
the  men  actually  shovel  only  61^  hr.  per  day  on  an  average  and 
as  their  oilier  work  is  gKnerallj  of  a  very  tight  nature,  the  9-hr. 
dAy  -with  the  correctly  proportioned  shovel  is  prohahly  the  best; 
but   ff'illt  a  scoop  it  is  certainly  too  long. 

6.  For  work  on  the  surface,  on  jobs  lasting  longer  than  4% 
hr.,  the  N'o.  4  shovel  is  superior  to  the  scoop.  Undei^ound  the 
No.  4  shovel  demonstrates  its  Buperiority  for  jobs  longer  than 
S%  hr.  The  scoop  then  may  be  considereii  as  a  task  shovel  for 
short-time  johs,  but  even  here,  its  value  is  only  slightly  greater 
than  the  No.  4  shovel,  ijesides  tiring  the  man  so  that  he  is  unfit 
tor  other  work  when  the  shoveling  task  is  finished.  There  is  also 
the  additional  danger  of  having  some  nten  continually  trying 
to  use  the  Bcoop  for  the  fuH  shift,  thinking  that  the  amount 
of  work  (and  hence  the  amount  of  pay  in  the  caae  of  contract 
and  bonus  systems)   is  greater  as  the  sine  of  the  shovel  increases. 

The  following  formulas  show  the  manner  in  which  use  is  made 
of  the  figures  preeented  in  the  preceding  diagrams: 

Let  W  =  weight  of  load  on  shovel,  in  pounds; 
N  ^  number  of  shovels  per  minute; 
P  —  per  cent,  of  time  actually  shoveling; 
L  =  length  of  job,   in  minutes; 
T  —  total  tonnage  shoveled; 

n  =  number  of  shovels  per  minute  for  an  8-U.  throw; 
P  =  per  cent,  increase  or  decrease  due  to  various  lengths 
of  throw; 

TF  X  y  X  P  XL 

■ — .=  T  JV  =  m(I.OO±p) 


Erajnjrf.  1,— What  will  b»  th« 


»  th«  total  tonnagB  handled,  uaine  a  211b.  load 
ft..  unde^gTonnd.  for  a  job  ot  It  nr.  duratioof 


Chart  B,  Fig.  St,  ahoua  Uut  for  5  hr.  a  nMO  will  AYOagi  1( 
minute,  and  Chart  B,  Pig,  2SS,  showa  that  "  -■"  -  -  ■ 
of  ibe  S  br.  period,  theroforor 

21  X  10.1  X  0.7S  X  300 


BzampU  2.— Wbat  will  be  thf  total  tonnsf-e  handled,  nsing  a  £l-lb.  loal 

I. ,      ,1. :-^    ... ,t    ,.      .... J      .._    J   joh   g(    f    ^j     jp„..— . 

in  throir  a  digtance 


shovel,  throwing  tbe  ore  15  ft.  underjroundT  lor  a  joii  o(  *°hr.  dnratioi 
Chart  B,  Fig,  7St  ihowa  that  tor  «  hr.  -   -'"  "- " * 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

the  rale  of  M  thuicls  per  minute,   Cbmrt  B,   Fig.  2n,   ihoi 

(ing  the  distsnce  to  16  ft.  reducea  the  c»pMity  by  27,1%,  th* 

Jtf  ~  n(l.«0±p)  =3.6a.0O  — 0^<)  =  J; 


SbOTelUiK  into  a  Wlieell»rrow.  The  diarte  preiented  in  this 
BerieB,  Figs.  292  to  205,  follow  bb  closely  as  possible  the  aeries  just 
digeussed,  but  offer  only  the  results  obtained  with  the  No.  4 
D-hB.ndle  shovel.  It  was  soon  discovered  that  a  throw  of  3  ft. 
to  the  wheelbarrow  gave  the  best  results  as  far  as  number  of 
shovels   per   minute   and   rest    periods    required   were   concerned, 


Fig.  202.     Effect  of  Length  of  Job  on  Number  of  Shovels 
per   Minute, 


and  in  all  subsequent  work  the  ore  was  thrown  into  the  wheel- 
barrow from  this  distance.  It  will  be  noted  that,  in  Fig.  292, 
for  any  length  of  job,  the  number  of  shovels  per  minute  are  less 
than  when  throwing  S  ft,  into  a  chute;  this  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  shoveler  must  place  each  shovelful  carefully  to  keep 
wheelbarrow  from  spilling  its  c<Hitents  gtnd  to  make  it  ride  easily. 
Chart  A,  Fig.  2!I3,  shows  the  length  of  time  consumed  in  tram- 
ming and  dumping  a  wheelbarrow  over  any  distaoce  and  chart 
B  shows  the  average  tramming  speed  developed  for  any  distance. 
For  this  chart  careful  dcterniinationa  were  made  ot  the  distance 
in  which  it  takes  a  man  to  ac<]uire  full  speed  and  the  distance 
in  which,  after  having  attained  full  speed,  he  can  make  his 
stop.  The  full  speed  rate  of  travel  in  atopes  will  average  165 
(t.  per  minute.  The  wheelbarrow  in  use  ia  the  No  7,  which  holds 
3  cu.  ft.  and  stands  21  in.  above  the  floor  at  point  of  maximum 
height,     llic  ma.vimum   load   in  a   wheelbarrow   should  be  about 


'  SHOVELS  670 

300   lb.   as   larger   loads   are   too  exhausting,   and   lighter   loads 
eonsume  too  much  time  in  tramming  and  dumping. 

Chart  A,  Fig.  294,  shows  the  per  cent,  of  time  a  inan  will 
work  during  any  given  working  period,  the  length  of  tram  in 
each  case  being  20  ft.    The  rest  period  is  practically  a  coastant 


Fig   293.     Effect  of  Distanc*  on  Time  and   Speed   of  Tramming. 

proportion  of  any  length  of  job,  as  that  part  of  the  fammlng 
time  in  which  the  man  brings  the  empty  wheelbarrow  back  to 
the  ore  pile  is  virtually  a  rest  period.  For  long  trams,  the  work 
of  tramming  the  loaded  barrow  is  so  heavy  that  a  greater  rest 
if,  required  than  is  obtained  on  the  return,  and  chart   B  shows 


Fig.  294.     Reat  Period  Required  for  Various  Conditions  of  Work 

bow  the  rest  period   increases  for  a   constant  length   of  job,  ae 
the  length   of   tram   increases 

Fig.  203  shows  the  tonnage  to  be  expected  of  a  man.  based  on 
FigB.  292  to  284,  for  any  length  of  job,  the  length  of  tram  be- 
ing conatant  at  20  ft.    This  chart  shows  that  tbe  shoveler  has 


aSO       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

not  quite  reached  his  maximum  capacity  at  the  end  of  6  hr. 
Two  reaaona  are  advanced  for  this:    (1)   As  long  as  a  man  can 


throw  tha  ore  into  a  chut«,   he  has  a  fairty  direct  throw  from 
the  ore  pile  to  the  chute,  arid  with  a  cAr  he  has  a.  definite  path 


M   M   1   1   M  1  I 

1,   "^  " 

__^ 

1'"- 

^^ 

1 .::::: 

Fig.  296    Effect  o 


Length  of  Job 
per   Minute. 


1  Niunlwr  of  Shovels 


to  traverse  each  trip.     With  a  wheelbarrow,  ho^gever,  the  diree- 
tion  and  length  of  tram  ie  cooetantly  varying,  as  is  also  tlie 


SHOVELS 


esi 


amount  of  interference  from  other  trammers,  timbermen,  macbine 
men,  etc.  The  retarding  influeDee  of  these  factors  increases  as 
the  length  of  the  tram  increases.  {2)  The  sequence  of  operations, 
shoveling,  tramming,  dumping,  etc.  is  of  such  short  duratioD  and 


1   1  1   M   1   1   1   1   1   1 

^  f                                                \ 

Fig.  297.    Effect  of  DUUnce  Thrown  on  Number  of 
Shovels   per   Minute. 

changes  so  often  from  one  to  the  other  that  it  Is  very  hard  to 
keep  up  anf  pace  that  may  be  set  and  probably  an  unnecessary 
amount  of  rest  is  indulged  in  for  all  periods. 
ShoTellnK  Into  a  Car.    Fig.  206  shows  the  number  of  shovels 


.   Time  and   Speed 


per  minnte  thrown  into  n  car  for  any  length  of  job.  In  this 
series  of  tests  the  ore  was  thrown  a  horizontal  distance  of  4 
ft.  into  a  mine  car  42  in.  high;  4  ft.  seems  to  be  the  best  dis- 
tance to  maintain  between  car  and  ore  pile,  for  a  man  to  work 
to  the  beet  advantage.  Due  to  the  heiglit  of  the  ear,  the  capacity 
of  a  shoveler  is  decreased,  as  compared  to  his  capacity  in  shovels 


682        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMF.KT 

per  minnto,  when  loading  into  a  wheelbarrow.  This  decrease  in 
iboveling  speed  amounts  to  abont  8%  per  foot  of  height.  The 
best  type  of  car  for  a  shoveler  to  use  holds  about  a  ton  of  ore,  ia 


3  low  as  is  consistent  with  good  design,  certainly  not  over  45 
L.  in  height,  and  is  equipped  with  roller  bearings,  which  should 


be  kept  in  the  beat  of  condition.  Cars  much  iaiger  than  this 
are  too  hard  to  tram  and  cars  much  smaller  use  up  too  much  of 
the  shovelers'  time  tramming  bacli  and  forth. 


Fig.  297  shows  the  effect  of  having  to  throw  tho  ore  a  greater 
distance  than  4  ft.  into  the  car,  for  a  given  length  of  job, 
using  a  No.  4  D-handle  shovel.  For  ever;  additional  foot  be- 
tween the  car  and  the  ore  pile,  the  height  of  the  car  remaining 
constant,  the  decrease  in  shoveling  speed  amoiintg  to  about  ^.6%. 

In  Fig.  SOS,  chart  A  shows  the  time  consumed  in  tramming, 
dumping,  and  returning  with  the  car,  over  various  distances. 
Chart  B  shows  the  average  tramming  speed  that  will  be  developed 
for  any  distance  over  which  the  ore  has  to  be  conveyed. 

Fig.  20&A  shows  the  amount  of  rest  required  for  various  lengths 


Fig.  301     Comparative  Efficiency  of  Different  Methods  of 
Hsndling  Ore  in  Slopes. 

of  jobs  under  constant  conditions  of  length  of  tram,  and  distaice 
and  height  through  which  the  ore  ia  thrown  by  the  shoveler. 
For  any  length  of  job,  as  the  length  of  tram  increaKcs,  the  amount 
of  rest  needed  is  increased  as  fihuwn  in  chart. B.  Goth  of  these 
lines,  however,  are  quit«  flat,  for  a  man  can  get  very  nearly 
enough  reat;is  he  returns  each  trip  with  the  empty  car. 

Fig  300  shows  the  tonnage  to  be  expected  of  a  man  mucking  into 
a  car  and  tramming  a  constant  distance,  for  various  lengths  of 
jobs.     It    will    be   noticed   that   the   economic   shoveling    day    is 


AM         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

between  7  and  8  hr.  and  that  the  maximum  average  results  to  be 
expected  of  a  mine  aboveler  under  the  giren  conditirais  have 
probably  been  reached. 

Fig.  301  is  made  up  for  a  uoiform  shoveling  da;  of  6  hr.  and 
12  min.  and  xbowa  the  tonnage  to  be  expected  under  average 
iboveliDg  condilioDS  for  any  distance  that  tbe  ore  must  be  thrown 
or  trammed.  The  line  representing  the  tonnikge  to  he  expected 
of  a  man  with  a  wheelbarrow  may  not  be  entirely  correct,  es- 
pecially as  tbe  length  of  tram  increaeea.  It  is  thought  that  up 
to  15  feet,  the  line  ie  aluut  correct  Imt  that  it  may  slope  oS 
a  little  too  rapidly  beyond  tbia  point.  On  the  other  hand,  tbe 
wheelbarrow  is  generally  used  where  neither  direct  shaveling 
nor  tbe  use  of  a  car,  with  ita  attendant  track  expense,  etc., 
is  feasible,  consequently,  the  wheelbarrow  is  alwaya  at  work 
under  adverse  conditions  in  a  stope  and  no  improvements  over 
tbe  results  here  tabulated  are  to  be  expected.  The  writer  thinks 
that  the  work  with  a  wheelbarrow  in  a  stope  has  been  closely 
approximated  but  tliat  a  greater  efficiency  could  be  obtained  in  a 
clear  and  unobstructed  way,  such  as  a  drift.  The  calculation  of 
the  tonnage  expected  when  tramming  either  with  a  car  or  wheel- 
barrow, for  any  length  of  job  and  distance  trammed,  is  expressed 
in  the  following  formulas: 

Let  W  ^  weight  of   load   on   shovel,   in   pounds; 

N  =  number  of  shovels  per  minute.  Figs.  202  and   296; 

P  =  per  cent,  of  time  actually  shoveling.  Figs.  204  and 
290; 

L  =  length    of    job,    in    minutes; 

T  =  total  tonnage  shoveled; 

a  =  time  to  load  one  car  or  wheelbarrow ; 

b  =  time  to  tram  and  dump  one  car  or  wheelbarrow,  in 
minutes,  Figs.   203  and  2»8; 

c  ^  load  on   one  car  or  wheelbarrow,  in   pounds; 


iMi 


2000  ~ 

e  totBl  tonnage  bindlfd,  uaing  ■  n-1b.  shore 
mine  the  ore  20  ft.  for  ■  Job  of  E  hr.  dur* 

.ry  fint  to  Hud  Uie  time  required  to  load  one  wheelbarrow. 

-  =  1.61;  then  tbe  totM  lonnaee  handled  i« 


Bxatnple  2,— What  toDnftiw  will 

of  100  (t.!    As  the  time  reqnired  U 
iQtal  tonnage  handlnl  is 


Table  3. — Schedule  op  Weab  of  Shovels' 

Tonnage  handled  by  bladee  made  of 

Obtome-     Secret    Ooruaoa      Licht 
lickel     Compoai    Carbon     Cartmn 


I^pe  of  Bhovel 

Used  on 

Iron  Bbeet 

No:  2  Bcoop 

Rough  boltom 

No.  2  scoop 

Wooden  met 

Iron  sheet 

Ho.  *  alord 

WcSlen'tr 

No.  *  >ho*el 

Gage  of  sleel 

in  blade 

Coat  of  shove 

Wear  of  ShOT«h.  To  determine  the  relative  wearing  qualities 
and  the  coat  per  ton  for  supplying  the  men  underground  with  nen 
Bhovele,  different  places  in  the  mines  were  equipped  vith  dif- 
ferent makes  and  styles  of  shovels  and  the  results  carefully 
noted.  At  frequent  intervals,  these  shovels  were  measured  to 
detect  the  wear  of  the  blade,  and  cheeked  up  to  see  that  all  were 
being  ueed  in  the  proper  places  underground;  the  tonnage  com- 
ing from  each  place  and  the  numlier  of  shovelcrs  employed  were 
also  noted.  Table  3  gives  the  results  obtained  with  the  dif- 
ferent aboveU. 

The  shovels  made  of  chrome-nickel  and  special  steel  were  ex- 
cellent implements  but  the  special  steel  shovel  was  considerably 
heavier  than  tlie  other.  Cracks  developed  along  the  form  line  of 
the  chrome. nickel  steel  blade,  on  each  side,  but  these  did  nut 
impair  the  shovel's  usefulness.  The  blades  of  the  three  Other 
shovels  bent  easily  with  rough  usage:  white  the  blade  made  of 
extra  light  carbon  steel  wore  very  rapidly  and  the  edges  curled 
up  almost  immediately.  The  No.  2  scoop  was  used  until  its 
capacity  had  been  reduced  26%  and  the  No.  4  shovel,  until  its 
capacity  had  been  reduced  9%.  The  cost  of  shovel  per  ton 
handled  includes  the  cost  of  the  shovel,  supply-house  handling, 
handling  new  shovels  Into  mine,  and  disposnl  of  worn  shovels. 
Wb  had  hoped  to  be  able  to  detect  a  dilTerence  in  the  main 
etHeiency  on  aflcount  of  the  different  styles  end  weights  of 
shovels  in  use  at  this  time,  but  owing  to  the  cooetantty  changing 


086        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUFPMENT 

conditioDB  In  the  working  ptaeea  selected  for  the  trials,  no  con- 
clusive  evidence   waa    available. 

The  wearing  quality  of  any  shovel  used  on  an  iron  sheet  varies 
from  74%  to  88%  of  the  wearing  q,ua1ity  ot  the  same  shovel  on 
a  wooden  mat,  the  average  being  82%.  The  wearing  quality  of 
a  shovel  on  a  rough  bottom  is  about  00%  ot  that  on  a  wood  mat. 
Theae  flgures  are  baaed  on  about  50  observed  ehoyela  under- 
ground. 

Type  of  Sbovel  Adopted.  Teats  were  conducted  with  aquare- 
and  round-point  shovela  varying  in  size  from  No.  2  to  No.  6 
and  with  standard  No.  2  acoops,  to  determine  what  size  of 
shovel  was  beet  adapted  to  the  work.  For  abort  jobs  of  less  than 
.4  hr.  duration,  the  No.  2  scoop  and  the  No.  5  and  6  above!  were 
slightly  the  best  from  the  standpoint  of  tonnage  handled;  but  for 
joba  requiring  more  than  4  hr.  for  their  completion,  the  No.  4 
shovel  was  greatly  superior,  see  Fig.  290.  From  the  standpoint  of 
"number  of  shovela  per  minute,"  work  with  a  acoop  is  at  all  timea 
slower  than  with  a  No.  4  siiovel,  see  Fig.  286,  and  as  the  day 
progresses  the  percentage  of  lime  required  for  resting  becomes 
greater  with  the  scoop  than  with  the  shovel,  see  Fig.  288.  The 
result  is  that  although  for  short  work  periods,  the  larger  capacity 
of  the  scoop  brings  the  total  tonnage  bandied  above  that  of  a 
No.  4  abovel,  for  I<»ig  periods  the  increased  amount  of  rest  re- 
quired when  liandling  the  heavier  load  aervea  to  put  the  No.  4 
shovel  considerably  in  the  lead  as  a  tonnage  mover.  With 
shovels  smaller  than  the  No.  4,  the  number  of  shovels  per 
minute  was  not  increased  and  the  amount  of  rest  required  was 
not  decreased  enough  to  malts  the  smailer  shovel  superior  for 
any  working  period.  It  may  be  stated  as  a  generali^Eition,  that 
for  shovela  smaller  than  the  21-lb.  load  shovel,  the  tonnage 
handled  per  shift  is  approximately  directly  proportional  to  the 
shovel  rapacity-,  that  is,  if  a  man  using  a  No.  4  shovel  will  handle 
26  T.  in  an  8-hr.  shift,  with  a  No.  S  ehovel  which  holds  Sl% 
of  the  load  of  a  No.  4  abovel,  he  would  be  expected  to  shovel 
about  24  T.  a  shift.  If  the  increased  cost  of  shoveling  with  a 
smaller  shovel,  or  one  that  has  been  worn,  is  balanced  against 
the  cost  of  putting  a  new  shovel  underground  and  discarding 
the  old  one,  it  will  indicate  the  economic  limit  of  wear,  of  the 
shovels  in  uae.  We  have,  for  the  present,  rather  arhitrarily  se- 
lected as  the  limit,  a  ahovel  of  aize  Ko,  4,  which  has  been  worn 
to  about  12  in.  in  length,  or  roughly  a  9%. to  10%  reduction  of 
capacity. 

The  IMt  of  a  shovel  is  very  important.  By  "lift"  ia  meant 
the  amount  of  rise  in  the  handle  just  l>ehind  the  blade.  A  handle 
that   is   not   veiy  much   bent  at   this   point,  but   which   goes  ofi 


RHOVELS  687 

straight,  is  Aftid  to  have  a  low  lift,  while  one  that  Eircbes 
steeply  is  said  to  poesese  a  high  lift.  To  work  with  a  shove! 
liftving  a  low  lift  the  man  must  stoop  down  mure  each  time  to 
take  a  grip  on  his  shovel  after  it  hail  penetrated  the  mass,  and 
the  added  movement  takes  longer,  and  requires  &  greater  effort 
to  lift  the  weight  of  the  body  and  the  load  through  a  greater 
space.  As  a  result,  more  rest  is  required  in  the  course  of  a  day. 
With  a.  very  low  lift,  the  shovel  is  not  well  balanced  and  there  is  a 
tendency  for  it  to  turn  over  in  the  hand,  especially  if  it  is  not  loaded 
0vpnty.  With  a  high  lift,  the  man  does  not  have  to  stoop  bo  far  to 
granp  his  shovel,  the  amount  of  rest  period  is  decreased,  and  the 
lusded  shovel  is  better  balanced,  because  its  center  of  gravity  is 
weli  below  the  line  of  the  handle.  A  lift  of  S  in.  is  the  best,  as 
with  greater  lifts  the  awkwardness  of  the  throwing  movement  ia 
considerably  enhanced.  The  height  of  the  end  of  the  handle  above 
the  Hoot  when  the  shovel  blade  ia  flat  on  the  floor  is  oE  con- 
siderable importance,  too;  this  is  the  measurement  that  the 
manufacturers  call  the  "  lift."  In  a  ahort*handle  shovel,  the 
end  of  the  handle  should  strike  just  above  a  man's  knee,  a  height 
of  SJ3  in.,  to  give  the  most  effective  effort  in  pwietrating  the 
mass.  With  a  long-handle  shovel  the  height  should  be  the  same 
at  a  distance  back  of  the  blade,  corresponding  to  the  length  of 
the  short  handle. 

It  is  an  advantage  to  have  the  weight  of  the  shovel  as  low  aK 
is  consistent  with  good  material  and  length  of  life.  Increasing 
the  weight  of  the  shovel  slows  up  every  motion  involved  in 
shoveling  and  increases  the  amount  of  resting  required.  How- 
ever, it  is  not  wise  to  go  to  extremes  in  the  matter,  b.s  a  very 
light  shovel  does  not  possess  the  strength  and  wearing  qualities 
and  the  cost  of  replacement  Is  greater  than  the  advantage  gained 
in  shoveling  speed.  In  a  personal  communication,  Mr.  Frank  B. 
Gilbreth  says:  "The  21-lb.  load  refers  to  shoveling  any  kind 
of  material  anywhere,  above  ground  or  below  ground,  and  this 
is  the  live  load  upon  the  shovel  and  does  not  include  the  weight 
of  the  shovel.  I  make  this  statement  after  having  asked  this 
question  of  Mr.  Taylor.  Obviously  it  would  have  been  better  if 
the  data  had  been  obtained  on  the  baais  of  having  the  load,  live 
and  dead,  combined  in  one  figure." 

As  we  lacked  information,  we  assumed  that  Mr.  Taylor  experi- 
mented, at  least  in  part,  with  stock  shovels,  which  weigh  about 
6  lb.  in  the  No.  4  size.  Our  experiments  were  conducted  with 
shovels  of  both  regular  and  special  design,  varying  in  weigjit  from 
4  lb.  10  OE.  to  6  lb.  5  oz.  and  we  found  that  shovels  weighing 
between  5  lb.  8  Ot.  and  5  lb.  10  oz.  give  the  greatest  per  man 
capacity.    This   is  a   total  combined   live   and  dead  weight  of 


(W8       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

26  lb.  8  <».  to  26  lb.  10  oz.  A  ahovel  of  this  weight  can  be  made 
very  sturdily,  th«  gftuge  of  blade  being  No.  16  of  sonie  composition 
Bteel  and  the  handles  of  best  selected  XX  Heeond-growth  northern 
white  ash.  With  heavier  shovels,  there  is  a  distinct  falling  off 
in  capacity;  while  for  lighter  shovels,  although  we  could  detect  no 
difference  in  capacity,  the  wearing  quality  was  poorer,  due  to  lack 
uf  strength. 

The  use  of  the  scoop  is  not  advocated  except  where  the  material 
to  be  moved  ie  so  tight  that  the  ecoop  holds  only  21  tb.  Even  for 
short  jobs  its  use  ofters  only  a,  doubtful  advantage,  see  Fig.  290. 
For  shoveling  on  any  sort  <^  a  mat  or  platform,  the  square-point 
shovel  is  the  better;  while  for  scraping  down  and  working  on  a 
rough  bottom,  the  round-point  shovel  should  be  used.  Where 
there  is  plenty  of  room  for  men  to  work,  the  long-handle  shovel 
of  both  square-  and  round-point  pattern  is  superior  to  the  short- 
handle.  This  is  true  for  all  distances  and  heights  to  which  the 
ore  has  to  be  thrown,  and  the  farther  or  the  higher  the  ore  has 
to  he  thrown,  the  more  pr<mounced  is  the  superiority  of  the  long, 
handle  type.  D.  J.  Hauer  says  that  where  men  are  working  in  a 
free  space  they  can  do,  on  an  average  10%  more  work  with  a 
long-handle  shovel  thau  with  the  short-handle;  that  the  limit  of 
throw,  taking  only  (Mie  step,  is  12  ft.  with  a  long-handle  shovel  and 
9  to  10  ft.  with  a  short-handle  shovel.  We  have  checked  Hauer  on 
these  points  and  find  his  statements  on  the  relative  efficiency  ot 
the  two  types  of  shovels  to  be  substantially  correct;  hut  we  found 
that  it  is  economy  to  throw  as  far  as  12  ft.  with  a  short'handle 
shovel  and  14  ft.  with  a  long-handle.  Unfortunately,  however, 
moat  working  places  underground  are  very  restricted  in  area 
and  it  is  neceesary  to  use  the  short-handle  shovel.  Where  one 
man  is  shoveling  in  a  drift,  or  one  to  each  set  of  timber  in  a 
atope,  the  long-handle  shovel  can  be  used  to  advantage.  Whore 
men  are  working  iVi  to  3  ft.  apart,  a  short-handle  shovel  should 
be  used.  According  to  D.  W.  Brunton  and  J.  A.  Davis,  in  U,  S. 
Bureau  of  Mines'  Bull.  No.  57,  the  minimum  spacing  of  men 
working  side  by  side  in  a  drift  should  be  2.5  ft.  Calling  the  per- 
formance of  a  square-point  shovel  on  a  wooden  mat  100%,  the 
efficiency  of  a  square-point  shovel  working  on  a  rough  bottom  is 
only  60%  while  with  a  round-point  shovel  an  efficiency  of  about 
70%   may  be  maintained. 

Fig.  302  shows  the  design  considered  best  adapted  to  mining 
work.  The  blade  should  hold  21  lb.  of  broken  ore  as  an  average 
load.  The  approximate  dimensions  of  blades  for  various  ores 
are  given  in  Table  2;  the  dimensions  on  the  illustrations  are 
for -Burro  Mountain  ore.  Both  the  square-  and  the  round-point 
blades  should  be  of  standard  shape,  of  No.  16  gauge  at  the  point. 


SHOVELS  ■      688 

and  of  Bnch  composition  that  the  shovel  will  handle  not  legs  than 
1100  T.  of  medium  hard  ore  when  shoveled  olf  a  wooden  mat. 
All  blades  should  be  of  plain  back  type  without  rivets,  the  back 
strap  being  welded  to  the  blade.  Only  best-grade  second-growth, 
northwn  white  ash  shouid  he  used  for  the  handle,  which  should  be 
bent  to  the  shape  and  dimensions  shown.  On  short'handie  shovels, 
the  Dirigo,  or  split  D,  handle  ia  preferred,  aa  it  is  much  stronger 
than  the  ordinary  D  handle. 


f 

^^^ 

^>^''^ 

y^ — 1 

Fig.302.    Deeign  of  Shovel  Beet  Adapted  to  Mining  Work. 

COTxeot  Shoveling  Hetbodi.  A  right-hand  shoveler  throws  the 
ore  from  his  right  side.  When  using  a  short-handle  shovel,  he 
grasps  the  D  handle  with  his  left  hand,  the  cross  of  the  D  being 
in  the  palm  of  the  hand  to  obtain  a  good  hold,  and  with  the 
right  hand  takes  a  grip  on  the  handle  just  back  of  the  straps. 
Standing  close  to  the  material  to  be  shoveled,  be  hends  his  back, 
ehoulders,  and  knees,  and  assumes  a  squatting  position  so  as  to 
remain  well  balanced  on  his  feet.  The  left  hand  graBping  the  D 
handle  rests  against  the  left  leg  just  above  the  knee,  and  the  right 
arm  below  the  elbow  rests  on  the  right  leg.  Without  moving 
the  feet,  the  whole  body  ia  lunged  forwards  from  this  position, 
thrusting  the  shovel  blade  forcibly  under  the  muck  pile,  and 
heaping  it  full.  To  elevate  the  full  shovel,  the  knees,  back,  and 
shoulders  are  simultaneously  straightened,  the  feet  remaining 
motionless.  To  throw  the  ore  into  a  car,  after  the  shoveler  has 
reached  a  nearly  erect  position,  the  shovel  is  raised  farther  by 
drawing  up  the  arms,  the  left  hand  acting  as  a  moving  fulcrum, 
and  the  load  is  cast  directly  over  the  right  shoulder  without 
turning  the  body  or  moving  the  feet.  To  cast  in  a  horizontal 
direction   for  any  distance,  the   body  must  be  turned  part  way 


890        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

around  to  the  right  and  a  short  step  made  in   Uie  direction  of 

the  throw;  the  load  ie  cast  by  a  swing  of  the  turns,  first  slightlj 
backward  to  obtain  momentum  ajid  th^i  forcibly  forward  to 
deliver  the  load. 

When  using  &  long-handle  shovel,  a  rigbt-haad  man  graspa  the 
shovel  close  to  the  end  of  the  haiidle  with  the  left  hand  and  places 
the  right  hand  just  back  of  the  straps.  The  feet  are  placed,  and 
the  body  aasumea  a  crouching  positiwi  with  kziees  bent  and  the 
right  elbow  resting  on  the  right  thigh  just  above  the  knee.  The 
handle  of  the  shovel  Ilex  across  the  left  thigh  close  to  the  groin 
and  the  left  hand  falls  into  position  against  the  body  near  the 
waist.  With  a  lunge  of  the  body  the  shovel  is  then  thrust  under 
the  mass  of  ore  without  moving  the  feet.  To  lift  the  mass  on 
the  loaded  shovel,  the  back  and  shoulders  are  straightened  and 
the  load  ia  brought  up  by  using  the  left  thigh  as  a  fulorum,  over 
which  the  shovel  handle  works  as  a  lever;  the  knees  are  then 
straightened  to  bring  the  shoveler  into  an  erect  position  where 
the  ore  is  cast  directly  over  the  right  shoulder  into  a  car  as 
with  the  short-handle  shovel.  To  cast  the  load  horiiontally, 
a  turn  to  the  right  is  made  and  a  short  step  in  the  direction  of 
the   throw,   exactly  as  with   the   ahorl-handle   shovel. 

It  is  surprising  what  a  small  proportion  of  the  men  under- 
ground know  how  to  use  a  shovel  to  the  best  advantage,  and  all 
sorts  of  tricks  are  resorted  to  in  an  effort  to  lighten  the  work. 
Among  these  are:  Taking  leas  than  a  shovelful  each  time,  using 
the  foot  in  an  effort  to  force  the  shovel  into  the  muck  pile  in 
the  manner  of  using  a  spade,  skimming  a  tliin  layer  of  loose 
dirt  off  the  sides  of  the  muck  pile  instead  of  energetically  pen- 
etrating the  mass  to  obtain  a  full  shovel  load,  not  holding  the 
shovel  properly,  and  taking  two  or  three  stepa  with  each  load. 

To  obtain  the  highest  ahovaling  efficiency  underground,  every 
man  hired  as  a  shoveler  should  be  placed  in  a  particular  stope 
or  working  place  that  is  directly  in  charge  of  a  shoveling  boss. 
This  boss  should  have  had  a  large  exp^'ience  in  shoveling,  have 
learned  correct  shoveling  methods,  and  should  be  able  to  instruct 
men  and  gain  their  confidence.  Each  man  should  be  taught:  (1) 
The  necessity  of  using  the  correct  type  of  shovel  for  any  given 
purpose;  (2)  the  proper  way  to  handle  a  shovel;  (3|  the  range 
of  usefuineSH  of  wheelbarrow  and  car;  (4)  the  advantage  of 
using  a  platform  to  ahovel  from;  when  shoveling  has  progressed 
beyond  the  platform  time  should  be  taken  to  advance  the  boards 
or  iron  sheet  and  to  scrape  the  broken  ore  forward  onto  the  plat- 
form; (5)  the  mass  of  broken  ore  should  be  thoroughly  loosened 
with  a  pick;  it  is  waste  of  effort  to  try  to  ahovel  material  that 
has   become   packed;    (S|    shoveling  should   be   done   at   a   good 

I   nn.;li 


SHOTELa  601 

Btead;  pace,  tlie  speed  depending  on  the  length  of  ttie  job;  it  U 
waste  of  time  aaA  energy  to  try  to  ruah  througb  the  work;  (T)  In 
addition  to  the  amount  of  reat  inherent  in  the  work  itself,  th»t 
is,  the  rest  gained  while  picking  down,  trajnming,  etc.,  definite 
rest  periods  should  be  maintained  dnring  the  day.  When  each 
man  has  been  thoroughly  instructed  in  the  methods  of  shoTeling, 
he  should  bo  placed  in. general  Tun-<rf-mine  work  among  the  mcH^ 
experienced  shovelers,  so  that  another  new  man  may  take  his  place 
for  instruction. 

When  possible  to  avoid  it,  a  shoTcler  should  never  be  made  to 
work  alone.  Shovelers  working  in  pairs  produce  the  best  results, 
as  tb^  set  the  pace  for  one  another  and  compete  to  a,  large  extent, 
besides,  any  laxDMs  can  be  detected  almost  at  once.  Shovelers 
should  be  placed  in  groups  of  two,  four,  six,  etc.,  bo  that  the  men 
can  work  in  pairs.  It  is  best  not  to  have  more  than  four  men 
in  any  group,  as  with  larger  groups  it  is  hard  to  watch  the  work 
of  each  man  se(>arBt«ly  and  thej  try  to  put  the  work  off  on  one 
another.  Best  results  are  always  obtained  when  the  tonnage 
shoveled  by  each  man,  or  small  group  of  men,  can  be  accurately 
measured  at  the  md  of  every  shift.  When  men  are  shoveling  in  a 
stope  vhere  there  is  room,  they  should  be  so  placed  that  each  can 
use  a  long-handled  shovel;  where  the  area  is  restricted,  a  short- 
handle  shovel  should  be  given  tc  them  and  they  should  be  placed 
so  that  a  right-hand  and  a  left-hand  man  can  work  together. 

The  ideal  shoveling  day  is  the  period  during  which  a  man  can 
rest  at  stated  intervals  and  can  produce  the  masimum  tonnage  by 
working  at  a  steady  pace  for  the  full  period,  and  yet  not  wear 
himself  out,  bo  that  bis  health  is  impaired.  It  is  obvious  that  a 
steady  working  pace  for  the  full  period  is  physically  impossible 
unless  the  rent  periods  are  excessive,  in  which  case  the  total 
tonnage  handled  falls  olT;  in  other  words,  a  man  cannot  do  a  good 
day's  work  and  leave  the  job  feeling  as  fresh  as  when  he  arrived. 
In  all  of  the  testa,  the  shovelers  showed  a  decreasing  efficiency, 
as  the  day  advanced ;  rest  periods  brought  up  the  efficiency,  but 
after  each  succesBive  rest  period  the  efficiency  did  not  advance  to 
quite  the  same  point  as  after  the  preceding  period,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  shift  it  had  reached  its  lowest  ebb.  Much  work  can  still 
be  done  on  this  point,  but  after  considering  the  amount  of  rest 
that  is  inherent  in  the  work  itself  and  the  amount  of  added  super- 
vision necessary  to  maintain  shoveling  on  a  scientific  basis,  the 
tentative  statement  is  made  that,  in  addition  to  the  lunch  period, 
there  should  be  two  lO-min.  periods  of  complete  relaxation,  one 
midway  between  the  beginning  of  the  shift  and  lunch  time  and 
the  other  midway  between  lunch  and  quitting  time.  •, 

The  wage  in  force  at  present  at  the  Burro  Mountain  mines  for 


892       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

MeKtctn  shovelers  is  ^.40  a  day.  Aaauming  that  this  iB  a  fair 
wage  for  this  class  ot  labor,  to  put  the  men  in  the  proper  frame  . 
of  mind  to  take  kindlj  to  the  bonus  STstem,  the  wage  should  be 
nised  to  $3.75  a  day,  an  increase  ot  10.3% ;  this  wage  will  be 
paid  to  them  whether  they  make  the  required  tonnage  or  not.  If 
any  man  makes  the  ttmnage  required  of  him,  his  wage  may  be 
raised  to  $4  for  that  shift,  an  increase  of.  17.8%  above  the  $3.40 
rate,  although  this  has  not  been  designated  in  Table  4.  If  he 
produces  anything  over  the  required  amount,  he  should  be  paid 
a  bonus  per  ton,  depending  on  the  original  task  allott«d  to  him. 
In  order  to  make  an  increase  of  50%  over  his  old  $3.40  rate,  a 
ahoveler  will  have  to  produce  between  25  and  30%  more  than 
his  allotment.  Experience  has  shown  that  when  a  laborer  rs- 
ceives  an  advance  iii  wages  of  more  than  about  50  to  80%  above 


Wheelbarrow 


Ui  Ssl  |ss  9s  SP  |S|  Pa  IP  SSI  Ms- 

III  m  111  II 1 1 1  II  If  M  H 


■slt-W    A-M-U     Mt"<     ■*P'I 


a<tf-4   nt--< 


29.6       0.12S       O.ISB 


0.268       0.278 


is.i     0.306     o.as 

IB.O       0.9)8       0  J09 


SHOVELS  603 

a,  fair  wage,  he  tends  to  become  sbiftlese  and  the  increase  doe«  him 
more  harm  than  good. 

Fig.  301  shows  that  under  good  working  conditions  a  laborer 
moving  ore  20  ft.  should  use  a  wheelbarrow,  eJid  should  move 
21.5  T.  According  to  Table  i,  this  man  will  receive  $3.75  a  day 
for  any  work  up  to  21.5  T.,  or  at  the  rate  of  $0,176  a  T.  If  he 
reaches  the  required  21.5  T.,  his  wage  will  become  $4,  or  at  the 
Tate  of  $0,185  a  T,  and  tor  every  ton  over  the  required  amount  he 
will  receive  $0,186  a  T.  In  each  individual  case,  the  man  setting 
the  standard  of  work  should  make  aure  wbeUier  there  are  any  in- 
terfering elements  that  will  prevent  the  man  making  the  standard 
tonnage,  in  which  caee  he  should  make  a  fair  reduction. 

In  IBIT,  in  a  stope  with  raises  spaced  26  by  «5  ft.  from  which 
was  mined  145,000  T.,  the  shoTelers  average  8.6  T.  a  man.  With 
wages  at  $3.40  a  day,  this  shoveling  cost  $0.33  a  T.,  assuming 
that  the  men  were  on  other  work  for  17,5%  of  the  day.  Charte 
show  that  under  the  new  system  these  men  should  have  averaged 
22.d  T.  a  man,  for  which  they  would  have  received  $4  a  day. 
This  would  be  an  average  shoveling  cost  of  $0,175  a  T.,  or  a 
gross  saving  of  $22,475  tor  the  year.  Out  of  this  gross  saving 
would  have  to  come  the  cost  of,  say,  Qve  special  men,  at  an  average 
salary  of  $160  a  month,  or  a  totel  of  $6600  a  year,  to  teke  care 
of  this  branch  of  the  work.  This  sum  deducted  from  $22,476 
leaves  a  saving  of  $12,875,  or  a  total  shoveling  cost  of  $0,239  a 

STEAM  SHOVELS 

Steam  shovels  may  be  divided  inte  two  classes,  the  railroad 
^pe  and  the  revolving  type. 

The  railroad  type  is  mounted  on  standard  gauge  railroad  trucks 
and  is  best  adapted  for  heavy  work.  The  boom  of  this  type 
machine  revolves,  the  rest  of  the  machine  Temiaining  stationary. 

The  revolving  shovel  is  a  later  development  and  its  construction 
enables  it  to  swing  in  a  complete  circle. 

The  railroad  type  shovels  are  built  weighing  as  much  as  140 
tons,  but  about  the  most  powerful  steam  shovel  regularly  built 
weighs  B5  tens.  For  general  work  a  6-yard  dipper  may  be  used, 
but  for  iron  ore  or  shale  an  extra  heavy  one  of  2i^  or  3i^  yards 
capacity  is  better.  The  clear  lift  from  the  rail  to  the  bottom  of 
the  opMi  dipper  door  is  16  ft,  6  in.  and  the  niaximum  width  of 
cut  B  ft  above  the  rail  is  60  ft  This  shovel  has  a  record  out- 
put of  four  to  five  thousand  yards  per  day.  A  ateam  shovel 
adapted  to  extra  hard  conditions  is  the  80-ton ;  the  bucket  used  is 
generally  3  cubic  yards  for  rock  work  or  4  yards  for  earth.  The 
clear  lift  is  16  ft.  and  the  width  of  cut  60  ft.    A  70-too  shovel  is 


604         HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

the  one  mofrt  in  demand  for  heavy  work  under  average  condi- 
tions. It  carries  a  2  to  aVj-yard  dipper;  the  clesr  lift  ie  16  «. 
6  in.;  width  of  cut,  60  ft.  For  work  where  the  depth  or  amount 
of  excavation  is  not  great  enough  to  warrant  a  70-tDn  afaovel  a 
BO-twi  is  more  economical.  A  2^.cubic  yard  dipper  is  generally 
used;  clear  lift,  15  ft.;  width,  64  ft.  A  45-ton  shove!  is  designed 
for  use  on  fairly  heavy  work,  but  where  ltghtne»»  and  ease  of 
transportatioiv  are  efwential.  Capacity  of  dipper,  2  yards;  clear 
lift,  14  ft.;  width  of  cut,  50  ft.  A  40-ton  shovel  ie  designed 
for  lighter  work  or  sewer  eioavation. 

From  observations  made  by  the  author  on  half  a  hundred  nt«am 
shovels  in  actual  operation  during  a  considerable  number  of  weeks 
the  working  capacities  shown  in  the  table  on  pa^  716  have  been 
recorded.  From  these  observations  the  average  nQml>er  of  cubic 
yards  per  day  excavated  by  all  shovelit  in  all  materials  was  934, 
This  is  perhaps  less  than  may  be  expected  on  a  well-managed 
job.  A  shovel  should  load  a  dipper  60%  full  every  20  seconds 
while  actually  working.  About  50%  of  the  time  the  shovel  is 
held  up  by  various  causes,  such  as  waiting  for  trains,  moving 
ahead,  waiting  for  blasts,  and  mining  repairs.  With  a  2<^-yard 
dipper  a  shovel  should,  therefore,  excavate  1,350  cubic  yards  in 
10  hours. 

The  maximum  width  of  cut  given  by  shovel  manufacturers 
is  far  greater  than  the  actual  average  as  recorded  in  obeerva- 
tions  made"by  the  author.  70  to  95-ton  shovels  make  an  average 
cut  of  28^  ft.  wide.  With  a  30  or  40-ton  shovel  the  average  cut 
is  not  much  more  than  20  ft.  in  width. 

The  following  notes  on  steam  shovels  are  from  "  Handbook  of 
Steam  Shovel  Work,"  which  embodied  a  report  made "  to  the 
Bucyrus  Co.  by  Construction  Service  Co.,  under  the  Author's 
direction  in  19ia 

Proceea  of  Loading.  The  process  ot  loading  consists  in  eeizing 
the  material  after  it  has  been  reduced  to  a  fit  condition  and 
placing  it  either  in  ita  ultimate  position  or  upon  a  vehicle  for  the 
purpose  of  transportation.  With  hand  shovels,  unless  the  material 
be  sand  or  gravel  or  very  soft  loam,  it  is  eesential  that  it  be 
brdten  in  order  that  the  workmen  may  be  able  to  handle  it.  With 
a  steam  shovel,  however,  much  of  the  breaking  can  be  dona  by  the 
power  of  the  shovel  itself  aided  by  teeth  which  are  fastened  to 
the  dipper,  so  that,  in  many  instances,  rock  which  has  been  im- 
perfectly blasted  is  further  reduced  by  the  crushing  and  tearing 
up  of  the  teeth  driven  by  the  steam  power  of  the  shovel's  meehan 
ism.  The  steam  shovel  then  is  frequently  called  upon  to  perform 
not  only  its  proper  function  of  loading,  but  to  a  large  extent  the 
other  proceee  of  breaking  the  material. 


SHOVELS  095 

Qreal  yturialioit  ut  Steam  Shovel  Effi,o%tMcy.  In  contraat  to  th« 
above,  the  steam  shovel  ia  dependent  for  iti  work  upon  eo  man; 
factoFH,  any  one  of  which  may  very  greatly  help  or  hinder  it,  that 
there  is  a  far  greater  diversity  of  results  than  in  the  taae  of  the 
hand  work.  Thua,  on  the  standard  hasia  for  lalmr  that  we  have 
tteaumed  in  thia  report,  the  direct  laiior  coat  alone  for  loading 
variea  from  %  cent  to  nearly  13  cents  per  cubic  yard,  as  ob- 
served. 

Co-operation  of  Other  PTOceatea  with  the  Steam  Shovel  Work. 
When  a  ahovel  is  loading  rock,  for  instance,  its  own  eHiciency  ia 
verj-  dependent  upon  the  manner  and  thoroughneaa  with  which  the 
rock  has  been  broken.  The  blasting  must  be  of  such  quality  as  to 
Itreak  up  the  rock  so  that  the  sfaovel  can  eaaily  handle  it  without 
leaving  ridgea  that  prevent  tlie  laying  of  the  shovel  track  to 
grade.  We  have  had  «cperience  with  work  where,  because  the 
btaating  charge  was  not  concentrated  in  the  bottom  of  the  holes, 
the  ridgea  were  so  pronounced  that  the  shovels  were  unH.ble  to 
operate  more  than  50%  of  the  working  day,  the  rest  of  the  time 
being  spent  in  waiting  while  the  rock  was  "mud  capped."  Here 
inefficiency  of  shovel  work  waa  due  entirely  to  improper  blasting. 

How  Uuch  Work  Must  There  lie  to  Economioally  Justify  the 
Use  of  a  Steam  Shoifelt  Thia  question  ia  vital  on  a  large  per* 
centage  of  all  excavation  contracts.  To  gnawer  it,  simply  calcu- 
late the  total  cost,  including  the  coat  of  installing  the  plant,  and 
divide  this  total  by  the  cubic  yards  of  material  to.  be  handled. 
A  comparioon  of  the  quoiients  for  the  different  methods  will  indi- 
cate which   one  should  be   followed 

General  Condltloni  and  Formulaa  —  Repairs.  The  coat  of  re- 
pairs should  be  apportioned  to  the  work  turned  out  rather  than 
considered  as  a  function  of  the  age  of  the  shovel.  It  will  be 
higher  tor  rock  than  earth  work  and  higher  for  badly  broken  rock 
than  for  well  blasted  material.  Thun,  in  a  given  material,  the 
repair  bill  for  a  gea«an's  output  trf  500,000  cubic  yards  may  lie 
expected  to  be  twice  that  in  which  the  ahovel  loaded  only  250,000 
yards.  Time  alone  does  not  affect  tlie  unit  of  coat  of  repairs. 
Tbe  reverse  of  thia  proposition  obtalna  in  the  case  at 

Depreciation.  If  the  machine  be  .kept  in  proper  repair  the  de- 
preciation in  its  value  is  affected  liy  time  alone,  regardless  of 
the  work  that  it  is  doing.  Many  concerna  claas  the  depreciation 
and  repairs  under  one  account,  but  this  practice  ia  inaccurate 
and  misleading.  There  is  great  disaRreeement  among  accountants 
aa  to  bow  depreciation  should  be  figured,  and  there  are  many  ao 
called  depreciation  formulas  and  "  curves."  Hie  aimplest  to  use. 
and  one  which   for  steam   ahovel  work   is  satisfactory   if   proper 


HD6       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


)riEiDBl  value. 

ralus  oD  renunil  or  nl*. 


The  working  life  of  a  steam  ahovel  ma;  safely  be  aeaiimed  at 
20  years,  and  taking  the  firat  cont  at,  say,  $150  per  ton,  and  its 
scrap  value  at  $10  per  ton,  the  value  for  X,  with  a.  ten-year  old 
shovel,  would  be 

($150-$IO)12 

=  46.67%  in  the  ten  yeara,  or  4%%'  per  year. 


$150 

To  estimate  the  depreciation  per  unit  of  output  it  ia  neceaaary 
to  distribute  this  amount  over  the  working  lime.  The  method  of 
doing  this  is  indicate4  under  typical  Standard  Steam  Shovel 
Work. 

Interest.  The  interest  on  all  the  money  invested  in  this  work 
must  be  included  as  part  of  ita  eoet.  We  have  assumed  this  at 
the  uniform  rate  of  6%. 

Height  of  Bank.  In  different  clasaea  of  st«am  shovel  work,  the 
heiglit  of  the  faee  to  which  the  shovel  can  work  hae  an  important 
bearing  upon  costs.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  the  higher  the 
bank,  the  larger  the  amount  that  the  ahovel  can  toad  without 
moving  up. 

Statudard  Rates.  It  is  of  no  interest  to  contractor  Jones  ho<r 
much  contractor  Hmith  paid  his  men.  or  for  hla  coal  a  year  or  two 
ago,  and  Smith  usually  dislikea  to  have  theae  exact  rates  pub- 
lished, on  account  of  possible  trouble  within  his  own  organization; 
but  it  is  of  importance  to  be  able  to  compare  the  eOlcienoiea  of 
different  methods  in  different  places,  ao  tliat  any  contractor  utiin): 
thiH  volume  may  be  able  to  estimate  the  value  of  any  special 
methods  herein  described.  Such  comparison  ia  valuable  for  mak- 
ing estimates  on  future  work,  and  it  is  greatly  facilitated  by  giv- 
ing the  data  observed  in  t«TmH  of  an  assumed  standard  rata  of  pay 
for  each  class  of  men  and  materials.  We  have  therefore  given 
onr  cost  data  in  theae  "  standard  "  figures.. 

Fonnnlot    and    Diagrams.    Typical    Standard    Steam    Shovel 


SHOVELS  687 

Work.  Mathematical  Analytit  and  Curvet  of  Cost.  The  follow- 
ing aDBlysia  of  ateam  shovel  work  and  the  accompany ing  curves 
of  coat  are  useful  in.  etiHhling  a  rapid  estimate  to  be  made  of  the 
approximate  cost  of  steam  ahovel  work  in  progress  or  proposed. 

d  =  time  in  minnMs  to  load  1  cubic  foot  with  dipper  (pimst  meunie). 
c  =  capMity  of  one  ear  in  cahic  ffel  (place  nwMiire). 

£  =  dlBUnc«  ol  on£  move  at  ahorel. 

H  —  number  of  shovel  tnoveB. 

H  =  mlnuUe  per  working  day  leas  time  lor  sccideDtai  del&y>. 

B  =  cost  per  cubic  yard  on  care  in  eents.  for  shovel  work  only  (place 

I>  A  N  ^  cnbie  feet  excavated  per  day. 

O  =  afaovet  eTpense  in  cenle,  one  day,  not  ineluding  superintendence 
and  overhead  cbariteB  and  not  indudinf  preparatory  charges, 
n  =:  number  of  cars  in  train. 

(2)    Time  to  load  one  train  =  iide  +  nt  +  e. 

LA 

(S)    Nnmber  of  trains  for  one  abovel  move  ~ . 

(4)    Time  between  beginning  of  one  shovel  move  and  begionini  of  neit 


Uc  +  f  +  ^j  -J-  +  t- 
WCd       JTC/f        e         ,    \ 


Thla  is  Iha  equivalent  of  the  equation  K  =  nd  +  b. 


\  e      n«       la/ 


We  have  aBsumed  for  the  typical  example  a  shovel  valued  at, 
Bay,  $14,000,  and  the  following  daily  expense: 


Bepsirs,  irben  -working  o 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
•et  yen  of  150  •  working  dsj^  or  |2J^  per  workiDg  ds;  %Z3M 


It  appears  that  the  equation:  E  =  md  +  b,  ie  that  of  ft  ntraight 
line.     Now  since  in  thia  equation  m  ^  -rrj-  and  b  =  m  I  —  -| 

-(-  YT  I  *"  quantities  JnToived   in  the  equation  excepting 

d  are,  or  are  assumed  to  be,  constant.  The  data  upon  the  value 
of  Uiese  quantities  furnished  b;  the  accompanying  reports  have 
been  presented  in  graphic  form  with  all  influencing  factors  noted 
on  the  five  plates,  A,  B,  C,  D  and  E,  bearing  the  heading  for  use 
Kt'th  cost  curves.     See  pages  701-704  inclusive. 

Plate  A  indicates  the  time  to  load  one  cubic  yard,  place  measure, 
in  various  kinds  of  material.  Plate  B  deals  with  the  quantities 
e,  average  time  shovel  is  interrupted  to  change  trains.  For 
use  in  plotting  the  equation  above,  those  average  values  of  e,  n, 
c  and  f,  involved  in  ordinary  contracting  work  where  side  dump 
cars  are  used,  hava  been  tabulated  separately  on  plate  C.  It  will 
there  be  seen  that  the  average  value  for  e,  the  time  between  trains, 
is  4  minutes.  The  average  number  of  care  per  train,  or  n,  =  10. 
The  commonest  form  of  contractors'  side  dump  car  is  of  4  yards 
water  measure,  or  2.5  yards  place  measure  CBpacity,t  and  we 
therefore  take  c  =  67.5  cubic  feet.  The  ordinary  value  of  f  is 
zero,  since  the  cars  are  almost  invariably  spotted  while  the  shovel 
is  swinging  and  digging.  Plate  D  deals  with  the  values  of  M  or 
the  working  time,  including  actual  shovel  time,  waiting  for  trains, 
and  DMTing  up,  but  not  accidental  delays.  Plate  E  deals  with  the 
time  of  moving  up,  an  average  value  for  which  is  8  minutes. 

The  constants  having  been  thus  established,  three  sets  of  curves 
have  been  plotted  on  the  plates  headed  cost  curves,  I,  II  and  III, 
one  for  each  of  the  tliree  values  of  L  A  1,500,  3,000  and  0,000 
cubic  feet  (L  being  the  average  shovel  move,  0  ft.,  and  A  the  area 
of  the  dug  section  in  square  feet).  Each  of  these  sets  of  curves 
has  been  plotted  for  values  of  M,  ranging  from  two  hours  to  ten 

*  For  various  resBOOEi.  nurh  dfi  weetber.  lack  of  coQlinuous  work,  trBnupor 
of    ISO   working   dafK.    Thia.    of   CDuree.    will  ^   greitir   alTfcted   b;    loral 

tTbJE  ti  ■  generst  average.    It  variea  ■  good  deal  vtth  the  character  of 


SHOVELS  MB 

hours  by  hourly  intervals,  between  which  intervals  our  observed 
vatuee   (see  plate  C)  fall. 

VV«  have  found,  it  much  more  convenient  to  make  use  of  our 
data  when  arranged  in  this  manner,  both  for  field  work  and  for 
the  purposes  of  the  estimator,  than  when  expressed  in  long  tabu 
lationa.  Moreover,  when  cost  data  arn  preaentcd  in  the  detailed 
form  contained  in  this  volume  they  are  appHcable  to  a  far  wider 
range  oE  new  eonditiona  than  when  sijnply  given  in  totals  as 
recorda  of  cost.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  discredit  cost  data 
on  the  ground  that  they  are  of  no  use  to  anyone  except  him  who 
did  the  work  or  made  the  original  observations,  or  on 
the  ground  that  to  a  reader  w)io  has  perhaps  never  seen  the 
job  at  all  there  will  be  so  many  unknown  conditions,  that  when 
applying  the  data  to  his  own  work  he  cannot  be  sure  of  having 
conditions  sufficiently  similar  to  make  comparisona  safe.  More- 
over, skill  in  management  varies  greatly  with  different  organiza- 
tions, and  a  reader  may  not  have  the  same  ability  in  organising 
or  handling  work  as  some  of  the  people  whoee  performance  has 
been  herein  deacribed.  This  is  very  true,  and  if  the  reader  can 
do  aa  well  as  any  one  of  several  of  the  managers  whom  we  met  in 
getting  up  these  data,  he  may  be  proud,  as  well  aa  wealthy;  but 
cost  data  on  any  work,  if  preaented  in  sullicient  detail  and  with 
clearness,  will  be  useful  to  any  man,  good,  bad,  or  indifferent, 
who  will  intelligently  study  them.  If  he  attempt  to  proceed  with 
improper  study  of  the  data  or  of  the  work  that  he  is  trying  to  do 
himself^  he  will  fail  just  as  he  would  without  the  data,  which  in 
all  cases  must  be  taken  with  intelligent  disirimination. 

In  the  formula  for  steam  shovel  loading  cost  are  some  ten  quaU' 
titiea  that  vary  on  different  pieces  of  woric.  Some  of  these  are 
dependent  on  the  kind  of  material  and  equipment,  some  depend 
on  the  eQlciency  of  the  management  alone,  and  some  few  are  af- 
fected by  conditions  beyond  control  or  foreeight,  such  as  weatlier. 
The  first  two  can  be  "  standardiired "  and  the  other  must  be 
estimated  by  us  for  purposes  of  illustration  and  by  the  reader  for 
his  own  use.  Even  in  the  case  of  weather,  there  is  not  as  much 
uncertainty  as  would  at  first  appear,  tor  over  a  long  working 
season  the  number  of  days  suitable  for  operating  may  be  pretty 
veil  estimated  in  most  climates  by  going  over  the  Weather  Bureau 
records  for  the  neighborhood. 

Because  tlie  meaning  and  general  bearing' of  a  mass  of  data, 
can  be  grasped  by  looking  at  charts  much  more  readily  than  by 
any  other  method  known  to  us,  we  have  uacd  them  in  this  volume. 

Standard  Aaaumptirmt.  These  have  been  made  to  facilitate  the 
chart  work,  and  because  from  our  experience  they  are  entirely 
justified   in   practice.     When,   for   example,   we   assume   that   the 


700         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

time  to  move  a  shovel  is  four  minutes,  though  some  meo  take 
fifteen,  and  a  few  two  or  three,  we  are  justified  bj  a.  vast  number 
of  cases  in  which  the  moving  was  actually  done  in  four  minutes. 
The  assumptions  for  *'  A  "  depend  upon  the  field  conditiona,  and 
the  reader  muet  use  the  particular  plate  that  most  nearly  repre- 
sents the  section  area  of  his  job,  or  elae  must  make  up  his  own. 
Usea  of  Coat  Curves.  There  are  two  important  uses  to  which 
these  curves  of  cost  can  conveniently  be  put. 

1.  Estimating  the  cost  of  proposed  work. 

2.  Checking-  up  the  cost  of  work  under  way. 
In  estimatia§;  we  may  proceed  as  follows: 

Assuming  that  the  proposed  work  is  to  be  a  railroad  cut  in 
rock,  with  average  equipment,  there  are  then  only  three  quan- 
tities to  decide  upon,  namely,  L  A,  2Td  and  M.  The  area  of  the 
shovel  section  beinc  assumed  at  250  square  feet  and  the  average 
distance  of  move  iteing  6  feet,  L  A  will  equal  1,500  cubic  feet. 
Now  refer  to  plate  A  and  select  a  fair  value  for  the  time  of  load- 
ing one  cubic  yard  in  rock  work.  Suppose  30  seconds  be  chosen. 
Nest  refer  to  plate  D  for  the  proper  value  of  M  to  use  for  rock 
work.  The  avarage  value  is  8  hours  (80%  of  10  hours).  The 
cost  per  yard  in  cents  can  now  be  read  directly  on  cost  curves, 
plate  1.  With  abscissa  (2Td)  as  30  seconds  glance  upward 
till  the  vertical  line  through  30  seconds  intersects  the  8  hour,  M 
line.  Then  on  the  left  opposite  this  point  of  intersection  read 
9^  cents  as  the  cost  per  cubic  yard  loaded,  place  measure. 

It  may  be  noted  here  that  with  respect  to  the  two  important 
items  of  time  to  load  1  cubic  yard  with  dipper  and  values  of  M, 
the  cost  curves  are  perfectly  flexible.  Variation  in  the  value  of 
the  constants  may  be  allowtd  for  by  proper  choice  of  M.  In  con- 
nection with  the  formula  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  effect  of 
deereasinft  the  carrying  capacity  of  each  train,  other  conditions  re- 
maining the  same.  Suppose  tbe  carrying  capacity  to  be  decreaaed 
from  tbe  average,  10 1 2.6  yards  =  26  cubic  yards  to  8  k  2  yards 
=  10  cubic  yards,  place  measure,  wliat  would  be  the  effect  upon 
the  cost  per  cubic  yard?  The  new  cost  per  cubic  yard,  place 
measure,  would  lie  10.6  cents  against  the  former  9.6  cents,  an 
Increase  of  1.1  cent  per  yard,  or  10%. 

To  use  the  curves  for  checking  the  cost  of  nork  in  progreaa 
proceed  as  follows:  The  field  operations  are  few  and  simple. 
Find  the  average  time  per  dipper  swing.  Knowing  tJie  rated 
capacity  of  the  dipper  and  tbe  character  of  tbe  material,  a  glance 
at  the  tabulation  near  the  top  of  p1at«  A  will  give  the  ratio  of 
dipper  capacity,  place  measure,  to  dipper  capacity,  water  mea- 
sure, and  by  using  this  factor   the   average  capacity  of   dipper, 


pla«e  meaeuTe,  can  be  obtained,  and  thence  the  time  to  load  1 
cubic  foot  or  jard.  Suppose  for  inetance  the  average  time  per 
swing  to  be  25  seconds,  material  earth,  aod  capacity  of  dipper 

2^  yards.     On  plate  A,  under  heading  "  Gali< 

place 
we  find  for  earth  the  average  value  for   ■ — --  kjich 

water  measure  ° 

a«  0,53.     Therefore  214  X  0.53  —  1.2  yards  per  swing  or  2.88  yards 

fOR  USE  WITH  COST  CURVES        PLATE  "A" 


MGootjl>j 


702         HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  RQIJIPMF.NT 

per  minute,  or  .35  minute  per  cubic  jaTd.     Make  Bome  rough  met.- 

Burements  to  determine  the  approximate  area  of  the  shovel  section 

FOB  USE  WITH  COST  CURVES      PLATE  "B" 


and  tnulttply  this  area  b;  the  length  of  move  up  find  get  L  A,  Bay 
3,000.  Then,  from  previous  observations  or  hy  an  estimate  of  M, 
get  the  time  worked  per  day,  lees  apeideiital  delays,  say  9  hours. 


SHOVELS  703 

Kow  take  coat  curves,  page  26,  and  with  .21  ae  abscissa  read  op- 
posite the  line  (or  M^9  hours,  6  cents  as  the  cost  per  yard  place 
measure.  If  the  constants  in  the  formula  do  not  agree  closely 
enough  with  actual  conditions,  allow  for  this  by  choosing  a  suit- 

FOR  USE  WITH  COST  CURVES      PLATE  "  O" 


Pig.  305 


able  value  of  M.  or  substitute  directly  in  the  equation  for  cost. 
}ioie  that  the  above  eostti  do  not  include  super intendence  or 
overhead  charges,  and  cover  only  the  coKt  of  loading.  Transpor- 
tation, duniping,  spreading  and  preparatory  costs  are  not  in- 
cluded. 


704       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

These  plotted  charts  have  been  given  to  ttaBiet  the  man  who  is 
accustomed  to  charts  to  uae  the  observed  data  contaiDed  in  this 
volume.  By  their  use  it  is  much  easier  to  pick  out  the  ccmditions 
that  fit  a.D7  particular  piece  of  work,  or  a  particular  example  to 
fit  the  conditions  of  the  work  to  be  done,  and  thus  make  the 
data  available  with  less  time  tbaa  would  be  necessary  if  all  the 
figures  were  given  in  tables. 

FOB  USE  WITH. COST  CURVES     PLATE  "E" 


Note— Shovtl  OB  Report  No. 

4S-"ti>MoveUp.    Hw 

Fig.  308 

It  should  be  particulprty  noted  that  for  plotting  the  two  co- 
ordinates certain  assumptions  are  necessary  because  there  are  t 
large  number  of  variables  in  the  theoretical  steam  shovel  formula. 
Thus,  we  have  made  three  plates  — one  where  the  expression  L  A 
is  1,600  cubic  feet,  one  where  it  is  3,000,  and  one  where  it  is 
6,000.  We  have  aJso  made  an  assumption  of  $57.04  for  the  valuF 
of  C.  Where  the  shovel  differs  very  much  in  type  from  the  on* 
mentioned  or  where  the  rates  of  labor  are  very  different  from  those 


diagrams.     The  ea^ieut  way  to  do  this  is  to  multiply  the  figures 
taken  from  the  diagrams  by  the  ratio  between  the  new  value  of  C 


!.     Thus,  if  the  shovel  cost^  per  day  turned  out 
f  $57-04,  and  the  diagram  should  give  a  cost 


706        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

per  cubic  yard  for  loading  of  12  centi,  we  would  have  for  out 
charge  12  cents  multiplied  by  $65  and  divided  by  $57.04,  or  13. GT 
cents  per  yard.  Aa  heretofore  indicated,  this  doei  not  include 
the  cost  of  overhead  charges,  superintendence,  and  preparatory 
charges,  which  in  all  cases  must  be  added  for  ptirposea  of  eeti- 
maling.  It  will  be  well  worth  while  for  the  man  who  contem- 
plates doing  shovel  work  to  give  these  diagrams  and  the  formulas 


most  careful  study,  and  to  make  up  for  hiffown  work,  substituting 
in  the  formula  the  constants  that  he  eiipecta  to  obtain,  diagrams 
that  will  be  esattly  suited  to  hia  particular  caae  . 

For  Use  with  Cost  Cnrres.     Plate  "C."     Values  of  e,  n,  c,  /. 
involved  in  ordinary  contracting  work  with  side  dump  care. 


e  ^  Average  time 
n  =  Number  of  ca 
c  =  Capacity  »f  C! 
/  =  Time  to  spot 
c':^  Capacity  of  c 


shov 


interrupted  to  change  trains. 


a  cubic  feet  (water 


B.  K.  borrow  pita'!!!!!!'. 
Rotk  .■«■    ,. 


67.5       EM       Sn 


General  average  of  e,  n 


e'  2j  4      JBrds  B.<)Oi»rds  li.iftymds 

cle-  27  0.6  0.8  O.W 

Whistle  SigiiBli  for  Steam  Shovel  Work.  A  Hat  of  the  varioua 
causes  of  delay  should  be  kept  by  the  ahovel  runner,  and  reported 
daily,  with  the  duration  of  each,  so  that  the  relative  importance  of 
the  different  causea  may  be  known,  and  a  standard  remedy  adopted. 
Whenever  such  a  remedy  ia  needed,  the  ahovel  runner  can  call  for 
it  by  a  whiatle  signal.  The  following  is  a  convenient  code  for 
these  signals,  a  long  toot  being  indicated  by  a  daeh,  a  short  one  by 
a  dot: 

—  Pit  crew  get  ready  to  move  ahovel. 

Get  ready  to  mud  cap. 

Get  ready  to  block  hole. 

We  need  coal. 

We  need  water. 

Waiting  for  cars   (useful  to  help  in  spotting  cars  when 
dinkey  man  cannot  see  baud  aignaU) . 

Stop. 

All  ready  to  blast. 

Fire. 

■ Cara  off  the  track. 

Shovel  has  broken  down. 

-^      Superintendent's  call. 

A  code  of  these  signals  in  the  ahovel  eab,  and  one  in  the  hands  of 
each  foreman,  will  be  sure  tJD  save  money  by  the  elimination  of 
the  preventable  delays. 

A  make  of  steam  shovels  is  priced  as  follows: 

Welgbt  in             Oopacilj'  Effeolive  pnll  Approi.  ship.  Price 

tons  of  dipper,  yd.  on  dipper,  lb.       wt.  In  lb.  t.  o.  b.  Wit. 

103                 !IH  la  S  S4.4I»                 £07,000  »3,»00 

VS.                a«  to  <!4  75.300                 182.000  a^aflO 

so                IVi  lo  314  67,700                 ISO.OOO  27,ll<fl 

68                Si^  Id  3  KG.OOO                 134,000  £l,«00 

The  revolviUR  shovels  may  be  had  in  two  general  aizea,  large 
and  small  shovels. 

One  make  of  revolving  shovels  i<i  furnished  in  three  standard 
Slices  of  the  large  class.  The  working  weight  of  the  smaller  one 
is  160.5  tons.    It  is  equipped  with  a  60-ft.  boom,  a  3S-ft.  dipper 


708        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

handle,  and  operates  a  2i^-j-d.  dipper.  The  intermediate  size 
weighs  214  tons,  is  equipped  with  a  T5-ft.  boom,  a  48-ft.  dipper 
handle,  and  operates  a  3i^-yd.  dipper.  The  largeet  size  weighs 
33ti  tons,  if  equipped  with  an  SO-ft,  boom,  a  58-ft.  dipper  handle, 
and  operates  a  6-;d.  dipper. 

The  capacities  of  the  dippers  as  given  above  are  the  struck 
measure.  Heaped,  the  dippera  have  the  following  respective  ca- 
pacities: 2%,  41^  and  7?^  cu.  yd. 


Fig.  310 

The  machines  are  particularly  adapted  to  stripping  work  such 
as  gravel  deposits,  clay  pits,  etc.,  and  are  used  for  stripping  in 
coal  and  iron  mines.  These  machines  are  mounted  on  four  pro- 
pelling trucks  and  temporary  tracks  arc  laid  for  traction. 

The  prices  of  the  machines,  including  the  services  of  the  manu- 
facturer's superintendent  of  erection  and  two  men  to  operate  the 
machine  over  a  period  of  25  days  when  first  erected,  are  $51,750 
for  the  smaller  size,  $73,300  for  the  intermediate  size,  and 
$105,000  for  the  largest  size. 


SHOVELS  7M 

The  small  revolving'  aliovels  may  be  mounted  on  tractor  wheals, 
railroad  truoke  or  caterpillara.  They  are  adapted  to  stock  pile 
work,  cellar  eitcavation,  roadway  eicavation  and  many  other 
kinds  of  worlc.     These  machines  may  also  be  converted  for  nork 


REPORT 
Fig.  311 

with  a  grab  bucket,  or  as  a  crane.     They  may  be  had  with  extra 
long  boom  and  handle  for  work  requiring  high  lifts  and  reaches. 
One  manufacturer  supplies  this  type-of  machine  in  three  stand- 
ard sises.     The  small  maehine  weighs  from  21.6  to  27  tons,  de- 


710        HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

pending  on  the  type  of  traction,  it  baa  an  18-ft.  boom,  an  11-ft. 
dipper  handle  and  swings  a  %-yA.  dipper. 

The  Intermediate  size  weighs  from  28.5  to  34  tone,  has  a  20-ft. 
boom  and   14-ft.  handle  and   swings  a.   \-jA.  bucket.     The  largest 


Pig.  312 

standard  size  weighs  from  43.25  to  55  tooa,  Is  equipped  with  a 
25-ft.  boom,  a,  16-ft.  3-in.  dipper  handle  and  operates  a  1^-yd. 
bucket. 

The  price  of  these  machines,  including  supervision  by  the  manu- 
facturer when  first  erected,  is  as  follows: 

Weiaht  Mountins  Price . 


SHOVELS  711 

The  weights  given  above  are  for  machines  set  up  with  counter- 
weightB.  The  shipping  weights  are  somewhat  leea  as  the  coun- 
terweight is  Dot  included  in  tho  shipment. 

A  revolving  shovel  with  a  horizontal  crowding  engine,  which 
enables  it  to  excavate  shallow  cuts  economical!;,  has  independent 


engines  for  hc^sting,  swinging  and  crowding,  and  a  vertical  boiler. 

Tbey  cost  &s  follows: 


712         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Type  00  and  0  ma;  be  had  with  gasoline  power  at  a  cost  of 
about  $200  additional. 

The  above  make  of  shovelB  is  furnished  with  either  shipper 
ahaft  or  horizontal  crowd  boom.  Types  0  and  Al  are  also  fur- 
nUbed  with  a  combination  boom  for  use  with  either  desfgn  of 
crowding  mechanism  interchangeably.  The  gasoline  shovels  arc 
lumtshed  with  horinrntal  crowd  boom. 

The  shipper  shaft  boom  has  an  extended  working  radius,  is 
capable  of  dumping  at  graat  height  and  can  excavate  at  a.  depth 
eonsiderabiy  below  the  level  of  the  wheels. 

The  following  ie  the  rated  capacity  of  the  shovels: 

Tvpe  OO 80  *n.  yd.  per  hr. 

Tn»  0   «  ou.  yd.  por  hr. 

T^TM   Al    M  cu.  yd.  per  hr. 

T^iw    1    76  en.  yd.  per  hr. 

This  machine  is  of  the  full  circle  swing  type.     The  dipper   is 

susfi^nded  by  an  adjustable  arm  hinged  to  a  carriage  or  trolley 
which  moves  horizontally  along  a  trackway.  When  power  is 
applied,  the  carriage  moves  forward  at  the  same  time  carrying 
the  dipper  arm  and  dipper  forward  horizontally  into  the  material 
to  be  dug,  thus  enabling  the  dipper  to  fill  completely  in  one  swing 
even  in  very  shallow  cuts.  The  length  of  the  dipper  arm  is  ad- 
justed within  a  range  of  about  30  in.  by  a  clamp  before  <ligging 
commences  thus  securing  proper  digging  depth.  The  depth  to 
which  the  shovel  digs  is  therefore  determined  for  any  one  adjust- 
ment by  the  height  of  the  track  on  which  the  machine  travels. 
A  swivel  clamp  on  the  dipper  arm  permits  the  dipper  to  swivel 
when  ewe  aide  encounters  an  extra  hard  obstruction,  thereby  re- 
lieving the  dipper  and  boom  from  twisting  strains.  For  tearing 
up  macadam  pavements  or  tough  material,  a  prying  motion  may 
be  exerted  by  inserting  the  teeth  beneath  the  material  with  the 
trolley  in  its  forward  position,  and  then  reversing  the  crowding 

Sewer  booms  with  long  dipper  handles  and  special  dippers  of 
small  size  are  fitted  to  shovels  for  trench  work.  Clsm'  shell  booms 
for  operation  of  these  buckets  may  be  provided  and  furnished 
with  auxiliary  mechanism  for  derricking  boom  and  handling 
second  rope  of  clam  shell  or  orange  peel  bucket.  Etrag  acraper 
booms  can  be  furnished,  with  the  necessary  me<Jianism  for  han- 
dling the  buckets.  Counterweight)  iig  is  necessary.  Shovels  are 
commonly  operated  by  steam  but  may  be  equipped  with  electric 
or  compressed  air  power. 

The  labor  required  is  as  follows:  1  engineer,  1  fireman,  in  all 
except  very  limited  outputs,  1  to  2  laborers.  The  fuel  required  is 
from  aOO  to  1,000  lb.  of  good  bituminous  coal  per  day  for  type 


SHOVELS  T13 

0  ajid  from   1,000  to  1,500  tb.  for  type  A  I,  and  fnun   1,SOO  to 

■2,000  for  type  1.  Waste  oil,  and  repairs  range  from  50  ct.  to  $2 
per  day. 

A  traction  steam  shovel  is  made  in  three  sizes  as  follows: 

No.  3  shovel  weighs  about  10  tons  and  costs  with  compIet«  outfit 
of  tools  and  fittings,  but  with  no  scoop  or  their  attachments, 
-'!!4,750.  A  skimmer  scoop  for  this  machine  is  31  in.  wide  and  haa 
a  capacity  of  ^^  cu.  yd.  The  price  including  all  attachments  is 
$250.  A  dipper  scoop  is  30  in.  wide  and  has  a  capacity  of  H 
cu.  yd.,  it  costs  $160.     A  set  of  dipper  sticks  for  the  same  is  $00. 

No.  4  shovel  weighs  about  12  tons  and  costs,  with  coqiplete 
outfit  of  tools  and  fittings,  but  no  scoop  or  attachments,  S6,750. 
Scoops  are  the  same  as  for  the  No.  3  machine  except  the  dipper 
sticks  which  cost  $125. 

Clamshell  bucket  for  the  No.  3  and  4  machine  has  a  half  yd. 
capacity  and  costs  $650.  The  attachments  for  the  bucket  on  the 
No.  3  machine  including  extension  boom,  cables,  sheaves  and 
counterbalance,  cost  $150.  Attachments  for  the  No.  4  machine 
cost  $170. 

No.  6  shovel  weighs  about  15  tons  and  costs  with  complete  outfit 
of  tools  and  fittings,  hut  without  scoops,  $6,600.  A  %-yd.  skim- 
mer scoop  for  this  machine  is  3S  in.  wide  and  coats  $350  including 
attachments.  A  %-yd.  dipper  scoop  for  this  machine  ia  36  in. 
wide  and  costs  $250.  A  set  of  dipper  sticks  for  the  same  coats 
$110.  A  %-yd.  clam  shell  bucket  costs  $850.  Attachment  for 
this  bucket  costa  $200. 

Ditcher  scoops  without  attachments  cost  aa  follows: 

Width  of  body  Widtb  oJ  ont 


Ditcher  scoops  most  commonly  used  are  the  24  and  30-m.  width. 
Attacbmoits  for  the  No.  3  machine  cost  $00,  for  the  No.  i  and  5 
machine,  $100.  lliese  attachments  consist  of  boom,  beam  exten- 
Hion  irons,  etc. 

The  application  of  the  scoops  is  as  follows:  Aa  a  steam  shovsl 
using  the  dipper  scoop  it  will  take  down  and  load  into  wagons  a 
bank  about  12  ft.  high. 

The  application  of  the  scoops  is  as  foltowa:  Dipper  acoop  for 
regular  steam  ahovel  work;  Skimmer  scoop  for  grading;  Ditcher 
acoop  for  ditches  and  cellar  digging;  Clfim  shell  for  deep  ditching 


7U        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

and-  unloading    or    lottding   work.     Thia    machine   may    also    he 
adapted  for  drag  scraper  work,  particularly  backfilling. 

Another  make  of  Bt«am  shovel  that  can  be  equipped  with  a  boom 
to  operate  a  clam  shell  bucket  coate,  f.  o.  b.  FennBylvania,  aa  fol- 

Trps  0«i^ity  BhifiFinc  vt.  Price 

Steam  Bhavel  %ca.ji..                    HOOD  tl.wo 

Crane  3  Ion                           21,000  1,200 

Slesm  ahorel  K  cu.  jd.                        M.Ono  8,2D« 

Crane  K  ton                           40,000  8,200 

A  OtuoUne  SbOTel  with  multipedal  traction  Iib«  the  following 

Bpecifications : 


Ruled  ChpH^ity  per  hr.,  deep  ei 
AppToiimtte  Bhipplnf  weiebl  . 
Price,  1.  o.  b.  Chiueo,  no  bucl 


to  3  dipa  per  xaia 


tet  ;9,500 


For  digging  trenches  in  ground  where  it  would  not  be  safe 
to  support  the  shovel  on  the  banka,  however  well  sheeted  the 
trench  might  be,  an  arrangement  which  allows  the  shovel  to 
dig  backward  is  sometimes  used.  This  consists  of  an  extension 
boom  at  the  end  of  and  in  line  with  the  main  boom,  but  slanting 
downward  at  an  angle  of  about  46°  to  the  perpendicular.  On  the 
lower  end  of  this  are  placed  the  crowding  engines,  reversed  from 
their  usual  position,  thus  pointing  the  dipper  mouth  towards  the 
shovel.  This  allows  the  shovel  to  remain  ahead  of  the  trench 
on  solid  ground. 

Where  a  through  cut  is  being  made,  the  excavation  is  often 
too  narrow  to  permit  the  shovel  to  turn  around  and  excavate 
the  next  cut  in  an  opposite  direction,  but  necessitating  the  return 
,  of  the  machine  backward  to  the  starting  point  tor  the  next  cut. 
Sometimes  this  return  is  3  or  4  miles  long  and  costs  considerable 
in  loat  time  as  weli  as  money.  In  auoh  a  situation  the  shovel 
should  be  equipped  with  a  ball  socket,  which  allows  it  to  be 
jacked  up  and  revolved  on  the  forward  trucks  while  being  held 
in  equilibrium  by  the  weight  of  the  extended  bucket  and  dipper. 

Repairs.  These  depend  more  on  the  amount  and  kind  of  work 
done  than  on  the  age  of  the  shovel.  Hepairs  are  higher  for  rock 
work  than  for  earth  work,  and  higher  for  poorly  broken  rock 
than  for  rock  that  has  been  well  blasted.  Actual  total  charges 
for  repairs  to  steam  shovels  are  very  difficult  to  compute,  as 
minor  or  immediately  necessary  repairs  are  made  while  wait- 
ing for  trains  and  during  other  delays.  On  most  jobs  repairs 
are  made  at  night  or  on  Sundays  by  the  regular  crew  without 
extra  compensation.    Material   for   repairs  to  a  65'ton    shovel 


SHOVELS  -  715 

working  in  a,  clay  pit  for  6^  years  amounted  to  aa  average  of 
S198.00  per  year.  The  maximum  amount  per  year  wa8  »375.0O 
and  the  minimum  $48.00.  Thi«  does  not  include  tbe  labor  charge. 
Total  boiler  repairs  during  the  same  period  cost  $200.00.  On  a 
95-ton  shovel  in  rook  excavation  the  boiler  was  washed  and 
large  repairs  made  once  each  week  by  a  special  crew.  This  cost 
about  $32.00  per  week.  Repairs  on  a  TO-ton  shovel  working  in 
iron  ore  were  made  liy  the  regular  crew  and  cost  about  50  et. 
a  day.  During  the  6  months  ending  June  30,  lOlO,  the  cost  of  re- 
pairs to  steam  shovels  on  the  Panama  Canal  work  averaged  $27.66 
per  day  per  shovel  for  9,527  days'  service. 

Col.  Goethttls,  chief  engineer  of  the  Panama  Canal,  has  been 
kind  enough  to  furnish  me  with  the  following  information  as  to 
steam  shovels  on  that  work  up  to  and  including  the  fiscal  year 
1908.  There  were  then  in  service  101  shoveU,  one  20-ton,  ten 
45-ton,  seven  flO-ton,  thirty-live  70-ton,  sixteen  91-ton,  and  thirty- 
two  95-ton  shovels,  which  cost  a  total  of  $1,094,367.00. 

The  cost  of  repairs  was  as  follows : 


is 

Piecsl  Tear  Ending  ^|g 

ill 

■ill 

III 
JJI 

1    ^ 

as  S  a  ::1 

:  ioi 

t  20,337.89 
209  214.48 
4W.6OT.lfl 

1.»>G,H2 

fo.oiss 

s 

— 

t7»,6m.K 

ished  under 

3S.18S,S9» 

peculiarly 

tO.Q3SU 

expensive 

These  repairs  were 
ditionsi 

accomp 

1.  Wages  over  50%  higher  than  in  the  UniUd  States. 

2.  Cost  of  privil^es  granted  employes. 

3.  Unusually  difficult  excavation. 

4.  High  cost  of  material. 

All  steam  shovels  were  given  such  field  repairs  as  were  neces- 

Sepreelatfon.  Tha  regular  life  of  a  steam  shovel  ia  about  20 
years,  the  cost  new  is  about  $200.00  per  ton  and  the  scrap  value 
about  $10.00  per  ton.  Depreciatiop  per  year,  by  the  straight  line 
formula,  would  therefore  be  *.75%. 

The  size  of  shovel  for  any  given  work  should  depend  upon  the 


716        HASDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

1} 

s    f       .. ;i?si 

mit 


"•IBiOllB    JO      ON     ■ 


S    , 


..orp'-IB    «2^et3S:^-;^,^|, 


SHOVELS  717 

yardage  in  each  cut,  not  upon  the  total  yardage  of  the  contract. 
It  dependa  also  upini  the  dietance  and  the  character  of  the 
ground  oter  which  the  shovel  bae  to  be  moved  and  the  number 
of  movea  to  be  made.  U»6  a.  26-ton  shovel  for  small  outs  where 
moves  will  be  frequent,  a  55  to  BS-ton  where  cuts  are  heavy  and 
moves  not  frequent,  and  the  largest  available  one  where  the  cute 
are  very  long  and  deep. 

The  cost  of  moving  a  shovel  varies  greatly  with  the  conditions. 
In  certain  railroad  excavation  it  took  i  wceka  with  a  full  crew 
to  move  a  06-ton  shovel  6  miles,  and  3  weeks  to  move  down 
across  a  valley  frtnn  the  flaished  cut  to  a  new  cut,  a  distance 
of  ^  mile  The  cost  of  moving  a  65-ton  shovel  1  mile  on  a 
country  road  with  heavy  grades,  and  ^  mile  through  fielda  with 
a  15°  slope,  was  $316.  It  took  8  days,  involving  the  services  of 
1  ahovel  crew,  1  team,  1  forenian,  and  S  men.  A  35-ton  trac- 
tion shovel  has  been  moved  IS  miles  in  18  days  by  ita  crew, 
whose  wages  amounted  to  $35  per  day,  17  miles  being  ov^  rough 
roads  and  1  mile  beini;  across  fields  and  up  hill. 

Cost  of  KovlnE  a  Steam  Shove].  The  following  is  from  Con- 
tracting, August,  1916. 

Moving  a  eteam  shovel  from  one  job  to  another  involves  a  great 
deal  more  expense  than  many  people  would  expect  and  is  likely  to 
make  an  important  addition  to  the  overhead  chari^s  of  this  kind 
of  plant,  especially  when  used  on  small  jobs.  A  60.ton  Marion 
steam  shovel  was  recently  shipped  32  miles  by  rail  and  motor 
truck  and  reinstalled  at  a  total  cost  of  $1,]S6,  while  another' 
move  of  22  miles  by  railroad  and  IT  miles  under  its  own  power 
cost  $3,074.  Although  the  first  operation  involved  an  expense  of 
nearly  $400  for  completely  dismantling  and  reassembling  the 
shovel,  it  saved  a  considerable  percentage  of  the  transportation 
charges  at  the  expense  possibly  of  some  delay,  since  the  shovel  was 
out  of  service  for  61  days  ss  compared  with  4B  days  for  the  rail- 
road transfer.  It  is  possible  that  a  system  of  auxiliary  wheels 
to  distribute  the  load  over  a  larger  area  of  roads  and  bridges  in 
transit,  if  it  could  be  satisfai-torily  applied,  together  with  a 
higher-geared  propelling  mechanism,  would  save  considerable  time 
and  expense  and  the  dismantling  be  avoided, 

PowEK  CoNSUMpno.-j  OF  Electwo  Shovel 

An  electric  shovel  with  a  2 1,^ -cubic -yard  dipper  was  used  in 
excavating  gravel  for  the  Car«ion  River  dam  at  Lahontan,  Nev. 
The  line  voltage  was  2,300,  which  was  stepped  down  to  440  by 
three  00  K.  V.  A.  single-phase  transformers  located  on  the  shovel. 
These  transformers  were  connected  to  the  distributing  system  1^ 


718        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

TOO  ft.  of  triple-covered  flexible  cable  armoTed  with  D-ahaped  ' 
steel  tap«,  which  was  dragged  along  the  ground  as  the  ehovel 
moved.     Thig  cable  was  dragged  over  roeka  and  througll  mud  and 

water,  but  required  very  little  protection.  The  hoisting  machinery 
woB  driven  by  a  115-hp.,  110-volt,  three  phase,  60-eycle,  variabie- 
epeed  induction  motor.  The  propelling  mathiuery  was  also  driven 
by  this  motor.  The  swinging  machinery  was  geared  to  a  50-hp. 
motor,  and  the  thrust  motor  was  also  5l>-hp,  The  compressor 
which  furnished  air  to  the  hoisting  drum  brake,  the  emergency 
brake  on  the  swing  motor,  and  the  friction  clutch  and  brake  on 
the  intermediate  shaft  were  driven  by  a  2-hp.  constant  ipeed  in- 
duction motor. 

A  test  made  on  October  14,  1912,  when  the  shovel  was  working 
in  a  gravel  bank  10  to  12  ft.  high,  with  a  clear  lift  of  dipper 
of  16  ft.,  loading  8-car  trains,  gave  the  following  results: 

Total  time  observed,  45,5  minutes. 

Digging  and  loading  occupied  67%  of  the  time.  Delays,  mov- 
ing up,  etc.,  occupied  43%  of  the  time.  Hate  of  digging  on 
oheerved  basis,  1,500  cubic  yards  of  loose  gravel  in  8  hours.  Total 
power  consumed  by  ehovel  Id  8  hours,  463  kw.  hours  —  0.302  kw. 
hours  per  cubic  yard  of  loose  gravel. 

Salltoad  DradlnE  with  an  E)e«trlo  Bhovel.*  The  following  is 
from  the  Excavating  Engineer,  Jan.,  1915. 

The  Wilkes-Rarre  Railway  Co.  have  been  operating  a  Bucyrus 
14-B,  revolving,  railway  truck  mounted,  %-yiJ.  dipper  shoffel.  This 
'  machine  was  operated  by  electric  current  at  575  volts  D  C,  and 
has  variable  speed  motors  of  the  following  siie:  Hoist  motor,  30 
hp.;  swing  and  thrust  motors  each  15  hp.  The  working  weight 
of  the  shovel  iv  19  tons. 

A  S500-CU.  yd.  slide  was  handled  between  April  19  and  May 
8,  ID14.  The  material  was  hardpan,  loosened  by  frost,  and  con- 
taining gravel  and  small  boulders  up  to  2  or  3  cu.  ft.  in  volume. 
This  material  was  wet  and  weighed  125  lb.  per  cu.  ft.  The  shovel 
loaded  into  10-yd.  steel  Western  side  air^dump  cars;  two  cars  and 
two  motors  were  used.  One  motor  conveyed  the  loaded  car  to  a 
switch  800  ft  distant  and  returned  with  the  empty  car;  the 
other  motors  hauled  the  cars  between  the  switch  and  the  dump,  an 
average  distance  of  a  mile.  Much  delay  was  caused  by  the  distance 
between  the  shovel  and  switch  and  the  resulting  enforced  idleness 
of  the  machine  while  waiting  for  cars.  On  a  typical  day  the 
shovel  was  in  operation  225  minutes  out  of  GOO  working  minutes. 
•ElPUtric  shovel  oneration  on  an  elettrlc  railway;  the  Wilkea-Barts  Bail- 

tor  the  put  year  with  iMcndid  rptolts.  Bonia  TrtoiAe  of  pelf ornia dc«  vJlh 
coat  Agaam.    The  Sicaccttinil  Engineer,  January,  1915. 


SHOVELS  7m 

The  material  was  dumped  along  the  side  alopea  of  existing  fills 
and  prolmlily  not  more  than  20%  was  spread  hy  hand,  yet  the 
cost  of  spreading  amounted  to  nearly  50%  of  the  labor  cost.  It  ia 
worth  noting  tliat  a  thin  layer  oE  aahffi  spread  on  the  ateel  bottom 
of  the  cars  before  loading  greatly  facilitated  the  dumping  of  this 
sticky  ma,terial. 

Cost  of  Removinq  S500-Cu.  Yix  Slim: 

Ct.  per 
Labar  ca.  ; d. 

SjKitting  tura  l.S 

Hauling  and  dumpinj; 1.8 

SIpreiidknj  on  dump  ■    1,0 

ToUI  labor  S.2 

Including  supervie ion,  about  10,0 

1«0  Icyr.-hr.  prr  dar  (nljmated)  al  l.S>  ct.  equals  12.40  per  day      O.TS 
Motor  car,  175  kw.-hr.  pet  day  O.SO 

Total  power  1.56 

RepalTB,  snppliwi,  cetimated  st  %2  [>er  day  0.00 

Total  cost  per  cu.  yd UJB 

No  allowance  for  interest  or  depreciation. 

A  side  eut,  800  ft.  long,  and  from  1  to  8  ft,,  averaging  3.5  ft. 
deep,  on  the  center  line,  containing  2,4-jO  cu.  yd,,  was  graded  in  12 
working  days.  One  motor  car  and  one  10-yd  dump  car  were 
UBcd  for  hauling  the  material  over  a  very  steep  and  poorly  aligned  • 
track  to  the  fill.  Much  delay  was  caused  by  the  lack  of  power 
to  drive  the  motor.  The  material  was  generally  loam  but  about 
2.'i%  was  shale  varying  from  easy  to  hard  digging.  The  fill  was 
fiOO  ft.  long  and  2  to  8  (average  5)  ft.  deep.  200  ft,  of  crib  trestle 
wore  erected  on  the  deeper  portion  of  the  fill.  The  coat  ia  given 
as  follows;  ' 

Cost  or'  Gkadino  a  2450-Cu.  Yd.  Side  Cut 

Total  Coat 

Labor  cost  percu.  yd. 

Oradinefor  tamporarr  track  t  50.00  $0.0204 

MOTinir  ihovel  inlcnioaition  13,24  O-Kiei 

EnraTstiDe  and  loDrlina  materiel  107.74  0.0433 

Hnnling  and  dumping  BO,74  0.03(1 

Building  crib  ttrortlB  2S.0n  O.nioa 

aprcBdinit  and  jarking  trnrk  134,20  0,0347 

Watchmen   (two-thirds  time)   M.M  0,0052 

Btaoksmith    S,00  0.0024 

Throwing  treck  to  pwmanent  position   OT,00  O.Oiaz 

Total    (411.152       (n.iTW 

Supcrrlsion    : 43.90         0,0179 

Tsial    M8S.58       I0.1M9 


720       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Power 

Shovel,  1360  kw.-hr.  at  1.5  et.  t  18.90       |n.00S8 

Hauling,  <80  kw.-hr.  at  l.S  c( 7,20         0.0029 

Total     (509.68       I0.20S6 

Comparative  Operating;  Coits  or  Steam  and  Electric  StaovelB. 
The  following  ia  taken  from  a  paper  hy  H.  W'.  Rogers  in  the  Feb., 
1914,  Bulletin  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 

Consider  a  120-ton  shovel  which  is  ordinarily  equipped  with  a 
5-eu.-yd.  dipper  and  has  an.  average  capacity  of  approximately 
2,500  eu.  yd.  per  10-hour  day.  This  capacity  is  based  on  an  aver- 
age working  time  of  55%  and  an  average  dipper  capacity  of 
3%  eu.  yd.  in  75%.  With  a  good  grade  of  coal  the  steara  shovel 
will  require  approximately  3%  tons  per  8-hour  shift  and  will  make 
an  average  of  two  complete  cycles  per  minute.  For  the  purpose  of 
comparison,  however,  the  maximum  capacity  of  the  shovel  ia 
taken;  i.  e.,  three  cJ'cIch  per  minute.  Under  these  conditions 
either  the  Hteam  or  the  electric  shovel  will  have  a  total  working 
time  during  one  shift  of  8  X  60  X  0.55  =  264  min.  during  which 
Jime  it  will  make  264  X  3  =  702  complete  cycles,  and  will  han- 
dle 792  X  3iK  =  2,070  cu.  yd.  of  material. 

The  direct-current  shovel  would  be  equipped  with  two  80-hp. 
500-r.pm.,  2.?0-vo1t  series  motors  on  the  hoist,  one  40-hp.,  650 
r.p.m.,  230-volt  seriea  motor  on  the  swing,  raie  60-hp.,  550  r  p.m., 
230-volt  series  motor  on  the  thrust,  and  one  I50-kw.,  900  r.p.m., 
2.50-volt  direct-current  generator  direct  connected  to  a  225-hp., 
900  r.p.m.,  2,200-volt  induction  motor,  with  four-point  reversible 
automatic  control  on  each  motor. 

Tlie  estimated  power  consumption  during  each  cycle  will  he  as 
follows: 

Ew.-sec. 


Total   2,44g  =  0.«Skw.-hr. 

Now  792  X  Cf.68  =  530  kw -hr,  input  to  the  motors  per  S-hour 
shift,  or,  taking  into  account  the  efficiency  of  the  motor-generator 
set,  057  kw.-hr.  per  8-hour  shift. 

As  the  shovel  ia  working  only  55%  of  the  time,  the  motor- 
generator  set  will  be  running  tight  45%  of  the  time,  or  8  X  60  X 
0.45  =  216  minutes. 

The  power  consumption  on  the  set  when  running  I'ght  will  be 
216  X  16.77 
approcimately  16.77  kw. — ^60.4  kw.-hr.  loss  per  8-Iir. 

shift. 


MGootjl>j 


SHOVELS  721 

657  +  60.4=^717.4  kw.'hr.  total  power  consumption  per  8-hour 
shift  when  working  under  the  maximum  cycle. 


2.mo 


:  0.241  kw,-hr.  per  cubic  yard  excavated. 


The  alternating-current  shovel  would  be  equipped  with  two 
150-hp.,  450  r.p.m.,  440-volt  motors  on  the  hoist,  one  60-hp.,  720 
r.p.m.,  440Yolt  motor  on  the  swing,  one  T5-hp.,  600  r.p.m.,  440- 
volt  motor  on  the  thrust,  and  three  125  kilovolt-ampere,  2,220-480- 
volt  traneformers,  with  five-point  reversible  automatic  control  on 
each  motor. 

The  estimated  power  consumption  during  each  cycle  will  b«  as 
follows : 

Kw.-Bec. 

Hoittinff  a.OWl 

Swinginc   759 

Orowalng   JBO 

Total S,B«  =  0.S871cw.-lir. 

Now  782  X  0.987  =  782  kw.-hr.  input  to  the  motors  per  8-hour 
shift  or,  taking  into  account  the  efficiency  of  the  transformers,  796 
kw.-hr.  per  8-haur  shift. 

The  no-load   losses  on  the  transEormers  will  be  approiimately 
21«  X  3.8 
=  13.0  kw.-hr.  loss  per  8-hour  shift.     796  +  13  =:  809,0 

kw.-hr.  total  per  8-hour  shift     TJvTii  =''■2^3  kw.-hr,  per  cubic 


2,070 


yard  emvated. 

Labor  per  ahif t  —                                                      Slesm  Electric 

ahoTol  runner    (8.09  t  «.00 

CrBllBniBn    4J»  4.00 

FiremMi    2.60  

Six  pitmen  at  n.J6  ,. M.BO  10.50 

One  wBtchmsn 1.7K  

One  coal  paaiot  1.50  

Tfaming  (14  day)  2.50 

Oil  and  waste  l.BO  0.7B 

Total  130.25  (21.26 

Savins,  electric  over  iteatu  21.25 

Par  ahifl   »  9.W 

For  convenience  in  comparing  the  costs  of  apsration  on  steam 

and  electric  shovels  the  costs  are  all  reduced  to  a  day  basis. 


.Ac 


722        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


Bt«nm 

«ur™ 

Depreciation  at  m%  

B«pairaatlO%  

LaK"'i^r  »biti':v.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.:'.'. 

ToUl  cost  per  atift 

:::;::::::!  wis 

MS.1* 

a: 

M2, 

It  hoB  been  aflaumed  that,  owing  to  weather  conditions,  delajs, 
etc.,  the  Kbovel  working  year  consista  of  150  days  and  tbe  above 
figures  are  based  on  this  assumption;  also  that  the  shovel  is  only 
working  one  shift  a  day. 

If  the  shovel  works  three  shifts  a.  day  instead  of  one  shift  a  day, 
the  int«rest  and  depreciation  will  remain  the  same,  provided  the 
ehovel  is  kept  in  repair.  It  is  reasonable  ta  assume  that  the  re- 
pairs will  increase  when  working  three  shifts,  but  not  in  direct 
proportion;  thwefore  this  item  has  been  increased  60%. 

Equivalent 

Direct  alternating 

In(«reat  at  6% |    G.a)       |  7.TE       |10.g& 

DepteciaUon  at  4H%   *.03  e.W  8.43 

Repairs  at  IB  %  13.00  

Labor  (three  Bh'ift«r'--i--"------"'---il      80.T6        Bi'.TS         SsllB 

Total  coat  (3  shilu)  tll2-SS       fSa.lZ       tMM 

Disregarding  the  coet  of  coal  and  electric  power,  the  saving  of 
the  direct  current  shovel  over  the  steam  shovel  would  be  $S10  per 
year  for  one  shift  operation  and  $3,580  per  year  for  three  shifts. 

The  alternating  current  shovel  when  working  one  shift  a  day 
would  show  a  loss  of  $4S6  per  year.  On  the  other  hand,  if  this 
shovel  worked  three  shifts  per  day  it  would  show  a  saving  of 
$2,050.50  per  year.  Any  greater  saving  than  that  shown,  would' 
depend  upon  the  comparative  cost  of  coal  and  electric  power,  hut 
as  this  is  a  variable  it  could  only  be  shown  by  means  of  a  curve. 

Kethod  at  Ereotli^  a  Standard  ShoTel.  The  following  in- 
genious suggestion  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Williams  appeared  in  the  Ex- 
cavating Engineer. 

It  is  sometimes  quite  a  task  to  erect  a  standard  railroad  type 
shovel  when  labor  is  scarce,  as  there  are  a  number  of  heavy 
pieces  to  be  handled.  To  facilitate  this  work,  a  very  handy 
and  efHcient  jib  crane  can  be  constructed,  as  shown  Id  the  accom- 
panying  sketch,  by  attaching  a  piece  of  8-in.  x  8-in.  x  10-tt. 
timber  to  the  A-frame  collar,  which  will  act  as  a  center  pintle,  bo 


SHOVELS 


723 


th&t  the  timber  can  be  iwung  around  ia  an^r  position.  Attach 
^bain  falls  or  blocii  and  tackle  at  any  convenient  point  on  the 
timber  jib  and  heavy  parts  such  as  jaclc  arms,  sheaves,  chains, 
;tc.,  can  be  bandied  with  ease.  Parts  can  be  lifted  from  the  idler 
sr  and  placed  in  position  alongside  the  shovel  and  jack  arms 
)ut  In  place  on  tile  shovel  without  any  trouble. 


Fig.  314. 


To  get  the  timber  up  on  the  roof  of  the  shovel  and  attach  it  to 
,he  A-frame  collar  is  a  (comparatively  simple  matter.  Fasten  two 
■opes  to  the  running  board  on  the  roof.     Drop  the  bight  of  both 

inefl  to  the  ground  and  place  the  timber  in  them.  Two  men 
in  the  roof  can  easily  roll  it  up.  Swing  the  A  Frame  collar 
parallel  to  the  shovel  and  place  one  end  of  the  timber  on  it, 
lupporting  the  other  end  on  the  roof  of  the  shovel  by  blocking  of' 

he  proper. height.  Bolt  the  timtier  securely  to  the  collar  and 
roa  will  have  a  very  simple  and  practical  crane.  A  piece  of 
F-raii  can  be  used  if  a  timber  ia  not  available. 


Dbbbick  Excavatobs 

HoiltiDE 

3«p 

foriochM                  lb.        '"■          ft.         (t.             fear            cable. 

yd. 

CjlTn-  Boiler,  diwn. 

der       Up. 

^ 

HlUandUiIS              975     3009     35-65     »0-60     7    nlB     30     Itnch 

% 

Hal4rein(orcfldandl4il«  I05O     2MB      35-60     40-65     S"4iilO     30     I  Inoh 

724        HANDBOOK  OK  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

I  have  found  this  to  be  &  great  labor  and  time  saver  sdc 
easily  rigged  up. 

A  recent  addition  to  the  large  number  of  excavatore  is  th( 
Union  Derrick  Excavator. 

The  propertiee  of  this  machine  [umigbed  b;  tbe  manufacturei 
are   as   follows: 

Carriages  can  be  made  for  any  aize  of  booms,  other  than  spec- 
ified above. 

The  length  of  dipper  stick  is  governed  by  the  depth  of  digging; 
if  digging  is  to  be  done  at.  a  considerable  depth  below  base  o1 
derrick,  the  dipper  Btick  must  be  lengthened  accordingly. 

The  changing  of  the  carriage,  for  example,  from  a  12  x  12  to  > 
12  X  14  boom,  or  vice  versa,  is  accomplished  by  simply  ehiftinj 
two  angles  held  by  a  number  of  bottH. 

The  price  of  the  above,  f.  o.  b.  New  York,  including  carriage 
with  all  attachments  ready  to  be  fitted  to  the  boom  of  a  derrick, 
manganese  steel  teeth,  and  gripping  cable,  but  not  including 
wooden  dipper  arm,  are  as  follows: 

U  cu.  yd.  oapacity  I   OO 

yj  eu.  rd.  clpscl^  8£0 

%  en.  yd.  capsotly  SW 

ti  cu.  yd.  capselft'  1,1160 

1     cu.  yd.  flapaelty  1,K« 


MGoOtjl>J 


stone  Skips  similar  to  Fig-.  315  a.re  built  of  beavj  steel  plates 
and   reinforcing  bars.     The   %-yil.   size  is  designed   for   handling 


Fig.  315.    Stone  SIcip, 

excavation,   brick  and  mortar  on   ligiiter   foundation   work.     T 
other  sizes  are  proper  for  heavy  work  on  bridges,  damn,  etc. 


Cableway  Skips  constructed  of  heavy  steel  plates  with  rein- 
forcing aJid  hajiger  bars,  used  in  the  construction  of  dams,  reser- 
voirs and  other  large  work,  cost  as  follows: 


Dime 

niiona 

Weigbt 

in 

complBtein. 

Sbjr  1 

;  by  2 

1300 

Sby  ( 

iby  2 

Thy  ■ 

1  by  214 

2S7B 

8by  1 

*  by  2!4 

3530 

SLEDGES  AND  HAMKE2S 

Sledgres.  Blacksmith's  cross  pein  5  to  24  lb.,  double  face  S  to 
24  lb.,  striking  BJid  drilling  haminerB  3  to  -14  lb.,  stone  sledges 
10  to  24  lb.,  cost  approxiraatelf  30  cents  per  lb.  for  6  lb.  and 
over,  and  40  cents  per  lb.  for  undeT  5  lb.  Handles  cost  about 
$2.50  per  doz. 

Hammen.  Bricklayer's  bammeTs,  without  handle,  coet  as 
follows : 

Weight 


B  cost  as  follows: 


Bivetlng  hamioeTa    (plain  eye)    cost  as   follows; 


:,G(.K)tjl>J 


Sprinkling  Cars  and  Wagone,  Oil  Distributxn'H  &nd 
Tank    Wagons. 

A  aprinkler  furnished  with  either  platfonn  spring  gears  or 
reach  geflTs  is  made  in  the  following  sizes: 


i^Si. 


no  nso  MO 

HOb  3900  »7S 

Koad  Ollli^  HachlnetT-  A  pressure  road  oiler  of  600  gal. 
capacity,  the  standard  equipment  of  which  applies  up  to  one- 
third  gallon  per  square  yard  in  an  eight  foot  width,  is  operated 
by  one  man.  It  will  handle  all  grades  of  oils  or  tars  for  dust 
laying  or  road  rebuilding  operational,  and  is  furnished  either 
with  or  without  a  heating  attachment.  The  approximate  weight 
of  this  machine  is  4,0SO  lb.,  and  it  coets  $1,000  f.  o.  b.  Chicago.  A 
heating  attachment  for  it  eonsiats  of  a  jacket  around  the  tank 
proper,  the  heat  being  supplied  hy  a  gasoline  or  kerosene  burner. 
The  approximate  weight  of  the  machine  with  the  heating  attach- 
ment is  4,700  Ih.,  and  the  price  is  31,100. 

A  pressure  distributor  for  applying  light  oils  and  tar  products 
under  pressure  consists  of  a  steel  tank,  equipped  with  heating  and 
distributing  devices,  mounted  on  a,  platform  spring  gear  truck. 
The  capacity  of  the  tank  is  600  gal.  The  heating  device  consists 
at  a  Are  box  designed  to  burn  wood  or  oil.  The  amount  of 
material  applied  can  be  regulated  from  ooe-tenth  to  four-tenths 
of  a  gal.  per  sq,  yd.,  and  can  be  applied  at  a  pressure  of  from 
5  to  25  lb.  per  sq.  in.  The  machine  weighs  3,400  lb,  empty,  com- 
plete, and  costs  $1,000  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

A  heating  distributor  simila'r  to  the  above,  except  that  the 
pump  is  larger  and  that  it  is  fitted  with  a  kerosene  burner,  for 
heating  the  oil,  weighs  empty,  complete,  4',400  lb.,  and  costs 
«1,250  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

727 

Cookie 


728         HANDBOOK  OF  COXSTRUtTION  EQriPMKNT 

A  dietributor  for  applying  heavy  bituminous  binders  under 
pressure  eonsisting  of  an  air  tiglit  asphajt  drum,  equipped  with 
two  seta  of  distributing  valves  and  nozzles,  an  air  reservoir  and 
air  eompressor  all  mounted  on  a  iieavy  frame,  whieh   in  turn    if 


supported  on  four'  broad  rolls,  has  a  capacity  of  200  gat. 
ordinarily  drawn  by  a  road  roller.  This  machine  weighs 
plete,  empty,  4,100  lb.,  and  costs  $1,000  I.  o.  b.  factory. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  03 

SrONE  BOATS 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  saya;  "A  team  of  horses  can  exert  a  pull 
of  1,000  lb.  for  a  short  time  if  they  have  a  good  earth  loot- 
hold.  The  sliding  friction  of  iron  or  wood  on  earth  ia  alout 
50%  of  the  weight  of  the  load  that  is  being  dragged,  h^ice  a 
team  is  capable  of  dragging  a  stone  boat  and  load  together 
weighing  2,000  Iba."  If  a  "skid  road"  of  partly  buried  timbe* 
is  built  and  kept  well  greased  a  stone  boat  can  be  hauled  with 
extreme  ease,  A  weight  heavier  than  a  wagon  load  t«n  be 
putled.  Stone  boats  3'  wide,  7'  long  with  three  4"x4"  timber 
runners  euned  up  in  front  and  shod  with  iron,  and  a  2"  plank 
floor  have  been  made  on  jobs  in  the  vicinity  of  Xew  York  from 
1007  to  1010  coating  $15  to  $20.  They  last  about  one  xeaaon 
under  hard  work  with  one  reshoeing  which  costs  50%  of  the 
original  cost. 


SECTION  94 

STUHF  PVILEBS 

There  are  four  r  ethods  of  grul  hin„  By  hand  by  burning 
liy  blasting  and  nith  a  Htump  pulling  machine  \d  ave  a 
mattock  a  round  pointed  shovel  and  a  lontr  iieavy  pole  for  use 
as  a  lever  are  the  tools  required  in  the  first  method  If  trenrhLs 
are  dug  around  tlie  stumps  in  the  fall  of  the  \ear  the  frost  will 
aid   materially  in  heat  ing  the  stumps 

On  land  that  hs-t  1ieen  cut  o\er  previously  leaving  the  stumps 
wholly  or  partially  dead  burning  is  sometimes  econonii  al 
\Miere  the  stumps  arc  Rrecn  tlev  must  be  removed  from  the 
firound  and  dried  Ixfore  tliey  will  burn 

By  far  the  lict  method  if  jiru!  lung  is  by  blasting  if  properly 
done.  A  ship  auger  1  or  U,  tnchea  in  diameter  costing  $1  to 
SI. -25  should  be  used  to  liore  a  bole  near  the  base  of  the  stump 

For  small  stumps  djnamite  sli  ruld  1*  used  exclusively  The 
729 


730        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

hole  in  large  stumps  should  first  be  sprung  with  a.  small  charge 
o[  dynamite,  aud  then  blown  with  Judson  or  black  powder. 

Mrs.  Edith  Loring  Fuilerton  in  "  The  Lure  of  the  Land  "  gives 
the  following  account  of  means  used  in  grubbing  and  clearing 
the  land  of  the  Long  Island  Experimental  Farm.  "  Small  stumps 
up  to  four  feet  require  about  ^  lb',  while  large  ones,  say,  aix 
U>  eight  feet  in  diameter,  require  3  lb.  of  the  explosive  which  is 
placed   in    sevcTal   separate   holes    surrounding    tlie    stump.  .  '.  . 

"Fourteen  fuse  charges  are  placed  under  as  many  stumps;  the 
method  of  placing,  by  the  way,  is  to  lower  the  charge  into  the 
oblique  hole,  preas  it  steadily  and  flrmlj  with  a  blunt  ended 
stick  until  expanded  to  the  full  size  of  the  crowbar  hole,  then 
fill  up  the  hole  with  earth  and  tramp  it  firmly,  that  no  explosive 
gases  may  find  a  loophole  of  escape.  .  .  . 

"  Dynamiter  Kissam,  with  '  Dell '  Hawkins*  assistance,  blew 
r^ularly  frnm  76  to  111)  stumps  a  day.  The  dynamite  splits 
them  HO  completely  that  they  can  be  burned  at  once.  The 
stumps  taken  out  by  hand  required  cleaning,  splitting  and  dry- 
ing before  they  could  be  burned;  an  added  expense.  Below  are 
the  comparative  figures  on  100  stumps  (about  1910)  ; 

DyW  AMITE. 

Average  SD  lb.  djuamits  St  15  CI.  p«r  lb t  S.OO 

Labor  of  eipr rt  snd  li«lpei  SM 

100  (m™  Bt  45  cl.  par  too  (t.  7B 

IWcapj  at  15  et.  per  100  .15 

Total    HO-OO 

Hand  Labor. 

100  aveTSce  atumiii  rMpiliB  3  awn  33  daya  at  11.33  per  dij.  (131.07 

"  Stump  pullers  were  out  of  the  question,  there  was  no  stand- 
ing timber  for  the  block  and  fall  to  be  fastened  to,  the  time 
necessary  to  hitch  to  stumps  buried  Just  under  the  surface, 
frequently  with  rotted  heart,  together  with  the  cost  of  the  puller. 
hire  of  horses  and  men,  made  it  way  beyond  the  power  of  com- 
peting with  dynamite." 

For  further  data  on  this  subject,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
excellent  little  book:  "Clearing  aand  Grubbing,"  by  H.  P. 
Gillette. 

Cost  of  Clearing  Cut  Over  Land  with  Power.  The  following 
is  from  Engineering  and  Contracting,  Dec.   19,19!7. 

The  site  selected  for  the  operations  was  on  level  bottom  land 
in  the  valley  of  the  Palot'se  River,  Idaho.  The  soil  is  classified 
by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Soils  as  "  potlatch  silty  clay  loam  with 
a  tendency  to  be  clayey."     The  soil  was  underlaid  with  a  hard- 


STUMP  PULLERS 


731 


psn  tornwti<ni  at  an  areragc  depth  of  about  Z^/i  ft.  It  hod 
been  (M>vered  formerly  with  a  dense  stand  of  western  yellow 
pine,  Douglas  flr  and  weatem  larch,  in  approximately  equal  pro- 
portions aa  ahown  in  the  following  table: 

Pebcentaoe  or  Tiubeb. 

(Ft.  dia.)       Yalloir 
PlatNa.  B«dar  pine       Tsinaruk 


Some  of  the  pine  had  been  cnt  8  years.  Moat  of  the  tamarack 
and  flr  had  been  logged  more  recently;  some  only  2  years  before. 
AH  exeept  the  amaller  stumps  were  sound. 

Two  working  plots  each  of  6  a^rea  were  carefully  selected 
with  the  view  of  securing  repreeentative  cost  figures.  Each  plot 
waa  handled  in  exactly  the  aame  manner  as  regards  preliminary 
work,  the  making  of  holes,  piling  and  burning  logs,  brush  and 
stumps,  and  leveling  the  ground  after  all  clearing  work  bad  been 
done.  The  e.^^plosive  used  in  Plot  No.  1  was  a  20%  stumping 
powder;  on  Plot  No.  2  a  potassium  chlorate  powder  equivalent 
to  60%  dynamite  was  employed. 

The  number  and  per  cent,  of  soimd  stumps  in  each  plot  were 
as  follows: 

NuMBEB  ASD  Peb  Cent,  op  Souitd  Stumps. 

, Plot  No.  1 ,         , Plot  No.  2^ 


A  crew  of  from  4  to  6  men  was  used  for  the  work  of  swamping 
and  sawing,  while  two  men  with  teams  worked  to  besfe  advantage 
after  the  material  waa  cut  up  and  rolled  out  where  it  waa  easily 


732        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION'  EQLIPMP:NT 

aooesBible.  The  large  logs  were  thrown  into  heaps  and  consti- 
tuted the  base  of  all  the  piles.  The  Ii);hter  logs  with  limbe,  brush 
and  stump  fragmeDta  were  then  thrown  on  top,  completing  the 
work  preparatory  to  burning.  The  tools  iised  were  the  axe. 
the  cross-cut  saw,  cant-hooks,  mattocks,  sliovels,  augers,  block 
and  tackle,  %-ia.  wire  cable,  a,  snatch  block  open  at  the  aide  to 
admit  cable  without  passing  the  end  through  the  block  (a  very 
great  advantage),  and  a  dij^ger  with  a  3-in.  cylindrical  bit  open  on 
one  side  and  welded  to  an  8-ft.  handle  of  1-in.  gas  pipe,  which 
is  an  excellent  tool,  capable  of  cutting  its  way  through  roots  and 
'  frozen  ground.  A  battery  costing  about  $18  with  lead  wires 
completed  the  outfit  of   tools. 

The  preliminary  work  consisted  of  swamping  and  sawing  and 
placing  all  brush  and  unsound  logs,  limlis,  brush,  etc..  in  piles 
for  burning.     The  cost  of  the  preliminary  work  was  as  follows: 


.Swunpers 


No 

1 

, Plot  No 

a 

ate 

llffi 

S0.S5 

l.W 

4.45 

1.W 

2.10 

Feed 


•  Per  d»y. 

The  cost  of  making  the  holes  for  the  powder  was  as  follows; 

, Plot  No.  1 ,     , Plot  No.  2 , 

Hours   Kate      ToUI  Hours   Bute      Total 

Boring  bolei  152      10.25      t3S.»0  1«8     tO.35      WM 

The  labor  cost  of  the  blasting  was  as  followB; 

; Plot  No.  1 ,     , Plot  No.  2 , 

Hours   Bate      Total  Hours   Batf     Total 

Powderman    5S     tOJ5      (20.20  il     W,:i5     (H  35 

Helper    B§         .25       M.BO  M         .25       17.1)0 

Total    134.70  »31.S5 

Per  acre   6.M  6.27 

The  cost  of  piling  the  stumps  was  as  follows: 

, — —Plot  No.  1— ,     , Plot  So.  2 , 

Hours   Kale     Total  Hours  Rate      Total 

Svamperi     1«S      ta.2&     (42.00  220     (O.ZE      fSE.OO 

TeamBterB 42         .25       10,50  52         .25       13.00 

Teama     42       1.00*       4.05  63       l.no*       5,80 

Feed 1.00*       4.65  ..        hW       5.80 

Total J61.80  |79.eo' 

Per  acre   12.35  15J2 


8TUM1*  PULLERS  733 

The  eatiniated  CMt  of  leveling  the  ground  per  plot  was  aa 
fvllows : 

Hours    Bale  Total 

Teanutsn    20  tO.^  16.00 

Helpers 20  .25  5,00 

Temm    M  100*  2,n0 

Feed    I.OIC  2^ 

Total    114.00 

Per  acre   .' 2.80 

The   eetimated   coet   of   burning   per   plot   was:     One   man    80 

hours  at  25  rt.  or  $21),  making  the  cost  per  acre  $4.     The  average 
amount    of   powder   used    for   each   size   of   stump    is   nhown    in 
Table  I. 
General^ figures  on  the  clearing  of  the  two  plots  follow: 


MNcl 


}t  No.  2 


Number  of  itumiH  

Total  teet  diameter  

Powder  need,  lb 

Coat  powder,  et.  per  lb 

Coat  powder  per  It.  diameter,  at 

Blaating  boles.  It 

CoBt  blasting  per  ft.  hole,  cl 

BlaHIng  cap*.  No.  S,  Dumber  

Electric  [uaee,  No.  t,  number 

Triple  tape  fuse.  ft.  

The  tinal  cost  figures  were  as  follows: 


Total  c< 


Msking:  bo 
Blutiuff    . 

Piling  *etui 
Ley^ine    • 


Pkil       Plot       Plot 


63.00      39.2    G0.4 


Total     K4T.54    »M.67      I10S.50    (128.73      77.5    9J.7 

I^nd  Clearing  with  Sonke;  and  Traotioa  Englnei.  Infor- 
nation  on  the  clearing  of  land  with  donkey  and  tra^'tion  engines 
»  given  hy  Mr.  C.  H,  Shattiick  in  Bulletin  No.  I,  "Method  of 
'learing  I.ogged-OfF  Land,"  published  by  the  University  of  Idaho. 

The  donkey  engine,  the  caterpillar,  or  the  ordinary  traction 
'ngine  used  in  threahing  may  each  be  operated  to  odvanl^ge  on 
tumpB  irf  various  iitee,  depending  on  the  power  of  the  engine 


734         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

tided.  The  60-hp.  donk^  engine,  Htst«e  Mr.  Shattnck,  will  pul 
practically  any  sound  stuinp  up  to  30  in.  in  diameter  and  almoe 
a&7  cracked  atump.  It  will  al«o  clear  from  3  to  5  acres  a 
one  setting  and  pile  the  name.  An  efficient  crew  can  pull,  pile 
and  burn  the  Btumps  remaining  where  heavy  cedar,  fir,  white  pine 
and  tamarack  timber  has  been  removed  at  from  $75  to  $115  pe: 
acre,  the  coat  being  distributed  ae  follows: 

PrelimiMry  work J25  to  t  40.00 

Pulling   Ml  lo      snoo 


The  above  figures  are  from  actual  clearing  operations  on  i 
farm  at  Samuels,  Ida.,  and  represent  tlie  best  that  can  be  e\ 

pected  from  thie  method  for  such  timber,  as  the  machinery  ani 
men  were  all  that  one  could  desire  from  the  standpoint  o 
efficiency.  The  timber  was  as  heavy  as  is  gienerally  found 
The  trees  probatjly  averaged  80  to  the  acre  and  30  in.  in  diaoie 
ter,  and  were  mostly  sound.  Open  yellow  pine  land  and  tha 
containing  small  timber  can  be  cleared  for  very  much  less.  Thi 
coet  of  burning  and  leveling  is  considerably  increased  by  failuri 
to  remove  all  the  earth  possible  from  the  stumps  before  pilini 
and  also  by  making  the  piles  too  large.  After  the  larger  pilei 
(where  a  gin  pole  is  used)  have  burned  tor  eome  time,  thi 
earth  faljing  from  the  roots  of  the  upper  stumps  smothers  thi 
Are  leaving  many  unconsumed  stumps  and  fragments  buriei 
under  manses  of  earth  which  must  be  removed  and  the  fragments 
replied  and  fired  a  second  time.  Larf;e  hummocks  of  earth  aver 
ai^inj:;  30x30x4  or  5  ft  and  containing  from  3,000  to  5.004 
cu.  ft.  of  badly  burned  earth  resembling  Hre  brick  are  thus  lefi 
to  be  distributed  over  the  fields  at  considerable  expense  and  mori 
or  less  to  the  detriment  of  the  soil. 

The  Holt  caterpillar  60-hp.  engine,  states  Mr.  Shattuck,  will 
remove  sound  stumps  up  to  IS  or  20  in.,  and  the  caterpilUi 
features  give  it  a  very  decided  advantage  in  getting  over  uneveq 
or  swampy  ground.  It  also  works  rapidly  and  is  very  efficieni 
for  small  stumps  and  young  standing  timlier.  It  has  been  knowa 
to  pull  100  stumps  per  hour  tor  7V4  hours  on  a  speed  test,  and 
has  also  averaged  450  stumps  per  day  at  regular  land  clearing 

The  ordinary  traetioii  engine  used  in  threshing,  wood-sawin|b 
etc.,  can  be  ao  rigged  as  to  pull  small  stumps  and  young  Iree^ 
much  as  described  for  the  caterpillar.  This  machine  works  well 
on  sound  stumps  under  12  In:'  and  <hi  well  cracked  stamps  <«| 


STUMP  PULLERS  733 

on  small  timber.  These  machines  are  not  so  easily  handled  on 
roiigh.or  swamp  ground,  nor  are  tliey  aa  fast  aa  the  caterpillar 
engine,  but  many  more  of  them  are  available. 

Cost  of  FnllinE  Small  Trees  with  a  Traction  Ei^ne.  The  fol- 
lowing appeared  in  Eitgineeriiig  attd  Contracting,  Jlay  7,  1013; 

A  Geld  of  about  60  aerea  was  ciovered  with  a  aoatt^ring  growth 
of  small  trees,  varying  from  saplings  1  in.  in.  diameter  to  young 
treett  having  a  diameter  of  T  or  8  in. 

The  owners  of  the  land  had  a  gasoline -koroeene  traction  en- 
gine of  45  bhp.,  and  with  this  pulled  the  saplings  out  bodily, 
without  the  aid  of  falls  or  unateh  blocks.  A  %-in.  Norway  iron 
chain  30  ft.  long  was  used.  One  end  of  this  chain  waa  attached 
to  the  draw  bar  of  the  enpine  by  means  of  a  clevis,  and  the 
other  ead  was  given  one  and  one-half  turns  around  the  tree  to 
be  pulled,  and  the  end  of  the  chain  made  fa»it  with  a  grab 
hook.  The  iirst  treeu  attempted  were  aliout  3  in.  in  diameter, 
of  persimmon,  elm  and  black  jack,  alt  well  rooted.  Takeli  one 
at  a  time,  they  pulled  out  without  great  diflieulty.  Pulling  two 
treea  with  one  hitch  hy  taking  two  turns  of  tlie  chain  about  the 
first  tree  and  leading  the  chain  back  to  a  fieeond  proved  feasible, 
and  the  plan  was  extended  as  experienee  was  gained  to  as  many 
hitches  aa  were  permitted  by  the  length  of  chain  available,  when 
the  treea  were  not  too  large. 

For  the  larger  trees.  4  to  8  in.,  a  single  pull  to  each  tree  was 
taken,  the  hitch  as  high  almve  the  ground  as  practicable;  and  a 
block  of  wood,  8  or  10  in,  in  diameter  by  4  ft.  lonff,  was  thrown 
on  the  ground  against  the  tree  and  directly  under  and  at  right 
angles  to  the  chain.  This  bearing  acted  as  a  fulcrum  when  the 
tree  was  bent  over  by  the  pull,  and  served  to  brinp;  a  very  pow- 
erful  pull  on  tJie  roots  remote  from  the  engine.  In  the  case  of 
a  few  8-in.  black  locusts,  a  man  stood  by  the  tree  with  an  axe  and 
struck  off  the  roots  remote  from  the  engine  as  the  pnll  indicated 
their  location.  This  process  materially  "assisted,  tt  was  found 
that  the  most  aatisfactory  results  were  secured  with  the  larger 
trees  when  the  hitch  was  made  at  a  height  of  from  3  to  5  ft.  above 
the  ground. 

The  engine,  as  stated  above,  was  a  gasoline-kerosene  engine 
having  four  vertical  cylinders  and  rated  at  45  bhp.  The  engine 
ran  continuously,  and  the  power  was  transmitted  through  an 
efficient  friction  clutch.  The  engine  was  reversible  and  could 
be  reversed  from  forward  to  backward  motion  in  6  seconds.  This 
feature  was  of  value  in  providing  slack  in  the  chain  immediately 
after  a  pull,  anil  in  hafkin<;  down  for  the  neNt  hitch. 

It  was  fnupd  neiwusary  to  use  the  full  length  of  the  30-ft. 
chain  in  pulling  the  trees  4  in.  in  diameter  and  over,  as  the  tops 


73(1       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

often  came  down  directly  towards  the  engine  with  a  vicious  crash. 
The  moat  efficient  procedure  was  found  to  conaiat  in  running  the 
engine  at  full  speed  and  to  bring  the  tractor  against  the  luail 
blowly  until  the  pulling  chain  l>ecame  taut,  then  suddenly  to 
bring  the  full  power  of  the  engine  against  the  pull  by  means 
of   the   friction   clutch. 

Owing  to  the  intermittent  character  of  the  loading  it  was 
found  impoaaible  to  obtain  iatiafactory  results  with  any  fuel  but 
gasoline.  The  fuel  consumpticm  was  quite  low  for  the  reason 
that  very  little  was  consumed  except  at  such  times  as  the  trac(«r 
was  actually  making  a  pull. 

The  following  U  a  statement  of  the  expense  attending  th( 
cleaning  up  of  this  field,  careful  count  tieing  kept  of  every  trei 
pulled.  Everything  smaller  than  about  3  in.  was  cut  down  witt 
the  asce,  but  there  were  not  a  great  number  of  these  and  thej 
are  not  included  in  this  etatement. 

Cost  of  Puiliko  1,240  Smali,  Trees,  3  in.  to  8  m.  in 

Diameter. 

ing  gal.  sasoline  it  14  ct I1S.11 

One  engine  inanidaVa  st'is'"!! !!!  [,'!!!!.'!!"!"!;.'!!!!!!    12J» 

Two  laborers  1  days  at  tl.16 14,W 

Charge  for  use  of  engine  4  dars  aC  |E 20.00 


The  trees  were  removed  by  teams,  which  chained  them  to  s 
deep  gully,  into  which  they  were  rolled  without  further  handling 

The  coat  of  removing  trees  was: 

Two  leHDiB  1  days  at  tS  118.00 

Aversge  per  tree  0.014 

The  total  cost  of  pulling  and  removing  was  $0.0649  per  tree 
The  following  notes  on  stump  burning  by  Mr.  LeRoy  Allison 
were  in  Engineering  Record,  July  25,  1914. 

The  cost  per  acre  of  clearing  lands  varies  conaiderably  with 
the  character  of  the  eub-soil,  condition  of  land,  etc.,  but  a  fail 
average  basis  for  the  Pacific  Northwest  may  be  taken  as  follows: 


Poivder  and  leam 100 

Donltey  engine 90 

Powder  and  grubbing gO 

Powder  and  Burning 10 

A   complete   land   clearing   plant    that   combines   the   different 
generally  used  eystema  into  one  plant  so  that  any  condition  of 


STUMP  PCLLER8  737 

land  may  be  cleared  ia  operated  by  a  gasoline  engine,  Tt  consists 
of  a  Ave  fire  Btump  burner,  a  cordwood  saw,  a  power  grubber  to 
use  with  stump  pullers,  a  geared  horse  stump  puller  and  a  power 
stump  puller. 

One  of  the  features  of  the  plant  is  the  stump  burner  which  is 
operated  by  a  blower  on  the  machine.  A  line  of  pipe  connects 
the  blower  to  a  aheetiron  hood  by  means  of  a  gooseneck,  entering 
the  bood  through  an  aperture  in  the  top.  This  hood  is  made  in 
four   sections  and  is  set  over  the  stump'to  be  demolished. 

The  use  of  the  burner  is  particularly  simple.  A  hole  H  bored 
down  through  the  center  of  the  stump  aud  a.  small  stick  of  pow- 
<  der  is  employed  to  split  it  apart.  This  splitting,  while  not  en- 
tirely essential,  facilitates  in  allowing  the  fire  started  on  top  of 
I  the  stump  to  gain  rapid  headway  and  burn  more  evenly.  The 
hood  is  then  placed  over  the  stump  and  banked  up  with  a  little 
earth  at  the  bottom  and  forms  a  closed  but  not  airtight  cham- 
ber. The  fire  is  then  started  and  pipe  connection  from  the 
blower  made,  after  which  a.  constant  downblast  is  blown  upon 
the  flame,  continually  fanning  it. 

Stumps  are  consumed  in  this  manner  in  from  2  to  4  hr., 
depending  on  the  size  and  nature,  while  those  of  excessive  diame- 
ter and  unfavorable  condition  may  require  a  long  period.  Dur- 
ing the  operation  of  the  machine  the  heat  within  the  chamber 
becomes  intense  and  the  sheet  iron  red  hot,  making  a  veritable 
charpit.  The  hot  air  rising  from  the  hood  creates  a  partial 
vacuum,  drawing  in  the  cold  air  around  the  outside  ot  the  hood- 
thus  preventing  it  from  burning  out. 

Upon  removal  of  the  hood  following  the  consumption  of  the 
stump  the  fire  is  covered  with  dirt,  allowing  the  roots  to  charpit 
to  the  ends  without  the  aid  of  the  blower. 

Official  tests  of  the  burner  apparatus  have  been  made,  showing 
efTertive  results  at  low  cost.  At  Gladstone,  Ore,,  a  water-soaked 
stump  20  ft.  in  circumference  at  the  base,  13  ft.  in  circumference 
at  the  top  and  4  ft.  high  was  used  for  test  purposes. 

The  equipment  used  consisted  of  a  4-hp.  gasoline  engine,  a  No.  3 
Buffalo  pressure  blower  and  a  line  of  4-in.  pipe,  with  hood  and 
gooseneck.  A  2-ft.  vertical  hole  was  bored  in  the  stomp  from  the 
top  with  a  1-in,  auger  to  accommodate  a  slick  of  dynamite  used 
for  apHtting.  Confining  the  heat  by  the  sheet-iron  hood  cauaed 
rapid  combustion  of  this  heavy,  water-aoaked  timber.  The 
stump  was  consumed  in  6  hr.  The  total  coat  was  $1.15,  divided 
into  75  cents  for  gasoline  for  engine  operation  and  40  cents  for 

The  method  of  operating  a  complete  machine  advantageously 


738        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

will  be  readily  understood.    It  is  set  on  a.  comer  of  the  land  t« 

be  cleared  and  five  i^tumpe  in  the  imniediate  vicinity  are  eplit, 
fired  and  placed  under  the  blower  blasts.  These  require  no-  par- 
ticular further  attention  until  conaumed.  Second-growth  trees 
are  meantime  pulled  out  and  aawed  into  coidwood,  the  loots  and 
snagB  being  thrown  into  the  neighboring  firea  to  be  burned. 
With  the  power  grubber  all  the  undergrowth  and  Btnall  roota  are 
removed. 

Subsequently  the  machine  is  removed  to  another  position  and 
these  operations  repeated.  By  this  method  a,  strip  of  50  to  100 
ft.  wide  across  the  property  is  left  ready  for  ioncediate  plowing 
qnd  seeding  while  the  maehJne  h  engaged  in  olearing  other  eec 
tions.  The  noticeable  value  of  the  plant  is  in  the  expedition  with 
which  the  work  is  executed,  the  reduced  coat  and  the  clearing  of 
the  land  without  waete  of  the  vegetable  mold  which  makes  it  so 
fertile  and  productive. 

Where  there  are  a  number  of  large  stumps  or  trees  to  act  as 
dead  men,  the  use  of  stump  pulling  machines  is  economical. 
Where  there  are  no  natural  dead  men,  the  machine  must  be  an- 
chored by  means  of  large  hutts  driven  in  the  ground. 

Stumps  are  pulled  with  a.  direct  pull,  the  cable  running  frcm 
the  stump  to  the  machine,  or  with  a  double  pull,  the  cable  run- 
ning through  a  block  fastened  to  the  atump  and  being  attached 
to  another  dead  man. 

A  long  cable  should  be  used,  as  the  machine  ia  then  moved 
fewer  times.  A  60-foot  cable  will  clear  about  14  acre,  an  8S- 
toot  cable  about  Vi  acre,  a  100-foot  cable  %  acre,  a  150-foot 
cable   1^  acres,  a  200-foot  cable  nearly  three  acres,  from  one 

Steam  Driven  Stamp  Inlline  Haehlne.  An  outfit  designed  for 
use  in  clearing  land  where  the  area  to  be  cleared  is  considerable, 

first  hauls  in  and  stacks  or  loads  the  logs,  and  then  pulls  the 
stumps  and  hauls  them  in  piles  to  be  burned.  It  is  designed  to 
clear  6  acres  at  a  single  average  set,  or  an  area  approximatclj 
600  ft.  wide  by  350  ft.  deep;  pulling  all  stumps  wjtbin  this  ares, 
skidding  them  to  the  pile,  and  piling  them. 

After  one  area  is  completed  the  machine  moves  under  its  own 
power  to  repeat  the  operation.  The  frame  of  this  machine  con- 
sists of  steel  beams,  curved  up  at  the  ends  to  facilitate  moving. 
On  the  forward  end  of  the  frame  is  mounted  a  steel  A  frame 
which  supports  the  piling  boopi.  On  the  rear  of  the  frame  u 
mounted  a  hoisting  engine  and  boiler.  ^This  machine  is  made  in 
several  slices.  No.  I  machine  has  a  maximum  pull  of  145,000  lb. 
on  a  single  line  with  a  speed  of  from  30  to  350  ft.  per  min.  for 
skidding  the  stumps  to  the  machine  after  pulling.     The  middle 


STUMP  PULLERS  ,  73B 

drum  of  the  engioe  carries  the  piling  line  which  has  a  load  capac- 
ity of  10  tons.  All  operatione  are  controlled  by  a  single  opera- 
tor. The  shipping  weight  of  this  machine  is  approsimately 
Tl.nOO  lb.  The  smaller  size  machine  has  a  pulling  capacity  of 
110,000  lb,  and  a  skidding  «iWd  of  from  30  to  300  ft.  per  min. 
TTiey  cost  from  $10,250  to  $12,350  f.  o.  b.  Minnesota. 

The  following  gives  the  cost  of  operating  one  irf  these  ma^rhinea 
and   is  from  Engineering  Neiee,  Sept.  24,  1914. 

One  piece  of  clearing  done  in  Texas  was  on  heavy  clay  land 
with  pine  Btumpn  10  to  40  in.  diameter  averaging  44  per  acre. 
The  machine  pulled,  skidded  and  piled  about  110  stumps  per 
day,  at  a  «08t  of  about  28  ct.  per  stump,  or  $12,32  per  acre, 
clearing  alwut  2%  acres  per  day.  The  working  force  was  as 
follows,  with  a  total  daily  cost  of  $30: 


I  L,»Teriiian    . 

IS,00 

i  Hoakeri  (eacli)    .... 

-  ^S 

200 

1  Helper   

Horse  Power 

tump  Fuller.     A  make  of  pullers,  f 

o.  b. 

as   follows: 

Mwhine       Power 

Stump       Exteotio 
hook             cBble 

App 

165            2 

nSSM          »l«.60 

msM        «£0 

J10.00            IM-OO 
13  00              23.75 
15.76              29.26 
17,76             W.00 

1» 

Another  make 

f.   o.  b.   Illinois 

costs  aa   follows: 

Bed  timbers,  for  self -anchoring,  for  the  above  machines  cost 
from  «6  to  SI2  and  weigh  from  300  to  750  lb. 

Sweeps   cost  from   $4   to  $8  and  weigh  from  150  to  200  lb, 

A  rotary  power  attachment  (or  the  above  machines  costs  $38 
and   weighs   complete  650  lb. 

Price  of  wire  rope  for  grubbing  inachineB: 


■,G(.K)tjl>J 


740       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Hand  PowcT  Stamp  Puller  auitable  for  smaller  work,  and 
capable  of  pulling  from  60  to  70  stumps  per  day  depending  on 
coaditione,  weighs  about  2^0  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  345  net 
f.  o.  b.  PenuEjlvania  The  operation  of  this  machine  is  as  fol- 
\owa:  The  machine  is  placed  at  the  side  of  the  stump  to  be 
pulled  with  the  chain  around  the  root.  Grips  on  the  pulling  bar 
are  then  tak^i  up  and  the  stump  is  pulled  by  the  pressure  on  the 
hand  lever. 

Another  make  of  hand  power  stump  puller  in  the  fonn  of  a 
winch  costs  l<40  with  SO  ft.  steel  cable,  stakes  and  chain.  It  is 
suitable  for  pulling  small  stumps, 

A  handy  tool  for  use  in  pulling  lateral  roots  and  small  stumps 
was  described   in   Engineering  and   Contracting  as   follows. 

A  tool  that  has  given  gctod  service  in  connection  witli  the  tripod 
stump  puller  and  dynamite  in  thp  clenring  of  sandy  white  pine 
stump  land  is  used  as  a  lever  over  which  the  team  pulls  to  give 
additional  power  for  the  pnlling  of  lateral  roots  and  small 
stumps  left  in  the  ground  by  either  the  dynamite  or  the  large 
pullpr. 

The  log  chain  is  passed  through  the  ring  at  the  top  of  the 
triangle  and  then  around  the  snag  or  root  to  be  pulled.  Tlie 
triangle  is  set  up,  the  top  leaning  towards  the  object  to  be 
pulled.  As  the  horses  tighten  up  on  the  chain,  this  gives  a 
lifting  power  as  well  as  a  straight  pull  and  as  it  comes  over 
towards  the  team  the  power  of  the  team  is  about  tripled. 

The  two  sides  of  the  triangle  are  made  of  4  x  4's  and  are 
about  4'/j  ft.  loufT.  The  bottom  side  is  made  of  a  heavy  round 
piece  of  wood  and  is  2^1  ft.  long.  The  ring  is  fastened  into  the 
top  with  a  heavy  bolt. 


■.,G(.K)tjl>J 


STTBVETINa  AlTD  EKGIKEEBDTG  EaUIFMENT 

{See  Levela,  Drawing  Boards  and  Traaalta) 


Set  of  dnwine  inatniments 

Protr«clor,  S  mcli   

£Dgine«r'ii  triaDialiir  gcftl«.  IS  inch'. 
Arcbltwt'B  triangultr  scale,  12  inch  . 

iS  ieg.  tcsnepatejit  triimele.  10  iDcb '^ 

30  by  60  def.  triangle,  6  inch 

30  by  60  deg.  Iriangle,  ID  inch 

Set  Rsilrowl  caivea   

Set  Prencli  curves  

T  iquBre,  fixed   hescl.  wood.  36  inch 
T  square,  double  head,  wood,  SS  inch 

Water  colors,  per  pan  

India  ink.  bottle  

LeveliilE  rod.  Philadelphia  

Florida  rod.  12  (t 

Range  poles.  ID  tt 

Plumb  bob.  M  lb 

Slake  tacks,  eecli  

Marking  pina  or  arrows,  wl  

Taps  mending  tool  

Tape  mendini  sleevpa,  down  

Steel  tape,  meUI  reel.  100  K 

Steel  tape,  metal  reel.  50  ft 

Clolb  tape,  leather  case,  100  ft 

PIsnimeler    

Pantograph    


MGoOtjl>J 


SECTION  98 

TAH7EES 

Concrete  Tunpen  with  square  cast  iroi 
wood  handleii  weighing  16  11).,  6  by  S  ir 
in.,  «1.70;  and  27  lb.,  10  in..  »2.20. 

Dirt    Tampera   with   4   ft.   handles,   round   bHBe,   6   in.,    15    lb 
9160:  and  7  in.,  17  lb.,  $1.80. 

Steel  Face  Tamper*  with '4  ft.  handles,  8  hj-  H  in.;   weight   1 
lb.,  $2.00;   and   10  by   10  in.,  weight  18  lb.,  $2.20. 

FaTlnK  Rammer  for  granite  weighn  -^0  lb.  and  coats  $16.      Col 
blestone  rammer,  weight  50  lb.,  costs  $12.80. 

Power  Tamping  Kachliie.    Fig.  317  consists  of  a  two-wheels 


Fig.  317.    Power  Tamping  Machine. 

truck  on  the  rear  end  of  which  is  an  air  cooled  gasoline  engine 
battery  box  and  gasoline  tank,  which  drives  by  a  belt  a  hart 
wood  "  lifting  board "  with  a  cast  iron  head.  Tlie  tamper  it 
lifted  by  the  power  of  the  engine  and  arllowed  to  fall  by  gravity 
Only  one  man  is  neceseary  to  operate  the  machine,  and  the  man 
ufacturer  claims  that  it  will  strike  60  blows  per  minute.  Oc 
this  basis,  allowing  50%  for  lost  time  and  wasted  strokes,  tbi 
head,  the  area  of  which  is  >^  sq.  ft.,  will  cover  7,200  aq.  ft  i« 
one  day  of  8  hr,,  or  in  a  trench  3  ft.  wide  and  5  ft.  deep,  taniT>ed 
in  6  in.  layers,  will  cover  240  lineal  ft.  of  trench.  This  machint 
742 


TAMPERS  7« 

Es  maJe  in  two  sizes.  The  No.  1  size  will  tamp  a  trench  up  to 
4  ft.  in  width.  The  ares  of  the  fsce  of  the  tsmping  head  is  72 
incbea,  the  machine  with  1^  hp.  engine  weighs  1,240  lb.  for 
shiptoent  and  costs  S33U.,  f.  o.  h.  Springfield,  111,  The  larger 
machine  has  a  tamping  head  of  110  sq.  in.,  will  tamp  a  trench  up 
to  S  ft.  in  width,  weighs  1.930  lb.  for  shipment  and  costs  $385. 
This  machine  is  powered  with  a  gasoline  engine  of  2^  hp. 

Power  Iraotion  Tamper.  A  machine  adaptable  to  tamping 
backfill,  picking  pavement,  and  similar  work  is  illustrated  by 
Fig.  318.    It  is  operated  by  a  3  hp.  gasoline  engine.    The  tamp- 


Fig.  318.    Power  Traction  Tamper. 

ing  head  weighs  150  lb.  and  has  a  26  in.  stroke.  The  machine 
has  a  road  speed  of  1^  miles  per  hr,  and  a  tamping  speed  of  6 
ft.  per  tnin.  It  costs  f.  o.  b.  Milwaukee,  $785.  This  machine  is 
operated  by  one  man. 

PavemeDt  Breaher.  The  following  description  of  this  machine, 
built  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Mercier,  appeared  in  the  Engineering  Neicg 
Record,  Jan.  7,   1817, 

Two  types  of  concrete  breakers,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig. 
310,  were  built  for  tearing  up  paving  over  the  line  of  trenches 
for  conduits,  gas  or  water  mains  Both  are  run  bj  gasoline  en- 
gines.    The  leads  on  one  are  hinged  to  the  fold  down  for  moving, 


MGootjl>j 


TAMPEKS  745 

while  the  leads  on  the  other  are  pivoted  to  swing  to  an  arc  of  S-ft. 
length,  BO  that  quite  a  wide  trench  can  be  broken  in  one  move- 
ment of  the  machine. 

After  removing  the  wearing  surface,  the  macliine  straddles 
the  line  of  tracks,  and  the  GOO-lh.  hammer,  fitted  with  a  wedged' 
ehapnl  point,  h  raised  and  dropped  to  break  up  the  base.  The  frame, 
brace  membera,  leads  and  arc  of  the  pivoted  machine  are  jiiaile 
of  Gin.  channel  iron.  The  leads  are  lined  with  oak  and  are  0 
ft.  long.  A  pole  inserted  lietween  straps  on  one  of  the  horiiontal 
braces  is  guided  by  one  man  to  locate  the  hammer  blowR.  The 
hammer  is  controlled  by  an  ordinary  8-in.  hand-operated  dutch 
and  foot  brake,  the  clutch  I>eing  geared  to  the  7-hp  gasoline 
engine.  The  machine  is  pulled  along  the  tine  ot  the  tracks  by 
a  hand  windlaEis  and  rope  attached  to  a  bar  driven  in  the  pave- 
ment some  distance  ahead.  It  can  be  moved  from  job  to  job 
u'ilh  ea^  by  one  team.  It  is  aUo  capable  of  cutting  sheet  asphalt 
to   a   very  accurate  line. 

The  second  machine  is  provided  with  a  chain  drive  instead  of 
gears. 

Each  ot  these  cost  about  $075  to  build  at  the  time. .  The  cost 
of  building  siinilar  mathinea  at  the  present  time  would  be  ap- 
proximately $l,.')0O  complete. 

Comparative  C«ft  Ot  JCcudilic  and  Haad  ToapUf.  The  fol. 
lowing  is  from  an  article  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Wilson  in  Municipal  En- 
gineering, May,  1!H6. 

On  work  at  Superior,  Wis.,  in  connection  with  a  large  con- 
duit installation,  four  miles  of  trench  backfill  was  tamped  by 
hand  and  approximately  3,000  feet  meihanically  tamped.  Bell 
tampers,  5  inches  in  diameter,  were  used  by  the  workmen,  while 
tbe  head  of  the  machine-tamping  ram  measured  9  by  12  inches. 
The  average  depth  of  trench  was  3  feet,  average  width  18  inches. 
The  material  consisted  uf  a  red  clay  of  exceedingly  tough  tex- 
ture, which,  when  wet,  was  almost  impossible  to  tamp  by  hand, 
but  the  tamper  thoroly  compacted  H  at  an  appro\imate  saving 
of  6  cents  per  linear  foot  over  hand  tamping. 

The  machine  wa«  a  power  tfactjon  tamper,  eqaipjKd,  with  a 
3-hp.  4-cycle  engine.  On  this  job  accurate  cost  records  were  kept, 
so  afl  to  determine  the  actual  dollaraand  cents  differeBcejbitYreeil 
the  two  Methods.  The  eonditioiia  under  whieh  tho  hand  tttratwra 
compet«d  with  the  InKetiine  ^ere  identical.  ..ii 


Length  ot 


tethod  Cost  Cost  iH 


74«       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


34&  hand  iSJiS  .074 

3ZU  band  21 M  .075 

iSa  liBUd  29,80  .093 

368  balb  methods  IS.SIi  .CKS 

The  machine,  while  tamping,  travels  at  the  rate  of  approxi- 
mately 0  feet  per  minute,  or  S40  feet  per  hour.  The  machine 
keeps  aix  to  eight  shovelers  busy,  depending  od  the  nature  of 
the  soil,  and  there  ia  considerable  satisfaetioD  in  knowing  tliat 
after  the  machine  has  gone  over  the  treneh  it  is  properly  and 
thoroughly  compacted. 

In  order  to  aceomplish  the  same  result  h;  hand  as  obtained 
by  machine,  it  would  be  necessary  to  use  eighteen  tampers  witli 
the  siv  shovelers,  at  a  cost  Of  25  cents  per  hour,  or  a  total  cost 
of  $8  per  hour;  whereas  with  the  machine  the  cost  for  labor, 
not  figuring  the  coat  of  ftle  operator,  $1.50  per  hour,  effecta  a 
saving  o(  $9.50  per  hour, 

Compreued-Air  Driven  Eammeri  for  use  in  foundries  are 
economical  because  of  their  simple  construction  and  the  large 
amount  of  work  they  will  accomplish.  Owing  to  their  lessening 
the  manual  efforts  of  the  moulder,  they  enable  him  to  accomplish 


Fig.  320.    Bammere  at  Work  on  Sevrer  Gofers. 

from  four  to  twelve  times  as  much  work  as  under  the  old  hand 
mcrthode.     These  rammers  are   especially   adapted   for   the  manu- 
facture of  concrete  building  blocks,  pier  foundation  blocks,  sener 
covers,  chimney  cap,  window  sills,  curbing,  etc. 
The  prices  of  rammers  are  as   follows: 

Siie,  WeiBht             Price 

inches                              Used  ror  in  lb.  f ,  o,  b,  farion 

,S  ?'  i  JBentb  work  Rnd  cores  7                     (SO 

lU  by  7  -Oeneml  floor  work  H                       99 


TAMPERS  747 

Tie  Tampen  primarily  designed  for  tamping  ballaat  on  rail- 
road track  ma;  also  be  used  for  breaking  up  asphalt  and  concrete 
paving,  in  the  picking  out  of  paving  blocks,  breaking  up  frozen 
material  and,  also,  for  drilling  in  soft  rock.  A  tamper  weighing 
about  43  lb.  with  connections  costs  SllO  without  attachments. 
Cutting  or  tamping  bits  cost  about  $3  each.  This  ma.cbine  is  beat 
operated  at  a  pressure  of  70  lb.  and  has  an  air  ccmsumption  of 
16  cu.  ft.  free  air  per  min..  at  this  pressure. 

Companrti^  lOoit  ot  Tie  TamflBg;  ti|r  Hand  onA  b7  Pnen- 
matlo  Ontflt.  A  competitive  test  conducted  on  Mie  of  the  large 
railroads,  H&od  vs.  Machine  tamping,  using  a  four-t(tmper  gaso- 
line outfit,  was  u  follows; 


Wumber 


Hand  gtag  .... 

Fat«mBii. 
H*abiae  gaug   . 

FoTenuD. 


Number  merliead, 

of  men         Wagra  etc 

Hand  cauK  18  (43.60     . 

Foreman. 
Machine  gang  6  118.50  H.fl& 


Savins  in  Tavor  of  Machine  ' 
■euou  of  200  dayi  si  tlS.Oo  . . . . 


MGoOtjl>J 


TELEFHORES  AND  TELEFBOITE  UHES 

Cott  of  K  Conatmotlos  Serrioe  Telephone  line  in  Cnlia. 
SpecificationB:  Length  15  miles,  464  poles,  line  is  2-wire  metallic 
circuit   No.    12   B,   t   S.   gauge,    hard   drawn   copper   wire,    oak 

brackets,  glaea  iDBulatorB,  poles  epaeed  171  feet  apart. 

DiStfiag  haleg  132.71 

Squaring  polM,  etc M.IS 

Ssttins  potea  13S.8G 

atringing   wire    78,73 

Toob    afl« 

Gener»I    4.<S 

'PoUI.  prior  loWlO  1388.69 

The  following  coets  have  been  cmnpiled  from  an  article  in 
Engineering  and  Contracting,  1908,  on  the  cost  of  huilding  a  high 
power  transmisHion  line.  The  average  length  of  haul  was  wie 
mile.     The  wages  paid  per  10-hour  day  were: 

Foreman    tS.OO 

Liborers    1,60 

Lineman    S.BO 

Team,  2  honei  and  driver  4.G0 

The  poles  were  of  chestnut  30  to  33  ft.  long,  5  to  9  inches  at 
the  top,  and  12  to  18  inches  aA  the  bottom.  Seventy-four  poles, 
8  to  10  on  a  load,  were  unloaded  from  cars  and  hauled  to  the 
work  for  $30.  Seventy-four  holes,  5  ft.  deep  and  an  avera^ 
of  24  incbea  in  diameter  were  dug  at  a  cost  of  $72.76  or  98  cents 
per  hole.  Poles  were  raised  by  hand  at  a  cost  of  $50.76  or  76 
cents  per  pole,  and  were  dapped  for  the  cross  arms  at  a  cost 
of  $22.62  or  B.8  cents  per  dap.  One  hundred  and  sixty-six  cross 
arms,  well  braced,  were  placed  at  a  cost  of  $27.62  or  17  cents  per 
cross  arm.  Nine  hundred  and  ninety-sis  insulators  were  placed 
at  a  cost  of  $6  or  0.6  cents  per  unit. 

At  all  the  turns  the  poles  were  guyed,  and  elsewhN'e   where 

necessary.     The  cost  of  digging  the  holes  for  this  was  $8.25  or 

02  cents  per  hole.     Raising  the  poles  cost  $12,  and  guying  them 

$9,  or  a  total  of  $3.25  per  guv  pole.     In  some  places  trees  and 

748 


TELEPHONES  AND  TELEPHONE  LINES  74fl 

buehea  interfered  with  the  work  and  these  were  cut  down  for 
$33.60. 

Twelve  light  wires  were  strung  on  each  pole  at  a  cost  of 
$118.50  for  21.S  miles  or  for  C5.60  per  mile  of  wire.  Where  the 
line  was  connected  with  the  old  line  4  poles  had  to  be  changed, 
which  cost  {66.50  or  $14.12  per  pole. 

The  cost  of  the  entire  1.6  niilee  of  line  was: 


Hanlinj    f  30.00  J  18.74 

Dininc  holw   K.75  4B.i7 

RalBlng  poles  5B,T&  3G.47 

Dappini  crou  amu  22,82  14.14 

FlMins  <nM»  unM  and  iiWDUMni  SS.SZ  31.01 

Gay  pole*  29,25  18.28 

TrTmniiiig  tn«  and  bnahei 3S.£0  30.M 

etriDKiog  wira   118.50  74.(« 

Otfanilng  old  poles 56.50  35.31 

TMal    H53.t9  1283.42 

The  following  itemized  cost  of  two  telephone  lines  is  taken 
from  Engineering   and   Contracting,    1907. 

Two  short  lines  were  built,  one  10  miles  long  and  the  other 
14  miles  long.  The  cost  of  the  10  mite  line  was  as  follows 
per  mile: 

1,7  days  loreban  at  U.OO   (6.90 

!Tfl«..  ...h-fnr.m.n    .t   (3.00    6.10 

>   10.00 


17.0  dare  total  at  % 


J8  steel  pine  M  W.M  1.13 

ISriau  imotators  at  |0,M  1.12 

SSIag  screws  and  wuhera  at  t0.015 .84 

305  lb.  Mo.  »  galranued  wire  at  tO.012  12.81 

Total    tS2,0B 

Total  labor  and  materials,  $107.62  @  $10.76  per  mile. 
More  than  90%  <rf  the  poles  were  25  feet  long.     The  rest  were 
30  to  40  feet  in  length. 

The  cost  of  the  14  mile  line  was  as  follows,  per  mile: 


Labob. 


2.2  dH;B  (oreman  at  (3.50 

2.2  days  ■ub-torsmsn  at  K.OO  . 

E.3  days  climber  at  t!.75  

11.4  daji  cnnndmaD  at  12.25  . 


750       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTHUGTION  EQUIPMENT 
MA.reKiAj.s. 

m  polM  at  H.SO  t  4S.0I) 

32  brackets  it  10.015 4S 

Seoib.  No.  S  K&lTBHiied  vlre  at  10.042  15JC 

10  1b.  No.  9  galTaniied  win  at  tOMS  .4g 

1%  lb.  [eiiFB  BUplea  at  I0.02G  ,04 

SZillBalaton  at  fO.Ot  1.18 

Town    t  S6,18 

Total  labor  and  materiala  1130.70 

2  teJepboDM  at  tlZ.50  25,00 

.      aOOn.  office  wire   1.40 

Total    t21J.2S0  tlG.24  per  milt 

Considering  tlie  low  cost  of  telephone  lines  of  this  character, 

it  is  surprising  thftt  they  are  not  more  frequently  built  for  use 
on  construction  worlt.  For  temporary  purposes,  a  much  cheaper 
kind  of  pole  could  be  used.  For  example,  a  very  substantial 
pole  can  be  made  by  uailing  together  two  1  x  4-in.  boards,  so  as 
to  form  a  post  having  a  T-shape  cross  section.  Such  a  poU 
would  contain  only  two-thirds  of  a  foot,  board  measure  per 
lineal  foot  of  pole.  At  $24  per  M.  for  the  boards,  n  pole  20  ft 
long  would  coat  32  cents.  Hence  the  poles  would  cost  less  than 
$10  per  mile  of  line.  The  No,  9  wire  would  ordinarily  cost  lees 
than  $13  per  mile,  and  $3  more  would  cover  the  cost  of  the 
remaining  line  materials,  making  a  total  cost  of  $26  per  mile  ' 
for  materials.  I  have  no  data  as  to  the  labor  of  erecting  such 
a  line,  but  it  would  certainly  be  less  than  $15  per  mile;  and  in 
soil  where  post  hole  diggers  could  be  used,  the  cost  would  be 
considerably  less.  In  fact,  a  telephone  line  built  for  435  a  mile 
might  easily  be  obtained  under  fairly  favorable  conditions. 
Moreover,  it  could  be  taken  down  and  used  many  times  on  sub- 
sequent constructicHi.    These  figures  are  as  of  1910. 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  98 
TENTS  AND  CAKF  EQITIPUEHT 

TentB  are  UBUall;  made  of  8  oz.,  10  oz.,  or  12  oz.  b 
canvas,  10  oz.  or  12  oz.  double  fllliiig  canvas,  or  of  ID 
or  15  01.  Artaj  duck. 


Fig.   321.     Wall   Tent. 


Wall  Tents  wit 

H  Poles, 

Stakes  and 

Ropes. 

R. 

Height 

H«<Eht 

B  OJ.  duck 

12  01.  U.S. 

ofMoier 

of  w»l! 

.ingle  filling 

Army  dnsk 

by     T 

St 

a 

1  12.80 

t  !1,B0 

by  W 

bj  14 

42:<M 

bj  U 

P 

3060 

B2,M 

U  hy  21 

41.00 

72.M 

by  14 

by  a 

wieo 

by  21 

1U 

B    ■ 

6o:oo 

106.00 

by.ei 

ST.50 

bi  4£ 

6 

ilbyn 

E 

sjIbo 

i»:«) 

£1  by  42 

G 

1M.0O 

22«.0» 

ggiS 

6 

■  8O7.0O 

34«.0» 

Ptices   do  not  inelnde   flys,  wbich  cMt   about  one-half  of  tbe 
price  of  tbe  tent  up  to  31   ft.  lengtbx. 


INDBOOK  OF  CONSTRU 

CTION 

EQUIPMENT 

Standabd  Mule  ok 

Dining 

FLr. 

Siu 

10  oi.  Army  duck 

24  by  21 

*moo 

a  by  12 

Mby  TO 

ZUM 

ua.M 

2«  by  ■« 

28  by  Al 

U».W 

28  by  66 

198.00 

30  by  42 

30  by  70 

26t:D0 

;ces  are  for  flys  with  gwy  ropes,  but  no  poles  or  stakes. 
Staxdabd  Stable  Tents. 

Size  Hflight  of  center  Height  of  WBll  10  oi.  Army  dack 
it  by  21                              12                              G  H50.00 

!4  by  35  12  5  230.00 

i4  by  40  1£  5  2S0.0O 


26  by  28 


SOHiy  12 

3Dby  m 
30  by  81 


12H 
12S 


Prices  complete  with  poles,  staJces,  guy  ropes  and  tackle  bloeka 
for  setting  «p. 


Fig.    322.     Stsble    Tent. 

The  Cost  of  Framing:  B,nA  Flooring  Tents  i^  given  1^  Mr.  R.  C. 

Hardman  of   Fort   Huachuca,   Ariz.,   in   Engineenng   News,   Sep- 
tember 28,  1B12,  from  which  the  foBowmg  is  abstracted: 

The  t«nt8  were  of  two  sizes,  viz:  14  ft.  x  14  ft.  2  in.,  and 
6  ft.'  11  in.  X  B  ft.  and  were  framed  with  2x4  in.  timber, 
braced  with  1x6  in.  timber  and  floored  with  1  x  12  in.  plank. 
The  Ifirger  tent  had  i  pairs  of  rafteri  and  the  smaller  3  pairs. 
The  costs  were  as  follows: 


TENTS  AND  CAMP  EQUIPMENT 


Large  Tent: 


600  It.  B.  U.  luniber  at  KO.OO  tlE,l» 

7  1b.  nallc  at  |O,06  ^ 

Small  Tent; 

185  ft.  B.  M.  Inmbci  at  130.00  |6.U 

Bib.  aailB  at  fOM  .M 

16.80 

Labob  Cost  otFloobino  and  FRAiano 
Tente  14  ft.  x  14  ft.  2  in. 
38  FromeB: 

Cort 
>  Ooat     per  tent 

Carpenters,  32  houra   at  (O.M   P8.0O 

Carpentar  lulpin,  ISO  boon  at  t0.37t  4&3E 

Laborers.  18  houra  at  I0J5  4,TO 

Laborera.  U  hoars  at  lv.20  1.00 

42  Floors,  Average  Height  I  Ft.  Above  Ground,  Leveled: 

Oarpentert.  12  hours  at  fO.GD  t3<-0a 

Oarpcntsr  helpen,  1S3  bour*  at  tO.nt  5TJS 

Laborera,  KL  hours  at  (0,25  2Q.2G 

LBborera^lB  hours  at  1020  i.SO 

tllT.43         Z.7W 

TentB  6  ft.   11   in,  K  B  ft  4  in. 

iS  FrameH: 

CarpsBtcra,  6  honra  at  W.GO  t  2.60 

Carpenter  tetpera,  S3  hours  at  $0.3TB  S.TS 

I11.2G  .103 

16  Floors,  Average  Height  1  Ft  Above  Ground,  Leveled: 

Co«t      per  l«at 

OarpentMs,  »  honra  at  W.BO  *  4.B0 

Carpeater  helpsra,  2S  houn  at  fO.STE  9.T5 

tl4J6       10.891 
Total   Cost  of  Frame  and   Floor: 

Larce      Gmall 


Material    . 


tZ0.D2        tT.at 


f  crotB  ties  required   pet 


No.  of 
1,79 


St  1,M»  n  1.Z3S 

The  quotation  at  the  millH  in  Missouri,  January,  1920,  for 
white  oak  untreated  ties,  waa  from  70  to  SB  coits  .lor  the  6  b; 
8  by  S  size.     The  Mrdinary  extractor's  tie  suitable   for  narrow 

gauge  track  is  generally  purchaealjle  at  about  50  cents.  Ties 
4x4  in.,  in  Bectiona,  are  too  small,  as  they  split  easily,  and, 
therefore,  ties  smaller  tban  8x4  in.  should  never  be  used. 
Ties  used  in  narrow  gauge  tracks  should  be  2  ft  longer  than 
the  gauge. 

Thirty-five  standard  gauge  ties  may  usually  be  irat  from  a 
pine  tree  that  is  14  in.  in  diameter  at  a  height  of  5  feet  above 
the  ground.  A  skilted  man  can  cut  and  trim  40  t«  50  of  these 
ties  per  day.  The  cost  of  cutting  and  hauling  ties,  provided 
tha  timber  is  growing  in ,  the  immediate  neighborhood,  need 
not  be  more  than   10  cents  per  tie. 

The  life  of  a  tie  depends  largely  upon  its  suitability  for 
res i sting  the  particular  kind  of  attacid  inoidental  to  its  sur- 
roundings. Oak  ties  in  the  fairly  dry  lo««litiM  will  hold  spikea 
with  great  tenacity,  and  at  the  same  time  resist  the  effect  of 
dampness  very  well,  and  may  last  8  t»  10  yearp.  Under  leas 
favorable  conditions,  however,  they  may  not  last  more  than  7 
years  when  untreated,  while  if  thoroughly  saturated  with  creo- 
sote or  zinc  sulphate,  the  averai^e  life  may  be  IT  yesre. 

The  followiuK  table  shows  the  life  uid  cost  of  ties,  etc.  (1910 
figures) : 

754 


Life  In 
Cosl   ' 


, Wood , 

Dq- 
treated  TreeWd    8(ed 


ViJue  wornoot  tiwi  . . . 
SpBflinc  c  to  c  in  ft.  . 
Cost  per  lin.  ft.  track 
Value  Ecrap  par  lln.  II 


Annnal  e<Mt  I  mile  ti 

The  above  coatB 
ing   formula : 


(....427.W     3S3.^t^     esi.es      7S6.7! 
e  determined  by  substituting 


SI 3.44      802.56 

in  the  (ollow- 


I  -  Annual  cost  of  lien  per  linear  toot  of  tracb. 
e  =  First  cent  la  track  per  lioear  Iwt  ot  trick. 
T  =  V&tue  of  vorDout  tie  per  linear  foot  of  ttaclc 
L  =  Useful  life  of  tie  in  yran. 

a  =  AddubI  pument  into  a  ttnkioE  fund,   vhlch  at  the  rate  i 
for  L  yeiri  will  amount  to  one  donar. 
In  tbe  abore  table  i  =  4%. 

Track  used  on  conatruction  work  is  frequently  moved.  The 
ties  will  stand  about  three  rraaovals,  and  are  then  unfit  for 
further  use. 

Mr.  D.  A.  Wallace  gives  the  following  costs  of  unloading  ties. 
Coat  of  train  service; 


Oo8t  of  work   I 
11.10  per  day. 


,   (25  00  per  day;    ton 

lie  running:    Train  te 
ning::    Train  •enice.  t 


lan.   (50.00  per 

rloe,  tl.<M;  labor,  »l).4li  — 10 
.34:  tabor.  (5.35  — total.  tU. 


labor, 


I  unloading  time.  0.29 


Above  are  lillO  fiiurea. 


mGooijIij 


SECTION  100 
TOOL  BOXES 

Contractor'!  Tool  Cart  having  an  overall  length  of  10  ft.  5  in. 
with  42  in.  wheels  weighs  approximately  S75  lb.  and  costs  f.  o.  b. 
New  York  $70. 

Qu  Fitter's  Tool  Cart  with  12  to.  wheels  arranged  so  that  a 
vise  may  be  mounted  on  it,  has  a  compartment  24  by  48  by  14 
inches,  weighs  340  Jb.  and  costs  (45  t.  o.  b.  New  York. 

Tool  Box  on  skids  shown  in  Fig.  323  is  easily  moved  by  one 
tnan  and  team,  and  of  ample  capacity.  The  boK  proper  is  made 
e^  ft.  long  inside  by  3  ft  wide,  2%  ft.  high  in  front  and  4  ft. 
high  behind.  All  measurements  except  the  first  are  outside  di- 
mensions. The  small  box  increases  the  length  about  2  ft.  and 
is  2  ft.  high  on  the  loiw  side.  The  runners  should  be  of  3  x  S 
in.  by  10  ft.  with  eye  bolts,  so  the  box  may  be  pulled  from  either 
end.  The  upright  posts  are  of  2  x  4  in.  pieces  and  e>:tend  6  in, 
down  alongside  the  runner.  The  ones  at  the  rear  of  the  box  are 
brought  6  in.  above  the  top  to  support  the  lid  when  open.  The 
2x4  in.  pieces  on  which  the  floor  is  laid  are  let  into  the  runners 
at  least  an  inch  and  are  spaced  when  possible  so  the  uprights 
are  directly  against  them.  This  construction  makes  a  very 
strong  box  that  may  he  handled  very  roughly  without  damage. 
The  smaller  compartment  is  especially  convenient  for  nails,  oil 
cans,  and  small  tools. 

The  cost  of  the  materials  for  this  tool  box  is  about  $15. 


Fig.  323.    Tool  Box  cm  Scids. 


SEC?riON  101 
TOW  BOATS 

Under  "  Bargee  "  are  described  a  number  of  such  boats  used  on 
the  upper  Misaiisippi  and  whose  cost,  bfe  and  cost  of  repairs  are 
described,  I  herewith  append  a.  list  of  tow  boats  used  on  this 
improvement. 

Tow  Boats.  There  are  three  sizes  of  tow  boats  used  which  are 
designated  as  large,  medium  and  small.  Of  the  boats  mentioned 
in  the  following  tables,  the  Coal  Bluff,  Fury,  Henry  Bosse  and 
Alert  are  in  the  first  class;  the  Ruth,  Mac,  and  Grace  in  the 
second;  and  the  Luoia,  Louise,  Elsie,  Emily  and  Ada  in  the  third. 
The  Elaie  was  built  with  a  steel  hull,  and  the  wooden  hull  of  the 
Louite  was  changed  to  steel  <n  1905. 

The  Fwry  and  Henry  Bosse  (formerly  the  Vixen)  were  built 
under  contract  at  Dubuque,  Iowa.  Their  hulls  are  of  oak,  100 
ft.  !t  18  ft.  6  in.  X  3  ft.  10  in.;  cylinders,  10%  in.  x  4  ft.;  one 
boiler,  22  ft.  x  42  in.,  with  ten  6-in  flues.  Both  of  these  boaU 
have  been  rebuilt  with  somewhat  different  dimensions.  On  Decem- 
ber 31,  1010,  they  were  classed  as  fair,  which  means  that  ex- 
tensive repairs  were  needed. 

The  Alert  was  bought  second-hand;  hull,  oak,  115x10x3  ft; 
cylinders,  10  in.  x  5  ft;  one  boiler,  16  ft.  x  43  in.;  rebuilt  in 
1884  and  partially  rebuilt  several  times.  December  31,  1010,  in 
bad  condition. 

The  Coal  Bluff  was  bought  second-hand,  3  years  old;  hull, 
oak,  120  ft.  X  22  ft.  x  4  ft.  6  In.;  cylinders,  15  in.  x  5  ft;  three 
boilers,  25  ft.  x  36  in.;  hull  twice  rebuilt  and  also  very  large 
repairs;   condition,  bad. 

The  Mac  was  bought  nearly  new;  oak  hull,  73x16x3  ft; 
cylinders,  7  In.  x,3  ft  2  in.;  one  boiler,  14  ft  x  38  in.;  hull 
has  never  been  entirely  rebuilt,  although  large  repairs  were  made 
in   1B04,  1002  and  1910;   condition,  good. 

The  Rath  was  built  by  the  United  States;  hull,  oak,  75  ft. 
X  17  ft  X  3  tt  3  in.;  cylinders,  7  in.  x  4  ft;  two  boilers,  10  ft 
X  30  in.;  hull  has  not  been  entirely  rebuilt,  but  received  large 
repairs  in  1001  and  1009;  condition,  good. 

The  Grace  was  built  by  the  United  States;   hull,  oak,  79x17 

ft.j  iwlinders,  7  ft  6  it.  x  4  ft.  I  in.;  two  boilers,  10  ft.  x  30  in.; 

757 


7B8       HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

«,»..»~4Hnnn:mn:pPii||  iji 


ili 

„,.„.„JnMniliiiiiiiilp|i     ih. 

"-     '    i| 

i  .,«,«i|IPf pipPiiii  Jij 

I  .^K,iiiiiiipiif§iil|ijjlj 
I  „„.,.^pifii|Piifil|iJiji 

'    SlSnli 
iSiliii^-^ii 


TOW  BOATS 


750 


hull  has  not  been  reboilt  or  received  large  repairs;  condition, 
good. 

Small  ToT-Boatl.  The  I.uota  was  built  by  the  United  States 
a.t  Keokuk;  hull,  oak,  68  ft.  x  12  ft.  8  in.  x  3  ft.;  cylinders,  0 
in.  X  2  ft.  6  in.;  boiler,  10  ft.  x  3S  in.  She  ha^  large  repairs  in 
18S2  and  1004,  and  her  hull  was  rebuilt  in  1895  and  1909-1910; 
condition,  December  31,  1910,  good. 

The  Louise  was  built  b;  the  United  States  at  Keokuk;  hull, 
oak,  81x12x3  ft.;  cylijiders.  6  in.  x  2  ft,  6  in.;  boiler,  10  ft. 
X  34  in.;  hull  rebuilt  in  IS94;  steel  bull  in  1905;  moderate 
repairs   each   year;    condition,   good. 

The  Eltie  has  a  steel  bull  and  was  built  by  contract  at 
Jefferson,  Ind,;  hull,  8Tx  13  x  S  ft;  cylinders,  6  in.  x  2  ft.  6  iii. 
boiler,  10  ft-  x  34  in.  The  Elsie  appears  to  have  cost  as  much 
money  as  the  wooden  bull  Ada  for  the  same  period  of  time. 

The  Etmty  was  built  by  the  United  Stat^  at  Keokuk.;  hull, 
oak,  67x12x3  ft;  cylinders,  6  in,  x  2  ft  4  in.;  boiler  VO  ft.  x 
34  in,;  CMidition,  good;  new  hulls  in  1902  and  1909-lSIO. 

The  Ada  was  built  by  the  United  States  at  Keokuk;  hull,  oak, 
68xll.\3  ft.;  cylinders,  6  in.  s  2  ft.  Q  in.;  boiler,  10  ft.  x  34  in.; 
oMidition,  good;  hull  rebuilt  19l>3'1904. 

These  small  tow  boats  are  of  great  value  with  light  tows  in 
working   around    the   dams. 

Tow-BoATS  (Small) 


Orlgnnal  coet   . . 

XdlSe    .'"... 

Repaiti  '.'.'.'■'.'.'■'. 

Repsin     

Repairs     

Repairs    

Repain    

Rapairs  '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Repairs  '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'■ 

Repairs    

KepBira     

Repairs    

Repairs     

Repairs    

Repaira     

Rrpairi  '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Repairs    

Totals   

•  Naw  hull  boil 


90,00    t  3,538.00   t  6,U0.«I 


taais 

S5.E2 
1.26 

166.64 

«J6 

Tl.OM.M  258.12  7B1,«0  10 

44.61  t2,991,n  206.49  20 

MM  iiSM  194.43  8 

463.23  368.42  mM  41 

im.m  2is.il  807,72  44 

•1,107.44  62.47  331.29  'BS 

•3,044. 23  641.18  UM.03  '3,12 

....    (15,483.15  (16,033.48  (13,660,37  tii.il 

Large  repairs,  t  New  hull  bnilt,  steel. 


780 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMBNT 


Alt  of  these  boats,  except  the  Eltie,  had  wooden  ^-hulla  when 
built.  The  Elaie'g  hull  is  steel  and  the  Louite  has  also  a  steel 
hull  Bince  1905.  The  Elaie,  ErnUy  and  Ada  were  built  in  the 
same  year,  ajid  the  cost  of  the  two  latter  compareH  favorably  with 
the  former. 


A  make  of  traction  ateam  engine  mounted  on  wheels,  a 
to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  324,  is  prii^ed  as  follows: 


hour 

we«ht  in  lb. 

f  o.b.Wi.c 

11,000 

tiOOO 

Fig.  324.     Traction  Engine. 

Extras  for  the  above  are  an  follows: 

OintrBFtDn'  fuel  banlEere  for  emtioes  in  Ibe  BeM  tM 

JbcIcM  for  50  to  80  hp,  inclusive  76 

Striw  bnrDing  attachment  for  40  tfi  90  hp.  Inclnaive  90 

Canopy  top  (or  30  to  80  hp.  inclusive  65 

Cab  (or  110  hp 76 


TRACTORS  761 

Coat  Data  on  Hauling  Btoite  vltb  Traotlon  Engine.  The 
following  is  from  an  article  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Hammond  in  Engi- 
neering and  Gontraoling,  March  27,   1912. 

In  road  work  in  York  County,  Pa.,  &  22  hp.  ateam  traction 
engine  was  used  with  st<aie  spreading  ears.  The  wages  paid  to 
the  engine  crew  was:  Engineer,  $3.30  per  day;  fireman,  $1.75  per 
day,  steady  time  for  ten  hours  daily  i  overtime  at  same  hourly 
rate.  The  fireman  operated  the  stone  spreading  care,  making 
the  spread  of  even  thickness,  which  requires  considerable  ex- 
perience and  should  be  closely  watched  by  the  overseer  as  the 
tend«icy  is  to  spread  too  deeply,  and  superfluous  stone  would 
have  to  be  removed  at  an  extra  expense.  Supervision  in  our 
case  was  figured  at  one-third  of  the  superintendent's  time,  or 
$2.28  per  day  with  no  extra  time  allowance.  Interest  and  de- 
preciation are  figured  on  the  new  value  of  the  machinery — $5,050 
on  June  1,  1900,  and  on  an  estimated  life  of  four  years,  or  25% 
depreciation  per  year,  with  an  interest  charge  on  the  capital  in- 
vested of  5%.  The  sum  of  the  interest  and  depreciation,  how- 
ever, are  figured  for  the  whole  year  and  divided  into  the  days 
that  we  actually  worked.  This  is  hardly  fair  to  the  machine,  as 
it  might  have  done  more  days'  work  and  thus  reduced  this  item. 
The  life  of  the  machine  is  also  very  conservative,  and  probably 
■hould  be  eight  to  twelve  years  instead  of  four  yeaia. 

Total  Coat  of  Operation  — 93  days. 

Operating    f  MB.ej 

Bepairs     310.17 

Dcpreciition  sDd  interest   SS8.16 

Superriaion    2SS.M 

Total    »2,I81.S9 

Analysis  of  Operating  Account. 

4.70  Kma  eonl  M  M.BO  I     a,16 

3.«  tona  eosl  at  »6  n.tS 

913.4  tone  c«l  at  »a.2B  29T.77 


ST  gal.  cjtJDder  oil  at  30  ct. 
30^5  «al.  black  oil  at  BW  o1 
r\b.  grease  at  Shi  cl.  . 


mi4 

71  lb.  of 


Total    ;  9«.«T 

Daily  Expense. 

Snpervigion  wages  %  2,2S 

Bngtneer'B  wages   3.50 


!        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

CylindBr  oil  t a 

Blaek  oU  (gaars)   .03 

Onase  (cnpa  and  tears)  .30 


Total    Cong    

Cost  Per  Ton  Hauled. 


.    1,176 


Depreciatioa 


rouad  trip.    2,Zi  tripa  d 


Qai  and  Oil  Tractors.    The  following  a 
of  tractor  (Fig.  325)  : 


!  the  prices  of  this  type 


2MU,3%' 


oil 


2,700 


Another  make  of  gxsoline  or  kerosene  tractor  may  be  had  with 
either  wheel  or  multi-pedal  traction.  A  machine  of  this  type 
rated  at  15  to  DO  hp.,  has  a  draw  bar  pull  oE  about  15  hp.  The 
speedd  are  from  1%  to  3^  miles  per  hr.,  the  weight  ia  itbont  4,790 
lb.,  and  the  cost  is  $2,250. 

A  kerosene  tractor,  rated  10-20,  adapted  to  agricultural  work, 
weighs  approximately  3,800  lb.,  and  costs  S98S  f.  o.  b.  Ohio.    It 


has  a  road  speed  of  2^  miles  per  hr.,  and  is  fitted  for  belt  drive  as 
a  poTtauIe  ecigine. 
A  gasoline  tractor  of  Uie  wheel  tjpe  is  made  with  two  sizes  of 


Fig.   325.     Qasoline   Tractor. 

engines.     The  4»4  by  SV4  costs  «1,850,  the  4^  by  6  costs  $2,000. 
This  mftohine  weighs  about  4,500  lb. 

Caterpillar   Tractori.     A    make    of    gasoline -driven    ca-terpillar 
tractors  coats  aa  follows : 


Fig.  328.    Caterpillar  Tractor. 


764       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Siw  Dnn  bit  AppraiimMe  Bpeed                      Price 

iatcus  pun  In  lb.  nelgbt  ia  lb.  mileiperhr.  (.  o.  b.  111. 

5                  3,100  9.400  ].S  to  5.7                   $3,850 

10                   6.1X0  18,000  1.7  to  4.8                    fi.KO 

CaDTBH  U^B  to  the  ab^ve  coat  from  S50  ti?  $125.  Electric 
lightiDg  outfits  cost  $150.  Power  piilley  attachments  cost  Itom 
$150  to  $200. 

A  tractor  similar  to  the  above,  having  a  rated  power  capaclt; 
of  120  brake  hp.  and  TO  drawbar  hp.,  is  21  ft.  long,  has  a  width 
of  8  ft.  8  in.  with  standard  24  inch  troclis,  weight  26,500  lb.  with 
standard  30  inch  tracks  the  width  is  S  ft.  S  in.,  weight  27,000  lb. 
This  tractor  costs  approximately  $7,000. 

A  20-toD  tractor  of  the.  above  type  was  used  in  snow  removal 
work  in  Michigan  during  the  winter  of  lSlO-1020. 

The  following  statement  from  a  bulletin  of  the  State  Highway 
Department  showa  the  operating  costs  for  a  2'WeekB'  period  for 
one  of  those  tractors,  used  in  pulling  snow  roller  and  plow: 

Oiaoline,  175  Bai.  M  26  «l »  43.76 

Lubricstini  oil,  38  qt.  at  II  ct.  Ml 

Greaie,  3  lb.  M  12  ct M 

AlFobol,  20  sal.  at  M  ct.  18.00 

Labor,  SZ  dayg  at  14.00  iOS.00 

Total    (878.33 

Namber  ot  mikB  of  road  opened,  GC.2. 
Unit  coit  per  mile  of  road,  K.004. 

The  above  costs  do  not  include  fixed  charges.  There  were  no 
repairs  or  renewals  during  tbia  period. 

The  Oaioliae  Traotion  Engine  Compared  to'  the  Hone.  Mr. 
L.  W.  Ellis  read  a  paper  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Gas  and 
Gasoline  Association  at  Cincinnati.  Ohio,  June  16,  1910,  from 
which  I  have  made  the  following  abstract: 

Properly  bandied,  working  about  six  hours  a  day,  well  and 
carefully  fed,  a  horse  may  have  a  working  life  of  ten  years  of 
1,000  hours  each.  Where  used  on  street  car  systema,  his  life  of 
usefulness  is  from  two  to  four  years.  The  average  farm  horse 
will  do  well  to  develop  500  hp,  hours  per  year  or  5,000  in  ten 
years.  A  tractor,  carefully  looked  after,  would  probably  double 
this  for  each  rated  hp. 

About  20%  of  the  horse's  weight  may  be  taken  as  his  maximum 
suatained  draft,  and  six  to  eight  miles  per  hour  his  maximum 
sustained  speed  for  anything  more  than  an  hour  or  so  per  day. 
The  draft  horse  ordinarily  gives  the  largest  volume  of  work  per 
day  at  aliout  one-half  his  maximum  load,  and  one-third  his  maiii- 
mum  speed. 


Coosic 


TRACTORS  7(15 

One  reason  for  the  peat  flexibility  of  the  horse  is  the  fact  that 
he  works  most  economical t;  at  about  1  lb.  of  draJt  for  10  lb. 
of  weight,  or  from  50  to  20%  of  the  rate  he  can  Mcert  in  a 
pinch.  Id  the  motor  contests  at  Winnipeg  last  year  the  gas 
tr«ctora  exerted  1  lb.  of  draft  for  4^  lb.  of  weight  on  a  good 
Bod  footing,  and  for  6  lb.  of  weight  on  a  soft  dirt  and  gravel 
course.  The  average  horse  develops  one  useful  horsepower  for 
1,600  ib.  of  weight.  Nine  of  these  tractors,  which  completed  all 
tiie  tests,  developed  1  brake  hp.  for  465  lb.  of  weight,  and  under 
both  good  and  bad  footing  1  tractive  hp.  for  922  lb,  of  weight. 

The  horse  needs  a.  drink  and  food  after  every  seven,  to  eight 
miles  of  plowing,  but  of  course  can  be  forced  to  go  a  greater 
distance.  Some  of  the  best  known  gas  tractors  could  go  from  10 
to  15  miles  under  full  load  if  it  were  possible  entirely  to  empty 
the  fuel  and  .water  tanks  without  stopping.  Actually  they  need 
water  about  as  often  as  the  horse.  Others  of  different  type  eould 
go  for  15  to  20  miles  without  fuel  and  several  times  that  without 
water,  with  their  present  tank  capacity.  A  better  balance  in  this 
respect  would  render  the  tractors  more  convenient,  and  undoubt- 
edly some  weight  would  be  eliminated  in  so  doing.  A  steam  plow- 
ing engine  does  well  to  travel  two  miles  on  the  water  taken  in 
during  15  mins.  Probably  9S%  of  the  weight  may  be  put  into 
metal,  2%%  into  the  cooling  water  and  2^%  into  fuel.  The  lat- 
ter may  be  increased  easily  in  tractors  designed  for  use  in  dry 
stretches. 

The  gas  tractor  cannot  compete  with  the  horse  as  &  hauling 
proposition  on  heavy  grades.  The  elimination  of  steep  grades, 
which  a  horse  may  surmount  by  the  expenditure  of  greatly  in- 
creased energy,  but  which  exhaust  the  overload  capacity  of 
tractors,  will  mean  not  only  an  increased  use  of  mechanical 
motors  for  hauling  purposes,  but  an  excellent  field  for  tra(^tioa 
machinery  in  the  building  and  maintenance  of  good  roads. 

One  man  in  the  field  may  handle  four  to  six  horses,  developing 
from  2^  to  4<i  hp.  Two  men  on  a  gas  tractor  will  handle  an 
outfit  doing  from  10  to  20  times  the  work.  To  cere  for  a  traction 
engine  doing  the  work  of  25  horses  requires  approximately  the 
same  time  in  the  course  of  a  year  as  to  care  for  one  horse. 

Cost  of  Eanllnf  with  Team  and  Traetor  Outfit.  The  following 
appeared  in  Enginsering  and  Contracting: 

In  connection  with  the  construction  of  an  experimental  road  in 
1S12  in  Sargent  Township,  Douglas  County,  Illinois,  by  the  Illinois 
Highway  Commission,  a  traction  engine  outfit  was  used  for  haul- 
ing and  placing  part  of  the  stone.  The  road  was  surfaced  with 
waterbound  macadam  for  a  length  of  1B,800  ft.,  a  width  of  10 
ft.  wide  and  a  depth  of  8  in.,  the  haul  for  the  stone  being  an 


700         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

average  of  3  mile*.  The  rates  of  pay  were:  M«i,  20  et.  per  hour; 
teams,  40  et.  per  hour.  The  following  data  on  the  cost  of  hauling 
on  this  work  are  abatracted  from  the  recently  issued  report  of 


Cubic  fsrds  stone  bauled  by  engine  Ifin 

Oubie  yards  alone  hauled  by  team  3,M0 

Dbji  outfit  TM  on  job  J20 

-Days  outfit  bauled  (fraction  counted  hb  lull) 40 

Coet  to  UliDoig  Highway  CommlBeion  ot  engioe  operator 

(BalBiy'and  einenscB,  itralsht  time)  t340.<W 

Costot  fireman  (aeliiai  time  worked)  66^ 

Coal,  oi!  and  BUjiplLea  for  outfit  181,81 

CoBt  of  maintenance  of  hauling  outfit  (one-halt  seaaon).       B3.m 

Total  coat  ot  traction  outfit  work  tSll.Ol 

Total  coit  per  cu.  yd.  'or  hauling  I    0.247 

Actual  cost  per  cu.  yd.  tor  teamliBuliug  <an  same  worli 

and  aameleoKlh  haul)  :.  ,660 

Cost  ol  hauling  by  engine,  per  en.  yd.  mile 082 

Coat  ot  hauling  by  team  per  cu,  yd.  mile .188 

Per 

Detailed  cost  ot  engine  hasline:    -  <a.  yd. 

Operator t    O.WS 

Fireman    O08 

Coal,  oil,  etc W* 

Maintenance    .0D7 

Total     ; ,.,'. t    0JI83 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


SECTION  103 
TBATUSBS 

A  small  trailer,  designed  and  equipped  for  use  behind  mi  auto- 
mobile or  light  truck,  is  fumislied  with  a  tpring  draw  bar,  and 
special  hitches  for  each  make  of  car. 

No-  .1  trailer  hae  two  wheels,  a  body  78  by  38  indies,  8  in. 
panel,  3  in.  ttare  board,  and  drop  end  gate  with  chains.  It  weighs 
300  lb.,  has  a  capacity  of  800  lb.,  and  is  priced  at  $07.50. 

No.  2  trailer  is  aimilar  to  No.  \  except  that  it  has  no  legs.  It 
weighs  200  lb.,  has  a  capacity  of  800  lb.,  ajid  is  priced  at  $87.50. 

No.  S  trailer  has  four  wheels,  a  body  06  by  38  in.,  10  in.  panel, 
6  in.  flare  board  and  drop  end  gate  with  chains. .  It  weighs  500 
lb.,  has  a  capacity  of  1,250  lb.,  and  costs  $175. 

No.  4  trailer  has  four  wheels,  a  body  96  by  42  in.,  12  in.  lower 
panel,  4  in.  upper  panel,  sides  and  end  removable,  a  carrying 
capacity  of  1,500  lb.,  weighs  575  lb.,  and  costs  $188.5I>. 

AH  the  above  trailers  have  1%  inch  solid  rubber  tires.  Prices 
are  f.  o.  b.  Ohio. 

Beversible  Hanllne  and  Spreading  Slow  Speed  Trailers  for  use 
with  tractors  are  as  follows: 

Slow  Speed  Keverslble  Hauling  Trailers  with  stationary  plat- 
form II  ft.  10  in.  long  by  6  ft.  wide: 

8  inch  tirtB.  Btael  whteb,  weight  38%  lb.,  roller  bearings  ....  (lilfl 
10  inch  lires,  sleel  wheels,  weight  4060  lb.,  roller  bearinge  —    835 

Extension  Trailers  similar  to  above  with  platform  12  ft.  long 
5  ft.  wide  which  can  be  extended  to  18  ft.  long: 

S  inchlireii,  weight  KIO  lb (635 

10  inch  tires,  weight  «20  lb : 6«i 

Log  Trailer  with  12  to  IS  ft.  wheel  base: 

8  inch  lires,  weight  M70  lb t8« 

10  ineh  ticSs,  weight  3680  lb S85 

Hauling  Trailers,  bottom  dump,  capacity  3  cu.  yd.  level,  3^ 


yd.  rounded  load: 


it  1230  lb KO 

767 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


laS        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
SpreadluK  TtbIIcti,  bottom  dump,  aimilar  to  tbe  above: 


tiru.  vtigH  412e  lb.  . 
Urea,  weight  4330  lb.  . 


All  the  a.bove  trailers  have  a  capacity  of  10,000  lb.  and  prices 
are  f.  o.  b.  Ohio. 

Trailers  of  one  make,  f.  o.  b.  Chicago,  are  aa  follows: 
Reversible  Trailer!  wit4  solid  rubber  tires,  iucluding  draw  bar 

and  truck  hofM. 

Capacity        Ohauia  Chuaia  Chania  Brakea       Per  ft,  extra 


Drop  Frame  Kevenible  Itailer, 


fi  tti  SUM  IXm  SEOO 

Hoad  Builder.  A  four  wheel  non- reversible  trailer  equipped 
with  an  automatic  end  dump  body.     Dump  body  is  removable  and 

can  be  replaced  by  flat  bed  for  hauling  culvert  pipe,  lumber,  sup- 
plies and  tools.  Extra  draw  bar  fitted  to  receive  wagon  tongue  in 
order  that  trailer  can  be  pulled  by  horses  when  required.  This 
may  also  be  used  as  a  semi-trailer. 

Capacity  WeiKhl  Semitrailer  Complete 

tona    cu.  yd.  in  lb.  chaaab  li  dump  body       road  builder 

3U      sM  Kon  tn^  fiSTs 

8  4  em  1558  MOO 

tSeml-Tratler.  Single  drop-frame  type  has  a  low  frame  less 
than  24  inches  from  the  ground.  Double  drop-frame  type  has  a 
frame  equally  low  in  center  section  only.  Prices  include  a  spring 
actuated  rocking  fifth  wheel. 

Capacity  Straiicht  Bingie  droi)        Double  drop  Approi. 

in  tons  frame  chaeila      frame  chasaia      IcaDMctuiHiu  velitlit 

2  f  49G  t  TOO  I  075  UED 


Pole  TratleT. 

OspMitj'  Weight 

lalODS  inlb. 


Fig.  327.     Serai-Trailev, 

A  trailer  designed  to  automatically  dump  and  return,  for  gen- 
eral construction  work,  ie  made  so  that  it  may  be  used  as  a. 
truck,  to  collect  material  aod  then  coupled  with  one  or  more  ad- 


ditional trailers  to  be  hauled  by  a  traction  engine.     It  has  the 
following  speciflcations   (Fig.  32S)  : 

Capacity -weight  6,000  lb.,  cu.  yd.  4. 
Roller  bearings. 
Artillery  wooden  wheels. 
Rubber  tires,  solid,  36  by  S. 
Weight  of  chassis  3,530  lb. 

r:„|.  :iMG00tjl>J 


no        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Weiglit  of  bodv  1,900  !b. 

Total  weight  5,430  lb. 

Price  S2,300  f.  o.  b.  New  York. 

iizes  has  the  following  specifl- 


Ompicitr 

live  land 

JU  to  E  tomi 

1      to  3  ions 

IH  to  1  Kwi 


Bod; 

alLowance 
1500  Hi. 
lauo  lb. 
EDO  lb. 


1300 
875 


The  above  prices  are  for  the  chassis  only.  A  number  of  dump 
and  other  type  bodies  are  to  be  had  for  tbeee  trailers. 

A  3  yd.  steel  bottom  dump  body  costs  $590.  A  2>^  yd.  body 
costs  S615. 

CompBilson  of  Cost  of  Operating  Kotot  Tracks  and  Trailers. 
The  following  costs,  given  by  a  manufacturer  of  trailers,  are 
estimated  and  are  stated  to  be  conservative. 

Cost  of  Opebatino  a  5-Ton  Tbvck 

AverBKe  cost  of  5  ton  ehaub  1^,000.00 

Rear  aump  body  and  hoUt  S25.00 

Intercit  oa  ioTeitment,  6^   337.50 

luurance,  liabilily.  fire,  collinioD.  proi-ertr  damage  ^5.00 

Drivel's  Baluy.  at  t5  per  it,y,  300  days  1,500.00 

Oarage    180.00 

LicBBBa    25.00 

Fixed  chargrs  per  year  .,..  II.337  50 

Fiied  charges  per  day  (MO  day  year)  7.7B 

Variable  charges  Per  mile 

Tir^s     »     0JI787 

Gasoline,  1  mllos  per  gat.  at  27  cenM  .0«T5 

Lubrication,  oils  and  grease  .0080 

Bepaira,    Ti»lii:eiiance    and    oTerhauliog    ever;    150.000 

miles  for  |600   Oa» 

Depreciation  ^ .t028 

Variable  charje  per  mile  t       .«» 

Applying  this  expense  against  the  total  daily  capacity  of  the 
truck,  we  will  take  for  example  a  5-mile  haul.  It  is  safe  to 
assume  that  the  truck  will  make  at  least  5  trips  per  day  of  5  miles 
each  way,  or  10  miles  round  trip,  making  a  total  distance  of 
fifty  mile«.  This  is  the  lowent  minimnm  capacity,  and  the  truck 
should  have  no  difficulty  in  making  this  afl  a  yearly  average. 

The  flsed  charae  per  day  is  $7.79.  The  variable  charge  ia  .215 
per  mile  or  for  50  miles  $10.75,  which  makes  a  total  charge  for 
the  day,  including  the  fixed  charge,  $18.54.  Five  tons  per  trip 
would  make  25  tons  ha-led  a  distance  of  5  miles  during  the  day, 
or  125  ton-miles  at  a  cost  of  .148  per  ton-mile  or  .74  per  ton  for 
hauling  it  5  mites. 


TRAILERS 

COBT  OF  OPBBATtNO  A  S-TON  TKAILES 

ton  Iroiler  

4  bo(lom  damp  body  . 


11,925.00 


iDlereit  <m  invdtnient  at  a% ISO^ 

Oarage sn.OO 

Lirenw    .,. BK.OO 

Beipor,  W-""  P*r  3"r  **  diirs  90^ JW 

Insurance.  Are  and  Uabllity  r..l» 

Ftiod  chargfa  pw  yrar  I.SIO.W 

Filed  chargea  per  day  (300  day  year)  4.07 

Variable  eharees  Per  mile 


lOy,  additional  gisoLioe  lor  truck 00« 

Brpiiis  and  maiaM nance,  $10)  per  yrar OOSS 

Deprrcialion    DOES 

Variable  charge  per  mile  t     ,0838      , 

Combining  the  operating  cost  ot  the  truck  at  $1S.54  with  the 
total  co«t  of  the  trailer  at  S^  ^<f  wonld  make  a  total  operating 
cost  of  $26M  instead  of  $18.54  for  the  truck  alon^,  or  ahout 
20%  additional  for  the  trailer.  With  the  2%  increase  in  operat- 
ing coat,  the  efficiency  of  the  entire  unit  would  be  iiicreaged  iOO%, 
for  the  truck  would  not  have  any  difficulty  in  making  the  same 
number  of  trips  with  the  double  load  or  10  toriH,  conaef|iiently  50 
tons  could  be  hauled  per  day  a  distance  of  6  milCE.  with  a  total 
coat  of  $26.80  or  .1078  per  ton  mile,  as  against  .148  with  truck 
alone,  or  .530  per  ton  as  against  .74  by  truck,  or  a  total  saving  for 
hauling  5()  tons  of  $10.12. 
Trailers  of  another  make  cost  as  follows: 
Bottom  Dump  Trailer*   (reversible)   with  steel  wheels. 

Capacity  Weight  Pric« 


Spreadlns  Ttalleis  (reversible)   with  steel  wheels. 

3  CO.  yd.  3825  (575 

4  cu.yd.  3950  S9& 

LogrSlDK  Trailer.  Rated  at  H  tons,  reversible,  with  four  wheels 
turning  at  the  same  time  weighs  appraximately  3,4-50  lb.,  and 
costs  with  e  in.  )=teel  wheels  $576,  and  with  8  in.  wheels  $600. 
This  trailer  can  be  furnished  on  order  for  10  ton  cSilHtcity  at  an 
extra  cost  of  $150, 

One  Way  Dnmp  Trailer  costs  $350.  It  weighs  approximately 
2,400  lb. 

MS 


772       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Crashed  Stone  Spreader,  with  rabber  tires: 

114  yd.  Mpwjlty  t  SIE 

1%  yd.  cipieitr IMS 

3W  yd.  capMity  IGW 

TitAiLER  Chassis 

4  iteel  wheels 

OapMity  WeiBht  Price 

sunt     ■  £75n  11125 

Ehta  SMO  1290 

Semi-Trailer  Cha««l«,  two  wheel  type  with  rubber  tires,  are  made 
in  three  sizes;  2  ton  $450,  4  ton  $725,  and  6  ton  $800. 

Bottom  Dninp  Semi-Trailer  with  two  wooden  wheels  are  made 
in  two  sizes.     The  2  yd.  capacity  costs  $250,  the  3  yd.   $300. 

Tbaileb  Bixiibs 


Btako  bo^'" 
StftlH  body 


SECTION  104 


A  low  priced  and  yet  reliable  transit,  known  as  a  builder's 
transit,  weighs  0  lb,,  and  costs  $105 

Surveyor's  transitB  with  a  5  in.  needle  weigh  \6^  lb.,  and  cost 
$280. 

An  engineer's  transit  with  an  111^  inch  telescope,  weight  with 
tripod  about  24  lb ,  price  in  box  $250.  Same  with  stadia  circle, 
$265. 

A  preliminary  survey  transit  with  an  8  inch  telescope,  weight 
with  tripod  about  18  lb.,  price  complete  $150.  Patent  extensioa 
tripod  $7  50  extra. 

A  stadia  hand  transit  with  10  inch  telescope,  weight  in  caw 
2^   lb.,  price  $40.     With  micrometer   leveling  attachment   $3.SU 

A  pocket  transit  of  aluminum  costs  $2S. 


.,C(K)<(lt^ 


SECTION  105 
TKENCHINO  KACEIKES 

The  term  Trench  Machine  comprises  macbineB  of  amaj  varied 
types,  BUch  aa  cablewaya  oa  which  are  operated  buckets,  steam 
shovels  with  booms  and  buckete  especially  des^ned,  and  elevator 
bucket  machines. 

A  Cableway  can  be  used  to  advantage  on  trenches  S  feet  and 
wider  The  main  cable  is  stretclied  on  towevB  30  feet  high  and 
three  to  four  hundred  feet  B.part.  One  tub  of  one  cubic  yard 
capacity  it  handled  at  a  time  and  can  be  loaded  at  any  point 
and  swung  as  much  as  10  feet  to  one  side.  The  cable  machii^ 
is  advantageous  in  soft  digging  or  on  rock  as  no  part  of  the 
machine  is  carried  by  the  side  banks  The  engine  and  one  tower 
stand  on  a  car  which  runs  on  t«e  rails;  the  other  tower  stands 
on  the  ground  and  must  be  lowered  and  carried  to  a  new  posi- 
tion, liie  outfit  con  lie  loaded  on  one  car  and  weighs  about  19 
tons;  price  of  cableway  from  250  to  400  ft.  is  from  $5,600  to 
S6,000.  According  to  the  manufacturer,  from  15  to  20  trips  may 
be  made  per  hr.  under  ordinary  conditions.  General  repairs  are 
Bucfa  as  are  necessary  on  any  contrftctor'a  hoisting  engine  in 
constant  use,  together  with  the  replacing  of  worn  out  steel  ropCB 
and  running  parts,  which  are  comparatively  small  items,  as  there 
are  no  parts  subject  to  frequent  breakages  as  in  the  case  of  steam 
shovels  and  ditch  digging  machines. 

These  cableways  are  usually  driven  by  an  6^4  by  10  double 
cylinder  engine  capable  of  lifting  5,000  lb.  They  raise  the  buckets 
at  a  speed  of  about  225  ft.  per  min.  and  transport  them  at  a 
npead  of  from  500  to  600  ft.  per  min 

Mr.  James  Pilkington,  of  New  York,  says  that  he  has  taken  the 
machine  down,  moved  250  ft.  and  put  it  up  again  in  three  hours 
and  fifty  minutes. 

A  self- propel  ling  machine  for  excavating  small  trenches  and 
which  digs  by  means  of  scrapers  and  buckets  fastened  at  the 
rim  of  a  revolving  wheel  is  said  by  the  manufacturer  to  be  able 
to  eicarat«  in  any  ground  that  can  be  loosened  with  a  pick. 
The  mai^hine  will  cut  through  a  log  or  timber,  but  if  it  strikes 
773 


774        HANDBOOK  OF  COKSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

ft  large  boulder  the  wheel  must  be  raised  out  of  the  treneh  until 
the  obstruction  is  passed. 

These  machines  are  operated  by  gasoline  engines  and  coat  as 
follows : 

Max.  Uai.  OnHingBpecd        Approx. 

Hp.  depth  width  (I.  parmin.  waight  Prioa 


{?'" 


1  to  e!t  i7.eoa  4,200 

2  tfl  e^  u.eoo  4,100 
IK  to  s    .        !c,ooo  6,100 


Coat  of  Trenching  in  Shale  with  Wheel  Type  Exoavator.  The 
following  appeared  in  Engmeering  Kewa-Reoord  Feb.  14,  1018. 
Fonr  miles  of  fl-  and  12-in.  water-main  trenches  in  nooded  or 
frozen  ground  and  with  sbale  at  the  bottom  were  completed  with 
a  machine  by  the  Water  Department  of  Erie,  Penn.,  between  Feb. 
1  and  Oct.  5,  1917,  at  a  cost  far  below  that  of  hand  worlt,  even  in 
1915.  Though  at  the  speed  developed  b;  the  machine,  3  to  3^ 
ft.  per  minute  on  6^-  and  6-ft,.4epp  trenches,  this  represents  leaa 
than  two  weeks'  steady  work,  the  difference  in  the  amount  paid  for 
hand  labor  per  foot  in  1913  and  in  the  cost  per  foot  of  all  labor 
and  fuel  required  with  the  machine  represents  more  than  half  the 
first  cost  of  the  tool  sared  on  the  four  miles  already  completed. 
The  Having  is  still  greater,  if  the  advance  in  -wages  since  1916 
is  eonsidered,  but  in  spite  of  it  the  increased  labor  coat  of  laying 
pipe  and  beekfiUing  will  make  this  year's  work  somewhat  more 
expensive  per  foot  than  that  done  in  IBl.^  or  last  year.  Neverthe- 
less, It  is  doubtful  if  the  eKtensions  built  in  1917,  representing 
tnore  work  than  was  done  in  either  of  the  preceding  years,  could 
have  been  completed  without  the  machine  hecsuM  of  the  scarcity 
of  labor. 

The  trenching  machine,  bought  early  this  year  for  {6.650  f-  o.  b. 
Erie,  is  of  the  wheel  type.  The  buckets  are  adjustable  for  cutting 
24  to  28  in.  wide  and  trenches  7^  to  II  ft.  deep  cao  be  dug.  The 
machine  is  driven  by  a  four-cylinder,  four-cyde,  46-hp  ,  gasoline 
engine.  Ordinarily,  one  operator  and  one  helper  run  it  without 
other  assistance  under  the  supervision  of  the  foreman  who  looks 
after  the  rest  of  the  work  The  trenches  cut  are  2  ft.  in  width 
and  from  SV^  to  6  ft  in  depth.  Clay  S  to  4  Et.  deep,  underlain 
by  the  shale  shown  in  the  photograph,  is  encountered  on  Bearly 
ail  the  work,  though  one  trench  has  been  dug  in  running  gravel 
Conditions  are  such  that  the  machine  cuts  full  length  for  the  ex- 
tension to  be  laid  in  a  continuous  operation,  most  of  the  trenches 
being  less  than  3,000  ft  long.  The  pipe  gang  of  seven  imea  lays 
the  new  main  behind  it  at  the  rate  of  a  block,  or  669  ft.,  a  day.  I 
As  the  water  main«  arc  always  e?ttended  in  advance  of  paving,  | 


TRENCHING  MACHINES  775 

operatiouB  are  completed  by  backSlting  the  trench  with  a  team  and 
Bcraper.  In  thU  manner  I V^  mileij  oi  12-ia.  and  2^  mileg  of  6-in. 
pipe  were  laid  between   Feb.   1   and  Oct.   5  last. 

During  11115,  conitidered  an  ordinary  jre.Br,  the  eity  laid  gSJWO 
ft.  of  6-  and  12-iii  mains  in  hand  excavated  trenches  at  a.  labor 
coat  for  digging,  laying  and  backfilUog  of  2S.8c  a  foot  for  the 
smaller  and  30. 08c.  a  foot  for  the  larger  mm  Much  more  pipe  was 
laid  in  19IH  and  this  year  because  of  the  rapid  growth  of  the  city. 
While  complete  unit  coatg  for  the  laat  year's  work  have  not  yet 
been  compiled,  it  is  known  that  rising  wages  caused  conaiderable 
increase  over  those  of  1915.  Records  for  10,(J0U  ft.  of  Sin.  main 
laid  at  one  time  last  year  show  a  total  labor  cost  of  37.1*.  per 
foot  of  which  digging  alone  represented  19c.  with  commcra  labor 
27 ^c  .an  hour.  The  trench  wan  in  rlay,  with  shalo  at  the  bottom. 
As  compared  with  this,  the  first  performance  with  the  trenching 
machine,  excavating  for  1S20  ft  of  line,  wae  accomplisbed  at  a 
fuel  and  labor  cost  of  $132.84,  or  8.2p.  per  foot  for  actual  digging.' 
This  was  in  gravel  which  required  sheeting,  the  cost  of  which  is 
included  in  the  aliove  figure.  On  anotlier  oceasiira,  in  digging 
through  cut-over  land,  where  many  large  lint  partly  rotted  stumps 
were  i^ut  through,  682  ft.  of  trench  was  dug  in  four  hours,  tit 
a  cost  of  $7.55  for  three  men  and  15  gal.  of  gasoline  —  only  1.1« 
per  foot.  .  On  Oct  S  the  trmchine  made  its  speed  record  of  660 
ft  in  three  hours,  but  $3  02  for  gasoline  and  $1.88  for  the  wages 
ol  the  engineer  and  helper  being  charged  to  the  operation.  This 
wait  about  %  of  e,  cent  per  foot.  Both  trenches  were  in  sbale  at 
the  twttom. 

Tbat  these  costs  are  typical  of  the  work  is  shown  by  the  record 
which  iJie  machine  inide  on  its  most  diHicult  bit  of  dicing. 
Last  winter,  wiUi  IH  in.  of  ground  froxen  hard,  it  d'g  in  ods 
operation  7,220  ft.  of  2  x  5V4-ft.  trench  at  an  average  speed  of 
3  ft.  per  minute.  But  this  in  not  all.  The  bottom  of  that  trench 
was  in  shale,  the  average  depth  of  which  proved  to  be  44  in. 
Over  lAOst  gf  the  trench  the  clay  wa«  frozen  to  the  top  of  the  shale. 

This  shale  is  not  taminetcd  clay,  but  a  true,  shale,  which  cae  be 
picked  in.eioavatiog  bell  hales,  but  which  it  pays  to  shoot  when 
arv  coniiidershle  yardagp  must  lie  rfmoved  by  hand. 

The  two  miles  of  trench  dug  in  thc^e  four  operations  are  typical 
of  the  machine's  work  to  date  It  ihows  no  appreciable  wear, 
and  maintenance  on  it  has  been  neglierihle.  The  trenching  in  ques- 
tion, if  done  at  the  unit  cost  of  the  2  mile  trench  due  by  hand  in 
mm,  would  have  represented  a  labor  charge  of  fl.O^S,  whereas 
it  actually  cost,  for  labor  and  fuel  $200,  fully  half  of  which  was 
c>«rgpable  to  the  sheeting  required  on  the  first  gravel  trench  dug. 
This  r^resents  a  saving  of  Sl,733.    Doubling  this  for  the  four 


77ft        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

miles  of  main  dug  to  Oct.  5,  the  metchine  appears  to  have  saved 
$3,470,  or  to  have  mora  than  half  paid  for  iteeH. 

Metbods  Employed  in  Conitmottng  Concrete  Pipe  Sewer  in 
Jaokton,  Kioh.*  Special  methods  and  (levices  for  trenching  and 
pipe  laying  have  been  employed  in  conatnicting  two  lock  joint 
concrete  pipe  trracfa  aewer»  in  Jackson,  Mich.  Tliese  sewers  vary 
in  diameter  from  4  ft.  to  IB  in.,  and  each  is  about  2  miles  long, 
and  the  lock  joint  concrete  pipe  is  used  for  24  in.  in  diameter  and 
above,  vitrified  pipe  being  need  for  the  18-in.   line. 

The  trench  is  largely  through  sand  and  gravel  and  considerable 
water  and  fanning  sand  were  encountered.  The  depth  ran  front 
7  ft.  to  25  ft.  and  tight  sheeting  was  required  throughout.  The 
flret  few  feet  of  cut  were  made  with  horse  and  scraper;  if  the 
traneh  did  not  exceed  8  ft.  in  depth  the  deepening  was  continued 
by  hand;  for  depths  exceeding  8  ft.  a  trench  machine  was  used. 
The  ebeeting  Was  driven  by  hand  and  was  pulled  after  the  trench 
had  been  nearly  reHlled  by  means  of  a  chain  block  fastened 
overhead  to  a  rail  laid  on  the  bents  of  the  trench  machine.  Two 
men  pulled  all  the  sheeting. 

The  trench  machine  is  shown  by  Fig.  3*29.  It  was  designed  by 
City  Engineer  A.  W.  D.  Hall,  and,  built  ISO  ft.  long,  cost  $500, 
including  three  H  cu.  yd.  self-dumping  buckets.  The  conatrui:- 
tion  calls  for  very  little  explanation.  As  will  be  seen,  the  whole 
machine  is  made  so  as  to  move  along  the  work  on  track  rails 
laid  on  the  banks  of  the  trench.  An  ordinary  double  drum  hoist- 
ing engine  operates  the  traveler,  one  drum  giving  the  traveling 
movement  and  the  other  drum  doing  the  hoisting.  The  usual 
method  of  operation  was  employed.  The  excavated  spoil  was 
raised  in  the  butkets,  conveyed  back  and  back-ttlled  onto  the  pipe, 
which  had  been  laid  as  fait  as  the  trench  was  opened. 

When  water  was  encountered  in  the  trench  it  was  handled 
as  shown  by  the  sketch,  Fig.  330.  The  force  pipe  of  an  ejector, 
shown  in  enlarged  detail  by  Fig.  330,  was  attached  by  hoae  to 
the  nearest  hydrant,  which  gave  the  ordinary  domestic  pressure  of 
about  60  lb.;  the  »uction  pipe  with  strainer  end  drew  from  the 
trench  aump  and  the  discharge  pipe  passed  over  a  bulkhead  into 
the  completed  sewer. 

In  pipe  laying  the  usual  methods  were  followed,  the  pipes 
being  rolled  onto  skids  over  the  trench  and  lowered  by  the  trencb 
machine.  The  pipe  laying  was  straightforward  work  except  where 
running  sand  or  quicksand  was  encountered  and  then  the  special 
shield  shown  by  Fig.  331  was  employed.  This  shield  consists. 
as  will  be  seen,  of  three  sides  of  &  bottomless  bos.     It  ia  operated 

*  EngiaetTing-OvnlraelMii.  Nov.   10.    1909. 


778         HAXDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

as  foIIowB:  When  near  grade  the  ehield  ia  set  on  the  trenc 
bottuuj  in  the  position  illuelrated,  with  ite  open  end  Rtraddling  tb 
end  ol  the  completed  pipe.     Hay  is  then  Bluffed  into  the  spacf 

■^^tSfeTi  mmSiiSSmiit »  l 


7 


Fig.  331.     Sketch  Showing  Steel  Plate  Shield  Employed  in  La;i) 
Sewer  Pipe. 

grade,  driving  down  the  Bhield  as  they  sink  the  excavation.  Wlw 
the  excavation  is  completed  the  pipe  i«  laid  and  jointed  insii 
the  8hield,]whieh  meanwhile  acts  as  a  tNnporary  cofferdam. 


TBENCHING  MACHINES  779 

Only  genial  figures  are  evafteble  on  the  cost  of  this  work. 
Mr.  Hall  atatea  that  for  depths  of  10  ft.  and  \ee»  the  cost  baa 
varied  eo  much  owing  to  local  conditions,  differences  in  material, 
etc.,  that  it  ie  impossible  to  get  at  average  coata.  He  states 
that  the  cost  of  excavating  42-in,  sewer  from  17  to  20  ft.  deep 
has  heen  53  et.  per  cu.  yd.  The  trench  at  17  !4  ft.  depth  con- 
tains 4.7  cu.  yd.  of  excavation  per  lEneal  foot  and  co^^ts  $2.S0 
per  lin.  ft.  At  a  depth  of  26  ft.  the  trench  contains  7.05  eu.  yd. 
of  excavation  and  costs  75  ct.  per  eu.  yd.,  or  $5.28  per  lin.  ft. 
of  trench.  Between  17  ft.  and  26  ft.  depth  the  costs  vary  ahout 
in  proportion  from  53  ct.  to  75  ct.  per  cu  yd.  These  costs  in- 
clude excavation,  back  fUlmg,  driving  and  pulling  sheeting,  pipe 
laying  and  cleaning  up  and  grading  the  street  after  the  work. 
They  include  everything  except  cost  of  pipe  and  cost  of  sheeting 
timber  and,  apparently,  plant  and  overhead  charges.  The  gang 
worked  con»Uts  of  30  men;  common  labor  is  paid  $2  to  $2.26 
per  day,  enginemen  $3  per  day  and  foremen  $5  per  day.  The 
work  is  being  done  wholly  by  day  labor.  The  information  from 
which  this  article  has  been  prepared  has  been  furnished  by  Mr. 
Hall. 

Another  type  of  self-propelling  trench  excavator  can  attain 
a  road  speed  of  2i^  miles  per  hour.  The  earth  is  excavated  by 
buckets  traveling  on  a  chain  elevator  and  is  removed  to  the  side 
of  the  trench  on  a  belt  conveyor  The  buckets  are  self-cleaning 
and  travel  ieross  the  face  of  the  trench  in  order  to  excavate  to 
the  proper  width  which  is  regulated  by  two  set  screws.  It  is 
not  neeessary  to  change  the  buckets  or  scrapers  to  change  the 
width  of  the  trencli.  The  manufacturers  rale  their  machines  at 
%  eu.  yd.  per  minute.  The  machine  is  operated  by  one  man; 
coal  eouenmption  1,200  to  2,000  lb.  per  10  hours,  the'weight 
of  the  maehint  is  well  ahead  of  the  trench.  It  is  not  suited  for 
very  rocky  ground,  but  when  a  lat^e  boulder  or  similar  obstacle 
is  met  the  buckets  can  be  raised  over  the  obstruction  and  can 
start  again  on  the  farther  side  of  the  obstruction. 

Steak  Driven  Tbekchebb 

Trench  wldtlis    Msi.  depth 


TiMtU            wefghtinlb. 

f.».Vi;, 

3- 

33,1100 

ttO.fiOO 
12,800 

12.300 

Gasoune  Dbivbn 

cBterpilUr 

17,000 

tm 

780       HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 


24  to  4S  IB  MlwpillBr  tf,0aO  U.WO 

Excavators  of  the  aelf-propelliDg  type,  in  which  the  earth  ie 
excavated  by  acrapers  and  buckets  traveling  on  a  chain  elevator 
and  removed  to  either  aide  of  the  trench  o&  a  belt  conveyor,  are 
shown  in  the  following  table. 


depth         width 


Steam  Driven 

"3: 

H 

^« 

Priee 

10' 

lo; 

6' 

81,000 

11 

IM.'OOO 

1^ 
1J5W 

isnoo 

Gasoline  Driven 

1 

1 

i 

7B  18'  SSr  «'  1!4  77,000  15000 

The  manufacturere  aay  that  the  madiine  will  probably  need  no 
repairs  for  one  yeari  then  the  repairs  on  the  smaller  machines 
will  he  from  $1  to  $2  per  day,  on  the  larger  machinea  from  tZ  to 
85  per  day.  They  are  regularly  fitted  with  caterpillar  traction  on 
the  digging  end  and  wheels  on  the  other. 

FTOgrcM  Dla^am  and  Dlstrlbntlou  of  Time  ot  Force  on  flewer 
Trenobing  by  Maebine.  After  W,  G.  Kirchoffer.  Recently  an 
Sin.  sewer  5,270  ft.  in  length  was  laid  at  West  Salem,  Wis.  The 
excavation  was  made  in  a  sandy  gravelly  clay  by  the  use  of  a 
Parsons'  trenching  machine.  The  trench  averaRed  about  S  ft. 
deep.  The  total  number  of  days'  work  put  in  on  the  job  was  325i}i, 
or  an  average  of  61,8  days  per  1,000  ft.  of  aewer.  The  trenching 
machine  was  operated  20  days  out  of  the  total  2fl  put  in  upon 
the  work,  or  an  average  of  263^  ft.  per  day.  The  least  distance 
made  in  a  day  was  20  ft.  and  the  maximum  distance  was  550  ft. 
of  completed  sewer.  There  were  five  daya  in  which  the  rate 
exceeded  400  ft.  of  sewer  per  day.  The  progreas  diagram  ie 
ehown  in  Fig.  332, 

The  labor  upon  tho  work  was  divided  as  follows  in  days  per 
1,000  ft.  of  sewer: 


TRENCHING  MACHINES 


Comnioa 


The  greatrst  number  of  men  employed  in  any  one  day  was  IS 
and  the  emallest  number  waa  two. 

This  work  wae  done  under  the  aupervieion  of  W^.  G.  Kirchoffer, 
consulting  engineer,  Madison,  Wis.  The  contractor  was  F.  E. 
Kaminski  of  Watertown,  Wis. 


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TrenclUaK  by  Hachine  for  a  3S-tn.  Brlok  Sewer.*  An  inter- 
esting example  of  nmctiine  trenching  under  favorable  conditions 
of  soil  is  furnished  by  the  sewerage  of  an  area  of  about  30  square 
blocks  south  of  80th  St.  and  east  of  Aberdeen  St.,  in  Chicago, 
111.  The  sewers  to  be  built  comprise  about  ti05  ft.  of  SB-in,  bricit 
sewer,  about  2,200  ft.  of  30-in.  brick  sewer  and  some  17,000  ft,  of 
15  and  18'in.  pipe  sewer.  The  depth  of  these  sewers  below  natural 
ground  surface  ie  an  average  of  14  ft.  The  soil  consists  of  black 
loam  overlying  yellow  and  blue  clay,  the  clay  being  stiff  enough 

*  En^;tm*Ting  and  OttUraeting,  Juli  IT,  1812. 


782        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

to  stand  well  with  only  occasional  sheeting  planks.  Altogether 
the  soil  conditions  are  well  fitted  for  trenching  by  machine  and 
all  trenching  is  planned  to  be  done  by  machine.  The  machine 
used  was  a  No.  1  Austin  Trench  E.vcavator  fitted  with  buckets 
cutting  to  a  depth  of  42  inches. 

The  work  at  present  is  on  the  3fl-in.  circular  sewer,  which  con- 
sists of  a  two-ring  invert  and  a  single  ring  arch  Following  the 
machine  the  trench  bottom  is  troughed  to  templets  of  the  sewer 
inverts.     For  this  larger  sewer  the  trench  sides  were  to  he  under- 


Fig.  393.    Excavating  Trendi  for  Sewers  Seventy-Eight  Inches 
Wide  and  Twenty  Feet  Deep  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

cut  at  the  bottom,  since  the  excavator  cuts  only  42  in.  wide, 
but  with  the  smaller  sewers  there  will  not  be  this  extra  work. 
Three  men  pick  the  bottom  and  undercut  the  sides  behind  the 
excavator,  which  is  kept  about  15  ft,  ahead  of  the  invert  masons. 
Vertical  plank  spaced  about  2  ft.  apart  and  bound  with  pipe  and 
iron  bands  are  BuBicient  to  keep  the  trench  sides  safe. 

Three  bricklayers  work  on  the  inverts  and  two  work  on  the 
crown  which  follows  from  30  to  50  tt.  behind.  Brick  handlers, 
mortar  men  and  helpers  bring  the  force  on  brick  work  up  to 
30  men.    The  invert  brick  are  laid  tg  the  ten^let  cut  trench 


TRENCHING  MACHINES  783 

bottom.  To  undercut  the  arch  flat  iron  circlcB  in  two  parts 
connected  by  bolts  are  set  6  ft.  apart  on  tho  completed  inverts 

and  2  X  1  in.  lagging  U  laid  on  them  to  form  the  arth  center.  The 
rings  are  collapsed  by  removing  the  eonnetting  bolts. 

Trench  excavation  was  begun  June  3  and  at  the  time  the  work 
■was  visited,  July  8,  1,000  ft.  had  been  excavated.  This,  however, 
is  no  indication  of  the  speed  o(  the  excavator,  for  it  is  worked 
only  fast  enouglt  to  keep  some  15  ft  ahead  of  the  invert  masonry. 
On  two  favorable  dayn,  184  ft.  and  170  ft.  of  sewer  were  built, 
tnit  the  average  advance  has  been  much  leas.  The  contractor 
stated  that  the  machine  had  not  worked   over  half  the  lime. 

An  estimate  of  the  coht  of  operating  the  excavator  baaed  partly 
on  assumed  progress,  in  &»  follows: 

■   EnEinear I  E.OO 


Totsl  cost  per  workiUB  day  ...,, tlUO 

The  machine  will  use  about  three-quarters  ton  of  coal  per  day. 
To  be  conservative  we  have  asaumed  one  ton  at  $4.00.  The 
repairs  were  also  estimated  at  $1  00  which  is  considered  liberal. 
The  depreciation  is  taken  at  300  days'  work  per  year  for  ten 
years,  and  although  it  is  aesumed  that  the  owner  of  such  a 
machine  will  be  able  to  sell  it  at  the  end  of  that  time,  no  allow- 
ance for  salvage  value  is  made  here. 

Assuming  that  the  brick  aewer  may  follow  the  machine  at  a 
rate  of  170  ft.  per  day,  tlie  cost  per  foot  of  trench  e.ttavation 
is  10  cents,  or  5  cents  per  cu.  yd.  If  the  contractor  could  double 
the  rale  of  brick  construction  he  could  then  reduce  the  excavation 
cost  by  one-half,  as  he  slates  that  the  machine  is  used  about 
50%  of  the  time.  Other  items  enter  into  the  increase  in  speed 
of  brick  sewer  construction  which  mi^ht  increase  the  cost  of  that 
part  of  the  work  more  than  the  reduction  in  coat  of  excavation. 
The  decrease  in  cost  of  excavation  on  the  3,000  ft  of  brick  sewer 
if  built  at  twice  the  rate  of  speed  would  be  3,000  X  6  cents,  or 
8150,  which  is  hardly  enough  to  warrant  the  risk  of  increasing 
the  cost  of  the  brick  work. 

Kigs.  334-331  illustrate  well  known  trenching  machines  on 
various  typw  o(  Mnstn-ction. 

Kethed  of  Thaw:r<>  Gronnd  for  TreBcblnK.  The  following  ap- 
peared in  Engi»«trivg  Keurs,  Feb.  18,  131S,  by  Mr.  A.  Lenderink. 

For  the  purpose  of  ae^isting  the  unemployed,  the  common  voub- 


784         HANDBOOK  UF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

oil  of  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  decided  to  build  during  the  wintar  some 
of  tbe  sewers  tliat  were  planned  to  be  built  during  the  coming 


Fig.  334.  Carson  Trench  Machine  Purchased  by  City  of  Brandon, 
Manitoba,  Canada,  and  in  Use  on  First  Street  Sewer.  Hoists 
Six  Tubs  at  a  Time. 


The  ground  in  the  streets  was  frozen  19  to  24  in.  deep.  Th* 
engineering  department  decided  to  try  Ht«am  as  a  means  of  re- 
moving part  of  the  frost  so  that  it  would  be  easier  for  the  men 
and  also  keep   the  cost  of  the  excavation  from   becoming  too 


TRENCHING  MACIIIXRS  TSS 

^eat,  He  depaTtment  has  a  10-hp.  upright  boiler  and  engine 
mounted  on  a  truck  ho  that  it  can  be  easiljr  moved  about.  A 
1-in.  Bteam  line  from  the  boiler  was  laid  along  one  of  the  outer 
tAgee  of  the  propoBed  trench  for  a  distance  of  100  to  150  ft,  from 
Ihe  boiler  and  returned  along  the  other  edge.  The  part  of  the 
trench  waa  then  covered  with  some  wooden  sewer  forma  that  the 
city  used  for  large  concrete  sewer  construction,  and  the  forms 
covered  with  6  to  8  in,  of  sand.  The  pipes  were  kept  ofT  the 
ground  by  a  few  bricks. 


Fig.  3 


Cover  and  Steam  I 


i  for  Thawing  Ground, 


It  was  found  that  by  keeping  steam  on  the  pipe  for  24  hr, 
the  frost  in  the  part  under  cover  was  entirely  removed.  The 
moisture  in  the  thawed  ground  allowed  the  men  to  shovel  the  top 
dirt  out  of  the  trench  without  uaing  a  pick  to  loosen  it. 

The  pipes  and  forms  were  moved  ahead  each  morning  and  the 
thawing  started  fur  the  next  day's  work,  a  portable  shelter  being 
liuilt  around  the  boiler. 

The  cost  of  the  thawing,  for  a  trench  3  ft.  wide,  was  B  to  10c, 
per  lin.  ft.,  exclusive  of  interest  and  depreciation  on  the  boiler. 


MGootjl>j 


SECTION  106 
TEUCKS 

Pole  Tmck  for  mOTing  heavj'  material  has  a  frame  42  b;  2T 
incbeit.  wheels  30  inches  in  diameter,  3-inch  fa«e,  weij^hs  300  lb., 
price  $57.60. 

Tramway  Tnick  with  steel  wheels  36  inches  in  diameter,  6  ft. 
6  in.  long  by  3  ft.  2Mi  inches  wide,  weighs  about  3S0  lb.  and 
costs  $46. 


Fig.  337.    Timber  Truck. 

Timber  Truck  used  e.\ten9ivelf  by  builders  for  handling  heat'] 
beams  and  timbers.  Size  6  ft.  4  in.  long,  2  ft,  7  in.  wide,  wheels 
2  ft.  in  dia.  5  in.  wide,  priee  $52.50. 

Two  Horse  Tracks  cost  about  as  follows: 


Stone  Truck  for  handling  heavy  stone,  designed  so  that  a  ston< 
can  be  rolled  on  the  lower  end  without  lifting,  boa  two  wheels 
diameter  IS  inches,  tresd  2'^  inches,  width  of  truck  18  inches 
length  »  ft.     Price  $27.50. 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  107 
UNLOADING  MACHINES 

Unlooder  plows,  Figs.  338,  339,  are  largely  used  in  railroad 
and  ciuiaJ  eoustriiction.  The  1)e«t  types  are  eonatructed  entirely 
of  steel.  They  are  usually  operated  by  being  pulled  through 
the  traJn  of  ears  by  a  cable  attached  to  the  engine.     Tliree  types 


are  manufactured;  the  center  'Unloader,  which  distributes  the 
material  equally  on  both  sides  of  the  track;  the  right  unloader, 
which  distributes  the  material  to  the  right;  and  the  similarly 
constructed  left  unloader,  which  places  the  material'  on  tbe  left. 


m  ■      HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 
Centik  Piaws 

Capacity  of                        Height  of                  Webriit  Pric 

cars,  nu.  yd.                 mauldboard,  in,               in  lb.  t.  o.  b.  f  i 

10                          33                    6,100  tun 

10  to  20                                45                            7,000  121 

SO  to  S6                       as                     9,400  lei 

S6  to  40                                SO                           13.400  191 

Side  Plows,  Left  oe  RfflHT 

10  to  at                                a                            4.7S0  t  67 

10  to  IE                                G8                            T.RW  lOE 

8S  to  40                                6S                            9,200  12S 


The  time  occupied  in  unloading  a  train  of  12  cftts  with  an  un- 
loader  plow  is  from  10  to  30  minutes,  the  engine  doing  as  much 
in  that  time  aa  S  to  10  men  would  do  in  a  day.  When  unloading 
on  curves  the  time  is  longer,  for  snatch  blocks  must  be  used  to 
keep  the  cable  on  the  ears.  A  snatch  block  every  third  car  is 
generally  enough.  When  the  plow  reaches  a  snatch  bloqk  it  must 
be  stopped,  the  block  and  chain  being  rranoved  and  carried  tor- 
ward.  Unloading  in  this  way  takes  about  twice  as  long  ae  on 
straight  traek  and  often  longer. 

When  much  material  is  to  be  handled  the  cars  should  be  rigged 
with  hinged  side  boards  that  can  be  dropped  down  what  nnlo»ding, 
and  a  hoisting  engine  should  be  rigged  up  on  a  car  by  itself  for 


UNLOXDINO  machines  789 

the  purpose  of  pulling  the  plow  caJ)Ie.  A  10x12  In.  douhl« 
cylinder  engine  with  a  1-in.  cable  for  loose  gravel,  and  a  1^-in. 
for  heavier  material  will  unload  a,  train  of  cars  often.  In  halt 
the  time  taken  by  looomotivea,  since  the  cars  need  not  be  blocked, 
and  the  danger  of  breaking  the  cable  is  decreased. 

The  coat  <^  repairs  to  nnloadinfr  plows  on  the  Panama  canal 
work  during  the  6  months  ending  June  30,  1010,  was  for  1,065 
daye  of  service,  an  average  of  $3.79  per  day  per  plow. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Poatle  in  an  article  in  Engin^ering-Gontracting  of 
October  12,  1910,  deecribea  a  device  constructed  by  him  for  un- 
loading crushed  stone  from  railroad  cars  into  dump  wagons.  By 
the  old  method  of  shoveling,  unloading  crushed  rock  ordinarily 
costs  from  20  to  £5  cents  per  ton,  with  California  wages,  but 
by  means  of  tbig  apparatus  rock  ie  being  unloaded  for  about 
one-third  to  <me-half  of  this  amount.  The  method  is  to  draw  the 
rock  over  the  end  of  the  car  through  a  chute  hung  to  the  end 
of  the  car  and  into  the  wagon  by  means  of  an  ordinary  slip 
scraper  {largest  size),  to  which  is  attached  a  ?6-in.  wire  cable, 
connected  to  hoisting  drum,  operated  by  a  gasoline  engine. 

The  chute  ie  built  of  2-in.  lumber  and  is  6  ft.  wide  at  one  end, 
S  ft.  at  the  other  end  and  5  ft.  long  and  is  supported  by  two  legs 
BO  that  it  just  clears  the  wagons,  allowing  them  to  be  driven 
under  or  moved  ahead.  A  roller  3  or  4  in.  in  diameter  is  mounted 
on  the  outer  end  over  which  runs  the  cable  drawing  the  scraper 
and  against  which  the  scraper  falls  when  dumping.  The  hoiat 
drum  and  gas  engine  are  mounted  on  a  low  truck  so  as  to  be 
easily  moved.  The  engine  is  a  lO-horsepower  gas  engine  belt«d 
to  the  hoist  drum  with  an  8-in.  belt.  The  hoist  drum  is  12  in. 
in  diameter  and  10  in,  wide. 

Cars  are  spotted  with  the  aid  of  the  hoist  and  the  loading  ia 
always  done  at  the  same  spot,  as  the  cars  are  thus  moved  more 
quickly  than  the  apparatus  could  be  moved  from  car  to  car. 

The  cost  of  this  equipment  was  as  follows: 

0»  engine,  10  hp.  •*•  t3W.0O 

Hoiat  Ann)  125.00 

Traek BO.OO 

Lurge  Krspet    j, lOJM 

1S5  it.  ot  c»blo 9.*» 

Pulley  block   3-00 

Ohuto   (Mlimatad)    6.0I> 

I^til    }US.<W 

Xaohlne  for  Loading  from  Can  or  Stock  Tllei  into  WaKoni. 
Fig.  340  HlustrattB  this  machine  which  is  a  self-contained  bucket 
elevator.  It  is  used  in  unloading  coaJ,  sand,  gravel,  broken  stone, 
etc.,  from  cars  to  wagon  «■  stock  pile  or  to  loading  frwo  stock 


7»0       HANDBOOK  OF  C0K8TRUCTI0N  EQUIPMENT 

pile  to  wBgous  or  cara.  The  bucket  elevator  is  abont  14  ft.  long 
and  is  held  id  a  steel  easily  which  alao  holds  an  operating  motor, 
a  hoisting  winch  and  a  comectioa  for  a  dischnrge  spout.  Id  oper- 
ation the  casing  is  suspended  friMU  a  derriclc,  or,  it  may  be,  from 
&ny  yard  arm,  boom  or  fall  block  oonv^ent,  and  is  lowered  into 
the  car  or   stock   pile  feeding  down   by   its  own  weight  as   tiie 


Fig.  340.    Portable  Car  Unloader. 

material  is  taken  out.  The  operation  is  made  clear  1^  the  draw, 
ing.  To  operate  the  elevator  only  one  man  is  required  to  gwir; 
the  device  about  and  raise  or  lower  it  so  as  to  keep  it  fed  with 
material.  When  not  in  use  the  elevator  is  raised  up  to  the 
boom  end  and  swung  ctdar  of  cars  or  other  plant  in  whose  v/»j 
it  may  be.  All  parts  of  the  elevator  are  made  of  steel.  It 
weighs  ^proximately  T  tons  and  costs  $5^00  f.  o.  b.  Kew  York. 


iMCootjl>j 


SECTION  108 


Ihimp  Wi^ou.    Dump  wagons  of  one  mtke  co«t  ae  IoIIowb; 


2  1»00  22S 

AdditioBsl  (or  squlpplng'  with  brake  tlG.W 

Addilionsl  tor  lining  doort  with  steel  g.50 

AdditloQBl  [en  lining  boij  and  doon  20.011 

Dump   Bozei   for   above   wagms   are  made   in   two  aixes: 
1^-yd.  size  eo«ta  $66.50;  the  2-yd.  size,  $74.60. 

Bottom  dump  wagons  of  anotlier  make  cost  am  follows; 


.'^r'Tb. 


Weieht  Prite 

InTb.  .  -  ^  V,       ^ 


«cw  York 

1  CNN)  :,2T0  123] 

m       8,600  2,SO0  22E 

S  6,500  2,320  ZSO 

m       e.GOO  3,360  235 

Eitra  (or  brake,  tide  or  rear  |16 

Bitra  far  lepsraM  top  boi,  K  rd 10 

Eitrs  (or  lapsrste  top  bo*.  I  jd 18 

With  reasonable  use  a  wagon  will  last  live  ^ears.  Wagons  are 
ufiimllj  sold  under  a  six  months'  guarantee. 

For  heavy  loads  tires  should  be  '  %-in.  thick.  The  difference 
in  cost  between  a  ^-in.  and  %-in.  tire  is  about  $5.00  and  the 
saving  in  wear  and  tear  is  many  times  this. 

Old  wagons  for  a  period  of  twelve  months  averaged  for  repairs 
$3  per  month.  Original  coat  $70.  New  wagons  other  than  dump 
wagons,  original  cost  $150,  averaged  $2  for  repairs  for  eighteen 
montha. 

WaffOB  Pole*  of  oak,  non-ironed,  cost  about  $7.00  each.  It  takes 
a  man  about  one  hour  and  a  half  to  fit  a  pole.  On  rough  work  a, 
wagOD  pole  lastA  about  two  months;  if  used  on  fairly  good  roads 
it  should  laat  two  or  three  years. 

The  following  data  are  from  a  report  made  by  the  Constructim 

Service  Co.  of  New  York  on  the  economic  performance  of  He- 

7B1 


7i>2         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

veraible  Dump  Wagons  of  three  yarde  capacity   drawn  by  trac- 
tion engines  as  compared  with  ordinary  two-Iiorae  1^-yd.  wagons. 
The  assumed  value  of  the  traction  drawn  plant  ie  as  follows: 


work-  work- 

Itap,  rsM      lag  tiur 

Item                          Valns            Lifa        per  jsai      day  dar 

12  —  3  ;d.  waiDU..  |2,m.T2         B;Min       ieu%       |2.m  10.93 

Engioe    2,0I».D0       15vsa[B         6%%           .It  SB 

Water   tank   tOD.eO       lOiaara       10    %           .17  .10 

The  standard  cost  at  operating  the  same  witfa  traotirai  engine  ii 


Total  eipeo«  per  dtj   W-W 

The  ftsaumed  working  season  for  the  traction-drawn  outfit  ia  7 
months  of  25  working  days  or  1TB  working  daya  per  year, 
wbereaa,  tlie  assumed  season  of  the  horse-drawn  outflt  is  IVi 
montha  of  20  working  days  or   150  working  days  per  year. 

The  accompanying  diagram  gives  the  resultant  unit  coats  for 
different  loads  and  length  of  haul. 

The  followinfr  table  which  gives  the  coat  of  hauling  of  varioos 
materiala  in  wagons  is  taken  from  Engineering  i  Contracting. 
The  average  net  li>ad  is  assumed  as  3,000  Ih.,  or  I'A  short  t<MiB.  A 
good  t*fl.m  can  readily  haul  such  a  load  over  fair  earth  roads.  An 
average  traveling  apeed  of  2^  miles  per  hour  going  loaded  and  re- 
turning empty  at  a  rate  of  3%  per  lO-hmir  day  for  team  and 
driver  ia  assumed.  The  cost  of  hauling  1  mile  does  not  include 
'he  cost  of  loading  and  unloading. 


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MGootjl>j 


194        HANDBOOK  OF  COKSTRUCnoN  EQl'IPMENT 


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MGootjl>j 


SECTION  loe 
WAaOH  LOADEKS 

(See  Chutes) 

TIieM  ma«hines  are  generalL;  of  the  bucket  t;pe  in  which 
an  bndleas  ohain  equipped  with  buckets  rotates  on  a  frame  of 
varying;  lenftlh.  It  may  be  equipped  with  a  iJtaBoIine  ensine-  or 
electrii<  motr>r  and  is  arranged  in  dome  catieH  to  dig  into  tlie  Htock 
pile  it  Is  handling.  It  is  mounted  on  wheels  tor  easy  tranxporta- 
tion  and  where  tliere  is  any  great  anuiunt  of  loading  to  be  dtnie 


"  Digging  "  Wagon  Loadet 


will  effect  a  saving  over  hand  labor  not  only  in  the  actual  han- 
dling of  the  material,  but  alHO  in  the  time  saved  in  loading  the 
trucks,  which  will  enable  them  to  make  more  frequent  trips. 

A  digKinS  wagon  loader  tor  dicing  and  loading  crushed  stone, 
eand,  gravel,  etc-,  having  a  loading  capacity  of  from  1  to  1^ 
cu,  yd.  per  mtn.  costs  as  follows  f.  o.  b.  New  York: 
705 


T«i       HASDBOOK  OF  f  OXSTBICTIOX  E<jnPMEXT 

n  lr»,  (iKtric  ■■««-.  «ci0«  *jm  m. - -  SLfS 

»      bp.  BMBbM  (SOBt.  awiBM  M»  k-  I^M 

A  tli'proptUtii  digiang  wagm  lo^rr,  Mf  capaeitT  as  ahDirt 

Tti  bp.  dMtrk  bMot.  vcicta.  i.aM  ».  - 11.79 

*   hp.  SMutaM  ncbw.  ni!^  1«*  b.  i.^» 

A  •elf-propelled,  patli  diggfing  wagoa  loader,  wt  capMcitj  u 

sliove,  wjtb  8  ft.  6  in.  elearanee  under  dinte: 

Ubp.  dHtric  malar,  wtigbt  MOO  lb.  tZJM 

lA  bp.  CHabBe  SBfiM,  >*Kbt  MW  lb UW 

Clearaocet  ap  to  13  ft.  6  in.  ma;  be  bad  at  extra  eoet. 

A  «aj;oTi  loader  of  a  imall  size  faariag  %  clcaraaee  mtdcr  thf 
i^hote  of  7  ft ,  a  capacity  of  25  torn  per  hr^  wejgkt  with  3  hp. 
electric  motor  1,600  lb.,  coata  fTSO-  With  3  bp.  gaaoliite  engine. 
weJi^t  iJWO  lb.,  coaU  t750.  With  4  bp.  engine  and  feeding  coo 
vcjor,  1000.     Sbalcer  aereen,  |i75  extra.     Bercriving  acrem,   $123 


Fig.  343.     Loading  Plant. 

A  wagon  and  truck  loader  of  the  bucket  type,  suitable  for  use 
with  coal,  sand,  gravel,  etc.,  is  rated  at  from  H  to  fj  tons  per 
min.  It  weitjbB  about  2,800  lb.  without  the  engine  or  motor. 
With  a  4  hp  gatoHne  engine  the  coat  is  $065.  With  d.  c-  motor 
the  cost  JB  about  $1010. 

A  portable  loading  plant  (Fig.  343)  of  three  units,  i.  e.,  a  side 
dump  body  on  flanged  wbeela,  a  cable  with  pulleys  and  a  atruc- 
tural  iteel  trestle  of  50  ft.  length,  20%  grade  incline,  S  ft,  high, 
•ingle  track,  fl  ton  capacity,  complete  with  braces,  rails,  pulleya, 
etc  ,  coits  iBBOO.  The  side  dump  body  on  flajiged  wheels  is  e-xtra 
and  may  be  had  in  capacities  of  from  2  to  10  cubic  yarde  at  from 
$S3D  to  $1,250.    Center  divisions  are  from  S30  to  $60  extra. 

One  end  of  the  cable  h  attached  to  the  loading  body,  the  cable 
paasea  longitudinally  over  the  trestle  guided  by  pulleys  and  rollers 


VVAOON  LOADERS  707 

and  thence  to  B  ''  deftd  maD  "  set  ievoral  hundred  feet  to  the  rear. 
Ry  suitable  aheaves  between  the  dead  man  and  the  trestle  an; 
desired  reduction  of  power  can  be  obtiuned.  By  means  of  this 
cable,  the  truck  coming  up  to  receive  the  load  furnishes  the  power 
to  pul)  the  loaded  car  up  the  trestle  in  position  to  dump.  By 
having  the  cable  of  proper  length  it  can  be  arranged  to  have  the 
truck  directly  beside  the  treetle  bj  the  time  the  car  reaches  the 
top,  Bo  that  the  load  can  be  transferred  immediately. 
This  portable  loading  plant  is  suited  to  temporary  gravel  pits. 


Fig.  344.     Truck  and  Wagon  Loader, 


storage  piles  of  coal  and  building  material,  shallow  excavations 
and  other  work  where  overhead  storage  and  conveyor  systems  are 
impractical. 

A  truck  and  wagon  loader,  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  344 
does  not  attach  to  the  side  of  the  car  to  be  unloaded.  It  is 
built  of  steel  and   is  made  in  the  following  sizes; 


4   LOADEB 


Oapacitf  Welfht 


798         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

Extra  for  trimmer,  $36.    The  *bov«  loaders  ma;  ite  had  with 
either  one  or  two  hoppers.    The  pricea  are  approximate  for  each. 

Tbuck  Loadeb 

CapBcitf  Wtijrhl 


1426 


4K 


The  above  are  rquipped  with  a  trimmer  and  are  of  heavier  con- 
ntrui'tion  than  the  wbsod  loai^ora  Center  diviaions  eost  $2J 
extra.  "Hie  above  prieea  are  approximate  for  loaders  having  one 
or  two  hoppers.  The  loader!!  havin?  (hree  hopneri  are  made  in 
three  rapacities  as  follows:  4  eu.  ;d.  $776;  4^  cu.  ;d.  $800;  ami 
5  cu.  ;d.  $B35. 


MGootjl>J 


SECTION  110 
WELDING 

Themiit  Procew.  Thermit  is  a  mixture  of  finely  divided 
aluminuni  and  iron  oxide.  When  ignited  in  one  spot,  the  eom- 
liustioii  so  Rlarled  continues  throughout  the  entire  masa  without 
Rupply  of  heat  or  power  from  outside  and  produces  superheated 
liquid  Rt^el  and  supeiheated  liquid  sla^  (aluminum  oxide).  The 
thermit  reaction  produces  an  exceedingly  high  temperature,  the 
titfiiid  ma^B  attaining  5,400°  Fahrenheit  in  less  than  30  seconds. 
The  liquid'  steel  produced  by  the  reaction  represents  one-half  of 
the  original  thermit  by  weight  and  one-third  by  volume. 

Welding  by  the  thermit  process  is  aceomplijihed  by  pouring 
superheated  thermit  steel  around  the  parts  to  be  united.  Thermit 
steel,  lieing  approvimalety  twice  as  hot  as  ordinary  molten  steel. 
diiisolves  the  metal  with  which  it  comes  in  contact  and  amal- 
gamates with  it  to  form  a  single  homogeneous  mass  when  cooled. 
The  eiwentiBl  HlepH  are  to  clean  the  sections  and  remove  enough 
metal  to  allow  for  a  free  flow  of  thermit  steel,  surround  them 
with  a.  mold,  preheat  by  means  of  a  gasoline  and  compressed  air 
torch  and  then  pour  the  steel.  Full  directions  are  supplied  by 
the  company  owning  thin  process  and  are  not  given  here  on  ac- 
count of  the  limited  space. 

The  following  detailed  outRt  is  suitable  for  repair  work  on  a 
small  railroad  or  the  equipment  of  a  contractor,  where  the  sections 
of   wrought   iron   or   steel   do  not  exceed   4x0   in.   in   sliie: 

Item  Prlu 

1  automalic  (toiINb  No.  « t  Z>00 

1  double  bnrnpr  thermit  prehcmtiuK  torch  complele  85  00 

1  tapping  npade .SO 

SOO-lb.  lliennil  mix<-d  with  1%  nsngansio  and  I7t   niekfl 

thermit  inrt  KVi  pnnchiDgs  120  09 

Wlb.  yfHow  wax  ®  tO.Si  - 3.E0 

1  hbl   snwiiil  monlding  materinl  for  facing G.OO 

1  lb.  ignition  powder 80 

Total  coal,  f.  o.  b.  Jersey  City (233.90 

The  preheater  is  a  permanent  appliance  and  will   last  indefi- 
nitely, while  the  crucible  will  last  from  12  to  16  reactions,  after 
■      799 


800         HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION-  EQUIPMENT 

which  it  may  be  relined  with  magnesia  tar  iD  the  field  or  at 
the  factory  for  $19,  Eat'h  crucible  requires  I3S  lb.  of  tar  at  7  ct. 
per  lb.,  and  one  magnesia  stone.  No  construction  equipment  is 
required   except  necessary   material   to   make  a   mould    box  of 

The  prices  of  other  sizes  of  appliances  are  as  followa: 


Preheiter  torch,  single  burner 
"-'----  -TTcli,  double  bur--- 


Prke 


eicht 


ic  truciWe,  No.    1.  for 


I,  lor     S  lb.  therni 


Anlomatia  crucible,  No.  6,  tor  ' 
ADlODUtto  cnirtble.  No.  7,  tor  I' 
Aatonwde  BrndUe.  No.    8,  for  av  lb,  tbern 


9,  for  280  lb.  thermit 


•Tripodi,  No.  1  

■Tripods,  Noi,  2-3  .. 

•Trmods,  No«,  4-B  ., 

•TriT^S,  No.,  fr-T  ,. 


Flat  bottom  cruciblei.  No.  i.  tor  IS  lb,  Ihermit , 
Flat  bollam  miriblps,  No.  S,  for  <!)  lb,  thermit  . 
Tongs  for  Bb(  bottom  cniojbls.  No,  S  


Tongs  for  flst  liotio 

Tongs  for  flit  bottom  cruetble!  No,  5  

Cost  of  rplining  flat  bottom  crui-ible,  No,  !  ., 
Cost  of  rplining  fl.l  bottom  crupihlc,  No.  S  .. 


•  For  welding  connecting  rods  and  drii 

The  proper, quantity  of  ihermit  required  for  the  weld  may  he 
calculated  by  multiplying  by  .12  the  weight  of  the  wax  necessary 
to  fill  all  parts  of  the  fracture  and  reinforcement,  or  else  by 
calculating  the  number  of  cu,  in.  in  the  fracture  and  reinforce- 
ment and  allowing  one  pound  of  thermit  mixed  with  the  necessary 
additions,  to  the  cubic  inch.  It  more  than  10  lb.  of  thermit 
are  to  !)e  used  it  is  necessary  to  mix  steel  punchings,  not  exceed- 
ing Vj-in.  in  diameter,  into  the  powder.  For  10  111.  or  more  of 
thermit  10%  of  punchings  should  be  added;  for  50  lb.  or  more 
1E%  of  punchings  should  be  mixed  in. 

The  railroad  Ihermit  mixture  with  proper  ingredients  is  used 
for  welding  steel  sections.     No  other  additions  are  necessary. 

Portable  Oxy-Aoetylene  Welding  and  Cutting  Outfit  o 


WELDING  801 

of  sn  acetjrlene  generator,  regulator  valves  and  gauges,  connecting 
hoee,  burner,  toot  kit,  ^ggles  and  gloves,  complete  witbout  oxygen 
tank,  coata  S240  f.  o,  b.  distributing  point.  A  three  wheel  steel 
trui'k  for  this  outfit  costs  S35  extra.  Tbis  generator  uses  car- 
bide cakes  (see  Light)  and  has  a  capacity  of  80  cu.  ft.  of  gaa 
from  S  cakes. 

Another  make  is  to  be  had  in  three  outflts.     The  welding  outftt 
consists  of  a.  torch,  acetylene  generator,  regulating  valves  and 


Fig.  345.    Portable  Welding  Outfit. 

gauges,  hose,  tools,  goggles,  complete  on  truck,  and  coats  S127  50. 

The  cutting  outfit  is  similar  to  the  above  and  coats  $145.  The 
combination  outfit  for  both  welding  and  cutting  costn  $195. 

Welding  the  Joints  of  Steel  Qas  Mains.  The  following  is  from 
the  Feb.  4,  1915,  issue  of  Engineering  A'euja.  An  application  of 
the  oxy-acetjlene  system  of  welding  tt^ther  lengths  of  wrought 
iron  or  steel  pipe  to  make  a  continuous  line,  thus  eliminating 
either  screwed  or  bolted  joints,  has  been  made  in  putting  down 
Bome  eleven  miles  of  gas  mains  in  Chicago.  The  diameters  of  the 
mains  vaiied  from  4  to  16  inches.    Similar  work  has  b«en  done 


802        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

at  Philadelphia,  and  at  the  PananuL-Pacific  Exposition  pipes 
welded  in  ibis  way  have  been  used  for  the  aitire  gan-maio  system, 
comprising  ten  miles  of  pipes  of  2-in.  to  16-iB.  diameter.  The 
smaller  pipes  also  for  gas  distribution  inside  the  Exposition  build- 
ings have  been  welded  into  continuous  lengths. 

The  lengths  of  pipe  are  deposited  along  the  street  or  on  skids 
over  the  trench,  and  snccesRive  lengths  sre  butted  together.  The 
pipe  nndergoing  welding  is  turned  gradually  during  the  opera- 
tion so  that  the  welding  is  all  done  at  the  top.  Where  larj;e 
pipe  is  welded  on  skids  over  a  trench,  two  welders  often  work 
oti  opposite  sides  of  a  joint. 

In  city  streets,  the  mains  laid  on  the  street  surface  are  welded 
usually  to  form  lengths  of  200  to  400  ft.,  as  it  is  not  desirable 
to  open  up  very  long  trenches.  These  lengths  are  lowered  into 
the  trench  by  rope  or  chain  slings. 

The  question  of  contraction  and  expansion  with  t^perature 
changes  has  of  course  to  receive  attention  ^  but  when  a  gaa  main 
is  once  buried  in  the  trench  the  variation  in  temperature  be- 
tween summer  and  winter  is  probably  not  over  25°.  To  bring 
the  pipe  to  a  uniform  temperature,  the  trench  is  partly  filled  with 
earth  over  the  pipe  leaving  the  joints  at  the  abutting  ends  un- 
covered. A  chamber  is  excavated  around  this,  enabling  the 
welder  to  work  all  around  the  pipe.  If  the  ends  draw  apart 
as  the  pipe  cools  and  contracts,  the  welder  can  apply  additional 
metal  to  build  up  the  joint. 

.  Such  welding  is  of  course  more  difficult  than  welding  the  joints 
while  the  pipe  is  above  ground.  For  this  reason  in  open  country 
very  long  lengths  are  welded  up  before  lowering  into  the  trench; 
1,000-ft.  lengths  are  common  and  we  are  informed  that  at  one 
place  100  lengths  of  8-in.  pipe,  each  40  ft.  long,  were  welded  into 
a  continuous  section  of  4,000  ft.  before  being  lowered  into  the 
trench.  The  lengths  of  pi|ie  are  of  course  capped  and  tested  after 
welding  the  joints  and  before  lowering  into  the  trench. 

The  welded  joint  is  claimed  to  have  usually  from  80  to  90% 
the  strength  of  the  solid  pipe,  but  can  be  made  even  stronger  than 
the  pipe  by  building  up  additional  metal.  The  life  of  the  pipe 
should  be  greatly  increased  since  the  thickness  of  the  pipe  ia  not 
reduced  by  cutting  the  threads  upon  it.  The  lengths  of  pipe  to  be 
welded  are  made  preferably  with  beveled  ends,  new  metal  being 
built  np  in  the  V-shaped  opening  at  the  joint,  but  square  end 
pipe  can  be  welded  if  necessary.  The  use  of  this  process  is 
leading  to  the  adoption  of  40  ft.  lengths  in  preferMice  to  the  usual 
20  ft.  length. 

Under  ordinary  conditions  a  skillful  op^'ator  can  weld  in  an 
hour  about  one  joint  on   12-in.  pipe  and  from  three  to  five  joints 


WELDING  803 

on  4-iti.  pipe.  The  cost  is  said  to  be  from  25  to  40%  less  than  the 
cost  of  a  recessed  screw  joint,  including  the  cost  of  the  coupling 
and  ite  application. 

With  the  welded  pipe,  the  branches,  laterals,  drips  and  various 
other  fittings  are  made  integral  parts  of  the  continuous  main, 
while  witii  serew-joint  pipe  they  are  separate  and  special  parts 
whose  numerous  joints  are  often  a  source  of  troui)le.  Laterals 
are  inserted  at  any  point  by  cutting  a  hole  in  the  main  (with  the 
cutting  blowpipe)  and  welding  in  the  end  of  the  lateral,  A 
B-in.  angle,  an  B-in.  Y  and  a  fl-  and  4-in.  reducer  were  made  by 
cutting  the  main  and  the  smaller  pipe  to  the  desired  shape  with 
the  torch  and  then  welding  the  parts.  The  only  material  re- 
quired to  make  up  these  specials  are  odd  lengths  of  pipe  of  the 
required  sizes,  which  can  be  cut  and  connected  at  any  point  and 
in  any  way.  The  cost  of  making  the  Y,  with  two  S-in.  pipes 
connectiDg  to  an  S-in.  main,  is  about  T6c.,  as  given  in  the  table. 
A  great  advantage  of  such  continuously  welded  mains  is  that 
leaks  from  the  joints,  always  a  large  source  of  loss  in  every  gas 
distribution  system,  is  wholly  prevented.  Thus  these  mains  are 
especially  advantageous  for  natural  gas  and  oil  pipe  lines  as  well 
as  for  city  gas  distribution.  The  apparatus  used  for  the  work 
consists  of  two  cylinders  of  compressed  oxygen  and  acetylene  gas 
mounted  on  a  two-wheeled  truck,  and  fitted  with  hose,  regulators 
and  the  welding  torch. 

Cost  of  Welding  Pipe  Joints  and  Va 

e-in.  plp«  16-ia.  pip«      CntlinK  WeldinR 

Labor,  30  ct.  pel  hr min.  20    tO.lO  90   ».45       S    t0.015  22    tO.U 

Oiygpn,  Z  ct,  per  eu.  ft ft,      10       ,»  «       ,80       !       JW  12       ,M 

Ar,e|.rleDe,  £  ct.  par  cu,  ft ft.        9        ,1S  3S       .72       1       .02  10       .20 

Filling  wire.  IB  ct.  per  lb ib.      Ji       .09       2       .24  1        .12 

Total     ».BT  W,21  I0.06S  (0,67 


MG00tjl>J 


WHEELBABAOWS 

Analysii  of  tbe  Wheel-BBrrow.  The  vbeel-barroir,  se  a  jne&ns 
for  traneportation,  is  subject  to  such  peculiaT  U.w«  and  it  is  so 
often  used  under  false  assumptiona  that  it  deseivee  some  cmreful 
analysis.  The  nheel-barrow  itself  is  a  very  remarkable  Tehicle, 
Its  front  end  is  subject  to  the  rules  that  govern  the  tranaportatim 
of  wheeled  vehltleH  proper  and  its  rear  end  is  dead  weight  car- 
ried upon  the  hands  of  its  operator,  while  it  has  a  third  pe- 
culiaritj'  in  that  the  man  who  earriee  the  toad  must  at  tbe  samt 
time  turniah  the  tractive  power  for  overcoming  the  wheel  re- 
sistance. It  ia  a  highly  specialized  form  of  apparatui  suitable  for 
a  highly  specialized  kind  of  worl(  and  nothing  else. 

Wheel  Traotioa.  The  cauaea  of  resistance  to  tbe  motion  of  a 
wheeled  vehicle  are  as  follows: 

1.  Friction  at  the  axle. 

2.  Boiling  friction  under  the  wheel. 

3.  The  effect  of  grade. 

The  drst  of  these  ia  inconsiderable  and  prettf  nearly  conatant 
for  ordinary  vehicles,  being  from  3^  to  4^  pounds  per  short  ton. 
The  second,  the  rolling  friction  underneath  the  wheel,  d^Knds 
upon  the  diameter  of  the  wheel  itself,  width  of  tire,  the  road  sur- 
face,  the  number  of  wheels  in  the  vehicle,  and.  also,  upon  the 
kind  of  vehicle,  whether  it  ia  supported  by  springs  or  otherwise, 
and  the  manner  in  which  the  load  of  the  vehicle  is  distributed 
among  the  wheels. 

The  force  which  overcomes  the  wheel  resistance  must  act  in  a 
direction  parallel  with  the  traction  eurface;  or  if  it  is  not  parallel 
with  the  traction  surface,  only  the  component  of  the  force  which 
is  parallel  with  the  surface  is  effective. 

Wheel-Barrow.  In  the  wbeel-barTOw  all  of  the  forces  which 
act  underneath  the  wheel  can  be  theoretically  considered  aa  due 
to  an  et^uivalent  grade  with  all  friction  omitted.  In  the  diagram 
Fig.  34(1,  W  is  represented  aa  the  total  weight  of  the  wheel- 
barrow and  its  load,  and  in  the  sketch  A,  this  load  is  considered 
as  acting  at  a  point  whose  distance  measured  horizontally  ia  d 
from  the  center  of  the  wheel  and  d,  from  the  handle.     The  wheel 


WHEELBARROWS 


805 


rolls  upon  the  theoretical  grade  line  and  preeeea  upon  it  with  « 
force  which  is  equal  and  oppoBite  to  the  reacti<»i  R|,  which  actB 
normally  to  this  grade  line.  The  intenBity  of  R,  depends  upon 
the  weight  W  and  its  poaitim.  The  nearer  W  is  to  the  wheel  the 
greater  its  reaction  but  the  direction  of  Uie  reaction  always  re- 
maJDH  at  right  angles  to  the  theoretical  grade.  The  onlj  other 
force  supporting  the  wheel-barrow  is  thiX  applied  at  the  hajidles 


Fig.  348 

and   is  indicated  by  R,     These  forces  have  been'  worked  out  to 
scale  in  the  Equilibrium  Diagram  6. 

The  applied  force  R,  is  derived  from  the  pull  on  the  arms  of 
the  operator  tranamitted  tliron^-h  his  body  from  the  shoulder 
point,  and  transmitted  thence  througli  his  Irady  to  the  point  at 
whioh  bis  feet  meet  the  ground  g.  In  order  that  the  man's  body 
shall  not  be  overtnmed,  he  must  lean  forward  in  such  a  position 
that  the   moment   of   the  force   R,   around   the  pMnt  g   will   be 


808        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

balanced  by  the  moment  of  the  maji'i  weight  oeting  at  tbe  center 
of  gravity  of  his  bod;  ia  the  opposite  direction.  By  trial  this 
proposition  will  eBtabliah  the  angle  at  which,  the  man's  bodv 
should  stand,  which  in  the  diagram  is  the  angle  V  with  the 
horl/xintal.  An  inspection  of  this  diagram  will  diacloee  the  fol- 
lowing facts: 

1.  VVh«i  the  load  W  ia  well  forward  near  the  wheel,  as  a 
result  of  this  condition  the  force  R,  neceBBarily  takes  a  direction 
oblique  to  the  vertical,  and,  therefore,  when  this  force  must  be  re- 
sisted by  the  arms  of  the  operator,  his  arms  extending  out  back- 
ward must  approach  the  more  nearly  to  a  horixontat  line  the 
farther  forward  W  is  placed.  Likewise,  in  order  to  maintain 
his  body  in  equilibrium  he  must  lean  forward  proportionately  with 
the  increase  in  the  obliqueness  of  this  force. 

2.  The  farther  forward  he  leans  the  more  cramped  and  painful 
does  his  position  become  and  the  less  secure  his  foot-hold,  also. 
the  grMter  the  general  strain  upon  his  body. 

3.  Conversely,  if  the  load  W  be  moved  toward  the  handles,  the 
direction  of  R,  becomes  less  oblique  to  the  vertical  and  a  man  can 
stand  more  nearly  upright  and  yet  preserve  his  equilibrium. 
j^t  the  game  time  it  ia  clear  that  with  the  decrease  in  the  obliquity 
of  R,  with  the  vertical,  the  load  R,,  which  is  the  reaction  under 
the  wheel,  decreases  and  the  total  amount  of  Rj  increases,  placing 
a  larger  muscular  etrain  upon  the  arms  of  the  operator. 

4.  As  a  result  of  these  facts  we  have  the  following  propositions, 
namely ; 

<1)  That  for  a  level  grade  on  a  smooth  surface,  requiring 
a  small  relative  horizontal  component  of  Rg  in  order 
to  overcome  the  tractional  resistance,  a  very  large 
load  can   be  placed  over  the  wheel. 

(2)  As  soon,  however,  as  it  becomes  necessary  to  ascend 
an  appreciable  grade,  or  push  the  wheel-lwrrow  through 
soft  earth  or'  material  involving  a  considerable  resist, 
ance  to  traction,  it  Ijeeomes  necessary  to  have  a  sub. 
stantial  vertical  component  to  B]  and  involves  shifting 
the  load  towards  the  handles. 

(3)  The  total  load  upon  the  bandies  is  limited  to  about  100 
pounds  for  ordinary  work  wh^fe  the  wheel-barrow  is  in 
use  most  of  the  time;  and  this  fact  being  established, 
it  is  advisable  1o  denign  for  parliculnr  conditions  a 
wheel-barrow  which  will  meet  them  with  the  least 
waste  of  energy. 

These  principles  have  been  made  use  of  to  some  estent  in  tiie 
two-wheeled  concrete   bucket  which,   loaded  witi  600   pounds  of 


WHEELBARROWS  807 

concrete,  Is  efttily.  punhed  by  one  man  upon  a  level  or  down  a  slight 
grade,  it  the  traction  aurlace  i»  in  good  condition.  Earth  has 
been  moved  with  great  economy  down  aligbt  gradeB  by  the  con- 
struction of  gome  homemade  puxh  carts  wliich  would  carry  a  very 
large  load  uid  could  be  ea,nHy  pOHhed  by  one  man. 

I  have  at  band  a  lint  of  scnne  twenty-alx  different  stylea  of 
whftel-barrowit  m  ordinary  uee,  in  which  the  maximum  ratio  ol 
I>  U  nearly  40  %,  a  miDimiun  of  about  17%,  and  the  average 
over  ZS%.  Tfae  wei|^t  of  the  wheel-barrowB,  themaelven,  varies 
from  42-110  pounds  with  an  avera;>e  of  70  pounds.  The  value 
of  I>  varies  from  a  minimum  of  45"  to  a  maximum  of  55"  with 
an   average  of  4S''.     The  whpel  diameters  average   16  or   IS". 

ChiTieie  Wkeel-BarTOic:  The  aliove  dJxcusHion  permits  us  to 
analyse  and  apprepiate  one  of  the  most  remarkable  forms  of 
apparatus  in  the  world,  namely,  the  Chinese  wheel-barrow.  Mr. 
Charles  Mayne  has  dencribed  the  kind  in  use  in  and  near  Shanghai. 
The  salient  features  are  as  follows: 
W>i((ht  of  barrow,  light,  120  pounds. 
Length,    including    shafts,    6    ft.    6". 

Extreme  breadth,  including  platform  and  spread  of  handles, 
3   ft.   2". 

Diameter  of  wheel,  3  ft. 
Width  of  tire,  ly,'. 

Height  from  ground  level,  including  wheel  guard,  3  ft.  5". 
The  frame  is  made  of  oak,  the  shaftij  at  the  rear  end  having 
a  spread  of  3  ft.  I",  from  a  point  about  4  ft.  lO"  from  the 
center  of  the  wheel.  The  apparatus  is  steadied  by  a  strap  which 
goes  over  the  shoulders  of  the  barrow  man,  Mr.  Mayne  states 
that  frequently  fifty  wheel-harrows  may  be  seen  travelling  in  a 
line  in  Shanghai.  e«ch  carrying  two  barrels  of  English  Portland 
cement,  and  propelled  by  one  man.  8inee  the  gross  weight  of 
a  barrel  of  cpment  is  about  400  pounds,  the  gross  load  is  about 
920  pounds  which  may  be  taken  as  pretty  nearly  the  practicable 
maximnm.  Mr.  Mayne  observes  that  this  traffic  is  very  dam- 
aging to  the  macadam  roads.  Frequently,  a  wheel-harrow  will 
have  a  toad  on  one  side  only,  in  which  case  it  Is  necessary  to  tilt 
the  wheel  over  in  order  to  bnlanee  the  load,  and  this  tilting  re- 
sults in  the  edpe  of  the  tire  cutting  into  the  macadam.  Granite 
broken  into  %'  size  seems  to  be  the  only  material  that  will 
stand  up  under  this  treatment.  The  resistance  per  ton  on  a 
level  macadam  road  is  about  40  pounds.  It  will  therefore 
re<iuire  a  push  of  about  20  pounds  to  propel  one  of  these  vehicles, 
loaded  with  two  liarrela  of  Portland  cement,  which  is  not  above 
the  capacity  of  an  ordinary  coolie.  It  will  be  noted  that  here 
the  center  of  grvfitj  of  the  load  is  directly  in  the  vertical  plane 


808        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBUCTION  EQUIPMENT 

which  includes  the  axle,  and  that  the  height  of  the  center  of 
gravity  of  the  whole  apparatus  is  probably  16  or  IS"  above  the 
ajile.  When  the  wheel-barrow  strikes  an  ascending  pade  the 
most  remarkable  function  of  this  machine  comes  into  play:  the 
ground  on  which  the  -wheel  rests  being  slightly  higher  than 
that  on  which  the  barrow  man  walks,  tlie  center  of  gravity  of 
the  load  is  shifted  to  a,  position  abaft  the  axle,  which  induces 
a  vertical  load  upon  the  hands  of  the  barrow  man,  enabling  him 
to  preserve  his  own  balance  and  apply  more  and  more  strength 
to  the  pushing  of  the  load  as  the  grade  increases,  which  we  see 
from  Fig.  350  is  accomplished  in  the  ordinary  American  wheel' 


Fig.  347,     Average  Barrow  Load  —  0.078  cu.  yd.  Loose. 

barrow  by  always  having  the  load  abaft  the  wheel.  The  China- 
man has  then  automatically,  as  it  were,  a  methaniem  that 
adjusts,  itself  to  the  exigencies  of  the  traffic,  and  enables  him 
to  operate  with  at  least  three  times  the  efficiency  for  transpor- 
tation purposes  of  the  ordinary  wheel-barrow  in  use  in  this 
country  and  Europe.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  Chinese  wheel- 
barrow has  no  l>owl  for  convenience  in  loading  granular  mate- 
rials and  it  is  not  adapted  for  dumping. 

A  further  comment  upon  the  above  facts  is  that  it  is  highly 
advantageous  in  all  wheel -barrow  work  to  lay  a  plank -way. 
which  will  permit  the  wheel-barrow  to  operate  with  a  minimum 
of  resistance.  The  above  discussion  incidentally  explains  why  at 
least  one  observer  is  of  the  opinion  that  there  is  no  great   dif- 


WHEELBARROWS 


aoo 


ference  in  the  economy  o(  wheel-barrow  operations  between  level 
work  and  grades  of  5%.  The  difference  is  there  but  it  is  bard 
to  aee  because  of  the  exceedingly  inefficient  deeign  of  the  average 
wheel -bar  row. 

Wheel-Barrow  Capaetty.  Mr.  James  N.  Harlow,  found  m 
1S79  on  work  in  the  Ohio  River  that  7,059  wheel-barrow  loads 
of   sandy  loam  averaged  0.OS7  cubic  yards  per  load,  weighing 


Fig.    348.     If   you   are   going   up    hill   with    a    truck,   which   of 
these  two  ways  is  easier,  and  why? 

183  pounds  per  cubic  foot  of  1.54  cubic  feet  per  wheel-barrow. 

The  same  authority  at  Davis  Island  found  the  3,4S4  wheel- 
barrow loads  of  gravel  averaged  0.546  or  1.47  cubic  fefet  per 
barrow.  Taking  the  weight  of  gravel  as  125  pounds  per  cubic 
foot  it  would  be  184  pounds  net  per  wheel-barrow. 

Ur.    Allen    Hazen    states    that    23,180    wheel-barrow    loads    of 


Fig.  349.    If  you  travel  down  hilt  with  a  truck,  which  of  the 
above  ways  is  easier,  and  whyl 

sand  averaged  .3666  yards  per  barrow.  These  figutea  were 
obtained  on  the  scraping  of  filters.  The  wbeet-barrows,  loaded 
as  in  the  cut  (Fig.  347),  average  .0779  cubic  yards  per  barrow 
loose,  or  assuming  46%  voids  198  pounds  per  barrow  load  net. 
The  average  barrow  toad  figures  out  .0427  loads  per  yard  solid. 
Eiq>lained  in  fractions,  wbeel-barrow  loads  as  loaded  in  the  pho- 


rtlO        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  EQLIPMENT 
tograph  will  avenge  about  ^  of  a  yard  Mdid  or  ^  of  »  yard 

Hmid  CbiIi.  Tbe  hand  cart  is  used  in  Europe  to  a  large  ex- 
tent and  nith  appreciatioa  of  the  laws  noted  in  this  anMlysie. 
which  Iaw8  are  altw  itluatrated  by  the  two  sketches.  (Ftgs.  348  and 
349}  from  the  Strand  Magazine  for  Octolier,  lOOS.  Wlwi  push- 
ing etesdily  on  a  cart  a  man  can  turn  out  about  ooe-haif  million 
foot  pauniU  of  work  in  ten  hours. 

The  following  notes  are  of  advantage  in  figuring  oa  wheel- 
barrow work  in  gen«'al.  According  to  Haswetl,  a  man  can  earrf 
111  pounds  U  miles  per  day,  and  going  short  diotancea  and 
returning  unloaded  he  can  tran»port  in  a  whe?l-barrow  150 
pounds  11  miles  per  day.  Wc  have  seen  that  this  latter  per- 
formance depends  entirely  upon  the  kiml  of  wheel-harrow  and 
the  kind  of   traction   surface.     Haawell  also  states  that   a   man 


Fig.  350 

can  push  on  a  horizontal  plane  20  pounds  with  a  velocity  of  120 
feet  per  minute  for  ten  hours  per  day.  This  result  aeems  to 
accord  with  those  of  Morin. 

The  Coit  of  Wheel-Barrow  Work.  The  value  of  D,  which  we 
have  considered  as  the  "  lead  "  or  "  haul,"  is  the  distance  in  feet 
that  the  material  has  to  be  earried,  not  including  the  extra  dis- 
tance traversed  in  the  operation  of  turning  around-  In  scraper 
and  general  embankment  work  it  is  feasible  to  ascertain  this  vahie 
quite  accurately  by  means  of  a  profile,  and  is  in  effect  the  dis- 
tance between  the  centers  of  gravity  of  the  cut  and  fill. 

For  the  wheel-barrow  under  ordinary  conditions  of  work  ia 
this  country  the  lost  time  per  round  trip,  or  "  1,"  will  average 
very  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  minute  on  on  ordinarily  well 
managed  job.  The  loaded  speed  will  dilTer  from  the  empty  in 
different  ways,  depending  upon  the  conditions.  When  delivering 
concrete  up  a  moderate  grade,  say  5-10%,  the  man  with  the 
loaded  wheel-barrow  will  almost  invariably  walk  tome  10%  faster 


WHEELBARROWS  811 

than  the  man  with  the  empty  wheel -barrow,  the  man  with  the 
heavy  loaded  nheel-liarrow  licing  anxiouB  to  get  ahead  and  dump 
his  load,  getting  his  rest  on  a  slow  return  trip.  The  men, 
wheeling  materials  to  a  mixer,  ae  a  general  thing  have  to  go 
up  a.  slight  grade  and  are  snhject  to.  the  same  rule;  whereaa 
the  wheel-barrow,  when  wheeling  heavy  loadu  down  hill,  ia  in- 
clined to  pull  the  man  with  it,  and  the  loaded  barrow  again  goes 
faster  than  the  empty  one-     On  a  level  in  earth  work  where  the 


Coat  in  Cent!  Ptrlitn 
Fig.  351.    Transportation  by  Wheel-barrow. 


B12        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTBCCTIOX  EQUIPMENT 

haul  ie  rather  long,  the  loaded  wheel-barrow  will  more  rsther 
more  slowly  than  the  empty  one.  For  ronvenlent  use  in  the 
fleld  the  diagram  in  Fig.  351  hae  been  plotted  and  shows  the 
actual  total  cost  per  ton  and  per  cubic  yard  for  different  materials 
for  any  length  of  haul  up  to  1,000  feet  which  can  be  read  <^ 
directly.  ThlB  diagram  is  made  for  average  contract  work  when 
the  day'i  wages  are  $1  60  per  day  of  10  hours,  and  when  the 
oonditions  are  as  outlined  above.  If  th«  men  are  loafing  the  cost 
will  be  higher  than  Indicated  and,  oa  the  other  hand,  if  the 
men  are  properly  stimulated  by  the  right  kiod  of  a  bonus  the 
cost  can  be  made  rather  less  than  shown  on  the  table.  It  will  be 
noted  thst  the  value  of  1  has  been  taken  as  the  time  actually  lost 
in  dumping,  turning,  getting  ready  to  load,  and  getting  ready 
to  start  and  stop,  and  doee  not  include  any  time  to  connime  in 
the  operation  of  loading,  since  the  barrow  man  himself  is  sup- 
posed to  tie  busy  while  the  whee[-1»rrow  is  not  in  use,  with  the 
exception  of  the  lout  lime  above  referred  to.  The  equation  num- 
ber G  represents,  then,  the  amount  transported  per  total  trans- 
portation day  of  10  hours  for  which  the  man  gets  paid  $1.50  tor 
transporting.  The  time  required  to  load  the  wheel-barrow,  itself, 
comes  under  the  other  process  of  loading  and  is  treated  under 
that  head.  The  cost  in  this  diagram,  Fig.  361,  is  for  the  oper- 
ation of  transportation  only  and  do  not  include  anything  for 
superintendent  or  overhead  charges.  The  rental  value  of  the 
wbeel-barrow,  amounting  to  Z  ct.  or  3  ct.  per  day,  has  not  been 
included  in  this  dlagraip. 

Wn  EEL-B  ABBO  W8. 

Steel    barrows. 


8t;le 

PiDhsndle  3K 

Fotwud  dnmp   S^i 

ConlraclOH   SU 

Iron  clad   3» 


i«l^    W«i|lil 


a 


MininB  Si4  738  IB  m 

Minlnj  4  m  le  114 

Oapaclt]'  WeJEht  Price 

Styla                                         in  cu.  It.  eicb  Oauge  eMh 

MeBiarinE    2                   (8              ..  tiono 

Me»«nrtni;    Vi               73  ■■  lOM 

Meuarinc S                   TO              ..  ll.BD 

COBl e                  »  M  ISM 

Coke    a  lOG  14  18.M 

Concrata  coaTeyor  4M                S7  Ifl  lE.OO 


WHEELBARROWS  813 

Wooden   barrows. 
Brick  and  tile,  weight  per  doz,  820  lb.,  load  capacity  700  lb., 
per    doz.    t8S.    Cement   bag  barrow,  weight   each    75   lb.,   load 
capacity  700  lb.,  price  each  *12. 


.T'" 


Concrete   carta. 

Weitht  Wheels 


UB  42 


Another  make  of  atee]  wheel'barrowi  is  aa  f oIIowb  i 

Capacity               Weight  Price 

Kind                                      cu.  tt.                     esca  each 

Seneral  pnrpoae  3                           5T       -  %SS) 


Tnbnlar  Meet   4  7S  lO.BO 

Tabular  «l«el S  lOS  13.00 

Wooden  BarrowB.  A  wooden  brick  barrow  having  a  platform 
28  by  24  in.,  and  an  IS  ft.  dash  weighs  6T  lb.,  and  costi  $7.00. 
A  straight  handle  stone  barrow  weighs  73  lb.,  and  coeta  $7, SO. 

Concrete  Cart  with  a  capacity  of  0  cu.  ft.,  weighs  approximately 
304  lb.,  and  costs  $34. 

Some  wooden  wheel-barrows  which  cost  originally  $21  per  doz. 
had  a  life  of  6  months  in  rock  work  and  about  1'  year  in  earth 
work ;  they  would  last  still  longer  in  concrete,  this  being  for 
single  shift  work.  The  average  cost  of  repairs  was  30  ct.  per 
month  per  barrow. 

It  was  found  that  wheel-hnrrows  with  steel  trays,  iron  wheels 
and  wooden  frames  hsd  about  tlie  same  total  life  but  the  average 
cost  tor  repairs  waa  20  ct.  per  month. 

A  doyen  wooden  frame  barrowfl  wilh  steel  wheels  and  steel 
trays  costing  $30  per  doz.  were  useless  in  6  months  in  work  80% 
of  which  was  rook  and  20%  earth.  Total  repairs  for  these  6 
months  amoiijifed  to  $10,  or  14  ct.  per  barrow  por  month. 
Eighteen  wheel -barrows,  costing  $80  per  doz.  were  bouf;ht,  one 
of  which  survived  6  months  of  the  same  kind  of  work.  The  cost 
of  renewing  trays  for  these  was  $1  per  whecl-bsrrow  for  the  6 
months  and  general  repairs  amounted  to  $30,  or  28  ct  per  barrow 
per  month.  Of  another  dozen  costing  $27  with  wooden  trays  and 
steel  wheels  10  survived  6  months'  work  at  a  total  cost  for  re- 
pairs of  $28,  or  39  ct.  per  barrow  per  month. 


SECTION  112 
WINCHES 

Double  dmm,  double  puTcbasp  winth,  capacity  with  2  men,  2 
lines  lO.IHIQ  lb.,  with  2  men,  4  lineo  20,1X30  lb.,  diameter  of  drum 
9  in  ,  costs  from  tlU  to  9124  for  lengtbs  from  14  to  20  in. 

Single  drum,  double  purchase  winch  same  as  above  cobts  from 
1103  to  $112. 

Double  drum  geared  winch  capacity  2  men,  2  lines  3,000  lb , 
2  men,  4  lines  6,000  lb.,  diameter  of  drum  5  in.,  lenethe  from 
14  to  le  in.,  $64  to  eoe.  T  in.  diameter.  $6S.20  to  $70.40. 

ISingIc  drum  geared  winch  same  capacity  and  Bizea  as  above 
costs  from  $33  fo  $38  SO 

Double  drum  geared  winch,  capacity  2,000  to  3,000  lb.,  drum 
4  by  8,  $42. 

Single  drum  geared  winch,  as  above,  $17. 

Small  winch,  not  geared,  800  to  1,600  lb.  capacity,  $7.70. 

Safety  worm  gear  winch,  TSO  to  1,500  lb.  capacity,  $14.50. 


.,G(.K)tjl>J 


CIASSIPIED  USI  OF  COBSTBUCIION  EQUIPIIEnT 
HAHUTACTUBZRS  AHI  DEALEBS 


MGooijIt: 


MGootjl>j 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 

Allia-CiiBliners  Mtg   Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Blake-Koowlea  Works,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Chirago  Pneumatic  Tool  Co,  Chicago,  111. 
Fairbanka,  Moree  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
TnRergoIl-Rand  Co.,  New  York,  N   Y. 
SulliTan  Machinery  Co.,  Chieapo,   111. 
W«stinfchoUBe  Air  Brake  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa, 
Worthfngtoi)  Pump  £  Machinery  Corp.,  New  York,  N.  T. 

AIR  COMPRESSORS  —  PORTABLE 

Abeoague  Mach.   Works,  Westminster  Station,  Vt. 
Allis-Chalmers  Mfg.  Co.,   Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Chicago  Pneumatic   Tool   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 
Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
InReraoll-Rand  Co^   New   York,  N.   Y. 
Sullivan  Machinery  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

ASBESTOS 

Acme  AsbestoB  Covering  &  Supply  Co..  Chicago,  111. 
Dominion  Asbestos  4  Rubber  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y, 
Johna-Manville  Co,  H    W.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Wing  4  Son,  R.  B.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

ASPHALT   PLANTS 

Austin  Co.,  F,  C,  Chicaeo,  III 

Barber    Asphalt    Paving    Co.,    The,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Cummer  &  Son  Co.,  The  F,  D.,  Cleveland,  0. 

AUTOMOBILES  — MOTOR    TRUCKS 

Federal  Motor  Truck  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Garford  Motor  Truck  Co ,  The  ,  Lima,  Ohio. 
International  Harvester  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Kelly-Springfleld  Motor  Truck  Co.,  Springfield,  0. 
Packard  Motor  Car  Co..  Detroit.  Mich. 
Pierce-Arrow  Motor  Car  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.   Y. 
Bea  Motor  Car  Co.,  Lansing,  Mich. 

I  .,CtK)t(l>J 


BepuUic  Motor  Truck  Co.,  Alma,  Mich. 
Stewart  Motor  Corp.,  BufTalo,  N.  Y. 
Tiffin  Wagon  Co.,  Tiffin,  Olio. 
WhiU  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

BACKFILLINO    MACHINES 

Austin   Co..   F    C.  Chicago.   III. 

Parsons  Co ,  The,  Newton,  la. 

Pawling   &    HarniBchfeger    Co.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Waterloo  Cement  Machioer;  Corp.,  Waterloo,  lo. 

BAR  CUTTERS 

Cleveland  Punch  &  Shear  Works  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  O. 

Koehriug  Machine  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Mesta  Machine  Co ,  Pittshurg,  pa. 

Niagara  Machine  &  Tool  Works,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Ryerson  k  Son,  Job.  T.,  Chicago,  III. 

BARGES  AND  SCOWS 

American  Bridge  Co.,  New  York   N.  Y. 
California  Redwood  Assn.,  Sau  Francisco,  Cal. 
Fabricated  Steel  Products  Corp.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Graver  Tank  Works,  Wm.,  East  Chicago,  Ind. 
Pittsburg-Des  Moines  Steel  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

BELTING 

Allen  Mfg.   Co.,  W,   D.,  Chicago.   111. 
Bicford  &  Francis  Belting  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Fairbanks  Co.,  The.  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Hettrick  Mfg.   Co.,  The,  Toledo,  O. 
Manheim  Mfg.  &   Belting  Co.,   Chicago,  III. . 
Salinbury  t  Co.,   Inc..   W    H.,  Chicago,  III. 
Union  Asbestos  £  Rubber  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

BENDING  MACHINES 

Electric  Welding  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Galland-Henning   Mfg.   Co.,   Milwankee,   Wis. 
Hinman  ft  Co.,  Sandwich,  III. 
Koehring  Machine   Co.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 
Ryerson  &  Son,  Jos.  T.,  Chicago,  III. 
tVatson-Stillman  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. . 

BINS 


BLASTING  MACHINES 

Atlaa  Powder  Co.,  WilmiDgton,  Del. 

du   Pont  deNemoura  Co.,   E.  I.,  Wilmington,   Del. 

Rendrock  Powder  Co.,  New  York,  N.  V, 

Western  Electric  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

BLOCKS  — TACKLE 

American  Hoist  k  Derrick  Co.,  St.  PftuI,  Minn. 

Itoston  ft  Lockport  Block  Co.,  Soston,  Maaa. 

Burr  Mfg.  Co.,  Qeveland,  O- 

Byera   Machine  Co.,  Jno.   F.,   Ravenna,  O. 

Carpenter  &  Co.,  Geo.  B.,  Chica^,  111. 

Clyde   Iron   Works,   Ihiluth,   Minn. 

Edwards  &  Co.,  H.  D.,  Detroit.  Mich. 

Hartz  Co.,  H.  V.,  Cleveland,  0. 

LoBchen  &  Sana  Rope  Co.,  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Roebling  Sons  Co.,  Jno.  A.,  New  York,  N.  V. 

BLUE  PRINT  MACHINES 


Wickea  Broa.,  Saginaw,  Mich. 

BOILERS 

Amea  Iron  Works,  Oswego,  N.  Y. 
Abendroth  &  Root  Mfg.  Co.,  Newburg,  N.  Y. 
American    Radiator   Co.,   Chicago,   III. 
Babcock  &  Wilcoi,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Breonan  &  Co.,  John,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Brownell  Co.,  Dayton,  0. 
Byera  Co.,  Jno.  F.,  Ravenna,  O. 
Casey-Hedges  Co.,  Chattanooga,  Teim. 
Connelly  Boiler  Co.,  D.,  Cleveland,  0. 
Friek   Co.,   Waynesboro,   Pa. 
Johnston   Bros.,   Ferrysburg,  Mieh. 
Kewanee  Boiler  Co.,  Kewanee,  III. 
Lake  Erie  Boiler  Works,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Union  Iron  Works,  Erie,  Pa. 

BUCKETS  —  CONCBETE 

HaisB  Mfg.  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Hayward  Co.,  Hie,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Industrial   Works,   Bay   City,  Mich. 

Insley  Mfg.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Koppel   Industrial  Car  &  K^nuipnient   Co.,  Eoppsl,  Pa. 

Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  0. 


628  APPENDIX 

Marih  &  Co.,  Geo.  C,  Chfcaeo,  III. 

Mead  Moiriaon   Mfg.  Co.,  East  Bostoa,  Mass. 

Steubner,  Geo.  L.,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 

BUCKETS  —  GRAB 

Brosiiu,  Edgar  B.,  PitUburg^  Pa. 

Brown  Hoisting  Machinei;  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  0. 

Haiss  Mfg.  Co.,  New  York,  N   Y. 

Hayward  Co.,  The  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Industrial  Iron  Works,  Bay  City,  Mich., 

Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Link-Belt  Co.,   Chicago,   III, 

Orion  i,  Steinbrenner  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

Pawling  A.  Harnifiehteger  Co.,  Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Williajna  Co.,  G.  H.,  Erie,  Pa- 

BUCKETS  —  SCRAPER 

American  Hoist  ft  Derrick  Co.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Blaw-Knox  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa 
Brown  TIoiHtinK  Macbinery  Co.,  Cleveland,  0. 
Bucyrue  Co.,  So.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Haiss  Mtg.  Co.,  Geo.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Havward    Co,   The,   New   York,   N.  Y. 
InduBtrial  Works,  Bay  City,  Mieh. 
Link-Belt  Co.,   Chieago,  Til 
MajBh  A  Co.,  Geo.  C,  Chicago.  III. 
Orton  &  Steinbrenner  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Owen  Bucket  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Sauennan  Bros.,  Chicago,  [11 
Williams  Co.,  G.  H.,  Erie,  Pa. 

BUILDINGS  —  PORTABLE 

Baker  &  Co.,  E.  J.,  Chicago,  III. 
Butler  Mfg.  Co.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Edwards  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Cincinnati,  O. 
International  Mill  &,  Timlwr  Co.,  Bay  City,  Mich. 
Lucey  Mfg.  Corp.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Milwaukee    Corrugating    Co.,    Milwaukee.    Wis. 
Pruden  Co.,  The  C.  D..  Baltimore,  Md. 

CABLEWAYS 
American  Steel  ft  Wire  Co.,.Cbicago,  111. 
Clyde  Iron  Works,  Duluth,  Minn. 
Flory  Mfg.  Co.,  S.,  Bangor,  Pa. 
LidBerwood  Mfg.  Co.,  New  York,  V.  Y. 
RoeWing  Sons  Co.,  Jno.  A.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 
Sauerman  Bros.,  Chicago,  111. 

I  ,C(K)t(l>J 


CARS  —  CONTRACTORS' 
Cambria  Steel   Co.,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 
Clark  Car  Co.,  Pittshurg,  Pa. 

Koppel  IndUBtrial  Car  &  Eijulpment  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 
Lakewood   Engineering  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,   O. 
WeBtem  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  III. 
YoungHtowu  Steel  Car  Co.,  The,  Youngstown,  O. 

CARS  — DUMP 
American  Car  &  Foundry  Co.,  St.  Lonil,  Mo. 
Cambria  Steel  Co,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Clark   Car  Co.,  Pittflburg,   Pa. 

Koppel  Industrial   Car  &  Equipment  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co ,  The,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Pi dgeon- Thomas   Iron   Co  ,  Memphis,  Tenii. 
Pressed   Steel   Car  Co.,   Pittshurg,   Pa. 
Standard   Steel   Car   Co.,  Pittsburg,   Pa. 
Western   Steel   Car   t   Foundry   Co ,   Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Western  Wheeled  Seraper  Co.,  Aurora,  III. 
Youngstown  Steel  Car  Co.,  Youngstown,  Ohio. 

CARS  — SPREADER 
Buffalo  Pitts  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Jordan  Co.,  O.  F,  East  Chicago,  Ind. 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  The,  Cleveland.  0. 
Western  \^'heeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 

CARTS  —  CONCRETE 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Ransome-Leach    Co.,   Dunellen,   N    J. 
Sterling  Wheelbarrow   Co.,  Milwaukee,   Wis. 
Toledo  Wheelbarrow  Co.,  Toledo,  O. 

CARTS  — DUMPISG 
Columbia  Wagon  Co.,  Columbia,  Pa. 
Kiltwurne  &  Jacobs  Mfg.  Co ,  Columbus,  O. 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  Ilie,  Cleteland,  0. 
Sterling  Wheelbarrow  Co,  Milwaukee,   Wis. 
Tiffin  Wagon  Co.,  Tiffin  O. 
Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Cot  Aurora,  111. 

CEMENT  GUNS 
Cement-Gun  Co.,  Inc.,  Allentown,  Pa. 

CEMENT  TESTING  APPARATUS 
Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

.,C(K)<(IV 


823  APPENDIX 

CHAIN  BLOCKS 
Abell-Howe  Co.,  The,  Chicago,  111. 
.  Chisholm,   John   E ,   Chicago,   III. 
Detroit  Hoist  &  Machine  Co.,  Detroit,  Hicb. 
Reading  Chain  &  Block  Corp.,  Beading,  Pa. 
Ryerson   &   Son,  Jos.  T.,   Chicago,  HI. 
Yale  i.  Towne  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  New  York. 

CHAINS 
American  Chain  Co.,  Inc.,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 
Carr  Co.,  The  J.  B.,  Troy,  N    Y. 
Jeffrey  Mtz   Co.,  Columbua,  Ohio. 
Reading  Chain  &  Block  Corp.,   Reading,  Fa. 
United  States  CTiain  4  Forging  Co ,  Pittsburg,  Pa, 
Woodhouse  Chain  Works,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

CHUTES  —  BROKEN  STONE,  GRAVEL  &  SAND 
American  Abrasive  Metals  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Fairbanks,   Morne  &   Co ,    Chicago,   111. 
Link-Belt   Co.,   Chicago,    III. 

Sackett  Screen  &.  Chute  Co.,  H.  B.,  Chicago,  111. 
WelMter  Wig.  Co.  Tiffin,  0. 
Western  Pipe  &  Steel  Co.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

CHUTES  — CAR  UNLOADING 


CONCRETE  PLACING  EQUIPMENT 
Insley  Mfg.  Co ,  New  York,  N,  Y. 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  O. 
Sackett  Screen  &  Chute  Co.,  H.  B,  Chicago,  111. 
Smith  Co.,  The  T.  L.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

CONCRETE  SIDEWALK  AND  CURB  FORMS 
Blaw-Knox  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

CONCRETE  SIDEWALK  TOOLS 
Abram  Cement  Tool  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Carpenter  &  Co,  Geo.  B.,  Chicago,  III. 

CONVEYORS  —  BELl 


Fairbanks  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

I  .',Gl.K)tjl>J 


Link   Belt  Co.,   Chicaeo,   III. 

RobluB   Conveying   Belt   Co.,   New   York,   N.   Y. 

Stephene-Adamson  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 

CONVEYORS  —  PORTABLE 


CRUSHERS 

Acme   Road   Maehineiy  Co.,  Frankfort,  N.   Y. 

Allia-Chalmera  Mfg.   Co.,  Mllnaukee,  Wis. 

Austin  Mfg.  Co.,  Cliicago,  III. 

Buchanan  Co.,  Inc.,  New  York,  N,  Y. 

Case  Threshing  Machine  Co  ,  J.  I.,  Racine,  Wis. 

Chulmers  &  Williams,  Chicago,  III. 

Good   Roada  Machinery   Co.,  Kennett  Square,  Pa. 

Jeffry  Mfg    Co.,  Columbus,  O. 

Marah   A  Co.,  Geo.   C,   Chicago,   III. 

Smilh   Engineering  Works,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Traylor  Engineering  &  Mfg.  Co.,  Ailentown,  Pa. 

Wmtern  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  III. 

DERRICKS 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,  St.  Paul,  MJnn 

Byera  Machine  Co.,  Jno.  F.,  Ravenna,  O. 

Civde  Iron  Work-,  Piilnth.  Minn. 

Flory  Mfg.  Co.,  8.,  Bangor,  Pa. 

Hoirliiig  Machinery  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Pollard,  J.  G.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Parker,   8.   E„   Chicago,   111. 

Sasgen  Derrick  Co,  The,  Chicago,  III. 

Terry  Mfg.  Co.,  The  E.  F.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

DITCHERS 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co..  St.   Paul,  Minn.  . 

Austin  Co,  Inc.,  F.  C,  Chicago,  111. 

Bay  City  Dredge  Works,  Bay  City,  Miih. 

Buckeye  TrHclion  Ditcher  to,.  The,  Kindlay,  0. 

Bui-yruH  Co,  The,  So    Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Clyde  Iron   Workn.  Duluth,  Minn. 

Fairbanks  Steam  Shovel  Co.,  Marion,  0. 

Good  Boads  MHchinery  Co.,  Kennett  Square,  Pa. 

Hayward  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Jordan  Co.,  O.  P.,  East  Chicago,  Ind. 

Osgood   Ctf.,   The,   Marion,  O. 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  111.  Cniwk' 


DIVINQ  APPABATUS 

Hale  Rubber   Co.,   Atlantic,  Mus. 

Morse  t  Son,  Inc.,  Amlrerw  J.,  Boston,  Mobh. 

Schrader  4  8on,  A.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

DRAG  SCRAPER  EXCAVATORS 

Austin  Co.,  Inc.,  The  T.  C,  Chicago,  111. 
Browning   Co.,   The,   Cleveland,   Ohio. 
Bucvrus  Co.,  The,  So.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Clyde  Iron  Works,  Dululh,  Minn. 
Fairbanks   Steam   Shovel   Co.,   Uaricoi,  O. 
Hayward  Co..  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Killiourne  &  Jacuba  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Columbus,  O. 
Link-Belt  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Marsh  &.  Co.,  Geo.  C,  Chicago,  III. 
Orton  ft  Steinbrenner,  Chicag*^  III. 
Osgood  Co.,  The,  Marion,  O. 
Pawling  &.  Harniachfeger,  Milwaukee,  Wia. 
Sauerman   Bros.,   Chicago,   111. 
Williams  Co.,  G,  H.,  Erie,  Pa. 

DREDGES 

Bay  City  Dredge  Works,  Bay  City,  Mich. 
BueyrUH  Co.,  Thes  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Hayward  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
PittsbuTg-Des  Moines  Steel  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Marion  Ste«m  Shovel  Co.,  Marion,  0. 
Morris  Ma^^hine  Works,  BatdwinsviUe,  N.  Y. 
Portland  Co.,  Portland,  Me. 
Stockton   Iron  Works,  Stockton,  Cal. 
Toledo  Foundry  &  Machine  Co.,  Toledo,  O. 
Yuba  Mfg.  Co.,  Marysville,  Cal. 

DRILLS  — BLAST  HOLE  AND  QUARRY 

American  Well  Works,  Aurora,  III. 
Armstrong  Mfg.  Co.,  Waterloo,  la. 
Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Keyst<wie  Driller  Co.,  Beaver  Falls,  Pa. 
Sanderson -Cyclwie  Drill  Co.,  Orrville,  O. 
Star  Drilling  Maehlne  Co.,   The,   Akron,  O. 
Sullivan  Machinery  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

DRILLS —  CORE 

American  Well   Works,  Aurora,  IH.  ' 
Dobbins  Core  Drill  Co,,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


APPENDIX 

JeBry  Wtg.  Co.,  Columbus,  O. 
Keystone  Driller  Co.,  Beaver  FallB,  Pa. 
Staudard  Diamond  Drill  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Star  Drilling  Machine  Co.,  The,  Akron,  0. 
Sullivan  Machinery  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Williams  Brothers,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


DRILLS  — ROCK 


Cleveland  Rock  Drill  Co.,  Cleveland, 

IIardtH>cK  Wonder  Drill  Co.,  Ottumwa,  la. 

Hclwig  Mfg.  Co.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Ingersoll-Rand  Co..  New  York,  N.  Y. 

I*t:rand  Mine  Drill  Works.  Wilkea-Bsrre,  Pa. 

Rix  Compreased  Air  &  Drill   Co.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Sullivan  Machinery  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

DYNAMITE;  BLASTING  POWDER 

MtTM  Ezplosivee  Co.,  Inc.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

American  Powder  Mills,  Boston,  Mass. 

Atlas  Powder  Co.,  Wilmington,  Del. 

Austin   Powder  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

du  Pont  de  Nemours  ft  Co.,  E.   I.,  Wilmington,  DeL 

Giant   Powder   Co.,   San   Francisco,   Cal. 

Herculea    Powder    Co.,    Wilmington,    Del. 

Illinois  Powder  Mfg.  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo 

International   Smokeleaa  Powder  i.  Chem.  Co.,  New  York,  N. 

Rendrock   Powder   Co..   New   York,   N.   Y. 

Roberts  Powder  Co  ,  Shenandoah,  Pa.. 

Sbamokin  Powder  Co.,  Shamokin,  Pa. 

United  States  Powder  Co.,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

ELECTRIC  MOTORS 

Allis-Cbalmera   Mfg.   Co.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 

ate.  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co.,  Garwood,  N.  J. 

Crocker-Wheeler  Co.,  Ampere,  N.  J. 

Fairbanks,  Morse  t  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

General    Electric   Co.,   Schenect^y,   N.   Y. 

Triumph    Electric   Co.,   Cincinnati,   O. 

Western   Electric  Co.,   Chicago,   III. 

Weetinghouse  Electric  &  tilg.  Co.,  E.  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


ELEVATING  GRADERS 
{See  Grading  Machines) 

I         i-,Gl.K)tjl>J 


ENGINES  — GAS,  GASOLINE,  KEROSENE   AND  OIL 
AllU-Chalmers  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
ArmBlrwig  Mfg.  Co.,  Waterloo,  Ta. 
C.  H.  &  E.  Mfg.  Co.,  Inc.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Chicago  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Fairbanka  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Fairbanks,  Morae  &  Co.,  Chii-ago.  III. 
Fuller  t  Johnaon  Mfg.  Co.,  Madiaon,  Wia. 
Lambert  Gas  &  Gasoline  Engine  Co.,  Anderson,  Ind. 
Otto  Gas  Engine  Co.,  Philadelpbiti,  Pa. 
RtandHrd  Scale  4  Supply  Co.,  Pittaburg,  Pa. 
Waterloo  Gaaoline  Engine  Co.,  Watwloo,  la. 
Worthington  Pump  4,  Mchy.  Wks.,  New  York,  N.  Y.    ' 

ENGINES  —  HOISTING 
All  is -Chalmers  Mfg.  Co,,  Milwarkee,  Wis. 
Bay  City  Iron  Co.,  Bay  City,  Mich. 
Buffalo  Hoist  4  Derrick  Co.,   Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Byers  Machine   Co.,   John   F.,   Ravenna,   O. 
Carpenter   Co.,   Geo.   B,,   Cliicago,  lU. 
Cljfde  Iron  Works,  Duluth,  Minn. 
Fairbanka,  Morae  ft  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Flory  Mfg.  Co.,  S.,  Bangor,  Pa. 
Hendy  Iron  Worka,  J,  Ssjt  Francisco,  Cal. 


ENGINES  — STEAM 
Allis-Chalmere  Mfg,  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wia. 
Ame«   Iron   Works,   Oswego,   N,   Y. 
Buckeye  Engine  Co.,  6a lean,  O. 
Clvde   Iron   Worka,  Duluth,  Minn. 
Erie  City  Iron  Works,  Erie,  Pa. 
Hewe*  4  Phillipa  Iron  Works,  Newark,  N.  J, 
Hoove n- Owens-Re ntacbler  Co.,  Hamilton,  0, 
Lawrence  Machine  Co.,   Lawrence,  Mass. 
Leffel  4  Co.,  James,  Springfield,  Q. 
Murray  Iron  Works  Co.,  Burlington,  la. 
Nordberg  Mf^.   Co.,   Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Skinner   Engine   Co.,   Erie^   Fa. 
Sturtevant  Co.,  B.  F.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Vilter  Mfg.  tjo.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Watts-Campl)ell  Co.,  Newark,  N.  J. 


{Sm  Dynamite) 

I         i-,Gl.K)tjl>J 


APPENDIX 

FIRE  EQUIPMENT 
Chemical  Engines 
AmericMt-La   PVance   Fire   Engine   Co.,   Elmira,   N.   Y. 
Badger   Fire  Extinguisher  Co.,   Boston, '  Uaea. 
Castle.  Co.,  JamcH  M.,  Piiiladelphia.  Pa. 
SimmwiB  Co.,  John,  New  York,  N,  Y, 

Fire  Estlngnishere 
Allen  Mfe.  Co.,  W.  D.,  Chicago.  III. 
Badger  Chemical  Mfg  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  , 

Badger  Fire  Extinguisher  Co.,  Ronton,  Mass. 
Castle.  Inc.,  Jamei.  M.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
FairhanltB  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Foamite   Firefoam   Co.,   New   York,  .N.   Y. 
.Johns- Ma  nville  Co.,  H.  W.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Pyrene  MIg.  Co.,  New  York.  N.  Y. 
Salinhiiry  ft   Co.,   Int.,  W.   H..   Chicago,  III. 
Simmona  Co.,  John,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Fire  Hote 
Castle,  Inc.,  James  M.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Dominion   Asbestos  t  Rubber  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Flexible   Armored   Fflse   Corp..   Buffalo,  N.   Y. 
Coodall  Rubber  Co.,  Inc.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Simmons  Co.,  John,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Union  Asbestos  A  Rubber  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

FORGES  —  PORTABLE 

BufTalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo.  N.  Y. 
Carpenter  A  Co.,  Geo.  B.,  Chicago.  Til. 
Champion  Blower  &  Forge  Co.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
FairliankB  Co.,  The.   New   York.  N.   Y. 
TTauck  Mfir    Co..  Brooklyn.  N,  Y. 
Ingersoll-Rand   Co.,  New  York.  N.   Y. 
Potts  Co.,  P.  H.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
Ryerson  &  Son,  Job.  T.,  Chicago,  III. 
Sturtevant  Co.,   B.   F.,   Boston,   Mass. 

FORKS  — BALLAST 


FORMS  — STEEL 


American  Bridge  Co.,  New  York,  N. 
Blaw-Enox  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Butler  Mfg.   Co.,  Kansas   City,   Mo. 


■,Gl.K)tjl>J 


Heltzel  Steel  Form  A  Iron  Co.,  Warren,  O. 
iDtematioiwa  Metal   Mfg.   Co.,   Philadelphia,  Pa. 
WeBtern  Pipe  &  Steel  Co-,  San  Francisco,  CaL 

FURNACES 


Hauck  Mfg.  Co..  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Leadite  Co.,  Inc.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Pollard,  Job.  G.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Steubner,  Geo.  L.,  Long  leland  City,  N.  Y. 
Union  Iron  Works,  Hwdten,  N.  J. 

GRADIsa  UAOHINBS 

Acme  Road  Machinery  Co.,  Frantlort,  M.  Y. 

Austin  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

Good  Roada  Machinery  Co.,  Kenoett  Square,  Pa. 

Kitbourne  &  Jacobs  Mfg.  Co.,  ColumbuB,  O, 

Russell  Grader  Mfg.  Co.,  Minneapoli«,  Minn. 

Stroud  &.  Co.,  Omaha,  Neb. 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 

HEATERS  — PORTABLE  ORAVEL  A  SAND 

Barber  Asphalt  Paving  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Cummer  A  Son  Co.,  The  F.  D.,  Cleveland,  0. 
Hauck  Mfg.  Co..  Brooklyn.  N.  Y. 
Indiana  Foundry  Co.,   Indiana,   Pa. 
Pangborn    Corp.,    Hagerstown,   Md. 
Littleford  Bros.,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Rcjjertson   A  Co.,  William,   Chicago,  IH. 
Ruggles-Colee  Engineering  Co.,  New  York,  N.  T. 

HOISTING  ENGINES 
(See  Engines  —  Hoisting)' 

HOISTS  —  BUILDERS 

American  Hoist  A  Derrick  Co.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
C.  H,  A  E.  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Clyde  Iron  .Works,  Duluth,  Minn. 
Hoisting  Machinery  Co.,  New  York,  N.   Y. 
Lidgerwood  Mfg.  do.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Ransome-Leach  Co.,  Dunellen,  N.  J. 
Smith  Co..  The  T.  L,  Milwaukee.  Wis. 
Standard  Scale  A  Supply  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Waterloo  Cement  Machinery  Corp.,  Waterloo,  la. 


HOSE 

Boiton  BeJtinK  Co.,   Boston,  Haas. 
Caetle,  Inc.,  Jim.  M.,  Phitad<^bia,   Pa. 
Dominion  Asbestos  A  Rubber  Cforp.,  New  York,  N. 
Goodall  Rubber  Co.,  Inc.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Goodrich  Rubber  Co.,  B.   F..  Altron,  O. 
Simmons  Co.,  John,   New  York,  N.  Y. 
Union  Asbestos  4  Rubber  Co.,   Chicago,  III. 
Woodward,  Wi^t  ft  Co.,  Ltd.,  New  Orleaus,  La. 

HYDRAUUC  MINING  GIANTS 
Hendj  Iraa.  Works,  J.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

JACKS  —  HYDRAULIC 

Carpenter  *  Co.,  Geo.  B.,  Chicago,  III. 
Dudgeon,  Ricbaxd,  New  York,  S.  Y. 
Duff  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Fairbanks  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
WfttBon-Stllman,  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

JACKS  — RATCHET 

Buckeye  Jack  Mfg.  Co.,  Alliance,  0. 

Buda  Co.,  The,  Chicago,  III. 

Duff  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

McKieman-Terry  Drill  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Oliver  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

JACKS  —  SCREW 

Buckeye  Jack  Mfg.  Co.,  Alliance,  0. 
Duff  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Fairbanks  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Millers  Falls  Co.,  Millers  Falls,  N.  Y. 
Spencer  Otis  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Wason  Mfg.  Co.,  Sprin^eld,  Mass. 

LIGHTS  —  CONTRACTORS' 

Adams  ft  Westlake  Co..  The,  Chicago,  111. 

Carbie  Mfg.  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Dayton  Mfg.  Co.,  Dayton,  0. 

Hauck  Mfg.  Co.,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 

Macleod  Co.,  The,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Milburn   Co.,  The  Alexander,  Baltimore,  Md. 

United  States  Headlight  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


APPENDIX 
LIGHTS  — PORTABLE  ELECTRIC  PLANTS 


LOCOMOTIVE  CRANES 

American  Bridge  Co.,  New  York,  N.  V. 

American  Boist  &  Derrick  Co.,  St.  Paul,  Minit. 

Austia  Co.,  Inc.,  F.  C,  Chicago,  III. 

Brown  Hoisting  Machinery  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  0. 

BucyruB  Co.,  &>.  Milwaukee,  Wit. 

Buflalo  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 

Osgood   Co.,   The,   Marion,  0. 

Pawling  &,  Hamiaehfeger  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Terry  Mfg.  Co.,  The  Edw.  F.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Thew  Automatic  Shovel  Co.,  The,  Loraio,  0. 

United  States  Crane  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

LOCOMOTIVES 

American  Loconiotive  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Phifiidelphia,  Pa.' 

Davenport  Locomotive  Works,  Davenport,  la. 

Dunkle  Co.,  Arthur  J.,  Now  York,  N.  ¥. 

Fate  Co.,  The  J.  D.,  Plymouth,  O. 

Koppel    Industrial   Car   &   Equipment   Co.,    Koppel,    Pa. 

Lima  Locomotive  Corp.,  Lima,  O. 

Mancha  Storage  Battery  LocMDotive  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Marsh  &  Co.,  Geo.  C,  Chicago,  III. 

Porter  Co.,  H,  K„  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Vulcan  Iron  W<wks,  Wilkes  Barre,  Pa. 

MIXERS  — ASPHALT 

Austin  Co.,  Inc.,  The  F.  C,  Chicago,  Til. 
Barber  Aephalt  Paving  Co.,  Philadrfphia,  Pa. 
Koehring  Machine  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  The,  Cleveland,  O. 
Smith  Co.,  The  T.  L.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Turner  Oil  Co.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

MIXERS  —  CONCRETE 

Abenague  Machine  Works,  Westminster  Station,  Vt. 
Austin  Co.,  Inc.,  F.  C„  Chicago,  Dl. 
Blaw-Knox  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Chain  Belt  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Eureka  Machine  Co.,  Lansing,  Mich. 
Jasjger  Machine  Co.,  The,  Columbus,  0. 
Knickerbocker  Co.,  Jackson,  Mich. 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


APPENDIX 

Koehring  Machine   Co.,  Milwaukee.   Wis. 

Lakewood   EngiQeering  Co.,   The,   Cleveland,  O. 

Lansing  Co.,  Lansing,   M!ch. 

Milwaukee   Concrete  Mixer   Co.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Ransome-Leach  Co.,  Dunellen,  N.  J. 

Smith  Co.,  The  T.  L.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Slandard  Scale  k  Supply  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Waterloo  Cement  Machinery  Corp.,  Waterloo,  la. 

Worthingt«n   Punlp   &   Machinery   Corp.,   New   York,   N.   Y. 

MOTOR   TRUCKS 

{See  Automobiles) 

PAINT  SPRAYING  MACHINES 

Adams  &J  Elting  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Dayton  Mfg.  Co.,  Dayton,  O. 
De  Vilbiaa  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Toledo,  O. 
Goulds  Mfg.  Co..  ITiB,  aeneca  Falla,  N.  Y. 
IngerBoll-Rand  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Macleod  Co.,  The,  Cincinnati,  O. 
PaaBChe  Air  Brush  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

PAULINS 

Atlanta  Tent  &  Awning  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Carpenter  A  Co.,  Geo.   B.,   Chicago,  III. 
Eb«Thardt  &  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Hettriek  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Toledo.  O. 
Humphrey's  Sims.  R.  A.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Johnson,  J.  W.,  Chicago,  III, 
Stanley,  Wm.  W.,  New  Ywk,  N.  Y. 
Textile  Products  Mfg.  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

PIER  AND  FOL'KDATION  PLANT 

Chicago  Bridge  &  Iron  Works,  CTiicago,  III. 

Foundation  Co.,  New  York,  N,  Y. 

Great  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

Raymond  Concrete  Pile  Co.,  New  York, 

Western  Pipe  4  Steel  Co.  of  Cal.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

PILE  DRIVERS 
.American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
BucyniB  Co.,  The,  So.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Byera  Machine  Co.,  John  F.,  RavMtna,  O. 
Industrial  Works,  Bay  City,  Mich. 
Ingeraoll-Rand  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Lidgerwood  Mfg.  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

,   ,„-  ,.,C(K)<(lt^ 


McKiernaa  Terry  Drill  Co.,  New  York,  N.  T. 
Orton  &  Steinbrenner,  Chicttgo,  III. 
Union  Iron  Worka,  Hobokem,  N.  J. 
Vulcan   Iron   Works,   Chicago,   111. 

PIUNG  —  CONCRETE 

Cranford  Paving  Co.,  WftshingtoD,  D.  C. 
Cumminge  Structural  Concrete  Co.,  Pitteburg,  Pa, 
MacArthur  Concrete  Pile  t  Foundation  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Massey  Concrete  Produeta  Corp.,  Chicago,  111. 
Raymond  Concrete  Pile  Oo.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

PILING  — CREOSOTED  WOOD 

American  Creosote  Works,  Inc.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Central   Creosoting  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

International  Cremoting  A  Construction  Co.,  Galveston,  Tex. 

Pacific  Creosoting  Co.,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Republic  Creosoting  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Wyckoff  Pipe  &  Creoaoting  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

FILING  ^  INTERLOCKING  STEEL 

Cambria  Steel  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Carn^ie  Steel  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Lackawanna    Steel   Co.,   Lackawanna,  N.   Y. 

PIPE  — IRON  AND  STEEL 

Baker,  Hamilton  ft  Pacific  Co.,  San  Francisco,  C»L 

Clow  &  Sons,  Jas.  B.,  Chicago,  III. 

Cornell  4  Underbill,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Du  Bois  4  Co.,  F.  N.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Eagle  Pipe  Supply  Co.,  Inc.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Frick  ft  Lindsay  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

La  Belle  Iron  Works,  Steubenville,  0. 

National  Tube  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Wheeling  Steel  &  Iron  Co.,  Wheeling,  W.  V. 

PLOWS 
American  Steel  Scraper  Co.,  Sidney,  0. 
Ames  Plow  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 
BulTalo-Springfield  Roller  Co.,  Springfield,  0. 
Burch  Plow  Works  Co.,  The,  Crestline,  0. 
Deere  ft   Co.,  Moline,  111. 
Freeno  Agricultural  Works.  Fresno,  Cal. 
Hapgood   Plow  Co.,  Alton,  111. 
International  Harvester  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works,   South   Bend,  Ind. 

..Cno<(lt^ 


POST   HOLE  DIGGERS 

Columbus  Handle  &  Tool  Co.,  Columbus,  Ind. 
Empire  Plow  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 
Iwan  BrotlierB,  South   Bend,   Ind. 
Richarda- Wilcox  Mfg.  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 
Wyoming  Shovel  Works,  Hie,  Wyoming,  Pa. 

PUMPS  —  CENTRIFUGAL 

Allis-ChahnerB  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

American  Well  Works,  Aurora,  111. 

Btake-Knowles  Works,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Cameron  Steam  Pump  Works,  A.  S.,  New  York,  N,  Y.* 

C.  H.  &  E.  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

De  Laval  Steam  Turbine  Co.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Fairbanks,  Morse  A  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

Goulds  MfR.  Co.,  The,  Seneca  FbUb,  N.  Y. 

Keystwie  Driller  Co.,  Beaver  Falls,  Pa. 

Morris  Machine  Works,  Baldwinsville,  N.  Y. 

Smith  Co.,  The  T.  L.,  Alilwaukee,  Wis. 

Taber  Pump  Co.,  ButTalo,  N.  " 


PUMPS  —  DIAPHRAGM 

C.  H,  ft  E.  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Clow  ft  Sons,  Jas.  B.,  Chicago,  111. 
Edson  Mfg.  Co..  Boston,  Mt  >■. 
Fairbanks  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Fairbankn,  Morse  ft  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
noulds  Mfg.  Co.,  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y. 
Nv(    ^-  "  "       ' 


RAIL  AND  TRACK  SUPPLIES 
Bethlehem  Steel  Co.,  So    Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Central  Frog  ft  Switch  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Fairbanks,  Morse  &   Co.,  Chicago,   111. 
Klein-Lottan  Co.,  Thp,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Lackawanna   Steel    Co.,   Larkawanua,   N.    Y. 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co^  TTie,  Cleveland,  O. 
Light  Railway  Equipment  Co.,  Fhltadelpbia,  Pa. 


894  APPENDIX 

Mechanical  Mfg.  Co.,  Chiciigi>,  111. 
Morden  Frt^  &  Croasing  Works,  Qiictwo,  IlL 
SUndard  Rail  ft  Steel  Co.,  St.  Louia,  Mo. 
Track  Specialties  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
ZelnickcT  Supply  Co.,  Walter  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo, 

RIVETERS  —  PNEUMATIC 

Chicago  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,  Chicago,  111.' 
Cleveland  rnCTimatic  Tool  Co.,  Cleveland  O. 
Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
IngerHoll-Rand   Co.,   New   York,  N,   Y. 
Keller  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,  Grand  Haven,  Mich. 
Pittsburg  Pueumatic  Tool  Co.,  The,  Canton,  0. 
Watajn-Stillman  Co.,  New  York,  N.  V. 

ROIiEES  — KOAD 

Acme  Road  Macliinery  Co.,   Frankfort,  N.  Y. 

Austin  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

Baker  4  Co.,  A.  D.,  Swanton,  O. 

Barber   Asphalt   Paving  Co.,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Buffalo-Springfleld   Roller  Co.,  Springfield,  O, 

Erie   Machine   Shops,  Erie,   Pa~ 

Good   Roads   Machinery   Co.,   Kennett   Square,   Pa. 

ROPE  — WIRE 
American  Steel  ft  Wire  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Fisher  ft  Hajes  Rope  ft  Steel  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Leschen  ft  Sons  Rope  Col,  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Roebling's  Sons  Co.,  John  A.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 
Waterbury  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

SAND  BLAST  MAGHINES 

Macleod   Co.,  The,   Cincinnati,  O. 

llott  Sand  Blast  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicajto,  111. 

Pangbom  Corp.,   Hagerstown,  Hd. 

Rich  Foundry  Equipment  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

SAND  AND  GRAVEL  WASHBRS 
BicnantE  Stone  Co.,  Winona.  Minn. 
Unk'Belt  Co.,  Chicago,   HI. 

SAW   MILLS  — portable' 

Amarican  Saw  Mill  Machine!?  Co.,  New  Yark,  N.  Y. 
Badger  Gas  ft  Oasiiline  Engine  Co.,~Ka)(sA«  City,  Khu. 
C.  a.  ft  E.  Mtg-  Co.,  Milwankeft,  Wis; 


SCALES 
Buffalo  Scale  Co.,  Enffnlo,  N.  Y. 
Cincinnati   Scale  Mfg.  Co.,   Cincinnati,   0. 
Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
E«we  Scale  Co.,  Butland,  Vt. 
Standard  Scale  ft  Supply  Co.,  The,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


Austin  Mfg.   Co.,  Chicago,   III. 
Buffalo-Springfield  Roller  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.   Y. 
Good  Roads  Machinery  Co.,  Kmnett  Square,  Pa. 
Hyass  ft   Co.,   Chaa.,   New  York,  N.   Y. 

SCRAPERS 

American  Steel  Scraper  Co.,  Sidney,  O. 

Freano  Agricultural  Works,  Fresno,  Cal. 

Good  Roads  Machinery  Co.,  KenneLt  Square,  Pa. 

Holt  Mfg.  Co.,  Stockton,  Cal. 

Kilbourne  &  Jocoba  Mfg.  Co.,  Columbus,  0. 

Lansing  Company,  Lansing,  Mich. 

Slusser-McX«an  Scraper   Co.,  Sidney,  O. 

Stroud  &  Co.,  Omaba,  Neb, 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 

SCREENS  — SAND.  GRAVEL  AND  BROKEN  STONE 


N.  Y. 

Chicago  Perforating  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Good  Botds  Machinery  Co.,  Keunett  Square,  Pa. 
Link-Belt  Co.,  Chicago,   III. 
Littleford  Bros.,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Sackett  Screen  &  Chute  Co.,  g.  B.,  Chicago,  111. 
Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 

SHOVELS  — HAND 

Baldwin  Tool  Works,  Parkersburg,  W.  Va. 
Carpenter  ft  Co.,  Geo.  B.,  Chicago,  III. 
Fairbanks  Co.,  The,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Pittsburg  Shovel  Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Shapteigh  Hardware  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Wyoming  Shwel  Works,  The,  Wyoming,  Pa. 


SHOVELS  — STEAM 

BucTTUB  Co.,  The,  So.  Milwaukee,  Wia. 
Dunkle  Co.,  Arthur   J.,   New   York,  N.   Y. 
Fair>Hinks   Steam   Shovel  Co.,  Maritm,   O. 
Hoisting  Machinery  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Hunt  Co.,  C.  W.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Keystone  Driller   Co.,   Beaver   FalU,   Fa. 
Kilbourne  &  Jacobs  Mfg.   Co.,  Columbus,  O. 
Marion  Steam  Bhovel  Co.,  Muion,  O. 
Orton  &  Steinbrenner  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Osgood  Co.,  The,  Marion,  O. 
Thew  Automatic  Shovel  Co.,  The,  Lorain,  0. 
Toledo  Foundry  &  Machine  Co.,  Toledo,  O. 

SKIPS 


Stuebner,  Geo.  L.,  Long  Island'  City,  N.  Y. 

SPRINKLING   WAGON 

Acme  Road  Machinery  Co.,  Frankfort,  N.  Y. 
Austin  Co.,  Inc.,  F.  r„  Chicago,  111. 
Austin  Mfg.  Co..  Chicago,  III. 
Birch,  Jr«,  H.,  Burlington,  N,  J. 
Streich  k  Bro.  Co.,  A.,  Oshkosh,  Wis. 

STUMP  PULLERS 

Bennett  ft  Co.,  H.  L„  Westerville,  O. 
Clyde  Iron  Works,  Duluth,  Minn. 
Hercules  Mfg.  Co.,   Centerville,   la. 
Indiana  Foundry  Co.,  Indiana,  Pa. 
Milne  Mfg.  Co.,  Monmouth,  III. 
Niver  Iron  Works  Co.,  Muscatine.  la. 
Sasgen  Derrick  Co.,  The,  Chicago,  HI. 
Smith  Mfg.  Co.,  La  Crosse,  Wis. 
Swenaon  Grubber  Co.,  Cresco,  la. 

SURVEYORS'  AND  ENGINEERS'  INSTRUMENTS,  ETC. 

Ainsworth  ft  Sons,  Wm.,  Denver,  CoL 
Bausch  ft  Lomh  Optical  Co.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Buff  ft  Buff  Mfg.   Co.,   Boaton,  Mass. 
Dietz;;«n   Co.,   Eugene,   Chicago.   III. 
Elliot  Co.,  B.  K.,  Pittaburir.   Pa. 
Gorley.  W.  ft  L.  E.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
Keuffel  ft  EsspT  Co..  Hoboken,  N.  J. 
Leitz  Co.,  A.,  San  Fruiciseo,  Cal. 


Pease  Co.,  The  C.  F.,  Chicago,  111. 
VVilliame,  Brown  &  Earle,  Inc.,  Philadeli^ia, 
Young  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

TAMPERS  —  POWER 


TELEPHONES  — DESPATCHING  SYSTEMS  &  EQUIPMENT 

Kellogg  Switchbotird  &  Supply  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Stentor  Electric  Mfg.  Co.,  Long  Island  City,  N.  Y. 
Western  Electric  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

TENTS    AND   CAMMNG   EQUIPMENT 

American  Tent  ft  Awning  Co.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Ames-Harris- Neville,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Atlanta  Tent  &  Awning  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Baker  4  Lockwood  Mfg  Co.,  Kansai  City,  Mo. 
Carpenter  A  Co.,  Geo.  B.,  Chicago,  III. 
Eberhardt  &•  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Hettrick  Mfg.  Co.,  The,  Toledo.  O, 
.Tohnaon  Co.,  J.  W.,  Chicago,  III. 
Portland  Tent  A  Awning  Co.,  Portland,  Ore. 
Wheeler  &  Co.,  H.  A.,  Boston,  Mass. 

TRACTORS— GASOLINE  AND  KEROSENE 

AUifl-Chalmers  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Buffalo  Pitts  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
BiiUofk  Tractor  Co.,  Chicams,  HI, 
Dayton-Dick  Co.,  Ouini^,  111. 
Fflirbanka,  Morse  Co.,  Chicago,   111, 
Gartord  Motor  Truck  Co.,  Lima,  O, 
Holt  Mfg.  Co.,  Stockton,  Cal. 
Little  Giant  Co.,   Mankato,  I^nn. 
Mercury  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

TRAILERS 
Electric  Wheel  Co.,  Quincy,  111. 

Koppel  Industrial  Car  Equipment  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 
Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  The  Cleveland,  .0. 
St.  Louis  Truck  4  Mfg.  Co.,  St  Louis,  Mo. 

TRAILERS  —  AUTOMOBILE 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


838  APPENDIX 

Columbia  Motor  Truck  &  Trailer  Co.,  Pootiac,  Mich. 

Detroit  Trailer  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Glen  Wagon  &  Car  Corp.,  Cortland,  N,  Y. 

Los  Angeles  Trailer  Co.,  Los  Angelee,  Cal. 

Ohio  Trailer   Co.,   Cleveland,   Cal. 

Troy  Wagon   \^■o^kB,  Troy,  N.   Y. 

TRENCHING  MACmNRS 


TRUCKS  — LOGGING  AND  LUMBER 

Eieetric  Wheel  Co.,  Quincy,  111. 
Empire  Mfg.   Co,  Quincy,  HI. 
Holt  Mfg.  Co.,  Stockton,  Cal. 
International  Harvester  Co,,  Chicago,  IlL 
Kilbourne  A  Jacobs  Mfg.  Co.,  Columbus,  O. 
Lewis-Shepard  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Mereury  Mfg.   Co.,  Chicago,   111. 
Ramapo  Iron  Works,  Hillburn,  N.  Y. 
Streich  4  Bro.  Co.,  Oshkosh,  Wis. 
Troy  Wagon  Works  Co.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
Zering  Mfg.  Co.,  TTie  H.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

UNLOADING  MACHINES 


Ro<^r  Ballast  Car  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

WAQONS 

Acme  Wagon   Co.,  Emigeville,  Pa. 
Auburn   Wagon   Co.,   Martinsburg,   W.   V», 
Btarch  Plow  Works  Co.,  The,  Crestline,  0. 
Columbia   Wagon   Co.,  Columbia,  Pa. 
Electric   Wheel   Co.,   Quincy,   IIL 
Holt  Mfg.  Co.,  Ptockton,  Cal. 
Hoover  Wagon  Co.,  York,  Pa. 
Indiana  Wagon  Co.,  Lafayette,  Ind. 
International  Harvester  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 
Leonhardt  Wagon  Mfg.  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Owensboro  Wagon  Co.,  Owensboro,  Ky. 
Randolph  Waeon  Works.  Randolph,  Wis, 
Streich  &  Bro.  Co.,  Oshkosh,  Wis. 
Tiffin  Wagon  Works  Co.,  Tiffin,  0. 
Troy  Wagon  Works  Co.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 


WAGON  LOADERS 

Barber-Greene  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 
3hain-Belt  Co.,  Milwaukee,   Wis. 
3iiTord-Wood  Co.,  Hidaon,  N.  Y. 
Jeffrey  Mfg.  Co.,  ColumbuB,  0. 
Link-Belt  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Ranaome-Leach  Co.,  Dunellen,  N.  J. 
^mith  Co.,  The  T.  L.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
IVeatem  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 

WELDING  AND  CUTTISG  APPABATUS  —  ACETYLENE 

American   Welding   Co.,   Chicagc,   Illi 

Ilarbie  Mfff.   Co.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Davie-Bournonville  Co.,  Jersey  City,   N.   J. 

Macleod  Co.,  The,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Vlilbum   Co.,   The   Alexander,   Baltimore.  Md. 

:>xweld  Railroad  Service  Co.,  Chicago.  111. 

'Safety  Car  Heating  4  Lighting  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

WHEELBARROWS 

American  Steel  Scraper  Co.,  Sidney,  O. 
Chattanooga  Wheelbarrow  Co.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 
ronaolidated  Iron  Works-,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 
Pontinental   Car  Co.   of  America,   Louisville,  Ky. 
Kilbourne  A  Jacobs  Mfg.  Co.,   ColumbuH,  0. 
Sterling  Wheelbarrow  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Win. 
Union  Iron  Works,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 
Western  Ir<«i  Works,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

WINCHES 

American  Hoist  &,  Derrick  Co.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Carpenter  t  Co..  Geo.   B.,  Chicago,   111. 
Clvde   Iron  Works,   Duluth.  Minn. 
Hoisting  Machinery  Co..  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Saagen    IVrrick    Co.,    Chicago,    HI. 
Star  Machinery  Co.,  Seattle,  Wash. 


MGootjl>j 


MGootjl>j 


INDEX 


COTIM 

Attercooler  lor  CompreHed  Ait 
Air  OompMMors 

Boiler    Equipment    iw^  ■  - 

Cooling  Deriosa    

OoBt   Of    Inaunstion    

Efficiency   at  Varloua  Ele- 

Explocione 

Formulae    of    Ce«te 

LotomolWe   Tn»    

Portable     

Portable  Electric    

Portable    Qaaobue    . . 

Behefttsrs    .- . 

'   ilWe    StrBight   Line    . . 

Single    Btage   Vertical 

Two    BtagB   Power   Driven 

Two   8t«ce    Bteam    DriTen 

Air    Oonenmptkm    of    Drills... 

Angle    Bendere     

Appendii— List  of  Conelrac- 
tion  Eqnipmenl  Mona- 
fastarera  and  Dealera. .   S 

Aabeetoa     

Building    Felt     

Ttanalle  ".'.'.'.''.'.'.I'.'.'.'.'. 
AiphaK  Hand  Boiler   

KetMee    

Pan     (or     Beheatlag     Old 
Uaterlal    

PatiDE       and       Bepairing 
Equipment    

Plant.     

Plant,  Coit  of  OpecaHon. . 

Bepab-  Plant 

Tool   Fire   Wagon    

Tool  Purnaee    

Tools 

Augere.    Blasting    

Post    Hole     B 

Ship     3 

Auto    Crane    4 

AutoraobliBB 

Coata,  Paeaenger  Oara  .  . . 

Paaaanger  €ara    

Tmcka         (Set        Motor 
Tmoka)     G 


BackUling    UaAbtiie*     

Oasoline    Driren     .  ..      I 

WsgOQB       I 

BsckfiDiDg  With  a  Road  Boiler     i 

Ballast   forka    '  3i 

Bar  Bender.  Coet  of  Operating     ' 
Bendere,  Home  Hade  Beneh 

Bending  Hacbtnea   

Cutlet  Home  Made';!!  '.'. 
Ban,   OroT,   Uning,  Claw  and 

Qnarrr     .  .  .'.y.'.'.'.'.V-'.W  If. 

Bargea  and  Scows   i 

Bargea,    Model    i 

,  Steel , I 

Wood    

Belt    Conreyora    (See    CoDTey- 

Elevator  ll 

Belting,  Canras,  leather,  LinV, 

and   Kubber    ' 

Belting  for  Power  Purpoeea. . .      ' 
Bendere,     Angle     , 

Deylce  to  Keep  Bars  from 
Twisting     ,      ' 

Power  Oersted   

Bending  Uachinea    , 

Pipe     '.      ' 

Bios 

Charging   Miner    6i 

Concreie  Aggragatea 

Potable    

Blarbamitha'  Forgea 31 

BUckamitli  8hop  Od1& I 

Blasting  Augere t 

Cape     

Fbm     I 

Machinea ' 

Powder  '  (aee'  Biptoaiveat  ]   3' 

Thawing    Kettlea' ".'.'.'.'.'.'.      I 

Wire     

Blocka,    Chain    li 

Derrick.  OIn,  Hoisting  and 

Snatch    i 

Blue   Print  Frames    i 

Machines   

Rock    

Boal^  Quarter i 

Shop     41 


Return  Tubulir    SB 

Tool! 01 

Upright 89 

Bolt  Cutter    '^86' 


d  Iiupactuin    . . 
Noted'  " 


Ordsring     

,  BeTolFing  Dump  . 
.  Steel   Dnmp    


MinlMnre   BicBTUins    . 

BcniMt  Clam'siifil  '.'.'.' 
Wti^t  of  UsMrlalB  Hsu 

lea   with    

uilding  Felt.  Asbesto*.  .... 


Oootrsetor*'   PorUble 


Coaeling 125 

Co«l«   oi 117 

DsU,    CobU.   etc 129 

I>eiTiel[  CoiDbimticm    IZT 

Deain'ititloo  of     , 110 

Drag  atnntr  Outflt  OoMa  264 

LUe  of  Main  Cable 12T 

Marine  Rock  TraoBperling  180 

Cableway   Skip*    TSS 

Skip  Dumping  DeViee   . .  -    139 


Trenching   ilai 

Conatmction    . 
OaoTaa    BeHlng    . . 


Concrets    Plant     . 

Coat    ot    BiMvating    with 

Car    Equipment    

Cost  of  Handling  Earth  of 


Cost  of  Work ;    1 

Coat  ot  Cement  Sand  Coat- 


Buildings     ...._ 105       Chail 


eetlng  Apparatui 
Vorkera  ^Toolg    . 


LJ?"»» 


Weight    ( 
ChsnDelen     . 

Chemical    E 
Churn  Drllla   . 

Chum  Drillbig,  Cost  of '!.... !  3 

"  Car"  [".[]'.] ''.WW '.'.'. ''.'.[  I 

Concrete   Placing    i 

Wagon J 

Clam  Shell  Backete 

Clam   Shell   Dre^ 1 

Clearing  Land'  of  s'tumpg  with 

Power    J 

Clearing  Land  with  Dynamite.    T 

Column  Forms    3 

Coinpreeaed  Air.   Principles  of . 

and  Elbows 

Helhods  of  Cooling    

TransmlesiDD  In   Pipes    ,  . 

prOBSors)      

Concrete  Carta   ISO,  B 

Forms  lor  Road  Work    .  .    i 
Grarity   Plant  Carried    on 

a   Barge    1 

Hoisting  Towers 1 

Mixers     4 

Uizer  Heating  Attaebnent  4i 

radng  Plant,  Coat  of 5i 

Mixing        and         Ptedng, 


P»BT  and  Wi« 

PUi» 

Plseing  KquipmiBt 

FlucJDc  Tpwerg,   OamparB- 

live   Cost  of  'Wood   Bad 

,  Steel  

P  toeing  Towen,  CompAriwm 

lienreHi  Steel  and  Weed 

Plul  Cars    

Plant  on  a  Buge   

PIsDl,  Perlable,  for  Mlilng 
and       CoBveriBE ;       Labot 

Sidewalk  *  and  *  oiiH '  Forme 

Sidewalk  Tools   

ConTeyuTB     

Belt    

Belt  Conveyor  Used  in  Ei- 

BelW    Number'  *  (rf  "  Plies 

Neceeeary 

Capacity  of  Belt 

Cost  of  Belt  Conveyors    .  . 

Cost     of     LoadiB!:     Bricks 

with  Portable  Belt  Gon- 

CobC     of     Unlaadlng     and 
Storine      Ooal      Irtfti       V 

Bucket  Converor    

Flieht 

Portable     

Power  Required   ■ 

.  Speeds  for*  Various  Mater- 
Steel  lDciln'e*aiid  iipple. '. 

Trippers     

Wear  of  Bolls 

Cooling  ComprBssrd  Air    

Cooling    DoTidSB    for   Air   Com- 

Coit  Data.  Use  ot 

Coat,     8ie     Under     Equipment 
Desired 

Corera.  CaoTss   

Cruie.   Auto    

Balanced   Cable    

Electric  Hagneta  for    .... 

IioeuiiiutliiB     

Pile     DriilnK    AtUebmenl 

Tractor  ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'^^.V. 

Crimpers,  Bar 

Crow  Bars    

Crushers     

CoinpsTiKtn     ot     Gyratory 
and  Jaw    

Comparieon       of       MafKet 
Prices  of  Stone  with  . , . 

Cwt  of  Operating  PUnl. . 

Elevator  (or  Tse  with 

Gyratory    .......    ...-..., 

Outpnt  of  Stone  Cmsherii . 
SeirCoDtainod         Portsj>le 


Mv       Curb  and  Sidewalk  Fotibb  . . .   1 

5SB       OMter.    Bar    

167 

Beprwiation  of  Equipment.  - .  - 

Derrick,    A[rBDg«ment  to  ,  Pre- 

1T4  Tent     Twisting     of    Fall 

Block    2 

173  Cost    of    Bemoring   gtone 

141  from  Trench    2 

506  EKcsYalora     7 

Quarry,  Coat  of    3 

Derricks    2 

178  Builders  SmaD    ,   2 

181  Ban  Wbeele  for   2 

184                CaWewaj    Combination    ..    1 
lea  Floating     3 

'*  l™    Wo'rk' fir    Stilt   W 

IBS  Derrick    2 

Jinniwlnk    ,.    2 

ISS  Method  of   DepoBiting   Ma- 

187  terial   Beyond   Reech  of 

198  _?.<»"    2 

Stiff  Leg    2 

Diamond  Druling   3 

203       Dipper   Dredges    2 

Diving  Apparatna,   Selection  of  2 

Diving.  Motes  on    2 

199  Diring   Outfits    3 

194       Doan   Scrapers   4 

203       Dragline  Backfilling  Machines. 
18B       Urag-Llne  Cabkwsy   Eicavator 

20S       „       „  Cost    2 

Draglines,  Coal  of 37S,  2 

190  Blectricalb  Ouerated    ....   2 

199  Electric,  Worf  with   2 

193  Ossoline   Opsraled    3 

186       Drag.    Road     418,  4 

an       Drag   Scrapers 8 

"•^  Bottomless 3 

Of,  Buckets  for 2 

,  Cost    of    Levying    Around 

*  with    2 

rablewMT  Oniaia 2 

Eicavaters 2 

4T<  Tower,    Bili '  of '  'Hiterials 

126  for    3 

473  Drawing    Boards    2 

471  Dredge  Engines    4 

Dredges   3 

475  Cost     of     Oalifornia     Gold 

473  Dredges    3 

72  Cost  o(  Operation 2 

70  Dipper   2 

208  Dipper,   Cost  of    3 

227  Hydraulic  ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.    3 

l-addcr    3 

2^,,  Land 2 

214  Method  of  Operating 2 

aj?  Track-Type     2 

9n9  Walking 2 

ios       Dredgework,  Cost  of   2 

213  Dredging  Plants,  Coel  of  Opera- 

^^"                BekKtlon  '  '  of'  '  Operating 
2ee  Equipment    3 


S14      ' 

I>rieT,   Sand    

I>rlU,  HhUud 

Driller,  Elactrie  WeH,  Co«t«.. 
DrilUnc,  DlsiDand    

Ebctric  Well  Driller 

Wuh  Borini    

Air'  CoMumplioii  ".'.".'.'.'. 

Air  Feed   or  Stope 

Bleclumith . 

CbannelerB     - 

Chnm 

Charo,  Advantsiei  of  . . . 
Chum.  Cost  of  Drilling  . . 
EiectHc  Air  ChuoDeler   . . 

Fiihiog  Tooi*  (or   

Gadder 

Si'd'Hsmier'"^.  '.'.'.'.'.'.-'• 

iDfonnstloB  lo  be  Supplied 
in    Oidenaj    

Lisht  Hind  Hsmmer 

Haunted  Himmer 

Mounted    Piilon     

P=rfonB»nee  of  SmuLl 
Hammer     

PDenuiotic    Pinon     

Bepain    

Rotwy  Siot   

ShsrpeaiDg  MachioeB  for. 

Bharpenini.  Coct  of 

Bounding  Big   

SnlMlilueom  Drilling  by 
B*rge  Uethod    

Subaqueous  Drilling  b; 
PlaUorm   Uetliod    

8ul)m»rioe   

Drill   Sleel   lor  Drills    

Drill  'Wsgonii    

Drum  Ooonterwrtght  lor  Buek- 

Drum,  Rope  Capacity  of 

Dump  Bodlea  (or  Motor'  Trucks 
Dump  Wacons    ....    

Gaiih.    Sfaiinkage    of    Embank- 

Economic    Operation,    Pealurei 

Bearing  Upon  It 

Efficiency     of     CompresBora     at 

Various  Elevitione   

Electric    QeneratorB    

Light  Plante 

Ma^eta  for  Crance   ..... 

Power,  Cost  Compared 
with      OaBOliDB,      Steam 

and   QsB    

EleTating  Qraders    

Eletaton.    Belt     

For   CroBhOTB 

Haterlat     


INDEX 

laS  BnglDei     3| 

I8B  Care  of   OasoUne   Engines 

953  In  Frevinc  Wtatber    .  .  S^ 

lit  DwdfT'.*??..:::':::'.:  *' 

ill  Gss^e     3. 

°^5  Hoisting     4i 

''i  Hams  Tower,    Itetbod   of 

i;  Estimating     3( 

>»  Steam,  Mmoted  on  Boilere  31 

S5f  Stown,   Portable    ;  31 

11°  Steam,    Simple 3i 

if:  Exeavating  Bnckel*.    Miniature-  II 

ixi  Eicayaton  (B«e  Buckets.  Drag 

1*1  dAS^  *EleTal"g'Gr": 

II*  ders.  Grading  Machinea. 

*J"  Stwreli    and    TrancUnr 

91«  and  Dishing  MachineeT 

l*f  Eieavalor,    QssoLina    for    Oi>e>- 

831  sting    Bucket    H 

,  .,  Travelfng   2i 

1*1  Trench,    Steam    and   Q«bo- 

l*^  line  Driven   T 

^°7  EiploaioDB  la  Air  Conpresaora 

'**  and  Beeelveri   ..,..,..  1 

,,.  EiploeiTei    31 

J*g  Ammonia  Dynamite    3' 

»"  Blaiting  Gelatin   3' 

93«  Dj-namfte 3' 

III  Gelatin    Dynamite     3' 

III  Gunpowder    3' 

l%l  Judson  Powder 8' 

't"  Magaiinea.       Specifications 

..,  for    3' 

***  Nature  of.  Action  of  .....  8' 

,  „  Nitre  Powder    3' 

l*\  Permissible    3' 

1*1  Bemi-Gelatln    3' 

3*0  Soda   Powder    3' 

3*5  Storehoug«8    3' 

Table      of      Slieg      and 

102  Weights  of  Cases   .....  3' 

187  Extlivuiabers.   Fire    Si 

513  l^elt.  Asbestos  Building    

JSI  Fire  Equipment    SI 

a73  Hose     a: 

Hose    Backa    s: 

Wagon   for   Aephah   Tool* 

43S  Plight  Ooawon    1' 

"°  Forges,    Blacksmilhi'    3 

-  Forks,   Stone  or  Bsllael    3 

'  Porm  Bucket* 

gj  Forms,  Building 3 

S82  SteerBulidlog  '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  \'.  3 

*^|  Foundation     and     Pier     Equip- 

»«0  Fresno  Scrajwiirs ' ! ! .' ! ! ! ! ! !  i ! !  3 
Fresno        Scraper,        Economic 

Handling  sf  Earth  with  3 

SBB  Furnaces  and  Eetllea 3 

8S4  Furnace    for    Asphalt    Toola.  . 

107  Furnacea,    QMoline    3 

B07  Kerosene    . .  .■ 3 

444  Lead    Melting      38S.  5 

«4b  Fue,    Blasting 


Qaddir     

QKrafea.     Partabls    MeMl     .    . 

Light* '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Pawec.      Coet      Compand 
with     BteuB.     Qai     and 

Electricity    

Qu  Power.  CoM  Comund  irith 

Elwtri'citv    

GeaersI  Principles  Applyinc  to 

Eqnlpmtnt 

Qensnton.  Oinct  Cuttent 

Grab  BnckM  EnuTBlDT 

Oraden.  ElevBlinK 

Eleyitinc.  Cort  ot  EiniTk- 

BeT?5ibte  . .  -  ■  '.  *.  *.  '. 
Sraderi  and  Road  MaoUnes.  . . 
Gndine,  Bull-Diwin; 

Electric  Shovel   

Haehinea 

•^ranl  and  Sand  Wariiera'  '.'.'.'. 
Gravel  Sereea  for  Bins 

flravity  Miier«    

Qrindetone.  MachiniBta 

Miior  ..■.'.  *. '. '.      ', '. '. 

Qanpowder 

Gyralorj  Crnaherg    

Compueil  to  Jaw  Cmshors 

Hammer,  Air  or  Steam  (or  Pita 

Driving    

Hammers,   0»lking 

Hsullng.  Cent  trf  Hauling  Blast- 
Cost  of  Hanling  Stone  vl'th 

Traetion  Engine    

Coat  with  Team  and  Trac- 
tor Oulfits   

Prices  vith  Teama   

Table  of  Costs  with  Wacon 
Tractor  Compared  to  Horse 

Heatera,   Gravel    

Sand    

Heater   tor   Water.    Stone    and 
Sand  tor  Concrete  Work 
Heating    Attachment    tor    Con- 
crete   Miiera    

Hoiata     

Belt  Driven 

Compreasid   Air    

Coat    o[    Operating    Slsam 

and  Electric    

Electric    

Gasoline     

Steam     '.l\''.'.\'.\ 

Hoisting  Englnea    

HoiBting    Powers    tot    Coocrels 

Placing  Equipment  .... 

Hone.    Road    


81S       Hoppen    for    ci 
-inipmen 


Horae  "^oww"' 

Boilers   

Hone   Power,   Eatimatiug  Con- 
Hones  and  Males '.'..'.'.   4 

Horaes.  Uaintonance  Coet  of .  .  4 

Hoaa.  Armored   ....  - ,   4 

Cotton 4 

Fire    S 

Fittinga  tor  Pumps    6 

UeUl    4 

Backs     3 

Rubber,   Steam  and  Water  4 
House.  Cook  l 

HydraS^C  '  jmlis'  ".'.','.'.'.'.'.'.'.',    4 
Uinlog  GiMila « 

Index  Prices  of  Commodities.. 
Installation    Coat    of    Oompree- 

laanrance  ot  Plant  Durbia  Idle 

Time     6 

Jacks.   Hrdraulic  and   Screw.  .  4 

Jaw  Crushers   £ 

Compared  to  Qyratory  ...  2 

Jordan   Spreader 4 

Judson    Powder    3 

Ksrosene   Furnsce    3 

Lights    and   Buroera    ....  4 

Kettles  and  Furnaces    3 

Kettlea,   Asphalt   

Blasters'   Tbawins    

Tar  Heating    3 

Land     Clearing    with     Donkey 

and  Traction  En^es-  .  7 

Land  Dredge   1 

Lalbes 4: 

Lead 4 

Lead    Joints,     Cost    ot     Pneu- 
matic Calking    4 

Loadile     4 

Leudita  or  Lead  Fumiue   ....  3 

Lead   Woirt    4 

Leather  Belting    

Lights  !.':;;!!.';;.'  1 !;,!::! ;  * 

Carbide 4 

Coolraclors'   4 

Derrick    4 

Etactrlc  PUut 4 

Gasoliae 4 

Link   Belts 

Cost  and  StlSDgtb    

LininB  Bars    

Loader  tor  Loading  from  Cars 

inlfl   Piles  or  Wagons..  1 

Loader,    Truck    7 

Wagon 7 

Locomotive    Cranes    4 

Gasoline' !!! !!!!'.!!!!!! !  * 
Gear  Driven   4 


846 

lUatauance  and  Repain.    ' 

Stum,  Coopled*;.'!!!!!!!  I 

Trsctiie  lorca  d(   t 

Loeomotive  Air   Oompniuon    . 

UaEhiDs   Shop  BoMi    -i 

Cml  d1  Elwtric  Pawn  for  t 

Oulflt   4 

Porlabla   ' 

Ml«aiine«,   EipLi»i;e>    ! 

epeciacBtiont  tor  Dirnamite  i 

MagDcis,  Eleciiic,  for  Craueg. .   ' 

Mats.    B\a.iinj<    

Miuoeka  and  Picks ! 

Methods  of  Con3Crui:tioi].   Rels- 

Ulll  Board.  Aubcstos '.'.'.'. 

Mininc  Gianli,  Hydraulic f 

AdapUd  for  Road  Work!!   I 
Asphalt,  Cost  oC  Placing. . 
Compariaoa     ol     Cost     of 
B«DMd  and  Owned I 

Martai'    -, 

Flacim  Plant 4 

Plant.   Asphall    

Pnenmalic       Uiier       and 

Placer    f 

Mixing  Flsnl.  Cost  of   { 

Minng     and     Handling     Plant 
Mounted  on  ■  Barge   .  .   t 

Uotors,    AlurnatiDg    Ooirenl..  I 

Direct  Current   ! 

Electric    ( 

Hot«r  Trucks,  Cost  of   I 

Cost    of    Delirering    Sand 

and  Gravel    ...    £ 

Cost,  Factors  Bearing  upon 

Cost  'of  Haiiiing'  QraVel  ' 
with  T14  ton  Truck  ...  ( 
Coet  of  Opfratini!,  T.W"  £ 
Cost  of  Operating,  Table  C 
Cast  of  Truck  aad  Trsiler 

Coat  of  Truck  and  Trailer 

Operation   Compared    . .    'i 
Dump  Bodies  for | 

Yardage  to  Normally '  Load  ( 
Mules  and  HorBca   ' 

Operation,      Features      Beating 

OrBng;e"pe°l  BuX^".  :.'.'.'.'.'. 

Pack  ADiraala.    Rules  tot < 

Painting    Machines     ! 

Fainting,  Test  of  Machine  and 

Hand  Work    ! 

Pan  for  Reheating  Old  Asphalt 


e  Uii 

r  AsphSl 


Photanaphy    . . 

Picks  and  llatki„ 

Pier    and    Foundation    Eqaip- 

Pila,   Band  PnOer "..'.'.'..'.'.'.'.    I 


DriTinic      Attachment      far 
DriTlnc  Com  with  aasoliite 


■iUne     I 

Cost  of  BonDd  Pile  Work,  i 

Coat  of   Sheet  Steel  Work 

S47,    558,  i 


t   Piling  wid 
Lterlock'  Chan 


United  SUtea  Steel  Sheet.  I 
UBKd     in     Closing    LaToe 

Pipe  Bending  Machines    ■  ,  ■  ■  , 

Pipe,   Cast  Iron   5 

Caat  Iron,  Standard  Thick- 
ness and  Weighta f 

Clay  Drain  Tile   S 

Coat  of  Iiaying   G 

Line   Tools    E 


i.  Equatl 


During  Idle  Time 

Rental  Charges   

"    -       ■     Ripping 


vemenCs  with    . 


Spreader    

Iftloading    

Use  to  Open  Pare' 

■Wing  or  Dtiih   . , . 

■t    Hofe   Diggers    ,  .  . 


Pot,  Tw  Fonrini 

Powd«r.    Bluiiuf     (lee    Eiplo- 


Cwt    ol    Br 
chins  Shi 

Pollen.    Sluinp     . 
Pump  EquiDmFDt 


BST       Rlv(tg,  Steel    

RMd  Aiphmlt  FItnt.  PorUbk.. 

373  BuildiuK  TraUer   

Drag*    il6. 


Oiliug  MdchiQfrj     . . , . 

Roller  for  Bsikflllins  . 

BoRdwork.   Coni-reie  Formi 

Miirr  Adapted  low   .  .  . 


Pumping    Uniti    . 

Pumjrti.   AccBssori' 

CentTitugal 


Dmjglni.  Dltert  CooDfcled  fiOO 
High     Pieuara.     UouDted 

on  Bkldi 608 

Hme  Bud  FittiDga  tor  . .  .  «09 


Slaking,  Vertical  Fhrnger,  6 
Stekm  Operatrd  Vncnum.  e 
TreDch.  Hand  Oprnted  .  .  6 
Tniitei.  UouDttd  on  Skida  6 

'uorh.   Machine 4 

'ncea,  BelatlTe  Index,  of  Com- 


Quar 


Plant 


Racki.  Hoie   B 

Rail  DepieciatiOD 6 

Rails.  Sinl    6 

Rails  and  Tileks   6 

Rail  Wpighti  per  Uile G 

Railways.    Portable    for    Baad 

Conatmrtion    C 

Rakei -.   6 

RaiDmeri.        Compreaaed       Air 


PrDi-ortiouiDg  et    

Refrigerating  Plant    6 

Rfheaien'.  Coiuprrued  Air. .  ■ . 
Relnforring  Bar  Bender 

Honic  Hade 

Rental  Charget,  Plant S 

SMtm       for       Contractora' 
Qradlng  Eniiipin^ni 

fiSO.  GBl,  SS2.  6 

Rivet  Portea B 


Korea 

Uotor   Road    627 

i«d,    tor    backfilling .^3 

Steam     824 

'"i'lattf ned  Blran'd  Wire  . . '.  640 

Flat  Wire    643 

Hoisting,   extra   Flexible    .  «3S 

Boiating,    Speciel    FkiiUe  63B 

HoiiliDg.  Non-3|iioning'  .  .  641 

Hoibtmg,    Standard    «33 

Lire   of     64S 

Manila  and  Slaal   648 

SplirlBg,      Directiona      for 

Wire  Rope 646 

Bticngih    Tcnaik',  ol  \YirB 

Rope  Compared  to  Manila  650 

Tiller  Dir  Hand 639 

TiansmiBion,  Haulage,  or 

Standing     631 

Wire    680 

Varlaliou    In    QaalilT    of 

HanlU    6G1 


Band   Cleaning.    C 

and   HaihL- _ _ 

Sand  Drier    428 

Sand  end  QraTel  Waiben   ...   653 

Sand  Pumpa 859 

Saw  llilll,  Forlable    656 

Saw  Table. 6S4 

Save.    Oiilflts    [or    Cutting    off 

Pilp-  Below  Water  Level  657 
Poitsbie  Combinadoti  ...  634 
Portable   Woodworker    ...   655 

Scalc(.     Platform    660 

Track   660 

Wheelbarrow   6fi0 

Scariflen     663 

Scorn  aad  Buges      BT 

Scrapen     (See    Orading    iU- 


DrlJ    : 

Economic       Handllni 
Earlh     by     M'beef   ■ 
Fresno  Scrapers    .  ■  ■ 


S4S  ] 

Fresno    ...  t 

Wheeled  ".W'.'.W'.^' ".'.'.  3 

Smvn  TCork.  OenerBl  HinM..  4 

Bcreeni.  GiBTel,  for  Bini 

RevoHing     8 

Smd  ind  CcAl a 

Wsgon    e 

acTsw  Jarki 4 

Sepirmtori.  Compnttei  Air.  .. 

Sharpenini  UMhiBci,  Drill...  S 

ab«r.    Macbinn    4 

SbeathlDE,  Atbettoa 

Bhert  PiUng.  Co«t  of  Work. . .  6 

Ship  Angen 3 

Shop,    Cost  ol  Electric    Power 

Mmchiim'  ".  .'  .    .'....'.'.'.'.  4 

PordblB     4 

Bhot    DnJla.    Rotiry    8 

Sbovelins,   s  Slud;  u  Applied 

lo  Mining    B 

Shoiels,  Coaipiralire  Cost  oT 
OpenliBE     Willi     Steam 

■nd  Eleclrieity 7 

Derrick  Adsplion' !!.'.! !  7 

Ereeting  Uettaods   T 

OmoIid* T 

QradinE  for  RsiliOHd  Work  T 

Hand  6 

Llf ho    4 

Fower.  Elettrie.  Ooiwuuip- 

Railioad — Type  ot  Ste*m.  T 

RerolTing    Steam T 

Repsir* .  T 

Sicnali.  Whittle    1 

Ttiction.   Stean    T 

BhOTel  Work,  ■  Btudy  of  Steam  fl 
Cubic      Yard*      Eicavated 
per  Dav  in  Varicmi  Ua- 

teriali T 

Shrinkaze    of    Earth    EmbuJf. 

Sidewalk  and  Curb  Fanu  .  . . .  1 

Tools 1 

Skip   Dumpinc   Derlee  lor  Ga- 

blewaj-B 1 

BkipB,   Stone  and  Cablewar    ..  7 

Sledges   and   Hammer*    7 

SoiindiDg  RiK  (or  Drilb   . .    . .  S 

Spades    ....    8 

Spikes,    Railroad -  6 

Spraiins  Hirhinea.  Paint. ..    .  t 

Spreader.   Omel 4 

Jordan .  4 

Plow 4 

Sprinklers,     Road     Oiling     Ua- 

wiie""^.  ,;■;:;;;■';;;  7 

Staj    Berdera     

Steam  Power.  Cent  Compared 
with  Oasoline,   Qai  and 

E!ectHrit7    5 

Steam    Shovels c 

Stinup  and  Colnnui  SUr  Bond- 


Stone   Boati    r 7; 

Crushed,      Comparison     ol 
Cruiber       Work       with 

Market    Price*    2; 

Cruiher   Plant   Output  S. 

Storage  of  Plant'  Duiioa  Idle 

Tim« SI 

Storebouaea.    Eipbaivea     . 3' 

Stump  Clearing  with  Power       7: 

Pullers    71 

Puller.    Hand    Power    ...   7 

Horse  Power 7i 

Remora]  with  Donkey  and 
Traction    Engine     .....    t: 

Steam    Driven     7. 

Submarine    Dnlli     S 

SarieyiDg     and     Engineetitit 

Equipment     7 

Tamper.      Paiemrnt      BreakA 

and  Tamper 7 

Tampers,    Conciote    7 

Tie     7 

Tamping  Bars    .    ■ 

Comparatin  Cost  o(  Band 

and   Uachine  Tampins.    1' 
Comparative    Coat    of   lie 
Tamping  b;  Hand  and 

Poeumalic  Outflt   7 

Hacbinea,     Powm     7 

Tu  Heating  KeUlea S: 

Pouring    Pot     SI 

Teaming,  Table  for  Estimating 

Cost  of    , 4: 

Teams,  Coat  of  Uainlenance.  4- 
Cosi    of     Uaintenanee     of 

Telepbone.    Cost    of    Line    for 

Construction    Senite     .    7 

Telpher   B^en    i; 

Tenti,    Coat    of     Flooring    and 

Framing 7: 

Hule      7E 

Stable T! 

Wall 7: 

ThBH'ing,  Ground,  Cost  of...  4: 
Ground  for  Trencliing  .  .  71 
Klg  for   Frozen  erouad .  .    *: 

Thermit   Welding    Proceca-    ...    71 

Tile.   Clay   Drain    fii 

Ties.   Cost  and  Life 7. 

Cost   of   fntoading     .....    7: 

Railway,    Coat 6 

Required  per  Ulle  of  Trark  7 

Too*  Boies  and  Carls '.    7 

Tool  Boi    on    Skids     7 

Tool  Furnace.  Asphalt 

Tools.    .Asphalt    

Blackamith   Shop    

Boiler   Room    

Calking  Hammers    s 

Cement     Workers     ......    1 

DriU   Fishing    3 

Hammers    7 

Pipe  Line   S 


RaVea     

ScooDB,  Shovels  and  Spadei 
SledgM     

Torclws.  Oontracion'    

Tow   Bull    

Tower.  Bill  o(  Malerinl  (or 
DrB(  Scrmper  Fiold  Town- 
Drag   Scraper    

ToweiB.  Comparison  Iwtwreii 
8l«el  and  Wood  Con- 
crete PlariDB 

ComparKiTO  Coat  ot  Wood 
and    8W»I    

HoutiDK  lor  Conrreto  Plac- 

ini  Equipment   

Traction  Eatme  Hauling  Cott. 
Trai'liie  Forca  o(  Locomolitea 
Traclor.  Gasoline.  Compured  to 

Hauling  Cost  Compared  to 
Tcacton,    Craie  ".'.[I'.'.'.'W^'. 

Oaa   and  ■Oil    

Steam    

TrSck,  Coat  -of  Light 

DeprKiation    ot    Raili     . . 

fisliplalet  per  Ulle    

Particulars     Bequirsd    (or 

Portable.    lor '  *Bo»d  '  Co'n- 

Spikei    ....[]'.'['.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Traikr"  Bnd*°MQtor'  Trnok "  C™- 

Bottom'  Diiinp  '  [WW^IW 
Cruibed    Sloiia    Spreader. 

SfS':::':::::::::: 

Road  Builder'!!.'.!.'!. 

Semi-Trailer  Boliom  i>tunp 
Scmi-Triiler   Cttaula    ... 

Rpreadtng     T6T, 

Trample 

l^anamiiaion  o(  CompreMed  Air 
Tranaporling  CoDBtinction   Ua- 

TravvHag   Eioavator    

Trenching,    Cost    wlUi    Wheel- 

Type  ExeaTatoi    

Machina,  Cableway   

Uachine  Tr^n.-liiag  for 
Brick    Bener    


INDEX  I 

Kie  Uethods       Emploj-ed       in 

S6«  Sener  Conitruction    .  . . 

72S  Progreas   Diagrani  on  Ua- 

tea  cbine  Trcncliing   

737  Thawing  Ground  lor 

Trench   Bratea    

ZSe  EicaTslor.       Steam       and 

iflo  Gaeolioe  Driven   

2S9       Trippeij  for   Belt   Conveyors,. 

Truck,  Oasollne  Cart 

QVutk  Loader  ^ 

172  Truck    and    Ttraller    Operating 

Coat   

1T4       Tracks,  Pole   

170  Stone    

■^mber     

170  Tramway     -_ 

1T7       Trncka,    Motor.    Dump    Bodies 

for 

764  Coat  ot    

Factors  Bearing  on  Cost. . 
785  Typee  of    

173  Tardoge  (0  Normally  Load 
762  Tubs,  Coal  Contractors'  and 
TBO  Miners'     

S13       Cnloader.  Car  Chola   

B13       Unloading  Machine  tor  Cars   . . 

Unloadinf   Plowa    

elB 

Wagon   Chutes    

»1S  Loaders    

613  Screeni    . .    

fill       Wagons,   Comparieon   of   Damp 

770  Dump    !!!!!'!!!!! 

767  "  Table  of  Cost  tor  Haulinjc 

771  Various  Materials  with, 

770  Wash  Borio!    

773  Welding,  Cost  ot  Pipe  Work.  . 
IST  JoiDla     Welding     of     Oas 

767  Mains     

787  Oiy-Acetylene 

771  Thermit  Process 

771  Weight    of    Muterisls    Handled 

768  by   Buckets    .  . 

JS?  Well  Driller.  Electric  Drirea.. 

lit  Wheeled  Scrapers 

Ill  Economic       Handling       of 

"3  Earth  with    

"1  Repairs      

,"  Wheelbarrow.  Analysis  ot 

"■'  Wheelbarrow-a,    Capacities    of.. 

gg  Concrete     

Cost  ot  Repairs 

538  ^^J,    -      ■  -  ■ 

^*^       Wheelbarrow'  Work,  Coal  of !  ! ! 

7,4       Winches         

778       Wire,   Blaalmg    

Wire  Rope    (See  Rope)    

781       WoodwiBker,  Portable   


„l:,i-.,G(.K)tjl>J 


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MGootjl>j 


AN    INITIAL    FINE     OF     25    CENTS 


OST    e     J932 

FEB     5  193! 
FEB  26   1934 

*^''  23   1936 
OCT   8  » 
JUN  20  1S42 

•""•9-f96S76 
P.fcC'D  La 


AUG  2  7  1996 

U.  C.  BERKELEY 


'    YB  51872 


,Gl.K)tjl>J 


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