Handbook of contemporary biography

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00 PREFACE

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This volume is an attempt to produce a book of reference,
famisliing, in a condensed form, some biographical particulars
of notable living men. The leading idea has been to give
only facts, and those in the briefest form, and to exclude
opinions. While the book went through the press, many changes
occurred, which must to some extent account for errors and
imperfections, as well in inserting the names of dead as omitting
those of living persons. A number of omissions have been
rectified in the Appendix.

F. M.

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HANDBOOK

OF

GONTEMPORAKY BIOGRAPHY.

Aas Aeh

AASEN^ iTar Andreas^ Norwegian philologist, U at Oeraten, Aug. 6, 1818 ; electod

member of the Norw. Academy of Sciences, 1860. Author of 'Det norske Folkesprog

Grammatik,' Cbristiania, 1848; 'Ordlx^ over norske Folkesprog,' ib. 1850; * Norske

Ordsprog/ ib. 1856 ; and other philological works.

ABADIE, Paul, French architect, b. at Bordeaux, July 22, 1788; appointed diocesan
architect of the sees of Angoul^mo and Perigueux. 1858. Designed the Palais de Justice
and mansion of the prefect at AngoulSme, with other edifices in the Gothic style.

BSOTT. Jacob, American author, b. at HaUowel, Maine, in 1808 ; took the degree of
doctor of theolo^ at the college of Andover in 1827. Author of * The Young Cliristian,*
Boston, 1825 ; * Ilie Comer Stone/ ib. 1826 ; and various other volumes of ' !nie Toung
Cliristian Series.'

% Jolm, American author, brother of the preceding, b. at HaUowel, Maine,
in 1806 ; appointed minister of the Independent Congregationalist body, 1827. Author
of 'Kings and Queens, or Life in a Palace,' New York, 1839; *The Mother at Home,'
lb. 1845; and *Life of Napoleon,' 2 vols. ib. 1855.

ABD-EIa-KADER, Sidi-el-Ha^JipOBled-Maliiddln, Arab chieftain, b. near
Mascara, Algeria, 1807 ; besi^ed Oian, 1832 ; acknowledged Emir of Mascara by the
French government, 1834 ; ordered a massacre of Europeans, 183P ; driven into the ter-
ritory of the Sultan of Morocco ; taken captive by the French troops, 1843 ; imprisoned
in the castle of Pau, 1844-48 ; and in the castle of Amboise, 1848-52 ; released by oider
of Napoleon III. and retired to Damascus, Dec. 2, 1852.

ABDUIf-AZIZ, Sultan of Turkey, thirty-second, in male descent, of the house of
Othman ; b. at Constantinople, Feb. 9, 1880, ttie second son of Sultan Mahmoud II. ;
succeeded to the throne at the death of his brother. Sultan Abdul-Medjid, June 25, 1861.

ABOIJT^ Bdmond Fraaqois, French author, b. at Dieuze, Meurthe, Feb. 14, 1828 ;
educated at the Lyc^e Charlema^e, Paris, and at the £iCole frauQaise, Athens, 1843-58.
Author of 'La Gr6ce contemporaine,' Paris, 1856; *Les Mariages de Paris,' ib. 1856;
'Gtermaine,' ib. 1857; 'TrenteetQuarante, ib. 1868; 'La Question Bomaine,' Brussels,
1860 ; and numerous comedies, dramas, and political pamphlets.

ABB AH AM S, Nicholas Christiaii. Danish archseologist, b. at Copenhagen,
Sept. 6, 1798: appointed professor at the University of Copenhagen, 1829. Author of
* De Roberti Waci carmine quod inscribitur Brutus,' Copenhagen, 1828 ; and * Balthasari
Castilionei aulici liber tertius secundum veterem versionem gfdlicam,' ib. 1848.

ACHARD, Ame'de'e; French author, b. at Marseilles, Apr. 9, 1814 ; appointed secre-
tary of the prefect of Herault, 1835 ; secretary of the Duke de Montpensier, son of Louis
Philippe, 1846. Author of * Lettres Parisiennes,' Paris, 1846 ; * La Chasse Royale,' 7 vols.
ib. 1849-50 ; and numerous dramatic pieces and pamphlets.

ACHENBACH, Andreas^ German painter, b. at Cassel, Sept. 29, 1815 ; studied at

Diisseldorf under Schadow, 1884-39. Painted 'Coast of Scheveningen, Holland,' 1861 ;

' Shore of Ostend at high water,' 1864 ; and numerous other landscapes and architectural

views.
ACHENBACH* Oswald, German painter, brother of the preceding, b. at Diisseldorf,

Feb. 2, 1827. Painted 'Pilgrims going to Rome.' 1868; "The Mole at Naples,' 1859;

'Monument to Cecilia MeteUa,' 1864; and many other, chiefly Italian, views.

Ach HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. A in

[ 2 ]

ACHTERMANN, Wilhelm^ Germau sculptor, b. at Mlinster, Aug. 15, 1799;
studied at Berlin under Ranch, 1831-33. Sculptor of the ' Descent from the Cross ' in
the cathedral of Miinster.

ACIiANO. Henry Wentteorth, English physician and sanitary reformer, b. 1815;
studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and took the degree of M.D. 1848 ; appointed physi-
cian to the Radcliffe Intirmary, 1849. Author of several books and pamphlets on
sanitary matters.

ADALBERT, Prince Of Prussia, German admiral and author, b. at Berlin,
Oct. 29, 1811 ; entered the Prussian army in 1827. but quitted it in 1832, setting out on
a course of travels through Europe, Asia, and America ; appointed high admiral of the
North German navy, 1867. Author of ' Aus meineui Reisetagebuche,' Berlin, 1842 ; and
' Denkschrifb iiber die Bildung einer deutschen Flotte,' lb. 1848.

ADAM, Jean Victor, French painter, b. at Paris, Feb. 29, 1801 ; educated at the Paris
Bcole des Beaux-arts, 1817-19. Painted * Henry IV. after the battle of Coutras,' 1837 ;
* Entry of the French into Mayence,' 1838 ; and numerous battle-pieces exhibited at the
Museum of Versailles.

ADAMS, Charles Francis, American statesman, b. at Boston, Mass., in 1807, the
son of John Quincy Adams, President of the United States ; studied jurisprudence, and
became barrister at Boston in 1828 ; elected member of the Senate of Massachusetts,
1844 : elected member of the Congress of the United States, 1858 ; appointed American
envoy to Great Britain, March, 1861, resigned Feb. 1868. Author of *Life and Works of
John Adams,' Boston, 1846 ; and 'Letters of Mrs. Adams,' ib. 1848.

ADAMS, John Couch, English astronomer, b. at Bodmin, Cornwall, in 1817 ; studied
at St John's College, Cambridge, and passed Senior Wrangler, 1843 ; discovered, simul-
taneously with M. Le Verrier, the planet Neptune, 1S45 ; appointed Lowndean professor
of astronomy at the University of Cambridge, 1858. Author of 'The observed irregularities
in the motion of Uranus,' Cambri^e, 1847.

ADDERIiEY, Rt. Hon. Charles Bowyer, English statesman, b. at Norton, Staf-
fordshire, in 1814 ; studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated B. A. 1838 ; elected
M.P. for the northern division of Staffordshire, 1841; president of the Board of Health,
and vice-president of the Committee of Council of Education, 1858-59. Author of ' Trans-
portation,' and several other pamphlets.

ADEIiSWARD, Renanld Oscar, French author, b. at Longwy, Moselle, Dec. 18,
1811 ; entered the French army, 1830 ; retired with the rank of captain, 1844 ; elected
deputy to the National Assembly for the department of Meurthe, 1848. Author of * La
Liberty de Conscience en SuMe,' Paris, 1861 ; and other works.

ADHE'MAR, Alphonso Joseph, French mathematician, b. at Paris, Feb. 15, 1797.
Author o ' Cours de Math^matique k I'usage de I'ing^nieur civil,' 18 vols. Paris, 1832-^6 ;
and numerous elementary treatises on mathematics and civil engineering.

ADOLF. Ex-Dnke of Nassau, b. July 24, 1817, the son of Duke William of Nassau ;
succeeded to the throne at the death of his father, Aug. 20, 1839 ; deprived of his crown
by the Prussian government, 1866.

ADOLPHUS, Prince of Schanmburg-Lippe. bom Aug. 1, 1817. the son of Prince
George and of Princess Ida of Waldeck ; succeeded to the throne at the death of his
father, Nov. 21, 1860 ; married, Oct 25, 1844, to Hermina, Princess of Scha\imbuig-LippA,
bom Sept. 29„1827, daughter of the late Prince George of Waldeck.

ADRIAN. Johann Valentin, German author, b. at Aschaffenbnrg, Sept. 17, 1793 ;
appointed professor of modem literature at the University of Giessen, 1824. Author of
•Bilder aus England,' 2 vols. Frankfort, 1827-28; 'Die Priesteriunen der Griechen,' ib.
1838; and 'Mittheilungen zttr Geschichte,' ib. 1846. Editor of a (German translation of
the works of Lord Byron, 12 vols. Frankfort, 1837.

AGASSIZ, lK>nis, American naturalist, b. at Orbe, canton de Vaud, Switzerland,
May 28, 1807 ; studied medicine at Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich ; professor of natural
history at Neufchatel, Switzerland, 1836-45 ; professor of zoology at Charleston, South
Carolina, U.S. 1846-48 ; appointed profe^Jsor of natural history at New Cambridge,
Boston, U.S. 1848. Author of 'Etudes sur les Glaciers,' Neufchatel, 1840; 'Zoological
Bibliographv,' 4 vols. London, 1848-50; 'GrundzUge der Zoology,' Stuttgart, 1854 ; and
numerous other works on natoral history.

AINMUIiIiER, Maximilian Emmanuel, German artist, b. at Munich, 1807,
painter on porcelain. Exhibited at Munich, 1848, 'Notre Dame' of Munich; 'The
Church of St Mark at Venice ; ' ' The Chamber of Prelates at Strasbourg ;' and ditiwings
of the interior of the chapel at Windsor ; and Westminster Abbey, 1849.

HANDBOOK OP CONTEMFORART BIOGBArHT.

-— [ s 1

AINSWORTH, WlUlam Frandfl, Engliah trmvelTer wid r^^f'^JtSi

November 8. 180T ; studied TiiQdIoine, and fcoW the degree ot H.D 11>!5- — -
■ ReBearches in Assyria, Bil.jlonis, uiS CMld- ' >«.1» = ■Travels imd BrtMiebes i

Greeks,' 1844; gnd other IkioIh of ttaveL
AIN8WORTH, WlUiuu Harrlvcm, ErgllBh novelist trad ]o""i«""^ *_"' ""S"^

ohfstCT, Feb. 4, 1806. AHthor of -Sir John Chiverton,' LonJon. 18S5; K™"*'™.,

fb. 18S4; ••neXIsei'sDflugliter,' 1S43; -OWBt P(iiiVa/l943; • Windsor C^Ue IMS.

'The Flltfili of Bacon,' 1854 ; ' Cardinal Pole,' 1B63; ami numeruosotberworltaotattloii,

cbieBy hlslorieal roiuaneea, ^^^^^

ftlWn Thl^ir-^*— **— ^^^^**^ Roibni^hshlre. August Sn. l«nz : studied

'" he 'EainbniKii WeekWoomirta-ons

WortB.MMS. Edited 'Dr. Moil's

^-

Wlltihlre, 1806. Antbor of ' A De-

apher, b Jan. 13, 1719; tii8truct«r

Irt 'oV SwS™'^' e' "' *''" L"'"^'
er topf^THphlcal works,
n of the late Mr. Jonathan Aliroyd ■
i; M.P. for Hudderalleld, 1S6T-SB;

Alb HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Ale

'. [ 4 ]

AIiBEMARLE, Geoifre Keppel. Earl oft English author; b. in London, 1799;
entered the army, 1815; lient -colonel, 1841; colonel, 1854; major-general, 1858; M.P.
for the county of Norfolk, 1832-35 ; for the borough of Ljrmington, 1847-60 ; succeeded
to the title, 1851. Author of ' A Journey across the Balcan ; ' * A Journey from India
to England ;' ' Memoirs of the Marquis of Rockingham.'

AIAERDINGK THIJM, Joseph Anthony, Dutch writer, b. at Amsterdam,
Aug. 13, 1820. Edited the ' Spectator,' 1842-4» ; ♦ Catholic Annual,* 1855-60. Author
of 'Drie €ledichten,' 1844; 'De Klok van Delft, 1846; 'Het Toorgeborchte en andere
Gedichten,' 1853 ; and other works.

AIiBERS, John Frederick Hermann* German physician, b. at Dorsten, Prussia,
Nov. 14, 1805 ; studied at the University of Bonn; took the degree of M.D. 1827 ; dean
of the faculty, 1831 ; director of the Hospital for Foreigners at Bonn. Author of * Die
Pathologic und Therapie der Eehlkopfskrankhelten,' Leipsic, 1829; 'Handbuch der
Allgem. Arzneimittellehre,' Bonn, 1853 ; and other pathological and anatomical works.

AIiBERT Ed'wrardy Prince of Wales, b. at Buckingham Talaee, TSov. 9, 1841 ; studied
at Ekiinbnrgh, Oxford, and Cambridge^ colonel in 'the army, 1858; married, March 10,
1863, to Princess Alexandra of Denmark.

AIiBONIy Maria, Italian singer, b. at Torli, in the Papal' States, 1824 ; studied under
Rossini ; made her d^but at the Theatre of Bolc^ma, 1839 : first appearance in London,
1846 ; in Paris, 1847 ; married to Count Pepolo, of the 'Roman States ; retired from the
stage, 1863.

AIARECHT, WilUam Edward, German lawyer, b. at Elbing, Prussia, 180O ;
studied law at the Universities of Konigsberg and Gottii^en; degree of LL.D. 1822 ;
professor at Konigsberg,' 1829 ; at Gottingen, 1830 ; at Leipsic, 1840. Author of ' Com-
mentatio Juris Germanici antiqui Doctrinaire de probationibus adumbrans,' Eonigsbei^g,
1825-27.

AIiBUFERA, Iionis Napoleon Sachet, Dixke of, French administrator;
b. at Paris, May 28, 1813 ; entered the Polytechnic School. 1831 ; member of the
Corps L6gislatif for "Evreux, 1853-56 ; mayor of Vernon, 1857-63 ; councillor-general of
the Eure.

AIiBUQUERQUE, Lnis'de Ahneida d', Tortuguese journalist, b. at Serpa, pro>
vinee of Alemtejo, June 21, 1819; degree of LL.D. at Coimbra, 1843; professor of
Political Economy at theHoyal Polytechnic School, 1844 ; secretary to the Prefecture of
Lisbon, 1851-52. Founded, at Lisbon, the * Journal do Commercio,* 1853.

AIiBY, Ernest, French writer, b. at Marseilles, July 1, 1809 ; educated at the College of
Louis le Grand, and at the School of S6r6ze; studied law in Paris, 1838. Author of

* Les Prisonniers d'Abd-el-Kader,* 1837 ; ' La Captivity du Trompette RscoflBer,' 1848 ;
♦Catherine of Navarre,' 1838; *Les Brodeuses de la Reine,' 1843; *L'Olympe k Paris,*
1846; and other works.

AIiCAN, Michel. French engineer, b. at Downelay^ Meurthe, May 21, 1811, of Jewish
parents ; admitted to the Central School of Arts and Manufactures ; diploma of civil
engineer, 1839. 'Author of 'Bssai sur Mndastrie des Mati&res Textiles,' Paris, 1847;

* Traits complet de la Filature" du Coton : Orlgine, Progr^s, Caract^res, &c.' 1864.

AIiCOCK, Sir Rntherford,"EnglI^ diplomatist, b. 1808: studied medicine; served
as surgeon in Portugal; 1833-34 ; deputy-inspector of hospitals in the Spanish Legion,
1835-36 ; British consul at Foo^how-foo, Shan^ai, and Canton, 1844 ; consul-general in
Japan, 1858 ; minister plenipotentiary and consul-general in Japan, 1859 ; appointed
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in China, April, 1865. Author of * The
Capital of the Tycoon, a Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan,' 1863.

AIiCOTT, William Alexander, American writer, b. at Wolcot, Connecticut, 1789.
Author of 'The House I Live In;' 'Lectures on the Ten Commandments;' 'Lectures
on Life and Health ;' ' The Young Husband ;' 'The Young Wife ;' and other works.

AIiEM-ROUSSEAU, Francois, French lawyer, b. at Aubiet, Gers, Dec. 21, 1798 ;
studied law at Paris ; advocate at Auch, 1823 ; mayor of Auch, 1848 ; represented the
same town in the Constituent Assembly, 1848. Author of * Demande k M. le B&tonnier,'
Auch, 1829.

ALEXANDER II. Emperor of Russia, b. April 17 (April 29 new style), 1818, eldest son
of the Emperor Nicholas L and of Princess Charlotte of Prussia ; educated, under the
supervision of his father, by General Moerder, a learned German, and the Russian poet
Joukowski; entered the army, 1831 ; nominated colonel in the regiment of grenadiers,
1835 ; chancellor of the University of Helsingfors, Finland, 1837 ; travelled in Germany,
1840-41 ; superintendent of the military schools of the empire, 1849 ; appointed to a
command in the Caucasian army, 1850. Succeeded to the throne, at the death of his

▲!• HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOORAPHT All

[ 5 ]

fiither, Feb. 18 (March 2X 1856; crowned at Moscow, Aug. 26 (Sept. 7X 18M; married,

Aprfl 16 (April 28), 1841, to Ma]

Ludwig II. of Heise-Darmstadt

Aprfl 16 (April 28), 1841, to Maria, b. Aug. 8, 1824, the daughter ul the late Grand duke
~ II. of-

A IiBXANDERy Sir James Edtrard^ English officer, b. 1803 ; served in India and
North America, and in the Burmese, Persian, Turkish, Portuguese, and Kaffir wars ;
employed on an expedition of discovery in Africa, 1835-36, and kni^^ted : commanded
14th Foot at the siege of SebastopoL Author of ' Excursions in Western Africa ;' * Explo-
rations in British America;' 'Travels through Russia and the Crimea:' 'Translations
trom the Persian ;' and other works.

AUSXANDBR, Joseph Addison, American writer, b. at Phihidelphia, 1809;
graduated at the College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1826 ; professor in the same CoUe>:e
since 1830. Author bt 'Earlier Prophecies of Isaiah,' New York, 1846; 'The Psalms,
translated and explained,' 1850 ; and other theological works.

AIiTSXANDRE, Charles^ French philologist, b. at Paris. Feb. 17, 1797; entered the
Normal School, 1814 ; professor at Nancy, and at the College of St Louis ; member of
the Institute and the Academy of Fine Arts, 1857. Published 'Greek and French
Dictionary,' 1830-47 ; and other philological works. Edited the ' Oracula SibylUna,'
1841-56.

AlaEXANDRE-KARAGEORGEWITZ. Oeorare, Servian statesman, b. 1806;
chosen prince and governor of Servia, Sept. 14, 1842 ; f<)unded several civil and military
schools, 1843 to 1855 ; abdicated tJie government, Dec 22, 1857.

AIiEXANDRESCO, Gregory, Wallachian poet, b. at Tirgoviste, 1812. Author of
' Souvenirs and Impressions, Letters and Fables,' Bucharest, 1847.

AIiEXANDRI. or AUSCSANDRI, Basile, Roumanian poet, b. July, 1821 ;
studied at Pans, 1834; graduated B.A. 1839; gave freedom to all his serfs, 1850.
Author of ' Ballades Popmaires de la Roumanie,' 1852-53 ; ' Les Doinas,' Paris, 1853-05 ;
and other poems.

AIiFORD. Rew. Henry, English author, b. in London, 1810; educated at Ilminster,
and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow, 18;{4 ; vicar of Wyines-
wold, Leicestershire, from 1835 to 1853 ; examiner of Logic and Moral Philosophy at the
Universi^ of Ix)ndon, 1841 to 1857 ; dean of Canterbury, 1857. Author of ' Poems and
Poetical Fragments,' 1831 ; * Chapters on the Poets of Greece,' 1841 ; * Greek Testament/
first volume published, London, 1841, finished 1861 ; and other works.

AIiFRED Ernest Albert, English prince, sei^ond son of Queen Victoria and the late
Prince Consort, b. at Windsor cSistle, Aug. 6, 1844 ; entered the navy, Aug. 31, 1858 ;
declined the throne of Greece, 1862.

AlalONY. Clande Felix Theodore Camelle, French artist, b at Chaumes,
Nifevre, Jan. 24, 1798 ; studied in Paris, under Renault, and M. Watelet ; exhibited

* Daphnis et Chlo^,' 1822 ; ' Le Massacre des Druides,' 1831 ; ' La Campagne de Rome,'
1839; ' L'Acrox)olis d'Ath^nes,* 1855; 'Ermitage sur les bords du Uh6ne,' 1863; and
other paintings.

AIiISON, Alexander. English writer, b. 1812. Published ' Philosophy and History
of Civilization,' 1860 ; 'The Improvement of Society,' 1861 ; ' The Church and the World
Reconciled,' 1864 ; and other worics.

AlalX, I'Abbe' Celeste, French priest and writer, b. 1820 ; studied in the seminary of
St.-Sulpice; ordained and became chaplain to the church of Ste. -Genevieve, 1854.
Translated 'LeMiroirde I'l^glise de St-Edmond,' 1854; *Le Triomphe de la Croix,'
1855 ; 'Le Parfait Ugendaire,' 1855-56.

AlaKAN, Charles Valentin Morhange, French musician, b. In Paris, Nov. 30,
1813, of*^ Jewish parents; entered the Conservatoire. 1821; honorary professor of the
Conservatoire, 1828. Published ' Les Omnibus Dames Blanches,' 1832 ; ' Bourr^e d'Au-
▼ergne,' 1852; 'Quatre Impromptus origiuaux,' 1854.

AlalaAN-KARDBC, Himpolyte Denisard RiTail, French writer, b. at Lyons,
Oct 3, 1803. Author of ' Le Livre des Esprits,' 1857-60 ; ' L'IniitaUon de I'Evangile
selon le Spiritualisme,' 1864. Founded the ' Revue Spirite,' 1858.

AltXiARD, Nelsir, French general, b. at Parthenay, Oct 27, 1798 ; studied at the Paris
Pol3rtechnic School, and entered the army, 1818; captain, 1825; lieut. -colonel, 1844;
colonel, 1847 ; general of brigade, 1852 ; general of division, June 10, 1855.

AltUkRT DE MERITET7S, Hortense, French authoress, b. at Paris, Sept. 1801 ;
married to M. Louis de Meriteus, 1843. PubUshed 'La Conjuration d'Amboise,' 1821 ;

• Lettres sur Mnie. de Stael,' 1824 ; 'Sextus, ou le Remain des Marennes,' 1832; 'Novum
Oigannm, ou Saintet^ Philosophique,' 1857; and other works.

All HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Alq

[ « ]

AlaliEGRE. Jean Marie. French lawyer, b. at Ou^ret, Greuse, April 12, 1793 ; studied
law, and called to the bar of the Royal Court of Limoges, 1820 ; procureur-g^neral of the
Republic, and representative to the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; exiled, 1852.

AIiIaEN, The Ven« John, English clergyman, b. 1810 ; studied at Trinity College,
Cambridge ; graduated in honours, 1832 ; one of her Majesty's inspectors of schools,
1839; archdeacon of Salop, 1847. Author of * History of St. Christopher, an Allegory ;*
and several sermons.

AliliBN, Willian&, American author, b. Jan. 2, 1784, at Pittsfield, Massachusetts;
graduated at Harvard College, 1802 ; professor at Baudoin College, 1820-39. Author of
'American Biographical and Historical Dictionary;' 'History of Dissenters;' and other
works.

ALIiEN, 'Williami Shepherd, English politician, b. 1831; educated at Wadham
College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1854, MA. 1857; a magistrate for Staffordshire ;
returned M.P. for Newcastle-under-Lyne, 1865.

AIiIiIBRy Antoine, French sculptor, b. at Embrun, Hautes-Alpes, Dec. 6, 1793;
entered the array, and was captain in the Imperial Guard ; retired, 1815. Exhibited
* Jeune Marin expirant ;' 'Camille renversant les Balances des Gaulois,' 1822; * Aiiane,*
1834.

AlaLIES, Thomas Wiliiam, English theologian, b. 1811 ; educated at Eton ; scholaf
and fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, graduated B.A. 1832; rector of Launton, 1842 ;
became a Roman Catholic, 1850. Author of * The Church of England cleared from the
Sin of Schism ;' and other theological works.

AXiIiINGHAM, ^^illianiy Irish poet, b. at Ballyshannon, Ireland, 1828 ; holds an
appointment in the Customs in England. Author of • Poems,' 1850 ; * Day and Night
Songs,' 1854-^; 'Lawrence Bloomtield in Ireland, 1864.' Obtained a literary pension,
1864.

AlililOIiIy Joseph FranciSy German theologian, b. at Sulzbach, Bavaria, Aug. 10,
1793 ; entered the episcopal seminary of Ratisbon, 1815 ; entered holy orders, 1816 : D.D.
1816 ; professor at the University of Landshut, 1818 to 1823 ; rector of the University of
Munich, 1830; canon of Ratisbon, 1835. Translated into German the 'Vulgate,' Nurem-
berg, 1834-45. Author of 'Biblical Antiquities,' Landshut, 1825; 'Life of Jesus,' lb.
1840.

AIiLOUVIIaliB, Armand Octare Marie d'. French general, b. Jan. 25, 1809;
served in Algeria, and became colonel, 1847 ; general of brigade, 1851 ; employed in the
Crimea, in command of the cavalry, and made general of division, March 17, 1855; grand
officer of the Legion d'honneur, Dec. 28, 1855.

AlilaOURY. Jean lK>nis Antoinei French journalist, b. at Anisy, Ni^vre, Sept. 24,
1805 ; studied at the College of Ste.-Barbe, Paris. Contributor to the Journal des
Dibats and other Journals.

AlaMASY, Maurice, Connt of, Austrian politician, b. in Hungary, 1808; vice-
president of the Royal Chamber of Hungary, 1848; chief of the Administration of
Finances and direct Imposts in Hungary, 1853-56.

AIiMQUIST, Karl Jonas IiudTig, Swedish writer, b. 1793; studied theology at
Stockholm. Author of ' Herrame pa Ekolaund,' Stockholm, 1857 ; ' Tomrosens Bok ;*
and several elementary works on mathematics, geography, and history.

AIiMODOVAR, Don Ildefonso Dias de Ribera. Count of, SpaniHh general
and politician, b. at Valencia, 1795 ; studied at the School of Artillery, at Segovia ; pre-
sident of the Cortes, and field-marshal, 1834 ; captain-general at Valencia ; minister of
war, 1835 ; held the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, 1836; retired from state service, 1843.

AIiMOEFF, Nils Wilhelni, Swedish actor, b. at Stockholm, March 24, 1799 ; studied
medicine and surgery ; made his d^but at the Royal Theatre of Stockholm, 1818 : played
the principal rdles in Leopold's * Virginia,' Schiller's * Wallenstein,' and * Marie Stuart ;*
also in * Othello,' and other tragedies.

ALPHANDy Charles Adolphe^ French engineer, b. at Grenoble, H^re, Oct. 26,
1817 ; studied at the Polytechnic School from 1835 to 1837 ; Government engineer of
drainage works in the Landes, 1843 ; chief surveyor of the embellishments of Paris,
1854.

AIiQUIE'y Jean Dominique^ French military surgeon, b. at Montrejean, Haute-
Garonne, May 18, 1792; M.D. at Strasbourg, 1816; entered the army, 1814; inspector of
the Board of Health, 1847 ; appointed medical inspector of the waters of Vichy, 1850.
Author of * Essai sur I'H^patite,' Strasbourg, 1816.

Alq HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Amb

, f7 1 _

AIiQUIE', AlexiS;, French physician, b. 1812 ; professor of snr^ry to the Faculty of
Medicine, Montpellier, and surgeon in chief to I'Hdtel-Dieu of that town, 1838. Author
of * Cours el^mentaire de Pat]^ol(^c chirurgicale, d'apr^s la Doctrine de I'EcoIe de
Montpellier,' Montpellier, 1845.

ALTAROCHE, Marie Miehelf French writer, b. at Issoire, Puy-de-Ddme, April 18,
1811. Published • La Chambre et les Eeoles,' 1831 ; * Chansons,' 1835-6 ; * Contes dimo-
cratiqnes,' 1837 ; ' La R^forme et la Revolution,' 1841 ; * Lestocq,' 1836. Commissioner
of the government in dep. Puy-de-Ddme, 1848 ; member of the Constituent Assembly,
1849.

AlaTENHEIM, Gabrielle Sovmet d'^ French authoress, b. at Paris, March 17,
1814; married to M. Beuvain d'Altenheim, 1834. Author of ' Oladiateur,' a tragedy,
1841 ; 'Jane Qrey,' 1844 ; 'Les Anges d'Israel,' 1856 ; ' La Croix et U Lyre,' 1858 ; 'Les
quatre Sidles litt^raires,' 1859 ; and other works of Action.

AliTIERI^ Iioois d'^ Italian statesman, b. at Rome, July 17, 1305 ; created cardinal,
1840 ; member of the government during the stay of Pope Pie IX. at Oaeto, 1849-50 ;
arch-chancellor of the Roman University ; president of the Roman Council of State on
Finance, and prefect oi the Congr^atiou of the Index.

AIiTMEYER. Jean Jacoaes^ Belgian writer, b. at Luxembourg, Jan 20, 1804 ;
graduated M.D. 1831 and LLJ). 1832 ; appointed professor at the University of Brussels,
1836. Author of * Introduction k I'^tude phi1o8ophi<iue de I'Histoire de rHuraanit^,'
Brussels, 1837; 'Marguerite d'Autricfae: sa vie, sa i>olitique, et sa cour,' Li^ge, 1841 ;
and other historical works.

AIiTON-SHE'E. De lAtpaL&rem, Edmond, Count ofy French i>oIitician, b.
June 1, 1810 ; entered the Chamber of Peers, 1836. Published ' De la Cliambre des Pairs
dans le Gk>uvemement repr(&sentatif,* 1839. Retired fh)m political life, 1849.

AlaTSCHUIa. Ellas. German physician, b. at Prague, Apr. 8, 1812; studied at
Vienna ; professor of homoeopathy at the School of Medicine in Prague, 1848 ; helped
to introduce the practice of homoeopathy into Austria. Author of ' Lelirbuch der Phy-
aiologisehen phannacodynamik,* Prague, 1850-52 ; 'Das Therapeutische Polaritatsgesetz,"
ib. 1852.

AltVENSLEBEN, Albert TOn, Prussian statesman, b. at Halberstadt, March 23,
1794 ; studied at Berlin; took part in the campaign against France, 1815 ; councillor of
state, 1823 ; Prussian representative at the Conference of Vienna, 1834 ; minister of
finance, 1836 ; Prussian representative at the Conference of Dresden, 1850.

AIiVIN. Iionls Joseph, Belgian writer, b. at Cambray, March 18, 1806 ; professor at
the College of Li6ge, 1826 ; secretary t4> the Council of Education of Belgium, 1830 to
1860 ; member of the Academy of Belgium, 1846 ; conservateur-en-chef of the Biblio-
th^ue of Brussels, 1850. Author of ' Sardanapale,' Brussels, 1834 ; * Souvenir de ma
Vie litt^raire,' 1843.

AMADOR DE IiOS RIOS. Don Jose, Spanish writer, b. at Baena, province of
Cordova, 1818. Author of 'History of Central Europe,' 1844 ; 'Studies on the Politics
and Writings of the Spanish Jews,' 1848. Edited ' Works of the Marqids of Santellane,'
1852-55 ; * History of Madrid ;' and other works.

AMARI, Michel, Italian politician, b. at Palermo, July 7, 1806 ; employed under the
Sicilian government, 1822 ; banished to Naples, 1837 ; made senator by King Victor
Emmanuel, 1861 ; president-lieutenant of Sicily, minister of finance, and governor of
Modena, 1862 ; minister of public instruction, 1862-^3. Author of * La Guerra del Vespro
Siclliano.' Translator of Sir Walter Scott's ' Marmion. '

AMARI, En&erlc^ Italian writer and politician, b. at Palermo, 1810 ; studied law, phi-
losophy, and political economy. Professor of penal law at the University of Palermo,
1841 ; appointed to the direction of the New Penitentiary of Palermo, 1842 ; member of
the Italian Parliament, 1861 ; member of the Italian Academy of Philosophy. Founded
the ' Statistical Journal,' 1838. Published ' The Nature and Progress of Industry.'

AMAURY-DUVAIiy Euffe'ne Emmannel. French painter, b. at Montrouge, 1808 ;
studied under M. Ingres, 1826. Exhibited 'Enfants de Nourrit,' 1833; 'P&tre grec d6-
couvrant un Bas-relief antique,' 1834 ; ' Un Ange,' 1840 ; ' La Trag6die,' 1855 ; * Le
Sommeil de I'Enfant Jesus,' 1861 ; ' Naissance de V6nus,' 1864.

AMBERTy Joachim Alexandre Jnles. French general and military writer, b. at
Chillas, near Cahors, Feb. 8, 1804 ; entered the Paris Military School, 1824 ; took part
In the campaigns in Spain, Belgium, and Algeria; representative to the Constituent
Assembly, 1848 ; to the Legislative Assembly, 1859 ; colonel, April 16, 1850 ; general of

Am« HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAFHr. And

[ 8 ]

brigade, Aug. 12, 1857 ; commander of the L^on d*hoimear, March 14, 1860. Author of
*£loge du Mar^chal Moncey,' 1842: *La Colonne Napoleon et le Camp de Boulogne,'
1839 ; ' Soldat,' 1854 ; and other works.

AMB'IilB. Marie Fredericka Auimsta^ Duchess of Saxe, dramatic authoress,
b. Aug. 10, 1794; pseudonym 'Amalie Heiter.' Author of * Der Kronung's Tag,' 1829;
* Originalbeitrage zur deutschen Schaubiihne,' 1837-42 ; and other works.

AMET, Josepbine Junot d'Abrantes, French authoress, b. Jan. 6, 1802 ; married
to M. James Amet, 1841. Author of * Histoires morales et Miflantes,' 1837 ; *Une Vie de
jeune Fille,' 1837 ; ' La Duchess de Valombray,* 1838 ; * Les Deux Soeurs,' 1840 ; * Btienne
Saulnier,' 1850.

AMMON, Frederick IVlIhelm Philip Ton, German Protestai^t theologian, b. at
Erlangen, Feb. 7, 1791 ; studied at GKittingen, Jena, and the university of his native
town ; minister at Buttenheim and at Merzbach ; archdeacon at Erlangen, 1820 ; pro-
fessor of theology at Erlangen. Author of ' Letters of Rodolph Ida, on the Dogmas
which distinguish the Protestant and Catholic Churches,' Dresden, 1837; and other
works.

AMMON^ Frederick Anstwtns TOn, German physician, brother of the preceding,
b. at Gottingen, Sept. 10, 1799 ; ^duated M.D. 1822 ; professor and director of the
Academy of Surgery and Medicine, Dresden, 1829 ; physician to the King of Saxony, 1837 ;
councillor of medicine, 1844. Author of ' Ueber den Krankhaften Schlaf,' (Jottingen,
1830 ; ' Die ersten Mutterpflichten und die erste Kindespflege,' Leipsic, 1857 ; and other
medical works.

AMSBERO, Anstwttis Christian Theodore von, German statesman, b. at
Rostock, July 17, 1789 ; secretary to the Grand Duke of Brunswick ; director of the
Brunswick College of Finances, 1832 ; director of the Administration of Railways and
Posts of Brunswick, 1850.

ANASTASI. AuKiuitns^ French lithographic artist, b. at Paris, 1819; studied
painting under MM. Delaroche and Corot, and exhibited in 1843. Executed ' Les Bords
de la Touque,' 1850 ; ' La Saison des Foins,' 1852 ; ' Les Bords de la Spr6e,' 1855; ' Retour
du Troupeau,' 1861 ; ' Aqueducs de Claude,' 1864.

ANCEIi, Daniel Edouard Jnles, French politician, b. at Havre, Oct 16, 1812 ;
Tiresident of the Chamber of Commerce of Havre ; mayor of the town, and member of
the General Council ; member of the Legislative Assembly for Havre and of the Corps
L^islatif since 1852.

ANCEIaET, Gabriel Anraste, French architect, b. at Paris, Nov. 21, 1829 ; studied
under MM. Lequeux and Baltard, 1845, and in the School of Fine Arts. Exhibited * Un
Hospice dans les Alpes,' 1851 ; 'Restauration de la Yoie Appienne,' Oct 1856. Ap^tointed
architect of the ch&teau of Pau, 1858.

ANCELOT, Marenerite lK>uise Viririnie Chardon. French authoress, b. at
Dgon, Cdte-d'Or, Mar. 17, 1792; married M. Ancelot, 1818, who died 1854. Author .of
' Cardinal et Page,' 1832 ; * Emprunts aux Salons de Paris,' 1835 ; ' Manage raisounable,'
1835; *Le Ch&teau de ma Ni6ce,'1837; 'Le Baron de Presmoutiers,' 1861; *Antoine
Vernon, ou les jeunes Filles pauvres,' 1863 ; and many other novels.

ANCKARSWOBRD, Charles Henry, Count of, Swedish politician, b. at
Sveaborg, 1782 ; entered the army, 1799 ; aide-de-camp to Count Armfelt in the war with
Norway, 1808 ; colonel, and statf-mojor to Bemadotte, royal prince of Sweden, 1813 ;
entered the Diet, 1817, and became leader of the opposition. Author of ' Political Prin-
ciples,' 1833.

ANDBI&ARRE, Jnles de Jaqnot, Maronis of, French magistrate and politician,
b. at D\jon, CAte d'Or, Oct 25, 1803 ; mayor of Andelarre, 1831 ; member of the General
Council of the Hautc-Sadne, 1887 ; deputy to the Corps L^slatif from 1852 to 1863.
Author of ' Forme et R^forme du Budget de ll^tat,' 1859 ; and other works.

ANDERS, Oottftried Engelbert, French writer, b. near Coblentz, 1795 ; employed
in the Royal Biblioth^ue, Paris, in the department of music, since 1833. Author of
' Nicolo Paganini, sa Vie, sa Personne, et quelques Mots sur son Secret,' 1831 ; ' Details
biographiques sur Beethoven/ 1839 ; contributor to several musical magazines.

ANDERSEN, Hans Christian, Danish poet and novelist, b. at Odense, April 2.
1806. Author of • The Improvisatore,' 1834 ; * O. T. ' 1835 ; * Only a Fiddler,' 1837 ; ' Tales
from Jutknd,' 1869 ; •The SandhiUs of JutUnd,' 1860 : 'Tales for Children,' 1861 ; 'The
Wild Swans, a Fairy Tale,' 1863 ; * The Ice Maiden,^ 1863 ; ' From Spain,' 1866 ; and
other works.

And HANDBOOK OF OONTEMPORAKT BIOORAPHT. And
[ 9 ]

ANDERSON, Henrj, American mathematician, b. 1798; professor of mathematics
and astronomy at Colnmbia College, New Toric, 1825 ; resigned, 1843 ; traveUod through
Asia Minor, and, with Lieut Lynch, explored the Dead Sea and the Jordan. Author
of * (Geological Survey of part of the Holy Land,' 1848 ; and other worics.

ANDERSON. ReT. James Stnmrt Murray. English divine, b. 1798: educated
at Balliol College, Oxford ; graduated B.A. 1820 ; chaplain in ordinary to her Majesty,
1836 ; preacher of Lincoln's Inn from 1844 to 1868 ; rector of Tormarton, near Chippeu-
htun, 1851 ; Bristlsh chaplain at Bonn. Author of * History of the Church of England in
the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire,' 1851.

ANDERSON, Robert. American general, b. in Kentucky, 1806; graduated at West
Point, 1825 ; inspector ofihe Illinois volunteers during the * Black Bfawk war ;' assistant
instructor and inspector of West Point Military Academy fh)m 1835 to 1837 ; aide -de-
camp to General Scott in the Indian war and Morida ; commander of Fort Sumter and
Charleston at the breaking out of the civil war, 1860 ; brigadier-general, 1861.

ANDERSON, IVilliam, Scottish theologian, b. at Kilsyth, Stirling. 1800 ; studied at
tiie University of Gla^ow ; minister of John Street Relief Church in that city since
1822. Published ' The Mass, Penance, Regeneration ;' and other theological works.

ARDI6NE' DE ImA CHASSE, Charles, Marqnis of, French politician, b. at
Paris, Jan. 6, 1791 ; member of the (4eneral Council of lUe-et-Vilaine ; representative
for the department d'lUe-et-Vilaine after the revolution of February, 1848.

ANDI&AW.Heinrich Bernard won, German politician, b. 1802 ; entered the army of
the Grand Duchy of Baden, 1821 ; resigned his commission, 1826 ; councillor of Friburg ;
deputy in the Baden Chamber, 1833. Published 'Der Aufruhr und Umsturz in Badeu/
Friburg, 1860.

ANDOUIIiIiE', Edn&ond, {French administrator, b. at H^zi^res, 1804 ; studied law
at Paris, and entered the Ministry of Finance ; appointed chief deputy-governor of the
Bank of France, 185&

ANDRJE, Cluurlea Christopher Oeorce, Danish politician, b. Oct. 14, 1812, at
Hjertel)jexg ; entered the army as second lieutenant, 1828 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1851 ;
member of the Academy of Sciences, Copenhagen, 1863 ; member of the First Chamber
of Parliament, 1850-61 ; member of the Second Chamber, 1863 ; minister of finance,
Dec. 12, 1854 ; president of the Council of Ministers, 1866-58.

ANDRAIi. Gabrlely French physician and author, b. at Paris, Nov. 6, 1797 ; studied
at the Colle^ of Louis le Grand, and obtained the degree of M.D. 1821 ; professor of
hygiene at the Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1827 ; professor of internal pathology, 1830,
and of general i>athology, 1830 ; member of the Academy of Sciences, 1842. Author of
* Clinique M^cale/ 1824 ; * Essai d'H^matologie pathologique,' 1843 ; and many other
WDrks.

ANDRASYy JnllnSy Connt of, Hungarian statesman, b. in 1826 ; took an active part
in the Hungarian Revolution, 1848-49 ; ambassador of the ' Republic of Hungry ' to the
Sultan of Turkey, 1849 ; exiled 1849-60. Appointed minister of war and president of the
Hungarian council of ministers by royal rescript, Feb. 24, 1867.

ANDRE'. Jean Francois Gustawey French politician, b. Oct 17, 1805 ; notary at
Aigre, Charente, 1830 ; member of the General Council for the canton, 1841 ; member of
the Corps L^gislatif, 1852-67.

ANDRE'. Jnles, French painter, b. at Paris, 1804 ; studied under M. Watelet, 1827 ;

. first exhibited, 1831. Executed and exhibited ' Entr^ de ForSt, les Bords de I'Ource

dans la Cdte-d'Or,' 1885 ; 'Les Bords de la Vienne,' 1855; * Un Chemin pr^ de Cambes,

Gironde,' 1861 ; 'Vue prise dans la Valine de Streture, Vosges,' 1863; 'Marais pr^s de

Saint- Yrieux, Haute- Vienne,' 1864 ; and many others.

ANDRE'. I'Abbe' Jean Trwokgoim, French priest and writer, b. at Menerbes, 1810 ;
cur6 of Vaucluse. Author of ' Le Ooeur du Christ et le Coeur de I'Homme,' 1839 ; * Vie
des Saints de I'i^ise d' Avignon,' 1836 ; * Histoire de Saint Roch,' 1854 ; ' Precis de
I'Histoire de la Maison de Rusti chelli-Valori,' 1856 ; and other works.

ANDRE', I'Abbe' Michel, French priest and writer, b. at Avallon, Tonne, Apr. 29,
1808 ; studied in his native town, and was ordained vicar-general of Quimper, 1829.
Author of * Cours alphab^tiquc et m^thndique de Droit Canon, mis en rapport avec le
Droit Civil eccl^siastique, ancien et modeme,' 2 vols. 1844-46 ; IMrd edit 1869 ; and
other theological works.

ANDRE', Iionls Jnles, French architect, b. at Paris, 1819 ; studied under Huyot and
M. H. Lebas ; appointed inspector of the Louvre and inspector to the Imperial Biblio-
th^ue, 1862 ; diocewm architect of the department of Corse, 1866.

And HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Ans
[ 10 ]

ANDRBA, Je'rome, Italian statesman, b. at Naples, April 12, 1802 ; archbishop in
partibus, abb^ of Snbiaco, and prefect of the Congregation of the Index ; commissioner
extraordinary of the Pontifical government in the revolution of 1849 ; promoted cardinal,
March 15, 1852.

AN DRIES, I'Abbe' Joseph 01iT«r, Belgian ecclesiastic, b. at Ruddervoorde.
Flanders, 1796 ; cur6 of Middelburg till the Revolution of 1830 ; envoy to the National
Congress for the district of Eccloo ; returned, 1835, for the district of Gand ; canon of
the cathedral of Bruges, 1841. Published *ltecherches sur les Yoies d'^coulement des
Eaux des Flandres.'

ANDRIEU, Mathleu Maurice, French politician, b. June 22, 1813; mayor of
Maringues. and member of the General Council for the same canton ; member of the
Corps Legislatif since 1863.

ANDRIEUX, E'mile, French physician, b. at Paris, March 10, i797 ; studied medicine,
and obtained the degree of M.D. 1820; physician to the Hospice des Quinze-Vingts,
1840. Author of ' M^moire sur TApplication m^thodique du Gkdvanisme au Traitemeut
des Maladies,' 1824 ; ' M^moire sur rOphthalmo-plantdme,' 1840.

ANETHAN, Jules Joseph, Baron, Belgiau magistrate and politician, b. 180.H ;
procureur to the king, 1831 ; advocate-general at the Court of Appeal of Brussels, 1836 ;
entered the cabinet as minister of Justice, 1843, and retained his portfolio until 1847 ;
representative of Louvain since 1844. /

ANGEIiIS, Pietro de, Italian writer, b. at Naples, 1798 : secretary to King Murat ;
travelled over America, and fixed his residence at Buenos Ayres. Published * Coleccion
de Obras y Documentos relativos a la Historia antiqua de las Provincias del Rio de la
Plata,' Buenos Ayres, 1836.

AN6LADE, Hippolyte Cle'mentt French politician, b. at Nes, Ari^ge, Dec. 20,
1800 ; member of tne Chamber of Deputies, 1833-34 ; deputy to the Constituent Assem-
bly, 1848 ; member of the Legislative Assembly; after the coup d'etat of Dec. 1851,
retired from political life.

ANOLEMONT, Edonard Hubert Sciplon d*. French writer, b. atPont-Au-
demer, Eute, Dec. 28, 1798. Author of 'Berthe et Robert,' 1825; •Tancr6de,' 1827;
'L^gendes fhmQaises,' 1829 ; 'Le Due d'Enghien,' 1832 ; ' P^lerinages,' 1835 ; 'Amours de
France,' 1841 ; and other novels.

ANOIiESEY, Henrj Pacet, Marcmis of, English politician, b. 1797 ; colonel of
a cavalry regiment, 1838; M.P. for Anglesey, 1830-^2. when he enteretl the House of
Lords ; lord chamberlain to the Queen, 1839-41 ; privy councillor, and lord-lieutenant of
the county of Anglesey, 1854.

ANICET BOURGEOIS, Ansuste, French dramatic author, b. at Paris, Dec. 25,
1806. Author of 'Gustave, ou le Napolitain,' 1825; ' La Vtoitienne,' 1834; •Djeugis-
Khan, ou la ConquSte de la Chine,' 1837 ; * Stella,' 1843 ; ' Les Martohaux de I'Empire,'
1856 ; with M. J. Barbier, ' La Sorci^re, ou les Etats de Blois,' 1863.

ANNE, The'Odore, French writer, b. April 7, 1797 ; entered the army, 1814 ; retired
after the Revolution of July, 1830. Author of * Eloge historiqne du Due de Berri,' 1820 ;
•Le Guerillero,' 1842; ♦Marie Stuart,' 1844; 'L^Enfant du Regiment,' 1854; *La
Chambre Rouge,' 1854; 'Le Comte de Chambord k Wiesbaden,' 1850; 'L'Homme au
Masque d'acier,' 1850 ; * La Folle de Savenay,' 1856 ; ' La Reine de Paris,' 1857-58.

ANNESLEY, Hon. Huirh, English )>oIitician, b. 1830; educated at Eton; lieut.-
colonel in the Scots Fusilier Guards ; served in the Kaffir war, 1852 ; and the Crimea,
1854-55 ; M.P. for the county of Cavan since 1857.

ANOT DE MAIZIE'RES, Cjprien, French writer, b. at St -Germain, Mont Ar-
dennes, Apr. 27, 1794 ; studied at Rheiros ; entered the University, and became professor
of grammar and history ; inspector of the Academy of the Seine-et-Oise, 1851. Author
of '^Discours sur la N^cessit^ du raaintien de la Charte constitutionelle," 1819 ; * Cours
gradu^ de Narrations frauQaises,' 1848 ; * Cromwell,' 1861.

ANSDEIili. Richard, English painter of animals, b. at Liverpool, Lancashire, 1818;
exhibited at the Royal Academy since 1848 ; chosen A.R.A. 1860. Painted *The Hunted
Slave,' 1863 ; and many other works of art. ^

ANSON, Hon. Auvustus Henry Archibald, English politician, b. 1833; served
in the army during the Crimean war, 1854-55 ; in India, 1857-59 ; in China, 1859-60 ;
M.P. for Lichfield since 1859.

ANSPACH, Philippe Iie'on, French magistrate, b. 1805, of Jewish parents at
Metz ; advocate in Paris, 1830 ; procureur-g^n^ral, 1851 ; president of the Cour Imp^riale,
and the fii-st Israelite admitted to the bench in France, 1853. Author of ' De la ProcMure
devant les Cours d' Assises : Doctrine et Jurisprudence en cette mati^re,' 1856.

Ans HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHT. Ara

[11] :

ANSTED, David Thomas^ En^iiih geologist, b. in London. 1814 ; educated at a
private school, London, and Jesus College, Cambridge, where be graduated M.A. ; pro-
fessor of geoI(^ at King's College. London, 1840 ; lecturer on geolo^ at the East India
Military Seminary, Addiscombe, 1844, and professor of geology at the CoU^e of Civil
Engineers, Putney, 1845 ; vice-secretary of the Geological Society, 1844. Author of
'Geology: introductory, descriptive, and practical,' 1844 ; ' Scenery, Science, and Art,'
1834 ; * Great Stone Book of Nature, 1863 ; and many other scientific works.

AKS^TEYf Thomas Clilsholin^ English barrister and writer, b. in London, 1816;
educated at University College, London ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, ISHu ;
professor of law and jurisprudence at Bath; M.P. for the Irish borough of Tnuglial,
1847-52; attorney-general at Hong-Kong, 1854-.'>8. Author of 'British Catholics and
the New Parliament,' 1841 ; * Guide to the History of the Laws and Constitution of
Englfuid;* and other legal works.

ANSTRUTHBR, Sir Robert. English politician, b. 1834; educated at Harrow;
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the counties of Fife and Caithness ; formerly captain
and lieut. -colonel in the Grenadier Guards ; M.P. for Fifesliire since 1864.

AMTHOINE DB SAINT JOSEPH, Francois. Baron, French general, b. at
Marseilles, 1787; entered as a volunteer a regiment of dragoons; passed the Military
School at Fontainebleau, 1804 ; served in Polimd as aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult, and
under Marshal Suohet in the campaigns of 1811 to 1813 : colonel, 1814 ; mi^or-general,
Oct. 11, 1882; lieut -general, April 14, 1844 ; nominated grand officer of the L^on
d'honneur, Aug. 15, 1851.

ANTHON, Charles, American author, b. in New Yoric, 1707 : entered the College oi
Columbia, 1811, and graduated, 1815 ; called to the har of the Supreme Court of New
York, 1810 ; professor of languages at Columbia College, 1820-35 ; rector of the College
Grammar School, 1880; LL.D., 1831. Editor of a new edition of 'Lempri^re's Classical
Dictionary,' 1822 ; 'Horace,' 1830 ; and many other works.

ANTIBR, Bex^amin, French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, March 24, 1787 ; studied at
Paris, and served in the army. Author of ' L'Habit de Cour,' 1818 ; * Les Femmes, et le
M^rite des Femmes,' 1824; 'La Muette de U For6t,' 1828; ' L'Irlandais, ou I'Esurit
national,' 1831 ; *Les Chiens du Mont Saint-Bernard,' 1838; ' Mon Gigot et mon Gendre,'
1861 ; and other dramas.

ANTIGNA, Jean Pierre Alexandre, French painter, b. at Orleans, 1818 ; studied
under M. Salmon and M. Norblin, 1836, also under M Delaroche ; exhibited paintings on
reUgious sutiilects, 1841-45. Painted ' Le Coin du Feu,' * Le Premier Jot^oV ' L'Orage,'
'Les Baigneuses,* 1846 ; 'Le Matin,' 'Le Soir,' ' L'Ate^er,' 'Le SommeU de Midi,' 1859;
' Berg^,' 1863 ; ' Fontaine k Auso,' 1864.

ANTONEIiIal, Oiacon&O, Italian statesman, b.atSonnio, nearTerracina, April 2, 1806,
the son of a woodcutter ; CKlucated at Rome ; bishop in partibu% 1840 ; nnder-secretary
of state for the Roman ministry of the interior, 1841 ; minister of finance, 1845 ; cardinal-
deacon, 1847 ; minister of state and of foreign affairs, appointed Apr. 12, 1850.

ANTROBUS, Edmnnd, English politician, b. 1818 : educated at Eton and St. John's

College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1840; M.P. for East Surrey, 1841-47, and for

Wilton since 1855.
APJOHNy James, Irish chemist and physician, b. at Sunville, co. Limerick, Sept. 1,

1796; studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and passed B.A. 1818, and M.B. 1821;

appointed professor of chemistry at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1828.

Author of 'A New Method of investigating the Specific Heats of the Gaseous Bodies,*

1837, and articles on ' Spontaneous Combustion,' on ' Electricity,' on ' Galvanism,' &c

in the Encydopcedia of FractUxU Medicine.
APPERT, EngfOne, French painter, b. at Angers, 1820 ; studied under M. Ingres.

Painted ' Sarah et les Braconniers,' 1841 ; ' La Vision de Saint-Ovens,' 1844 ;' Le Christ

descendu de la Croix,' 1846; 'Une Armure,' 1850; 'L' Adoration des Mages,' 1853;

'Venise,' 1863 ; * Le Pape Alexandre III,' 'Pivoines,' 1864.
APPIANI. Andremr, Italian painter, b. at Milan, 1818 ; studied under M. Frangois

Hayez. Fainted 'Petrarch at Avignon' and 'A young Italian Emigrant pressing his

national colours to his heart.'

ARA60, Emmanuel, French advocate and politician, b. at Paris, Jime 6, 1812 ; called
to the bar, 1837 ; took part in the Revolution of 1848 ; renounced politics after the enup
d'etat of Dec. 2, 1852, but continued to practise at the French bar. Author of ' La
Demande en Mariage, ou le J^suite retoiuii6,' 1830; 'Un grand Orateur," 1837; and
other works.

ARAOO, Etienne, French journalist, b. at Perpignan, Feb. 9, 1802 ; studied at the
Colleges of Perpignan and Sorreze ; founded the journals La Ri/orme and, with M. Maurice

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Alhoy, Lt Figaro: director of the Th^tre du Vaudeville, 1829 ; took part in the Insure
rection of 1834 and in the Revolution of 1848 ; condemned to tranHportation by the
High Court of Versailles, 1849 ; fled from fVance, but returned 1869. Author of * La
Vie de Moliere,' 1882; 'Los Aristocraties,' 1847; 'Les Bleus et les Blanes,' 1862; and
other works.

ARAN Yy Janos, Hungarian poet, b. at Nagy-Szalonta, 1819 ; studied at the College
of Debreczin ; professor of Latin at the Normal School of Szalonta. Author of * A2
Elvezett Alkotmany,' a prize poem ; * ToldL' 1847 ; * Murany ostroma,' Pesth, 1848 ;
•Katalin,'ib. 1860.

ARBOI8 DB JUBAINVIIiUB, Marie HenH d', French archaeologist, b. at
Nancy, Dec 6, 1827 ; studied at the college of his native town, 1848-61. Author of 'Re-
pertoire arch^ologique de I'Aube,' 1861 ; ' Les Armoiries des Comtes de Champagne,'
1852 ; 'Voyage paleographique dans le Department de I'Aube,' Troyes and Paris, 1855;
' Etudes Rur T'Etat des Abbayes,* 1868 ; ' Uistoire des Dues et des Comtes de Chami>agne,'
1869-63.

ARCHAIE, E'tlenne Desmier de Salat-Slmon, Vlcomte d*. French
geologist, b. at Rheims, Sept. 24, 1802; entered the Militaiy School of St. Cyr, 1819;
became an officer of cavalry, but retired 1830 ; professor of palaeontology at the Paris
Museum, 1861. Author of ' Zizim, ou les Chevaliers de Rhodes,' 1828 ; ' Histoire des
Progr^s de la G^ologie de 1834 k 1862,' 1847-62 ; ' Precis de I'Histoire de la Pal^ontologie,'
1863.

ARENAIiES| Jose^ American geographer, b. at Buenos-Ayres, 1790; entered the
army; lieut -colonel of artillery, 1826; charged with the To^graphieal Department of
Buenos-Ayres, 1835. Published 'Noticias hist^ricas y descnptivas sobre el gran pais
del Chaco y Rio Bermejjo,' Buenos-Ayres, 1833.

ARETIN. Karl Maria, Viscount Ton. Bavarian diplomatist, b. at Munich,
July 4, 1796 ; took part in the campaign of 1813-15 ; councillor of legation to the
minister of foreign affairs, 1834 ; chamberlain and councillor to the king of Bavaria:
Author of 'Darstellung der auswartigen Vertialtnisse Baiem's,' Passau, 1839; and other
works.

ANGEI&ANDERy Frederick William Augustas, Qerman astronomer, b. at
Memel, Prussia, March 21, 1799; educated at the University of Kdnigsberg; studied
astronomy under Bessel, and employed by him as assistant in the observatory under his
charge, 1820 ; undertook the supervision of the Observatory of Abo, Finland, 1823-28 ;
professor of astronomy in the University of Bonn, 1837. Published *A Catalogue of
660 Stars, with Observations on their Motions,' 1830 ; and other astronomical works.

AROYIala. George Dongrlas Campbell, Duke of^ English statesman, b. 1823 ;
succeeded his father, 1847 ; lord privy seal, 1862-66, and asain 1869-66 ; postmaster-
general, 1866-1858 ; lord rector of Glasgow University, 1864 ; chancellor of the University
of St. Andrew's, 1851. Author of * Presbytery examined,' 1848 ; ' The Reign of Law,' 1867.

ARISTARCHI, Nicholas, Greek ecclesiastic and head of the patriarchate of Con-
stantinople, b. at Constantinople, 1800 ; keeper of the seals to Prince Alexander Soutza
of Wallachia, 1818 ; exiled in 1821 ; returned to Constantinople as grand logothete ;
appointed kapon kictja or plenipotentiary of Wallachia, 1864.

AR JUZON, Felix Francois Thomas, Count d', French politician, b. 1810 ;
gentleman in waiting to Charles X. ; member of the Corps L^gislatif, 1862 ; resigned,
1863 ; elected deputy for the dep. of Eure, 1864. Chamberlain to the Emperor.

ARKWRI6HT. Richard, English politician, b. 1836 ; educated at Harrow and
Trinity College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 1856, and M.A. 1868; a deputy-lieutenant
for the county of Hereford; returned M.P. for Leominster, 1866.

ARMAGH, Marcus Beresford, Archbishop of, English divine, b. 1801 ;
educated at Richmond School and Trinity College, Cambridge ; admitted to holy orders,
1824 ; rector of Kildallen, 1826 ; vicar of Di^ng and Lara ; vicar-general of Eilmore and
archdeacon of Ardagh ; consecrated to the sees of Kilmore, Elphin, and Arda^ 1854 ;
translated to Armagh, 1863 ; primate of all Ireland, and lonl almoner of Ireland.

ARM AND, Alfred, French architect, b. at Paris, Oct. 3, 1805 ; entered the School of
Fine Arta under the direction of M. Achille Leclerc ; designed the railway stations of
Versailles, 1839 ; St. Clond, 1840 ; Calais, 1848 ; St. Quentin, 1850 ; Douai, 1861 ; and
other buildings.

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ARMITAOEy "R&WMrdf Eng^h painter, b. in London, May SO, 1817. 'Rxnofuted tume
of the frescoes for the new Hoosea of Parliament : ' Diaemharlcnient of Jnltns detuu* in
England,' 184r; painted also 'The Battle of BalactaVa,' 'The Battle of Inkennan/ I860,
and other works of art; elected A.R.A. 1867.

AKMSTRONO9 Richard, English politician, b. 1816 ; edncated at Trinity College.
Dublin; graduated B.A. 1839; M.A. 1865; called to the Irish bar, 1839; appointed
Queen's seijeant-at-law, 1861 ; returned M.P. for Sligo, 1866.

ARMSTRONG! Sir Williaan. English mechanician, b. at Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1810 ;
invented the * Hydro-electric macnine,^ for which he was elected F.R8.; the 'Hydraulic
crane,' the 'Accumulator,' 1846-60 ; constructed the gun which bears his name, 1854 ;
was knighted and made a C.B. ; LL.D. from the University of Cambridge, 1862 ; presi*
dent of the British Association, 186S.

ARNAIi, Etienne, French actor, b. at Menlan, Seine-et-Olse. Feb. 1, 1794 : took part
in the defence of Paris, 1814 ; played at the ThMtre du Vaudeville, and the Palais-Royal,
fix>m 1817 to 1864. Author of ' Epltre h, BoufE^' 1840 ; Boutades en Vers/ 1861 ; ' Les
Gendarmes,' 1826 ; new edition, 1869.

ARNAUD, Fanny, French authoress, b. at Arlea, TYance, 1803 : married to M. Charles
Reybaud. Author of ' La demiere Boh^mienne ;* ' Le Cabaret de Gaubert ; * Ties deux
Marguerites f ' Le Denier Oblat ;' ' Les Aventures d'nn Ren^t ;' * Mdlle. de Chazeuil :'
* Les Anciens Convents de Paris.'

ARNDTS, lK>nis, German lawyer, b. at Amsbnig, Prussia, Aug. 19, 1806 ; studied at
the Universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin ; and graduated LL.D. 1826 ; Joined the
Faculty of Law at Bonn, 1826 ; professor extraoMinary, 1837 ; professor ordinary, 1839 ;
professor of law at the Universiiy of Munich since 1839. Published 'Lehrbuch der
Pandecten ; ' * Bechtslexicon ; ' and other legal woilcs.

ARNOU>, "Bdwia, English author, b. June 10, 1831 ; educated at King's Bchool,
Rochester, King's ColI^;e, London, and University Collie, Oxford; graduated in
honours, 1864 ; second master of the Englifih division of King Edward the Sixth's School,
Birmingham ; principal of the Government Sanskrit College, Poena, Bombay Presidency,
till 1S60. Author of 'Poems, narrative and lyrical ;' 'History of the Administration of
India under the late Marquis of Dalhonsie,' 1862-^ ; translated the classical Sanskrit
work * Hitopadesa,' under the title of ' The Book of good Counsels.'

ARNOU>» MattheiRr, English poet, b. at Laldham, near Staines, Dec. 84, 1822; edu-
cated at Winchester, Rugby, and Oxford ; fellow of Oriel College, u845 ; private secretary
to Lord Lansdowne, 1847-61 ; lay-inspector of schools, 1861 ; professor of poetiy at the
University of Oxford, 1868. Author of 'The Strayed Reveller, and other poems;*
'Empedocles on Etna;' 'Essays in Criticism;* 'Schools and Universities on the
Continent;* 'Popular Education of France ;* 'Three Lectures on Translating Homer;*
' Last Words on Translating Homer;' 'Poems, ^rrt and Second Series;' and 'New
Poems.'

ARNOTT, James Moncrieff, English surgeon, b. 1794; educated at the High School
and University of Edinburgh ; surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital ; and professor of
surgery in King's College, London ; one of the council Of Royal College of Surgeons, 1840.

ARNOTT* Neil| English physidan, b. 1789 ; educated at the Grammar School, Aber-
deen, and at the University of that town ; graduated M.A. 1812 ; appointed surgeon In
the East India ComiMuy's naval service, 1886, pfhyGflcian extraordinary to the Queen, and
member of the senate of the London University. Author of ' Elements of Physics,'
1827-64 ; ' A Survey of Human Progress,' 1861.

ARNOUIiD, Sir Joseph, English barrister, b. 1816 ; educated at the Charterhouse,
and Wadham College, Oxford ; graduated flrat-class in Classics, 1886 ; fellow of Wadham
College, 1838; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1841 ; .judge at Bombay, and
knighted, 1869. Author of * Treatise on Marine Insurance ;' and contributor to several
periodicals and newspapers.

ARNOULD-PIiESSY, Jeanne Plesay. French actress, b. at Metz, Sept 7, 1819 ;
made her d6but, March 10, 1834, at the Comldie FranQaise ; married J. F. AmouJd, a
dramatic writer, July, 1846, who died 1864 ; engaged for the French theatre of St. Petera-
burg, 1866.

AROUX, Enffe*ne« French magistrate and author, b. at Rouen, Oct 21, 1798 ; called
to the bar of his native town, 1816 ; represented the town of Dieppe in the Chamber of
Deputies, 1831-37. Published translations of Milton's 'Paradise Lost,' 1842; Dante's
* Divina Commedia/ 1842 ; * Dante h6r6tique, socialiste et revolutionaire,' 1868 ; and
other works.

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ARRIVABENEy GiOTaani, Belgian political eox)noinist, b. at Mantua, Italy, 1801 ;
imprisoned at Venice, 1821 ; condemned to death for political offences, 1824 ; naturalized
in Belgium, 1840. Author of 'Des Moyens les plus propres k ameliorer le Sort des
Ouvriers,' Lugano, 1832 ; * Situation ^conomique de la Belgique,' Brussels, 1843 ; trans-
lated into Italian 'Mill's Principles of Economy,' 1833 ; and other works.

ARSAKISy ApostolOSy Roumanian statesman, b. at Epirus, Greece. 1789; studied at the
college founded by the Greek princes at Bucharest, and at Jena, in Germany; councillor
of Prince Gregory Ghika, 1854 ; minister in the first cabinet of the Principalities, Feb.
1862. Author of ' De Piscium Oerebro et Medulla spinal!,' Halle, 1813.

ARROWSMITHy Johny English geographer, b. early in the present century.
Author of 'An Overland Exiwdition to Australia ;' * Narrative of Missionary Travels in
Africa,' London ; * Atlas of Universal Geography ;' and other works.

ARTRURy ThomaSy American novelist, b. at Newbuigh, New York, 1809. Author
of * Lights and Shadows of Real Life ;' * Tired of Housekeeping ;' * History of Kentucky,'
Philadelphia, 1852 ; ' Tales of Married Life ;' * Ten Nights in a Bar-room ;' and other
works.

ARUAGTON, Jon, Icelandic author, b. at Hof, in Iceland, Aug. 17, 1819 ; educated at
the College of Bessestad ; appointed keeper of the library at Reykjavik, 1849 ; secretary
to the Bishop of Iceland. 1850. Author of 'Icelandic popular Tales and Adventures,'
Leipsic, 1862-64 ; and other works.

ASCHBACHy Joseph, German historian, b. at Hochst, Nassau, April 29, 1801 ;
studied at Heidelberg; professor of history at Frankfort, 1823; professor at the Uni-
versity of Bonn, 1842. Author of • History of Spain and Portugal duriog the dominion
of the Almoravides and Almohades, "Frankfort, 1838-37 ; * Historj' of the West Goths,' ib.
1827 ; ' History of the Emperor Sigismund,' Hamburg, 1888-44 ; and other works.

ASHBURNHAM, Thomas, English general, b. 1808 ; entered the army, 1823 ; took
part in the campaign in India, 1840-45 ; aide-de-camp, 1846 ; lieutenant-colonel ; ma^or-
general, 1854 ; chasged with the command of the English forces in China and India, 1857 ;
colonel of the 82d^l859.

*»-

ASSAKI, Georire, Roumanian poet and statesman, b. at Jassy, 1788; studied at several
German universities, and in Italy ; elected member of the Academy of Rome under the
name of AJviro,. ISll; represented the new Moldavian govenmient at Vienna, 1822; chief of
the Ministry of Public Instruction, 1856. Author of ' History of Russia,' 1817 ; * Poems,'
Jassy, 1854.

ASSOIiIiANT, Jean Bapttste Alfred, French writer, b. at Aubusson, Creuse,
1827. Author of 'Sctoes de la Vie des Btats-Unis,' 1858 ; 'Brancap,' 1859; 'Les Aven-
tures de Karl Brunner,.docteur en Theologie,' 1861 ; 'D'Heure-en Heure,' 1862 ; ' Pens6es
di verses. Impressions intimes. Opinions et Paradoxes de- Cadet Bordiphe,' 1864; and
other works of fiction.

ASTON, Sir Arthur Ingrram, English diplomatist, b^ in London, 1798; studied at
Oxford; entered the diplomatic service, and became attach6to the embassy at Vienna,
1819; envoy to Rio Janeiro, 1826; secretary, of legation, at Paris, 1833; minister pleni-
potentiary to Spain, 1840 to 1843 ; on his return created K.C.B.

ATHERSTONE, Edvein, English author b. towards the end of the last century.
Authior of **The Sea-Kings of England;' 'The Fall of Nineveh,' published 1828 ; 'The
Handwriting on the Wall j^ * The Last Days of Herculaneum ;' and other poetical works ;
has a literary pension of 1001. per annum.

ATHLUMNEY, Rt. Hon. William Meredyth, Baron. English Statesman, b.
1802 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Meatn, and visitor of May-
nooth : M.P. for Drogheda from 1837 to 1852 ; under-secretary for the Home Department,
1846-47 ; chief secretary for Ireland, 1847-52 ; privy cpuncillor, 1847 ; elevated to the
Irish peerage, 1863.

AUBER, Daniel Francois Esprit, French musical composer, b. at Caen. Nor-
mandy, Jan. 29, 1782. Produced *Le S^our Militaire,' 1818; 'La Muette de Portici,'
1828; • Masaniello ;' *Le Cheval de Bronze,' 1835; • Fra Diavolo,' 1886; 'LesDiamants
de la Couronne ;' * Le Domino Noir,' 1837; 'Janetta,' 1840; * La Circassienne,' 1861 ;
* La Fianc6e du Roi de Garbe, 1864. Author of about twenty-five great operas, and
numerous smaller musical works. Appointed director of the Paris Conservatoire de
Musique, 1842.

AUBER, Theophile Charles, French physician, b. 1805; studied at the University
of Paris, and obtained his diploma of doctor of medicine, 1831. Author of numerous

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medical works : amongthem * Traits de phnosophie m^icale/ Paris, 1839 ; ' Hygiene des
femmes nerveoses,' ib. 1841 ; and * Esprit dn Vitalisme et de rOiganisme,' 1855.

AUBERTy Constance. French authoress, h. at Paris, May 12, 1808, eldest danj^ter
of the Duchess of Abrantes. Published * Les Abeilles Parisiennes,' 1843; 'Lea ^tren-
nes,' 1849 ; and * Manuel d'^conomie Elegante,' 1859. Married to M. Louis Aubert, retired
captain of infantry.

AUBERT, Panline, French actress, b. at Toury. Eure et Loire, 1802 ; appeared on
the stage of the Theatre franqais, Paris, 1816; engaged at the Odton, Paris, 1821;
admitted as soci^taire, or partner, at the Thtetre franQalB, 1834.

AUBRY BAIIaliEUIii TraaqaHle, French naval officer, b. Jan. 8, 1798 ; entered
the French navy, 1812 ; first lieutenant, 1828 ; captain of a corvette, 1838 ; captain of a
frigate, 1845 ; rear-admiral, June 7, 1855 ; governor of Ouadelonpe ; titular member of
the Council of the Aumiralty ; grand officer of the L^on d'honneur, 1859.

AUCKI«AND| Rev. John Bden, Baron. English di\ine, b. 1799 ; studied at EtoB
and Cambridge ; admitted to holy orders, 1822 ; successively rector of Eyam, Derby-
shire, of Hertingfordbury, Herts, and of Battersea, Surrey ; one of the chaplains to her
Majesty, 1838 ; bishop of Sodor and Man, 1847 ; succeeded his brother to the title and
seat in the House of Lords^ 1849 ; translated to the see of Bath and Wells, 1854. Author
of ' Life and Corresi)ondence of the first Lord Auckland,' 1860.

AUDIFFRET, Cliarles Lonia Gaston. Margnia d', French politirian, b. at
Paris, Oct. 10, 1787 ; entered the Administration of Finance, 1805 ; chief of the bureau,
1812 ; councillor of state, 1828 ; appointed president of the Council of Administration
of Credit, Commerce, and Industry, 1859. Published ' Examen des Revenus Publics/
1839 ; ' Systeme financier de la France,' 1840 ; third edition, 1863-64 ; and other works.

AXn>IGANNZ!| Armand, French author, b. at Ancenis, 1814 ; studied law at Paris ;
entered the Ministry of Commerce, 1840 ; placed at the head of the Service of Industry,
1848; appointed secretary to the Commission of the Universal Exhibition of 1855.
Author of ' Monsieur Ouizot,' 1838 ; * Les Chemins de fer ai^ouvd'hui et dans cent ans
chez tons les peuples,' 1858 ; and other works.

AXnSR. Alois, German writer, b. at Wels, Upper Austria, May II, 1813; received
his education at the University of Vienna, and became director of the Imperial Printing
Office at Vienna, 1840. Published ' Paternoster in 608 languages,' Vienna, 1844 ; ' Die
Entdeclcung des Naturselbstdruckes,' ib. 1864 ; and other works.

AUBRBACH, Berthold, German author and poet, b. of Jewish parents, at Nord-
stetten. Black Forest of Wurtembeig. Feb. 28, 1812 ; studied at Tttbingen, Munich, and
Heidelberg, 1832-35. Author of • Tlie Jewish Nation and its Literature,' Stuttgart,.
1836; 'Village Tales from the Bhick Forest, 1843; 'Andreas Hofer,' Leipsic, 1850; and
many other works of fiction.

AUERSPBRG, Cliarles Williaui Philip, Prince of, Austrian statesman,
b. May 1, 1814; succeeded his father, Jan. 25, 1827; privy councillor and hereditary
grand chamberlain to the Emperor of Austria ; nominated president of the Uppes
Chamber of the Austrian Empire, 1861.

AUER8PERG| Vincent Charles Joseph, Prince of, Austrian statesman,
cousin-german of the preceding, b. July 16, 1812 ; privy councillor, lord chamberlain, and
hereditary grand marshal of the TyroL

Le iloi des Petits-Maitres,' 1852.

AUGIERi GkiiUanme Victor Emilei French poet and dramatist, b. at Valence,
Sept 17, 1820. Author of *La Cigue,' 1844 ; 'Gabrielle,' 1849; 'Les EfTh)nt^,' 1861 :
* Le Fils du Giboyer,' 1862 ; 'Maltre Guerin,' 1864.

AUGU8TENBURG, Christian An^nst, dnke of Schleswiy-Holstein.
Sonderbnrpr-Anenstenbnrg'. b. at Copenhagen, July 19, 1798 ; succeeded duke
Frederick Chnstian, 1814 ; married Louisa Sophia, countess of Dannis)<jold Samsoe, 1820 ;
had his estates confiscated by the king of Denmark, 1850 ; ceded his claims to the Danish
crown, 1851. Author of several works on the breeding and training of horses.

AUGUSTENBURG. Frederick Christian Anaust, duke of Schleswic-
Holatein-SonderDurs-Aafmstenburc, son of the preceding, b. July 6, 1829 ;
major of 1st infantry regiment of the Prussian Guards ; married Adelaide Victoria,
daughter of Prince Ernest of Hohenlohe-Langenbui^, 1866 ; asserted his right to the
dukedom of Schleswig-Holstein, 1868.

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AUMAIfC, Henri Euffe'ne PhlUiiype lK>als d'Orle'an^. Duke d'. Prince
of the family of Orleans, b. at Paris, Jan. 16, 1822, fourth son of Kinj? Louis Philippe
And Qiwen Marie Amelie; entered the army and became captain 18.S9, and colonel,
Oct 1842 ; married Marie Caroline Auguste de Bourbon, daughter of Prince Leopold of
Salerno, Nov. 25, 1844 ; commander-in-chief of the camp of Gironde, 1845 ; governor-
general of the French irassessions in Africa, 1847-48.

AU8TEN, 81r Francis Williaui, English admiral, b. at Steventon, Hants, 1774;
entered the navy, and became lieutenant, 1792 ; served In the war of 1814 ; commander
of the frigate Canofms in the naval expedition to St Domingo ; knighted, 1837 ; vice-
admiral, 1862 ; admiral, 1863.

AUTRAN. Joseph t French poet and dramatic writer, b. at Marseille, June, 1813.
Author of 'Ode to M. de Lamartine,' 1832; 'Ludibria Ventis,' Paris, 1888; 'Italie et
la Semaine Sainte ik Rome,' Marseille, 1841 ; ' Les PoSmes de la Mer,' Paris, 1852-^'>9 ; <Le
Poeme des beaux Jours,' 1862 ; * Le Cyclope d'aprfes Euripide,' 1863 ; and other work&

AUZOX7X, Theodore IiOOis, Frencb anatomist, b. at St-Aubin d'Ecroville, 1797;
graduated M.D. at Paris, 1822. Author of * Un M^moire sur la Vipire ;' * Consid^raticns
gdn^rales sur I'Anatomie ;' ' Un Memolre sur le Cholera-Morbus, son si^, sa nature,
son traitement, 1850.

AVEIfliANEDA, Gertmde. Spanish authoress, b. at Cuba, 1816, the daughter of
a naval commander ; married Don Pedro Sabator, member of Congress, 1846, and after
his death, at the end of a fevr months, retired to a convent at Ma(^d. Author of
'Poesias Lyricas,' Madrid, 1841; *La Cruz,* ib. 1846; 'Las Glorias de Espafia,' ib.
1850^51 ; and numerous other poems, dramas, and works of fiction.

AVENEIiy Denis Iionis Martial, French journalist, b. at Orbee, Calvados,
May 28, 1789 ; auditor to the Council of State of Westphalia, and secretary to King
Jerome, 1806. Contributor to the Temp*, the Moniteur Universel, and other journals ;
published * State Letters and Diplomatic Instructions of Cardinal Richelieu,' 1863.

AVENELi, Panl, French novelist, b. at Chaumont, Oise, 1823 ; educated for a com-
mercial career, but left it in 1850. Author of * Antith^es Morales,' Paris, 1854 ; * Le Roi
de Paris,' ib. 1860 ; 'Le Due des Moines,' ib. 1864 ; and other novels.

AVEZ AC-MAC A YA, Armand Pascal D', French geographer, b. at Bagn^res de
Bigorre, 1799 ; educated for the law, and admitted to the Paris bar, 1823 ; head of
department in the Ministry of Marine, 1831 ; secretary-general of the Paris Geographical
Society, 1834. Author of 'Esquisse gen^rale de I'Afrique,* Paris, 1837 ; 'Des D^couvertes
faites au Moyen-&ge dans I'oc^an Atlantique,' ib. 1845. Contributor to the Revue des
Devx-Mondes, and various scientific publications.

AWDRY. Sir John Wither, English administrator, b. 1795 ; educated at Winchester,
and Chnst Church, Oxford, and graduated first class in classics, 1816 ; called to the
bar, 1822 ; puisne judge and commissioner of the Insolvent Debtors' Court at Bombay,
1839 ; chief justice of the Supreme Court of that Presidency, 1839 ; resig^ed,1842 ; one
of the commissioners for the Reform of the University of Oarfbrd, 1844.

AYMEy Jnles Gabriel, French magistrate and politician, b. at Medouville, Yosges,
June 14, 1806 ; studied law, and called to the bar, 1830 ; judge of instruction to the
tribunal of Neufch&teau, 1835 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif fbr the departoient of
Yosges, 1852^7, and since 1863.

AYRTON, Acton Smee. English politician, b. 1816; called to the bar of the Middle
Temple, 1853 ; returned M.I». for the Tower Hamlets, 1857.

AYTOX7N, Rosrer Sinclair, English politician, b. 1823; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge ; graduated B.A. 1846; M.A. 1848; a magistrate, and deputy-lieut for Fife-
shire ; M.P. for Kirkcaldy since 1862.

AZEGIiIO, Massimo Taparelli, Marqnis D', Italian statesman, b. at Turin,
1801 ; studied painting and sculpture at Rome, 1816-29 ; elected deputy to the National
Assembly of Sardinia, 1848 ; president of the Sardinian Council of Ministers, May 11,
1849, to Oct. 30, 1852 ; Italian ambassador extraordinary to Great Britain, 1861. Author
of 'Ettore Fieramosca,' Turin, 1833 ; and other wor^ of fiction of a political tendency.

AZEGIflO, Victor Emmanuel Taparelli* Marquis !>', Italian diplomatist,
b. 1815, nephew of the preceding ; entered the diplomatic career, 1841 ; minister-pleni-
potentiary and ambassador to Great Britain since Nov. 13, 1850.

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B.

BABBAOE, diaries, English mathematician, b. Dec Stf, 1703 ; edacated at Trinity
Colle^ Cambridge, and gnuduated 1812 ; undertook the constmciion of a oalcnlatins
machine, or ' difference engine ' fur the government, 1821 ; professor of mathematics m
Cambridge, 182S ; construction of calculating machine suspended. 1838. Author of
* Economy of Manufactures,' 1821 ; 'Passages from the Life ot a Philosopher;' 'Auto-
biographical Beminiscences,' 1864 ; and other works.

BABINET, Jacquas. French astronomer, b. at Lusignan, March 5, 17M ; entered the
Polyte<dmic School, 1812 ; lieutenant of artillery ; quitted the army, and b^uune succes-
sively professor of mathematics at Fontenoy-le-Comtei at Poitiers, and at the College of
Saint Louis ; professor of meteorology at * I'Ath^n^e,' 1825 to 1828 ; at the College de
France, 1838 ; and at TAcademie des Sciences, 1840 ; astronomer to the Bureau of Longi-
tudes. Author of ' Memoire sur la determination de la Masse de la plan^ Mercure,'
1825; 'Sur la Pluie et les Inondations,' 1855; *De la T^l^graphie Electriqne: ligne de
jonetion des cinq i)arties du Monde,' 1860 ; and other scientific works.

BABIN6TON; Charles Cardiaei English botanist, b. 1808 ; educated at St John's
College, Cambridge, and graduated B. A 1830; professor of botany at the University of
Cambridge. Author of ' Flora Bathoniensis ;' ' Flora of the Channel Islands ;' * A Manual
of British Botany ;' and other works.

BABINGTON, Rev. Chnrclilll, Emrlish writer, b. 1821; graduated in honours at
St. John's College, Cambridge, 1843 ; senior fellow, 1845 ; chaplain at Homin^iea, Cam-
bridge, 1848 to 1861. Edited from MSS. recently discovered, 'Oration of Hyperides
against Demosthenes;' 'Funeral Oration of Hyperides,' from papyrus in the British
Museum ; and many other works.

BABO, loumbert ▼on, German chemist, b. at Meinhem, grand duchy of Baden, 1790;
president of the Society of ^Agriculture, Baden, 1831 ; professor of chemistry at the Uni*
▼ersity of Friburg, 1853. Author of ' Instruction for the Culture of Prairies,' 1836 ;
*The Vine and its Varieties,' 1843; 'The Principles of Agriculture,' 1851; and other
works.

BACH^ Alexander^ Baron ▼on, Austrian statesman, b. at Loosdorf, Lower Austria,
Jan. 4, 1813 ; studied law, and was called to the bar at Vienna ; deputy of the order of
Advocates, and one of the Provisional Commission for administnition of the city of
Vienna in 1848 ; obtained the portfolio of Justice in the ministry of Schwartzenberg
Stadion, 1848 ; minister of the Interior, 1849 ; ambassador and minister plenipotentiary
to Rome, Aug. 1859, to Sept 1865.

BACHE| Alexander Dallas, American military writer, b. in Philadelphia, July 19,
1806; educated at the Military Academy, West Point, U.S. : lieutenant of engineers,
1825 ; professor of mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, 1827 ; president of
Girard College, Philadelphia ; superintendent of United States coast survey, 1848. Pub-
lished 'Different Systems of Instruction,' Philadelphia, 1839 ; and other works.

I, Franklini American physician, brother of the preceding, b. at Philadelphia,

Oct 25. 1792; graduated B.A. at the University of Pennsylvania, 1810; M.D. 1814;
entered the medical department of the U.S. army, 1813; professor of chemistry in
Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania, 1820-32. Author of ' System of Chemistry for the
use of Students in Medicine ;' and other medical works.

BACHBIiBTy Jean Iionis Theodore, French writer, b. at Pissy-Pdville, 1820;
studied at the schools of Kouen and Versailles, and entered I'Ecole Norraale, 1840:
naduated 1846 ; successively professor of history at the colleges of Havre, Chartres, and
&L Quentin, at Clermont, Ferraud, Contances, and Rouen. Published ' The War of a
Hundred Tears,' 1852; 'The Catholic Kings of Spain, to Ferdinand and Isabella,'
1853.

fifty years. Author of 'Quadrupeds

A^issiz's Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World, and their Relation

to different Types of Men,* 1855 ; and other works.

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BACK, Sir Geors6y English navigator, b. at Stoclq)ort, 1796; entered the Rojral Navy,
1808 ; appointed to the Trent, lieut-coramander John Franklin, 1818 ; sailed with Captain
Franklin on the Arctic Expedition, 1819 ; lieutenant, 1821 ; commander of the expedition
to discover Sir John Ross, 1833 ; appointed to the Terror, 1836 ; knighted, 1839 ; flag
rank, 1857. Author of * Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the
Great Fish or Back River, and along the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, in 1833-36 ;' and
other works.

BAECKERy IiOOlS det French archseologist, h. at Si Omer, April 16, 1814 ; studied
law at Paris, and practised as barrister in his native town ; judge at Bergnes, 1844.
Author of *Ch&teau de la Motte aux Bois,' 1848; 'Analogic de la Langue des Goths et
des Franks avec le Sanscrit,' 1858 ; ' Langue neerlandaise,' 1863 ; and other archaeo-
logical and historical works.

BAEHR^ Johann Cbristian Felix, German'^hilologist, b. at Darmstadt, June IS,
1798 ; studied at Heidelberg ; titular professor of Classical Literature in the University
of that town, 1826 ; chief librarian, 1833 ; su^rior inspector of the Lyceum, 1839 ;
director of the Philological Seminary, 1845. Author of * Herodotus,' Leipsic, 1832-34 ;
edited the ' Annals of Heidelbei^ ;' and numerous historical and philol(^cal works.

BABR, Charles Ernest de« Russian naturalist, b. in Esthonia, Feb. 17, 1792;
studied medicine at the University of Dorpat ; professor of zoology at Konigsberg, 1819 ;
appointed professor at the Academy of St. Petersburg, 1834 ; nominated correspondent
of the French Aca<lemy of Sciences, 1858. Author of * History of the Development of
Animals,' Konigsbeig,' 1828-37 ; ' Researches on the History and Development of Fishes,'
Leipsic, 1835 ; ' Studies on the Russian Empire,' St. Petersburg, 1856.

BAGGALIsAY, Richardi English politician^ b. 1816; educated at Caius College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1839, and M.A. 1842 ; called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn, 1843 ; made a Q.C. 1861 ; returned M.P. for Hereford, 1865.

BAGGE. Sir WilUam, English politician, b. 1810; educated at the Charterhouse,
andBaUiol College, Oxford; is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Norfolk; made
a baronet, 1867; M.P. for West Norfolk, 1837-57, and since 1865.

BAGNALIa, Charles, English politician, b. 1827; educated at King's College,
London ; is a magistrate for Staflbrdshire and North Riding of Yorkshire ; returned
M.P. for Whitby, 1865.

BAOOT, WUliam Bacrot, Baroiii English politician, b. 1811 ; studied at the
University of Oxford; M.P. for Denbighshire ftom 1835 to 1852 ; was lordin-waiting to
the late I^ince Consort ; succeeded his fkther, second baron, 1856.

BAOTVELIii Johni English politician, b. 1811 ; educated at Winchester ; is a magis-
trate for Waterford, and a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the counties of Water-
ford and Tipperary ; was high sherifl", 1884 ; M.P. for Clonmel since 1857.

BAIIaEYy Cra^xrshay, English politician, b. 1794 ; is a magistrate and deputy-liea-
tenant for the county of Glamorgan ; has been high sheriff of Monmouth and Brecon ;
M.P. for Monmouth since 1852.

BAIIiEYy Sir Joseph Russell, English politician, b. 1840 ; educated at Harrow,
and Christ Church, Oxford ; is a magistrate for the counties of Hereford and Brecon ;
high sheriff, 1864; deputy-lieutenant for Brecon and Radnor; returned M.P. for Here-
fordshire, 1865.

BAILEY. Joseph Roosevelt, American Catholic priest, b. at New York, 1814 ;
studied lor the Protestant Episcopal Church ; embraced Catholicism, 1842, and entered
the Seminary of St. Sulpice, at Paris; ordained priest, and returned to the United
States, 1844 ; consecrated to the Bishopric of Newark, 1853.

BAILEY, Philip James. English poet b. at Nottingham, April 22, 1816 ; educated
at various schools, and matriculated at the University of Glasgow, 1831 ; studied law,
and admitted of Lducoln's Inn, 1835; called to the bar, 1840. Author of 'Festus,'
London, 1839, seventh edition 1864: 'The Angel of the World,' 1860; *The Mystic,*
1855 ; ' The Age,' 1858, and other works in verse and prose.

3AILLARGER, Jnles Gabriel Franqois, French physician, b. at Montbazon,
1806; studied medicine at Paris ; assistant at the Hospital of Saltp^triere, 1840; devoted
principally to the treatment of nervous and mental diseases.

BAILLIE. Henry James, English politician, b. 1804 ; is a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant for the county of Inverness ; was joint secretary of the Board of Control,
1852 and 1858-59 ; M.P. for Inverness-shire since 1840.

BAIN, Alexander, English writer, b. at Aberdeen, 1818; entered Marischal College
1836; graduated M.A. 1840; assistant secretary to the Metropolitan Sanitary Commia-

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sioners, 1S47 ; examiner in logic and moral phUosopfay in the University of London,
1857 to 1862; appointed crown professor of logic In the University of Aberdeen, 18*50.
Author of ' Moral Philosophy,' 1852 ; *The Study of Character, including an Estimate of
Phrenology/ 1861 ; and several scholastic works.

BAINESy ^dWKtdf English politician, b. 1800 ; educated at the Protestant Dissenters'
Grammar School, Manchester; M.P. for Leeds, in his brother's place, since 1859.
Author of 'A Visit to the Vaudois of Piedmont;' 'The Woollen Manufacture of Eng-
land ;' and ' The Life of the late Edward Baines. '

BAIRDy Robertj American writer, b. at Fayette, conn^ Pennsylvania, 1798. Author
of * History of Temperance Societies,' 1836 ; * A View of Religion in America,' Glasgow,
1842; 'Tiie Christian Retrospect and Register,' New York, 1851; and contributions to
American periodicals.

BAIRDy Spencer, American naturalist, b. at Reading, |Pennsylvania, 1823; professor
of natural science at Dickenson College, and assistant secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution. Editor and translator of the ' Iconographie Encyclopedia,' 1851 ; and
author of various papers on zoology and natural history.

BAITOR| Joban Qeorg, Swiss philologist, b. at Zurich, 1801 ; studied at Munich,
Gottingen, and Konigsberg ; professor at the University of Zurich, 1827 ; resigned 1849.
Published 'Des Orateurs Attiques,' Zurich, 1837-50; the collected works of Plato, in
21 vols. : and other classical works.

, John, Dutch philologist, b. at Leyden, Sept. 1, 1787 ; professor of Greek and
Latin literature at the University of Leyden, 1815; member of the Institute of the
Netherlands, 1821 ; and of the Academy of Sciences, 1855. Author of * Posidonii Reliquie,'
Leyden, 1810 ; * Scholia Hypomnemata,' ib. 1837-52 ; and numerous books and pamphleta
on political economy and Greek and Itoman antiquities.

UaA.RD. Antoine Je'rome. French chemist, b. at Montpellier, Sept. 80, 1802 ; pro-
fessor to the College Royal and School of Pharmacy, at Montpellier, 1826 ; professor of
chemistry to the Faculty of Sciences ; member of the Academy of Sciences, 1844 ; master
of the conferences at the Normal School, 1849 ; appointed to the chair of chemistry at the
College of France, 1851.

, Michael William, English composer, b. at Dublin, May 15. 1808; appeared
in the Opera ' Freischtitz,' 1824, at the Norwich Theatre ; director of the Italian Opera
in London, 1845 ; lessee of the English Opera House, 1839. Among his numerous operas
are 'The Bohemian Girl,' 'The Daiighter of St. Mark,' 'Satanella,' 'The Armourer of
Nantes,' 'Blanche de Nevers,' and ' The Puritan's Daughter.'

BAIaFOUR, John Hutton, English botanist, b. 1802; graduated M.A. and M.D. at
Edinburgh, 1831 ; professor of botany at the University of Glasgow ; secretary to the
Royal Society, Edinburgh. Author of 'Manual of Botany;' ' Phyto-Theology, or
Botany and Religion ;' ' The Plants of Scripture ;' and other botanical works.

BAIaFOURIER, Adolphe Paul Emile. French painter, b. at Montmorency,
August 11, 1816 ; studied law, and called to the bar at Paris. Exhibited, 1853-57, ' Views
of Forezza ;' ' Mazeppa ;' *Bois de Pins au bord de la Mer,' 1864 ; and many others.

BAIalfcAWTINE, William, English hiwyer, b. 1808; called to the bar of the Inner
Temple, 1834; made a Q.C. 1863.

BAIiTZER, Johan Baptist, German Catholic theologian, b. July 16, 1803, at Ander-
nach on the Rhine ; studied at the University of Bonn, under Professor Hermes, 1823
to 1827 ; professor of theology at Breslau, 1830-31 ; ecclesiastical examiner, 1844 ; and
canon at Breslau, 1846. Author of ' Theological Letters,' 1844-53 ; and numerous other
theological works.

BAIaTZER, Wilhelm Ednard, German Protestant theologian, b. at Hohenleine,
Prussia, Oct 24, 1814 ; studied theology at the|Universities of Halle and Leipsic, 1834-38 ;
Protestant minister of the town of Delitzch, 1840; resigned and went to Nordhausen,
1847 ; took part in the Parliament of Frankfort, 1848. Author of ' The New Prophets,
Discourses on their Life, Character, and Importance,' Leipsic, 1853 ; and other theo-
logical works.

BAIaUFFI, Gaetano, Italian author, b. at Ancona, March 29, 1788 ; secretary to Pope
Gregory X Vl. ; bishop of Imola, Sept. 21, 1846 ; cardinal, Dec. 1846. Published ' History
of Religion in America,' Rome, 1848 ; ' The Divinity of the Church of Rome,' 1868.

BAIiZE, Jean E'tienne Panl, French painter, b. in Rome, Aug. 25, 1815; studied
in Paris at the School of Fine Arts, 1831 ; and, under M. Ingres, executed 'The Combat
between Fitz-James and Roderick Dhu, from the Lady of the Lake,' 1836; 'La lApida-
tlon de Saint ^tienne,' 1861 ; and other paintings.

_ _ _ - —

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BANCROFT, Geor^ey American politician and hiHtorian, b. at Worcester, Massachu-
setts, Oct. 3, 1800 ; graduated with honours at Harvard College, 1817 ; studied at Gottin-
gm and Berlin, 1818; tutor, of Greek in Harvard College; collector at the Port of
oston, 1838 to 1841 ; democratic candidate for governor of the State of Massachusetts,
1844 ; administrator of the Navy Department, 1845 ; minister-plenipotentiary to Great
Britain, 1846 to 1849. Author of ' History of the United States,' first voL 1834, vol. viiL
1860 ; contributor to the North American Review, and other works.

BANVIIiIiE, Theodore de. French poet, b. at Paris, 1820. Author of 'Les Nations,'
an opera, 1851 ; * The Cousin of the King,' 1857 ; ' Scenes of my Life,' 1859 ; and a great
number of dramas in verse and prose.

BARAGX7AY, D'HIlliers Achille, Comte de, French general, b. at Paris,
Sept. 6, 1795 ; entered the army, 1807 ; oecame lieutenant, 1812 ; captain, 1814 ; captain
of the Royal Guard, 1815; chief of a battalion, 1818; lieutenant-colonel, 1825; colonel,
1830 ; governor of the Military School of St. Cyr, 1833 ; mar6chal de camp, Sept. 29, 1836 ;
major-general, 1836 ; general of division, 1844 ; chief in command of troops in the third
military division, 1851 ; vice-president of the Senate ; ambassador of France to Constan-
tinople, 1853-^4 ; field-marshal, Aug. 28, 1854.

BARAIfT, Rafael Maria, American writer, b. at Maracaibo, Venezuela, at the
beginning of the present centory. Published * History of Venezuda,* Paris, 1841 ; and
other works.

BARATGAX7, Emile, French writer, b. at Bordeaux, 1792 ; studied law at Paris :
contributed to several literary journals ; inspector of royal hospices in Spain ; resigned
and obtained a pension, 1830. Author of ' Georgine,* 1820 ; * Bagatelles,* 1831 ; and
other romances.

BARBARA, laools Charles. French novelist, b. at Orle^ans, 1822; studied at the
College of nis native town, and at the College of Louis le Grand, Paris. Author of
'Revue de Paris,' 1854; 'Histoires dmouvantes,' 1855; 'Ary Zang,' 1862; and other
novels.

BARBAROUX, Charles Oze', French magistrate, b. at Marseilles, Aug. 16, 1792 ;
studied at the Lyceum of Louis le Grand, and at I'lScole d'Aix; called to the bar of
Nimes, 1814 ; procureur-g6n6ral at Pondichery, 1830 ; councillor of state, 1852 ; senator,
Feb. 8, 1858. Author of ' History of the United States,' 1824 ; and other works.

BARBBS, Armand, French politician, b. at Pointe k Pitre, Guadeloupe, Sept. 18,
1809 ; studied law at Paris ; arrested for conspiring against the life of Louis Philippe,
Aug. 1835 ; governor of the Luxembourg at the Evolution of 1848 ; represented the
department of Aude at the Constituent Assembly, 1848; arrested and sentenced to
imprisonment for life, 1849 ; liberated by order of the Emperor, 1854.

BARBEY D'AUREVILIiY, Jules, French journalist and novelist, b. at St. Sau-
veur le Vicomtes, 1811. Author of * L' Amour impossible,' 1841 : ' Dix-neuvi^me Si6cle,
les Homuies et les OBuvres,' 1861-63; 'Le Chevalier Destouches,' 1864; and numerous
works of fiction.

BARRIER, Henri Anguste, French writer, b. at Paris, April 28, 1805. Author
of *Les Mauvais Gargons,' 1830 ; * II Pianto et Lazare,' 1837 ; ' Rimes H^roiques,' 1843.
Translated Shakespeare's * Julius Ceasar' into French ; and is the author of numerous
satires.

BARBIER, Paul Jules, French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, 1822. Author of ' Le
Poet,' 1847 ; 'Voyage autour d'une jolie femme,' 1852 ; 'La Reine de Saba,' 1862; 'La
Fille d'Egypte,* 1862 ; * Peines d' Amour iwrdues,' 1863 ; and numerous dramas.

BARCLAY, Alesander Charles, English politician, b. 1823 ; educated at Harrow,
and Trinity College, Cambridge ; returned M.P. for Taunton, 1865.

BARDELEBEN, Kurt Von, German politician, b. in Prussia, April 24, 1706 ;
entered the army, 1813 ; married the daughter of President Anerswald, at Konigsberg,
1819 ; deputy of the nobles to the provincial Diet, 1834 ; signed the petition addressed to
the King Frederick William IV. 1840 ; envoy to the National Assembly at Frankfort,
1848.

BAROSIiEY, Sir James Lomaz, English physician, b. at Nottingham, 1801;
graduated M.D. at Edinburgh, 1823; consulting physician to the Manchester In&inary ;
fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London ; deputy-lieutenant and magistrate
for the county of Lancaster. Author of articles in the Cycl(ypcedia of Practical Medieine,
and 'Hospital Facts and Observations,' 1837. Knighted, 1863.

BARGES, I'Abbe' Jean Joseph Iie'andro, French philologist, b. at Auriol,
Douches du Rh6ne, Feb. 27, 1810 ; studied Arabic and Hebrew at Marseilles ; ordained
priest, 1834 ; professor of Arabic at Marseilles, 1837 ; and of Oriental languages at Paris,

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1842 ; honorary canon of Notre-Dame, 1850. Anther of ' Temple de Baal 4 If arMfllea,
Grand Phoenivian Inscription,' 1847 ; and other workt.

BARING, Hon. Alesander Hnch, English politician, b. 1835; educated at
Harrow, and Christ Chnrch, Oxford; gnuioated B.A. 1867; M.P. for Thetford ainee
1857.

BARING, Henrj Blni^bain, English politician, b. 1804 ; educated at Christ Chnrch,
Oxford; graduated B.A. 1825; M.P. for Callington, 1831-82; lord of the Treasuiy,
1841-6 ; M.P. for Marllwrough since 1882.

BARING. Hon. Thomas Georye, English politician, b. 1826 ; educated at Christ
Church, Oxford ; was a lord of the Admiralty, 1857-68 ; appointed undersecretary for
India, 1859 ; nnder-secretary for war, Jan. 1861 ; re-appohited to India Office, July, 1861 ;
M.P. for Penrhyn and Falmouth since 1857.

BARING, Thomas, English politician, b. 1800; educated at Winchester; M.P. for
Yarmouth ftx»m 1835 to 1837 ; and for Huntingdon since 1844 ; offered the poet of Chan-
choUor of the Exchequer, which he declined, 1852 and 1858 ; one of the commissionera of
the International Exhibition, 1862.

BARKIiY, Sir Henry, English administrator, b. in London, 1815 ; studied law ;
M.P. for Leominster, 1845 to 1849 ; governor and commander-in-chief of British Guinea,
1849; governor of Jamaica, 1853-56; governor of Victoria, 1856; governor of the Mau-
ritius, 1863; K.U.B. civil division, 1853.

BARN ABO, Alexandroi Italian cardinal, b. at Foligno, March 2, 1801 ; held
several offices in the Papal States, and elevated to the dignitv of a cardinal priest,
under the title of St. Susanna, 1856; prefect of the Sacred Congregation of tlw
Propaganda.

BARNARD, Henry, American scholastic writer, b. at Hartford, Connecticut, United
States, 1811; graduated at Yale College, 1830. Author of 'School Architecture;'

* Normal Schools in the United States, and in Europe ;' ' Report« on Common Schools
in Connecticut,' 1838-54; and other publications on the system of public schools.

BARNES, Rev. Albert. American theological writer, b. at Rome, State of New
York, Dec« 1, 1798 ; studied theology at Princetown Seminary, and appointed minister
of the first Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, 1830. Author of 'Commentaries on
the New Testament, and on the Books of Job, Isaiah, and Daniel'

BARNES, Thomas, English politician, b. 1813 ; is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
for the county of Lancaster ; M.P. for Bolton, 1862-57, and since 1861.

BARNES, Rev. William, English poet and philologist, b. at Bushhay, Bagber,
Dorset) 1810 ; kept a school at Dorchester ; curate of Whitcombe, Dorset, 1847 ; rector
of Winterboume Came, 1862. Author of * Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect ;'
•A Philological Grammar :* • Views of Labour and Gold ;* * A School-book of Geography
and Ethnology;' and numerous philological and scholastic works.

BARNETT, Henry, English politician, b. 1815 ; is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
for Oxon, and major of Oxfordshire yeomanry cavalry ; M.P. for Woodstock, 1865.

BARNI, Jnles Romain, French writer, b. at Lille, Nord, June 1, 1818 ; studied at
the Royal College of Amiens ; entered the Ecole Normal, 1837 ; professor of philosophy
at Rouen, 1851 ; professor of history and philosophy at the Academy of Geneva, 1861.
Author of ' Observations on the Sentiment of the Beautiful and the Sublime,' 1846 ;

* Philosophy of Kant,' 1850 ; 'The Martyrs of Liberty of Thought,' 1862 ; and numerous
metaphysical and critical works.

BAROCHE, Pierre Jules, French statesman, b. at Paris, Nov. 8, 1802, the son of a
merchant : studied jurisprudence, and became advocate in 1823 ; nominated b&tonnier
of the bar of Paris, 1846 ; elected deputy for Rochefort, 1847 ; deputy to the Constituent
Assembly for the department of Charente infericure, 1848; apT)ointed procureur-g^n6ral
of the Republic, 1849 ; minister of the Interior, 1850-51 ; minister of Foreign Affairs,
April 10 to Oct. 14, 1851 ; appointed president of the Council of State and minister, 1861 ;
nominated minister of Justice and keeper of the Great Seal— Garde des Sceaux —
June 24, 1863.

BARON, Vincent Alfred. French actor and sculptor, b. at Trdvoux, June 11, 1820 ;
went to Paris, 1835 ; entered the School of Design and studied at the School of Fine Arts,
1837 ; as a sculptor, he exliibited in 1848 several medals and portraits, * Samson,'
'Bauvalelt,' and many others; as an actor, he played in * Le Courrier de Lyon,'

* Benvenuto Cellini,' and other pieces.

BARRAUItT, Emile, French writer, b. at Paris, 1802 ; called to the bar, 1880; repre-
sentative of Algeria in the Legislative Assembly, 1860. Author of ' Aux Artistes, du

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[ 22 ]

Pas86 et de I'avenlr des Beaux Arts,' 1830 ; * History of the War of Mehemet-Ali in
Syria and Asia Minor/ 1836 ; ' Le Christ,' 1864 ; and numerous religious, historical, and
political works.

BARRIERE, Theodore, French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, 1823 ; assistant in the
Ministry of War and Marine, 1834-43 ; devoted himself to dramatic literature ; first
piece, ' Rosiere et Norrice,' played at the theatre of Beaumarchais and at the Palais
Royal, 1842 ; ' Filles de Marbre/ 1863 ; * Un Manage en Ville,' 1864 ; and many other
dramas.

BARRON. Sir Henry Winston, English politician, b. 1795 ; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Waterford ; was
high sheriff, 1867 ; M. P. for Waterford, 1832 to 1862, and 1866.

BARROT, Csmille Hyacinthe Odillon, French statesman, b. at Villefort, Lozire,
July 19, 1791 ; studied law, called to the bar, and practised at the Court of Cassation
from 1814 to 1831 ; entered the Chamber of Deputies, 1830 ; was prefect of the Seine,
1830-31. Published * Centralization and its Effects,' 1861. Took part in the conferences
held In Paris in favour of Poland, 1864.

BARROT, Ferdinand, French statesman, b. at Paris, Jan. 10, 1806 ; studied law,
and called to the bar ; member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1845 ; represented Algeria in
the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; secretary to Louis Napoleon when president, and acted
as minister from Oct. 1849 to March, 1860 ; ambassador to Turin, 1860-61 ; senator
and municipal councillor of Paris, 1864.

BARROT, Adolphe, French diplomatist, b. 1808, brother of the two preceding; envoy
to Haiti ; consul-general in Egypt, and minister of the Republic to Lisbon, 1830 to
1849 ; envoy to Naples, 1851-53 ; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
Balgium, 1853, and ambassador to Madrid, 1858 ; senator, Oct. 5, 1864.

BARRY, Rev. Alfred, English theological writer, b. 1826 ; studied at King's College,
London, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; graduated B. A 1848, and fellow, 1848 ; ordained,
1850 ; head master of the Grammar School at Leeds for eight years ; principal of Chel-
tenham College, 1862. Author of * Introduction to the Old Testament/ • Notes on the
Gospels. '

BARRY, Charles Robert, English politician, b. 1824 ; educated at Trinity College,
Dublin ; graduated B. A. 1845, M. A 1863 ; called to the Irish bar, 1847 ; appointed law
adviser to the Irish government, 1866 ; M.P. for Dungarvan, 1865.

BARRY, Edward, English architect, brother of preceding, b. 1830 ; standing architect
to the Houses of Parliament ; erected the New Grammar School at Leeds, and numerous
other public building**.

BARRY, Frangois Bernard, French painter, b. at Marseilles, 1816 ; studied at Paris
under M. T. Gudin. Exhibited ' Effet de brouillard,' 1840 ; • Arriv6e des eaux de la M6di-
terran6e au lac Timsah,' 'Ceremony of Nov. 18, 1862,' 'Thebes,' 'Ruins of Kamac,'
'Chonna,' 'First Cataract of the Nile;' 1864, and numerous landscapes and marine
paintings.

BARRY, GeorjBre Richard, English politician, b. 1S25; educated at the Royal
College of Mauritius ; a magistrate fbr the county of Cork ; returned M.P. for county
of Cork, 1866.

BARRY, Michael, English lawyer, b. 1810 ; educated in France, and at the Queen's
University, Ireland, where he graduated D.L. 1860 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Iun»
1859 ; appointed Queen's advocate at the Gold Coast, 1864.

BARRY, Sir Redmond, English administrator, b. 1813 ; educated at Trinity College,
Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1838 ; solicitor-general for the colony of Victoria, 1850 ;
judge in the Supreme Court there, 1851 ; knighted, 1860 ; chancellor of the New Uni-
versity at Melbourne. Published a volume of essays and inaugural addresses.

BARTHE'IaEMY. Ancruste Marseille, French poet, b. at Marseilles, 1796;
studied at the College of Juilly. Author of ' Les Adieux k Sidi-Mahmoud,' 1825 ;
' Napol6on en Egypte,' 1828 ; 'Constautine,' 1837 ; ' Nouvelle Nemesis,' 1844-45 ; ' Les
deux Marseilles,' 1858 ; and many other poems and political satires.

BARTHBIaBMY, SAINT HIIJkIRE, Jnles. French author, b. in Paris, Aug. 19,
1806 ; member of the Institute ; attached to the Ministry of Finance ; appointed pro-
fessor of Greek and Latin philosophy at the College of Prance, 1838 ; after the coup
d'6tat of Dec. 2 refused to take the oath, and voluntarily quitted his chair in the College
of France. Author of 'Politique d'Aristote,' 1838; 'La Logique d'Aristote,' 1839-44 ;
* Des Vedas,' 1854 ; ' Le Boudha et sa Religion, Ac' 1869 ; new edition, 1862 ; and many
other philosophical works.

Bar HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Bat
[ 23 ]

Tf John Rosselly American ethnologist, b. at Providence, Rhode Island,
Oct. 23, 1805 ; educated at New York and in different schools in Canada ; founded the
American Ethnological Society with A Oallatine ; secretary of state Of Rhode Island.
Author of 'Progress of Ethnol<^, Ac.' 1847; 'Personal Narrative of Explorations and
Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, in the years 1860-63-64.'

BARTTBIaOT. Walter Barttelot| English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Rugby ;
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Sussex, and lieutenant-colonel of Sussex rifle
volunteers ; M.P. for West Sussex since 1860.

BASCIiE DE laAGREZEi Gnstavei French magistrate and archsBologist, b. at
Pau^ Aug. 23, 1811 ; studied law at Paris, and called to the French bar, 1836; procureur-
g^nend at Pau, 1837 ; councillor at the Imperial Court in the same town, 1862. Author
of * Le Droit Criminal 41' usage desJur^s,' 1864; 'Antiquities of B^am,' 1846; 'Histoire
Religieuse de la Bigorre,' 1863; and other arch^olc^cal works.

BASS, Michael Arthur, English politician, b. 1837; educated at Harrow and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; graduated B.A 1860, M. A. 1863 ; is a magistrate for Staf-
ford ; M.P. for Steffoid, 1865.

, Michael Thomas^ English politician, b. 1799 ; educated at Burton Grammar
School; deputy-lieutenant for the counties of Stafford and Derby ; M.P. for Derby sine*
1848.

BASSANO, Napoleon-Joseph-Hnsi&es Maret, Dnke of, French diplomatist,
b. at Paris, July 3, 1803 ; entered the diplomatic service after the Revolution of July,
1830, as secretary to the ambassador at Brussels; accredited minister in the Grand
Duchy of Baden, 1849, and in Belgium, 1861 ; senator, Dec. 31, 1862; grand chamberlain
to the imperial palace.

BASSANVIIfliE, Anais Iiebnm, Coxntesse de, French authoress, b. 1806;
founded Le Moniteur des Danus et dea Demoiselles and Le Dimatiche des Families.
Author of 'Aventures d' une Epingle,' 1846 ; 'Les Deux Families,' 1859 ; ' La Chambre
Rouge,' 1863; and other works.

BASTARD D'ESTANGt Henri-Bruno, Vicomte de, French magistrate, b. at
Paris, Nov. 14, 1797; studied law and was called to the bar; procure ur-g6neral at
Alenyon, 1820 ; at Puy, 1822 ; at NImes, 1826 ; councillor of the Royal Court at Paris,
1833. Author of ' Recherches sur I'ancien duch^ pairie de Randan,' 1830; ' Parliament
de Toulouse,* 1864 ; * Les Parlements de France, Essai historique sur leur Usages, leur
Organisation, Ac' 1868.

BASTIDE. Jnles, French writer and politician, b. at Paris, Nov. 21, 1800 ; studied at
Paris, and became editor of the National and the Rivue Hationale^ 1836 to 1847 ;
secretary-general to the minister for foreign affairs, 1848; minister for foreign affairs,
1848. Author of ' Public Religion in France,' 1847 ; 'War of Religion in France,' 1869 ;
and other works.

BASTIDE,' Jenny Dofourqneti French authoress, b. at Rouen, July 8, 1792 ; has
written under the double name of Jenny Bastide and Caiiiille Bodin. Author of " La
Belle M6re/ 1828; 'Les Memoires d'uu Confesseur,' 1846; ' Francine de Plainville,'
1850 ; and several dramas and works of fiction.

BATBIE. Ansehne Polycarpe, French lawyer, b. at Seissan, May 31, 1828 ; auditor
to the Cfouncil of State, 1849; LL.D. at Paris, 1860; charged with the reorganization
of the Council of State, 1861 ; professor and examiner-in-law to the Faculty of Paris,
1862. Author of ' Treatise on the Theory and Practice of the Public Administration of
Law,' 1863 ; and other legal works.

BATEMAN, Kate Josephine, American actresa» b. at Baltimore, United States,
1842; first appeared as one of the 'Bateman Children' in London, 1851 ; studied for the
stage, and re-appeared 1869 ; played at the leading American theatres, and in England
the part of 'Leah,' and other tragedies.

BATES, Ed'veard, American lawyer, b. at Goochland, Virginia, 1793 ; studied law at
St. Louis, 1814 ; called to the bar, 1817 ; attorney-general in President Lincoln's
Cabinet, 1861.

BATESON, Sir Thomas, English politician, b. 1819 ; is a deputy-lieutenant for
the county of Londonderry; M.P. for L<mdonderry, 1844 to 1867 ; was a lord of the
Treasury in 1852; M.P. for Devizes since 1864.

BATHURST, Allen Alexander, English politfcinn.b. 1832; educated at Eton, and

Trinity College, Cambridge ; M.P. for Cirencester sime 1807.
BATTAIIaliE, Charles Amable, French musical writer, b. at Nantes, Sept. 80,

1822 ; studied medicine at Caen, and obtained the diploma of M.D. ; professor of singing

HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY.
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at the Conservatoire, 1851. Author of ' Nonvelles Recherches sur la Phonation/ 1861 ;
' De la Physiologic appliqu^e k I'Etude du M^canisme Vocal/ 1863.

BAX7CHART| Alesander-Quentin, French politician, b. at Villiera4e-Sec, Aisne
Feb. 7, 1809 ; studied law, and was called to the bar at Laon ; member of the Council-
(General at Aisne ; member of the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; after the coup d'dtat,
Dec. 2, 1862, was made councillor of state.

BAUDRILIiARTi Henri-Josepli lae'on. French political economist, b. at Paris,
Nov. 28, 1821 ; studied at the College of Bourbon. Autiior of * Discours sur Voltaire/
1844 ; * Manual of Political Economy,' 1857 ; ' Publicistes Modernes,' 1862-63 ; and otlner
workis on iK)litical economy.

BAUERy Bntno* German Biblical critic, b. at Eisenbuig, Saxe-Altenburg, Sepl 6,
1809 : studied at. the Schools and University of Berlin ; do^r of theology. 1834 ; pro-
fessor at Bonn, 1889. Author of ' Review of the Life of Jesus, by Strauss,' 1835 ; * Review
of Gospel History of John,' 1840 ; ' Review of Gtospels, and History of their Origin,*
1850 ; and many other theological and critical works.

BAUER, Reinhard EdnTln . German writer, b. at Walda, Saxony, July 7, 1816 ;
studied theology at the University of Leipsic. Published • Primitive Christianity,' 1846 ;
'Christianity of the AposUes,' 1847 ; * Christianity of the Church,' 1848.

BAUERUB, Adolphe, German dramatic author, b. at Vienna, April 9, 1786 ; founded,
1808, the Theatrical JmrruU of Vienna. Author of * Theresa Krones,^1854m55 ; * Ferdinand
Raymond,' 1855 ; • Director Karl,' 5 vols. 1856.

BAUER NFEIfD, Eduard| German poet and dramatic author, b. at Vienna, 1804 ;
studied law ; employed in the administration of the Austrian government, 1826.
Author of 'Lustpiele,* 1833; * Saemtliche Gedichte von Shakespeare,' 1827; 'Baron
Ringelstem,' 1829; * Ein Deutscher Krieger,' 1848 ; and other poems and dramas.

BAUM GARTNER, Karl Heinrich, German physician, b. at Pforzheim, B:iden,
Oct. 21, 1798 ; studied at the Universities of Tiibingen and Heidelbei^ ; graduated M.D.
1818 ; surgeon, 1820 to 1824 ; prqfessor of medicine, University of Friburg ; privy coun-
cillor of the Grand Duke of Baden. Published ' Elements of raysiology. Pathology, &c.'
1837, second edition 1842 ; 'New Treatment of Pneumonia,' 1850; and many other
medical works.

BAUMGARTNER, Andre, Baron ^otk, Austrian statesman, b. at Friedberg,
Bohemia, Nov. 23, 1793 ; studied at the School of Linz, 1810, and at the University of
Vienna ; professor of medicine at Ollmtitz, 1817 ; professor at University of Vienna,
1823 ; founded Journal of Physics and Matliematics, 1826 ; minister of public mines,
1848 ; minister of finances, and commissioner of the government, 1851 ; minister of
commerce, 1855 ; member for life of the Upper Chamber of Austria.

BAUMGARTNER, Gallus Jacqnes, Swiss politician, b. at St. Gall, Oct. 18, 1797;
studied law at the School of Fribourg ; member of the Council of the Canton of St. (Jail,
1825 ; contributed to the adoption of the Constitution of 1831 ; member of the Executive,
1832; retii-ed, 1841 ; founded the i^et^; Swiss GazetUy 1843. Published 'Events on the
Political Battle Field,' 1844.

BAUM STARK, Eduard, German political economist, b. at Sinzheim, March 10,
1807 ; studied at the University of Heidelberg'; professor at the University of Greifswald,
1838 ; professor and one of the directors of the Academy of Sciences, Eldena, 1840 ;
head master, 1843 ; deputy to National Assembly of Prussia, 1848 ; nominated member of
the First Chamber, 1849. Published ' On Taxes upon Income,' 1849 ; ' History of the
Working Classes,' 1863.

BAUR, Ferdinand Christian, German Protestant theologian, b. June 21, 1792 ;

5rofessor at the Seminary of Blaubeuren, 1817 ; at the University of Tiibingen, 1826.
Published 'Symbolical, Mythological, and Natural Religion of Antiquity,' 1825 ; 'The
Evangel of St. Mark, its Origin and Character,' 1851 ; and other theological works.

BAUTAIN, I'Abbe' laonls Eugenie Marie, French author, b.at Paris, Feb. 17,
1796 ; entered the Ecole Nomiale, 1813 ; professor of theology at the College of Stras-
bourg, 1816 ; entered holy orders, and appointed professor of philosophy, and canon of
Strasboni?; cathedral, 1828. Author of 'Moral PhUosophy,' 1842; ^Christians of our
Time,' 1859 ; 'The Art of Public Speaking,' 1863.

BAVA, Jean Baptiste Euse'be, Baron de, Italian general, b. at Verceil, Aug.
1790 ; studied at the Military School of St. Cyr, and became lieutenant, 1814 ; captain
and major, 1840 ; governor of the province of Alexandria, 1847 ; commanded a corps
d'arm6e on the declaration of war with Austria, 1848 ; general, 1848 ; minister of war,
1849; Inspector-general of infantry, 1862; organized the army for the expedition to
Crimea, 1855.

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.•«.*«.M, William Edward, English politinian, b. at Dundee, 1825; studied at
Dundee, and at the University of Edinburgh ; travelled in Europe and America ; M.P.
for Montrose since 1855. Author of *TagU8 and the Tiber,' 1848 ; * America and the
Americans,' 1850.
BAZA'INE. Francois AchiUe, French general, b. Feb. IS, 1811 ; studied in the
Boole Polytechnique ; entered the army, 1831 ; served in Africa, 1832 ; captain, 1839 :
lieutenant-colonel, 1848 ; commanded brigade of infantry in the Elast, 1853 ; general of
division in the Crimea ; inspector-gencml of infantry, 1856 ; commander of tue French
expedition to Mexico, 1862 ; marshal of France, Sept 5, 1864.

BAZAL6ETTE, Joseph WlUiam, English civU engineer, b. 1819 ; engineer to
the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers ; engineer-in-chief to the Metropolitan Board of
Works ; designer of the Thames embankment firom Westminster to Blackfriars Bridge,
and of the new street from Blackfriars to the Mansion House.

BAZIaEY, Thomas, English politician, b. at Hilton, near Bolton, 1797 ; educated at
Bolton Grammar School ; opened the tree trade campaign at Liverpool with Cobden and
Brooke, 1837 ; president of Manchester Chamber of Commei-ce from 1845 to 1859 ; one of
the Royal Commissioners of Great Exhibition of 1861 ; M.P. for Manchester since 1858.

BEACH, Sir Michael Edward Hicks, English politician, b. 1837; educated
at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; graduated B.A. 1858, andM.A. 1861 ; is a magis-
trate and deputy-lieutenant for Gloucestershire; retmed M.P. for East Gloucestershire,
1864.

BEACH, William Wither Bramston, English politician, b. 1826 ; educated at
Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; graduated B.A. 1849, and M.A. 1852 ; is a magistrate
for Hants ; M.P. for Hants since 1857.

BEAL, Rev. 'William, English author, b. 1815 ; educated at King's College, London,
and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. ; vicar of Brooke, Norfolk,
since 1847; LL.D. from the University of Aberdeen. Author of 'The Nineveh Monu-
ments and the Old Testament ; ' ' A Letter to the Elarl of Albemarle on Harvest Homes ; '
editor of West of England MagcusHe.

BEAIJB, Lionel, English physician, b. 1820; graduated M.B. at the University of
London, 1851. Author of "The Microscope in its Application to Practical Medicine;'

* Anatomy of the Liver ;' and other medical works.

BEAUCHAMP, Henry Ly^on, Earl of, English politician, b. 1829 ; entered the
army, 1843 ; M.P. for Worcestershire, 1853-63 ; deputy-lieutenant of Worcestei-shire,
1859 ; succeeded his father, fourth earl, 1863.

BEAUCHESNE, Alcide Hyacinthe Dn Bois de, French writer, b. at Lorient,
March 31, 1804 ; studied at Noyou and at Douai. Author of * Poetical Souvenirs,' 1830;
'Louis XVII., his Life, Agony, and Death,' 1852, third edition 1861.

BEAUFORT-D'HAUTPOUIa, Charles Marie Napoleon. French general,
b. at Naples, 1804 ; studied at the Military School of St. Cyr, 1820-24 ; went with the
expedition to Algeria, 1830; staff-major to Ibrahim Pasha, 1834-37; attach^ of the
embassy to Persia ; served in Algeria, 1848 ; lieutenant-colonel and staff-miyor to
General Pellssier, 1849 ; colonel, 1850 ; general of brigade, 1854 ; commander of the
expedition to Syria, 1860.

BEAUMONT, Gnstave Ansnste de la Bonninlere de, French writer and
politician, b. at Beaumont-le-Chartre, Feb. 16, 1802 ; called to the bar, 1824. Author of

* Traits du Syst^me P^nitentiaire aux ^tats-Unis, et de son Application a la France,'
1833 ; ' Ireland, its Social, Religious, and Political Condition,' two vols. 1839, seventh
edition 1863.

BEAUMONT, Henry Frederick, English politician, b. 1833 ; educated at Eton, and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; a magistrate for the North Riding, and deputy-lieutenant for
the West Riding, of Yorkshire; M.P. for South-west Riding of Yorkshire, 1865.

BEAUMONT, Joseph, English colonial judge, b. 1832 ; called to the bar at the
Inner Temple, June, 1852 ; appointed chief justice of British Guiana, and judge of the
Vice-Admiralty Court, April, 1863.

BEAUMONT, Wentworth Blackett, English politician, b. 1829 ; educated at
Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; deputy-lieutenant for Northumberland; M.P.
for South Northumberland since 1852.

BEAUREGARD, Peter Gnstav Toussaint, American general, b. at New
Orleans, 1817 ; entered the Military Academy of West Point, 1833. and graduated, 1835 ;
captain of engineers, 1863 ; superintendent of the Academy of West Point, 1854 ; re-
signed his commission in U.S. army, 1861, and joined the Confederate States; com-
manded the southern army at the battle of Bull Run, July, 1861 ; second in command

Be a HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORART BIOGBAPHT. Bek
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at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1S62; defended Charleston, 1863; snrrendered with
General Lee at the end of the civil war, 1866.

BEAUVAUy Charles Juste Franqoia Victnmleni Prince of Craon^

French senator, b. at Haroud Meurthe, March 7, 1793 ; entered the army, 1810 ; officer
of carabiniers in the campaign against Russia, 1812 ; nominated senator, and elected
councillor-general of the Meurthe, 1862.

BEAVAN, Rev. James, English author, b. 1800 ; educated at St Edmund's Hall,
Oxford, and graduated B. A 1824 ; successively curate of Leigh, Staffordshire, and vicar
of Welford, Northamptonshire ; professor of divinity at the University of Toronto, 1842.
Author of 'An Account of the Life and Writings of St. Irenseus,' 1841.

BECH STEIN. Lndwlffi German writer, b. in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, Nov. 28,
1801. Author of ' Der Fiirstentag,' 1834 ; * Grumbach,' 1839 ; * Philidor,' 1842 ; ' Wollen
und Weiden,' 1850 ; and other works of fiction.

3CK| Karl, German poet, b. at Baja, Hungary, 1817 ; studied medicine at the
Universities of Vienna and Leipsic. Author of * Night,' 1838; 'Songs of a Poor Man,'
1846 ; .' Saul,' a tragedy ; and. other works.

BECKER, Johan Phlllpp, German writer and politician, b. at Frankenthal, Bavaria,
March 19, 1809. Author of 'History of the Revolution of May, 1849;' and several
political works.

BECQUEREIf, Antolne Ce'sar, French physician, b. at Chatillon sur Loing,
Loiret, March 7, 1788 ; quitted the Polytechnic School as officer of engineers, 1808 ;
served in Spain under General Suchet ; inspector of the Polytechnic School, 1S13 ;
quitted the army, 1815 ; member of the Academy of Sciences, and professor of physics
in the Museum of Natural History, Paris. Author of ' Treatise on Electricity and Mag-
netism,' 1834-40 ; ' Treatise on Electro-Chemistry ;' and other works.

BECTIVE. Thomas, Earl of, English politician, b. 1822, eldest son of second
Marquis of Headfort, in the peerage of Ireland ; state-steward to Lord Eglinton when
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, in 1852 ; high sherifT of Meath ; M.P. for Westmoreland
since 1854.

BEDFORD, Paul, English comedian, b. at Bath, 1798; first appearance in London, at
Drury Lane, Nov. 2, 1824. Author of ' Recollections and Wanderings,' 1864.

BEECHER, Catherine Esther, American authoress, b. at East Hampton, Lower
Illinois, 1800; educated at Lichfield, U.S. ; principal of a school at Cincinnati. Author
of ' Duty of American Women to tiieir Country ;' * The True Remedy for the Wrongs
of Women,' 1851 ; * Common Sense applied to Religion,' 1867.

BEECHER, Rev. Charles. American theological writer, b. 1810; pastor of a church
at Newark, New Jersey. Autnor of ' The Incarnation ; or. Pictures of the Virgin and
her Son,* 1849 ; 'Review of Spiritual Manifestations," 1853 ; 'Pen Pictures of the Bible,'
1866 ; &c.

BEECHER, Rev. Edi^vard, American writer, b. 1804 ; educated at Tale College,
where he graduated, 1822 ; studied divinity at Andover, and New Haven ; tutor in Yale
College, 1825 ; pastor at Park Street Chapel, Boston, 1826 to 1831 ; president of Illinois
College, Jacksonville, 1831 to 1844 ; pastor at Salem Street Church, Boston, 1846 to 1856 ;
I)astor of a church at Galesburg, Illinois. Author of ' Baptism ; its Import and Modes ;'
• The Conflict of Ages ;* and other works.

BEECHER, Rev. Henry Ward, American writer and orator, b. at Lichfield, Con-
necticut, United States, 1813 ; graduated at Amherst College, 1834 ; studied theology at
Lane Seminary ; presbyterian minister at Laurenceburg, Indiana, 1837 ;\ removed to
Indianapolis, 1839; pastor of Pl3rmouth Church, Brooklyn, New York, 1847. Author
of ' The Star Papers,' 1858 ; ' Life Thoughts,' 1858 ; and other works.

BEECROFT, Georee SklrrOTe, English x)olitician, b. 1809 ; a magistrate and deputy,
lieutenant for West Riding of Yorkshire ; M.P. for Leeds since 1857.

BEGBIE, Matthe^ English colonial judge, b. 1825 ; educated at St Peter's College,
Cambridge ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, Nov. 1844 ; appointed judge in Britisli
Columbia, Sept. 1868.

BEISLER, Hermann von, German politician, b. at Bensheim, 1790 ; served in the
war of independence, 1813-15 ; minister of Justice of Bavaria, 1847, and minister of
Public Instruction, 1848 ; member of the National Assembly at Frankfort, 1848 ; minister
of the Interior, 1849 ; Bavarian councillor of state, and president of the Supreme Court. *

BEKE, Charles Tilstone, English traveller, b. in London, Oct. 10, 1800 ; studied
law at Lincoln's Inn ; acting British Consul in Saxony, 1836 to 1838 ; secretary of the
National Association for Protection of British Industry and Capital in London, 1849 to

Befc HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Bel

[ 27 ]

1853. Antbor of * An Essay on the Nile and its Tributaries,* 1847 ; * On the Geographical
Distribution of Languages in Abyssinia,' 1849 ; ' Sources of the Nile, with History of
Nilotic Discovery,' 1860.

BEKKER, Emmanuel, German philologist, b. at Berlin, 1785; finished his studies
at Halle ; professor of Greek literature at Berlin since 1807 ; member of the Berlin
Academy of Sciences. Author of 'Attic Orators,' 1823 ; * Sextus Gmpiricus,' 1842.

BEIAEUF, Antoine Louis Pierre Joseph Godard. Marqulv de. French
statesman, b. at Rouen, Oct. 20, 1791 ; councillor-auditor to the Court at Paris, 1814 ;
first president at the Court at Lyons, 1829 ; member of the Chamber of Peers, 1837 ;
appointed senator, 1852.

BEIaCHER. Sir Isdwardf English navigator, b. 1799 ; entered the navy, 1812 ; pre-
sent at the battle of Algiers ; assistant-surveyor to Captain Beechy in the Blossom, 1824 ;
commander, 1829 ; in command of the Etna, 1830 ; commander of the Terror and Ertims
for Arctic service, 18.33 ; commander of the Sulphur fVom 1836 to 1842 ; knighted, 1843 ;
captain of the Samarang in the East Indies, 184.3-49; commanded the expedition in
search of Sir John Franklin, 1852 to 1854 ; obtained flag rank, 1861. Author of several

* Narratives ' descriptive of his voyages, of various nautical works, and of a sea romance
entitled * Horace Edward Brenton.'

BEIaCREDI, Count Richard, Austrian statesman, b. Feb. 12, 1823 ; president of
the civil administration of Silesia, 1862-63 ; vice-president of the Bohemian government,
1863-64; governor of Bohemia, May 27, 1864, to July 27, 1865; appointed minister of
state and president of the Council of Ministers, July 27, 1865.

BEIaGIOJOSOy Christine Trivulsio, Princess of, Italian authoress, b. at
Milan, June 28, 1808 ; daughter of the Marquis of Trivulzio ; married to Prince Emile di
Barbian e Belgiojoso, 1824. Author of *Asia Minor and Syria,' 1858; 'Scones in the
Life of a Turk ;' and other works.

BEIiHAVEN and STENTON, Robert Montgomery Hamilton. Baron,

Scottish statesman, b. at Wishaw-house, Lanark, 1793 ; commissioner of the General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland ; obtained the title of fiaron Hamilton and seat in
the House of Lords, 1831 ; lord-lieutenant of the county of Lanark, 1863.

BEIala, John, American politician, b. at Nashville, Tennessee. 1791 ; elected to the
House of Cougress, 1827 to 1841 ; senator, 1847 to 1859 ; candidate for tiie presidency
of the United States, 1860.

BEIala^ Sir John, English general, b. at Bonytoun, Fife, 1782 ; entered the armv, 1805 ;
major-general and governor of Guernsey, 1848 to 1854; colonel, 1853; general, 1860;
Knight of the Bath, 1860.

I, John. English sculptor, b. in Norfolk, 1812. Exhibited at the Royal Academy,
1832, * Girl at a Brook ;' executed the ' Eagle Slayer,' 1837 ; ' The Child's own Attitude,'
1845; 'The Guards' Memorial/ 1860; and numerous other statues and works of
sculpture.

Blaliy Thomas. English naturalist, b. at Poole, Dorset, Oct. 11, 1792 ; entered Guy's
Hospital, 1814 ; fellow of I^innsean Society, 1815 ; president of the Ray Society, 1859 ;
professor of zoology at King's College, London, 1832 ; lecturer at Guy's Hospital from
1816 to 1860. Author of ' The Anatomy and Diseases of the Teeth ;' * Natural History of
British Reptiles ;* and other works on natural history.

BEIaI»A.NGE . Joseph IiOUls Hippolyte, French liistorical painter, b. at Paris,
Jan. 17, 1800. Exhibited • The Battle of the Alma,' 1855 ; * Two Friends,' * Sebastopol,'
1855 ; and other paintings.

BEIalaET^ Benjamin lK>uis, French writer, b. at Paris, Nov. 7, 1805. Author of

* Queen of France,' 1839; *Le Timbre et I'Exposition Universel,' 1855; and other
works.

BEIaliOWSy Rev. Henry Whitney, American author, b. at Boston, U.S. June 10,
1814 ; graduated at Harvard College, 1832 ; and at the University School of Cambridge,
U.S. 1834 ; pastor of First Congregational Society, New York, 1838. Author of * Defence
of the Drama,' 1857 ; and other works.

BEIaMONTET| IiOuis, French poet and politician, b. at Montauban, March 26, 1799.
Author of ' Les Tristes,' 1824 ; * Le Souper d'Auguste,' 1828 ; ' Les Nombres d'or,' 1855 ;

* Le Luxe des Femmes et la Jeunesse de I'Epoque,' 1858 ; and other poems and political
works.

BEIiMORE, Somerset Richard Lowry Corry, Earl of, English statesman,
b. 1835; eldest son of the third Earl of Belmore. in the peerage of Ireland; educated
at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated M.A. 1856 ; elected represeuta-

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[ 28 ]

tlve peer of Ireland, 1857; under-secretary of state for the Home Department, July,
1866, to August, 1867 ; appointed governor of New South Wales, Australasia, Aug. 22,
1867.

BELPER| Riflrht Hon. Edward Stmtt, Iiord. English statesman, b. 1801 ;
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduatea, 18*23 ; M.P. for Derby, 1880 ;
privy councillor, 1845 ; chief commissioner of railways, 1846 to 1848 ; M. P. for Arundel,
1851 ; M. P. for Nottingham, 1852 ; chancellor ol the Duchy of Lancaster, 1852 to 1854 ;
raised to the peerage. 1856.

BENDEMANNy Ednard, Grerman painter, b. in Berlin, Dec. 3, 1811 ; professor at the
Acadeniy of Arts at Dresden, 1840 ; director of the Academy at Dusseldorf, 1860 ; exe-
cuted ' The Orief of the Jews ;' ' Jeremiah amidst the Ruins of Jerusalem,' 1837 ; fresco
of ' Poetry and the Arts ;' and many others.

BENEDEK, lK>iils, Austrian general ; b. at Oldenburg, Hungary, 1804 ; entered the
Austrian army as a comet, 1822 ; colonel, 1843 ; brigadier-general, 1849 ; governor of
Hun^^ry, 1860 ; commander-in-chief of the Austrian army in Italy, 1864 ; commander-
in-chief in the war against Prussia, 1866.

BENEDICTi Jcdes. English composer, b. at Stuttgart, Wtirtemberg, Nov. 27, 1804 ;
produced his first English opera, 'The Gipsy's Warning,' 1838; accompanied Jenny Lind
to America, 1850 ; composed * The Lily of Killamey,* 1862 ; * Richard Cceur de Lion,'
1863 ; • St. Peter,' for the Norwich Festival, 1866.

BENFEY, Theodore, German philologist, b. at Northen, near Gottingen, Jan. 28,
1809 ; educated at Gottingen and Munich ; professor of Sanscrit and comparative grammar
at Gottingen, 1834. Author of 'The Names of the Montlis in use among Ancient Na-
tions,' 1836 ; • The Cruciform Inscriptions of Persia,' 1847 ; ' Handbook of the Sanscrit
Tongue,* 1852-^4 ; and other philological works.

BENNETT| William Stemdale, English composer, b. at Sheffield, 1816 ; studied
at the Royal Academy of Music ; professor of music at Cambridge, 1856. Composed

• Naiades / * The Merry Wives of Windsor ;' * Paradise and the Peri ;' and many
others.

BENNETT, Rev. William James Early, English theological writer, b. 1806 ;
studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1827; incumbent of Portman
Chapel, aud St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, till 1851 ; vicar of Frome. Author of • Principles
of the Book of Common Prayer ;' ' Errors of Romanism ;' * Lives of tiie Fathers of the
Church of the Fourth Century ;* and other works.

BENNETT, Williain Cos, English poetical writer, b. at Greenwich, 1820. Author
of 'War Songs,' 1855; 'Queen Eleanor's Vengeance, and other Poems,* 1857; 'The
Worn Wedding Ring,' 1861 ; and other works.

BENSON. Sir John, English civU engineer, b in Sligo, 1812: architect of the
Great Industrial Exhibition of Dublin, 1852. Knighted at the opening of the Exhibi-
tion.

BENTINCK, Georire Angrastns Frederick Cavendisli, English politician,
b. 1821 ; educated at Westminster ; called to the bar at .Lincoln's Inn, 1846 ; M.P. for
Taunton, 1859 to 1865; M.P. for Whitehaven, 1865.

BENTLEY, Robert, English botanist, b. 1820 ; member of the Royal College of
Surgeons, 1847 ; professor of botany at King's College, London, and professor of
materia medi(!a and botany in the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Author of

* A Manual of Botany ;* contributor to the Pftarmaceutical Journal.

BENTON, Thomas Hart, American politician, b. in Orange county, North Carolina,
1783 ; advocate at Nashville, 1811 ; member of Congress, 1820 to 1851. Author of ' Thirty
Years' Views, or a History of the Working of the American Government,' 1853 ; and
other works.

BENYON, Richard, English politician, b. 1811; educated at Charterhouse, and
St. John's College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 183.3, and M.A. 1835; called to the bar
at Lincoln's Inn, 1837 ; is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Berks ; high sheriff
1857 ; M.P. for Berkshire since 1860.

BERENGER, Alphonse Marie Marcellin Thomas, French magistrate, b. at
Valence, May 31, 1785: president of the Court of Cassation, 1849 ; retired 1860. Author
of 'De la" Repression Penale, ses Formes et ses Effets,' 1856.

BBRESFORD, Dennis William Pack, English politician, b. 1818 ; educated at
the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich ; appointed second lieutenant, R. A. 1836 ; captain,
1846 : retired, 1854 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Carlow ; high
sheriff, 1856 ; M.P. for county of Carlow since 1862.

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BERESFORD-HOPE, Alexander James, English politician, b. 1820; edncated
at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; graduated B.A. 1841, M.A. 1844; ia a
magistrate for Kent; M.P. for Maidstone, 1841-52 and 1857-69, and for Stoke-on-
Trent, 1865-68; returned M.P. for Cambridge University, 1868.

BERESFORO, Ri^bt Hon. William, English politician, b. 1794; educated at
Oxford, and graduated, 1819 ; served in the army, and attained the rank of midor ;
M.P. for Harwich, 1841 ; M.P. for North Essex, 1847 to 1865 ; secretary of the War
Department, 1852.

BBROHAUS, Heinrich, Oerman geographer, b. at Cleves, May 3, 1797; studied
engineering, and served as volunteer in the army of 1815; profesisor of mathematics at the
Berlin School of Civil Engineering, 1824. Author of The Indians of NorUi America,'
1848 ; and other geographical works.

BER6K, Theodore, German author, b. at Leipsic, May 22, 1812 ; professor of Latin
at Halle, 1835 ; professor at Berlin, 1839, and at Cassel, 1840 ; professor of philosophy
at Marboug, 1842 to 1847 ; professor at Priebourg, 1852. Author of • Anacreon,' 1834 ;
' Fragment of Aristophanes,' 1840 ; and several other works on classical literature.

BeRIOT, Charles An^tist de. Belgian violinist, b. at Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 20,
1802; studied at Paris; married Madame Malibran, 1836. Composed 'The Siege ot
Corinth,' and other concert jiieces.

BERKEIaEY, Francis Henry Fits-Hardinare, English politician, b. 1794,
younger son of the filth Earl of Berkeley ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; M.P. for
Bristol since 1837.

BERKELEY, Hon. Georgre Charles Grantly FitcHardinire, English
author, b. 1800 ; entered the Coldstream Guards, 1816, but retired from the service in
1821 ; M.P. for the Western Division of Gloucestershire, 1832 to 1847. Author of
' Berkeley Castle,' 1836 ; ' Love at the Lion ; ' and other works of fiction and miscel-
laneous writings.

BERKEIaBY, Georflre, English colonial administrator, b. 1815 ; appointed colonial
secretary and comptroller of customs, Honduras, 1845 ; lieutenant-governor of St Vincent,
April, 1864.

BERKELEY, Rev. Miles Joseph, English botanist, b. at Biggin, 1803 ; educated
at Rugby, and Christ's College, Cambridge ; graduated, 1825 ; incumbent of two parishes
near Wansford, Northamptonshire, and rural dean forOundle and Weldon, 1833. Author
of ' English Flora,' 1836 ; 'Antarctic and New Zealand Flora,* 1860.

BERNARD. Aristide Martin, French politician, b. at Montbrison, Loire, Sept. 17,
1808 ; fought at the barricades, and condemned to deportation. May, 1839 ; liberated,
1848 : refugee in Switzerland after 1849. Author of * Dix Ans de Prison au Mont
St Michel, et k la Citadelle de DouUens,' 1854.

BERNARD, Clande, French physician, b. at St Julien, near Villefranche, July 12,
1813 ; studied in Paris ; M. D. 1843 ; elected to the Academy of Sciences, 1855 ; professor
of experimental physiology at the Paris University, 1856. Author of ' Lessons on Phy.
8iolog3', exx)erimental and applicable to Medicine,' 1855 ; and other medical works.

BERNARD, Hon- Henry Boyle. English politician, b. 1812; magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant for county of Cork, ana colonel of South Cork light infantry; M.P. for
Bandon since 1863.

BERNARD, William Bayle, American dramatist, b. at Boston, United States,
1808. Author of 'The Nervous Man and the Man of Nerve;' *His Last Legs ;' and
other drauias.

BERNERS, Riffht Hon. Henry William 'Wilson, Baron, English agri-
culturist, b. 1797 ; educated at Eton, and Emmanuel College, Cambridge ; succeeded to
the title, 1851 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Leicestershire ; president of the
Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1859, and of Sniithfleld Club, 1860, 1861.

BERNHARD. Karl Saint Aubin, Danish novelist, b. early in the present
century. Author of 'The Chronicles of the Times of King Eric of Pomerania,* 1860 ;
* Christian VII. and his Court,' 1847 ; aud other works of fiction.

BERNSTORFF, Arthnr, Count von, Prussian diplomatist, b. at Berlin, Feb. 21,
1808 ; entered the diplomatic service, 1831 ; took part in the conference of London on
Dano-German question, 1864 ; ambassador from the court of Prussia to Great Britain.

BERRYER, Pierre Antoine, French lawyer and politician, b. at Paris, Jan. 4,
1790 ; studied for the bar ; deputy for the department of Haute Loire, 1830 : member of
the French Academy, 1855 ; defended Count Montalembert, 1868 ; elected to the Corps
Ugislatif, 1863.

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BERTH OUD, Samuel Henri, French writer, b. Jan. 19, 1804. Author of 'Contes
Misanthropiques/ 1831 ; 'La Mare du Diable/ 1847 ; 'Zephyr d' £l-Arouch,' 1850; and
other works.

BERTRAND, Josepb laouis Francois, French mathematician, b. at Paris, 1822;
stndied at the College of St Louis and the Polytechnic School ; professor at the Lyc^,
St. Louis, 1850 ; professor of physics and mathematics at the College of France, 1862.
Author of * Treatise on Algebra,' and other works.

BERWICK, William Noel, Baron, English officer, b. 1802 ; entered the army,
1817, and served chiefly in India ; retired from service with the grade of colonel, 1865 ;
succeeded his brother, fifth baron, in the title and seat in House of Lords, 1861 ; deputy-
lieutenant of Shropshdre, 1852.

BESSBOROUOH, John Georse Brabason Ponsonby, Earl, English
diplomatist, b. in London, 1809 ; studied at Trinity College, Cambridge ; entered House
of Commons, 1831 ; ambassador at St Petersburg, 1833 ; succeeded his father, fourth earl,
in the title and seat in the House of Lords, 1847 ; lord-lieutenant of Carlow, 1838 ;
master of the buckhounds to the Queen, 1859.

BEUST. Friedericb Ferdinand, Baron -von, Austrian statesman, b. at Dresden,
Jan. 13, 1809; educated for the diplomatic career; secretary of Legation for Saxony in
England, 1836-38 ; in France, 1838-41 : in Bavaiia, 1848 ; minister nf Foreign Affairs of
the kingdom of Saxony, Feb. 1849 till Sept. 1866 ; appointed minister of Foreign Affairs
of the Austrian monarchy, Oct 30, 1866 ; president of the Council of Ministers, Feb. 24,
1867 ; invested, by decree of the Emperor, with the title of Keichskanzler, or chancellor
of tlie empire, July 1, 1867.

BI ARD, Francois Animate. French painter, b. at Lyons, June 27, 1800 ; studied in
the Academy of Fine Arts ; exhibited ' Arabian overtaken by the Simoon in the Desert,'
1833 ; * The Sequel of a Masquerade ;' ' Slave Market on the Gold Coast ; ' ' Combat of
the Polar Bears ;' and other paintings.

BIBER, Rev. George Edinrard, English author, b. 1801; educated in Qermany;
Ph.D. of Ttlbingen, and LL.D. of Gottingen ; naturalized in England, 1839, and admitted
to holy orders in the Church of England. Author of ' Memoir of Henry Pestalozzi, and
his Plan of Education ; ' ' Bishop Blomfield and his Times ;' and other works.

BIBESOO, George Demetrina, Roumanian statesman, b. at CraSova, 1804 ;
educated at Bucharest and Paris, 1817 to 1824 ; under-secretary of state in Wallachia,
1830 ; secretary of Oeneral Assembly, 1841 ; hospodar of Wallachia, 1843 ; resigned and
retired to Vienna, 1848.

BICKERSTETH, Ven. Edinrard, English theological writer, b. at Acton, Suffolk,
1814 ; studied at Cambridge, and graduated B. A. 1832 ; studied theolo^ at Durham Uni-
versity, and ordained 1839 ; vicar of Aylesbury, and archdeacon of Buckingham, 1853.
Author of ' Gk)d's Judgments in India ; a Warning to England ;' and other works.

BIDDER, George Parkea, English civil engineer, b. 1800 : one of the engineers of
the Blackwall Rauway, and the Electric Telegraph Company ; president of the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers, 1860-61.

BIDDUIaPH, Micbael, English politician, b. 1834 ; educated at Harrow ; magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Hereford ; M.P. for Herefordshire, 1865.

BIDDUIaPH, Robert MTddletOn, English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at Eton,
and Christ Church, Oxford ; lord lieutenant of Denbigh, and colonel of Denbigh militia ;
M.P. for Denbigh, 1830-32 ; M.P. for Denbighshire, 1832-34, and since 1852.

BIEDERMAMN, Friedericb Karl, German philosopher and politician, b.
Sept 25, 1812 ; professor of philosophy at the University of Leipsic, 1838. Author of
* Fundamental Philosophy,' 1837 ; ' The German Parhament/ 1848; and several political
and philosophical works.

BIGSBY, Robert, English writer, b. at Nottingham, 1806. Author of * Visions of the
Times of Old, or the Antiquarian Enthusiast/ 1848 ; ' Ombo,' 1853. Has a literary pension
of 1001. a year.

BIIaLING, Archibald, English physician, b. in Ireland, 1791 ; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and Oxford ; fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1818 ;
physician of London Hospital from. 1817 to 1836 ; member of the senate of London
University, and examiner for degrees in medicine. Author of ' First Principles of Medi-
cine,' and other medical works.

BINGHAM, laord George, English politician, b. 1830; educated at Rugby;
appointed captain and lieutenant-colonel of Coldstream Guards, 1859 ; retired, 1860 ;
was aide-de-camp to his father in the Eastern expedition, 1854; returned M.P. for the
county of Mayo, 1865.

Bin HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Bla
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BINNEYy Rev. ThomaSi English theological writer, b. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1799 ;
educated at Wymondley College ; miuister of Independent Chapel at Newport, Isle of
Wight, 1825 ; pastur of Weigh House Chapel, Fish Street Hill, London, 1829. Author of
* Dissent not Schism ; ' ' The Closet and the Church ; ' and other writings.

BIRCH, Rev. Henry Mildred, English cluiigynian, b. 1820 ; educated at Eton,
and King's College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1843 ; assistant-master at Eton, 1845
to 1851 ; took holy orders, and became rector of Prestwich, near Manchester, 1852 ;
chaplain to the Queen and to the Prince of Wales.

BIRCH, Samuel, English author, b. in London, Nov. S, 1813 ; educated at Greenwich,
Blackheath, and Merchant Taylors' Si'hool, 1831 ; commissioner of Public Records, 1834 :
keeper of Oriental, Mediseval, and British Antiquities in the British Museum, 1861.
Author of * History of Ancient Pottery,* 1867 ; * Papyrus of Naskhem,' 1868 ; and other
antiquarian works.

BIRKS, Rev. Thomas Ra^wsoiou English author, b. Sept. 1810; graduated at
Trinity College, Cambridge ; rector of Kelshall, Herts, 1844. Author of ' First ElemenU
of Prophecy ;' * Modem Astronomy ;' 'Treasures of Wisdom ;' and other works.

BISCHOFF, Theodore lK>tiis Wilhelm, German anatomist, b. at Hanover. Oct. 28,
1807; studied at Dusseldorf, Bonn, and Heidelberg; graduated Ph.D. 1829, and M.D.
1832 ; professor of anatomy at Munich, 1854.

BISMAROK-SOHONHAUSEN, Count Otto von, German statesman, b.
1813, the son of a landowner in Saxony ; studied Jurisprudence at Berlin and Gottingen ;
elected member of the German Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; Prussian minister pleni-
potentiary at the Diet of Frankfort, 1851-59 ; ambassador to the Court of St Peters-
burg, 1859-^2; ambassador to the Emjperor of the French, May, 1862 ; Prussian minister
of Foreign Affairs, and chief of the Cabinet, Sept. 28, 1862 ; chancellor of the North
German Confederation, July 14, 1867.

BIiAAUW, William Henry, English antiquarian, b. 1793; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated, 1813; magistrate and deputy-lfeutenant for
Sussex. Author of ' The Baron's War,' 1844 ; and other works.

BIiACKAIala, Samuel Wensley, English colonial administrator, b. 1820; M.P.
for the county of Longford, 1847 to 1851 ; lieutenant-governor of Dominica, 1851 to 1857 ;
governor of Sierra Leone, 1862.

BIiACKBURN. Sir Colin, English Judge, b. 1813 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity
College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1835; called to the bar of the Middle Temple;
puisne judge of Queen's Bench, 1859.

BIJkCKIE, John Stuart, English author, b. at Glasgow, July, 1809 ; educated at
Aberdeen and Edinburgh, Gottingen, Berlin, and Rome; professor of Greek in the
University of Oxford. Author of translation of ' Faust,' 1834; ' Poems in English and
Latin,' 1860 ; and other poetical works.

Rev. William, English writer, b. 1813; educated at St. John's College,
Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1835; vicar of Stanton-on-Hine, Heath, Shropshire,
1855. Editor of ' Diplomatic Correspondence of the Right Hon. Richard Hill,' 1845.

BLAIR, Montgomery, American statesman, b. 1812 ; educ^ited at West Point, New
York; studied law at St. Louis; secretary of the navy, 1861; postmaster-geneial,
1863-64.

BLAKE, John Aloysius, English politician, b. 1826; educated at Waterford and at
Pan, France; formerly a merchant in Waterford; mayor, 1855-6-7, and president of
the Chamber of Commerce, 1858-59; M.P. for Waterford since 1857.

BLANC, Louis, French author and politician, b. at Madrid, Oct. 28, 1813; founded
the Bemie du ProgriSf 1838; member of the Provisional Government of France, 1848;
one of the representatives of Paris to the National Assembly, 1848; went into exile to
England, 1849. Author of ' Histoire des Dix Ans, 1830-40,' 4 vols. Paris, 1841 ; * Histoire
de le Revolution franQaise,' 10 vols. ib. 1853-62 ; * Lettres sur I'Angleterre,' 2 vols.
1866-67; and numerous other historical and political works.

BLAND, Rev. Miles, English writer, b. 1786; educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, and graduated B.A. 1808; rector of Lilley, Herts, 1823; prebend of Wells cathe-
dral, 1826. Author of 'Algebra;' *The Elements of Hydrostatics;' * Mechanical and
Philosophical Problems ; ' and other elementary works.

BLAND, 'William, English writer,b. Jan. 21, 1788 ; educated at Caius College, Cambridge,
and at the University of Edinburgh. Author of 'Principles of Agriculture,' 1827 ; * Ex-
perimental Assays on the Principles of Construction in Arches, Piers, and Buttresses,'
1862.

Ble HANDBOOK OF CONTBMFOBART BIOGRAPHY. Bon
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BLENNERH ASSET, Sir Rowland, English politician, b. 1839; edncaied at
Stonyhurst, and Chrittt Chorch, Oxford ; a magistrate for the county of Kerry; M.P. for
Galway since 1865.

BLIGH, Hon. Sir John Duncan, En^ish diplomatist, b. 1798 ; educated at Eton,
and Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1818; entered the diplomatic service as
attach^ at Vienna, 1820 ; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Stockholm,
1835 ; minister plenipotentiary to Hanover, 1838-^.

BLOOMFIftlaD, Rlfrbt Hon. Jolm Arthur Don^rlas. Lord, English diplo-
matist, b. 1802; entered the diplomatic service, 1818: envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary to St. Petersburg, 1844 ; to Berlin, 1851 ; ambassador at Vienna, 1860.

BLUHME, Christian Albert, Danish statesman, b. at Copenhagen, Dec. 27, 1794;
judge of the Court of Appeal. 1822 ; minister for the Colonies, 1823 to 1825 ; director-
general of Customs, 1848 ; minister of the Interior, 1851 ; president of the Council of
Ministers, 1852-53 ; minister of Foreign Afl'airs, and president of the Council of Ministers,
July, 1864, to Sept. 1865.

BODE, Rev. John Ernest, English writer, b. 1816; educated at Eton, Charter-
house, and Christ Church, Oxford; graduated B.A. 1837; rector of Castle Camps, Cam-
bridgeshire. Author of ' Ballads (irom Herodotus,' and other works.

BOETTOHER, Adolf, German writer, b. at Leipsic, May 21, 1815. Author of 'On
the Watch Tower,' 1847 ; * The Pilgrimage of the Flower Spirits,' 1851. Translated the
poems of Shakespsare, Byron, Pope, 1842 ; Milton, 1846 ; Ossian, 1847 ; and many others,
into German.

BOETTIGER, Karl 'WllheUn, German historian, b. at Bautzen, Aug. 15, 1790;
studied at Weimar, Gotha, liCipsic, and €K)ttingen ; professor at the Uuiversity of Leipsic,
1819; professor of literature and history at the University of Erlangen. Author of
'Universal History,' 1849; 'History of Germany and the Germans,' 1845; and many
other historical works.

BOGARDUS. James, American inventor, b. at Catskill, New York, March 14, 1800 ;
apprenticed to a watchmaker, 1814; invented the 'King Flyer,' for cotton-spinning,
1828 ; a ' Dry Gas-meter,' 1832 ; an ' Engraving Machine,' 1836 ; a ' Machine for Pressing
Glass,' about 1840 ; and made many other mechanical improvements.

BONAPARTE, Prince Lonls lanclen, English philologist, b. in Woreestershire,
Jan. 4, 1813 ; second son of Lucien, brother of Napoleon I. ; entered France after the
Revolution of 1848 ; returned deputy to the Constituent Assembly for Corsica, 1849 ;
f^nch senator, Dec. 1852. Published, at his own press, in Bayswater, London, several
works in the Basque language ; the ' Parable of the Sower,' in seventy- two Eurojiean
languages and dialects ; and numerous other philological worlcs.

BOND, WlUlam Oranch, American astronomer, b. at Portland, Maine, 1789 ; one of
the earliest American discoverers of the comet of 1811 ; astronomical observer to Har-
vard College 1840. Author of parts of 'Annals of the Observatory of Harvard CoU^^'
for 1855-66.

BON HAM, Sir Samuel Georsre, English colonial administrator, b. 1803 ; was
governor of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore, and Malacca, 1837-47 ; governor and com-
mander-in-chief of Hong Kong and its dependencies, and plenipotentiary and chief
superintendent of British trade in China, from March, 1848, to April, 1854 ; created a
baronet, Nov. 22, 1852. 1

BONHEUR, Rosa, French animal painter, b. at Bordeaux, March 22, 1822 ; painted \
'Chfevi-es et Moutons,' 1839 ; 'Labourage Nivemals,' 1849; 'Horse Fair,' at the French j
Exhibition of pictures in London, 1855 ; ' Haymaldng Season in Auveigne,' 1855 ; and {
numerous other pictures of the same class.

BONHEUR, Augrnste, French x)ainter, b. at Bordeaux, Nov. 4, 1824, brother of the \
preceding ; painted ' Les Enfants aux Hannetons,' 1845 ; ' Souvenir de la basse Bre- ;
tagne,' 1857 ; ' Le Combat, la Mer, le Ruisseau,' 1863 ; and other paintings.

BONHEUR Jnles, Isidore, French sculptor, b. at Bordeaux, May 15, 1827;
brother of the preceding ; executed ' Le Combat d'une Lionese et d'un Cavalier Anicain ;*
' Hercule et les Chevaux de Diom^de,' 1855 ; ' Z^bre et l& Panthere,' 1853 ; ' Enfants et {
Chiens ;' ' Un Jockey,' 1864.

BON JEAN, laouis Bernard, French politician, b. at Valence, Drdme, Dec. 4, 1804 ;
called to the bar ; LL.D. 1830 ; advocate-general to the Court of Cassation, 1850 ; senator,
1855 ; member of the Council of Education.

BONNECHOSE. Francois Panl Emlle-Bolsnormand de, French writer,
b. at Leyenlorp, in Holland, Aug. 18, 1801 ; librarian at the Palace of St Cloud, 1829,
Author of ' Rosemonde,' 1826 ;' ' Histoire de France,' tenth edition 1855 ; and other works.

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BONOMIy Joseph, English traveller and writer, h. in London, 1796; studied anatomy
and sculpture at the Royal Academy. Author of 'Nineveh and itit Palaces,' third
edition 1857 ; ' £gypt. Nubia, and Ethiopia/ 1862 ; and other works.

BOOTH, George Sdater, English politician, b. 1826 ; educated at Winchester, and
Balliol College, Oxford; graduated B. A. 1847, M A. 1849; called to the bar of the Inner
Temple, 1851 ; magistrate for Hants, and lieutenant of Hants yeomanry ; M.P. for Hants
since 1857.

BOOTH. James, American chemist^ b. 1810; professor of applied chemistry in Franklin
Institute; melter and refiner iy the United States mint, Philadelphia. Published
'Encyclopaedia of Chemistry, Practical, Theoretical, Ac.* 1850; 'Recent Improvements
in the Chemical Arts,' 1851.

BOOTH Rev. James, English writer, b. 1814; gr9duated in honours at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin ; rector of Stone, near Aylesbury, 1859 ; magistrate for the county of Buclts.
Author of 'New Method of Tangential Co-ordinates ;' ' Examination of the Province of
the State,' 1846.

BOOTH, Sir Robert Gore, Bart. English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at West-
minster, and at Queen's College, Cambridge; graduated M.A. 1826; M.P. for Sligo
since 1850.

BORGES DE OASTRO, Jose Ferrelra, Portuguese diplomatist, b. at Porto,
Oct. 3, 1825; attach^ in Russia 1841, at Berlin 1844, at Rome 1847; secretary at
Madrid, 1851; charg6 d'affaires at Turin, 1860. Pubhshed 'Collec^ao dos Tradados,
Convencos, &c.' 1856.

BORROW, George, English writer, b. at East Dereham, Norfolk, 1803 ; articled to a
solicitor, 1818 ; entered the service of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1833. Edited
at St Petersburg the New Testament in Mandchu, or Chinese-Tartar ; twice imprisoned
in Spain for circulating the Scriptures. Published 'Zincali,' 1841 ; ' The Bible in Spain,'
1842 ; ' Lavengro,' 1851 ; ' The Romany Rye,' 1857 ; and numerous other works.

BORSINI, Iiorenso, Italian poet, b. atSienne, 1800; D.D. 1810; studied law; advo-
cate at Rome, 1823. Author of '^Sentimental Voyage,' 1842 ; ' Le mie Prigioni in Sicilia, '
1841 ; ' L'Asino,' 1844 ; 'Novissimo Oalateo,' 1851 ; and other poems.

B08W0RTH, Rev. Joseph, English philologist, b. in Derbyshire, 1790 ; graduated
at Aberdeen; M.A. LL.D. and Ph.D. at Leyden, 1831; D.D. 1839; professor of Anglo
Saxon at Oxford; rector of Water-Stratford, near Buckingham, 1858. Author of
'Elements of Anglo-Saxon Grammar,' 1823; 'Anglo-Saxon Dictionary,' 1848 ; and other
philological works.

BOTTA, Paul Emile, French archseologist and traveller, b. 1805 ; French consul at
Alexandria and Mosul. Author of 'Excavations at E^orsabad,' 1843; 'Inscriptions
discovered at Khorsabad,' 1848.

BOVOHER DE OREVECOUR DE PERTHES, Jacques, French writer, b. at
Rethel, Sept. 10, 1788. Author of ' Voyage to Constantinople and Greece,' 1856 ; * Voyag*;
to Russia,' 1859 ; ' Les Maussades, Complaintes,' 1862 ; ' Sous dix Rois, Souvenirs de 1791
k I860,' 1864; and other miscellaneous works; also published accounts of his archaBo-
logical discoveries at Abbeville.

BOVCIOAULT, Dion, English actor and dramatic author, b. in Dublin, Dec. 26, 1820.
Author of * London Assurance ;' * Colleen Bawn ;' * The Octoroon ;' ' The Vampire ;' and
many other dramas.

BOVDET, Paul, French statesman, b. at Laval, Mayence, Nov. 13, 1800 ; called to the
bar at Paris, 1821 ; represented the College of Laval at the Chamber of Deputies, 1834 to
1848 ; minister of the interior, June 23, 1863 ; senator, March 31, 1865 ; secretaiy of the
Senate ; member of the Council General of Mayence.

BOUET-WIIaliAVMEZ, Ootuit laouis Edonard, French naval commander,
b. April 24, 1808 ; admitted to the naval service, 1823 ; ensign, 1829 • lieutenant, 1835 ;
captain. Sept 17, 1844 ; rear-admiral, Aug. 12, 1854 ; took part in the Crimean expedition
under Admiral Hamelin ; prefect-maritime of Cherbourg ; prefect-muritime of Toulon,
March 4, 1861 ; vice-admiral, July 9, 1860.

BOVGENEL, Jean Francois, French military commander, b. at Paris, May 16,
1786 ; attach^ to the Prince of Neufch&tcl, 1806; ofl9cer of ordnance in campaigns, 1813,
and prisoner in Russia ; took part in the battle of Waterloo ; lieuteuant-colonel, 1827 ;
colonel of 6t^ Lancers, 1830 ; field-marshal, 1888 ; lieutenant-general, Dec. 28, 1846 ; staff-
mi^or-general of reserve, 1851.

BOVILIalER, Francisqne, French philosopher, b. at Lyons, July 12, 1818 ; studied
at Paris and Lyons, 1834-37 ; proffessor of philosophy at Orleans ; president of tlie

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Imperial Academy of Lyons, 1856. Author of 'Histoire et Critique du Cartesiauisme,*
Paris, 1842 ; ' Du Priucipe vital et de TAme pensante, ou Exanien des diverRes
Doctrines sp^ciales et pRychologiques, Ac* 1862; and several translations from the
German of Kant and Fichte.

BOUISSONi Friia90lS| French physician, h. at Manguis, Hdranit, 1818; studied
medicine at Montpellier and Delpech ; professor of surgery to the Faculty of Stras-
bourg, 1837; professor of pathology and suifrery at Montpellier, 1840; professor of
surgery to the Faculty of Medicine at Paris, 1851 ; chief surgeon at the civil and military
hospital of Saint Eloi de Montpellier, 1845. Published *De la Bile, de ses Variations
physiologiques, de ses Alterations morbidet/ Montpellier, 1843 ; and many other medical
works

BOUIiANGER, Gnstave Rodolpbe Olareneei French painter, b. in Paris,
April 25, 1824 ; studied under P. Delaroche, in the School of Fine Arts. Painted * Jules
Cesar arriv6 au Rubicon,' *La Maison du Poet tragique 4 Pompeii,* 1857 ; an *Arab,'
1861; 'Jules C^sar 4 la tdte de la dixi^me Legion,' 'Cavaliers Sahariens,' 1864; and
many other historical pictures.

BOUIJkNGERy Henri Alexandre Ernest, French composer, b. at Paris,
Dec. 16, 1815 ; educated at the Conservatoire of Paris under Lesneur and Hal^vy. Com-
posed 'Le Dii^ble k I'Ecole,* 1842 ; 'Les Sabots de la Marquise/ 1854 ; and other comic
operas.

BOUIaANGER. IjOniSy French painter, b. at Verceil, Piedmont, March 11, 1806 ;
studied under Quillon, Lethi6re, and Ach ; appointed director of the Imperial School of
Fine Arts at Dijon, 1860. Exhibited ' Mazeppe, le Depart,' 1828 ; * Le Triomphe de
Petrarque,* 1836; 'Les Georgiques de Virgile,^ *Le Marchand de Lacets,* 1863; and
numerous portraits.

BOULATIONIER, Sebastien Joseph, French politician, b. at Valognes, Manche,
Jan. 11, 1805 ; studied law at Paris ; chief of the bureau to the ministry of the interior,
1837 ; elected representative of the department of the Mauche, councillor of state, 1849.

BOUIaAY, De lA Menrthei Frangois Joseph, French statesman, b. in Paris,
1800 ; councillor of state, 1887 ; vice-president of the Republic, 1848 ; president of the
Committee of the Interior for Public Instruction, 1855 ; entered the Senate, June 9,
1857.

BOULE, laonis Aniruste De'sire', French dramatic writer, b. Sept. 1, 1799. Anthor
of 'Les 20,000 Francs,' 1832; 'L'Honneur de Mamfere,' 1837; *Les Ruines de Vaude-
mont,' 1845 ; * Les (Euvres du D^mon,' 1854 ; and other dramas.

BOULET, Jean Baptlste Etienne, French lawyer, b. at Metz, Feb. 4, 1804 ;
studied law and was called to the bar of the Royal Court of Paris. Published ' Ferriere
raodeme, ou nouveau Dictionnaire des Termes de Droit et de Pratique,' 1824; 'Sur
I'Affhinchissement des Colleges communaux,' 1852.

BOUIiIaE'E, Anne Angnste. French historian, b. at Bourg, Ain, Nov. 4, 1795;
studied law, and became a magistrate in his native town, 1821 ; procureur du roi at
Bergerac, 1823, and at M&con, 1826 : resigned, 1830. Published 'Histoire de i^ce
pendant la demi^re Ann^e de la Restauration,' 1839 ; ' Histoii*e complete des Etats
G^n^raux et autres Assemblies Representatives de la France depuis 1802 jusqu'en 1826,'
Paris, 1845 ; and other historical works.

BOUQUET, Charles Jean Olande, French mathematician, b. Dec. 7, 1819 ; admitted
to the Ecole Polytechnique, 1839 ; appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal
College of Marseilles, 1841 ; to the Faculty of Sciences at Lyons, from 1845 to 1852 ;
professor in Paris at the Lyc^e Bonaparte, and at the Lyc^e Louis le Grand. Author of
' Sur le Calcul des Variations,' 1841, and of numerous essays and contributions to the
Journal de MathinuUiquea.

BOURASSE, I'Abbe' Jean Jacqnes, French author, b. at St. Manre, Dec. 23,
1813 ; studied at the Seminary of Tours ; professor at Tours, and appointed titular canon
of the cathedral of that town in 1843. Author of ' Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, de^
Reptiles et des Poissons,' Tours, 1840 ; ' Histoire de notre Seigneur J&ius-Christ,' 1861 ;
and numerous archeoological and theological works.

BOURBAKY, Charles Denis Banter, French military commander, h. at Paris,
April 22, 1816; lieutenant of the Zouaves, 1836; captain, June, 1842; chief of a bat-
talion, 1846; lieutenant-colonel, Jan. 1850; colonel, Dec. 1851; general of brigade,
Oct 14, 1854 ; general of division, Aug. 12, 1857 ; took i>art in the Crimean campaign,
and the expedition to Italy in 1859.

BOURBEAU, lK>nis OliTer, French lawyer, b. at Poitiers, March 2, 1811; studied
law, and was called to the bar at Poitiers ; elected mayor of Poitiers, 1847 ; represented

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Vienne at the Assemblde Confltituante, 1848 ; professor to the Faculty of Law at Poitiers,
1841. Author of ' Th6orie de la Procedure Civile,' Paris, 1837-45.

BOURBON, Pierre Benri Diendonne', French i>oIitician. b. at Port an Prince,
June 22, 1801 ; member of the General Council for the canton of Charroux, and manager
of the Orleans Railway Company ; deputy to the Corps L^gislatif for Vienne.

BOURBOUSSON^ The'ophile Eare'ne, French politician, b. at Vaucluse, July «,
1811 ; studied medicine, and graduated M.D. ; electeu to the Constituent Assembly,
1848 ; returned to the Legislative Assembly, 18G1.

BOURCIER DE VILLIERS. Charles Jean Baptiate. Oomte de, French
I)olitician, b. Dec 8, 1798 ; entered the army, and retired as captain of cavalry. Member
of the Council General for the canton of Epinal ; representative at the Corps L^gislatif
of the department of the Vo^;e8 since 1852.

BOURDON, Jean Baptiate laidore, French physician, b. at Merry, Ome,
Aug. 26, 1796; studied medicine at Montpellier and Paris: graduated M.D. 1823;
member of the Academy of Medicine, 1825. Author of * Lettres 4 Camille sur la
Physiologic,' Paris, 1829; 'Conrs complet d' Education de« Filles,' * Precis d'Hydrologie
m^cale, ou les Eaux min^rales de France,' 1860; and numerous other medical works.

BOURGADB, 1' Abbe' Frangois, French philologist and missionary, b. at Gallon,
July 7, 1806; studied theology at the Seminaiy of Auch ; ordained a priest, 1832 ; sent
as missionaiy to Africa, 1838, and founded at Tunis a hospital and college. Author of
* Soirees de Carthage,' 1847 ; and other historical and philological works.

BOURNE. James, English politician, b. 1812 ; educated at Shrewsbury ; is a deputy-
lieutenant for the county of Lancaster, and lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Lancashire
Artillery Militia; M.P. for Evesham, 1865.

BOURQUEIaOT, JjOoIs Felix, French writer, b. at Provins, Seine et Mame, Aug. 19,
1815: studied law, and was called to the bar of the Royal Court of Paris; president ot'
the Society of Antiquaries of France, 1856. Author of * Histoire de Provins,' Provins,
1839-40; * Liscriptions antiques de Nice, de Cimez, et de quelques lieux environnants,'
Paris, 1850; 'Litterature fran^ais conteniporaine ; ' and numerous memoirs, article»,
and pamphlets.

BOURQUENEY, Francois Adolpbe, Baron de, PVench diplomatist, b. at
Paris, Jan. 7, 1800 ; entered the diplomatic service as third secretary to the embassy at
Rome : secretanr to the embassy in London, 1840; ambassador to Constantinople, 1844 ;
ambassador at Vienna, 1853 ; senator, Mareh 31, 1856.

BOUSQUET, Jean Baptiate Edonard, French physician, b. 1794; studied
medicine at the Faculty of Montpellier, and received the diploma of M.D. May, 1815;
practised in Paris, and was appointed chief of the bureaux of the Academy of Medicine,
1820: titular member, 1824; secretary of the Council of Administration, 1830. Author
of ' Traits de la Maladie scrofuleuse,' 1821, and numerous other medical works.

BOUSSINGAULT. Jean Baptiste Joseph Diendonne', French chemist,
b. at Paris, Feb. 2, 1802 ; educated at the Mining School of St Etienne ; professor oi'
chemistiy at Lyons, 1839; professor of agriculture in the Conservatory of Arts and
Trades, Paris. Author of * M^moires de Chimie agricole et de Physiologic,' Paris, 1864 ;
and other works on chemistry and agriculture.

BOUTARIE, Edfirar, French historian, b. at Chftteauxdun, July 1, 1830; studied at
the Bourbon Collie, and at the Paris School of Administration. Author of ' La Franc<>
sous Philippe le Bel,' 1862; ' Les Institutions militaires de la France,' 1863 ; and edited,
with M. Delisle, 'Les Acts dn Pariement de Paris.'

BOUTHOR8, Jean laonls Alexandre, French antiquarian, b. at Beauquesne,
Somme, June 27, 1797 ; studied law at Paris, and was an advocate at the Royal Court of
Amiens. Author of * Voyage du Roi au Camp de Saint Omer,' Amiens, 1828; * Ciyptes
de Pic^ie, etc.' ib. 1838; ' Les Proverbes, Dictions, et Maximes du Droit rural tra-
ditionnel,' ib. 1859 ; and other antiquarian works.

BOUTO'WSKI, Alexander, Russian political economist, b. at St Petereburg, 1814;
entered the government service, and received the title of councillor of state ; member
of the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Moscow. Author of * Essay on National
Wealth, and the Principles of Political Economy,' St. Petersburg, 1847.

BOUVERIE, Rt. Hon. Edward Pleydell, English statesman, b. 1818; educated
at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1888; M.P. for
Kilmarnock since 1844 ; under-secretary of state for the Home Department from 1850
to 1862 ; chairman of committees of the House of Commons, 1853 to 1856 ; vice-president
of the Board of Trade and paymaster-general, March, 1866; president of the Poor

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Law Board, 1858; second church estates commissiouer, 1859; member of the Privy
Council, 1855.

BOUVET. Francois Josepb Frandsoiie, French writer, b. at Vieux-d'Izenave,
Ain, April 25, 179§. Author of 'Loisirs de la Solitude de Poesies et Novelles,* Paris,
1828; 'De la Confession et du Cdlibat des Pr^tres,' 1815 ; aird numerous political and
theological works.

BOUVIER, Sauveur-Henri Victor, French physician, b. at Paris, Jan. 22, 1799 ;
studied medicine in Paris, and obtained the diploma of M.D. 1823; professor of the
Academy of Medicine,, and chief physician of the Infant Hospital. Author of ' Re-
cherches sur quelques Points d'Anatomie et de Physiologic, etc.* 1823; *La Surdi
Mutit^,' 1852 ; and numerous other medical works,

BOUZIQUB. Etienne Urstn, French writer, b. at Ch&teauneuf-sur-Cher, Jan. 7,
1801 ; educated at the College of Bourges; studied law in Paris, and was called to the
bar at Bourges ; member of the General Council, 1833 ; mayor of Bourges, 1848. Author
of • Th6atre8 et Souvenirs,' Paris, 1857 ; * Servius Tullius,' a tragedy, 1826.

BOVILIi, Sir William, English judge, b. 1814; called to the bar, 1841; M.P. for
Guildford, 1857-65 ; chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1866.

BOIVEN, Francis, American writer, b. at Charleston, 1814; studied at the Uni-
versity of Cambridge; contributed to the North American Review from 1843 to 1853;
professor of moral philosophy and political economy at Harvard College. Author of
'Critical Essays on the History and Present Condition of Speculative Philosophy,'
Boston, 1842 ; and several lectures on metaphysics.

BOWEN, Sir George Fergrason, English colonial administrator, b. in Ireland
in 1822 ; educated at the Charterhouse, and at Trinity College, Oxford ; elected fellow of
Brasenose College, Oxford, 1844 ; admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn, 1844 ; appointed
president of the University of Corfu, 1847; resigned, 1851; chief secretary to the
(Jovernment of the Ionian Islands, 1854,; C.M.G. 1855 : K.C.M.G. 1856: and promoted to
G.C.M.G. 1860; first governor of Queensland, 1859-67; governor of New Zealand, 1867.
Author of * Ithaca,* 1850 ; • Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epiras.'

BOIVERS, Very Rev. Georce Hall, English theological writer, b. 1794; studied
at the Grammar School, Pembrmce, and Clare College, Cambridge, where he graduated
B.D. 1829; D.D. 1849; rector of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, London, 1831; dean of
Manchester, 1847. Author of numerous sermons.

BOWMAN, William, English medical writer, b. at Nantwich, 1816; studied at Eine's
College, London. Author of * Lectures on the Parts concerned in the Operations of the
Eye ; * ' Observations on Artificial Pupils ; ' and many others.

BOTVRING, Edgar Alfred, English writer, b. 1826, younger son of Sir John
Bowring ; eaucated at the London University ; entered the Civil Service in the Board of
Trade, 1841 ; successively private secretary to the Earl of Clarendon, Earl Granville, and
Lord Stanley of Alderley ; secretary to the Royal Commission for the Gi-eat Exhibition
of 1851. Author of * The Book of Psalms,* and English versions of the poetical works
of Schiller, Goethe, and Heine.

BOWRING, Sir John, English politician and author, b. in Exeter, Oct. 17, 1792 ;
editor of the Westminster Review, 1825 to 1830 ; M.P. for the Clyde boroughs, 1885 to
1837; M.P. for Bolton, 1841 to 1849; appointed British consul at Canton, 1849; pleni-
potentiary in China, governor of Hong-Kong, and received the honour of knighthood,
1854; concluded a treaty of commerce with Siam, 1855; retired on a pension, 1859.
Author of a great number of geographical, historical, and poetical works, and of trans-
lations from the Russian, Danish, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and other languages.

BOWITER, Sir George, Bart. English politician, b. in Berkshire, 1811 ; studied at
Oxford ; was called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1839 ; convert to the Roman
Catholic faith in 1850, having previously been created an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford;
M.P. for Dundalk since 1852. Author of 'Commentaries on the Constitutional Law of
England,' several legal works, and a pamphlet on the Roman Catholic question.

BOXAIiL. William, English painter, b. at Oxford, 1800 ; entered the Royal Academy
as a student in 1819 ; exhibited at the R.A. 'Milton's Reconciliation with his Wife,*
1829; 'Cordelia,* 1830; and 'Hope* in 1838; elected A.RA. in 1861, and R.A. in
1863.

BOYD, Rev. Andrew Kennedy Hutcbinsoni English writer, b. at Auchinleck,
Ayrshire, Nov. 1825 ; educated at the University of Glasgow ; ordained, 1851 ; incum-
bent of St. Bernard's, Edinburgh. Author of numerous articles in Fraser's Mctgazine
under the signature of A.K.H.B. ; republished in separate volumes uuder the title of
'Recreations of a Country Parson.*

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BOYD, Rer. James R. American wiiter, b. in Now York in 1804 ; professor of moral
I philosophy and college preacher at Hamilton College. Author of 'Eclectic Moral

I Philosophy/ and numerous scientific and philosophical works.

BOY£^ Caspard Johaaiiy Danish poet, b. at Kongsberg, Norway, in 1701 ; tttrdied in
I Denmark, and was appointed professor in the Seminary of Instrup in 1818 ; became

I pastor at SoUerod in 1826, and at Helsingford in 1835. Author of 'Conrad;' 'Kong

Sigurd ;' and several dramas and religious poems.
I BOYERy Fhiloxe'ne. French writer, b. at Orenoble in 1827 ; studied at the College
of Stanislas. Author of 'Sapho,' Odton, 1860; 'Le Cousin du Boi,' ib. 1857; *Les
Chercheurs d'Amour,' 1855 ; ' D^laiss^s,' 1856 ; and numerous dramatic pieces.

BRAl>DON| Mary Elisabetby English novelist, b. in London, 1837. Author of

* Loves of Arcadia,' London, 1860; • Lady Audley's Secret ;' * Aurora Floyd ;' ' Eleanor's
Victory ;' * John Marchmont's Legacy ;' ' Only a Clod ;' * The Lady's Mile ;' and nuuiurous
other novels and works of fiction.

BRAOIJEaYy Rev. XSdinrardy English writer, b. in 1827; educated at Durham University ;
graduated at Durham ; was ordained 1850, and appointed incumbent of Bobbingtuu,
Staffordshire, 1857, and rector of Denton, Hunts, 1859. Author of ' Verdant Green ; '

* Glencreggan,' 1861 ; * The Curate of Cranston, with other Prose and Verse,' 1862 ; 'A
Tour in Tartan Land,' 1863; 'Wild Cantire/ 1864; and nxmierous other works; alxo

, contributor to Punchy the Illiutrated London Newa, and other periodicals, under the
pseudonym of 'Cuthbert Bede.'

BRADIJESY, Rev. OeoTge Granvillei English clei-gyman, b. in 1821 ; educated at
Rugby, and University College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1844, and was elected
a fellow ; assistant-master in Rugby School for several years, and was appointed head-
master of Marlborough College, 1858.

BRADYy John, English politician, b. 1812 ; is a member of the Royal College of
, Physicians, and of the College of Surgeons ; a magistrate for the county of Leitrim,

I and M. P. for the same since 1852.

BRADY, Rigrbt Hon. Masiere, English magistrate, b. in 1796; educated nt Trinity
College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1819 ; solicitor-general for Ireland, 1837, and
attorney-general, 1889 ; chief baron of the Irish Exchequer, 1840, and advanced to the
Irish Chancellorship, 1846 ; vice-chancellor of the Queen's University in Ireland.

I BRADY, Sir Francis, English colonial Judge, b. 1810 ; called to the Irish bar,
1836 ; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, and judge of the vice-admiralty, 1847 ;
, knighted, 1860.

BRAGG, Braxton, American military commander, b. in Warren County, North Caro-
' lina, in 1815 ; admitted into the Academy at West Point, 1833, where he graduated, 1837 :

served in the Mexican war under General Taylor, and at the commencement of the civil
war becjime brigadier-general in the Confederate army ; general of division, 1862.

BRAME, Jnles Louis Joseph, French politician, b. at Lille, Jan. 9, 1808 ; member
of the General CouncU for the canton ol Cysoing ; elected to the Corps L6gislatif for
the D^partement du Nord, 1857, and re-elected, 1863. Author of 'L' Emigration des
I Campagnes. *

BRAMWELIa. Sir George IViUiam Wiltshire, English judge, b. in London
i in 1808 ; called to the bar in 18.38; became a Q.C. 1851 ; meniber of the Common Law

; Procedure Commission, 1852; elevated to the bench as baron of the Exchequer in

1856.

BRAND, Henry Bouverie Willian&, English politician, b. 1814 ; secretary to
; Sir G. Grey ; M.P. for the borough of Lewes since 1852 ; lord of the Treasury under the

I ministry of Lord Palmerston, 1855 to 1858.

BRANDS, William Thomas, English chemist, b. in London, 1788 ; studied at
St. George's Hospital ; professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution, 1813 ; fellow of
the University of London^ 1836; D.C.L. at Oxford, 1853. Author of * Outlines of
Geology ; * * Manual of Chemistry ;' and other scientific works.

BRANDIS, Christian Augnstns, German author, b. at Hildesheim, Hanover,
Feb. 15, 1790; studied at the Universities of Kiel, Gottingen, and Copenhagen; secretary
of the Prussian Legation at Rome ; appointed professor at Bonn, 1821 ; in 1837 he went
to Greece, and was member of the cabinet and councillor to King Otho for several
years. Author of a work *0n Greece," Leipsic, 1842, and numerous volumes on classics,
history, and philosophy.

BRANDON, Robert. English architect, b. 1810. Published, with his brother, 'An
Analysis of Gothic Architecture ;' • The Open Timber Roots of the Middle Ages,* 1842 ;

* Parish Churches,* 1854.

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BR A.NDT. Helniicb yron, German military writer, b. in Westphalia in 1780 ; studied
law at Kouigsbei-g, and entered the Prussian army; took part in the campaign of
1813-14 ; chief of staff, 1830 ; colonel, 1842 ; and mi^or-general, 1848. Author of * Ueber
Spanien,' 1823 ; * Handbuch flir den ersten Unterricht in der hohem Kriegskuust,' 1829 ;
and other worlcs.

BRANISS. Oluristlleb Jnllaai German author, b. at Breslau, Sept. 18, 1792 ;
studied at Berlin and Breslau ; graduated Ph.D. at the University of Gottingen, 1823;
professor t« the School of Philosophy at Breslau, 1825. Author of 'Geschichte der
Philosophic seit Kant,' Breslau, 1842 ; and numerous other philosophical works.

BRASOASSATy Jacques Raymondi French painter, b. at Bordeaux, Aug. »0,
1805 ; studied imder Richard and M. Hersent Exhibited * Mercure et Aigus,' 1827 ;
'^tude de Chiens,' 1831 ; ' Le Golfe de Naples/ 1845 ; and numerous other paintings.

BRASSEYy Thomas^ Engish civil engineer, b. at Buerton in 1805; educated at
Chester; constructed the Grand Junction, Severn Valley, Lancaster and Carlisle, Cale-
donian, North Stafford, Buckinghamshire, South- Western, Eastern Union, Western of
France, and Mediterranean railways, and several lines in Spain.

BR ATI ANO| DemetrinSy Roumanian politician, b. at Bucharest in 1818 ; educated
at the National College of Bucharest, and studied law in Paris, where, fh)m 1836 to 1848
he published numerous political articles in the NationcU and the Revue Indipendantef
under the pseudonym of 'Regnault ;' deputy to the Parliament of Rouniania.

BRATIIiNO| John, b. at Bucharest, 1822, brother of the preceding; entered the
army, 1838 ; studied in Paris, at the Polytechnic School and the College of France, 1841 ;
deputy to the Parliament of Roumania. Author of * Mdmoire sur I'Empire d'Autriche
dans la Question d' Orient,' 1855 ; 'Memoire sur la Situation de la Moldo Valachie depuis
le Trait6 de Paris,' 1857.

BRAUN| Alexander Oarl Hermaani Ctennan politician, b. at Planen, Saxony,
May 10, 1807 ; studied law at the University of Leipsic ; member of the Second Chamber
of State, 1839 to 1842 ; member of the Diet of Saxony, 1845 ; president of the Second
Chamber, 1848. Author of *Rechenschafts-bericht^' Leipsic, 1846; and several legal
works.

BRAUN. JobaimWiUielin Joseph, German theological writer, b. at Gronan, Prussia,
April 27, 1801 ; studied at Cologne and at Bonn ; ordained at Vienna, 1825, and finished
his theological studies at Rome ; member of the First Chamber of Prussia in 1860.
Author of ^Deutschland und die National- Versammlung,' Aix-la-Chapelle, 1849; 'Die
Lehren des sogenannten Hermesianismus, ilber das Verhkltniss ier Vemuuft zur Oflfeu-
barung,' Bonn, 1835 ; and other theological works.

BRAVO-MURIIiLOy Don Juan, Spanish politician, b. at Frejenal de la Sierra,
Bad^oz, June, 1803 ; entered the College of Advocates at Seville in 1825 ; secretaiy to
the Department of Justice, 1836 ; elected to the Cortes by the province of Seville, 1837 ;
re-elected for the province Avila, 1839; minister of justice in 1847; minister of trade
and public instruction, November of the same year; minister of finance in 1849 to
1850 ; president of the Council of Ministers, 1851.

BRAYy Anna Elisa, En^sh authoress, b. in Surrey, near the end of the last century ;
married to Mr. Charles Stothard, 1818, who died in 1821: married again in 1825 to the
Rev. Edward Atkyns Bray, vicar of Tavistock, who died 1857. Author of ' Memoirs of
Charles Stothard,' 1823 ; ' The White Hoods,' a novel, 1828 ; ' The Borders of the Tamar
and the Tavy,' 1836; and numerous novels and biographical sketches.

BRAY| Othon Camille HuffO vont German diplomatist, b. at Berlin, May 17,
1807 ; entered the diplomatic service of Bavaria, and charged with several missions to
Vienna, Paris, and St Petersburg, 1831-42; minister of foreign affeurs of Bavaria,
1846 ; envoy of Bavaria at St. Petersburg, 1849.

BRAZIIa^ Dom Pedro II. Emperor of, b. Dec. 2, 1825; son yf the Emperor
Pedro I. and of Leopoldina, archduchess of Austria ; succeeded to the throne on the
abdication of his father, April 7, 1831 ; declared of age, July 23, 1840 ; crowned July 18,
1841 ; married, Sept. 4, 1843, to Theresa, empress of Brazil, b. March 14, 1822, the
daughter of the late King Francis L of the Two Sicilies.

BRECRENRIDGB, John, American politician, b. at Lexington, K«ntucky, Jan. 21,
1821 ; educated at Danville, and studied law at the Transylvania Institute ; entered the
army as a volunteer in the Mexican war, 1847 ; returned to Congress, 1851 and 1853 ;
vice-president of the United States, 1857-61 ; general in the Confederate service, 1861-65.

BREEN. Henry He^art, English ^waiter, b. 1808; deputy-registrar of the Court of
St. Lucia, 1832 ; provost-marshal of St Vincent, 1862. Author of ' St. Lucia, Historical,
Statistical, and Descriptive;' ' The Diamond Rock ; ' and other works.

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BREHM, Christlaa Ludvirlff, German naturalist, b. at Schdcran, Gotha, Jan. 24,
1787; studied theology at Jena, and ordained minister in 1813. Author of * Lehrbuch
der Naturgeschichte alier Europ. Yogel,' Jena, 1824-27 ; ' Die Kiinst Yogel als Blilge zu
bereiteu, &c.' Weimar, 1842; and other works on ornithology.

BKEHMER, Heinrich^ German politician, b. at Liibeck in 1800 ; studied law at Jena
and Crottingen, and practised as an advocate in his native t-own ; member of the senate of
Ltibeck, 1836 ; represented Liibeck at the Cionferences of Dresden, 185U, and at the Diet
of the North German Confederation, 1866.

BRBITHAUPT. John Au^xuit Friedericbi German mineralogist, b. at Probot-
zella, near Saalfeld, May 18, 1791 ; studied at the University of Jena, and the Academy
of Friborg ; appointed professor and inspector of precious stones in the latter town.
Author of ' Ueber die Echtheit der Kristalle,' Friborg, 1816 ; ' Die Charaktere der Klasseu
und Ordnungen des Mineral Systems,' ib. second edition, 1854; and numerous otlier
worlcs on mineralogy.

SRBUOND^ Jeaa Trsxigoin, French painter, b. in Paris in 1807: studied under
MM. Ingres and Conder. Executed a great number of paintings on religious sufctjects :
' Le Christ descendu de la Croix,' 1»52 ; ' Le Christ Consolateur,' * Le Christ et les Eul&nts,'
for the church of St. Lambert of Vangirard, 1863.

BRENIERi Baron Anatole, French diplomatist, b. in 1806; was successively
secretary of legation at Lisbon and in London, 1831 ; niinister of foreign affairs trom
Jan. 24 to April 10, 1851 ; niinister plenipotentiary to Naples, 1855 ; created senator,
March 24, 1861.

BRENIIa, Guillanme Joseph Ancnstei French writer, b. at Amiens, March 2,
1811 ; barrister and justice of t^e peace in his native town. Editor of * Lettres incites
de Mile. Philipon's adress^s aux Demoiselles Canet,' 1840 : author of * La Confrerie de
Notre-Dame du Puy,' 1854 ; and other antiquarian works.

BREQUETr I«Oiii8| French horologist and electrician, b. in Paris, Dec. 22, 1808 ;
studied at Geneva, and made several discoveries in the science of horology and the use
of electric telegraphs ; member of the Bureau of Longitudes, 1862.

BRESSANT, Jean Baptiate Prosper, French actor, b. at Ch&lons-sur-Sadne,
Oct. 24, 1815 ; made his d6but in Paris, 1835 ; played in * Clarisse Harlowe ;' ' Diane de
Lys ;' ' Le Verre d'Eau ;* *Le Misanthrope ;' and many other dramas.

BRETON. Frangois Pierre Hippolyte Ernest. French archaeologist, b. at
Paris, Oct. 21, 1812 ; studied drawing under Regnier, Watelet, and Champiu. Published
' Intioduction 4 1'Histoire de France, ou description physique et monumental de la Gaule
jusqu' 4 r^tablissement de la Monarchie,' 1838 ; ' Pomp^ia,' 1855 ; and other arctueological
worics.

BRETON, Jules Adolphe, French painter, b. at Courriires, Pas de Calais; studied
under Drolling and M. F. Devigne. Painted ' Les Gkmeuses ;' * Le Lendemain de la
St. Sebastieu' and ' Petites Paysannes consultant les Epis,' 1857 ; and numerous other
landscapes.

BREWSTER, Right Hon. Abraham. English lawyer, b. in 1706 ; studied at
Trinity College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1819 ; solicitor-general for Ireland from
Feb. to June, 1846 ; appointed attorney-general and sworn member of the Privy Council,
1853 ; retired, 1855.

BRIAIaMONT, Alexia. Belgian military writer, b. at Venlo, May 25, 1821 ; studied
in the Military School of Brussels ; secretary to General Chezal, minister of war, 1847 to
1850 ; staff-major, 1855 ; captain, 1857. Author of * History of the Duke of Wellington,'
1856-57 ; and several works on military science ; also founded the Belgian Army Journal
in 1850.

BRIAIaMONT, laanrent Mathieu, Belgian statesman, b. at Seraing, near Li^,
in 1789 ; took part as a military officer in the French campaigns in Germany, Spain, and
Russia, 1806-15 ; contributed to the revolutionary movement in Belgium, 1830 ; aide-de-
camp to King Leopold I., and commander of Antwerp, 1837, and of Mons, 1840 ; minister
of war, 1850.

BRICHETEAU;^ Isidore, French physician, b. at St. Christophe Ande, Feb. 8, 1789;
studied at the Lyceum of Poitiers ; physician to the Salp6tri6re Hospital for Chil-
dren, and the Hdtel Dieu, at Paris. Author of ' Traits analytique sur le Croup, 1826 ;
'Traits sur les Maladies chroniques qui ont leur si^e dans les Organes respiratoires,'
1852 ; and numerous other medical works.

BRIDGES, Sir Brook William, Bart. English politician, b. 1801 ; educated at
Winchester, and Oriel College, Oxford; deputy-lieutenant for Kent; M.P. for East Kent,
Feb. to July 1852, and since 1857.

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BRIERRE DE BOI8MONT, Alexander Jacques Frangois, French phy-
sician, b. at Rouen, Oct 18, 1797 ; physician to the Hospital of Bonshoinraes, at Pahs.
Author of * Relation historique et mMicale du Cholera Morbus de Cologne,* 1832 ; * Des
Hallucinations, ou Histoire raisonn^e des Apparitions, des Visions, des Songes, de I'Extase,
du Somnambulisme, et du Magn^tisme,' 1845, second edition 1862 ; and other medical
and scientific works.

BRIEY OAMIIaLEi Count de^ Belgian statesman, b. 1799 ; member of the Senate,
1839 ; minister of finance, 1841 ; minister of foreign aflfairs, from 1841 to 1843. ,

BRIGHT, Jobn, English politician, b. at Rochdale, 1811 ; partner in the firm of John
Bright and Brothers, cotton spinners and manufacturers, Rochdale ; M.P. for Durham
1843; M.P. for Manchester, 1847 ; for Birmingham since 1857.

BRIOHTy Sir Charles Tilston. English civil engineer, b. in 1832; engineer
to the En^ish and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company, 1853 ; and one of the original
projectors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, 1856 ; M.P. for Greenwich, 1865.

BRIONy Guatave, French painter, b. at Rothan, Vosges, in 1834 ; studied painting at
Strasbourg under Gabriel Guerin. from 1841 to 1844. Painted 'Le Cliemin de Halage,'
1852 ; * Batterie de Machines de Guerre,' 1861 ; * J^sus et Pierre sur les Croix,* 1863 ; and
a number of historical paintings.

BRIOT^ Charles Aui^uste Albert^ French mathematician, b. at St. Hippolyte^
Doubs, July 19, 1817 ; studied at the College of St. Louis ; admitted to the Normal
School in 1838 ; professor of mathematics at the Royal College of Orleans 1841, to the
Faculty of Lyons 1845, and at the Lyceums Buonaparte, St. Louis, and the Polytechnic
School, Paris, 1848. Author of * LcQons uouvelles de Trigonometric,' 1850 ; and several
works on mathematics.

BRIQUES, Paul. French physician, b. at Chalons-sur-Mame, in 1798 ; member of the
French Academy, 1860. Author of *De TEclairage artiflciel, consid^re sous le point de
vue de I'Hygi^ne publique et priv6e,' 1837 ; 'Recherches sur I'Etiologie des Tubercules,'
1842 ; *Trait6 cliniqne et therapeutique de I'Hysterie,' 1859 ; and other medical works.

BRISCOE, John Ivatty English politician, b. 1792; educated at University College,
Oxford; graduated B.A. 1812; M.A. 1816; magistrate for Surrey and Middlesex, and a
deputy-lieutenant for Surrey ; M.P. for Surrey, 1830-32 ; for East Surrey, 1S33-34 ; for
Westbury, 1837-41 ; and for West Surrey since 1857.

BRISEBARREi Edouard lK)ui8 Alexandre. French dramatic writer, b. at
Paris, Feb. 12, 1818; studied at the College of Charlemagne. Author of *LaFiole de
Cagliostro,* 1835; *Le GarQon de Ferme,* 1861; 'Leonard,* 1863; and numerous other
dramas.

BRISSET. Pierre Nicolas* French painter, b. in Paris, Aug. 18, 1810; studied at
the Paris School of Fine Arts. Painted * The Death of Priam,' 1840 ; and other historical
and ecclesiastical works.

BRISTED^ Charles Astor, Americ^in writer, b. at New York in 1820; studied in
England, and at the University of Cambridge ; returned to America in 1847. Author u(
* The Upper Ten Thousand ;* * Sketches of American Society ;* * Five Years in an
English University ;* and other miscellaneous works.

BR I STOW, Henry IViUiam, English geologist, b. in 1817 ; educated at King's
College, London ; appointed assistant geologist in the Ordnance Geological Survey,
1842 ; geologist on the Geolomcal Survey of Great Britain, 1847. Author of * Memoirs on
the Geology of the Isle of Wight ;' and other geological works.

BRIVES. JacqueSi French politician, b. at Moutpellier, Aug. 9, 1800 ; elected deputy
to the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; member of the Legislative Assembly, 1850 ;
imprisoned and exiled, 1851.

BROCKHAUS, Hennann. German philologist, b. at Amsterdam, Jan. 28, 1806 ;
studied Oriental literature at the Universities of Leipsic, Bonn, and Oxford ; professor at
the University of Jena 1839, at Leipsic 1841, and in 1848 ; titular professor of Oriental
literature and languages at Leipsic, 1848. Author of ' Kath& sarit s&gara,* Leipsic, 1839 ;
and several translations from the Sanscrit and other Oriental languages.

BRODHEAD, John Ronieyn, American wi-iter, b. in New York, Jan. 2, 1814 ;
studied law. and was admitted to the bar of New York, 1835. Author of * History of
the State of New York,* 1853.

BROFFERIO, Anfl;elO| Italian author and politician, b. at Castelnuovo, province of
Asti, Dec. 6, 1802 ; studied law at Turin, and called to the bar, 1830. Founded the Turin
Messenger. Author of • Vitiges, King of the Goths ;* ' History of Piedmont from 1814 to
the present time,* 1849-52 ; and numerous satires, dramas, tragedies, and poems.

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BROOIalE, Albert, Prince de, French author, b. Jmie 13, 1821 ; became a con-
tributor to the Remie des Deux MatCdeSf 1848. Author of ' Etudea morales et litteraireit/
1853 ; * L'Eglise et TEnipire Romain au Quatri^me Sitele/ 1856 ; ' Une R^forme Adminiii-
trative en Alg^rie,' 1860. Member of the French Academy, 1862.

BRO H AN* Ancvstine. French actress and dramatic authoress, b. at Paris, Dec. '2,
1824 ; studied music at the Conservatoire, 1817-22 ; appeared at the Th^tre fhiU(^H,
Paris, 1823 ; admitted soci^taire, or partner, at the Th^tre frangais, 1830. Author uf
* Les Metamorphoses de I'Amour ;' ' Quitte ou Double ;' * Qui femme a, guerre a ;' and
other comedies.

BROMI^BY. Williain Darenport, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Harrow,
and Christ Church, Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant for the county of Stafford, and lieutenant-
colonel of Staffordshire yeomanry cavalry ; M.P. for North Warwickshire since 1864.

BRONGNIART, Adolpbe Theodore, French botanist, b. in Paris, Jan. 14, 1801 ;
member of the Academy of Sciences, 1834 ; professor of botany at the Museum of Natural
History, 1833 ; inspector of the University of Paris, 1852. Author of ' Enumeratiuu
des Genres de Flantes cultive^s au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,' 1843.

BRONN^ Heinrich Georfr, (German naturalist, b. at Oriegelheim, near Heidelbeiy,
March 3, 1800 ; studied at Heidelberg ; tutor at the University, 1822 ; professor of natural
sciences at Heidelberg, 1828 ; professor and director of tlie geological cullectious of the
University, 1835. Author of * System der urweltlichen Conchylien,' Heidelbei^, 1827 ;
and other works on Natural History.

BROOK S| CharleSi American writer, b. at Salem, Massachusetts, June 20, 1813 ;
studied theology ; was minister in several paiishes, and settled at Newport, Rhodes
Island, 1837. Author of ' Poems ;' ' Journey to India ;' ' Qemian Lyrics ;' and various
other works in prose and verse.

BROOKS^ Charles Shirley, English novelist and dramatic author, b. 1816; studie<I
for the bar, but relinquished law for literature. Author of numerous dramas and novels :
among them, * Our New Gtovemess ;' * The Creole ;' ' Aspen Court ;' ' The Qordian Knot ;'
*The Silver Cord;' und many others: also contributor and special correspondent to
several daily and weekly papers.

BROSBOEIaL, Oharles, Danish novelist, b. in Jutland, April 7, 1820; studied
painting at the Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen. Author of ' De to Studenter,'
Copenluigen, 1838 ; 'EiagsSoenner,' 1845; ' Livets Conflicter,' 1844; 'Herregaards For-
tsBUinger/ 1853 ; and other dramas and novels.

BROSSARDy Ame'de'e Hippolyte, Marquis de. French military commander,
b. at FoU^ny, March 8, 1784 ; entesea the army, 1801, and took part in the campaigns oi'
the £!mpire ; lieutenant-colonel,. 1818; staff-m^jor in the expedition to Algeria, 1830;
field-marshal, 1833; officer of the Ldgion d'honneur, 1822. Author of 'Melanges sur
I'AfWque,' 1838.

BROSSBT. Marie Felicite', French writer, b. at Paris, Feb. 5, 1802 ; studied in the
College of Jesuits ; professor of Armenian and Georgian literature in the Imperial
Ac^ulemy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, 1840 ; eonservateur of the collection of
Oriental coins in the Imperial Palace of the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, 1851. Author
of • Chronique G^oigienne,' 1830; • Histoire de la G6orgie,' 1849-50 ; and other works.

BROTy Charles Alphonse. French novelist and dramatic writer, b. at Paris.
April 12, 1809. Author of 'Pnez pour elle,' 1833; 'Jane Grey,' 1835; 'La Comtessc
aux trois Galants,' 1839 ; * Deux Coups de Tomierre,' 1863 ; * La Tour de Londres,' 1855 ;
and other dramas and novels.

BROUCKERE^ Henri Marie Joseph Ghislain de, Belgian politician, b. nt
Bruges in 1801 ; magistrate and king's counsel at Maestricht and at Rureinonde till the
Revolution of 1830 ; member of the National Congress, and one of the coinmissiouers
who offered the crown of Belgium to Prince Leoxwld, 1831 ; civil governor of Antwerp,
1833 ; minister of state, 1847.

BROUOHTON, John Cam Hobhouse, ^^'4; ^S^^^^ politician and author,
b. near Bristol in 1786 ; educated at Westminster, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated in 1808 ; M.P. for Westminster, 1820 to 1833 ; for Nottingham, 1834 to 1847 ;
M. P. for Harwich ; raised to the peerage as Lord Broughton in 1851 ; chief commissioner
of woods and forests, 1846-52. Author of 'Journey through Albania and other Provinces
of Turkey with Lord Byron/ 1812 ; and other works.

BROWN. Ford Madox. English painter, b. at Calais in 1821 ; studied in Belgium
and Pans. Painted * Wicliff reading his Translation of the Scriptures,' 1848 ; • King
Lear,' 1849; 'Chaucer reciting his Poetry at the Court of Edward III.' 1851 ; 'Christ
washing Peter's Feet,' 1852 ; and many other historical pictures.

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BROVTN, Henry Klrke* American sculptor, b. at Leyden, Massachusetts, in 1814 ;
studied portrait painting at Boston, 1832. Executed in bronze a statue of * De Witt
Clinton;* 'The Angel of Retribution;' in marble, 'Hope;* bas-reliefis of the 'Hyadea*
and ' Pleiades ;' the * Four Seasons ;' and other works of art.

BROWN, John, English physician, b. at Biggar, Lanarkshire Sept. 1810 ; educated at
the High School and University of Edinbuigh; M.D. of Edinburgh, and assessor to
the rector of the University Court. Author of *Rab and his Friends;' 'Our Dogs;*
contributor to the North British Review, Good WordSy and the Scot»ma%.

BROWN, Re^. Thomas Richard, English philologist, b. 1791; educated at
St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1814 ; vicar of South wick,
Northamptonshire, 1834. Author of 'An Analysis of the Chaldee Text of Daniel,* 1838 ;
' Hebrew Hieroglyphic Dictionary,' 1858 ; and other philological works.

BROWN, Rer. William Haic, English divine, b. at Bromley. MiddlMex, 1823 ;
studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he graduated in high honours, 1846 ;
M.A. 1849, and LL.D. 1864; fellow and tutor of Pembroke College; assistant master at
Harrow; heail master of the Orammar School, Kensington, in connexion with King's
College, London, 1857 ; head master of Charterhouse School, London, 1863.

BROWNE, Charles Thomas> English author, b. at Wellington, Somerset, in 1825 ;
graduated at Trinity College, Dublin. Author of ' The Tower of London,' 1844 ; ' Irene ; '
^AstreUo, or the Prophet's Vision,' 1850 ; 'Life of Soutbey,* 1854 ; ' The United States ;
its Constitution and Powers,' 1856.

BROWNE, Colonel Gore, English colonial administratoi*, b. 1807; entered the
army, 1814 : commander of the 41st regiment daring the Affghanistan campaign, 1842 ;
governor of St. Helena, 1851-54; governor of New Zealand, 1854-61; appointed governor
of Tasmania, March, 1862.

BROVTNB, Frances, English anthoress, b. at Stranorlor, Donegal, Jan. 16, 1816;
lost her sight in infancy. Published 'Songs of our Land,' 1840; 'Legends of Ulster;'
'The Ericksoiis;' and 'My Share of the World,' 1861. Literary pension of 201. p«r
annum.

BROWNE, Hablot Kniffhti English artist, b. in 1812. Designed the illustrations
to part of 'Fickwick,' 1839, ' Nicholas Nickletby,' and most of Mr. Charles Dickens'
works of flction; also to the Abbotsford edition of the 'Waverley Novels,' 'The Adven-
tures of Sir Ouy de Guy,' and numerous other works, under the pseudonym of 'Phiz.*

BRO^tTNE. Jankes Ross, American traveller, b. in 1817. Author of 'Etchings of a
Whaling Cruise,* New York, 1846; a series of articles in Harper's Magazine; and
' Youself, or tlie Journey of the Prangi,' ib. 1854.

BROWNE, laord John Thomas, English politician, b. 1821 ; lieutenant in the
royal navy, 1646; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant lor the county of Mayo; M.P. for
the same since 1857.

BROWNE, Re^. Henry, English author, b. 1804; educated at Corpus Christi
College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1826 ; principal of the Theol(^cal College at
Chichester, 1842Hir ; prebendary of the cathedral ; examining chaplain to the bishop of
the diocese, and vicar of Pevensey, 1854. Author of 'Qrdo Saecloruiu,' 1844; ai-ticles
in Kitto's 'Cyclopfedia of Biblical Literature;' and several volumes of Qreek and
Latin classics.

BROW19E, Ven. Robert Williaui, English divine, b. Nov. 12, 1809; educated at
Merchant Taylors' School ; elected scholar and fellow of St John's College, Oxford, and
graduated B.A. 1831; professor of classical literaturiB in King's College, London, 1835;
chaplain to the bishop uf Lichfield, 1843; prebendary of St. Paul's, 1845; examining
chaplain to the bishop of Bath and Wells, 1854 ; archdeacon of Bath, and rector ot*
Weston-super-Mare, 1860 ; canon of Wells, 1863. Author of ' Histories of Greece and
Rome ;' ' Histories of Greek and Roman Literature.'

BROWNING, Robert, English poet, b. at CamberweU in 1612; educated at the
London University. Author of 'Paracelsus,' 1836; ' Pippa Passes;' 'Strafford;*
* Sordello ;' ' Men and Women ' 1856 ; ' Return of the Druses ; * ' The Soul's Tragedy ;'
' Dramatis Personie,' 1864 ; and numerous other dramas and poems.

BROVTNSON, Orestes, American writer, b. in New Hampshire, 1802; educated as
Presbyterian, and successively ' Universalist ' preacher. Unitarian, and Roman Catholic.
Author of ' Charles El wood,' a novel ; ' The Spirit Rapper ;' ' The Convert ; ' and several
other works. Founded the Boston Quarterly Review, subsequently changed to BrotDn8an*s
Quarterly.

BRUCE, Charles Iiennox Onmmlng, English poUtician, b. 1790 ; educated at
Winchester, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant for Elgin and

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[ 43 ] .

Stirling ; joint secretary of the BoArd of Control, 1852 and 1853-60 ; M.P. for luvemeaa,
1831-132 and'1833-^7, and for Elgin and Nairn since 1840.

BRUCE^ John, English antiquarian, b. in London, 1802 ; eflucated for the law, but
ceased to practise in 1840. Editor of * The Restoration of Edward IV.' 1838 ; * Verney'M
Notes on the Long Parliament,' 1844 ; and a great number of works for learned societies ;
also contributor to the Edinburgh Review and Gentleman's Magcuinc.

BRUCEi Jjord Charles William Bmdenell, English politician, b. 1834 ; captain
in the Ist Life Guards, and captain of the Royal Wilts Yeomanry Cavalry; Ji.P. for
North WUtshire, 1865.

BRUCE, Itord Ernest Ani^istas Charles Bradenell, English politician,
b. 1811 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; gi-aduated MA. 1831 ; vice-
chamberlain to the Queen, 1841-46 and 1852-.'i8 ; deputy-lieutenant fur Wilts ; M.P. for
Marlborough since 1832.

BRUCE, Rev* John Collinpn^iroody English historical writer, b. at Newcastle-
upon-1'yne, 1805; educated at the Uuiventity of Glasgow, and graduated M.A. 1826,
and LL.D. 1853. Author of 'A Handboiik of Euglish History;' ^'llie Baycux Tapestry
elucidated,' 1856 ; * A Handbook to Newcastle ; ' and other historical works.

BRUCE. Ri^ht Hon. Henry Anstin, English politician, b. 1815 ; called to the
bar, 1837 ; appointed under-seci-etary for the tiume Department, 1862 ; vice-president of
the Committee of Council ou Education, 1864 ; deputy-lieutenant of Glamorgan ; M.P.
for Merthyr-Tydvil since 1852.

BRUCE, Sir Henry Herrey, Bart. English politician, b. 1820 ; deputy-lieutenant
for the count}' of Londonderry ; high sheritt, 1846 ; late lieutenant Ist Life Guards ;
M.P. for Coleraine since 1862.

L, Rayniond, French novelist, b. at Compile in 1805. Wrote under
several pseudonyms. Author of *Le Ma^n,' 1828; 'Les Intimes,' 1831; *Les sept
Peches capitaux,' 1838 ; * Au milieu des Douleurs,' 1842 ; aud numerous other works of
flctioa.

BRUCKNER, Frangois Aa^nste, French politician, b. at Strasbourg, Feb. 8,
1814 ; entered the Polytechnic School, 1834 ; captain of artillery and member of the
Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; member of the Legislative Assembly, 1851 ; exiled, 1852.

BRUEN, Henry, English politician, b. 1828 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the
county of Carlo w ; M.P. for county of Carlow since 1857.

BRUOGEMANN, Carl Heinrich, German political writer; b. at Hopsten,
Prussia, Aug. 29, 1810; studied at the University of Boim. Author of 'Der Deutsche
Zollverein uud das Schutzsystem,' Berlin ; editor of the Cologne Gazette, 1845-48.

BRUGGEMANN, Johann Heinrich Theodor, Prussian statesman, b. at Soest,
Westphalia, in 1795 ; studied at the Univei-sity of Munster ; appointed professor of the
Lyceiun of Dusseldorf, 1815, and director of the establishment, 181 r ; councillor of public
instruction at Cobleutz, 1832; minister of public iustiuct.uu, 1849; vice-president of
the second Prussian Chamber, 1850-51.

BRUIaOVT, Alexander, Russian architect, b. at St. Petersburg early in tiM present
century ; studied at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts. Designed the theatre of
Micha'iloff and the observatory, of the Academy of Sciences; superintended the
restoration of the Imperial winter-palace.

BRUN-I«AVAINNE, Elie Benjamin Joseph, French antiquarian writer, b. at
Lille, July 22, 1791 ; appointed archivist of Lille, 1826. Author of 'Atlas topographique
et historique de Lille,' 1830-36; 'Lea Sept Si6ges de Lille,' 1839; and other antiquarian
and historical works.

BRUNET, Jean Baptlste, French military writer, b. at Limoges, Nov. 8, 1814 ;
studied at ihe Polytechnic tichool, and captain in 1832; member of the Constituent
Assembly for Haut-Vienne, 1851. Author of * Histoire g6u6rale de I'Artillerie,' Paris,
1842; 'La Question Algerienne,' 1847.

BRUNET, de Presle, Charles Marie Vladimir, French antiquarian writer,
b. at Paris, Nov. 10, 1809 ; member of the Academy of Inscriptions, 1852 ; professor of
modem Greek at the School of Oriental Langiuiges, 1864. Published * Ki^cherches sur
les J^blissements des Grecs en Sicile,' 1845 ; * L'Examen critique de la Succession des
Dynasties^^lgyptiennes,' 1850.

BRUNIUS, Carl Georflr, Swedish archeeologist, b. at Tanum, March 23, 1792;
obtained the degree of Ph.D. 1814; tutor at the University of Lund, 1816; professor

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[44]

of Greek, 1824. Author of * Life of Tyrtaeus,* in Greek, Lund, 1816 ; * Konstanteck-
ningar under en Resa till Fahlun, etc' 1851 ; and several iSwedisli poems, and historical
and antiquarian works.

BRUNNOWi Ernst Fhillpp. Baron de, Russian diplomatist, b. at Dresden,
Aug. 31, 1797; studied at the University of Leipsic, and received into the Russian
diplomatic service at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 ; secretary to the embassy in
London, 1&20-23 ; seci-etary to Count Woronzow, governor of Odessa, 1827; senior
councillor to the Foreign Offlco, 1830 ; envoy extraordinary- and minister plenipotentiary
to the Court of Wurtemberg, 1839 ; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
Great Britain, 1840 to 1854 ; minister plenipotentiary at the Court of Prussia, 1864r-67 ;
ambassador to Great Britain since 1858.

BRUNO, Edooard Hnbert Joseph, French military commander, b. Jan. 16, 1802 ;
general of brigade, 1859; governor and commander-in-cluef of the military school of
Saumur.

BRUYS, Ame'de'e, French politician, b. at Climy, Oct. 29, 1817 ; studied law at Paris,
and admitted to the bar ; deputy to the Constituent Assembly for Satoe-et-Loire, 18^9 ;
elected member of the Legislative Assembly, 1850 ; exiled, 1851.

BRYAN, George Leopold, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Oscott College ;
justice of the peace, and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Kilkenny; returned M.P.
for same county, 1865.

BRYANT, WiUiank Onllen, American poet, b. at Cummington, Massachusetts,
Nov. 3, 1797 ; studied at William's College from 1810-12 ; admitted to the bar, and
practised at Great Barrington. Author of ' The Ages,' 1821 ; * Indian at the Burying-
place of his Fathers ;' * Hymn of the City ;* * Battle Field ;' and numerous other poetical
works. Established the New York Review and Athenfeum Magazine ; editor of the New
York Evening Post.

BUBE, Adolph, German author, b. at Gotha, Sept 23, 1802 ; studied at the college of
his native town, and at the University of Jena, 1821 ; secretary of the archives of Gotha,
1834 ; director of the Ducal Museum, of Kunstcabinet, of Gotha, 1842. Author of
'Deutsche Sagen und sagenhafte Anklange,' Jena, 1842; 'Neue Gedichte,' ib. 1840;
and other works in poetry and prose.

BUOCIaEUCH, IValter Francis Montague Douglas Scott, Duke of,

English statesman, b. 1806 ; studied at St. John's College, Cambridge, and graduated
M.A. 1827; succeeded his father, 1819; high-steward of Westminster; governor of the
Charterhouse ; lord-lieutenant of Midlothian and Roxbui^hshire, and captain of the
Queen's body-guard in Scotland : lord privy seal and lord president of the council,
1842-46.

BUCHANAN, Isaac* Canadian politician, b. at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1810 ; entered
a mercantile house at Glasgow as partner, 1830 ; took an active part in the suppression
of the Canadian revolution of 1837 ; elected deputy for Toronto, 1841 ; member of the
executive council of tiie province of Quebec, and president of the Board of Trade in the
city of Hamilton.

BUCHANAN, Riffbt Hon. Sir Andrew, English diplomatist, b. 1807 ; entered
the diplomatic service, 1825 ; charge d'affaires at Florence, 1842, and at St. Petersburg,
1844 ; minister plenipotentiary at Switzerland, 1852 ; envoy extraordinary at Copen-
hagen 1853, at Madrid 1858, and at the Hague 1860 ; ambassador to the Court of
Prussia 1862-66.

BUCHEZ, Philippe Joseph BexOandn, French author, b. at Matagne-la-Petite,
March 31, 1796 ; obtained diploma of M.D. 1825 ; representative of the department of
the Seine at the Constituent Assembly, 1848. Author of * L'Essai d'un Traite coraplet de
Philosophic au point de vue du Catholicisme et du Progr^s,' Paris, 1839 ; ' Histoire de la
Formation de la Nationality Frangais,' 1859 ; and other philosophical works.

BUCKINGHAM, Joseph, American journalist and politican, b. Dec. 21, 1779;
member of the Legislature and of the Senate of Massachusetts. Author of ' Specimens
of Newspaper Literature,' Boston ; ' Personal Memoirs and Recollections of Editorial
Life ;' and other works.

BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS. Richard Plantagrenet CampbeU,
Duke off English statesman, b. 1823, only son of the second Duke of Buckingham ;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; sat as M.P. for Buckingham, 1846-57 ;
keeper of the privy seal to the Prince of Wales, 1852 ; chairman of the London and
North-Western Railway Company, 1853-61 ; succeeded to the dukedom, July, 1861 ; lord
president of the council, July 6, 1866, to March 6, 1867 ; appointed secretary of state for
the colonies, March 6, 1867.

Buc HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORART BIOGRAPHY. Bul

^ _[ 45 ]

BUCKIaAND. Francis TreTelyan* Engliiib naturalist, b. in 1820 ; edticatod at
Winchester School, and Christ Churchy Oxford, where he graduated B.A. Ib48 ; studied
medicine, and was assistant-surgeon to the 2d Life Guards, 1854 to 1863. Author of
' Curiosities of Natural History f and editor of his father's. Deou fiucldand's, ' Bridge-
water Treatise on Greology and Mineralogy.'

BUCKIaEYy Bdmnndy En^^h politician, b. 1834 ; JoAtfce of the peaoQ and deputy-
lieutenant for the county of Merioneth ; assumed the surname of Buc'kley in lieu of his
patronymic. Peck, by royal licence, 1864 ; M.P. for Newcastle-under-Lyne, 1865.

BUCKMAN^ JameSy English writer, b. at Cheltenham, 1816; curator and resident
professor at the Birmingham Philosophical Institution, 1846 ; professor of geology and
botany at the Royal Agricultural College of Cirencester, 1848 to 1863. Author <»f * Our
Triangle; Letters on the Geology, Botany, and Archaeology of the neighbourhood of
Cheltenham,' 1842 ; ' The Remains of Roman Art,' 1850 ; * Science and Practice in Farm
Cultivation,' 1863 ; and numerous other scientific woito.

BUCK8TONB. John Bald'vriny English actor aad dramatic author, b. near London
in 1802 ; made his debut at Wokingham, Berks, 1821 ; first appearance in Loudon at the
Surrey Theatre, 1824; performed at the Haymarket Theatre since 1837, and became
lessee and manager of the same« 1866. Author of more than one hundred and fifty
comedies, dramas, and farces.

BUCKlVAIaD. Joseph Heiniich TOn, Danish writer, b. at Vienna, Oct. 2, 1787 ;
entered the military school of Copenhagen ; served in the French navy, and took part in
tiie campaigns of Austria, Spain, and Portugal ; returned to Denmark in 1822, and pub-
lished in !^nch and Danish a ^reat number of works : among them, ' L'Age po^tique
d'un Scandinave,' Paiis, 1823 ; ' Tankelege og Digterforsag,' 1851.

BUDBERGy Andrenr, Baron^ Russian diplomatist, b. in 1820; entered the
diplomatic service, 1842 ; secretary of the Russian Legation at Frankfort, 1846 ; charge
d'affaires in Uie same city, 1849 ; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
Berlin, 1851 ; and to Hanover and Mecklenburg, 1852 ; the same at Vienna, 1856 ;
returned to Berlin, March 19, 1858 ; ambassador to France, 1862-68.

BUDDETXSy Anrelio. German writer, b. at Altenburg in 1817 ; studied medicine at
Leipsic, and received the diploma of M. D. 1842. Author of * Petersburg im kranken
Leben,' Stuttgard, 1846 ; * Halbrussisches,' Leipsic, 1847; * Das Schweizerland,' 1853.

BUELIay Don Carlos^ American general, b. in the state of Ohio in 1819 ; admitted as
a cadet at West Point, 1837 ; entered the armv as second-lieutenant of infantry, 1841 ;
first lieutenant, and engaged in the war in Mexico, 1845 ; captain, 1846 ; major, 1847 ;
assistant adjutant-general, 1848 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1861 ; major-general, 1862 ; retired
from the army, 1865.

BUPFETy laonis Joseph, French politician, b. at Mirecourt, Vosges. Oct. 26, 1818 ;
studied law, and practised at the Paris bar ; elected to the French Constituent Assembly
by the department of the Vosges, 1848 ; minister of commerce and agriculture, 1848-49 ;
member of the L^slative Assembly, 1850-51 ; member of the general council for the
canton of Thillot; deputy to the Corps L^slatif; 1864-67.

BUGUETy Jean Joseph, French writer, b. at Leviers, Doubs, in 1793 ; studied law
at Dijon, and obtained the d^ree of LL.D. 1821; member of the general coimcil of
Doubs, 1858. Author of * CSuvres de Pothier, annot^es et mises en coir^lation avec lo
Code Civil et la Legislation actuelle,' 1845-48 ; and several 'Memoirs.'

BUIaGARIS, DemetrinSy Greek politician, b. at Hydra, 1801 ; entered the govern-
ment service, and became senator, 1833 ; president of the provisional guvemment of
Athens, 1862 ; president of the council, and minister of the interior, 1863-64.

BUJjK£laEY, Sir Richard Bulkeley IVilliams, English politician, b. 1801 ;
lord-lieutenant of the county of Carnarvon ; M.P. for Beaumaris, 1830-33 ; for Anglesey,
1833-37 ; for Flintshire, 1841-47 ; and. again for Anglesey since 1847.

BUIalaER, Sir Arthnr William, English politician^ b. at Calcutta, Bengal, 1808 ;
educated at Edinburgh and Trinity College, Cambridge : called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn,
1834 ; Queen's advocate in Ceylon, 1840 ; judge of the Supreme Court of Calcutta, 1848-58 ;
M.P. for Devonport, 1869 to 1865 ; and for Liskard since 1865.

BUIalaER, Sir Edward Mannlnyham. Bart. English politician, b. 1800; educated
at Oriel College, Oxford; graduated B.A. 1821, and M.A. 1824; deputy-lieutenant for
the county of Stafford, and high-sheriff; 1853 ; M.P. for North Statfoidshire, 1833-42 ;
for Stafford, 1842-47 ; for North Staffordshire, 1865.

BUIalaER, Sir Georire, English general, b. in 1804 ; entered the army, 1820 ; lieu-
tenant-colonel in the infantry, 1841 ; took part in the Kaflftr war, and was present at Boom

Bnl HANDBOOK OF CONTBMPORARY BIOGRAPHT. Bixr
[ 46 1 —

Plats, 1848 : staff-major, 1852 ; fought at Alma and Inkerman ; mi^or-general and K.C.B.
1855 ; lieatenant-general, 1862.

BUIaOW. Friederich Knbech Heiniich TOn, Danish statesman, b. at Neustrup,
Sohleswig, P^b. 4, 1791 ; entered the array, and present at the siege of Copenhagen in
1807 ; commander of the fortress of Fredericia, 1848 ; governor of the duchy of Schleswig,
1851-54 ; minister plenipotentiary of Denmark to Oreat Britain, 1865.

BUIiOZy TrBSkQoiMf French writer, b. at Valbens, Geneva, in 1803 ; studied at Paris,
and founded the Rev^ie dts Devx MoncUs, 1831, and L'Annvaire des Deux Mondes, 1850 ;
royal commissioner for the ComMie FrauQaise, 1838 to 1848.

BUIaWlSR, Rirht Hon. Sir Henry Iiytton Earle, English diplomatist,
b. 1805 ; entered the diplomatic service in 1829, and successively attached to the
British embassies at Berlin, Brussels, and the Hague; M.P. for Wilton, 1830; for
Coventry, 1831-32 ; for Marylebone. 18.S4 to 1837 ; secretary of embassy at Constanti-
nople, 18.S7 ; secretary of embassy at Paris, 1839 ; minister plenipotentiary at the Court
of Madrid, 1843-48 ; ambassador at Washington, U.S. 1849 ; envoy extraordinary to
Tuscany, 1852-65 ; ambassador at Constantinople, 1857-66. Author of ' An Autumn in
Greece ;' * France, Social and Military ;' • The Monarchy of the Middle Classes,-' • Life of
Lord Byron.'

BUNGB, Alexander, Russian botanist, b. at Kiew, Sept. 24, 1803 ; studied at the
University of Dorpat, and obtained the diploma of M.D. 1825 ; professor of botany at
Kasan, and professor and director of the Botanical Gardens at Dorpat, 183G. Author of
* Enumeratio Plantarum quas in China boreali coUegit,' St. Petersburg, 1831 ; * Beitrat;
zur Kenntniss der Flora Russlands in den Steppen Central Asiens,' Bt. Petersburg and
Leipsic, 1851 ; and numerous other works.

BUNGB, Frederick George, Russian author, b. at Kiew, March 1, 1802, brother of
the preceding ; studied law at the University of Dorpat, and professor of jurisprudence
there, 1823. Author of * Ueber den Sachsenspiegel, als Quelle des mittleren und unige-
arbeiteten livlandischen Bitterrechts,' Riga, 1827; *Liv.-Esth. und Kurlandisches
Urkundenbuch nebst Regesten,' Reval, 1852-53 ; and many other legal works.

BUNSBN, Robert ^VUhelm Bberhard, German chemist, b. at Gdttingen,
March 13, 1811 ; studied at Gdttingen University, and at Paris, Berlin, and Vienna ; pro-
fessor at the Polytechnic Institute of Cassel, 1836, and at the University of Marburg,
1838 : titular professor at the University of Breslan, 1851. Author of ' Eisenoxydhydrat,
das Gegengift, Ac* 1837 ; and other works on chemistry.

BUOIa-SCHAUENSTBIN, Karl Ferdinand, Connt, German statesman and
diplomatist, b. in tlie canton of Orisons, Switzerland, May 17, 1797 ; entered the Austrian
diplomatic service, 1816 ; secretary to the embassy at Paris 1822, at London 1824, at
Carlsruhe 1828 ; envoy extraordinary to the Court of Darmstadt 1831, at Stuttgard 1888 ;
plenipotentiary at Turin, 1848 ; ambassador at London, 1851-52 ; minister of foreign
affairs of Austria, 1852-59 ; privy councillor and chamberlain of the Emperor of Austria.

BUONCOMPAGNIy Baltassarre, Italian author, b. at Rome, May 10, 1821 ;
appointed member of the pontifical academy, De Nuovi Linc«i, 1847, of which he after-
wards became librarian and treasurer. Author of ' The Life and Works of Guido Bonatti,
Astrologer and Astronomer of the Thirteenth Century,' Rome, 1851 ; the ' Life and Works
of Leonardo ^sano ;' and several other historical publications.

BUQUETy Henri Alfred I^eopold. Baron, French politician, b. at Paria,
July 15, 1809 ; mayor of Nancy, and member of the General Council for the canton of
that town ; entered the Corps Ldgislatif for the second department of the Meurthe
in 1852 ; re-elected, 1863.

BURBURB I^EZBMBBEK, Iieon Phllliipe Marie, Chevalier de, Belgian
writer aT»d musical composer, b. at Termonde in 1812; studied law and received the
degree oi LL.D. from the University of Gand, 1832 ; librarian of the archives of the
church of Notre-Dame of Termonde, 1842, and of the cathedral of Antwerp, 1840.
Published * Inscriptions de la Province d'Anvers,* 1862.

BURCHAM, Thonuis Borroi'ir, English lawj'er, b. in 1809 ; studied at Trinity
College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1830; elected fellow of Trinity College, 1832 ;
called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1843 ; recorder of Bedford, 1848 ; police-magistrate
in London, 1850.

. BURDACH, Ernst, German anatomist, b. at Leipsiq, 1801 ; professor of anatomy at
the University of Konigabeig. Published * Beitrag zur mikroskopischen Anatomie der
Nerven,' Ednigsberg, 1887 ; and an edition of his father's works on anthropology in
1847.

HANDBOOK OP CJONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY.

Bnr

I 47 >

Oct 31

Christ

18&^fd^'eSd«^^*ti n •^"^•'^"'*°®' ^' a* Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
Church H^tford i«!n!?-''T'tl^' of Gottingen and Bonn. Germany ; rector of
isinSlish vi™!^' o^H^ri'' bi8hop of Main?, 1847. Published 'The Book of
i^^|lis^ erse ; and « Pages from the Ecclesia stical History of England.*

educated at St. .John's College,
at Rome, 1831 ; rector of Upper

w blames your reviewer of L}^^ '. "^^® Topography and

a l>o«^« » / *^ Viewer oi 835; and various pamphlets on

a Panorama " for two mis- |

^-ich one must be charged to Bulwer kitidan, K 1825; educated at

!» other to Sir Algernon's own rash ^^ ^•^- ^^*^' magistrate and

«ing 0, piece of reviewer's condensa- i**'^""^' ^'^' '*"' Lincolnshire,

sferring to the actual text review<*d I lom ., x ^ i. «r

>iir«5<> rw.r^««*u, r . *^; '^^®«« >- , 1819 ; educated at Worcester

)urse, perfectly correct m declaring jUege, 1848. Author of a trans-

descent on his father's side was a. 5^«naic Vases,' 1833; 'Oxfortl

^But in so far as Bulwer himself Xs^ .^ ''^^^^' '''' ' ^°^'^^^* ^^ ^

■&- Norfolk ancestry as of sufficient -.*^t Caen College ; called to the

LJustay a claim to ancient land-ownin« T^c?*^^®® of Lords; Q.C. of the

^'aUtement about owning land since 'f^^'LZX'^'^^^l^fZ^^

' IS hjs own statement), a biographer <

explain Bulwer's character rather than J^^"*«r, b. in London in 1815 •
Jit on points of genealogical detail is W *? A^® ^"^ of the Middle
accused but even to be applauded for ^^/of M^Js^l^^^^^^^^
an at his own flamboyant valuation r^^^S^csl, historical, and anti-
lim accordingly. ji^

it Bulwer's mother was not really a i^^e^u^7&,^\'ji ^«,«2;
IS stated on pages 4 and 5 of my ^'^ Tyrol.' "''^''^^^ «nd battle

Tised-and I think justifiably— to !g*?*™I»?H Prussia, in 1807 •
be argument that the eager adoption of yTmait ""^^^^^ *^^ ^'P^oma
J as a traditional refinement, both by ^ ^^t PrussLn d&*/fnw*^
^ther and by Bulwer himself, wa« not i^'l^rT'«'.^«43^Crth%'^^^^^^^
characteristic of their readines; to strikr I w T''"'''"' ^^'^«
iatudes but also helps to explain the «f &mo^ ^s^P'^f V««2 ;
OS care with which Bulwer, at any rate, r^'^^'^^f^res^n t^'fee'
„his pose of intellectuAlism. To sum- ^ "^^ ^^^^««ce,> Boston, ml;
'is in one sentence of a review would "^rdeaux, Nov 18 ifinr
ipossible; and your critic was surely .*'^,!?"^;, Anthor of ''fiSf
5 taken Bulwer's acknowledged " in- ^^"°«**^« t^^ologiques,' isei !i
imily pride " (the phrase is his own) alogues, Manche Anc ok ,
/alue, instead of demonstrating how K^f?.*" .*he Pa^nlt7of ffi^cl'
r Ultimate standards, the currency was "rj cSs^S &X^^?'^? '°*^
f Such demonstration would have been aanscnt-Frangais,'

jmic, at worst definitely misleading.
Yours,

MICHAEL SADLrEJ

-^r^^^^^f Amorose JUTerivv, Aiuer'
Union County, Indiana, May 23, 1824 ; educat
lieutenant, Sept 8, 1847 ; first lieutenant, I
and brigadier-general, Aug. 1861 ; commande
army, 1864; governor of Rhode Island, 1866.

Skeletons of SennoM '
Magazine.

T, b. at Liberty

iy. 1843 ; second

^ 1863; colonel

v^eneral Grant's

HANDBOOK OF CONTEHPORART BIOOBAPHT.

HANDBOOK O? CONTBMPORART BIOQUAPHT.

I 'The Bwk of

John'i Collin.
nie,_l81l; rectoi ' "

~lii«LevMtt7TeS6"B '
me, Engllih lolltlclan, b. I82G; edacited tt
B ui4 LinoDlDBlilre » Jil.P- for LlbCOLDHhlET,
ifflEsh Rgthnr, b. 1819; 9diica1«d at Worcester
f tbo College, of Oiford,' 1857; Porlrait of «

1819; edncllfd at CaenCnlkge; called to tfap
tarycoiiuselinthaHotueotLorde; Q.C.oftbi-

jiHcted Willi the AriBtocracy and ths Upper

'Bh ffeaedlogical writer, b. In Londoti In I81fi;
nand;, and called to tlie bar ot the Middle
knight attendant of the nrdra- of Bt Patritk.
rom the Unlvereity af Dublin. 1S«3. Editor of
il booka on geneaJogiral. hiatorical, and anti-

r, b, at PlriniBenti, Bavaria. Sept 9. Ifti:

;• 'Scenea In the Tyrol.-

* Hampahlre, It

lAtols,' 1899; 'Corioaitia tbiologiquea,' 1861;'

Titer, b. St Tfloguea, UaDChe, Aug. 25, 1831 :

de Bacon,' leM; - Eesai sur le V^i, on Intnn
M; ■ Dictionnaite olassiquo 8uigoril-PrMi5»iB,'

tical wr11«r, b. at Oldham, HancheBter, in 1805;
nat achool ; miiilBt«r of the United Cbrlstian
the BaptiBt Church of Harylebone Bince 183fi.
1828; 'SketchM and Skoletona of Bennona.'
nd fCunder of the PrfadttTt' Maffawint
Imerican milltaiy commander, b. at LlbeHj,

Bnr HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Bus
[ 48 ]

BURRBIfli^ Sir Peroj, Bart. English politician, b. 1812 ; deputy-lieutenant for
Sussex ; M. P. fur Shoreham since 1862.

BURRITT, Alexander. American writer, b. at New York, 1807 ; studied at Columbia
College, and graduated, 1824 ; called to the bar of New York, 1828. Published * Practi<^e
of the Supreme Court of the State of New York,' 1840;* *A Law Dictionary and
Glossary,' 1850 ; ' Treatise on Circumstantial Evidenoe,' 1866.

BURRITTy EUhtiy American author and lecturer, b. in Connecticut, 1811 ; apprenticed
to a blacksmith ; studied, while working at his trade, mathematics, Latin, French,
Spanish, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, German, and Russian. Author of ' Sparks firom the
Anvil,' London, 1848 ; and ' Olive Leaves,* ib. 1863.

BURROI^Sy Gtoorffey English physician and medical writer, b. in 1802 ; studied at
Cambridge, and graduated M.D. 1829 ; fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1832 ;
physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital, 18.34 ; physician to Christ's HospitaL Author
of ' The Disorders of the Cerebral Circulation, and the Connexion of Diseases of the
Heart and Brain.'

BURT. Archibald Paull, English colonial judge, b. 1818 ; called to the bar of the
Middle Temple, Nov. 1845 ; attorney-general of St Christopher from 1849 to 1860 ; civil
commissioner and chairman of quarter sessions in Western Australia, July, 1860 ; chief
justice, 1861.

BURTON, John Hill, English author, b. at Aberdeen, Aug. 22, 1809 ; studied at
Marischal College, where he graduated A.M. ; advocate at the Scottish bar, 1831 ;
secretary to the Prison Board of Scx)tland, 1854. Author of ' Life and Correspondence
of David Hume,' Edinburgh, 1846 ; ' History of Scotlaud from the Revolution to the
Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection,' London, 1853 ; *The Scot Abroad,* 1864;
and numerous others, chiefly historical works.

BURTON, Richard Francis. African traveller, b. 1821 ; entered the Indian army,
1842 ; became captain, 1857 ; military secretary under General Beatson, 1855 ; counsel
at Fernando Po, 1861. Author of *The Lake Regions of Central Africa ; * Abeokuta, and
the Cameroon Mountains,' 1863 ; * Mission to Gelele, King of Dahomey,* 1864 ; and
several other narratives, travels, and adventures.

BURTON, Sir WiUiam l^estbrooke, English colonial judge, b. in 1794 ; served
in the navy for some years ; was called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1824 ; recorder of
Daventry, 1826 ; and appointed judge at the Cape of Good Hope, 1827 ; transferred to
New South Wales, 1833, and to Madras, 1844 ; president of the Council or Upper House
of Representatives at Sydney, 1856. Author of * Treatise on the Laws affecting
Insolvents in New South Wales,* and ' State of Religion and Education in Australia.*

BURY, Rigrht Hon. William Contts Keppel, Visconnt. English politician,
b. in 1832 ; educated at Eton ; entered the Scots Fusilier Guards, 1849 ; private secretary
to Lord John Russell, 1850-51 ; civil secretary and superintendent-general of Indian
atfairs for the province of Canada, 1854 ; treasurer of the royal household, 1859 ;
M.P. for Wick district of Bui^hs, 1860 ; sworn privy councillor, 1859. Author of several
I)olitical and historical papers in Fraser's Magcaine and other periodicals.

BUS, Alberic dn, Belgian politician, b. at Toumai, May 10, 1810, brother of tlie
preceding ; cominissioner of the district of Mons ; elected to tiie Chamber of Repre-
sentatives for the district of Tumhout, 1840 ; representative of Brussels, 1854.

BUS, Frangois Louis Joseph dn, Belgian politician, b. at Toumai in 1791 ;
deputy to the National Congress, 1830 ; member of the Chamber of Representatives for
the district of Toumai, 1834-40 ; and for Tumhout since 1844.

BUS DE OHISIONIBS, Bernard Ame Iieonard, Vicomte dn, Belgian
naturalist, b. at Toumai in 1808 ; sent to the Chamber of Representatives for the
district of Soignies, 1835-47 ; director of the Natural History Museum of Brussels ;
member of the Entomological Society of France and the Royal Academy of Belgium.

BUSR, GeorifCi American writer, b. at Norwich, Vermont, June 12, 1796; studied at
the Seminary of Princetown, and was for several years missionary for the Presbyterian
church to Indiana ; professor of Hebrew literature at the University of New York, 1831.
Author of *Life of Mahomed,* 1832; 'Notes on Ghenesis, Exodus, Leviticus, etc.' New
York, 1840 ; * The Soul, an Inquiry into Scriptural Psychology ;* and a great number of
theological works.

BUSK. Hans, English writer, b. in 1815 ; educated at King's College, London, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1841, and M. A. 1844 ; called to the
bar of the Middle Temple, 1841. Author of * The Ride, and How to Use it '/ * Volunteers,
and How to Drill them.* Founder, and for some years editor, of the New Quari^y

Review.

Bns HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHT. Byl

[ 4» ]

BU80NI, Philiivpe, French writer, b. May 15, 1806. Author of 'L'Egmont, oa Paris
et Saint Cloud au 18 Brumaire/ 1831 ; 'Anselme,' 1835 ; ' Chefs^'oeuvre poetiques des
Dames frtmQaises,' 1841 ; ' Les Etrusques,' 1843 ; ' M^moirea de hi Princesse Pidatine
Duchesse d'Orl^ans/ 1832 ; and numerous contributions to the periodical press.

BUSQUETy Alfred, French writer, b. in 1820 ; studied at Rouen and Paris. Editor
of La SiUumetU, 1840 to 1850 ; contributor to the Pays, VArtisU^ la Liherti, Revue

BUSS, Franx Joseph. German writer, b. at Zelle, in 1808; studied philosophy,
medicine, and law, at Offenburg and at Fribuiv; professor of Public Law, 1833;
member of the Second Chamber of the Grand Duchy of Baden, 1837-46 ; deputy to the
National Assembly of Frankfort, 1848. Author of ' €kischichte und System der Staats-
wissenschaft,' 1839 ; * Urkundliche Geschichte des national und territorLal Kirchenthums,'
Schaffhausen, 1851 ; and numerous legal and theological works.

BUSSIBREy Alfred Renonard, Baron de, French politician, b. June 14, 1804 ;
president of the Tribunal of Commerce, Strasbourg ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for
the department of Bas-Rhin, 1852 ; re-elected, 1863 ; manager of the company of the
Credit Mobilier.

BUSSON, jQlien Henri. French politician, b. at Joigny, Tonne, July 24, 1823 ;
called to the bar, 1845 ; LL.D. Aug. 1848 ; deputy to the Corps L^slatif for the depart-
ment of the Ariege, 1854 ; member of the General Council of the department for the
canton of Castillon.

BUSSYy Antoine Alexander Bmtos. French physician, b. at Marseilles, 1794 ;
admitted M.D. at Paris, 1832 ; director of the 'Ecole de Pharmacie,' 1840 ; member of
the Academy of Sciences, 1850. Author of ' Clinical Researches on the Soap-wort of
Egypt,* Paris, 1833 ; and numerous other medical works.

BUSTAMANTE, Don Carlos Maria de« Mexican archseologist, b. in Mexico
near the end of the last century. Author of ' Statistical Memoir on the Oaxacu Country,'
1821 ; ' Texcoco in the last Days of its ancient Kines,' Mexico, 1826 ; ' Descripcion
Historica y Cronologica de las dos Piedras, etc.' Mexico, 1832. Editor of * A Complete
History of the Events which have taken place in New Spain,' ib. 1839.

BUTIaERy Bei^amln Franklin, American military commander, b. at Deerfleld,
New Hampshire, Nov. 5, 1818 ; educated at Lowell High School and Waterville College ;
admitted to the bar, 1840 ; member of the Massachusetts State Legislature, 1853 ;
brigadier-general of militia. 1857 ; commanded the Federal Forces in Virginia, 1861 ;
organized an expedition against New Orleans, which surrendered April 28, 1862 ; mqjor-
general, Dec. 1862.

BtTTIaER. Charles Sallsbnrj, English politician, b. 1812 ; magistrate for Middlesex,
City of Westminster, and Liberties of the Tower, and commissioner of Land, Property,
and Income Taxes ; M.P. for the Tower Hamlets since 1852.

* Bamnm's Parnassus, ' 1850 ; * The Queen of Song ;' ' Miseries of Crinoline, ' 1859.

BUTT, Isaac^ ^Bi^^ politician, b. in 1813; studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and
graduated, 1835 ; Wliately professor of political economy, 1886 ; called to the Irish bar,
1838; M.P. for Harwich, 1852: M.P. for Toughal, Ireland, since 1852. Author of
'History of the Kingdom of Italy,' 1860; *A Letter to Lord Morpeth,' 1837; 'Lectures
on Political Economy.' For some time editor and contributor to the Ihiblin, University
Magcufine.

BUTTERFIEIaD, WUllaniy English architect, b. Sept 7, 1814. Designed St Augus-
tine's College, Canterbury ; All Saints' church, Maigaret-street, London ; Baldersby
church, Yorkshire; Tealmpton church, Devon; the new chapel at Balliol Collece,
Oxford; and St. Alban's church, Baldwin's Gardens, Gray's Inn Road, and other public
buildings.

BUXTON, Charles, English politician, b. 1822 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge ; graduated in honours, 1843 ; M.P. for Newport, Isle of Wight, flx)m 1857 to 1859 ;
M.P. for Maidstone, 1859-65 ; and for East Surrey, 1865. Author of a Life of his father.
Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, and of many articles in the Reviews of the day.

BUXTON, Sir Thon&as Foivell. Bart- English politician, b. 1837 ; educated at
Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge; graduated M.A. 1859; deputy-lieutenant for
Essex and Norfolk; M.P. for Lyme Regis, 1865.

BYIiESi^ Sir John Barnard, English judge, b. in 1801 ; called to the bar of the

of Bucldngham, 1840; seijeant-at-law, 1843; Queen's

Inner Temple, 1831; recorder

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seijeont, 1857; judge of the Court of CommoH Pleas, and knighted, 1858. Author of
several legal works: among them, 'On the Usury Laws;' 'On Bills of Exchange;' and
*The Sophism of Free Trade.'

BYRON. Henry James. English dramatic writer, h. at Manchester, 18S5; educated
at St Peter's School, London ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple. Author of
'FraDiavolo;* 'Esmeralda;' 'Ill-treated IlTrovatore;' ' Dundreary married and done
for ;' ' War to the Knife,' 1865 ; and numerous comedies, farces, burlesques, and
pantomimes.

BYSTROM. Joban NIklaSy Swedish sculptor, b. at Fhillippsden, Wermeland,
Dec. 18, 1788; studied art at Stockholm. Executed several colossal statues of the
Swedish kings in marble, and other works. Published, in the Swedish language,
• Bystrom's Sculpture Gallery,' 1849-66.

c.

CABAIiLEROy Firmin Aflrosto. Spanish statesman, b. at Barajas del Melo, July 17,
1800 ; studied law and called to the oar of Madrid ; took nart in the Revolution of 1820 ;
retired to Estiamadura, 1823; elected to the Cortes for Madrid and Cuenga, 1836.
Author of ' El Gobiemo y los Cortes del Estatuto, materiales para su Historia,' Madrid,
1837 ; 'Manual Geografico-Administrativo de la Monarquia Espanola,' lb. 1844.

CABANBIi, Alexandre, French painter, b. at Montpellier, Sept 28, 1823 ; studied
under M. Picot, and executed ' Agonie du Christ du Jardin des Oliviers,' 1844 ; ' St. Jean,'
1850 ; 'Le Martyr chr6tien,' 1855 ; ' Portrait de I'Empereur,' 1865 ; and numerous other
paintings, chiefly historical

CABATy Nicolas laouis, French painter, b. at Paris, Dec. 24, 1812 ; studied under
M. Camille Flers, and painted * Le Soir au lever de la Lune,' 1855 ; * Une Source dans les
Bois,' 1864 ; and other landscapes.

CABBIa. Marie Joseph Dreullettey French actress, b. at Liege, Jan. 31, 1827 ;
studied music under M. Louis Joseph Cabel, whom she married, and at the Conservatoire,
1848-49 ; engaged at the Th^tre de I'Opera Comique, Paris, 1850-62. and at the Th^tre
Lyrique,' 1863.

CABRBRA, Don Ramon, Count of Morella, Spanish military commander,
b. at Tortosa in Catalonia, Aug. 31, 1810 ; joined the cause of Don Carlos, 1883, and was
made captain ; lieutenant-general, 1838, and created Count of Morella ; took refusre in
France, 1840 ; resided in Lyons, 1841 ; landed in Spain, June 1848 ; fought the battle of
Pasteral, Jan. 27, 1849 ; was wounded, and returned to France ; has lived in retirement
since 1854.

CABBIaliy Francis, English navigator, b. 1822; educated at Edinburgh and in
Germany ; midshipman in an East Indiaman ; took part in the Chinese war as a volunteer ;
present at the siege of Canton, the capture of Amoy and Ningpoo ; commander of a vessel,
1844 ; navigated the river Murray, Australia, 1861.

CADIZ. FitswillianiSy English colonial judge, b. 1825; studied at Pembroke College,
Oxford, and graduated B. A. ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1855 ; acting clerk of
council of the island of Trinidad in 1858 ; member of Privy Council of the island of
Tobago ; appointed stipendiary magistrate in the same island, April 1862, and coroner
and visiting justice of the gaol ; member of the executive committee, 1860.

CADOGAN, Henry Charles, Barl of, English diplomatist, b. in London, 1812 ;
educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1832; was attach^ at
St. Petersburg from June 1834 to July 1835 ; secretary of embassy at Paris from March
1858 to July 1859 ; M.P. for Reading ftx)m 1841 to 1847 ; for Dover from July 1852 to April
1857 ; colonel of the Westminster Middlesex Militia; succeeded his father, 1864.

CADOOAN, Hon. Geor^rey English general, b. 1814 ; entered the Guards as ensign
and lieutenant, Feb. 22, 1823; lieutenant and captain, 1838; lieutenant-colonel, 1847;
colonel, 1854 ; created C.B. Dec. 29, 1856; mi^or-general, June 23,1862; cross of com-
mander of the order of St Maurice, 1856, and the imperial order of Me^jidie, 1858.

CADORE. Iionis de Champaany. Dnke de, French politician, b. Jan. 12, 1796 ;
succeeded at the death of his father to the ducal title, 1834, and took his seat in the
House of Peers, Sept. 11, 1835 ; after the Revolution of 1848 was counsel-general of the
Loire ; charged to temporarily replace the Duke de Grammont at Rome, May 1861.

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! CADOUDAIi, laOUis Georffe de, French writer, b. at Auzon, Haute Loire, Feb. 10,

I 1823. Author of * Faits et R^cits contemporaines, et Recueil aiiecdotique,' 1860 ; ' Lea

I Signes da Temps, Critiques lit^raires et morales,' 1801; 'Lea Serviteors des Hoiumes,'

j 1864 ; and other works of general literature.

I CAFFARELIaly EnfrenA Anjraite, Comte de, French politician, b. at Milan,
Dec. 31, 1806 ; auditor to the Council of State, July 1832 ; pr6fet of Ille-et-Vllaine,
Jan. 24, 1849 ; resigned, March 9, 1851 ; member of the General Council of Aisne ; member
of the Corps L^islatif for the second circonscription of Ille-et-Vilaine, 1852.

CAFF£y Paul laonis Balthasar, French physician, b. at Charabery, Saroy, 1803 ;
diploma of M.D. at Paris, 1833 ; professor at the Hdtel Dien. Published * Rapport sur
rOpthalmie regnante en Belgique,' 1840 ; and author of several medical works.

CAHENy SamxMl, French writer, b. at Metz, Aug. 4, 1796; studied at the Jewish
College at Mayence ; diifector of the Jewish School at Paris. Author of a French trans-
lation of the Bible, in 18 vols., commenced 1831, completed 1853 ; * A Course of Hebrew
Reading ;' and other elementary works.

CAHIIiIiy Rer. Daniel l^illiam, English writer, b. in Queen's County, Ireland,
1802 ; studied at Carlow Coll^, and at Maynooth, where he was ordained ; professor of
Natural History in Carlow College. Author of several pamphlets, and former editor of
the Dublin Telegraph.

CAIIalilAUD, Frederic, French traveller, b. at Nantes, March 17, 1797 ; studied at
Paris ; conservator of the Museum of Natural History at Nantes, 1827. Author of

* Becherches sur les Oases, sur les Mines d'Emeraudes, et sur I'ancienne Route du Com-
merce entre le Nil et la Mer Rouge,' 1822 ; ' Voyage k M6ro^ et au Fleuve Blanc, etc.' 1827 ;
and other works of travels.

CAIN. Anflruste, French sculptor, b. at Paris, Nov. 1822; studied under Reede.
Exhibited ' The Dormouse and Tomtit,' 1846 ; * The From wishing for a King,' 1850 ;

* The Eagle defending his Prey,' 1852 ; 'An Eagle chasing a vulture,' 1857 ; and numerous
other works.

CAIRD. JameSy English politician, b. at Stranraer, 1816; educated at Edinburgh;
M.P. for Dartmouth, 1857; for Stirling, 1869; member of the Fishery Board, 1860;
chairman of the Royal Commission on the Sea Fisheries of the United Kingdom, 1863.
Author of several works on fiarming.

CAIRD, Rer. John, Scottish minister, b. at Greenock, 1823 ; studied at the University
of Glasgow, and licensed as a preacher, 1844 ; ordained minister of Newton-on-Ayre,
1845 ; minister at Errol, in Perthshire, 1850, and at Glasgow, 1858.

CAIRNS. Hngfh MacCalmont. lK>rd, English statesman, b. 1819; educated at
Trinity Cfollege, Dublin ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, Jan. 1844 ; appointed
Queen's counsel and bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1856 ; solicitor-general, Mardi 1858, and
knighted at that date; LL.D. of Cambridge, 1862; D.C.L. of Oxford, 1863 ; lord high
chancellor, 1868.

CAITHNESS, James Sinclair, Earl of, English statesman, b. 1821 • appointed
deputy-lieutenant of Caithness, 1848 ; lord-lieutenant, 1856 ; succeeded his father,
1855; lord-ii>waiting to the Queen from April 1856 to Feb. 1858 ; re-appointed, 1859 ;
elected a representative peer for Scotland, June 1858 ; is the inventor of the ' Road
Locomotive Steam Engine.'

CAIiDERON, Philippe Hermoffenes, French painter, b. at Poitiers in 1833 ;
studied at Paris under M. Picot. Exhibited at the Royal Academy 'The Gaoler's
Daughter,' 1858 ; * Man goeth forth to his Labour,' 1859 ; * Drink to me only with thine
Eyes,' 1863 ; * Women of Aries,' 1864 ; and numerous others.

CAIiDERON, Don Serafin Esteran, Spanish poet, b. at Malaga about the begin-
ing of the present century ; studied at the Universify of Granada ; professor of poetry
and rhetoric there ; auditor-general of the Army of the North, 1834. Author of • Poesias
del Solitario,' 1883 ; ' The Christians and Moors,' 1838 ; ' Andalusian Scenes,' 1847 ; and
several others.

OAIiFA, Ambrose Yonsouf-bey • Armenian writer, b. at Constantinople, March 2,
1830 ; studied at the College of Mekhitaristes, Venice ; professor at the College of
Moorat, Paris, 1848 ; pr^fet of studies in same college, 1854. Author of ' Universal
History,* Venice, 1851 ; 'Armenian and French Dictionary,' Paris, 1860; and numerous
other works.

CAIiIiAGHAN, Jeremiali Thomas Fitscerald, English colonial administrator,
b 1813 • educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; took honours in classics ; held the appoint-
ment of Barrington lecturer on political economy to the Dublin Statistical Society ; was

_ — X 2

counsel to the attorney-general for Ireland ; appointed chief magistrate for Hong-Kong,
1860 ; called to the Irish bar, 1854 ; appointed governor of Laboan, April 10, 1862 ;
acting consul-general, 1866.

CAIaMEIiS. Anatole Celesiiny French sculptor, b. in Paris, March 26, 1825;
studied under Karl Elshoeet, Bosio, and Pradier, and at the School of Fine Arts, 1840.
Executed * Ia Guerre,* 1840 ; 'La Naissance de la Vierge, *La Premutation au Temple '
(bas-reliefii for the church of St Maurice at LiUe), 1850-52 ; and numerous statues and
groups.

CAIiONNB, Alponse Bernard^ Vicomte de. French politician, b. at B^thune,
1818 ; studied hiw in Paris, 1840 to 1842. Author of ^ B^rang^re,' 1852 ; ' Les Frais de la
Guerre,' 1856 ; ' De la Defense des C6te8 en An^^eterre,' 1851 ; and numerous political
works.

CAIaTHORPEy Frederick Oonyh, Bsron. English politician, b. in London,
1790 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; assumed the name of Gough, 1845 ; M.P. for
Hindon tvom 1818 to 1826 ; and for Bramber fh>m 1826 to 1830 ; deputy-lieutenant and
high sheriff of Staffordshire, 1848 ; succeeded his brother in 1851.

CAIiTHORPEy Hon. Frederiek William Henry Oongh, English politician,
eldest son of the preceding, b. 1826 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Warwickshire ;
M.P. for Worcestershire, 1855.

CAIiVERT, GeoriTA Henry, American writer, b. at Baltimore, 1803; studied at
Harvard College, and at the German University of Giittingen. Author of ' Illustrations
of Phrenology,* 1882 ; * Count Julian,* 1840 ; * Scenes and Thoughts in Eiuope,' New
York, 1848 ; and numerous translations of German works.

CAIaVBRT, Rer. "William, English cloigyman, b. in 1819 ; educated at Pembroke
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1842 ; appointed minor canon of St Paul's,
1848 ; rector of St. Antholin and St. John the Baptist, Walbrook, 1849 ; incumbent of
Kentish Town, 1858. Author of ' The Wife's Manual,* 1854 ; ' Pneuma. or the Wandering
Soul,' 1856.

CAMBACE'RES, Marie Jean Pierre Hubert, Dne de, French senator, b.
at Montpellier, Sept. 20, 1798 ; studied law and called to the bar at Paris, 1823 ; senator,
1851 ; grand master, of ceremonies in the Emperor's household.

CAMBRIDGE, Georare Willian& Frederick Charles. Duke of, English
prince, b. 1819, cousin to her Mqjesty; president of Christ's Hospital ; colonel in the
Grenadier Guards ; ranger of St James's and Hyde parks ; appointed colonel in the army,
1837 ; lieutenant-general, 1854 ; general commander-in-chief, 1856 ; field-marshal, 1862 ;
served in ilie Crimea, 1854-55 ; has been inspector-general of cavalry.

CAMDEN, John Charles, Marqnis, b. 1840; educated at Eton and Cambridge ;
deputy-lieutenant of Kent; M.P. for Brecknock, 1866; succeeded his father, second
marquis, Aug. 1866.

CAMERON, Sir Duncan Alexander, English general, b. 1808 ; entered the army,
1825 ; became captain, 1833 ; major, 1839 ; colonel, 1854 ; mi^jor-general, 1859 ; served in
the Crimean campaign of 1854-55 ; lieutenant-general commanding the trooi>8 in New
Zealand, 1863 ; created K.C.B. and knitted, 1864.

CAMERON, Simon, American statesman, b. in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
1792 ; appointed visitor at West Point, 1832 ; senator of the U. S. for Pennsylvania,
1845 ; secietaiy of war to President Lincoln, 1861.

CAMOU. Jacones, French general, b. May 1, 1792 ; entered the army, 1818 ; captain,
1823 ; cnief of battalion, 1837 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1841 ; colonel, 1844 ; gietneral of
brigade, April 1848 ; general of division, Feb. 6, 1852 ; commanded a division in the
Crimea and in the wax in Italy; grand cross of the Legion d'honneur, 1857 ; senator,
Dec. 30, 1863.

CAMOYS, Thomas Stonor, Baron. Encash politician, b. in London, 1797; lord-
in-waiting to the Queen fh)m 1846 to Feb. 1852 ; and trom Jan. 1853 to Feb. 1858 ;
re-appointed, June 1859 ; returned M.P. for Oxford city, 1832, but was unseated on peti-
tion ; contested Oxford in 1835, and Oxfordshire in 1887, unsuccessftilly ; summon^ to
the House of Lords in 1839.

CAMPBEIali, Sir Alexander, Bart. English colonial administrator, b. 1819; suc-
ceeded his father, 1842 ; appointed superintendent of police in West Australia, Sept.
1857 ; resident magistrate of Albany in that colony, 1861.

CAMPBEIiIa, Alexander Henry, English politician, b. 1822 ; educated at Edin-
burgh and Paris ; partner in the firm of Finlay, Campbell, & Co. East India merchants.

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London ; director of the London and St Katharine's Docks ; elected M.P. for Lannces-
ton, 1865.

CAMPBEIala, Sir Alexander Thomas Coekbnm, Bart. English politician,
b. at Madras, 1804 ; succeeded his maternal grandfather in 1824; assumed the name of
Campbell, 1825.

CAMPBEIiIa. Sir Archibald Islay, Bart. English politician, b. at Garscube,
Dumbartonshire, in 1825 ; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford ; where he was
second in classics, 1847 ; appointed captain of the Glasgow Yeomanry in 1849 ; resigned,
1857 ; lieutenant-colonel-commandant of Ist Lanarkshire rifle volunteers, 1860 ; deputy-
lieutenant of Aigyleshire, 1859 ; M.P. for Argyleshire fh)m 1851 to 1857.

CAMPBEIalai Sir Ed'ward Fits-Gerald, Bart. English officer, b. in London,
1822 ; succeeded his father, 1849 ; lieutenant of 60th Bifles, 1844 ; captain, 1850 ; major in
the army, 1858 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1860 ; appointed aidende-camp to the commander-in-
chief in India, 1849 ; military secretaiy to the governor-general, 1859 ; assistant-inspector
of volunteers, 1864.

CAMPBEIala, Sir Hngh Home, Bart. English politician, b. in Edinburgh in
1812 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; succeeded his father in 1833 ;
J. P. and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Berwick; M.P. for Berwickshire from
1834 to 1847.

CAMPBEIaliy William Frederick Campbell, laord, English politician, b. in
18^4; educated at Eton, Balliol College, Oxford, and Trmity College, Cambridge;
M.A. 1846; M.P. for Cambridge, 1847-^2; for Harwich, 185&-60; succeeded his father,
1861.

CAMPERDOWlf, Adam Dtmcan Haldaae. Earl, English statesman, b. at
Edinbuigh, 1812 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity Coui^;e, Cambridge, where he graduated
M.A. 1884 ; was a lord of the Treasury from March 1855 to March 1858 ; M.P. for South-
ampton from 1837 to 1841 ; for Bath, 1841 to 1852 ; and for Forfarshire, 1854 to 1859 ; is
deputy-lieutenant of Perthshire; appointed deputy-lieutenant of Forfarshire, 1850.

CAMPHAUSBN, latidolf, Oerman statesman, b. at Kiinshoven, Aix-la-Cbapelle,
Jan. 4, 1803 ; banker at Cologne, 1825 ; president of the Chamber of Commerce, Cologne,
1839 to 1848 ; member of the provincial diet of the Bhine, 1842, and of the first general
states diet convened at Berlin, 1847; president of the Prussian Council of Ministers,
1848 ; minister of state, 1849.

CAMPHAUSBN, Wilhelm, Oerman painter, b. at DUsseldorf, Feb. 8, 1810; studied
at the Academy of Diisseldorf Painted ' The Puritans watching the Enemy ;' ' Godfrey
de Bouillon at Ascalon ;' and numerous battle scenes.

CANNON, Robertt English general, b. 1797 ; entered the military service of the East
India Company ; lieutenant-colonel, 1835 - colonel^ 1837 ; retired, 1847 ; took part in the
Russian war, 1853 ; commanded a Turkish division in Eupatoria, 1855 ; lieutenant-
general, 1856.

CANROBBRT. Frangois Certain, French military commander, b. at Gers, June 17,
1809 ; studied at the military school of St Cyr, 1826 ; entered the army as a private soldier,
1828 ; lieutenant, 1832 ; captain, April 1837 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1846 ; colonel, 1847 ;
general of brigade, Jan. 13, 1850 ; general of division, Jan. 14, 1853 ; commander-in-
chief of the French army in the Crimea, 1854-55 ; marshal of France, March 18, 1856 ;
commanded in the Italian camiMugn of 1859.

CANTERBURY, Most Rer. Charles Thomas IiOn^ley. English divine,
b. near Rochester, 1794 ; educated at Westminster, and elected to Christ Church,
Oxford, 1812; obtained first-class classical honours, and graduated B.A. 1815; M.A.
1834; public tutor of Christ Church, Oxford, from 1818 to 1828; rector of West
Tytherley, Hants, from 1827 to 1829 ; head-master of Harrow School from 1829 to 1836 ;
bishop of Bipon, 1886 ; translated to Durham, 1856 ; to York, 1860 ; consecrated 91st
archbishop of Canterbury, 1862.

CANTU, Cesare, Italian historian, b. at Brisio, near Milan, Sept. 5, 1805 ; professor
of literature in the College of Sondrio, 1823. Author of 'Universal History,' 1843-49 ;
* History of the last hundred Years,' 1852 ; ' History of the Italians,* 1859 ; and
numerous historical and poetical works.

CAP, Paul AntOine Gratcap. French naturalist, b. at M&con, April 2, 1788. Author
of * De la Classification methodique des Medicaments,' 1823 ; * Etudes biographlques
pour servir 4 I'Histoire des Sciences,' 1857 ; and many medical works.

CAPEFIOUB, Jean Baptiste Honore Raymond, French historical writer, b.
at Marseilles, 1802; studied law at Aix and Paris. Author of 'Essai sur les Invasions

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des Nonnands.' 1823 ; *Hi8toire des grandes Operations financiires,* 1855-57 ; * L'^lise
pendant les quatre demiers Si^cles/ 1858 ; and other historical works.

CAPETOWN, Riffht Rer. Robert Gray, English colonial bishop, b. at Bishop-
wearmouth Rectory, 1809 ; educated at Eton, and University College, Oxford, where he
graduated B. A. 1831 ; M. A. 1834 ; ordained, 1833 ; appointed pierpetuaJ curate of Stockton-
on-Tees, 1845 ; honorary canon of Durham cathedral, 1846 ; and first bishop of Cape-
to^Ti 1847.

CAPON, Sir David, English general, b. at Bombay, 1793 ; entered the service of the
East India Company at Bombay, 1809 ; lieutenant-general, 1862.

CARAOUBIi, Clement, French journalist, b. at Mazamet, Tarn, 1819. Author of
'Quatre Mois en Mer,' 1840; 'Souvenirs et Aventures d'un volontaire Garibaldien,'
1861 ; and numerous other works. Contributor to the Charivari^ 1848 ; the JoumcU des
DebaUy 1865.

CARAYON ItATOUR, Edmond, Baron de. French politician, b. at Paris, July 15,
1811 ; member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Electoral College of Castres, 1846 ;
member of the Corps L^gislatif after 1852 for the circonscription of Castres ; re-elected,
1857.

CARDBN, Sir Robert Walter, Bart. English magistrate, b. 1801 ; alderman of
the city of London, 1849 : lord-mayor, 1857-^8 ; founded the City Bank ; unsuccessfully
contested the borough of St Alban's, 1850, Gloucester, 1859, and Marylebone, 1861 ;
magistrate for Middlesex and Surrey ; deputy-lieutenant for London.

CARD^tTEIala. Rieht Hon. Bd'vrard. English statesman, b. in 1813 ; educated at
Winchester ; elected to a fellowship at BaUiol College, Oxford, 1832, and graduated 1835 ;
called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1838; M.P. for Clitheroe, 1842; for Liverpool,
1847 to 1852 ; for Oxford, 1853 and 1865 ; secretary to the Treasury from Feb. 1845 to
July 1846 ; president of the Board of Trade from Dec. 1852 to Feb. 1855 ; chief secretary
for Ireland from June 1859 to July 1861 ; chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster,
1861-64 ; secretary of state for the colonies, 1864-66.
* CARBIa, Philibert Fiore, Fren6h general, bom at Troyes, May 7, 1789 ; entered the
army, 1807 ; colonel, 1832 ; field-marshal, April 22, 1846; retired with the grade of statf
major-general

CARBTTE, Antoine Bmest Hinpolyte, French officer and military writer, b.
May 23, 1808 ; entered the Polytechnic School, 1828 ; chief of battalion, Dec. 21, 1852 ;
lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 24, 1858. Author of ' j^tudes sur la Eabylie proprement dite,'
1848-49 ; and works on Algeria.

CARB\^, John Ed'wrard, English sculptor, b. 1785; studied under Sir A. Westmacott
Executed the sculptures on the base of Nelson's column ; the statue of ' Whittington
listening to the London Bells ;' and other works of art.

CAREIV, Robert Sbapland, Baron, Irish magistrate, b. at Dublin, 1818 ; educated
at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford; M.P. for Waterford, 1840 to 1847; succeeded his
father, 1856 ; lord lieutenant of Wexford ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Water-
ford ; colonel of the Wexford militia.

CARBY, Alice, American authoress, b. at Moimt Healthy, Cincinnati, Ohio ; wrote
under the signature of PaJtty Lee. Author of ' Hualco,' 1851 ; * The Children of
Clovemook,* 1855 ; and of some voimnes of poems.

CARBY. Henry, American writer, b. in Philadelphia in 1798. Author of ' On the
Rate of Wages,* 1836 ; * The Past, the Present, the Future,' 1848 ; * Principles of Social
Science,' vols. L and ii. 1858 ; and other works on political economy.

CARBY, Sir Peter Safford, English lawyer, b. in Guernsey, 1803 ; educated at
St. John's College, Oxford ; graduated B.A. 1825, M.A. 1830 ; called to the bar of the
Middle Temple, 1830 ; recorder of Dartmouth, 1836 ; judge of the Court of Record in the
city of Wells, 1838 ; professor of English law in University College, London, 1838 ;
bailiff of Guernsey, and knighted, 1863.

CARGIIala, John, English colonial judge, b. 1815 ; called to the bar of the Middle
Temple, June 1841 ; appointed revising barrister at Jamaica, 1848 ; acting chairman of
quarter sessions, 1855 ; appointed assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Jamaica, 1856.

CARIaBN, Bmilia Fiyyare, Swedish novelist, b. at Stockholm, 1810. Author of
•Waldemar Klein,' 1838; 'Rose of Thiatleton,' 1842; *The Maiden's Tower,' 1848;
and many other works of fiction.

CARLBTON, William, Irish novelist, b. at Clogher, Tyrone, 1798. Author of ' Traits
and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,' 1830 ; 'Valentine M'Clutchy,' 1845 ; *The Black
Prophet,' 1847 ; * WiUie Reilly,' 1855. Has a literary pension of 200i. a year.

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CARIalSIaE. Hon. and Riffht Rer. Samnel WaldearaTe, bishop of.

English diyine, b. 1817; educated at Balliol College, Oxford; graduated B.A. and
double tirst-class, 1839 ; elected fellow of All Souls, 1839 ; M. A. 1842 ; canon uf Salisbury
cathedral, 1857 ; consecrated 57th bishop of Carlisle, 1860. Author of * New Testament
Millenarianism,' and a volume of sermons.

CARIaYIaB, Thomasy English author, b. at Ecclefechan, Annandale, DumfHesshire,
Dec. 4, 1795 ; studied at the University of Edinburgh. Author of • Sartor Resurtus,'
1833 ; * The French Revolution,' 1887 ; ' Lectures on Hero Worship,' 1840 ; ♦ Oliver
Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,' 1845 ; * Life of F^erick the Great,* 1860-d4 ; and
numerous essays and translations fh)m the German. Elected lord rector of the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, 1866. .

CARMOIaY, Elliacin, French philologist, b. at Soultz, Haute-Rhin, 1805. Author of
* Biography of Ancient and Modem Israelites,' in Hebrew, Metz, 1829 ; and a great
number of Hebrew works. Founded the French periodical, La France Israelite, 1855.
Grand Rabbi at Brussels, 1834 to 1889.

CARMOUCHEy Pierre Francois Adolphe, French dramatic author, b. at Lyons,
April 9, 1797. Author of * Le Vampire," 1820 : ' Les Envies de Mme. Godard,' 1848 ; * Le
Bagne de Th^r^se,' 1861 ; ' La Comette jaune,^ 1864 ; and numerous other dramas.

CARNARVON, Henry Howard Molynenx Herbert, Earl of, English
statesman, b. in London, 1831 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he
g^raduated first-class in classics, 1852 ; succeeded his father, 1849 ; appointed deputy-
lieutenant of Hants, and captain of Hants Yeomanry, 1853 ; constable of Carnarvon
Castle, 1854 ; high steward of the University of Oxford, 1859 ; secretary of state for the
colonies, 1866-67. Author of * The Druses of Mount Lebiuion,' 1860.

CARNE', Iionis Marcein, Comte de, French statesman and author, b. at
Quimper, Feb. 17, 1804 ; secreta^ of eml^y, 1825 ; member of the Chamber of Deputies,
1839 ; minister of foreign affairs, 1847 ; member of the French Academy, April 23, 1863.
Author of • Vues sur I'Histoire contemporaine,' 1833 ; * l^tudes sur I'Hihtoire du Govern-
ment representative en France de 1789 & 1848,' 1855 ; also contributor to the leading
French i)eriodical8.

CARNEGIE, Hon. Charles, English politician, b. 1833 ; deputy-lieutenant for
Forfarshire ; M.P. for Forfarshire, 1860-66.

CARNOT, laaaare Hyppolyte, French politician, b. at St Omer, April 6, 1801 ;
studied law, and became an advocate ; member of the Corps L6gislatif for the first
circonscription of Paris, 1863. Author of • Mdmoires de Henri Gr6goire EvSque de
Blois,' 1837 ; * Mdmoires de Camot, par son Fils,' 1861.

CARO, Elme Marie, French writer, b. at Poitiers, March 4, 1826 ; studied at the
College of Stanislas and the £cole Normale ; master of the conferences at the j^cole
Normale, 1858 ; inspector of the Academy of Paris, 1861 ; professor to the Faculty of
Letters, July 1864. Author of 'L'ld^e de Dieu et ses Nouveaux Critiques,' 1864; and
several other philosophical works.

CARPENTER, Mary, English authoress, b. 1820. Author of ' Reformatory Schools
for Children,' 1851 ; • Reformatory Schools, and their present Position,' 1855 ; and other
works on the treatment of youthful criminals.

CARPENTER, 'William Bird, EngUsh physician, b. 181S ; educated in Bristol, at
University College, London, and at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated
M.D. 1839; appointed registrar to the University of London, 1856. Author of 'Prin-
ciples of Genem and Comparative Physiology ;* and other medical works.

CARR, John, English judge, b. 1815 ; educated at University College, London ; gra-
duated B.L. 1839 ; called to the bar of Gray's Inn, May 1840; appointed Queen's advocate
at Sierra Leone, May 1840 ; acting governor from April to Sept. 1841 ; chief justice, 1841 ;
judge of the Vice- Admiralty Court, and president of the Council of the colony.

CARRE', Micbel. French dramatic author, b. 1819 ; studied at the College of Charle-
magne. Author of^* La Jeimesse de Luther,' 1843 ; ' La Reine de Saba,' 1862 ; ' Henriette
Deschamps,' 1863 ; and many other works.

CARRE', Narcisse Epamlnondas, French magistrate, b. at Paris, March 1, 1794 ;
studied law ; called to the bar, 1815 ; president of the tribunal of Rochelle, 1831 ; of
Tours, 1834 ; councillor of the Imperial Court of Paris, 1848. Author of * Code des
Femmes,' 1828 ; ' La Taxe en Mati^re civile,' 1839.

CARREIaET. Gilbert Alexandre, French general, b. at St. Pourcain, Sept. 14, 1789 ;
studied at the military school of Fontainebleau, 1809-11 ; captain, 1822 ; chief of a
squadron, 1830; colonel, 1838; mar6chal de camp, 1842; general of division, 1848;
appointed senator, 1852.

Car HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Cas
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CARRBYy Emile, French writer, b. at Paris, Sept 1820 ; stadied at the CJollege of
St. Louis, and called to the bar at Paris. Author of • Recueil complet des Actes du
Government provisoire,* 1848 ; 'Recite de Kabylie,' 1868.

CARRIERB. MoritB, German writer, b. at Grindel, Duchy of Hesse, March 5,
1817 ; studied at Giessen, Gottingen, and Berlin. Author of ' Kokier Dom als freie
deutsche Kirche,' Stuttgpart, 1843 ; • Das Wesen und die Form der Poesie,' Leipsic, 1854 ;
and numerous other works.

CARRINGTONy Hon. Charles Robert, English poUtician, b. 1843 ; educated at
Eton, 4ind Trinity College, Cambridge ; tp»duated M. A. 1863; comet in the Guards, 18b5 ;
M.P, for Wycombe, 1865.

CARRINGTON, Robert John. Baron, English administrator, b. 1796 ; studied
at Christ Church, Cambridge; succeeded his father, 1838; lord-lieutenant of Bucking-
hamshire ; colonel of the Bucks militia.

CARTBUy John Bonham, English poUtician, b. 1817 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge ; is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Hants ; M.P. for Winchester since
1847.

CARTBRy Sir John, English colonial judge, b. 1810 ; appointed chief justice of New
Brunswick, Jaa 1857 ; knitted, 1859.

CARTWRI6HT, Henry, English politician, b. 1814; captain and lieutenant-colonel
in the Guards, 1846 ; M.P. for Northamptonshire since 1858.

CARUS, Karl Ghistar, German physiologist, b. at Leipsic, Jan. 3, 1789. Author of
* Versuch einer Darstellung des Nervensystems und ins Besondere des Gtehims,' Leipsic,
1814; 'Letters on Landscape Painting,' ib. 1831; and numerous works on science
and art.

CARVBR, lVillian&, English colonial magistrate, b. 1819 ; graduated at Magdalen
College, Cambridge; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1866; appointed actang
deputy Queen's advocate for southern circuit, Ceylon, Oct 1858 ; acting police magistrate,
Damboul, Jan. 1861 ; acting commissioner of requests, Harrispatoo, Ceylon, 1862 ;
registrar of the Supreme Court, Feb. 1864.

CARYSFORT, Granville Iiereson Proby, Earl, Irish magistrate, b. 1781 ;
entered the British navy, 1798 ; vice-admiral, 1851 ; admiral, 1857 ; succeeded to the
title, 1857 ; deputy-lieutenant of the county of Wicklow.

CASABIANCA, Frangois Xavier, Comte de, French statesman, b. at Nice,
June 27, 1797; studied in the Lyc6e Napoleon, and called to the French bar at Bastia,
1820 ; held the portfolio of Agriculture and Finance, 1851 ; senator, July 28, 1852.

CASHBIi, Right Rer. Robert Daly, Irish divine, and 50th bishop of Cashel,
b. 1783 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; dean of St Patrick's, Dublin, 1842 ;
consecrated bishop of Cashel, 1843.

CASPARI, Karl Panl, German theological writer, b. at Dessau, Feb. 14, 1814 ;
studied at the Universities of Leipsic, Berlin, and Konigsberg. Author of ' Biblische,
theologische imd apologetisch kritische Studien,' Leipsic, 1842; ' Ueber' Michaund,'
ib. 1851 ; and numerous theological works.

CASTBIaBAJAC, Barthelemy Dominique Jacqnes Armand, Marqnis

de, French general, b. at Ricaud, June 12, 1787 ; lieutenant in the army, 1807 ; chief
of squadron, 1814 ; colonel, 1815 ; mar^chal de camp, 1826 ; lieutenant-general, 1840 ;
entered the Senate, June 12, 1856.

CASTlLlaB, Charles Hippolyte, French writer, b. at Montreuil-sur-Mer, Nov. 8,
1820 ; studied at Douai and Cambrai. Author of ' Histoire de la Seconde R^pnblique
frangaise,' 1854-55 ; * Parall^e entre C6sar, Charlemagne, et Napol^n,' 1858 ; and other
works.

CASTIaBM AINB, Richard Handcock, Baron, Irish administrator, b. 1791 ;
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated M. A. 1812 ; deputy-lieutenant
for Westmeath, Roscommon, and King's county.

CASTIaBROSSB, Valentine Angnstos Browne, Viscount, English xK)li-
tician, b. 1825 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for County Kerry ; was comptroller
of her Majesty's household, 1857-58 ; re-appointed, 1859 ; M.P. for Kerry County since
1852.

CASTRBN, Matthias Alexander, Russian traveller and philologist, b. in Finland,
in 1813 ; professor of Finnish literature at Helsingfors. Published a Syrian grammar
and several works on Finland. '

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[57]

CASMTAIali. Rer. HenrT; English divine, b. at Tateley, Hants, 1810 ; took his
degrees of B.A. and M.A. at Keynon College, Ohio, U.S. 1833-34 ; honorary degrees of
M.A. from Oxford, and D.D. fh)m Trinity College, Hartford, U.S. 1854. Author of
' America and the American Church,' and other works.

CATHCART, Alan Frederick, Earl, English magistrate, b. at Hythe, Nov. 14.
1828 ; deputy-lieutenant ; magistrate and chairman of quarter sessions for North
Riding of Yorkshire ; succeeded his father, 1859.

OATOR. Sir \^illiain, English general, b. 1785 ; educated at Westminster and at
the Military Academy, Woolwich ; entered the Royal Artillery, 1803 ; colonel, 1846 ;
lieutenant-general, 1869; C.B. 1855; knighted, 1865.

CATTERMOIiE, George, English painter, b. in Norfolk, 1800 ; R A. 1848. Exhibited
at the Water Colour Society and l^e Royal Academy since 1830, chiefly battle-tields and
similar subjects.

CAUIaAINCOURT. Olivier Joseph, Marquis de, French officer, b. at Paris,
1818 ; entered the military school of St Cyr, 1837 ; officer, 1843 ; member of the Tiegislative
Assembly for Calvados, 1849 to 1851 ; member of the Corps L^islatif for same, 1852 ;
oonmiander of the Ldgion dlionneur, July 3, 1861.

CAUMONT, Aldrick Isidore Ferdinand, French lawyer, b. at St. Vincent,
Cramisuil, May 15, 1825. Author of ' Dictionniaire uuiversel de Droit commercial
maritime, ou R4i>ertoire methodique alphab^tique de Legislation, Doctrine et Juris-
prudence nautique,' 1855-58 ; and other legal works.

CAUMONT, Arcisse de, French antiquarian, b. at fiayeux, Aug. 28, 1802. Author
of 'Cours d' Antiquity monumentales,' 1830 ; ' Ab^c^daire, ou Rudiment d'Arch6ologie,'
1850 ; and other works.

CAU88IN DE PBRCEVAIi, Amand Pierre, French philologist, b. at Paris,
Jan. 13, 1795 ; professor of Arabic at the CoUege of France, 1833 ; member of the
Institute. Author of 'I^ecis lustorique de la Guerre des Turcs centre les Russes,
1769-1774, Ac.' 1822.

CAUTIaBY, Sir Proby Thomas, English engineer, b. at Roydon, 1802 ; educated
at the Charterhouse and at Addiscombe ; projector and designer of the Oanges Canal,
opened 1854; KC.B. 1854; member of her Mivjesty's Indian Council, 1858; chairman
of Indian Public Works Conmiittee, 1859. Author of various i>apers on physical
science.

CAVE, Stephen, English politician, b. 1820 : educated at Harrow, and Balliol College,
Oxford ; graduated B.A. 1843 ; M.A. 1846; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1840 ;
is J. P. and depuiy-lieutenant for Gloucestershire; J. P. for Sussex; M.P. forShoreham
since 1859.

CAVE, Thomas. English politician, b. 1825 ; is a merchant in London ; sheriff of
London and Middlesex, 1864 ; M.P. for Barnstaple, 1865.

CAVEIiIER, Pierre Jules, French sculptor, b. at Paris, Aug. 30, 1814. Executed
* Penelope endormie,' 1849 ; bust of * Ary Scheffer,* 1859 ; * Napoleon l" Legislateur,'
1861 ; and numerous statues and groups.

CAVENDISH, IfOrd EdiNrard, English politician, b. 1838 ; educated at Eton, and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; lieutenant in the rifle brigade ; and instructor of musketry,
1861-64; M.P. for Sussex, 1865.

CAVENDISH, lK>rd Frederick Charles, English politician, b. 1839 ; deputy-
lieutenant for county of Lancaster ; M.P. for North-west Riding of Yorkshire, 1865.

CAVENDISH, laord Georir® Henry, English politician, b. 1810 ; is a magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant for Derbyshire ; M.P. for Derbyshire since 1834.

CAWDOR, John Frederick Vang^han Campbell, Earl, b. in London, 1817;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; graduated B. A. 1838, M.A. 1840 ; M.P.
for Pembrokeshire, 1841 to 1860 ; succeeded his father, 1860 ; lord lieutenant of
Carmarthenshire ; trustee of the British Museum.

CAYIaE, Jean Mamert, French writer, b. at Vigan Lot, 1812 ; studied at the Royal
, College of Cahors. Author of 'Pape et Empereur,* 1860; 'Les Congr^s de Malines,'
1864 ; and many other (chiefly historical) works.

CAYIiEY, Arthur, English mathematician, b. at Richmond, 1821 ; educated at King's
College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1842 ; called
to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1849 ; correspondbg member of the French Institute,
1863.

Cec HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Cha

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CECIL. lK>rd Eustace Henry BrownloiMr Gascoiffne, English politician,
b. 1834 ; educated at Harrow, and Rojal Military College, Sandhurst ; is a magistrate for
Middlesex ; lieutenant-colonel in the Guards ; M.P. for Essex, 1865.

CECI !■!■£. Jean Baptiste Thonuui Medee, French naval officer, b. at Rouen,
Oct. 16, 1787 ; entered the navy, 1804 ; lieutenant in the navy, July 31, 1816 ; captain
of a frigate, Oct. 30, 1829 ; rear-admiral, June 2, 1844 ; vice-admiral, Dec. 23, 1847 ;
appointed senator, Dec. 31, 1853.

CERFBERE DE MEDEltSHEIM, MaximiUan Charles Alphonse,

French writer, b. at Epinal, Vosges, July 20, ,1817. Author of ' Voyage de la Duchesse
d'OrUans d'Allemagne en France,' 1837 ; ' Etat actuel de la Metallurgie en Europe,'
1858 ; and other works.

CERISE, laanrent Alexander Philibert, French phpician, b. at Aoste, Piedmont,
1809; took the degree of M.D. at Turin, 1828. Author of 'Expose et Exam^ critique
du Syst^me phr^nologique,' Paris, 1836 ; and several medical works.

CESENA. Amedee Oayet de* French writer, b? at Cestri, Levant, 1810. Author
of 'La Conquete d'Alger,' D\jon, 1830 ; ' L'Angleterre et la Russie,' 1858; *L'ltalie
confM^r^e,' 1859-60 ; and several other works.

CEY, Frangois Arsene. CHAISE DE CAHA6NE, French writer, b. at Thiers,
March 2, 1806. Author of *La Fille du Cur6, 1832; *La Fianc6e du Pruice,' 1848;
* Quand on n'a pas le Son,' 1854 ; and other romances.

CHABANNE, IiA PAIiICE, Alfred Jean Egfinnard, Con&te de, French
general ; b. near London, Jan. 13, 1799 ; entered the French army, 1814 ; captain, 1824 ;
chief of a squadron, 1831 ; colonel, 1837 ; general of brigade, 1840.

CHABANNE, CURTON IiA PALICE, French naval officer, b. at Paris, May 6,
1803, brother of the preceding ; entered the navy, 1823 ; captain of a frigate, 1851 ;
rear-admiral, Dec.|1854 ; commander of the maritime forces in the Mediterranean, 1855 ;
vice-admiral, Dec. 24, 1861 ; maritime prefect at Toulon, April 19, 1864.

CHABAUD IiATOUR. Frangols Ernest Henri, Baron de, French general,
b. at Nimes, Jan. 25, 1805 ; entered the army ; captain, 1827 ; chief of battalion, 1837 ;
colonel, 1845 ; general of brigade, April 30, 1858 ; general of division, Aug. 12, 1857 ;
member of the imperial Council for Public Instruction, 1864.

CHACATON, Jean Nicolas Henri de, French painter, b. at Ch^zy, July 30, 1813 ;
studied in the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and under MM. Hersent, Ingres, and Marilhat.
Exhibited * The Prisoner of Chillon,' 1835 ; ♦ Christ in the Garden of Olives,' 1844 ;
' Convent of the Capuchins at Syracuse,' 1857 ; and several other works, principally
landscapes.

CHADWICK, EdTirin, English social economist, b. 1801 ; called to the bar, 1830 ;
commissioner of the General Board of Health, 1848 ; C.B. 1848. Author of several
papers on sanitary matters and public education.

CHAILLU, Paul du, French traveller, b. 1820; travelled in Western Africa, and
brought several gorillas to Europe, 1855. Author of * Explorations and Adventures,'
London, 1861.

CHAIX D'EST AN6E, Victor Charles, French advocate, b. at Rheims,
April 11, 1800 ; b&tonnier or chief of the Paris bar, 1842 ; procurator-general of the
Imperial Court of Paris, 1857 ; senator, Nov. 2, 1862 ; vice-president of the Council of
State, Oct. 18, 1863. Author of ' Annals of the French Bar.'

CHAIiIiAMEL, Jean Baptiste Marie Auffustin, French writer, b. at Paris,
March 18, 1818 ; studied at the College of Henry IV. ; called to the bar, 1838. Author
of ' St. Vincent de Paul,' 1841 ; ' De la Revolution de Napoleon,' 1851.

CHALLENGER, Richard, English colonial magistrate, b. 1805 ; appointed notary
at St. Eitt's, 1830 ; justice of the peace, 1838 ; stipendiary magistrate, Anguilla, 1842 ;
coroner, 1846 to present time ; member of Administrative Committee, Dec 1858 ; member
of the Executive Council, 1858.

CHALIjIS,' Rev. James, English astronomer, b. 1803 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge; graduated M. A. 1825; ordained, 1830; Plumian professor of astronomy,
1836. Author of 'Creation in Plan and Progress,' 1861 ; and numerous astronomical
works.

CHAIaYB.ffiUS, Heinricli Morits, German philosophical writer, b. at Pfaffroda,
Saxony, July 3, 1796 ; studied at the University of Leipsic ; degree of Ph,D. 1820 ;

Erofessor of philosophy at Kiel, 1839. Author of • History of the Development of the
peculative Philosophy of Kant and Hegel,' Dresden, 1836 ; and other philosophical
works.

Cha HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Cha
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CHAMBARD, lK>Qis Leopold, French Bculptor, b. at St. Amour, 1812 ; studied
under M. Ingres. Executed ' Marius k Carthage,' 1837 ; * L' Amour ofArant son Coeur k
une jeune FUle/ 1864 ; and several busts, statues, and groups.

CHAMBERIiAIN, Sir Neville Bowles, English general, b. at Rio, Jan. 18,
1820 ; appointed to the Indian army, 1836 ; deputy-assistant quartermaster-general,
1843 ; aide-de-camp to Tiord Dalhousie, 1848 ; C.B. 1857, and A.D.C. to her M^esty.

CHAMBERS, Tlioxnas, English barrister, b. 1814 ; educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge,
and graduated B. A. 1840 ; LL.B. 1846; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1840;
M.P. for Hertford, 1852-^7 ; returned for Marylebone, 1862.

CHAMBERS, Robert, English author and publisher, b. at Peebles, 1802. Author of
' Illustrations of the Author of Waverley,' 1823 ; ' Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
Scotchmen,' 1835 ; and a great number of scientific and miscellaneous works.

CHAMBERS, 'William, author and publ^her, brother of the preceding, b. at Peebles,
1800. Author of the ' Book of Scotland,^ 1830 ; ' Sketches in America ;' and other works.
Founder of ' Chambers' Edinburgh Journal,' 1832.

CHAMBRUN, Aldebert Dominique Joseph, Comte de^ French politician,
b. at Paris, Nov. 21, 1821 ; prefect of Toulon, 1850 ; of St Etienne, March 1851 ;
member of the Generiil Council for the canton of VUlefort, and of the Corps Legislatif,
1857.

CHAMIER. Frederick, English author, b. in London, 1796 ; entered the navy, 1809 ;
retired, 1833. Author of * The Life of a Sailor,' 1834 ; • Passion and Principle,' 1843 ;
and other sea stories.

CHAMPA6NY, Frangois Joseph Marie Therese Nompere, Comte de,

French writer, b. at Vienna, Sept. 10, 1804. Author of * Un Mot d'une Catholique,'
1844; *L'Histoire des Cesars/ 1841-43; ' De la Critique contemporaine,' 1864; and
other works.

CHAMFAONY, Napoleon Marie Nompere, Comte de, French writer, b. at
Paris, Oct. 29, 1806. Author of 'Traite de la Police municipale, ou de I'Autoriw des
Maires de 1' Administration et du GK)uvemement en Mati^es r^lemeutaires,' Paris,
1844-47.

CHAMPFIaEURY, Jules Flenry. French writer, b. at Laon, Sept. 10, 1821.
Author of * Chien Caillon,' 1847; ' Les Aventures de Mariette,' 1853; *Histoire de la
Caricature antique,' 1865 ; and many other works of general literature.

CHAMPNEYS, Rev. IViUiam ^Veldon, English divine, b. in London, 1807 ;
educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. ; rector of St. Mary's,
Whitechapel, 1837 ; canon of St. Paul's, 1851 ; vicar of St. Pancras.

CHAMPOIalalON FI6EAC, Jean Jacques, French archseologist, b. at Figeae,
1778. Author of ' Annales des Lagides, ou Chronologie des Rois grecs d'Egypt,* 1819 ;
' Fourier et Napoleon,' 1844; 'Monugraphie du Palais de Fontainebleau,' 1864; and a
great number of archseologic^ works.

CHAN6ARNIER, Nicolas Anne Theodule, French general, b. at Anton,
April 26, 1793; lieutenanl^ 1815 ; captain, Oct. 9, 1825; chief of a battalion, Dec. 31,
1835 ; lieutenant-colonel, Jan. 25, 1837 ; general, Aug. 3, 1843 ; governor-general of
Algiers, 1847. Imprisoned after Dec. 2, 1851 ; exiled ftom France, 1852.

CHANNELS, Sir William Fry, EngUsh judge, b. 1804; called to the bar, 1827;
became a serjeant, 1840 ; baron of the Exchequer and knighted, 1857.

CHANNIN6, Walter; American physician, b. at Newport, JElhode Island, 1786 ;
educated at Harvard College, and at the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated
M.D. ; professor at the University of Cambridge, U.S. Author of * Professional Reminis-
cences of Foreign Travel,' 1851 ; and numerous medical works.

CHANNIN6, Rev. 'William Henry, American writer, b. in Massachusetts, 1810 ;
entered Harvard College, 1829 ; took the degree of D.D. at Cambridge, U.S. 1833.
Author of ' Memoiis of William Ellery Channing, with Extracts from his Correspondence
and Manuscripts,' Boston, 1848.

CHAPIN, Rev. Ed^rard, American writer, b. at Union Village, New York County,
Dec. 29, 1814 ; minister of a church at Richmond, Virginia, 1838. Author of • Moral
Aspects of City Life,' New York, 1853; 'Humanity in the City;' *True Manliness,'
lb. 1854.

CHAPMAN, Henry Samuel. English colonial judge, b. 1818 ; appointed judge of
the Supreme Court of New Zealand, Jime 1843, colonial secretary of Van Diemen's

Cha HANDBOOK OF CONTEMFORABT BIOGRAPHY. Cha
[ 60 ]

Land, 1852 ; member of the L^slative Council of Melbourne, 1855 ; attorney-general at
St. Kilda, 1858 to 1859 ; equity Judge of the Supreme Court, 1862-63 ; law lecturer at the
Melbourne University.

CHAPMAN, Riffht Rer. James, English divine, b. 1799 ; educated at Eton, and
King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1826 ; rector of Dunton Waylett,
Essex, 1834 ; consecrated bishop of Colombo and received the degree of D.D. 1845;
resigned his see, 1862.

CHAPN Y. Nicolas Marie Joseph, French architect and lithographer, b. at Paris,
1790. Published * Monuments of France,' 'Antiquities of Athens,' and 'Monuments of
Pera,' 1820 to 1850.

CHAPNYS MONTIiAVIIiIiE, Benoist Marie Irf>Tiis Alceste, Baron

de. French writer, b. at Toumus, Sept 19, 1800. Author of * Lettres sur la Suisse et
le Pays des Orisons,' Paris, 1826 ; ' l^tude sur Simon,' ib. 1838 ; ' Lamartine, Vie publique
et priv6e,' ib. 1848.

CH APUS, Euirene, French writer, b. at Paris, 1800. Author of ' Essai critique sur
le Theatre fran^ais, public d'apr^s des Notes anglaises,' Paris, 1827; 'Le Roman des
Duchesses,' 1844 ; ' Le Turf, ou les Courses de Chevaux en France et en Angleterre,' Paris,
1853 ; and many other works.

CHARLES, Kin^: of 'Wurtemberfr, b. March 6, 1823 ; ascended the throne at the
death of his father, King William I. June 25, 1864. Married, July 13, 1846, to Orand-
duchess Olga of Russia, daughter of Czar Nicholas I.

CHARIaES XV., Kintr of SiMreden and Norway, b. May 3, 1826, the son of
King Oscar I. Ascended the throne at the death of bis father, July 8, 1859 ; married,
June 19, 1850, to Louise, eldest daughter of Prince Frederick of the Netherlands.

CHARIaES, Frederick Augustvis William, ex-duke of Brunswick, b. Oct 30,
1804 ; succeeded his father, June 16, 1815 ; Hed the duchy, Sept. 8, 1830 ; declared unfit
to govern by a resolution ot the German Diet, Dec. 2, 1830.

CHARLES ALEXANDER. Grand^uke of Saxe-Weimar, b. June 24,
1818, the son of Grand-duke Charles Frederick ; succeeded his father, July 8, 1853 ;
married, Oct. 8, 1842, to Sophie, daughter of the late King William II. of the Nether-
lands.

CHARLEMONT, James Molyneux Caulfield, Earl, Irish magistrate,
b. 1820 ; M P. for Armagh, 1847 to 1857 ; succeeded his uncle, Dec. 1863 ; lord-lieutenant
of County Armagh ; lieutenant-colonel of Armagh militia.

CHARIiESlVORTH, Maria lK>iiisa, English authoress, b. 1830. Published
'Ministering Children;' 'The Sabbath Given; the Sabbath Lost,' 1856; *The Ministry
of Life,' 1858 ; 'The Sailor's Choice,' 1863 ; and other worlcs for the young.

CHARM A, Antoine, .French philosophical writer, b. at Charit^-sur-Loire, Jan. 15,
1801; licentiate of the Ecole Normale, 1822; Ph.D. 1830. Author of ' Legons de
Philosophic sociale et de Logique,' 1838-40 ; ' Du Sommeil,' 1851 ; and other philo-
sophical works.

CHARNER, laeonard Victor Joseph, French naval officer, b. at St. Briene,
Feb. 13, 1797 ; ensign, 1820 ; lieutenant, 1828 ; captain of a corvette, 1837 ; of a frigate,
1841 ; rear>admiral, Feb. 3, 1852 ; vice-admiral, June 7, 185.5 ; admiral, Nov. 15, 1864.

CHARON, Viala, French general, b. at Paris, July 29, 1794 ; entered the army, 1813 ;
captain, 1821 ; colonel, 1842 ; general and governor-general of Algiers, 1848 ; senator,
Dec. 31, 1852 ; president of the Council of Algiers.

CH ARPEN'TIER, Jean Pierre, French writer, b. at St. Priest, June 20. 1797.
Author of 'Etudes morales et historiques sur la Litt^rature romaine,' 1829; 'Etudes
. sur les P^res de I'Eglise,' 1853 ; and other works.

CHARTON, Edward Thomas, French writer, b. at Sens, May 11, 1807 ; advocate
at Paris, 1829. Author of ' Lettres sur Paris,' 1830 ; ' History of Paris,' 1863. Founded
UIlltLstratioUy 1843 ; and Le Tour du MontUy 1860.

CHASE, Salmon Portland, American statesman, b. in Corinth, New Hampshire,
U.S. Jan. 13, 1808 ; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1826; admitted to the bar, 1830;
governor of the state of Ohio, 1856 to 1860 ; secretary to the Treasury, 1861 to 1864 ;
chief justice of the Supreme Court, 1864. Author of * Statutes of Ohio,' 1832-35.

CHASSEIiOUP-IiAUBAT, Justin Napoleon San&nel Prosper, Con&te de.

French statesman, b. at Alessandria, Piedmont, March 29, 1805 ; councillor of state, and
member of the Legislative Assembly, 1849 ; member of tiie Corps L^;islatii^ 1857 ;
minister of Algiers, 1858 ; senator. May 25, 1862.

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CHASSIN; Cniarles Iioula, French writer, b. at Nantes, Feb. 11, 1831. Anthor
of *La L^nde da petit Manteau bleu,' 1852; 'Le Qenie de la Rdvolation ftangaise,'
1863 ; and many other works.

CHASTEAUNEUF. Johm Anciuitiui, English colonial magistrate, b. 1805 :
appointed clerk in lihe R^istratiou Office at Maoritins, Aug. 1840 ; examiner and
comptroller of Revenue and Audit Office, July 1847 ; chief cle», June 1854 ; officer in
chai^ of Audit Office, May 1861 ,* acting collector of bitemal Revenue Office, Oct 1861.

CHATEIiAIN, Anatole Julien, French geographer, b. at Paris, July 4, 1817 ;
minister of agriculture and commerce, 1846. Published ' Lea Porter d'Or,' 1853 ;
' Chronol(^caI Atlas of the Railways of France,' 1855.

CHAUVBAU; Adolphe, French barrister, b. May 29, 1802 ; professor of law, 1838.
Author of 'Throne du Code p^nal,' 1834-48 ; ' Formulaire g^ndral et complet,' 1852-53.

CHATJV£NET, 'WUliam, American astronomer, b. in Pennsylvania, 1810 ; graduated
at Yale College, 1838; professor of mathematics in the naval coU^^ of Anapoli8,,184l.
Anthor of a treatise on * Plane and Spherical Trigonometry,' 1853.

CHATJVIN, Victor, French writer, b. at Argenton, Ome, Aug. 22, 1829. Author of
'Les Romanciers grecs et latins,' 1861 ; * La Brochure d'un Paysan du Danube,' 1861 ;
* Traits de Rh^torique,' 1865.

John, English politician, b. 1802; mafistrate for county of Chester,

.L. for county Lancaster ; M.P. for Souw Lancashire, 1852-59; and for
Salford, 1865.

CHEBVBR, Oeorfte Barrett, American author, b. at Hallowell, Maine, 1807;
graduated at Bowdoin College, 1825, and at Andover, 1830 ; ordained, 1832. Author of
"Commonplace Books,' 1828-29 ; * windings of the River of the Water of Life,' 1849 ;

* God against Slavery,' 1857.

CHEIiMSFORD, Frederick Thesiffer, Baron, Enslish statesman, b. July 14,
1794 ; entered the royal navy, as midshipman, 1807 ; called to the bar of Gray's Inn,
1818 ; Song's counsel, and leader of the Inner Temple, 1834 ; solicitor-general, April
1844 to July 1845 ; attorney-general, July 1845 to July 1846, and again March 1852 to
December 1852 ; sat as M.P. for Woodstock, 1840-44 ; M.P. for Abingdon, 1844-52 ; M.P.
for Stamford, 1852-58 ; apx)ointed lord chancellor, with the title of Lord Chelmsford,
February 26, 1858, and resigned June 18, 1859 ; appointed for the second time lord chan-
cellor, July 6, 1866 ; resigned, Nov. 18C7.

CHENU, Jean Charles, French naturalist, b. at Metz, Aug. 80, 1808. Author of
' Rapport sur le Cholera Morbus,' 1835 ; ' LeQons ^lementaires d'Histoire naturelle, 1846 ;

* Manuel conchyliologique et de Paltontologie,' 1806.

CHERBONNEAUX, Jacques Anynste, French writer, b. at La Chapelle Blanche,
Aug. 28, 1813. Author of 'Fables de Lokman,' 1846; 'Anecdotes musulmanes,' 1847;
' Fourberies de Delilah,' 1856.

CHERBUIiIEZ, Antolne EUsee, Swiss political economist, b. at Geneva, 1707 ;
professor of political economy at Geneva, 1837. Author of * Th^orie des Garanties con-
stitutionnelles,' 1838 ; ' Etude sur les Causes de la Mis^re tant morale que physique, et
sur les Moyens d'y porter RemMe,' Paris, 1853.

CHESNEY, Francis Ravrdon, English general, b. at Ballyrea, N. Ireland. 1787 ;
second captain in the RoyaljArtillery, 1815 ; brigadier-generaL 1843 ; mi^or-general, 1855 ;
honorary D.C. L. of Oxford, 1851. Author of * Survey of the Euphrates and Tigris,' 1850.

CHEVAIalER, Michel, French political economist, b. at Limoges, Jan. 13, 1806 ;
professor of political economy at uie Collie of France, 1840; senator, 1861. Author
of 'Cours d'Economie politique,' 1842-50; 'Mexico, Ancient and Modem,' 1864; and
numerous works on political economy.

CHEVAIiIalER, Jean Baptlste Atohonse, French chemist, b. at Langres, July
19, 1793 ; member of the Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1824. Author of ' Dictionnaire
des Substances, medicamenteuses et commercial^,* 1850-52 ; and other works.

CHEVAIalilER, Rer. Temple, English divine, b. 1794 ; educated at Pembroke
CoU^e, Cambridge, and graduated, 1817 ; professor of mathematics and astronomy at the
University of Durham, 1835. Author of ' Translations of the Epistles of Clement of
Rome, Polycarp, and Ignatius,' and a volume of sermons.

and other chemical works.

Che HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Cia
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CHEZY^ 'WUhelm von^ German writer, b. at Heidelberg, March 21, 1806. Author
of 'Der fS&hrende Schliler,' Zurich, 1835 ; * Der Ehrenherold,' Stuttgart, 1848 ; and other
works.

CHICHESTER, Henry Thomas Pelham, Earl, English administrator, b. 1804 ;
lieutenant in the army, 1820 ; succeeded his father, 1826 ; m^for, 1844 ; lord-lieutenant of
the county of Sussex, 1860.

CHIIiD. Iiydia Maria, American authoress, b. in Massachusetts, 1802 ; married Mr.
David Lee Child, 1826. Author of * Hobomok,* 1824 ; « Pact and Fiction,' 1846 ; * The
Progress of Religious Ideas through Successive Ages,' 1855.

CHIIiDERS, Huirh Cnllinv Eardley, English politician, b. 1827 ; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge ; graduated B.A. 1850, M. A. 1857 ; magistrate for West Riding
of Yorkshire ; lord of the Admiralty, 1864 ; financial secretary of the Treasury, 1865 ;
M.P. for Pontefract since 1860.

CHISHOIaM, Caroline, English authoress, b. at Hooton, Northamptonshire, 1810 ;
married Capt Alexander Cliisholm, 1830. Established the ' Female Colonization Loan
Society.' Published • Voluntary Information of the People of New South Wales.'

CHODZKO, Jacob laeonard, Polish historian, b. at Oberek, Wilna, Nov. 6, 1800.
Author of 'Memoirs of Oginski,' Paris, 1826 ; * Histoire de la Pologne,' ib. 1855 ; * His-
toire de la Turquie,' 1855 ; and other historical works.

CHOIaMEIaEY. Sir Montane John, Bart. English politician, b. 1802 ; deputy-
lieutenant for Lincolnshire ; M.P. for N. Lincolnshire, 1847 to 1851, and from 1857 to 1866.

CHOPART, Irf>uia Narcisse, French naval officer, b. May 6, 1806 ; entered the
navy, 1825 ; ensign, Feb. 10, 1830 ; lieutenant, Jan. 6, 1834 ; captain of a frigate, Nov. 1,
1843 ; captain of a ship of the line, Dec. 18, 1848 ; rear-admiral, Aug. 9, 1858 ; vice-
admiral, Jan. 27, 1864.

CHOPPIN, James Clement, English colonial administrator, b. 1817; called to the
bar of the Middle Temple, 1843 ; appointed acting police and stipendiary magistrate at
St. Vincent, 1846 ; solicitor-general, 1853 ; attorney-general of St. Vincent, 1863; appointed
to the .Legislative Council, 1863.

CHOUIiANT, laouia, German physician, b. at Dresden, 1791 ; diploma of M.D. at
Leipsic, 1817. Author of * Tafehi zur Geschichte der Medicin,' Leipsic, 1822 ; ' Gteschichte
una Bibliographic der anatomischen Ablrildungen,' ib. 1852 ; and other medical works.

CHOUSKI, Henry de, Russian political economist, b. at Eremenetz, Poland, 1801.
Author of 'Des Institutions de Credit foncier et agricole dans les divers £tats de
I'Europe,' 1851 ; and other works on political economy.

CHRISTIE, IVilUam, English colonial administrator, b. 1800 ; educated at Eton,
at the Royal Militaiy Academy, Woolwich, and at the Hoyal Military Academy, Sand-
hurst ; ensign, 1825 ; lieutenant, 1827 ; captain, 1833 ; mi^or, 1839 ; secretaiy to Board of
Education, 1848 ; postmaster-general of New South Wales, 1852.

CHRISTIAN IX., Kini: of Denmark, b. April 8, 1818 ; fourth son of the late
Duke Wilhelm of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glttcksbui^ ; succeeded to the throne
on the death of King Frederick VII., November 15, 1863 ; married, May 26, 1842, to
Louise, daughter of the Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel.

CHRISTISON, Robert, Scotch physician, b. July 18, 1797 ; studied at the University
of Edinburgh ; gpraduated M.D. 1819 ; professor of medical jurisprudence at University of
Edinbui^h, 1822 ; of materia mediciL 1832 ; twice president of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians. Edinbui*gh ; ordinary physician to the Queen for Scotland. Author of ' iSreatise
on Poisons,' and other medical works.

CHURCHIIiIi, Francis Geortre Spencer, Baron, English administrator, b. at
Blenheim, Oxford, 1802 ; attach^ at Vienna, 1823 ; at Lisbon, 1828 ; succeeded his father,
1845 ; deputy-lieutenant of Oxfordshire.

CHURSTON, John Yarde Bnller, Baron, English magistrate, b. at Dilhome,

1799 ; graduated at Oriel College, Oxford, 1819 ; M.P. for South Devon lh)m 1835 to 1858 ;

magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Devon ; lieut -colonel of the South Devon militia.
CHURTON, Ven. Edinrard, English divine, b. 1800 ; educated at Charterhouse and

Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1821 ; M. A. 1824 ; rector of Crayke, 1835 ;

archdeacon of Cleveland, 1846. Author of 'Early English Church,' 1840; '^Vindiciae

Ignatii,* Oxford, 1852 ; and other works.

CIAIaDINI, Enrico, Italian general, b. at Modena, 1818 ; served under Qeneral Zucchi
at Bologna, 1831 ; lieut. -colonel m the Spanish service, 1848 ; general in the Sardinian army
in the Crimea, 1865 ; fought in Italy, 1859 ; took Gaeta, 1861 ; viceroy of Naples, 1861 ;
senator of Italy, 1864.

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CIBOT; Frangols Bartbftlemy Micbel Edouard, French painter, b. at Paris, Feb.
11, 1799 ; studied at the Rchool of Fine Arts and under M. Gu^rin and M. Picot Exhibited

* Une M^re blesste allaitant son En£ant^' 1827 ; ' Bords de la Sarthe,' 186S ; and many
other works, principally landscape paintings.

CIBR AJtlO^ Jeaa Antoine lK>ula CheTaller, Italian historian and politician, b.
at Turin, Feb. 23, 1802 ; LL.D. 1824 ; minister of foreim aflfairs, 1856 ; senator of Italy.
Author of * Notizie sulla Istoria dei Principi di Savoia/ Turin, 1826 ; * Libro di Novelle/
lb. 1834 ; and other works.

CIRCOT7RT, Anne Marie Josepli Albert. Comte de, French writer, b. Jnne
25, 1809. Author of ' La Bataille de Hastings,*^ 1868 ; and several novels in French
I)eriodicals.

CIiAIRVIIalaE, laoniv Frangois Nicolaie. French dramatic writer, b. at Lyons,
Jan. 28, 1811. Author of ' Quatorze Ans, on la Vie de Napoleon,' 1830 ; ' Margot,' iai7 ;

* Un Troupier qui suit les Bonnes,' 1860 ; * Une Semaine & Londres,' 1862 ; wiUi a great
number of dramas, and a volume of poems.

CIJ^NCARTY, William Thomas le Poer Trencb, Earl of, English ad-
ministrator, b. at Castletown, Kildare, 1803 ; studied at St. John's College, Cambridge ;
lieut. -colonel of the Gkdway militia ; succeeded his fother, 1837.

CIJ^KRICARDE, Ulick John de Bnrfrh. Marquis of, English statesman,
b. at Belmont, Hants, 1802, son of the 13th Earl ; obtained a marquisate formerly in
the family, 1826 ; created a British peer by the title of Baron Somerhill in 1826 ; nnder-
secretaiy of state for foreign affairs, 1825 to 1827 ; ambassador at St. Petersburg, 1838
to 1841 ; postmaster-general, privy seal, 1867-68 ; lord-lieutenant of county Galway.

CXJLNlXrilililAM, Richard Meade, Earl of, English diplomatist, b. 1796;
studied at the University of Oxford, and took the degree of LLD. 1834; succeeded his
father, 1806 ; under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1822 ; envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary to the Court of Berlin, 1823 to 1827.

CIiAPISSON, Antonie lK>ais, French musical composer, b. at Naples, - Sept. 16,
1808 ; member of the Institute, and of the Academy of Fine Arts, 1864 ; composed *La
Symphonie,' 1839 ; 'Dans les Vignes,' 1856 ; ' Madame Gregoire,' 1861 ; and many others.

CIiARENDON, George IVilUam Frederick VilUers, Earl of. English
statesman, b. Jan. 26, 1800 ; succeeded to the title, 1838 ; British minister plenipoten-
tiary to the court of Madrid, 1833 to 1839 ; sworn in the privy council, 1840 ; lord privy
seal and chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1840-41 ; president of the Board of Trade,
1846 ; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1847 to 1862 ; secretanr of state for foreign affairs,
Feb. 1863-66, and again 1866-66 ; chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1864-66 ; chancellor
the Queen's University in Ireland.

CIiARK, Sir Janies. English physician, b. 1788 ; studied at King's College, Aber-
deen, and the University of Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M.D. ; physician to
the Queen ; member of the senate of the. University of Londqn. Author of several works
on climate and on consumption.

CIiARKE, Rev. John Erskine, English divine, b. 1828 ; educated at Wadham Col-
lege, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1860 ; M.A. 1853 ; ordained, 1861 ; vicar of St.
Michael's, Derby, 1868. Author of * Plain Papers on the Social Economy of the People.*
Editor of the Fa/rish Magazine.

CLARKE, Mary CoiMrden, English authoress, b. June 1809 ; married to Mr. C. Cowden
Clarke, 1828. Author of 'The Adventures of Kit Bam, Mariner,' 1848 ; • Iron Cousin,'
1854 ; ' The Complete Concordance of Shakespeare,' 1846 ; and other works.

CIiARKE, Robert, colonial magistrate, b. 1801 ; appointed assistant colonial surgeon.
Sierra Leone, 1837 ; sui^eon on the Gold Coast, Oct 1854 ; sub-collector of Customs,
April 1866 ; acting judicial assessor, July 1867 to May 1868 ; member of executive and
legislative councils of the Gold Coast. Author of 'Manners and Customs of Liberated
Africans,' and several papers on the Qold Coast.

CIiARKE, Sir Robert BoiMTCher, English colonial judge, b. 1800; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. 1827 ; called to the bar of the
Inner Temple, 1827 ; solicitor-general of Barbadoes, 1837 to 1842 ; chief justice of
Barbadoes, 1842 ; chief judge of St. L^cia, 1848 to 1869 ; knighted, 1840.

CLARY« Edmund Morits, Prince of, Austrian statesman, b. Feb. 3, 1813;
succeeded his father in the signories of Treplitz, Granpen, and of Binsdorf in Bohemia,
1831 ; appointed hereditary councillor of the empire, April 1861.

Cla HANDBOOK OF CCM^TEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Cli
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CIiARY, Justinlen Nicolas, Vicomte. French politician, b. at Puis, June 8,
1816 ; educated at the military school of St. Cyr ; studied law and called to the bar at
Paris, 1840 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Loire et Cher, 1852.

CIiAUSEN. Hendiick Nicolas, Danish theologian and politician, b. at Maribo, on
the isle of Laland, April 22, 1793 ; studied at the UniYersity of Copenhagen ; professor of
theology at the University of Copenhagen, 1826 ; dean of the faculty of titieology, 1834 ;
rector of the University, 1837. Author of "The Confession of Augsbuig explained
historically and dogmatically,' 1851 ; and numerous theological, works.

CIiAVAUD, Andre' Paul, French naval officer, b. Jan. 25, 1803 ; ensign. May 22,
1825 ; lieutenant, Oct. 2, 1830 ; captain of a fiigate, Aug. 21, 1839 ; reai-admiral, Dec 2,
1854 ; vice-admiral, March 2, 1864.

CLAY. Cassias Marcellus, American statesman, b. in Madison County, Kentucky,
Oct. 2, 1810 ; graduated at Yale College, 1832 ; American ambassador at St. Petersburg,
1861. Author of some articles on the abolition of slavery, published 1848.

CLAY, James, English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at Winchester, and Balliol College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1827; M.P. for Hull, 1847 to 1852, and fh>m 1857
to 1866.

CIiAY, Rev. WlUiaui KeatiniTj English author, b. 1797; graduated at Jesus
College, Cambridge ; ordained deacon, 1823 ; minor canon of Ely cathedral, 1837 ; per-
petual curate of Holy Trinity in Ely. Author of 'History of the Scotch, Irish, and
American Prayer-books,' 1846 ; and numerous works on the English liturgy.

CItAY, Sir 'William, English political economist, b. in London, 1797; M.P. for the
Tower Hamlets, 1832 ; secretary to the Board of Control, and created a baronet, 1841.
Author of several works on currency questions, and joint-stock banks.

CLEMENT, Jean Pierre. French historian, b. at Draguiguan, Var, June 2, 1809 ;
member of the J^nch Institute. Author of 'Jacques Coeur et Charles VII., ou la
France au XV. Si^cle,' 1853 ; ' Lettres, Instructions et M^moires de Colbert,' 1863 ; and
seventl works on history and political economy.

CLEMENT, Kunt Jnnirbolin. Danish historian and linguist, b. in the isle of
Amram, Dec. 4, 1803 ; studied at tne Universities of Kiel and Heidelberg ; Ph.D. 1855.
Author of * Ueber den Ursprung der Theudisken,' Altona, 1836 ; * Das wahre Ver-
haltniss der stideijutischen NationaUtSt und Sprache,' Hambuig, 1849; and other
historical works.

CLEMENT, 'William James, English politician, b. 1804 ; educated at Shrewsbury
and at Edinburgh University ; J.P. and D. jL. for county Merioneth ; a magistrate for
Shrewsbury, and mayor of that borou^^, 1863 ; M.P. for Shrewsbury, 1865.

CLERK, Sir Georg^e Russell, English colonial administrator, b. 1801 ; educated at
Haileybury College, and entered the civil service of the East India Company, 1818 ; political
agent on the Bengal frontier, 1830 ; governor of Bombay, 1840 ; (resigned, 1847 ; created
K.C.B. 1848; imder-secretary tq the Indian Board, 1856 ; under-secretary of state for
India, 1858 ; member of H.M. Indian CounciL

CLE'SINGER, Jean Baptlste Auffuste, French sculptor, b. at Besancon, 1820.
Executed ' La M^lancolie,' 1S47 ; * Diane au Bepos,' 1863 ; * Bords du Tibre,' 1864 ; and a
great number of busts, statues, and groups.

CLE'VELAND, Charles Dexter, American writer, b. at Salem, Massachusetts,
Dec. 3, 1802 ; studied at Dartmouth College. Author of ' An Epitome of Grecian Anti-
quities,' 1827; 'A Compendium of English Literature,' 1848 ; and other miscellaneous
works.

CLIFDEN, Henry AfTar Ellis, Visconnt, English administrator, b. 1825 ; suc-
ceeded his grandfather in the peerage of Ireland, 1836 ; was lord of the bedchamber to
the late Prince Consort.

CLIFTON, Sir Robert Jnckes, Bart. English politician, b. 1826 ; a magistrate
for Notts ; M.P. for Nottingham, 1861-65.

CLINTON, Lord Arthur Pelham; English politician, b. 1840 ; educated at Eton ;
a lieutenant R.N. ; returned M.P. for Newark, 1865.

CLINTON, Cliarles Rodolph Trefasis, Baron, English administrator,
b. 1791; studied at the University of Oxford; succeeded his brother, 1832; deputy-lieu-
tenant for Devon.

CLINTON, Rev. Charles John Fynes, English divine, b. 1799 ; educated at
Westminster, and Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1821 ; rector of Crom-
well, Notts, 1828. Author of 'Fasti Hellenici,' and other works.

oil HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Coc
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CIiINTON, Iiord Edward William Pelham, English j>olitician, b. 1836 ; educa-
ted at Eton ; entered the array as lieutenant of rifle brigade, 1854 ; captain, 1857 ; served
in the Crimea, 1855-56 ; M.P. for Nottinghamshire, 1865.

CLISSOIaD, Rev. Ansustus^ English writer, b. 1707 ; educated at Exeter College,
Oxford, -where he graduated B.A. 1819, and M.A. ; ordained deacon and priest, 1821.
Author of ' Swedenborg's Writings and Catholic Teaching,' and numerous theological
works.

CLIVE. Caroline, English authoress, b. 1801 ; married to the Rev. Archer Clive, 1840.
Published ' Paul Ferrol ;' and a volume of poems under the signature * V.'

ClilVISy Oeorg^e, English politician, b. 1806; educated at Harrow, and Brasenose
College, Oxford ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1830 ; j>olice magistrate in London,
and judge of the Southwark county court ; under-secretary for the Home Department,
1859-62 ; M.P. for Hereford since 1857.

CIiIVIS, Hon. Georg^e Herbert Windsor. English politician, b. 1835; educated
at Eton; entered the army, 1852; lieutenant, 1854; captain, 1869; M.P. for Ludlow,
1860.

CItODT, Jur^ensbonr^ Pierrei Baron de, Russian sculptor, b. May 29, 1805 ;
studied at the School of Fme Arts of St. Petersburg ; member of the Academy of Arts,
Berlin, 1835 ; professor at the Academy of St. Petersburg, 1848. Executed several colossal
groups for the public places at St. Petersburg.

ClaOETEy Sir Abraham Josias, English general, b. 1794 ; entered the army, 1809 ;
created K.C.B. 1836 ; C.B. 1848 ; knight-bachelor, 1854 ; major-general, 1855 ; commander
of forces in the Windward and Leeward Islands with rank of lieutenant-general, 1855.

CItONCURRY, Ed^rard Iia^rless^ Baron, English administrator, b. at Lyons
Castle, Kildare, 1816 ; succeeded his father, 1853 ; deputy-lieutenant of the coimties of
Kildare and Dublin.

CIiOQUET, Germain Jules, French physician, b. at Paris, Dec. 18, 1790 ; took the
degree of M.D. at Paris, 1817. Author of 'De I'lnfluence des Efforts sur les Organes
renfermes dans la Cavity thoracique,' 1820 ; and numerous medical works. Member of
the Academy of Medicine, 1851 ; and of the Academy of Sciences, 1855.

CIiOSE, Very Rev. Francis. English divine, b. 1797 ; entered St. John's College,
Cambridge, 1816, and graduated B.A. 1820; rector of Cheltenham, 1826; dean of Carlisle,

1856. Published several sermons, and pamphlets on religious subjects.

ClaOT, Antoine, French physician, b. at Marseilles, April 1795; studied medicine, and
took the degree of M.D. at Montpellier, 1820 ; physician in the Turkish army, and raised
to the rank of general, 1836. Author of ' Coup d'ceil sur la peste et les Quarantaines,'
1851 ; and several works on Egypt.

COBB, HO'well, American politician, b. at Cherry Hill, Georgia, U.S., Sept. 7, 1815;
studiM law and admitted to the bar, 1836 ; solicitor-general, 1837 ; minister of finance,

1857. Took part with the South in the civil war of 1861.

COBBOIiD, John Chevallier, English politician, b. 1797 ; educated at Bury St.
Edmund's : banker at Ipswich and Harwich ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
Suffolk ; M.P. for Ipswich since 1847.

COBBOIiD^ Rev. Richard, English author, b. 1797; educated at Caius College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1820; rector of Wortham, Suffolk, 1826. Author
of • Margaret Catchpole,' 1845 ; ' The Young Man's Home,' 1849 ; and other works.

COCHET, I'Abbe' Jean Benoit De'sire', French archeeologist, b. at Sauvie, near
Havre, March 7, 1812 ; studied at the College of Havre, the Seminary of Rouen, and
entered holy orders, 1836. Author of 'Nomiandie souterraine, ou Notices sur des
Cimeti6res romains et franks explores en Normandie,' 1854 ; and other archaeological
works.

COCHIN, Pierre Suzamee Augnstin, French politician, b. at Paris, Dec. 12,
1823 ; member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science, 1864. Author of * Rome ;'
* Les Martyrs du Japon,' 1862 ; and several political and religious works.

COCHRANE, Sir James, English colonial judge, b. 1794; admitted to the Inner
Temple, 1818 ; called to the bar there, 1829 ; chief justice of Gibraltar, 1843 ; ^created
knight-bachelor, 1845.

COCHRANE, Sir Thomas John, English naval officer, b. at Edinburgh, 1789 ;
knight-bachelor, 1825 ; governor of Newfoundland from 1825 to 1834 ; MiP. for Ipswich
from 1837 to 1841 ; commander-in-chief on the East India station from 1842 to 1846 ;
KC.B. 1847 ; admiral of the white, 1857 ; vice-admiral, 1863.

~ F

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COCHRANE, Alexander Dnndas Ross Wislisrt Balllie, English politician,
b. 1814, son of the preceding ; M. P. for Bridport, 1841 to 1846, and for Honiton, 1847
to 1862. Author of * The Morea ;' * Young Italy,' 1860 ; and several novels.

COCKBURN, Rifflit Hon. Sir Alexander Janies Edmund, Bart., English
jud^^'e, b. 1802 ; educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. 1829 ;
called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1829 ; Q.C. 1841 ; M.P. for Southampton, 1847 ;
attomey-gener^ March 1861 ; recorder of Bristol^ 1864 ; succeeded his uncle in the
baronetcy, 1868 ; chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1866; lord chief justice, 1869.

COCKBURN, Sir Francis, English general, b. 1783 ; governor and commander-in-
chief of the Bahama Islsmds, 1887 ; served in Canada, and was governor of Honduras ;
created knight-bachelor by patent, 1841 ; colonel in the army, 1863 ; general, 1860.

COCKBUR N, Samuel, English colonial magistrate, b. 1810 ; interpreter-general in
Grenada, 1844 ; inspector of prisons, 1846 ; inspector-general of schools, 1863 ; provost
marshal, 1864; stipendiary magistrate, 1866; immigration agent, 1866; president of
Montserrat, 1860-62 ; police magistrate, British Honduras, June 1862.

COD AZZI, Ai^nstino, Ttalian engineer, b. at Lugo, near Ferrara, 1792 ; entered the
military service of France in an Italian regiment, 1813 ; colonel, 1838. Published * Resu-
men de la Geografia de Venezuela,' 1841.

CODRINOTON, Sir William John, English general, b. 1800 ; entered the anny,
1821; lieut. -colonel, 1836; ms^or-general, 1864; commander-in-chief of British forces in
the East with local rank of general, 1866 ; lieut. -general, 1866 ; made a R.C.B. 1866 ; grand
cross of the Sardinian order of Savoy and commander of the Legion of Honour, 1866 ;
M.P. for Greenwich, from Feb. 1867 to May 1869 ; appointed governor and commander-
in-chief at Gibraltar, May 1869 ; general, 1863.

COETLOG^N, lK>uis Charles Emmanuel, Comte de, French writer, b. at
Paris, Aug. 10, 1814 ; studied at the Military School of St. Cyr, and entered the army,
as second lieutenant, 1834 ; retired, 1840. Author of ' Voyage en Alg^rie,' 1848.

C06AN, WUliani Henry Ford, English x>olitieian, b. 1823 ; educated at Trinity
Colleee, Dublin ; graduated B. A. '1843 ; called to the Irish bar, 1846 ; high sheriff of County
Wicklow, 1863 ; M.P. for Kildare since 1862.

C06HETTI, Francois, Italian paintor, b. at Bei^me, Lombardy, Oct. 4, 1804;
studied under MM Diotti and CamuccinL Executed ' ^e Battle of the Amazons,' 'The
Fable of Prometheus,' and a great number of paintings, frescoes, and cartoons.

COONIET, Leon, French painter, b. at Paris, Aug. 29, 1794. Executed * Marius sur
les Ruines de Carthage,' 1824 ; *Tintoret peignant sa Fille morte,' 1846 ; and many others.
Member of the sux>erior council of the School of Fine Arts, 1863.

COHEN, Henri, French numismatist, b. 1810. Author of 'MMailles consulaires,'
Paris, 1867 ; * M6daiUes imp6riales,' ib. 1869-^2.

COKE, Hon. Henry John, English writer, b. 1827 ; educated at the Royal Naval
College, Portemouth ; entered the navy, 1841 ; lieutenant, 1847 ; retired from the navy
and became private secretary to the Right Hon. E. Horsman, M.P., while chief secretary
for Ireland. Author of * Vienna in 1848 ; ' • A Will and a Way,' 1868.

COIiANI, Tiniothe'e, French Protestant theologian, b. at Lem^, Aisne, 1824 ; studied
at Strasbourg. Author of * Examen de la Vie de J^sus de M. Renan,' 1864 ; and various
sermons translated into English, German, and Duteh.

COLCHESTER, Rifrht Hon. Charles Abbot, Baron, English statesman,
b. 1798 ; educated at Westminster, and at the Royal Naval College ; entered the navy, 1811 ;
admiral on the reserved list, 1864 ; vice-president of the Board of Trade, and paymaster-
general, 1862 ; postmaster-general, 1858-69.

COLE, Henry, English author, b. at Bath, July 19, 1808 ; educated at Christ's Hospital ;
assistant keeper of Public Records, 1824 ; one of the executive committee of the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1851 ; created C.B. 186L PubUshed 'Henry VIII. 's Scheme of
Bishoprics ;' and other works.

COLE, Hon. Henry Arthur, English politician, b. 1809 ; magistrate for Fermanagh ;
high sheriff, 1854 ; M.P. for Enniskillen, 1844-51, and for Fermanagh, 1855.

COLE, Hon. John Lovery, English politician, b. 181S ; educated at Winchester ;
magistrate for County Fermanagh ; M.P. for Enniskillen, 1859.

COLEBROOKE, Sir Thomas Ed^rard, English politician, b. 1813; deputy-
lieutenant for County Lanark ; M.P. for Taunton, 1842-52 ; for Lanarkshire since 1857.

COLBBROOKE, Sir William Macbean Oeorg^e, English general, b. 1787;
lieutenant in the army, 1807 ; retired ftom service, 1856 ; lieut -general, 1859.

Col HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Col

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COIiERIDGE. Rev. Derwent, English author, b. at Keswick, Sept 14, 1800;
studied at St. John's Collie, Cambridge ; principal of St Mark's College, Chelsea, 1841
to 1864 ; prebendary of St Paul's cathedral, and rector of Hanwell, Middlesex. Author
of ' Scriptural Character of the English Church,' 1839 ; and other works.

COIiERIDGE. John Duke, English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Eton, and Balliol
and Exeter Collies, Oxford ; graduated B.A. 1842, M. A. 1846 ; called to the bar of the
Middle Temple, 1846 ; recorder of Portsmouth, 1866 ; Q.C. and a bencher of the Middle
Temple, 1861 ; M.P. for Exeter, 1865.

COIiERIDGE, Riffht Hon. Sir Jobn Taylor, English Judge, b. at Tiverton,
Devon, 179U ; educated at Corpus Christi, Oxford ; called to the bar of the Middle Tenipln,
1819 ; seijeant-at-law, 1&'{2 ; appointed one of the judges of the King's Bent^, and knightedi
1835 ; sworn in the privy council, 1858 ; D.C.L. of Oxford, 1852. Published an edition of
'Blackstone's Commentaries,' 1825.

COLES, CoTvpci' PhippS; English naval officer, b, 1819; entered the navy, 1831;
took an active part in the assault on Sebastopol, Oct. 1854 ; designed the principle of the
shield iron-clad ships, and superintended the construction of the Royal Sovereign.

COItET, Lonise ReVoil, French authoress, b. at Aix, Sept 15, 1810 ; married M.
Hippolyte Colet, 1835, who died 1851. Author of *Le Mus^ de Versailles,' 1839; *La
Keligieuse,' 1856 ; ' L'ltalie des Italiens,' 1862-04 ; and many other works.

COIalalER, John Payne, English author, b. in London, 1789 ; called to the bar of the
Middle Temple. Author of 'Poet's Pilgrimage,' 1822; 'History of Dramatic Poetry:'
'Memoirs of the principal Actors in the Plays of Shakespeare,' 1846 ; and other works.
Pension of 1001. per annum from the civil list.

COIalalER, Sir Robert Porrett, English politician, b. 1817; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1848, and went on the western
circuit; recorder of Penzance; M.P. for Plymouth since 1862; solicitor-general, Feb.
1864. Author of * Law of Railways,' 1860.

COIalaIN DC PIbANCY, Jacques Albin Simon Collin, French author, b. at
Plancy, Jan. 28, 1793. Author of 'The Infernal Dictionary;' 'The Devil painted by
Himself ;' ' Legends of the Commandments of Gk)d ; ' and numerous other works.

COIalalNS, W^iULie, English novelist, b. in London, 1824. Author of 'Antonina,'
1851 ; * The Dead Secret,' 1858 ; ' The Woman in White,' 1861 ; *No Name,' 1863 ; 'Arma-
dale,' 1866 ; and numerous other works of fiction.

COIalaOREDO MANSFEIaD, Joseph Francis Jerome, Prince of, Austrian
statesman, b. Feb. 26, 1813 ; chamberlain, privy councillor, and hereditary councillor of
the empire ; succeeded his cousin Prince Francis Guudacar, May 28, 1852.

COIaOMBO, Risht Rev. Piers ClaTeley Clanirhton, English divine, and
second bishop of Colombo, b. 1814 ; educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he gra-
duated B. A. 1835 ; rector of Elton, Hunts ; bishop of St Helena, 1859 to 1862 ; translated
to Colombo, 1862.

COIaONNA DB CASTIGLIONE, Adele d'Alfry, Dnchess of, Italian
sculptor, b. July 6, 1837; married Duke Charles Colonna de Castiglione Aldoorandi,
April 5, 1850. Executed a bust of Bianca Capella, Grand-duchess of Tuscany, 1863 ;
and * The Gorgon,' 1865.

COIaQUHOUN, Sir Patrick MacChombaich, English colonial judge, b. 1815 ;
educated at Westminster, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
1837, M.A. 1844 ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1838 ; chief justice of the loDian
Islands, and knighted, 1851 ; member of the Supreme Council of Justice at Corfu,
Dec. 1858. Author of 'A Summary of the Roman Civil Law,' 1849-60.

COIaTHURST, Sir George Conway. English politician, b. 1824; educated
at Harrow ; magistrate for Counties Cork aucl Kerry, and deputy-lieutenant for County
Cork ; high sheriff, 1850 ; M.P. for Kinsale since 1863.

COIaVIIaE, Charles Robert, English politician, b. 1816 ; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant for Derbyshire ; magistrate tor Derby, Leicester,
and Stafford ; M.P. for South Derbyshire, 1841-59, and 1865.

COIaVIIaE, Right Hon. Sir James IViUiain, English colonial judge, b. 1810;
educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated ; called to the bar
of the Inner Temple; advocate-general of the East India Company at Calcutta, 1845 ;
puisne judge there, and knighted, 1848 ; chief justice fi:om 1865 to 1858.

COIaVIIalaB OF CUIaROSS, Charles John Colville, Baron, English officer.
b 1818 ; captain in the array ; chief equeny and clerk marshal to the Queen, 1852, and
li-ora Feb. 1858 to June 1859 ; lieutenant-colonel Hon. Artillery Company, London.

F 2

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COMBERMERE, WelUnfrton Henry. Viscount, English administrator,
b. 1819 ; entered the army ; <'oIonel/1862 ; M.P. for Carrickfergus, 1847 to 1857; deputy-
lieutenant of Cheshire, 1852 ; succeeded his father, Feb. 1865.

COMBES, Charles Pierre Matthieu, French engineer, b. Dec. 26, 1801 ; engineer
of mines, 1820 ; member of the Institute and of the Academy of Sciences, 1847. Author
of * 8ur la Th6orie du Ventilateur,* 1838 ; and numerous works on mining.

COMBES. Edmond, French traveller, b. at Castelnandarg, Aude, June 8, 1812.
Author of 'Voyage en Abyssinie,' 1837-38.

COMTG, Acbille Joseph, Freni;h naturah'st, b. at Grenoble, Sept. 29, 1802. Author
of * Le R6gne animal de Cuvier,' 1832-1841 ; * Musee d'Histoire naturelle,' 1864.

CONCHA, Don Manuel. Marquis del Duero, Spanish general, b. at Madrid,
1794 ; entered the army, 181tJ ; brigadier and field-marshal, 1824; captain-general of Cata-
lonia, 1849 ; retired, 1856.

CONCHA, Don Jose', Marquis de la Habana, Spanish statesman, b. at
Buenos-Ayres, 1800, brother of the preceding ; lieutenant-general, 1839; captain -general,
1842 ; commander-in-chief of Spanish cavalry, 1846 ; captain-general of the isle of Cuba,
1849 to 1852 ; re-appointed, 1854 ; ambassador to France, July 1862 ; minister of war,
1863 ; president of the Spanish senate, 1864.

CONOREVE, Richard, English writer, b. Sept. 4, 1818 : educated at Rugby, and
Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840. andM. A. Translator of 'Aris-
totle's Politics,' 1855 ; and author of a small history of Rome.

CONIN6TON, John, English author, b. at Boston, Lincolnshire, Aug. 10, 1825;
educated at Rugby and Oxford ; professor at the University of Oxford. Translator of
the •Agamemnon' of iEschylus, 1848; 'The Works of Virgil,' 1863; and numerous
classical works.

CONOIiLY, Thomas, English politician, b. 1823 ; educated at Harrow, and Christ
Church, Oxford ; is deputy-lieutenant for County Donegal ; M.P. for Donegal, 1849.

CONRAD, Timothy Ahhot, American conchologist, b. in New Jersey, 1803. Author
of ' Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of the United States,' 1832 ; ' Palaeontology
of the Mexican Boundary Survey,' 1854; and other works.

CONSCIENCE, Hendrick, Flemish novelist, b. at Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1812. Author of
' The Year of Miracles,' 1837 ; * Aurelian,' 1859 ; and many other works of fiction.

CONSIDERANT, Victor Prosper, French political economist, b. at Salins Jura,
Oct. 12, 1808. Author of ' Destin^e sociale,' 1834-44 ; * Principes du Socialisme,' 1847 ;
* La demi6re Guerre et la Paix definitive de 1' Europe,' Brussels, 1850.

CONSTANTINE, Nicholeewitch, Grand-duke of Russia, b. Sept. 21, 1827, brother
of the Emperor of Russia ; high admiral of the imperial fleet ; married Princess Alex-
andra of Saxe Altenburg, 1848.

CONYN6HAM, Francis Nathaniel Conynirham, Marquis and Earl,

English statesman, b. at Dublin, 1797 ; under-secretary of state for foreign atlairs, 18'J3-26 ;
succeeded his father, 1832 ; postmaster-general, 1834-35 ; lord chamberlain to the Queen ;
member of the privy council.

COOK, EUsa, English verse writer, b. 1818. Conducted the 'Journal ' bearing her
name flrom 1849 to 1854 ; published 'New Echoes, and other Poems,' 1864; obtained a
literary pension of 1001. per annum in 1864.

COOKE, Edinrard ^Villiam, English painter, b. in London, 1811 ; studied architecture
under Fugin. Executed a great number of paintings, principally of the sea-coast, and
some scenes in Spain and Morocco.- Elected A.R.A. 1850 ; R. A. 1863.

COOKE, Geortre ^Vinerove, English author, b. 1814 ; studied at London University,
and Jesus College, Oxford, and graduated B. A. ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple.
Author of 'History of Party,' 1837; 'Inside Sebastopol,' 1855; 'China and Lower
Bengal,' 1858 ; and other works.

COOKE, John Esten, American novelist, b. at Winchester, Virginia, Nov. 3, 1830.
Author of 'Leather Stocking and Silk,' New York, 1854 ; 'The Virginia Comedians,' ib.
185.5 ; and other works of fiction.

COOKESLEY. Rev. William Gifford, English author, b. atBrasted, Kent, Dec. 19,
1802 ; educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1825,
and M.A. ; incumbent of St. Peter's, Hammersmith, 186Q. Author of 'Account of the
ancient City of Rome,' 1850 ; and other works.

COOPER, Sir Charles, English colonial judge, b. 1801 ; senior judge of the supreme
court of Australia ; created chief justice by the governor and legislative councU there.
June 1856 ; knighted in 1857.

Coo HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. COr

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COOPER, Sir Daniel, English colonial administrator, b. 1807 ; elected to the Legisla-
tive Council of New South Wales, 1849 ; chosen first speaker of the Legislative Assembly
under the new constitution, 1856 ; member of the senate of Sydney University ; president
of the bank of New South Wales ; knighted by patent, 1867 ; baronet, 1863.

COOPER, Edward Henry, English politician, b. 1827 ; educated at Eton; magistrate
for County Sligo ; lieutenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards ; M.P. for Sligo, 1866.

COOPER, Susan Fennimore, American authoress, b. in the county of New York,
1815. Autlior of ' Rural Hours, by a Lady,' New York, 1850 ; * Rhyme and Reason of
Country Life,* 1864 ; and other works.

COOPER, Tbonuui, English writer, b. at Leicester, March 20, 1806. Author of * The
Purgatory of Suicides,' 1845 ; * Baron's Yule Feast,' 1846 ; ' The Family Feud,' 1864.

COOPER, Thomas Sidney, English painter, b. at Canterbury, Sept 26, 1803. Exe-
cuted * G^ing to Pasture ;' ' Reposing ;' and a great number of paintings. Elected A R. A.
1845.

COPE, Clxarles IVest, English painter, b. at Leeds, 1811 ; studied at the Rojal
Academy. Exhibited 'Hagar and Ishmael,' 1836 ; 'The Hemish Mother,' 1839 ; ' Edward
the Black Prince receiving the Order of the Garter in Westminster Hall,' ' Scholar's Mate,'
1862 ; and a great number of other works. Elected A. R. A 1844 ; R. A . 1848.

COPIaAND, James, English physician, b. in the Orkney Isles, 1793 ; studied at the
University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. 1815. Author of 'Dictionary of
Practical Medicine and Pathology,'

COPPING, Edward, English writer, b. in London, 1828. Author of * Alfieri and
Goldoni, their Lives and Adventures,' 1856; 'Aspects of Paris,' 1858; 'The Home at
Roscfteld,' 1861 ; and other works of general literature.

GOQUEREIi, Atlxanase Iiaurent Charles, French Protestant theologian, b. at
Paris, Aug. 27, 1795 ; Protestant minister, 1816. Author of * Meditations sur des Textes
choisis de I'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament,' 1859 ; and several theological works.

GORBAIiLY, Mattlxe^r Elias, English politician, b. 1797 ; educated at Oscoit ;
magistrate and vice-lieutenant of Meath ; high sheritf, 1838 ; M.P. for Meath, 1840-41, and
since 1842.

CORBAUX. Fanny, Engli-sh artist, b. 1812 ; member of the Society of British Artists,
1830. Exhibited ' Rachel,' at the Paris Exhibition, 1856. Author of several papers on
the geography of the Exodus.

CORBOUIaD, Edward Henry, English painter, b. in London, Dec. 5, 1815. Exe-
cuted 'The Fall of Phaeton from the Chariot of the Sun,' 1834 ; ' Scene from the Proph^te,'
painted for the Queen ; 'The Destruction of the Idols of Basle ;' and various others.
Appointed instructor of historical painting to the royal family, 1861.

CORDIER, Henri Joseph Charles, French sculptor, b. atCambrai, Oct. 19, 1827 ;
studied in the School of Fine Arts, and under M. Fauginet. Exhibited ' Types n^gres et
mongols,' 1853 ; ' Le Mar^chal Randon,' 1864 ; and several busts and groups in marble,
bronze, onyx, and porphyry.

CORDOUAN, Vincent Joseph Francois, French painter, b. at Toulon, 1816 ;
studied under Paulin Guerin. Executed and exhibited * L'Embarquement des Zouaves
partant d' Alger pour la Crimee,' 1855 ; * Environs de Nersi,' 1864.

CORDOVA, Don Fernando Fernandez de, Spanish general, b. at Madrid,
1792; entered the anny, 1810; captain-general of New Castile, March 8, 1850; captain-
general of Cuba, 1853 ; minister of war, 1864.

CORK and ORRERY, Richard Edmnnd Sir Lawrence Boyle, Earl of,

English magistrate, b. at Dublin, April 19, 1822 ; educated at Eton; graduated B.A. at
Christ Church, Oxford; a magistrate and deputy-Ueutenant of Somersetshire ; succeeded
his grandfather, 1856.
CORMON, Pierre Etienne Piestre, French dramatic writer, b. at Lyons, May 5.
1811. Author of ' Les Faussnires anglais,' 1833; 'Don P6die,' 1867; *Le Docteur
Magnus,' 1864 ; ' Lara,' 1864 ; and numerous other dramas.

CORNE, Hyacinthe Marie Ausrustin, French writer, b. at Arras, Oct. 28, 1802.

Author of ' Du Courage civil, et de I'Education propre a inspirer les Vei-tus publiques,'

1828 ; * Lettres 4 Adrien,' 1856.
CORNE lalUS, Peter von, German painter ,b. at Diisseldorf, Sept. 27, 1787 ; director

of the Academy at Mnni(;h, 1825. Executed ' The Last Judgmt-nt,*^ 62 feet high by 38

feet wide; 'The Four Horsemen,' from the Apocalypse; and a great number of other,

chiefly historical, works.

Cor HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Coix
[ 70 i

CORNER. Jvaia, English authoress, b. 1815. Author of 'The Baronet,' 1835; 'Girls
in their Teens;* 'Pictorial History of China and India:' and several books for
children.

CORNEY, Bolton. En^ish writer, b. at Greenwich, 1784. Edited 'The Seasons* by
Thomson ; 'Goldsmith's Poetical Works, ^ith a Memoir,' 1846 ; ' Of the Conduct of the
Understanding,' by J. Locke, 1859. Contributor to Notes and Queries.

CORNU, Sebastiea Meld&ior, French painter, b. at Lyons, 1804; studied under
M M. Richard, Bonuefond, and Ingres. Executed ' Louis IX. fiusant ses Adieux 4 sa M6re,' -
1838.

CORONINI-CRONBERO, John Baptist Alexander^ Connt of, Austrian
military commander, b. at Gaeta, -Nov. 16, 1794; entered the army, 1813; lieutenant,
1814; major, 1837 ; commander-in-chief of the Austrian army on the Danube, 1854 ; ban
of Croatia, July 28, 1859 : general commander-in-chief in Hungary, 1865.

CORREARD. Frederic, French general, b. at Poyols, Dr6me, Sevt. 9, 1789 ; lieu-
tenant iu the French army, 1813 ; captain, 1815 ; lieut. -colonel, 1830 ; colonel, 1835 ; statf
mqjor-general in the reserve list, 1852.

CORRYy Riffht Hon. Henry Thomas Lowry, English statesman, b, 1803, son
of the secodd Earl of Belmore ; educated at Eto^^ and Christ Church, Oxfoi-d ; junior
lord of the Admiralty, 1841-45 ; secretary to the Admiralty, 1845-46, and 1858-59 ;
appointed first lord of the Admiralty, March 7, 1867.

CORWIN, Thon&aSj American statesman, b. in Kentucky, July 1794; called to the
bar, 1818 ; member of Congress, 1830 ; elected to the Senate, 1845 ; secretary to the
Treasury, 1848.

COSTA, Michael, English musical composer, b. in Naples, Feb. 1810 ; conductor at her
Mi^esty's theatre; 1831 ; of the Philhammnic Coneei-ts, 1846 ; and of the Italian Opera,
1847. Composer of ' Don Carlos,' 1844 ; ' Eli,* 1856 ; * Naaman,' 1864 ; and other operas,
oratorios, and smaller miisical works.

COSTA-CABRAL, Antonio Bernardo Da, Count of Thon&ar, Portuguese
statesman, b. at Fomos, Algodres, May 9, 1803 ; member of the Chamber of Deputies,
1835-50 ; prime minister of Portugal, 1839-46, and 1848-51.

COSTE, Jean Jacques Marie Cyprien Victor, French naturalist, b. at Castres,
May 10, 1807. AutKor of 'Cours dBrabryoginie compar^e,' 1837; 'Instructions pra-
tiques sur la Pisciculture,' 1853 ; and other works on natural history.

COSTEIaliO, laouisa Stuart, English authoress, b. 1815. Author of 'Specimens of
the Early Poetry of France,* 1835; 'The Queen's Prisoner,' 1841 ; 'The Rose Garden of
Persia^' 1845; 'Clara Fane,' 1848; 'The Lay of the Stork,' 1856; and other works of
fiction.

COTTA, Bemhard, German geologist, b. at Little Gillbach, Oct. 24, 1808 ; studied at
the Academy of Mining at Freiberg, 1827 to 1831, where he was appointed professor,
1842. Author of ♦ Tlie Dendroliths,' 1832 ; ' Geognostic Wanderings,' 183fr-38 ; ' Letters on
Humboldt's Kosmos,' 1848-51.

COTTON, Sir Arthur, English ofileer, b. 1803 ; educated at Addiscombe; entered the
Madras army, 18J9 ; colonel of engineers, 1854 ; knighted, 1861.

COTTON, Very Rev. Henry, English divine, b. 1790; educated at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1811 ; dean of Lismore ; archdeacon of Cashel. Author
of ' Fasti Ecclesiai Hibemicse,' 1845-«2 ; ' Rheims andDouay,' 1855.

COTTON, Sir Sidney, English general, b. 1792 ; entered the army, 1810 ; colonel,
1854 ; served with the rank of major-genei-al in India during the mutiny of 1857-58 ;
K.C.B. 1858.

COUAIIaHAC, Jean Joseph Louis, French writer, b. at Lille, Nov. 28, 1810.
Author of 'Les sept Contes en I'Air,' 1832 ; 'Les M^res d'Actrlces,' 1843 ; and contributor
to Le Temps, Le Charivari, and other journals.

COUDER, Louis Charles Auguste, French painter, b. at Paris, 1790 ; studitnl
under Regnault and David. Executed ' La Mort da Peintre Massaccio,' 1817 ; ' BataiRe
de Lanfeld,' 1836. Member of the Institute and of the Academy of Fine Arts, 1839.

COUEDIC DE KEROOAIfER, laouis. Comte du, French politician, b. nt
Quimperl6, Dec. 12, 1810; member of the Legislative Assembly for the canton of Quini
perl6 ; member of the Corps L6gisLitif, 1852 ; for the department of Fiuist6re since
1852.

, 1819. Ex^utod
Petit P6chi!ir en

Con HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. OO;

[ n ] -

COURCEIiIiE SENBUIIi; Jeaa OastaTe^ French political economist, b. at
Seneuil, Dordogne, Dec. 22, 1813. Author of ' Lettres k Edouard sur le8 Revolutions,'
1833 ; 'Etudes sur la Science sociale,' 1862 ; * Le^us ei^eutuires d'Economie politique,'
1864.

COURNOT. Antolne Ancustiny French mathematician, b. at Gray, Aug. 28, 1801 ;
' professor of mathematics to the Faculty of Sciences at Lyons, 1834 ; rector of the Aca-
demy of Grenoble, 1835. Author of ' Des Institutions d'lnstruction publique,' 1864 ; and
several other works, principally on mathematics.

COURSON , AnreUen de^ French historian, b. at Port Lonis, Isle of France, Dec. 25,
181 1 ; studied at the College of St. Louis. Author of ' Essai sur I'Histoire de la Langue et
des Institutions de la Bretagne armoiicaine,' 1840; ' Prolegomtoes,' 1868 ; and other his-
torical woiics.

COT7RTENAY, Edward Baldwin, Lord. English politiciaiLb. 1836; educated at
Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford; J. P. and D.L. of Devon, and captain of
South Devon yeomanry cavalry ; M.P. for Exeter, 1864.

COURTOWN, James Oeorjre Henrj Stopford, Barl of, Irish magistrate,
b. in Loudon, 1823 ; educated at Eton ; captain in the Guards, 1840 xat 1846 ; deputy -lieu-
tenant and J.P. for County Wexford ; high sheriff of Wexford, 1848 ; succeeded his father,
1858. .

COUSIN-MONTAUBAN. Charles Gnillanme Marie Apollinalre, Comte
'de Palikao, French general, b. June 24, 1796 ; chief of a squadron, 1836; lieut.-colonel,
. May 7, 1843 ; colonel, Aug. 2, 1845 ; general of brigade, Sept. 21, 1851 ; general of division,

. Dec. 28, 1855 ; senator, March 4, 1860 ; title of Count de Pallkao, Jan. 22, 1862.

COUSINS, Samuel, English engraver, b. May 1801 ; studied under Mr. Samuel
Reynolds. Executed ' Master Lambton,' after Sir T. Lawrence ; * Beauty's Bath,' after
Landseer; and many others. Elected A. R. A. 1838; R.A. 1855.

CO^VEN. Joseph, English politician, b. 1800 ; magistrate for Durham ; alderman of
Newcastle, and M.P. for Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1865.

CCWIE, Rer. Bex^amin Morgran, English mathematician, b. 1817; educated at
St John's College, Cambridga, where he graduated B.A. 1839; principal of the College
of Civil Engineers at Putney, 1844, and lecturer on geometry at Gresham College, 1854 ;
minor canon of St. Paul's, 1858 ; government inspector of Training Schools, 1859.

COlVIaEY; RifTht Hon. Henry Richard Charles IVellesley, Earl,

English diplomatist, b. 1804 ; educated at Eton ; entered the diplomatic service, and
secretary of legation, 1838 ; ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, 1845 ; minister plenipo-
tentiary to the Swiss Cantons, 1848 ; at Frankfort, 1851 ; ambassador at Paris 1852 to
1867 ; succeeded his father as Baron Cowley, 1847 ; raised to the earldom, 1857.

COMTPER. Charles, English colonial administrator, b. 1825 ; secretary of state of
New Sondi Wales, Aug. to Oct. 1856 ; and again ftrora Sept. 1857 to Oct. 1859 ; colonial
secretary, and represented the government in the Ijegislative Council in the ministry
of March 9, 1860 ; premier, Jan. 10, 1861.

COWPER, Francis Thomas De Grey Cowper, Earl, English administra-
tor, b. 1834; lord-lieutenant of Bedfordshire, and deputy-lieutenant of Kent; succeeded
his &ther, sixth earl, April 1856.

COWPER, Hon. Henry Frederick, English politician ; educated at Harrow, and
Christ Church, Oxford; deputy-lieutenant of Kent and Herts ; M.P. for Hertfordshire,
1865.

COWPER, Risrht Hon. 'Williani Francis, English statesman, b. 1811 ; president
of the Board of Health, Aug. 1855 ; vice-president of the Committee of Council on
Education, Feb. 1857 ; first commissioner of Public Works, 1860 ; M.P. for Hertford
since 1835.

COX, Edv«rard William, English ban-ister and legal writer, b. 1809 ; called to the bar
of the Middle Temple, 1843 ; recorder of Falmouth and Helston, 1857 ; magistrate and
• deputy-lieutenant of Middlesex. Editor and proprietor of the Law Times.

COX. Rev. George William « English writer, b. 1828 ; educated at Trinity College,
Oxford, where he graduated S.C.L. in 1849; entered holy orders, 1850; curate of St.
Paul's, Exeter, 1854 to 1859 ; assistant-master in Cheltenham College, 1859 to 1863. Author
of ' Tales of ITiebes and Argos,' 1863.

COX, Rer. John Edmund, English theological writer, b. at Norwich, 1812 ; studied
at All Souls, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. ; perpetual cumte of Adeby, 1887 : vicar
ot St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, 1849. Author of ♦Principles of the Reformation;' and
numerous theological works.

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COX 9 Rev. William Hayward, English divine, b. 1803; educated at Rugby,
and at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1825 ; examining chaplain to
the bishop of Hereford, 1848 ; rector of Eaton Bishop, 1854 ; prebendary of Hereford,
and rural dean. Author of ' Concio ad Clerum ;' and other pamphlets.

COX, 'William Sands, English surgeon, b. 1802 ; educated at Guy's and St. Thomas's,
London, and in Paris ; member of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1824 ; founded
Queen's College, 1830, and Queen's Hospital, 1841 ; magistrate and deputy-heutenant of
Warwickshire. Author of 'A Synopsis of the Bones ;' and several anatomical works.

COX, ^^illiam Thomas, English politician, b. 1808 ; magistrate for the borough and
county of Derby; high sheriff, 1861 ; mayor of Derby, 1860; M.P. for Derby, 1865.

OOXE, Rev. Arthur Clereland, American author, b. at Mendham, New Jersey,
U.S., 1818, and graduated at the University of New York; rector of Grace Church,
Baltimore, U.S. Author of 'Advent, a Mystery,' a dramatic iwem, 1837; and other
works.

COXE, Rev. Henry Octavius, English antiquarian, b. 1811 : educated at West-
minster School, and Worcester College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1833, and M.A. ;
chief librarian of the Bodleian, 1860. Edited the 'Chronicles of Roger of Wendover,'
1841-44. Author of the * Catalogue of the MSS. belonging to the Colleges and Halls at
Oxford,' 1852 ; and other works.

COXE, Very Rev. Richard Charles, English divine, b. 1799 ; educated at Worcester
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1821, and M.A. ; archdeacon of Lindisfarne,
and canon residentiary of Durham. Author of ' The Symmetry of Revelation,' and
several theological works and sacred poems.

COYNE, Joseph Stirlingr, English dramatic 'writer, b. atBirc, King's County, Ireland,
1805. Author of 'The Phrenologist,' 1835 ; ' The Tipperary Legacy,' 1847 ; ' The Wpnian
in Red ;' and a great number of dramas and works of fiction. Secretary to the Dramatic
Authors' Society since 1856.

CRAIG, Isa, English authoress, b. in Edinburgh, 1880. Author of ' Poems ' by ' Isa,' 1856 ;
and an 'Ode,' which won the first prize at the Burns centenary festival, 1859.

CRAIG, Rigrht Hon. Sir "Williani Gibson, English statesman, b. 1797 ; educated
at Edinburgh, where he was called to the bar, 1820 ; M.P. for Midlothian, 1837 to 1841 ;
for the city of Edinburgh, 1841 to 1852 ; one of the lords of the Treasury from 1846 to
1852 ; lord clerk of her Majesty's Rolls and Registers in Scotland, 1862 ; member of the
privy council, 1863.

CRAIK, Mrs. George Lillie, English authoress, b. at Stoke-upon-Trent, 1826,
daughter of Thomas Muloch, Esq. ; married to G. K Craik, Esq., publisher. Author of
'The Ogilvies,' London, 1849; 'Olive,' ib. 1850; 'The Head of the Family,' ib. 1851 ;
' John Halifax^ Gentleman,' ib. 1852 ; and numerous other works of fiction, poems, and
essays.

CRAMAGEIa, Rene' Elenthe're Fontaine, Marquis de, French officer
and politician ; b. at Moissy, Cramagel, July 24, 1789 ; lieutenant in the anny, 1806 ;
captain, 1813 ; colonel, 1831 ; staff-major, 1832 ; general, 1849 ; appointed senator, June
1854.

CRAUFURD, Edward Henry John, English politician, b. 1816 ; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge; graduated B.A. 1841 ; M.A. 1844; magistrate for Ayrshire
and Bute; deputy-lieutenant of Bute; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1845 ; M.P.
for Ayr since 1852.

CRAVEN, William Craven, Earl, English administrator, b. in London, 1S09:
studied at the University of Oxford ; succeeded his father, 1825 ; high steward of New-
bury ; recorder of Coventry ; lord-lieutenant of the county of Warwick, 1854.

CRAWFORP, Robert ^^itrram, English politician, b. 1813 ; partner in the firm
of Crawford, Colvin, and Co. ; director of the Bank of England, and chairman of East
India Railway Company; M.P. for Harwich, May to July 1851; and for London since
1857.

CREASE. Henry PelleTir, English colonial administrator, b. 1821 ; graduated at
Clare College, Cambridge, B.A. 1847 ; called to the the bar of the Middle Temple, June
1849 ; appointed attorney-general of British Columbia, July 1861.

CREASY, Sir Ed^rard Shepherd, English judge and author, b. at Bexley, in Kent,
1812; educated at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he graduated RA. 1835, M.A.
1838 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1837 ; deputy assistant judge at the Middlesex
sessions ; appointed chief justice of Ceylon, and knighted, 1860. Author of 'The Filteen
Decisive Battles of the World,' 1851 ; and dther historical works.

Cre HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. CSO

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CREDNER, Karl Ang^iBt, German theologian, b. at Walterhansen, near Gotlia,
Jan. 10, 1797 ; studied at the Universities of Jena, Breslau, Halle, and G<)ttingen ; I), h.
at Jena, 1828. Author of 'History of the New Testament,' Frankfort, 18o*J : and
numerous theological works.

CRB'MIEUX, Isaac Adolphe, French lawyer and author, b. at NIroes, of Jewixh
parents, April 30, 1796 ; studied at the College of Louis-le-Grand ; called to the bar,
1817 ; minister of justice, and member of the Provisional Government of the French
' Republic, 1848. Author of * Codes des Codes,' 1835.

CRESPIGNY, Claude, English colonial administrator, b. 1827 ; entered the royal
navy as cadet, 1844 ; commanded the gim-boat 'Snap' in the Baltic, during the BusHian
war ; appointed registrar of shipping in the colony of Labuan, Aug. 1862.

CRESIVICK. Thomas, English painter, b. at SheffleM, 1811 ; exhibited, at the Royal
Academy, 'Views in North Wales and Derbyshire,' 1828; 'Home by the Sands;' and
many other paintings, principally landscapes. Elected A. R. A. 1842, and R.A. 1»61.

CRETINEAU-JOLY, Jacques, French writer, b. at Fontenay, Vendue, Sept. 23,
1803. Author of * Un Fils de Pair de France,' 1839 ; ' Cardinal Gonsalvi,' 1864 ; and
various other works.

OROFTON, Ed^rard Crofton, Baron, Irish magistrate, b. 1806 ; lord in waiting
to the Queen from March to Dec. 1852, and from Feb. 1808 to June 1859; deputy-
lieutenant of Roscommon.

CROFTON, Sir Walter Frederick, English magistrate, b. 1815; educated at
Woolwich Academy ; entered the army, 1833; captain, lti45 ; superintendent of conviiL
prisons in Ireland, 1854 to 1862 ; knighted, 1862 ; magistrate for Wiltshire.

CROIX D'HENCHIN, Ernest Ci&arles Eagre^ne MaHe, Marquis de,

French politician, b. at Paris, Aug. 27, 1803 ; studied at the Military School of St. Cyr ;
lieutenant, 1823 ; captain and retired, 1832 ; senator, Jan. 1852.

CRONHOLM, Abraham, Swedish historian, b. at Landskrona, Oct. 22, 1809 ; studio^l
at the University of Lund, 1825 to 1829, where he became professor of history, lH;rj.
Author of ' Waringarae,' Lund, 1832; * History of Sweden under the Reign of Gustavus
Adolphus II.' 1857 ; and other historical works.

CROSBY, James, English colonial administrator, b. 1810 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple ; police magistrate at Kingstown,
St. Vincent, West Indies, March 1844 to 1857; stipendiary justice of the peace for the
colony of British Guiana, 1857 ; immigration agent-general for the colony, 18(>4.

CROSItAND, Mrs. Camilla, English authoress, b. in London, June 9, 1812, the
daughter of William Toulmin, Esq., solicitor. Author of ' Memorable Women ;' * Lijilit
in the Valley : my Experiences of Spiritualism,' 1857 ; * Mrs. Blake,' a novel, 1862 ; and
other works of hction.

CROSIiAND, Thomas Pearson, English politician, b. 1800; magistrate for the
West Riding of Yorkshire ; lieut. -colonel of the 6th West Riding volunteers; M.P. for
Hudderslield, 1865.

CROSSLEY, Sir Francis, English politician, b. 1817; presented a park and
pleasure-grounds to the town of Halifax, 1857 ; M.P. for Halifax, 1852 to 1859 ; returned
M.P. for the North- West Riding of Yorkshire, 1859 ; created a baronet, Jan. 1863.

CROWE, Catherine, English authoress, b. at Borough Green, Kent, 1800, the
daughter of S. Stevens, Esq. ; married Lieut. -colonel Crowe, 1822. Author of ' Aristo-
demus,' 1838 ; * Lily Dawson,' 1847 ; ' The Night Side of Nature,' 1848 ; ' Light and
Darkness,' 1852; and numerous other works of fiction.

ORUIKSHANK, Georfire, English artist, b. in London, Sept. 27, 1792. Executed
'The Queen's Matrimonial Ladder;' 'The Man in the Moon;' • Tarn O'Shanter;' 'Dis-
turbing a Congregation ; ' ' The Woi-ship of Bacchus,' 1863 ; and a great number of oil
paintings, and of drawings and illustrations for books and periodicsal publications.

CRU VBILHIER, Jean, French physician, b. at Limoges, Feb. 9, 1791; studied
medicine at Paris, and took the degree of M.D. 1816 ; member of the Academy of Medi-
cine, 1835. Author of 'Trait6 d'Anatomie descriptive,' 1851 ; and other medical works.

CSASZAR, Fran9ois, Hungarian poet, b, atZalangeraseg, near Pesth, 1807; professor
of languages at the University of Fiume. Author of ' Magyar Valtojog,' Pesth, 1840-46 ;
and other works. Founded the Journal of Pesth^ 1850.

CSORICH DE MONTE CRETO, Antonio, Baron von, Austrian general and
statesman, b. at Machichno, in Croatia, 1795 ; entered the army, 1809 ; major-geneml,
1842 ; lieutenant field-marshal, 1848 ; minister of foreign affairs, 1850 to 1853.

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CUBITT, Georcre. English politician, b. 1828 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ;
graduated B.A. 1851, M.A. 1854 ; magistrate for Surrey ; M.P. for Surrey since 1860.

CUOHEVAL CItARIGNY. Athanase, French political writer, b. at Calais, Feb. 1,
1821. Author of 'Le P. Lonquet, sa Vie et ses Bcrits,' 1847; 'Considerations surles
Banques d'emission,' 1864 ; and a contributor to the Moniteur and other French journals.

CUOIA, Effinio, Italian general and administrator, b. 1820 ; major, 1859 ; inajor-
general, 1861; under-secretary of war after the death of Count Cavour; prefect of
Palei-mo, 1862.

CULLENi Rigrht Rev. Paul, Irish divine, and Roman Catholic archbishop of Dublin,
b. in Ireland, 1800 ; consecrated archbishop of Annagh, and Roman Catholic primate
of all Ireland, 1850 ; transferred to Dublin, 1851 ; elevated to the dignity of cardinal,
Jan. 22, 1866.

CUM MI NO, Rev. John, Scottish theologian, b. in Aberdeenshire, Nov. 10, 1810 ;
minister of the Scotch Church, Crown Court, Covent Garden. Author of 'Apocalyptic
Sketches: Lectures on the Book of Revelation;' Voices of the Night;' 'Redemption
draweth nigh,' 1861 ; and numerous theological works.

CUMMING, Rev. Joseph Georgrei English archaeological writer, b. at Matlock,
Derbyshire, 1812; educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
1834, and M.A. ; warden of Queen's College, Birmingham, 1858. Author of ' The Runic
and other Remains of the Isle of Man ;' and several archaeological works dnd papers.

CUMMINS, Thomas, English colonial administrator, b. 1811; appointed receiver of
Barbadoes, June 1836; member of the Executive and Legislative Council, 1840 to 1849 ;
commissioner of probates, Marcn 1847 ; police magistrate for the city of Bridgetown,
April 1849.

CUNNINGHAM, WilUam, Scottish theologian, b. at Hamilton, Oct. 2, 1805 ;
licentiate in theology of the University of Edinburgh, 1830 ; pastor of Greenock, 1833 ;
joined the Independents, 1843; president of the New College at Edinburgh, 1847.
Author of several theological works. I

CURRIB, Sir Frederick, English diplomatist, b. 1799; educated at the Charter- '
houseand Haileybury; entered the Bengal service, 1817; successively British resident at '
Lahore, secretary to the government of India, an*^ member of the Supreme Council ; !
raised to the baronetcy, 1848 ; director of th6 East India Company, 1854 ; vice-president
of her Majesty's Indian Council, 1868.

CURTIS, Geors^e Ticknor, American author, b. at Watertown, Massachusetts, 1812;
graduated at Harvard College, 1832 ; admitted to the bar, 1836. Author of 'Duties of
Merchant Seamen,' 1844 ; ' History of the Origin, Foimation, and Adoption of the Con-
stitution of the United States,' 1865-58.

CURTIS, Georgre ^Villiam, American writer b. at Providence, Rhode Island,
Feb. 24, 1824. Author of ' Nile Notes of a Howacy i,' 1850 ; * Howadji in Syria,' 1862 : Is a I
c<mstant contributor to American periodical literature. i

CURTIUS, Ernst, German philologist, b. at Lubeck, Sept. 2, 1814 ; studied at the I
Universities of Bonn, Gottingen, and Berlin ; professor at Gottingen, 1856. Author of
*Zur Geschichte des Wegbaus bei den Griechen,' Berlin, 1855; and other works. ,

CURTIUS, GeorfiT, German philologist, b. at Liibeck, April 16, 1820, brother of the '

preceding ; Ph.D. 1842 ; professor and director of the Philological Seminary at Prague, i

1861. Author of *A Greek Grammar ' for the use of colleges ; and several philological I
works.

CURZON, George Augustus Frederick Iiouis, Viscount, English
politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church Oxford ; graduated B.A. 1841 ;
captain of t^e Leicestershire Yeomanry; M.P. for Leices ershire since 1857. .

CURZON, Paul Alfred de, French painter, b. at Moulinet, near Poitiers, Sept 7,
1820. Exhibited 'Petit Paysage,' 1843 ; 'L'Acropole d' Athens,' 1855 ; * Le Vesuve,' 1863 ;
* Ruines d'un Pont ronmin sous les Murs de Nami,' 1864 ; and other works.

CURZON, Hon. Robert j English diplomatist, b. 1810 ; educated at the Charterhouse,
and Christ Chur<^b, Oxford ; entered the diplomatic service ; attach^ at the Ottoman
Porte ; joint commissioner on the part of Great Britain at the conference of Erzerouui.
Author of 'A Visit to the Monasteries of the Levant,' 1848.

GUSHING, Caleb, American statesman, b. at Salisbury, Essex County, Massachusetts,
1800 ; graduated at Harvard, 1817 ; member of Congress for Massachusetts, 1835 ; judge
of the Superior Court of Massachusetts, 1852 ; attoniev-general, 1853. Author of ' Remini-
scences of Spain ;' ' Review of the Revolution of Three Days in France,' 1833.

CUS HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Dal
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CT7SH1CAIT. Charlotte Saunders, American actress, b. at Boston, U.S., 1S18 ;

made her d^but, April 1835 ; retired from the stage, 1849.
GUST, Hon. Charles Henry. English politician, b. 1813; educated at Christ
Church, Oxford; graduated B. A. 1836, and M.A. 1866; a magistrate of Leicestershiro
and Northamptonshire; high sheriff, 1859; M.P. for North Shropshire, 1866.
GUST, Hon. Sir Ednrard, Enelish general and military writer, b. 1794 ; lieutenant-
I general in the array, and colonel of the 16th Dragoons. Author of * Annals of the Wars

of the Eighteeath Century;' and other works.
; CUVILIilER FIiBURY, Alfred Animst. French writer, b. 1802 ; studied at the
] College of Louis-le-Qrand. Author of • Portraits politiques et r^volutionaires,' 1851 ;

I 'Historiens, Pontes, et Romanciers,' 1863.

I CYBUIiSKI, Adalbert, German philologist, b. at Conin, Posen, Prussia, April 10,
1812; Ph.D. at Berlin, 1838; professor of Slavonic literature and language at Berlin,
1841 ; and at Prague, 1850.
CZUCZOR, Georf^e, Hungarian author, b. at Andod, Neutra, Dec. 17, 1800. Author of
* The Battle of Augsbourg,' 1824 ; ' John Huniade,' Pesth, second edition 1843 ; * Life of
Washington,' lb. 1845 ; and other historical works.

D.

DAA, ItodTisr Kristensen, Noi-wegian politician, b. at Saltdalen, Norway, Aug. 10,
1809; studied at the University of Christiana, 1834. Author of ' Svensk norsk Haand-
ordboig,' Christiana, 1841; ' Udsigt over Ethnologien,' 1845; and several political
memoirs.

DAGRE; Thomas Brand Trevor, Baron. English politician, b. 1808 ; educated
at Christ Church, Oxford; M.P. for Herts, 1847 to 1852 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Herts ;
succeeded his father, 1853.

DAGHUILHON PUGOL, Pierre Jean Marie Ghistave, French politician,
b. Jan. 11, 1792 ; president of the chamber of the Imperial Court, of Toulouse, and
member of the General Council for the canton of 8t. Paul ; member of the Corps L^jjis-
latif for the department of Tarn, 1863.'

DAONAN. Isidore, French painter, b. at Marseilles, 1794. Painted ' Jeunes Filles
romaines econtant un Berger,' 1819; 'Marine k Marseille,' 1833 ; 'Route de Paris d, Fun-
tainebleau,' 1864 ; and numerous other landscapes.

DAHIa, 'Wladimir IrvanovTitschy Russian writer, b. at St. Petersburg, at the
beginning of the present century ; studied in the naval school. Author, under the
pseudonym of Kosak Luganskif of * Chraoel,' and numerous works in Russian provincial
dialects.

DAHIiGRENy John, American naval commander, b. in Pennsylvania, 1810;
entered the navy, 1826; admiral, and commanded the fleet before Charleston and Foit
Sumter, 1863 ; inventor of the Dahlgren shell gun.

DAHIiORENy Karl Johan, Swedish poet, b. at Ouillinge, Ostrogothie, June 28,
1791 ; studied at the University of Upsal ; minister of a parish at Stockholm, 1824-44.
Author of ' Samlade Arbeten,' six volumes, Stockholm, 1847-49.

DAHLMANN^ Friederich Christoph, German politician and historian, b. at
Wismar, May 17, 1785; studied at Copenhagen and Halle; professor at Kiel, 181*3; and
at the University of Bonn since 1850. Author of ' History of Denmark,' 1840-43 ;
* History of the French Revolution,' 1845 ; and many other historical works.

DAIdiAN, Pierre Jean Baptiste, French writer, b. at Grenoble, Dec. 14, 1784.
Author of 'Les Fugitives,' 1807 ; 'Hercule au Mont (Eta,' 1852 ; 'Cyrus,' 1856 ; 'Ariarate,'
1859 ; and other romances, poems, and dramas.

D'AIiBERT, Charles, French mnsical composer, b. near Hamburg, 1815 ; studio<i
under Kalkbrenner, and at the Academic Royale at Paris. Composed ' The Peri ; '
'Queen of the Ball ;* and a vast number of sm«dler pieces of music.

DAIiE^ Rev. Thomas, English theological and verse writer, b. at Pentonville, London,
Aug. 22, 1797 ; studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1817 ; ordained, 18l'2 ;
canon of St. Paul's cathedral, 1843 ; vicar of St. Paucras. 1846 ; rector of TberHeld, Herts,
1860. Author of 'Widow of Naiu,' 1818; 'The Golden Psalm,' 1847; and numerous
other works.

Dal HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Dai^
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DALOLISH, Robert, English politician, b. 1808 ; educated at Glasgow ; partner in the
house of Dalglish, Falconer, and Co., Glasgow ; M.P. for Glasgow since 1857.

DALHOUSIE, Right Hon. Fox Maole, Earl of, English statesman, b. 1801 ;
educated at the Charterhouse ; entered the army ; resigned with the rank of captain,
1831 ; M.P. for Perthshire, 1835 to 1837 ; for the Elgin burghs, 1838, and for Perth, 1841 ;
secretary of state for war, Feb. 1855 to Feb. 1868 ; lord-lieutenant of Forfarshire ; suc-
ceeded his cousin in the earldom of Dalhousie, Dec. 1860.

DALKEITH, ^Villiam Henry Walter, Earl of, EngUsh politician, b. 1831 ;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant of Midlothian and
county of Selkirk ; M.P. for Edinburghshire since 1853.

DALLAS, Rev. Alexander Robert Cbarles. English writer, b. towards the
close uf the last centuiy ; entered the army, and fought at the battle of Wa'^rloo ;
ordained, 1844. Author of 'Lent Lectures on Christ's Temptation ; ' and other theolo-
logical and religious works.

DALLOZ, Victor Alexis De'sire% French advocate, b. at Septmoneel, Jura,
Aug. 12, 1795 ; called to the bar at Paris, 1816> Author of 'Jurisprudence ; ou Repertoire
m^thodique et alphab6tique de Jurisprudence g6n6rale,' 1824-30 ; and numerous legal
works.

DALM AS. Albert de, French politician, b. 1823 ; chief of the cabinet of the Emperor,
and member of theGeneial Council of Morbihan for the canton of Baud ; member of the
Corps Legislatif for the 3rd circonscription dlUe et Vilaine since 1859.

DALTON. Alexander, Count, French general, b. at Brives, Corrfeze, April 20, 1776 ;
entered the army, and lieutenant, 1X91 ; chief of a battalion, 1800 ; general of brigade,
1809 ; lieutenant-general, 1821 ; entered the section of reserve, 1841.

P'ALTON, John, Irish genealogist and antiquary, b. at Bessville, Westmeath, 1792;
educated at Trinity College, Dublin; called to the Irish bar, 1813 ; commissioner of the
Loan Fund Board, Dublin. 1835* Author of * Dermid ; or Erin in the Days of Boroimhe,*
1814 ; ' History of the County of Dublin ;' and numerous genealogical works.

DALY, Ce'sar, French architect, b. at Verdun, 1809; studied under M. F^x Duban ;
founded the Revue de f Architecture et des Travaux publics, 1840 ; diocesan architect of
Tarn.

DALY, Sir Dominic, English colonial magistrate, b. 1798; appointed governor of the
island of Tobago, 1851 ; transferred to the government of Prince Edward's Island, 1854 to
1859; appointed governor and commander-in-chief of South Australia, Nov. 1861.

DAMAS-HINARD, Jean Josepb, French writer, b. at Madrid, Dec. 11, 1805;
studied law at Paris, and c^lid to the bar. Author of 'Chants sur Lord Byron,'
1824 ; • Po6me du Cid,' 1858 ; ' Buffon Ecrivain,' 1864 ; and other works.

DAMBRY, Pierre Charles Andre', French politician, b. Dec. 20, 1796 ; mayor of
the Isle- Adam, and member of the General Council for the same canton ; member of the
Corps Legislatif since 1859.

DAMINOIS, Angeliqne Adele Hwey, French authoress, b. at Clermont,
Oise, Dec. 21, 1795. Author of ' La Chasse au Renard,' 1823 ; and a great number of
romances.

DANA, Richard Henrsr. American writer, b. at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Nov. 15,
1787 ; studied at Harvard College ; admitted to the .bar of Baltimore, 1811. Author ot
'Tlie Idle Man,' 1821; 'The Husband's and Wife's Grave;' 'The Buccaneer,' 1827 ; and
other works.

DANA, Richard Henry, American barrister, b.. at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Aug. 1,
1815, son of the preceding; entered Harvard College. 1832; graduated, 1837; admitted
to the Boston bar, 1840. Author of 'The Seaman's Friend,' 1841 ; 'To Cuba and Back :
a Vacation Voyage,' London, 1859 ; and several biographical sketches.

DANIEL, Henry Joseph, French sculptor, b. at Nantes, April 1804; studied under
Bosio and Cortot. Executed ' Le Comte Simeon,' 1842 ; * C16opatre ' in marble, 1847, in
bronze, 1855 ; and numerous statues and busts.

DANIE'LO, Jnlien, French writer, b. in the department of Morbihan, 1800. Author
of ' L'Histoire de la Province de Champagne,' 1833 ; ' Du Pantheisme, du Mosaisme, et du
Christianisme,' 1848 ; ' Les Conversations de M. de Chateaubriand,' 1864 ; and other works.

DANJOU, Lonis Felix, French writer and musician, b. at Paris, 1812. Author of
' Archives curieuses de I'Histoire de France, ou Colle(;tion de Pieces rares,' 1834-40 ; ' Du
Paganisnie dans I'Education: quatre Lettres,' 1851-52; published several musical
compositions.

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D ANTAN, Antoine laaurent. French scnlptor, b. at St. Cloud, Dec. 8. 1798 : sturlie<l
under Bosio,"and at the School of Fine Arts. Executed 'The Death of Hen-ules,'
1828 ; ' Young Bather playing with his Dog,' 1836 ; and a great number of busts and
statues.

DANTANy Jean Pierre^ French sculptor, b. in Paris, Dec. 28, 1800, brother of the
preceding ; studied in Paris and Italy. Executed busts of Talleyrand, Wellington,
D'Orsay, Costa, Lady Maria Hamilton, N^laton, Aubert, and numerous other wurku
of art

DANTIER, Henri Alphons^. French writer, b. at Noynn, 1810. Author of

* Histoire du Moyen Age,' 1852 ; ' Etudes sur les B6n6dictin8,' 1864 ; and contributor to
the Moniteur and other French periodicals.

DANTON. Josepb Arse'ne, French writer, b. atPlancy, Aube, Jan. 1, 1814 ; studied
at the College of Charlemagne ; secretary to the minister of public instruction, 1840 ;
member of the Imperial Council of Education, July 2, 1804. Editor of * O^uvres philo-
sophiques de Fenelon,' 1843 ; and other works.

DARBOYj Rev. Georfirey French divine, and archbishop of Paris, b. at Fayl-Billot,
Haute, Miime, Jan. 16, 1813 ; studied at the Seminary of Langres ; ordained, 1836 ;
bishop of Nancy, 1859, and archbishop of Paris, Jan. 1863. Author of * Les Femmes
de la Bible,' 1859 ; and other theological and religious works.

D'ARCY. Colonel Georgre^ English colonial governor, b.l816; entered the army,
1836, and became colonel, July 7, 1867 ; appointed governor of the Gambia, June lb5i».
Author of a work on light infantry driU.

DAREMBURGi Cbarles Victor, French physician and writer, b. at Di.jon,
April 14, 1817. Translated 'OBuvres choisies d'Hippocrate,' 1843; 'CEuvres completes
d'Oribase,' 1853-60. Author of ' L'Histoire de la Syphilis de I'Antiquite,' 1846.

DARESTE DE ItA CHAVANNE, Antoine Cleophas, French political
economist, b. at Paris, Oct. 25, 1820 ; professor to the Faculty of Letters at Grenoble,
1847. Author of *Eloge de Turgot,' 1846; 'Histoire des Classes agricoles en PYance,
depais Saint Louis jusqu' k Louis XVI.' 1853.

DARESTE DE ItA CHAVANNE, Rodolphe Cleophas, French legal
writer, b. at Paris, Oct. 26, 1824; obtained the degree of LL.D. 1847; advocate at
the Court of Cassation, 1851. Published 'Essai sur Francois Hotman,' 1860 ; 'Code
des Pensions civiles,' 1854 ; and other legal works.

DARGAND^ Jean Marie^ French writer, b. at Paray-le-Monial, Sa6ne et Loire,
Feb. 22, 1800 ; studied at the Lyc^es Charlemagne and Bonaparte, in Paris. Author of

* La Solitude,' 1833 ; 'Histoire de Marie Stuart,' 1850 ; 'Histoire de Jane Grey,' 1862; and
ot^er historical works.

DARIMONy Alfred, French politician and journalist, b. at Lille, Dec. 17, 1819. Con-
tributor to the Peuple, 1848 ; to the Presse, 1854 ; and other French journals. Author of

* R^forme banqui^re,' 1857. Member of the Corps Legislatif for the 7th circonscription
of Paris since 1857.

DARISTEy Jean Baptiste An^mste, French politician, b. at Martinique, June 19,

1807 ; member of the Council of State for War, Jan. 25, 1 852 ; created senator, March 4,

1853.
DARIaEY, Felix, American artist, b. at Philadelphia, June 23, 1822; illustrated 'Rip

Van Winkle ; * * Legend of Sleepy Hollow ; ' Tx)ngfellow'8 ' Miles Standish ;' and numerous

other works.

DARIaING, Sir Charles Henry, English colonl^tl administrator, b. 1808 ; entered
the army as ensip^i, Dec. 7, 1826 ; retired, 1841 ; appointed lieutenant-governor of the
island of St. Lucia, 1847 ; lieutenant-governor of the Cape of Good Hope, 1851 ; received
the order of K.C.B. and knighted, 1862; governor of Victoria, 1863-66.

DARNAUD, Firmin, French magistrate, b. at Roquefixade, Ari^ge, March 12, 1796 ;
was King's counsel, 1830 • councillor at the Royal Court of Toulouse, Feb. 2, 1835 ; presi-
dent of the chamber of the Imx)erial Court of Toulouse.

DARNIaEY, John Stuart Bligrh, Earl and Visconnt of. English adminis-
trator, b. 1827 ; educated at Eton ; graduated at Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant of Kent
and Meath ; hereditary high steward of Gravesend and Milton.

DARRELIi, John, English colonial judge, b. 1794 ; studied at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn ; in the colonial service since 1819 ;
attorney-general at Bermuda, 1834 to 1866 ; chief justice of Bermuda, 1856. Published
an edition of the laws of Bermuda, 1861.

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DAARIOAUy Daniel Charles Anffuste, Baron, French stateRman, b. at St.
Denis, Seine, Sept. 24, 1808 ; entered the army, 1825 ; captain, 1836 ; titular councillor
of state, 1852 ; minister of war, 18(J2-tf3.

DARRICAUi Rodolvhe Ansuatin, Baron, French naval commander, brother
of the precenin^, b. >farch 7, 1807 ; entered the naval school, 1827 ; captain, 1863 ;
governor of the isle of Reunion, 1858 ; rear-admiral, Jan. 17, 1864.

DARTMOUTH. William Walter Leyce^ Earl of, English administrator, b. at
Sandwell Park, Birmingham, Aug. 12, 1823 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford,
where he graduated M. A. 1847 ; deputy-lieutenant of Staffordshire.

DARTOIS, Frangois Victor Armand. French dramatic writer, b. at Beauvains,
near Noyon, Oise, Oct 3, 1788. Author of 'Les Femmes Soldats,' 1809; 'Paris et
Londres,* 1827 ; * Reculer pour mieux sauter,' 1854 ; and many others.

DARU, Napoleon, Count, French politician, b. at Paris, June 11, 1807 ; studied at
the Lyc6e of Louis-le-Qrand. and at the Polytechnic School, 1825 ; entered the army,
but retired as a captain, 1847 ; member of the Academy of Sciences, 1860.

DAR^VIN, Charles, English naturalist, b. at Shrewsbury, Feb. 12, 1809 ; educated
at the Grammar School, Shrewsbury, at the University of Edinburgh, and Christ's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated In 1831. Author of * The Structure and Distri-
bution of Coral Reefs,' 1842 ; * Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands ' 1844 • * Origin
of Species by means of Natural Selection,' 1859 ; and other scientific works.

DASENT, Georse Webbe, English author, b. 1818 ; educated at King's College,
London, and Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840; called to the bEU*
of the Middle Temple, 1852. Author and translator of * The Prose, or Younger, Edda,*
1842 ; * Popular Tales trom the Norse, with an Introductory Essay,' 1859 ; and other
works.

DAUBIGNY, Charles Francois, French painter b. in Paris, Feb. 15, 1817;
studied under MM. Paul Delaroche and Daubi^y. Executed *Vue de la Valine
d'Oisanrt,' 1840; 'Soleil couch6,' 1851; 'Les Bords de la Cure,' 1864; and numerous
other ]andscai>es.

DAUBRE'B. Gabriel Auf^nste, French geologist, b. at Metz, June 25, 1S14; studied
at the Polytechnic School, 1834 ; professor of mineralogy and geology at the Academy
of Strasbourg, 1839 ; professor of geology at the Natural History Museum of Paris, 1861.
Author of ' Description geologique du Bas-Rhin,' 1852 ; and other scientific works.

DAUMAS, Melchior Joseph Engrene, French general and author, b. Sept 4,
18U3; entiered the army, 1822; lieutenant, 1827; general, 1849; general of division,
1853 ; senator, Aug. 12, 1857. Author of 'Le Sahara alg^en,' Paris, 1845 ; ' La Kabylie,'
1857 ; and other works on Algeria.

DAUM6R, Geors Friederich, German author, b. at Nuremberg, March 5, 1800 ;
studied at the University of Eriangen. Author of 'Die Glorie dev heiligen . Jungfrau
Maria,' Nurembei^g, 1841; 'Die Religion des neuen Weltalters,' Himbuig, 1850; and
numerous philosophical and poetical works. I

DAURIAC, Philippe Engrene Jean Marie, French writer, b. at Toulouse,
Oct. 17, 1815. Published 'Louis Philippe, Prince et Roi,' 1843 ; * Essai historique sur la
Boucherie de Paris,' 1861 ; * Nouveau Guide du Voyageur en Belgique et en Hollande,'
1864 ; and other miscellaneous works.

DAUTHEVIItLE. FrangoiSy French general, b. at Chalennon, Ard6che, May 8, i
17M2 ; entered the Polytechnic School, 1811 ; entered the army, 1813 ; general of brigade, '
Feb. 13, 1852 ; member of the Corps L6gislatif for the department of Ard^che since ,
1854.

DAUZ ATS, Adrien, French painter, b, at Bordeaux, 1808 ; studied under Julien
Michel Gue. Executed 'Une Mosquee sur les Bords duNil,' 1835 ; ' Cathedrale de TolMe,'
1855 ; ' Vue prise k Chateldon,' 1863 ; and numerous other landscapes.

DAVELUY, Ame'de'e, French philologist, b. 1799; studied at Amiens; professor at
the Royal College of Di,ion, 1830 ; appointed professor at School of Athens, 1846 ;
inspector-general of schools, 1862.

DAVENNE, Henri Jean Baptiste, French writer, b. at Paris, Jan. 12, 17.S9.
Author of * Regime administratif et financier des Communes,' 1840 ; * Traite pratique
de Voirie urbaine,' 1858; and other works.

DAVEY, Richard, English politican, b. 1799 ; educated at Tiverton School and
Edinburgh University; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Cornwall; M.P. of West
Cornwall since 1857.

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DAVIDy Christian Qtortge Natban, Danish politician, b. at Copenhagen, Jan. 10,
1796 ; studied at the University of Copenhagen ; professor at the same university. 1834 ;
member of the Diet, 1848 ; represented Denmark at the International Congress in France,
1856.

DAVID. Felicien Ce'sar^ French musical composer, b. at Cadenes, Vaucluse, April 3,
1810 ; studied in Paris at the Conservatoire, under R6ber. Published * Melodies orientales,'
1835 ; *The Desert.' played first at the Conservatoire, Dec. 1844; 'La Perle du, Brisll,'
1851 ; ' Lalla Rookh,' 1862 ; and numerous other compositions.

DAVID, Ferdinandy German musical composer, b. at Hamburg, Jan. 19, 1810;
studied under Spohr ; played under Mendelssohn at Leipsic, 1836. Composed ' Concertos
for the Violin ; ' and several romances and symphonies.

DAVID, Jerome, Baron, French politician, b. in Rome, June SO, 1822; was
captain in the army ; mayor of Langon, and member of the General Council for the canton
of St. Symphorieu ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of the Giroude
since 1859.

DAVID, Maxime; French miniature painter, b. at ChAIons-sur-Mame, Aug. 24, 1798 ;
studied at the Lyc6e of Rheims. Painted the portraits of Queen Ani^lie, King Louis
Philipx)e, Prince Napoleon, and of a great number of other distinguished persons.

DAVID DESCHAMPS, Iionis Charles, French politician, b. in Paris, Oct. 16,
1802 ; advocate at the Imperial Court of Paris ; member of the General Council for the
canton of Ecouch^ ; member of the Corps Li^gislatif for the 2nd circonscription of Ome
since 1860. ^

DAVIE, Sir Henry Robert Fertrnson, English politician, b. 1798 ; magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant of Devon ; lieutenant-general unattached, and colonel of the
73rd Foot ; M.P. for Haddington since 1847.

DAVIS, Charles Henry, American naval officer, b. in Boston, Massachusetts, Jan. 16,
1807; entered the U.S. navy, 1823 ; appointed commander and stationed in the Pacific,
1856; had charge of the 'American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanack,' 1849. Pub-
lished a translation of Gauss's 'Theoria Mottls CorponAn Ccelestium,' 1856.

DAVIS, EdTvard Hamilton, American archaeologist, b. in Ross County, Ohio, Jan. 22,
1811 ; graduated M.D. at Cincinnati, 1837 ; professor of materia niedica and therapeutics
at the New York Medical College, 1850. * Author of ' Monuments of the Mississippi
Valley.*

DAVIS, Gatevrard Coleridipe, English colonial administrator, b. 1831 ; called to
the bar of the Inner Temple, 1860 ; secretary of the executive and adminintrative com-
mittee in Antigua, 1861 ; attorney-general of Antigua, and crown law officer, Mont-
serrat, 1862.

DAVIS, Jefferson, American politician, b. in Kentucky, June 3, 1808; educated at
Transylvania College, and at West Point Military Academy, wliere he graduated in 1828 ;
member of Congress for Mississippi, l^Ab ; senator for the same state, 1847 ; secretary of
war, 1853 ;- re-elected to the Senate, 1857 ; president of the so-called Confederate States
of North America, 1861-66.

DAVIS. Sir John Francis, English diplomatist, b. in London, 1795 ; attach^ to
Lord Amherst's embassy to Pekin, 1816 ; was British plenipotentiary and chief super-
intendent of British trade in China ; governor and commander-in-chief of the colony of
Hong Kong, 1843 to 1848 ; created a baronet forservices in China, 1845 ; and K.C.B. 1854.
Author of • A Description of China and its Inhabitants ;' and other wt)rks on China.

I DAVIS, Nathan, English traveller and writer, b. 1812 ; for some time editor of the
Hebrew Christian Magazine. Author of * Tunis ; or Selections from a Journal kept in

I that Regency,' 1841 ; 'Carthage and her Remains,' 1861 ; and other works.

K DAIVSON, Oeorye, English lecturer, b. in London, 1821 ; studied at the University of

J Glasgow, and graduated M.A. ; minister of Mount Zion Chapel, Birmingham, 1844; and

of the church of the Saviour, 1847.

DAIVSON, Robert Peel, English politician, b. 1818; educated at Harrow, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Londonderry ;
high sheriff, 1850 ; M.P. for the county of Londonderry since 1859.

DA'^VSON, Hon. Vesey, Engli.sh politician, b. 1842 ; educated at Eton ; magistrate
of the county of Monaghan ; captain in the Coldstream Guards; M.P. for county of
Monaghan, 1865.

DAY, Georgre Edivard, English physician, b. 1815; educated at Cambridge, where he
graduated B.A. 18.S7, M.A. 1840; licentiate in medicine, 1842; M.D. of the University
of Giessen, and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. Author of ' A Practical

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Treatise on the Diseases of Advanced Life,' 1849 ; * Physiology and Medicine,' 1860 ; and '

other medical works.
DE'ADDE'; Edonard, French dramatic writer, b. 1810. Author of * Odette,' 1832 ;

' Les Femmes et le Secret/ 1843 ; 'Le Fils du Diable.' 1860 ; and numerous other works.

For some time director of the theatre of Porte St. Antoihe.
DEAR; Prancin, Hungarian statesman, b. at Keliida Zala, 1803 ; deputy to the Diet at ;

Presburg, 1832, and has since taken an active part in the leadership of the Liberal party in \

Hungary.
DEAN, Sir Thomas , Irish architect, b. at Cork, 1792; designed the Old and New

Bank Buildings and Court House at Cork ; the City Gaol, Anglesey Bridge in that city,

and several other buildings ; knighted by the Loi-d-lieutenant of Ireland, 1830.
DEASY, Rigrht Hon. Richard, Irish politician, b. 1812; educated at Trinity College,

Dublin, where he graduated, and was called to the Irish bar; made Q.C. 1H49 ; third

serjeant-at-law, 1858; solicitor- general for Ireland, 1859; attorney-general, 1860; judge,

1861 ; M.P. for Cork, 1855 to 1861. |

DBBAY, Jean Baptiste Joseph, French sculptor, b. at Malines, Oct. 16, 1779.

Executed 'Leonidas,' 1827 ; 'Charles Martel,' 1836 ; ' Le Choix difficile,' in marble, 1861 ;

' Faustulus,' a group in bronze, 1863 ; and numerous other statues and groups. t

DEBON, Hippolyte, French painter, b. at Paris, 1816 ; studied under Gros and M.
Abel de Pujol. Exhibited ' Bataille d'Hastings,' 1845 ; * Fete de TAgriculture du temps
des Gaulois, 1850 ; ' Entree de Guillaunie le Conquerant k Londres," 1855 ; 'Le Si^e dela i
Rochelle,' 1863; and nuiuerous other, principally historical, paintings. l

DE BOW, James Dnn'^oody Broinmson, American journalist, b. at Charleston,
South Carolina, July 10, 1820 ; studied at Charleston College, and graduated in 1843 ; |
called to the bar in the same town, 1844. Established De Bow's Covimercial Review, ,
1845 ; compiled * Industrial Resources of the South West,' 1858 ; and other statistical
works.

DEBREYNE, Pierre Jean OomeiUe, French physician, b. at Qusedypre, near
Dunkerque, Nov. 7, 1786; studied medicine at Paris; degree of M.D. 1824. Author of
' Precis sur la Physiologic humaine,' 1851 ; and a great number of medical works.

DECAISNE, Joseph, French botanist, b. at Brussels, March 18, 1807. Author of
• Annales des Sciences naturelles,' 1834 ; ' Essais sur une Classification des Algues et des
Polypiers calcileres, suivis d'un M^moire siu* les Corallines,' 1843 ; ' Le Jardin fruitier
du Museum,' 1859-65 ; and other botanical works.

DECAISNE, Pierre, Belgian physician, b. at Brussels, May 11, 1809 ; studied medicine i
and graduated M.D. at the University of Louvain ; entered the Bel^an army as surgeon, j
1830; professor to the Faculty of Medicine at Gand. Author of 'Choix d'01)ser\'ations
chirurgicales,' 1838 ; 'Des Plaies des Articulations et des Tendons,' 1851 ; and numerous
medical works.

DECANDOLLE, Alphonse Iionis Pierre Pyramns, Swiss botanist, b. at
Paris, Oct. 27, 1806 ; studied at Geneva, and graduated LL.U. 1829. Author of 'Mono-
graphic des Campanul6es,' 1830; ' Prodromus Systematis naturalis Regni vegetabilis,'
1858-64 ; and other botanical works.

DECHAMPS, Adolphe, Belgian statesman, b. at Melle, East Flanders, June 17, 1807 ;
studied at the Museum of Brussels; appointed governor of Luxembourg, 1841; minister
of foreign affairs, 1845. Published 'Le second Empire : Dialogues poJitiques,' Brussels,
1859 ; ' L'Empire et I'Angleterre,' 1860.

DECHAMPS, Victor, Belgian writer, b. at Melle, 1811, brother of the preceding.
Author of ' Le Christ et les Antechrists dans les ;6critures, I'Histoire et la Conscience,'
Toumai, 1858; 'Pie IX. et les Erreurs contemporaines,' 1864; and other theological
works.

DE CHARMS, Richard, American divine, b. Oct. 17, 1796; graduated at Yale Col-
lege, 1826 ; was pastor of the Swedenborgian Churches in Cincinnati, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore. Established the New Jerusalem Magazine, in Boston. Author of the ' New
Churchman.'

DECHASTEZaUS, Clande Marie Jean Antoine, French politician, b. March
28, 1798 ; judge, and member of the General Council of the Loire for the canton of St.
Symphorien de Lay ; member of he Corps L6gislatif, 1863.

DECKER, Pierre Pacqnes Frangois de, Belgian writer and politician, l>. at
Zkle, Flanders, Jan. 25, 1812 ; studied at the College of Fribourg ; member of tlie
Chamber of Representatives for Termonde, 1839. Author of ' Religion et Amour,' 1835 ;
•De rinfluence du Clei^6 en Belgique,' 1843 ; and other works.

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DECOURCBLIiE, Adrien. French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, 1824 ; studied at the
College of Charlemagne. Autnor of ' Une 8oir6e k la Bastille,' 1845 ; * Les Dragons de )a
Reine,' 1841 ; and a great number of other dramas.

DISFA9OZ, Etigrene^ Belgian lawyer and politician, b. at Ath, 1797 ; was an advocate,
and took part in the Revolution of 1830 ; counciHor at the Court of Cassation ; jiresident
of the Congress, 1847. Author of * Ancien Droit Belgique: Pr6cis de Lois et Coutumes
observees en Belgique avant le Code Civil,' Brussels, 1846.

DEFAUCONPRBT^ Charles Augruste, French writer, b. at St. Denis, Seine,
Dec. 19, 1797 ; studied at the Lycee Napoleon ; translated Washington Irving's ' Travels
of Christopher Columbus.'

DBFFGS, Pierre IiOuis^ French musical composer, b. at Toulouse, July 24, 1819;
admitted to the Conservatoire, and studied under MM. Berton and Hal^vy. Composed
* Broskovano,* 1858 ; * Le Caf6 du Roi,' 1861 ; and other comic ox)eras.

DEFOR6ES; Philippe Augr^ste Pittand^ French dramatic writer, b. at Paris,
April 5, 1805 ; studied at the Bourbon College ; appointed chief secretary to the minister
of war, 1830. Author of ' Henri IV. en Famille,' 1828 ; ' Les Fables de La Fontaine,' 1842 ;
'Bijou Perdu,' 1855 ; and numerous other dramas.

DEFREMERY; Charles, French philologist, b. at Cambrai, Dec. 8, 1822 ; studied at
the College of France. Translated from the Persian of Mirkhond 'L'Histoire des
Sultans du Kharezm,' 1842 ; from the same author ' Histoire des Seldjoukides et des
Ismaeliens, ou Assassins de I'lran,' 1849 ; and numerous other translations.

DE FREYNEy Charles French, Baron, Irish magistrate, b. 1792 ; magistrate
for Roscommon, Sligo, and Mayo ; succeeded to the title Sept 1863.

DE GREY AND RIPON, Georgre Frederick Samuel Robinson, Earl,

English statesman, b. in London, Oct. 24, 1827 ; eldest aon of the first earl ; M.P. for
Huddersfield, 1853 to 1857 ; for the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1867 to 1869 ; under-
secretary of state for war, June 1859 ; under-secretary of state for India, Jan. to Aug.
1861 ; secretary of state for war, 1863-66 ; succeeded his father as 2d Earl Ripon, Jan.
1859 ; lord president of the council, Dec. 1868.

DEGUERRY. I'Abbe' Gaspard, French author, b. at Lyons, 1797; studied at
the College or VUlefranche ; ordained to the priesthood, 1820 ; canon of Notre Dame,
1844 ; archbishop of Marseilles, 1861. Author of * Bloge de Jeanne d'Arc,* 1828 ;
' Notice sur le Comte de ClocheviUe,' 1853 ; and other biographical works.

QUE, Felix De'sire', French writer, b. in Paris, Oct 9, 1794 ; studied at the
Paris Ecole Normale, 1813 : elected member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles
Lettres, Nov. 1859. Author of ' La Cbarte constitutionnelle traduite en Grec moderne,'
1822 ; translator of the Ludwig * Poesies Cypriques d'Andreadis,' 1837 ; and other works.

DEINHARDSTEIN, Johann, German dramatic writer, b. at Vienna, June 21,
1794 ; professor of classic literature at the University of Vienna, 1827. Author of ' Dra-
matische Dichtungen,' Vienna, 1816; 'Kiinstlerdramen,' Leipsic, 1845; and numerous
other works. Edited the Jahrhucher der LUeratur from 1830 to 1851.

DEIiABARRE DUPARCQ, Nicolas Edouard, French military writer, b. at
St Cloud, April 1, 1819 ; studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1836-39 ; lieutenant, 1841 ;
captain, Jan. 1844 ; professor of history at the School of Sr,. Cyr. Author of ' Biographic
et Maximes de Maurice de Saxe/ 1851 ; * L'Art militaire pendant les Guerres de Religion,'
1864 ; and other works.

DEIiACOUR, Alfred Charlemagne IiartignCj French physician and writer,
b. 1815 ; graduated M.D. at Paris, 1841. Author of ' L'Hospitalit^ d'une Grisette,' 1847 ;
* Le Premier Pas,' 1862 ; * C^limare le bien-aim6,* 1863 ; and numerous other dramas.

DEIiACOUR, Edmond, French diplomatist, b. at Paris, near 1805 ; secretary of em-
ba«8y at Vienna, 1833 to 1836 ; and at Stockholm, 1839-47 ; envoy extraordinary and
minister-plenipotentiary to Vienna, 1848 ; ambassador to Constantinople, 1858 ; ambas-
sador to Naples, 1854-56.

DEIiAFOSSE, Oabriel, French mineralogist, b. 1795 ; studied at the Paris Ecole
Normale ; professor of mineralogy to the Faculty of Sciences at Paris, and at the ^cole
Normale, 1813. Author of 'Precis ^Umentaire d'Histoire naturelle.* 1857; and
numerous other scientific works.

EIiAGE, Marie Henri, French writer, b. at Paris, 1825. Author of *Le Sangdu
Christ,* 1849; 'L'Etemit6 Devoil6e,' 1854; *Le Monde Occulte,' 1859; and several
religions works.

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DELAHUNTYy James, English politician, b. 1808; a merchant in Waterford;
elected M.P. for that to?m, 1868.

DELALIiEy Iiouis Augiutey French theological writer, b. at Revin, Ardennes,
Oct. 9, 1800 ; appointed vicar-general of Nancy, Aug. 30, 1855. Author of * Cours de
Controverse Caiholique ;* and other theological works.

DELAMARRE, Edouard Frangois De'sire'. French politician, b. at Ouerba-
ville, Dec. 16, 1797 ; member oi the Corps L^gislatif for Gu6ret since 1852.

DELAMARRE, GuiUaame, French political economist, b. 1799 ; elected member of
the Corps L^gislatif for the Sonime, 1852. Author of ' La Vie 4 bon Marche,' 1854^-56 ;
*Le8 Eaux de Paris.' 1861.

DELAMERE, Htigrh Cholmondeley, Baron, English politician, b. 1812; M.P.
for Derbyshire, 1840-41 ; succeeded his father, 1855.

DEIi ANEy John Thaddens, English journalist, b. Oct. 1817 ; educated at Magdalen
Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 18.S9; called to the bar of the Middle Temple,
1847 ; assistant editor of the Times, 1839-41 ; editor of the Times since 1841.

DELANOLE, Clande Alphonse, French statesman, b. at Varzy, Ni^vre, April 6,
1797 ; called to the bar of Paris, 1818 ; advocate-general at the Court of Cassation, 1840 ;
first president of the Imperial Court of Paris, 1852 ; minister of the interior, 1858-59 ;
vice-president of the Senate, 1859-61 ; member of the Academy of Sciences.

DELAPALME, Eniile^ French magistrate, b. at Paris, Nov. 14, 1793 ; magistrate at
the Royal Court of Paris, 1815 ; advocate-general, 1831 ; advocate-general at the Court of
Cassation, 1841 ; counsellor in the same court, 1847. Author of * Premier Livre du
Citoyen,' 1864 ; and othsr works.

DEL APORTE, Michel, French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, 1802. Author of ' Le
Parisien,' 1838 ; ' Le Masque de Velours,' 1860 ; * Ah ! que I'Amour est agr^ble !' 1862 ;
and numerous other dramas.

DELARUE, Joseph Ame de'e, French architect, b. at Lille, 1790 ; studied at Paris

under Huyot, Alavoine, and Gu^n^pin. Designed THdtel de Ville and le Palais de

Justice at M^zi^res ; and numerous churches and chai>els.
DE LA RUEy Warren, English astronomer, b. 1815; educated at the College of

St. Barbe, Paris ; acted as juror and reporter in the Great Exhibition of 1851 ; president

of the Royal Astronomical Society.
DELARUE BEAUM ARCHAISy Edouard Charles, French general, b. Oct. 9,

1799 ; entered the army, 1814, and became a colonel, 1847 ; general of brigade, 1852 ;

commander of the Legion d'honneur, 1858. j

DELASIAUVEy Lonis Jean Frangois^ French physician, b. at Garennes, Eure,
1804; graduated M.D. at Paris, 1830. Author of 'Examen de diverses Critiques de la
Phr6nologie,' 1844 ; * Des Pseudomanies,* 1859 ; and other medical works. i

DELATRE, Lonis Michel James Laconr. French writer, b. at Paris. May 9.
1815. Author of ' Chants de VExH,* 1843 ; * Marathon ; Promenade k Cheval,' 1853 ; and ;
numerous other works. {

DELAUNAY, Charles Engrene^ French mathematician, b. at Lusigny, Aube, i

April 9, 1816 ; entered the Bcole Polyxechnique, 1834 ; elected member of the Institute, |

1855 ; and member of the Bureau of Longitudes, 1862. Author of * Cours ^l^mentaire de ;

M^canique,' 1854 ; and other scientific works. j

DELAVALy Pierre Lonis^ French painter, b. in Paris, April 27, 1790; studied i
under Girodet. Exhibited 'Sainte Clotilde exhortant Clovis 4 embrasser la Religion
chr6tieune,' 1817 ; ' St. Louis portant rOriflamme,' 1841 ; and other paintings.

DELAVIONE. Germain. French dramatic writer, b. at Givemy, Eure, Feb. 1, 1790 ;
studied at the College of St. Barbe. Author of * La Somnambule,* 1819 ; *Le Diplomate,*
1S27 ; ' La Nonne Sanglante,' 1854 ; and other dramas and comedies.

DELAWARR, Georgro John Sackville West, Earl of, English administrator,
b. in London, 1791; educated at Harrow and Oxford; graduated D.C.L. 1834; high
steward of Stratford-on-Avon ; was lord chamberlain to the Queen, 1841-46 ; reappoint^
Feb. 1858 ; resigned, 1859.

DELEHAYEy Josse, Belgian politician, b. at Gand, 1800; elected representative of
his native town in Cong»ess, 1831 ; king's counsel to the tribunal of Gand, 1839 ; vice-
president of the Chamber of Representatives, 1849 ; buigomaster of Gand, 1858.

DELEPIERRE, Octave, Belgian writer, b. at Bruges, 1804; studied Uw at the
University of Gand ; appointed secretary of legation, and consul-general of Belgium ia
London, 1849. Author of ' Precis des Annales de Bruges/ 1835 ; and numerous other,
chiefly antiquarian and bibliographical, works.

Bel HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Dem

[83]

I DEIaESSERT; Alexandre Henri Edonard. French writer, b. in Paris, Dec. 15, i
1828. Author of ' Voyage aux Villas maudites,' 1863 ; * Le Chemin de Rome, s'il voos I
plait?* 1860 ; ' Toiyours tout droit,' 18«2 ; and other works.

DELHASSE; Felix Joseph^ Belgian writer, b. at Spa, Feb. 5, 1809. Author of

* Lea Bords de I'Ambl^ve,' Liege, 1853 ; contributor to the Libiralf Radical, Dibat Social,
And the Nation. '

DEIalONY^ Edouard Jean Etienne, French militaiy commander, b. 1812 ; second i
lieutenant, 1835; first lieutenant, 1840; captain, 1844; lieutenant-colonel, May 1862; i
colonel, Dec. 1852 ; general of brigade, July 1855 ; general of division, Dec. 1859.

DEIiISIaEy IieopQld Victor, French historian, b. at Valognes, Manche, Oct. 24,
1826 ; entered the Ecole des Chartes, 1847 ; member of the Institute and of the Academy |
of Inscriptions, 1857. Author of * Recherches sur la Condition de la Classe agricole en
Normandie au Moyen Age,' 1846. |

DE Ii'ISLE AND DUDLEY, Philip Sidney, Baron. English magistrate,
b. 1828 ; educated at Eton ; deputy-lieutenant of Kent ; magistrate for the North Riding
I of Yorkshire.

j DEIalTZSCH, Franc, German Protestant theologian, b. at Leipsic, Feb. 23, 1813 ;
appointed professor of theology at the University of Erlangen. 1850. Author of
, * Qeschichte der judisch^n Poesie,' Leipsic, 1836 ; * Vom Hause Goties oder der Kirche,*

) ib. 1848 ; and numerous theological worlcs.

DEIaOCHE, Jules Edouard Maximin, French writer, b. at Tulle, Correze,
Oct. 27, 1817. Author of *6tienne Baluze, sa Vie et ses (Buvres,* Limoges, 1868; '

* Description des Monnaies M^rovingiennes du Limousin,' 1863 ; and other works.

DEIaORD, Taxile, French writer, b. at Avignon, Nov. 25, 1815 ; studied at Marseilles
firom 1830 to 1834 ; was long one of the chief contributors to the Charivari. Author of

* Physiologic de la Parisienne,' 1851 ; * Les Troisieme Pages du Journal le Si^ole,' 1861 ;
and" of numerous contributions to BSrench joUmals.

DEIaPIT, Martial, French writer, b. at Cahuzac, Lot-et-Garrfinne, Feb. 25, 1813:
studied at the Ecole des Chartes. Author of 'Notice sur le Manusorit intitule
Recognitiones feudorum,' 1841 ; and other works.

DEIiTHEIIa, Jean, French politician, b. Sept. 2, 1795 ; member of the Chamber of
Deputies, 1836-42 ; and of the Legislative Assembly, 1849 ; member of the Corps L6gis-
latLf for the department of Lot since 1852.

DELTUF, Paul, French writer, b. at Paris, 1825. Author of * Idylles Antiques,' 1851 ;

* Les Pigeons de la Course,' 1857 ; ' La Comtesse de Silva,* 1864 ; and numerous other
works of fiction.

DEIaVAN, Alftred, French writer, b. at Paris, 1825; secretary to M. Ledru Rollin;
minister of the interior, 1848. Author of * Le Rou6 Innocent,' 1850 ; * Les Barri6res de
Paris,' 1857 ; ' Bibliotbfeque Bleue,' 1859-60 ; and many other novels.

DEMANGE AT, Joseph Charles. French lawyer, b. at Nantes, Sept. 2, 1820;
studied law at Paris ; called to the bar, 1841 ; obtained the degree of LL.D. 1843 ;
appointed supplementary professor to the faculty of law at Paris, 1851 ; professor, 1862.
Author of * Cours E16mentaire de Droit Romain,' 1864 ; and other legal works.

DEMANTE, Augruste Gabriel, French lawyer, b. at Paris, March 3, 1821;
appointed supplementary professor to the faculty of law at Toiilouse, 1850; and
professor, 1856. Author of ' De la Loi et de la Jurisprudence en Mati6re de Donations
deguis^es,' 1865 ; and other legal works.

DE MAUIiEY, Charles Frederick Ashley Cooper Ponsonby, Baron,

English magistrate, b. 1815 ; M.P. for Poole, 1837 to 1847 ; for Dungarvan, 1851 to 1852 ;
deputy-lieutenant and mt^strate of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire.

DEMESM AY, Camille, French sculptor, b. at Besanyon, Aug. 23, 1816 ; licentiate
in law at Paris, 1839. Executed * La Vierge et I'Enfant J6sus,' 1859 ; * Nais,' 1863 ; and a
great number of statues.

DEMETZ, Frederic Auguste, French social reformer, b. May 12, 1796 ; studied

law at Paris ; appointed court counsel, 1832 ; founded the agricultural colony and

penitentiary of Mettray, near Tours, 1840.
DEMOGEOT, Jacques Claude. French writer, b. at Paris, July 5, 1808; studied

at the Seminary of St. Nicolas of Chardonnet, and professor there from 1826 to 1828 ;

appointed professor of rhetoric at the I^yc6e de St. Louis of Paris, 1843. Author of

* Histoire du College de Lyon,' 1840 ; 'Contes et Nouvelles,' 1862 ; and other works.

n O

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DEMOIiICREy Hiiypolyte Jules, French dramatic writer, b. at Nantes, Aug. 3,
1802 ; studied law at Rennes, and medicine at Paris. Author of 'La Famille Renneville,*
1843; *De Paris k Corbellet k Orl6an8,' 1854; 'Le Revers de la Medaille,' 1861 ; and
many other works.

DEMOLOMBE. Jean Charles Florent, French legal writer, b. at F^re, Aisne,
July 22, 1804; studied law at Paris, and received the degree of LL.D. 1826 ; appointed
professor of civil law to the faculty of Caen, 1831, and dean of the faculty, 1853,
Published * Cours de Code Napoleon,* 1845-63.

DE MORGAN, Ani^stuSy English mathematician, b. at Madura, Southern India,
1806 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1827 ; appointed
professor of mathematics at the University of London, 1828. Author of the ' Book of
Almanacs ;* and numerous mathematical and other scientific works.

DENIS, Jean Ferdfnaad, French traveller, b. at Paris, Aug. 13, 1798. Author of
' Buenos-Ayres et le Paraguay,* 1823; 'Luiz de Souza,' 1835; ' Une Fete Br^ilienne/
1850 ; and numerous romances and works of travel

DENISONy Ed^eardy English politician, b. 1840; educated at Eton, and Christ Church,
Oxford ; called to the bar of Lincoln*s Inn, 1867 ; returned M.P. for Newark, 1868.

DENISON, Ven. George Antbony^ English theological writer, b. 1805 ; educated
at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1826 ; curate of Cuddesden,
Oxfordshire, 1832 to 1838 ; vicar of EJast Brent, Somerset, 1845 ; archdeacon of Taunton.
Editor of the Church and State Review ; and author of several sermons.

DENISON. Riirlit Hon. John Evelyn, English statesman, b. 1800 ; educated at
Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1823; M.P. for Newcastle-
nnder-Lyne, 1824 ; for Hastings, 1850 ; for Notts, 1831 ; for South Notts, 1833 to 1837 ;
for Malton, 1841-57; for North Nottinghamshire since 1857; elected speaker of the House
of Commons, 1857 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Notts.

DENJOY. Jean FrangoiS Polynice, French politician, b. at Lectoure. Gers,
June 6, 1809 ; studied law at Paris, and was called to the French bar ; member of the
Council of State for the Interior, 1851.

DENMANf Hon. Oeorgre, English politician, b. 1819; educated at Repton, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1842 ; called to the bar of the
Inner Temple, 1846 ; made Q.C. 1860 ; M.P. for Tiverton since 1859.

DENMAN, Joseph, English naval officer, b. in London, 1810, brother of the preceding ;
entered the royal navy, 1823, and capta.in, 1841 ; lord-chamberlain to the Queen, 1848
to 1852 ; commodore, 1853 ; vice-admiral, 1863.

DENMAN, Thomas Denman, Baron, English magistrate, b. in London, 1805,
brother of the two preceding; called to the bar, 1827 ; a magistrate for Derbyshire ; suc-
ceeded his father, 1854.

DENNERYy or D'ENNERY, Adolphe PhiUppe, French dramatist, b. in
Paris, Jmie 17, 1811 ; director of the Theatre Historique, 1850. Author of * Le Change-
ment d*Uniforme,* 1836 ; * L'lle du Prince Touton,' 1854 ; • Le Sacrifice d'Ephig6nie,* 1861 ;
and numerous other dramas.

DENOIX DES VERGUES, Marie Frangois Descampeanz, laady, French
authoress, b. at Beauvais, Olse, May 7, 1798 ; married to M. Laverguat, 1818. Authoress,
under the name of Fanny Denoix, of • Heures de Solitude,' 1837 ; * j^pitre k M. Proudhon,*
1858 ; and a great number of poems.

DENOUVIIiIiIERS, Charles Pierre, French physician, b. Feb. 4, 1808 ; studied
at Paris, and received the degree of M.D. 1837 ; appointed professor of anatomy at the
Fcole de Medicine, 1846 ; surgeon to the Hospital of St. Louis. Author of • Des Cas
dans lesquels le Trypan est applicable aux Os du Crtoe,* 1836 ; and other works.

DENT, John, English politician, b. 1826 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where ne graduated B. A. 1848 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1861 ; M. P. for
Knaresborough, 1862-67 ; M.P. for Scarborough since 1857.

DEPE'RY, Jean Ire'ne'e, French writer, b. at Chellex, Ain, March 16, 1796 ; studied
at the College of Geneva, and at the Seminary of St. Sulpice ; Cflnon and grand vicar of
Belley, 1827 ; bishop of Gap, 1844. Author of ' Biographic du D6partement de I'Ain,*
1835 ; and other works.

DE'PRET Irt>nis, French writer, b. at Lille, Oct. 9, 1837 ; studied at the Lyc^e of the
same town. Author of * Cloche,* 1854 ; ' Rosine Passmore,* 1861 ; * Windsor, le Ch&teau
son Histoire, lUcits et Souvenirs,' 1868 ; and many other works.

Der HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Des
85 ]

DERBY. EdTtrard Geoffrey Smith Stanley. Earl ofy English statesman,
b, Marcn 29, 1799 ; eldest son of the thirteenth Earl of Derby ; educated at Eton, and at
Christ Church, Oxford ; sat as M.P. for Stockbridge, 1820-2tf ; for Preston, 1826-80 : for
Windsor, 1830-32 ; for North Lancashire, 1832-46 ; summoned to the Upper House as Lord
Stanley of Bickerstaffe, 1846 ; chief secretary for Ireland, 1830-33 ; secretary of state for
the colonies, 1833-34, and again 1841-46 ; succeeded to the earldom, 1851 ; first lord of
the Treasury from March to December 1852, and again from Feb. 26, 1858, to June 18,
1859 ; for the third time first lord of the Treasury, July 6, 1866, to Feb. 25, 1868. Author
of a translation of Homer.

DERGER, Emst^ German painter, b. at Bockenheim, near Frankfort, April 15, 1809 ;
studied at the Academy of Dusseldorf, and under Schadow ; professor at the School of
Fine Arts, Munich. Executed ' The Saviour carrying His Cross ;' the 'Garden of Olives ;'
the 'Infant Jesus,' 1857; and numerous other paintings.

DERING^ Sir EdTvard Cholmeley, English politician, b. 1807 ; magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Kent; M.P. for Komney, 1831-32; M.P. for East Kent, 1852-57,
and 1863-68.

3 ROS, William Iiennoz Lascelles Fitx-Gerald De Ros, Baron,

English military commander, b. at Thames Ditton, 1797 ; educated at Westminster Col-
lege, and graduated at Christ Church, Oxford ; lieutenant-general in the army; deputy-
lieutenant, and lieutenant-governor of the Tower ; magistrate for the Tower Liberties,
and for the county of Down ; quartermaster-general of the army, 1856.

DERRYy Right Rev. William Higrfirin, Lord Bishop of, English divine,
b. 1793 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A., and at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he took the degrees of M.A. and D.D. ; consecrated bishop of
Limerick, 1849 ; translated to the see of Derry, 1853.

DERVICH, Pasha, Turkish statesman and diplomatist, b. at Eyonb, Constantinople,
1815 ; director of the Military School of Constantinople, with the grade of brigadier-
general, 1841 ; general of division, 1849 ; ambassador at the Congress at Paris, 1856 ;
chief of the administration of mines and forests, 1861.

DESARBRES, Nere'e. French dramatic writer, b. at Villefranche, ^eb. IS, 1822.
Author of 'Madame DiogSne, deux Femmes en Gage,' 1854 ; 'Deux Hommes pour un
Placard,' 1860 ; ' Sept Aus k I'Opera : Souvenirs anecdotiques,' 1864.

DESCAT, Louis Theodore Joseph, French politician, b. at Roubalx, Nord,
Jan. 18, 1800; representative of the department of Nord, 1848 ; deputy to the Legislative
Assembly after Dec. 10, 1851, and to the Corps L6gislatif, 1852-57.

DESCH AMEL, Emile Augustin Etienne Martin, French writer, b. in Paris,
Nov. 14, 1819 ; studied at the College of Lonis-le-Grand, 1839-42. Author of ' Les
Courtisanes de la Gr^ce,' 1854 ; ' Causeries de Quinzaine,' 1861 ; and niunerous other
works. Contributor to the Remie des Leva Mondas and the Journal des Dibats.

DESCHAMPS, Antoine, French WTiter, b. in Paris, March 12, 1800, brother of the
following ; studied at Orleans. Author of ' Trois Satires politiques,' 1881 ; * Resignation,'
1839; 'Etudes sur I'ltalie,' 1832 ; and other works.

DESCHAMPS, Emile, French author, b. at Bourges, Feb. 20, 1791 ; studied at Paris.
Author of 'Le Tour de Faveur,' 1818 ; * iStudes FranQaises et ]6trang6res,* 1829 ; ' Poesies
des Cr^hes,' 1852 ; and numerous translations trom Sir Walter Scott, Shakespeare, and
other English authors.

DESCHAMPS, Pre'de'riCi French writer, b. at Rouen, 1806 ; caUed to the bar in the
same town, 1829. Author of 'Boh6me en Normandie,' Rouen, 1854; 'La Vendeenne,'
ib. 1859 ; and other works.

DESCOURS, Laurent, French politician, b. at Lyons, Jan. 20, 1814 ; member of the
General Council for the canton of Mornant ; member of tiie Corps L6gislatif for tiie 4th
circonscription of the Rhone since 1857.

DESESSARTS, AlAred Stanislas Lan^lois, French writer, b. at Passy, Seine,
Aug. 9, 1814; studied at the College of Henri IV. Author of 'Donjon de Vincennes,'
1830 ; 'Une Perle dans la Mer,' 1841 ; 'Valentin, ou la Fenune de Mousse,' 1863; and
numerous other works.

DESESSERT, De la Manche, French magistrate, b. at Contances, May 4, 1802 ;
studied law, was procureur du roi in his native town, the same at Bayeux, and at the
royal court of Caen ; elected to represent the department of Manshe, 1848.

De« HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. De
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DESOOFFEy Alexandre, French painter, b. at Paris, March 2(1, 1805; studied
under M. Ingres. Exhibited 'Site pr^s d'Arbonne,' 1834; 'Cheinin k Montmorency,'
1861 ; 'R^urreetion de J^us-Christ,' 1856; and numerous other paintings.

DESHAYE8, Oerard Paul. French naturalist, b. at Nancy, May 13, 1795 ; studied
at Stxasbuig. Author of 'Descriptions des Coquillages fossiles des Environs de
Paris,* 1824-37; 'L'Histoire des Animaux sans Vertobres,' 1836-46 ; and other works on
natund history.

DESJARDINS, Abel, French histoi-ian, b. at Paris, 1814 ; obtained the degree of
doctor, 1844 ; appointed professor of history to the faculty of Dijon, 1847 ;• at Caen,
1856 ; at Douai, 1857. Author of ' Etudes sur Saint Bernard,* 1859 ; ' L'Esclavage dans
I'Antiquit^,' 1857 ; and other works.

DESJARDINS, Ernest, French professor and historian, b. at Noisy-sur-Oise,
Sept. 30, 1823 ; brother of the preceding ; appointed lecturer on geography at the Ecole
Normale, 1861. Author of * Le Grand Corneille, Historien,' 1861 ; and numerous-historical
and geographical works.

DESLANDESy Rayuiond, French dramatic writer, b. at Yvetot, July 12. 1825 ;
studied at the College of Rouen. Author of ' M^ridien,' 1852 ; * Une Chasse k Saint
Germain,' 1860 ; ' Un Mari qui lance sa Femme,* 1864 ; and numerous other dramas.

DESLYS, Charles, French writer, b. at Pans, 1820 ; studied at the College of Charle-
magne. Author of ' Les Bottes vemies de Cendrillon,' 1846 ; * La Mere Rainette,* 1851 ;

* L'H^ritage de Charlemagne,' 1864 ; and many other works.

DESMAREST, Ernest Leon Joseph, French writer, b. in Paris, May 17, 1815 ;
called to the bar, 1837. Author of ' ConsKintine, et de la Domination Frangaise en
Afrique,' 1837 ; and, with M. H. Rodrigues, of ' Les Principes et les Hommes : Esquisses
retrospectives,' 1840.

DESMAROUX DE 6UALMIN, Gilbert Desirat, French politician, b. at
Montmarault, Allier, Feb. 11, 1815 ; studied at the Ecole Polytechnique ; member of the
Corps Legislatif for the 2d clrconscription of Allier since 1852.

DESNOIRESTERRES, Gnstave le Brisoys, French writer, b. at Bayeux,
Calvados, June 2, 1817. Author of 'La Pensionnaire et I'Artiste,' 1839 ; 'LaChambre
Noire,' 1843 ; ' Les Cours Galautes,' 1859-64 ; and numerous other romances.

DESNOYERS, Jnles Pierre Frangois Stanislas, French geologist, b. at
Nogent le Rotron, Oct. 8, 1800 ; member of the Institute ; secretary to the Society of
Natural History of Paris, 1825, and to the Society of (Jeology of France, 1830. Author
of *Recherches geologiques et historiques sur les Cavernes a Ossenients,' 1845; and
numerous historical and geological works.

DESNOYERS, Iionis Claude Joseph Florence, French writer, b. at Replonges,
Ain, 1805. Founded, with M. Charles Philipon, Le Ckarivari^ Dec. 1, 1832. Author of

• Les Aventures de Jean Paul Choppart,' 1836 ; ' De I'Opera en 1847,' 1847 ; and of many
dramas.

DESOLME. Laurent Pierre Charles, French journalist, b. in Paris, Dec. 15,
1817; studied at the Bourbon College. Established U Esprit du Peuple, 1848; the
Courrier de V Industrie, 1853 ; and several other French periodicals. Author of * Un Mari
dans les Nuages,' 1855 ; ' Pongo,' 1859.

DESPREZ> Louis, French sculptor, b. at Paris, July 7, 1799 ; studied under Bosio,
and at the ^cole des Betuix Arts. Executed 'L'Innocence,' 1831 ; * Diane an Bain,' in
bronze, for the Champs Elys^es ; 'Jacques Desbrosses,' 1852 ; and numerous busts and
statues.

DESSALLES, Jean Leon, French philologist, b. at Bugue, Dordogne, May 18, 1803 ;
studied at Perigeaux. Author of ' Etudes sur TOrigine et la Formation du Roman et
de I'ancien Frangais,' 1854 ; ' Rapport sur I'Etat present des Archives de Sarlat,' 1855 ;
and other works.

DESVAUX, Nicolas Gilles Toussaint, French general, b. Nov. 1, 1810;
second lieutenant, 1880 ; captain, 1840 ; colonel, Dec. 1851 ; brigadier-general, March 17,
1866 ; general of division, March 12, 1869.

DE TABLEY, Georee Warren, Baron, English magistrate, b. at Tabley House,
Cheshire, 1811 ; studied at Oxford ; was lord-in -waiting to the Queen ; is a deputy-lieu-
tenant of Cheshire.

DEVAUX. Paul Louis Isidore, Belgian politician, b. at Bruges, April 10, 1801 ;
called to the bar at Liege ; elected deputy to the National Congress, 1830 ; member of the
Chamber of Representatives since 1831.

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[ 87 ]

VERB, Aubrey Thomas^ English writer, b. 1814 ; eUncated at the University
of Dublin. Published * The Waldensea and other Poems,' 184*2 ; ' Poems Miscellaneous
and Sacred,' 1856 ; 'Wanderings in Greece and Turkey,' 1850 ; and other works.

DEVEREUX, Richard Joseph, English politician, b. 1829 ; educated at Oscott ;
a merchant in Wexford; M.P. for Wexford since 1865.

DE VESCI, Thomas Vesey. Visconnt, English politician, b. in Dublin, Sept. 21,
i 1803 ; graduated at Christ Church, Oxford ; M.P. for Queen's County, 1835 to 1852 ;

^ succeeded his father, 1855 ; elected a representative peer of Ireland, 1856.

, DEVIENNE, lK>uis, FrencJi magistrate, b. 1800 ; appointed procureur-g^n^ral at
I Lyons, 1858 ; first president of the Imperial Court of Paris, 1858 ; created senator,

i March 15, 1865.

DEVOIIiIiE. I'Abbe' Achille, French poet, b. at Besangon, 1815. Author of « Voix
• de la Solitude,' 1839 ; ' Andreas, ou le Pr6tre-8oldat,' 1843 ; * La Cloche de Louville,* * Les

Echos de ma Lyre,' 1859 ; and other poems.

DEVON, William RegriAA^d Conrtenay, Earl of, English statesman, b. 1807 ;
eldest son of the tenth Earl of Devon ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; sat as M. P.
for South Devonshire, 1841-48; secretary to the Poor Law Board, 1850-59; succeeded
to the earldom, 1859 ; chancellor of the Duuhy of Lancaster, July 6, 1866, to May 17,
1867 ; president of the Poor Law Board, May 1867 to Dec. 1868.

DEVONSHIRE. William Cavendish, Duke of, English statesman, b. 1808 ;
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1829; M.P. for the
University of Cambridge, 1829-30; M.P. for Malton, 183P ; and for North Derbyshire,
1832-34 ; succeeded to the peerage, Jan. 1858 ; is lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire ; chan-
cellor of the London University, 1836 to 1856 ; chancellor of the Universtty of Cambridge.

DE'WEY, Rev. Chester, American writer, b. at Sheffield, Massachusetts, Oct 25,
1784; graduated at William's College, 1806; appointed professor of chemistry and
natural philosophy in the University of Rochester, 1850. Author of * History of the Her-
baceous Plants of Massachusetts ;' contributor to the American Journal of Science and Art.

wjiww*MMf Rev. Orvllle* D.D., American writer, b. at Sheffield, Massachusetts,
March 28, 1794 ; graduatea at William's College, 1814 ; studied at Andover Theological
Seminary, 1816 to 1819. Author of 'The Old World and the New,' 1836; 'On the
Education of the Human Race,' 1855 ; and other works.

DIAS^ Goncalvex, Brazilian poet, b. at Cachias, province of MaranhtL Aug. 10, 1823 ;
studied at the University of Coimbra. Author of ' Primeiros Cantos,' Rio de Janeiro,
1846 ; * Leonor de MendouQa,' 1847 ; and other poems.

DICEY, EdTtrard Stephen, English writer, b. 1829 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1864. Author of 'Memoir of Cavour;' 'Rome in
1860 ;' and other works : contributor to Fraser's and Macmillan's Magazines.

DICK, William Wentworth Fitxwilliam, English politician, b. 1805 ; justice
of the peace and deputy-lieutenant of Wicklow ; high sheriff 1844 ; assumed the name
of Dick in 1865; M.P. for Wicklow since 1852.

DICKENS, Charles, English novelist, b. at Portsmouth, Feb. 7, 1812. Author of
'Sketches by Boz,' 1836-37; 'Posthumous Memoirs of the Pickwick Club,' 1837-38;
•OUver Twist,' 1838; 'Martin Chuzzlewit,' 1844; 'Bleak House,' 1853; 'Our Mutual
Friend,' 1864; and numerous other works of fiction. Editor of All the Year Round.

DICKENSON, Daniel Stevens, American politician, b. at Goshen, Connecticut,
U.S. Sept. 11, 1800 ; called to the New York bar, 1823 ; elected to the State Senate, 1836 ;
lieutenant-governor and president of the State Senate ; member of the Federal Senate,
1844 to 1851.

DICKENSON, Samnel Henry, American physician, b. at Charleston, South
Carolina, Sept. 1798 ; graduated at Yale College, 1814, and at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, 1818-19 ; professor of medicine at the College of Charleston, 1824-32 ; appointed
to the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1850. Author of ' Elements of Medicine,'
and numerous medical works.

DICKSON, Alexander Oeorgre, English politician, b. 1834; educated at Rugby;
formerly m^or in the army ; M.P. for Dover, 1865.

DIDAY, Francis, Swiss painter, b. at Geneva, 1812 ; studied painting in Prance. Exe-
cuted • Un Chalet dans les Hautes Alpes ;' * Le Soir dans la Valine ;' ' Un Torrent dans
les Alpes ; ' the ' Glacier de Rosenheim ;* and other paintings, principally landscapes,

DIDIER, Henry, French politician, b. Jan. 1, 1823 ; is an advocate and member of the
General Council for the canton of Aix ; member of the Corps L6gislatif for Ariege since
1857.

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[ 88 ]

DIDIOT; Cbarles Nicolas Pierre, French theologian, b. at the village of Esnet*,
Meuse, 1797 ; appointed professor at Verdun, 1822 ; grand vicar of the diocese, 1837 ;
bishop of Bayeux, 1856.

DIESTBRIVEG, Friedericb Adolph Wilhelm, German educational writer,
b. at Sieger, Westphalia, Oct. 29, 1790 ; studied at the Universities of Herbom and
Tubingen ; teacher at the Beniinary of Berlm, 1832 to 1850. Author of ' Lehrbuch
der mathenL geogr. und popuL Himmelskunde,' Berlin, 1840; and other scholastic
works.

DIETRICH, DaTid Nathaniel Friedericb, German botanist, b. at Ziegenhain,
near Jena, 1800. Author of ' Deutschlauds Giftplanzen,' Jena, 1826 ; ' Encyclopadie der
Pflanzen,* ib. 1841-51 ; and other botanical works.

DIEZ; Friedericb Christian, German philologist, b. at Giessen, March 15, 1794 ;
studied at the College and University of his native town ; graduated Ph.D. at Giessen,
1821 ; appointed professor at Bonn, 1830. Author of ' Altspanische Romanzen,' Berlin,
1821 ; * Etymologische Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen,' Bonn, 1853 ; and nume-
rous other works.

DIGBY. KeneUn Henry, English writer, b. 1800: educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1823. Author of ' The Broad Stone of Honour ; or.
Rules for the Gentlemen of England,' 1829 ; ' Compitum, or the Meeting of Ways in the
Catholic Church ;' and other works.

DIGBY, KeneUn Thonuui, English politician, b. 1843, son of the preceding;
returned MP. for Queen's County, 1868.

DIIfKE, Sir Charles Wentworth, English x>olitician, b. in London, 1810 ; educated
at Westminster, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; graduated LL.B. 1834; M.L. 1860 ; magis-
trate of Middlesex and Westminster, and one of the royal commissioners for the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862 ; created a baronet, Jan. 1862 ; M.P. for Wallingford, 1865-68.

DIIiKG, Christopher Went^rorth. English politician, b. 1843 ; educated at Trinity
Hall, Cambridge; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1866; returned M.P. for
Chelsea, 1868. Author of ' Greater Britain,' 1868.

DIIiIiON, John Blake, English politician, b. 1814; educated at Trinity College, Dub-
lin ; graduated B. A. 1841 ; called to the Irish bar, 1842 ; alderman of the city of Dublin ;
M.P. for Tipperary, 1865-68.

DIItli^KTYN, liOnis Iilemrelyn, English politician, b. 1814 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of Glamorgan ; M.P. for Swansea since 1855.

DINDORF, WilheUn, German philologist, b. at Leipsic, 1804; educated at the
University of his native town ; professor of literary history at Leipsic, 1828-33. Edited
critical editions of Demosthenes, Aristotle, Atheneeus, and many other classical works.

DINGEIfSTEDT, Franx, German poet, b. at Halsdorf, Hesse, 1814; appointed
professor at Cassel, 1836 ; councillor to the Royal Court of Wurtemberg, 1841. Author
of ' Gedichte,' Cassel and Leipsic, 1848 ; ' Wanderbuch,' ib. 1839-43 ; and numerous other
poems.

DIRCKINCK HOLMFELD, Constant Peter Walpnrfris, Baron, Danish
writer, b. at Bochold, 1799 ; studied at Copenhagen, 1813 to 1819 ; took the degree
of LL.D. 1840. Author of *0m den aandelige Sandheds Anerkjendelse,' Copenhagen,
1827; 'Tanker som Bidrag til et monarkisk Reaerings-Program,' &c., 1853; and other
works.

DISRAEIiI, Riflrbt Hon. Benjamin, English author and statesman, b. Dec. 31,
1805, eldest son of Isaac Disraeli, author ; articled as a solicitor's clerk, and subsequently
devoted himself to literature ; sat as M.P. for Maidstone, 1837-41, and for Shrewsbury,
1841-47 ; returned for Buckinghamshire at the elections from 1847 to 1868 ; chancellor of
the Exchequer from February to December 1852, and from February 1858 to June 1859 ;
for the third time chancellor of the Exchequer, July 1866 to Feb. 1868 ; first lord of the
Treasury, Feb. 25 to Dec. 8, 1868. Author of numerous works of fiction, and several
political essays.

DIX, John Adams, American general, b. atBoscawen, New Hampshire, 1798 ; entered
the army, 1812 ; acyutant-general of the State of New York, 1830 ; member of the
State Assembly, 1842 ; elected to tbe Senate at Washington, 1845 ; military commandant
of New York, 1863.

DIXON, William Hepworth, English author, b. June 30, 1821 ; called to the bar
of the Inner Temple. Author of 'John Howard, a Memoir,' 1849; 'Life of William
Penn,' 1851 ; ' Robert Blake, Admiral and General at Sea,' 1852 ; 'New America,' 1867 ;
' Spiritual Wives,' 1868 ; and numerous other works. Editor of the AthencBum since
1854.

Dob HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. DOP

[ 89 ]

DOBBIN^ Rev. OrlandOy English phUol<^t, b. in the county of Armagh, 1816 ;
graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, 1837 ; took the degrees of LL.D. and B.D. ; incum-
bent of Ballivor, in the diocese of Meath. Published Diodati's ' De Christo Grsece
loquente,' with a translation; 'Codex Montfortianus ;' and numerous sermons: also
contributed to the London Quarterly, and other periodicals.

DOBEItIa, Sydney. English writer, known by the pseudonjrm of 'Sydney Yendvs,'
b. at Peckham Rye, 1824. Author of 'The Roman,' 1850; 'Balder,' first part published
in 1854 ; * England in time of War,' and other poems.

DODDS, Joseph, English politician, b. 1819; a solicitor, and mayor of Stockton,
in 1857-58 ; returned M.P. for Stockton, 1868.

DODSON9 Jobn Georgre, English politician, b. 1821; educated at Eton, and Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1847 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1851 ;
1 magistrate of Sussex ; M. P. for East Sussex since 1857.

, DOEIalalNGER, Johann Joseph Igrnas^ German theological writer, b. at

I Bamberg, Bavaria, Feb. 28, 1799 ; apjwinted chaplain of the diocese of Ban>berg, 1822 ;

I represented the University of Munich in the Bavarian Parliament, 1845 ; delegate to the

! Parliament of Frankfort, 1851. Author of 'Die Reformation,' 1846-48; and other

I theological works.

' DOENHOFF, AugTUSt Herman, Count "Von, Prussian statesman, b. at Potsdam,

Oct. 10, 1797 ; studied at Konigsberg, Gottingen, and Heidelberg, 1816 to 1819 ; attaclie

to the Prussian embassy at Paris, 1823 ; secretary of legation in London, 1828 ; ambassador

; at Munich, 1833 ; elected meml>er of the Diet of Frankfort, 1842 ; minister of foreign

I affairs, 1848-49 ; member of the Upper Chamber of Prussia since 1849.

DOENNIGES, Wilhelm, German writer, b. near Stettin, 1814 ; studied at the Univer-
sities of Bonn and Berlin ; appointed professor to the University of Berlin, 1841 ; teacher
of political economy to the Prince Maximilian, afterwards King of Bavaria, 1842 to
1845 ; represented Bavaria at the Parliament of Frankfort, 1848 ; ambassador and pleni-
potentiary to the conferences of Dresden, 1851. Author of 'Altschott, und altengl.
Volksballaden,' Munich, 1852; and other philological works.

DONALDSON, Thomas Iieverton, English architect, b. in London, 1795 ; pro-
fessor of architecture in the London University. Author of ' Pompeii Illustrated,' 1837 ;
'Architectural Maxims and Theories,' 1847; ' Architectura Numismatica,' 1859; and
other works on architecture. Elected president of the Royal Institute of British
Architects, 1864.

DONEGAIfIa, Georire Hamilton Chichester. Marquis of, Irish magistrate,
b. 1798 ; studied at the University of Oxford ; M. P. for Carrickfei^s, Belfast, and
Antrim, 1818 to 1837 ; lord-lieutenant of Antrim ; vice-chamberlain from 1830 to 1834.

DONERAIIaE. Hayes St. laeyer, Visconnt, Irish magistrate, b. 1818 ; educated
at Eton and Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant of the county of Cork, of which he was hijih
sheriff in 1845 ; succeeded his father, 1854 ; elected a representative peer of Ireland in
1855.

DON NET, Ferdinand Francois Augrustef French prelate, b. at Bourg-Argental.
! Loire, Nov. 16, 1795 ; studied at the Seminary of St. Iren6e ; ordained, 1819 ; appointed

cur6 of YiUefranche, 1827 ; created a cardinal, 1852, and senator, 1853.

DONOUGHMORE, Richard John Hely Hutchinson. Earl of, English
Rtatesman, b. in Dublin, 1823 ; educated at Harrow ; succeeded his father, 1851 ; vice-
president of the Board of Trade, Feb. 1858 to 1850 ; president, Feb. to June, 1859 ;
f deputy-lieutenant of Tipperary.

DOO, Georgre Thonuui, English engraver, b. 1807. Engraved ' The Duke of York '
after Sir Thomas Lawrence,' 1823 ; appointed historical engraver in ordinary to William 1 v.

' 1836; to Queen Victoria, 1842; elected A.R.A. 1866, and RA. 1856. Exhibited 'The

Raising of Lazarus,' after Sebastian del Piombo, in the Royal Academy, 1864 ; and pub-

j lished numerous engravings of celebrated paintings.

DORA D'ISTRIA, Helena Ghika^ Princess KOLTZOFF MASSALSKY.

Wallachian authoress, b. at Bucharest, Jan. 22, 1829 ; daughter of the Grand Ban Michel
I Qhika ; married to the Prince Koltzoff Massalsky, 1849. Author of ' Monastic Life in an

Eastern Church/ Paris and Geneva, 1855; * Women, by a Woman,' 1864 ; and numerous
I other works.

DORANy John, English author, b. 1807. Published ' History and Antiquities of the
; Town and Borough of Reading, in Berkshire,' 1835 ; ' Lives of the Queens of the House of

Hanover,' ia'>5 ; 'Lives of the Princes of Wales,' 1860 ; * Their Majesties' Servants,' 1864 ;
and many other, chiefly historical, works.

Dor HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Dra

[ 90 ]

DORE'; Paol GnstaTei French artist, b. at Strasbur^, Jan. 1833; studied at the
Lyc6e Charlemagne, Paris, in 1845 Exhibited ' La Bataille d'AUna,' 1855 ; * LaBataille
d'lnkemian/ 1857; illustrated the Bible, 'The Wandering Jew,' 'The Divine Comedy*
of Dante in 1861, ' Don Quixote,' 1863, the poems of Alfred Tennyson, and many other
works.

DORIA.N, Pierre Frederic, French politician, b. Jan. 24, 1814 ; mayor of Enieux ;
elected member of the Corps Legislatif for the department of Loire, 1863.

DORMER, Josepb Thaddens, Baron, English magtstrate, b. at Gran, Hungary,
1790 ; served in the Austrian army ; succeeded his cousin, 1820 ; deputy-lieutenant of
the county of Warwick.

DORN, Heinrlcb IiudTvigr Bsrmont, German musical composer, b. at Eonigsberg,
Nov. 14, 1804; appointed professor to the School of Music of Frankfort on the Maine,
1827. Composed * Artaxerxes,' 1831 ; and other operas.

DORN, Johann Albert Bernard, German writer, b. at Schenerfeld, Coburg, May 11,
1805 : studied at Halle and Leipsic ; appointed professor of history and geography at
St. Petersburg, 1836, Author of 'Grammat. Bemerk. ungen liber die Sprache der
Afghanen,' St Petersburg, 1840; 'Geschichte Tabaristans,' ib. 1850; and numerous
other works.

DORNER, Jobann Anrost, German Protentant theologian, b. at Neuhausen-ob-Eck,
Wurtemberg, June 20, 1809; studied at Tubingen, and obtained the degree of D.D.
1836 ; appointed professor of theology at Tubingen, 1838 ; at Kiel, 1889 ; at Konigsberg,
1840-49 ; professor in ordinary to the faculty of theology at Bonn. Author of 'Darstellung
der Lehre von Christus,' 1845-46; and numerous theological works.

DOUCET, Cbarles CamlUe, French dramatic writer, b. in Paris, May 16, 1812 ;
studied law, and was called to the bar ; appointed director of the administration of Paris
theatres, 1863. Author of * Un Jeune Homme,' 1841 ; ' La Consideration,' 1860 ; and
many other works of fiction.

DOUGIaASS, Frederick Bailey, American writer, b. in Talbot, Maryland, 1816, of
slave parents ; obtained his freedom, 1838. Lectured in England and America in support
of the abolition of slavery; published 'Memoirs of Douglass,' Boston, 1846,

DOULTON, Frederick, English politician, b. 1824; member of the Metropolitan
Board of Works ; formerly a manufacturer in London and Liverpool ; M.P. for Lambeth,
1862-68.

DOVE, Heinrlcb Wllbelm, German writer, b. at Liegnitz, Silesia, 1803 ; studied at
Breslau and Berlin, and M.D. 1826; professor of natural philosophy at Berlin. Author
of * Ueber die nicht periodischen Aenderungen der Temperaturvertheilimg,' Berlin,
1840-47 ; 'Tafeln der Temperatur,' ib. 1848 ; and other meteorological works.

DOWDESWEItla, WUllam Edward, Engli.sh politician, b. 1841 ; educated at
Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate for the county of Worcester ;
M.P. for Tewkesbury, 1865-68.

DOW^N, CONNOR, and DROMORE, Rlfbt Rev. Bent Knox, Lord
Blsbop of. Irish divine, b. 1808 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; formerly pre-
bendary of Lmierick, and chancellor of Ardfert and Agheidoe ; bishop of Down, Connor,
and Dromore, 1849.

DOWSE, Rlcbard, English politician, b. 1818 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ;
called to the Irish bar, 1852 ; returned M.P. for Londonderry, 1868.

DOYIiE. Rlcbard, English artist, b. in London, 1826. Contributed to Punch until
1850; illustrated the 'Fairy Ring,' Leigh Hunt's 'Jar of Honey.' 'The Continental
Tour of Messrs. Brown, Jones, and Robinson,' 1854 ; contributor of illustrations to the
Comhill Magazine, and other works.

DRAEXIiER-MANFRED, Carl Ferdinand, German writer, b. at Lemberg,
in Galicia, June 17, 1806; studied law at Vienna and Leipsic. Author of 'Romanzen
und Lieder,' Leipsic, 1826-28 ; and numerous novels and poems.

DRAKE, Frlederlcb, German sculptor, b. at Pyrmont, June 23, 1805 ; professor of
sculpture to the Academy of Fine Arts of Berlin. Executed * Madomia with the Infant ;'
' Warrior crowned by Victory,' 1850 ; and numerous busts, groups, and statues.

DRAKE, Samuel, American writer, b. at Pittsfleld, Now Hampshire, Oct. 10, 1798.
Author of 'The Book of the Indians,' 1833; 'History of Boston,' 1852. Commenced
the New York Register, 1847.

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I olDMr, b. 1792; entered the royal mvy, IgOti;
1; ippoioteU lo the conrioand of H.M. sloop Warp,

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ited at Trinity College, Cambridge, ui 1828 ; appolu ttd
U. King's CoUege, Lnndou. 1847 ; d^n of Westmin-
at Dulilin, Jan. 1. 1S«4. AulhoT of 'Babhatinii,
; "rheEpiatlestotheaeveuChurchesofAsinHiDor;'

I Eagene, Comte,, French administrator, b. at
alytcehniuue, sndtheEcoie deStCyr; called t« tiie

ch writer, b. at Hennes, Ille-et-Villalne. June 2, ITPS ;
bered the Ecole Normale, 1812 ;, appointed professor
einegne, 1820 ; director of the Ecole Normi^e, IMO ;
French pspere.

administrator, b. 1825 ; edncaled at Charterhouse,
: he giadoated B.A, 1847 ; manisfrata and deputy-
h ESMX, 1857-68 ; appointed governor of Tasmania,

xrt, Bktoq, French military writer, h. 1815;

Jerome, 18M. Author of ' Rieit ^Is'loriqnedes Operations de I' Armie de Lyon en 1814.'
1848 ; and other woi*H on inilitary tactics.
DDOHATEIa, Ohiulea HaiU TumeKiV, OomM, French statesniao. b. in
Paris, Feb, 19, 1603 ; one of the editora and pruprietore of the Globi. J827 ; apjflinted
councillor of state, 1880, and elected deputy, 183K ; minister of oommBree, ie34-a« ;
minister of the interior, 1838-4S ; retired from public service, 1861.

Due HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY.

92 ]

DUCIB, Henry John Moretoni Earl ofi English administrator, b. at Sherborne,
Gloucester, June 25, 1827 ; lord-lieutenant of Gloucestershire and a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Oxfordshire ; appointed captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, June
1859 ; succeeded to the peerage, 1853.

DUCKETT| Sir Georg^e Floyd, English writer, b. 1811 ; educated at Harrow, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; served tn the navy ; succeeded his father in the baronetcy, 1856.
Author of * Technological Militaiy Dictionary,' in German, English, and French.

DUDEVA.NT, Madame Armantine Lncile Anrore, French authoress writing
under the nom dts plvme of George Sand, b. in Paris, July 6, 1804. Author of 'Indiana,*
1832; *La Mare au Diable;' 'La Famille de Gerraaiidre,' 1861; 'Tamaris,' 1862; and
numerous other works of fiction, dramas, essays, and political pamphlets.

DUDIfEYy William Ward, Earl of, English administrator, b. 1817 ; educated at
Triuity College, Oxford ; is deputy-lieutenant of Stafibrdshire and Worcestershire ; colonel
of the Worcestershire Yeomanry Cavalry.

DUFAURE. Jules Annand Stanislas. French statesman, b. at Soiyon, Charente
Inf6rieur, Dec. 4, 1798 ; studied law, and called to the bar ; councillor of state, 1834 ;
minister of public works, 1839-40 ; minister of the interior, 1849 ; elected member of the
French Academy, 1863.

DUFF, Rev- Alexander. Scottish missionary, b. near Pitlochry, Perthshire, 1806 ;
studied at the University or St. Andrew ; first missionary to India from the Established
Church of Scotland, 1829 ; quitted India, July 1863. Author of * India and Indian
Missions,' 1839 ; * Letters on the Indian Rebellion,' 1858 ; and other works.

DUFF, Monntstuart Elphinstone Grant, English statesman, b. 1829 ; educated
at Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1850 ; called to the
bar of the Inner Temple, 1853 ; deputy-lieutenant of Elgin, 1858 ; appointed under-
secretary of state for India, Dec. 1868; M.P. for Elgin since 1857. Author of * A Few
Words on France, by a Scottish M.P.'

DUFF, Robert William, English politician, b. 1835 ; is deputy-lieutenant of the
county of BanflF, and lieutenant R.N. ; M.P. for Banffshire since 1861.

DUFFERIN, Frederick Temple Blackmrood, Baron, English statesman,
b. at Florence, June 21, 1826 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; was a
lord-in-waiting to the Queen, and resigned, 1858 ; commissioner on a mission to Syria,
1860-61 ; appointed chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Dec. 1868. Author of
' Letters from High Latitudes,' 1860.

DUFFY, Charles Gavan, Irish politician, b. 1816; founded TTie Nation, 1842;
imprisoned with O'Connell for sedition, 1844 ; M.P. for the borough of New Ross, 1852-56 ;
subsequently minister in Victoria.

DUFOUR, Guillaume Renri, Swiss general, b. 1787 ; ofiicer in the Swiss army,
1809 ; staff major, 1831 ; quartermaster-general ; president of the war administration,
1864. Author of several military works.

DURAMEIf, Jean Marie Constant, French mathematician, b. at St. Malo, 1797 ;
appointed professor to the F^'ulty of Sciences, 1851 ; member of the Institute. Author
of ' Cours de M^canique de I'Ecole Poly technique,' 1845-46 ; and other works,

DUKE, Sir James, English politician, b. 1792 ; sheriff of London and Middlesex,
1836; alderman of London, 1840; lord mayor, 1848-49; created a baronet, 1849; M.P.
for Boston, 1837 to 1849 ; M.P. for the city of London, 1849 to 1865.

DUIiAURIER, Jean Paul Lonis Francois Edonard, French writer, b. at
Toulouse, Jan. 25, 1807 ; appointed professor of Armenian to the Paris Ecole des Langues
Orientales vivantes, 1862 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1864. Author of
' Histoire, Dogmes, Traditions et Liturgie de I'Eglise Annenienne Orientale,' 1859 ; and
other works.

DUMANOIR, Philippe Frangois Pinel, French dramatic writer, b. at Guadaloupe,
July 31, 1806 ; studied at the Bourbon College, Paris. Author of ' Les Vieux P6ches,*
1833 ; * Les Femmes Terribles,' 1858 ; * Les Drames du Cabaret,' 1864 ; and numerous other
dramas.

DUMAS, Alexandre, French dramatist and novelist, b. at Yillers Cotterets, July 24,
1803. Author of * Monte Cristo ;' ' Les Trois Mousquetaires ; * ' Les Memoires de Garibaldi,*
1860 ; * La San Felice,' 1863-64 ; and a vast number of novels, dramas, and romances.

DUMAS, Alexandre, French author, b. in Paris, July 28, 1824, son of the preceding ;
studied at the Bourbon College. Author of ' Les Aventures de quatre Femmes et d'un
Perroquet,' 1846-47; 'La Dame aux Camillas,' 1848; 'La Boite d'Argent,' 1855; and
numerous other dramas and romances.

Dnm HANDBOOK OP CONTBMPORART BIOGRAPHY. Dun

[ 93 1

DUMAS, Jean Baptistei French statesman, b. at Alois, Gard, July 1800 ; studied at
Geneva ; appointed teacher of chemistry to the JBcole Polytechnique, Paris, 1823 ; elected
to the National ^Assembly, 1849 ; minister of agriculture and commerce, Oct 31, 1850, to
Jan. 9, 1851 ; vice-president of the Council of Education, 1861 to 1863. Author of 'Traits
de Chiniie appliqu^e aux Arts,' 1828-43 ; and other worb) on chemistry.

DUMIRAIiy Francisque Rndely French politician, b. 1812 ; advocate at the Imperial
Court of Paris ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Puy de l)drae
since 1852.

DUMONy Pierre SylTain, French statesman, b. at Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, 1797;
studied at the Lyc6e Napoleon, and called to the bar at Paris, 1820 ; appointed councillor
of state, 1832 ; vice-president of the Committee of Legislation, 1840 ; minister of finance,
1847 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1869.

DUMONT. Ausmstin Alexandre, French sculptor, b. in Paris, Aug. 14, 1801 ;
studied at St. Barbe. Executed * Nicolas Poussin ' for the hall of the Institute ;

* Van Praef for the Royal Biblioth6gue, 1854 ; 'La Prudence et la Verite,' 1865; and
numerous busts, statues, and groups. Elected member of the Institute, 1838.

DUNBARy Sir William, English statesman, b. 1812 ; educated at the University of
Edinbui^gh ; called to the Scottish bar, 1835 ; succeeded to the baronetcy at the death of
his uncle, 1841 ; M.P. for Wigton Burghs, 1857 to 1865 ; one of the lords of the Treasury,
1859-65 ; keeper of the great seal of the Princ* of Wales, 1863.

DUNCKER, Maximilian ^CTolffrangrf German historian, b. at Berlin, 1812 ;
studied at the College of Frederick William at Berlin, 1825 to 1830, and at the Universities
of Berlin and Bonn, 1834. Author of 'Die Krisis der Reformation,' Lcipsic, 1846;
' Geschiehte des Alterthums,' Berlin, 1852-53 ; and other historical works.

DUNCOMBE, Hon. Arthur, English politician, b. 1806; rear-admiral in the
British navy; J. P. for Middlesex and Westminster; J. P. [and deputy-lieutenant of the
East Riding of Yorkshire ; has been a lord of the Admiralty and a groom-in-waiting ;
M.P. for Retford, 1830-31, and 1835-61 ; M.P. for the East Riding of Yorkshire, 1851-«6.

DUNCOMBEy Hon. ^Villiam Ernest, English politician, b. 1829 ; deputy-lieute-
nant of the North Riding of Yorkshire; M.P. for Bast Retford, 1852-67, and for the
North Riding of Yorkshire, 1859-68.

DUNDAS, RiKbt Hon. Sir David, English politician, b. 1799 ; educated at West-
minster, and Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1820 ; M. A. 1822 ; called to the
bar of the Inner Temple, 1823 ; has been solicitor-general and judge advocate-general ;
M.P. for the county of Sutherhind, 1840-62, and 1861-66.

DUNDAS. Frederick, English politician, b. 1802; lord-lieutenant of the Isle of
Orkney ; M.P. for the county, 1837-47 ; and for Orkney and Shetland since 1852.

DUNFERMLINE, Rigbt Hon. Ralpb Abercromby, Baron, English
diplomatist, b. 1803 ; educated at Eton, and Peterhouse College, Cambridge ; entered the
diplomatic service ; secretary of legation to Brazil, 1828 ; to Brussels, 1830 ; and to
Berlin, 1831 ; minister at Florence, 1835-39 ; to the Germanic Confederation, 1839-40 ; at
Turin, 1840 ; and at the Hague, 1851 ; retired, 1858.

DUNGIalSON. Robley, American author, b. at Keswick, Cumberland, 1798 ;
appointed professor of medicine to the University of Virginia, 1824 to 1833 ; and to
Jefferson College, Philadelphia, since 1836. Author of * Dictionary of Medical Science,'
1833 ; 'New Remedies,' 1839 ; and other medical works.

DUNIaOP, Alexander Murray, English legal writer, b. at Greenock, 1798 ; educated
at Greenock, and the University of Edinburgh; called to the Scottish bar, 1820; M.P.
for Greenock, 1852-68. Author of 'Scottish Poor Law,' and other legal works.

DUNIaOP, Madeline, English authoress, b. in India, 1835. Author of ' The Timely
Reti-eat ;' * What we saw in Brittany;' and other works.

DUNNE, Francis Plnnliett, English politician, b. 1802 ; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1827 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
Qneen's County'; and a colonel in the ai-my ; was clerk of the Ordnance, 1852 ; M.P. for
Portarhngton, 1847-^7 ; and for Queen's County, 1859-68.

DUNTZER, Joban Heinricb Josepb, German writer, b. at Cologne, July 11,
1813; studied at Bonn and Berlin, and obtamed the degree of PIlD. 1836. Author of

• Die Sage vom Doctor Joh. Faust.' Tjeipsic, 1848 ; and other works.

Dup HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORABY BIOGRAPHY. Dnv

[04 1

DUPANIaOUP, Felix Antoine Phllibert, French predate, b. at St. Felix, Jan. 3,
1802 ; studied in Paris ; ordained, 1825 ; appointed profe-ssor of theology at Sorbonne,
1841 ; bishop of Orleans, April 1849. Author of several theological and scholastic works,

DUPENTY, De'sire' Charles, French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, Feb. 6, 1798.
Author of * Le Hussard de Feltheim,' 1827 ; ' La Vie de Caf6,' 1850 ; * Le Marquis
d'Argencourt,' 1857 ; and numerous other dramas.

DUPIN, Frangois Pierre Charles, Baron, French writer, b. at Varzy, Oct 6,

1784, brother of the preceding ; appointed professor of mechanics to the Conservatoire

I des Arts et Metiers, 1819 ; councillor of state, 1831 ; peer of France, Oct. 3, 1837 ; senator,

, Jan. 25, 1852. Author of ' Force commerciale de la Grande Bretagne,* 1826 ; * Industries

compar^es de Paris et de Londres,' 1862 ; and numerous other works.

I DUPIaAN, Joseph, French politician, b. at Paris, March 17, 1791; studied at the
Bcole Polytechuique ; member of the General Council for the canton of Aspet ; member
: of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Haute Garonne since 1852.

I DUPONT, Pierre, French song writer, b. at Lyons, April 23, 1821. Author of * The
Two Angels,' 1844 ; 'The Oxen,' 1846 ; 'Song of Bread,' 1847; 'Song of the Workers,*
1847 ; ' Dix j^glogues,' 1864 ; and numerous other poems.

DU PRB', Caledon Qeorge, EngUsh politician, b. 1803; a magistrate and deputy-
1 lieutenant of Bucks ; M.P. for Bucks since 1839.

DURANDO, Giacomo. Italian statesman, b. at Mondovi, 1807 ; studied law at Turin,
i 1831 ; entered the Spanish army, and made colonel in 1845 ; minister of war under Count

I Cavour, 1856 ; envoy to Constantinople, 1860 ; minister of foreign affairs, 1862.

DURANDO, Giovanni, Italian general, b. at Mondovi, 1809, brother of the preceding ;
I entered the Spanish army, and became general, 1845 ; took part in the Italian war of

independence, 1848 ; commander of a division, 1859 ; governor of Naples, 1861 ; military
I commander of Milan, 1862.

I DURBIN, John, American writer, b. in Bourbon County, Kentucky, 1800 ; studied at

I the College of Cincinnati, 1824 ; graduated in 1825 ; elected president of Dickinson

j College, Carlisle, 1834. Author of * Observations in Europe, princii)ally in France and

I Great Britain,' 1845 ; and other works.

DURHAM, Right Rev. Charles Baring, Lord Bishop of, English divine,
b. 1807 ; graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, 1829 ; consecrated Bishop of Gloucester
and Bristol, 1856 ; translated to the see of Durham, 1861.

DURHAM, Joseph, English sculptor, b. in liondon, 1821 ; studied under E. H. Bailey, I

I R. A. Executed a bust of Jenny Lind, 1848 ; of Queen Victoria, 1856 ; statue of the late >

Prince Consort in the gardens of the Horticultural Society, in memory of the Great '
Exhibition, 1863 ; and a great number of other statues, groups, and busts.

DURUY, Victor, French statesman and author, b. at Paris, 1811 ; studied at the
' College of St. Barbe, 1823 ; and at the Paris ^cole Normale, 1830, and took the degree of

I D.C.L. 1853 ; inspector of the Academy of Paris, 1861 to 1862 ; appointed minister of

i public instruction, June 23, 1863. Author of 'Geographic politique de la Republique

\ Romaine et de I'Empire,' 1838; ' Introduction g^n^rede i I'Histoire de France,' 1865 ; and

other works. ♦

DUSEIGNEUR, Bernard Jean, French sculptor, b. at Paris, June 23, 1808;
studied in the Paris Ecole des Beaux Arts, 1822 to 1826 ; and under Bosio, Duparty, and
Cortot. Executed * Saint Michel, Vainqueur de Satan, annongant le R^gne de Dieu,' 1834 ;
• La Crucifiement de N.S. J^sus-t'hrist,' for the Church of St. Roch, Paris, 1863 ; and
numerous colossal groups and statues.

DUTTON, Hon. Ralph Henea«re, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge ; graduated M. A. 1842 ; is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
Hants ; M.P. for South Hants, 1857-65 ; and for Cirencester, 186&-68.

DUVAIf, Jnles, French writer, b. at Rodez, Aveyron, 1813 ; studied law, and called to
the bar of his native town, 1836. Author of ' Les Colonies, et la Politique coloniale de la
France,' 1864 ; and numerous other works : also contributor to the Journal des DibatSf
the Revus des Deux Mondes, and other French periodicals.

DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper, French statesman and historian,
b. at Rouen, Aug. 3, 1798 ; elected to the Constituent Assembly after Feb. 24 ; and to the
Legislative Assembly in 1850. Author of * Des Principes du Gouvemement representatif,
et de leur Application,' 1838 ; * Histoire du Gouvemement parlementaire en R^nce,'
1857-62.

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DUVBYRIER, Charles. French novelist, b. at Paris, April 12, 1803 ; studied at the
Lyc6e of Henri IV., and called to the bar at Paris. Author of ' Michel Perrin,' 1834 ;
'Oscar, ou le Mari qui trompe sa Femme,' 1842; 'Pourquoi des Proprietaires k Paris?'*
1867 ; and numerous other works of fiction.

DYCE. Rev. Alexander. English writer, b. in Edinbur^^h, 1798 ; educated at Exeter
College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1821. Author of • Recollections of the Table Talk of
Samuel Rogers ;* edited * Shakspeare, Beaumont, and Fletcher ;' and many other works.

DYCEy Nicbol, English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at the University of Glasgow ;
resided for many years in Bombay; a county magistrate of Kincardine ; M.P. for Kin-
cardineshire, 1865-68.

DYHRN, Conrad Adolph^ Count von, Prussian politician, b. at Reesewitz,
Nov. 21, 1803 ; studied at the University of Berlin '; elected member of the Diet
of Silesia, 1845 ; member of the Second Prussian Chamber, 1850-62. Published ' Con-
radin's Tod,* and other dramas.

fKE. William Hart, English politician, b. 1837 ; educated at Harrow, and Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1861, M.A. 1863; J.P. and deputy-lieutenant

I of Kent ; M.P. for West and Mid-Kent since 1865.

t

DYNEVOR. Georgre Rice Rice Trevor, Baron, English politician, b. 1796 ;
I studied at tne University of Oxford ; received the degree of LL.D. 1830 ; sat in the

House of Commons, 1820 to 1831, and ftom 1832 to May 1862, when he succeeded his
I father, third baron.

I DYOTHP, Richard, English politician, b. 1808 ; educated at Westminster, and Trinity
I College, Cambridge ; J.P. and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Stafford ; high sherilf,

I 1856 ; M.P. for Lichfield since 1865.

E,

EADIE, Rev. John, English theological writer, b. in Stirlingshire, 1813 ; educated at
the University of Glasgow. Edited the * Biblical Cyclopaedia ;' author of ' Commentaries
on St. Paul's Epistles,*^ 'Life of Dr. Kitto,' and other biographical and theological works.

EARIaE, Ralph Anstmther, English politician, b. 1835 ; educated at Harrow ; was
attach^ to the embassy at Paris, 1854-58 ; at Vienna, 1859 ; private secretary to the
Right Hon. B. Disraeli, 1858-69 ; M.P. for Berwick, May to August 1859, and for Maldon,
1866-68.

EASTBURN, Manton, American divine, b. in England, 1801 ; studied at Columbia
College, New York, where he graduated B.A. 1817, M.A. 1820 ; ordained deacon, 1822 ;
rector of the Church of the Ascension, New York, and graduated D.D. 1836 ; consecrated
bishop of Massachusetts, 1842. Author of * Lectures on the Epistle to the Ephesians,*
1833 ; and other works.

EASTIaAKF, Elizabeth Rigrby, loidy, English authoress, b. 1816 ; married to
the late Sir Charles Eastlake in 1849. Author of • Letters from the Shores of the Baltic,*
1841 ; ' Livonian Tales,' 1846 ; and other works.

EASTMAN, Mrs. Mary, American authoress, b. 1814 ; married to Captain S. East-
man, 1835. Author of 'Dacotah, or Life and Legends of the Sioux,' 1849 ; 'Romance of
Indian Life,' * Aunt Phillis' Cabin,' 1852 ; and other works.

EASTl^ICK, EdT^ard Blackhonse, English author, b. at Warfield, Berkshire,
1814 ; studied at the Charterhouse, and University of Oxford ; appointed interpreter of
Hindostanee at Bombay, 1S36 ; professor of Hindostanee to the Company's College at
Haileybury, 1846. Author of * Dry Leaves from Young Egypt,' 1849 ; and numerous
works on the East.

EATON, Henry William, English politician, b. 1816; educated at Enfield, and
College RoUin, Paris ; feUow of the geographical, horticultural, and botanical societies ;
a merchant in London ; M.P. for Coventry since 1865.

ilfE, Charges, French general, b. 1799 ; studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1818,
and at the Ecole d' Application of Metz, 1820 ; entered the army, 1838 ; chief of a
gquadron, 1843; colonel and director of artilleiy at Metz; brigadier-general, 1864;
nominated general of division, Aug. 1860.

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EBORAIiIi; Cornelius Willes^ English railway manager, b. at Enowle, WanHck-
shire, Sept. 16, li-SO, the son of Lieut. Sara.Eborall, R.N. ; goods manager of Manchester,
Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, 1847-49; manager of East Lancashire Railway,
1849-55 ; appointed general manager of South Eastern Railway, 1855 ; lieutenant-colonel
of the railway volunteer staff corps.

EBRARD. Joban Heinricb Anfmsti German Protestant theologian, b. at Erlangen,
Jan. 18, 1818 ; studied at Berlin ; professor at the University of Erlangen, 1842 ; professor
of theology at Zurich, 1844 ; and counsellor of the Consistory of Spire. Author of
* Kritikder evangelischen Geschichte,' Frankfort, 1842 ; 'Die Zukunft der Kirche,' 1845-47 ;
and other theological works.

EBURY. Rig:bt Hon. Robert Grosrenor, Baron, English statesman, b.
April 24, 1801 ; educated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford ; M.P. for Shanes-
bury, 1822 to 1826 ; for Cheater, 1826 to Jan. 1847 ; for Middlesex, 1847 to 1857, when he
was elevated to the peerage ; was comptroller of the household, Nov. 1830 to Nov. 1834 ;
groom of the stole to Prince Albert, Feb. 1840 to Aug. 1841 ; treasurer of the household,
July 1846 to July 1847 ; president of the Sanitary Commission, 1847-48 ; deputy-
lieutenant of Cheshire and Middlesex.

EDEN, Rev. Robert, English theological writer, b. at Whitehall, near Bristol, 1803 ;
studied at Corpus Christi College. Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1825, M. A. 1827;
examiner for Haileybury College, 18f;9-56 ; vicar of North Walsham, 1851-54 ; vicar of
Wymondham, 18.')4. Author of ' Some Thoughts on the Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures,*
1864 ; and other theological works.

EDHEM, Pasha, Turkish statesman, b. 1823 ; studied in France ; entered the Turkish
army ; was colonel and aide-de-camp to the Sultan, 1849 ; general of division. 1850 ;
minister of foreign affairs, 1866 ; minister of public instruction, 1863-65.

EDMONDS, Jobn Worth. American jurist, b. at Hudson, New York, March 13,
1799 ; graduated at Union College, 1816 ; called to the bar, 1819 ; appointed inspector of
prisons in the State of New York, 1843 ; state judge, 1845 ; judge of the Supreme Court
of the U.S. 1847; retired from the bench, 1853. Published a work on 'Spiritualism,'
1853.

EDMONDBTONE, Sir Archibald, English writer, b. 1795 ; educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, where he gi-adnated B.A. 1816. Author of *A Journey to the Oasis
of Upper Egypt ;' * The Christian (Gentleman's DaUy Walk ;* and other works.

EDVITARDES, Hon. Williani, English politician, b. 1835 ; captain and lieutenant-
colonel Coldstream Guards; deputy-lieutenant of Pembrokeshire; elected M.P. for
Haverfordwest, 1868.

EDIVARDS, Amelia Blandford, English authoress, b. 1831. Author of 'My
Brother's Wife,' 1855; 'Barbara's History,' 1864; 'Half a MiUion of Money,' 1866; and
other novels.

EDVITARDS, EdTeard, English writer, b. in London, 1812 ; was' principal librarian of
the Free Library of the City of Manchester, 1851 to 1858. Author of ' Economy of the
Fine Arts in England,' 1840 ; ' Life of Sir Walter Ralegh,' 1868 ; and many other works. ■

EDWARDS, Henri Milne, French writer, b. at Bruges, Oct. 23, 1800 ; studied
medicine at Paris, and graduated M.D. 1823 ; appointed dean to the Museum and Faculty
of Sciences, 1841 ; professor of zoology to the Museum, 1862; admitted to the Academy
of Sciences, as successor of Cuvier, 1838. Author of ' Recherches anatomiques sur lea
Crustac6s,* 1828 ; and numerous works on zoology and natural history.

EDVITARDSi Sir Henry, English politician, b. 1812 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant or the West Riding of Yorkshire, and lieutenajit-colonel commandant 2d West
York Yeomanry Cavalry; MP. for Halifax, 1847-52 ; and fbr Beverley since 1857.

EFFINGHAM, Henry Howard, Earl of, English administrator, b. at South-
ampton, 1806; deputy-lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire; was M.P. for
Shaftesbury, 1841 to 1845, when he succeeded his father in the earldom.

EGAN, Pierce, English novelist, b. in London, 1815 ; entered as a student at the Royal
Academy. Author of * Robin Hood ;' 'The Black Prince;* ' Clifton Grey ;' and numerous
otiier works of fiction. Editor of the Lcmdon Journal.

EGERTON, Hon. Algrernon Fnlke, English politician, b. 1825; educated at
Harrow ; M.P. for South Lanciishire since 1869.

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EGERTONy Edward Christopber^ English politician, b. 1816; educated at
Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1837 ; fellow of All Souls
College ; barrister-at-law, called in 1840 ; M.P. for Macclesfield, 1852-68.

EGERTONy Sir Philip de Malpas Grey^ English politician, b. 1806 ; educated
at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1828 ; deputy-lieutenant of Cheshire ;
M.P. for Chester, 1830-31 ; and for South Cheshire since 1835.

EGERTON, Hon. IVilbraliainy English politician, b. 1SS2, son of the following;
educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A, 1853 ; magistrate
of Cheshire ; M.P. for North Cheshire since 1858.

EGERTON OF TATTON, W^illiam Tatton Efferton, Baron, English
politician, b. 1806; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Cheshire; M.P. for Ljrmington,
1850-52, and for North Cheshire, 1852-58.

EGGERy En&ile^ French writer, b. at Paris, July 18, 1813 ; elected member of the
French Academy, 1845. Author of ' Latini Sermonis vetustioris Reliquite selectae,* Paris.
1843 ; *M6moires d'Histoire ancienne et de Philologie,' 1863 ; and numerous other critical
works.

EGIiINTON and W^INTON, Archibald ^ViUiam Montgromery, Earl of,

b. 1841 ; educated at Eton ; served in the royal navy ; succeeded his father, Oct. 1861 ;
deputy-lieutenant of Ayrshire.

EGMONT, Georg:e James Perceval. Earl of, English naval commander,
b. 1794; M.P. for Surrey, 1837 to 1840; admiral, 1863; succeeded his cousin in the
•peerage, 1841.

EHNINGER, John 'Whetton, American artist^ b. in New York, July 20, 1827;
graduated at Cfolumbia College, 1847 ; studied under Couture, in Paris, and at Dusseldorf.
Painted 'Peter Stuyvesant,' 1850; 'Lady Jane Grey;' 'Christ healing the Sick,' in
pencil, 1857 ; and numerous other pictures.

EHRENBERG, Christian Gottfried, German naturalist, b. at Delitzsch, in
Prussia, April 19, 1795 ; studied at the University of Leipsic. Author of ' Naturgeschicht-
liche Reise durch Nordafrika und Westasien,' 1820-25; 'Passat Staub und Blntregen,'
1849 ; and numerous other works. Principal secretary to the Berlin Academy of Sciences
since 1842.

EI CHENS, Friedrich Ednard, Prussian engraver, b. at Berlin, May 27, 1804 ;
studied under M. Buchhom. Exhibited an engraving of the 'Vision of Ezekiel,' 1842 ;

* Macbeth and the Witches,' 1865 ; and many others.

EICHHOFF, Frederic Gustave^ French philologist, b. at Havre, Aug. 17, 1799;
studied at Paris, and obtained the degree of LL.D. 1826 ; appointed professor of litera-
ture at Lyons, 1842. Author of 'Etudes Grecques sur VirgQe,* 18*J5 ; 'Po^sie h^roique
des Indiens comparde k r6pop6e Grecque et Romaine,' 1860; and other philological
works.

EICH'WALD, Ednard, Russian naturalist, b. at Mitau, in Courland, July 4, 1795 ;
studied at Berlin ; was private tutor in the University of Dorpat, 1821 ; professor of
zoology and mineralogy at the Academy of St. Petersburg, 1838-51. Author of 'A
Journey to the Caspian and the Caucasus,' 1834-37 ; 'Palaeontology of Russia,' 1851.

EIiCHG, Rierht Hon. Francis Wemyss Charteris, Lord, English politician,
b. 1818 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1841 ;
M.P. for East Gloucestershire, 1841-46 ; and for Haddingtonshire, 18.47-68; was a lord
of the Treasury, 1852-65 ; deputy-lieutenant of Haddingtonshire.

E'liIE DE BEAUMONT, Jean Baptiste Armand Lonis Leone, French
geologist, b. at Cannon, Calvados, Sept. 25, 1798; studied at the College of Henri IV.,
at the Ecole Polytechnique, and entered the Ecole des Mines, 1819 ; elected member of
the French Academy, Dec. 31, 1835, and perpetual secretary to the same. Author of

* Sur la Formation du Cone du Vesuve,' 1837 ; and a great number of scientific works.

EIiIOT, Samnel, American writer, b. at Boston, U.S. Dec. 22, 1821 ; graduated in
Harvard College, 1839 ; professor of history and political science in Trinity College,
Hartford, 1864. Author of 'The Liberty of Rome,' 1849; 'A Manual of the United
States' History between the Years 1492 and 1856,' 1856.

EIiLENBOROUGH, EdTeard Law, Earl of, English statesman, b. 1790; edu-
cated at Eton and the University of Cambridge; M.P. for St. Michael's, 1814 to 1818;
has been first lord of the Admiralty ; president of the Board of Control, and governor-
general of India; reappointed president of the Board of Control, Feb. 1858; resigned,
June 1858.

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EIiLET, Elisabeth IiiiininiSy American authoress, b. at Sodas Point, Lake Ontario,
1818. Author of *The Women of the American Revolution,' New York, 1848; *The
Pioneer Women of the West ;' * Watching Spirits ;' and other works.

ElaLICE, Edward. English politician, b. 1810; educated at Eton ; M.P. for Hudders-
fleld, May to July 1^7 ; and for St. Andrew's since 1837.

ElalalOT, Sir Charles, English diplomatist, b. 1810; was chief snperintendent of
trade and her Majesty's plenipotentiary in China, 1830 to 1841, and subsequently chai^
d'affaires in Texas, and governor of Bermuda and Trinidad ; (abated K.C.B. 1856.

ELLIOT, Very Rev. Gilbert, English divine, b. 1800; educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1822, and M.A. 1824 ; appointed dean of
Bristol, 1850 ; prolocutor in the Lower House of Convocation, 1857 to 1864. Author of
some volumes of sermons.

EltltlOT, Hon. Henry Georgre, English diplomatist, b. 1817; educated at Eton;
appointed clerk in the foreign office, 1840 ; attache at St Petersbuig, 1841 ; secretary of
legation at the Hague, 1848 ; at Vienna, 1853 ; minister at Denmark, 1858 ; sent on a
special mission to the King of the Two Sicilies, 1859 ; to the King of Greece, 1862 ; envoy
to the King of Italy, 1863.

ELLIOTT, Rev. Charles, American writer, b. in Killybergs, Donegal, Ireland, May 16,
1792 ; appointed professor of languages in Madison CoU^, Union-town, Pennsylvania,
1827. Author of 'Treatise on Baptism,' 1834 ;• 'History of the great Secession from the
Methodist Episcopal Church,* 1855 ; and other works.

ELLIOTT, Charles "Wyllys, American writer, b. at Guildford, Connecticut, May 27,
1817 ; one of the founders of the Children's Aid Society, 1853. Author of * Mysteries,
or Glimpses of the Supernatural,' 1852 ; *The New England History, from the Discovery
of the Country by the Northmen, a.d. 986, to 1776,* 1857 ; and other works.

ELLIOTT, Rev. Edmrard Bishop, English divine, b. 1795 ; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1816, and M.A. ; appointed vicar of Tuxford,
Notts, 1824-40 ; prebendary of Heytesbury, 1826 ; incumbent of St Mark's Chapel,
Brighton, 1853. Author of * The Warburtouian Lectures,* 1849-52.

ELLIOTT, William, American author and politician, b. in Beaufort, South CaroL'na,
April 27, 1788 ; entered Harvard College, 1806 ; was senator in the Upper House ; resigned,
1832. Author of ' Carolina Sports by Land and Water,* 1856 ; * Fiesco : a Tragedy,* 1850 ;
and numerous other works.

ELLIS, Georg^e Edinrard, American divine, b. at Boston, 1815 ; graduated at Harvard
College, 1833 ; studied at Cambridge Divinity School until 1836 ; ordained pastor of
Harvard Church, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 1840. Author of * Half a Century of the
Unitarian Controversy,' 1857 ; and numerous theological works.

ELLIS, Hon. Leopold Georg^e Frederick A^rar, Engli.sh politician, b. 1829 ;
captain of the Kilkenny Militia ; M.P. for Kilkenny smce 1857.

ELLIS, Sir Samuel Burden, English military commander, b. 1787; entered the
royal marine forces, 1804 ; served at Trafalgar, 1805 ; at the taking of the island of
Guadaloupe, 1810 ; actively employed in Lidia, 1839-40 ; in the China war of 1840-41 ;
became a lieutenant-general, 1857.

ELLIS, ^Villiam, English writer, b. in London, 1800. Author of 'Outlines of the
History and Formation of the Understanding ;' ' Education as a Means of preventing
Destitution :' contributed to the Westminster Review and other periodicals.

ELLIS, Rev. \(rillian&, English writer, b. in London towards the end of the last
century ; was missionary to the islands of the Southern Ocean. Author of * Polynesian
Researches,' 1829 ; 'Vindication of the South Sea Missions,' 1831 ; and other works.

ELLIS, Sarah Stickney, English authoress, b. 1812 ; wife of the preceding, married
in 1837. Author of 'Pictures of Private Life ;' * The Women of England ;' * Social Dis-
tinction,* and other works.

ELLISSIBN, Adolph, German novelist, b. at Cartow, duchy of Ltineburg, March 14,
1815 ; studied at the University of Gottingen. Author of ' Thee und Asphodelosbliiten,*
Gottingen, 1840 ; * Der alte Bitter,' Lcipsic, 1846 ; and numerous other works of fiction.

ELMORE, Alfred, Irish painter, b. at Clonakilty, county of Cork, 1815 ; first exhibited
at the Royal Academy, 1834. Painted 'The Crucifixion,' 1838; 'The Martyrdom of 4
Becket,' 1839 ; ' Rienzi in the Forum,' 1844 ; 'Hotspur and the Fop,' 1851 ; andnumerous
other paintings, chiefly historical. Elected A.R.A. 1845.

ELPH IN STONE. Sir Howard, English politician, b. in the county of Devon,
1804; studied at the University of Cambridge; received the degree of D.C.L. fh)ni
Oxford ; called to the bar, 1840; M.P. for Hastings, 1836-37; for Lewes, 1841-47 ; suc-
ceeded his father, 1846 ; deputy-lieutenant of Sussex.

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BIiSHOIaTZy Franz Ton^ German author, b. at Berlin, Oct I, 1791 ; appointed
secretary of administration at Cologne, 1815 ; secretary of legation IVom the duchy of
Saxe-Coburg Gotha to the court of Munich, 1840-^51. Author of 'Wanderungen durch
Koln,' 1820 ; and many dramas.

SlaSNER; Joliaii Gottfried. German political economist, b. at Gottesberg, Silesia,
Jan. 14, 1784 ; studied at the Universities of Halle and Konig8bei*g, and received the
degree of D.D. at Breslau, 1807. Author of 'Der angehende rationelle Landwirth,'
Prague, 1852 ; and a great number of works on political economy.

ElfTON. Sir Artbar Hallam^ Bart., English writer, b. 1818 ; educated at the
Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and served in the army ; M.P. for Bath, 1857 to 1859 ;
a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Somersetshire. Author of ' Below the Snrfkce :
a Story of English Country Life.'

SIiVBNICH. Peter Joaephy German Catholic theologian, b. at Embken, near Aix-
la-Chapelle. Jan. 29, 1796 ; studied at the University of Bonn, 1820 ; appointed director
of the College of Leopold, 1830; conservator of the royal library, 1838. Author of

* Actenstitcke zur geheimen Greschichte des Hermesianismus,' Breslau,, 1845.

EIilVART, Antoine Amable XSlie^ French musical composer^ b. at Paris, Nov. 18.
1808. Composed 'Les Ttois Jerusalem ;* 'La Naissance d*Eve ;* 'Ruth et Booz ;* and
other operas and oratorios. Published ' Petit Traits d'Instrumentation,' 1864 ; and other
works.

TmImWIN, Rev. Wliit^vell, Engli^ clergyman, b. Feb. 26, 1816 ; educated at Caius
College, Cambridge, where he graduated RA. 1839 ; ordained deacon, 1839, and priest,
1840 : appointed rector of Boston, Norfolk, 1849. Editor of the Quarterly Review, 1853
to 1860.

BIiWYN, Rev. Richard. English clergyman, b. 1827 ; educated at the Charterhouse,
and at Trinity College, Camoridge, where he graduated, 1849 ; appointed second master
> of the Charterhouse, 1855, and head master, 1858 ; resigned, 1863.

EIiYy Rigrht Rev. Edward Harold Bronmey Bisbop of, English divine,
educated at Eton, and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1832 ;
appointed canon residentiary of Exeter Cathedral, 1857 ; consecrated bishop of Ely,
March 1864. Author of two volumes of sermons, and ' The Pentateuch and Elohistic
Psalms, in reply to Bishop Colenso,* 1863.

EMBURY, ExQina Catberine Manleyy American authoress, b. at New York, 1808 ;
married to Mr. D. Embury, 1828. Author of *Guido, and other Poems.' New York, 1828 ;

* Constance Latimer, or the Blind Girl ; * and many other works of fiction.

EMERSON, Ralpb Waldo, American author, b. at Boston, 1803 ; graduated at
Harvard College, 1821. Author of * Literary Ethics : an Oration,* 1838 ; * Man the
Keformer ' 1841 ; * Representative Men ;' * English Traits,* 1856 ; • The Conduct of Life,'
1860 ; and numerous other works.

EMPIS. Adolpbe Dominique Florent, Freoch writer, b. at Paris, March 29, 1795 ;
elected member of the French Academy, 1847; director of the Com6die Pran^aise,
1856. Author of 'Romulus,' 1822; 'Bothwell,' 1824; 'Les Femmes de Henri YIII. :
Scenes historiques,* 1854.

ENAUIaT. Iiouia, French writer, b. at Isiguy, Calvados, 1824 ; studied in Paris, and
called to the bar. Author of • Promenade en Belgique et sur les Bords du Rhin,' 1852 ;
*La Norv6ge,' 1857; *La Mediterran^e, ses lies et ses Bords,* 1862; and numerous
romances and works of travel.

ENCKE, Jobann Frans, German astronomer, b. in Hamburg, Sept 28, 1791 ; studied
at Grottmgen under (Jauss ; appointed director of the Observatory at Berlin, and secretary
to the mathematical class in the Royal Academy, 1825. Published 'Concerning the
Comet of Pons,' 1831-32 ; ' The Distance of the Sun,' 1822-24 ; 'A New Method for dis-
covering the Movements of the Planets ;' and other astronomical works.

ENFIEIaD, Georg:e Henry Cbarles, Viscount. English politician, b. 1830 ;

educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; a deputy-lieutenant of Middlesex ; M.P.

for Tavistock, 1852-57, and for Middlesex since 1857 ; secretary to the Poor Law Board,

1865-66.
ENGEIf, Iiudi^e, composer, and harmonium-player, b. at Vienna, Jan. 9, 1828;

studied music at the Conservatoire of Pesth ; gave concerts at Paris, 18-53-65 ; came to

England to popularize the harmonium, 1856. Author of 'Piano-Harmonium School;'

* Studies for the Harmonium ;* ' Harmonium Album ;' and numerous other compositions.

ENGEIiSTOFT, Cbriatiem Tboming:, Danish theologian, b. at Neesberg, Aug. 8,
1805 ; appointed lecturer on theology to the University of Copenhagen, 1835 ; rector of

flf«U;!XllA .

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the University, 1847-48 ; elected member of the Academy of Sciences of Copenhagen,
1847 ; of the Royal Academy of History, 1860. Author of ♦ Taler ved forskjellige Leilig-
heder,' Odense, 1853 ; and other works.

ENGIiANDy Sir Richard. English military commander, b. in Canada, 1793 ; entered
the army, 1809 ; held the chief military command in Caffraria, 1832-33 ; served in India,
1836, and was nominated K.C.B. ; served in the Crimea ; general in the army, and colonel
of 41st Foot.

ENGSTROEM, John. Swedish writer, b. at Rsemebo, Calmar, April 7, 1794 ; graduated
licentiate in medicine, 1817. Author of 'Resa genom Norrland och Lappland kr 1834,'
Stockholm, 1834 ; * Fiirbundsbrodema,' ib. 1833-34 ; and other works.

ENNIS^ Sir John, English politician, b. 1809; educated at Stonyhurst College ; a deputy-
lieutenant and county magistrate, and a governor of the Bank of Ireland ; M.P. for Atldone,
1857-65 ; re-elected, 1868.

ENNISKILIiEPT. WlUiam IXmionyhby Cole, Earl of, b. 1807; educated at
Harrow and Oxfora ; is deputy-lieutenant for the county of Fermanagh ; trustee of the
Hunterian Museum, Royal College of Surgeons; M.P. for Fermanagh, 1831-40.

EOTVOS, Joseph. Baron, Hungarian statesman and author, b. at Buda, in Hungary,
Sept. 3, 1813 ; studied jurisprudence at the University of Pesth ; minister of public
instruction of the Republic of Hungary, 1848-49 ; appointed a second time minister of
education by royal rescript, Feb. 24, 1867. Author of the * Village Notary,* 1844 ;
' Hungary in 1514,* 1847 ; ' The Influence of the Leading Ideas of the Nmeteenth Century
upon Government and Society,' 1851 ; and other dramas, romances, and political essays.

ERBGN, Carl Jaromir, Bohemian historian, b. at Miletin, Bohemia, 1811 ; appointed
archivist of the town of Prague, 1851. Author of * Pisne Narodin,* 1842-45 ; * Bartosova
Kronika Praska,* 1851 ; and other works.

ERDGIiYI, Johann, Hungarian writer and poet, b. at Kazos, 1814 ; studied at the
University of Pesth. Author of 'Nepdalok Esmoudak,* Pesth, 1845-48; and othei
works.

ERDMANN, Johan Ednard, German writer, b. at Molmar, Livonia, June 13, 1805 ;
8tudie<l at the University of Dorpat, 1823-26, and at Berlin ; appointed professor of
philosophy to the University of Halle, 1836. Author of * Ueber Glauben und Wissen,*
Berlin, 1837 ; * Ueber den poetischen Reiz des Aberglaubens,' Halle, 1851 ; and niimerous
philosophical works.

ERDMANN, Otto Iiinne', German chemist, b. at Dresden, April 11, 1804; studied
at Dresden and Leipsic, where he graduated licentiate in chemistry and PIlD. ; appointed
supplementary professor of chemistry to the University of Leipsic, 1827 ; and professor,
1830. Author of 'Ueber den Nickel,* Leipsic, 1827 ; * Waarenlexicon,' Leipsic, 1833-35 ;
and other scientific works.

ERICSSON, John, Ameiican engineer, b. in the province of Vermeland, Sweden,
1803 ; entered the Swedish army, and became a lieutenant ; emigrated to the United
States, 1831; constructed the ship Ericsson^ fitted with a 'caloric' engine, 1849; built
the first Monitor for the United States, May 1862. ,

ERIiE, Right Hon. Sir William. English judge, b. at Fifehead, Dorset, 1793 ;
educated at Winchester, and New College, Oxford, where he graduated B.C.L. 1818;
called to the bar, 1819 ; was made king's counsel, 1834 ; M.P. for Oxford, 1837 to 1841 ;
appointed one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas, 1844 ; of the Court of
Queen's Bench, 1846 ; chief justice of the Common Pleas, 1859 ; retired 1866.

ERNE. John Crichton, Earl of, b. at Dublin, 1802 ; succeeded his uncle, 1842 ;
lord-lieutenant of the county of Fermanagh.

ERNEST I., Dnke of Saxe-Altenbnrg;, b. Sept. 16, 1826, the son of Duke Georg
of Saxe-Altenburg and Princess Marie of M^ecklenburg-Schwerin ; succeeded to the
throne, at the death of his father, Aug. 3, 1853 ; married, April 28, 1853, to Agnes,
the daughter of Duke Leopold of Anhalt Dessau.

ERNEST II., Dnke of Saxe-Coburfr Gotha, b. June 21, 1818, the son of Duke

Ernest I. of Saxe-Saalfeld-Cobuig and of Princess Louise of Saxe-Altenburg ; studied
philosophy and political economy at the University of Bonn, 1834-36 ; entered into the
military service of Saxony, 1836; travelled in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Northern
Africa, 1838-40 ; succeeded to the throne, at the death of his father, Jan. 29, 1844.
Composer of numerous musical pieces, and of the operas * Zaire,' * Casilda,' and * Santa-
Chiara ;* the latter represented at Paris, 1855.
ERROIali, WilUani Harry Hay, Earl of, English military commander, b. 1828 ;
hereditaiy lord high constable of Scotland ; m^or in the rifle brigade ; served with his
regiment in the Crimea, and was wounded at the battle of Alma, Sept. 20, 1854.

Era HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHIT. Ete
1 101 ]

\, Creorgef English officer, b. at Worthing, 1815 ; edacated at the Roya]
College of Caen, and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst ; entered tlie army as
ensign, 1832 ; was lieutenant, 1836 ; m^or, 1854 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1854 ; colonel, 1860 ;
api>ointed inspector-general of volunteers, 1865.

ERSKINEy Jobn Elpbinstone, English politician, b. 1806: educated at the
Royal Naval College ; entered the navy, 1819 ; and became vice-admiral, 1804; M.P. for
Stirlingshire since 1865.

ERSKINE, Thomas Americns Erskine^ Baron, Engh'sh diplomatist, b. 1802 ;
educated at Cambridge ; was attach^ at Turin, 1807 ; at Naples, 1824 ; succeeded his
father, 1855.

ESAADy Effendi Mahommed, Turkish historian, b. at Constantinople, Dec. 16,
1790 ; ambassador from the Sultan to the Shah of Persia, 1836 ; received the title of
grand judge of Roumelia ; inspector-general of schools and counsellor of public instruc-
tion- Author of • Uss-i-Tzafer,' Constantinople, 1828; 'Sefer-Namei-Klair,' ib. 1834.

E8CAYRAC DE LAUTURB, Comte d't French traveller, b. 1822 ; appointed
by the Viceroy of Ejjypt to conduct an expedition to discover the source of the Nile,
1856. Author of 'Notice sur le Kordofan,^ 1851; 'M^moires sur la Chine,' 1844; and
other works of travel.

ESCHASSERIAUX, Rene Frangols Engrene, Baron, French politician,
b. at Ar^es, Cliarente Inferieure, July 25, 1828 ; studied law at Pai'is, and was called to
the bar ; elected representative of Charente Inferieure to the Legislative Assembly, 1849 ;
and member of the Corps L^gislatif for the same department since 1852.

ESCHERy Johan Heinrlch Alfred, Swiss politician, b. at Zurich, Feb. 20, 1819 ;
studied law in his native town, and at the Universities of Berlin and Bonn, and obtained
the degree of LL.D. 1842; deputy to the Federal Diet, 1848; burgomaster of Zurich,
1848 ; one of the founders of the Federal Polytechnic School of Zurich ; vice-president
of the National Council, 1856-59.

ESCOSURA, Patricio de la, Spanish statesman and author, b. at Madrid,
Nov. 5, 1807 ; studied at Valladohd ; was an officer in the Spanish army, 1829 ; aide-de-
camp and secretary to General Cordova, 1835-36 ; political chief of the town of Guada-
laxara, 1838-40 ; secretary of state, 1843 to 1846. Author of *La Corte del buen Retiro,'
1837-44 ; ' El Conde de Candespina,' Madrid, 1832 ; and other works.

ESMONDE, John. English politician, b. 1826 ; educated at Clongowes, and Trinity
College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1850 ; is a magistrate for the counties of Water-
ford and Wexfonl ; M.P. for the county of Waterford since 1852.

ESPARTERO, Baldomero, Duke of Victory, Spanish s^tesman, b. at
Granatula, in La Mancha, Feb. 27, 179t: entered the Sacred Battalion as a volunteer,
1808 ; studied in the Military School and became sub-lieutenant, 1815 ; field-marshal and
lieutenant-general, 1833 ; regent of Spain. May 8, 1841, to July 22, 1843 ; commissioned
by Queen Isabella to form a ministry, July 1854 ; dismissed, 1856 ; resigned his post as
senator, and retired from active political life, 1857.

ESQUIROS, Henri Alpbonse, French author, b. in Paris, 1814 ; elected to the
Legislative Assembly for the Sa6ne-et-Loire, 1850 ; exiled from Fi-ance since Dec. 2,
1851. Author of * Les Anglais chez Eux,' 1861 ; and numerous i>oems and works of
fiction.

ESSEN, Peter, Count of, Russian statesman, b. in Livonia, 1780; appointed
military governor of the province of Orenburg, 1817 ; general, 1830 ; uulitary governor-
general of St. Petersburg, and created a count of the empire, 1833 ; entered the Council
of State, 1842 ; chamberlain to the emperor, 1846 ; civil governor of the province of
Livonia.

ESTCOURT, RiiTbt Hon. Thomas Sutton Sotberon Bncknall, English
statesman, b. 1801 ; educated at Harrow, and Oriel College, Oxford; M.P. for Marl-
borough, 1829 to 1832 ; for Devizes, 1835-44 ; and for North Wilts, 1844 ; president of the
Poor Law Board, 1848 ; secretary of state for the Home Department, 1859-60.

ESTERHAZY DE GAIaANTHA, Paul Anton, Austrian statesman, b. March 10,
1786 ; Austrian minister at Dresden, 1810-11 ; ambassador to England, 1830-38 ; joined
the Hungarian ministry of Count Louis Batthyani, 1848 ; privy councillor and chamber-
lain to the Emperor of Austria.

, Antoine, French sculptor and architect, b. in Paris, March 20, 1808 ; studied
wider M. Ingres and M. Duban. Executed *Le jeune Hyaclnthe tu6 par Apollon,' 1828;
' Cain,' 1833 ; ' La Vierge Immaculee,' 1864 ; and numerous groups, busts, and statues.

Ett HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Eyp
[ 102 J

BTTMUIiIiBR> Bmst Merits IiudTvic^ German phQologist, b. at Gersdorf. near
Labau, Oct 6, 1802 ; studied at the University of Leipsic, 1823 to 1826 ; appointed pro-
fessor of languages and German literature to the University of Zurich, 182^3. Editor of
*Kunech Laurin,' Jena, 1829; 'Heinrich von Weldecke's Eneide/ Zurich, 1852; and
numerous other works.

EUGENIE, Empress of the Trenth, b. at Granada, Spain. May 5, 1826, the
second daughter of the Count de Montljo, grandee of Spain, and o{ Marie Manuela Kirk-
I)atrick de Closebum ; married to the Emperor Napoleon III. Jan. 29, 1853.

EVANS, DaTid Morler, English financial writer, b. 1819. Author of the ' Com-
mercial Crisis, 1847-48 ;* * City Men and City Manners ;* * Facts, Failures, and Frauds,*
1859. Has been City correspondent to the TItms, the Morning Herald, and Standard.

EVANS, John, English geologist, b. 1823 ; educated at Bosworth School Author of
* Ancient British Coins,' 1864; 'Flint Implements of the Drift.' Is honorary secretary
of the Numismatic Society.

EVANS, Marian, English authoress, b. 1820; published under the nom de plume of
George Eliot * Adam Bede,' 1858 ; * The Mill on the Floss/ 1859 ; ' Silas Mamer, the
Weaver of Ravenhoe,' 1861 ; 'Romola,' 1863 ; * Felix Holt, the Radical,' 1866 ; and many
other works of fiction.

EVANS, Ven. Robert Wilson Evans. English divine, b. at Shrewsbury,
Aug. 30, 1789 ; educated at the Grammar School in his native town, and graduated nt
Trinity College, Cambridge, 1811 ; vicar of Tarvin, near Chester, 1836 to 1842 ; arch-
deacon of Westmoreland, 1856. Author of ' The Ministry of the Body ;' * England under
God ;' and other religious works.

EVANS, Thouias William. English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Derby ; M.P. for South Derbyshire,
1857-68.

EVERSIiEY, RiflTbt Hon. Charles Sbaw I>efevre, Visconnt, English
statesman, b. 1794 ; educated at Winchester, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
graduated M.A. ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1819; M.P. for Downton, 1830 ; for
Hampshire, 1831 ; for North Hants, Dec. 1882 to 1857 ; speaker of the House of
Commons, 1839 to 1857, when he was created Viscount Eversley.

EWAIfD, Heinricb Georg: Angrnst, German philologist, b. at Gottingen, Nov. 16,
1803 ; educated at the University of his native town ; professor of philosophy and
Oriental languages and theology at the University of Gottingen, 1831 to 1837 ; at l*ubin-
gen, 1838 to 1848 ; and again at Gottingen. 1848. Author of ♦ The Composition of
Genesis,' 1823 ; ' The Prophets of the Old Teaitament,* 1840 ; and numerous other works.

EWART, William, English politician, b. 1798 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1821 ; called to the bar, 1827; M.P. for Bletchingley,
1828-30 ; for Liverpool, 1830-37 ; for Wigan, 1839-41 ; and for Dumfries, 1841-68.

EWBANK, Thonuui, American writer, b. at Barnard Castle, Durham, England, 1792 ;
commissioner of patents to the Government of the United States. Author of *The
World a Workshop,' 1855 ;' * liife in Brazil,' 1858 ; and other works.

EWING, Arcbibald Orr, English politician, b. 1819; magistrate and deputy-lieu-
tenant of Stirlingshire; returned M.P. for Dumbartonshire, 1868.

EWING, Hnmpbrey Eivingr Crum, English politician, b. 1803 ; is a magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Dumbarton, and a merchant in Glasgow; M.P.
for Paisley since 1857.

EWING, Tbomas, American statesman, b. in Ohio, Virginia, Dec. 28, 1789 ; graduated
at Ohio University, B.A. 1815; called to the bar, 1816; appointed U.S. senator, 1831;
secretary to the Treasury, 1840; minister of the interior, 1849; retired from political
life, 1851.

EXETER, Henry Pbilpotts. Bisbop of, English divine, b. at Gloucester, May
1779; studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1795, and
M.A. 1798; appointed prebendary of Durham, 1809; degree of D.D. 1821; dean of
Chester, 1828; consecrated bishop of Exeter, 1830. Author of a great number of
sermons and religious pamphlets.

EYRE, EdT^ard Jobn, traveller and colonial governor, b. 1817 ; travelled in Australia,
1840-41 ; lieutenant-governor of New Zealand, 184&-53 ; governor of Jamaica, 1862-65.

EYRE, Vincent, English military writer, b. 1810 ; educated at the Military CoUege,
Addiscombe ; entered the Bengal Artillery, 1828 ; served in Affghanistan, 1841-42 ; also
during the Indian Mutiny ; colonel and C.B. 1858. Author of * Military Operations in
Cabul,' 1843 ; and a pamphlet on ' Metallic Boats and Floating Waggons for Naval and
Military Service ; with Observations on American Life-preserving Cars,' 1866.

Pab HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Pan

[ 103 ]

F.

5, Paul Andre', French lawyer, b. at Paris, July 23, 1809 ; advocate to the
Council of State and to the Court of Cassation, 1839 ; president of the Order of Advo-
cates, 1856 to 185P ; legal adviser to the fiimily of Orleans since 1852.

, John, English painter, b. at Burley Mill, Kirkcudbright, 1820. Exhibited
* Shakespeare and his Contemporaries ;' • The Cotter's Saturday Night ;' * Tarn O'Shanter ;'
and ' The Soldier's Return.'

S Thonias, English painter, b. at Burley Mill, 1826, brother of the preceding ;
associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, 1849. Exhibited 'The Mitherless Bairn,' 1855 ;
'Home and the Homeless,' 1857; * From Dawn to Sunset ;* and other paintings.

FA6AN, William Addis, English politician, b. 1832 ; educated at the College of
Stonyhurst ; captain in the 12th Lancers ; elected M.P. for Carlow, 1868.

FAIDER, Charles, Belgian statesman, b. at Brussels, 1805 ; called to the bar at
Brussels, 1832 ; minister of justice, Nov. 1852 to March 1865 ; advocate-general of the
Court of Cassation at Brussels. Author of * Paroles d'un Voyant;' Brussels, 1834 ; * De
la Nationality litt^raire en Belgique,' 1840 ; and other works.

FAIDHERBE, Lonis Iieon Cesar, French officer, b. at Lille, June 3, 1818;
entered the Ecole Polytechnique, 1838 ; and that of Metz, 1840 ; entered the army, and
served in Algeria, 1844 to 1846 ; at Ouadaioupe, 1848-49 ; and in the province of Con-
stantine, 1849 to 1852 ; appointed governor of Senegal, 1854.

FAILIiY, Pierre Iionis Charles Achille de, French officer, b. 1808; studied
at St. Cyr, 1826 ; second lieutenant, 1828 ; captain, 1837 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1848 ;
colonel, 1851 ; brigadier-general, 1854 ; was general of division in the Crimea, 1855 ;
and on his return aide-de-camp to the Emperor, and held command in the Italian
campaign.

FAIRBAIRN, William, English civi engineer, b. at Kelso, Roxbui^hshire, 1789 ;
studied at Newcastle-on-Tyne ; aided Stephenson in the erection of the bridge across the
Menai Straits ; one of the founders and first members of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science. Author of • Mills and Mill-work ;' * Iron ; its Histoiy, Proper-
ties, and Process of Manufacture,' second edition, 1865.

FAIRHOIiT, Frederick Williaui, English artist and author, b. in London, 1818.
Illustrated ' History of the Silver Coinage of England ;' ' England under the House of
Hanovei;' 1848; 'Antiquities of Richborough,' 1850 ; and numerous historical and anti-
quarian woiks. Author of ' Costume in England,' 1646 ; * Up the Nile,' 1861 ; and other
works.

FAIiKENSTEIN, Johan Paul von, German statesman, b. at Pegau, Saxony, 1802 ;
studied at the University of Leipsic, where he received the diploma of LL.D., and was
professor of law, 1824-40 ; minister of the interior of the kingdom of Saxony, 1844
to 1848; president of the General Council, 1851; minister of public instmction of
Saxony, 1853.

FAIalaOUX, Alfred Frederic Pierre, Conite de, French statesman and author,
b. at Angerf, May V, 1811 ; member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1846-48 ; minister of
public instruction, 1848-49; elected member of the French Academy, March 1856.
Author of 'L'Histoire de Louis XVI.,' Paris, 1840 ; 'Madame Swetchine, sa Vie et ses
(Euvres,* 1859 ; * La Convention du 15 Septembre,' 1864 ; and other historical Works.

FAIaMOUTH. Evelyn Bosca^iren, Viscount, English administrator, b. 1819;
educated at Eton ; a magistrate of Kent and Cornwall ; deputy-lieutenant of Cornwall.

FANE, Henry Ed-virard Hamlyn, English politician, b. 1817 ; educated at the
Charterhouse ; a magistrate for Devon, Lincolnshire, and for Hants, and lieutenant-
colonel R. S. Lincolnshire Militia ; M.P. for South Hants, 1865-68.

FANE, John William, English politician, b. 1804; educated at Rugby; J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of Oxon ; and lieutenant-colonel of the Oxfordshire Militia ; M.P. for
Oxfordshure, 1862-68.

Par HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Fax
[ 104 J

FARINI^ Carlo IiUigrl, Italian statesman, b. at Rnssi, in the Roman States, Oct. 22,
1822 ; studied medicine at Bologna ; was suspended and ordered to leave the Papal States,
1841 ; minister of the interior of Sardinia, 1847-48 ; direetor-in-chief of the sanitary
and prison department of Rome^ 1848 ; dictator of Modena, 1859 ; commissioner at
Naples, 1860 ; president of the Italian Council of Ministers, Dec. 8, 1862, to Mar^h 24,
1863. Author of ' History of Italy,* and other works.

FARNHAM . Elisa Burhans, American authoress, b. in Albany County, New York,
Nov. 17, 1815 ; married to Mr. Famham, traveller, 1835 ; devoted herself to prison visiting
1841 ; appointed matron of the state prison at Sing-Sing, 1844. Author of ' Life in Praine
Land ;' ' California Indoors and Out,* 1856 ; ' My Early Days,' 1859.

FARQUHARy Sir Walter Minto Townsbend, English politician, b. 1809 ;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1829 ; formerly
attache at Vienna; M.P. for Hertford, 1857-68.

FARR, William, English statistician, b. 1803 ; licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries,
London, 1832, and graduated M.D. at the University of New York ; chief superintendent
of the registrar-generars department. Author of * The Medical Annual,' 1835-89 ; * Reiwrt
to the Registrai'-general on Cholera in England,' 1852 ; and of other statistical works.

FARRAGUT| David, American naval commander, b. at Knoxville, Tennessee, 1801 ;
entered the naval service as midshipman, 18ll ; lieutenant, 1821 ; appointed to the
command of the Saratoga, 1847 ; on the outbreak of the civil war, took command of the
Gulf squadron, and reduced New Orleans, April 28, 1862 ; admiral of the United States
navy, 1862.

FARRINGTON, Sarah Payson Willis, American authoress, b. at Portland,
Maine, July 9, l&ll ; married to Dr. Eldiidge, of Boston, 1837, who died 1846 ; and to
Mr. Farrington, of Boston, from whom she separated. Published, under the pseudonym
of Fanny Fem^ 'Fern Leaves from Fanny's Portfolio; ' 'Ruth Hall;' 'Rose Clark,*
New York, 1856 : contributor to many American periodicals.

FAUCIT, Helen, English actress, b. 1817; made her d^but in London atCovent Garden
as Julia in the * Hunchback,' Feb. 5, 1836 ; was a member of Mr. Maeready's companies ;
appeared in the * Lady of Lyons ;' in Shakespeare's plays as Juliet, Imogen, Lady Macbeth,
and many others. Married to Theodore Martin, author, Aug. 25, 1851.

FAUOERC. Armaad Prosper, French writer, b. at Bergerac, Dofdogne, Feb. 10,
1810 ; appointed chief secretary to the minister of public instruction, 1831). Author of
'Pens^es, Fragments et Lettres de Blaise Pasoal,' 1844; * M^moires de Mme. Roland,'
1864 ; and numerous other workau

FAUGIER, Victor Augruste, French politician, b. Oct. 27, 1801 ; has been mayor,
and member of the General Couaoil for the canton of Vienne ; member of the Corps
L^slatif for the department of the Is^re eixkce 1852.

FAVRE, Gabriel Claude Jules, French advocate and politician, b. at Lyons,
March 31, 1809 ; studied law, and was called to the bar at Lyons, 1880 ; secretary-general
of the ministry of the interior, 1848; under-secretory for foreign affairs, 1848-49; elected
to the General Counoil, of tbe Rhone and Loire, 1851, but refused to take the oath to the
new constitution ; defended Orsini, 1858 ; member of the Corps L^slatif since 1858.
Author of * Contemjwraneous Biography,' 1837 ; and numerous political pamphlets.

FAwCETT, Henry, English politician, b. 1833 ; educated at King's Collie, London,
and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1856, and M.A. 1859; fellow
of Trinity Hall, and professor of political economy in the University of Cambridge ;
called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1862; M.P. for Brighton since 1866. Author
of 'Manual of Political Economy,' London, 1866.

FAY. Theodore Sedgrvirick. American diplomatist, b. in New York, Feb. 10, 1807 ;
called to tlie bar, 1828 ; appomted United States secretary of legation at the court
of Berlin, 1837; resident minister at Berne, Switzerland. 1840-60. Author of the
•Countess Ida.' 1840; *Ulric, or the Voices: a Poem,' 1851; * History of Switzerland ;*
and otber works.

FA YE, Herve Aiusruste Etienne Albany. Fi'ench astronomer, b. at St Benoit du
Sault, Indre, Oct .% 1814 ;• studied at the Ecole Polyteclmique, 1832-34; discovered anew
comet, Nov. 22, 1843 ; elected member of the Institute, Jan. 18, 1841, and of the Bureau of
Longitudes, March 26, 1862 ; appointed rector of the Academy of Nancy, 1854 ; member
of the Imperial Council of Public Instruction, 1864. Author of ' Sur les Declinaisons
absolues,' 1850 ; and other astronomical works.

FAZY, Jean Jacques, Swiss political economist, b. in Geneva, May 12, 1796 ; studied
in France. Editor of La Revolution; Revue de Genhve^ and one of the founders of Ia
France ChritUnne. Author of ' The Bank of France ;' • La Mort de Leviler, ' Geneva, 1826 ;
and numerous political pamphlets.

HANDBOOK OF

BIOGRAPHY.

tr die gulvBtUscbe Kette,' 1B31 ;■ Du RaUuelbUchkiu,' 1860 : and

id in France, and
MUipture ; iniae tiu aenut a IIm SaUe MoliCre ; appeared In Borlin,

.___. „.__i at the Princeae'a Theatre u Bamlet, ISM, and as OUiellg, 1E61.

Lessee and niiiniiger of the Lyceiun Theatre, lSii2-e;. '

P&'Ii, Antolno Ibkorent ApOlUnBlTC, French nfttutsliat; b. at Atdentes, Indre,

Nuv. 7, tTS9; tunndod the PhJiruiaceutical Society or the department of Ibe Seine, 1^19;

admftt«d to Ibe Academy of Uedieine. IS^ : at,Di>int«d prolessor Dt Militarv In^truetiuii

lejardin dM PlSDlea. Author of

iioited at the CharlcrhouBe : a

pher, b. at Bordeaux, Aug. Si,
tdeMgr.Airre.'1843; 'Andro-

. Justice,' 'La Fenueti,' 'La
cr^'k''lS^^a't G^n^viSe"

»>ttaiid. ISOB: aivhit
the commlseioneis
. Aulhorof 'IlluBt

nburgb, 1S0B; edoeated at the
of aur»irj St King's Collepj,
'itraordinary to her M^esty.

FtraJay, iln ittkiinjir'j affrrntKi. uiht war
uimlific riinarh by rtadini lii Bfir»mka

FERBABA, Frftncsaeo, Itsliai

Hnaiice of the kingdom of ItaJ?, April T

FBRRARI, aiiueppe, Italiia wtltei

Favla, Bud took the degree of LL,D, 1

HANDBOOK OP CONTBMFOnAKT

FARINI, Okrlo LuIkIi IfaliBn sttttesman, b. at Rnasi, tn tUe Eoman States, Oct. 22,

1841 ; m"u1steror the" interim- ot'Sirdinia, 1847^8; dircutor-ln-ehief of tbe sanitaiy
and prison departnieut of Romo; IMS; dictator of Modemi, 1863; oommissioner at
Naploa, 18M ; presidenl of the Italian Council of MiBlnW™, Dec. 8, ISflZ. to Marjh 24,
1863. Anthor of ■ Hiatory of Italy,' and other itorltB.
FARNHAH, BUm« BnrbanB, American authoreaa, b. In Alhanj' Counlj, New Torh,
Knv. 17. 1815; married to Mr. Famham, traveller, 1R36 ; devoted heiselflflprison visiting
"" ;appoinleanu.tronoftlieBtalepri8on»t Sing-Sing, 1844 Author of ■ Life in Pralne

..I'.'^-i..—,. T_j and Out," lew ; ' My Barlj Dayii,' 1869.

Towmabend, Engliah politieian, b. ISOB ;
ird, where be grailuated EA. 1829 ; formerly
Aliacne At Vienna; m.r. lur otiEvioru, loJi-flS. .._^^^^^

PABB, WJIUain, Engiisliatatlattelan, h 1603; licentiate of tbe SnciatiLaiJ^**^^^^

K^liJS'^nra^^jucs'tioii. "What will the New Eacyclopxd
FM^^r»«'^.™'^H it?" please remember that the Britannica h

^mll^ndo'f trt™^ti8"'al things by practical men. The Britannica

S'J^7-'>™".'^'"^'""^NVtal idleness on the shelves. Robert Lyo
''^"?u°™r8li*^cftt. calls it "the most bcthumbed of all boo

"f'>«™vT^°'i^'tea'i^;'cycIopxdia Britannica is

FAOCrr, Helen, EngiiBhaetrt,_„nhT, — " toedioil libriry embr»cing 644

as Julia in the 'Hiin.bMck.' Fe 'hfc, 00 mcdidne and lurgery. lOcludir

IZ^^^l^^'^Z^h'T-^^^.u^i. (.«««! .dvic for the l.™»a.

FAUQEHE, ArtnwKl Pro»i ixj.ooo — » v»!u»bli: librwy ™ "gr"^^'""^-

ISJn ; appointed chief secretary — » huulbook of motic, singmg, OJ

i^n^'d mSSfl^otheJUlrtL^d, with d«Klog.

faugibr" Victor A=t«t. -» P'*^"^'' '|br«y fo^-^^';^^ „,

and nienmJr of the Genaral Co ^iclej — » DuiiOtM llbr»ry foc nKTChants, ni»

LSpslatiffortheOcpartdientof j„j facturers, adverti»ere. nurket analy

FAVRB, Gabriel dander ' Utd iiudcatsof econotnici.

Ei''Si?H'^ri{-o^J^o^«cast .of the future so far as intelligent anal
^'ictcrmine coming developments io Industrie

I

HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Per
[ 105 ]

FZSCHNCR, Gustav Theodor, German author, b. at Gross Sahrchen, nearMuskau,
in Niederlaiisitz, April 19, 1801 ; studied at the Colleges of Sorau and Dresden, and
medicine at Leipsic; appointed professor at the same University, 1834. Author of
'Massbeatimmungen liber die galvanische Kette,' 1831 ; ' Das Rathselbiichlein,' 1850 ; and
numerous other works.

*f GbarleSy English actor, b. in London, 1823; educated in France, and
studied painting and sculpture ; made his d^but at the SaUe Moli^re ; appeared in Berlin,
1846, and in England at the Princess's Theatre as Hamlet, 1860, and as Othello, 1861.
i Lessee and manager of the Lyceum Theatre, 1862-67. /

; FE'E, Antoine Iiaurent Apollinaire, French naturalist, b. at Ardentes, Indre,

I Nov. 7, 1789 ; founded the Pharmaceutical Society of the department of the Seine, 1819 ;
admitted to the Academy of Medicine, 1824 ; appointed professor of Military Instruction

U at Lille, 1824, and at Strasburg, 1832 ; director of the Jardiu des Plantes. Author of

• •Flore de Vii:gile,* 1823 ; and * Souvenirs de la Guerre d'Espagne/ 1857.

II FEIiIaOMTES^ Ed^irard, English politician, b. 1809 ; educated at the Charterhouse ; a
*^ magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Norfolk and Hunts; formerly lieutenant in the

• ' 16th Hussars ; M.P. for Hunts since 1837.

' ™ F£laON; Joseph; French painter, sculptor, and lithographer, b. at Bordeaux, Aug. 22,

(^l 1818 ; studied painting under M. Court. Painted ' La Mort de Mgr. Atfre,' 1849 ; ' Andro-

f niede,* a statuette at the Universal Exhibition, 1865 ; and executed in marble for the new

Y«J Louvre the Allegories of * La Verite,' * L'Histoire,' ' La Justice,' * La Fermetd,' * La

1™ Prudence,' * La Force ;* and many other pieces of sculpture.

00^ FEIaSINGy Jacoby German engraver, b. at Darmstadt, 1802 ; studied at the Academy
of Milan, and at Florence, and under Torchi at Parma. Engraved * Christ in the Garden
of Olives,' after Carlo Dolce ; * The Holy Family,' after Overbeck, 1839 ; ' St. Genevieve '
of Steinbruck ; and the works of many other celebrated painters.

'SN'WICK, Edward Matthew, English politician, b. 1812 ; assumed the name of
•^enwick by royal licence, 1854; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1854 ; a J. P.
^and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lancaster, and magistrate for the West Riding
of Yorkshire ; M.P. for Lancaster, 1864-68.

7&R6USON, Robert, English physician, b. 1799 ; educated in England, and at the
University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. 1823 ; consulting physician to King's

•College Hospital, and physician-extraordinary to the Queeu. Author of a treatise * On
Puerperal Fever.*

FER6USSON, James, English architect, b. in Ayr, Scotland, 1808 ; architect of the

miUn. Nineveh Court in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham ; one of the commissioners to inquire

^ into the defences of the United Kingdom, appointed 1859. Author of ' Illustrations of

1*** the Rock-cut Temples of India,' 1845 ; • The Palaces of Nineveh and PersepoUs restored,'

1851 ; and other works on architectura.

FER6USSON, Sir James, English administrator, b. 1832; educated at Rugby,
and University College, Oxford ; formerly captain in the Grenadier Guards, and served
in the Crimea; M.P. for Ayrshire, 1854-67, and 1859-68; appointed governor of South
Austi-alia, Aug. 1868.

FERGUSSON, MTilliam, English surgeon, b. near Edinburgh, 1808 ; educated at the
High School and the University of Edinburgh ; professor of surgery at King's CollegQ,
London ; surgeon to King's College Hospital ; sui^eon-extraordinary to her Majesty.
Author of • System of Practical Surgery. '

FERNAN, Sebastian Franz Dazenber^rer, German statesman and poet, b. at
Munich, Oct. 3, 1809 ; studied at the Universities of Gottingen and Berlin ; counsellor of
state, 1848 ; deputy to the National Assembly of Frankfort, 1849. Author of * Edgar,
Oder Bliithe ans dem Leben eines Dichters,' Munich, 1838 ; * Gedichte,' Ratisbon, 1845 ;
and of several dramas.

.iui|

», William Busfield, English politician, b. 1809 ; a J. P. and deputy-
lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire; M.P. for Knaresborough, 1841-47, and for
Devonport, 1863-68.

BRRARA, Francesco, Italian statesman, b. at Palermo, Dec. 10, 1810 ; studied
political economy, and founded the GiomdU di Statistica ; imprisoned in the citadel of
Palermo, 1847-48 ; member of the Provisional Government of the kingdom of Naples,
1848-49 ; professor of political economy at the University of Turin, 1849-67 ; minister oi
Unance of the kingdom of Italy, April 7 to Oct. 28, 1867.

BRRARI, Giuseppe, Italian writer, b. at Milan, 1811 ; studied at the University of
Pavia, and took the degree of LL.D. 1831 ; appointed professor of philosophy to the

College of Rochefort, 1840 ; at Strasburg, 1841. Author of 'Ideas on the Politics of
Plato and Aristotle/ 1842- 'Histoire des Revolutions d'ltalie, ou Guelfs et Gibelins/
Paris, 18d6-58 ; and other historical and philosophical works.

FESSENDEN^ ^VUliam Pitt, American statesman, b. in Merrimac Conntv, New
Hampshire, Oct. 16, 180(5; graduated at Bowdoin Collie, 1823; admitted to the bar,
1827 ; member of Congress, 1838 ; member of the United States House of Representatives,
1840 ; elected to the Senate ; secretary of finance, 1864-65.

FETISy Francois Joseph, Belgian musical composer, b. at Mons, March 25, 1784 ;
studied under Haydn and Mozart ; entered the Conservatoire, and received lessons frona
Roy and Boieldieu ; appointed director of the Conservatoire of Brussels, 1833 ; member
of the Belgian Academy, 1845. Published 'Traits du Contrepoint et de la Fugue,* 1818 ;
* Biographic universelle des Musiciens, et Biographic g^n^rale de la Musique,' Paris and
Brussels, 1835-44 ; and numerous other works.

FEXTERBACHy Imdinrlgr, German author, b. at Anspach, Bavaria, July 28, 1804 ;
studied theology at Heidelberg, under Professors Paulus and Daub. Author of ' Gtedanken
(iber Tod und Unsterblichkeit,' Nuremberg, 1830; 'Das Wesen der Religion/ Leipsic,
1845 ; and numerous other philosophical works.

FEUIIaLET, Octave, French dramatic writer, b. at St. Lo, Manche, Aug. 11, 1812 :
studied at the College of Louis-le-Grand, Paris. Author of * La Nuit Terrible ;* * Bellah,^
1850 ; • Histoire de Sibylle,' 1862 ; • I a Belle au Bois dormant,* 1865 ; and numerous other
dramas, romances, and poems. Elected member of the French Academy, 1862.

FE'VAIi, Paul Henri Corentln, French novelist, b. at Rennes, Sept 27, 1817 ;
studied in his native town, and was called to the bar. Author of * Loup Blanc,' 1843 ;
' Histoire des Tribunaux secrets/ 1851 ; 'Annette Lais,' 1864 ; and numerous other works
of fiction.

FEVERSHAM. ^XTilliam Dnnconibe« Baron, English administrator, b. 1798 ;
studied at Christ Church, Oxford ; M.P. for York, 1826 to 1841, when he succeeded to the
title ; deputy-lieutenant of Yorkshire.

FEZCNSAC, Raimond Emery Philippe Joseph de Montesqnion, Due

de, French diplomatist, b. at Paris, Feb. 26, 1784 ; brigadier-general, 1S12 ; duke of
Fezensac, 1832; ambassador at Madrid, 1838. Published * Journal de la Campagne de
Russie in 1812,' 1850.

FFEILDEN^ Joseph, English politician, b. 1792 ; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of
Lancashire ; high sheriff, 1818 ; M.P. for Blackburn since 1865.

FIQHTE, Inimanuel Hermann. German philosophical writer, b. at Jena, July 18,
1797 ; studied at the University of Berlin ; professor at the College of Saarbriicken,
1822, and at Dusseldorf, 1836 ; at the University of Bonn, 1839, and at Tubingen, 1842.
Author of 'Satze der Vorschule zur Theologie,* Stuttgai-t, 1826; 'Anthropologic, oder
die Lehre von der menschlichen Seele,* Leipsic, 1856 ; and other philosophical works.

FIELD, Gyms West, American electrician, b. at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Nov. 30,
1819 ; accompanied the ezi>editions of 1857 and 1858 to lay the telegraph cable in the
Atlantic from England to America, and took a leading part in the third expedition
of 1864.

FIEIiD, David Dudley, American jurist, b. at Haddam, Connecticut, Feb. 13, 1805,
brother of the preceding ; educated at WiUiams College, Massachusetts ; called to the
bar, 1828 ; appointed by the State of New York as president of a commission to prepare
a new political, penal, and civil code, 1857.

FIELD, Rev. Frederick, English philologist, b. 1800 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1823 ; was elected fellow of his college ; rector of
Reepham, Norfolk, 1842 ; resigned, 1863. Edited the Greek text of St. Chiysostom's
Homilies on St. Matthew, 1839 ; the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, according
to the Alexandrian codex ; and other works.

FIELDS. James, American author, b. at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1820. Edited
and published an edition of De Quincey*s writings in 21 vols. : author of * A Few Verses
for a Few Friends,* 1858 ; and other poems.

FIFE, James Duff. Earl of, English administrator, b. at Edinburgh, 1814 ; K.T.
and lord-lieutenant of Banffshire ; M.P. for Banffshire, 1837 to 1857 ; succeeded his uncle,
third earl, March 1857.

FIOUIER, Gnlllanme Louis, French writer, b. at MontpelUer, Feb. 15, 1819;
took the degree of M.D. at Paris, 1841 ; appointed professor to the School of Pharmacy
at Montpellier, 1846. Author of * Du Tissu adipeux et des Matiferes grasses dans la SMo
animale,* 1844 ; *La Terre avant le D61uge,' 1862 ; and numerous other works.

il HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Pla
'■ [ 107 J

FIZiIalASy Acbille Etienne^ French writer, b. at Aubusson, March 25, 1821 ; studied
at St Cyr, and entered the anny, 1841. Author of • Etudes surl'Alg^rie,' 1849 ; 'HiBtoire
de la Conqu^te et de la Colonisation de I'Alg^rie, 18S0-60,' 1860 ; and other works.

FIIaliMORE^ Millard; American statesman, b. at Summer Hill, State of New York,
Jan. 7, 1800 ; apprenticed to a wool-carder ; elected to the State Assembly as representa-
tive of the county of Erie, 1829 ; member of Congress, 1832 and 1837 ; comptroller of
the State of New York, 1847; vice-president of the United States, 1849-60; president of
the United States, 1850 to 1853.

FINGALIiy Archibald James Plnnkett, Barl of, Irish administrator, b. 1791 ;
lord-lieutenant of the county of Meath ; visitor and trustee of Maynooth College ; sat in
the House of Commons as Lord Killeen till 1831.

TINImAY^, Alexander Strutbers, English politician, b. 1806 ; educated at Harrow
and Glasgow ; a commissioner of supply, and magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the
county of Argyle; deputy-lieutenant of Bute ; M.P. for Argyleshii-e, 1867-68.

FINIiAY^ QeorsBf English historian, resident for many years at Athens. Author of
* History of the Greek Revolution,' and several other works on the history of Greece.

FINNIE, Williain. English politician, b. 1828 ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple,
1852 ; elected M.P. for North Ayrshire, 1868.

FITZGERAIiD, Ri«rlit Hon. John David. Irish judge, b. in Dublin, 1815 ; edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1838 ; appointed soliiitor-general
for Ireland, 1855 ; attorney-general, 1856 ; one of the judges of the Court of Common
Pleas in Ireland, 1860.

FITZGERAIiD^ Otho AngustuSy IfOrd, English politician, b. 1827 ; formerly
master of the horse to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland ; appointed comptroller of the
royal household, Dec. 1868 ; M.P. for the county of Kildare since 1866.

FITZMAURIGE, IfOrd Edniond Georg^e^ English politician, b. 1846; educated
at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; returned M.P. for Calne, 1868.

FITZMAURICEy Hon. William Edward, English author, b. 1805 ; educated at
Oriel College, Oxford : was captaia in the 2d Life Guards ; M.P. for Bucks from 1842 to
1847. Author of *A Cruise in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece.*

FITZPATRICK, Ri^ht Hon. John Wilson, English politician, b. in London.
1800 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College; Dublin ; lord-lieutenant of Queen's County ;
captain in the army ; M.P. for Queen's County, 1837-41, 1847-52, and since 1865 ; sworn
privy councillor for Ireland, 1848.

FITZPATRICK. William John, English writer, b. in Ireland, Aug. 31, 1830 ;
educated at the Roman Catholic College of Clongowes Wood; a magistrate and grand
juror of the county of Dublin. Author of 'The Life, Times, and Correspondence of
Bishop Doyle ;* and many other biographical works.

FITZWIIalilAM, Hon. Charles William W^entworth, English politician,
b. 1826 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; formerly attach^ at Vienna ; M.P. for
Malton since 1858. •"

FITZW^IIiIilAM^ Hon. W^iUiam Henry W^entworth-Fitzwilliam,

English politician, b. 1840, second son of Earl Fitzwilliam; returned M.P. for County
Wicklow, 1868.

FITZWIIiIiIAM, William Thonias Spencer Wentworfh FitziviUiamy
Early English administrator, b. Oct. 12, 1815; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated M.A. 1837 ; a magistrate and lord-lieutenant of the West
Riding of Yorkshire, and KG. ; M.P, for Malton, 1837 to 1841, and again from 1846 to
1847 ; M. P. for Wicklow, 1847-57 ; succeeded his father, 1857.

FlaACH ATy Eugre'ne. French engineer, b. 1802 ; studied at the School of Niroes, and
at Havre and Paris, 1828 to 1830 ; appointed chief engineer of the railways of the West,
1857 ; founded the Union des Constructeurs, 1841 ; the Conference des Chemins de Fer,
1844 ; and the Soci6t6 des Ing^nieurs Civils, 1848. Author of ' De la Traversee des Alpes
par un Chemin de Fer,* 1860 ; and numerous other works on railroads and engineering.

FIiAOG, Edninndy American writer, b. at Wicasset, Maine, U.S., November 24, 1815 ;
graduated at Bowdoin College, 1835 ; called to the bar, 1837 ; appointed United States
consul for the port of Venice, 1850. Author of * Venice, the City of the Sea ;' * Carrero,
or the Prime Minister ;' and several novels and dramas.

Pla HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. FlO

[ 108 ]

FLAHAUIiT DE laA BILLARDERIE. Angrnste Charles Joseph, Count

dCy French diplomatist, b. at Paris, April 20, 1786; created brigadier-general, and
general of division with the title of count, 1813 ; appointed ambassador plenipotentiary
at Berlin, 1831 ; ambassador at Vienna, 1841 ; ambassador to Great Britain, 1860 to
1862.

FLANDIN, Eus^e'ne Napoleon, French painter and traveller, b. at Naples, Aug. 15,
1809 ; accompanied M. de Sercey, the ambassador, to Persia, 1839, and M. Botta to the
ruins of Nineveh, 1843. Published * Voyage en Perse,' 1843 ; * Voyage en Ninive,' 1845 :
painted • La Ville de Venise,' 1836 ; * Int6rieurs de Bazar 4 T6h6ran,* 1861 ; and many
other pictures, principally landscapes.

FIiAUBERT. Gustave. French novelist, b. 1821. Author of * Madame Bovary,' 1857 ;
*Salarambo,*1862.

FlaAUDINy Iiouls HugrueSy French politician, b. at Paris, May 6, 1804; admitted
to the bar, 1827 ; appointed advocate-general at the Paris Court of Appeal, 1848 ;
member of the Council of State, 1852.

FIiEISCHER, Heinrich Lebrecht, German philologist, b. at Schandau on the Elbe,
Feb. 21, 1801 ; studied at the University of Leipsic, 1819 to 1824 ; appointed professor of
the Kreuzschule of Dresden, 1831 • professor of the University of St. Petersburg, and of
Leipsic, 1835. Author of ' Samachscharis goldene Halsbander,' Leipsic, 1835; 'Gram-
matik der lebenden persischen Sprache,' ib. 1847 ; and other philological works.

FIiEMING, Charles, English linguistic writer, b. at Perth, 1806; studied in
Edinburgh, and at the University of Glasgow ; teacher of English at the College of
Louis-le -Grand, Paris, 1829-31 ; at the l^cole Polytechnique, 1844-48 ; at the College
Bourbon, Paris, 1841-52. Published 'Dictionary of English and French, and French
and English,' 1839-40 ; and several elementary works.

FLEMING. Sir Valentine, English colonial judge, b. 1809; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he graduated, 1884 ; called to the English bar ; appointed com-
missioner of the Insolvent Court for Hobart Town, 1841 ; was s^ccessively solicitor and
attorney-general for Tasmania, and chief justice of that colony.

FLETCHER, Isaac, English politician, b. 1827 ; coalowner and ironmaster, and a
magistrate of Cumberland ; returned M. P. for Cockermouth, 1868.

FLEURY, Anselnie, French politician, b. Feb. 14, 1820 ; member of the Corps L^gis-^
latif for the department of Loire Inferieure since 1852.

FLEURY, Emile Felix, French general, b. at Paris, Dec. 23, 1815 ; studied at the
College RoUin ; entered the corps of Spahis, 1837 ; sub-lieutenant, 1840 ; captain,
1844 ; chief of a squadron, 1848 ; appointed aide-de-camp to the Emperor, colonel of the
Guides, and grand equerry of the Crown, Dec. 31, 1852 ; general of brigade, 1856 ;
general of division, 1863 ; senator, 1865. •

FLOCARD DE MEPIEN, Adolphe, French politician, b. July 20, 1802 ; member
of the General Council for the canton of Morestel ; member of the Corps Ldgislatif for the
third circonscription of the Isere since 1852.

FLOCON, Ferdinand, French politician, b. in Paris, Nov. 1, 1800 ; repoiter to the
Courrier Frangais, 1820 ; fought at the barricades, 1830; wrote for the Tribune National^
and was one of the founders of the Riforme ; member oi the Provisional Government of
France, and minister of commerce, 1848 ; exiled after the coup d'6tat of Dec. 2, 1851.

FLORENCOURT, Franz Chassot von, €rerman political writer, b. at Bnins'
wick, July 4, 1804; studied at the University of Marburg. Author of *Kircldiche,
politische und literarische Zustande Deutschlands,' Leipsic, 1840; 'Zur preussischen
Verfassungsfrage,' Hamburg, 1847 ; and other political works.

TImOTOV^, Friedrich Ferdinand Adolph von, German musical composer,
b. at Tentendorf, Mecklenburg, April 27, 1812 ; studied under Reicha. Composed ' Rob
Roy,' 1832; the 'Duchess of Guise,' 1838; 'L'Esclave de Camoens,* 1843; * Martha,*
1858 ; and many other operas and smaller musical pieces.

FLOURENS, Marie Jean Pierre, French physiologist, b. at Maureilhan, Hdrault,
April 15, 1794; received the degree of M.D. at Montpellier, 1813; created a peer of
France, 1846 ; professor in the College of France, 1855 ; professor of comparative phy-
siology in the Museum of Natural History in Paris ; perpetual secretary of the Freadi
Academy of Sciences. Author of *De la Longe\dt6 humaine^' Paris,, 1854; and
nmnerous other scientillc works,

PlO HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Por

[ 109]

FIiOYER. Johiiy English politician, b. 1811 ; educated at Winchester, and Balliol
College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1831 ; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Dorset ;
was high sheriflf, 1844; M.P. for Dorset, 1846-57, and since 1864.

FIiXTGEL, Oustav Lebrecht. German philologist, b. at Bautzen, Feb. 18, 1S02;
educated at the University of "Leipsic, and at Vienna, where he sttidifd under Von
Hammer; appointed professor in the College of Meissen, 1832. Author of 'Arabic
Anthology: Collection of fugitive Pieces of Poetry of ThAalibi,' Vienna, 1829; 'History
of the Arabs,' 1833 ; and other works.

FOERSTER^ Ernst Joachim^ German writer and painter, b. at Munchengosser-
stadt, April 8, 1800, brother of the following; studied at Munich, in the school of
Cornelius. Executed a great number of frescoes. Author of 'Beitrage zur neuem
Kunstgeschichte,' Leipsic, IS.'JS ; ♦ Denkmale deuts(5her Baukunst, Bildnerei und Malerei,'
ib. 1855 ; and many other works.

FOERSTER^ Friederich^ German military writer, b. at Munchengosserstadt, Sept. 15,
1792 ; entered the volunteer corps of Liltzow, 1813. Author of 'Beitrage zur neuem
Kriegsgeschichte,' Berlin, 1816 ; * Preussen's neuere und neueste Geschiehte,^ib. 1850 ; and
numerous other works.

FOGARASSYy Johann, Hungarian jurist, b. at Kasmark, Abauj var, 1801 ; called to the
bar, 1829 ; and became a magistrate, 1835 ; elected member of the Hungarian Academy,
1838 ; councillor to the minister of finance, 1848 ; judge of the Tribunal of Pesth during
the revolution. Author of 'Magyarhoui maganos Ton'enytudomany elemei,* Pesth,
1839 ; and numerous other works on jurisprudence.

FOIaEY, John Henry. English sculptor, b. in Dublin, 1818 ; studied at the Dublin
Royal Society, and in the schools of the Royal Academy, London. Exhibited 'The
Death of Abel,' 1839 ; ' Ino and Bacchus,* 1840 ; * Egeria,' 1854 ; and numerous statues,
busts, and groups. Elected A. R. A. 1849; R.A, 1858.

FOIaEYy John Henrv Wentworth Hodfiretts. English politician, b. 1828;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
Worcestershire and Staffordshire ; M.P. for South Staffordshire, 1857-68.

FOIiEYy Thomas Henry Foley, Baron, English politician, b. 1808; M.P. for
Worcestershire, 1830 to 1833 ; captain of the gentlemen-at-arms from July 1846 to March
1852, and Dec. 1852 to Feb. 1858; reappointed, June 1859 ; succeeded his father, 1883.

FOIiJAMBE. Francis John Savile, English politician, b. 1830 ; educated at Eton,
and Christ Cnurch, Oxford; is a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Notts; M.P. for East
Retford since 1857.

FONBIftA.NQUE, Albany, English journalist and statistician, b. 1797 ; chief of the
statistical department of the Board of Trade ; for many years proprietor and editor of
the Examiner. Author of 'England under Seven Administrations,' 1837.

FOOT, Solonion. American i>olitician, b. at Addison County, Vermont, Nov. 19, 1802 ;
graduated at Middleburg College, 1826 ; appointed professor of natural philosophy in the
Vermont Academy of Medicine at Castleton, 1828 to 1831 ; called to the bar, 1831 ;
returned to Congress, 1842 to 1844 ; member of the U.S. Senate, 1850-56.

FOOTS, Henry Stnart, American politician, b. in Fauquier County, Virginia, Sept. 20,
1800 ; graduated at Washington College, Lexington, 1819 ; commenced practice as a
lawyer, 1822 ; elected to the United States Senate, 1847 ; governor of Mississippi, 1851.

FORBES, Right Rev. Alexander Penrose, Scottish divine, b. at Edinburgh,
1817 ; educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1844 ; consecrated
bishop of Brechin, in Scotland, 1847; and received the degree of D.C.L. Author of
numerous devotional works.

FORBES, Charles Stnart, English naval commander, b. at Richmond, Surrey,
1829 ; entered the navy, 1841 ; served during the first China war, and in New Zealand,
1844-46 ; joined the flrat expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, and promoted to
a lieutenancy, 1848 ; took the Algerine gunboat to China, 1867 ; commander in the navy,
1858. Author of ' Garibaldi's Campaign in the Two Sicilies,' 1861.

FORBES, Hon. Francis Reginald, English diplomatist, b. 1791 ; educated at
Eton ; entered the diplomatic service ; was secretary of legation at Rio Janeiro, Copen-
hagen, and Lisbon, and secretary of embassy at Vienna ; appointed minister at Dresden,
1832 ; envoy extraordinary to Brazil, 1858.

FORBES, James David, American naturalist, b. in Edinburgh, 1809 ; educated at
the University of Edinburgh, where he was professor of natursd philosophy, 1833 to
1860 ; principal of St Salvator's and St. Leonard's Colleges, St. Andrew's, New Bruns-
wick. Author of ' Travels in the Alps of Savoy ;' and numerous scientific works.

Tor HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. For
[ 110 ]

FORCADE, Eugre'ne, French writer, b. at Marseilles, 1820; founded the journal
Semaphore, 1837 ; the Messager de VAssemblie, Paris, 1851 ; director of the Semaine Fi-
naTicUre, 1866 to 1862. Author of ' Historical Studies,' 1853 ; and other works.

FORCADE-IiAROQUETTE, Jean lK>uis Victor Adolphe de. French
statesman, b. in Paris, 1820 ; studied law in Paris, and called to the bar at the Royal
Court, 1841 ; LL.D. 1846 ; minister of finance, Nov. 28, 1860, to Nov. 12, 1861 ; member
of the Senate, Nov. 14, 1861 ; vice-president of the Council of State, 1863 ; minister of
agriculture, commerce, and public works, 1867-68 ; appointed minister of the interior.
Dee. 18, 1868.

FORCE, Peter, American journalist, b. in New Jersey, Nov. 26, 1790 ; educated in the
trade of a printer ; mayor of Washington, 1836 to 1840. Published a documentary
history of the American colonies, and several historical tracts.

FORCH HAMMER, Johan Geor^, Danish chemist and geologist, b. at Husum,
Schleswig, July 26, 1794 ; studied at Kiel, and at Copenhagen, under Oersted ; took the
degree of M.D. 1820 ; appointed lecturer on mineralogy at the University of Copenhagen,
1823 ; professor, 1850 ; member of the Academy of Sciences of Copenhagen, 1825 ; and.
secret^, 1851. Author of ' Skandinaviens geognostiske Natur,' 1843 ; and numerous
works on geology and chemistry.

FOROHHAMMER, Paul WUlielni, German archeeologist, b. at Husum, Schleswig,
1800 ; studied at Lubeck, and at the University of Kiel ; degree of Ph.D. 1828 ; appointed
professor at Kiel, 1830. Author of ' Zur Topographie von Athen,' Gottingen, 1833 ; and
numerous other works.

FORDE, MTUliam BrOTimlo^r, English politician, b. 1823 ; magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of the county of Down ; formerly colonel in the 67th Foot ; hi^ sheriff, 1851 ;
M.P. for Downshire since 1857.

FORESTER, Rigrbt Hon. Georgre Cecil Weld, English politician, b. 1807;
educated at Westminster ; colonel in the Royal Horse Guards ; groom of the bedchamber
to George IV. and William IV. ; comptroller of the household, 1852, and 1858-59; M.P. for
Wenlock since 1830.

FOREY, Elie Frederic, French military commander, b. in Paris, Jan. 10, 1804 ;
educated at Dijon, and admitted to the Military School of St. Cyr, 1822 ; took part in the
first expedition to Algeria ; colonel, 1844 ; general, 1848 ; took part in oigauizing the
coup d'6tat of Dec. 1851 ; general of division, 1852 ; senator, 1869 ; marsh^ of France,
May 17, 1863 ; commanded the French expedition to Mexico.

FORGACH, Qfsf Anton von, Hungarian politician, b. 1819 ; chancellor of Ofen
and of Fiume, 1849 ; appointed vice-governor of Prague, 1853 ; governor of Moravia,
1860 ; and of Bohemia, Oct. 1860 ; chancellor of Hungary, 1861 ; resigned, April 1864.

FORGUES, Paul Eniile Danrand, French writer, b. at Paris, April 20, 1813 ;
studied law at Toulouse, and called to the bar at Parifl, 1834. Contributor under the
pseudonym of Old Nick to the Charivari^ the Revue des Deux Monties, and many
other French periodicals : translated into R^nch 'Jane Eyre;' 'Shirley;* 'Macaulay's
Essays ;' and other works by English authors.

FORNEROD, Constant, Swiss statesman, b. at Avenches, Canton Vaud, 1820 ; studied
at the Universities of Lausanne, Tubingen, and Heidelberg ; secretary to the govern-
ment of Vaud, 1845 ; member of the Council of State for the same canton, 1848 ; president
of the council, 1861 ; member of the Council of State of the Confederation, 1853 ; presi-
dent, 1855 ; president of the Swiss Confederation, 1857 ; commissioner of the Confederation
in the canton of Geneva, 1864.

FORREST, EdTTin, American actor, b. in Philadelphia, March 9, 1806; made his
d6but at the Walnut-street Theatre, Nov. 1820 ; played m some of the principal theatres
in America and England.

FORRESTER, Alfk>ed Henry, English writer, b. in London, 1805. Contributed,
under the nom de plume of Alfred Crowquillf to the Humorist, 1828 ; Bentley's Miscellany^
Punch, and the Illustrated London News. Author of * Leaves trom my Memorandum
Book ;' ' The Wanderings of a Pen and Pencil ;* and other works.

FORSTER, Charles, English politician, b. 1815 ; educated at Worcester College,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1840 ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1843 ; a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Staflfordshire M.P. for Walsall since 1847.

FORSTER, Rev. Charles, English divine, b. 1790 ; educated at Trinity CoUege,
Dublin ; entered holy oi-ders in Ireland ; rector of Stistead, near Braintree, Essex, 1828 ;
appointed one of the six preachers in Canterbury Cathedral, 1835. Author of 'The
Apostolical Authority of the Epistle to the Hebrews vindicated,' 1838 ; * The One
Primeval Language traced experimentally through Ancient Inscriptions,' 1851.

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FORSTER, Frangois, French engraver, b. at Lode, NeufcMtel, Atig. 22, 1790 ;
studied at Paris under Langlois, Leopold Robert, and at the Bcole des Beaux Arts ;
elected member of the Academy of Fine Arts, 1844. Engraved * Sainte C6cilo,' after Paul
Delaroche ; * Queen Victoria,' after M. Winterhalter ; and many otiier works.

FORSTER; Johiiy English historian, b. at Newcastle, 1812 ; appointed commissioner
in lunacy, 1861. Author of * Lives of the Statesmen of the Commonwealth ; ' * Sir John
Eliot, a Biography, 1590-1632,* 1864 ; and other historical works. Editor for a time of the
Examiner and Daily News, and contributor to the Edinburgh and Qitarterly Reviews.

FORSTERy WiUiamEdiKrardy English statesman, b. 1818 ; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant
of the West Riding of YoAshire ; under-secretary of state for the colonies, 1865-66 ;
appointed vice-president of the Council of Education, Dec. 1868; M.P. for Bradford
since 1861.

FORSYTH, IVIlliain, English author, b. 1812 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. 1834; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1839; a
bencher of the Inner Temple, and standing counsel to the secretary of state in the
Council of India ; M.P. for Cambridge, 1865-68. Author of 'Hortensius, or the Duty
and Office of an Advocate,' 1849 ; • Life of Cicero,' 1864 ; and other works.

FORTESCUE, Riftrbt Hon. Chichester Samuel Parkinson^ English
statesman, b. 1823 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. 1844 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Louth ; lord of the
Treasury, 1844-45 ; under-secretary for the colonies, 1857-58, and 1859-66 ; appointed
chief secretary for Ireland, Dec. 1868 ; M.P. for County Louth since 1847.

FORTESCUE, Hon. Dudley FranciSi English politician, b. 182U; educated at
Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; a deputy-lieutenant of Devon, and magistrate
of the county of Waterford; M.P. for Andover since 1857.

FORTESCUEy Right Hon. Hugh Fortescne^ Earl, English statesman,
b. 1818; educated at Harrow; M.P. for Plymouth, 1841-52; M.P. for Marylebone,
1854-69 ; succeeded his father, 1861 ; a lord of the Treasury, 1846-47 ; secretary to the
Poor Law Board, 1847-51. Author of * Public Schools for the Middle Classes,' 1864 ;
and several political pamphlets.

FORTUNE, Robert, English botanist, b. in Berwickshire, 1813 ; appointed collector
of plants in Northern China by the Botanical Society of London, 1842. Author of
* Three Years' Wandering in China,' 1847 ; * Residence among the Chinese, Inland, on the
Coast, and at Sea ; being the Third Visit, from 1853 to 1856 ;' and other works.

FOSS, EdT^ard, Enj^ish author, b. 1787 ; a magistrate of Kent and Surrey, and of the
borough of Dover. Author of ' The Grandeur of the Law, or the Legal Peers of England, '
1843 ; 'The Judges of England,* 1848-57.

FOSTER, Birket, English artist, b. at North Shields, Northumberland, 1812 ; studied
wood-engraving under Mr. Landells. Contributor of sketches for the Illustrated London
News; illustrated Longfellow's 'Evangeline;' 'Goldsmith's Poetical Works;' and otiier
publications.

FOSTER, John, American military commander, b. in New Hampshire, 1824 ; educated
at West Point, and entered the army as lieutenant, 1846 ; serv'^ed in the Mexican war ;
was first lieutenant and captain at the outbreak of the civil war ; took part with the
North, and became major, 1861 ; major-general, 1862 ; placed in charge of the depwiiments
of Virginia and North Carolina, July 16, 1863.

FOSTER, La Fayette^ American statesman, b. at Franklin, New London, Connecticut,
Nov. 22, 1806 ; studied at the University of President Brown, Rhode Island ; elected to
the Senate of the United States, . 1855 ; re-elected to Congress, 1860 ; president of the
Senate, and on the death of Abraham Lincoln assumed the ofQce of vice-president of the
United States, April 14. 1865.

FOSTER, William Orme, English politician, b. 1814 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieu-
tenant of the counties of Stafford and Worcester ; M.P. for South Staffordshire, 1857-68.

FOTHERGIIiL, Richard, b. 1830, English politician ; ironmaster, and magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant of Glamorganshire ; returned M.P. for Merthyr Tydvil, 1868.

FOX7CHE' LEPELLETIER. Edouard Edmund Frangois, French politician,
b. at Havre, 1809 ; member of tne Corps Legislatif for the department of the Seine since
1852 ; member of the Municipal Commission of Paris.

FOlVIaER, Robert Nicholas, English politician, b. 1825 : a partner in the banking-
house of Dimsdale & Co. Comhill, London ; returned M.P. for Penryn, 1868.

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POWlaER, William^ English politician, b. 1828 ; educated at University College,
London; culled to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1852; returned M.P. for Cambridge,
1868.

POX, Sir Charles, English civil engineer, b. at Derby, 1810 ; constructed the building
for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, for which he was knighted ; and the
Crystal Palace at Sydenham.

POX, Charles Richard, English politician, b. 1798; entered the army, 1815; M.P.
for Horsham and Calne before the Reform Bill ; for Stroud, 1832-33 ; for the Tower
Hamlets, 1841-47. Published 'Engravings of unedited and rare Greek Coins, with
Descriptions,' 1856-62.

PRASER, Alexander Campbell, English writer, b. in Argyleshire, 1818 ; studied
at the University of Edinburgh ; appointed professor of metaphysics and logic in his
university, 1846. Editor of the North British Review, 1849; author of 'Essays in
Philosophy.*

PRANCIS, Oeorire Henry, English writer, b. 1817. Author of 'Opinions of Lord
Brougham,' 1857; 'Critical Biographies of Mr. B. Disraeli, Sir Robert Peel, Lord
Brougham, and Lord Palmerston :' contributor to Frnser^s and other magazines.

PRANCIS JOSEPH I.. Eniperor of Austria and King of Hnnirary,

b. Aug. 18, 1830, the son of Archduke Franz Carl and of Archduchess Sophia, Princess
of Bavaria ; appointed governor of Bohemia, April 5, 1848 ; declared of age, Dec^ 1, 1848 ;
proclaimed Emperor of Austria in consequence of the abdication of his uncle, Ferdi-
nand I., and the renunciation of the crown by his father, December 2, 1848 ; crowned
King of Hungary, and took the oath on the Himgarian Constitution, June 8, 1867 ;
married, April 24, 1864, to Elizabeth, Princess in Bavaria, the daughter of Duke Maxi-
milian in Bavaria.

PREEMAN, Edward Ancnstus, English historical writer, b. at Harbome,
Staffordshire, 1823; elected scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, 1841, and fellow, 1845 ;
graduated M. A. ; examiner in law and modem philosophy, 1857-58 and 1863-64. Author
of 'History of Architecture.' 1849; 'History of Federal Government,' 1863; 'History of
the Norman Conquest,' 1867; and other works.

PREERi Martha MTallLer, English authoress, b. at Leicester, Oct. 25, 1822 ; married
to the Rev. John Robinson, rector of Windmerpool, near Nottingham, 1861. Author of
'Life of Marguerite d'Angoul6me, Queen of Navarre,* 1854; 'The Married Life of Anne
of Austria,* 1864; and other biographical works.

PREIIiIGRATH, Perdinand, German poet, b. at Detmold, Northern Germany,
June 17, 1810 ; educated for a mercantile career. Author of numerous lyrical poems.

PREMANTIiE, Sir Thomas Prancis, English statesman, b. 1798 ; educated at
Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1819; M.P. for Buckingham, 1826-46;
deputy-chainnan of the Board of Customs, 1846, and chairman of the board, 1850 ; was
secretary at war, 1844-45 ; chief secretary for Ireland, 1845-46.

PREMONT, John Charles, American officer and statesman, b. in South Carolina,
Jan. 21, 1813 ; graduated at Charleston College, 1830 ; explored the South Pass of the
Rocky Mountains, 1842 ; captain, 1845 ; colonel, 1850 ; unsuccessful candidate for the
Presidency of the United States, 1856 ; took part with the Union Government in the
civil war, and appointed lieutenant-general, 1861.

PI^'MY, Edn&ond, French chemist, b. at Versailles, Feb. 28, 1814 ; studied at the
Ecole Pol3rtechnique ; professor in the same from 1848 to 1850 ; elected member of the
Academy of Sciences, 1857. Author of several works on chemistry.

PRENGH, Benjamin, American writer, b. in Virginiaj June 8, 1799. Published
'Memoirs of Eminent Female Writers,' 1825; 'Historical Collections of Louisiana,'
1844 to 1853 ; and other works.

PRENGH, Right Hon. Pits-Stephen, English politician, b. 1801 ; educated at
Trinity College, Dublin ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Roscom-
mon ; M.P. for county of Roscommon since 1832.

PRERE, Sir Henry Bartle Ed^irard, English colonial administrator, b. 1815 ;
educated at Haileybury ; entered the Bengal ^vil Service, 1833 ; appointed British
resident in Scinde, 1856; created K.C.B. civil division, 1859 ; governor of Bombay,
1862-68.

PRERE, Rer. John Alexander, English theological writer, b. 1814 ; educated at
fn_f_.x„ A^.,,-_- ^ ^_.j_- -,-._- ^- J, X.., « a '"""and M.A. ; appointed vicar

Scripture,' 1860; 'The Tes-

Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1838. and M.A. ; appointed vicar
of Shillington, Beds, 1863. Author of ^The Inspiration of ;

timony of the Spirit to the Incarnation,' 1863.

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FRE'BE-ORBAN. Hnbert, Belgian statesman, b. at Liege, April 24, 1812 ; studied
law, and after 1830 entered the journalistic career; elected member of the Chamber
of Deputies for Liege, June 1847 ; minister of finance in 1847, and again 1848-62 ;
minister of public works, 1847-48 ; appointed a third time minister of finance, Oct. 26,
1861.

FRERICHS. nriedriCh Theodor, German physician, b. at Aurich, in Hanover,
March 24, 1819; studied at the Universily of Gottingen, where he graduated M.D.;
physician to the King of Prussia, 1854. Author of a * Practical Treatise on Diseases of
the Liver ;' and other medical works.

FRESHFIBIaD, Charles Kaye. English politician, b. 1812; educated at the
Charterhouse ; is deputy4ieutenanx of London, and solicitor to the Bank of JSngland ;
M.P. for Dover, 1865.

FRIEDRICH I., Grand Dtike of Baden, b. Sept 9, 1826, second son of
Grand Duke Leopold I. and of Princess Sophia of Sweden ; ascended the throne of
Baden at the death of bis father, April 24, 1852 ; married, Sept. 20, 1856, to Louise,
b Dec. 3, 1838, the daughter of King Wilhelm I. of Prussia.

FBIEDRICH FRANZ I., Grand Doke of Mecklenbnrir-Strelits,

b. Oct. 17, 1819, the son of Grand Duke Geoi^ and Princess Marie of Hesse-Cassel ;
succeeded to the throne at the death of his father. Sept. 6, 1860 : married, June 24, 1843,
to Augusta, b. Jnly 19, 1822, the dau^ter of the late Duke Adolphus of Cambridge.

FRIEDRICH FRANZ II., Grand Dnke of Mecklenbnrgr-Sdiwerin,

b. Feb. 28, 1823, the son of Grand Duke Paul Friedrich and Princess Alexandrine of
Prussia ; studied pliilosophy and theology at the University of Bonn, 1840-42 ; succeeded
to the throne at the death of his father, March 7, 1842.

FRISWEIali, James Hain, English writer, b. at Newport, Shropshire, 1827. Author
of 'Houses with the Fronts Off,' 1865 ; * A Daughter of Eve ;' 'The Gentle Life ;' and
other works of a miscelltmeous character.

FRITH, WllUani Po^irell. English painter, b. at Studley, near Ripon, 1819 ; entered
the Art Academy^ 1835. Exhibited 'Malvolio before the Countess Olivia,' 1840;

* English Merrymaking a Hundred Years Ago,' 1847 ; ' A Child at its Evening Prayers,*
1852 ; ' A Dream of Hie Future,' 1856 ; and numerous other paintings. Elected A.R.A.
and R.A. 1852.

FROST, Williami EdDtrard, English painter, b. at Wandsworth, Surrey, 1810 ; was
. admitted as student at the Royal Academy, 1829. Painted ' Diana and Actseon,' 1846 ;

* The Syrens,' 1849 ; ' Chastity,' 1854 ; * The Glacis,' 1863 ; and many others. Elected
A.R.A. 1846.

FROTHINGHAMy Richard, American author and politician, b. at Charlestown,
Massachusetts, Jan. 31, 1812 ; member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives,
1889 to ia50 ; 'mayor of Charlestown, 1850 to 1853. Author of * History of Charlestown,*
1848 ; and otiier works.

FROX7DE, James Anthony, English historian, b. at Dartington, Devonshire,
April 23, 1818 ; educated at Westminster, and Oriel College, Oxford ; took deacon's
orders, 1844. Author of 'Lives of the English Saints,' 1844; 'The Nemesis of Faith,*
1848 ; ' History of Enghmd, flrom the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth,' vols. 1-8,
1856-65. Editor of Fraaer's Magazine.

TVAJ>y Mehmed Pasha, Turkish statesman, b. in Constantinople, 1814; studied
medicine in the Schools of Galata ; nominated second interpreter to ^e Porte, 1843 ;
Ottoman commissioner at Bucharest, 1848 ; commissioner at the head-quarters of Omar
Pasha in the Crimea ; minister of foreign affairs, 1856 ; Grand Vizier, 1861-66. Author
of 'The Alhambra,' a poem, and 'The Truth upon the Question of the Holy Places,' 1853.

FUBRST, Jnlius, German philological writer, b. at Zerkowa, duchy of Posen, May 12,
1806. Author of a ' Hebrew Concordance ;* * Biographical Dictionary of eminent Hebrew
Literati and Savans, past and present ;' and other philological and biographical works.

FUIiIiERTON, Iiady Georifis&St English authoress, b. 1814 ; married to Captain
Alexander Fullerton, 1833. Author of 'Ellen Middleton,' 1844; 'Lady Bird,' 1852;
'Laurentia, a Tale of Japan,' 1861 ; 'Too Strange not to be True,' 1864 ; and other works
of fiction.

FURSTENBERG, Carl E^ron Iieopold Maximilian. Prince of. German
military commander, b. March 4, 1820 ; succeeded his father, Oct. 22, 1854 ; lieutenant-
general in the service of Baden, and aide-de-camp to the Grand Duke of Baden.

FURSTENBERG, Johann Neponinck Joachim Egron, laanderave of,

Austrian statesman, b. March 21, 1802 ; succeeded his father, Feb. 4, 1856 ; chamberlain
at the court of Austria ; privy coimcUlor and grand master of ceremonies to the Emperor.

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GABEIiENTZ. Hans Conon von, Oernian philologist, b. at Altenbnrg, Oct. 13, 1807 ;
studied at the Universities of Leipsic and Oottiugen ; privy councillor of the Duke of
Saxe-Altenbuiv. 1848-48 ; president of the Cabinet of Altenburg, 1848-49 ; represented
Altenbiuv at the parliament of ErAirt, 1850 ; president of the Diet of Altenbuig, 1851.
Author of * BeitrS^ zur Sprachenkunde,' Leipsic, 1852 ; and other works.

GAERTNER. nriedricb voi&y German architect, b. at Coblentz, 1792 ; studied at
Munich, and m England and Italy ; appointed professor of architecture in the Munich
Academy, 1820 ; director of the Academy of Fine Arts at Munich ; furnished the design
for the royal palace at Athens, 1886 ; superintended the restoration of the cathedrals of
Regensburg and Bamberg ; ardiitect of the principal public buildings at Munich.

GAOERN, Helnrlch Wilbelin Aunst, Baron voxi; German statesman, b. at
Bayreuth, Aug. 20, 1799 ; studied at the Milita^ School of Munich, and at Gottingen,
Jena, and Heidelberg ; entered the service of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, 1821 ;
deputy to the Legislative Chamber of Hesse-Darmstadt, 1832-48 ; member of the Gterman
Parliament at Frankfort, and one of the authors of the Federal Constitution, 1848-49 ;
retired into private life, 1852. Published ' A Life of General Friedrich von Gagem,' 1866.

GA6NE, Panlin^ French writer, b. at Montoison, Dr6me, June 8, 1806 ; studied law,
and was called to the bar at Paris. Author of • Le Suicide,' 1841 ; * Le Supplice du
Mari,' 1865 ; * Le Congrfes Sauveur des Rois et des Peuples,' 1864; and other works.

GAI«IiAIT| LoniSy Belgian historical painter, b. at Toumay, 1810 ; studied at Antwerp
and Paris. Painted ' Tasso in his Cell, visited by Montai^e,' 1836 ; * The Last Moments
of Egmont,' 1853 ; and exhibited at the International Exhibition of 1862 'The Abdication
of Charles V.' and ' The Last Honours paid to Egmont and Horn.'

GAIiIiOWAY. Randolph Stewart, Earl of, English administrator, b. in Sussex,
1800; educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford; M.P. for Cockermouth, 1826 to
1831 ; succeeded his father, 1884 ; a magistrate of Elirkcudbrightshire and Wigtonshire.

GALLWEY, Sir Williaui Payne. English politician, b. 1808 ; deputy-lieutenant
of the North Riding of Yorkshire ; M.P. for Thirsk since 1851.

GAIiWAY, Georee Ed^irard Amndell Monckton Amndell, Visconnt,

English politician, b March 1, 1805 ; educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford,
where he graduated B. A. ; was a lord- in-waiting to the Queen, Feb. to Dec. 1852 ; deputy-
lieutenant of Notts ; M.P. for East Retford since 1847.

GAM BIER. Sir Ed^irard John, English colonial judge, b. 1796; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated ; called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn ;
appointed recorder of Prince of Wales Island, 1828 ; transferred as puisne judge to
Madras, 1886; chief judge, 1840 to 1849.

GARBETTy Ven. James, English divine, b. 1800; educated at Brasenose College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1822; appointed public examiner at Oxford, 1829;
rector of Clayton, Sussex, 1835 ; prebendary of Chichester, 1843 ; archdeacon of Chi-
chester, 1851. Published *Bampton Lectures' and • Prrolectiones Academicse.'

GARDNER, John, English physician, b. at Coggeshall, Essex, 1804 ; educated at
London, Edinburgh, and Giessen; graduated M.D. 1844: founded the Royal College of
Chemistry and the General Apothecaries' Company. Author of 'The Great Physician,*
1843 ; 'Treatise on Consumption,' 1854 ; ' Household Medicine,' 1863 ; and other works.

GARIBALDI, Giuseppe, Italian general and politician, b. at Nice, July 22, 1807 ;
entered the Sardinian navy, 1825 ; engaged in a conspiracy, and took refhge in France,
1834 ; returned to Rome, 1848 ; commanded at Varese, Camerlata, &c. in the campaign
against Austria, 1859 ; landed at Marsala, May 1860, and conquered Sicily and Naples ;
attacked by the Italian troops at Aspromonte and severely wounded, Aug. 27, 1862 ;
visited En^and, 1864 ; defeated at Mentana, 1867.

GARLIES, IfOrd Stevvart, English politician, b. 1836, eldest son of the Earl of
(Calloway; educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford; a captain in the Royal
Horse Guards Blue ; returned M.P. for Wigtonshire, 1868.

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GARNIER. Jean IiOtds Cbarles, French architect, b. in Paris, Not. 6, 1825 ;
entered the Eicole des Beaux Arts, 1842 ; designed the hall of the new Op^ra at Paris.

GARNIER. Joseph Clement. French political economist, b. at Beuel, Nice. Oct 3,
1813 ; studied at Dragoignan, and at the l^cole Snp^rienre dn Commerce at Paris.
Author of 'Elements d'^conomie politique,' 1846; • Premieres Notions d'Economie
politique ou sociale,' 1864; and numerous other works. Founder of the Nouveau
Journal des Connaissanoea UtUes.

GARNIER PAGE'S, Iiouis Antonin, French politician, b. at Marseilles, July 18,
1803 ; mayor of Paris, and minister of finance under the Provisional Government, 1848 ;
elected member of the Corps L^giidatif for the fifth circonscription of Paris, 1864.
Author of 'History of the Revolution of 1848,' 1860-62.

GARRETTy Sir Robert, English officer, b. 1794 ; entered the army, 1811 ; served in
the Peninsula ; was lieutenant-colonel during the war in the Crimea ; ^pointed to com-
mand a brigade at Gibraltar, 1856, and in China, 1857; created K.C.B. for services in
suppressing* the Indian Mutiny.

GASCy Jean. French lawyer, b. at Toulouse, 1800 ; studied law, and was called to the
bar of his native town, 1823 ; appointed councillor of state, 1855.

GASEIaEE, Stephen. English politician, b. 1807; educated at Winchester, and Balliol
College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A, 1828, M. A. 1832 ; called to the bar of the Inner
Temple, 1832; serjeant-at-law, 1840; M.P. for Portsmouth, 1865-68.

GASPARINy Airenor E'tienne, Conite de, French writer, b. at Orange, July 10,
1810. Author of * De 1' Amortisseraent,* 1834 ; * L'Am6rique devant TEurope,' 1862; and
other historical and financial works.

GATTY, Margraret. English authoress, b. in Essex, 1809 ; married to the Rev. Alfred
Qatty, D. D. , vicar of Ecclesfleld, near Sheffield, 1839. Author of * The Fairy Godmothers,
and other Tales,' 1851 ; * Old Folks from Home ;* and numerous works of fiction.

GAXTMEy Jean Joseph, French theological writer, b. at Fuans, Doubs, 1802;
appointed professor of theology at the Seminary of Nevers, 1827 ; took the degree of
D.D. from the University of Prague ; vicar-general of Rheims, Montauban, and Aquila.
Author of *Le Signe de la Croix au XIX 8i6cle,' 1863 ; and other theological works.

GAUTIERy The'ophile. French poet, novelist, and critic, b. at Tarbes, Aug. 31, 1808 ;
entered the College Charlemagne, 1822. Author of 'Poesies* and 'Albertus,' 1830;
*La Com6die de la Mort,' 1838; 'Une Larme du Diable,' 1839; 'Tr6sors d'Art de hi
Russie ancienne et modeme,' 1860-63 ; ' Loin de Paris,* 1864 ; and other works.

GAVAZZI, Alessandro, Italian priest and politician, b. at Bologna, 1809 ; admitted
into holy orders in the Church of Rome, 1825 ; appointed chaplain-general of the forces,
and accompanied the Roman army to Vicenza, 1848. Published a 'Life ' of himself, in
English and Italian ; and 'Orations,' 1851.

GAVIN, Geor^re O'Halloran, English politician, b. 1810; entered the 16th Lancers,
1827 ; became a major in the army, 1846 ; retired, 1850 ; a magistrate of the county of
Limerick; M.P. for Limerick since 1859.

GAVINI^ SampierO; French politician, b. at Bastia, May 18, 1823; advocate at the
Imperial Court of that town, and member of the General Council for the canton of Cam-
pile ; elected to the Corps L6gislatif for the department of Corsica, 1863.

GAYANGOS. Pascnal. Spanish historian, b. June 21, 1809; studied Oriental
languages under Silvestre ae Sacy^ in France ; appointed professor in tfie University of
Madrid, 1843. Author of 'History of the Mohammedan Dynasties of Spain ;' and of a
Spanish translation of Ticknor's ' History of Spanish Literature,' 1851-56.

GAYARREy Charles Arthur, American writer, b. at Louisiana, Jan. 8, 1805-
studied at the College of New Orleans. Author of ' History of Louisiana ;' the ' School
for Politics ;' and other works.

GEIGER, Abraham, German writer, b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, May 24, 1810, of
Jewish parents ; studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Bonn ; appointed Rabbi
of the Jewish community of Wiesbaden, 1832. Author of 'Was hat Mohammed aus
dem Judenthum aufgenommen?' Bonn, 1883 ; and other works in Jewish literature.

GEIKIEy Archibald, English geologist, b. at Edinburgh, 1835 ; educated at the High
School and University of Edinbuigh ; appointed to the Geological Survey, 1855. Author
of 'The Story of a Boulder,' 1858 ; 'The Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland,'
1863 ; and other geological works.

GEMEAX7, Aususte Pierre Walbonrgr, French general, b. at Paris, Jan. 4,
1790 ; left the Militu^ School as sub-lieutenan^ 1808 ; colonel, 1825 ; lieutenant-general
1846 ; senator, 1859l

Oen HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORART BIOeRAPHT. Oil

[ 11« ]

OENDRON, Aufrnstei French historioal painter, b. in Paris, 1818 ; studied under
Paul Delaroche. Painted *Le Dante comments par Boccace/ 1844; ' Les Nymphes au
Tombean d'Adonis/ 1864 ; and numerous other pictures.

OENTEUR, Simon Maximilian, French statesman, b. at St. Germain Hont,
Ardennes, 1815 ; studied at the ^Lyc^e of Rheims, and law at Paris ; called to the bar of
Orleans, 1840 ; mayor of Orleans, 1954 ; appointed secretary-general of the Ministry of
Public Instruction, and councillor of state, 1863.

OEOROB I.J Kin|r of the Hellenes^ b. Dec. 24, 1845, the second son of Prince
Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbui^g-Oliicksbuig ; elected King of the Hellenes by
the National Assembly at Athens, March 18 (30), 1863 ; accepted the crown, through bis
father and the King of Denmark, acting as his guardians, June 4, 1863 ; declared of age
by decree of the National Assembly, June 27, 1863 ; landed in Greece, Nov. 2, 1868.

GEOROB II., Dnke of Saxe-Meininsen. b. April 2, 1826, the son of Duke
Bemhard I. ; succeeded^ on the abdication of his father, Sept. 20, 1866 ; married. May 18,
1850, to Princess Charlotte of Prussia, who died March 80, 1855 ; married again, Oct 23,
1858, to Princess Theodora of Hohenlohe-Langesburg, b. July 7, 1839.

OEOROE Victor, Prince of Waldeck, b. Jan. 14, 1831, the son of Prince Geoi^g
Friederich and I^ncess Emma of Anhalt-Bemburg ; succeeded to the throne at the death
of his father, under the guardianship of his mother. May 14, 1845 ; married, Sept. 26,
1853, to Helena, b. Aug. 12, 1831, daughter of the late Duke of Nassau.

OEOROB, John, English politician, b. 1804; educated at Trinity Collie, Dublin,
where he graduated B.A. 1822, M. A. 1824 ; called to the Irish bar, 1826 ; to the English
bar, 1828 ; magistrate of the county of Wexford ; formerly crown-prosecutor for the
Leinster circuit ; solicitor-general for Ireland, 1858-59 ; M.P. for county of Wexford,
1852-57, and 1859^^.

OERIJkOH, Oeorgr Daniel; Danish general, b. at Eckemforde, Schleswig, Aug. 31,
1798 ; entered the army as ensign, 1813 ; major, 1848 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1849 ; colonel,
1850 ; mivjor-general, 1854 ; lieutenant-generail, 1863 ; chief of the Danish army, 1864.

OERMINY, Charles Oabriel Le Be'gne, Gomte de, French stetesman, b. at
Cliponville, Seine Inf6rieure, Nov. 3, 1799 ; minister of finance, 1848 ; governor of the
Bank of France, 1857-63 ; vice-president of the General Council of the Seine Inf6rieiire.

OE'ROMB, Jean Le'on, French painter, b. at Vesonl, Haute-Sadne, May 11, 1824 :
studied in Paris, 1841, under Paul Delaroche, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arte ; appointed
professor of painting to the ^cole des Beaux Arts, 1863. Exhibited * Bacchus et rAmour,'
1848 ; 'Phryne,* * C16opatre,' 1863 ; and numerous «ther paintings.

OERSTAEGKBR. Friedrich, German traveller and author, b. at Hamburg, May 16,
1816. Author of * Streif-und JagdzUge durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerica/
Dresden, 1844; 'Pirates of the Mississippi,' 1856; 'A Wife to Order/ 1860; and other
works of travel and fiction.

OERVINU8, Oeorgr Gottfried, German historian and critic, b. at Darmstadt,
May 20, 1805 ; studied at Heidelberg, 1826 ; professor of German literature at the Uni-
versity of Gottingen. Author of 'A History of Europe since 1815 ;' ' History of Gtorman
Poetry,' Leipsic, 1853 ; treatises on Shakspeare and Handel ; and other works.

OE8NER, Abrahan&t American geologist, b. at Comwallis, Nova Scotia. Author of
* On the Mineralogy and Geology of Nova Scotia ;' * On the Industrial Resources of Nova
Scotia ;• and other geological works.

GETTY, Samnel Gibson, English politician, b. 1817 ; a magistrate of the county of
Antrim; was mayor of Belfast, 1856-58 ; M.P. for Belfast, 1860-68.

GIBSON, RifTht Hon. Thomas Milner, English stetesman, b. at Trinidad, 1807,
the son of M^]or T. Milner Gibson ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; vice-presi-
dent of the Board of Trade from July 1846 to May 1848 ; president of the Poor Law
Board. 1869 ; sat for Ipswich from July 1837 to July 1839 ; and for Manchester from 1841
till 1867 ; M.P. for Ashton, 1857-68 ; president of the Board of Trade, 1859-66.

GIBSON, William Sidney, English antiquarian, b. at Fulhani, 1815 ; called to the
bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1845 ; appointed registrar of the Court of Bankruptcy, 1852.
Author of 'The History of Tynemouth,' and other historical and antiquarian works.

OIIiB^RT, Jacqnes Eniile, French architect, b. in Paris, Sept. 3, 1793 ; entered
the Ecole Polytechnique, 1811 ; and the Ecole des Beaux Arte, 1813 ; directed the con-
struction of the H6tel de la Prefecture de Police, 1866, and numerous other public
buildings; elected member of the French Acad6mie des Beaux Arte, 1853.

GIIiBERT, John. English artist, b. at Blackheath, Kent, 1817. Exhibited paintings
in water-colour of ^Don Quixote giving Advice to Sancho Panza,' 1841 ; 'Peace and War,'
1852. Draftsman on wood for the Imtstrated I/mdon News, the British Workman^ and
numerous other illustrated works.

Oil HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPOBABY BIOOBAPHY. Ola
[ 117 ]

OIIiBERT, William, English novelist Author of 'Shirlev Hall Asylum;' 'Dr.
Austin's Guests/ * Life of Lucrezia Boigia ;' and many other works.

OIIiES, Rer. John Allen, English author, b. 1802 ; educated at Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1824 ; i^pointed head master of the City of
London School, 1836; renigned, 1840. Author of * ^fe and Times of Alfired the Oreat ;'

• History of the Ancient Britons ;* and other historical works.

OIIiFIIiIftA.Nt Rer. Qeorge, English -author and critic, b. at Comrie, Scotland,
1813; appointed minister of the Schoolwynd Church at Dundee, 1837. Author of
'A Gallery of Literary Portraits ;' 'The History of a Man,' 1886; 'Alpha and Omega,'
1860 ; and other works of miscellaneous hterature.

OIIiIiIES, Marsaret, English artist, b. in Scotland, 1803 ; studied under Frederick
Cruikshank and Henry Schetfer ; elected lady member of the old Society of Painters in
Water Colours, 1853 ; a constant contributor to the exhibitions of that institution.

OIIiIiMORE| Qnincy Adams, American military commander, b. in Loraine
County, Ohio, 1825 ; admitted to the Academy of West Point, 1845, where he graduated,
1840 ; lieutenant, 1849 ; captain on the outbreak of civil war, 1861 ; brigadier-general and
migor-general, 1863.

OIIiPIN, Gharles, English politician, b. at Bristol, 1815; educated for a mercantile
careen and became member of the Common Council of London ; secretary of the Poor
Law Board, 1859-65 ; M.P. for Northampton since 1857.

GILPIN, Richard Thomas, English politician, b. 1801 ; educated at Bugby, and
Christ's College, Cambridge ; colonel of the Beds Militia ; depiuty-Uentenant and magis-
trate of Beds and Bucks ; M.P. for Bedfordshire since 1851.

GIL Y ZARATB, Antonio, Spanish dramatic poet, b. Dec. 1, 1793 ; member of the
Spanish Academy. Author of 'Cn Afio despues de la Boda,' played at Madrid, 1825 ;

• Don Pedro de Portugal,' 1828 ; * Rosmunda,' 1840 ; and numerous other works.

GIRARDET, Karl, French painter, b. at Locle, Neufch&tel, May 13, 1810. Painted
' Le Mont Righi ;' ' Le Retour du Soldat,' 1850; ' Vue prise dans les Landes de Oascogne,'
1864 ; and numerous other landscapes.

GII^RDIN. Emile de, French journalist, b. in Switzerland, 1806. Author of

• Emile,' 1827 ; * Au Hasard,' 1828 ; founded La Fresse, 1886 ; member of the Chamber ot
Deputies, 1834-48 ; retired nrom the direction of La Presae, 1856 ; subsequently established
LaLiberU.

GIRARDIN, Jean Pierre Louis. French chemist, b. in Paris, Nov 16, 1803 ;
correspondent of the Acad^mie des Sciences de I'lnstitut. Author of ' Elements de
Min^ralogie appliqu^e aux Sciences chimiques,' Paris, 1826; 'Legons dc Chimie ^l^men-
taire faites le Dunanche 4 1'Ecole munieipale de Rouen,' ib. 1860; and many other worlui
on chemistry.

GIRAX7D, Gharles Joseph Barthelemy, French legal writer, b. at Femes,
Vaueluse, Feb. 20, 1802 ; stnoied law at Aix ; vice-rector of the Acad^mie de Paris, 1845
to Feb. 25, 1848 ; appointed inspector-general of the Order of Advocates, 1861. Author of
'Bssai sur I'Histoire du Droit Frangais au Moyen Age,' 1845 ; and other legal worlds.

GIRAX7D. nerre Francois Engrene, French painter, b. at Paris, Aug. 9, 1806;
entered the Scole des Beaux Arts, 1821. Exhibited ' Les Enrdlements Volontaires,' 1S85 ;
*Incendie k Constantinople,' 1853; 'Debordement du Nil,' 1863; and many other
paintings.

GIRDLE8TONB, Rev. Charles, English author, b. March 6, 1797; educated at
Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1818, and M.A. ; vicar of Sed^ey,
Staffordshire, 1826-47; rector of Kingswhiford, Staffordshire, 1847. Author of 'Family
Commentary on the Bible,' 1832-42; and other religious works.

GLADSTONE, Rieht Hon. "William B^rart, English statesman, b. at Liver-
pool, Dec. 29, 1809, me fourth son of Sir -John Gladstone, Bart., a Liverpool merchant;
educated at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford ; a lord of the Treasury, Dec. 1884 ;
under-secretary for the Colonial Department, Jan. 1835 to April 1835 ; vice-president of
the Board of Trade and master of the Mint from Sept. 1841 to May 1843 ; president of
the Board of Trade, May 1843 to Feb. 1845 ; secretary of state for the colonies, July
1846 ; chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord Aberdeen's ministry, Dec. 28, 1852 ; resigned
with the Aberdeen ministry, Jan. 30, 1855 ; accepted the same office under Lord Palraer-
Bton, Feb. 5, but resigned, Feb. 21, 1855 ; M.P. for Newark, 1882-45 ; chancellor of the
Exchequer, June 18, 1859, to July 5, 1866 ; M.P. for South Lancashire, 1865-68 ; returned
M-P. for Greenwich, Nov. 1868; appointed first lord of the Treasury, Dec. 8, 1868.
Author of 'The Church considered in its relation with the State,' 1840; and several
other political treatises.

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GIftA.D8TONE, William Henry, English politiciaii, b. 1840; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford, where be graduated B.A. 1862, M.A. 1865; deputy-lieutenant
of the county of Flint ; M.P. for Chester, 1866-68, for Whitby, 1868..

OIiAIRE, I'Abbe' Jean Baptiste, French theologian, b. at Bordeaux, April 1, 1798 ;
studied at St. Sulpice ; entered holy orders, 1822 ; appointed to the chapter of Notre
Dame de Paris, 1840 ; nominated councillor of the University, 1845. Author of ' Lexicon
manuale Hebraicum et Chaldi^'cum,' 1880 ; 'Concordances Arabes du Coran ;' 'Principes
de Grammaire Arabe,' 1857 and 1861 ; and other theological and philological works.

OIaA.IS-BIZOIN| Alexander, French politician, b. at Quintin, Cdtes du Nord^
March 9, 1800 ; was called to the bar, 1822 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the
department of C6tes du Nord, 1863.

OlaASGOW. James Garr Boyle. Earl of, English administrator, b. 1792:
studied at Oxford; was lieutenant K.N. ; lord-lieutenant and principal sheriff of Ren-
frewshire ; a deput^-lieuteoant of the county of Bute ; was M.P. for Ayrshire, as Lord
Kilbum, 1839 to 1843, when he succeeded his father.

OIiASS, Sir Richard Atinrood, English politician, b. 1820; educated at King's
College, London ; created baronet for his services in laying the Atlantic Telegraph, 1866 ;
returned M.P. for Bewdley, 1868, unseated, 1869.

OLEIG, Rer. Georire Robert, English author, b. at Stirling, April 20, 1796;
educated at Glasgow, and Balliol College, Oxford ; obtained a commission, 1812 ; joined
the army of the Duke of Wellington, 1818 ; entered holy orders, and became rector
of Ivychurch, Kent, 1822 ; prebenduy of St. Paul's ; chaplain-general of the forces.
Author of *The Subaltern/ 1825 ; 'The Life of the Duke of Wellington ;' and numerous
other works.

GIiOGKER, Ernst Friedricli, German mineralogist, b. at Stuttgart, May 1, 1793 ;
studied theology at TUbingen, and was ordained, 1815; studied botany and mineralogy at
Halle and Berlin ; professor of mineraloc^ at Breslau. Author of * Charaktenstik der
schlesischen mineraJogischeik Literatur,' Breslau, 1827-32 ; ' Ueber die Qescbiebe der
Oderebene,' 1854 ; and numerous other scientific works.

OIiOUGESTER AND BRISTOL, Ritrht Rer. Chaxles John Ellieott,
Bishop of, English divine, b. at Whitwell, 1819 ; educated at St. John's College,
Cambridge, where he graduated, 1841 ; appointed professor of divinity in King's CoU^e,
London, 1858 ; dean of Exeter, 1861 ; consecrated to the see of Gloucester and Bristol,
1863. Author of ' Critical and Grammatical Commentaries ;* and other theological works.

OLYN, Oeorgre Garr, English politician, b. 1797; educated at Westminster; a
commissioner of lieutenancy for London ; M.P. for Kendal, 1846-68.

6LYN, Georgre Grenfell, English statesman, b. 1824; educated at Rugby, and
University College, Oxford ; appointed Joint-secreti^ of the Treasury, Dec 1868 ; M.P.
fur Shaftesbury since 1857.

GlaYN, Isabella, English actress, b. at Edinburgh, May 22, 1823 ; first appeared on
the stage in 1847 ; married to Mr. E. Dallas.

GOBAT, San&nel, German missionary, b. at Cremme, canton of Berne, 1799 ; went as
missionary to Abyssinia, 1825 ; vice-principal of Malta Protestant Coll^ ; consecrated
missionary bishop of Jerusalem, 1846, on the nomination of the King of Prussia. Author
of * A Journal of Three Years in Abyssinia,' 1847.

GODARD DE8MARET8, Hippolyte, French politician, b. at Paris, Oct. 8, 1796 ;
member of the General Council for the canton of I^on ; member of the Corps L^gis-
latif for the departement du Nord since 1853.

GODDARD, Ambrose Lethbridgre, English politician, b. 1819; educated at
Harrow, and St. John's College, Cambridge ; deputy-lieutenant of Wilts, and captain of
Wilts Yeomanry ; M.P. for CncUade, 1847-6a

GODDARD, Arabella, English pianist, b. at St Servan, near St. Malo, Brittany,
Jan. 1836; studied under KaUcbrenner and Thalberg, and G. A. Macfarren; made her
d^but at the National Concerts, Oct. 1850 ; married to Mr. Davidson, musical critic, 1860.

GODKIN, James, English writer, b. at Gorey, county of Wexford, 1806 ; minister
of a dissenting congregation at Armagh, 1834 ; was editor of the Christian Patriot, the
Londonderry Standard, and Dtiblin Daily Express, for several years ; Irish c-orrespondent
of the Times since 1860. Author of * The Outcast ; a Story of the Modem Reformation ;*
' Illustrated History of England fh>m 1820 to 1852 ;' and other works.

GODWIN, Georgre, English architect, b. at Brompton, Middlesex, Jan. 28, 1815 ;
designed St Mary's Church, West Brompton ; and restored Redcliff Church, BristoL
Author of 'Churches of London,* 1838; * History in Ruins,' 1853; * London Shadows,'
1854 ; and numerous other works on architecture. .

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GODIVIN. Parke, American journalist, 1). at Fat«rson, New Jersey, Feb. 25, 1816 ;
took his aegrees at the College of Princetown, 1834, and studied law : was one of the
principal editors of the New York Evening Post, 1837 to 1853. Author of * Political
Essays,' 1856 ; and other works.

[, Arthur^ Hungarian general and statesman, b. at Toporcz, in the comitat

of Zips, Upper Hungary, Feb. 5, 1818; admitted as cadet to the School of Pioneers %t
Tulu, 1832 ; lieutenant, 1842 ; captain, 1844 ; took part in the Revolution of 1848 ; dic-

I tator of Hungary, Aug. 11, 1849. Published *My life and Acts in Hungary in the Years

I 1848 and 1849,' Leipsic, 1852.

GOIiDNEYii Oabriel, English politician, b. 1813 ; a magistrate of Wilts, and governor
of Christ's Hospital ; was formerly a solicitor ; M.P. for Chippenham since 1865.

GOLDSGHMIDT^ Hermann, German astronomer and painter, b. at Frankfort,
June 17, 1802; studied painting at Munich, under Schuorr and Cornelius. Painted
I <A Woman in Algerine Costume,' 1836; 'The Deaths Of Romeo and Juliet,' 1857.

i Engaged in constant astronomical observations, and discovered seven i>lanets.

60IiD8GHMIDT| Madame, Swedish singer, b. at Stockholm, Oct 21, 1821 ; studied
under Croelius and Gkurcia ; first appeared in tx)ndon as Jenny Idnd, May 1847 ;
visited the United States, 1850 ; married to M. Otto Ooldschmidt, and retired fi'om the
stage, 1851 ; reappeared for a short time in 1855, 1861, 1863, and 1864.

GOU>SCHMIDT| Meyer Aaron, Danish novelist, b. at Vordingbord, Jutland,
Oct. 26, 1819 ; founded the Corgair at Copenhagen, 1840. Published, under the name
of Adolph Meyer, ' A Jew/ 1845 ; * The Homeless One,' 1853-57 ; and other works of
fiction.

60LD8MID, Sir Francis Henry, English politician, b. 1808 ; called to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn, 1833 ; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Berks, and a baron of the kingdom of
Portugal ; M.P. for Reading since 1860.

GOLD8MID. Frederick Dayid, English politician, b. 1812 ; educated at University
Collie, Lonaon; a magistrate of Kent; M.P. for Honiton, 1865-68.

GOIiOVIN, Ivan, Prince Hovna, Russian author, b. 1813 ; exiled from Russia on
political grounds, and took refuge in England, 1843. Author of 'The Caucasus, fh)m an
HistoriciU, Political, and Physical Point of View,' 1858; 'History of Alexander I.' 1858 ;
'Progress in Russia,' 1859 ; and other political worlu.

GOIiOVTINE, Engrene Alezandrowitch, Russian general and statesman, b. 1795 ;
lieutenant-general, 1831 ; governor-general of the provinces of the Baltic, 1845 ; appointed
minister of public instruction, Dec. 20, 1862.

GOMM, Sir William Majnard, English military commander, b. 1784 ; entered the
army as ensign, 1798 ; served in Holland and the Peninsula ; was quartermaster-general
at Waterloo, and created K.G.B. ; appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the
Mauritius, 1842 ; commander-in-chief of India, 1850 ; retired, 1855 ; appointed colonel in
the Coldstream Guards, 1863.

GONDRBCOURT, Henri Anffe Alfred de, French novelist, b. at Ouadaloupe,
March 22, 1816 ; entered the MUitaiy School of St. Cyr, 1832, and fought in Africa ;
lieutenant-colonel, 1855 ; colonel, 1859. Author of ' MMiue,' 1845 ; 'Le Pays de la Soif,'
1864 ; and many other romances.

GONZAIiES, Louis Jean Emmannel, French writer, b. at Saintes, Oct. 25, 1815.
Author of ' Les Chercheurs d'Or,' 1857 ; ' Les Trois Fiances,' 1864; and numerous other
works ; also contributor to a great number of French periodicals.

OOOCH, Sir Daniel, English politician, b. 1818 ; studied engineering, and took a
leading part in laying the Atlantic telegraph ; created baronet, 1866; M.P. for Cricklade
since 1865.

GOODAIjL, Frederick, English painter, b. in London, Sept. 17, 1822, son of the
preceding. Painted ' French Soldiers Drinking at a Cabaret,' 1839 ; ' Village Festival,'
1847 ; ' Raising the Maypole,' 1851 ; ' The Swing,' 1854 ; and many others. Elected
A.B.A. 1852, and R.A. 1863.

GOODFORD, Rev. Charles Old, English divine, b. 1812 ; educated on the founda-
tion at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge ; was assistant master at Eton ; appointed
head master, 1853; provost of Eton, 1862.

O00D80N, James, English politician, b. 1810 ; called to the bar of Gray's Inn, 1855 ;
a magistrate of Midd^sex and Westminster ; M.P. for Great Yarmouth, 1865-68.

Ooo HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Gou
[ 120 ]

GOODWIN, Charles 'Wycliffe, English author, b. at King's Lynn, 1817 ; educated
at St. Catherine's Collie, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1838 ; caUed to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn, 1848. Author of * Hieratic Papyri,' 1858; 'The Mosaic Cosmitgony,'
published in the ' Essays and Reviews ;' and editor of Anglo-Saxon and Greek works.

GOODWIN, Very Rer. Harvey, English author, b. at King's Lyna, Norfolk, 1818;
entered Caius College, Cambridge, 183(5, and graduated, 1840 ; incumbent of St. Edward's
Church, Cambridge, from 1848 to 1858 ; dean of Ely. Author of * Lectures on the
Church Catechism ;' ' Problems and Solutions in Mathematics ;' and other works.

GORB, John Ralph Ormsby, English politician, b. 1816; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of the counties of Salop and Car-
narvon ; late groom-in-waiting to the Queen ; M.P. for county of Carnarvon, 1837-41,
and for North Shropshire since 1859.

DRE. WUliaan Richard Ormsby, English politician, b. 1819 ; educated at Eton ;
deputy-lieutenant of Salop, and a magistrate of Sligo ; was captain in the 13th Light
Dragoons ; M.P. for County Sligo, 1841-62, and for County Leitrim since 1858.

GORE-IiANGTON, 'William Henry Powell, English politician, b. 1824; edu-
cated at Eton, and (3hrist Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1846, M.A. 1848 ;
magistrate and deputy-lieu^nant of Somerset; M.P. for West Somerset, 1851-59, and
since 1863.

GORSJBf Joseph Aui^nstin, Baron, French general, b. Sept 20, 1784 ; entered
the Ecole Polytechnique, 1802 ; captain in the army, 1810 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1825 ;
general, 1841 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Tarn since 1863.

OORTSGHAKOFF, Alexander MichaelOTich, Russian statesman, b. 1798 ;
educated at the Lyceum of Zarskoe-Selo ; entered the diplomatic service, 1818 ; secretary
of embassy at London, 1824 ; minister at Florence, 1830 ; plenipotentiary at Tienna, 1832 ;
ambassador-extraordinary at Stuttgart, 1841 ; ambassador at Vienna, 1854 ; appointed
minister of foreign aflGurs, and chancellor of the empire, April 17, 1856.

OOSCHEN, Rigfht Hon. Oeoree Joachiui, English statesman, b. 1831; educated
at Rugby, and Oriel College, Oxford ; a deputy-lieutenant of London, and late director
of the Bank of England : vice-president of the Board of Trade, 1865-66 ; chancellor of
the Duchy of Lancaster, Feb. to July 1866 ; appointed president of tie Poor Law Board,

^ Dec. 9, 1868 ; M.P. for the city of London since 1863.

O088, John, English musical composer, b. at Fareham, Hants, 1800 ; appointed oiganist
of Si Paul's, April 1838. Composed the anthem, * If we believe ;' and numerous glees
and other musical pieces, chiefly sacred.

GOSS£, 'l*oi^ FranQOis Nicolas, French painter, b. in Paris, Oct. 4, 1787 ;
entered the £cole des Beaux Arts, 1805, and studied under Andr6 Vincent. Exhibited
• Ex Voto,' 1808 ; ^La Mort de Saint Vincent de Paul,' 1845 ; and other paintings.

GOSSB^ Philip Henry, English naturalist, b. at Worcester, 1810. Author of ' The
Canadian Naturalist,' 1840 ; ' A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica ;' ' A Naturalist's Rambles
on the Devonshire Coast;' 'Actinologia Britannica ; a History of the British Sea Ane-
mones and Corals,' 1860 ; and other works on natural history.

OOUGH, Hugh Ooneh, Visconnt, English military commander, b. 1779 ; entered
the army, 1791 ; commanded the 87th regiment through the Peninsular war ; commanded
the expeditionary force in China, and concluded a ^eace with that country ; commanded
the army of India in the Gwalior, Sutlej, and Pni^aub campaigns ; field-marshal in the
army.

OOUGR, John, En^sh lecturer, b. at Sandgate, Kent, 1817. Travelled through the
Northern and Southern States of America, Canada, and England, lecturing on temperance.
Published his ' Autobiography ' and ' Orations,' 1855.

GOUIN, Alexandre. French politician, b. at Tours, Jan. 26, 1792; elected deputy for
the department of Inmre-et-Loire, 1831 ; minister of commerce, 1840^-44 ; elected to the
Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; member of the Legislative Assembly, and of the Corps
L^gislatif for the dei)artment of Indre-et-Loire since 1862.

GOUIaBURN, Rev. Edward Meyrick, English divine, b. 1818 ; educated at Eton,
and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1839 ; appointed head master of
Rugby School, 1848 ; minister of Quebec Chapel and prebendary of St. Paul's, 1858 ; one
of the Queen's chaplains in ordinary, and incumbent of St. John's, Paddington, 1859 ;
dean of Norwich.

GOULD, Edi^rard, American writer, b. at Lichfield, Connecticut, May 11, 1808. Pub-
lished an abridgment of Alison's ' History of Europe,' New York, 1845 ; * The Very Age ;*
ib. 1850 ; and numerous translations from French authors.

6ot& HAI^BOOK OP CONTEMPORART BIOGRAPHY. Or a

[ m ]

QOUIaD. John, English ornithologist, b. at Lyme, Dorset, Sept 14, 1809. Author of
*A Centory of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains/ 1888; 'The Birds of Australia;'
< Mammals of Australia ;' ' Monograph of the TrochilidA of Humming Birds ;' and uume-
Tons other works on ornithology.

aOX7IiHOT DE SAINT GERMAIN, AclilUe FeUcite' de, French politician,
b. at Paris, March 27, 1809 ; entered the army, and was captain, stafT-maJor, and offlper of
ordnance to Marshal Oudinot ; sub-prefect of Romorantin, 1835 ; and of Bemay, 1838 ;
appointed senator, Jan. 25, 1862.

OOX7NOD, Charles Francois, French musical composer, b. at Paris, June 17,
1818 ; studied under Reicha, Lesneur, and M. Hal6vy. Composed ' Sapho,' 1850 ; ' La
Nonne Sanglante/ 1854; 'Faust,'. 1859; 'La Reine de Saba,' 1862; and many other
operas.

GOURLBY. Ed^vard Temperley, b. 1828 : shipowner of Sunderland, and pro-
prietor of tne Maltese Cross line of steamers ; electea M.P. for Sunderland, 18<}8.

60U88ET, Thomas Marie Joseph, French divine, b. at Montigny les Cherlieux,
Haute-Sadne, May 1, 1792* studied in the School of Amance, near Vesoul ; ordained,
1817 ; appointed bishop of Perigeux, Oct. 6, 1835 ; vicar-general of Besangon, 1830; arch-
bishop of Rheims, May 2tf, 1840 ; cardinal, Sept. 30, 1850.

GOWER, Hon. Edward Frederick LeTeson, English politician, b. 1819; edu-
cated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840, M.A. 1844 ;
called to the bar, 1845; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Staffordshire; M.P. for Derby,
1847, for Stoke, 1851-57, for Bodmin since 1859.

GOYON, Charles Marie Anfuste, Comte de. French gtneral, b. Nov. 19, 1802 ;
studied at the Military School of St. Cyr ; became lieutenant, 182^1 ; captain, 1831 ; mai«ir,
1839 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1843 ; colonel, 1846 ; brigadier-general, 1850 ; general of division,
1853 ; charged with the command of the division of occupation at Rome, 1859 ; and
received the title of general-in-chief of the IiYench in Rome, 1861 ; recalled and created
a senator, 1862.

CrOZIftAN, Le'on, French writer, b. at Marseilles, Sept 21, 1806. Author of 'Les
Memoires d'un Apothicaire,' 1828 ; * Le Notaire de Chantilly,' 1836 ; ' Aristide Froissard,'
1848 ; ' Pluie et le Beau Temps/ 'Le Diamant et le Verre,' 1861 ; and numerous novels,
romances, and dramas.

QRABGW, Johanni Oemum iwlitician, b. at Prenzlau, Prussia, April 15, 1802 ; studied
law at Berlin, and was burgomaster of his native town ; elected deputy to the Prussian
Diet, 1847 ; and to the National Assembly fortbe town of Prenzlau, 1848 ; elected president
of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, 1849, and again 1861.

GRAEFB, HeinriCh. German politician, b. at Buttstadt, March 3, 1802 ; studied at
Weimar and at the University of Jena ; di^ctor of the Municipal School of Jena, 1825 ;
professor at the University of Jena, 1840 ; deputy to the German' National Assembly,
1849. Author of 'Der Verfassttngskampf is Kurhessen/ Leipsie, 1851; and of several
educational works.

ORAESSE^ Johaxin Georflr Theodor, German bibliographer, b. at Grimma, Jan. 31,
1814 ; studied at Leipsie, Halle, and Dresden ; appointed librarian to the King of Saxony,
1843 ; inspector of the Royal Numismatic Cabinet, 1848. Author of ' Lehrbuch einer
allgemeinen Literaturgeschichte,' Dresden and Leipsie, 1837 to 1855 ; ' Handbuch der
alten Numismatik,' lb. 1852 ; and numerous other works.

ORAF8TROEM. Andrevir Abrahain. Swedish poet, b. at Sundswall, 1790 ; took
the degree of Ph.D. from the University or Upsal, 1815 ; was ordained, 1830 ; appointed
pastor of Umea, 1835 ; dean of the district, 1837. Author of ' Skaldeforsdk,' Stockholm
1826-32 ; *^ Sanger frau Norrland,' 1848 ; and other poetical works.

GRAFTON, William Henry Fitsroy, Duke oft b. Aug. 4, 1819 ; educated at
Harrow ; was attache to the British Legation at Naples, 1841 ; M.P. for Thetford, 1847 to
1863 ; is deputy-lieutenant and magistrate of Northamptonshire, and magistrate of
Suffolk ; succeeded his father, 1863.

GRAHAM, Sir Frederick Ulrick, English diplomatist, b. 1820 ; attach^ to the

British Embassy at Vienna, 1842 ; deputy-lieutenant of Cumberland, 1856 ; succeeded his

brother, 1861.
GRAHAM, Thomas, English chemist, b. at Glasgow, Dec. 20, 1805 ; educated at

the Grammar School and the University of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A. 1826;

appointed professor of chemistry at the London University, 1837 ; master of the Mint,

1855. Author of ' Elements of Chemistry,' and other works.

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ORAHAM, IXTUliam. English politician, b. 1817 ; educated at the University of Glas-
gow ; a magistrate for the county of Lanarlc; merchuit at Glasgow ; M.P. for Glasgow
since 1865.

ORAHAM STOTXTN, Rigrht Rev. Henry Cotterill, BisHop of, English
divine, b. 1812 ; educated at 8t John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated, 1835 ;
principal of Brighton College ; consecrated to tiie see of Graharostown, South Aitica,
1859. Author of * The Seven Ages of tlie Church,' and other theological works.

ORAMMONT, Ferdinand, Marquis de, French politician, b. at ViUersexel,
June 6, 1805 ; was deputy for the arroudisement of Lure, 1837 ; elected for the Haute-
Sa6ne, 1848 ; member of the Corps L^;islatlf for Uie department of Haute-Sadne since
1852.

ORAMONT, Antoine AflTe'nor Alfred, Dnc de, French diplomatist, b. at Paris,
Aug. 14, 1819; entered the Ecole Polytechnique, 1837 ; minister plenipotentiary to Cassel,
and Stuttgart, 1852 ; to Turin, April 1853 ; ambassador to Rome, 1857 to 1861 ; ambas-
sador to Austria, 1861-66.

6RANARD, Georgre Arthur Hastingra Forbea, Earl of, English administra-
tor, b. 1883 ; was attach^ at Dresden, 1852 to 1854 ; lord-lieutenant of the county of
Leitrim ; succeeded to the earldom, 1837.

ORANIER DE CA88A6N AG, Adolphe de, French writer and politician, b. at
Cassagnac, Gters, 1808 ; educated at the Lyceum of Toulouse ; contributor to the Journal
des Dibate and the Revue de PariSy 1832 to 1850, wheu he joined the CovstittUionnel ;
member of the Corps L^slatif for the department of Gers since 1852. Author of ' Histolre
des Classes ouvri^s et des Classes bourgeoises,' 1837 ; and numerous other works.

GRANT. Albert, English politician, b. at Dublin, 1830; educated in London and Paris ;
assumed the name of Grant in lieu of Gottheimer, 1863 ; M.P. for Kidderminster, 1865-^8.

GRANT, Sir Francis, English painter, president of the Royal Academy, b. 1803.
Exhibited * Meet «f his Majesty's Sta^ounds,' 1837); the ' Melton Hunt ;' and many others,
especially portraits of celebrated persons. Elected A.RA. 1842, RA. 1851, P.R.A. 1867.

GRANT, Hon. JanieS| English politician, b. 1817 ; magistrate for Banff, Elgin, and
Inverness ; elected M.P. for Elgin imd Nairnshire, 1868.

GRANT, James, English journalist, b. at Elgin, Morayshire, 1805; editor of the
Morning Advertiser since 1850. Author of 'Random Recollections of the House of
Lords ;' *The 3ench and the Bar;* 'Our Heavenly Home;' 'The End of all Things,'
1866 ; and numerous other works.

1864 ; and many other works of fiction.

GRANT, James Angustns, English traveller, b. at Nairn, 1827 : educated at the
Grammar School and Marischal College, Aberdeen ; appointed to the Indian ^imy, 1845 ;
took part in the relief of Luckuow under Gen. Havelock, where he yras wounded, 1857 ;
explored the sources of the Nile with the late Captain Spejl^e^ 1863^65.

GRANT, Sir Alexander, English author, b. 1826; educated at Harrow, and
Balliol College, Oxford ; elected fellow of Oriel College, 1849 ; appointed one of the
examiners for the Indian Civil Service appointments, 1855 ; inspector of schools in Madras

S residency, 1858 ; professor of history and political economy in Elphinstone CoU^^
ladras, 1860. Author of ' The Ethics of Aristofde with E^lish Notes,' 1854.

GRANT, Sir James Hope. English military commander, b. 1808 ; entered the army,
1826 ; served in China and India ; became brevet-colonel, 1854 ; ser\'ed in India through
the Mutiny of 1857-58 ; appointed to the command of the military forces during the war
with China, 1860 ; appointed commander-in-chief and governor of Madras, Dec. 1861.

GRANT, Sir John Peter, English colonial administrator, b. 1808 ; entered the East
India service, 1826; was lieutenant-governor of Bengal during the Indian Mutiny of
1857-59 ; K.C.B. civil division, 1862 ; governor of Jamaica, 1867.

GRANT, Sir Patrick, English officer, b. 1804 ; entered the military service of the East
India Company, 1819 ; served on the staff in India ; was made C.B. for services at 8o-
bi-aon; appointed commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1856; K.C.B. and aide-de-
camp to the Queen.

GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, American general and statesman, b. at Point Pleasant,
Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; entered at West Point, 1839 ; graduated with the brevet of lieu-
tenant, June 30, 1843 ; first Heutenant, 1847 ; captain, Aug. 1853 ; resigned, 1854 ; took

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part with the North in the civil war ; appointed brigadier-general, July 1861 ; com-
mander-in-cbief of the U.S. army, 1864; secretary of war, Aug. 1867 to Feb. 1868;
elected President of the United States, Nov. 1868.

GRANTLEY, Fletcher Norton* Baron. English officer, b. 1798 ; served for some
years in the Guards, and was wounded at Waterloo ; succeeded to the title, 1822.

GRANVILLE, Georgre Lereson GoTirer, Earl, English statesman, b. 1815 ;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church,- Oxford, where he gmduated in 1834 ; attach^ to the
Embassy at Paris, 1835 ; M.P. for Morpeth, iaS6-40, and for Ijichfteld, 1840-46, when he
succeeded to the peerage ; under-secretary of state for foreign atfairs, 1840 ; vice-presi-
dent of the Board of Trade, 1848 ; secretary of state for foreign aflTairs, Dec. 1851 to
March 1852 ; lord president of the council, Dec. 21, 1852 ; resigned, April 1854 ; re-
appointed, Feb. 5, 1855 ; resigned, Feb. 1858 ; reappointed, June 1859, and resigned, July,
1866 ; appointed secretary of state for the colonies, May 9, 1868.

GR ATTAN^ Thonias Colley. Irish novelist, b. at Dublin, 1796 ; entered the army,
and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Author of ' Highways and Byways,' London, 1827 ;
* Legends of the Rhine/ 1887 ; ' History of the Netherlands ;' and numerous other works
of fiction.

GRAVES, Samuel Robert. English politician, b. 1818 ; member of the Royal Com-
suission of Lights, Buoys, and Beacons, and commodore of the Royal Mersey Yacht Club ;
mayor of Liverpoiol, 1860 ; M.P. for Liverpool since 1865.

, Asa^ American botanist, b. at Paris, Oneida County, New York, Nov. 1810 ; gra-
duated at Fairfield College, 1831 ; appointed professor of natural histoiy at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1842. Author of ' Elements of Botany,' 1836 ; ' Botanv of the United
States ;' ' Pacific Exploring E:q>edition under Captain Wilkes,' 1854 ; and other works on
botany.

GRAY, Georcre Robert, English ornithologist, b. 1808; entered the Zoological depart-
ment of the British Museum, 1831. Author of ' A List of the Genera of Birds,' 1840 ; ' The
Genera of Birds,' 1837-49 ; and other works.

GRAY, John Ed^vard, English naturalist, b. at Walsall, 1800, brother of the preceding ;
appointed assistant to the natural history department of the British Museum, 1824 ;
keeper of the zoological collection, 1840. Author of ' Illustrations of Indian Zoology ;'
* A Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells ;' and other works.

GRAY. Sir John, English politician, b. 1815 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ;
called to the Irish bar, and appointed magistrate of the city of Dublin ; M.P. for Kilkenny
since 1865. Editor and proprietor of the Freeman's Journal.

GRAY, 'William, English politician, b. 1814; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Lan
cashire, and manufacturer near Bolton; mayor of Bolton, 1850-52; M.P. for Bolton
since 1857.

GRAY, "Wilson, English administrator, b. 1815 ; educated at University College, Dublin ;
appointed one of the assistant commissioners of the Irish Poor j^ainrs, 1835 ; called to
the bar in America, and to the Irish bar, 1844 ; member of the Colonial Legislature
of Sydney, Australia.

GREAVES, Edtvurd. English politician, b. 1803 ; banker at Warwick, and mayor of
the borough, 1840 ; M.P. for Warwick since 1855.

r, Horace, American journalist, b. at Amherst, ]^ew Hampshire, Feb. 3,
1811 ; apprenticed to a printer, 1825 to 1830. Founded The New Yorker, 1834 ; the New
York Tribune, 1841. Author of ' Histoir of the Struggle for Slavery Extension or
Restriction in the United States from 1787 to 1856 ;' and other works.

GREENALL, Gilbert, English politician, b. 1806 ; deputy-lieutenant of Lancashire ;
M.P. for Warrington, 1847-68.

GREENE, Ed^vard, English politician, b. 1815 ; educated at Bury St. Edmunds'
Bchool ; magistrate ofSuffi^k ; M.P. for Bury St Edmunds since 1865.

GREENE, Georgre 'Washington, American writer, b. at Bhode Island, U.S. of
America, April 8, 1811 ; educated at Brown University ; was United States consul at
Bome, 1837 to 1842 ; professor of modem languages at Brown University, 1847. Author
of 'History and Geography of the Middle Ages,' aud other works.

GREENE, Mary Anne Everett, English authoress, b. at Sheffield, 1818;
married to Mr. Geoige P. Greene, artist, 1845. Published 'Lives of the Princesses
of England,' 1849^5 ; * Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria,' 1857 ; and other biographical
works.

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GREEN-PRIGE, Ricliard, English politician, b. 180S ; educated at Eton ; a J.P.
and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Radnor; M.P. for Radnor, 186S-69.

OREENlVSIiL. Dora. English authoress. Author of 'Christina, and other Poems,'
1848 ; • Stories that might be True,* 1861 ; • The Power of Faith exemplified in Life,'
1849 ; *Two Friends,* 1862 ; and other works.

OREGy 'William Rathbone, political and miscellaneous writer, b. about 1810.
Author of * The Creed of Christendom, 1851 ; * Literary and Social Judgments/ 1868 ;
and other works. Head of the Stationery OflBce.

GREGORY, CliarleB Hutton. English civil engineer, b^ 1817; appointed resident
engineer of the London and Croydon Railway, 1840 ; chief engineer of the Bristol and
Exeter Railway, 1846 ; appointed a member of the Ordnance Select Committee, 1855 ;
president of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

GREGORY, Georce Barro^r, English p(ditician, b. 1813 ; educated at Eton, and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; elected M.P. for East Sussex, 1868.

GREGORY, William Henrji English politician, b. 1817 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of the county of Qalway ; M.P. for Dublin, 1842^7^ and for County Galway
since 1857.

ORENFBIiL* Henry Riversdale, English politician, b. 1824 ; educated at Harrow,
and Christ Church, Oxford ; a partner in the firm of P. Grenfell & Sons ; was private
secretary to Lord Fanmure at the War Ofllce, and to Sir Charles Wood at the India OflBice ;
M.P. for Stoke-on-Trent, 1862-68.

ORENVILLE, Ralph Nerille, English politician, b. 1817 ; educated at Eton, and
Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1837 ; J.P. and deputy-lieu-
tenant of Somerset ; M.P. for Windsor, 1841-47 ; a lord of the Treasury, 1846-52 ; M.P.
for East Somerset, 1865-68 ; returned M.P. for Mid Somerset, 1868.

ORE8LEY| Rer. William, English writer, b. 1801 ; educated at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he sraduated B. A. 1822 ; ordained, 1823 ; appointed prebendary of Lichfield
Cathedral, 1840 ; incumbent of a district church at Boyne Hill, near Maidenhead, 1857.
Author of ' Bernard Leslie,' and several novels.

ORESlVEIiLt Rev. Edward, English theologian, b. at Manchester, 1797 ; entered
Brasenose CoUege, Oxford, 1815; graduated at Corpus Christi, B.A. 1819. Author of
* Harmonia Evangelica ;* ' Fasti Temporis Catholici ;' ' Origines Kalendariai Italicse ;' and
other works.

GREVILLZS. Alfiremon William Folke, English politician, b. 1841 ; captain in
the Ist life Guards ; M.P. for the county of Westmeath since 1865.

OREVIlaliE, Fnlke SonthiNrCll, English politieian, b. 1821 ; deputy-lieutenant of
the county of Longford; vice-lieutenant of Westmeath, and colonel of Westmeath
MiUtia ; M.P. for county of Longford since 1852.

GREY, Hon. Charles, English general, b. 1804 ; educated at Cambridge ; entered the
army, 1821 ; major-general, 1854 ; lieutenant-general, 1861.

GREY, Rii^ht Hon. Sir Charles Edi^irard, English colonial administrator, b. 1785 ;
educated at University College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1866 ; appointed com-
missioner in bankruptcy, 1817 ; judge at Madras, 1820 ; chief judge of Bengal, 1825 ;
governor of Bardadoes, 1841-46 ; governor of Jamaica, 1846.

GREY, Hon. Frederick William, English naval commander, b. 1805 ; entered the
royal navy ; fought in China ; admiral of the blue, 1855 ; vice-admiral of the red, 1863 ;
a lord of the Admiralty, 1861.

GREY, Sir Georre, English colonial administrator, b. 1812 ; educated at Sandhurst
College, and entered the army as ensign in the 83d regiment, 1830 ; lieutenant, 1833, and
captain, 1839 ; left England in 1837 with instructions ftom Government to explore the
north-west part of Australia, during 1837-39 ; appointed governor of South Australia,
Dec. 1840 ; governor of New Zealand, 1846 ; governor of the Cape of Good Hope, 1854 ;
again governor of New Zealand, 1861-67.

GREY, Riifht Hon. Sir Georgre, English statesman, b. at Gibraltar, 1799, the
eldest son of Sir George Grey, Bart, resident commissioner of Portsmouth Dockyard;
studied jurisprudence, and was called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1826 ; undAr-secretaiy
of state for the colonies, July to Nov. 1834 ; judge-advocate-general, 1839, and chancellor
of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1841 ; secretary of state for the Home Department, July 1846
to March 1852 ; secretary of state for the colonies, June 1854 to Jan. 1855 ; home secretary
under Lord Palmerston, Feb. 1866 to Feb. 19, 1868 ; chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster,
June 1859 ; secretary of state for the Home Department, July 1861 to July 1866.

GREY^ Rijrht Hon. Henry George, Earl, English statesman, b. 1802 ; educated
atTrmity College, Cambridge; M.P. for Winchelsea, 1826; for Higham Ferrars, 1830;

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for Northumberland, 1831 to 1841 ; for Bnnderland, 1841 to 1845, when he succeeded to
the peerage ; was under-secretary for the colonies, Nov. 1830 to Mar. 1835 ; for the Home
Dei)artment, Jan. to July 1834 ; secretary at war, April 1835 to Sept. 1830 ; secretary of
state for the colonies, July 1846 to Feb. 1852 ; lord-heutenant of Northumberland.

ORIDIaEY, Henry OiUett, Ehglish politician, b. 1820 ; called to the bar of the

Middle Temple, 1856 ; captain in the King's Own Light Infantry Regiment Militia ;
M-P. for Weymouth, 1865-68.

ORIBR, Robert Gooper* American judge, b. in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania,
March 5, 1794 ; studied at Dickinson College ; called to the bar, 1817 ; appointed presi-
dent judge of the district comt of Alleghany County, 1838 ; one of the justices of the
Supreme Court of the United States, 1848.

ORIE8HBIM. Karl Augrnst Julian Toni German politician, b. at Berlin,
1798 ; entered the army ; lieutenant in the Guards, and staff-matfor. 1824 to 1831 ; deputy
to the Prussian National Assembly, 1848 ; elected to the Second Chamber, 1850 ;
api>ointed military commander of Coblentz, and ra^jor-general, 1853. Author of
' Lebensfragen der Landwehr,' 1851 ; and other political works.

ORIEVB, James Johnston, English politician, b. 1810 ; magistrate for Renfrew-
shire, and provost of Greenock, 1868 ; returned M.P. for Greenock, 1868.

GRIFFITH. Christopher Darby, English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at Eton,
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1826; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant
of Berks ; M.P. for Devizes, 1857-68.

GRIFFITH, Sir Richard John, Bart.. English civil engineer, b. in Dublin, 1784 ;
appointed commissioner for the general valuation of land and tenements in Ireland, 1825 ;
chairman of the Board of Public Works, 1851 ; created a baronet, 1858. Author of * The
Geological Map of Ireland.*

GRI 81. Ginlia, Italian singer, b. May 22, 1812 ; educated at a convent in Italy ; made
her debut in London, 1834 ; was prima donna of her Majesty's Theatre till 1846, and at
the Royal Italian Opera, Covent (harden, till 1861 ; has been twice married, first to
M. Gerard de Melcy in 1836, and secondly to Signer Mario.

OR08, Jean Baptiste Lonis, Baron, French diplomatist, b. at Ivry-sur-Seine,
Feb. 8, 1793; created a baron, 1829; was secretary of legation in Mexico, 1834;
ambassador at Athens, 1850 ; minister to Spain, 1854 ; signed the Treaty of Bayonne, 1856 ;
signed the Treaty of Tietsin, Canton, June 27, 1858 ; called to the French Senate, 1858 ;
French ambassador to Great Brittdn, 1862-63.

GR08VEN0R, Lupns, Earl, English politician, b. 1825, second son of the
Marquis of Westminster ; educated at Eton, and Balliol College, Oxford ; magistrate of
Cheshire ; M.P. for Chester since 1847.

GR08VEN0R, lK>rd Richard de Aonila, English politician, b. 1837 ; educated
at Westminster, and Trinity Collie, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1858 ; a magis-
trate of the counties of Flmt and Dorset; M.P. for Flintshire since 1861.

GR08VEN0R, Hon. Robert Wellesley, English politician, b. 1834 ; educated
at Harrow, and King's College, London ; captam in the 1st Life Guards ; M.P. for West-
minster since 1865.

GROTB, Oeorce, English author, b. at Beckenham, Kent, 1794; educated at the
Charterhouse ; MP. for the City of London, 1832 to 1841. Author of * The History of
Greece,* 1846-56; 'Plato and the other Companions of Socrates,* 1864; and other
historical works.

GROUCHY, Ernest Henri, Vicomte de, French politician, b. at Paris, Jan. 26,
1806 ; studied at the Bcole Polytechnique ; sub-prefect at Cambrai, 1830 ; at Baveux, 1832 ;
at Montaigis, 1833 ; prefect of Gers, Jan. 10, 1849 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for
the department of Loire since 1857.

GROVE, Georgre^ English author, b. at Clapham, Surrey, 1820 ; educated for the
engineering profession ; charged with the erection of an iron lighthouse on Morant Point,
Jamaica, 1841, and of a similar tower on Gibbs' Hill, Bermuda, 1844 ; secretary to Society
of Arts from 1849 to 1852 ; appointed secretary to the Crystal Palace Company, 1852.
Editor of MacmUlan's Magazine J a leading contributor to the Dictionary of the Bible.

GROVE, Thonias Fraser, English politician, b. 1823 ; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant
of Wilts ; high sheriflf, 1863 ; M.P. for South WUtshire since 1865.

GROVE, William Robert, English author, b. at Swansea, July 14, 1811 ; educated at
Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1832 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's
Inn, 1835 ; professor of experimental philosophy at the London Institution, 1840 to 1846.
Author of ' On the Correlation of Physical Forces,' 1846 ; and several other scientific works .

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ORUNBR, WlUieim Helnrich, Oerraan engraver, b. at Dresden, Feb. 24, 1801 :
studied nnder Klinger, and at the Academy at Dresden. Engraved Raffaelle's cartoons at
Hampton Conrt for the Berlin Museum, 1842. Published 'Fresco Decorations and
Studies,' London, 1844 ; and other works.

ORUNBRT, Jobann Aufnuit, German mathematician, b. at Halle, Feb. 7, 1797 ;
studied at the University of Giittingen, where he graduated Ph.D. 1820 ; appointed pro-
fessor of mathematics at Brandenburg, 1828 ; at tibe Academy of Eldena, 1838. Author
of * Lehrbuch der K^elschnitte,' Leipsic, 1824 ; * Lehrbuch der Mathematik und Phy-
sick,' ib. 1841-51 ; and other works.

ORUNNE; Karl Ludwlgr, Gount, Austrian military commander, b. at Vienna,
Aug. 25, 1808 ; entered the army, and became major. 1838 ; chamberlain and aide-de-camp
to uie emperor Franz Joseph, 1848, and created migor-general ; field-marshal, 1850.

6UDIN, The'odore, French marine painter, b. in Paris, Aug. 15, 1802 ; studied under
Girodet Trioson. Painted * Sauvetage des Passagers du Columbus,' 1831 ; the ' Coup de
Vent dans la Rade d' Alger,' 1835; commissioned by King Louis Philippe to paint the
principal events in the naval history of France, for the chateau of Versailles, 1838-48.

OUELIj-Y-RENTE, Don Jose', Spanish poet and politician, b. at Havannah, 1819 ;
educated at the'College of St. Charles, in Cuba ; and graduated D.C.L. at the University
of Barcelona, 1840 ; sat in the Cortes for the city of Valladolid, 1855. Author of * The
Virgin of the Lily;' ' The Granddaughter of a King ;' ' American Traditions ;' and other
poetical works.

OUERIGKE, Heinricli Ernst Ferdinand, German theologian, b. at Vettin,
Prussia, Feb. 23, 1803 ; studied theology at Halle, and was assistant professor, 1829 ;
apx)ointed examiner at the University, 1833 to 1838, and again 1840. Author of
*A Manual of Church History,' 1833; 'History of the Reformation,' 1855; and other
theological works.

OUE'RINi JnleSj French physician, b. at Boussu, Jemappes, March 11, 1801; studied
at Lou vain and Paris, and was adniitted M.D. 1826 ; became proprietor and editor of the
Gaxette MedicdU de Paris. Author of 'Determination rigoureusement scientifique des
Principes, M6thodes et Proc^dds de I'Orthop^die, sous le double Rapport de la I^tique
et de la Th6orie,' in sixteen volumes ; and other medical works.

OUERRAZZI, Francesco Domenico, Italian writer and politician, b. in Livonia,
1805 : studied law at the University of Pisa ; took part in the conspiracies of 1831 ; im-
prisoned in the fortress of the isle of Elba, 1847 ; regained his freedom, and a member
of the ministry of M. Montanelli, 1848 ; proclaimed dictator at Rome, April 12, 1849.
Author of * Isabella Orsini ;' * Beatrice Cenci ;' * Apol(^ of my Life,' 1851.

OUEST. Arthur, English politician, b. 1841 ; educated at Harrow, and Trinity College,
Cambndge ; depu^-lieutenant of Glamorganshire ; elected M.P. for Poole, 1868.

6UES-VILLER, Philippe Antoine. French military commander, b. at Paris,
March 10, 1791 ; studied at the Military School of Fontainebleau, 1810 ; served in Spain,
and at the battle of Leipsic ; colonel, 1836 ; general of division, June 1848 ; senator, 1852.

6UIGNIANT, Joseph Daniel, French historical writer, b. at Paray-le-Monial, Sadne-
et-Loire, May 15, 1794 ; studied at the Ecole Norinale, 1818 ; master of conferences at
the ticole Normale ; teacher of history at the College of France, 1854 ; professor, 1857.
Author of * Sur le Dieu S6rapis et son Origine,' 1828 ; and other works.

OUILLAUME, Jenn Baptiste Clande, .French sculptor, b. at Montbard, Feb.
1822 ; studied at Paris under M. Pradier, at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Executed bas-
relief of ' An Amazon ;' ' Monument de Colbert,* at Rheims, 1856 ; a statue in marble
of Napoleon I. 1861 ; and other works. Member of the Institute, 1862.

OUIIaLAUMIN; Jacqnes Frangois Angnstiny French politician, b. at Brescia,

Italy, Feb. 5, 1802 ; member of the Legislative Assembly for the department of Cher

since 1856.
GUIIaliOUTET, Lonis Adhemar, Marqnis de, French politician, b. Aug. 6,

1819 : mayor of Parlebose, and member of the General Council for the canton of Gabaret ;

member of the Corps L6gislatif for the department of Landes since 1863.
GUINNESS. Sir Arthur. English politician, b. 1839; educated at Eton, and Trinity

College, Dublin ; succeeded his father, first baronet, 1868 ; returned M.P. for Dublin, 1868,

unseated, 1869.
GUISTIERE, Amand Oanthier de la, French politician, b. at Rennes, May 2,

1825 ; mayor of Rennes, and counsellor of the prefecture of Ille-et-Vilaine, 1868 ; resigned,

18C3 ; elected member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 1863.

GUIZOT, Francois Pierre Gnillaume, French author and statesman, b. at
Nimes, Oct. 4, 1787 ; educated at Geneva ; elected member of the Chamber of Deputies,

Gnn HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Hagr

[ 127 ] :

1829 ; appointed minister of the interior, 1830 ; minister of public instruction, 1882 ;
minister of foreign affairs, 1840 to Feb. 1848. Author of 'History of tho English
Revolution of 1640* 1826-66; 'Love in Marriage,' 1864;' 'L'Eglise et la Society Chr6-
tienne,' 1861 ; ' M^itations sur I'Essence de la Religion Chr^tienne,' 1864 ; and numerous
other historical and political works.

OX7NTHER II., PrlBce of SchwarBburgr-Sonderahausen. b. Sept. 24, 1801 ;
succeeded to the throne in consequence of the abdication of his father. Prince QUnther I. ,
Aug. 19, 1886 ; married, in first nuptials, in 1827, to Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudol-
stadt, who died in 1833 ; and secondly, in 1836, to Princess Mathilda of Hohenlohe-
Oehringen, from whom he was divorced in 1852.

GX7RDON, RebOTNT John, English politician, b. 1799; educated at Eton; J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of Essex; high sheriff, 1862; M.P. for Colchester, 1867-69, and since
1866.

GURNEY, Rev. Archer, English author, b. 1820 ; ordahied, 1849^; chaplain to an
English congregation in Paris. Author of ' Charles I.,' a dramatic poem dedicated to the
memory of ' The Royal Martyr ' of the Established Church ; and numerous sermons.

GURNEY, Ruasell, English politician, b. 1804 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. 1826; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1828 ;
appointed Q.C. 1845 ; recorder of London, 1856 ; M.P. for Southampton, 1866-68.

GURNEY, Samnelf English politician, b. 1816; ma^strate for Surrey; M.P. for
Penrhyn and Falmouth, 1867-68.

GUTHRIE, Rer. Thomas, English author, b. at Brechin, Forfarshire, 1800; studied
at the University of Edinbui^h ; ordained minister of the parish of Arbirlot, 1830 ;
minister of St. John's, Edinburgh, 1840 ; assisted to establish the Edinbui:gh Original
Ragged or Industrial School, 1847. Editor of the Sunday Magazine.

OUTZKOW, Karl Ferdinand, German dramatic poet, b. at Berlin, March 17,
1811 ; studied at the University of his native town. Author of ' Konig Saul,' 1839 ;
'Richard Savage;' 'Die Ritter vom Gcist/ 1860-62; and numerous other dramas and
works of fiction.

GYULAY, Frans, Gonnt, Austrian military commander, b. at Pesth, 1799 ; entered
the army, and became major-general, 1839; lieutenant field-marshal, 1846, and held
command of the province .of Trieste, 1847 ; minister of wai:, June 1849 to July 1860 ;
commanded in the Italian campaign of 1869, and was commander-in-chief at the battle of
Magenta, June 1859.

H.

HAA8E, Christian, German philologist, b. at Magdebn^g, Pmssia, Jan. 4, 1808;
studied at the Universities of Halle and Berlin ; professor at Schulpforta, 1836 ; professor
of philology at the University of Breslau, 1840 ; deputy to the National Assembly of
Berlin, 1848. Author of ' Veigangenheit und Zukunft der Philologie,' Berlin, 1836; and
other works.

HAGKIaAGNDER, Friederich IVilhelm. German traveller and author, b. at
Boruette, nenr Aix la-Chapelle, Nov. 1, 1816. Author of 'Bilder aus dera Soldatenleben
im Prieden,' Stuttgart, 1841; 'Soldatenleben im Kriege,' ib. 1869-60; 'Ein Winter in
Spanien,' ib. 1866 ; and numerous novels and comedies.

HADDINGTON, George Baillie, Earl of, English administrator, b. 1802 ; suc-
ceeded his cousin, ninth earl, Dec. 1858 ; elected a representative peer of Scotland, May
1869 ; deputy-lieutenant of the county of Haddingtion.

HADFIEIiD, Geori^e, English politician, b. 1787 ; was a solicitor in Manchester, and
member of the Anti-Corn-Law League ; M.P. for Sheflleld since 1852.

HAENTJEN8, Alfred Alphonse, French politician, b. at Nantes, June 11, 1824;
member of the Corps L^gislatif for tiie department of thu Sarthe since 1863.

HAGENBAGH, Karl Adolph, German Protestant theologian, b. at Basel, May 4,
1801 ; studied at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin ; appointed professor of theology
at the University of BaseL 1828. Author of ' A Guide to Christian Instruction,' Leipsic,
1850 ; and numerous theological works.

Har HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Hal
[128]

\f iMOXdUf Belgian painter, b. at Tonmay, Belgium, 1802 ; chiefly residing in
England, and member of the new Water Colour Society. Painted * Hall of Courtray ;*
* The Hall of Audience at Bruges ;* and numMX>us other works.

HAHN-HAHN; Ida, Cottntess TOn, German authoress, b. at Tressow, Duchy of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, June 22, 1805 ; married to Count von Hahn, 1826 ; divorced, 1829.
Author of ' Oriental Letters,' 1844; ' From Babylon to Jerusalem ;' and numerous works
of fiction.

HAIiDEMAN, Samuel, American naturalist, b. near Columbia, Pennsylvania, 1812 ;
educated at Dickinson College, and employed on the New Jersey and Pennsylvania
geological surveys, 1836-37 ; appointed professor of natural history in Delaware College,
Newark, Delaware, 1855. Anther 4>f 'Analytic Orthography,' 1858 ; and other works.

n»M«a, John ParkeTi American politician, b. in Rochester, New Hampshire, U.S.
March 31, 1806 ; called to the bar, 1830 ; elected to the State Legislature, 1832 ; appointed
U.S. attorney for New Hampshire, 1634; returned to Congress, 1843; returned to the
U.S. Senate, 1847 ; re-entered the Senate, 1855.

HALE; Sarah. American authoress, b. at Newport, New Hampshire, 1795 : married to
Mr. David Hale, 1814, who died, 1822. Author of * The Genius of Oblivion,' 1823 ;
' Flora's Interpreter ;' ' Woman's Record ; or Sketches of Distinguished Women, from
the Creation to a.d. 1854 ;' and other works.

HALE, Ven. Wniiam. English divine, b. 1795; educated at the Charterhonse, and
Oriel College, Oxford, wnere he graduated, 1817 ; rector of Cripplegate, 1847 to 1857 ;
archdeacon of London, 1842. Author of 'Some Account of the Hospital of King
Edward VI., called Christ's Hospital.' Editor of * The Four Gospels ;' and other works.

HALE'VY, Leoiii French author, b. at Paris, Jan. 14, 1802 ; studied at the Lyc6e Charle-
magne ; appointed professor of literature at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1831 to 1834 ; entered
the Ministry of Public Instruction, 1837 to 1853. Author of ' La Peste de Barcelone/
1822 ; *Ce que Fille veut,* 1858 ; and numerous poems and dramas.

HALL. Anna Maria, English authoress, b. in Wexford County, 1805; manled to
Mr. Samuel Carter Hall (see belowX 1824. Published ' Sketches of Irish Character,'
1828; 'The Buccaneer,'^ 1832 ; 'The Whiteboy/ 1845; 'Can Wrong be Right?' and
numerous other works of fiction. ,

HALL, James, American novelist, b. at Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 1793 ; took part in the
war with England as volunteer, 1818. Author of 'Letters from the West,' 1820;
'Border Tales,' New York, 1853; 'History and Biography of the Indians of North
America ;' and other works.

HALL, James, American geologist, b. at Hingham, Massachusetts, U.S. 1811 ; studied
at New York ; appointed on the New York Survey, 1837 ; geologist of the State of Iowa,
1855. Author of ' Palaeontology of New York,' 1847-52 and 1869.

HALL, Sir John, English surgeon, b. 1795 ; entered the medical department of the
army, 1815 ; statf-surgeon, 1827 ; deputy-inspector of hospitals, 1846 ; chief medical
officer of the army in the Crimea, 1854-56 ; and inspector-general of hospitals since
1854.

HALL, Rev. Newman, Ei^^lish theolc^an, b. 1816 ; educated at Highbury CoU^e,
and graduated at the London University, B.A. and LL.B. ; minister of the Albion Con-
gregational Church, Hull, 1842 to 1854 ; minister of Surrey Chapel since 1854. Author
of ' Come to Jesus ;' and numerous devotional tracts.

HALL, Samnel Garter, English author, b. at Topsham, Devon, 1801 ; barrister-at-
law ; editor of the Art Journal since 1839. Edited the ' Book of Gems ;' ' Book of
British B^Iads ;' and other works.

HALLE', Charles, musical performer and composer, b. in Gteimany; director of the
Musical Institution at Manchester.

HALLEGK, Henry "Waflrer, American military commander, b. in New York, 1810';
entered West Point as a cadet, 1835, and graduated, 1839 ; lieutenant, 1839 ; captain, 1847 ;
captain of engineers, 1863, and retired from service, Aug. 1854 ; commissioned mtgor-
general of the U.S. army, Aug. 19, 1861 ; placed at the head of the United States armies,
July 11, 1862 ; resigned in favour of Lieutenant-general Grant, 1864 ; commander of the
Pacific military department, 1805.

HALLIDAY, Sir Frederick James, English colonial administrator, b. near
Epsom, Surrey, 1806 ; educated at St Paul's School, Rugby, and Haileybury College ;
entered the civil service of the East India Company, 1825 ; member of the Supreme
Council of India, 1853; ^pointed Ueutenant-govemor of Bengal, 1854; created K.C.B.
civil division, 1860.

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HALIiIWlSIaLj^ James Orchard^ English biblioOTaphical writer, b. at Chelsea, 1820.

Author of *A Life of Shakespeare ;' ' Skeleton Hand List of the Early Quarto Editions of

Shakespeare,' 1860 ; 'Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales/ 1849; and numerous other
.works.
HAMILTON. Rif Itt Hon. Lord Clande, English politician, b. 1818 ; educated

at Trinity College, Cambridge; was M.P. for county of Tyrone, 1836-37, and since 1839 ;

was treasurer of the Household- 1852, and 1868-69 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Tyrone, and

lieutenant-colonel Donegal Militia.

HAMILTON. Lord Clande John, English politician, b. 1843 ; educated at Harrow ;
lieutenant and captain Grenadier Quards ; M.P. for Londonderry, 1896-68.

HAMILTON, Edward 'William Terrick, English politician, b.a809; educated
at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1832, M.A. 1836 ;
M.P. for Salisbury since 1865.

HAMILTON, Very Rev. Henry Parr, English divine, b. 1794; educated at
Trinity Coll^;e, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1816; appointed dean of Salisbury,
1850. Author of ' The I^nciples of Analytical Geometry ;' ' Remarks on Popular Edu-
cation ;' and several otlier works, and sermons.

HAMILTON, Ion Trant, English politician, b. 1839 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge; a magistrate for the county of Dublin; M.P. for county of Dublin since
1863.

HAMILTON, James, Visconnt, English politician, b. 1838 ; educated at Harrow,
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1860 ; a ma^^strate for the county
of Don^al ; M.P. for county of Done^ since 1860.

HAMILTON, Sir Robert Collie, English diplomatist, b. in India, 1802 ; educated
at Haileybury ; entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1819 ; political agent to the Governor-
General in Central India, 1842 ; accompanied General Sir Hugh Rose throng the whole
campaign in the Indian Mutiny; and created K.C.B. civil division, 1858.

HAMILTON, IViUiam Alexander, Dnke of, Scottish administrator, b. 1845 ;
premier peer of Scotland ; hereditary keeper of the palace of Holyrood; succeeded hia
father, eleventh peer, July 1863.

HAMMERICH, Peder Adolph, Danish author, b. at Copenhagen, Aug. 9, 1809 ;
studied at the University of Coi>enhagen, and graduated Ph.D. 1834; pastor in Jutland,
1839 ; pastor of Trinity Church, Copenhagen, 1845. Author of • Heroic Songs,' 1841 ;

* Gustavus Adolphus in Germany,' 1844 ; ' The War of Three Tears in Schleswig,' 1862 ;
and numerous other works.

HAMMETT, Samnel, American writer, b. at Jewett City, Connecticut, 1816 ; gra-
duated at the University of New York. Published, under the pseudonjnn of P. Paxton,

* A Stray Yankee in Texas,' New York, 1853 ; ' The Wonderful Adventures of Captain
Priest,' 1854.

HAMMOND, James Hamilton, American statesman, b. in Newburv, South Caro-
lina, U.S. Nov. 15, 1807 ; graduated at the South Carolina College ; admitted to the bar,
1828 ; elected to Congress, 1835 ; general of brigade, 1841 ; governor of South Carolina,
1842 ; elected to the Senate of the United States, 1857. Author of several papers on
politicg, military tactics, agriculture, and slavery.

HANBURY, Robert Gnllinir, English politician, b. 1823 ; deputy-lieutenant of
Middlesex and the Tower Hamlets, and a maglBtrate for Herts, Middlesex, and East
Sussex ; M.P. for Middlesex, 1867-68.

HANBURY.TRAGY, Hon. Charles Richard, English poUtician, b. 1840;
a barrister-at-law of Lincoln's Inn; late lieutenant in the Royal Navy; M.P. for Mont-
gomery since 1863.

HANCOCK, 'Winiield Scott, American military commander, b. in Pennsylvania,
1824 ; entered West Point Academy, 1840 ; graduated and received a commission as
lieutenant, 1844 ; served in the Mexican war, and made assistant quartermaster-general ;
bris^ier-genera^ 1861 ; mi^or-general, 1863.

HANKEYi Thomson, English politician, b. 1805 ; a West India merchant, and
director of the Bank of England, of which he was governor, 1861 to 1863; M.P. for
Peterborough, 1853-68.

HANMER, Sir John, English politician, b. 1809 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ;
a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Flintshire ; M.P. for Shrewsbury, 1832-37; for
Hull, 1841-47 ; and for Flintshire since 1847.

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HANNA. Rer. 'WlUlam, English author, b. in Belfiist, 1808; edacated at the
University of Glasgow, and ordained to the minist^ of the iSresbrterian Church, 1835.
Author of * Wycliffe and the Huguenots/ and a ' Biography of the late Rev. Thomas
Chalmers.'

HANNAH^ Rer. John, English theologian, b. 1819 ; educated at Corpus ChrfsU
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840 ; rector of the Academy at Edinburgh,
and warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond. Author of ' Discourses on the Fall and its
Results.' Edited ' The Poems and Psalms of Harry King,' 1843 ; and other works.

HANNAY; James, English author, b. at Dumfries, 1827 ; served in the Royal Navy,
1840 to 1845. Author of * Singleton Pontenoy,' 1854 ; * Eustace Conyers/ 1855 ; * Satire
and Satirists ;' and other works.

HAN8EMANN, Dayid, German politician and writer, b. at Firckenwerder, near
Hambuig, July 12, 1790 ; member of the Provincial Diet of the Rhine, 1846 ; and of the
Prussian Diet, 1847 i appointed minister of finance of Prussia, March 1848 ; resigned.
Sept 10, 1848. Author of 'The German Constitution of March 28, 1849 ;' and numerous
other political works.

HARDGASTIaXa, Josepli Alfred, English politician, b. 1815; educated at Bory,
and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1888, and M. A. 1841 ; called
to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1841; M.P. for Colchester, 1847-52, and for Bury
St Edmund's since 1857.

HARDINOE, Charles Ste^eart, Viscount, English statesman, b. 1828;
educated at Elton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1844 ; M.P. for
Downpatrick, 1851 to 1866 ; under-secretary of state for the War Department, Feb. 1858
to June 1859 ; succeeded h^ father, first viscount, 1856. Author of ' views in India,' 1847.

HARDIVIGK, Philip, English architect, b. 1793. Designed the buildings at
St Katharine's Docks; the Goldsmiths' Hall, London; the Grand Entrance to the
North-Western Railway Station, Euston Square ; the Great Hall at Lincoln's Inn ; and
other public buildings in London.

HARDIVIGRB, Riifht Hon. Charles Yorlce, Earl, English admiral, b. 1799 ;
educated at Harrow, and the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth ; M.P. for Belgate, 1831-32,
and for Cambridgeshire, 1832-34, when he succeeded his uncle, third earl ; sworn privy
councillor, 1852 ; lord privy seal, 1858-59 ; admiral, and lord-Iieutenant of Cambridgeshire.

HARDY, Gathome, English statesman, b. 1814 ; educated at Shrewsbury, and Oriel
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1836; called to the bar of the Inner Temple,
1840; M.P. for Leominster, 1858 ; under-secretary of state for the Home Department,
1868-59 ; returned M.P. for Oxford University, 1865 ; president of the Poor Law Board,
July 6, 1866, to May 17, 1867 ; secretary of state for the Home Department, May 17, 1867,
to Dec. 9, 1868.

HARDY, John. English politician, b. 1809 ; educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where
he graduated B.A. 1831{; M.A. 1834; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Staffordshire
and for the West Biding of Yorkshire ; M.P. for Midhurst, March to April 1859; and
for Dartmouth, 1860-68.

HARDY, Thomas Dnffos, English antiquarian, b. at Port Royal, Jamaica, 1804;
entered the public service as junior clerk in the Record Office, Tower, 1819 ; appointed
deputy-keei)er of the Public Rolls, 1861. Edited ' Rotuli Literarum Clausarum in Tunri
Londinensi asservati,' 1833-34 ; ' Modus tenendi Parliamentum,' 1846 ; and other ancient
MSS. in the Rolls collection.

HAREIVOOD, Henry Thynne laascelles. Earl, English administrator, b. 1824;
a deputy-lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire ; succeeded his father, third earl,
1857.

HARORAVESy Edmnnd Hanunond. English traveller, b. at Gosport, Sussex,
1816 ; settled in Australia, 1834 ; sailed to tne Califomian Gold Diggings, 1849 ; returned
to Australia, and made the discovery of gold fields, 1851 ; appointed commissioner of
Crown lands, 1850. Published * Australia, and its G<)ld Fields,' 1854.

HAERING, 'Wilhelm, German novelist, b. at Breslau, June 1798 ; fought in the cam-
paign of 1815 as a volunteer; studied at Berlin and Breslau after 1817. Author, under
the nom de plume of * Wilibald Alexis,' of 'Die Treibjagd ;' * Walladmor,' 1823 ; * Schloss
Avalon,' 1827 ; and numerous other works of fiction.

HARINGTON, Rev. Edward Charles, English author, b. 1807; educated at
Worcester College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1828 ; appointed chancellor of Exeter
Cathedral, 1847, and residentiary canon, 1857. Author of 'The Reformers of the Anglican
Church ;' * Macaulay's History of England ;' * Rome's Pretensions tested ;' and other works.

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HARIiESS, Theoithiliis Christophi Oerman Protestant theologian, b. at Nttrnberg,
Nov. 21, 1806 ; studied at Erlangen and Halle ; professor of theology at the University of
Erlangen, 1836 ; appointed private ecclesiastical councillor to the minister of worship at
Munidi, 1852. Author of ' Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians,' 1884 ; ' Ti-eatise
on Plastic Anatomy/ 1857 ; and numerous other works.

HARNESS. Rer- William, English author, b. 1790; educated at Harrow, and
Christ's CoUege, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A 1813 ; incumbent of All Saints,
Enightsbridge. Author of ' Welcome and Farewell,' a drama, 1837 ; ' Claims of tiie
Church of Borne considered ;* and numerous sermons and pamphlets.

(. Hon. Ed<«irard Alfred, English diplomatist, b. 1808 ; educated at Eton,
and the Koyal Naval College; entered the navy, 1823; captain, 1843; M.P. for Christ
Church, Hants, 1844 to 1852 ; appointed consul at Elsinore, 1852 ; transferred to Peru as
consul-general and charge d'affaires, 1852, and to Chili, 1853 ; consul at Venice, 1858 ;
minister-plenipotentiary at Berne, 1861-66.

HARRIS, Georse Francis Robert, Baron, English administrator, b. 1810;
educated at ChrisfChurch, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1831 ; succeeded his father,
second baron, 1845; lieutenant-governor of Trinidad, 1846-54; governor of Madras,
1854-59 ; returned to England, 1861 ; chambeiiain of the Princess of Wales.

HARRIS, John Dove, English politician, b. 1809 ; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of
the county of Leicester ; M.P. for Leicester, 1857-69, and since 1865.

HARRISON, Ven. Benjamin, English divine, b. 1809 ; educated at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1830 ; appointed archdeacon of Maidstone, and preacher
in Canterbury Cathedral, 1845. Author of * An Historical Enquiry into the True Inter-
pretation of the Rubrics relating to the Sermon and Communion Service,' 1845.

HARRISON, Thomas, English civil engineer, b. 1810 ; employed in the construction
of docks in IJondon ; engineer of the North-Eastem Railway.

HARROIVBY, Ricrht Hon. Dudley Ryder, Earl, English statesman, b. 1798 ;
educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1819 ; was M.P. for Tiver-
ton, 1819 to 1830, and for Liverpool, 1882 to 1847, when he succeeded his father, first
earl ; has been secretary to the India Board, chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and
lord privy seaL

HART, Joel, American sculptor, b. in Clark County, Kentucky, 1810; executed a
marble statue of Henry Clay, 1859 ; a statue in bronze of the same for the city of New
Orleans, 1861 ; and busts of several other distinguished persons.

HART, Solomon Alexander, English painter, b. at Plymouth, April 1806 ; entered
the Royal Academy as student, 1823 ; appointed professor of painting in the Royal
Academy, 1857. Exhibited 'The Elevation of the Law,' 1880 ; ' Wolsey and Buckingham,'
1834 ; ' Simchath Torah, or the Rdoicing of the Law,' 1845 and 1850 ; ' The Three Inven-
tors of Printing;' and numerous other paintings. Elected A.R.A. 1835, R A. 1840.

HARTINGTON, Right Hon. Spencer Compton, Marqnis of, English
statesman, eldest son of the Duke of Devonshire, b. 1833 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1854; under-secretary for war, 1863-66; secret^
for war, 1866 ; appointed postmaster-general, Dec. f, 1868 ; M.P. for North Lancashire,
1857-68 ; for the Radnorshire boroughs, 1869.

HARTIiSY, Sir Charles Auenstos, English civil engineer, b. at Hepworth,
county of Durham, 1825; served in the Crimea as captain in the Turkish Contingent
ihi^neers, 1855-56 ; appointed engineer-in-chief to the Eiiropean Commission for im-
proving the Navigation of the Danube, 1857 ; knighted, 1862.

HARTIaSY, James, English politician, b. 1811 ; educated at Bristol ; a magistrate
for the county of Dcurham, and an alderman of Sunderland ; M.P. for Sunderland^
1865-68.

HARTMANN, Morits, German author, b. at Duschink, Bohemia, Oct 15, 1821 ;
studied at the Universities of Prague and Vienna. Author of ' Reich und Schwert,'
Leipsic, 1845; 'Sie sind arm;' 'Reimchronik des Pfaffen Mauritius,' Frankfort, 1849;
' Briefe aus Irland,' 1851 ; and numerous other, chiefly poetical, works.

HARTOPP, Sdv^ard Bonrchier. English politician, b. 1809 ; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate lor the county of Leicester ; was high sheriff, 1833 ;
M.P. for North Leicestershire, 1859-68.

HARTSHORNS, Rev. Charles Henrv, English author, b. 1803; educated at
St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1826 ; appointed rector of Hol-
denby, near Northampton, 1850. Author of ' Book Rarities in the University of Cam-
bridge,' 1829 ; * Home of the Working Man,' 1866 j and other works.

K 2

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HARVEY, Georire, Scottish painter, b. at St Ninian's, near Stirling, 1805; studied at
the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, 1823 to 1825 ; associate of the Royal Edinburgh
• Academy, 1826 ; and academician, 1829. Exhibited the * Covenanters Preaching,' 1830 ;
* The Wise and Foolish Builders/ 1849 ; and numerous other paintings.

HARVCYj, Robert Bateson, English politician, b. 1824; a J. P. and deputy-lieu-
tenant of Bucks ; M.P. for Bucks, 1864-68.

HARVSY, Robert John Harvey, English politician, b. 1817: a J. P. and deputy-
lieutenant of Norfolk ; high sheriflf, 1862 ; M. P. for Thetford, 1865-68.

HASSAN Alal KHAN, Persian statesman, b. at Bi^jar, 1821 ; nominated colonel in
the army by Mohammed Schah, 1889 ; general, 1851 ; governor of the city of Herat, 1856;
envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary to JranceJ Aug. 1859 to Oct. 1864.

HASTINGS, Sir Charles, English physician, b. 1794; educated at Edinburgh,
where he graduated M.D. 1818 ; knighted, 1850 ; deputy-lieutenant of Worcestershire.
Author of ' Treatise on Inflammation of the Mucous Membrane of the Lungs ;' ' Illustra-
tions of the Natural History of Worcestershire ;' and other works.

HASTING9i Jacob Henry Astley, Baron, English administrator, b. 1822;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; a deputy-lieutenant and magistrate of
Norfolk ; lieutenant in the 2d Life Guards, 1848-51.

HASTINGS, Sir Thomas, English administrator, b. 1790 ; entered the navy^ 1808 ;
principal storekeeper and member of the Board of Ordnance, 1845 to 1855 ; knighted,
1855; nominated K.CiB. ^859; J. P. for the counties of Hereford and Brecon, and
deputy-lieutenant of Hereford.

HATCHSIaLi, Rig;ht Hon. John, Irish administrator, b. in Wexford County, 1788 ;
educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1809 ; solicitor-general for
Ireland, 1847 ; attorney-general, and sworn in the privy council for Ireland, 1850 ; M. P.
for Windsor, 1850-62 ; appointed commissioner of national education, and charitable
donations aad bequests in Ireland, 1853 ; resigned, 1861.

HATHERIiEY, William VtLge IVood, Baron, English judge, b. 1801 ; vice-
chancellor, 1852 ; lord justice of appeal, 1867 ; raised to the peerage and made lord
chancellor, Dec. 1868.

HATHSRTON, Edward Richard, Baron, English administrator, b. at Teddesley,
Dec.>81, 1815 ; educated at Eton ; M.P. for Walsall, 1847 to 1852, and for South Staflford-
• shire, 1853 to 1857 ; deputy-lieutenant and magistrate of Staffordshire.

HAUREAU, Jean Barthelemy. French author, b. in Paris, Nov. 9, 1812; studied
at the College of Louis-le-Grand and the CoU6ge Bourbon. Author of * La Montague,'
. 1832; 'Histoire de la Pologne,' Paris, 1844; 'Charlemagne et sa Cour,' 1852-55; *Cata-
lc)gue chronologique des (Euvres de J. P. Gerbier,' 1863 ; and many other works.

HAUSSERi Iiud'wis, German historical writer, b. at Cleebourg, Lower Alsace, Oct. 26,
1818 ; studied at Mannheim and Jena; member of i^he Second Baden Chamber, 1849;
appointed titular professor of history at the University of Zurich, 1850. Author
of * History of Germany from the Death of Frederick the Great,' 1863 ; and other
works.

HAUSSMANN, Georges Eugene, Baron, French statesman, b. in Paris,
March 27, 1809 ; entered the Conservatoire of Music, and subsequently studied law in
Paris, and was called to"the bar ; sub-prefet of N6rac, 1833, of St. Girons, 1840, of Blaye,
1842 ; appointed pr6fet de la Seine, June 23, 1853 ; created senator, Aug. 1857.

HAVEGAIa, Rev. IVilliam Henry, English divine, b. 1792; educated at St. Ed-
mund's Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1815, and M.A. 1819; rector of Astley, in
Worcestershire, 1829-42 ; < rector of St. Nicholas, Worcester, 1845 ; rector of Shareshill,
near Wolverhampton, 1860. Author of several sermons and musictd compositions.

HAVEIiOCK, Sir Henry Marsham, English military commander, b. at Chin-
sura, Bengal, 1830 ; entered the army, 1846 ; quartermaster-general in the expedition to
Persia, 1857 ; aide-de-camp to his father, the late General Havelock, in Oude and
Cawnpore, Aug. 1857; lieutenant-colonel, 1859; assistant adjutant-general at Alder-
shot, 1861.

H AVIN, laeonor Joseph, French politician, b. at St. Ld, 1799 ; judge of the peace
at St. Ld, 1835 ; member of the Constituent Assembly for the department of La Manche,
1849 ; elected to the Corps L^gislatif for the 1st circonscription of the department of
La Manche, 1863 ; director of Le Siicle newspaper.

HAVRINCOURT, Alphonse Pierre, Marquis d', French politician, b. Sept. 12,
1806 ; entered the Ecole Polytechnique, 1826 ; lieutenant, 1832 ; elected to the Legislative
Assembly, 1849 ; member of the Corps L^islatif for the department of Nord, 1868.

HANDBOOK 6f CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Heft

[ ]33 ]

HAWKINS, Benjamin Waterhoose. English geologist, b. in Tx)ndon, Feb. 8,
1807 ; educated at St Aloysius College. Author of ' Popular Comparative Anatomy,*
1840 ; ' Comparative View of the Human and Animal Frame,' 1860 ; and other works.

HA'WKINSy Ceesar Henry, English surgeon, b. near the end of the last century :
elected sni^eon to St. George's Hospital, 1829 ; resigned, 1861 ; consulting surgeon and
trustee to St George's Hospital. Author of ' Lectures on Tumours ;' and other medical
works.

HAWKINS, Rev. EdT^ard, English divine, b. 1789; educated at St John's College,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1811 ; provost of Oriel College, 1828 ; appointed Dean
Ireland's professor of the Exegesis of Holy Scripture at Oxford, 1847 ; resigned, 1861.
Author of ' Discourses on the Historical Scriptures of the Old Testament ;' and sermons.

HA'WKSHAW, Jolm^. EngHsh civil engineer, b. at Leeds, 1811 ; educated at Le«ds
Grammar School ; enghieer of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, the Charing Cross,
and a great number of English and foreign railroads ; one of the metropolitan com-
missioners of sewers.

HAY, laord John, English politician, b.. 1827 ; a captain in the Royal Navy, and
captain of 1st Middlesex Rifle Vdlunteers; M.P.' for Wick, 1867-69, and returned for
Ripon, 1866 ; appointed lord of the Admiralty, Dec. 1868.

HAY, Sir John Charles Dalryn&ple, English naval ofBcer, b. 1821 ; educated at
Rugby, 1821; served a^ midshipman during the siege of Acre, 1841; flag-lieutenant,
1846 ; commanded the ColumJbinej 1849 ; commander of the HAnnibal, in the Black and
Mediterrane^an Seas, during the Russian war,- 1864-^6 ; M.'P.'^ for Wakefleld, 1862.

HAY, lK>rd William Montagne, English ppliticiany b. 1826 ; educated at Hailey-
bury College ; formerly in the Civil Service at Bengal ; M.P. for Taunton, 1866-68.

A M. «•», Angfustos Allen. American chemist, b. at Windsor, State of Vermont,
Feb. 28, 1806 ; graduated at the Military Academy of Norwich, Vermont, 1823 ; state
assayer of Massachusetts. Author of 'The Existence of a Deposit of Iron on the
African West Coast ;' and other works.

L, Arthur Divett, English politician/ b. 1835 ; educated at Eton, and
Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated B.Ai 1857, and M.A. 1869 ; captain in
the Grenadier Guards; M.P. for Wells, 1865-68. "

HAYTER, Sir Georc^e, English painter, b. in London, 1792 ; appointed midshipman
in the Royal Navy, 1809 ; studied painting in Rome, 1816 to 1819 ; member of the Im-
perial Academies of Parma, 1826 ; appointed historical painter in ordinary to her
Majesty, 1841 ; knighted, 1842. Author of 'Hortus Ericseus Wobumensis.'

HAYTBR, Riffht Hon. Sir William. English politician, b. 1792 ; educated at
Winchester, and Trinity College, Oxford ; cjilled to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1819 ; M.P.
for Wells, 1837-64; judge-advocate, 1847-49 ; financial secretary of the Treasury, 1849-60 ;
parliamentary secretary, 1850-68 ; created a baronet, 1868.

HAZIaITT, Williani Carew, English author, b. Aug. 22, 1834 ; educated at Merchant
Taylors' School : called to the bar, 1861. Author of ' The History of the Venetian Re-
public : her Rise, her Greatness, and her Civilization,' 1860 ; and other works.

HEAD, Sir Francis Bond, English author, b. 1793 ; served in a corps of Royal
Engineers at Waterloo ; governor of Upper Canada, 1886 ; resigned, March 1838 ; created
a baronet,. 1838. Author of ' Rough Notes of a Journey across the Pampas ;' • A Faggot
of French Sticks ;' * The Horse and his Rider ;' and numerous other works.

HBADIaAM, Rigfht Hon. Thomas Smerson, English administrator, b. in
Yorkshire, 1813 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1839 ;
called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1839 ; appointed judge-advocate-general, 1869 ;
chancellor of Ripon and Durham, 1864 ; M.P. for Newcastle-on-Tyne since 1847.

HSADIaEY, Joel Tyler. American author, b. at New York, Dec. 30, 1814 ; studied
at Auburn Theological Seminary, and became pastor of a church at Stockbridge, Massa-
chusetts. Author of * Letters from Italy ;* * Napoleon and his Marshals,' 1846 ; • History
of the Second War between England and the United States ;' and other works.

HEATH, Rer. Dunbar Isidore, English theologian, b. 1817 ; graduated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, 1838 ; appointed vicar of Brading, Isle of Wight, 1846 ; deprived of
his benefice, 1861. Author of * The Future Kingdom of Christ,' 1862-63 ; * The Proverbs
of Aphobis, B.C. 1900,' 1868 ; and other works.

HEATHCOTE, Hon. Gilbert Henry, English politician, b. 1830 ; educated at
Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; a deputy-lieutenant of the counties of Lincoln
and Rutland; M.P. for Boston, 1862-66 ; and for Rutlandshire, 1866-68.

Hea HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Hea
[ 134 ]

HSATHCOTE, Sir William, English politician, b. 1801 ; educated at Winchester,
and Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1821 ; elected fellow of All Souls,
1822 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Hants ; M.P. for Hants, 1826-82, for North
Hants, 1837-i9, and for Oxford University, 18S4r-68.

HEDGE, Rev. Frederick Henry, American author, b. in Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, Dec. 12, 1805; ordained, 1829; minister of the Congregational Church in
Brooklyn, Massachusetts. Author of ' Proae Writers in Germany,' 1848.

HEINRICH XrV., Prince of Rensa-Schleis, b. May 28, 1832, the son ofPrince
Henry LXVIL and of Princess Adelaide ; succeeded to the throne at the death of his
father. Prince Henry LXVII., July 10, 1867 ; married, Feb. 6, 1858, to Princess Louise of
Wiirtemberg.

HEINTZEIaMAN, Samnel, Anrarican military commander, b. in Pennsylvania, 1807:
admitted as cadet to West Point, 1822 ; maJor, 1847 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1861 ; wounded
at the battle of Bull Run, /uly 21, 1861 ; brigadier-general, and commander of a division,
1861-62 ; mjyor-general, July 1862.

HEIaMERSEN, Greg^or TOn, Russian traveller, b. near Dorpat, Sept. 29, 1803 ;
studied at St. Petersbiug. and .at the University of Dorpat ; professor of geology to the
School of Mines of St. Petersbuig. Author of * Geognostiche Untersuchung des Sildural-
gebirgs,' Berlin, 1831 ; ' Beitrage zur Kenntniss des russischen Reichs.'

HEIaMORE, Rer. Thoniaa, English theologian, b. May 7, 1811 ; educated at Mag-
dalen Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840 ; appointed priest in ordinary of her
Majesty's Chapels Royal, 1847. Author of 'The Canticles noted f and other works.

HEIiPS. Arthnr, English author, b. 1817 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge,

where he graduated B.A. 1838; appointed clerk of the privy council, 1859. Author of

'Catherine Douglas ;* 'The Cmnquerors of the New World and their Bondsmen ;* *The

Spanish Conquest of America ;' and otiier works.
HENDERSON, Edmnnd Yeamans Walcott, English administrator, b. 1820 ;

studied at Woolwich, and entered the army, 1838 ; lieutenant-colonel Royal Engineers,

1862 ; appointed surveyor-general of prisons, 1863.
HENDERSON, John. English politician, b. 1807 ; educated at Durham Granunar

School; a magistrate of Durham, and carpet manuflEUsturer in that city; M.P. for

Durham since 1864.

HENEAGE, "Bdward, English politician, b. 1840; educated at Eton; a J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lincoln; was lieutenant 1st Life Guards ; M.P. for
Lincoln, 1866-68.

HENGSTENBERG, Ernst WilheUn, German theologian, b. at Fraudenbeig,
Oct. 20, 1802 ; educated at Bonn ; appointed professor and doctor of theology at Berlin,
1829. Editor of 'Aristotle's Metaphysics,' 1824 ; conductor of the EvangeHtehe Kirchen
Zeitung, 1827. Author of ' Commentaries on the Apocalypse and the Psalms.'

HENIaEY, Anthony Henley Henley, lK>rd, English politician, b. in London,
1825 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Qhurch, Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
of the county of Northampton ; was high sheriff 1854 ; M.P. for Northampton since 1859.

HENIiEY, Ric^ht Hon. Joseph Warner, English statesman, b. 1793 ; educated
at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1815 ; a magistrate ahd deputy-
lieutenant of Oxon ; president of the Board of Trade, March to Dec. 1852, and 1858-59 ;
M.P. for Oxfordshire since 1841.

HENNIKER, lK>rd John, English politician, b. 1801; educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1822 : called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn,
1826; deputy-lieutenant of Sutfolk; M.P. for East Suffolk, 1832-46, and since 1856.

HENRIQUEIi-DUPONT, laonis .Pierre. French engraxrec, b. in Paris, June 13,
1797 ; studied under Pierre Guerin. Engraved ' Tlie Interment of Christ," after Paul
Delaroche ; ' The Abdication of Gustavus Vasa,' after Hersent ; and other works.

HENRY, Caleb Spragne, American author, b. at Butland, Massachusetts, Aug. %
1804 ; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1825 ; appointed professor of philosophy and
history in the University of New York, 1839. Author of * A Compendium of Christian
Antiquities ;' and other works.

HENRY, Joseph, American electrician, b. in Albany, New York, Deo. 17, 1797;
learnt the trade of a watdimaker in his native city ; appointed professor of mathematics
in the Albany Academy, 1826 ; professor of natural philosophy in the College of New
Jersey, Princetown, 1832 ; first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington,
1846. Author of 'Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism,' 1839; and other
works.

Her HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPOBARY BIOGRAPHY. Bib

[ 186] :

HERAUD, John Abraliani. English author, b. in London. 1799. Author of ' Totten-
ham,' 1820 ; ' The Descent into Hell,' 1830 ; ' The Judgment of the Flood,' 1834 ; < Videna,'
a tragedy acted in 1854 ; and numerous other poems and dramas.

HERBERT, John "Rogem, English painter, b. at Maldon, Essex, Jan. 28, 1810 ;
entered the Royal Academy as a student, 1816. Exhibited ' The Appointed Hour,' 1884 :
* Christ and the Woman of Samaria.' 1843 ; ' Lear disinherits Cordelia,' 1849 ; and
numerous other paintings, chiefly of religious subjects. Elected A.R.A. 1841, RA.
1846.

HERCUIiANO DE CAR VAIiHO ETRAN JO. Alexander, Portuguese author,
b. at Lisbon, March 28, 1810 ; studied in Paris. Author of ' A \oz do Propheta,' 1836 ;
'Historia de Portugal,' Lisbon, 1848-52 ; * History of the Origin and Establishment of
the Inquisition in Portugal ;' and other works.

BERRING, John Frederick, English painter, b. in Surrey, 1795. Fainted * Returning
tiom Epsom ;' ' Derby Day ;* * The Scene near the Windmill Inn on Clapham Comimon y
a ' Horse Fair ;' and numerous other paintings, chiefly of horses and dogs.

HERSCHEIa, Sir John Frederick, English astronomer, b. at Slough, near Windsor,
1792 ; educated at St John's College, Cambridge ; created a baronet, 1838 ; lord rector
of Marischal CoU^e, Aberdeen, 1842 ; president of the Astronomical Society, 1848 ;
appointed master of the Mint, 1850; resigned, Feb. 1855. Author of 'Outlines of
Astronomy,' 1850.

HERTFORD, Richard Seymonr Conway, Marqvis of, b. 1800 ; attach^
at Baris, 1817-19, and at Constiuitinople, 1829 ; formerly m the army ; succeeded his
father, third marquis, 1842 ; created K.Q. 1865.

HERVEY, laord Anirtui Henrr, English politician, b. 1837; honorary M.A. of
Trinity College, Cambridge, 1859 ; M.P. for West 8uff<^ since 1864.

(TEY, Eleonora Iiovisa, Ei^lish authoress, b. at Liverpool, 1811 ; married to
Mr. T. K. Hervey, 1843. Author of 'The Landgrave,*^ 1839; *The Double Claim;' 'The
Feasts of Camelot,' 1863 ; and of numerous essays and tales.

HE8KETH, Sir Thoniaa Georse. Bart.t English politician, b. 1825 ; educated
at Christ Church, Oxford ; a deputy Ifeutenant of Lancashire; high sheriff, 1848 ; M.P.
for Preston since 1862.

E8SEY, Rer. James Ancnatoa, English divine, b. in London, 1814 ; educated
at St. John's Collie, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1836 ; elected head-master of
Merchant Taylors' School, 1845; preacher of Gray's Inn, 1850 ; appointed to the prebendal
stall of Oxgate in St Paul's Cathedral, 1860.

HEURTIaEY, Rer. Charles Abel, English divine, b. 1806: educated at Corpus
Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1827 ; rector of Fenny Compton, War-
wickshire, 1840; elected Maigaret professor of divinity, and canon m Christ Church
Cathedral, 1853 ; member of the Hebdomadal Council of the University of Oxford, 18C4.
Author of numerous sermons and lectures.

HEWIT80N. William, English naturalist, b. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Jan. 6, 1806.
Published 'The British Oology,' 1831; 'Exotic Butterflies,' 1852; and 'Illustrations of
Diurnal Lepidoptera.'

BEYGA,TE, Sir Frederick William, English politician, b. 1822 ; educated at
Eton, and Trinity Collie, Cambridge ; deputy-lieutenant of Leicestershire, and lieu-
tenant of Leicestershire f eomanry ; M.P. for county of Londonderry since 1859.

HEYGATE, Rer. William Ed^vard, English author, b. 1817 ; studied at St John's
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1839. Author of 'Godfirey Davenant, or
School Life ;' ' Sir Henry Appleton ;' ' The Gtood Shepherd ;' and other works.

HEYTESBURY, William Henry Ashe, Baron, English administrator, b. 1809 ;
educated at Eton, and St. John's College, Cambridge ; a deputy-lieutenant and magis-
trate of WUts, Hants, and the Isle of W^ht ; M.P. for the Isle of Wight, 1837-^7.

HEY WOOD, James. English politician, b. May 28, 1810 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1837 ; called to the bajr, 1838 ; M.P. for North Lancashire,
1847 to 1857. Author of ' History of University Subscription Tests,' 1858 ; * The State of
Biblical Revision,' 1860 ; and other works.

if Shirley, English horticulturist. Author of 'Summer Songs,' 1851:
' Fresh Water Aquaria,^ 1856 ; ' Garden Favourites,' 1858 ; ' Epitome of the [Russian] War,'
1857 ; and other works.

Hib HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Hi«
, [ 186 ]

HIBBERT, John Tomlinson, English politician, b. 1824 ; educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he gradoated B.A. 1847, M.A. 1851 ; called to the bar of the
Inner Temple, 1849 ; M.P. for Oldham since 1862.

HIGGINSON, Sir James Macaulaiy, English colonial governor, b. 1805 ; educated
at Trinity College, Dublin ; entered tiie Bengal army, 1824 ; governor and commander-in-
chief of the Leeward Islands, 1846 to 1850 ; governor of Mauritius, 1850 ; retired, 1857.

HIIaDRETH, Richmrdi American author, b. at Deerfield, Massachusetts, 1807; gra-
duated at Harvard College ; called to tiie bar, 1830 ; U.S. consul at Trieste. Author of
' Hlstoiy of the United States of America ;* 'Japan as it is,' 1855 ; and other works.

HIIaDYARD. Rer. James, English author, b. 1809 ; educated at Shrewsbury School,
and Christ's College,. Cambridge,, where he graduated B.A. 1833; appointed rector of
Ingoldsby, Lincolnshire, 1846. Author of ' Inguldsby L^^nds,' 1858-62.

Hllalay, Ambrose, American general, b. at Culpepper, Virginia, 1825 ; entered West
Point Militiiry Academy as a cadet, 1842 ; lieutenant, 1847 : appointed assistant on the
U.S. Coast Survey, Nov. 1855; joined the Confederate Army, March 1861; appointed
brigadier-general. May 1862 ; lieutenant-general, 1863-66.

Hllala^ David Octavliis, English artist, b. at Perth, 1802 ; studied in Edinburgh.
Exhibited ' Windsor Castle— Summer Evening ;' ' Old and New Edinburgh — ^from the
Castie ;' * The River Tay from the BHdge at Perth ; * and numerous other luidscapes.

Hllala, Matthe^RT Davenport, English administrator, b. 1792 ; called to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn, 1819 ; M.P. for Kingston upon HulL 1832 to 1834 ; recorder of Birmingham,
and commissioner in bankruptcy for the Bristol district. Author of 'Suggestions for
the Repression of Crime ;' and several pamphlets on Reformatories.

Hllala, RoTVland Hill, Visconnt, English administrator, b. 1800; lord-lieutenant
of Shropshire ; colonel of the Nortii Shropshire Yeomanry ; sat iii the House of Commons
as Sir R Hill, 1821 to 1842, when he succeeded his uncle, first viscount, in the peerage.

HIIaliARD. Georice Stillman, American author, b. in the State of Maine, 1808;
educated at Harvard College ; studied law, and was called to the bar. Published ' Six
Months in Italy,' 1853 ; was editor of the North. American Review.

HIIali-TREVOR, Itord Arthur Sd^irin, English politician, b. 1819; educated at
Eton, and Balliol College, Oxford ; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of the counties of Den-
bigh, Down, and Salop ; M.P. for the county of Down since 1845.

HINCKS. Francis, English colonial administrator, b. in Cork, 1795; studied at
Trinity CJoUege, Dublin ; member of the Provincial Parliament of Canada, and subse-
quently prime minister for some years under Lord Elgin ; governor of Barbadoes,
1856-61 : governor of British Guiana, 1861-66.

HIND, John Russell, English astronomer, b. at Nottingham, 1822 ; foreign secretary
of the Royal Astronomical Society, and superintendent of the Nautical Almanac. Pub-
lished 'The Solar System,' 1846; * The Unexpected Return of the Great Comet^' 1848;
* Astronomical Vocabulary,' 1852 ; and other works on astronomy.

HINDS, Rigrbt Rev. Sauinel, English divine, b. in Barbadoes, 1793 ; educated at
Queen's College, OxfonL where he graduated in 1815 ; appointed dean of Carlisle, 1848 ;
consecrated bishop of Norwich, 1849 ; resigned, 1857. Author of a 'Treatise on Logic ; '
' History of the Rise and Early Progress of Christianity ;' 'Inquiry into the Nature and
Extent of Inspiration ; ' several sonnets and sacred poems.

HINGESTON, Rev. Francis Charles, English author, b. March 31, 1833 ; edu-
cated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1855, and M.A. 1858; appointed
rector of Ringraore, Devon, 1860. Author of ' Specimens of Ancient Cornish Crosses,
Fonts, &c.' 1850 ; edited ' A Collection of Royal and Historical Letters during the Reign
of Henry IV .' 2 vols, for the Master of the Rolls, 1860 ; and numerous other works.

HINTON. Rev. John Howard, English author, b. at Oxford, March 24, 1791 ;
graduateu at Edinburgh ; minister of a Baptist chapel in Devonshire-square, Bishops-
gate, London. Author of ' History of the United States of NorUi America ;' ' Elements
of Natural History ;* and other works.

HIRSCHER, Johann Baptist von, German theologian, b. at Alt-Ergarten, June 20,
1788 ; educated at the University of Freiburg : ordained, 1810 ; appointed professor of
Christian morals at the University of TUbingen, 1817; transferred in the same capacity
to Freiburg, 1837; resigned, 1863. Author of 'Christian Ethics;' * Treatise on the
Present State of the Churdi,' 1850 ; and other works.

HIS DE BUTENVAIa, Charles Adrien, Baron, French diplomatist, b. 1805 ;
entered the diplomatic service, 1830 ; successively secreiiary of legation at Lisbon and
secretary of embassy at Constantinople till 1842; minister-plenipotentiary to Brazil,
1847 ; to Sardinia, 1851 ; to Belgium, 1852 ; councillor of state, June 23, 1853.

Hit HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Hol
[ 137 ]

HITZIGy Ferdinaadi German philologiRt, b. at Hiiningen, Baden, June 23, 1807 ;
studied theology at the Uniyersities of Halle and Heidelberg ; appointed professor of
Ez^esis at Zurich, 1883. Author of ' Translation and Commentary of the Prophet Isaiah,'
1882 ; " Commentary on the Psalms,' 1833 ; and other critical works on the Old Testament,
Oriental mythology, philology, and archeeology.

HOARE, Sir Henry Ainslie, English politician, b. 1824; educated at Eton, and
Trinity Colle^, Cambridge ; a J. P. and depufy-lieutenant of Somerset, and a magistrate
of Wilts; M.P. for Windsor, 1866-68.

HOD6SS. JameS| English civil engineer, b. at Queenborough, Kent 1816; assistant
engineer to the late Sir William Cubitt, at Dover, 1839 to 1844 ; constructed the new
harbour at Lowestoft, 1844 to 1848, and t^e great Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence,
at Montreal, oi>ened 1860.

HODGKINSON, Grosvenor, English politician, b. 1818; educated at King Edward's
School, Louth ; a solicitor in practice at Newark ; M. P. for Newark since 1859.

HODGSON, Kirkmaa Daniel, English politician, b. 1814 ; educated at the Charter-
house ; a merchant, one of the directors or the Bank of England, and a commissioner
of Public Works Loan Office ; M.P. for Bridport, 1857-68.

HODGSON, Williank Nicholson, English politician, b. 1801 ; a J.P. and deputy-
lieutenant of Cumberhmd; was high sheriff, 1863; M.P. for Carlisle, 1847-48, 1857-59,
and 1865-68.

HOFFMAN, Charles Fenno, American author, b. in New York, 1806 ; studied at
Columbia College. Author of 'A Winter in the Far West,' 1835; ' Wild Scenes in the
Forest and the Prairie,' 1837 ; * Grey Slaves ;' and a volume of poems. Founder of
the Knickerbocker Magazine.

HOFFMANN VON FAIalaERSLEBSN. Anffnst Heinrich, German poet,
b. at Fallersleben, Hanover, April 2, 1798 ; studied theology at Rome. Author of * Frag-
ments of Ottfried,' 1820 ; * Deutsche Lieder aus der Schweiz,' 1843 ; ' Horse Belgicse,' in
8 vols. 1850-52 ; and numerous other poetical works.

HOFMANN, Auenst Wilhelnk, German chemist b. at Giessen, Hesse, 1817;
studied chemistry under Liebig ; successively professor of chemistry at the University of
Bonn, and manager and director of the College of Chemistiy in London ; appointed pro-
fessor of chemistry in the University of Berlin, 1864. Edited 'Fownes Manual of
Chemistry,' and other works.

HOGG* James Macnairhten, English politician, b. 1823 ; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; formerly lieutenant-colonel Ist Life Guards ; M.P. for Bath,
1865-68.

HOGG, Sir Jauies Weir, English administrator, b. 1799 ; called to the bar, went to
India, and became registrar of the Supreme Court of Calcutta: M.P. for Beverley and
Honiton, 1885-57 ; director of the East India Company, 1839-58, and chairman of the
same, 1846-47.

HOGG, Robert, ^Snglish botanist, b. at Dunse, Scotland, 1818. Author of the ' Vege-
table Kingdom and Its Products:' 'British Pomology.' Editor of the Florist and
Pomologist^ and of the Journal of Horticulture.

HOIaBROOK, John l^dmrards, American naturalist, b. at Beaufort, South Carolina,
1795; graduated at Brown University, Massachusetts; studied medicine in Europe;
appointed professor of anatomy in the Medical College of South Carolina, 1824. Author
of 'American Herpetolognr ;' ' Description of the Reptiles inhabiting the United States ;'
and ' Ichthyology of Soiaa Carolina.'

HOIaDEN, Her. Hubert Aston, English author, b. 1822; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, and graduated B. A. 1845 ; vice-principal of Cheltenham College, 1853 ;
head-master of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Ipswich, 185S. Edited 'Foliorum
Silvula,' and numerous other works.

HOIaFORD, Robert Stayner, English politician, b. 1808; educated at Oriel College,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1829 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Glouces-
tershire, and a magistrate of Wilts ; M.P. for E&at Gloucestershire since 1854.

HOIaliAND, Bdv^ardjEnglish politician, b. 1805 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
of Gloucestershire and Worcestershire ; M.P. for East Worcestershire, 1835-87; M.P.
for Evesham, 1855-68.

HOIaliAND, Sir Henry, English author and physician, b. at Enutsford, Cheshire,
1788 ; studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and graduated M.D. 1811 ;
appointed physician in ordinary to the late Ihrince Consort, 1840, and to the Queen, 1852 ;
created a baronet, 1853. Author of 'Medical Notes and Reflections ;' and other works.

Hoi HANDBOOK OF CONTEMFORABT BIOOBAPHT. Bop
_ [ 188 ]

HOLMES; John* b. 1830 ; is a depnty-liefiteiuuit for the Tower Hamlets, and a magis^
trate for Lanark8hire ; elected M.P. for the new boroui^ of Hackney, 1868.

HOIaMSS, Oliver Wendell^ American author, b. at Cambridge, Massadinsetts,
Aug. 29, 1809 ; entered Harvard College, and graduated in 1829 ; received the d^iree of
M^. 1836 ; appointed professor of anatomy and physiology in Harvard College, 1847.
Author of ' Report on Medical Literature,' 1848 ; ' The Autocrat of the Breakfiast Table ;*
* Elsie Venner ;' and numerous songs and poems.

HOLMESDAIaE, William Archer Amlierst, Viscount, English politician,
b. 1836 ; educated at Eton ; a magistrate of Kent ; formerly captidn in the Coldstream
Guards ; served in the Crimea, 1854-65 ; M.P. for West Kent, 1859-68.

HOLST, Hans Peder, Danish author, b. at Copenhsgen, Oct. 22, 1811 ; appointed
master of Danish language and logic at the Academy of Cadets, 1836. Author of * National
Romances,' 1832 ; and several novels and poems.

HOIaT, Jauies Maden, b. 1829; a magistrate for Lancashire ; elected for North-Kast
Lancashire, 1868.

HOME, Cospatrick Alexander Honie, Earl, English administrator, b. 1799;
entered the diplomatic service, and was attach^ to the embassy at St. Petersburg, 1822 ;
under-secretaiy of state, 1828-30 ; succeeded his father, tenth earl, 1841 ; deputy-lieu-
tenant of Berwickshire.

HOME, Daniel Ooofflas, spiritualist, b. March 1833. Author of * Incidents of my
Life,' 1863.

HONE, Ven. Richard Brindler, English divine, b. 1805 ; educated at Brasenose
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1827; honorary canon of Worcester, 1845;
archdeacon of Worcester, 1849. Author of ' Lives of Eminent Christians,' in 4 vols. ;
and several sermons.

HONOLULU. Risht Rer. Thomas Staley. Bishop of, English divine, b. at
Sheffield, YorKshire, 1823 ; educated at Queen's Collie. Cambridge, where he graduated
in 1844, and was elected fellow, 1846 ; consecrated first missionary bishop of Honolulu,
Sandwich Islands, 1861.

HOOD, Sir Alexander Ackland, English politician, b. 1819 ; educated at Rugby ;
a deputy-lieutenant of Somerset ; formerly captain in the Royal Horse Guards ; M.P. for
West Somersetshire, 1859-68.

HOOD, Rev. Ed^vin Paxton, English author, b. at Weston, 1820 ; minister of an
Independent chapel at Brifl^ton. Author of *The Age and its Architects;' * Life of
Swedenborg;' * Genius and Industry;' 'Mental and Moral Philosophy of Laughter;'
and numerous other works.

HOOK, Jauies Clarke, English painter, b. 1818 ; studied in the schools of the Royal
Academy. Painted * Bassanio commenting on the Caskets,' fh)m the Merchant of Venice,
1847 ; 'Times of the Persecution of the Reformers in Paris,' 1864 ; * Luff Boy,' 1869 ; and
numerous other works. Elected A.R.A. 1864 ; R.A. 1869.

HOOK, Very Rev. Walter Farqnliar, Eng^sh divine, b. 1798 ; educated at Win-
chester College, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in 1821 ; vicar of
Leeds, 1837 ; dean of Ctiichester, 1869. Author of ' lives of the Archbishops of Canter-
bury,' 1861-64 ; and several theological works.

HOOKER, Joseph, American military commander, b. at Hadley, Massachusetts, 1819 ;
cadet at West Point, 1833 ; lieutenant, 1887 ; captain, 1846; major, June 1847 ; lieutenant-
colonel, Sept. 1847; resided, Feb. 1868; appointed lieutenant-colonel and brigadier-
general of Volunteers, 1861 ; ms^or-general of Volunteers, Aug. 1862 ; major-general of the
U.S. army, Jan. 1863.

HOOKER, JosepliDalton, English botanist, b. 1817; graduated M.D. 1841 ; appointed
assistant director of Kew Gudens, 1866. Author of 'Flora Antarctica;' 'Himalayan
Journals,' 1862 ;^' Flora Indica ;' ando^r botanical works.

HOPE, Alexanxiex%!Beresford^[^mglish politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Harrow, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1841 ; M.P. for Maidstone, 1841 to
1862, and 1867 to 1859 ; returned for Cambridge University, 1868. ^l^*^^^- '^'^^ /^»'^-&t^-b<*^

HOPE. Sir Jauies, English naval commander, b. at Edinburgh, 1808; entered the
Royal Naval College, and became a midshipman, 1882; captain, 1838; commander-in-
chief of the English naval forces on the East India station and the Chinese coast,
1839-60 ; on the West India station, 1863.

HOPETO^VN, John Alexander Hope. Earl of, English administrator, b. at
Edinburgh, 1831; educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford; lord-lieutenant of
Linlithgowshire.

Hop HANDBOOK OF CONTEMFORABT BIOGRAPHY. How

[IW]—

HOPKINS, Bdtirard Jobn, Bnglish musical composer, b. 1818 ; studied music in the
choir of the Chapel Royal, St James's, 1826 to 1833 ; appointed organist of the Temple
Church, 1843. Composed the anthems, 'Let us now go even unto Bethlehem;' ' ^Hiy
seek ye the living among tiiie dead?' and numerous chants and anthems.

HOPKINS, John Larkln, English musical composer, b. 1820, cousin of the pre-
• ceding ; educated in the choir of Westminster Abbey ; successively organist of Roches-
ter Cathedral and of Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of a great number of chants
and services.

HOPKINS, John Henry, American theologian, b. in Dublin, 1792 ; called to the
bar, 1817 ; ordained to the American Episcopal Church, 1823 ; appointed rector of Trinity
Church, Pittsburg, 1824 ; elected ttrst bishop of Vermont, 1832. Author of * Christi-
anity Vindicated,' 1833 ; and numerous theol^cal works.

HORNBY. Sir Phivps, English admiral, b. 1785 ; entered the navy, 1797 ; attained
flag rank, 1846, and fml admiral, 1858 ; commander-in-chief on the Pacific station, 1847 to
1851 ; made a K.C.B. 1852, and Q.C.B. 1861.

HORNBY, Williank Henry. English politician, b. 1805 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of Lancashire ; M.P. for Blackburn since 1857.

HORNE, Richard Henry, English author, b. 1807 ; educated at the Royal Military
College, Sandhurst ; entered the Mexican navy as a midshipman ; appointed commander
of the Gold Escort, at Melbourne, 1852. Author of ' The Death of Marlowe ; ' 'Orion ; '
.'Judas Iscariot,' a miracle play ; and other poetical and dramatic works.

HORSFAIiL. Thomas Berry. English politician, b. 1805; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of'^Lanca.shire and Staffordshire : was first president of Liverpool Chamber of
Commerce ; mayor of Liverpool, 1847 ; M.P. for Derby, 1852-53 ; and for Liverpool,
' 1853-68.

HORSLBY. John Callcott, English painter, b. in London, Jan. 19, 1817. Exhi-
bited 'Rent-day at Haddon Hall in the Sixteenth Century;' 'Winning Gloves,' 1842 ;
and numerous other jMiintings. Elected A.R A. 1864.

HORSMAN, Ricrht Hon. Bdward, English statesman, b. 1807; educated at
Rugby ; called to the Scottish bar, 1832 ; a lord of the Treasury, June to Sept. 1841 ;
chief secretary for Ireland, 1855-57 ; M.P. for Cockermouth, 1836 to 1852, and for Stroud,
1853-68.

HOSMBR, Harriett, American sculpto^ b. at Watertown, Massachusetts, Oct 0,
1830 ; studied at the Medical College of St Louis, and in Rome, under Gibson. Sculp-
tured * Daphne ' and ' Medusa,' 1852 ; ' Puck,' 1855 ; and other statues and busts.

HOTHAM, Beaumont, Baron, English administrator, b. Aug. 9, 1794 ; general on
half-pay, unattached ; served in the Peninsula and at Waterloo ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire ; M.P. for Leominster, 1820 to 1841, and for
the East Riding of Yorkshire, 1841-66.

HOUGHTON, Right Hon. Richard Monckton Milnes, Baron, English
author, b. 1809; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1831 ;
D.C.L. Oxford, 1856; M.P. for Pontetetct, 1837 to 1863, when he was elevated to the
peerage. Author of 'Life of Keats;' 'Poems;' and many articles in the leading
Reviews.

HOUSSAYB, Arse^ne^^French dramatist, b. at Bruy^res, near Laon, March 28, 1815 ;
appointed director of theTh^tre Francaise, 1862 • resigned, 1856. Author of ' Couronne
de Bluets,' 1836 ; ' History of Dutch and Flemish Painting,' 1846 ; * Le Roi Voltaire, ' 1858 ;
' Histoire de TArt frangalse,' 1860 ; and numerous other works.

HOWARD, Hon. Charles IVentvrorth Georse, English politician, b. 1814 ;
educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1836 ; a
magistrate for Cumberland ; M.P. for East Cumberland since 1840.

HOWARD, lK>rd Edward Oeorge, English administrator, b. 1818; educated at
Trinity CoU^;e, Cambridge ; deputy-lieutenant of Derbyshire ; was vice-chamberlain of
the Household, 1846-52; M.P. for Horsham, 1848-52 ; and for Arundel, 1852-68.

HOWARD, Sir Henry Francis, English diplomatist, b. 1809; educated at Stony-
hurst, and the University of Edinburgh ; secretary of legation at the Hague, 1845 ;
transferred to Berlin, 1846; envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary to the
Emperor of BrazU, 1882, to Lisbon, 1855, and to Hanover, 1859; made a E.C.B.
1863.

HOIXTARDl Hon. Htery Gtoorre, English diplomatist, b. 1818 ; entered the diplo-
matic service as attach^ to the embassy at Paris, 1838; secretary of legation at the
Hague, 1846 ; charge d'affaires at Lisbon, 1848 ; secretary of embassy at Paris, 1853 ;
appointed envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary at Florence, March 1858 ;
reigned. May 1858.

How HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Hng
[ 140 ]

HOWARD, James, partner in the firm of the eminent i^cultural implement
makers, b. 1821 ; elected M. P. for Bedford, 1868.

HOIVARD DE IVALDEN, Ricrht Hon. Charles Auenstos, Baron, English
diplomatist, b. 1799 ; educated at Eton ; was under-secretary of state for foreign affairs
under Canning ; minister at Stockholm, 1832 : at Lisbon, 1888 ; and at Brussels,
1846.

BOWOEN, Riffht Hon. John Hobart, English diplomatist, b. 1799 ; lieutenant-

feneral in the army; entered the diplomatic service, 1825 ; successively minister at
tio Janeiro, Monte Video, and Buenos Ayrea ; ambassador at the court of Madrid, 1850
to 1852 ; M.P. for Dundalk, 1830-82.

HOWE, Ellas, American mechanician, b. at Spencer, Massachusetts, U.S. 1819 ; inventor
of the sewing machine, first produced in 1846.

HOWE, Joseph, British colonial administrator, b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1804 ; ap-
prenticed to a printer, and became editor and proprietor of the Nova Scotia^ 1828 ;
member of the provincial government, 1840 ; for several years colonial agent in Great
Britain. Published * Speeches and Public Letters,' 1858.

HOWE, Saninel Grldley, American oculist, b. at Boston, Massachusetts, Nov. 10,
1801 ; graduated at Brown University, 1821 ; joined the Greek army as military surgeon,
1824 ; appointed physician of the Institution for the Blind at Boston, 1831.

HOWES, Edward, English politician, b. 1818; educated at Trinity College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. 1825; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1839; a J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of Norfolk, and chairman of Quarter Sessions ; M.P. for South Norfolk
since 1859.

HOWITT, Mary, English authoress, b. at Uttoxeter, StaflS»rd8hire, 1804 ; married to
Mr. William Howitt, 1823. Author of ' The Seven Temptations,' 1830 ; * Ballads and other
Poems,' 1847; the 'Stories of Stapleford,' 1863; 'The Coast of Caergwyn,' 1864; and
many other works of fiction.

HOWITT, IVllllam.

Quakers' school. Aval
'The Rural Life of Engk.._,
and numerous other works.

HOWSON, Rev. John Sanl, English theologian, b. 1816 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1837 ; ordained, 1845 ; principal of the Collegiate
Institution at Liverpool in 1849 ; dean of Chester, 1867. Author of numerous lectures
and sermons; contributor to the Quarterly Review.

HUBBARD, John GllUbrand, English administrator, b. 1805 ; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Bucks ; one of the directors of the Bank of England, and chainnan
of the Public Works Exchequer Loan Commission ; M.P. for Buckingham, 185&-68.
Author of ' Vindication of a Fixed Duty on Com,' 1842 ; ' The Currency of the Country,*
1843 ; and other pamphlets.

HUDDIaESTON, John Walter, English politician, b. 1817 ; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin; called to the bar of Gray's Inn, 1839; appointed Q.C. 1857; one of
the members of the CouncU of Legal Education, and a bencher of Gray's Inn; M.P. for
Canterbury, 1865-68.

HUDSON. Georire, English railway administrator, b. at York, 1800 ; a magistrate for
York, and was three times lord mayor of that city ; formerly chairman of t£e Eastern
Counties, the Midland, and the York, Newcastle, and Berwick Railways, and of the Sun-
derland Dock Company; M.P. for Sunderland, 1845 to 1859.

HUDSON, Sir James, English diplomatist, b. 1810 ; educated at Rugby and West-
minster ; was private secretary to King William IV. ; entered the diplomatic service, and
was appointed secretary of legation at Washington, 1838, to the Hague, and to Rio
Janeiro ; minister at Rio Janeiro, 1850-51 ; transferred to Florence ; minister-plenipo-
tentiary at Turin, 1852-63 ; created KC.B. 1855 ; and G.C.B. 1863.

HUEBNER, Joseph, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist, b. at Vienna, Nov. 26, 1811 ;
studied at the University of Vienna ; appointed to a post in the ministry of foreign
affairs, 1833 ; attache to the embassy at Paris, 1837 ; secretaiy to the embassy in Portu-

Sl, 1840 ; chaig^ d'siffaires at Leipsic, 1844 ; Austrian ambassador to Paris, 1849 ; signed
e Treaty of Paris, 1856.

HUOESSEN, Edward Knatchbnll, English administrator, b. 1829; educated
at Eton, and Magdalen College, Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Kent ;
appointed a lord of the Treasury, 1869 ; M.P. for Sandwich since 1857.

Hns HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Hnn

[141 ] ^

BUGHSSi Sir Frederick, English diplomatist, b. 1814; entered the Madras Cavalry,
and served in Persia ; employed on a political mission in Circassla and the Crimea diaring
the Russian war, 1854-55 ; knighted, 1858.

HUGHES. Thomas, English author, b. 1823 ; educated at Rugby and Oriel College,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1846 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1848 ; M.P. for
Lambeth, 18d5-68 ; returned M.P. for Frome, 1868. Author of * Tom Brown's School-
days,' 1856 ; 'Tom Brown at Oxford,' 1861 ; and other works.

HUGHES. William Bulkeley, English politician, b. 1797 ; educated at Harrow ;
called to tine bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1825 ; a magistrate of Anglesey, and J. P. and deputy-
lieutenant of the county of Carnarvon ; M.P. for Canyirvon, 1837-59, and since 1865.

HUGO, Rev. Thomas. English historical writer, b. at Taunton, 1820; educated at
Worcester College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A, 1842 ; appointed rector of All Saints,
Skinner-street London, 1858. Author of ' Memoir of Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester,'
1853 ; and numerous other works.

HUGO. Victor, French poet and novelist, b. at BesauQon, Feb. 26, 1802 ; admitted to
the irench Academy, 1841 ; created a peer of France by Louis Philippe ; exiled from
France and resident in the Isle of Guernsey since 1852. Author of 'Odes and Ballads,'
1822 ; * Last Days of a Condemned Criminal,' 1829 ; * Hemani,' first played at the The&tre
Francais, 1830; 'Notre Dame de Paris,' 1831; *Le8Mis6rable8,'1863; ' Les Travailleurg
de la Mer,' 1866; and numerous other works.

HUIala, Edv^ardt English geologist, b. 1810 ; employed upon the Geological Survey of
Great Britain under the late Sir H. de la Beche. Author of ' History, Structure, and
Resources of the Coal-fields of Great Britain ;' * Geological Survey of the United King-
dom,' 1860-62 ; and other works on geology.

HUIiIaAH, John, English musical composer, b. at Worcester, 1812 ; studied music under
Horsley, 1829, and under Crivelli at the Royal Academy of Music, 1832 ; established the
system of singing known by his name in 1840 ; professor of vocal music in King's College,
and in Queen's College, London. Composer of the opera of * The Village Coquettes,'
and many other musical pieces. Author of * The History of Modem Music'

HUME, Rev. Abrahain. English writer, b. 1815; educated at Belfast College, at
Glasgow University, and Trinity College, Dublin ; ordained, 1843 ; appointed incum-
bent of a parish in Liverpool, 1847. Published * The Learned Societies and Printing Clubs
of the United Kingdom,' 1847 ; ' Results of the Irish Census, with a special reference to
the Church in Ireland,' 1864 ; and numerous other works.

HUME, Hamilton, Australian traveller, b. at Humewood, New South Wales, 1797 ;
discovered the district of Cowpasture River, 1810 ; led a party across the Blue Mkjuu-
tains, 1824, and accomplished the first overland journey from New South Wales to Victoria.
Author of • A Brief Statement of Facts in connexion with an Overland Expedition from
Lake George to Port Phillip in the year 1824,' 1855.

HUMPHERY. William Henry, English politician, b. 1828; educated at Winches-
ter, and at Wacuiam College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1850, and M. A. 1853 ; called
to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1852 ; M.P. for Andover, 1863-68.

HUMPHREYS, Henry Noel, English author, b. at Birmingham, 1810 ; educated
at King Edward's Grammar School, Birmingham, and on the Continent. Author of
' Literary Sketches ;' * Goethe in Strasburg ;' and other work«.

HUMPHRY, Rev. WilUani Gilson, English theological writer, b. 1815 ; educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he ^duated B.A. 1837 ; appointed vicar of St.
Martin's-in-the-Fields, 1855. Author of- 'The Doctrine of a Future State,' 1849 ; * The
Miracles,' 1857 ; and many sermons and lecturesl

HUNT, RifTht Hon. Georf^e Ward, English statesman, b. 1825; educated at
Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1848 ; called to the bar of
the Inner Temple, 1851 ; secretary toi;he Treasury, 1866-68 ; chancellor of the Exchequer,
Feb. 1 to Dec. 1868 ; M.P. for North. Northamptonshire;since 1857.

HUNT. Robert. English geologist, b. at Devonport, Sept. 6, 1807 ; keeper of mining
recorcw at the Museum of PractieatGeology. Author of 'Researches on Light;* 'The
Poetry of Science ;' and numerous other works. EdibM* of ' Ure's Dictionary of Arts,
MantdTactures, and Mines.'

HUNT, Thonias Sterry, American chemist, b. in J^orwich, Connecticut, Sept 5,
1826 ; was chemical assistant to Professor Silliman in Yale College ; appointed professor
of chemistry in the University of Quebec, 1857. Author of 'Solution;' 'Cheniic^
Changes ;' and other scientific works.

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[ 142 ]

HUNT, IVIlliam Holmaa, English painter, b. in London, 1827. Exhibited 'Dr.
Rochecliffe performing Divine Service in the Cottage of Joceline Joliffe at Woodstock,'
1847 ; ' Oar English Coasts,' 1853; ' The Us^t of the World/ and the * Awakening Con-
science/ 1854 ; ^The Scapegoat/ 1856 ; * Finding of the Saviour in the Temple,' 1860 ; and
numerous other paintings.

HUNTER, Robert Mercer, American statesman, b. in Essex County, Virginia,
April 21, 1809 ; graduated at the University of Virgii^ and called to the bar, 1830 ;
elected to Congress, 1837 ; Speaker in the Congress of 1841 ; elected to the Senate, 1847 ;
chairman of the Finance Committee, 1850 ; returned for the third time to the Senate,
1858.

HUNTINGTON, Daniel, American painter, b. in New York. 1816 ; studied under
Professor Morse. Painted the ' Toper Asleep ;' the ' Bar Room Politician / ' The Roman
Penitents,' 1845; *The Communion of the Sick;* * Queen Mary siting the Death War-
rant of Lady Jane Grey ;' and numerous other, diieHy historical, pictures.

HURIiSTONS, Frederick Yeates, English painter, b. in London, 1801 ; studied
at the Royal Academy ; president of Um Society of British Artists. Executed * Arthur
and Constance,' and ' The Farewell of Bobadil to Granada,* exhibited at the International
Exhibition at Paris, 1855 ; and numerous other paintings.

HURST, Robert Henry, English administrator, b. 1817 ; educated at Westminster,
and Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1842 ; deputy-
lieutenant of Sussex ; recorder of Rye and Hastings, 1862 ; M.P. for Horsham since 1865.

HUTT, Right Hon. Sir William, English statesman, b 1808 ; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1827 ; M. A. 1831 ; vice-president of the
Board of Trade and paymaster-general, 1860-65 ; M.P. for Hull, 1832-41, and for Gates-
head since 1841.

HUXIaEY, Thomas Henry. English naturalist, b. at Ealing, Middlesex, 1825 ; edu-
cated at Ealing School, and stncued medicine at the Medical School of the Charing Cross
Hospital ; appointed professor of natural history in the Government School of Mines,
London, 1854. Author of ' Man's Place in Nature ;' and numerous memoirs and papers
for the Geological and other societies.

BUXTABIaE, Rev. Anthony, English agricultural writer, b. 1808; studied at
Trinity Collie, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1833 ; ordained, 1834 ; appointed

Srebendary of Torleton in Salisbury Cathedral, 1854. Published 'Lectures on the
cience and Application of Manures,' 1847 ; 'The Present Prices,' 1850.

HYMER8, Rev. John, English mathematician, b. 1803 ; educiited at St John's
College, Cambridge, where he (RBduated B.A. 1826; appointed rector of Brandsburton,
Yorkshire, 1852. Author of ' The Elements of the Theory of Astronomy ; ' ' Treatise on
Conic Sections ;' and numerous other works.

I.

lANKOWITSCH, Alexis, Servian statesman, b. at Teroesvar, 1810 ; entered the
administration of Servia, 1829 ; secretary to Prince Michel, 1839 ; one of the promoters
of the Itevolution of 1842 ; chancellor of Servia, 1843 ; minister of justice, 1847-48 ; sena-
tor and coadjutor of the minister of foreign affairs, 1850 ; chancellor of state, 1855 ;
resigned, 1856.

ILCHSSTER, William Strangways, Sari of, English diplomatist, b. 1795 ;
studied at the University of Oxford ; entered the diplomatic service, 1815 ; secretary of
embassy at Vienna, 1832 ; under-secretary of state for foreign affkirs, 1835 to 1840 ;
British envoy at Frankfort, 1840 to 1849 ; succeeded his brother, third earl, 1858.

INCHIQUIN. landns O'Brien, Baron, Irish administrator, b. 1800 ; educated at
Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1825, M.A. 1828 ; lord-
lieutenant of the county of Clare ; M.P. for that county, 1826 to 1830, and fh)m 1847 to
1852 ; succeeded his cousin, twelfth baron, 185-5.

INDUNO, Domenlco, Italian painter, b. at Milan, 1815 ; studied at the Academy of
his native town. Painted 'Samuel and David,' in the museum of Vienna; and many
others, principally historical pictures.

INGBIiOW, Jean, English authoress, b. 1830. Author of 'A Story of Doom;* and
numerous x>oems and works of fiction.

In IT HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. IvO
—[143]

INOBRSOIala, Charles Jared. American author, b. at Philadelphia, Oct 3, 1782;
elected to the House of Representatives, 1812. Author of *Chi8mara,' 1800 ; 'Julian,'
1831; 'Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great
Britain,' 1845 ; and ' History of the Territorial Acquisitions of the United States.'

INGHAM, Robert. English politician, b. 1798 ; educated at Oriel College, Oxford,
where he graduated B. A. 1816 ; called to the bar, 1820 ; attorney-general for the county
of Durham, and recorder of Berwick : sat for the borous^ of Berwick, 1832-41, and for
South Shields, 1862-68.

INGLI8. Right Hon. John, Scottish Judge, b. 1810 ; educated at Glasgow, and
Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1834 ; called to the Scottish bar, 1835 ;
nominated solicitor-general for Scotland, 1852 ; lord-advocate, 1852 and 185S; elevated to
the bench as lord justice clerk of session, 1858 ; sworn privy councillor, 1859.

INGRAHAM, Duncaat American naval oflBcer, b. 1803 ; entered the United States
Navy, 1812 ; commanded the frigate Sommers, in ^e war with Mexico ; commander of
the St. Louis, and stationed in the Mediterranean, 1853 ; joined the South at the outbreak
of the civil war, 1861, and was apx>ointed commodore by the Government at Richmond.

INNES, Arthnr CharleiN English politician, b. 1834 ; educated at Eton ; a magistrate
of the county of Down ; M.P. for Newry, 1865-68.

IRONS, Rev. William Josiah. English theologian, b. 1812 ; educated at Queen's
College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1838 ; appointed vicar of Brompton, Middlesex,
1842. Author of ' An Epitome of the Bampton Lectures of Dr. Hami)den ; ' and numerous
sermons and lectures.

IRVING^ Theodore • American author, b. 1810; appointed secretary of embassy in
London, 1840 ; ordained a minister in the Episcopal Protestant Church, 1854. Author of
'The Conquest of Florida,' New York, 1885 ; 'The Fountain of Living Waters,' 1849; and
other works.

ISABEIjIiEy Charles S'donardi French architect, b. at Havre, Febj^24, 1800 ; studied
at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. 1818-22. Constructed at Angers the Ecole des Arts et
Metiers, 1835-42. Published ^Les Edifices circulaires, et les D6mes,' 1843-50 ; and other
works.

ISABEYi Euarene, French painter, b. at Paris, July 22, 1804. Exhibited ' La Plage
de Honfleur ;' * L'Ouragan devant Dieppe,' 1827 ; ' Vue de Boulogne,' 1834 ; * Incendie du
Steamer r Austria,* 1^9 ; and numerous landscai>es and marine scenes.

ISEIalNi Henri Fre'de'riC| French sculptor, b. at Clairegoutte, Haute Sadne, 1825 ;
studied sculpture under Rude, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Executed ' Jean Gou-
jon ' for the minister of the interior, 1852 ; * Le Genie du Feu,' a group for the new Louvre ;
* Augujstin Thierry ' for the galleries of Versailles, 1864 ; and numerous groups and busti?.

ISMAIIa PACHA, Turkish statesman, b. near Smyrna, 1812 ; studied at the School of
Medicine at Constantinople, and graduated at Pisa, 1840 ; appointed physician-in-chief
to the Sultan, and member of the council of ministers, 1865.

ISMAIL PACHA, Viceroy of Egypt, b. 1828 ; succeeded his brother. Said, Jan. 18, 1863.

ISTURITZ. Xavier d', Spanish statesman, b. at Cadiz, 1790; deputy to the
Cortes, 1812-18 ; president of the Cortes, 1823 ; minister of state for foreign affairs and
president of the council, 1836 ; president of Congress, 1832 ; replaced Narvaez as minister,
Feb. to March 1846 ; ambassador to St. Petersburg, 1856 ; accredited to London, 1858 ;
Spanish ambassador to France, 1863-64.

ITIER, Andre' Jules, French author, b. 1805 ; appointed by the ministers of com-
merce and finance to proceed on a commercial mission to China, 1842. Author of 'Journal
d'un Voyage en Chine pendant les Annies 1843, 1844, 1845 and 1846,' 1853, in 3 vols.

IVORY, James, Scottish judge, b. at Dundee, 1792; called to the bar, 1816 ; solicitor-
genenu for Scotland, 1839 ; one of the senators of the College of Justices, 1840, when he
took the courtesy title of Lord Ivory ; a lord Justiciary, 1849-62.

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J.

JACINI. Pietro, Italian statesman, b. at Milan, 1827 ; minister of pnblic works in
the cabinet of Count Cavour, July 21, 1860, to Jane 12, 1861 ; reappointed minister of
public works, 1864 ; resigned, 1867.

JACKSON, Sir Charles Mitchell, English colonial Judge, b. 1814 ; called to the
bar of Ldncoln's Inn, 1886 ; advocate-eeneral at Calcutta, 1848 ; puisne judge at Bombay,
1852 ; judge of the High Court of Judicature of Calcutta, 1862-63.

JACKSON, Charles Thomas, American geologist, b. at Plymouth, Massachusetts,
June 21, 1806; graduated M.D. in Havard University, 1829; engaged on a geological
survey of Maine, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, 1836-40. Author of many works
on geology and chemistry.

JACKSON, Rer. Thomas, English divine, b. 1812 ; educated at St. Mary's Hall,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1834 ; nominated to a bishopric in New Zealand, 1849,
but was not consecrated ; rector of Stoke Newington, and prebendary of St Paul's
Cathedral. Author of * A Manual of Logic,' and other works.

JACKSON, IXrilliam, English politician, b. 1805 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
of Cheshire ; formerly a merchant at Liverpool ; M.P. forNewcastle-under-Lyne, 1847-65 ;
returned for North Derbyshire, 1865.

JACOBS, Pauls German painter, b. at Leipsic, 1800 ; studied at the Academy of Munich.
Painted 'The Resurrection of Lazarus ;' 'Sampson and Delilah,' 1850 ; * Luther at the
Diet of Worms ;' and numerous others, chiefly historical pictures.

JACOBSON, Heinrich^ German jurist,* b. at Marienwerder, 1804; studied law at
K5nigsberg, Berlin, and Gottingen ; appointed professor of jurisprudence at Konigsberg,
1836. Author of *Kirchenrechtliche versuche,' Konigsberg, 1831-33; 'Geschichte der
Quellen des Kirchenrechts des preussischen Staates,' ib. in 3 vols. 1837-44.

JACOBSON, Rer. William^, English divine, b. 1805 ; educated at Lincoln College,
Oxford, and graduated B. A. 1827 ; vice-president of Magdalen HaU, 1832 to 1848, when
he was appointed regius professor of divinity, and created D. D. by decree of Convocation ;
bishop of Chester, 1865. Edited, for the Oxford University Press, * The Remains of the
Apostolic Fathers,' and other works.

JACOBY, Johann, German politician, b. at Konigsberg, 1806 ; studied medicine at
Berlin and Heidelbeig; member of the first Parliament of Frankfort, 1848, and of the
National Assembly at Berlin, 1849 ; retired to Switzerland, 1850 ; re-elected to the Prussian
Parliament, 1862 ; condemned to imprisonment for his political opinions, 1864.

JAC QU AND, Clande, French painter, b. at Lyons, 1805 ; studied at the Academy
of lus native town, and under Fleury Richard. Painted for the H6tel de Ville at Boulogne-
sur-Mer *Le Maire de Boulogne refusant la Capitulation de Henry VIII. en 1544,' 1852 to
1855 ; ' The Baptism of Clovis,' 1860 ; ' Dante at Rome,' 1864 ; and numerous other works,
vChiefly historical

JACQUES, Axne'de'e Florent, French author, b. at Paris, July 4, 1813 ; studied at
the Bourbon College ; one of the founders of La Liherti de Penser, 1847. Author of
'Manuel de Philosophic,' 1847 ; 'Excursion au Bio Salado et dans le Chaco,' 1857 ; and
other works.

JADIN . lH>iiis Godeftoy, French landscape and animal painter, b. at Paris, 1805 ;
studied under Hersent and Abelde Pi:^ol. Exhibited ' Les Plaines de Montfort-l'Amaury ;'
' La Vision de St Hubert,' 1859 ; ' Douze Chiens, Race de.Virelade,' 1864 ; and many other
paintings.

JABGER, GnstaT, German painter, b. at Leipsic, June 12, 1808; studied at the
Academy of Dresden, and at Munich, under Julius Schnorr, of Carolsfeld, 1830 ; ap-
pointed to execute a number of firescoes to decorate the new royal palace at MunicL
Painted ' The Election of Frederick to the Empire ;' ' The Coronation of Cbarlemagne at
Rome ;' ' The Death of Moses ;' and many other historical pictures.

JAHN, Otto, German archesologist, b. at Kiel, Holstein, June 16, 1813 ; studied at
Berlin, 1833, under Lachmann and Gerhard ; graduated Ph.D. 1886 ; appointed professor
of archaeology and philosophy at Greiflswald, 1842; the same at Leipsic, 1847 ; director of
the Leipsic Archeeological Museum, 1851-52. Author of • W. A. Mozart^' Leipsic, 1856 ;
and other works.

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JAI»f AugTUite, French author, b. at Lyons, April 12, 1796 ; studied at the Ecole de Brest,
1811-15. Author of * Mes Visites au Mus^e du Luxembourg,' 1818 ; ' Arch^ologie navale/
2 vols. 1839 ; ' Glossaire nautique/ 1850 ; and numerous other works.

JAIiABERTy Charles Francois, French painter, b. at Nimes, 1819 ; studied under
P. Delaroche. Painted *Viigile lisant ses G^orgiques,' 1847 ; 'Le Christ aux 01i\'ier8,*
1855 ; * Le Christ marchant sur la Mer,' 1863 ; and many other pictures.

JAUEYf, lae'on laovis Nicolas, French sculptor, b. at Paris, Jan. 27, 1802; studied
at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. 1820. Executed 'Le Due d'Orl^ans' for the Chamber of
Peers, 1844 ; 'La R^y^lation,' 1863 ; and many other statues, busts, and groups.

JAMAICA, Georse Spencer, Bishop of, English divine, b. 1795; educated at
Magdalen Hall, Oxfbrd ; was consecrated bishop of Newfoundland, 1839 ; translated to
Jamaica, 1843. Published a volume of sermons, and contributed poems to BUuHcwood's
Magazine and other periodicals.

JAMES, Sir Henry, English military engineer, b. in Cornwall, 1803 ; educated at the
Royal Military Academv, Woolwich; entered the corps of Engineers, 1825 : colonel, 1867 ;
successively director of the Geological Survey in Ireland, of the Admiralty engineering
worlcs at Portsmouth, of the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom, and of the topo-
graphical and statistical department of the War Office ; knighted in 1860. Author of
several works on geology and engineering.

JAMES, Sir William MUbonme, English Judge; appointed vice-chancellor,
Dec. 1868.

JANET, Panl, French philosophical writer, b. at Paris, April 30, 1823 ; studied at the
Lyc^e St. Louis, and the Ecole Normale ; appointed professor of history and philosophy
at the Sorbonne, 1864 ; elected member of the French Academy, Feb. 13, 1864. Author
of ' Essai sur la Dialectique de Platon,* 1848 ; ' La Philosophie du Bonheur,' 1862 ; and
numerous other works.

JANIN, JiileSfl French author, b. at Condrieu, Loire, Dec. 24, 1804 ; studied at the
College of St Etienne, and in Paris at the College of Louis le Grand ; one of the founders
of the Revile de Paris. Author of ' L'Ane mort et la Femme guillotin^e,' 1829 ; * Le
Mariage du Critique,' 1841 ; ' L'Histoire de la Litterature dramatique,' 6 vols. 1850 ; and
numerous other works.

JANMOT, Jean lapnis, French painter, b. at Lyons, May 2, 1814 ; studied under
Victor Orsel, at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, and under Ingres. Painted ' La
C^e ' for the chapel of the Hospice de I'Antiquailie, 1845 ; ' La Resurrection du Fils de
Nairn,' 1849; 'Oph^lie,' 1863; 'Eve,' 1864; and many other, principally religious and
historical, pictures.

JANZB, Charles, Baron de, French politician, b. at Paris, Aug. 15, 1822; member
of the Gteneri Council for the canton of Loud^ac ; member of the Corps L^slatif for
the fifth circonscription of the department des Cdtes du Nord since 1863.

JARDINE, Robert. English politician, b. 1826 ; educated at Edinburgh ; formerly a
merchant in China ; elected M.P. for Ashburton, 1865.

JARDINE, Sir William, English naturalist, b. 1800; educated at Edinburgh; a
magistrate of DumfWesshire. Edited Wilson's 'North American Omitholo^; the
'Naturalist's Library,' in 40 vols. ; editor of the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal

JARRETT, Rer. Thomas, English divine, b. 1805 ; educated at St Catherine's
College, Cambridge, where he ^aduated B.A. 1827 ; appointed professor of Arabic in the
University of Cambridge, 1831 ; regius professor of Hebrew, and canon in Ely Cathedral,
1854. Author of a ' Grammatical Index to the Hebrew Text of the Book of Genesis ; ' and
other works.

JAUCOURT, Francois, Connt de, French politician, b. 1825 ; formerly secretary
of embassy, and secretary to M. de Persigny ; minister of the interior ; elected to the
Corps Legislatif for the second circonscription of the department of Seine-et-Mame,
1863.

JAVAIi, IiO'opold, French politician, b. at Mulhouse, Deo. 1, 1804 ; took part in the
campaign in Algeria of 1830, as second Ueutenant ; member of the Corps L^i^^latif for
the department of the Tonne since 1857.

JEAFFRESON, John Cordy, English author, b. at Framlingham, Suffolk, Jan. 10,
1831 ; studied at Pembroke College, Ouord, where he graduated B.A. 1852 ; called to the
bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1859. Author of ' Crewe Rise,' 1854 ; 'Novels and Novelists from
Elizabeth to Victoria;' 'Live it Down,' 1863; 'Not Dead Yet;' and numerous other
works.

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[ 146 ]

JEANRON^ Plillil>pe Avsoste^ French painter, b. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, May 10,
1809. Painted * Lea petits Patriotes,' 18S1 ; * Les Criminels cneillant le Poison de TUpas,'
1840 ; * i Holferino,' 1861 ; 'Bains des Bonnettes,' 1868 ; 'Le Phare,' view near Marseilles,
1864 ; and many other pictures.

JEBB, Rev. John^ English theologian, b. 1805 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he graduated B. A. 1826 ; rector of Peterstow, Herefordshire, and prebendary of
Hereford Cathedral Aijthor of 'The Divine Economy of the Church ;* * Six Letters on
the Present State of the Church,' 1851 ; and other theological works.

JImImF, Rev. Richard William^ English divine, b. about 1799 ; educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1820; precqptor to Prince George of Cumberland,
1826-30 ; appointed canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 1839, and principal of King's College,
London, 1844-64. Author of 'The Means of Grace,' 1844 ; and several sennons.

JEIaF, Rev. WUliam EdTvard^ English divine, b. at Gloucester, 1811 ; educated at
Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1833 ; one of the pi'eachers at
Whitehall, ;i846-48 ; preached the Bampton Lectures before the University, 1857. Author
of a • Greek Grammar,* 1861 ; and other works.

JEIalalNEK* Adolph; German author, b. at Orslowitz, Moravia, June 26, 1820;
studied at the University of Prague ; appointed Rabbi to the Jewish community of
Leipsic,1846. Author of ' Beitrage zur G«schichte der Kabbala,' Leipsic, 1851-52 ; ' Zur
Geschichte des Kreuzzuge,' 1854 ; and numerous other works.

JENKYNS. Rev. Henry^ English divine, b. 1795; educated at Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, and graduatiBd B.A. 1816; appointed professor of Greek language and
literature in the University of Durham, 1833 ; canon in Durham Cathedi-al, 1839 ; and
professor of divinity in the same University, 1841. Edited 'Cranmer's Remains,' 4 vols.

JENNER^ William^ English physician, b. at Chatham, 1815 ; educated at University
College, London, and graduated M. D. 1844 ; became a member of the Royal College of
Physicians, 1848 ; elected fellow of the same, 1852 ; appointed physician extraordinary to
the Queen, 1861, and in ordinary, 1862. Author of <several publications on fever and
other diseases.

JEREMTB. Very Rev. James Amiranx. En^ish divine, b. 1802 ; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1824 ; ordained, 1830 ; professor of classical
literature in the East India College, Haileybury, 1830 ; elected regius professor of divinity
at Cambridge, 1849 ; appointed dean of Lincoln, 1864. Author of articles on the * History
of Rome from ConstaiUime to the Death of Julian,' • History of the Church in the second
an4 third Centuries,' in the * Encyclopsedia Metropolitana ;' and numerous sermons and
pamphlets on theological and ecclesiastical subjecte.

JERICHAUy Adam. Danish sculptor, b. 1815 ; studied under Tliorwaldsen at Rome,
1839. Executed 'The Marriage of Alexander with Roxana,' a bas-relief for the frieze of
the royal castle at Copenh^en ; * Hercules and Hebe,' a colossal group, 1846 ; and other
works.

JERROIaD. William Blanchard^ English author, b. in London, 1826. Author of
'The Disgrace to the Family,' 1847 ; * The Chronicles of a Crutch,' 1860 ; * The Children
of Lutetia,' 1863 ; and many other works, chiefly of fiction.

JERVIS; Henry VHiite, English politician, b. 1825; educated at Harrow and
Woolwich ; a captain R.A. and former director of the Great Eastern Railway ; M.P. for
Harwich since 1859.

JERVISWOODE^ Hon. Charles BailUe, Scottish judge, b. 1804 ; caUed to the.
Scottish bar, 1830 ; appointed solicitor-general for Scotland and lord-advocate, 1858 ;
appointed judge of the Supreme Court in Scotland, 1859, when he took the courtesy title
of Lord Jerviswoode; was M.P. for Linlithgowshire, 1859.

JERVOISy William Francis Dmmmond^ English military engineer, b. 1822;
studied at Woolwich, and entered the Royal Engineers, 1839 ; major of brigade to the
garrison of Cape Town, 1846 ; major in the army, 1852 ; appointed assistant inspector-
general of fortifications, 1856.

JERVOISEj Sir Jervoiee Clarke, English politician, b. 1804; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Hants ; M.P. for South Hants since 1857.

JESSE, John Heneaffe, English historical writer, b. 1815. Author of ' Memoirs of
the Court of England during the Reign of the Stuarts,* 1839 ; ' Memoirs of the Pretenders
and their Adherents,' 1845 ; ' London and its Celebrities,' 1847-50 ; ' Memoirs of King
Richard III. ;' and other works.

JEWSBURY, Geraldine, English authoress, b. at Measham, Warwickshire, 1820.
Author of * Zoe, or the History of Two Lives,' 1845 ; *The Half-Sisters,' 1848 ; 'Right or
Wrong,* 1859 ; and other works of fiction.

Jo a HANDBOOK OF CONTBMPORART BIOGRAPHY. J Oh
C U7 ]

JOANNE. Adolphe^ French topographical writer, b. at D^on, Sept. 15, 1813 ; studied
at the Cou^e Charlemagne ; called to ^e bar at Paris, 1836 ; was one of the founders of
L'lUustratum, 1843. Author of * Les Bords du Rhin illustr^,' 1868 ; ' La Suisse,' 1865 ;
and many other works.

JOBBE-DXTVAIa. Amaad, French painter, b. at Carhaix, Finist^re, July 16, 1821 ;
studied under Paul Delaroche, and at the £cole des Beaux Arts. Exhibited ' Marguerite
dans le Jardin de Marthe,' 1845 ; ' Marthe et Marie Madeline au Tombeau du Christ,' 1863 ;
and many other, chiefly religious and historical, paintings.

JOBERT DE laAMBAIaliEi Antoine^ French physician, b. at Lamballe, Cdtes du
Nord, 1799; graduated M.D. in Paris, 1828; surgeon in ordinary to the Emperor
Napoleon III.; elected member of the French Academy, March 31, 1856. Author of

* Etudes sur le Systeme nerveux,' 1838 ; ' Traits de la Reunion des Plaies dans tons les
Organes,' 1864 ; and other medical works.

JOCHMUS; Adolphy German military commander, b. at Hamburg, 1808 ; entered the
Greek army as a volunteer, 1828 ; staflF-major, 1832 ; colonel, 1836 ; general-in-chief at the
siege of Acre, Dec. 1840 ; under-secretary of state to the minister of war at Constanti-
nople, 1841 to 1848 ; returned to Germany at the Revolution of 1848 ; appointed chancellor
of the empire ; minister of foreign affairs, and of the navy, May 17, 1849 ; resigned, Dec.
1849.

JOHANN I.^ Kinir of Saxony, b. Dec. 12, 1801 ; second son of Duke Maximilian
of Saxony, and of Princess Caroline of Parma ; studied jurisprudence, and in 1822
entered the ministry of finance, Of which he was nominated president in 1830 ; commander-
in-chief of the National Gua^s of the kingdom, 1831-46 ; travelled in Italy, and pub-
lished under the name of Phildlethes a-Qerman translation of Dante's 'Divina Commedia,'
3 vols. Leipaic, 1839-49 ; succeeded to the throne at the death of his brother, King
Frederick Augustus II., Aug. 9, 1854.

JOHNS^ Rev. Beanet Georcre. English historical writer, b. 1820; appointed
chaplain of the Blind School in St George's-in-the-Fields, 1841. Author of ' History
of Spain ;' * History of the Jews between thei Old and New Testament ;' ' History of
England ;' and other writings.

JOHNS; Rev. Charles Alexander, En^sh botanist, b. 1811 ; educated at Trinity
College, DuUin, where he graduated B. A. 1841. Author of ' Botanical Rambles ;' * The
Forest Trees of Britain ; ' * British Birds in their Haunts ;' and other works.

JOHNSON; Andrew, American statesman, b. at Raleigh, North Carolina, Dec. 29,
1808 ; apprenticed to a liailor at Raleigh, 1818-24 ; established himself as master tailor at
Greenville, Tennessee, 1827 ; elected sdderman of Greenville, 1828, and mayor, 1830 ;
member of the State Legislature, 1835-37, and 1839-41 ; elected member of the State
Senate, 1840 ; member of the Lower House of Congress of the United States, 1S43 ; elected
governor of Tennessee, 1858, and re-elected, 1855 ; senator of the United States, 1857-63 ;
elected vice-president of the United States, Nov. 8, 1864 ; president from April 14, 1865,
to March 4, 1869.

JOHNSON, Cntbibert Williauiy English agricultural writer, b. Sept. 28, 1799: called
to the bar, 1836. Ec^tor of J%e Farmer's Almancuik, commenced 1841 ; *0n the Uses of
Salt for Agricultural Purposes,' 1820; 'The English Rural Spelling-Book,' 1846; and
other works on agriculture.

JOHNSON, Very Rev. Georire Sachererell, English divine, b. 1807 ; educated at
Queen's CoUege, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1828 ; appointed dean of Well's, 1854.
Author of a 'Treatise on Optics ;' and a volume of sermons.

JOHNSTON, Alexander, English painter, b. in Edinbur^, 1816 ; studied at the
Royal Academy. Exhibited 'The Gentle Shepherd,' 1840 ; 'The Covenanter's Burial,'
1862 ; * Lord and Lady Russell receiving the Sacrament in Prison,' 1846 ; * Tyndal Trans-
lating the Bible,' 1856 ; and other paintings.

JOHNSTON, Alexander Keith, English geographer, b. at Eirkhill, near Edin-
bur^, Dec. 28, 1804 ; educated at the High School, and was apprenticea to an engraver.
Published his 'National Atlas,' 1843; 'Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena,' 1848;

* The Dictionary of Geography,' 1850 ; * General and Geological Maps of Europe,' 1866 ;
and other works.

JOHNSTON. Joseph Eccleston, American general, b. in Virginia, Feb. 1807;
admitted to the U.S. Military Academy, 1825 ; lieutenant, 1829; captain, 1838; migor,
1847: colonel, 1847; quartermaster-general of the U.S. army, June 1860; joined the
South on the outbreak of civil war ; general in the Confederate army, 1861-66.

JOHNSTONE, Henry Bntler, English politician, b. 1837; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated RA. 1860; M.P. for Canterbury since 1862.

Joi HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORART BIOORAFHT. Jos
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JOIGNEAUX^ Pierre^ French author, b. at Yarennes, Cdte d'Or, 1815 ; member of the
Constituent Assembly and Legislatiye Assembly, 1848-49 ; exiled after the coup d'etat
of Dec. 2, 1851. Author of ' Les Prisons de Paris,' Paris, 1841 ; * Le Liyre de la Ferme
et des Maisons de Campagne/ 1861-64 ; and other works.

JOIaltlFFE, Hed^rortlk Hvlton. English politician, b. 1^39; educated at Eton, and
Oriel College, Oxford ; a magistrate of Surrey, Sussex, and Somerset, and captain of North
Somerset Teomaniy ; fcMrmerly lieutenant in the 4th Light Dragoons ; served in the
Crimea, 1854-65 ; M.P. for Wells since 1855.

JOIalilFFE^ RiiTht Hon. Sir 'WlllUm Hylton, English politician, b. 1800 ; a
magistrate of Surrey, Sussex, and Hants ; under-secretary of state for the Home Depaxt-
meut, 1852, and 1858-59; M.P. for Petersfleld, 1830-82, and 1837-38, and since 1841.

JOIalalVET; Pierre JnleSy French painter, b. at Paris, June 27, 1803 ; studied under
Baron Gros, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, 18S2-25. Exhibited 'Le Massacre des
Innocents,' 1845 ; * L'lnstallation de la Magistrature en 1849,' 1861 ; and numerous other
religious and historical paintings.

JONESy DaTldy English politician, h. 1810; educated at Charterfaonae, and Christ
Church, Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Middlesex, Brecon, and Carmar-
then ; high sheriff, 1845; M.P. for Carmarthenshire since 1852.

JONES; Oeorire> English painter, b. 1786 ; admitted as student of the Royal Academy,
1801 ; served as captain in the Peninsular war in France, 1808-15 ; resumed his practice
as a painter after the war; elected A.R.A. 1822; RA. 1824: librarian to the Royal
Academy, 1834 to 1840, and keeper from 1840 to 1850. Painted * The Battle of Waterloo ;'
' The Battle of Borodino ;' and many other pictures.

JONES. Rev. Harr^ iKinfcnerille; English archaeologist, b. 1806; educated at
Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1828, andM.A. ; appointed one of
her Mivjesty's inspectors of schools, 1848. Edited * Archseologia Cambriensis.'

JONESy Sir Harrj DaTld, English general, b. 1792 ; educated at Woolwich ; entered
the Royal Engineers, 1808 ; served in the campaign in Spain, 1810-14 ; chairman of the
Board of Works in Ireland, 1845-50 ; commanded the En^ish forces at Bomarsund, 1854,
and the engineering operations at Sebastopol, 1855 ; appointed governor of the Militaiy
College at Sandhurst, 1856 ; president of the Royal Commission on National Defences,
1859.

JONES, Henry Bencei English physician, b. 1814; educated at Harrow, and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1886 ; appointed physician to St. George'a
Hospital, 1840. Author of ' Animal Chemistry ;' ' Animal Electricity ;' and other medical
works.

JONES, John Winter, English bibliographer, b. in Lambeth, 1805 ; educated at
St. Paul's School, and studied for the bar; appointed assistant keeper of the printed
books in the British Museum, 1850, and keeper, 1856, principal librarian, 1866. Edited for
the Hakluyt Society 'Divers Voyc^es touching the Discovery of America,' 1850; trans-
lated * The Travels of Ludovico di Yarthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Felix,
in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, a.d. 1503 to 1508,' 1863 ; and other works.

JONES, Oviren, English architect, b. 1809 ; decorated the interior of the Oreat Exhibi-
tion building in Hyde Park, 1851 ; and the Crystal Palace at Sydenham ; designed and
erected St. James's Hall, Piccadilly. Author of * The Grammar of Ornament,' 1856 ; ' An
Attempt to define the Principles which should regulate the Employment of Colours in
Decorative Art,' 1851 ; and other works.

JONES, Thomas Rymer, English anatomist, b. 1809 ; studied medicine in London,
and became a member of the College of Surgeons, 1833 ; appointed professor of compara-
tive anatomy in King's College, London, on its establishment ; Fullerian professor of
physiology in the Royal Institution, 1840. Author of * A General Outline of the Animal
Kingdom,' 1838 ; and other scientific works.

JONES, Thon&as Wharton, English oculist, b. at St Andrew's, 1808 ; educated at
the University of Edinburgh ; professor of ophthalmic medicine and surgery in Uni versify
College, London, and surgeon to the Ophthalmic Hospital Author of 'The Physiology
and Philosophy of Body, Sense, and Mind ;* and other works.

JONES, Rev. WUliani Basil, English divine, b. 1822; educated at Shrewsbury
School, and Trinity College, Oxford ; elected fellow and tutor of University College, 1861 ;
inciunbent of Haxby, Yorkshire, and examining chaplain to the Archbishop of York.

JOSIKA. Nicholas, Baron, Hungarian novelist, b. 1796. Author of *Irany;' 'The
Last Bathori ;' and many other worlds of fiction.

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'. [ 149 ]

JOUAOE, Ce'sari Comte de^ French politician, b. April 24; 1798 ; stndied at the
College of Toumon, and served in tiie aimy until 1830 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif
for the department de I'Ain since 1852.

JOUFFROY, FranffolS; French sculptor, b. at D^jon, Feb. 1, 1806; studied under
Ramey, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts ; appointed professor of sculpture to the Ecole
des Beaux Arts, Dec. 1863. Executed * Cain maudit,* 1838 ; * La Reverie,' 1848 ; * L' Aban-
don,' 1853 ; * Ch&timent,' and ' La Protection ;' and many other statues and busts.

JOURDAIN; Clutrles Gabriel, French author, b. at Paris, Aug. 24, 1817 ; studied
law and obtained the diploma of LL.D. 1838 ; appointed minister of public instruction,
1849. Author of ' Notions de hogique,' 1852-63 ; ' Histoire de F University cle Paris aux
XVII. et XVIIL Si^cles,' 1862-64 ; and many other works.

JOURDAN. laouis, French novelist, b. at Toulon, 1810 ; studied at Aix. Author of
* Contes industriels,' 1859 ; * Hermaphrodite,' 1861 ; * Les Martyrs de I'Amour,' 1862 ; and
other works of fiction.

JO'WETT. Rev. Bei^amliiy English divine, b. at Camberwell, 1817 ; educated at St.
Paul's School ; elected scholar of Balliol College, Oxibrd, 1835, and fellow, 1838 ; tutor
6f Balliol College since 1842 ; regius professor of Greek at the University, ] 855. Author
of ' Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessaloniims, Galatians, and Romans,'
1855 ; second edition, 1859 ; contributed an essay on the ' Interpretation of Scripture '
to the ' Essays and Reviews.'

JUAREZy Benito. Mexican general and statesman, b. at Ixtlan, State of Oaxaca, in
1807, descendant of the Indian race of Tapatecos ; studied jurisprudence, and became
advocate at Ixtlan, 1830 ; elected d^uty to the House of Representatives, 1846 ; governor
of the State of Oaxaca, 1848-52 ; exiled by President Santa Anna, 1853 ; returned to
Mexico, 1855 ; minister of justice under President Alvarez, 1866-58 ; minister of the
interior under President Comonfort, 1858 ; head of the insurrectionary forces of the Con-
stitutional party against President Zuloaga, 1858-59, and against President Miramon,
1859-61 ; entered the city of Mexico, Jan. 12, 1861 ; elected president of the Republic,
June 11, 1861 ; driven fh>m the city of Mexico by French troops, May 81, 1863 ; ordered
the execution of the Emperor Maximilian, June 16, 1867 ; re-entered the city of Mexico,
July 10, 1867 ; re-elected president of the Republic, Nov. 1867.

JUBINAIi. ICichel iKmis A^hille, French author, b. at Paris, Oct. 24 1810 :
studied at uie Ecole des Chartes ; appointed professor of foreign literature to the Faculte
des Lettres de Montpellier, 1839 ; member of the Corps L^:i8latif for the district of
Bagn^res since 1852. Author of ' Jongleurs et Trouv6res,' 1835 ; and other works.

JUGEIaETy Jean, French marine painter, b. at Brest, 1805 ; studied at Paris imder
M. Gndin. Exhibited 'Environs de Brest,' 1833; * J^sus-Christ apaisant la Temp6te,'
1845 ; * Environs d'Alassio prte Nice,' 1852 ; * Italie,' 1863 ; and numerous other paintings,
chiefly sea views.

JUKESj Joseph, English geolngist, b. near Birmingham, Oct 1811 ; educated at St.
John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A 1836, and M.A. 1841 ; appointed
lecturer on geology to the Irish Museum of Industry, 1854. Author of ' Report on the
(}eology of Newfoundland ;' * Sketch of tbe Physical Structure of Australia ;' and many
ol^er geological works.

JUIalEN. Btaaislas Aicnan, French philologiflt, b. at Orleans, Sept. 20, 1799 ;
educatedat a seminary in Orteans, and in the College of France, 1828 ; appointed assistant
curator to the Imperial Library, 1839 ; professor at the College of France, 1832. Trans-
lated from the Chinese 'The Book of Rewards and Punishments,' 1835; 'The Book of
the Way of Virtue,' 1841 ; and numwous other Chinese works.

JURIEU laA GRAVIERE, Jean Pierre, French admiral, b. Nov. 19, 1812 ;
altered the navy, 1828 ; captain, 1841 ; employed in the Black and Adriatic seas, and
promoted rear-admiral, Dec. 1, 1855 : vice-admiral, Jan. 15, 1862 ; appointed aide-de-
camp to the Emperor, and member of the Board of Admiralty, June 29, 1863. Published
' Souvenirs d'un Amiral,' 1860 ; ' Voyage en Chine pendant les Ann^, 1847, 48, 49, and 50;'
1864 ; and other works.

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K.

KAHNI8. Karl Annate^ German theologian, b. at Greiz, Dec. 22, 1814; studied
at the University of Halle, and graduated at Berlin, 1842 ; professor of theology At
Breslau, 1844 ; appointed professor of theology at Leipsic, and vice-president of the Mis-
sionary College, 1860. Author of 'Ruge und Hegel,' Guedlinbourg, 1838; *Der Gang
des deutschen Protestantismus,' 1864 ; and other theological works.

KAIiERGISy De'me'^triaa, Greek statesman, b. at the Isle of Candia, 1803 or 1804 ;
took part in the Greek war of independence ; one of tBiB promoters of the Revolution of
September 3-16, 1843 ; general and aide-de-camp to King Otho, 1844-46 ; minister of
war, 1864-66 ; api>ointed minister-plenipotentiary to Paris, 1861.

KANARI8* Conatantintf, Greek statesman, b. at the isle of Ipsara, 1796 ; served
as captain m the Greek war of independence, and commanded the frigate Hellas, 1826 ;
represented Ipsara in the Greek National Assembly, 1827 ; minister of marine, and
president of the council, 1848-49 ; and again May 26, 1864, to May 1866 ; prime minister,
1862-64 ; minister of marine, 1864-66.

KANB, Sir Rob6rt| English administrator, b. in Dublin, 1810 ; studied at Trinity
College, and graduated, 1832 ; fellow of King and Queen's College of Physicians, Ireland,
1841 ; knighted, 1846 ; appointed member of the Irish Relief Commission, 1846 ; pre-
sident of Queen's College, Cork. Author of * The Elements of Chemistry,' 1841-42.

KARRy AlphonaCy French author, b. at Paris, Nov. 24, 1808 ; studied at the College
Bourbon. Editor-in-chief of Figaro^ 1839, and foimded Les Gvipes, 1839; author of

* Sous les TilleulB,' 1832 ; * Une Heure trop tard,' 1833 ; * La P6n61ope Hormande,' 1868 ;
and numerous other novels; contributor to the Rewsdu Dtux Mondea, and other French
periodicals.

KASTNER. Jean Oeorir^a^ French musical composer, b. at Strasbuig, 1812 ; elected
member of the Institute, 1869. Composed ' Gustave Wasa ;' * Le Sarrazin;' ' La Danae
de Morts,' 1862 ; published 'Histoire musicale des Cris de Paris,' 1866 ; and other works.

KAULBACH^ WUhelm TOn. German painter, b. at Arolsen, Westphalia, Oct. 15,
1805 ; studied at the Academy or Dusseldoi^ and at Munich ; appointed director of the
Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, 1849. Painted the 'Madhouse,' 182S-2i.;
' Battle of the Huns,' 1837 ; ' Bedouins,' the * Fall of Jerusalem,' and many others ; also
executed a series of frescoes for the Museum of Berlin and new palace at Munich.

KAVANAGHy Julia^ En^sh authoress, b. at Thurles, county of Tipperary, 1824.
Author of ' The Three Paths,^ 1847 ; ' Women in France during the Eighteenth Century,*
1850 ; * Daisy Bums,' 1863 ; * Rachel Gray,' 1866 ; * French Women of Letters ,•* and
many works of fiction.

KAYE, John William^ English historical writer, b. 1814 ; served as lieutenant of
Artillery in the East India Company's service, Bengal, 1835-45 ; entered the Home Civil
Service of the same Company, 1866 ; appointed secretary to the Political and Secret
Department of the India Office. Author of * The History of the War in Affghanistan ;*

* Christianity in India ;' ' History of the Indian Mutiny ;' and other works.
KEANEy Ed^virard Arthur, Baron, b. 1815 ; entered the army, 1833 ; aide-de-r^amp

to his father during the campaign in iJfghanistan, 1839 ; and retired with the rank of

captain ; took his seat in the House of Lords, 1844.
KEARSIaEY, Robert, English politician, b. 1822 ; a magistrate for Ripon, and thrice

mayor of that borough ; captfdn in the Ist West Yorkshire Rifle Volunteers, 1864 ; elected

M.P. for Ripon, 1865.
KEATING* Sir Henry Sinirer, English judge, b. near Dublin, 1804 ; educated at

Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated M. A. ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple,

1832; M.P. for Reading, 1862; solicitor-general and knighted, 1857; judge of the

Common Pleas.

KEATINGE, Rlgrht Hon. Richard, Irish judge, b. 1793; called to the bar at
Dublin, 1813 ; judge of the Pterogative Court of Ireland, and sworn privy councillor,
1843 ; appointed judge of the Court of Probate in Ireland, 1868.

KEIGHTIaY, Thomas, English historical writer, b. in Dublin, 1789 ; educated at
Trinity College, Dublin. Published a * History of Rome ;' ' History of England ;' * The
Mythology of Greece and Italy,' 1854 ; * History of India ;' and other works.

Kei

HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY.

Ken

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KEITH^ Rev. Alexander, English theologian, b. at EeithaU, N.B. 1791; educated
at MariBchal College, Aberdeen; minister of the Established Church of Scotland at
St. Cyrus, Kincardineshire, 181tt-43. Author of ' The Signs of the Times,' 1831 ; * The
History and Destiny of the World and of the Church, according to Scripture,' Part I.
1861 ; ' A Narrative of the Mission to the Jews ;' and other theological works.

KEKEWICH, Saninel Trehawke, English politician, b. 1796 ; educated at ^on,
and Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Devon ; high sheriff,
1834 ; M.P. for Exeter, 1826-80, and for South Devon since 1858.

.., John, EngUsh politician, b. 1816; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant for Middlesex,
and a railway contractor; returned M.P. for Harwich, 1865.

i, Emile, French politician, b. 1828 ; studied at the Ecole Polytechnique ;
elected to the Corps- Legislatif for the third circonscription of the department of the
Haut Rhin, 1857, and re-elected for the fourth circonscription of the same department,
1863. Author of 'L'Encyclique et les Libert^ de I'EgUse g^cane,' 1860; and other
works.

KEIalaER, Joseph, German engraver, b. at Lin2-on-the-Rhiney 1815 ; studied at the
Academy of Diisseldorf. Executed * The Madonna ' of Deger ; ' The Evangelists,' after
Ary Scheffer ; * The Trinity/ after Rafikelle ; and numerous other engravings after
celebrated x>aintings.

KEIaLER VON 8TEINBOCK, Friedrich landwiff, Swiss jurist, b. at Zurich,
Oct 17, 1799; studied at the University of Gottingen, and graduated LL.D. 1822 ; pro-
fessor of law at Zurich, 1825 ; judge and president of the Superior Court ; professor of
law at Halle, 1843, and at Berlin, 1847 ; member of the second Prussian Chamber.
Author of several legal works.

KEIalaY, Sir Fitsroy, English judge, b. 1796 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn,
1824 ; lung's counsel and bencher of Lincoln's Lin, 1835 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Suffolk ;
solicitor-general, 1845-46, and in 1852 ; attorney-general, 1858-^9 ; chief baron of the
Exchequer, 1866.

■'MAIa, Effendi, Turkish diplomatist, b. at Constantinople, 1809; entered the
department of finance, 1828; member of the Council of Education, and inspector-
general of schools of the empire, 1839-49 ; ambassador to Berlin, 1854-57. Author of

* Guide to Conversation in Persian and Turkish,' Constantinople, 1842 ; and several
elementary works for schools.

KEMBIiE, Adelaide, English actress, b. 1816, younger daughter of the late Charles
Kemble; sang at the York festival, 1834; made her d^but in Italy, at Venice, as

* Norma;' appeared in London, in 'Norma,' in 1841, and numerous other operas.
Married to Mr. Frederick N. Sartoris, 1843. Owv.ZV )«o

KEMBIiE. Frances Anne, English actress and authoress, b. in London, -mH;
sister of the preceding; made her d^but at Covent Garden Theatre, Oct. 5, 1829.
Authoress of ^Francis I.* a tragedy, 1828 ; 'Journal,' 1835 ; 'A Year of Consolation ;' a
volume of poems, and several translations. Married to Mr. Pierce Butler, 1835, from
whom she obtained a divorce, 1849.

KE'ME'NY. Siirisninnd. Baron, Hungarian statesman, b. in Transylvania, 1816 ;
studied at the Catholic ana the Reform Colleges ; member of the Diet of Clausenbuig,
1834 ; deputy to the National Hungarian Assembly, 1848 ; councillor and minister of the
interior, April 1849; chancellor of Transylvania, 1859 ; resigned, Sept. 1861. Author of

* After the Revolution,' Pesth, 1850 ; * Men and Women,* lb. 1852 ; and other works.

KBNDAIiIa, Georire Wilklns. American author, b. at Vermont, 1810. Author of
' Narrative of Texan Expedition,' New York, 1844 ; ^ History of the War between the
United States and Mexico,' ib. 1850 ; and several works of fiction.

KENDAIiIa, Nicholas, English politician, b. 1800; educated at Trinity College,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1830 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Cornwall,
and special deputy-warden of the Stannaries ; M.P. for East Cornwall since 1852.

KENNARD, Robert WlUlam, English politician, b. 1800 ; commissioner of lieu-
tenancy of London, and a magistrate of Westminster, Middlesex, and Herts ; was sheriff
of London and Middlesex, 1846-47 : en^ayged as an ironmaster in South Wales and
Scotland; M.P. Newport, Isle of Wight, since 1859.

KENNEDY. Rev. BeASamln. English author, b. at Summer Hill, Birmingham,
Nov. 6, 1804; educated at St John's College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A 1827;
appointed head-master of Shrewsbury School, 1836 ; prebendary of Lichfield, 1841 ; and
select preacher to the University of Cambridge, 1860 ; president of the Royal College of
Preceptors. Author of a * Latin Vocabulary ;* and other educational works.

Ken HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORART BIOGRAPHY. Key
[ 152 ]

1840 ; * The Life of William Wirt,' 1849 ; and other woilcs.

KENNEDY, Tristram, English pollticiaiL b. 1805; called to the Irish bar, 1834;
high sheriff of Londonderry, 1828 ; founder of the Dublin Law Institate ; retnmed M.P.
for the county of Louth, 185a-«7, and 1866.

KENRICK, Francis Patrick, American Catholic theologian, b. in Dublin, Dec. 8,
1797 ; entered the College of the Propaganda of Rome, 1815, and was ordained a priest,
.1821 ; appointed professor to the College of St. Joseph, at Bardstown, Kentucky, U.S.
1821 ; consecrated bishop of Philadelinia, 1830 ; and archbishop of Baltimore, 1851.
Author of 'Theologia Dogmatica,' 1839-40; *A Vindication of the Catholic Church,'
1850 ; and numerous theol^cal works.

KENT, WilUam Charles Mark, Engli&lh poet, b. in London, Nov. 1823 ; educated lit
Prior Park and Oscott Colleges ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1859. Author of
' Aletheia ;' * The Vision of Cagliostro, a Tale of the Five Senses ;' and other works.

KEOOH, RiiTht Hon. Willlani, Irish Judge, b. at Oalway, 1817; educated at
Trinity Collie, Dublin ; entered as a student at Lhicolu's Inn ; was caUed to the Irish
bar, 1840 ; appointed Q.C. 1849 ; solicitor-general, 1852, attorney-general, and sworn a
privy-councillor, 1855 ; appointed one of uie Judges of the Common Pleas in Ireland,
1856. Author of some political pamphlets, and a work on the ' Practice of the Court of
Chancery in Ireland.'

KEPPEIa, Hon. Sir Henry, English naval commander, b. 1809 ; entered tiie navy,
1828 ; served on the East India, Mediterranean, and Cape of Ck>od Hope stations, and on
the coast of China, where he commanded the Dido, 1841-45 ; commanded the St. Jean
cTAcre in the Baltic during the Russian war, and the forces in China, 1857-58 ; attained
flag rank, 1857. Author of ' An Expedition to Borneo ;' and other works.

KEPPIiE, Hon. Oeorre ThomaSi English author, b. 1799 ; entered the army ;
fought at Waterloo, and in India; ueutenant-colonel, 1841; M.P. for Lymington,
1832-35, and 1847-^2. Author of 'Journey across the Balkan ;* 'Journey from Inc^ to
England.'

BR. DaTld Stnart, English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1841 ; a magistrate for Down and Antrim, and deputy-
lieutenant for Down; M.P. for county of Down, 1852-57, for Downpatrick, 1841-47, and
since 1859.

KERCADO, Alexis Thomas, French politician, b. Aug. 81, 1809 ; mayor of Roche
Bernard, and member of the general council of the same canton ; elected to the Corps
L^gislatif for the first drconscription of the department of Morbihan, 1803.

KERN, Conrad, Swiss statesman, b. at Berlingen, near Arenenbeig, 1808 ; studied at the
Universities of Berlin. Heidelbeig, and Paris ; appointed president of the Supreme Court
of Judicature, and oi the canton of Thurgau, 1837 ; member of the Diet ror the same
canton, 1833 ; Swiss plenipotentiary at the Court of France, 1861.

KERRI80N, Sir EdTvard Clarence, Bart., English politician, b. 1821 ; lieu-
tenant of Suffolk Yeomanry Cavaliy ; M.P. for Eye since 1862.

KERVE'OUEN, Philippe Ansoste, Vicomte de, French politician, b. at
Toulon, Nov. 17, 1811 ; served in the French navy; member of the general council of the
canton of Toulon ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the depiStment of Yar since
1852.

KETTEIiER, WUhetan Emmanuel, Baron Ton, German Catholic theologian,
b. at Miinster, 1811 ; admitted to the bar, out entered the Church, 1837 ; ordained priest,
and appointed to the parish of Hopster, in Westphalia, 1838 ; deputy to the National
Assembly at Frankfort, 1848 ; consecrated bishop of Mayence, 1850. Author of ' Liberty
and Authority of the Church,' 1861 ; and numerous sermons.

KEY, Thon&as Hewitt, English philologist, b. 1799 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated, 1821 ; professor of comparative grammar and head-
master of the junior school in London University. Author of a * lAtin Grammar;' and
contributed numerous articles to the Penny CyclapaBdia.

I, Nieaise de, Belgian painter, b. at Sandvliet, province of Antwerp,
Aug. 2tJ, 1813 ; studied at the Academy of Antwerp ; director of the Academy of Antwerp.
Painted • Christ on the Cross,' for the Catholic Church of Manchester, 1834 ; *The Battle
of Woringen,' in the National Pidace at Brussels, 1839 ; and numerous other paintings.

Kl« HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Kin
[ 153 ]

*f Helarieh^ Oerraan geographer, b. at Berlin, July 31, 1818; stndied
under Carl Ritter ; appointed director of the Geographical Institute of Weimar, 1845.
Published * Atlas of Greece and her Colonies,' Berlin, 184(M6 ; second edition, 1861 ;
'Historical Atlas of the Ancient World,' Weimar, 1848; 'Atlas of Asia,' Berlin, 1858;
and numerous niaps and geographical works.

KIIiIAN, Hermaany German physiciaa, b. at Leipsic, Feb. 5, 1800 ; studied medicine
at Wilna, and in England and Scotland; appointed professor of medicine to the
University of Bonn, 1828 ; doaa of the faculty, 18d8. Author of numerous medical
works.

KIIaLAIK>E, Rlgrht Rev. WilliBm TitrngenAd, Bishop of, Irish divine, b. in
Ireland, 1815; educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B. A 1887 ; con-
secrated bishop of Cork, 1857 ; translated to Killaloe, 1862. Edited Constable's 'Ethics ;'
Butler's ' Analogy ;' and other works.

KIIiMORE, Riarlit Rev. Hamilton Verschoyley Bishop of, Irish divine,
b. 1803 ; educated at Trinity College. Dublin ; ordained, 1829 ; chancellor of Christ
Church Cathedral, Dublin, 1855; dean of Ferns, 1862; consecrated to the see of
Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh, Dec. 1862.

KIMBAIaL. Richard. American noveh'st, b. at Lebanon, New Hampshire, 1815;
studied at the CoU^e of Dartmouth, where he graduated, 1834. Author of ' St Leger,
or the Threads of Life,' 1849; 'Cuba and the Cubans,' 1849; 'Student life Abroad,'
1853 ; and other works of fiction.

KINDERSIaEY, Sir Richard Torin, English judge, b. 1792 ; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1814; called to the bar of Lineoln's Inn,
1818 ; master in Chancery, 1848-51 ; one of the vice-chancellors, 1851 ; retired, 1866.

KINOy James Kinar, English politician, b. 1806 ; educated at Balliol College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. 1829 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Herefcwd; high
sheriff, 1845 ; M.P. for Herefordshire since 1862.

KINO. John. GMlbert, English politician, b. 1828; edueated at Trinity College,
Dublm; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant for Kiag*s County; high sheriff, 1852; returned
M.P. for King's County, 1865.

KINOy Hon. Peter John lK>cke. English politician, b. at Ockham, Surrey, 1811 ;
educated at Harrow, and Trinity Collie, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1833 ;
a magistrate of Surrey ; M.P. for East Surrey since 1847.

KINOI«A.KE. Alexander Williaxn, English author, b. near Taunton, 1811 ;
educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1832;
called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1837 ; retired, 1856 ; a deputy-lieutenant for Somerset ;
M.P. for Bridgewater, 1857 ; unseated, 1869. Author of * Eothen,' 1849 ; 'History of the
Bussian War of 1854-66,' vols. I. 11. in 1863, III. IV. 1868.

KINOIiAKEy John Alexander, English politician, b. 1806 ; educated at Eton and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A 1826 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's
Inn, 1830 ; seijeant-at-law ; recorder cf Bristol ; M.P. for Rochester since 1857.

KIN08COTE, Robert Niarel Fits-Hardinye, English politician, b. 1830;
formerly lieutenant-colonel Scora Fusilier Guards, and was aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan
in the Crimea, 1854-55 ; M.P. for West Gloucestershire since 1852.

KINOSIaEY, Rev. CharleSy English author, b. at Dartmoor, Devon, June 12, 1819 ;
^ucated at King's College, London, and Magdalen College, Cambridge ; appointed pro-
fessor of XBodem history in the University ot Cambridge, 1859. Author of * Alton
Locke,' 1850 ; 'Saint's Tragedy,' 1846 ; 'Alexandria and her Schools,' 1854; 'Westward
Ho I' 1854 ; and nuiuerous other wor^ of fiction.

KZNOBIiEY, Henrjy English author, b. 1830, brother of the preceding j educated at
King's College, X^ondon, and Worcester College, Oxford. Author of * Geofiry Hamlyn,'
' Ravenshoe,^ and other works.

KZNKEIa* Johann Oottflriedy G^man poet and political writer, b. at Obercassel,
Rhenish Prussia, Asig. 11, 1815 ; studied at the University of Bonn ; elected to the
Berlin Parliament 1848 ; joined the Badish insurrection, was taken prisoner by the
Prussian troops, tried ana sentenced to imprisonment in a fortress for life, 1849;
escaped, 1860 ; appointed professor of literature at the University of Berne, Switzer-
land, 1867. Author of * Otto der Schutz,* 1846 ; and numerous other works.

KXNNAIRD/Hon. Arthur Fits8rerald| English politician, b. 1814 ; a J.P.Iand
deputy-lieutenant for the county of Perth ; a partner in Messrs. Ransom's bank, London ;
formerly held a diplomatic appoiatment ; M.P. for the borough of London, 1837-39 ;
returned for Pwth, 1852.

Kin HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Koe

[ 164 ]

KINNOUIiy Thomas Robert Hay Drammond, Earl of, English adminis-
trator, b. 1 785 ; Lord Lyon king-at-arms ; lord-lieutenaut of Perthshire and colonel of the
Perthshire MUitia.

IP. RiflTlit Rev. IXmiiamy American author, b. at New York, Oct. 3, 1811 ; entered
holy orders, 1832 ; consecrated missionary bishop of California, 1853. Author of * History
of the Early Jesuits;* *The Double Witness of the Church,' New York, 1844; 'The
Catacombs of Rome,' 1864 ; and other works.

KIRVTAN. Andrew Valentine, English author, b. 1804 ; called to the Irish bar,
1826, and to the English. bar, 1828. Author of the 'Ports, Arsenals, and Dockyards of
Prance,' 1839 ; * Army and Garrisons of France,' separately, 1841 ; * Modem France : its
Journalism and Literature,' 1863 ; and other works.

KISS, Angniat, German sculptor, b. at Pless, Upper Silesia, Oct. 11, 1802 ; studied
under Ranch, at Berlin, 1822. Executed a colossal model of an 'Amazon on horseback
attacked by a Panther,' 1839 ; an equestrian group of ' St George and the Dragon ;* and
numerous other works.

KISSEIaEFF, Nicholas de^ Russian diplomatist, \>. 1800 ; entered the diplomatic
service, 1824 ; secretary of legation at Berlin and at Paris, 1826 ; charge d'alfiiires in
Paris ; Russian ambasi^or in France, 1862-54.

KI&APKA, Georire. Hungarian general, b. at Temeswar, April 7, 1820 ; entered the
military ^service, 1838 ; took part in the Revolution of i848 ; chief of the staflf of General
Kis, 1848 ; minister at war under Kossuth, 1849 ; commander of Komom, 1849. Published-
'Memoirs,' Leipsic, 1866 ; ' The National War in Hungary and Transylvania,' 1851.

KNAUS. laTLdwiiTt German painter, b. at Wiesbaden, Nasssu, Oct. 6, 1829 ; studied at
Diisseldorf under Schadow. Exhibited ' The Rustic F6te,' 1847 ; ' Gipsy Encajnpment^'
1867 ; and numerous other paintings.

KNIGHT, Charles. English author and publisher, b. at Windsor, 1790. Author of
' Knowledge is'Power;* * Once upon a Time ; ' ' Popular History of England ;' 'Passages
of a Working Life during Half a Century ;' and numerous other works.

KNIGHTy Frederick Winn, English administrator, b. 1812 ; educated at the Charter-
house ; a family trustee of the British Museum ; parliamentary secretary to the Poor
Law Board, 1852 ; M.P, for West Worcestershire since 1841.

KNIGHTi John Prescot, English portrait-painter, b. at Stafford, 1803 ; appointed
secretary to the Royal Academy ; exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1827 ; elected
A.RA. 1836; R.A. 1844.

KNIGHTIaE'Y^ Sir Rainald, English politician, b. 1819 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant for Northamptonshire ; M.P. for South Northamptonshire since 1862.

KNOX, Brownlovr, English politician, b. 1806; a lieutenant-colonel unattached;
formerly major 2d Bucks Yeomanry ; M.P. for Great Marlow, 1847-68.

KNOX, Hon. William Stuart, English politician, b. 1826 ; major in the 61st Foot^
and a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for Tyrone ; M.P. for Dungannon since 1861.

KOBEIaL, Frans von, German mineralogist and poet, b. at Munich, July 19, 1803 ;
educated at Munich University; appointed assistant professor of mineralogy at the
University, 1828 ; head keeper of the mineralogical ccdlection at Munich. Author of
•Characteristics of Minerals,' 1830-31; * Hochdeutsche Gediehte/ 1862; and numerous
poems and works on mineralogy.

KOCH, Karl Heinricli, German naturalist, b. at Weimar, 1809; studied medicine at
Wiirtzburg and Jena. Author of 'A Journey across Russia to the Isthmus of the
Caucasus,* 2 vote. 1842-48 ; ' Wanderings in the East,' 1846-7 ; 'The Crimea and Odessa,'
1864 ; and numerous other works of travel and natural history.

KOCK, Charles Panl de^ French novelist, b. at Passy near Paris, 1794. Author of

* L'Enfent de ma Femme,' 1811 ; * Le Muletier,' 1823 ; * La Fille aux trois Jupons," 1863 ;
' Enfants du Boulevard,' 1864 ; and a vast number of other works of fiction.

KOCK, Henri de, French novelist, son of the preceding, b. 1821. Author of

* L'Amant de Lucette ;' * Les Buveurs d' Absinthe ;' and many other novels.

KOECHIaY. Hermann Aagnatj, German philologist, b. at Leipsic, Aug. 5, 1816 ;
studied at Berlin ; professor at the Kxinigschule of Dresden, 1840 ; member of the second
Chamber of Dresden, 1849 ; professor of Greek and Roman languages and literatures at
Zmich, 1861. Editor of ' Quintus Smymceus,' Leipsic, 1850 ; and other works.

KOELIalKER. Albert, German anatomist, b. 1817; professor of anatomy and
physiology at the University of Wiirtzburg. Author of ' Handbuch der Gewebelelure des
Menschen,' 1852-66 ; and numerous other works on anatomy.

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KOENIG; Heinrich Josepli, German novelist, b. at Fulda, Hesse Cassel, March 19,
1790 ; appointed secretary to the superior tribunal at Fulda, 1835. Author of ' Die hohe
Braut,' Leipsic, 1833; *Auch eine Jugend,' ib. 1852; 'Konig Jerome's Camaval/ lb.
1853 ; and numerous other works of fiction.

KOENIG-BEY^ Mathien Augnstei Egyptian statesman, b.at Paris, 1802 ; studied
rhetoric and Onental languages at the College of Henry IV. ; appointed professor of
French language at the school of Djihad-Abad near Cairo, 1827 ; charged by Mehemet AM
with the education of the young princes of his family, 1834 ; member of the Egyptian
council of ministers, 1862.

KOHL; Joliann Georgr^ German traveller and geographical writer, b. at Bremen,
April 28, 1808 ; studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich. Author of

• Sketches and Pictures in St. Petersburg,' 1846 ; ' British Isles and their Inhabitants,'
1842 ; * Kitchi-Gami,^ or Tales from Lake Superior,' 1857 ; * Geographical History of
America,' 1866 ; and numerous other works of traveL

KO LB-BERNARD, Charles, French politician, b. at Dunkirk, Jan. 16, 1798;
member of the municipal council of Lille, and president of the Chamber of Commerce
for the same town ; member of the Corps L6gislatif for the second circonscription of the
department du Nord since 1859.

KOSSUTH, Louis, Hungarian statesman, b. at Monok, county of Zemplin, April 27,
1802; educated at the Protestant College of Sarospatak, where he studied law and
became an advocate, 1826 ; sat in the National Diet, 1832 ; imprisoned, 1837 ; minister of
finance, March 17, 1848 ; governor of Hungary, May 14 to Aug. 11, 1849 ; took refuge in
Turkey, Aug. 17, 1849 ; took up his residence in England, June 1852.

KRASZEWSKI, Joseph Igrnas, Polish author, b. at Varsovia, July 26, 1812 ;
studied at Wilna. Author of • Literary Studies,' Wilna, 1842 ; ' Voyage to Odessa,* ib.
1845 ; * Pod wloskiem Niebem,' Leipsic, 1846 ; and other works in prose and verse.

KUECKEN, Friedrich Wilhelm, German musical composer, b. at Blekede, Liine-
burg, Nov. 10, 1800 ; studied under Rombach at Berlin, and Hal6vy at Paris ; composed
' The Swiss Flight ;' ' The Pretender ;' and numerous operas, sonatas, songs, and ballads.

KUEHNE^ Gustav/ German author, b. at Magdebui-g, Prussia, Dec. 27, 1806 ; studied
at the University of Berlin, where be graduated Ph.D. 1825. Author of 'Die beiden
Magdalenen,' Leipsic, 1833 ; * German M«n and Women,' ib. 1851 ; * Death of Frobel,
and Continuation of his Doctrine,' 1852 ; and numerous other works.

KUETZIN6, Friedrich Trauirott, German naturalist, b. at Rittebni^g, Thnringia,
Dec. 8, 1807 ; studied at the University of Halle ; professor of natural sciences at the
College of Nordhausen. Author of 'Compendium of Natural History,' Nordhausen,
1837 ; * Elements of Gec^raphy,' ib. 1853 ; ' Elements of Philosophical Botany,' Leipsic,
1851-62 ; and other works.

KUHLMANN, Carl Friedrich, French chemist, b. at Colmar, May 22, 1803 ;
studied chemistry at the University of Strasbourg; president of the Chamber of
Commerce of Lille, and member of the sanitary committee, and of the General Council
du Nord. Author of * Exp6riences chimiques et agronomiques,* 1847 ; * Application des
Silicates alcalins solubles au Durcissement des Pierres calcaires poreuses, 4 la Peinture
et 4 1'lmpression/ 1855 ; and numerous papers on chemistry.

KUPER, Sir Augustus Leopold, English naval commander, b. 1809 ; entered the
Royal Navy, 1823 ; served in South America, the Mediterranewi stations, and in China ;
attained flag rank, 1861 ; appointed commander-in-chief on the East India and China
stations, with the rank of vice-admiral, 1862.

KURTZ, Johann Heinrich, German theologian, b. at Mon^oie,Rheni8h Prussia,1809 ;
studied theology at Halle and Bonn ; appointed professor of ecclesiastical history at the
University of Dorpat, 1850. Author of • The Bible and Astronomy,' Mittau, 1842 ;

* Introduction to the History of the Church,' ib. 1862 ; third edition, 1856 ; and other
theological works.

KYN ASTON, Rev. Herbert. English divine, b. at Warwick, 1809 ; educated at
Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1831 ; ordained, 1834 ;
appointed head-master of St. Paul's School, London, 1838 ; prebendary of St. Paul's
Cathedral Author of ' Miscellaneous Poems/ and translator of Damiani's ' Gloiy of
Paradise.'

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L.

UIBARRE, FraaQOis Theodore, French ransical composer, b. at Paris* April 8,
1806 ; studied under Oousineau, Bochsa, and Naderman, 1812-20 ; entered the Conser-
vatoire, 1820. Composed ' Les Deux Families,' performed 1831 ; ' L' Aspirant de Marine/
1884 ; * Graziosa,' 1861 ; and numerous pieces of music, chiefly for the harp.

laABARRE. lK>«iBy Belgian journalist, b. at Dinan, Namur, 1810. Edited the Belgian
Charivari, the Tribune of Li^, and the Nation of Brussels. Author of * Satires and
Elegies,' 1836 ; ' Souvenirs du Drapeau,' 1855 ; and other works.

LA BE'DOIiLI^'REy EmUe Oi^vlt de, French author, b. in Paris, 1814.
Author of ' Vie politique du Marquis de la Fayette,' 1833 ; ' Histoire de la Garde
nationale,' 1848 ; ' Histoire de la Guerre du Mexique,' 1863 ; and numerous other his-
torical and political works.

LABICHE, Euare'ne Maiimy French dramatist, b^ at Paris, May 5, 1814 ; studied at
the Bourbon CoU^e, the Lyc6e Bonaparte, and the Ecole de Droit. Author of * Deux
Papas ti^-bien,' 1845 ; 'En avant les Chinois 1' 1858 ; ' Un Mari qfii lance sa Femme,'
1864 ; and numerous other comedies.

IJVRINTZOFFy Ivan; Russian military commander, b. at Toula, 1800 ; entered the
Caucasian army, 1826 ; lieutenant, 1828 ; mt^or-general, 1839 ; lieutei&ant-general, 1845 ;
appointed to the chief command of ihe forces in the Caucasus, 1856.

laABORDE. Emmanuel Joseph, Comte de, French archaeologist, b. in Paris,
June 12, 1807 ; studied at the University of Gottingen ; elected member -of the Ft>ench
Academy, 1842 ; appointed curator of the museum of antiquities in the Louvre, 1847.
Author of ' Voyage en Orient,' 1838-55 ; 'Athens in the XV. XVI. and XVII. Centuries,*
1864 ; and numerous other works.

XiABORDE. Henri, Vicomte de, French painter, b. at Rennes, May 2, 1811 ;
studied under Paul Delaroche. Pais^^ed ' Hagar in the Desert,' in tibe museum of Dijon«
1836 : * Xrft Passion du Christ,' in the Cathedral of Amiens, 1848^ and /othex historical
paintings.

IJVBORDE. iKmUi Jnles, Comte de, French jurist, b. in Paos, Jw. 13, 1806,
brother of the preceding ; admitted as an advocate at the Court of Cassation, 1836 ; pre-
sident of the Order of Advocates, 1853-56. Published ' Trait^ des VLraries particulilres
sur Merchandises,' 1836 ; and other works.

IJIBOUCHERE, Henry^ English politician, b. 1831; educat€<&t MofX, (md Trinity
College, Cambridge ; was in the diplomatic service, 1854-64 ; M.P. W Windsor, 1865-66 ;
for Middlesex, 1867-68.

IJVBOUIaAYE, Edonard Rene', French jurist, b. at Paris, Jan. 18, 1811 ; studied
law, and was admitted as advocate at the Royal Court of Paris, 1842 ; appointed pro-
fessor of legislation to the College of France, 1849. Author of * Etudes sur la Propri^te
litt^raire en Prance et en Angleterre,' 1858 ; * Paris en Am^rique,' 1868 ; * Abdollah,'
1850 ; * Contes bleus,' 1863 ; and other works.

I&ABROUSSE, Fabriee, French dramatic writer, b. 1810. Author of ' Fleurette/
1833; ' PauUne,' 1841 ; ' Un Enfant du Peuple,' 1847 ; 'Consulate* I'Empire,' 1853;
' L'Arm^e d'Orient,' 1856 ; and other works.

laABROUSTE, Frangola Marie Theodore, French arehitect, b. in Pari«,
March 21, 1799, brother of the following ; studied under Vaudoyer and Hippolyte-Lebas,
and at the l^cole des Beaux Arts ; architect to the Government, and to the College of
St. Barbe.

IJVBROUSTE, Pierre Victor Alexandre, French administrator, b. in Paris,
March 4, 1796 ; studied at the CoU^e of St. Barbe, and the School of Law, and called to
the bar ; appointed director of the College of St. Barbe, 1838.

IJIBROUSTE. Pierre Francois Henri. French architect, b. in Paris, May 11,
1801, brother or the two preceding ; studied at the College of St. Barbe, and the £cole des
Beaux Arts ; appointed architect of the Biblioth^que St. Gtenevi^ve, 1838 ; architect of
the new Biblioth^que St. Gtenevifeve, commenced 1843, and finished 1849 ; vice-president
of the Central Society of Arehitects.

laACAUSSADE, Ausuate, French writer, b. at the He Bourbon, 1820 ; studied at
Nantes. Published a translation of * Ossian,' 1842. Author of ' Poemes et Paysages,'
1852 ; * Les Epaves,' 1861. Founder of the Revue Europime, 1859.

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[ 157 ] — :

ImACOK, Sir Edmiind KnoTVles, English politician, b. 1807; educated at
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1828; a deputy-lieutenant of
Norfolk, and nugor in the Norfolk Militia ; M.P. for Yai-mouth, 1852-57, and 1359-68.

UlCROIXy JnleS; French writer, b. in Paris, May 7, 1809, brother of the following.
Author of ' Une Grossesse,' 1838 ; ' Le Maurais Ange ;' * La Testament de C^sar,' 1849 ;
and numerous romances and dramatic works.

LACROIX, PaiU; French author, b. at Paris, Feb. 27, 1806 ; studied at the Collie
Bourbon ; appointed curator of the library of the Arsenal in Paris, 1855. Author, as
Bibliophile Jacob, of ' Dissertations sur quelques Points curieux de I'Histoire de France,
et de I'Histoire litt^raire,' 1884-38 ; and numerous other works.

IJICROIX. PaiU Engre'ney French architect, b. at Paris, March 19, 1814 ; studied at
the £cole aes Beaux Ans ; appointed architect of the ^ys^e Imperial, 1852 ; architect to
the Tuileries ; and inspector of imperial palaces.

LACROIX ST. PIERRBy Pierre Henri, French politician, b. Aug. 9, 1817 ;
member of the Administrative Council of the Railways of Guest ; elected to the Corps
L^gislatif for the department de la Dr6me, 1863.

XiADOUCETTE^ lK>iiis Charles de, French politician, b. at Gap, Feb. 11, 1809 ;
studied at the Military School of St. Cyr ; left the army as officer of cavalry, 1837 ;
apitointed senator, Jan. 27, 1852. ,

XiADREITT DE IiA CHARRIE'RE, Jules, French military commander, b. st
Coux, Ard^che, March 30, 1806 ; entered the Military School of St. Cyr, 1826 ; lieutenant,
1831 ; captain, 1827 ; chef de bataillon, 1844 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1848 ; colonel, 1851 ;
brigadier-general, 1855 ; commanded in Italy, at Magenta and Solferino, 1859.

XAFOND DE laURCY, Gabriel, French traveller, b. at Lurcy L^vy, AUier,
March 25, 1802 ; studied at the Lyc^e of Nantes. Published ' Quinze Ans de Voyages
autour du Monde,' 1839 ; ' Voyag^ autour du Monde et Naufrages c^^bres,' 1842 ; and
other works.

I&A.FOND DE 8AINT-MUR, Remi, French politician, b. at Roche Cavillac, near
Tulle, Dec. 8, 1817; councillor, and secretary-general to the prefecture of Corr6ze,
1847-57 ; member of the Corps L^slatif for the department of Corr^ze since 1857.

Ul GRANDIERE, Paul Pierre Marie de, French naval commander, b. June
28, 1807; entered the navy, 1820; ensign, 1827; lieutenant, 1833; captain. May 1, 1849;
rear-admiral, Dec. 24, 1861 ; vice-admiral, Dec. 5, 1865.

XiAGRANGB, Fre'de'ric, Ck>inte de, French politician, b. 1816 ; member of the
General Council of the Eure for the canton of Gisors ; deputy to the Corps L^gislatif
for the department of Gers since 1852.

XiA ORANGE ET DE FOURIIiIiES, Edouard, Marquis de, French diplo-
matist, b. Dec. 18, 1796 ; studied at the Lyc^ Napoleon, and entered the diplomatic
service ; successively attach^ at Madrid, secretary of legation at Carlsruhe ana Vienna,
and charge d'affaires in Holland, 1821-30; made a senator, 1852. Author of *La Deli-
verance de Bude,' 1829 ; and other works.

XiA OUE'RONNIE'REf lK>uis Etieni&e Arthur, Vicomte de, French states-
man, b. 1816 ; held a post in the ministry of foreign affairs, 1848 ; appointed editor of
the PaySf 1850 ; made a senator, 1861 ; ambassador at Brussels, 1868. Author of ' De la
Politique int^rieure et exterieure de la France,' 1862 ; and numerous other works.

ItAINE', Pierre Jean, French naval commander, b. Dec. 4, 1796; studied at the
Naval School of Brest ; ensign, 1817 ; lieutenant, 1821 ; captain, 1831 ; rear-admiral,
1840 ; commander-in-chief of the navy at Algiers, 1841 ; pr^fet of the arrondissement of
Cherboui^, 1842 ; member of the Imperial Council of Admiralty.

XiAXNG, Samuel, English politician, b. 1812 ; educated at Harrow, and St John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1882 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn,
1840; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant for the Isle of Orkney; M.P. for Wick, 1852-57,
1859--61, and 1865-68 ; appointed financial secretary in India, 1860 ; chairman of the
London and Bri^^ton Rauway.

IJkIRD, John, English politician, b. at Greenock, Scotland, 1805 ; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant for the county of Chester ; formerly head of the firm of L^rd and
Sons, shipbuilders of Birkenhead ; M.P. for Birkenhead since 1861.

XiAITY, Armaud Fraagois Rupereli, French naval officer, b. at Lorient, 1812 ;
admitted to the Ecole Polytechnique ; lieutenant, 1836 ; appointed prdfet of the Basses
Pyr6n^, 1854 ; made a senator, 1857.

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[ 168 ]

laAKE. Colonel Henry Atrirelly English military engineer, b. 1809 ; appointed to
the Madras Engineers, 1826; captain, 1842; lieut -colonel, Nov. 1855; served in Turkey
during the Russian war; nominated aide-de-camp to her Majesty, and appointed to a
military command in Ireland, 1857. Author of ' Kars, and our Captivity in Russia.'

ftn.u. Rev. William^ English educational writer, b. June 1817 ; educated at Rugby,
and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1835 ; appointed to report on
Popular Education in England, 1858 ; rector of Huntspill, Somerset, and preacher at
the Chapel Royal of Whitehall.

laAKEM AN. Sir Btenlien Bartlett, Turkish military commander, b. in England,
1825 ; educated at the College of Louis le Grfuvd, in Paris : knighted, 1853 ; entered the
Turkish army and served in the Crimean war, 1854-^5; lieut -general in the Turkish
service, under the title of Misa Pasha.

ImA MARMORAy AlplionsOy Marquis de^ Italian general and statesman, b. Nov.
17, 1804 ; entered the Military Academy at Turin, 1816 ; lieutenant of artillery, 1823 ;
captain, 1831 ; m^or, 1845 ; general of brigade, Oct. 27, 1848 ; appointed minister of
war, Nov. 3, 1840 ; resigned, Feb. 1855 ; commander-in-chief of ttie Italian army in the
Crimea, 1855 ; minister of war, Oct 81, 1856 ; president of the Council of Ministers,
July 19, 1859, to July 21, 1860 ; minister of forei^ affairs, and president of the Council
of Ministers, Sept. SO, 1864, to.June 16, 1806.

IiAMBINET^ Emllei French painter, b. at Versailles, near 1808 ; studied under Drol-
ling and Horace Vemet Exhibited * Sites du Dauphin^,' 1837 ; * Les Bords de la Seine k
Bougival,' 1861 ; * Le Matin 4 Yor6-l'Bveque,' 1864 ; and many other landscapes.

IiAMBRECHT^ Felix, French politician, b. April 4, 1819 ; elected to the Corps
L^gislatif for tiie fifth circonscription of the department du Nord, 1863.

IiAME'i Oabriely French mathematician, b. at Tours, July 22, 1795 ; studied at the
Ecole Polytechnique, 1817 ; appointed professor of physics in the same school, 1832, and
examiner in the same, 1845 ; resigned, 1863. Author of • Legons sur la Th6orie matb6-
matique de I'Elasticit^,' 1852 ; and other mathematical works.

laAMONT^ James. English politician, b. 1830 ; educated at Rugby ; a magistrate for
the county of Argyll, and a deputy-lieutenant for the ceunty of Bute ; M.P. for Bute-
shire, 1865-68. Author of * Seasons with the Sea-horses.'

liA MOTTE ROUGE. Joseph Edonard de^ French military commander, b. Feb.
3, 1802 ; entered the College of St Cyr, 1819 ; lieutenant, 1830 ; captain, 1832 ; chef de
bataillon, 1841; colonel, 1848; general of brigade, 1852; served in the Crimea, and
nominated general of division, June 22, 1855.

XiANCE; Adolphe^ French architect, b. at Littry, Calvados, Aug. 3, 1813 ; studied at
the :^cole des Beaux Arts ; appointed inspector of works for the restoration of the Abbey
of St Denis, 1850 ; member of the Commission of Historical Monuments, 1854. Author
of several works on architecture.

laANDSEERy Cliarles^ English painter, b. 1709; studied under Haydon, and
entered as student at the Royal Academy, 1816. Exhibited * Dorothea,' 1828 ; • The Monks
of Melrose,' 1843 ; * Return of the Dove to the Ark,* 1842 ; and other paintings. Elected
A.R.A. 1837, and R.A. 1845; appointed * Keeper' of the Royal Academy, 1851.

XiANDSEER, Sir Ed'win, English painter, b. in London, 1802, brother of the pre-
ceding; entered as student at the Royal Academy, 1816. Exhibited at the Academy
♦The Dog and the Shadow,' 1826; *A Highland Breakfast,' 1834; 'The Old Shepherd's
Chief Mourner,* 18S7; 'Deer Stalking,' 1858; 'Doubtful Crumbs,' 1859; 'The Shrew
Tamed,' 1863; 'Man Proposes and God Disposes,' 1864; and numerous other paintings.
Elected A. R. A. 1827; and R.A. 1830; knighted, 1860.

XiANE, Ed'Virard William, English philologist, b. at Hereford, 1801. Translated 'The
Thousand and One Nights, ' 1841. Author of an ' Arabic Lexicon,' first part published 1863.

I&A.N6AIaERIE, Pierre Henri de. French theologian, b. at St Foy, Gironde,
1810 ; was professor of physics and mathematics to the Grand Seminary of Bordeaux ;
professor of law and canon to the Faculty of Theology ; appointed vicar-general to the
Archbishop of Bordeaux, 1852 ; consecrated bishop of Belley, 1857.

XiANGENN, Friedricta von, German author, b. at Merseburg, Saxony, Jan. 26,
1798 ; studied at the University of Leipsic, and appointed professor, 1820 ; commissioner
of the Gtovemment at Leipsic, 1831 ; president of the High Court of Appeal at Dresden,
1849. Author of * Life of Albert the Brave,* 1838 ; and other works.

laANGIEWICZ; Manran, Polish general, b. at Krotnsczin, grand duchy of Posen,
Aug. 6, 1827 ; studied at the University of Breslau ; appointed Dictator by the Pro-
visional Government of Poland, 1862-63 ; defeated by the Russians in the battle of
Chrobrze, March 18, 1863, and took refuge in Au8tria,retiring subsequently to Switzerland.

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LANGIiAIS; JacqneSy French politician, b. at Mamers, Sarthe, Feb. 27, 1810;
educated at the Seminary of Mans ; studied law in Paris, and called to the bar, 1837 ;
elected member of the Legislative Assembly for Mamers, 1862-57 ; councillor of state,
1857 ; minister of finance of the Mexican empire, 1865-66.

IiANGIaOISy CliarleBj French painter, b. at Beaumont-en-Ange, Calvados, July 22,
1789 ; studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, and under Girode, Baron Gros, and Horace
Vemet ; entered the army, 1830 ; colonel, 1849. Painted ' La Bataille de la Moskowa,'
1835 ; * Le Combat des Pyramides,' 1849 ; * La Bataille de Solferino,* 1864 ; and numerous
other battle scenes.

LANGSDORFFy E'mile, Baron de^ French diplomatist, b. at Fumel, Lot-et-
Garonne, 1804 ; studied at the College of Henri IV.; attach^ to the Legation at Florence,
1828 ; secretary to the embassies at Rome, Turin, Munich, and Constantinople, Berlin,
and Vienna, 1830-40 ; minister plenipotentiary to. Brazil, 1841 ; minister at Baden and at
the Hague, 1842-48 ; retired into private life after the Revolution of Feb. 1848.

IiANJUINAIS^ Victor Ambrose, Vlcomte, French politician, b. Nov. 5, 1802 ;
studied law at Paris, and was called to the bar, 1821 ; member of the Chamber of Depu-
ties, 1837-39, 1842, and 1846 ; and of the Constituent Assembly for Loire Inferieur, 1849 ;
elected to the Corps L^gislatif for the department of the Loire Inf6rieur, 1863. Author
of 'Nouvelles Recherches sur la Question de I'Or,' 1855 ; and other works.

IiANKESTER, Edwin, English author, b. at Melton, Sufiblk ; educated at Wood-
bridge, and studied medicine at University College, London, 1884-37 ; member of the
Collie of Surgeons, 1837 ; graduated M.D. at Heidelberg, 1839 ; appointed professor of
natural iiistory at the New College of London, 1850 ; elected coroner for Central Middle-
sex, 1862. Author of ' Lives of Naturalists,' 1842 ; Lectures on Animal Food ;* and
numerous other works.

IiANNO, FraagoiB Gaspard. French sculptor, b, at Rennes, Jan. 7, 1800 ; studied
under Frederic Lemot, 1818, Cartillier, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Executed
' Prom6th6e enchaln6,' 1825 ; ' Le Mar6chal Brune,' 1843 ; a bronze bust of Montaigne,
1864 ; and other statues and busts.

laANNOY, Antoine de, French architect, b. at Paris, June 28, 1800 ; studied under
Vandoyer, Delespine, and M. H. Lebas ; architect of the Banque de France, 1649. TnHf^
lished * Projet d'Agrandissement de la Biblioth^que royale,' 1827 ; ' Le Tombeau de
Robert de Naples,' 1852 ; and other works on architecture.

I&ANOUE, Felix Hippolyte, French painter, b. at Versailles, Oct. 14, 1812; studied
under Victor Bertin, 1830, Horace Vemet, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Exhibited
* Saint Benoft fondant ses Monast^res dans les Deserts du Subiaco,' 1853 ; ' Les Bords de
la Nerva,* 1861 ; * Vue du Tibre,' 1864 ; and many other paintings, chiefly landscapes.

liANZA, FederiCO, Italian statesman, b. 1814 ; studied medicine ; appointed minister
of finance in the cabinet of Count Cavour, 1859 ; minister of the interior. Sept 30, 1864 ;
resigned, Oct. 20, 1865.

XiAPIaACE, Cliarles E'mile, Marquis de, French general, b. at Paris, April 15,
1789 ; studied at the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole de Metz ; entered the army, 1809 ;
took part in the wars with Spain, Russia, and Germany; lieutenant-general, April 9,
1843 ; made a senator, Dec. 31, 1852.

IiAPIaACE, Cyrille Pierre The'odore,,French naval commander, b. Nov. 7, 1793 ;
entered the Imperial Nax^y as ensign, 1812 ; lieutenant, 1819 ; captain, 1828 ; rear-admiral,
1841 ; vice-admiral. June 11, 1853 ; member of the Council of Admiralty, 1857 ; appointed
maritime pr^fet of Brest, and placed on half-pay, 1858. Author of ' Voyage autour du
Monde par les Mers de I'lnde et de la Chine,' 1833-39 ; and other works.

LAPRADE, Pierre Ricliard de, French poet, b. at Montbrison, Loire, Jan. 13,
1812 ; studied at Lyons, and was called to the bar. Author of ' Les Parfumes de Made-
leine,' 1839 ; 'Poemes 6vang61iques,' 1852 ; ' Les Symphonies,' 1855 ; ' Questions d'Art et
de Morale,' 1861 ; and other works.

laARABIT, Denis, French politician, b. at Roye Somme, Aug. 15, 1792 ; studied at
the Ecole Polytechnique, and served in the French army ; represented the department
of the Tonne at the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; appointed senator, March 4, 1853.

XiARCHEY. Fraagois E'tienne, French general, b. at Cambrai, Jan. 20, 1795 ;
studied at the School of St. Cyr ; lieutenant, 1814 ; mtgor, 1843 ; general of brigade, 1852 ;
general of division, 1855 ; entered the reserve, 1860.

XiARCOM, Sir Thomas Alskevr, English militaiy engineer, b. 1801 ; educated at
the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and obtained a commission, 1820 ; director of the
Irish Ordnance Survey Oflace, 1828-46 ; under-secretary for Iieland, 1863 ; migor-general
in the Engineers and C.B. 1858.

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[ lOi ]

laAUGIER, An^ruste Paul, French astronomer, b. at Paris, Dec. 22, 1812 ; studied
at the Eeole Polytechnique, 1884 ; elected to the French Academy of Sciences, 1843;
member of the Bureau des Longitudes, 1862. Author of * Recherches sur la BLotation
du Soleil autour de son Centre de Gravity,' 1841 ; and numerous works on a.stronomy.

IiAURENTIE, Pierre. French writer, b. at Houga, Gers, Jan. 21, 1793 ; professor
of history at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1818-22. Author of ' Etudes litt^raires et morales
sur les Historiens latins,' 1822 ; ' Histoire des Dues d'0rl6ans,* 1832-34 ; 'Histoirede
I'Empire remain,' 1801-62 ; *Les Rois et le Pape,' 1860 ; and other works.

laAURIANOy Auffustin. Roumanian author, b. in Transylvania, 1815 ; studied at
Vienna ; appointed inspector of Moldavian schools by Prince Gregory Ghika, 1851.
Author of 'Tentamen criticum in Linguam romanicani,' Vienna, 1840; 'Magazinu his-
toricu pentra Dacia,' Bucharest, 1844-4/ ; and other works.

ImA VAIaETTEy Charles Jean, Marquis de, French statesman, b. at Benlis,
Nov. 25, 1806; entered the diplomatic career, 1837; consul-general at Alexandria,
1841-45; minister at Cassel, 1846-49; ambassador extraordinary at Constantinople,
1861-63, and at Rome, 1862-63 ; minister of the interior, March 29, 1865, to Nov. 13, 1867 ;
appointed minister of foreign affairs, Dec. 18, 1868.

laAVAIiIiE'Ey The'ophlle, French historian, b. at Paris, Oct. 13, 1804 ; appointed
professor of history and literature at the Military School of St. Cyr, 1852. Author of
* History of the French,' 1838-39; * History of the Ottoman Empire,' 1865-59; and
other works.

laAVAIaLETTEy Samuel Welles, Comte de, French politician, b. at Boston,
May 22, 1834 ; entered the diplomatic service ; adopted by the Marquis La Vallette, and
naturalized a Frenchman, 1863; elected to the Corps L^gislatif for the departement de la
Dordogne, 1863.

IiAWOESTINE, Alexandre dxarles. Marquis de, French general, b. Dec. 25,
1786 ; lieutenant, 1805 ; lieutenant-general, 1841 ; made a senator, Jan. 1852 ; appointed
governor of the Invalides, Oct 22, 1863.

I&AWRENCEy George Al^ed, English author, b. 1827 ; educated at Balliol College,
Oxford, where he graduated in 1848 ; called to the bar, 1852. Author of * Guy Living-
stone,' * Sword and Gown,' 'Barren Honour ;* and other works of fiction.

LAWRENCE, Sir John Laird Mair, English statesman, b. March 4, 1811, the
fourth son of Lieutenant-colonel AJex. Wm. Lawrence, of Londonderry ; educated at
Haileybury for the Indian Civil Service, 1827-29 ; assistant, agent, collector, and magis-
ti-ate at Delhi, 1831-48 ; chief commissioner of the Punjaub, 1849-58 ; nominated member
of the Coun(dl of State for India, 1858 ; governor-general of India, Nov. 28, 1863, to
Sept. 30, 1868 ; returned home, Jan. 1869.

^LAWRENCE, William, English politician, b. 1818 ; a magistrate of Middlesex and
an alderman of London ; was sheriff of London and Middlesex, 1857-58 ; lord mayor
of London, 1863-64; M.P. for London since 1866.

LAWSONy Right Hon. James Anthony, English politician, b. 1817-; educated
at Trinity College, Dublin, where he giaduated B.A. 1839, LL.D. 1840; called to the
Irish bar, 1840 ; appointed solicitor-general for Irehuid, 1861 ; attorney-general, 1865 ;
M.P. for Portarlington, 1866-68.

LAYARD^ Austin Henry. English statesman, b. in Paris, March 5, 1817 ; formerly
attache at Constantinople; M.P. for Aylesbury, 1862-67; under-secretary of state for
foreign affairs, Jan. to Feb. 1852, and again 1861-66 ; commissioner of public works and
buildings, Dec. 1868; president of the Board of Works, Dec. 1868; M.P. for South wark
since 1860. Author of ' Nineveh and its Remains,' 1849.

LEADER, Nicholas Philpot, English politician, b. 1814 ; educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin ; a magistrate of the county of Cork ; M.P. for Cork County, 1861-68.

LEATHAM, William Henry, English politician, b. 1815; a J.P. and deputy-
lieutenant of the West Riding of the county of York ; formerly a banker at Wakefield,
Pontefract, and Doncaster; M.P. for Wakefield, 1865-68.

LE BARRIER DE TINAN, Charles Adelbert, French naval eommander,
b. Aug. 30, 1803 : studied at the Naval School at Brest ; captain, 1837 ; member of the
Council of Admiralty, and rear-admiral, 1851 ; yice-admiral, i.855.

LEBOENT, Edmond, Frenc^ military commander, b. Nov. S, 1809; studied at the
Ecnle Polytechnique and the Ecole d'Artillerie of Metz ; served in the Crimea ; general
of brigade, 1854 ; general of division, 1857 ; aide-de-camp to the Emperor.

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LECLCRC D'OSMONVILLi:, Jules Olivier, French politician, b. at Laval,
April 27, 1797 ; member of the General Council for the canton of Oueat ; deputy to the
Corps Legislatif for the department of Mayenne since 1853.

LECIaERQy Mathien Joseph, Belgian statesman, b. at Herve, near Liege, 17P6 ;
counsellor at the Superior Court of Justice, 1830 ; member of the National Congress,
1831 ; procureur-g6neral at the Court of Cassation, 1831 and 1840 ; minister of justice,
1840-41 ; procurenr-gen6ral to the Supreme Court of Brussels.

LECOMTS. Enfpe'ne, French politician, b. 1805 ; studied at Paris in the 6cole de
Droit ; lieut -colonel in the National Guard, 1830 ; deputy of the Yonne to the National
Assembly, 1848 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for the Yonne since 1852.

LXSCOMTB-VERNET, Charles. French painter, b. in Paris, 1821 ; studied under
H. Vemet and L6on Cogniet. Exhibited ' Ecce Homo ;' ' La Reine de Navarre,' 1855 ;
' Expedition de Syrie,' 1863 ; and numerous other paintings.

LECONTE, John, American naturalist, b. at New York, 1825 ; studied at the Medical
College, and graduated M.D. 1846 ; contributed numerous papers on entomology to the
Journal of the Academy of Sciences, The Journal of Natural History of Boston, and to
other American scientific journals.

LECOQ. Henri, French naturalist, b. at Avesnes, Nord, April 14, 1802; graduated M.D.
at Pans, 1827 ; professor of natm-al histoiy at the Preparatory School of Medicine at
Clermont-FerranA Author of • Elements de Mineralogie appliqu6e aux Sciences,' 1826 ;

' ' Des Glaciers et des Climats,* 1847 ; and other scientific works.

LECOURTIER, Francois Joseph, French theologian, b. Dec. 19, 1799; studied
at Paris ; arch-priest and canon of Notre Dame, 1848 ; consecrated bishop of Montpellier,
June 5, 1861. Author of * Le Dimanche,' 1839 ; and other works.

LEDEBUR, Leopold Augnist von, German author, b. at Berlin, July 2, 1799 ;
entered the army as lieutenant, 1827 ; captain, 1828 ; director of the new museum at
Berlin. Author of ' Blicke auf die Literatur des letzten Jahrzehends, &c.' 1887 ; * Erleb-
nisse aus den Kriegsjahren, 1806 und 1807,* 1855 ; and other works.

L'EDIER, Stanislas, French politician, b. at Bacqueville, Dec. 30, 1798 ; entered the
General Council for the canton, of Bacqueville, and became mayor of the town, 1849 ;
member of the Corps L6gislatif for the department of Seine Inferieure since 1852.

LEDRU ROLLIN, Angnste, French statesman, b. in Paris, Feb. 2, 1808 ; studied
law, and was called to the bar, 1830 ; minister of the interior in the Provisional
Government, 1848 ; accused of a conspiracy against President Louis Napoleon, and
obliged to seek refuge in England, 1849. Author of ' La Decadence de I'Angleterre,*
2 vols. 1850 ; ' La Loi anglaise,' 2 vols. 1853 ; and numerous legal and political works.

LEE, Frederick Richard, English painter, b. at Barnstaple, Devon, June 1798 :
received a commission in the 56th Foot, and served in the Netherlands. Exhibited
' The Fisherman's Haunt ;' ' The Bay of Biscay ;' ' Plymouth Breakwater ;' and numerous
other landscapes and sea views. Elected A.R.A. 1834, R.A. 1838.

LEE, Rev. Robert, English author, b. at Tweedmouth, North Durham, 1804 ; studied
at St. Andrew's ; minister of the Grey Friars church, Edinburgh, 1843 ; professor of
Biblical criticism at the University of Edinburgh, 1846. Atithor of * The Family and its
Duties,' 1863 ; and numerous lectures, sermons, and other religious works.

LEE, Robert Edmund, American military commander, b. in Virginia, Jan. 1807 ; ad-
mitted as a cadet at West Point, 1825 ; second lieutenant in the United States army, 1829 ;
first lieutenant, Sept. 1836 ; captain, July 1838 ; appointed chief engineer of the army in
Mexico, 1846; major, April 1846; lieut. -colonel, Aug. 20, 1847; colonel, Sept. 13, 1847;
superintendent of West Point Military Academy, 1862 to March 1855 ; appointed com-
mander-in-chief of the Confederate forces in Virginia, 1861 ; after the termination of
the civil war, appointed president of Washington College, Pennsylvania, 1866.

LEE, William, English politician, b. 1801 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for
Kent, and a merchant in London and Rochester ; M.P. for Maidstone, 1853-57, and since
1859.

LEE, Ven. William, English divine, b. 1815 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical history, 1857; Archbishop King's
lecturer in divinity, 1863 ; archdeacon of Dublin. Author of ' Donnellan Lectures ' of
1852 ; ' Inspiration of Holy Scripture, its Nature and Proof;* and other works.

LEES, Ed^vin, English naturalist, b. at Worcester, May 12, 1800. Author of 'The
V Botanical Looker-out. in England and Wales ;' * Pictures of Nature around the Malvern
Hills and Vale of Severn ;' and other works.

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[ 168 1 ■■

I, Isaac. American author, b. of Jewish parents at Nenkirch, Westphalia, 1806 ;
studied at Munster, and weat to the United States, 1825 ; Rabbi of the synagogue of
Philadelphia. Author of ' The Jews and the Mosaic Law,' 1833 ; ' Descriptive Geography
of Palestine,' 1852 ; and other works.

laEFCBURE, Cliarlev Eufre'ne, French politician, b. April 15, 1808 ; member of
the General Council for the canton of Lapoutroye ; deputy to the Corp* L^gislatif for the
departement du Haut Rhln since 1852.

IiEFE'VRE. Andre'^y French author, b. at Proirins, Seine-et-Mame, Nov. 9, 1834;
studied at th» College of St. Barbe. Author of * Le R6ve d'une Reine d'Asie,' 1861 ; * La
VaU6e du NU,' 1863 ; ' La Lyre intime,' 1866.

laEFEVRE, Sir Georgre Shaw, English statesman, b. in London, 1797 ; educated at
Eton,, and Trinity College, Cambndge, where he graduate4l in 1818; called to the bsr
of the Inner Temple, 1824 ; undcr-secretary of state for the colonies, 1838 ; commissioner
of the i)oor laws, 1834 ; vice-chancellor of the University of London ; deputy-clerk of
Parliament.

laCFEVRE, John Sba^ English politician, b. 1832, son of the preceding; educated
at Eton, and Trinity CoU^e, Cambridge ; M.P. for Bieading since 1863.

laEFROY; Anthony, English politician, b. 1800 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he graduated B.A 1821 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Longford ; M.P. for the coufliiy
of Longford, 1830-37, and 1841-47 ; and for Dublfn University since 1868.

laEFUE^i Hector Marin, French architect, b. at Versailles, Nov. 14, 1810; studied
at the B(tole des Beaux Arts, 1829-30 ; appointed architect of the Palais de Fontaine-
bleau, and chargedl to connect the Louvre and the Tuileries, 1858>; chief architect of the
Palais des Beaux Arts, and of numerous public buildings in Paris.

IiEGHy George C wmva llt English politician, b. 1804 : educated at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1826; magistrate and deputy-Ueutenant of Cheshire ;
M.P. for Mid-Cheshire, 1841-47, and since 1848.

LEGOUyE', Gabriel. French author, b. at Paris, Feb. 15, 1807. Author ef ' Maoc,'
1833 ; • Edith de Falsen,^ 1840 ; * La Croix d'Honueur et les Com6dien8,* 1863 ; and nume-
rous x>oems, romances, and dramas.

laEGOYTy Alfred; French statistical writer, b. at Clermont-Ferrand, Puy de Ddme,
Nov. 18, 1815 ; studied at the College of his native town and at Paris ; appointed director
of the Statistical Bureau of France, 1862. Assisted in the compilation of the 'Collec-
tion de la Statistique generate de France,' 1864 ; and author of numerous statistical works.

LEHARIVEL DUROCHER, Victor. French sculptor, b. at Chann. Omej Nov.
20, 1816 ; studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, 1838-44. Executed * La Vierge,' a bust
in marble, 1863 ; * Colin Maillard,' a statue in bronze, 1864.

laEHMANN, Charles, French painter, b. at Kiel, Holstein, April 14, 1814 ; studied in
France under M. Ingres, and exhibited *Tobias and the Angel/ 1836 ; * Jephthah's
Daughter,' 1837 ; * Proftl sur Pond d'Or,' 1863 ; * Le Repos,' 1864 ; and other paintings.

LEIGHTON, Frederick, English painter, b. at Scarborough, Dec. 3, 1830 ; studied
painting at the Royal Academy of Berlin. Exhibited * Cimabue,' 1856 ; ' Dante in. Exile,.'
1864 ; * Helen of Troy,' 1865 ; and numerous other paintings.

LEITRIMy William Sydney Clements. Earl of, English administrator,, b. in
Dublin, 1806 ; served in the army as Lord Clements, and retired with the raiik of
lieutenant-colonel, 1855; M.P. for Leitrim, 1839-4T; colonel of the Leitrim Militia.

laE JEUNE, Henry^ English painter, b. 1819; head-master of the Government School
of Design, 1845-48 ; appointed curator of the painting school of the Royal Academy, 1848.
Painted ' Samson bursting his Bonds,' 1841. Elected A.R.A 1863.

laELEUXy Adolphe^ French painter, b. at Paris, Nov. 16, 1812. Painted * Chasseur
des Cdtes de Picardie/ 1836 ; * La Danse des Djinns,' 1849 ; * L'Arriv6e an Champ de Foire,*
1856 ; *Noce en Bretagne,* 1863 ; 'La Rentr6e du Troupeau,' 1864 ; and other works.

laELEUX, Armand, French painter, b. at Paris, 1818, brother of the preceding;
studied under M. Ingres, 1832. Exhibited * St. J6r6me lisant la Bible,' 1839 ; * Un
Guide du Saint-Gothard,* 1860; 'Cuisine du Convent des Franciscains de Sassuolo,'
1864 ; and numerous other paintings.

laE'IaUT, laonis Fran^ois^ French anthor, b. at Gy, Haute Sadne, April 16, 1804 ;
studied at Paris ; member of the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; member of the Corps
L^gislatif for his native department since 1862. Author of • Quest-ce que la Phr6nologie ?'
1835 ; * L'Amulette de Pascal,* 1846 ; * Petit Trait6 de I'^galite,' 1867 ; and other works.

Iiem HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. IiCp

[ 164 ] :

LXSMAIRE| Philippe Henri. French sculptor, b. at Valenciennes, 1798; studied under
Cartellier. Exhibited * Jeune Fille eftmy^e par un Serpent,' 1881, in the inuaeuni of the
Luxemburg; 'Frontons,* for the city of Straaburg, 1869; and numerous busts, groups,
monuments, and bas-reliefs.

IiE MARCHANTy Sir DeniSi English statesman, b. 1795 ; educated at Eton, and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1823 ; principal secretary
to Lord-chancellor Brougham, 1830 ; secretary of the Board of Trade, 1836-41 ; secretary
to the Treasury, 1841; created a baronet^ 1841; M.P. for Worcester, 1846-47; under-
secretary for the Home Department, 1847-50 ; appointed chief clerk to the House of
Commons, 1850. Edited Walpole's * Memoirs of George III.'

LB MAROHANT^ Sir John Qaspard. English officer, b. 1803, brother of the pre-
ceding ; educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1821 ; served in Spain as brigadier
and adjutant-general of the Anglo-Spanish legion ; governor and commander-in-chief of
Newfoundland, 1847-52 ; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1852-57 ; commander-in-
chief of the forces of Malta and lieutenant-general, 1858-63 ; knighted, 1838.

LE BIAROISy Jnles^ Comte, French politician, b. in Paris, Dec. 25, 1802 ; repre-
sented the department of La Manche in the Legislative Assembly ; made a senator, 1802.

LBMELOREIa DE JmA HAICHOIS. Joseph, French politician, b. at Rennes,
Feb. 17, 1807 ; studied law, and was called to the bar ; mayor of Lorient, 1850 ; member
of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Morbihan since 1852.

LEMON, Mark^ English author, b. in London, Nov. 30, 1809 ; one of the founders of
Punch in 1841. Author of 'The Enchanted Doll ;' * Wait for the End ;' * Loved at Last ; '
and a great number of dramatic pieces ; contributor to Household WordSf the Illustrxkted
London NeioSf and other periodical publications.

LENNOX, Lord Arthur, English politician, b. 1806 ; entered the army as ensign,
1822; lieutenant-colonel, 1842; M.P. for Chichester, 1831-46; and for Yarmouth, 1847 ;
a lord of the Treasurj*, 1844-46.

LENNOX, Lord Qeorye Gtordon, English politician, b. 1829, nephew of the pre-
ceding ; educated at Eton ; entered the Royal Horse Guards as comet, 1846 ; retired,
1853 ; J.P. and deputy-lieutenant of Sussex ; M.P. for Lymington since 1860.

LENNOX, Lord Hennr Gordon, English politician, b. 1821, brother of the preced-
ing ; educated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A.
1843, M.A. 1847 : a magistrate of Sussex; was a lord of the Treasury, 1852; M.P. for
Chichester since 1846.

LENNOX, Lord William Pitt, English author, b. 1799, uncle of the two preceding ;
educated at Westminster ; was for some time on the staff of the late Duke of Wellington,
whom he accompanied to Brussels, Waterloo, Paris, and Vienna ; retired ftom the army,
1829. Author of 'Compton Audley ;' 'Three Years with the Duke of Wellington in
Private Life ;• * Fifty Years' Biographical Reminiscences ;' and numerous other works.

LENSTROM, Oarl Jnlins. Swedish writer, b. at Oefle. 1811 ; studied at Upsal; and
was appointed professor of tneology in the College of his native town. Author of
•History of the Theories of Art,* 1839; 'History of the Church Universal, and the
Swedish Church,' 1843 ; * Sigurd and Brynhild,' an epic poem ; and other works.

LEO, Heinrich. German historical writer, b. at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799 ; studied at
Breslau and Gottingen; graduated Ph.D. at Jena, 1820 ; appointed professor of history
at Halle, 1830. Author of * Handbuch der Geschichte des Mittelalters,* Halle, 1830 ;
' Die Hegelingen,' ib. 1838 ; second edition, 1839 ; ' Leitfaden fiir den Uuterricht in der
Universdgeschichte,* Halle, 1828-40 ; and numerous other works.

LEOPOLD, Dnke of Anhalt, b. Oct 1, 1794, the son of Prince Friedrich of Anhalt-
Dessau and of Princess Amelia of Hesse-Homburg ; succeeded to the throne at tlie
death of his grandfather, Duke Leopold Friedrich, Aug. 9, 1817 ; married, April 18, 1818,
to Princess Frederica of Prussia, who died Jan. 1, 1850.

LEOPOLD II. King of the Belgians, b. April 9, 1835, the son of King Leopold I.,
former Duke of Saxe-Coburg, and of Princess Louise, daughter of Louis Philippe, King
of the French ; ascended the throne at the death of his father, Dec. 10, 1805 ; married,
Aug. 22, 1853, to Marie, Archduchess of Austria, b. Aug. 23, 1886.

LB PLAY. Pierre Fre'de'riCt French civil engineer, b. at Honfleur, April 11, 1806 ;
studied at the ^cole Polytechnique, 1825-27 ; commissioner-general for the Universal
Exhibition of 1855 ; councillor of state, Dec. 1855 ; commissioner of France to the Inter-
national Exhibition in London, 1862. Author of ' Descriptioa des ProcM^ metal-
lui^giques dans le Pays de Galles^' 1848 ; and other works.

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LEPSIUSi Karl Ricbard^ German philologist, b. at Naumburg, Dec. 20, 1813;
studied philology at Leipsic and Berlin, graduated Ph.D. 1833 ; nominated professor at
the University of Berlin, 1846, and member of the Academy of Sciences, 1850. Author
of • Monuments of Egj'pt and Ethiopia,' 1853-57 ; ' Universal Linguistic Alphabet,' 1855 ;
and numerous works on the languages and monuments of Egypt.

laEQUIENy Arthtir, French politician, b. 1813 ; called to the bar of Douai ; represented
Pas de Calais in the Legislative Assembly, 1S49 ; deputy to the Corps L^gislatif since
1852.

laEROUX. Obarles Gnillaiunei French painter, b. at Nantes, April 25, 1814 ; studied
painting in Paris, under M. Corot ; member of the Corps Legislatif for the department
of Deux-S^vres since 1860. Exhibited ' Bords de la Loire,' 1857 ; ' Bords de I'Erdre,'
1859 ; and other landscapes.

laEROUX, Paul, French politician, b. Dec. 11, 1815 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for
the department of the Vendue since 1852 ; vice-president of the Corps L^gislatil, 1863.
Author of * Poems,* 1842 ; and other works.

laEROUXy Pierre^ French author, b. at Rennes, 179S ; formerly a compositor and cor-
rector of the press m Paris ; member of the Legislative Assembly of 1848. Author of
•De I'Humanite, de son Principe et de son Avenir,* 1849; *La Gr6ve de Samarez,'
1863-64, a philosophical poem ; and numerous phUosophical and political works.

IiEROY DB SAINT ARNAUD, Louis. French politician, b. in Paris, 1802 ;
studied law, and was called to the bar of the Royal Court of Paris, 1825 ; mayor of tlie
twelfth arrondissement of Paris, 1851; created senator, Dec. 26, 1857. Published
' Lettres du Mar^chal de Saint Amaud,' 2 vols. 1855.

LESLIE, Charles Po^«rell. English politician, b. 1821 ; lord-Iieutenant of the county
of Monaghan, and colonel of the militia ; M.P. for County Monaghan since 1842.

LESLIE, George Robert, English painter, son of C. R. Leslie, b. July 2, 1835 ;
A.R.A. 1867.

LESLIE, Hon. Georire Waldegrrave, English politician, b. 1825 ; called to the
bar of the Middle Temple, 1849 ; J. P. and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Fife, and
captain of the Ist Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers ; M.P. for Hastings, 1864-68.

LESLIE, Henry David, English musical composer, b. in London, June 18, 1S22 ;
studied music under Charles Lucas, 1838; founded the choral society known by his
name, 1856 ; principal of the College of Music Composed * Let Qod arise,' 1849 ;
* Immanuel,' 1853 ; • Judith,' 1857 ; * The Daughter of the Isles,' 1861 ; and other works.

LESLIE, William. English politician, b. 1814; educated at Aberdeen University,
where he graduatea M.A. 1832 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of
Aberdeen ; formerly a merchant in China; M.P. for Aberdeenshire, 1861-68.

■'RUT. Francois, Baron de, French politician, b. at Paris, Oct 5, 1813 ;
elected to the Legisktive Assembly, 1849; member of the Corps Legislatif for the
department of Haute Mame since 1852.

LESS EPS, Ferdinand, Vicomte de, French diplomatist, b. at Versailles, Nov. 19,
1805 ; attach^ to the French consulate at Lisbon, 1825, and at Tunis, 1828 ; consul at
Barcelona, 1842 ; minister at Madrid, 1848, and at Rome, 1849 ; obtained a concession
ft*om the Viceroy of Egypt to construct a canal through the Isthmus of Suez, Jan. 1856.
Author of numerous * Notes,' * Documents,' and * Rapports,' bearing upon and describing
the progress of the Suez Canal undertaking.

LESSINGi Karl Friedrich, German painter, b. at Wartenburg, Silesia, Feb. 15,
1808 ; studied at the Academy of Arts, Berlin. Painted the ' Battle of Icouium,' 1829 ;
' The Brigand and his Son,' 1831 ; *Pope Pascal II. Prisoner of Henry V. ;' * Huss before
the Council of Constance ;' and numerous other historical paintings.

LETHEBY, Henry, English medical writer, b. 1816 ; graduated M.B. 1843, Ph.D. and
M.A. 1858; lecturer on chemistry and toxicology at the London Hospital; chemical
analyst to the Corporation of London. Author of ' Reports on the Sanitary Condition
of the City of London ;' contributor to the Lancet, the Medi/xil Times, and other medical
Journals.

LETTE, Willielni, German politician, b. at Eienitz, Prussia, March 10, 1799 ; studied
philosophy and law at the Universities of Berlin and Gottingen, 1814-20 ; member of the
National Assembly of Frankfort, 1848 ; member of the first Prussian Chamber since 1851.
Author of ' Tlie Prussian Constitution,* 1857 ; and several works on political economy.

LEVER, Charles James, English novelist, b. in Dublin, 1809 ; studied at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.D., and at Gottingen ; physician to the British
legation at Brussels, 1833. Author of * Harry Lorrequer ;' * The I)od Family Abroad :'
* ^e O'Donoghue ;' and numerous other works of fiction.

Iie^ HANDBOOK OF CONTEMFORART BIOGRAPHY. laid
[ l«6 ]

LEVER^ John Orrell, Enj^lish politician, b. 1S24 ; established the Atlantic Boyal
Mail Steam Navigation Company ; ILP. for Oalway, 1859-65.

LE VERRIERy Urbain, French astronomer, b. at St L6, Manche, April 11, 1811 ;
studied at tke Ecole Pulytechnique ; discovered the planet Ne^tuae simultaneously with
Mr. Adams ; elected to the Legislative Assembly for the department of Manche, 1849 ;
made a senator, 18i2 ; succeeded Arago at the Observatory of Paris, 1854.

IiEVESON-OOWER. GhranTiUe ^XTIlliam, EngUsh poUtician, b. 1838 ; educated
at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Surrey ;
M.P. for Reigate, 1863-(J7.

L!BVIf Iieone, English political economist, b. at Ancona, Italy, June 6, 1821 : natu-
ralized a British subject, 1847 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1859. Author of

* International and Commercial Law,' 1864 ; and other works.

laEWAItDy Fanny. German authoress, b. at Konigsberg, March 24, 1811. Author of

* The Substitute,' 1834 ; * A Question of Life ;' * Diogena,' ' The Italian Sketch-Book,'

* England and Scotland,' 1852 ; and other works, chiefly of fiction.

IiEWES. Georire Henry, English author, b. in London, April 18, 1817 ; educated at
Greenwich, and on the Continent Author of * Biographical History of Philosophy ;'

* The Noble Heart,' a tragedy ; * Life of Goethe ;' * Physiology of Common Life ;* * Studies
in Animal Life ;' and other works.

IiBWlNy Thomas, English authoi^ b. 1805 ; educated at Merchant Taylors' School, at
Worcester College and Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. and M.A. ;
called to the bar, 1833 ; one of the conveyancing counsel to the Court of Chancery,
1853. Author of 'Life and Epistles of St PauV 1851 ; 'Jerusalem, a Sketch of the
City and Temple,' 1861 ; 'Csesar's Invasion of Britain,' 1862 ; and other works.

ItEWIS. John Frederick, English painter, b. in London, July 14, 1805. Exhibited

* The Harem,' 1852 ; ' Roman Peasants at a Shrine ;' * Scenes in the Desert ;' ' Armenian
Lady at Cairo,' In oil colours, 1855 ; ' A Frank Encampment, Desert of Mount Sinai,'
1856. President of the Water Colour Society, 185^-58 ; elected A.R A. 1859.

LEWIS, John Harrey, English politician, b. 1814 : educated at Trinitv College,
Dublin, where he graduated M.A. 1837 ; a magistrate of Westminster and Middlesex, and
deputy-lieutenant of the Tow«r Hamlets ; M.P. for Marylebone since 1861.

LEWIS, Iduly Maria Theresa, English authoress, b. March 1803 ; married first to
Mr. Thomas Henry Lister, 1830, and secondly, 1844, to Sir George Coroewall Lewis, Bart
M.P., who died 1863. Author of ' The Semi-Detached House,' and * The Semi- Attached
Couple ;* ' The Lives of the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord-Chancellor Clarendon.'

ItEWISy Taylor, American author, b. at Northumberland, State of New York, 1802 ;
appointed professor of Greek at the University of New York, 1833; and at Union
College, Schnectady, New York. Author of 'The Six Days of Creation, or Scriptural
Cosmology,* 1855 ; ' Science and the Bible,' New York, 1856 ; and other works.

LEYS. Jean Henri, Belgian painter, b. 1815 ; studied under M. de Braekelec, 1830.
Exhibited ' Combat d un Grenadier contre un Cosaque,' 1833 ; ' Albert Durer 4 Anvers,'
1856 ; * Mar^:aret of Austria receiving the Oaths of the Archers of Antwerp ;' ' Young
Luther singmg in the Streets of Eisenach,' 1862 ; and numerous other pictures.

LIBRI CARRUCCI, Gnffliehno, Comte. French mathematician, b. at Florence,
Jan. 2, 1803 ; professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa, 1826 ; took refuge in
France, and was naturalized, 1833. Author of ' Histoire des Sciences malii^matiques en
Italic depuis la Renaissance Jusqu'^ la Fin du XVII. Si^cle,' 1838-41 ; and other works.

LICHFIELD, Rig^ht Rev. Qeorge Augnstus Sylwyn. Bishop of. English
divine, b. 1809 ; educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1831,
M.A. 1834, B.D. and D.D. 1841 ; appointed bishop of New Zealand, 1841 ; consecrated
bishop of Lichfield, 1867. Author of a number of sermons and theological works.

LICHFIELD, Thomas Qeorgre Anson, Earl of, English administrator,

b. Aug. 15, 1825 ; precis writer to Lord Palmerston at the Foreign office, 1846-47 ; M.P.

for Lichfield, 1847-54, when he succeeded his father, first earl; lord-lieutenant of

Staffordshire.
LIDDELL, Hon. Henry Georire, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Eton;

magistrate of Durham, and deputy-lieutenant of Northumberland; M.P. for South

Northumberland since 1852.

LIDDELL. Sir John. Scottish physician, b. at Dumblane, Scotland, 17M ; educated
at the University of Edinburgh ; entered the Royal Navy as assistant surgeon, 1812 ;
appointed inspector of fleets and hospitals, 1844 ; director-general of the medical depart-
ment of the navy, 1854 ; honorary physician to her Majesty, 1859 ; knighted, 1850.

Lid HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Lin

[ 107 j

IiIDDEItli, Verv Rev. Henry Greorre, English divine, b. 1811 ; educated at
Charterhouse, ana Christ Church, Oxford ; was domestic chaplain to the late Prince
Consort, and chaplain-extraordinary to the Queen ; appointed dean of Christ Church,
Oxford, 1856. Author of 'A History of Rome.' Editor of 'Liddeil and Scott's Greek
Lexicon.'

ItlBBBRy FntnciS; American author, b. at Berlin, March 18, 1800; entered the
Russian army as a volunteer, 1815 ; graduated at Jena, 1820 ; took part in the war of
independence in Greece, 1821 ; appointed professor in Coliuubia College, South Carolina,
1835. Author of 'Journal of my Residence in Greece in 1822,' Leipsic, 1823 ; * Civil
Liberty and Self-Govemment,' Philadelphia, 1853 ; and other works.

LIEBI6, Justufli Baron. German chemist, b. at Darmstadt, May 12, 1808 ; studied
at Bonn and Erlangen, 1819-22, and at Paris, 1822-24 ; appointed professor of chemistry
at Giessen, 1826 ; created a baron by the Grand Duke of Hesse, 1845 ; appointed president
of the chemical laboratory at the University of Munich, 1852. Author of 'Organic
Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture,' Brunswick, 1840.; ' Familiar Letters ;' and
numerous other works on chemistry.

ItlEDTS^ Angnste Charles, Belgian statesman, b. at Audenarde, 1803 ; was one of
the secretaries of Congress, 1830 ; president of the Tribunal of Antwerp, 1831-40 ; envoy-
extraordinary to Holland, 1839 ; minister of the interior, 1840-41 ; president of t)ie
Belgian Chamber, 1843-48 ; governor of Hainault, 1841-45 ; minister of finance, 1852-55 ;
Belgian plenipotentiary to France, 1860-61.

ItlFFORD. James Heinritty Viscount , English administrator, b. 4811 ; graduated
at Christ Church, Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant of the counties of Warwick and Donegal ;
succeeded his fatiier, third viscount, 1855.

LIGNEy Entrene, Prince de, Belgian statesman, b. at Brussels, Jan. 23, 1804;
charged to represent Belgium at the coronation of Queen Victoria, 1838 ; ambansador to
France, 1842-48 ; and to Italy, 1848-49 ; member of the Senate, 1851, and president of
that body, 1862-56.

ItlLFORD, Thomas Lyttelton Pomys, Baron, English administrator, b. 1833 ;
educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1855 ; a deputy-
lieutenant of Northamptonshire ; succeeded his father, third baron, March 1861.

LINCOLN, Right Rev. Christopher Wordsworth, Bishop of. English
divine, b. 1808 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1830,
31. A. 1830, B.D. and D.D. 1839 ; head-master of Harrow School, 1836-44 ; canon-resident
and archdeacon of Westminster, 1844-68; consecrated bishop of Lincoln, Feb. 186l>.
Author of * Correspondence of Richard Bentley ;' * Memoii's of William Wordsworth ;'
* Athens and Attica ;* and numerous theological works.

LINDLEY, John, English botanist, b. at Catton, Norfolk, 1799; was secretary of the
Horticultural Society, Ix)ndon ; professor of botany in University College, London, aud
appointed examiner in the same, 1860. Author of ' Natural System of Botany ;' * Synopsis
of the British Flora;* 'Vegetable Kingdom;' 'Fossil Flora of Great Britam;' and
numerous other works on botany.

LINDSAY, Lord Alexander Crawford, English author, b. 1812 ; educated at
Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1833. Author of
'Letters on Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land,* 1838; 'Sketches of the History of
Christian Art,' 1847 ; ' The Lives of the Lindsays,* 1849 ; and other works.

LINDSAY, Hon. Charles Hugh, English politician, b. 1816 ; a colonel in the
army ; was formerly in the 43d Regiment aud the Grenadier Guards ; elected M.P. for
Abingdon, 1865.

LINDSAY. Hon. James, English politician, b. 1815 ; educated at Eton ; a magis-
trate and deputy-lieutenant for Lancashire; late lieut. -colonel Grenadier Guards; M.P.
for Wigan, 1845-57, and since 1859.

LINDSAY, William Scha^ English author, b. at Ayr, Scotland, 1816 ; was cabin-
boy in the Isabella West Indiaman, 1831 ; second mate, 1834 ; appointed agent for tlie
Castle Eden Coal Company, 1841; M.P. for Tynemouth^ 1854 and 1867; for Sunderland,
1859. Author of ' Our Navigation and Mercantile Marme Laws ;* * Our Men-hant Ship-
ping ;' and numerous pampldets and letters on the shipping interest.

LINQEN, Ralph Robert IVheeler, English administrator, b. in Birmingham,
1819; educated at Trinity Colle^, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840; entered the
educational department of the Privy Council, 1845 ; appointed chief secretary to the
Committee of the Privy Council for Education, 1849.

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[168]

lalNNELLj John, English painter, b. in London, June 1792. Exhibited * Fishermen,
a Scene from Nature,' 1807 ; 'The Morning Walk,' 1847 ; * The Return of Ulysses,' 1849 ;
' Christ and the Woman of Samaria at the Well ;' ' The Disobedient Prophet ;* * Under
the Hawthorn;' and numerous other landscape paintings and portraits of celebrated
persons.

UNWOODi Rer. ^ITiUiami English author, b. 1817; educated at Birmingham, and
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1839 ; was assistant master in Shrews-
bury School. Author of ' Lexicon to .^schylus ;' edited ' Anthologia Oxouiensis,' 1847 ;
and the plays of Sophocles, with English notes.

ItlONVIIaLi:. Josepb, French mathematician, b. at St. Omer, March 24, 1806 ;
studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1825-27 ; professor at the Ecole Poljrtechnique, 1831 ;
and professor of mathematics at the College of France, 1837 ; member of the Bureau of
Longitudes, March 26, 1862. Author of ' Notes and Memoirs,' and other works.

lalPRANDIy Paul Petro^Titscliy Rtissian military commander, b. 1796; took part
in the campaigns of 1812-15; appointed lieut. -general. 1848; held a command in the
Crimea, 1854-55 ; appointed to tJie command of the 1st Corps of the Russian army in
Poland, 1861.

ItlSZTy Frans, Hungarian pianist and composer, b. at Reiding, in Hungary, Oct. 22,
1811 ; studied under Czemy and Salieri ; assumed monastic orders in the Church of Rome,
1864. Comjwsed * Don Sanche, on le Ch&teau des Amours/ 1825 ; and numerous preludes,
symphonies, and fantasias.

IiITTItEy William John. English physician, b. 1810; graduated M.D. 1827; formerly
lecturer on medicine to the London Hospital ; a foimder of the Royal Orthopaedic Hos-
pital Author of a • Course of Lectures on Deformities ' in the lancet, 1843-44 ; * Oration
of the Himterian Society,' 1852 ; and other works.

lalTTRE', Maximilien. French philologist, b. in Paris, Feb. 1, 1801. Author of
*(Euvre8 d'Hippocrate,' 10 vols. 1839-61; 'Histoire de la Langue frangalse,' 1862;
* Anguste Comte et la Philosophie positive,' 1863 ; ' Dictionnaire de la Langue frangaise ;'
and numerous philosophical and philological works.

ItlVINGSTONGy Rev. David^ English traveller, b. at Blantyre, near Glasgow,
1817 ; worked in the cotton-mills of his native town ; admitted a licentiate of the
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, 1838 ; ordained a missionary, 1840. Pub-
lished * Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,' 1857; 'Exploration of the
Zambesi,' 1865.

IiIiANDAFF. Right Rev. Alfred Ollivant, Bishop of, English divine, b. at
Manchester, 1798; educated at St. Paul's School, London, and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge ; vice-principal of St. David's College, Lampeter, 1827-43 ; regius professor of
divinity at Cambridge, 1843-49 ; consecrated bishop of Llandaff, 1849.

IiLOYD. Sir Thomas DaTies^ English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Harrow, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; formerly comet 13th Light Dragoons, and served in Canada with
22d Regiment, 1840-44; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant for the counties of Cardigan,
CarmarUien, and Pembroke; elected M.P. for Cardiganshire, 1865.

UOCH, Henry Brougrham, English officer, b. 1827; entered the Bengal Cavalry.
1844 ; sent to Bulgaria under General Beatson, 1854 ; retired from the Indian army, and
attached to the late Earl of Elgin's special mission to China, 1857; appointed lieut. -
governor of the Isle of Man, 1863.

XaOCKE. John, English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated B.A. 1826, and M.A. 1829; called to the bar of the Inner Temple,
1833 ; appointed recorder of Brighton, 1861 ; M.P. for Southwark since 1857.

LOCOCKi Sir Charles, English physician, b. 1799; educated at the University of
Edinbui^h, where he graduated M. D. ; appointed first physician accoucheur to her
Majesty, 1840 ; retired from the medical profession, 1857 ; created a baronet, 1857.

laOENNROT; Elias, Finlandish philologist, b. at Sammati, Helsingfors, April 0, 1802 ;
entered the University of Abo, 1822, where he gi-aduated M.D. 1832 ; appointed professor
of Finnish language and literature at the University of Helsingfors, 1853 ; president of the
Academy of Sciences of Finland, 1864. Author of *Kalevala,' Helsingfors, 1835; *0m
Finnames magiska Medicin,' 1832 ; ' Om nordtschudiska Spraket,' ib. 1853 ; and numerous
poetical, medical, and philological works.

ZiOGAN, Sir William Edmond, American geologist, b. 1798 ; educated at Montreal,
and at the University of Edinburgh ; appointed director of the Geological SurA'ey of
Canada, 1840 ; knighted, 1856 ; one of the juix)rs of the scientific department of the
International Exhibition of 1862.

Lon HANDBOOK! OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Lop
[169 ]

LONDESBOROU6H; William Henry Forester Denison, Baron, English
administrator, b. 1884; educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford; was M.P. for
Beverley, 1867-59 ; for Scarborough, 1859-60 ; succeeded his father, first baron, 1860.

ItONDONi Rigbt Rev. John Jackson, Bisbop of, English divine, b. 1811 ;
rector of St. James's, Westminster, 1846 ; canon of Bristol, 1852 ; bishop of Lincoln,
1863 ; of London, 1868.

laONDONDERRY. Frederick William Robert, Marquis of, English
administrator, b. in Loudon, 1805 ; M.P. for the county of Down, 1825-52 ; a lord of the
Admiralty, 1828; vice-chamberlain of the Household from Dec. 1834 to April 1835;
privy councillor ; colonel of the Royal North Down Militia, 1887 ; succeeded bis father,
third marquis, March 1854.

IiONG. George, English historical writer, b. at Poulton, Lancashire, 1800; educated at
Macclesfield School, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1822 ;
called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1837 ; professor of Greek and Latin in the Univer-
sity of London. Author of * A History of Prance and its Revolutions,' 1850 ; * Decline
of the Roman Republic ;* and other works.

ItONG, Ricbard Penmddocke, English politician, b. 1826; educated at Harrow,
and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1848, and M. A. 1852 ; a magis-
trate for Wilts, and a deputy-lieutenant for the county of Montgomery; M.P. for Chip-
penham, 1859-^5 ; returned for North Wiltshire, 1865.

LONGFELIaOW, Henry Wads^trortb, American poet, b. at Portland, Maine,
United States, Feb. 27, 1807 ; entered Bowdoin College, 1821, where he graduated, 1825 ;
appointed professor of modem languages at Bowdoin College, 1829, and at Harvard Col-
lege, 1835. Author of 'Voices of the Night,' 1841; « Evangelme,' 1847; 'The Golden
Legend,' 1861 ; 'Miles Standish,' 1858; 'Tales of a Wayside Inn,' 1863; and numerous
other poems.

ItONGFORD, William Lygon Packenbam, Earl, English administrator,
b. 1819 ; educated at Winchester ; entered the army, 1837 ; colonel, 1856 ; served in the
Crimea, 1854-56, and in India and China, 1867-^0 ; succeeded his brother, third earl,
March 1860; deputy -lieutenant for Westmeath, and a magistrate for Westmeath and
Longford.

IiONGPE'RIER, Adrien Pre'vost de, French antiquarian, b. at Paris, Sept. 21,
1816 ; appointed under-keeper of the Egyptian antiquities in the mudeum of the Louvre,
1847, and head-keeper, 1848. Author of * Des Rois arsacides ;' ' Le Mus6e Napol6on III. :
Architecture, Sculpture, &c.' 1864 ; and numerous papers and memoirs.

LONGRIDGE, James Atkinson, English civil engineer, b. 1817; consulting
engineer to the Calcutta and South-Eastem Railway, and engaged in railway undertakings
in Trinidad and the Mauritius. Author of several papers on the vemtilation of mines,
and other subjects connected with engineering.

XtONGSTRBET, James, American military commander, b. in South Carolina, 1821 ;
entered West Point Academy, 1838; lieutenant, 1842; captain, 1862; major, 1868;
resigned his commission, June 1, 1861, and joined the South ; appointed to a command
in the Confederate army, July 1861 ; mtyor-general, 1862; lieut. -general, Oct. 1862.

LONSDALE. William Lo-wtber, Earl of, English statesman, b. 1787 ; educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, :where he graduated M. A. 1808 ; M.P. for Cockermoiith, and
for the county of Westmoreland from 1808 to 1841, when he entered the House of Lords
as Baron Lowther; has been a lord of the Treasuiy; chief commissioner of woods
and forests ; treasurer of the navy ; vice-president of the Board of Trade, and post-
master-general ; was president of the council ftom March to Dec. 1862 ; lord-lieutenant
of the counties and vice-admiral of the coasts of Cumberland and Westmoreland ; suc-
ceeded his father, tirst earl, 1844.

LOOM IS, Elias, American mathematician, b. 1818 ; studied at Tale College, Connec-
ticut ; appointed professor of mathematics and physics at the University of New York,
1844. Author of ' Elements of Geometry and Algebra ;' ' Recent Progress of Astronomy,
especially in the United States,' 1860; 'A Treatise on Arithmetic, Theoretical and
Practical,* 1866 ; and other elementary works.

LOPES, Sir Massey. English politician, b. 1818 ; educated at Winchester and Oriel
College, Oxford ; M.P. for Devon and Wilts ; a deputy-lieutenant for Devon, and captain
of the 2d Devon Militia; M.P. for Westbury, 1867; for South Devon, 1868.

LOPEZ, Don Francisco Solano, Paraguayan statesman, b. 1827 ; the eldest son of
Don Carlos Lopez, president of the Republic of Paraguay ; succeeded to the presidency
at the death of his father, by the will of the latter, Sept. 10, 1862 ; engaged in a war with
Brazil, 1865-68.

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[ 170 ]

ImOB HERREROS, Mannel Breton dei Spanish author, b. at Quel, province
uf LogroAo, Dec. 19, ISOO ; studied at Madrid, and entered the army as a volunteer,
1814 ; keeper of the National Library, 1834-44 ; elected member of the Royal Academy
of Spain, 1837. Author of '£1 Camaval,' Madrid, 1883; 'La Desverguenza, Poema
jocoseria,' ib. 1858 ; and numerous other works in verse and prose.

IiOSSING* Benson. American author, b. at Bickman, Dutchess County, New York,
1819. Published ' Au Outline of the History of the Fine Arte,' 1841 ; ' Lives of the
Signers of the Declaration of Independence,' 1847 ; * Pictorial Field-Book of the Revo-
lution,' 1848-62 ; ' Illustrated History of the United States/ 1857 ; and numerous other
works.

IiOUGHy John Qrahaniy English sculptor, b. at Oreenhead, Northumberland, 1804 ;
executed the statue of Queen Victoria for the Royal Exchange, London, 1845 ; * Comus,'
in the Egyptian Hall at the Mansion House ; and numerous busts, groups, and
statues.

IiOUVET, Obarles, French politician, b. at Sanmnr, Maine-et-Loire, Oct. 22, 1806 :
studied law ; represented Maine-et-Loire in the Leginlative Assembly, 1848 ; member of
the Corps L^slatif for the department of Maine-et-Loire sinc« 1852.

IiOVE, Sir James Frederick, English military commander, b. 1789 ; entered the
army, 1804 ; served in Sweden, the Peninsula, at Antwerp, New Orleans, and Waterloo ;
commanded a division in Canada in the Rebellion of 1835-30 ; employed in suppressing
the Rebecca and Chartist riote, 1838-39; lieutenant-governor of Jersey, 1851-67;
inspector-general of infantry ; and colonel of the 57th Foot

LOVEIaACEy ^XTilliam Kiny Noel; Earl of, English administrator, b. 1805;
educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; lord-lieutenant of Surrey ; a magis-
trate for Surrey and Somerset ; colonel of the 2d Surrey Royal Militia.

IiOVER. Samuel; Irish painter and author, b. in Dublin, 1797 ; elected Academician
of the Royal Hibernian S«>ciety of Arte, 1828. Painted Uie portraite of the Marquis
Wellesley, Lord Brougham, and of numerous celebrated persons. Author of * Legends
and Tales illustrative of Irish Character,' * Handy Andy,' *The May Dew,' 'Rory
O'More,' ' The Happy Man ;' and other songs, poems, and sketches of Irish life.

laOWE; Rev. Richard ThomaS; English naturalist, b. Dec. 1801 ; educated at Christ
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1825 ; was British chaplain in Madeira ;
appointed rector of Lea, Lincolnshire, 1852. Author of 'The Fishes of Madeira,' 1843 ;
* A Manual of the Flora of Madeira ;' and numerous memoirs on zoological and botanical
subjects.

IiOWE. Risbt Hon. Robert; English stetesman. b. 1811 ; educated at Winchester,
and University College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1833 ; called to the bar of Lin-
coln's Inn, 1842 ; a member of the Council at Sydney, 1843-50 ; joint secretory of the
Board of Control, 1852-55 ; paymaster of the forces and vice-president of the Board of
Trade, 1855-58 ; M.P. for Kidderminster, 1852-59 ; vice-president of Committee of Council
on Education, 18')9-64 ; M.P. for Calne, 1859-68 ; for the University of London, 1868 ;
chancellor of the Exchequer, Dec. 1868.

ItOWEItIt; James Russell. American author, b. at Boston, United States, 1819 ;
studied law, and graduated at Hai-vard University. Author of 'A Year's Life,' 1841 ; • A
Legend of Brittany,' and ' Prometheus,' 1844 ; ' The Biglow Papers,' 1848 ; * A Fable for
Critics,* 1848; and other works in prose and verse.

IiOWER; Mark Antony, English antiquarian, b. at Chiddingley, Sussex, 1813 ; con-
ductor of a boarding-school at Lewes. Author of ' English Surnames, an Essay on
Family Nomenclature,' 1842 ; ' Curiosities of Heraldry,' 1845 ; * Patronymica Britannica,'
1860 ; and other works.

laO^VTHER; Henry, English politician, b. 1818 ; educate.d at Westminster, and Trinity
College, Cambridge, and graduated M.A. 1838; formerly captain in the 1st Life Guards ;
M.P. for West Cumberland since 1847.

ItO'WTHER; Hon. Henry Cecil; English politician, b. 1790 ; deputy-lieutenant
for Rutland ; a lieutenant-colonel in the army ; formerly captain in tiie 7th Hussars and
major in the 10th Hussars ; M.P. for Westmoreland since 1812.

LO'WTHER; JameS; English politician, b. 1840 ; educated at Westminster and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he .graduated B.A. 1862 ; called to the bar of the Inner
Temple, 1864 ; elected M.P. for York, 1865.

liOYD-LINDSAY. Robert James. English politician, b. 1832 ; educated at
Eton ; a magistrate for Berks and county of Northampton, and a lieutenant-colonel Scote
Fusilier Guards ; assumed the additional surname of Loyd by royai licence, 1858 ;
elected M.P. for Berkshire, 1865.

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IiUARD, Rev. Henry Ricbard, English author, b. 1825; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1847, M.A. 1850 ; fellow and assistant-
tutor of Trinity College, and registrar of the University of Cambridge. Author of ' The
. Life of Porson,' 1867. Edited ' Lives of Edward the Confessor,' 1858 ; * Annales Monas-
tici,' 1864 ; and other works.

LUBBOOKy Sir Johm WilUam, English mathematician, b. in London, 1803;
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1825, and M.A. 1833 ; high
sheriff of Kent, 1852 ; one of the vice-presidents of the Royal Society.

ItUBONIS, Louis' Ignace, French poUtician, b. at Nice, Aug. 9, 1816 ; studied
law at the Universityof Turin, and graduated LL.D. 1837 ; was counsellor and procureur-
gen^ral to the court of Nice ; appointed governor of the province of Nice, 1860 ; member
of the Corps L^gislatif for the ^t circonscription of the department of Alpes Maritimes
since 1860.

ImVOAN, Georire Cbarles Bin^bam, Earl of, English military commander,
b. 1800; educated at Westminster; M.P. for Mayo, 1826-30; elected one of the repre-
sentative peers for Ireland, 1840; commanded the British cavalry in the Crimea,
1844-46 ; a lieutenant-general in the army.

ItUOASy Obarles, English musical composer, b. at Salisbury, 1808 ; educated at the
Cathedral Grammar School in that city, and at the Royal Academy of Music ; conductor
of the orchestra of the R.A. of Music, 1832; appointed principal of the R.A. of Music,
1859. Author of several overtures, anthems, operas, songs, and glees.

laUCASy Cbarles Jean, French political economist, b. at St. Brieuc, May 3, 1803 ;
admitted advocate at the Royal Court of Paris, 1825 ; appointed inspector of prisons,
1833. Author of ' On the Penitentiary System in Europe and America, ' 1826-30 ; ' Theory
of Imprisonment,* 1836-38 ; and numerous other works.

IiUCASy Hippolyte Jnlien, French author, b. at Rennes, Dec. 20, 1807 ; educated
at the College of his native town, and studied law in Paris, 1826. Author of * Caract^res
et Portraits de Femmes,' 1836 ; 'Le PortefeuiUe d'un Joumaliste,' 1856 ; *La Peche d'un
Man,' 1862 ; and numerous poems and dramas.

IiUDERSy Alexander Nicolaiev«ritcb "von, Russian general, b. 1790 ; entered the
army, 1807 ; commanded a Russian army cori)8 in Hungary, 1849 ; held a command in
the Crimea, 1854-65 ; created a count of the Russian empire, June 1862.

ItUDWIG II. Kin^ of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, b. Aug.
24, 1845, the son of King Maximilian II. and his consort. Queen Maria, daughter of tlie
late Prince William of Prussia ; succeeded to the throne at the death of his father,
March 10, 1864.

LUDWI6 III. Grand Dnke of Hesse-Darmstadti b. June 9, 1806, the son
of Grand Duke Ludwig II. and of Princess Wilhelmine of Baden ; appointed co-regent
of Hesse-Darmstadt in consequence of an insurrection, March 5, 1848 ; succeeded to the
throne at the death of his father, June 16, 1848 ; married, Dec. 26, 1833, to Princess
Mathilde, daughter of King Lodwig of Bavaria ; widower. May 25, 1862.

LUQARDj Sir Edward. English military commander, b. at Chelsea, 1810 ; educated
at the Military College, Sandhurst; ejitered the army, 1821, and served in India;
brigade-major, 1842 ; adjutant-general to the Queen's forces in the Puryauh campaigns,
1848-49 ; adjutant-general in India, 1857 ; brigadier-general and major-general, 1858.

ItUGY PELLISSACL Itouis Henri, Marquis de, French general and
politician, b. Aug. 13, lf97 ; colonel, April 14, 1844 ; general of brigade, 1848 ; general of
division, 1854 ; elected deputy to the Corps Liegislatif for the second circonscription de
la Drdme, 1863.

IiUIZ I. King: of Porttwal, b. Oct. 31, 1838 ; the son of Queen Maria II. and of
Prince Ferdinand -of Saxe-Coburg; succeeded his brother. King Pedro V., Nov. 11, 1861 ;
married, Oct 6, 1662, to P», b. 06t. 16, 1847, the youngest daughter of King Victor
Emmanuel of Italy.

IiUKIS, Rev. WilUam Colliners. English author, b. 1817 ; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1840 ; rector of Wath-juxta-Ripon, Yorkshire.
Author of * Specimens of Ancirart Church Plate,' 1845 ; ' Danish Cromlechs and Burial
Customs, compared with those of Brittany, Great Britain, &c.' 1861 ; and other works.

XtUlfOy Rer-TliOnHUiy English mathematician, b. Dec. 2, 1805; educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, wnere he graduated B.A. 1828; appointed rector of Morton, Derby-
shire, 1841, and of Brindle, Lancashire, 1864. Author of 'The Elements of Gepmetrj'
and Mensuration ; ' ' A Key to Bishop Colenso's Biblical Arithmetic,' 1863 ; and various
mathematical works.

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[ 172 ]

IiUSK, An&re'Wf Enf;1i»h politician, b. 1813 ; a magistrate for Middlesex, an alderman
of London, and a merchant in the City ; was shenJBT of London and Middlesex, 1861 ;
elected M.P. for Finsbury, 1865.

ItUYNESy Josepb d' Albert, Due de, French archaeologist, b. at Paris. Dec. 15,
1802 ; represented the department of the Seine-et-Oise in the Constituent Assembly,
1848 ; and in the Legislative Assembly, 1849. Author of ' Etudes numismatiques,' 1835 ;
* Bssai Bur la Numismatique des Satrapies,' 1846 ; and other works.

laYBItli. Sir CharleSy English geologist, b. at Kinnordy, Forfarshire, 1797; educat€d
at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated M. A. 1821 ; called to the bar ; appoint.€d
a deputy-lieutenant for Forfarshire, 1831 ; president of the Geological Society, 183&-37,
and 1850-51 ; knighted, 1848 ; created a baronet, 1864. Author of * The Principles of
Geology,' 1833 ; 'Travels in North America,' 1841 ; and numerous geological works.

laYONNET. Jean Baptistey French di\ine, b. at St. ^tienne, Loire, June 4, 1801 ;
studied at tne College of St. Chamond and the Seminary of Argenti6re ; ordained, 1824 ;
consecrated bishop of Algiers, 1846 ; bishop of St. Fleur, Oct. 15, 1851 ; appointed to
the see of Valence, June 24, 1857. Author of ' Tractatus de Gontractibus,' 1837 ; and
other works.

laYONSj Richard Bickerton, Baron, English diplomatist, b. 1823 ; educated at
Winchester, and Christ Church, Oxford ; attach^ at Athens, 1849 ; at Dresden, 1852 ; at
Florence, 1853 ; secretary of legation at Florence, 1856 ; charg6 d'affaires, 1857 ; envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States, Dec. 1858; resigned,
Nov. 1864; nominated K.C.B. 1859; G.C.B. 1802; British ambassador at Paris.

IjYTTBLTON, Georgre ^^tlliam. Baron, English administrator, b. 1817 ; educated
at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1838 ; under-secretary of
state for the colonies, Jan. to July 1846 ; lord-lieutenant of Worcestershire ; high steward
of Bewdley, and a magistrate for Staffordshire and Shropshire.

]jYTTON| Riirht Hon. EdiKrard Lytton Bnlvirer, Baron. English statesman
and author, b. 1806 ; educated at Trinity College and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. 1826, M.A. 1835 ; created a baronet, 1838; assumed the surname of
Lytton, 1844 ; M. P. for St. Ives, 1831-32 ; for Lincoln, 1882-41 ; and for Hertfordshire,
1852 to July 1856, when he was elevated to the peerage ; secretary of state for the
colonies, 1858-59, Author of * Ismael,' an Oriental tale, 1820 ; ' Pelham, or the Adven-
tures of a Gentleman,' 1827; 'Zanoni,* 1843 ; 'A Strange Story,' 1862; and a great
number of novels, romances, and dramas.

ItYTTONy EdiKrard Robert Bnlwer, English diplomatist, b. 1881, only son of the
preceding ; educated at Harrow and Bonn ; entered ttte diplomatic service, 1849 ; first
secretar}' of the British legation at Copenhagen, 1864. Author, under the nom de plume
of 'Owen Meredith,' of * Clytemnestra, and other Poems,' 1855; *The Wanderer, a
Collection of Poems in Many Lands,' 1869 ; * Lucile,' a novel in verse, 1860 ; and other
poetical works.

LYVEDEN, Robert Vernon Smitb, Baron, English statesman, b. 1800 ; edu-
cated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford ; was M.P. for Tralee, 1829-31 ; for Northamp-
ton, 1831-59, when he was elevated to the peerage ; was a lord of the Treasury, 1830-35 ;
secretary of the Board of Control, 1836-39 ; under-secretary of state for the colonies,
1839-41 ; president of the Board of Control, 1855-58.

M.

MAOOABE, William Bernard, English writer, b. in Dublin, Nov. 23, 1801 ;
consul in London for the Republic of Uruguay, 1847-51. Author of 'A Catholic
History of England ; ' * Bertha, a R<iraan(;e of the Dark Ages ; ' both in 1856 ; * A True
History of the Hungarian Revolution,' 1851 ; 'Agnes Arnold,' a novel, 1860; and other
works.

MACCHI, Manro, Italian politician, b. at Milan, 1815 ; founded the journal VltaXia
at Genoa, 1850 : elected to represent Cremona in the Italian Parliament, 1860. Published
' Les Contradictions de M. Vincent Gioberti,' 1863.

McCLELLANy Georgre* American military commander, b. at Philadelphia, Dec. 3,
1826 ; educated at West Pomt, which he left as second lieutenant, 1846 ; a memljerof the
commission sent by the United States Government to the seat of war in the Crimea,
1854-56 ; received the coinmissiou of raaijor-general of Volunteers on the outbreak of
the civil war, 1861 ; appointed commander-in-chief, Nov. 1861 ; commander of the army
of the Potomac, March 1862 ; relieved from his couunand, Nov. 1862.

Mae HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Mac

[ 173 ]

MAOOLESFIELD. Thomas Auipistus Parker^ Earl of, English adminis-
trator, b. 1811 ; was M.P. for Oxfordshire as Lord Parker, 1837-41; succeeded his father,
fifth earl, 1850 ; lord high steward of Henley.

McCLINTOOK; Sir Francis lacopold, English naval commander, b. at Dundalk,
1819 ; entered the navy, 1831 ; post-captain, 1854 ; knighted for .services in the Arctic
regions in searching after Sir John Franklin ; appointed commander of the screw frigate
Aurora^ 1864.

McCLURE^ Sir Robert John lae Mesurier, English naval commander, b.
at Wexford, Ireland, Jan. 28, 1807 ; educated at Winchester and Sandhurst ; volunteered
to join the expedition under Captain Back to the Arctic seas, 1836 ; joined Sir J. Ross's
expedition to discover Sir J. Franklin, 1848 ; nominated commander in the navy, 1849 ;
commanded the Investigator and discovered the north-west passage, 1850 ; knighted, and
received the reward of j^5,000 offered for the discovery, 18^1.

McOONNELLy John, American novelist, b. at Illinois, Nov. 11, 1826 ,* studied at
the Law School of Lexington, Kentucky ; and subsequently fought as volunteer in the
war with Mexico, and received the commission of captain. Author of * Talbot and
Vernon,' New York, 1860; 'The Gleens, a Family History,' ib. 1851; ' Western Charac-
ters,' 1858 ; and other works of fiction.

McCORMIO, Robert, English author, b. 1804 ; studied medicine, and nominated
fellow of the Royal College of Siirgeons, 1844 ; commanded the boat expedition in search
of Sir J. Franklin, 1852. Author of ' Narrative of a Boat and Sledge Expedition up
Wellington Channel in search of Franklin, with Plans of Search in the Arctic Ocean;'
and other works.

McCOSH, James, English theologian, b. in Ayrshire, 1811 ; educated at the Uni-
versities of Glasgow and Edinburgh ; minister of the Church of Scotland in Arbroath,
1835-60 ; appointed professor of logic and metaphysics in Queen's College, Belfast, 1851 ;
at Princeton, 1868. Author of * The Method of Divine Government, Physical and Moral,'
1860 ; 'The Supernatural in relation to the Natural,' 1862 ; and other theological works.

McCRIE, Rev. Thomas, English theologian, b. at Edinbui*gh, 1798 ; educated at
Edinburgh University ; appointed professor of theology at the English Presbyterian
College, 1856. Author of 'Sketches of Scottish Church History,' and of many contri-
butions to religious periodicals.

McCROHON, Jose', Spanish military commander, b. at Ferrol, 1803 ; lieutenant,
1817 ; colonel, 1841 ; general of brigade, 1843 ; field-marshal, 18i6 ; commanding general
of the eastern district of Cuba and governor of Santiago, 1847 ; under-secretory to the
minister of war, 1851 ; lieutenant-general, 1865 ; captain-general of New Castile, 1868 ;
of the Philippine Isles, 1860.

McOUIaLOOH. Horatio. English landscape painter, b. In Glasgow, 1806 ; studied art
at Edinburgh. Exhibited '^A View on the Clyde,' 1826 ; * Highland Loch ; ' ' A View in
Cadzow Forest,' 1838 ; * Mist rising off the Mountains,' 1861 ; and numerous other paint-
ings. Elected associate of the Scottish Academy, 1836, and member, 1838.

MACDONALD, Geoi^C, English novelist, b. in Scotland about 1824. Author of
* Phantastes,' * Alec Forbes of Howglen,* * Unspoken Sermons,' and many other works.

MAODONNELL, Sir Richard Graves, English colonial administrator, b. 1815 ;
educated at Trinity College. Dublin, and graduated B.A. 1836, and M. A. 1838 ; called to
the bar in Ireland, 1838, and at Lincoln's Inn, London, 1840 ; chief justice of the Gambia
colony, 1843-47 ; governor of Gambia, 1847-51 ; governor of St. Lucia and St. Vincent
in 1862 ; captain-general and govemor-in-chief of South Australia, 1865-62 ; governor of
Nova Scotia, 1864-65 ; of Hong Kong, 1866.

McDOWELIj, Imrin, American military commander, b. in Ohio, 1818 ; educated in
France and at the Military Ac^idemy, West Point ; appointed brigadier-general on the
outbreak of the civil war, 1860 ; m^jor-general, March 14, 1862 ; commander of the
department of the Rappahannock, April 14, 1S62 ; relieved ftom hit command, Sept. 5,
1862 ; commander of the department of California, Sept. 1863.

MACDOWEItIt, Patrick, English sculptor, b. at Belfast, Aug. 1789. Executed
•Lores of the Angels,' * A Girl Reading,' • Love Triumphant,' 'The Death of Virginia ;'
statue of Lord Exmouth for Greenwich Hospital ; statues of Pitt and Chatham for the
House of Lords ; and numerous other groups and statues in bronze and marble. Elected
A.R.A. and R.A. 1846.

McEVOY, Edvirard, English politician, b. 1826 ; a magistrate for the county of
Meath ; formerly lieutenant in the 6th Dragoon Guards, and captain of Longford Rifles ;
H.P. for tiie county of Meath since 1866.

Mac HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Ma 6
[ 174 ]

MAOFARRENi George Alexander, English ransical composer, b. in London,
March 2, 1818 ; educated nt the Royal Academy of Mosic : appointed member of the
board of profesnors of the RA. of Music, 1860. Author of 'The Devil'* Opera,* at the
Lyceum, 1838; 'Don Quixote,' Drury Lane, 184<5; 'Robin Bood,' her Majesty's, 1860;
'She Stoops to Conquer,' Covent Garden^ 1864 ; and numerous other operas and songs.
Author of ' Rudiments of Harmony,' 1860 ; and other works.

McGHEB, Rer. Robert James, English theological writer, b. in Irtland, 1790 ;
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated B.A. 1811; apfoiated rector of
Holvwell. Hunts, 1846. Author of *A History of the Douay and Rhemish versions
of the Bible ;' and other theological works.

McOREGK>R, Sir Jobn, English physician, b. at Perth, 1791; educated at the
University of Edinburgh, and entered the medical department of the ainny, 1809 ; served
under the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula, and during the Mutiny in India ;
appointed inspector-general of hospitals, 1656 ; honorary physician to the Queen, nnd
created BLC.B. military division, 1859; changed his name by royal licence firom
McAndrew to McGregor, 1863.

McILVAINE; Rigbt Rev. Charles Petit, American theologian, b. at Bur-
lington, New Jersey, Jan. 18, 1798 ; graduated at Princeton College, 1)816 ; admitted to
deacon's orders, 1820 ; professor of history and ethics at West Point, 1825-27 ; cx)n-
secrated bishop of Ohio, 1832. Author of * Evidences of Christianity,' which passed
through thirty editions.

MACINTOSH. Maria, American authoress, b. at Sunbnry, Oeoiigia, 1802. Author
of • Aunt Kitty's Tales,' 1837 ; ' Conquest and Self-Conquest,' New York, 1844 ; * Violet,
or the Cross and the Crown,' Boston, 1*856 ; and other works of fiction.

MAOKAYy CbarleSy English author, b. in Perth, 1812 ; was editor of the Glcagow
Argots, 1844-47; and subsequently of the Illvstrated London News. Author of 'The
Hope of the World,* 1837 ; ' voices from the Crowd,* 1844 ; * Voices fh)m the Mountains,'
1846; 'Egeria,' 1850; 'The Lump of Gold,' 1855; 'A Man's Heart,' 1860; 'Studies
from the Antique, and Sketches from Nature,* 1864; 'History of Popular Delusions;'
and other works in prose and versa.

MCKENNA. Sir Josepb Neale* English politician, b. 1819 ; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1848 ; M.P. for Youghal, 1866-68.

MACKENZIE, Thomas* Scottish Judge, b. 1807 ; educated at Perth and the Uni-
versities of St. Andrew's and Edinbui^h ; called to the Scottish bar, 1832 ; appointed
sheriff of Ross and Cromarty, 1851 ; solicitor-general of Scotland, and a judge of the
Court of Session, 1855 ; retired from the bench, 1864.

MACKIE, James, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Oriel College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. 1844, and M.A. 1847 ; advocate of the Scottish bar, and a
magistrate of Kirkcudbright ; M.P. for Kirkcudbrightshire since 1857.

MACKIE, John Milton, American writer, b. at Wareham, Massachusetts, 181S;
graduated at Brown University, Rhode Island, 1832. Author of 'Life of Leibnitz,' 1845 ;
' Life of Samuel Gorton,' 1848 ; * Going to Spain,' 1855 ; and other works.

MACKINNON, laachlan Bellingham, English politician, b. 1815; a magistrate
of Surrey ; formerly captain in the Royal Navy ; elected M.P. for Rye, 1865.

MACKINNON. William Alexander, English author and politician, b. 1789 ;
studied at Lincoln ; was M.P. for Lymington, 1831-52, and for Rye, 1857-65. Author of
' Thoughts on the Currency Question ;' * The History of Civilization ;' and other works.

MACKINNON, WUiaui Alexander, English politician, b. 1813, son of the pre-
ceding; educated at St John's College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1836; a magis-
trate of Hants and Middlesex ; M.P. for Rye, 1852-53 ; returned for Lymington, 1857.

McIiAGAN, Peter, English politician, b. 1814 ; educated at Edinburgh University ; a
magistrate of the counties of Edinburgh and Linlithgow ; and member of the Council of
tlie University of Edinburgh; elected M.P. for LiiUithgowshire, 1865.

McIiAREN, Duncan, English xx)litician, b. 1800 ; deputy-lieutenant of Edinburgh ;
and president of the Chamber of Commerce, Edinburgh ; elected M.P. for Edinburgh, 1865.

MACLEAN, John, English colonial administrator, b. 1810 ; chief commissioner for
British Kaffraria, 1852-60 ; lieutenant-governor of British Kaffraria, 1860-64 ; appointed
lieutenant-governor of Natal, April 6, 1864.

MACLEOD, Rev. Norman, English author, b. 1812; educated at Edinburgh,
Glasgow, and in Germany ; appointed minister of Loudonn, Ayrshire, 1838 ; and the
Barony pariflh. GfaSgow, 1851. Author of ' The Home Education ;' * The Ernest Student ;'
and other works. Editor of Good Words.

MAOItlSE, Daniel; English painter, b. in Cork, Jan. 25, 1811 ; studied in tlie schools
of the Royal Academy. Exhibited 'Mokanna unveiling his features to Zelica,' 1833
•The Banquet Scene in Macbeth,' 1840 ; 'The Play Scene in Hamlet,' 1842 ; ' The Sacri
fice of Noah,' 1847 ; ' The Death of Nelson,' in the New Houses of Parliament, 1866
and numerous other paintings. Elected A.B.A. 1830, and R. A. 1841.

McMURDO| William, En^ish military commander, b. 1819; entered the army as
ensign, 1837 ; lieutenant, 1841 ; captain, 1843 ; major, 1843 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1853 ;
colonel in the army, 1854; created C.B. after the Crimean war, 1856; was insi>ector-
general of Volunteer forces for five years.

McNEILE, Rev. Husb, English theologian, b. at Ballycastle, county of Antrim,
1795; studied at Trinity College, and graduated B.A. 1815; ordained, 1820; htmorary
I canon in Chester Cathedral, 1845-48 ; appointed incumbent of St. I'aul's, Princes Park,

, Liverpool, 1848 ; dean of Ripon, 1868. Author of * The Church and the Churches,' 1846 ;

, and other theological works.

MACNEIItL, Sir Johni English en^neer, b. at Mount Pleasant, near Dundalk, 1788 ;
professor of practical engineering at Tnnity College, Dublin ; knighted on the opening of
the railway from Dublin to Drogheda, 1844. Author of several works on engineering.

McNEILIty Rig^bt Hon. Duncan, Scottish judge, b. 1793; educated at the
Universities of St. Andrew's and Edinburgh ; called to the Scottish bar, 1816 ; one of the
junior coimsel for the Crown, 1820-24 ; sheriff of Perthshire, 1824-84 ; solicitor-general
for Scotland, 1835-41 ; lord-advocate, 1842 ; dean of the Faculty of Advocates. 1843-^1 ;
M.P. for Argyllshire, 1843-51; lord chief justice-general and president of the Court of
Session, 1862 ; sworn in the Privy Council, 1853.

McNEIIiL, Sir John, English diplomatist, b. 1795 ; assistant envoy to the court of
Persia, 1831 ; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Persia, 1836 ; presi-
dent of the commission of inquiry into the administration of the commissariat of the
army in the Crimea, 1855 ; appointed member of the Privy Council, 1,856.

MACREADY, WUliani Charles, English actor, b. in London, March 3, 1793;
educated at Rugby ; made his d^but as Romeo, at Birmingham, June 1813 ; made his first
' appearance in J<ondon at Covent Garden, Sept. 16, 1816 ; i)erformed Shakespeare's prin-
cipal plays in England and America.

MADDEN, Sir Frederick, English author, b. 1801 ; knighted, 1833 ; keeper of
manuscripts in the British Museum, 1837-66. Editor of • The WycliflBte Version of the
H«»ly Scriptures ;* * Layamon's Brut^ or History of Britain ;' and author of numerous
historical, literary, and geneal(^cal works.

MADDEN, Richard Robert, English colonial administrator, b. 1798; fellow of the
Royal College of Surgeons ; special magistrate in Jamaica, 1838-46 ; appointed colonial
secretary of Western Australia, 1847. Author of * Travels in Turkey and Egypt,* 1829 ;
• Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old and New World,' 1851 ; * The Lives and Times of the
United Irishmen,' 1863 ; and other works.

MADDOOK, Sir Thomas Herbert, English politician, b. 1792 ; entered the East
India Civil Service in the Bengal Presidency, 1811 ; assistant magistrate at Moorshedabad,
1815 ; kiiighted by patent, 1844 ; deputy-governor of Bengal, and president of the
Council of India, 1845-49; M.P. for Rochester, 1852-57.

MADOZ, Pascnal, Spanish statesman and author, b. at Pampeluna, Mav 17, 1806 ;
studied law at the University of Sai-agossa ; successively civil governor of Barcelona
and president of the Cortes ; minister of finance, 1855. Author of ' A Geographical,
Statistical, and Historical Dictionary of Spain,' Madrid, 1848-50.

MADRAZO, Federico, Spanish painter, b. in Rome, Feb. 12, 1815; studied at
Paris under Winterhalter. Painted 'Godfrey proclaimed King of Jerusalem,' in the
museum of Versailles, 1839 ; ' La Comtesse de Yilch^s ;' and numerous portraits of
celebrated persons.

MADVIQ, Israel, Danish philologist, b. 1800 ; professor of Latin literature at Copen-
hagen. Author of ' Opuscula Academica,* 1834-42 ; • Syntax der griechischen Sprache,'
Bnmswtek, 1847 ; and other philological works.

MAEDLER, Johann Heinrich, German astronomer, b. at Berlin, May 29, 1794 ;
appointed professor of astronomy and director of the Observatory at Dorpat, in Itussia,
1840. Author of * Popular Astronomy,* Berlin, 1849 ; ' The Existence of a Central Sun,'
Dorpat, 1846 ; ' Letters on Astronomy,' Mittau, 1845-47 ; and other works on astronomy.

MAGENIS, Sir Arthnr Charles, English diplomatist, b. 1810 ; educated at the
University of Dublin, and entered the diplomatic service, 1889 ; minister plenipotentiary
in Switzerland, 1851 ; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon, 1859 ;
nominated K.C.B. civil division, 1860.

Maff HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOORAPHY. Mfll
[ 176 ]

MAOIN; Alfred Josepli Aasruste, French author, b. at Hodena, Italy, Dec. 31»
1806 ; educated at the Lyceum of Turin, 1812-15 ; rector of the Academy of the Seine-**!-
Oise, 1852-62 ; rector of the Academy of Rheims, 1862. Author of ' Pr6ci8 de Geographic
universelle,' 1840; 'Histoire de France abr^6e,' 1848; new edition, 1864; and other
worka.

MAONEi Pierre. French statesman, b. at Perigneux, Dec. S, 1806 ; nnder-secretary of
finance, 1849 ; minister of public works, April 10 to Oct 26, 1851 ; reappointed, Dec. 1,
1851 ; minister of finance, 1854 to Nov. 1860 ; made a senator, Dec. 31, 1852.

MAONIN; Josepby French politician, b. at Diion, Jan. 1, 1824 ; member of the Con-
stituent Assembly, 1849 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for the first circonscription of
the department of C6te d'Or since 1863.

M AONU8; EdiMrard; Prussian painter, b. at Berlin. Jan. 7, 1799 ; studied successively
medicine, philosophy, and painting, the last under Schlesinger. Painted 'The Return
of the Pirate ;* the portrait of Jenny Lind ; and portraits of all the members of the
Royal Family of Prussia, and of numerous other celebrated persons.

M AOUIR6, John FraaciSy English politician, b. 1815 ; called to the Irish bar, 1843 ;
mayor of Cork, 1858 and 1862-63 ; principal editor and proprietor of the Cork Examiner :
a magistrate and alderman of the city of Cork; M.P. for Dungarvon, 1852-65, and
returned for Cork, 1866. Author of * Rome and its Rulers,' 1867 ; * Father Mathew,' 1863.

MAOUIREy Rev. Robert, English author, b. in Dublin, 1826; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and graduated, 1847 ; curate of St. Nicholas, Cork, 1849-^2 ; appointed
incumbent of Clerkenwell, 1867. Author of ' The Seven Churches of Asia ;' ' Things
Present and Tilings to Come ;' and other religious and controversial works.

MAILIiET; Jacqnep lae'onard, Frent:h sculptor, b. at Paris, July 12, 1823 ; studied
under Pradier, at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Executed * Agrippine et Caligula,* a group in
marble ; * Une Novice de Vesta,' 1853 ; * La Primavera della Vita,' 1864 ; * Chasseurs,' a
group in bronze ; and numerous statues, groups, and busts.

MAINDRON; Etienne Hippolyte^ French sculptor, b. at Champtoccaux, Maine-et-

Loire, Nov. 16, 1801 ; studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and under David of Angers.

Exhibited 'Jeune P&tre mordu par un Serpent,' 1834; 'Christ en Croix,' 1842; 'Soeur

Rosalie,' 1861 ; and numerous groups, busts, and statues.
MAINWARINO; Townshend, English politician, b. 1807; educated at Rugby;

M.P. for Denbigh, 1841-47, and since 1857.
M AITIiAND. Rev. Samuel Roffey, English author, b. in London, 1795 ; educated

at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B. A. 1816 ; formerly barrister of the Inner

Temple ; ordained, 1821, and became librarian and keeper of the MSS. at Lambeth Palace.

Author of * An Airtempt to elucidate the Prophecies concerning Antichrist,' 1830 ; * Cliat-

terton, an Essay,* 1857 ; and numerous theological works.

MAJOR; Rev. John RictaardBon, English educational writer, b. in London, 1797 ;
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1819; appointed 'head-
master of the Grammar School at Ring's College, London, 1830. Author of 'Latin
Grammar and Exercises ;' ' Guide to the Greek Ti-agedians ;' and other schoolbooks.

MAJOR, Richard Henry, English antiquarian, b. in London, 1818 ; appointed to
the* department of maps and charts in the British Museum, Jan. 1844 ; was honoraiy
secretary of the Hakluy t Society, 1849-58, Edited, for the same society, * Select Letters
of Christopher Columbus,' 1847 ; 'Notes on Russia, translated from tJie Latin of Her-
bertstein,* 1851-52 ; ' Early Voyages to Terra Australia,' 1859 ; and other works. Author
of 'The Life of Prince Henry the Navigator,' 1868.

MA JORIB ANKS, Dndley Coatts, English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Har-
row, and Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate of Middlesex, and deputy-lieutenant of
th« county of Inverness ; was M.P. for Berwick, 1843-49 ; returned for Berwick-on-Tweed,
1859.

MAIbAN. Rev. Solomon Cnsar, English philologist, b. 1812; educated at St
Edmund's Hall, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1837 ; appointed classical professor in
Bishop's College, Calcutta, 1888 ; ordained and appointed vicar of Broadwindsor, Dorset,
1845. Author of 'The Coasts of Tyre and Sidon;* 'The Threefold San-tsze-King, or
Triliteral Classic of China, with critical notes ; ' and numerous other works.

MALCOIiM, John Winirfield, English politician, b. 1833 ; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1854 ; M.P. for Boston since 1860.

MAIiDEN, Henry, English philologist, b. 1800 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and graduated B.A. 1822; appointed professor of Greek in University College,
London, 1861. Author of 'Evening,* a poem ; 'Origin of Universities and Academical
Degrees,' 1834 ; contributor to the Transactions of the Philological Society.

WLml KANDBOOE OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Man

— [ 177 ]

MALET, Sir Alexander, Bart., English diplomatist, b. 1800 ; educated at Christ
ChuFcb, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1822 ; successively attach^ to the embassies at
St. Petersburg, Paris, and Lisbon ; secretary of legation at Turin, 1835 ; and at the
Hague, 1836 ; envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary to the Germanic Con-
federation, 1852. Translator from the Norman of Master Wace's ' Chronide of the
Conquest of England.'

MAIiINS, Sir Richard, English Judge ; vice-chancellor, 1867.

MAIiIiOIIT. NasBif, Turkish philologist, b. atZabouga, Mount Lebanon, 1823-;. studied
Turkish ana Persian at Beyrouth and Constantinople ; professor of Oriental languages in
the College of the Propaganda at Smyrna, 1845 ; lirst secretary and interpreter to the
commanding general of the Anglo-Ottoman contingent in the Crimean campaign, 1854-55.
Author of several ^mmars and books of conversation for teaching Turkish, Arabic,
Persian,^ and other Oriental languages.

MAIaMESBURY, James Howard Harris, Earl of, English statesman, b.
1807, eldest son of the second Earl of Malmesbury ; educated at Eton, and Oriel College,
Oxford ; sat a&MJ^. for Wilton in July 1841 ; succeeded to the earldom, August 1841 ;
secretary of state for foreign affairs from February to December 1852,. and from
February 1858 to June 1859 ; privy seal, July 6, 1866, to Dec. 1868.

MALTE BRUN, Victor Adolphe, French geographer, b. at Paris, 1816 ; member
of the Ge(^raphical Society, and secretary-general of the same, 1855-61. Author of
' Les jeunes Voyageurs en France,' 1840 ; second edition, 1844 ; ' La France illustr^,'
1855-57; *Les nouvelles Acquisitions des Russes dans I'Asie orientale,' 1861; 'Les

« ]£tats Unis et le Mexique, Histoire et (}^ographie,' 1862 ; and other works.

KLAME, Charles Ansnate, French politician, b. at Angers, Nov. 4,, 1805 ; mayor of
Tours, 1851 ; president of the chamber of commerce, and member of the General
Council for the canton of Tours-Centre ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the third
circonscription of the department of Indre-et-Loire since 1859.

BIAMIANI, Terensio Delia Rovere. Count, Italian statesman and author, b.
at Pesaro, Roman States^ 1800 ; member of the Provisional Government constituted in
Bologna, and. president of the aabinet of Rome, 1848 ; minister of foreign affairs in the
Roman ministry of Galletti, 1849 ; member of the Italian Parliament, 1859 ; minister of
public instruction of the kingdom of Italy, 1860 ; ambassador at Athens, 1861. Author
of 'Del Papato,' Paris, 1851; 'Nuovo Diritto Europeo,' Turin, 1859; and numerous
poetical,, philosophical, and political works.

MANCHESTER, Rirht Rev. James Prince laCe. Bishop of, English divine,
b. 1804 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge,, and graduated B.A. 1828 ; head-master
of King Edward's Grammar School, Birmingham, 1838-48 ; consecrated bishop of Miui-
Chester 1848

MANCHES'TER, ^XTilliam DroffO Monta^ne, Duke of, English adminis-
trator, b. at Bampton Park, Huntingdon, Oct. 15, 1823 ; educated at Sandhurst for the
army ; retired^^ 1850 ; M.P. for Bewdley, April 1848 to June 1852 ; for Huntingdonshire,
June 1852 to Aug. 1855 ; succeeded his fiither, Aug. 1855 ; major of the Huntingdon
Militia and deputy-lieutenant of Huntingdonshire.

MANN, Dndley, American diplomatist, b. in Virginia, United States, 1805 ; minister-
plenipoteniary to Hanover, Oldenbuig, and Mecklenburg, 1845, and to all the German
states, 1847 ; minister to Switzerland, 1850 ; secretary of state of the United States,
1853 ; resigned the same year ; one of the commissioners to represent the Confederate
Government in Europe, 1860-61.

MANNERS, Ijord Oeorffe John, English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Eton,
and Trinity College, Cambridge; lieutenant-colonel Royal Horse Guards; M.P. for
Cambridgeshire, 1847-^7, and since 1863.

MANNERS, Richt Hon. Ijord John James Robert. English administrator,
b. 1818 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A.
1839 ; commissioner of works and buildings, March to Dec. 1852, and 185^-59 ; M.P. for
Newark, 1841-47 ; for Colchester, 1850-57 ; and for North Leicestershire since 1857.
Author of ' Poems,* ' A Cruise on Scotch Waters,' and other works.

MANNINO, Anne, English authoress, b. 1812. Author of 'Mary Powell,' 'The
Duchess of Trj^etto,' 'Good Old Times,* * A Noble Purpose Nobly Won,' 'Tasso and
Leonora,' and other works of fiction.

MANNINO, Rev. Henry Edward, English Roman Catholic theologian, b. 1808 ;
educated at Harrow, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1830 ;
appointed archdeacon of Chichester, 1840 ; joined the Roman Catholic Church and
entered the priesthood, 1851 ; received the degree of D.D. at Rome, 1852 ; appointed to
succeed Cardinal Wiseman as titular archbishop of Westminster, 1865. Author of
* Unity of the Church,' and other theological works.

an HJLNDBOOK OP CONTEMPORART BIOGRAPHY. Mar
[178]

MANNINO, Sir William Montacne. English administrator, b. 1811 ; educated
at University College, London ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1832 ; successively
chairman of the Quarter Sessions in New South Wales, solicitor-general, acting Judjge
of the Supreme Court, attorney-general, and a member of the Executive Council ;
knighted, 1858. Author of ' Notes on Proceedings in Electoral Revision Courts.'

MAN8EL, Rev. Henry LonsneTiUe, English theologian, b. at Cosgrove, Oct. 6,
1820 ; educated at St. John's College, Oxford^here he graduated B. A. 1843 ; ordained
deacon, 1844, and priest, 1845 ; appointed Waynflete professor at Magdalen College,
Oxford, 1859; dean of St. Paul's, 1868. Published 'Aldrich's Logic, with Notes,' 1849 ;
'The Limits of Religious Thought,' 1858 ; and other theological works.

MANSFIELD, ^XTilliam David Murray. Earl of, English poUtician, b. 1806 ; sat
in the House of Commons as Lord Stormont, 1830-40, when he succeeded his fatlier,
third earl ; lieutenant-colonel of the Perthshire Militia and lord high commissioner to
the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

MANSFIELD, Sir Wllliani Rose. English mmtarv commander, b. 1819 ; edu-
cated at the Royal Militaiy College, Sandhurst and entered the army, 1835 ; lieutenant,
1838 ; captain, 1813 ; mi^or, 1847 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1851 ; colonel, 1854 ; brigadier-
general, 1855 ; chief of the staff in India, 1857 ; mi^or-general and K.C.B. 1858 ; nomi-
nated to the command of the Bombay army, 1860 ; gazetted colonel of the 38th R^iiment,
March 1862 ; appointed commander-in-chief in India with the rank of genend, Feb.
1865.

MANTEUFFEL, Otto Theodor, Baron von, Prussian statasman, b. at LUbben,
Brandenburg, Feb. 8, 1805 ; studied law at the University of Halle ; minister of the
interior, 1848 ; minister of foreign affairs, 1850 ; president of the Council of Ministers,
1852 ; one of the j>eace plenipotentiaries at Paxis, 1856 ; ceased to hold office, Nov. 6,
1858.

MANVERS, Sydney 'William Herbert Pierrepoint. Earl, English ad-
ministrator, b. March 12, 1825 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated
B. A. 1845 ; was M.P. for South Notts, 1862-60 ; succeeded his father, second earl,
Oct. 1860.

MAQUET, AnffUBte, French author, b. at Paris, Sept. 13, 1813 ; appointed assistant
professor at the College of Charlemagne, 1831. Author of ' Le Beau d'Angennes,' 1843 ;
' Histoire de la Bastille,' 1844 ; ' La Maison cki Baigneur,' 1856 ; and numerous novels
and dramatic works.

MARBCHAL, Charles Laurent^ French painter, b. at Metz, 1800 ; studied under
Regnault Painted * Les Soeurs de Mis^re,' 1840 ; ' Le petit Gitano,' 1841 ; ' L'Ai>otheose
de Sainte Catherine,' 1842, for the cathedral of Metz ; and numerous paintings on
religious subjects for the churches and cathedrals of France.

MAREY MONOE. Onillanme Felix, French politician, b. at Nuits, Cdte d*Or,
Aug. 30, 1818 ; member of the General Council for the canton of Gevry ; deputy to the
Corps L^slatif for the second circonscnption of the department of Cdte d'Or since
1861.

MARGOLIOUTH, Rer. Moses, English, b. 1805, of Jew parents; converted
to Christianity and sent as missionary to Asia and Africa ; ordained, 1844. Author of
* The Antiquities of the Jews in Great Britain ;' * The Hebrew Old Testament, with Critical,
Historic^, Philological, Polemical, and Expository Comments ;' and other works.

MARIE, Alexandre Thonias, French statesman, b. at Anxerre, Tonne, Feb. 15,
1797 ; studied law in Paris : called to the bar of the Royal Court, 1819 ; member of the
Chamber of Deputies for me fifth arrondissement of Paris, 1842-46 ; minister of justice
in the Provisional Government, 1848 ; elected member of the Corps L^gislatif for the
fourth circonscription of the department of Bouches du Rhdne, 1863. Author of ' Code
des Avocats,' 1841.

MARIETTE, Angnate E'donard, French archsaologist, b. at Boulogne but Her,
Feb. 11, 1821 ; appointed to a post m the Egyptian Museum of the Louvre, 1848 ;
charged with a scfentiflc mission to E^gypt, 1851 ; and on his return appointed keeper of
the %yptian Museum of the Louvre. Published 'Choix de Monuments et des Dessins
d^cou verts ou ex6cut^ pendant le D6blayement du S^rapeum<de Memphis,' 1856 ; 'Le
S^rapeum de Memphis, d^di6 4 S. A. I. le Prince Napoleon, et public sous les auspices
du Minist^re d'lStat,' 1857-64 ; and other works.

MARLBOROUGH, John Winston Spencer Chnrchill, Dnke of, English
statesman, b. June 2, 1822, eldest son of the fifth duke of Marlborough ; educated at
Eton; M.P. for Woodstock, 1844-57; succeeded to .the dukedom, July 1857; president
of the council, 1857--58, and again 1866^58,

Mar HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. MajT
[ 179 ]-

BIARBIIERi Alfred Ferdinaad, Due de, French politician, b. May 7, 1805;
member of the Corps L^gislatif for the third circonscription of the department of Haute
Sadne since 1863.

-MARMIERy Xavier, French author, b. at Pontalier, Doubs, June 24, 1809 ; appointed
keeper of the library of St Genevieve, Nov. 22, 1846. Author of *Choix de Paraboles de
Krummacher,' Strasburg, 1833; 'Lettres sur le Nord, Danemark, SuMe, Laponie et
Spitzberg,' 1840 ; * Du Rhin au Nil,' 1847 ; ' Voyages et Litt6rature,' 1862 ; and many
other, principally works of travels.

MARRA8T| Francois, French politician, b. at Bayonne, Basses Pyr^ntos, 1800;
-member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies. 1848-49 ; and deputy to the
Corps L^gislatif for the circonsciiption of Mont de Marsan since 1852.

JIARSHy Catherine, English authoress, b. 1820. Published 'English Hearts and
English Hands ;* * Memorials of Captain Hedley Vicars ;* * Light for the Line, or the
Story of Thomas Ward, a Railway Workman ;' and other works.

MAR8H; George. American diplomatist, b. at Woodstock, Vermont, 1801 ; member
of the Congress of tne United States, 1843-49 ; United States minister to Constantinople,
1850-53 ; and at Turin, 1854-61. Author of a ' Compendious Grammar of the Old NorOiem
Languages,' Burlington, 1838 ; and other works.

MARSH. Matthe^e Henry. English politician, b. 1810 ; educated at Westminster,
and Chnst Churuh, Oxford ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1836 ; late member of
the Legislative Council of New South Wales ; M.P. for Salisbury since 1857.

MARSH CALDIVELL. Anne. English authoress, b. 1796. Published ' Two Old
Men's Tales,' 1834 ; ' The Triumphs of Time.' 1836 ; * Norman's Bridge,' 1847 ; • Time, the
Avenger ;* ' Evelyn Marston ;' * The Rose of Ashurst ;' and numerous other novels.

MARSHALL, Sir CharleSj English colonial judge, b. 1788 ; educated at Jesus Col-
lege, Cambridge ; where he graduated B. A. 1810 ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple,
1815; chief justice of Ceylon, 1832-36, when he retired; knighted, 1832. Author of
* Marshall on Insurance ;' and other legal works.

MARSHALL, ^Xrilliam, English politician, b. 1796.; a magistrate of Ctmiberland
and Westmoreland; was M.P. for Petersfteld, 1826-80; ifor Leominster, 1830-31; for
Beverley, 1831-32 ; for Carlisle, 1835-47 ; returned for East Cumberland, 1847.

MARSHALL, "William Calder, English sculptor, b. in Edinburgh, 1818 ; studied
in London unaer Chantrey and Bailey, and in Rome. Exhibited ' The Broken Pitcher,'
1842; 'First Whisper of Love,* 1846; 'Sabrina,' 1847; executed the statue of Lord
Clarendon for the Houses of Parliament, 1847 ; and numerous other grqups and statues.
Elected A.RA. 1844, RA. 1652.

MARSTON, ^XTestland, LL.D., English author, b. at Boston, Lincolnshire, Jan. 30,
1820. Author of ' The Patrician's Imughter ;' 'A Life's Ransom ;' ' Death Ride at Bala-
klava ;' and many other dramas and x>oems.

MARSTRAND, Wllliani Nicholas, Danish painter, b. at Copenhagen, 1810;
studied at the Academy of his native town, at Munich, and Riome ; professor and director
of Academy of Fine Arts at Copenhagen.; painter of many scenes from the comedies of
Holberg, and other Danish autiiors.

MARTENSBN, Haas Lassen, Danish theologian, b. at Flensboi^, Aug: 19, 1808 ;
licentiate in theology, 1886; D.D. at Kiel, 1840; appointed bishop of Seeland, 1843;
elected member of the Danish Academy of Sciences, 1841. Author of ' Plan of a System
of Moral Philosophy,' 1841; 'Meister Sckart,' 1649; seeond edition, 1857; and other
works.

MARTIMPRBY, Ance Anfl^nste dOj Trench military commander, b. 1809 ; was
colonel, 1851 ; general of brigade, Aug. 1854 ; commanded a brigade in Italy, and made
general of division, July 23, 1859.

BIARTIMPREY, Edmond Charles de, French military commander, b. June 16,
1808; studied at the Militajy School «f St. .Cyr; captain, 1835; lieut- colonel, 1848;
colonel, July 1849; general of brigade, 1852; general of division, June 11, 1855;
appointed to the command of the forces in Algiers, and governor of Algeria on the death
or Marshal Pelissier ; nominated senator, Sept. 1, 1864.

MARTIN, Charles Wykeham, English politician, b. 1801 ; educated at Eton, and
Balliol College, Oxford ; a magistrate of Kent and Hants, and deputy-lieutenant of Rent ;
was M.P. for Newport, 1841-52; for West Kent, 1857-59; returned for Newport, Isle of
Wight, 1865.

Mar HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOORAPHT.
[180]

MARTIN. Henri, French hi8toric4d writer, b. at St. Qnentin, Alsne, Feb. 20, 1810 :
studied at the College of 81 QaentiiL Author of ' La vieille Fronde/ 1832 ; 'Tancr6de
de Rohan/ 1855 ; ' flistoire de France/ Paris, 1838-36 ; ' De la France, de son O^nie et de
MS Destinies/ 1847 ; ' L'Uniti Italienne et la France/ 1861 ; ' Pologne et Moscovie/ 1863 ;
and other historical works.

MARTIN. Nicolas, French author, b. at Bonn, on the Rhine, July 7, 1814. Author
of ' Les Harmonies de la Famille,' Lille, 1837 ; ' Les Cordes graves,' ib. 1845 ; ' Les Poetes
oontemporains de I'Allemagne,' 1860 ; ' Ponies nouvelles/ 1863 ; and other works in
prose and Terse.

MARTIN, Philip Wykel&am, English politician, b. 1829 ; educated at Eton, and
Balliol College, Oxford ; M.P. for Rochester since 1856.

MARTIN, Robert Monttromerj, English historical writer, b. at Tyrone, Ireland,
1803 ; studied medicine at Dublin ; was surgeon in the Royal Navy, 1820-30. Author of
* The British Colonial Libraij,' 1836-37 ; ' The Colonies of the British Empire,' 1834-38 ;
'The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India,' 1838 ; 'China,
Political, Commercial, and Social,' 1847 ; and other works.

MARTIN, Sir Samoel, En^h Judge, b. 1801 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ;
called to ^e bar of the Middle Temple, 1830 ; appointed Q.C. 1843 ; M.P. for Pontefract,
1847-50 ; nominated a baron of the Exchequer, and knighted, 1850.

MARTIN, Theodore, English author, b. in Edinbui^ 1816 ; educated at the High
School and University of Edinbuigh ; practised as a solicitor in London since 18^.
Author of translations firom the Danish : Henrik Hartz's play, ' King Rent's Daughter ;'
Oehlenschltoer's dramas— 'Correggio/ 1854, and 'Aladdin,' 1857 : also ' Odes of Horace,
with Notes,^1860; * Translations m>m Goethe, Schiller, and Uhland,' 1863; and other
works.

MARTINEAUf Harriet, En^h authoress, b. at Norwich, June 12, 1802. Author
of 'Devotional Exercises for the Use of Toung Persons,' 1823 ; 'Traditions of Palestine,'
1831 ; ' Society in America,' 1837; 'Deerbrook,' 1839 ; 'Eastern Life, Past and Present,'
1848 ; ' History of England during the Thirty Tears' Peace,' 1850 ; and numerous other
works, chiefly on social and political subjects.

MARTINEAU, Rer. James. En^h theological writer, b. 1806; appointed pastor
of the Unitarian Chapel in Little Portland Street, London, 1859. Author of 'The
Rationale of Religious Ehquiry;* 'Endeavours after the Christian Life;' 'Studies of
Christianity ;' and other works.

MA8KELL. William, English theological writer, b. 1814 ; educated at University
College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1836, and M.A. 1838 : ordained, 1837 ; chaplain
to the Bishop of Exeter, and vicar of St Mary's Church, Devon, 1847 ; entered the
Roman Catholic Church, 1850. Author of 'The Ancient Litur^ of the Church of
England,' 1844 ; 'First and Second Letters on the Position of the High Church Party in
the Church of England,' 1850 ; and other works.

MAS8EY, Gerald, English author, b. at THng, Hertfordshire, 1828 ; formerly employed
in a silk-mill, and as a straw-plaiter. ■ Author of ' Poems and Chansons,' 1846 ; ' Babe
Christabel,' 1853 ; 'Craigcrook CastTe,' 1856 ; 'Havelbck March,' 1861 ; and other works
in prose and verse.

MASSXnr, Riffht Hott. William Nathaniel, English statesman, b. 1810 ; called
to the bar, 1844; recorder of Pbrtsmouth, 1851; M.P. for Newport, Isle of Wight,
1852-57, and for Salford, 1857^-6ff ; under-secretary of state for the Home Department,
Aug. 1855 to Feb. 1858 ; chairman in Parliiament of the Committees of Ways and Means,
1859-65 ; finance minister in India, 1865-68. Published' ' Common Sense versus Common
Law ;' and ' A History of Ehgland dtiring the Rfeign of Oeoige IIL'

MAS8INOBERD, Rev. Francis Charles, English historical writer, b. 1800 ;
educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gradliated, 1822 ; appointed incumbent
of South Ormsby, 1825, prebendary of Lincoln, 18^, and chancellor of Lincoln
Cathedral, 1862. Author of 'History of the English Reformation.'

MA8SON, AtLgnste, French novelist and dramatic writer, b. at Paris, July 31, 1800.
Author of 'La ConquSte diB Perou:' TjC Macon,' 1829; 'H^o'ise et Abeilard,' 1850;
'Marie Rose,' 1853; 'De Ta, Qerb^/ 1861; ^Une Couronne d'Epines,' 1861; and other
novels and dramas.

MASSON, David, English author, b. at Aberdeen, Dec. 2, 1822; educated at Marischal
College, Aberdeen, and at the- University of Edinburgh; professor of English language
and literature at University College, London. 1842-66 ; appointed professor of literature
at the University of Edinburgh, 1866. Author of 'Essays, Biographical and Critical;
chiefly on BngUsh Poets,' 1856 ; 'British Novelists, and their Styles; a Critical Sketch
of the History of British Prose Fiction,' 1859 ; and numerous other works.

HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. May

[ 181 ]

MASSON; Victor. 'French judge, b. at Baume, April % 1807; studied law and medi-
cine; founded the ubraries of ^Langlois' and 'Leclerq,^ 1847; and the Gazette keMonu^
daire de Medecine et de Chirurgiey 1854 ; appointed assistant-Judge to the Tribunal of
Commerce of the Seine, 1867 ; judge, 1860.

MATHESONj Alezanderi English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at the Uniyersity of
Edinburgh ; a dii'ector of the Bank of England, and of the East and West India Docks ;
deputy-heutenant of Boss, Cromarty, Inverness, and London; M.P. for Inverness since
1847.

KIATHB80N; Sir JameSi English politician, b. 1796; is a deputy-lieutenant of
London, Ross, and Sutherland ; formerly a merchant in China; was M.P. for Ashburton,
1843-47 ; returned for Ross and Cromarty, 1847 ; created a baronet, 1851.

BIATHBW8, Comeliiuii American novelist^ b. at Port Chester, New York, Oct 28,
1817. Author of 'Behemoth,' 1839; 'The Politicians,' 1840: 'Poems on Man in the
Republic,' 1843 ; 'Money Penny, or the Heart of the World, ^ 1850 ; and other works of
fiction.

MATHIEUy Auiruste^ French politician, b. at Airze, Mame, Nov. 24, 1814; studied
at the College of Epemay ; called to the oar at Paris, 1837 ; member of the General
Council of Mame for the canton of Airze ; and of the Corps L^;islatif for the second
circonscriptiou of the department of Corr^ze since 1863.

MATHIEU9 Jacqnes Adrieni French theologian, b. at Paris, Jan. 20, 1796 ; entered
the Seminary of St. Sulpice, was ordained a priest, and became secretary to the Bishop
of Evreux, 1823 ; bishop of Laqgres, 1833 ; appointed archbishop of Besangon, June 11,
1834, uid cardinal. Sept 30, 1850. Author of ' Pouvoir temporsl des Papes justifl^ par
THistoire, etc.M863 ; and other theological works.

JIAURICG, Rev. John Frederick Deaison, English divine, b. 1805 ; studied at
Trinity Collie and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and gradfuated B.A. at Exeter College,
Oxford, in 1831; chaplain and reader at Lincoln's Inn, 1846; incumbent of St iPeter's
Chapel, Vere Street, Marylebone. Author of 'Eustace Conway,' 1831; 'Theological
Essays,' 1853; 'The Conscience,' 1868; and numerous essays, lectures, sermons, and
pan^phlets.

jMAURY, Louis Ferdinand^ French writer, b. at Meaux, Seine-et-Mame, March 23,
1817; studied at the ^cole Polytechnique ; appointed keeper of the library of the
Tuileries, 1860 ; professor of history and morality to the College of France, 1862. Author
of ' La Terre et I'Homme,' 1856 ; ' La Magie et les Magiciens,' 1860 ; ' Histoire des Reli-
gions de la 6r^ antique,' 1857-60 ; and numerous other works.

UMAURYy Matthe^ American hydrographer, b. in Spottsylvania County, Vii^nia,
1806 ; served in the navy ; was promoted lieutenant, and appointed astronomer to the
South Sea Exploring Expedition, 1840. Author of 'The Physical Ge<^p:aphy of the
Sea,' 1854 ; and other works.

JffAXSE. Henry Fitshardinire Berkeley. English colonial administrator, b.
1830 ; eaucated at Eton, and entered the Royal Navy ; was naval aide-de-camp to Lord
Raglan in the Crimean campaign 'f governor and commander-in-chief of the island of
Heligohind, 1864-67.

JSAYi Thomas Erskine. English historian, b. 1815; educated at Bedford School;
assistant-librarian of the House of Commons, 1831 ; called to the bar of the Middle
Temple, 1839 ; examiner of petitions for private bills, 1846 ; and taxing-master of the
£ouse of Commons, 1847; appointed clerk- assistant of the House of Commons, 1856;
created C.B, 1860. Author of ' Constitutional History of England since the Accession
of George III. 1760-1860 ;' 1861-63 ; and other historical works.

MAYER, Braatx, American author, b. at Baltimore, Sept 27, 1809; educated at
St. Mary's College, and studied law ; United States secretary of legation to Mexico,
1841-43. Author of ' Mexico as it was, and as it is,' 1844 ; ' Mexico, Aztec, Spanish,
and Republican,' Philadelphia, 1851 ; and other works.

BIAYO| Richard SouthTeell, Earl of, English statesman, b. 1822 ; succeeded his
father, 1868 ; secretary for Ireland, 1858-59, and 1866-68 ; governor-general of India,
Nov. 1868.

MAYOi ThomaSi English physician, b. in London, 1790 ; educated at Oriel College,
Oxford, where he graduated M.D. 1818 ; president of the Royal CoU^ of Physicians of
London since 1856. Author of 'Elements of the Pathology of the Mind,' 1838; 'Out-
lines of Medical Proof revised,' 1850 ; and other medical worlcs.

MAYO| ^XTilUam Starbnck. American novelist b. at Ogdensbnig, State of New
York, 1812 ; studied at the Medical College of New York, where he graduated M.D. 1833.
Author of ' Kaloolah, or Joumeyings to the DJebel Eumri,' New York ; second edition,
1851 ; ' The Berber, or the Mountaineer of the Atlas,' ib. 1850 ; and other works.

HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Mel
182]-

MAZZINI, Oinseiipey Italian politician, b. at Genoa, June 28, 1808 : studied at the
University of Genoa, where he graduated LL.D.; Joined the * Carbonari * revolt, 1830 ;
<»ganized an expedition into Savoy, 1888; took reftige in England, 1837; triumvir of
the Roman Republic, 1849. Author of several works on Italy, and many political
pamphlets.

MBADB. Oeorffe Gordon^ American military commander, b. at Cadiz, Simin, 1815 ;
educated at West Point, 1832-35 ; lieutenant of artillery, 1836 ; lieutenant of topo-
graphical engineers. 1842 ; major, 1862 ; brigadier-general of volunteers, 1862-63 ; com-
mander-in-chief of the army or the Potomac, June 28, 1863, to April 1864.

MEATH. WllUam Brabason, Barl o^ Irish administrator, b. 1803 ; colonel of
the Dublin Militia, and a deputy-lieutenant or the county of Dublin.

ME'OB, Jacques Phili]»pe, French politician, b. at Riom, Sept. 15, 1817 ; studied
law, and graduated LL.D. ; practised at the bar of Clermont Ferrand, 1844-45 ; appointed
assistant-Judg^ 1845 ; mayor of Clennont, 1862 ; member of the General Council, and of
the Corps ligislatif for the first circonscription of the department of Puy de D6me,
1868.

MBHBBIBT DJEMIL, PaCha, Turkish diplomatist, b. at Constantinople, 1823 ;
accompanied his fother, Reschid Pacha, to the emljassies in Paris and London, 1834-45,
and received a European education; appointed secretary to the Sultan, 1849; represented
the Porte at Paris, 1855, and at the Congress at Paris, 1856 ; accredited ambassador to
Turin, 1857 ; chancellor of the Divan, Aug. 8, 1861 ; ambassador to Paris, 1862.

MBHBBIBT KIBRI8LI. Pacha^ Turkish statesman, b. at Cyprus, 1810 ; educated
in France, England, and Cfennany; appointed military governor of St Jean d'Acre,
1846, and of Belgrade, 1848 ; governor-general of Aleppo, 1850 ; minister of marine, and
grand vizier, 1854 ; governor of Adrianople, 1861.

MBIONANi GulUamiie Rene'i French theologian, b. at Ranaze, Mayenne, April 1,
1817 ; studied at Angers ; ordained priest, 1840 ; professor to the College of Tess^, 1841 ;
vicar of St. Clotilde, 1857-62 ; appointed bishop of Ch&lons, Sept. 17, 1864. Author of
' Proph^ties messianiques,' 1858 ; ' Ilvangiles et la Critique au XIX. Si6cle,' 1864 ; and
other works.

MBINIOKB, Karl Bduard, German geographer, b. at Brandenburg, Prussia, Aug.
81, 1803; studied at the University of Berlin; appointed professor in the College of
Prenzlau, 1835, and director of the same, 1846. Author of 'The Continent of Australia,'
1837 ; ' Ethnographical Studies on Asia,' ib. 1837 ; and other geographictil works.

1IBI88NER, Alfred, German author, b. at Toplitz, Oct. 15, 1822; studied medicine,
and graduated M.D. 1846. Author of ' Poems,' Leipsic, 1845 ; ' Im Jahre des Heils,' ib.
1848 ; ' Henrich Heine, Erinnerungen,' Hamburg, 1856 ; and other works in verse and
prose.

MEIS80NIBR| Bmest, French painter, b. at Lyons, 1813. Exhibited 'Petit Hes-
sager,' a microscopic painting, 1836 ; ' La Partie de Boules,' 1848 ; ' Napoleon IIL 4
Solferino,' 1861 ; and numerous other paintings, chiefly historical

MELLER; IXralter, English politician, b. 1818; a J. P. and depuly-lieutenant of the
Tower Hamlets, and captain-commander 1st Surrey Light Horse volunteers; elected
M.P. for Stafford, 1865.

MELLIN. ' Onstaf, Swedish author, b. at Revolax, Finland, April 23, 1803 ;
appointea pastor of Clara, 1829. Author of * The Flower of Rinnekulla,' Stockholm,
1829; 'The Princess of Angola,' 1839 ; 'The Slave,' a poem, 1840 ; * History of North
Scandinavia,' 1850 ; and numerous works of fiction, i>oerry, and history.

MELLINBT^ E'mlley French military commander, b. at Nantes, June 11, 1798;
educated for a military career; lieutenant, 1815; general of brigade, 1850; general of
division, June 22, 1855; held a command in the campaign in Italy, 1859; chief com-
mander of the National Guard of the Seine, Oct 23, 1863 : created senator, March 15,
1865.

MEIiIaOR, Sir John. English Judge, b. at Hollingwood, near Oldham, 1808; called
to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1833 ; appointed Q.C. 1851 ; recorder of Leicester, Feb.
1855 : elevated to the bencn, 1861 ; returned M.P. for Great Yarmouth, 1857, and for
Nottingham, 1859.

MEIiVIIaXi, Rev. Henry, English author, b. 1800; educated at St. John's College,
Cambridge, and graduated B, A. 1821 ; appointed incimibent of Camden Chapel, Camber-
weU, 1830 ; chaplain to the Tower of London, 1840 ; canon of St. Paul's, 1856. Author
of Sermons preached before the University of Cambridge,' and other works.

Mel SANBBOOK OF CONTEMPOBABT BIOGRAPHY. Mes

-[ 163 ]-

MSIiVILLE, Oeorge John Whyte^ English author, b. 1821 ; entered the army,
1839 ; captain in the Coldstream GnaraSj 1846 ; retired, 1849. Author of * Digby Grand ;'
•General Bounce;' 'The Interpreter;' 'Good for Nothing, or All Down Hill;* 'The
Gladiators ;* and numerous other works of fiction.

MEItVILLE. Henry Dundas, Viscount, English military commander, b. 1801 ;
a colonel in the army, and formerly aide-de-camp to the Queen ; commanded the 8Sd Foot
during the Canadian rebellion of 1888 ; and a brigade at Gktojerat, 1849 ; commanded a
division in India, 1853 ; lieutenant-general and governor of Edinburgh Castle, 1860 ; sat
in the House of Commons as Hob. H. Dundas, 1826-31 ; succeeded his fSather, second
viscount, 1851.

MEIiVILLE| Hernkan, American noveli^ b. at New York, Aug. 1, 1819; educated
in the State of Massachusetts. Author or 'Typee,' 1846 ; * Omoo, or Adventures in the
South Seas,' 1847 ; ' White Jacket/ 1850 ; ' Israel Potter,' 1854 ; ' Piazza Tales,' 1856 ; and
other works.

MENSDORFF POUILLYi Alexander. Connt, Austrian statesman, b. 1813 ;
entered the Austrian army, 1830 ; general, 1849 ; ambassador at the court of St. Peters-
burg, 1854-60 ; governor of Galicia, 1862-64 ; appointed minister of foreign aflTairs, and
president of the Council of Ministers, Oct 27, 1864 ; resigned, July 27, 1865.

MENZBL. ^XTolfsranSTy German historical writer, b. at Waldenberg, Silesia, June 21,
1798 ; stuaied at Breslau, Jena. Author of ' History of the Germans,' 182^25 ; ' German
Literature,' 1828 ; second edition, 1836 ; * The Spirit of History,*^ 1835 ; ' History of
Europe from 1798-1815,' 1863 ; * History of Nature, in a Christian Point of View,' 1856 ;
and numerous other historical works.

MBRCIERy The'odore* Baron. French politician, b. 1804 ; member of the Corps
L^slatif forthe second circonscription of the department of Mayenne since 1852.

MEREDITH^ Oeoree, English author, b. in Hampshire, 1828 ; educated partly in
Germany. Author of "Poems,' 1853 ; * Farina, a Legend of Cologne,' 1858 ; * The Ordeal
of Richard Feverel,' 1859 ; * Evan Harrington,' 1860 ; and other works in prose and
verse.

1860 ; and numerous other works.

KB'RIME'E; Prosper, Fi-ench author, b. at Paris, Sept. 23, 1803 ; elected member of
the French Academy, 1844 ; created senator, 1853. Author of ' The&tre de Clara Gazul,
Comedienne Espagnole,' 1825 ; * Voyage dans le Midi de la France,' 1835 ; ' Melanges
historiques et litt^raires,' 1855 ; and numerous other works.

MERIVALE, Rev. CharleSi English author, b. 1808 ; educated at St John's College,
Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1830; select preacher before the University of Cam-
bridge, 1838-40, and one of the preachers at Whitehall, 1840-42 ; rector of Lawford,
Essex, and chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. Author of ' History of
the Romans under the Empire,' 1850-62, in 7 vols. ; and of a translation of the Iliad, 1869.

MERIVALE; Herman, English political economist, b. 1806; educated at Trinity
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1827; called to the bar of the Inner Temple,
1832 ; professor of political economy in the University of Oxford, 1837 ; appointed per-
manent under-secretary of state for the colonies, 1848 ; and for the Indian l>epuiment.
Author of * Lectures on the Colonies and Coloni^tion,' 1841 ; and other works.

MERLE D'AUBIONE', Jean Henri, Swiss author, b. at Geneva, Aug. 16, 1794 ;
studied at the Universities of Leipsic and Berlin; pastor of the French Protestant
church at Hamburg, 1823-31 ; professor of church history to ttm Ideological School of
Geneva since its foundation, 1830. Author of ' History of the Reformation of the Six-
teenth Century,' Paris, 1835-53 ; new edition, 1861-62 ; '^life of Cromwell;' * Histoire de
la Reformation en Europe au Temps de Calvin,' 1862 ; and other historical works.

MERRY, James, English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at Gh&sgow ; an ironmaster in
Lanark and Ayrshire ; M. P. for Falkirk, &o. , March to July 1857, and since 1859.

ME'RY, Joseph, French author, b. at Aygalades, near Marseilles, Jan. 21, 1798 ; studied
at Marseilles. Author of ' L'Insurrection,' a poem ; ' Sciences de la Vie Italienne,' 1837 ;
' Les Nuits de Londres,* 1840 ; ' Napolton en Italie,' 1859 ; and numerous other works in
Xm>8e and verse.

MESLIN, Jacqnes Felix, French politician, b. at Briquebec, Manche, March 1,
1785 ; educated for the army; lieutenant, 1809; colonel, 1835; lieutenant general, 1845 ;
entered the section of reserve, 1849 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the fouith cir-
conscription of the department of La Manche since 1852.

Met HANDBOOK OF CONTEMFOBART BIOaRAFHT. Mil
— ClWl

METOAIiFB. Rer. Frederick, English antbor, b. 1817; edacated at St John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1838. Author of *A History of Oerman
Literature,' 1868 ; ' The Oxonian in Iceland,-' and other works.

METBYARDi Elixa, English authoress, b. 1801. Published, chiefly under the pseu-
donym of • Silverpen,' • Struggles for Fame,* 1846 ; * The Doctor's Little Daughter,* 1860 ;
'Lilian's Golden Hours,' 1866; "The HaUowed Spots of London,' 1862; 'The LitUe
Museum Keepers,' 1863 ; ' The Life of Wedgwood,' 1866 ; and other works.

METHUEN, Frederick Heiunr, Baron^ En^h administrator, b. 1818; lord in
waiting and aide-de-camp to the Queen ; colonel of the Royal Wiltshire Militia and
deputy -lieutenant of Wilts and Gloucestershire.

METTERNICH, Richard Cnememt, Prince TOn, Austrian diplomatist, b. at
Vienna, Jan. 7, 18:29 ; Austrian ambassador at the court of Saxony, 1864 ; charged with
a special mission to Paris, 1869 ; appointed hereditary councillor of the Austrian empire^
April 18, 1861 ; Austrian ambassador to the court of France, 1862.

MEURIOB, Fraaqois Paul. French novelist and dramatic writer, b. in Paris, Feb.
1820; studied at the College of Chariemagne. Author of 'Benvenuto Cellini,' 1862;
* Scharayl,' 1866 ; with Q. Sand, ' Le Drac,' 1864 ; and other dramas and works of fiction.

MEYRICK, Rer. Frederick, English anthor, b. 1826 ; educated at Trinity College,
Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1847; appointed one of her Mi^esty's Whitehall preachers,
1866, and one of her Majesty's inspectors of schools, 1869. Author of ' Practical Work-
ing of the Church in Spain f * The Outcast and Poor of London ;' * The Wisdom of Piety ;'
and other works.

MI ALL; CdiMrard, English writer and politician, b. at Portsmonth, 1809; edocated at
the Protestant Dissenters' College, at Wymondley, Beris ; was minister of an Independent
congregation at Ware for three years, and at Leicester ; editor and founder of the Noa-
conformist; M.P. for Rochdale, 1862-67; for Bradford, 1869. Author of 'Ethics of
Nonconformity ;' 'Bases of Belief;' and other works.

MICHELET, jQlee, French author, b. in Paris, Aug. 21, 1798 ; professor of history
at the CoU^ Rollin, 1821-26 ; professor of histonr at the Coll^ de France, 1838.
Author of • History of France,' 1833-63, in 15 vols. ; ^History of the French Revolution,'
1847-63, in 7 vols. ; * La Mer,' 1861 ; ' La Bible de I'Humanit^,' 1864 ; and numerous other
works, chiefly historical

MICHELET, Karl LndwiiTi German philosophical writer, b. at Berlin, Dec 4^ 1801 ;
studied in the University of Berlin, and graduated Ph.D. 1824. Author of 'System of
Moral Philosophy,' Berlin, 1828; 'Anthropology and Psychology,' ib. 1840; 'Bine Ita-
lienische Reise in Briefen,' ib. 1866 ; and other philosophical works.

MICHELL, Richard, English divine, b. 1806 ; educated at Wadham College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. 1824 ; professor of logic In the University of Oxford, 1839-49 ;
public orator of the University, and vice-princip^ and tutor of Magdalen Hall ; appointed
rector of South Moreton, Berks, 1866.

MIDDLETONi Henry WUlottiTkbyi Baron, English administrator, b. Aug. 28,
1817 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; a deputy-lieutenant and magis-
trate of the East Riding of Yorkshire : colonel 1st Brigade East Yorkshire Artillery
Volunteers ; succeeded his cousin, seventh baron, 1866.

MIDDLETON, Rer. IVilliam John Brodrick, Viscount, English divine,
b. 1798; educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 182u, M.A. 1823;
entered holy orders, 1826 ; canon of Wells, and chaplain to the Queen ; was rector of
Bath, 1839-64 ; succeeded his brother, sixth viscount, Dec. 1863.

MIEROSLA'WSKI, Lonis, Polish general, b. at Nemours, France, 1814 ; educated at
the Military School of Ralitz, and received a commission as ensign, 1830 ; joined the
Secret Democratic Society of Poland, 1844; arrested, 1846; condemned to death at
Berlin ; liberated in the Revolution of 1848. Author of * History of the Polish Revolu-
tion,' 1836 ; 'A Critical Analysis of the Campaign of '31,' 1846 ; and other works.

MIONET, Francois Anflroste. French historical writer, b. at Aix, May 8, 1796 ;
educated at Avignon ; called to the bar of his native town, 1818 ; director of the archives
of the Foreign Ministry, 1822 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1836 ; and per-
petual secretary of the same, 1837. Author of ' History of the French Revolution of
1789-1814,' 1824 ; ' History of Marie Stuart,' 1861.

MILBANK, Frederick Accloni, English politician, b. 1820; educated at Harrow;
a deputy-lieutenant of the co»mty of Durham ; high sheriff and a magistrate of the
North Riding of York, 1852 ; formerly an officer in the 79th Highlanders ; elected M.P.
for the North Riding of Yorkshire, 1866.

:il HAKDBOOK OF GONTEMPORABY BIOGRAPHY. Mil

[ 186 ]—

MILES, Sir Williami English politician, b. 1797; educated at Eton, and Christ
Church, Oxford; was M.P. for Chippenham, 1820 ; for Bomuey, 1829-32 ; for East Somer-
set, 1834-65 ; made a baronet, 1859.

MIL6Y. Rev. John, Irish Roman Catholic theologian, b. in Ireland, 1805 ; educated
at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth ; parish priest of Bray, County Wicklow. Author
of ' Rome under Paganism and the Popes,' 1832-34 ; ' History of the Papal States from
their Origin down to the Present Day,' 1850.

Mill, John Stoart, English political economist, b. 1806 ; entered the East India
House, 1823 ; chief examiner of Indian correspondence, 1856-58 ; elected rector of
St, Andrew's University, 1866 ; M.P. for Westminster, 1865-68. Author of * A System of
Logic,' 1843; * Essays on Political Economy ;* 'A Treatise on Liberty;' 'Utilitarianism;'
and other works.

MILLAIS, John Everett, English painter, b. at Southampton, 1829 ; studied in
ihe schools of the Royal Academy. Exhibited * Pizarro seizing the Inca of Peru,' 1846 ;
* The Tribe of Bei^jamin seizing the Daughters of Shiloh,' 1848 ; ' The Order of Release,'
1853 ; • The Rescue,' 1855 ; * Vale of Rest,' 1860 ; ' My First Sermon,' 1863 ; * Charley is
my Darling,' 1864; and numerous other paintings. Elected A.R.A. 1853, and R.A.
Dec. 1863.

MILLER, Enunannel, French philologiBt, b. at Paris, 1812 ; assistant in the manu-
script department of theBiblioth^ue Royale, 1834 ; appointed librarian to the National
Assembly, , 1849, and to the Corps L^gislati^ 1858. Published ' Supplement aux
demieres Editions des petits O^ographes Qrecs,' 1839 ; and other works.

MILLER. Rev. John Oale, English theologian, b. at Margate, 1814 ; educated at
St John's Collie, Oxford, ana graduated B.A. at Lincoln College, 1835; ordained,
1837; appointed rector of Birmingham, 1846, and honorary canon of Worcester
Cathedral, 1852 ; vicar of Greenwich, 1867. Author of ' Sermons,' and several contro-
versial and religious works.

MILLER, Steame Ball. English politician, b. 1813 ; called to the Irish bar, 1836 ;
became a Q.C. 1852 ; M.P. for Armagh, 1857-59, and since 1865.

MILLER, Tavemer John, English politician, b. 1804 ; a merchant in Westminster ;
a magistrate and deputy-dieutenant of Middlesex ; was M.P. for Maldon, 1862 ; returned
for Colchester, 1857.

MILLER, Thomas, English author, b. at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Aug. 31, 1808.
Author of ' Song of tne Sea Nymphs ;* * Rqyston Gower,' * A Day in the Wc^ds,' 1836 ;
'Histoid of the Anglo-Saxons;' 'Lights and Shadows of London Life;' 'Sketches of
English Country JLife ; ' and numerous other works in prose and verse.

MILLER, William, English politician, b. 1816 ; educated at Edinburgh ; formerly a
merchant and British vice-consul at St. Petersburg ; M.P. for Leith since 1859.

MILLER, William Allen, English chemist, b. at Ipswich, Dec. 17, 1817 ; educated
at the Quakers' Seminary in Yorkshire ; studied medicine and chemistry at King's
College, London, and in Professor Liebig's laboratory at Giessen, 1840 ; appointed
professor of chemistry in King's College, London, 1845 ; Government commissioner to
r^ort on the water supply of the metropolis ; ass^yer to the Mint and Bank of England.
Author of ' Elements of Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical ;' and other works.

MILLER, William Hallows, English mineralogist, b. 1803 ; graduated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, 1826 ; appointed professor of mineralogy in his college, 1832 ; vice-
president of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Author of papers ' On Spurious
Rainbows,' 'On the Ciystals of Boracic Acid,' 'On the Construction of tiie Imperial
Standard Pound,' and otiier scientific sulfgects.

MILLET, Baptiate Pierre, French politician, b. at Orange, Jan. 16, 1796 ; member
•of the General Council for the canton of Orange, and mayor of the town ; deputy of the
Coips L^gislatif for the second circonscription of the department of Vauduse since
1852.

MILLON, Olande, French politician, b. Oct. 13, 1828; member of the General
Council of Vaubecourt ; deputy to the Corps L^slatif for the first circonscription of
the department of the Meuse since 1860.

MILLS, John Remington, English politician, b. 1798; a magistrate of Middlesex
and Herts ; formerly a silk manufacturer ; elected M.P. for Wycombe, 1862.

MILTON, William, Viscount, English politician, eldest son of Earl Fitzwilliam.
b. 1839 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; lieutenant in the 1st West
York Yeomanry Cavalry ; elected M.P. for the South-West Riding of Yorkshire, 1866.

Min HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Mof

[186]

MINOHETTIy MarcO; Italian Btatesman, b. at Bologna, Sept. 8, 1818 ; member of
the Coramittee of Finance at R<»nie, 1847 ; and minister of public works, March 10 to
April 29, 1848 ; appointed by Count Cavour secretary-general to the minister of foreign
aflaira, 1859 ; minister of the interior, Oct 1860 ; president of the council and minister
of finance, March 1863 to 1866.

MINIE", Claude E'tiennei French mechanician, b. at Paris about 1805 ; entered the
army as a private soldier ; chef de battaillon, 1862 ; appointed inspector of the foundries
and gun-manufacturer to the Viceroy of Egypt, 1858.

MINTO, William Hncb Elliott. Earl. English administrator, b. 1814 ; educated
at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambrioge ; a aepu^-lieutenant of Roxburgh ; was M.P.
for Hythe, 1837-41 ; for Greenock, 1847-62 ; and for Clackmannan, 1857-69 ; succeeded
his father, second earl, Aug. 1869.

MIOIUiN-OARVALHO, Caroline Felix, French operatic singer, b. at Mar-
seilles, 1829 ; studied at the Conservatoire of Paris ; made her first appearance in Paris
at the Grand Opera in ' Lncia di Lamhiermoor,' 1849 ; married to M. Carvalho, director
of the The&tre Lyrique, 1863.

MIRE'8| JnleSy French banker, b. at Bordeaux, 1809; manager of the Gas Company
of Aries, 1848 ; obtained the concession of the works of the port of Marseilles and for
supplying Marseilles with gas, 1851 ; founded subcessi^ly the Cr^t Foncier, the Caisse

f^nerale des Chemins de Fer ; tried for Araud and condemned to six years' imprisonment,
eb. 1861 ; decision annulled, April 1862.

MIRZA, Malioinined-Al&, Persian writer, b. at Retch, Ghilau, Persia, Aug. 8, 1803 ;
entered the service of Russia, and became interpreter of Turco-Tartar at Omsk, Siberiiu
1825 ; lecturer at the University of Kazan, 1826 ; professor of Persian language and
literature in the University of 8t Petersbujv. Author of • On the Distinctive Merits
of Christianity compared to Islam,' in Arabic, Astrokan, 1821; *Derbend Nameh, or
History of Derbend and Caghestan,' Kazan, 1852 ; and other worka

MITCHELL, iUezander, English politician, b. 1831 ; educated at Eton, and Christ
Church, Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant of tiie county of Berwick, and a magistrate of
Midlothian and the coun^ of Selkirk; formerly ci^tain in the Grenadier Guards*;
elected M.P. for Berwick-on-Tweed, 1866.

MITCHELL, Donald, American writer, b. at Norwich, Connecticut, April 1822 ;

graduated at Yale College, 1841 ; appointed consul at Venice, 1858. Author of 'Fresh
leanings, anew Sheaf fh)m the Old Fields,' New York, 1847 ; 'Reveries of a Bachelor,'
ib. 1851 ; 'Dream Life,' ib. 1852; 'Fudge Doings,' ib. 1855.

MITCHELL, Thomas Alexander, English politician, b. 1812 ; a merchant in
London, and partner in the house of Sampson, Mitchell, and Co., New Broad Street;
M.P. for Bridport since 1841.

MITFORD, ^XTilliam Townley, English politician, b. 1817; educated at Eton, and
Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1839 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
of Sussex; M.P. for Midhurst since 1869.

MITRE. Bartolome. Argentine statesman, b. 1820; entered, the army as officer
of artillery in Monte Video, 1839 ; took part in the campaigns against General Oribe and
Urquiza, 1840-45 ; entered the service of Chili with the rank of colonel, 1846 ; led the
insurrectionary movement against General Rosas, 1851 ; commander of the forces of the
city of Buenos Ayres, 1852 ; promoted to the rank of general, 1859 ; elected governor of
the province of Buenos Ayres, 1860 ; defeated General Urquiza in the battle of Pavon,
Sept. 17, 1861 ; appointed provisionally governor-general of the Argentine Republic, Oct
1861 ; president of the republic, 1862-66.

MOBERLY, Rev. Oeorffe, English author, b. 1803 ; educated at Winchester, and
Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1825 ; has been head-master of Win-
chester School since 1835. Author of 'An Examination of Mr. Newman's Theory of
Development,' * Sermons preached at Winchester College,' 'Sayings of the Great Forty
Days,* and other works.

MOELLER. Peder Louis, Danish author, b. at Aalborg, Jutland, April 18, 1814.
Author of '^Kritiske Skizzer,' Copenhagen, 1847; 'Biedemiann, Neue Utopie,' Berlin,
1850 ; ' Modem French Comedy and its Influence on Danish Theatres,' Copenhagen, 1867 ;
and other critical and poetical works.

MOPPAT, Oeorge, English poUtician, b. 1814 ; a partner in the house of Moffat and
Co., merchants in London ; M.P. for Dartmouth, 1845-^2; for Ashburton, 1852-59: for
Honiton, 1860-65 ; returned for Southampton, 1865.

Mof HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPBY. MOn
[. 187 ]

MOFFAT; Robertu English missiouaiy, b. 1795 ; a missionary in South Africa since
1816. Published * History of Missionary Labours in South Africa,' 1840 ; translated
the Psalms and New Testament into the Bechuana language.

MOHIty Jnles de, French philologist, b. at Stuttgardt, Oct 25, 1800 ; studied theology
at Tubingen ; naturalized in France, 1844 ; appointed professor of Persian at the College
' de France, 1847 ; and inspector of Oriental typography at the Imprlmerie Imp^riale, 1852.
Published a Latin translation of ' Y-King,' Stuttgardt, 1834- ; and other works.

MOHL; Robert TOii. German statesman and author, b. at Stuttgardt, Aug. 14, 1799,
brother of the preceding; studied law and political economy at the Universities of
l^bingern and Heidelberg, 1817-21 ; professor of law at Tiibingen, 1824 ; of political
economy, 1829 ; keeper of the library of the University, 1836 ; professor of law at the
University of Heidelberg, 1847 ; member of the Parliament and National Assembly of
Frankfort, 1848 ; minister of justice of the German empire, Sept. 25, 1848, to May 17,
1849 ; represented the grand duchy of Baden at the Federal Diet, 1861. Author of
' Historv of Literature and Political Economy,' Erlangen, 1855 ; and numerous legal and
political works.

MOIiESCHOTTy Jacob, (German medical writer, b. at Herzogenbusch, Netherlands,
Aug. 9, 1822 ; studied at Heidelberg, where he graduated M.D. ; professor of physiology
at Zurich. Author of 'Physiologic der Nahrungsmittel,' Darmstadt, 1850; second
edition, 1859 ; and other medical works.-

MOIfBSWORTH, Rev. John Nassau. English author, b. 1790 ; educated at
Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1812 ; vicar of Rochdale, Lancashire,
1849. Author of several theological works ; contributor to the Penny Simday Reader
and numerous periodicals.

MOLTKE; Adam Wilhelm, Count. Danish statesman, b. Aug. 25, 1785; was
minister of finance under King Charles YlII. ; president of the Council of Ministers,
March 22, 1848; resigned- office, 1852.

MOLTKE, HeUnnth Carl Bernhardt Baron von, Prussian general, b. Oct. 26,
1800 ; served with the Turkish army in Syria, 1839 ; chief of staff to the Prussian army
since 1858; directed the campaign of 1866.

MOMMSEN, Johann TycbOi German philologist, b. 1819. Author of a translation
of Pindar, and distinguished as a critic on Shakspeare.

MOM M SEN, Theodor, German historian, brother of the preceding, b. at Garding,
Schleswig, Nov. 30, 1817; studied at the Universities of Altona and Kiel ; appointed pro-
fessor of law at the University of Zurich, 1852, and at that of Breslau, 1854. Author of
* Romische Gteschiohte,' Leipsic, 1854 ; third ecUtion, 1862 ; and of numerous other works.

MONAHAN, Rifrht Hon. James Henrv. Iiiah Judge, b. at Portumna, County
Galway, 1800 ; educated at Tiinitnr College, Dubun ; called to the Irish bar ; appointed
Q.C. and solicitor-general for Ireland. 1846; attorney ^neral for Ireland, 1847; chief
Justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland, 1850 ; M.P. for Galway, 1847 ; and sworn a privy
councillor for Ireland, 1848.

MONCK| RifTbt Hon. Charles Stanley Monck, Viscount; English colonial
administrator, b. 1819 ; educated at Trinity Colleee, Dublin ; caUed to the bar in Ireland,
1841 ; M.P. for Portsmouth, 1852-57 ; lord of the Treasury, 1855-58; conunissioner of
charitable donations and bequests in Ireland, 1851-60; governor-general of Canada,
1861-68.

MONCRIEFF. Rifrht Hon. James, English politician, b. 1811 ; educated at the
University of Edinburgh ; called to the Scottish bar, 1833 ; solicitor-general for Scotland,
1850-51 ; lord-advocate, 1851-52 and 1853-67 ; reappointed, 1859 ; M.P. for Leith, 1851-59 ;
and for Edinburgh since 1859.

MONIER DE laA SIZERANNE, Henri, French poUtician. b. in Dauphin^,
1796 ; represented the arrondissement of Die at the Chamber of Deputies, 1837-48 ;
elected to the Corps L^slatif, 1852-57 ; made a senator. May 7, 1863.

MONK, Charles James. English politician, b. 1824; educated at Eton, and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1847, and M. A. 1850 ; called to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn, 1850 ; chancellor of Bristol, 1855, and of Gloucester, 1859 ; a deputy-
, lieutenant for the county of Gloucester; M.P. for Gloucester, 1859-65, and since 1867.

MONRAD. Ditler Oothard, Danish author, b. at Copenhagen, Nov. 24, 1811;
ordained to the ministry, 1836 ; pastor . of Vester Ulsler, m the diocese of Laaland,
1846-49 ; bishop of Laaland, 1850. Author of ' Om Skoleveesenets Ordning 1 flere store
protestantiske Stseder,' Copenhagen, 1844 ; and other works.

Mon HANDBOOK OP CONTEHPOBABT BIOGRAPHT. tCon
[ 188 ]

MON8El«L, Rifht Hon. ^XTillUm. English administrator, b. 1812 ; edncated at
Oriel College, Oxford ; J. P. and deputy-uentenant of the county of Limerick ; clerk to
Ordnance, 1852-57; president of the Board of Health, 1857-58; vice-president of the
Board of Trade, 1866.

MON SON, William John Monson, Baron, English administrator, b. 1829 ;
educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1848; deputy-lieutenant
of Surrey and Lincolnshire, and nudor of the North Lincoln Militia ; chairman of the
Liberal Association of North Lincolnshire, 1853-^; M.P. for Beigate, Oct 1858-62;
succeeded his father, sixth baron, Dec 1862.

MONTAONAOi Joseph Blise'e de. French politician, b. Oct 17, 1808 ; a cloth
manufacturer at Sedan ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the first circonscription of
the department of Ardennes since 1860.

MONTAOUi IjOrd Robert, English politician, b. 1825 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, and graduated M.A. 1848 ; magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the counties
of Antrim and Derby ; M.P. for Hunts since 1850.

MONTALBMBERT, Charles Forbes, Oonite de, French statesman and author,
b. in London, May 29, 1810 ; member of the Constituent Assembly for the department
of Doubs. 1849 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1851 ; returned to the Corps
L^gislatii for the department of Doubs, 1852. Author of 'An Essay on Oustavus
Adolphus,'1829; 'The Political Future of England,' 1856 ; 'Monks of the West,' 1860;

* The Pope and Poland,' 1864 ; and numerous other works.

MONTAIiIVET, Cankille Bachasson, Oonite de, French sUtesman, b. at
Valence, April 25, 1801 ; studied at the Lyc^e Napoleon, and entered the£cole Polytech-
nique, 1820 ; appointed minister of the interior, Nov. 3, 1830 ; minister of public instruc-
tion, March 1831 to 1840 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1840. Author of
' Rien, Dix Annies de Gouvemement parlementaire,' 1862.

MONTEAOLB OF BRANDON. Thomas Spring Rice, Baron, En^ieh
statesman, b. at Limerick, 1790; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; M.P. for
Limerick, 1820-32, and for Cambridge, 1832-39, when he was elevated to the peerage 4
under-secretary of state for the Home Department, 1827-28 ; secretary of the Treasui:y,
and secretary of state for the colonies, 1834 ; chancellor of the Exchequer, 1835 ; comp-
troller of the Exchequer, and a trustee of the National OaUery.

BfONTEBELIiO, Onstave I«nnes, Conite de, Frendi military commander,
b. in Paris, Dec 4, 1804, brother of the following ; colonel, 1847 ; g^eral of brigade,
Dec. 22, 1851 ; general of division, Dec. 28, 1855 ; charged with a mission to the Pope,
Oct. 1861 ; appointed to the command of the Corps of Occupation of Bome, May 1862.

MONTEBEliIiO, Napole'on Iiannes, Due de, French diplomatist, b. at Paris,
July SO, 1801 ; appointed French ambassador to Switzerland, 1836-38 ; at Naples, 1838 ;
apiK)inted minister of foreign affairs, April 1, 1832; minister .of marine, May 9, 1847;
elected to the Legislative Assembly of the department of Mame, 1849 ; ambassador at
St Petersbui^, 1858; made a senator, Oct. 5, 1864.

BIONTE'PIN, Xavier Ajmon de^ French novelist and dramatist, b. at Apremont,
Haute Sadne, March 18, 1824. Author of ' Les £toiles, ou la Voyage de la Fianu^,*
1850 ; *La Sir6ne de Paris,' 1860 ; * Les Confessions d'un Bohfime,' 1849-50 ; ' Les Marion-
nettes du Diable,' 1861 ; ' Les Pirates de Ja Seine,' 1864 ; and numerous other novels and
dramas.

MONTGOMERY. Sir (3raham Graham, English politician, b. 1823 ; educated at
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1845 ; lord-lieutenant of Kinross, and a
deputy-lieutenant of Peebles ; late lieutenant of Midlothian Yeomanry Cavalry ; M.P. for
Peebles-shire since 1852.

MONTGOMERY, Sir Henry Conynsrham, English colonial administrator,
b. 1803 ; educated at Eton, and at Haileybury College, and entered the Civil Service in
India; secretary to the Government of Madras, 1847-57; returned to England, and was
nominated a member of her Mt^esty's Indian Council, 1858.

MONTGOMERY, Sir Robert, English colonial administrator, b. at Londondeny,
1809 ; entered the East India Civil Service, 1828 ; appointed to assist Sir John Lawrence
in the administration of the Piugaub, 1849 ; held a judicial post at Lahore, 1857^58 ;
appointed chief commissioner in Oude, 1858 ; chief commissioner of the Punjaub, 1859 ;
appointed lieutenant-governor of the FliQJaub, 1860 ; resigned, Jan. 1865.

MONTI, Raffaelle, Italian sculptor, b. at Milan, 1818 ; studied under his father,
Gaetano Monti, of Ravenna. Exhibited * Ajax defending the Body of Patroclus,' 1838 ;
executed in England the ' Sister Anglers,' the ' Veiled Vestal,* ' Eve after the Fall,*

• Italy,' 'Truth,' and numerous other groups and statues.

M<n» UBAlNP BOOK OF CONTEHPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Mor

[ 189 ]

MONTJOYEUX. Antoine Richard dCi French politician, b. at Paris, Oct. 22,
1795 : mayor of Annay, and member of ttie General Council for the canton of Cosne ;
deputy to the Corps Legislatif for the second circonscription of the department of the
Nievne since 1858.

BKONTPENSIER, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis. Dnc de. French and
Spanish prince, son of King Louis Philippe, and husband of the Infanta Luisa, b. 1824 ;
married, 1846 ; banished from France, Feb. 1848 ; a resident at Seville until 1868 ; at
present understood to be a candidate for the throne of Spain.

MONTREAIi, Ri^rht Rev. Francis F«lfordy Bishop of, English divine, b.
1808 ; educated at the Grammar School, Tiverton, and at Exeter College, Oxford, where
he graduated!; was chaplain to H.R.H. the late Duchess of Gloucester ; consecrated
bishop of Montreal, Lower Canada, 1850.

MONTRITAL, Simon. Allonvenx dCj, French military commander, b. Sept. 14,
1790 ; colonel, 1840 ; general of brigade, 1848 ; general of division, May 10, 1852 ; com-
mander of the army in Rome, 1853-56 ; made a senator, March 9, 1867.

MONTREUIIi^ Alfred^ Baron de. French politician, b. at Fariii, Feb. 18, 1802 ;
elected to the Constituent Assembly for the department of Eure, and to the Corps
Ldgislatif for the same department since 1852i

MONTROSS, James Graham, fourth Duke and MartfoAm of, b. 1799;
eldest son of the third Duke of Montrose ; educated at the University of Glasgow ; sat
as M.P: for Cambridge, 1826-30 ; entered the House of Lords as Earl Graham, 1836 ;
chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from March 1858 to June 1859 ; appointed post-
master-general, July 6, 1866.

XKOODIE, Susannahji, English .authoress, b. 1805; married to Mr. John Dunbar
Mooctte, Mid resident m Canada. Author of ''Mark Hurdlestone,' 'Flora Lindsay,'
' Roughing it in the Bush,' and other works.

MOON, Sir Francis 6rahan&, English administrator, b. 1796; was sheriff of
London, 1843 ; alderman, 1844; Ibrd mayor, 1854-55 ; cseated a baronet, 1855 ; magistrate
of Middlesex, and a commissioner of lieutenancy for London.

MOORE, Charles, English politician, b. 1804 ; a magistrate for- Tipperaiy ; elected
M.P. for Tipperary, 1866.

MOORE, Georgre, English merchant, b. in Cumberland, 1807 ; became junior partner
in the firm of Groucock, Copestake, and Co., 1830 ; assisted in founding the Commercial
W'avellers' Orphan School, the Royal Hospital for Incurables, and the Female Mission
among Fallen Women ; appointed by the fiishop of London a commis^ner to inquire
into the fUnd entitled ' Londoners over the Bordfer,' 1861.

MOORE, Thomas, English botanist, b. 1806. Author of ' CultivatioB»of the Cucumber
andi Melon,' 1844; * Ferns and Allied Plants,' 1856; 'Field Botanist'* Companion;
Kitish Isles,' 1862 ; and other botanical works.

MORAY. John Stuart, Earl, English administrator, b. 1/797; vic«-lieutenant of
Elgin ; formerly a captain in the army ; succeedied as twelfth earl, May 1859.

MORDAUNT, Sir Charles, Bart.. English politician, b. 1836 ; aducated at Eton,
and Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate and d&putQr-iieutenant of the county of
Warwick ; M.P. for South Warwickshire since 1859.

MORE, Robert Jasper, Engl&h pelitinan, b. 1836 ; educated at Shrewsbury, and
Balfiol Colllege, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1861 ; BiC.L. andM.A 1862 ; called to
the bar ef Lincoln's Inn, 1863 ; a J.P: and dleputy-lieutenant forthe county of Salop ;
elected M. P. for South Shropshirci 1865.

MORGAN,. Charles Octavius S^eiamerton, English, politician, b; 1893 ; educated
at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford, w&eve he graduated B. A. 1825 ; a magistrate

. and deputy-lieutenant of the* comity of Monmouth; M.P. for Monmouthshire since
1840.

MORGAN, Hon. Godfrey Charlev, English politician,, b. 1830 ; educated at Eton ;
a deputy-lieutenant of Brecon, and major- of the Rtoyal Gloucestershire Yeomanry
Hussars ; late captain in the 17th Lancers, and serred in the Criknean war, 1854-55 ;
M.P. for Brecon since 1858.

MORGAN, Marie Pierre E'douard de, French polit&ian, b. at Amiens, Aug. 15,
1803 ; was mayor for Chau«soy Epagny, 1834 ; member of the General Council for the
canton of Ailly sur Noye ; deputy to the Corps L^slatif for the fourth circonscription
of th.e department of the Somme since 1857.

Mor HANDBOOK QF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. MOT
[ 190 ]

MORGAN; Rev. Richmrd ^KmUam, English author, b. in Wales, 1815 ; edncated
at St David's College, Lampeter : appointed to an incumbency in North Wales, which
he resigned, 1858. Author of ' North Wales, or Venedocia;' * Christianity and Modem
Infidelity ; ' and other works.

MORIN. Arthur jQlea, French mathematician, 1>. Oct. 17, 1795 ; studied at the ^cdle
Polytechnique, and the Ecole d'AppUcation de Metz, 1813-19 ; general of division, April 7,
1855 ; nominated president of the Society of Civil Ehigineers, 1862. Author of * Le<^ns
de M^canique pratique,' 5 vols. ; second edition, 1868 ; and numerous works on mechanics
and mathematics.

MORIN| E'tienne Fraaoois The'odore, Frenoh politician, b. at Dieu le Fit,
Drdme, Nov. 10, 1814 ; a cloth manufacturer ; was member of the Chamber of Deputies ;
member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies ; and of the Corps L^slatif for
the department of Dr6me since 1852. Author of ' Essai sur rOrganisation du Travail,'
1845; and other woi%s.

MORIN. Fre'de'riC; French historical writer, b. at Lyons, ^ne U, M28 ; studied at
the ucole Normale, 1844-47 ; pwfessor of philosophy at the Lyc^ of Macon, 1847, and
of Nancy, 1849. Author of 'Saint FranQdis d' Assises et les Franciscains,' 1853;
' Origine de la Democratic,' ' La France au Moyen Age,' 1864 ; and numerous other works.

MORLEY, Edmund Parker, second Earl, En^^ish administrator, b. 1810;
studied at Oxford ; colonel of the South Devon Militia ; succeeded his father, first eail,
1840.

MORLEY; Henry, English author, b. in London, 1822 ; educated at the Moravian
School, Neuwied, on tlie Rhine, and at King's College, London ; professor of English
literature at University College, London. Author of * How to make Home Unhealthy,'
1850 ; ' Ufe of Palissy the Potter,^ 1852 ; * Fairy Tales,' 1859-60 ; * English Writers,' 1864.

MORLEY, John, English political and miscellaneous writer, b. about 1833 ; editor of
ttie Fortnightly Review. Author of 'Edmund Burke,' and of numerous contributions to
periodical literature.

MORIfEY, Samuel. English politician, b, 1809; J. P. for Middlesex; M.P. for
Bristol, 1868.

MORRIS, Rev. Francis Orpen, English author, b. March 25, 1810 ; educated st
Worcester College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1823 ; incumbent of Nunbumholme,
Yorkshire, and chaplain to the Duke of Cleveland. Author of * A History of British
Birds,' 6 vols. ; 'A Book of Natural History ;' * An Essay on the Eternal Duration of
the Earth ; ' and other works.

MORRIS, Oeorge, American author, b. at Philadelphia, 1802. Author of 'Brier
Cliff.' 1842; * The Maid of Saxony,' 1842; 'Complete Poetical Works,' 1853 ; 'Wood-
man, Spare that Tree ;' and other publications.

MORRIS, Louis Michel, French military commander, b. Oct. 17, 1803 ; admitted to
the Military School of St. Cyr, 1821 ; odlonel, 1843 ; general of division, Dec. 1851 ; took
part in the campaign in Italy, 1859 ; appointed to uie command of the regular cavalry
in Algiers, 1863.

MORRIS, Michael. Irish administrator, b. 1827; educated at Galway College, and
Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1847 ; called to the Irish bar, 1849-
appointed a Q.C. 1863 ; magistrate of the county of Galway^ formerly recorder of
Galway ; elected M.P. for Galway, 1866.

MORRIS. Williaai, Bngli^ poet, 1). 1834. Author of 'The Defence of •Guenevere,'
1858 ; 'The Life and Death of Jason,' 1867; 'The Earthly Paradiqe,' 1868.

MORRIS, IVilliam. English politician, b. 1800 ; banker at Carmarthen, and a magis-
trate of the county of Carmarthen ; M.P. for Carmarthen since 1864.

MORRISON, Walter, Englisli politician, b. 1836; educated at Eton, and Baillidl
College, Oxford ; a magistrate for the West Riding of Yorkshire ; M.P. for Plymouth
since 1861.

MORSE, Samuel Finler Breese, American engineer, b. in Charleston, Massa-
chusetts, April 27, 1791 ; educated at Tale College, where he graduated, 1810 ; studied
painting. Exhibited * The Dying Hercules' at the Royeil Academy, London, 1813. Com-
pleted his ' Recording Electric Telegraph,' 1836, Whidh he patented in Washington, 1837 ;
perfected his patent, 1840.

MORTEMART, Rene' de Rochedhouart, M-arquis de, French politician,
b. at Lyons, 1805 ; studied at the Military Schools of St. Cyr and Saumur ; deputy for
Villfefraiiche, Rhdne, 1847 ; and represented the same department in the Constituent and
Legislative Assemblies ; member of the Corps L^gislatif since 1852.

MOS HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHt, Mne

[191 ]

MOSELEY, Rev. Henry, English astronomer, b. 1801 ; educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1826 ; was professor of natural history and
astronomy in King's College, London ; canon of Bristol Cathedral, 1853 ; vicar of
Alveston, Gloucestershire, 1854 ; one of her Mt^'esty's chaplains, 1855. Author of various
scientific papers.

MOSEN, JuliuSi German poet and dramatic writer, b. at Mariency, Saxony, July 8,
1803 ; studied at the University of Jena, 1822 ; appointed dramatist in ordinary to the
court of Oldenbui^, with the title of councillor, 1844. Author of ' Lied von Ritter
Wasa,* Leipsic, 1831; 'Georg Venlot,' ib. 1831; 'Bilder in Moose/ lb. 1846; and
numerous other works of poetry and fiction.

MOSTYN, Ed^vard Mostsm Uoyd Mostyn, Baroni English administrator,
b. 1795 ; educated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford ; assumed the name of
Mostyn in addition to that of Lloyd, 1831 ; lord-lieutenant of Merionethshire ; a deputy-
lieutenant of Flintshire, 1852 ; was M.P. for Flintshire, 1831-37, 1841-i2, and 1847-64 ;
and for Lichfield fh)m Jan. 1846 to Aug. 1847.

MOTLEY. John Lothropy American historical writer, b. at Dorchester, Massa-
chusetts, United States, Aug. 15, 1814 ; educated at Harvard College, where he graduated,
1831 ; appointed secretary of the IJnited States legation at St. Petersburg, 1841 ;
and ambassador fh>m the United States to the court of Vienna, 1861-67. Author of

* History of the Rise of the Dutch Republic,' London, 1856 ; ' The History of the United
Netherlands, from the Death of William the Silent 'to the Synod of Dort,' 1860-68.

MOULTRIE, ReT. John, English author, b. 1804 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. 1823 ; ordained, 1825 ; and priest ; rector of Rugby,
Warwickshire. Author of * My Brother's- Grave, and other Poems,' 1837 ; *The Dream
of Life,' 1843 ; ' Altars, Hearths, and Graves,' 1853 ; and other poetical works.

MOUIiY, Joseph, French divine, b. at Figeac, Lot, about 1830 ; entered the congre-
gation of the Lazaristes ; successively bishop of Fessulah, apostolic administrator of
Pekin, and siiperior visitor of the province of Petcheli, in China ; appointed bishop of
Petcheli, 1860.

MOURAVIEFF, Andrei^ Russian author, b. 1797, titular councillor of the empire ;
councillor of state and minister of the administration of the Holy Synod. Author of
'Bitwa pri Tiweriade,' 1832; *Biblisehe Geschichte,' 1842 ; ''Sdhilderung Armeniens,'
1848; and other works.

:MOWATT, Anna Cora, American authoress, b. at Bordeaux, 1821; married to
Mr. James Mowatt, 1836, who died, 1851. Author of 'The Fortune Hunter ;' ' Fashion,'
a comedy, 1845 ; *The Autobiography of an Actress, or Eight Tears on the Stage ;' and
other works.

MOIKTBRAY, Riffht Hon. John Robert, English politician, b. 1815 ; educated
at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1837, M.A. 1839 ; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Durham, and a magistrate of Berks; was Judge advocate general,
1858-59 ; sworn in the Privy Council, 1858 ; M.P. for the City oT Durham, 1853-68 ; for
the University of Oxford in 1868.

MOZIaEY, ReT. James Bowlintr, English theologian, b. in Lincolnshire, 1813 ;
educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1834 ; appointed vicar of
Shoreham, Sussex, 1856 ; Bampton lecturer at Oxford for 1865. Author of ' A Treatise
on the Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination ;' * Review of the Baptismal Question,'
1862; and other works.

MOZLEY, ReT. Thonias, Encash author, b. in iLlncolnshire, (1806. brother of the

S receding ; educated at the Charterhouse, and at Oridl College, Oxford, where he gra-
uated B.A. 1828 ; appointed rector of Cholderton, Wiltn, 1836 ; resigned, 184& Con-
tributor to the British Critic^ 1838-42; contributor of 'leading articles' to the Times
since 1913.

MUEIiLER, Charles LoTds, French historical painter, b. at Paris, Dec. 22, 1815 ;
studied under E. L^on Cogniet, Baron Gros. and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Exhibited
' liC Lendemain de Noel,' 1837; 'Lady Macbeth,' 1840 ; 'L'iippel des Victimes de la Ter-
reiire,' 1850 ; ' L'Arriv^e de la Reine d'Angleterre & Saint Cloud,' 1859 ; and numerous
other-paintings.

MUELliEB;* Friediich Max.. English philologist, 'b. nt Dessau, Dec. 6, 1823 ;
studied at the University of Leipsic, where he graduated in 1843 ; and at Berlin, 1844-45 ;
Taylorian professor at Oxford, 1864 ; curator of the Bodleian Library, 1866. Author of

* A Survey of Languages,' 1855 ; 'History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature,' 1859 ; 'Chips
from a German Worksnop,' 1868 ; and numerous other philological works.

M ne HANDBOOK OF GONTEMPORABT BIOORAPBT. fUnw

[ IM ]

BIUBItXiBRy JnllnS; German Protestant theologian, b. at BHeg, Prussia; April 10, 1801 ;
stndied law at Breslau and CH>ttingen, and theology at the University of Berlin ; became-
paHtor of Schonbrunn and Rosen, Prassia, 1825; preacher at the University of Gottin-

gen, 1831, and professor of theology, 1834. Author of 'Die christliche Lehre von der
tinde,' 1839 ; and other religious and theological works.

MUBLIiER^ WolfcuBiry German authov, b. at^Konigswlnter, on the Rhine ; studied
medicine at the University of Bonn, 1835-39 ; member of the Parliament at Frankfort,.
1848. Author of ' Junge Lieder,*'Dusseldorf, 1841 ; * The May Queen/ Stuttgardt, 1852 ;

* The Rhine Book,' 1856 ; and numerous other works.

MUENCH-BEIiLINOHAUSEN, EUffins Frans Joseph, Bftron, German^
dramatic author, known under the pseudonym* of Friedrich Hahn, b. at Cracow, April 2,
1806. Author of ' Der Fechter von Ravenna,' and many other plays.

ISULOCK, Miss Dlnsh Mluria. See CRAIK, M^s. George UUie.

M UNDY, Oeorire Rodney. English naval oflTcer and author, b. in- London,. April 19,
1805 ; entered the Royal Naval C!olI^;e, 1818 ; lieutenant, 1826 ; commodore, 1828 ; vice-
admiral, 1863. Author of 'Narrative of the Events in Borneo,' London, 1848; 'The
Hannibal at Palermo and at Naples,' 1859-61.

BIURAT, Joachivn Joseph Andre'j Oomte, French diplomatist, b. at Paris,
Dec. 12, 1828 ; entered the diplbmatic service; 184ir; successively attach6 to the French
legation in Tuscany and Sweden ; charg6 d'affaires at Florence, 1852 ; at Stockholm,
1853 ; member of the Corps L^gLdlitif for the first circonscription of the department of
the Lot since 1854.

MURAT. Napole'on linden. Prince, b. at Ifllan, March 16, 1803, the second'
son of Joachim Murat,. King ef Naples; elected to the National Assembly for the
department of the Lot, 1848 ; nominated' minister-plenipotentiary at the court of Tuiin^
Oct 8, 1849 ; made a senator, Jan. 25, 1852.

MURCHISON. Sir Roderick Inkpey. English geologist, b. at Tarradale, Ross-
shire, Feb. 19, 1792 ; educated at Durham Grammar School, and at the Military CbUege
of Marlow ; was an officer in the army, 1807-16'; knighted, Feb. 1846 ; appointed director-
general of the Geological Survey of the British Isles, 1855. Author of 'The Silurian
System ; ' ' Geology of Russia in Europe and the .Oural Mountains,' London, 1845 ;
'Geological Atlas of Europe/ 1856 ; and other geological works:.

M VRE^ DsTidy Scottish Judge, b. 1810; educated at the University of Edinburgh ^
called to the Scottish bar, 1831 ; appointed solicitor-general for Scotland, 1858, and lord-
advocate, April 1859 ; disputy-lientenant of Buteshire ; was sheriff of Perthshire^ 1853-58 ;
was M.P. for Perthshire, 1859 to Jan. 1865, when raised to the-Scottish bench.

MURRAY, Hon. Cihsries Angrustos, English diplomatist, b. 1806 ; educated at
Eton, and Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1827 ; secretary of lection at
Naples, 1845 ; British agent and consul-gBneral in Egypt, 1846 ; British minister in.
Switzerland, 1853 ; envoy to Teheran, 1854 ; British minister in Saxony, 18S9. Author of

* The Prairie Bird,' and otiier works.

MURRAY, Nicholas. American theologiian, b. in Ireland, 1802; entered William
College, Massachusetts, 1822, and stndied t&eelogy at Princeton, New Jersey ; apx)ointed
pastor of a Presl^terian church at Elizabethtown, 1833. Author, under the pseudonym
of ' Kirwan,' of 'Letteia to the Catholic Archbishop of N"ew York,^ 1847 ; ' The Decline of
Popery, and its Causes ;' ' Romanism at Home,' New York, 1852 ; * Men and Things in
Europe,' ib. 1853 ; * Parish PenciUings,' ilk 1854 ; and other works.

MUSORAVE, Rer. Oeorirc^ English author, b. 1798 ; educated at Brasenose Collie,
Oxford ; incumbent of Borden. Translator of the Hebrew Psalter into blank verse, 1833.
Author of ' Rambles iniNormandy ;* * Ten Days in a French Parsonage,* 1864 ; and other works.

MUSPRATTj James Sheridan, Ehglish chemist, b. in Dublin, 1821 ; studied at the
Andersonian University of Glasgow, and at Giessen under Professor Liebig, 1843:
Founded the College of Chemistry in Liverpool. ' Edited Plattner's ' Treatise on the Blow-
pipe,' and is the author of numerous papers on chemistry published in the Proceedings c/
the Royal Society, the Philosophical Magazine, and in the Chemical Society*s Transactions.

MUSSETj Panl Edn&e de. French writer, b. at Paris, Nov. 7, 1804. Author of
' Samuel,' 1833 ; ' La T6te et le Coeur,' 1834 ; 'Anne de Boleyn,' 1836 ; * Les Femmes de la
R6gence,' 1841 ; 'Lui et Elle,' 1869; 'Christine, Roi de SuMe,' 1857; and other novels
and dramas.

MUSTAPHA FAZIZii Pasha. Egyptian statesman, b. 1816. Founded several
schools in Egypt ; minister of public instruction at Constantinople, 1862 ; minister of
finance ; appointed minister without a portfolio, 1864.

Mns HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Nat

[ 193 ] ■■

MUSURUSy Constantine, Turkish diplomatist, b. at Constantinople, Feb. 18, 1807 ;
educated at Constantinople ; secretary to Stephen Vogorides, Prince of Samos, 1832 ;
governor of Samos, 1834 ; envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary at Athens,
1840 ; represented Turkey at the court of Austria, 1848 ; envoy-extraordinary and minister-
plenipotentiiary to England, and ambassador at the court of St. James's since 1856. .

N.

NADAR, Felix ToTumachon, French writer and* aeronaut, b. at Paris, April 5, 1820 ;
studied medicine at Lyons. Founder of the Revue Comique, 1849, and contributor to the
Charivari and numerous other French journals. Author of ' Le Miroir aux Alouettes,'
1858 ; * A Terre et en TAil*, 1864 ; and other works.

NAPIER, Francis Napier, Baron. English diplomatist, b. 1819; succeeded his
father, eighth baron, 1834 ; entered the diplomatic service, Aug. 1840 ; attach^ at Con-
stantinople, 1844-45; secretary of legation at Naples, 1846-52; at St. Petersburg,
1852-54 ; secretary of embassy at Constiuatinople, 1854; envoy-extraordinary and minister-
plenipotentiary at Washington, 1857-58; at the Hague, 1858-60; at St. Petersburg, 1860 ;
at Berlin, 1864.

NAPIER, Riebt-Hon. Sir Joseph. English statesman, b. in Belfast, Dec. 26, 1804 ;
educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; called to the Irisli bar^ 1881 ; attorney-general for
Ireland, and sworn in the Piivy Council, 1852 ; lord-chancellor of Ireland, 1858-59 ; was
M.P. for the University of Dublin, 1848-68.

NAPIER, Robert, Baron Napier of Mafrtiala, English military commander,
b. in Ceylon, 1810; educated at ttie Military College of Addiscombe; entered the
corps of Bei)^ Engineers, 1826 ; chief engineer with the army of Lord Clyde during
the Mutiny in India, 1857; served in China, and was made a major-general, K.C.B., and
military member of the Council of India ; nominated commander-in-chief at Bombay,
with t^e rank of lieutenant-general, 1865 ; commander-in-chief of the Abyssinian exi>edl-
tion, 1868 ; raised to the peerage, 1868.

NAPOLE'ON III. Emperor of the French, b. April 20, 1808, the third son of
Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, and of Queen Hortense, daughter of the Empress
Josephine of France by her first husband. Viscount Beauhamais; educated at the
Grammar School of Augsburg, and at Thun, Switzerland ; attempted to raise an insur-
rection at Strasbure, Oct. 30, 1836 ; detained prisoner at Strasburg till Nov. 9, 1836,
and transported to Lorient ; sent in exile to America ; returned to Europe in Sept 1837 ;
landed at Boulogne to raise an insurrection, Aug. 6, 1840 ; tried by the High Court of
Justice of the Chamber of Peers, and condemned iio perpetual imprisonment, Oct. 9,
1840 ; escaped fh)m the fortress of Ham, May 24, 1846 ; elected member of the Consti-
tuent Assembly in five departments, Aug. 1848 ; returned to France, Sept. 21, 1848 ;
elected President of the French Republic for four years, Dec. 10, 1848 ; took the oath on
the Constitution, De3. 20, 1848 ; dissolved the National Assembly by a coup-d'^tat, Dec.
2, 1851 ; elected President of the Republic fbr ten years, Dec. 20-21, 1851 ; chosen here-
ditary Emperor by a •plebiscite-' of 7,864,189 votes against 231,145 votes, Nov. 21-22,
1852' accepted the imi>erial dignity and assumed the title 'Napolton III. Emjteror of
the French,' Dec. 1, 1852. Author (tf *Id(6e» Napoi^oniennes,' 1839; 'Etudes sur le
Pass^ et I'Avenir de I'Artillerie,' 4 vols. 1846-63 ; •Vie de Jules C6sar,' 2 vols. 1866-67 ;
and other works.

NASH, Joseph, English painter, b. 1812. Exhibited at the Old Society of Water
Colour Artists in 1835. Painted • The Queen's Visit to Lincoln's Inn Hall,' 1846 ; 'Inte-
rior Views of the Great Exhibition,* 1851 ; and many others. Illustrated 'Architecture
of the Middle Ages,* 1838 ; • Mansions of Enghmd in the Olden Time,' 1839-49.

NASSER-ED-DIN, Shah of Persia, b. Nov. 1829; succeeded, Oct. IS, 1848.

NATAIi, RiiTht Rev. John Willian& Colenso, Bishop of, English divine,
b. 1814; educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1836;
assistant-master of Harrow School, 1838-42 ; tutor of St. John's College, 1842-46 ; rector
of Fomcett St. Ma^, Norfolk, 1846-54 ; consecrated first bishop of Natal, South Africa,
1854. Author of •'Treatise on Algebra,* 1849 ; 'Plane Trigonometry,* 1851 ; ' Ten Weeks
in Natal,' 1855; 'A Translation of the Epistle to the Romans, commented on fh)m a
Missionary Point of View,' 1861 ; 'A Critical Commentary on the Pentateuch and Book
of Joshua/ 1863-64 ; and other works.

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NAVERYy Mule de^ French anthoress, b. at Ploerraol, Morbihan, Sept. 1831.
Published, under the pseudonym of 'Raoul,' 'Creche et la Croix,' 1856; 'Le Bonheur
dans le Mariage/ 1864 ; and other works of fiction.

NEAXt, John. American novelist, b. at Portland, Maine, 1794. Author of ' Keep Cool,'
1817; 'Seventy-six,' 1822; 'Rachel Dyer," 1828; ' Down-easters,' 1831; 'Ruth Elder;'
and other romances and novels.

NEAXtEy Rer. Erskllie, English author, b. 1805; educated at Emmanuel College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B. A 1828; vicar of Exning, Suffolk. Author of "The
Closing Scene ;* ' The Dangers and Duties of a Christian ;' ' Self-sacrifice, or the Chan-
cellor's Chaplain;' 'The Life-book of a Labourer;' 'Scenes where the Tempter has
triumphed ;' and numerous other works. i

NEATE, Charles^ English political economist, b. at Adstock, Bucks, 1807 ; educated
at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A 1821, M.A. 1830; called to the bar
of Lincoln's Inn, 1832 ; professor of political economy at Oxford ; M.P. for Oxford, May
to Aug. 1867, and 1863-65. Author of 'Lectures on the Currency,' 1859; 'Three
Lectures on Taxation,' 1861 ; and other works.

NEAVES. Lord Chmrles Neaves. Scottish Judge, b. in Scotland, 1800; educated
at the High School and University of Edinburgh ; studied law, and was called to the
Scottish bar, 1822 ; sheriff of Orkney and Shetland, 1845 ; solicitor-general for Scotland,
1852 ; appointed lord of the Session, and received the title of Lord Neaves, 1854.

NEELD, Sir Jobn^ Bart., English politician, b. 1806; educated at Harrow, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1827, M.A. 1830; a J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of Wilts; M.P. for Cricklade, 1835-59; and for Chippenham since
1865.

NEORETE, SantiaiTO Femandes, Spanish statesman, b. 1800 ; studied law at the
Universities of Oviedo and Alcala de Henares ; procureur-fiscal to the Supreme Tribunal
of Cruzada, 1843; minister of public works in the cabinet of Bravo Murillo, 1861;
minister of Justice, 1858 ; representative in the Cortes of the province of Badiy'oz since
1848.

NEHER. Bemliardy Oerman historical painter, b. at Biberach, 1806; studied art at the
Academies of Stuttgardt and Muuich, and in Italy ; professor of painting at Stuttgardl
Painted ' The Death of Ulric at the Battle of Dofflngen ;' and numerous other liistorlcal
pictures.

NELSON, Riffht Rer. Edmiind Hobhouse, Bishop of. English divine,
b. 1817; educated at Eton, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1838;
fellow of Merton College, 1841 ; vicar of St. Peter's, Oxford, 1843-58 ; consecrated
bishop of Nelson, New Zealand, 1858. Author of 'Life of Walter de Merton, the
Founder of Merton College.'

NELSON, Horatio Nelson, Earl, English administrator, b. 1823; succeeded his
father, second earl, 1835 ; deputy-lieutenant of the county of Wilts.

NESLE. Louis Armand, Comte de, French politician, b. at Caen, Mays, 1803;
entered the army, and retired with the rami of captain ; member of the Corps L^gislatif
for the department of the Cher since 1866.

NESTEROFF, Peter, Russian military commander, b. 1807 ; educated at Moscow ;
entered the army, 1823 ; staff-m^or, 1826 ; appointed commander of the fortress of
Wladikawkas, 1842 ; m^or-general, and military governor of the district of Wladikawkas,
1846.

NETTEMENT, Alfred Frangois, French historical writer, b. at Paris, July 22,
1805 ; studied at the College Rollin ; founded L'Opinion Publiqiie, 1848. Author of
' Histoire de la Revolution de Juillet,' 1833 ; ' Histoire de la Litt^rature f^-auQaise sons la
Restauration,' 1862 ; ' Histoire de la Restauration,' 1860-63 ; and numerous other works.

NEIVCASTLE. Henrj James Alexander Pelhaxn Clinton, Dnke of,

b. 1834; succeeded, 1864.

NEIVDEOATE, Cliarles Nerrdiirate, English politician, b. 1816; educated at
Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Warwick ;
M.P. for North Warwickshire since 1843.

NE^tTMAN, Edtirard, English naturalist, b. 1815. Author of ' Letters on the Natural
History of Godalming,' 1849 ; * A History of British Ferns ;' ' A List of British Ornitho-
logy;' *A Natural History of British Butterflies;' and other works. Editor of the
Zoologist.

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NEWMAN, Francis William^ English author, b. in London, 1805 ; educated at
• Worcester College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1826; elected fellow of Balliol College,
Nov, 1826; resigned, 1830; appointed Latin professor in University College, London,
1846; resigned, 1863, Author of 'The Soul, her Sorrows and Aspirations;' 'Regal
Rome;' 'A History of the Hebrew Monarchy;' 'Theism, or Didactic Religious Utter-
ances,' 1858 ; and other works.

NZS^VM AN, ReT. John Henry, English theologian, b. in London, 1801, brother of
the preceding; educated at Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1820;
appointed incumbent of St. Mary's, Oxford, 1828 ; seceded from the Established Church,
Oct. 1845 ; appointed rector of the Roman Catholic University in Dublin, 1854 ; resigned,
1858. Author of * The Arians of the Fourth Century ' 1833 ; ' Essay on the Development
of Christian Doctrine,* 1845 ; ' Apologia pro Vitft Sua,' 1864 ; and many other works.

NEWMARCH, William, English statistician, b. in Yorkshire, 1820 ; one of the
honorary secretaries of the Statistical Society, and editor of its 'journal.' Author of
'New Supplies of Gold,' 1853; 'Loans raised by Mr. Pitt during the First French War,
1793-1807,* 1865 ; and other works.

NEWTON, Charles Thomas, English antiquarian, b. 1816; educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1837 ; assistant in the department of Antiqui-
ties in the British Museum, 1840-52 ; vice-consul at Mitylene ; made excavations at
Cnidus and Branchidse, Oct. 1856 to April 1859, and discovered a collection of sculptures
now in the British Museum ; appointed British consul at Rome, May 1860 ; appointed
keeper of the Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum, 1861.

NEY, Napole'on Edfirar, Prince de la MoskO'vra, French general, b. at Paris,
May 20, 1812 ; educated at the Military School of St. Cyr ; chief of squadron, Dec. 1848 ;
general of brigade, 1856 ; succeeded his brother, 1857 ; nominated a senator, Aug. 16,
1859 ; general of division, 1863.

NIBOYET, Ence'nie, French authoress, b. 1804. Author of ' Dieu manifesto par les
OEuvres de la Creation,' 1842 ; 'Catherine IL' 1847; 'Levrai Livre des Femmes,' 1862;
and other works.

NICHOIiS, John Gongrh, English archseologist, b. in London, 1806; educated at
Merchant Taylors* School. Editor of the CoUectanta Topographica et Oenealogica, 18.34-43,
and of Topographer and Genealogist, 1850-57 ; commenced The Herald and Genealogist,
Sept. 1862. Author of ' A Descriptive Catalogue of the Works of the Camden Society,'
1862 ; and other works.

NICHOLSON, Sir Charles, Bart., English physician, b. 1808 ; graduated M.D. at
the University of Edinburgh ; member of the first Legislative Council of New South
Wales, 1843-60 ; vice-chancellor of the Sydney University, 1863, and chancellor, 1854 ;
knighted by patent, 1852 ; created a baronet, 1858.

NICOL, James Dyce, English x>olitician, b. 1806; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of
the counties of Aberdeen and Kincardine ; elected M.P. for Kincardineshire, 1865.

NIEL, Adolphe, French military commander, b. at Muret, Haute Garonne, Oct. 4,
1802; educated at the £coIe Polytechnique, and entei-ed the army as lieutenant of
engineers, 1821 ; captain, 1831 ; chef de bataillon, 1837 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1842 ; colonel,
1846 ; chef d'6tat-major of engineers in the expedition to Rome, 1849 ; general of brigade,
1850; general of division, 1853; commander-in-chief of the corps of engineers at the
siege of Bomarsund, 1854, and at the siege of SebastopoL 1865 ; nominated senator,
June 7, 1857 ; commander of the fourth corps d'arm^e in the Italian war, 1859 ; nomi-
nated marshal of France after the battle of Solferino, June 24, 1859 ; appointed minister-
secretary of state for the War Depai-tment, Jan. 19, 1867. Author of ' Le Si^ge de Sebas-
topol,' Paris, 1858.

NIEPCE DE SAINT VICTOR, Claude Marie Frangois, French chemiot,
b. at St. Cyr, July 26, 1805 ; entered the army, 1829 ; lieutenant of dragoons, 1842 ; chef
d'escadron, 1864. Author of papers ' Sur I'Action de la Vapeur,' 1847 and 1853 ; ' La
Photographic sur Verre,* 1847-48 ; ' Recherches photographiques,' 1865.

NIEUWERK6RKE, Alfred E'milien, Comte de, French sculptor, director-
general of the national museums, b. at Paris, April 16, 1811 ; appointed to preside over
the reorganization of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Dec. 1863 ; nominated senator, Oct. 6,
lh64. Executed 'Descartes,' a statue in bronze, for the town of Haye; 'Isabelle la
Catholique entrant k Grenade,' 1846 ; statue of Napoleon I. at Lyons, 1862 ; ' La Princesse
Murat,' 1869 ; and other statues in bronze and marble.

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[196 J

NIGHTINOAIiE* Florence, English authoress, b. at Florence, May 1820 ; entered
the institution of tne Protestant Sisters of Mercy at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, 1851 ;
undertook the organization of an establishment of lady nurses, to tend the sick and
wounded soldiers in the Crimean campaign, 1854. Author of 'Hints on Hospitals/ 1859 ;
and * Notes on Nursing,' 1861.

NI8ARD. E'douard Charles, French author, b. Jan. 10, 1808, brother of the fol-
lowing. Author of ' Le Triumvirat litt^raire au XVIe Sitele,' 1852 ; ' Les Gladiateurs de
la R6publique des Lettres aux XVe, XVIe, et XVIIe Si6cles,' 1860; Curiosites de I'Ety-
molc^e fhmgaise,' 1863 ; and other works.

NISARD, Jean De'sire'. French author, b. at Chatillon-sur-Seine, Cdte d'Or, March
20, 1806 ; studied at St. Baroe ; elected member of the French Academy, 1850. Author
of 'Les Poetes latins de la Decadence,' 1834; 'Histoire de la Litterature frangaise/
1844-49 ; new edition, 1861-63 ; ' Nouvelles Etudes d'Histoire et de Litterature," 1864 ;
and other works.

NISBET-HAMIIiTON, Rirht Hon. Robert Adam. English politician, b. 1804 ;
M.P. for Ipswich, 1826-30 ; for Edinburgh, 1831-.i2 ; and for North Lincolnshire, 1837-57 ;
took the name of ' Nisbet-Hamilton ' by royal licence, 1855 ; chancellor of the Duchy of
Lancaster, and sworn a privy councillor, 1852.

NOAILLES. Panl^ Dnc de^ French historical writer, b. Jan. 4, 1802 ; elected member
of the French Academy, 1849. Author of ' Histoire de la Maison royal de Saint Louis,*
1843 ; 'L' Histoire de Madame de Maintenon,' 1848 ; ' La Pologne et ses Fronti^res,' 1863.

NOBIiE, John^ English sculptor, b. 1820 ; studied under John Francis. Executed the
' Wellington Monument' in bronze for the city of Manchester, inaugurated 1856 ; a statue
of 'Wellington' in the court-room of the EJast India Company in Leadenhall Street, 1855;
'Life, Death, and the Resurrection,' a monument in the church of Ashley, Staffordshire ;
and other works.

NOEIi, Hon. and ReT. Baptist Wriothesley, English theologian, b. 1799 ;
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; was one of the chaplains to the Queen, and
rector of St. John's Chapel, Bedfoixl Row ; resigned, 1848, on leaving the English Church ;
minister of the Baptist Chapel, John Street, Gray's Inn. Author of 'Essay on the
Union of Church and State,' 1848: 'Essay on the Extenial Act of Baptism,' 1850;
' Protestant Thoughts in Rhyme ;' and other religious and controversial works.

NOEL, Hon. Oerard James, English politician, b. 1823 ; a J.P. and deputy-lien-
tenant of the county of Rutland; formerly captain 11th Hussars; M.P. for Rutlandshire
since 1847.

NOGENT SAINT-IiAURENS, Jnles Henri, French politician, b. at Orange,
Vaucluse, Dec, 27, 1814 ; educated at the College of A>Tgnon, and studied law at Aix ;
called to the bar at Paris, 1836 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for the first circonscrip-
tion of the department of Loiret since 1853. Author of ' De la Legislation des Th64tres,'
1842 ; and other works.

NORMANBY; OeorfT^ Angrostus Constantine PhippSi Marquis of,

English administrator, b. 1819 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the North Riding
of Yorkshire ; formerly lieutenant in the Scots Fusilier Guards ; was comptroller of the
Household, 1851-52 ; treasurer of the Household, 1853-57 ; lieutenant-governor of Nova
Scotia, 1858-63 ; M.P. for Scarboi-ough, 1847-51, and 1852-58 ; succeeded his father, first
marquis, 1863.

NORMAND, Pierre Francois, French politician, b. at Montfort-rAmaury, Oct. 12,
1782 ; entered the army, 1803 ; colonel, 1834 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for the
circonscription of Chartres since 1852.

NORTH, Jobn Sidney, English politician, b. 1804 ; educated at Sandhurst ; a magis-
trate and deputy-lieutenant of Oxfordshii'e, and lieutenant-colonel of Oxfordshire Rifle
Volunteers; formerly lieutenant-colpnel in the Irish Fusiliers; M.P. for Oxfordshire
since 1852.

NORTH COTE, Sir Stafford Henry, Bart^ English statesman, b. 1818, the son
of H. 8. Northcote, Esq. ; educated at Eton, and Balliol College, Oxforid ; c^ed to the
bar, 1847 ; created baronet, 1851 ; sat as M.P. for Dudley, 1855-57 ; financial secretary of
the Treasury ft-om Jan. to June 1859 ; returned M, P. for Stamford at the elections from
1858-65 ; president of the Board of Trade, July 6, 1866, to March 6, 1867 ; secretary
of state for India from March 1867 to Dec. 1868.

NORTHIVICK, Geori^e Rusbont, Baron, English administrator, b. 1811 ; gra-
duated M.A. at Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Shropshire and Worcester-
shire ; was M. P. for Evesham, 1837-41, and for East Worcestershire, 1847-59 ; succeeded
his uncle, second baron, Feb. 1859.

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NORTON; Caroline Elizabeth^ English authoress, b. 1808; married to the Hon.
G. C. Norton, 1827. Author of 'The Sorrows of Rosalie,' 1829; 'The Undying One,' a
poem, 1831; 'The Dream, and other Poems,' 1840; 'Stuart of Dunleath,' a novel;
'The Lady of La Garaye,' 1862 ; and other novels and poetical works.

NORIVICH; Riebt ReT. and Hon. John Pelbani, Bishop of, English
divine, b. 1811 ; educated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford ; rector of Maryle-
bone, 1855-57 ; consecrated bishop of Norwich, 1857.

NORIXTOOD, Charles Morg^any English politician, b. 1825; a merchant and ship-
owner of London and Hull ; was twice president of the Hull Chamber of Commerce and
Shipping, and the first chairman of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the
United Kingdom; elected M.P. for Hull, 1865.

NOTHOMB, Jean Baptiste, Baron, Belgian statesman, b. at Messancy, Luxem-
burg, July 3, 1805 ; studied at .the University of Liege, where he graduated LL.D. 1826 ;
took part in the Revolution of 1830 ; elected to the National Assembly by three districts
of the province of Luxemburg, 1831 ; envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary
to the Germanic Confederation, 1840 ; niinister-plenipotentiary at Berlin, 1845 ; member
of the Belgian Academy.

NOUAZiHIER, Jean Baptiste, French politician, b. at Limoges, May 1, 1803;
judge of the Tribunal of Commerce, 1840-44 ; administrator of his native town, and
mayor, 1853-60 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the first circouscription of the
department of (I ante Vienne since 1852.

NOUBEL, Raymond Henri, French politician, b. at Agen, June 2, 1822 ; was
mayor of the town of Agen ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the first circonscription
of the department of Lot-et-Gaionne since 1852.

NOVA SCOTIA, RiiTht RcT. Hibbert Binney, Bishop of. English divine,
b. in Nova Scotia, 1819 ; educated at King's College, London, and at Worcester College,
Oxford, and graduated 1842 ; consecrated fourth bishop of Nova Scotia, 1851.

NOVELIaO, Clara Anastasia, English singer, b. in London, June 10, 1818 ; studied
at the Conservatoire de Musique Sacr6e at Paris, and in Italy ; married to Count Gigliucci,
Nov. 1848, and quitted the stage ; reappeared, 1850, and again retired, 1860.

NUS| Euse'ne, French dramatic writer, b. at Ch41on-sur-Sa6ne, 1816 ; studied at the
college of his native town. Author of 'L'Enseignement mutuel,' 1846; 'La Tour de
Londres/ 1855 ; 'Les Mddecins/ 1863 ; and other dramas.

0.

O'BEIRNE, James Lyster, Irish politician, b. 1820; educated at Trinity College

Dublin ; elected M.P. for Cashel, 1865.
O'BRIEN, Sir Patrick, Bart., Irish politician, b. 1823 ; educated at Trinity College,

Dublin, where he graduated M.A. 1843 ; called to the Irish bar, 1844 ; M.P. for King's

County since 1852.

OCHOA, Enirenio de, Spanish author, b. at Madrid, 1812. Author of ' Ecos del Ama,'
Paris, 1841; ' Espafia litteraria, scientifica, politica y artistica,' 1847; 'Parliamentary
History of Spain,' 1860 ; and other works. Translator of the works of Sir Walter Scott.

OCHSENBEIN, Ulrich, Swiss politician, b. at Nidau, Berne, 1811 ; studied law ;
entered the army as officer of artillery, 1834 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1844 ; member of the
National Council, and charged with the direction of the military affairs of the Confeder-
ation, 1848 ; entered the French army, and nominated general during the war in the
Crimea, 1855.

O'CONOR DON, Denis, Irish politician, b. 1838 ; educated at St. Gregory's College,
Downside, near Bath ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Roscommon ;
M.P. for the county of Roscommon since 1860.

O'DONOGHUE, Daniel, Irish politician, b. 1838 ; educated at Stonyhurst ; formerly
a magistrate of Cork and Kerry, and major of the Kerry Militia; M.P. for Tipperary,
1857-65 ; returned for Tralee, 1865.

OETTINGERt Ednard, German author, b. at Breslau, Nov. 19, 1808 ; studied at the
University of Vienna. Author of * Der Ring des Nostradamus,' Leipsic, 1838 ; eighth
edition, 1853 ; * J6r6me Napoleon und sein Capri,' Dresden, 1853 ; ' Das Buch der Liebe,'
Berlin, 1832 ; fifth edition, Leipsic, 1850 ; and other poetic^ and dramatic works.

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OFFENBACH. Jacqnes, Frpoch mmical composer, b. at Cologne, June 21, 1819;
studied at the Puis (\»Dservatoipe, 1833-S4 ; chief of the orchestra of the Th6&tre Fran-
?«i8, IM7. Compoiied 'Lea Deux Aveu^es/ 1855; *La Chanson de Fortunio/ 1861;
*Le Roman comique,' 1861; *La belle H^toe,' 1864-65; and many other light comic
operas.

OOIZaVIB. Rer. Oharles Ataunre. En^iah divine, b. 179S; educated at Balliol
Cnllej^, Oxford, and graduated B.A 1815; fellow of Balliol, 1816; appointed r^us
professor of pastoral theology- at Oxford, 1842. Author of ' Divine Glory manifested in
the Conduct and Discourses of oar Lend,' Bampton Lectures for 18S6; and several
aermona.

OOIIiVY. Sir Jobny Bart.fl English politician, b. 1^)3 ; educated at Harrow, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; vice-lieutenant of the county of Forfar ; late captain of the
Forfar and Kincardine Artillery ; was formerly in the Sd Life Guards ; M.P. for Dundee
since 1857.

O'RAOAN, Riirbt Hon. Thomas^ IriHh judge, b. at Dublin, 1810; educated at the
Institution, Belfast, and called to the Irish bar, 1836 ; appointed solicitor-general for
Ireland, 1800 ; attorney-general for Ireland, and sworn in the Privy Council, 1861, to Jan.
1866, when he was appointed a Judge ; was M.P. for Tralee, May 1863, till his elevation to
the bench ; lord-chancellor of Ireland, Dec 1868.

OltlPHANT. lAwrence* English author, b. in Ceylon, 1829 ; called to the bar of Lin-
coln's Inn, 1855; was civil seeretary and superintendent-general of Indian affoirs in
Canada ; accompanied Lord Elgin on a special mission to Chma, 1857 ; acted as secretary
of embassy till April 1859; secretary of legation in Japan, 1861-62; elected M.P. for
Stirling, 1&65. Author of 'The Russian Shores of the Black Sea,' 1853 ; * A Narrative of
the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan in tbe Years 1857-58-59/ 1860 ; and other
works.

OIiIVIER. Jxmtm Daniely Swiss author, b. at Eysius, Canton dn Vaud, Oct. 18, 1807.
Author of^* Poemes Suisses,' 1830 ; " Les Deux Voix,' 1835 ; * Etudes d'Histoire nationale,*
Lausanne, 1842 ; and other works in prose and poetry.

OIiLIVIERy OliTier B'mlle, French politician, b. July 2, 1825 ; called to the bar at
Paris, 1847 ; commissioner-general of the Republic alf Marseilles, 1848 ; member of the
Corps L^slatif for the third circonscription of the department of the Seine since 1857.
Author of ' Sur les Coalitions ;' and other legal and political works.

OIiMSTEDy Denison, American author, b. at East Hartford, Connecticut, 17P1 ;
graduated at Yale College ; was professor of chemistry and philosophy in the University
of North Carolina ; professor of mathematics, physics, and astronomy in Yale Collie
since 1824. Author of 'Introduction to Natural Philosophy,' 1832; 'Journeys and
Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom,' 1861 ; and other works.

O'LOOHIiBN. Sir ColmAn Michael, Bart.* Irish administrator, b. 1819; edu-
cated at Loncfon University, and graduated B.A 1840; called to tlie Irish bar, 1840;
chairman of Quarter Sessions of the county of Mayo, and a magistrate of the county of
Clare ; M.P. for the county of Clare since 1863 ; judge advocate, Dec. 1868.

OIiOZAOAy SalustianOy Spanish politician, b. at Logron, 1800 ; elected to the Cortes.
1833 ; ambassador to France, 1840-43, and again in 1854 and 1868 ; prime minister for a
short period in 1844 ; member of the Provisional Government in 1868.

OIiSHAUSEN. Justus^ German philolc^'st, b. at Hohenfeld, Holsteiu, May 9, 1800,
brother of the following ; studied at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin ; appointed pro-
fes.sor of Oriental languages at the University of Kiel, 1830 ; nominated counsellor and
member of the Academy of Copenhagen, 1845 ; elected deputy for Kiel at the Diet of
Holstein, 1848 ; vice-president of the Diet, 1849 ; appointed keeper of the library and
professor of Oriental languages at Konigsberg. Author of ' Vendidad-zend-Avestaj Pars
vicesima adhuc superstes,' Hambuiig, 1829 ; and other philological works.

OIiSHAVSENy Theodor* German politician, b. at Gliiokstadt, Holstein^ June 19,
1802 ; studied law at the Universities of Kiel and Jena ; member of the Constituent Diet
of Holstein, 1848; emigrated to America, 1851. Author of 'The Valley of the Missis-
sippi,' 1853.

OMER PACHA, Irfittaa Michael, Turkish military commander, b. at Plaski,
Ogulin, Servia, 1806 ; studied in the Military School of Thurm, in Transylvania ; assistant-
surveyor of roads and bridges at Zara, 1826 ; left the Austrian service, adopted the
Mahometan creed, and assumed the name of Omer, 1838 ; colonel in the Turkish amiy,
1839 : general, June 1853 ; commander-in-chief of the Turkish army in the Crimean cam-
paign, 1854-55 ; appointed minister without a portfolio, March 1861 ; commander of the
Turkish forces in Crete, 1866-68.

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[ 199 ]

O'NEIIi, Henry, English historical painter, b. 1S07. Exhibited at the Royal Academy
' Martha and Mary informing Christ of the Death of Lazarus ;' * By the Rivers of Baby-
lon;' 'Esther in Royal Robes;' 'Catherine's Dream;* 'Eastwai-d Ho!' August 1857;
'Home Again 1' 1858; 'The Landing of the Princens Alexandra at Oravesend;' and
numerons other paintings.

O'NBIIala, Ed^rard, English politician, b. 1839 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College,
Cambridge ; a J. P. for the county of Antrim ; M.P. for the county of Antrim since 18(53.

ONSLOW, Onildford James Hillier, English politician, b. 1814; educated at
Eton; a deputy-lieutenant of Lincoln and the East Riding of Yorkshire; formerly
captain in the Scots Fusilier Guards and the 11th Foot ; M.P. for Guildford since 1858.

ONTARIO, Rieht ReT. James Lewis, Bishop of, English divine, b. 1825 ;
educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; ordained, 1848 ; rector of Brookville, Canada, 1854 ;
consecrated first bishop of Ontario, Upper Canada, 1861.

OPPERT, JnleSf French philologist, b. at Hamburg, July 9, 1825 ; studied at Heidel-
berg, Bonn, and Berlin. Author of ' Lautsystem des Altpersischen,' 1847 ; ' Les Inscrip-
tions des Ach6ra6nides,' 1852; * Sanscrit Grammar,' Berlin, 1859 ; second edition, 1863 ;

* Elements of Assyrian Grammar,' 1860; 'The Great Inscription of Khorsabad,' 1864;
and numerous other philological works.

O'QUIN, Patrick, French politician, b. at Pau, Feb. 21, 1821 ; member of the General
Council of the canton Est de Pau, 1852; mayor of Pau, 1860; returned deputy to the
Corps L^islatif for the department of Basses Pyr6n6es, 1852. Author of several works
on political economy.

ORBIGNY, Charles Dessalines d', French naturalist, b. at Coneron, Loire
Inf^rieure, Sept. 1806 ; educated at La Rochelle ; appointed assistant in the Museum of
Natural History, Paris, 1836. Author of 'Tableau s}-noptique du R^gne veg6tal,' 1834 ;

* Manuel de Geologic,' 1852 ; * La Geologic appliqu^e aux Arts, aux Mines etil' Agriculture,
Ac' 1855 ; and other works on natural history.

ORD, Ed^rard Otto Cresap, American military commander, b. in the connty of
Alleghany, Maryland, 1822 ; entered the Military School of West Point, 1835 ; second
lieutenant of infantry, 1839 ; captain. Sept 7, 1850 ; took part with the North in the
civil war, and commanded the Pennsylvanian Volunteers ; major-general at the siege of
Corinth, 1862 ; replaced General Butler in the military command of Virginia, Jan. 8, 1865.

O'REILLY, Myles Patrick, English politician, b. 1825 ; educated at London Uni-
versity, where he graduated B.A. 1845; LL.D, of Roman University, 1847; a J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of the county of Louth, and captain of the Louth Militia ; commander
of th6 Irish Brigade in the Papal service, 1860 ; M.P. for the county of TiOngford since 1862.

ORTOLAN, Joseph Louis Else'ar, French legal writer, b. at Toulon, Var, Aug. 21,
1802 ; studied law at Aix and Paris, and called to the bar, 1826. Author of 'Explication
historique des Institutes de Justinien,' 1827; 'Elements du Droit p6nal,' 1856; and
other legal works.

ORTSy Charles, Belgian politician, b. at Brussels, 1815 ; studied law, and called to the
bar, 1831 ; appointed professor of public law at the University of Brussels, 1839 ; deputy
for Brussels since 1848 ; vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies, 1856.

OSBORN^ Sherardi English naval officer and author, b. 1820; entered the Royal
Navy ; midshipman of the Hyacinth at the reduction of Canton, 1841 ; lieutenant, 1846 ;
commander, 1852 ; captain, 1855 ; appointed to the command of the Royal Sovereign,
1864. Author of ' A Cruise in Japanese Waters ;' * The Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of
Sir John Franklin,' 1860; 'The Past and Future of British Relations in China,' 1860;
and other works.

OSBORNE, Ralph Bemal, English politician, b. 1812 ; educated at tlie Charter-
house School ; assumed the name of Osborne, 1844 ; formerly a captain in the army ;
secretary to the Admiralty, Dec. 1852 to Feb. 1858 ; M.P. for Wycombe, 1841-47; for
Middlesex, 1847-57; for Dover, 1867-59 ; for Liskeard, 1859-65; for Nottingham, 1865-68.

OSBORNE, Rev. Lord Sydney Godolphin, English divine, b. 1808 ; educated
at Brasenose College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1830 ; appointed rector of Durwestun,
Dorsetshire, 1841. Author of 'Hints to the Charitable for the Amelioration of the Con-
dition of the Poor ;' * Scutari and its Hospitals ;' ' Lady Eva ;' ' Immortal Sewerage '
and other works.

OSGOOD, Samnel, American theologian, b. at Charlestown, Massachusetts, Aug. 80,
1812 ; studied theology at Cambridge, where he graduated, 1835 ; appointed minister of
the Unitarian Chapel in New York, 1849. Author of 'Studies in Christian Biography, or
Four Hours with Theologians and Reformers,' New York, 1850 ; * Milestones in our Life
Journey ;' and other theological works.

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O'SRAUGHNBSSY, Sir WmUm Brooke, Irish physician, b. in Limerick,
180P ; edncated at the University of Edinburgli, where he graduated M.D. ; entered the
BenoU army as a siuveon ; appointed superintendent of telegraphs in India, 1S52 ;
kni^t«d, 1856. Published a ' Memoir on the Electric Telegraph,' 1840.

0880RY, FBRN8. AND IiEIGHUN, Ricbt ReT. James O'Brien,
Bishop of, English divine, b. 1794 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and gra-
duated 0. A. 1815 ; dean of Cork, 1842 ; consecrated bishop of Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin,
1842. Author of several volumes of sermons.

OTWAY, Artlrar Jobn^ English politician, b. 1^22 ; educated at Sandhurst College ;
called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1850 ; a magistrate of Middlesex ; formerly in
the army; M.P. for Stafford, 1852-57; returned for Chatham, 1865 ; under-secretary of
state for foreign affairs, Dec. 1868.

OUDINE', Eace'ne Andre'^ French sculptor, b. at Paris, Jan. 1, 1810 ; studied
under Andr^ QaUe, Petitot, and M. Ingres. Executed ' Le Oladiateur bless^,' 1837 ;
' La Vierge 4 I'Enfant ' and ' Les Quatre Evang^listes ' for St. Gervais, 1845 ; ' Le fiap-
t^rae de Clovis,' 1853 ; and numerous busts, groups, and statues.

OUSEIiEY, Sir FrederidL Artlrar Gorei Bart., English musical composer,
b. in London, 1825; educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1846, M.A.
1840, Mus. Bac. 1850, Mus. Doc. 1854 ; entered holy ordere, 1854 ; precentor of Hereford
Cathedral, 1855; incumbent of St. Michael's, Tenbury, 1856; appointed professor of
music at the Universitv of Oxford, 1855. Author of 'How goodly are thy Tents,
O Israel !' and other anthems and compositions of sacred music.

OUSEUSY, Sir IVilliam Gore, English diplomatist, b. 1799, cousin of the preced-
ing ; entered the diplomatic service as attache at Stockholm, 1817 ; secretary of legation
at Rio Janeiro, 1832 ; minister-plenipotentiary at Buenos Ayres, 1844 ; sent <»n a special
mission to Monte Video, 1846. Author of several political pamphlets and works on
foreign countries.

OUVRIE', Pierre Justin, French painter and lithographer, b. at Paris, May 9, 1806;
studied under Abel de Pi\jol and Ch^tiilon. Exhibited ' La C6remonie funebre du Poete
Shelley,' 1831; 'Vue d' Amsterdam,' 1853 ; 'Sites du Rhin,'1857; 'Le K6reenGracht 4
Amsterdam,' 1863 ; and numerous other works.

OVBRBECK, Friedricb, German painter, b. at Ltibeck, July 3, 1789; studied in
Vienna, 1806 ; went in 1810, with Schadow, Veit, and Cornelius, to Rome, where he has
since resided. Exhibited 'Madonna,' 1811; 'The Entrance of Christ into Jerusalem,'
1824; 'Christ blessing Little Children;' 'John the Preacher in the WUderness ;' and
numerous other paintings, chiefly of religious subjects.

OVERSKON, Thomas, Danish dramatic writer, b. at Copenhagen, Oct. 11, 1798.
Author of 'CEstergade og Vestergade,' 1828; 'Diaraant Korset,' 1847; *Den danske
Skueplads i dens Historie,' 1854-56 ; and other dramatic works.

OVERSTONE. Samuel Jones Iioyd, Baron. English administrator, b. 1796 ;
educated at Tnnity College, Cambridge ; was high sheriff of Warwickshire, 1838 ; M.P.
for Hythe, 1819-26 ; formerly a partner in the firm of Jones Loyd & Co. bankers ;
member of the Senate of the Univeraity of London, and a trustee of the National Gallery.

OWEN, Sir Hn^b Or^en, Bart., English politician, b. 1803 ; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of the county of Pembroke, and lieutenant-colonel of Pembrokeshire
Militia ; was M.P. for Pembroke, 1826-38, and since 1861.

OWEN, Richard, English naturalist, b. at Lancaster, 1804 ; graduated at the University
of Edinburgh, 1824 ; member of the Royal College of Sui^ons of London, 1826 ; Hun-
terian professor and conservator of the museum of the College, 18S5 ; superintendent of
the natural history departments of the British Museum, 1856. Author of 'Principles of
Comparative Osteology,' published in French, 1856; 'On Pals^ntology,' 1860; and
numerous other works.

OXENFORD, John, English dramatic writer, b. in Camberwell, Surrey, 1812 ; edu-
cated for the law, and articled to a London solicitor. Translated fh>m the (German
' Eckeimann's Conversations with Goethe ;' 'The Autobiography of Goethe.' Author of
several songs and many dramatic pieces and criticisms.

OXFORD, Riffbt ReT. Samuel Wilberforce, Bisbop of, English divine,
b. 1805; educated at Oriel College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1826, M.A. 1829, D.D.
1845 ; successively archdeacon of Surrey, canon of Winchester, and dean of Westminster;
consecrated bishop of Oxford, 1846 ; chancellor of the Order of the Garter, and lord high
almoner to the Queen. Author of ' The Life of Wilberforce ; ' * History of the American
Church ;' and of several volumes of sermons and pastoral addresses.

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P.

PACCARD^ AleziSj French architect, b. in Paris, June 19, 1813 ; studied at the ]^cole
des Beaux Arts, 1830; architect of the Palais de Rambouillet, 1852; designed the
Ch&teau de Pau, 1853 ; architect to the Museum of Fontainebleau, 1853-63 ; appointed
professor of architecture at the ^cole des Beaux Arts, 1863.

PACKEy Georg^e Hussey, English politician, b. 1796 ; was formerly in the army ;
a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lincoln ; was high sheriff, 1842, and
vice-chairman of the Great Northern Railway Company ; M.P. for fcJouth Lincolnshire
since 1859.

PACKENHAM, Rirht Hon. Sir Richard, English diplomatist, b. 1797 ; attach^
to the embassy at the Hague, 1817 ; minister-plenipotentiary in Mexico, 1835 ; sworn
a privy councillor, 1843 ; envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary at Washing-
ton, 1843-49, and at Lisbon, April 1851 to 1855.

PADMOREy Richard, English politician, b. 1789; a magistrate and alderman of
Worcester, and chairman of the Worcester City and County Banking Company ; M.P. for
Worcester since 1860.

PADOUE, Ernest LoTds Arrighi de CasanoTa, Due de, French statesman,
b. in Pans, Sept. 26, 1814 ; studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1833-35 ; created a
senator, June 23, 1863; was minister of the interior from May 5 to Nov. 1, 1859.

PAGE, The'oire'ne Francois, French naval commander, b. March 31, 1807 ; studied
at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1825 to 1827 ; ensign in the navy, 1830 ; lieutenant, 1836 ;
captain, 1846 ; rear-admiral, Aug. 12, 1S68 ; vice-admiral, Aug. 10, 1861 ; maritime prefet
of Rochefort, 1862; member of the Council of Admiralty, Oct. 20, 1863.

PAGE, Thomas. English civil engineer, b. 1810 ; engineer of the suspension bridge at
Battersea, openea 1859, and of the new bridge across the Thames at Westminster, com-
menced 1860, and finished 1866 ; appointed architect and engineer of the new Blackfriars
Bridge, 1866.

PAGET. Lord Alfred Henry, English politician, b. June 29, 1816: educated at
Westminster ; deputy-lieutenant of Statlbrdshire and Suflfolk, and a colonel in the army ;
appointed chief equerry to the Queen, 1859 ; M.P. for Lichfield, 1837-65.

PAGET, Lord Clarence Ed^eard, English naval commander and politician, b. 1811 ;
educated at Westminster ; is vice-admiral R.N. ; appointed secretary to the Admiralty,
1859 ; M.P. for Sandwich, 1847-52, and since 1857.

PAGET, ReT. Francis Ed'veard, English author, b. 1806 ; educated at Westminster,
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1832 ; rector of Elford, Staffordshire,
since 1835. Author of ' St. Antholins," 1842 ; 'The Warden of Berkenholt,' 1843 ; • Luke
Sharp, a Tale of Modem Education,' 1846 ; and other works.

PAGET, Lord George Augnstns Frederick, English officer, b. in London, 181S ;
enterea the army ; was lieutenant-colonel of dragoons, 1846 ; brigadier-general, 1855 ;
major-general, 1861 ; appointed to the command of a division of the Bengal army, 1862 ;
was M.P. for Beaumaris, 1847-67 ; created C.B. 1855, and received the cross of officer of
the Legion of Honour, 1856.

PAGET, James, English surgeon, b. 1816 ; member of the Royal College of Sui^eons,
1836 ; surgeon-extraordinary to the Queen, and assistant surgeon at St. Bartholomew's
Hospital Author of * Lectures on Surgical Pathology ;' and other medical works.

PAGET, Richard Homer, English politician, b. 1832 ; educated at Sandhurst ;
a magistrate of Somerset, and captain of the North Somersetshire Yeomanry Cavalry ;
served in 66th Foot; elected M.P. for East Somersetshire, 1865.

PAOE'ZY, DaTid Jnles, French politician, b. Sept. 20, 1803 ; mayor of Montpellier,
and member of the General Council for the canton of Castries ; elected member of the
Corps L^slatif fur the department of Herault, 1863.

PAKINOTON, Riffht Hon. Sir John Somerset, English statesman, b. 1799,
son of William Russell, Esq. of Powick Court, Worcestershire; educated at Eton,
and Oriel College, Oxford ; assumed the name of Pakington, 1831 ; created baronet,
1837 ; secretary of state for the colonies from March to Dec. 1852 ; first lord of the
Admiralty from March 1858 to June 1869 ; returned M.P. for Droitwich in the elections
from 1837 to 1865 ; flirst lord of the Admiralty, July 6, 1866, to March 6, 1867 ; appointed
secretary of state for war, March 6, 1867, to Dec. 1868.

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PAIiACKY, Fraas, Bohemian writer, b. at Hodslawitz, in Moravia, June 1798;
studied at Presburg and Vienna ; appointed historiographer to the kingdom by the
States of Boliemia, 1831. Author of ' History of Bohemia/ in German, 1836-64 ; * The
Invasion of the Mongols in the Thirteenth Century/ 1842 ; and other historical works.

PALEY, Frederick ApttkOirp%, English writer, b. at Easingwold, near York, 1816 ;
educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1836. Autiior of
'Illustrations of Baptismal Fonts;' 'Manual of Gothic Mouldings;' * Guide to the
Churches round Cambridge ;' and other works. An eminent classical scholar ; has edited
Theocritus, Propertius, and other ancient writers. ,

PAIiFREYy John Oorhan&y American theologian, b. at Boston, May 2, 1798 ; studied
theology and graduated at Harvard College, 1815 ; minister of a Unitarian Church at
Boston, 1818-31. Editor of the North American Review, 1836-1848. Author of * Evidences
of Christianity,' Boston, 1848 ; and other works.

PAZiORAVS; Francis Turner. English author, b. 1824 ; educated at the Charter-
house, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A ; was private secretary to
Mr. W. E. Gladstone ; employ^ in the Educational Department of the Privy Council.
Edited 'The Golden Treasury of English Poetry.* Author of 'Idylls and Songs;' and
other works.

PALORAVS, WUliauk Gilford. English traveller, consul at Trebizond, b. 1826,
brother of the preceding. Author of ' Travels in Arabia,' 1863.

PAIiIN, Rer. William, English author, b. 1802 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. 1833, and M.A. 1851; appointed rector of Rtifford,
Essex, 1834. Author of ' History of the Church of England, 1688 to 1717 / * The
Christian Month ;' ' Bellingham,' a tale ; and other works.

PALK, Sir lAnnrence, Bart., English politician, b. 1818; educated at Eton; a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Devon ; M.P. for South Devon since 1854.

PAIaliAVICINI, della Priola, MarqTda Emilio, Italian military commander,
b. at Ceva, province of Mondovi, 1823 ; studied at the Military Academy at Turin ; fought
as a volunteer in the campaign of Lombardy, 1848-49 ; served in the Crimea, 1855, and
during the war in Italy, 1869 ; took Garibaldi prisoner at Aspromonte, for which he
received the title of major-generaL

PALLAVICINO-TRIVULZIO, GiorffO. Marquis, Italian politician, b. 1796 ;
prefect of Palermo, April to July 1862 ; created a senator by Victor Emmanuel, 1859.

PAIalvISERf John, English traveller and author, b. 1817 ; a magistrate of the county
of Waterford ; engaged for the English Government to conduct the British North America
Exploring Expedition, 1857-60, and published the account of it, 1861. Author of ' The
Solitary Hunter, or Sporting Adventures in the Prairies.'

PAZaZaU. Le'opold Charles de la Barrie're, French naval commander and author,
b. at Saintes, Aug. 19, 1829 ; lieutenant in the navy, 1858 ; appointed to command
Le Tancrede in the Chinese Seas, 1864. Autiior of 'History of the Expedition in Cochin
China in 1861,' 1864 ; and other works.

PAIiLUXSIi, Joseph Ferdinand, French politician, b. at Chamb^ry, April 10, 1796 ;
called to the bar of his native town, 1822 ; deputy to the Parliament of Turin, 1848, and
vice-president of the Sardinian Chamber, 1849 ; after the annexation of Savoy by France,
became member of General Council for the canton of Bourg St. Maurice ; elected member
of the Coips L^gislatif for the second circonsi-ription of the department of Savoy,
1862.

PALMBR, Sir Ronndell, English politician, b. 1812 ; educated at Rugby, Winchester,
and Trinity College, Oxford ; afterwards fellow of Magdalen College ; graduated B.A. 1834,
M.A. 1836; caUed to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1837; solicitor-general, 1861 ; attorney-
general, 1863-66; was M.P. for Plymouth, 1847-52, and 1853-67, and returned for
Richmond, 1861.

PAIiMER, Rev. 'William, English theologian, b. 1803; educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, wnere he graduated B.A. ; appointed vicar of Whitchurch Canonicorum, Dorset,
1846 ; rural dean and prebendary of Salisbury. Author of ' Origines Liturgicse, or
Antiquity of the English Ritual,' 1832; 'A Compendious Ecclesiastical History,* 1842;
and other theological works.

PAIaUDAN-MUIaZiER. Frederik, Danish poet, b. at Kjerterminde, Pionia, Feb. 7,
1809. Author of ' Fire Romanser,' Copenhagen, 1832 ; ' Danserinden,' 1888 ; ♦ Dryadens
Bryllup,' 1844; ' Luftskipperen og Atheisten,' 1853; 'Tree Digte,' 1864; and numerous
other poems.

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PAIiVDAliF MUIiLER. Caspar Peder. Danish historian, b. Jan. 25, 1805, brother
of the preceding ; appointed professor in 1829, and head-master in 1843, of the Cathedral
School of Odense ; elected member of the Academy of Sciences of Copenhagen, 1843.
Author of • Om St. Hans Kloster i Odense,' Odense, 1831 ; ' Grevens Peide,' 1853-54 ;
* Heiredagene i Odense,' 1857 ; and other works.

PAM A.RD^ Paul Antoine Marie, Prench politician, b. at Avignon, Aug. 24, 1802
mayor of Avignon ; member of the General Council for the canton of the same town ;
elected meuiber of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Vaucluse, 1861.

PANIZZI. AntoniOy English bibliographer, b. at Brescello, Modena, Italy, Sept. 16,
1797 ; stuaied at the University of Parma, where he graduated LL.D. 1818 ; professor oi"
Italian at University College, London, 1828-30 ; assistant librarian of the British Museum,
1831-37 ; principal librarian, 1837-66. Editor of the * Orlando Innamorato * of Bojardo,
1830; the 'Orlando Furioso' of Ariosto, 1832. Author of 'Chi era Praucesco da
Bologna?' 1858.

PAPE CARPANTIER, MarlCi French authoress, b. at Fl^che, Sarthe, Sept. 10.
1815 ; appointed directress of the Normal School of Paris, 1848. Author of * Preludes,'
1841 ; * Ce que dit un Grain de Sable,' 1862 ; * G6om6trie de Li Natiu-e,' 1863 ; and other
works.

PAQUIS. Ame'de'e, French writer, b. 1800. Author of 'Nouvelle Grammaire latine,'
1828; 'Oui et Non,' 1830; 'Histoire d'Espagne et de Portugal,' 1846-48; and other
works.

PARCH APPE, Charles J^an, French military commander, b. at ^pei*gnay, Mame,
April 4, 1787 ; studied at the Ecole de Pontainebleau ; second lieutenant, 1806 ; colonel,
1837 ; general of division, 1848 ; elected member of the Corps Legislatif for the second
circonscription of the department of Mame, 1852. ,

PARIEU, Felix Esqniron de, French statesman, b. at Aurillac, March 13, 1815 ;
studied law at Paris and Strasburg. and graduated LL.D. ; represented the department
of Cautal in the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, 184&-49 ; was minister of public
instruction, Oct. 31, 1849, to Feb. 13, 1851 ; vice-president of the Corps Legislatif, 1855 ;
elected member of the French Academy, 1856. Author of 'Trait6 des Inipdts consid^res
sous le Rapport historique, ^conomique et politique, en France et 4 r^tnmger,' 1862-64 ;
and other works.

PARIS, Alexis Paulin, French author, b. at Avenay, Mame, March 25, 1800;
apptjiuted professor of language and literature at the College of France, 1853. Author of
' Apologie de I'Ecole romantique,' 1824 ; ' Grandes Chroniques de Saint Denis,' 1836-38 ;
' Les A ventures de Maitre Renart et d'Ysengrin, mises en nouveau Langage,' 1861 ; and
other works.

PARISH, Sir IVoodbine, English diplomatist, b. 1792; educated at Eton; entered
the diplomatic service, 1815; concluded the llrst treaty with La Plata, 1825; charge
d'affaires at Buenos Ayres, 1840 ; brought to the British Museum the remains of the
Mfgatherium, Glyptodon, and other antediluvian monsters of the Pami)as. Author of
' Provinces of La Plata.'

PARKER, Sir Henry Watson, English colonial administrator, b. 1808; was
successively colonial secretwy, first minister, and principal secretary of New South
Wales ; knighted, 1858.

PARKER, John Henrjj English author and publisher, b. 1806; educated at Dr.
Haines* School, the Manor House, Cbiswick ; >ice-president of the Oxford Architectural
Society. Author of * Glossary of Architecture,' 1836 ; fifth edition, 1850 ; * Introduction
to the Study of Gothic Architecture,' 1849 ; and other works.

PARKER, Sir IVilliam, English naval commander, b. 1781 ; entered the navy, 1793 ;
rear-admiral, 1830 ; admiral of the blue, April 1851 ; commander-in-chief at Plymouth,
1854 ; admiral of the fieet, 1863 ; created a baronet, 1844 ; first naval aide-de-camp to the
Queen, 1846 ; a lord of the Admiralty, July to December 1834, and from April 1835 to
May 1845.

PARKER, IVindsor, English politician, b. 1802 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
of Suffolk, and major of the West Suffolk Militia ; late captain in the Ben^^ Cavalry ;
• M.P. for West Suffolk since 1859.

PARKES, Sir Harry Smith, English diplomatist, b. 1828 ; successively consul at
Amoy, Shanghai, and Canton ; British minister in Japan, 1865.

PARKMAN, Francis, American author, b. at Boston, Sept 16, 1823 ; educated at
Harxard College. Author of * Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life,' New York, 1852 ; * The
History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac,' Boston, 1851 ; ' Vassall Morton,* ib. 1856.

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PARIiATORE, Flllopo, Italian naturaUst, b. at Palermo, Aug. 8, 1816 ; studied at
tlie University of PaTenno, and graduated M.D. 1834. Author of 'Monogratia delle
Funiariee/ Florence, 1844 ; * i-lora Italiana,' ib. 1850-58 ; * Travels to the North of Europe,'
ib. 1854 ; and other botanical works.

PARRY. Thomas. English politician, b. 1818; educated at Lincoln; M.P. for Boston,
1865-67.

PARTRIDGE^ Richard, English surgeon, b. 1805 ; admitted a member of the Royal
College of Surgeons, 1827 ; professor of anatomy at King's College, London, and to the
Royal Academy of Arts.

PASSAGZalAy CarlOy Italian theologian, b. 1804; educated at Rome, and became
professor of theology in the Roman University ; appointed professor of moral philosophy
at the University of Turin, 1861 ; elected deputy to the Italian Parliament, 1863. Author
of ' Pro Causa Italica ad Episcopos Cathoiicos,' 1861 ; and numerous theological works.

PASSY, Antoine Fre'de'|riC. French politician, b. 1702, brother of the follo\^ing;
prefet of the Eure, 1880 ; councillor of state, 1839 ; undersecretary to the minister of the
Interior, 1840 ; appointed professor of political economy at Montpellier, 1860. Author of

* Description of the Geology of the Department of the Seine luf^rieure,* 1832 ; and
other works.

PASSY, mppolyte Philibert, French statesman, b. at Garches Villeneuve, near
St. Cloud, Oct. 16, 1793 ; admitted to the School of Cavalry of Saumur, 1809 ; lieutenant,
1812; elected deputy for Louviers, 1830; minister of finance from 11 to 14 Nov. 1834;
minister of commerce, Feb. 22 to Aug. 25, 1836 ; entered the Chamber of Peers, Dec. 16,
1843 ; took part in the first ministry of President Louis Napol6on, Dec 20, 1848, ti> Oct. 31,
1849 ; retired fh)m public life after the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851. Author of ' Des
Causes d'lnegalit^ des Richesses,' 1849 ; and other works.

PASTEUR, Iionis, French chemist, b. at Ddle, Jura, Dec. 27, 1822 ; studied at the
College of Besanqon, and received the degree of M.D. 1847 ; professor of chemistry to
the Faculty of Sciences. Strasburg, 1852-63 ; appointed professor of geology, physics, and
chemistry at the Paris fecole des Beaux Arts, Dec. 1863. Author of several works on
chemistry.

PATMORE, COTentrj, English author, b. at Woodford, Essex, July 2, 1823 ; appointed
one of the assistant librarians to the British Museum, 1846 ; retired, 1865. Author of
'Taraerton Church Tower, and other Poems,' 1853; 'The Angel in the House,' 1855;

* Faithful for Ever ;' * Victories of Love,* 1862 ; and other poems.

PATON, Andremr Archibald, Servian author, b. 1807. Author of 'The Modem
Syrians by an Oriental Student,' 1843 ; ' Servia, the Youngest Member of the European
Family,' 1844 ; ' The Goth and the Hun,' 1851 ; ' The Mamelukes, or Life in Gi-and Cairo,'
1851 ; and other works.

PATON, Sir Joseph Noel, English painter, b. at Dunfermline, Fifeshire.1823 ; admitted
as a student at the Royal Academy, 1843, Painted 'Christ bearing the Cross,' 1847;
♦The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania,' 1849; 'The Dead Lady,' 1854; 'The Pursuit of
Pleasure,' 1855 ; * In Memoriam,' 1858 ; 'Dawn : Luther at Erfurt,* 1861 ; and other works
of art.

PATTEN, Right Hon. John Wilson, English statesman, b. 1802, the eldest son
of T. W. Patten, M.P. for Lancashire ; educated at Eton, and Magdalen College, Oxford:
M.P. for Lancashire since 1830; chairman of committees of the House of Commons,
1852-53 ; chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1867-68.

PATTERSON, Robert Hograrth, Euglish author, b. in Edinburgh, 1821; was
editor of the Press newspaper, 1859-62. Author of ' The New Revolution, or the Napo-
leonic Policy in Europe,* 1860 ; ' Essays in History and Art,* 1861.

PATTI, Adelina Jnana Maria, Italian operatic singer, b. at Madrid, March 19, 1843;
studied under her brother-in-law, Maurice Strakosch, and made her d^but at New York,
Nov. 24, 1859 ; made her first ax)pearance in London at the Italian Opera House, May 14,
1861.

PATTI, Carlotta, Italian operatic singer, b. at Florence, 1840, sister of the preceding;
made her d6but at the Academy of Music, New York, 1861.

PAUZiL, Henry, English politician, b. 1822 ; studied law, and called to the bar of the

Middle Temple, 1845; a deputy-lieutenant of Middlesex ; M.P. for St. Ives since 1857.
PAVIE,

and other philological works.

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[ 205 j—

PA YEN. Anselme^ French chemist, b. at Paris, Jan. 6, 1795 ; studied chemistry under
Vauquelin, Chevreul, and Th^nard ; directed a beetroot sugar manufactory, 1814-20 ;
admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences, 1842. Author of * Cours de Chimie
appliquee,' 1847 ; and numerous other works on chemistry.

PEABODY. Oeorgre^ American philanthropist, b. at Danvers, Massachusetts, U.S.
Feb. 18, 1795 ; came to England, 1837, and established himself in London as a merchant
and money-broker; gave £25,000 to found an Institute at Danvers, U.S., and £100,000 to
found another at Maryland ; presented the City of London with £150,000 to erect com-
fortable and convenient lodging-houses for the working classes in 1859.

PEACOCK. Sir Barnes, English judge, b. 1810 ; legal member of the Council of India,
1852 ; chief justice of Calcutta, 1859.

PE ARD. Colonel John Whitehead. English administrator, b. at Fowey, in Corn-
wall, 1811 ; educated at Ottery St. Mary, Devon, and at Exeter College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. 1833, and M.A. 1836 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1837 ; offered his
services as a volunteer to Garibaldi, 1859 ; fought with him during the Italian campaign,
and at Palermo, 1860 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Cornwall

PEASE. Joseph Whituvrell, English politician, b. 1828 ; a magistrate of the county
of Durham and the North Riding of Yorkshire ; elected M.P. for South Durhun, 1865.

PEDRO II. Emperor of Brazil, b. Dec. 2, 1825, the son of Emperor Pedro I.
and of Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria ; succeeded to the throne at the abdication of
his father, April 7, 1831 ; declared of age, July 23, 1840 ; crowned, July 18, 1841 ; married,
Sept. 4, 1843, to Theresa, b. March 14, 1822, the daughter of the late King Francis I. of
the Two Sicilies.

PEEIi, Arthnr IVellesley, English politician, b. 1829 ; educated at Eton, and Balliol
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1852, M.A. 1865 ; a magistrate of Bedfordshire ;
elected M.P. for Warwick, 1865.

PEEL. Right Hon. Frederick, English statesman, b. 1823; educated at Harrow,
and Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1849 ; under-
secretary of state for the colonies; under-secretary for war, 1855-57; M.P. for Leo-
minster, Feb. 1849 to July 1852 ; and for Bury, Lancashire, April 1857 ; re-elected. May
1859 to 1865.

PEEL, John, English politician, b. 1804 ; educated at Manchester Grammar School ; a
magistrate of the counties of Stafford and Warwick ; M.P. for Tamworth, 1863-68.

, Rilpht Hon. Jonathan, English statesman, b. 1799 ; educated at Rugby ; a
major-general in the army ; was surveyor-general of the ordnance, 1841-46 ; secretary of
state for the War Department, 1858-59 ; M.P. for Norwich, 1826-30 ; and for Huntingdon,
1831-68.

PEEL, Riffht Hon. Sir Lawrence, English colonial judge, b. 1799 ; educated at
St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1821 ; called to the bar of tbe
Middle Temple, 1824 ; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Calcutta, 1842-55 ; vice-
president of the Legislative Council of Madras.

PEEL, Right Hon. Sir Robert. Bart., English statesman, b. 1822 ; educated at
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graouated B.A. 1843 ; was attache at Madrid, June 1844
to May 1846 ; a lord of the Admiralty, 1855-57 ; chief secretary for Ireland, 1861-65 ;
M.P. for Tamworth since 1850.

PEILE, ReT. Thomas IViUiamson, English author, b. 1806 ; studied at Trinity
College, Cambridge ; head-master of Repton School, 1841-58 ; vicar of Luton, Bedford-
shire, 1858-61 ; incumbent of St. Paul's, Hampstead. Editor of * Agamemnon/ 1839 ;
'ChoephorsB* of .ZBschylus, 1840 ; and other classical publications.

^ELHAM, "Walter John, Lord. English administrator, b. 1838 ; educated at
Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1860; a deputy-
lieutenant of Sussex.

PELIGOT, Entre'ne Melchior, French chemist, b. in Paris, 1812; professor of
chemistry to the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers ; and assayer to rH6tel des Monnaies.
Author of 'Recherches sur I'Analyse et la Composition chimique de la Betterave i
Sucre,' 1839 ; ' Traits pratique d' Analyse chimique,' 1843 ; and other works on chemistry.

PELLAT^ Charles Augruste, French author, b. at Grenoble, Oct. 6, 1793 ; studied
law in his native town, and received the degree of LL.D. 1819 ; dean of the Faculty of
Law in Paris since 1847. Author of ' Textcs choisis des Pandectes,' 1860-63 ; and nume-
rous other works.

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PEUiSTANy Baare'ney French writer and i>olitician, b. at Royan, Charente Inf^rieore,
Oct 26, 1813 ; studied law at Paris ; elected member of the Corps L^slatif for the ninth
eirconscription of the department of Seine, 1864. Author of ' Le Lampe 6teinte,* 1840 ;
'Les Droits de I'Homme,' *Le8 Rois philosophes,' 1858 ; ' Decadence de la Monarchie
franQaise,' 1860 ; 'Adresse au Roi Coton,' 1863 ; * Le Termite,' 1864 ; and other works.

PEIiOUZE* The'ophUe Jules, French chemist, b. at Valognes, Manche, Feb. 26,
1807 ; studied under Gay Lussac, in Paris, 1827 ; appointed professor of chemistry at
Lisle, 1830 ; assayer to the Mint of Paris, 1833, and president of the same, 1848. Pub-
lished, with M. Fr6my, ' Traits de Chimie, g^n^rale, analytique, etc.' 1858-66, in 6 vols. ;
third edition, 1860 ; and other works on chemistry.

PENCO. Rosinfty Italian operatic singer, b. at Naples, 1880 ; made her d^but in Copen-
hagen. 1850, as * Lucia,' in Donizetti's opera, and in London at Covent Garden Theatre, 1859.

PENOEIiIiY. WUliam, English geologist, b. in Cornwall, 1812; published, with
Dr. Heer, of Zurich, a monograph on * The Lignite Formation of Bovey Tracej% Devon-
sliire,' 1863 ; author of several papers on the geology of Devonshire ; collected and arranged
the Devonian fossils in the Oxford University under the name of ' Pengelly Collection.'

PENNANT, Hon. Edward Gordon Douglas, English politician, b. 1800;
assumed the name of Pennant, 1838 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Carnarvon, and lieutenant-
colonel of the Carnarvon Militia ; formerly lieutenant- colonel of the Grenadier Guards;
M.P. for Carnarvonshire since 1841.

PENNEFATHER, Sir John liysafrlity English military commander, b. 1800;
ent^-red the army as comet, 1818 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1839 ; colonel in the army, 1846 ;
major-general, 1854; appointed colonel of the 46th Foot, 1854; created K.C.B. 1855;
lieutenant-general, 1855; governor of Malta, 1856-57; nominated commander of the
camp at Aldershot, 1860.

PEPOIaly CmrlOy Italian statesman, b. at Bol(^na, 1801 ; studied at the university of
his native city ; chosen member of the Provisional Government, 1831, and prefect of the
provinces of Urbino and Pesaro ; professor of Italian literature in London University,
1839-48 ; member of the Roman Parliament, and vitje-president of the Assembly, 1848;
one of the commissioners employed in the pacification of Naples, 1860.

PEPOIiIy Oioacchino Napoleone, Marquis, Italian statesman, b. at Bologna,
1825 ; colonel of the National Guard, 1848 ; minister of tinance, 1859 ; deputy of Bologna
and governor of Umbria, 1860 ; minister of a^culture and commerce, 1862 ; minister of
the interior. Sept 1863 ; minister-plenipotentiary at St. Petersburg, Jan. 1863 to 1864.

PERCY, lK>rd Henry Huch Manvers, English officer and politician, b. 1817;
educated at Eton ; a major-general in the army ; fonnerly in the Grenadier Guards, and
aide-de-camp to the Queen ; elected M.P. for Northumberland, 1865.

PERCY, John, English physician, b. at Nottingham, 1817 ; educated at Paris, and in
Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. ; lecturer on metallurgy in the Government School
of Mines since 1851. Author of * Metallui-gy, or the Art of extracting Metals from their
Ores, and adapting them to the various Purposes of Manufacture.'

PERCZEIi, Moritx, Hungarian politician, b. atTolna, 1814; studied philosophy and
law at Pesth ; deputy from the county of Tolna to the Diets of 1840, 1844, and 1847 ;
deputy ft"om Buda to the Diet^ and counsellor to the minister of the interior, 1848 ; one
of the members of the Triumvirate Government of the Hungarian Republic, 1848-49.

PE'REIREy E'mile, French banker and politician, b. at Bordeaux, Dec. 3, 1800;
member of the General Council of the Gironde for the canton of R6ole ; member of the
Corps L^gislatif for the third circonscription of the department of Gironde since 1868, .

PE'REIRE, Isaac, French banker and politician, b. at Bordeaux, Nov. 25, 1806,
brother of the preceding ; member of the General Council for the canton of Perpignan ;
member of the Corps Legislatif for the circonscription of the department of I^ren^es
Orientales since 1863.

, Jose' Joaqnin, Chilian statesman, b. 1801 ; secretary of legation in France,
1829-31 ; minister-plenipotentiary at Buenos Ayres, 1882 ; subsequently councillor of
state, minister of finance, of the interior, of foreign affairs ; president of the Chamber
of Deputies, and president of the Senate ; elected president of the Republic of Chili,
Sept. 7, 1861 ; re-elected, July 24, 1866.

I'RIER, Autroste Caslmlr, French politician, b. at Paris, Aug. 20, 1811 ; entered
the diplomatic service, 1831, and was successively secretary of embassy at London and
Brussels ; charge d'affaires at Naples and St. Petersburg, and minister-plenipotentiary at
Hanover; deputy for the first arrondissement of Paris to the Legislative Assembly 1849
Author of 'Les Finances de l'Emj»ire,' 1861 ; 'Les Societ68 de Co-op6ration.' 1864 • and
other works. *

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[207]

PERRAS, Benolt Hiiypolyte, French politician, b. at Regny, Loire, April 9, 18C4 ;
an advocate at the Imperial Court of Lyons ; member of the Corps Legisiatif for the
third circonscription du Rhdne since 1863.

PERRIN, Emile^ French artist, b. at Rouen, Jan. 1815 ; studied under Oros and
Delaroche ; appointed director of the Imperial Academy of Music, 1862. Exhibited
* Louis XV. au ChAteau de Cr6cy ;' * La Mort de Maltll&tre ;' and other paintings.

PERRYy Sir Thomas Erskine. English judge, b. 1806 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1829; called to the bar of the Inner Temple;
chief justice at Bombay, 1847-52 ; M.P. for Devonport, 1864-69; member of the Imperial
Council for India.

PERSIGNY, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Dnc de^ French statesman, b. at
St, Germain Lespinasse, Loire, Jan. 11, 1808 ; entered the Cavalry School at Saumur,
1826 ; appointed aide-de-camp to President Louis Napoleon, 1848 ; ambassador to Eng-
land, 1865 ; recalled to Pans, 1860 ; minister of the interior, 1860 to June 23, 1863 ;
created a duke by the Emperor, Sept. 13, 1868.

Z. Georgr Heinrich, German historical writer, b. at Hanover, March 28, 1795 ;
studied at Gk)ttingen, and received the degree of Ph.D. 1816; privy councillor at the
court of Berlin, 1842 ; director of the Royal Library, 1846. Author of ' Monumenta
Germaniae historica,' Hanover, 1826-54, in 13 vols. : and numerous other historical
works.

PERUZZI, UbaldinOy Italian statesman, b. 1821 ; studied at the School of Mines in
Paris, and in Germany ; member of the Assembly of Tuscany, 1859 ; elected to repre-
sent Florence at the National Parliament at Turin, 1860 ; minister of public works, 1861
minister of the interior, 1863.

PETER I. Orand-duke of Oldenbnrer^ b. July 8, 1827, the son of Grand-duke
Augustus and of Princess Ida of Anhalt-Bemburg ; succeeded to the throne at the death
of his father, Feb. 27, 1853 ; married, Feb. 10, 1852, to Elizabeth, b. March 26, 1826,
daughter of Prince Joseph of Saxe-Altenburg.

PETERBOROUGH, Riglit Rev. William Connor Maeree, Bishop of,

English divine, b. 1821 : dean of Cork, 1866 ; bishop of Peterborough, 1868. Autnor of
' Sermons at Bath ; ' and other works.

PETERMANN, Animst Heinrich, German geographer, b. at Bleicherode, Prussia,
April 18, 1822 ; educated at the College of Nordhausen ; appointed professor of geography
at Gotha, by the Duke of Saxe-Cobuix Gotha, 1854. Published 'The Atlas of Physical
Geography,' with the Rev. Thomas Milner; 'An Account of the Expedition to Central
Asia.' Contributor to the Encyclopcedia Britaunica. Editor of Geographische Mitthei-
lungen.

PETIT, Rer. John lK>nis, English architectural writer, b. 1806 ; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A 1823 ; entered holy orders, 1824. Author
of 'Architectural Character,' 1846 ; 'Lectures on Architectural Studies,' 1854 ; and other
works on architecture.

PETIT, Pierre Chiillanme, French politician, b. Sept. 1, 1804 ; a manufacturer at
Louviers ; member of the Corps Legisiatif for the fourth circonscription of the depart-
ment of the Eure since 1868.

PETO, Sir Samnel Morton, Bart., English civil engineer, b. 1800; constructed
Hungerford Market, the Reform, Oxford, and Cambridge Clubhouses, Bloomsbury
Chapel, Regent's Park Chapel, and a large portion of the railways in England, and lines
in Canada and Norway ; created a baronet, 1855 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Suffolk ; M.P.
for Norwich, 1847-54 ; for Finsbury, 1859-65 ; and for Bristol, 1865-68.

PETRE, VTilliam Bernard Petre, Baron, English administrator, b. 1817; a
deputy-lieutenant and magistrate of Essex ; succeeded his father, eleventh baron, 1850.

PEYRAT, Alphonse, French writer, b. at Toulouse, June 21, 1812. Published 'Cor-
respondance d^^Jirieterre,* 1854 ; • L'Empire jug6 avec Independance,'1866 ; 'Histoire et
Religion,' 1858; *Histoire ^Umentaire et critique de J^us,' 1864; and numerous other
works.

L, ImdTTilT Georgr, German physician, b. at Cassel, July 4, 1805 ; studied
medicine at the Universities of Gk)ttiDgen and Marburg; obtained the degree of M.D.
1825. Author of 'Enumeratio diagnostica Cactearum hucusque cognitarum,' Berlin,
1837 ; * Monographia Heliceorum viventium,' Leipsic, 1847-48 ; * Novitates Concho-
logicse,' 1855 ; and other works on botany and natural history.

PfO HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Plc

[-208 ]

PFORDTENy Lndwiff Carl TOn der. Bavarian stateaman, b. at Ried, on the
Inn, Sept 11, 1811 ; studied at NUrnberg and Heidelbei^, and received the degree of
LL.D. ; professor of law at the University of Leipsic, 1843-47; minister of agricnltnre
of Bavana, 184S-49 ; niinist4>r of the Household and of foreign affairs, April 1849 to 1859 ;
prime minister, 1860. Author of ' Abhandlongen aus dem Pandektenrechte/ Erlangen,
1840 ; and other legal works.

PHEIiPSy Samuel, English actor, b. at Devonport,'1806; apprenticed to a printer;
made his first appearance on the stage at York, 1828 ; and in London at the Haymarket
Theatre, in the cliaracter of 'Shylock,' 1829 ; manager of Sadler's Wells Theatre, London,
1844.

PHIIiIPPES, Charles Marie de Kerhollet, French naval writer, b. at
Rennes, Sept. 17, 1809 ; entered the navy, 1825 ; lieutenant, 1837 ; captain, 1856. Author
of • Instructions pour remonter la C6te du Bresil depuis St Luiz de Maranh^ jusqu'au
Para,' Paris, 1841 ; ' Description de I'Archipel des Azores,' 1851-58 ; and numerous other
works.

PHIIiIPPOTEAUX. Fre'de'ric Bnunanuel, French historical painter, b. at Paris,
Aprils, 181'>: studied imder M. L^on Cogniet. Exhibited 'La Retraite de Moscon,'
1835; 'Le G^n^ral Gouigaud sauvant la Vie k Napoleon,' 1848; 'Combat de Montebello,'
'Combat de Diemstein,' 1863; and numerous other, chiefly historical, paintings.

PHIIiIPSy Georgr, German historical writer, b. at Konigsberg, 1804; studied in
Berlin and London ; appointed professor of history and law at the University of Vienna,
1851. Aftthor of * Essay on the History of Anglo-Saxon Law,' Gottingen, 1825 ; ' History
of England and of English Law since the Norman Conquest,' Berlin, 1827-28 ; 'History
of Germany and German Law,' Munich, 1845 ; second edition, 1850 ; and other historical
works.

PHIIiIPSy Robert Needham. English politician, b. 1815; educated at Rugby; a
merchant and manufacturer, and «f.P. and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lancaster;
elected M.P. for Bury, 1866.

PHIIiLIMORE, Sir Robert Joseph. English judge, b. 1810; educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1831 ; admitted at Doctors' Commons, 1839;
called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1841 ; chancellor of the dioceses of Oxford,
Chichester, and Salisbury ; advocate-general, and knighted, 1862 ; judge of the Court of
Admiralty, and of the Court of Arches, 1866; was M.P. for Tavistock, 1853-57. Author
of ' Commentaries on International Law ;' and other works.

PHIIiIiIPS, Georse lK>rt, English politician, b. 1811 ; educated at Harrow, and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Pem-
' broke ; M.P. for Pembrokeshire since 1861.

PHIIiIiIPSy John, English geologist, b. Dec. 25, 1800 ; successively professor of geo-
logy in King's College, London, in Trinity College, Dublin, 1844. and at the Universi^
of Oxford since 1856. Author of 'A Treatise on Geology,' London, 1837 ; 'The Rivers,
Mountains, and Sea-coasts of Yorkshire,* 1855; 'Three Years' Observations on Rain;*
and numerous other works.

PHIIiLTPSt Sir Thomas, English antiquarian, b. 1792 ; educated at Rugby, and
University College, Oxford ; created a baronet, 1821 ; nominated one of the trustees of
the British Museum, 1861.

PHIIiLIPS. Sir Thomas. English barrister, b. 1801; called to the bar of the Inner
Temple, 1842; knighted, 1839 ; made a Q.C. Feb. 1865.

PICARD, lK>uis Joseph Ernest, French politician, b. at Paris, Dec. 24, 1821 ;
called to the bar, 1844 ; elected member of the Corps L^gislatif for the fifth circonscrip-
tion of the department of Seine, 1858.

PICCIONI, Vincent, French politician, b. at Pino, Corsica, Aug. 19, 1812 ; studied at
the College of Sarr^ze, and at the School of Law at Toulouse, and was called to the bar;
elected member of the Corps L^slatif for the third circonscription of the department
of Haute Ckm>nne, 1863.

PICCOIiOMINI, Maria, Italian operatic sincer, b. at Sienna, 1835; made her d^but
in Florence in the character of 'Lucrezia Boi^gia,'^ 1852 ; appeared in London, 1866; sang
in the principal cities of the United Kingdom, in Paris, and New York ; married, and
retired from the stage, 1861,

PICKERSOIIiIi, Frederick Richard, English historical painter, b. in London,
1820 ; studied at the Royal Academy. Exhibited ' The Combat between Hercules and
Achelous,' 1840; 'The Death of King Lear,' exhibited at Westminster Hall, 1843- the
'Burial of Harold,' 1847 ; and numerous other paintings. Elected A.R,A. 1847 and R.A-
1867.

L

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PICKERSOIIiXa^ Henry William y English portrait painter, b. in London, 1781 ;

exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1827-66 ; elected A.R.A. 1812, and R.A. 1827.
PIERCE, Franklin, American statesman, b. at Hillsborough, New Hampshire, Nov.

23, 1804 ; studied at Bowdoin College, Maine, and at Amherst ; called to the bar, 1827 ;

elected to Congress, 1838 ; member of the United States Senate, 1887 ; resigned, 1842 ;

took part in the Mexican war, and made brigadier-general, 1847 ; president of the United

States, 1853-57 ; appointed United States judge, 1863.
PI GOT, Rlerht Hon. David Richard, Irish judge, b. 1805 ; called to the Irish

bar, 1826 ; solicitor-general for Ireland, 1839 ; attorney-general, 1840-41 ; chief baron of

the Exchequer in Ireland, 1846; was M.P. for Clonmel, 1839-46; appointed one of the

visitors of Maynooth College, 1845.
PIOOTT, Sir Gillery, English judge, b. 1818 ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple,

1839; seijeant-at-law, with patent of precedence, 1856; has been recorder of Hereford;

M.P. for Reading, 1860-63 ; appointed judge in the Court of Exchequer, and benighted,

1863.
PIIiXaET, 'Raymond Franoois, French writer, b. at Paris, Dec. 6, 1803 ; studied

at the Lyc6e NapoUon ; French consul at Nice, 1849 to June 1860 ; consul at Palermo,

1861. Author of 'L'0bstin6, ou les Bretons,' 1837; 'De la Situation actuelle des

The&tres,' 1844 ; and other works.
PlXaS, Adrien Ansrnste, French painter, b. at Paris, July 19, 1818 ; studied under

M. Picot, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts ; appointed professor of painting at the Ecple

des Beaux Arts, 1863. Exhibited ' Le Christ prSchant dans la Barque de Simon,' 1846 ;

' Une Tranch^e devant S^bastopol,' 1855 ; * Bataille de I'Alma,' 1861 ; and numerous
- other, chiefly historical, paintings.
PIM, Bedford Caiiperton Trerylian, English naval oflBcer, b. at Bideford, Devon,

June 12, 1826 ; educated at the Royal Naval School ; admitted in the Royal Navy, 1842 ;

made a voyage round the world in H.M.S. Herald^ 1845-51; engaged in the search fur

Sir John F^nklin, and reached the Investigator ; made a commander, 1858. Author of

' The Qate of the Pacific ;' and various pamphlets.

PINE, Sir Benjamin ChiUey Campbell. English colonial administrator, b. 1813 ;
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; callea to the bar, 1841 ; Queen's advocate at
Sierra Leone, 1848 ; lieutenant-governor of Natal, 184&-56 ; governor of the Gold Coast
settlements, 1856-59 ; governor of Western Australia, 1860-69 ; appointed governor of
Antigua, 1869. Author of articles in the EncyclopiBdia BrUannica on African colonies.

PIORRY, Pierre Adolphe, French physician, b. at Poitiers, Dec. 31, 1794; studied
medicine, and received the degree of M.D. 1816 ; appointed professor of Clinique Interne
at the Hdtel-Dieu, 1864. Author of *De l'H6r6dit6 dans les Maladies,' 1840 ; 'Dieu,
I'Ame, la Nature,' a poem, 1854 ; ' La Mddecine du bon Sens,' 1864 ; and other works.

PIRE' DE ROSNYVINEN, Alexandre, Maranis de, French politician,

b. at Rennes, July 12, 1809 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of lie et

Villaine since 1856.
PIROUX, Joseph, French administrator, b. at Hardigny, Yosges, Jan. 2, 1800;

director of the institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Nancy. Author of * Le Vocabu-

laire des Sourds-Muets,' Paris, 1830 ; and other works on the treatment of the deaf and

dumb.
PrUS IX., sovereign pontiff of Rome, b. at Sinigaglia, May 13, 1792, the son of Count

Mastai Ferretti ; employed on a mission in Chili, 1823-25 ; bishop of Imola, Dec. 14, 1838 ;

created cardinal, Dec. 24, 1839 ; elected sovereign pontiff as successor of Gregory XVI.

June 16, 1846 ; crowned, June 21, 1846.
PIiANAT, Oscar Abel* French politician, b. at Limoges, Haute-Yienne, May 14,

1826 ; studied law, and called to the bar at Paris, 1849 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif

for the arrondissements of Cognac and Barbezieux since 1863.

PlaANCHE', James Robinson, English author and dramatist, b. in London,
Feb. 27, 1796. Author of • Charles XII.*^ a drama, 1826 ; • Lays and Legends of the
Rhine,' 1826 ; * Descent of the Danube,' 1827 ; * History of British Costume,' 1834 ;
* Regal Records,' 1888 ; translator of the ' Fairy Tales' of the Countess d'Aulnoy, 1855 ;
and other works.

PLANCY, Annste, Baron de, French politician, b. at Paris, 1815 ; member
of the Legislative Assembly, 1849 ; and member of the Corps L^islatif for the
department of Aube since 1862.

PlaANCY, Charles. Vicomte de, French i>olitician, b. at Paris, Jan. 4, 1809,
brother of the precemng ; member of the Legislative Assembly, 1849 ; and member of
the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Oise since 1852.

Pla HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Pon
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PXa ATT, Johny English politician, b. 1817 : a maf^strate of the county of Lancaster ;
high sheriff of the county of Carnarvon, 1863 ; M.P. for Oldham since 1865.

PXaAYFAIR, Iiyony Rngli^h chemist and sanitary reformer, b. in Bengal, 1819 ; edu-
patod at St. Andrew's, North Britain, and at Giessen under Professor Liebig, 1838 ; pro-
fessor of j'hemistry in the Royal Institution, 1843 ; special commissioner in charge of
the flepartnient of juries in the Exhibition of 1851 ; and of the same department in the
Exhibition of lSfi*2 : president of the Chemical Society, London, 1858 ; professor of
chemistry at the University of E^inbuigh, 1858; returned first M.F. for Edmbui:gb and
St. Andrew's Universities, 1868.

PIiOUVIER, Cdonard. French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, Aug. 2, 1821. Author
of * Les Vengeurs,' 1H51; «Le Pays des Amours,' 1858; 'La Belle aui Cheveux bleus,'
1861 ; ' Le Comte du Saules,' 1864 ; and other dramas and romances.

PIiUMPTRE, Charles John. English writer, b. 1818 ; called to the bar of Gray's
Inn, 1844 ; lecturer on elocution to the UniTersity of Oxford. Author of * Lectures on
Elocution.'

POEZBy OliTler, Oomte de Uti French politician, b. June 25, 1821 ; honorary
chamberlain to the Emperor ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of
Vend^ since 186?,

POOOENDORF, Johann Chiistimn, German physician, b. at Hamburg, Dec 26,
1796 ; studied at the University of Beriin ; appointed professor of medicine at the same
University, 1834. Author of 'A Treatise on Voltaic Electricity,' 1821; 'Biographical
and Literary Dictionary of the History of the Exact Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics,
&c.' 1858 ; and other works.

POIR^ONy Aoji^TUlte Slmoiiy French historical writer, b. in Paris, Aug. 20, 1795 ;
studied at the Ecole Nonnale ; professor of rhetoric at the College of Henri IV. and at
• the College Charlemagne, 18.'^7-53. Author of ' Histoire Romaine,' 1827-28 ; * Histoire
de Henri IV.' 1857 ; second edition, 1862 ; and other historical works.

POIiATNy Mathe^i^ Iiambert, Belgian author, b. at Li6ge, June 27, 1808 ; obt'^ined
the degree of Ph. D. and was appointed professor of history in the University of Li^ge.
Author of *Le Massacre des Magistrats de Louvaine, 1379,' Li6ge, 1838; 'Henri de
Dinant, Histoire de la Revolution communale de Li^,' ib. 1843 ; and other historical
works.

POItliOCK, Sir Frederick, English judge, b. 1783; M.P. for Huntingdon, 1831-44;
attorney-general, 1841-44 ; chief bim^n of the Exchequer, 1844-66.

POXaliOOK, Sir Georir^f English military commander, brother of the preceding, b. in
London, 1786 ; entered the service of the East India Company, 1802 ; msjor, 1819 ;
general, 1859; relieved Jellalabad, and captured Cabul, 1841; appointed honoraiy
colonel 1st battalion Surrey Rifle Volunteers, 1861.

POLTIMOREy Augustus Frederick Bampf^lde, Baron, English adminis-
trator, b. in London, April 12, 1837 ; educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford ;
succeeded his father, first baron, Dec. 1858 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Devon, and captain
of 1st Devon Yeomanry Cavalry.

POXaVTARTH, Hennr Hepburn Scott, Baron, Scottish administrator, b. in
1800 ; lord-lieutenant of Selkirk, and deputy-lieutenant of the counties of Roxbni^h and
Bei-wick ; was a lord-in-waiting to the Queen from March to Dec 1852, and fh>m Feb.
1858 to June 1859.

POMFRET, Oeoriro William Richard Fermor, Earl, English administrator,
b. 1824 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; deputy-lieutenant of Northamptonshire.

PONOERVIXaliE, Jean Baptiste Antoine Aime' Sanson de, French
author, b. at Abbeville, May 3. 1792 ; appointed conservateur to the Biblioth^qne Tm-
p^riale, 1851. Author of ' Lucrece,' a poem, 1828 ; ' Histoire de I'Invasion d'Edonard IIL
en Prance ;' and other works. •

PONSARD, Francis, French dramatic author, b. at Vienne, Is^re, June 1, 1814 ;
studied at the college of his native town ; appointed librarian of the Senate, 1851 ;
elected member of the French Academy, 1855. Translated Byron's 'Manfired' in verse,
1837. Author of 'Charlotte Corday,' 1850; *La Bourse,' 1856; 'Ce qui plait aux
Femmes,' July 1860 ; and other dramas and comedies.

PONSONBY, Hon. Ashley Oeorgre, English politician, b. 1831; educated at
Eton, and Trinity Coll^:e,'Cambridge ; a deputy-lieutenant and magistrate of Gloucester-
uiire ; was captain in the Grenadier Guards, and served in the Crimean war ; 1I.P. for
Cirencester, 1852-67, and 1869-65.

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POOIaEy Rev. Oeorgre Ayllffe. English author, b. 1809 ; graduated at Emmanuel
College, Cambridge, 1831; vicar of Welford, Northamptonshire, since 1843. Author of
'History of England from a Churchman's Point of View,' 1846 ; * History of Ecclesiasti-
cal Architecture in England,' 1848 ; and other works.

POOIfE, Paul Falconer, English painter, b. in Bristol, 1810. Exhibited 'The Well,
a Scene at Naples,' 1830; 'The Emigrant's Departure,' 1838; *The Visitation of Sion
Monastery,' 1846; 'Edwwd III.'s Generosity to the People of Calais,' at Westminster
Hall, 1847 ; 'The Goths iu Italy,' 1850 ; and numerous other paintings. Elected A.R A,
}846, R.A. 1861.

POPE, John, American military commander, b. at Kaskaskin, Illinois, March 1823 ;
entered West Point, 1838, and graduated, 1842 ; lieutenant in the United States army,
1846 ; captain, 1847 ; appointed brigadier-general of volunteers at the outbreak of the
civil war, 1861 ; major-general, 1862 ; brigadier-general United States army, July 1862 ;
relieved Aroni the command of the army of Virginia, Sept. 1862 ; subsequently employed
in Minnesota and Alabama.

PORTAEIiS, Jean Francois, Belgian painter, b. at Vilvorde, Brabant, 1820;
studied at the Academy of BrusselH, and at Paris under Paul Delaroche ; appointed
director of the Academy of Gaud, 1847. Painted 'R6becca,' 'Ruth,' 'Jeune Juive de
VAaie Mineure,' * Le Suicide de Judas,' the last two in the Paris Exhibition of 1865.

PORTARIiINOTON, Henry Robert Renben Dawson Darner, Earl,

Irish administrator, b. 1822 ; succeeded his uncle, second earl, 1845 ; elected a repre-
sentative peer of Ireland, 1856.

PORTER, David, American naval commander, b. in Pennsylvania, 1812; lieutenant,
1841 ; commander in the United States, 1861 ; appointed acting rear-admiral, Oct. 1862.

PORTMAN, Edtvard Berkeley Portman, Baron, English administrator, b.l797 ;
lord-lieutenant of Somersetshire, and a member of the Councils of the Duchies of Corn-
wall and Liancaster; was M.P. for Dorsetshire and Marylebone, 1823-34.

PORTMAN, Hon. VTUliam Henry Berkeley. English politician, b. 1829, son
of the preceding ; educated at Eton, and Merton College, Oxford ; a deputy-lieutenant
of Somerset and Dorset, and colonel of West Somerset Yeomanry Cavalry; M.P. for
Shaftesbury, 1852-57, and for Dorset since 1857.

PORTSMOUTH, Isaac Ne'wton Wallop, Earl of, English administrator,
b. Jan. 11, 1825 ; educated at Rugby and Cambridge ; a deputy-lieutenant and magistrate
of Devon, and a magistrate of Hants ; was formerly in the 16th Lancers.

POSADA HERRERA, Jose' de, Spanish statesman, b. at Llares, Oviedo, 1815 ;
member of the Cortes, 1839-40 ; re-Qlected, 1853, and appointed vice-president ; minister
of the interior, 1858-63, and 1865-67.

POTTER, Cipriani, English composer, b. in London, 1792 ; studied music in Germany*;
principM of xne "Roytd Academy of Music ^ composer of several symphonies, overtures,
sonatas, and other musical pieces.

POTTER, Edmnnd, English politician, b. 1802 ; a manufactwer at Glossop and Man-
chester, and a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lancaster; M.P. for
Carlisle since 1861.

POTTER, Thomas Bayley, English politician, b. 1817 ; educated at Rugby and the
London University ; a J.P. and deputy-lieutenant of Lancashire^ and a magisti-ate of
Manchester ; M.P. for Rochdale since 1866.

POUIIiIaET, Clande Serrais Mathias, French physician, b. at Cnzance, Doubs,
Feb. 16, 1791 ; professor of medicine at the CoU^e Bourbon, 1826 ; sub-director of the
Conservatoire des Arts. 1829 ; and afterwards director of the same. Author of ' ^1^-
ments de Physique experimentale et de Met^orologie,' seventh edition 1856 ; and nume-
rous scientific works.

POU JADE. Eufe'ne, French diplomatist, b. at lie de France, Jan. 15, 1815 ; French
consul at Tarsus, 1843 ; consul at Malta, 1847 ; French consul-general at Rome, Aug.
1861. Author of ' Le Liban et la Syrie,* 1860 ; and other works.

POUJOUIaAT, Jean Joseph, French author, b. at Fare, Bouches du Rhdne, Jan.
26, 1808 ; studied at Aix, and went to Paris, 1826 ; was member of the Constituent and
Legislative Assemblies. Author of ' Histoire des Croisades,' 1840-48 ; ' Histoire de la
Revolution fttmcaise,' Tours, 1847; *Examen de ia Vie de J^os de jC'Renan,' 1863 ;
and numerous other works.

POUYER-QUBRTIER, Anflnutin Thomas. French politician, b. at ^toutteville
en Caux, Seine Inf^rieure ; mayor of Fleury sur AudeUe, 1864 ; member of the Corps
L^gislatif for the first circonseription of Seine Inf^rieore since 1857.

» «

Pow HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPOBARY BIOGRAPHT. Pri

[212]

PO^XTEXaLi. Fraacis Sharp, EngliBh politician, b. 1827; educated at St John's
CoUe^e, Cambridffe, where he graduated B. A. 1850, and M.A. 1853 ; called to the bar of
the Inner Temple, 1858; J. P. for the West Riding of Yorkshire; M.P. for Wigan,
1857-59 ; and for Cambridge, 1863-68.

i, Sir James, Irish administrator, b. 1800 ; called to the Irish bar at Dublin ;
a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Wexford ; high sheriff of the city of
Dublin, 1859; M.P. for the county of Wexford, 1835-47, and 1865-68.

PO^XTBRS, Hiram, American sculptor, b. at Woodstock, Vermont, July 29, 1805.
Executed ' Eve,' 1838 ; the ' Greek Slave,' exhibited at the London Exhibition, 1851 ;
*The Young Fisherman;' a statue of Calhoun; busts of Webster, Jackson, Adams;
and other works of art

POWIS, Ed^rard James Herbert, Barl, English administrator, b. 1818; high
steward of the University of Cambridge ; lieutenant-colonel of the South Salop Yeo-
manry, and a deputy-lieutenant of Shropshire and Montgomery; was M.P. for Mont-
gomery as Lord Olive, 1843-48.

PRATI . QiOTaanl* Italian author, b. at Dascindo, Jan. 27, 1815 ; studied law at Padua ;
elected member of the Italian Parliament, 1862. Author of ' Edmenegarda,' Milan, 1841 ;
'Rodolfo,' .'La Battaglia d'Imera,' 'Satania e le Grazie,' 1855; 'IlConte Riga, ^1856;
' Ariberto,* 1860 ; and other poems and ballads.

PRATT* John Tldd, English jurist and legal writer, b. 1798 ; called to the bar of the
Inner Temple, 1824 ; registrar of Friendly Societies in England, and barriuter appointed
to certiiy the rules of Savings' Banks. Author of 'A CoUection of the Public General
Statutes ;* * The Laws of Highways ;' and other legal works.

PRE'AUIiT, Antoine Aunstin, French sculptor, b. at Paris, Oct 8, 1809. Ex-
hibited 'La Famine,' and 'Gilbert mourant k rHdpital,' 1833; 'La Rivi^ des Ama-
zones' and *La Reine de Saba,' two large bas-reliefs, 1835 ; 'Charlemagne,' a coloi»al
statue, 1836 ; ' Sainte Catherine,' for the church of St. Louis, 1863 ; and other statues.

PREICARAY, JiUes Martial Remiaiat, French author, b. at Pont d'Armes,
Loire Infferieure, Jime 11, 1819. Author of * Les Cendres de Napoleon,' 1840 ; ' Une
Femme laide,' 1846 ; * Donnez aux Pauvres,' 1854 ; ' La Jeunesse de Grammont,' 1862 ;
and other odes, couplets, and dramatic pieces.

PRESCOTT, Admiral Sir Henry, English naval commander, b. 1783 ; entered the
Royal Navy, 1799 ; governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, 1834-41 ; admiral-
superintendent of Portsmouth dockyard, 1847- ^52 ; admiral of the blue, 1860.

PRB^OST.PARADOXa. Imcien Anatoley, French author, b. at Paris, Aug. 8,
1829 ; studied at the College Bourbon, and the Ecole Normale ; elected member of the
fS*ench Academy, 1865. Author of * Revue de I'Histoire universelle,' 1854 ; ' Les Anciens
Partis,' 1860 ; * iStudes sur les Moralistes frangaises,' 1864 ; and other works.

PRIC£, Rer. Bartholomew English mathematician, b. 1818; educated at Pem-
broke College, Oidbrd, where he graduated B.A 1840, and M.A. ; appointed Sedleian
professor of natural philosophy at Oxford, 1853 ; a curator of the Bodleian library and
a delegate of the University press. Author of a work on the ' Infinitesimal Calculus,'
1854-58.

PRICE, l^t^Ulam Philip, English politician, b. 1817 ; a J.P. and deputy-lieutenant
of the county of Gloucester; was high sheriff, 1849; M.P. for Gloucester, 1852-59, and
since 1865.

PRIM, Jnan, Comte de Rens, Spanish military commander, b. at Reus,
Catalonia. Dec. 6, 1814 ; took part in the civil war of 1833, and was made colonel, 1837 ;
exiled to France, 1842 ; •deputy to the Cortes for the city of Barcelona, 1843 ; governor of
Madrid, 1844 ; joined the Ottoman army on the Danube, 1853 ; represented Barcelona in
the Cories, 1855 ; lieutenant-general in the Spanish army, 1856 ; commander-in-chief of
the Spanish expedition against Mexico, 1861 ; exiled, 1866 ; minister of war, and one of
the heads of tiie Provisional Government of Spain, Sept. 1868.

PRI N SEP, Henry Thoby, English writer, b. 1792; educated at Haileybury, and
entered the Bengal Civil Service ; elected one of the directors of the East India
Company, 1849 ; nominated one of her Majesty's Council for India, 1858. Author of
' A History of the Administration of the Marquis of Hastings ;' ' Historical Results Arom
Discoveries in AfTghanistan ;' and other works on India.

PRIOR, Sir James, English author, b. at Lisbum, Ireland, 1790 ; entered the medical
service of the navy, and served in the East Indies ; appointed deputy-inspector of
hospitals, 1843 ; knighted, 1858. Author of ' A Voyage in the Indian Ocean,' several
biographies, volumes of poems, and pamphlets.

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[ 218 ]

PRITCHARD, Rev. CharleSy English astronomer, b. 1808: educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1880. Author of ^ A Treatise on Statical
Couples ;' • On the Figure of the Earth ;' * Paper on the Improved Method of using
Mercury ;' and papers in the Transactions erf the Royal Astronomical Society.

PRITCHARD^ John, English poUtician, b. 1816 ; caUed to the bar, 1841 ; a banker
in the city of London, and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Salop ; M.P. for Bridge-
north, 1858-68.

PROBY, Oranville IstYemoik, laord, English politician, b. 1825 ; formerly captain
in the 74th Foot ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Wicklow ; comptroller of the
Household, 1869 ; M.P. for the county of Wtcklow, 1868-68.

PROCTER, Bryan Waller^ English author, b. 1790 ; educated at Harrow School ;
was a commissioner of lunacy till 1861. Author, under the pseudonym of ' Barry Corn-
wall,' of * Mirandola,' a tragedy, 1821 ; * Marcian Colonna ;' ' The Flood of Thessaly ;' and
numerous other poetical and dramatic works.

PROKESCH-OSTEN, Anton, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist, b. at Gratz in

Styria, Dec. 10, 1796 ; entered the Austrian army, 1818 ; and the diplomatic service, 1822 ;
Austrian ambassador to the court of Athens, 1884-49 ; ambassador at the court of Berlin,
1849-52; at the city of Frankfort, 1868; and at Constantinople, 1857. Author of
' Erinnerungen aus .£gypten und Kleinasien,' Vienna, 1829-81 ; and other works.

PROTET, Ani^nste I^e'opold, French naval commander, b. Feb. 20, 1808 ; educated
at the Naval School of Angouleme, 1824-27 ; rear-admiral, and charged with the command
of the French naval expedition to China and Japan, 1851 ; wounded in the action of
Na-Kio, May 17, 1862 ; vice-admiral, 1867.

PRYSE, EdiKrard laO^vls, English politician, b. 1817 ; lord-lieutenant of Cardigan-
shire ; formerly captain in the Ist Dragoon Guards ; M.P. for Cardigan, 1857-68.

PUOH, DaTid, English politician, b. 1806 ; educated at Rugby, and Balliol College,
Oxford ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1887 ; a J. P. of the county of Carmarthen,
and a deputy-lieutenant of the county of Cardigan ; M.P. for Carmarthen, 1867-68.

PUOIN9 Edward Welby, English architect, b. March 11, 1884. Designed the church
of Notre Dame de Dadezell, in Belgium ; the new College of St. Cuthbert, Ushaw ;
St. Michael's Priory, Belmont, Herefordshire ; the church of St. Peter and St. Paul at
Cork ; and a great number of other ecclesiastical edifices in England and on the con-
tinent of Europe.

PUXaSZKYj Ferencx Anrel, Hungarian author and politician, b. at Eperles, county
of S&ros, Sept. 17, 1814 ; studied law and theology in Germany and Italy ; elected to
represent the county of Sim)s in the Hungarian Diet, 1840 ; undersecretary for foreign
aflairs at Pesth, 1848. Author of ' White, Red, and Black,' 1862 ; ' Tales and Traditions
of Hungary,' 1864 ; and other works.

PUNS HON, Rer. VTilliani Morley, English writer, b. at Doncaster, 1828; was
'local preacher' to the Wesleyan Methodists in Sunderland, 1840; appointed to the
ministry of Whitehaven, Cumberland, 1846 ; removed to London, 1858, to Canada, 1868.
Published lectures on 'John Banyan;' the 'Huguenots;' a volume of poems; and
numerous sermons.

PUSEY, Rer. EdiKrard Bonverie, English divine, b. 1800; educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. ; elected fellow of Oriel College, where
he graduated M.A. ; appointed r^usprofessor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford,
and canon of Christ Church, 1828 ; suspended from preaching before the University,
1848. Published numerous sermons ; contributed to * Tracts of the Times ;' one of the
working editors of the Oxford * Library of the Fathers.' Author of ' Daniel the Prophet,*
1864 ; ' The Church of England, an Eirenicon,* 1866.

PYAT, Felix, French political writer, b. at Vierron. Oct. 4, 1810; studied law at Paris,
and caUed to the bar, 1831. Author of *Le Chiffonier de Paris,' 1847 ; ' Diog6ne,' 1846 ;
' Le Droit du Travail,' 1848 ; 'The Letter of the Jersey Exiles to the Queen of EngUrnd,*
1866 ; and other political works, as well as severed drtunas.

PYCROFT, Rev. James, English author, b. 1818; educated at Trinity College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1886; incumbent of St. Mary's, Barnstaple, 1846-66.
Author of 'Twenty Years in the Church;* 'Elkerton Rectory;' 'Agony Point;' 'How
and What to Study ;' and other works.

fB, John, English engraver, b. at Birmingham, 1782. Engraved the 'Temple of
Jupiter,' after Turner, and numerous other works. Author of * Patronage of British
Art,* 1846.

Pyn HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Rafir
{ 214 ]

PYNE, James, English landscape painter, b. at Bristol, Dec. 5, 1800 ; vice-president of
the Society of British Artists. Painted ' Lake Derwentwater ;' * Eton College ;' • View of
Heidelberg,' exhibited at the Paris ExhibitioD of 1855 ; and other landscapes.

FYNEy lK>aiaay English operatic singer, b. 1832 ; studied under Sir George Smart, and
made her d^but, 1842 ; sang at Paris, 1847 ; made her first appearance on the stage, 1849;
sang at the Royal Italian Opera, 1851 ; joist lessee, with Mr. Harrison, of Corent Garden
Theatre, 1858-^

Q.

QUATREFAOE8 DE BRE'AN, Jean Louis Armand de. French natnralist,
b. at Berthezeme, Gard, Feb. 10, 1810 ; studied at Strasburg, where he graduated M.D. ;
professor of natural history at the Lycee Napoleon, 1850 ; professor of anatomy and
ethnology in the Musemu of Natural History, Paris, 1865. Author of 'Recherches sur
le Systeme nervenx, I'Embryogenie, les Organes des Sens et la Circulation des Annelides,'
1844-45 ; and other works.

QUEBEC, Right Rew. James WUliam, Bishop of, English divine, b. in
Hampshire, 1825 ; educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1851,
M. A. and D.D., and was ordained ; was consecrated fourth bishop of Quebec, Canada, 1863.

QUBCQy Jacques Edouard, French painter, b. at Cambrai, 1796. Exhibited * Les
premiers Combats de Romulus et de R4mu8,' 1828 ; ' Martyrs Chretiens,' 1845 ; * Premise
Chute de J^sus-Christ sous la Croix,' 1861 ; and other paintings.

QUESTEIiy Charles Aucnste, French architect, b. at Paris, Sept. 18, 1807 ; studied
at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, 182S-28 ; designed the church of St. Paul at Nimes, com-
menced 1888, finished 1849 ; and the large foimtain of the esplanade in the same town,
inaugurated 1851 ; appointed professor at the j^ole des Beaux Arts, 1856.

QUETEIaBT, Jules. Belgian statistician, b. 1796 ; secretary to the Royal Academy of
Belgium. Author ana compiler of a great number of statistical treatises.

QUINEMONTy Arthur, Marquis de, French politician, b. Aug. 18, 1808 ; for-
merly colonel in the National Guard of Tours ; member of the General Council for the
canton of He Bouchard ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Indre et
Loire, 1863.

QUI NET, Edffar, French author, b. at Bourg, Ain, Feb. 17, 1803 ; studied in France,
and at the University of Heidelberg; professor of foreign literature to the faculty in
Lyons, 1839-42 ; professor of language aud literature of Southern Europe in the College
of France, 1842-46 ; member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, 1848-52.
Author of numerous dramatic and political works issued in 'CEuvres Completes,' 10 vols.
1856-59^

QUINETTE DE ROCHEMONT, Baron. French politician, b. at Amiens, Sept
7, 1802 ; mayor of Soissons, 1832 ; minister-plempotentiary to Belgium, 1848-51 ; nomi-
nated councillor of state, 1854.

R.

RABAN, Louis Fra&fiOis, French novelist, b. at DamvUle, Eure, Dec. 14, 1795.
Author of 'Le petit J6suite,' 1826 ; * Le Valet du Diable ;' * Plus de Fraudes ! les Falsi-
ficateurs d^voiles,' 1859 ; and other' romances.

RABOX7. Charles Felix Henri, French author, b. at Paris, Sept. 6, 1803 ; studied
at the College of Henri IV., and law at Dijon. Author of * L'Histoire de tout le Monde,'
1829; 'Les Tribulations et Metamorphoses posthumes de Maitre Fabricius, Peintre
liegeois,* 1860 ; and other works. One of the founders of the Revtie de Paris.

RA6G, Rev. Thomas, English theological writer, b. at Nottingham, 1808 ; entered
holy orders, 1858; appointed curate of Malins Lee, 1860. Author of 'Deity,' a poem,
1834 ; ' Heber,' 'Lays from the Prophets,' 1841 ; ' Man's Dreams and God's Realities,' 185&

RAOIiAN, Richard Henry Fits-Roy Somerset, Baron, English adminis-
teator, b. 1817; was in the Ceylon Civil Service, and private secretary to the late King of
Hanover ; a lord-in-waiting to the Queen, 1858 ; succeeded his father, first baron, 1855.

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RAMBOUROT^ Amand Ambrolse Charles^ Vicomte de^ French politician,
b, at Ervy, Aube, Oct. 25, 1819; took the degree of LL.D., and became assistant-judge
And secretary-general to the prefecture of the Aube ; member of the Corps L6gislatif for
the department of Aube since 1852.

RAME'Ej Daniely French architect, b. at Hamburg, May 16, 1806; restored the
cathedrals of Noyen, Senlis, and Beauvais. Author of ' Sculptures d^coratives, Motifs
d'Omamentation, &c. du Xlle au XVIe Sitele,' 1864; translator of numerous works on
architecture from the English and Gertnan.

RAMSAY, Very Rev. Ed^i^ard Baxmermaiij English divine, b. 179S; educated
at St. John's College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1815, M.A. 1831 ; LL.D. from
Edinburgh, 1859; appointed dean of St. John's, Edinburgh, 1841. Author of 'Reminis-
cences of Scottish Life and Character,' 1857.

RANDON, Jacques Ce'sar Alexandre, Coxnte. French military commander,
b. at Grenoble, March 25, 1795 ; captain, 1813 ; colonel, 1838 ; created senator, 1852 ;
nominated marshal of France, March 1856.

RANEIhAiOH, Thoxnaa Heron Jones, Viscount, English administrator,
b. 1812; succeeded his father, sixth viscount, 1820; served under Don Carlos in the
Spanish civil war, 1835-37 ; a magistrate of Middlesex and Norfolk.

RANOABE, Alexander Riso, Greek statesman and poet, b. at Constantinople,
1810 ; sub-lieutenant in the service of Bavaria, 1829-30 ; professor of archaeology at the
University of Athens, 1844-56; minister of the Royal Household, 1866-58. Author of

* Poesies diverses,' Athens, 1837-40 ; and other works.

RANK, Joseph, German novelist, b. at Friedrichstal, Bohemia, July 10, 1815 ; studied
law at the University of Vienna. Author of 'Aus dem Bohmerwalde,' Leipsic, 1851;
*Die Freunde,' Prague, 1864; 'Geschichten armer Leute,' Stuttgardt, 1863; and other
novels.

RANKE, laeopold, German historical writer, b. at Wiehe, Thuringia, Dec. 21, 1795;
appointed proressor of history in the University of Berlin, 1825 ; and historiographer of
the Russian State, 1841. Author of * The History of the Roman and Germanic Peoples,
from 1494 to 1536.' 1824; 'German History in the Times of the Reformation,' 1839-43 ;

* History of the Popes ;' and other works.

RANKINE, WilUajOd John Macquorn, English civil engineer, b. 1805 ; educated
at the University of Edinburgh ; was professor of mechanics and civil engineering in
the University of Glasgow, and first president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in
Scotland. Author of • Civil Engineering,' 1862 ; and other works.

RASP Alia, Francois Vincent, French chemist and politician, b. at Carpentras,
Vaucluse, Jan. 29, 1794; studied medicine at Avignon; member of the Constituent
Assembly, 1848. Author of 'R6forme p6nitentiaire,' 1839; 'Manuel de la Sante,'
1846-64 ; and other scientific and political works.

RASTOUI^ DE MONGEOT, Alphonse Simon, French historical writer, b. at
Avignon, ^pt. 12, 1800 ; appointed professor of history at the College of Avignon, 1831.
Author of 'Histoire de la Nation frangaise,' 1832-34; 'Histoire de Hoilande,' Liege,
1850 ; ' Vienne et Bruxelles,' ib. 1854 ; and other works.

RATAZZI, Urbano, Italian statesman, b. at Alessandria, June 29, 1808 ; studied at a
Government school, and was called to the Turin bar ; member of the Chamber of Depu-
ties of Turin, 1848 ; president of the Chamber, and minister of justice, 1852 ; appointed
president of the cabinet, and minister of foreign affaira, March 1862 ; resigned^ Dec. 1,
1862 ; again called to power, April 1867, and again resigned in October.

RAU, Karl Heinrich, German political economist, b. at Erlangen, NoV. 23, 1792 ;
. professor of political economy at the University of Heidelberg, 1822 ; member of the
First Baden Chamber, 1837-40. Author of ' Treatise on Political Economy,' Heidelberg,
1826-37 ; and numerous other works, chiefly on political economy.

RAUMER, Friedrich laud^^^ .Oeorg von, German historian, b. 1781. Author of
' Geschichte der Hohenstaufen,' Leipsic, 1823 ; * Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende det*
XVter Jahrhunderts,' 1832-58 ; and many other works.

RAVAISSON, Jean Gasnard Felix, French bibliographer, b. at Namur, Oct. 23,
1813 ; studied at the College KoUin ; appointed professor of philosophy to the Faculty of
Letters at Rennes, 1838-40 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1849. Author of
'Catalogue g^n^ral des Biblioth^ues publiques,' 1849.

RAVENSWORTH, Henry Thomas IdddeU, Baron, English administrator,
b. 1797; was M.P. for Northumberland, 1822-30; for North Durham, 1837-47; and for
Liverpool, 1853-65 ; succeeded his father, first baron, March 7, 1855 ; a deputy-lieutenant
of Northumberland and Durham.

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RAVlNBIi. Henri Felix Dleudonne'y Baron de, Prench politician, b. at Nos-
sonronrt, Vofigcs, April 16, 1806 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the departement des
Vosges since 1867.

RAWIiINSON, Sir Christophery English colonial jndge, b. 1806; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1831 ; recorder of
Portsmouth, 1840 ; recorder of Prince of Wales's Island, Singapore, and Malacca, and
knighted, 1847 ; chief-justice of Madras, 1850-69.

RAWItlNSON, Rev. Oeorgre, English author, b. 1815 ; entered Trinity College,
Oxford, 1835 ; fellow of Exeter College, 1840 ; Camden professor of Ancient History in
the University of Oxford, 1861. Author, with Sir G.- Wilkinson, of 'History of Hero-
dotus,' 1858-60; 'The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient and Eastern World,' 1862
and 1864 ; and several volumes of sermons and lectures.

RAWIiINSON, Sir Henry CreawiClLe, English military commander and diplo-
matist, b. 1810 ; entered the Indian military service, 1827 ; and retired lieutenant-colonel
of the Bombay army, with rank of major-general ; crown-director of the East India
Company, 1856; member of the Council for India, 1858; envoy-extraordinary and
minister-plenipotentiary to Persia, 1859; M.P. for Reigate, 1858-69; and for Frome,
1865-68.

READ, Clare SevtreU, English politician, b. 1826; a magistrate of Norfolk; elected
MP. for East Norfolk, 1865 and 1869.

READ, Thoniaa Bnchanan, American poet and painter, b. in the county of Chester,
Pennsylvania, March 12, 1822. Author of * Lays and Ballads,' Philadelphia, 1848 ; ' The
New Pastoral,' ib. 1855 ; ' The House by the Sea,' 1856 ; and other poems.

READS, Charles, English novelist and dramatist, b. 1814; educated at Magdalen
College, Oxford, w\^ere he graduated B. A 1835 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1843.
Author of • Never Too Late to Mend,' 1856 ; ' Love me little, Love me long ;' ' Masks
and Faces ;' *Hard Cash ;' and other novels and dramatic works.

READS, John Edmund, English author, b. at Broadwell, Gloucestershire, 1806.
Author of • Cain the Wanderer,' 1830 ; ' Italy,' 1838 ; 'The Vision of the Ancient Kings,'
about 1841 ; 'Man in Paradise,' 1856; * The Laureate Wreath,' 1863 ; and other works.

REBEIalaS DA SIIiVA, Iiuia Aurosto, Portuguese historian, b. April 2, 1822 ;
elected member of the Portuguese Parliament, 1848 ; secretary to the Council of State,
18^9; member of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, 1853; member of the Council of
Public Instruction, 1859 ; charged by the Government to write a History of Portugal of
the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 1861.

REBER. Napole'on Henri, French musical composer, b. at Mulhouse, Oct. 21,
1807; studied at the Paris Conservatoire; appointed professor of composition in the
Conservatoire, 1862 ; elected member of the Academic des Beaux Arts, 1853. Composed

• La Nuit de Noel,' 1848 ; * Les Dames Capitaines,' 1857 ; and other operas.

RECHBERQ-, Johann Bemhard, Count ▼on. Austrian statesman, b. Aug. 17,
1} 06 ; educated fur the diplomatic career ; minister-plenipotentiary from Austria to the
Gtrraanic Confederation, and president of the Federal Diet at Frankfort, 1849-55;
minister of foreign atlairs, 1859-64.

REDDING, Cyrus, English author, b. at Penrhyn, Feb. 2, 1785 ; commenced writing
for the press, in 1806, under Fox. Edited six newspapers in England, and one in France.
Author of forty volumes in general literature, besides pamphlets.

REDESDAItE, John Thoniaa Freeman Mitford, Baron, English states-
man, b. 1805 ; studied at the University of Oxford ; succeeded his father, first baron,
1830 ; chairman of the House of Lord's Committees since 1851.

REDGRAVE, Richard, English painter, b. in Pimlico, April 30, 1804 ; admitted as
student in the Royal Academy, 1826. Exhibited ' Gulliver on the Farmer's Table,' 1S37 ;

* Fashion's Slaves,' 1847 ; 'The Flight into Egypt,' 1851 ; and numerous other paintings.
Elected A.RA. 1840, R. A 1851. Inspector-general of Art Schools.

REDWITZ SCHMEIaTZ, Oscar, Baron'von, German author, b. atLichtenau,
near Anspach, June 28, 1823 ; studied philosophy and jurisprudence at the University of
Munich. Author of 'Amaranth,' Mayence, 1849 ; 'Gedichte,' ib. 1852 ; *Der Doge von
Venedig,' Munich, 1861 ; and other poetical works.

REBVE, Henry, English author, b. 1815; registrar in the Privy Council Office;
editor of the Edinburgh Review since 1855 ; translator of De Tocqueville's ' Democracy
in America,' and of the same author's ' France before the Revolution of 1789.'

REEVES, Sims, English singer, b. at Woolwich, 1821 ; studied under J. B. Cramer and
T Cooke Bo 'lbs ; made his d6but on the stage at Newcastle, 1839; at Drury Lane Theatre,
1847 ; and subsequently appeared in concei-ts in the principal cities of England.

Rear HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Rem
[ 217 ]

RE6NAUD DE SAINT JEAN D'ANOEIaY, Ausmste Michel Marie
E'tienne^ Comte, French military commander, h. in Paris, July 29, 1794 ; entered
the Military School of St. Germain, 1811 ; sub-lieutenant, 1812 ; chef d'escadron at the
battle of Waterloo ; colonel, 1832 ; general of division, 1848 ; created senator, 1852 ;
marshal of France, 1859 ; vice-president of the Senate and colonel of the Imperial Guard,
1862.

REGNAUIiT, Ellas Georges Soolanere Ollva; French statesman and author,
b. in London, April 22, 1801 ; studied law in Paris ; admitted to the bar of the Royal
Court, Paris ; was minister of the interior, 1848. Author of ' La Presse et le Parle-
ment,' 1838; 'Histoire du Gouvemenient provisoire,' 1849; *La Question europ6enne,'
1863 ; and other political and historical works.

REGNAUIaT, Henri Victor, French physician, b. at Aix-la-Chapelle, July 21, 1810;
studied in the Ecole Polytechnique, 1830-32; appointed engineer-in-chief of mines,
1847 ; director of the porcelain manufactory of Sevres, 1854 ; profeswjr of physics in the
College of France, and of chemistry at Uie Ecole Polytechnique, 1840 ; elected member
of the French Academy, 1840. Author of * Cours 61ementaire de Chimie ;' and several
papers in the ' Memoires de I'Acad^mie des Sciences.' '

REGNIER, Jacques Auroste Adolphe, French philologist, b. at Mayence,
July 7, 1804 ; professor of Latin in the College of France, 1838 ; precentor to the Corate
de Paris, 1843 ; elected member of the French Academy, March 9, 1855. Author of
' Studies on the Idiom of the Vedas, and the Origin of the Sanskrit Language/ 1855 ;
and other philolugic;al works.

REICHENBA.CHy Heinrich IfUdTrifT^ German naturalist, b. at Leipsic, Jan. 8,
1793; studied at the University of his native town, where he graduated Ph.D. 1815,
M. D. 1817 ; appointed professor .of natural history at the Academy of Dresden, 1820 ;
director of the Dresden Museum of Natural History. Author of • Flora Germanica '
and ' Iconographia Botanica,' Leipsic, 1823-54, in seventeen vols. ; and other works on
botany and natural history.

REI Df MSLYne, English novelist, b. in Ireland, 1818 ; captain in the army of the United
States, 1845 ; was present at the siege of Vera Cruz, and resigned his commission at the
close of the Mexican war. Author of "The Desert Home,' 1861 ; *The Bush Boys,' 1856 ;
•The Quadnipeds,' 1860 ; 'The Hunter's Feast,' 1861 ; 'The Maroon,' 1862 ; and numerous
other works of fiction.

REIFFENBERGy Fre'deric Gnillamne, Baron de. Belgian author, b. at
Louvain, Aug. 28, 1830. Author of * Juvenilia, Choix de Poesies,' Bnissels, 1848 ; ' Les
Femmes qu'on aime,' 1859; 'La Vie de Gamison,' 1863; 'Le Testament du Czar/
Brussels and Paris, 1848-64 ; and other novels and dramas.

REIIaJ^E. Gustave CharleSj French politician, b. at Paris, Dec. 1, 1818 ; studied at
the Ecole Polytechnique, 1836-^^8 ; ensign in the navy, 1840 ; retired with the rank of
captain, 1853 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Eure et Loire
since 1853.

REINAUD, Joseph Tonssainty French philologist, b. at Lambesc, Bouches du
Rbdne, Dec. 4, 1795 ; studied philology under Silvestre de Sacy, at Paris ; appointed to
the manuscript department of the Biblioth^ue Royale, 1824 ; keeper of Oriental manu-
scripts, 1833, and head-keeper, 1855 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1832.
Author of 'Notice sur Mahomet,' 1860; and numerous works on the history, geography,
and languages of the East.

REINICK, Robert, German painter and author, b. at Dantzic, Feb. 22, 1807 ; studied
at Berlin under Begas, and at Diisseldorf. Author of ' Liederbuch fiir deutsche KUustler/
Berlin, 183a; ' Gedichte,' ib. 1844; and other works.

REINSBERG. Ida Ton Durinssfeld. Baroness yron, German authoress,
b. at Militech, Silesia, Nov. 12, 1815 ; married to Baron von Reiusberg, 1845. Author of
*G.dichte,* Leipsic, 1835; 'Margarethe von Valois und ihre Zeit,' ib. 1847; 'Niko
Veliki,' Brussels, 1856 ; and other works.

REMIIfIfY, Oride, French politician, b. at Versailles, Nov. 18, 1800; studied law in
his native town, and was called to the bar; mayor of Versailles, 1837; member of
the Chamber of Deputies, 1839-48 ; member of the Legislative Assembly, 1849-51.

RE'MUSAT^ Charles Frangois^ Comte det French statesman, b. at Paris,
March 14, 1797 ; studied law in Paris, and was called to the bar ; deputy for Toulouse,
1830 ; undcr-secretary to the minister of the interior, 1836 ; minister of the interior,
1840 : member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, 1848-51 ; retired from
public life after the coup d'etat of Dec. 1851 ; elected member of the French Academy,
1846. Author of * Essais de Philosophic,' 1842 ; 'De la Thtologie naturelle en France et
en Angleterre,' 1864 ; and numerous other works.

Rem HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPOBABT BIOGBAI^Y. &lc

[ 218 ] '■

RE'MY, Jules, French natoralist, b. at Ch&lons-sur-Marne, Sept 2, 1S96 ; asslstant-
professor of Datural history at the CoU^ Rollin, 1848-50. Author of ' Monografia de
las Comquestas de Chile/ Paris, 1849 ; ' Voya^ au Pays des Mormons/ ib. 1860 ; and
other works of travel

RENAN, Joseph Ernest, French philologist, b. at Tr^gnier, Cdtes du Nord, Feb. 27,
1823 ; studied philosophy and theology at the Seminary of St Sulpice ; elected member
of the French Academy, 1856. Author of ' Histoire g6n6rale et Syst^mes comparts des
Langues s^mitiques.' 1845 ; second edition, 1858 ; ' Vie de J^us,' 1868 ; ' Mission de Ph^
nicie,' 1864 ; and other works.

RENAUIfT. Pierre Hippolyte, French military commander, b. Jan. 20, 1807;
studied in tne Military School of St Cyr, and captain in the army, 1835 ; general of
division, July 1851 ; cceated senator, Aug. 1859.

RENDU, Eui^e'iie, French author, b. at Paris, Jan. 10, 1824. Author of ' De rinstruc-
tion primaire en Angleterre dans ses Rapports avec I'Etat social,' 1852 ; *La Souverainet6
pontitlcale et I'ltalie,' 1862 ; and numerous other works.

RENIER, Chmrles Alphonse lae'on, French archseologist, b. at CharleviUe.
Ardennes, May 2, 1809 ; professor at the College of France, 1861 ; elected member of the
Academy, 1856. Author of 'Melanges d'Epigraphie,' 1854; and several papers on
archaeology.

RENNIE, Sir John, English civil engineer, b. 1796 ; builder of New london Bridge,
after the designs of his fother * superintendent of the (linage of the Lincolnshire coast
at the Wash ; designed the harbour at Bamsgate, the new docks at VHiitehaven, and
numerous other woncs ; knighted, 1831.

REPTON, Oeorire Williaui John, English politician, b. 1818 ; educated at Uni-
versity College, Oxford ; was M.P. for St Alban's, 1841-^2 ; and for Warwick, 1852-68.

REUMONT, Alfk*ed yrouj Oerman author, b. at Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia, Aug. 15,
1808 ; studied at Bonn and Heidelberg, and entered the diplomatic service ; was sent to
Florence, 1829, to Rome and London, 1836 to 1843 ; Prussian charg6 d'atfaires at the
court of Tuscany, 1848. Author of * Romische Briefe von einem Florentiner,' Leipsic,
1840-44 ; ' Ganganelli, seine Briefe und seine Zeit,' Berlin, 1847 ; and other historical
works.

REUTERDAHIa, Heinrik. Swedish theologian, b. at Malmoe, Sept 10, 1795 ; studied
at the University of Lund, and obtained the degree of D.D. 1830 ; keeper of the library of
Lund, 1838 ; minister of public instruction, 1842 ; professor of theology at Lund, 1844.
Author of * History of the Swedish Church,* 1838 ; and other works.

RE'VEIIa, Jacques^ E'douard, French politician, b. 1797; mayor of Lyons, 1848;
member of the Corps Legislatif for the Rh6ne, 1852-57 ; appointed senator, 1863.

RE'VOIIi, Be'ne'dict Henri. French author, b. at Aix, Bouches du Rhdne, Dec 16,
1816. Author of ' Histoire et Kecherches succinctes sur I'Origine des Ports d'Armes,'
1839 ; ' Le Roi d'Oude, Mceurs de I'lnde,' 1857 ; and other works.

REYBAUD, Marie Roch laouis, French author, b. at Marseilles, Aug. 15, 1799 ;
studied at the College of Juilly. Author of ' Histoire scientiflque et militaire de
I'Expedition frangaise en Bgypte,' 1830 ; * Scenes de la Vie modeme,' 1855 ; * Economistes
modemes,' 1862 ; and other works.

REYNAUD, Alme Felix Sainte Elme, French naval commander, b. at Lyons.
Sept. 16, 1808 ; lieutenant in the navy, 1840 ; captain, 1845 ; rear-admiral, 1850 ; appointed
commander-in-chief of the naval station of the Antilles and Gulf of Mexico, 1861.

REYNOIiDS, Rer. James, English philologist, b. 1803 ; educated at St Catherine's
Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated, 1826; incumbent of St Mary's, Great Ilfoid,
Essex. Published ' History of Jerusalem,' translated from the Arabic, 1837 ; * Kitab-i-
Yamini,' tnmslated from tiie Persian, 1859. Secretary of the Oriental Translation Fund.

RHAIiIalS, Qeorge Alexander, Greek statesman, b. at Constantinople, April SO,
1804 ; studied in Paris, at the College of Henri IV. ; appointed rector of the University
of Athens, 1838 ; minister of justice, 1841, and again 1848 ; president of the Areopagus at
Athens. Author of several leg^ works.

RICASOItl, Bettino, Baron, Italian statesman, b. in Tuscany, March 9, 1809;
educated in Florence; mJ»»ister of the ijiterior of Tuscjmy, May 8, 1859; dictator of
Tuscany, Aug 1, 1859 ; pnme minister of Italy, June 7, 1861, to March 2, 1862 ; again
premier from May 1866 to Oct. 1867.

RiC HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. tLig
[ 219 ]

RICHARD^ Maurice^ French politician, b. at Paris, Oct. 26, 1832 ; studied law, and
became an advocate at the Imperial Court of Paris; member of the Corps L^gislatif for
the department of Seine et Oise, 1863.

RICHARDS, Alffed Bate, English author, b. 1820. Author of 'Croesus, King of
Lydia ;' * Cromwell ;' * Poems, Eiasays, and Opinions ;' and other dramas and poetical pieces.

RICHARDS, Brinley. English musical composer, b. 1819; studied at the Royal
Academy of Music, to which he was appointed -professor; composed 'The Pilgrim's
Path ;• * The Harp of Wales ;' ' The Angel's Song ;' * The Birds and the Rivulet ;' and
numerous other musical pieces.

RICHARDS, Risrht Hon. John, Irish Judge, b. in Dublin, 1790 ; educated at
Tiinity College, Dublin; called to the Irish bar, 1811 ; was judge of the Supreme Court
at Madras ; solicitor-general for Ireland, 1835 ; attorney-general, 1836 ; baron of the
Exchequer in Ireland, 1837 ; appointed chief commissioner for Ireland, 1849 ; returned
to the Court of Exchequer, 1856.

RICHE'^ Jnles, French politician, b. 1814 ; an advocate at Charleville ; was member of
the Legislative Assembly for the department of Ardennes, 1849 ; member of the Corps
L^gislatif for the same department since 1852 ; entered the Council of State, 1860.

RICHEMONT, Iiouis laemercier, Vicomte de, French politician, b. at Guade-
loupe, Jan. 1, 1805 ; studied in the School of St. Cyr, and officer of cavalry ; member
of the Chamber of Deputies, 1835 ; and of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Lot
et Garonne since 1852.

RICHEMONT, Panl des Bassyns, Baron de, French politician, b. at Suresues,
Seine, Oct. 29, 1809 ; member of the Corps L^slatif for the arrondissement of Loches,
1852-59 ; created a senator, 1859 ; appointed governor of the Commercial and Industrial
Company of Madagascar, 1863.

RICHMOND, Charles Henry Gordon Lennox, Duke of, b. Feb. 27, 1818,
the eldest son of the fifth Duke of Richmond; educated at Westminster, and Christ
Church, Oxford ; lieutenant and captain in the Royal Horse Guards, and aide-de-camp to
the commander-in chief of the army, J 842-48 ; M.P. for West Sussex, 1841-60; succeeded
to the dukedom, Oct. 1860 ; president of the Poor Law Board, March to June 1869 ;
president of the Board of Trade, March 1867 to Dec. 12, 1868.

RICHMOND, Oeorire, English portrait painter, b. 1809; elected A.R.A. 1857;
exhibited portraits of m^uy celebrated persons in the Royal Academy.

RICHOMME, Jules, French painter, b. in Paris, 1812 ; studied under Drolling.
Exhibited 'Abraham regevant Agar,* 1842 ; ' Le Christ gu^rissant un Malade,' 1855 ; 'La
LeQon de Lecture,' 1864 ; and other, chiefly historical, jiaintiugs.

RICH SON, Rev. Charles, English author, b. 1810; educated at St. Catherine's HaU,
Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1841, M. A. 1844 ; rector of St. Andrew's, Ancoats ;
canon of Manchester Cathedral. Author of ' On the Observance of the Sanitary Laws ;'
and several schoolbooks, and pamphlets on educational and sanitary reform.

RICHTER, Adrian laud^^er, German painter, b. at Dresden, Sept. 28, 1803;
appointed professor of landscape painting at the Academy of Dresden, 1836 ; president,
1841 ; member of the Council of the Academy, 1852. Painted ' The Valley of Lauter-
brunn,' 1826 ; * View of the Campagna of Rome,' 1835 ; and numerous other landscapes.

RICHTER^ Emil Julius, German jurist, b. at Stolpen, Saxony, Feb. 15, 1808 ;
studied philology and jurisprudence at the University of Leipsic, where he received the
degree of LL.D. 1834; appointed professor of ecclesiastical law at Berlin, 1846; and
superior councillor of the ' Consistorium * of Prussia, 1852. Author of ' Lehrbuch des
katholischen und evangelischen Kirchenrechts,' Leipsic, 1841-42 ; and other legal works.

RICORD, Philiiipe, French physician, b. at Baltimore, U.S. Dec. 10, 1800; studied
medicine in Paris, and received the degree of M.D. March 1826; appointed physician-in-
ordinary to the household of Prince Napoleon, 1862. Author of ' De I'Emploi du Si>ecu-
lum,' 1833 ; and numerous other medical works.

RIDIaEY, Sir Matthe^i^ White, English politician, b. 1807 ; is a deputy-lieutenant
of Northumberland ; was high sheriff, 1841 ; mtyor of Northumberland Yeomanry Cavalry ;
M.P. for North Northumberland, 1859-68.

RIOAUUItT DE OENOUIIiItY, Charles, French statesman and naval com-
mander, b. at Rochefort, Charente Inferieure, April 12, 1807 ; educated at the Ecole
Polytechnique, and entered the navy in 1827 ; lieutenant, 1834 ; capitaine de corvette,
1841 ; capitaine de vaisseau, 1848 ; rear-admiral, 1854 ; commander of a detachment of
marines, at the siege of Sebastopol, 1855 ; vice-admiral, 1858 ; nominated senator, 1860 ;
commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean fleet, 1862 ; admiral of France, 1864 ; appointed
minister of marine and the colonies, Jan. 19, 1867.

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[ 220 ] ^

RIO, Alozlfl Frungols, French theological writer, b. at the Ue d'Arz, Morbilmn, 1806.
Author of ' EBsai but I'Histoire de I'Esprit humain dans lAntiqait^' 1828-30 ; ' De I'Art
Chretien,' 1841-65 ; second edition, 1861 ; * Le« Quatre Martyrs,' 1856 ; sixth edition, 1862 ;
and other works on ecclesiastical art and history.

RIOS-Y-ROSA8, Antonio de Ik>b, Spanish politician, b. at Ronda, Andalusia,
1812 ; was deputy to the Cortes, 1887 ; took part In the ministry presided over by the
Duke de Rivas, 1854 ; minister of the interior, 1856 ; president of the Spanish Congress,
186S.

RIPON, Richt Rer. Robert Rlckerstetliy Bishop of. English divine, b. at
Arton, Suffolk, 1816 ; educated at Queen's CoUege, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
1841, and M.A. 1846; rector of St. Giles'-ln-the-Fields, 1851; canon- residentiary of
Salisbury, 1854 ; consecrated bishop of Ripon, 1856. Author of ' Bible Landmarks ;'

* Means of Grace ;' and several sermons.

RISTORI, Adelaide, Italian tragic actress, b. at Cividale, 1821 ; married to the
Marquis Capranica del Grillo, 1847, who died 1861 ; has acted in ix>ndon, Paris, and all
the principal cities of Europe and America.

RITSCHIi, Priedrich VTilbelui, German philologist, b. at Grossvargula, Thiiringen,
April 26, 1806 ; studied philology at the Universities of Leipsic and Halle ; received
the degree of Ph.D. 1829; appointed professor of philology at the University of Bonn,
1839 ; received the title of privy-councillor ftx)m the king of Prussia, 1856. Author of

* Die Alexandrinischen Bibliotheken,' Breslao, 1838 ; and other philological works.

RIVERS, Oeorce Pitt Rivers, Bmron, English administrator, b. 1810 ; lieutenant-
colonel of the Dorset Yeomany ; was a lord-in-waiting to the Queen, 1841-46, and
1853-56 ; reappointed, 1859 ; succeeded his father, third baron, 1831.

RIVOIiI, Victor Massena, Due de. French politician, b. 1826 ; formerly an officer
in the army ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Alpes Maritimes
since 1861.

ROBARTES, Thomas James Arar, English i>oIitician, b. 1808 ; educated at
Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A 1830; assumed the addi-
tional name of Robartes, 1826 ; a special deputy-warden of the Stannaries; M.P. for East
Cornwall, 1847-68.

ROBERT, Antoinette Henriette Ole'mence, French authoress, b. at M&con,
Dec. 6, 1797. Author of 'Une FamUle, s'U vous pUi!t,' 1837; 'Le Roi,' 1844; 'Les
quatre Sergents de la Rochelle,' 1849; * Daniel le Laboureul-,' I860; and other novels, {
romances, and dramas.

ROBERT, Animate Francois, French author, b. at Paris, Feb. 28, 1813 ; studied at
the College of Henri IV. Author of • Louis XL et St. Francois de Paule,' 1830 ; * La Con-
fession des Bandits,' 1831 ; 'La R^orme en Allemagne,' 1865 ; and other poetical works.

ROBERT-FIfEURY, Joseph Nicolas, French painter, b. at Cologne, Aug. 8,
1797 : studied in Paris. Exhibited * I^e Tasse au Convent de St Onuphre,' 1827 ; * Charles-
Quint au Monast^re de St Just,' 1857 ; and other paintings. Elected member of the
French Acad^mie des Beaux Arts, Jan. 1850 ; appointed professor at the ^cole des Beaux
Arts, 1856.

ROBERTS, Rev. Oeorye, English author, b. 1808; educated at Trinity College,

Cambridge, where he graduated in 1830 ; has been minister of St John's, Cheltenham, i

since 1853. Author of * The Duties of Subjects and Magistrates,' 1842 ; ' Strata Florida j

Abbey, Cardiganshire,' 1848 ; and other works. '

ROBERTSON, David, English politician, b. 1797 ; educated at Edinburgh ; lord-
lieutenant of the county of Berwick ; late sheriff of the county of Haddington ; formerly
a merchant in London ; M.P. for Berwickshire since 1859.

ROBERTSON, Rev. James Craigie, English author, b. at Aberdeen, 1813; i
educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he <
graduated B.A 1834 ; canon of Canterbury, 1859 ; appointed professor of ecclesiastical I
history in King's College, London, 1864. Author of * How shall we conform to the
Liturgy?' 1843-44 ; ' A Biography of Thomas 4 Becket,' 1859 ; and other works.

ROBERTSON, Patrick Francis, English politician, b. 1807 ; educated at the
University of St Andrew's; a magistrate of Hastings, and deputy-lieutenant of
Sussex ; formerly a merchant at Canton ; M.P. for Hastings, 1862-59, and 1865-68.

ROBIN. Charles Philiiipe, French physician, b. at Jafferon, Ain, June 4, 1821;
t studied medicine in Paris; received the degree of M.D. Aug. 31, 1846; appointed pro-
fessor of histology to the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, April 12, 1802. Author of

* Histoire naturelle des v6getaux Parasites qui croissent sur I'Homme et lea Animaux
vivants,' 1868 ; and numerous medical works.

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■ [ 221 ]

ROBINSON. Rev. Bdnvard. American author, b. at Southington, Connecticut, 1794 ;

studied at Hamilton College, New York, where he graduated, 1815, and at Paris and

Halle ; professor of Biblical literature in the Union Theological Seminary of New York.

Author of ' Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia PetrsBa,' 1841 ; and

other works.
ROBINSON, Rev. "HtLM^nKB, English divine, b. 1793; educated at Rugby and

Cambridge, where he graduated in 1815 ; apx>ointea incumbent of Great Warley, Essex,

1827 ; and select preacher before the University, 1836. Edited ' The Acts of the Apostles/

1824 ; ' Zurich Letters,' 1841-46 ; and other works.

ROBINSON, Sir Hercules Robert George, English colonial administrator, b.
1824 ; educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst ; held a commission in the army,
and retii*ed, 1846 ; president of Montserrat, 1854 ; lieutenant-governor of St. Christopher,
1855 ; governor of Hong-Kong, and knighted, 1859 ; appointed governor of Ceylon, 1865.

ROBINSON, John Henry, English engraver, b. at Bolton, Lancashire, 1796 ; studied
under James Heath. Engraved 'Napoleon and Pope Pius VII.,' after Wilkie; 'Little
Red Biding Hood,' after Landseer; and the 'Spanish Flower Girl,' after Murillo.
Elected associate engraver of the R. A. 1864.

ROBINSON, Rev. Thonias, English divine, b. 1790 ; educated at Rugby, and Trinity
College, Cambridge ; rector of Therfield, Herts, 1858-61 ; master of the Temple since
1845, and canon of Rochester since 1854. Author of * The Last Days of Bishop Heber,'
1827 ; * The Twin Fallacies of Rome,' 1851 ; and other theological works.

ROCHBSTBR, Riflrht Rev. Thomas laegrh Clangrhton, Bishop of, b. 1808;
educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1881, M.A. 1834; vicar of
Kidderminster, 1841 ; hon. canon of Worcester Cathedral, 1845 ; professor of poetry at
Oxford, 1852 ; consecrated bishop of Rochester, 1867.

ROCK, Rev* Daniel* Roman Catholic theologian, b. in Liverpool, 1799; educated at Old
Hall, Herts, and at the English College, Rome ; appointed canon of Southwark, 1852.
Author of ' Hierurgia, or the Sacrifice of the Mass expounded ;' and other works.

RODEN, Robert Jocelyn, Earl, English administrator, b. 1788; educated at
Harrow ; custos rotnlorum of the county of Louth, and a deputy-lieutenant of the
county of Down ; formerly auditor-general of the Irish Exchequer.

ROEBUCK, John Arthur, English politician, b. at Madras, 1803 ; called to the bar
of the Inner Temple, and went on the Northern Circuit, 1831 ; a bencher of the Inner
Temple; M.P. for Bath, 1838-87, and 1841-47, and for Sheffield, 1849-68. Author of
• The Colonies of England,' and * History of the Whig Party in 1830,' 1852.

ROENNB, laudTvig: Peter von, German jurist, b. at Gliickstadt, Holstein, Oct. 18,
1804 ; studied at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin ; auditor in the Court of Justice of
Berlin, 1825 ; deputy to the First Prussian Chamber, 1849-50. Author of ' Die Verfas-
sung nnd Verwaltung des preussischen Staats,' Berlin, 1854 ; and other l^al works.

ROER, Johann Ednard, German philologist, b. at Brunswick, Dec. 26, 1805 ; studied
at the University of Konigsberg ; appointed professor of philosophy at Berlin, 1833.
Ftiblished 'Bibliotheca Indica,' with English translations, 1846 ; and numerous other
works translated from Hindostanee and Sanscrit.

ROGERS, Rev. Henry ;{ English divine, b. 1814 ; studied at Highbury ; was professor
of English language and literature in University College, London ; appointed principal
of the Lancashire Independent College, 1858. Author of 'The Eclipse of Faith, or a
Visit to a Religions Sceptic ;' essays from the Edinburgh Review.

ROGERS, Henry Darwin, American naturalist, b. 1808 ; professor Of chemistry and
natural philosophy in Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, 1829-48 ; appointed regius pro-
fessor of natural history in the University of Glasgow,* 1857. Autnor of * Geological
Survey of the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.'

ROGERS, Rev. 'William, English cleigyman, b. 1820 ; educated at Balliol College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A 1842; appointed incumbent of St. Thomas'. Goswell
Street, London, 1844 ; rector of Bishopsgate, 1863 ; governor of Dulwich College, and
one of her Majesty's chaplains.

ROGIER. Charles, Belgian statesman, b. at St. Quentin, France, Aug. 12, 1800;
studied law at Liege; became editor and co-proprietor of the journal Le Politique;
organized in the Revolution of 1830 a battalion of 300 volunteers, entered Brussels,
Sept. 19, and took possession of the Hdtel de Ville ; nominated member of the Provi-
sional Government, Oct. 1830 ; governor of Antwerp, June 1831 till July 1832 ; minister
of home affairs, 1832-36 ; governor of the Province of Antwerp, 1835-40 ; minister of

Sublic works, 1840-41 ; minister of the interior, and of war, 1847-62 ; president of the
ouncil and minister of foreign affairs, 1861-68.

ROff HAIfDBOOK OF CONTEMPORABT BIOGRAPHY. Ros

f 222]

ROGUBTy Christoplie M icbel, Comte. French military commander, b. at San
Renio, Pie<injont, April 28, 1800 : studied at 8t Cyr ; chef de bataillon, 1830 ; general of
diviHion, ISfil ; made a senator, Dec. 1862.

ROKITANSKYy Karl, German iihysician, b. at Kbnigsgratc, in Bohemia, Feb. 19,
1804: studied medieliie at Pragne and Vienna, and received the depree of M.D. 1828;
rector of tlie Uni\'er8ity of Prague, and member of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna,
1848; rect<»r of the University of Vienna, 1850. Author of 'Manual of Pathological
Anatomy,' 1842-46 ; translated into Englisli, London, 1845-50.

ROIaltOy John Rofirerson Rollo, Baron, English administrator, b. 1835 ; educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1856 ; a deputy-lieutenant of
Dumfriesshire, and a magistrate of Perthshire ; succeeded his father, nintii baron, 1852;
elected a representative peer of Scotland, 1860.

ROLT, Sir John, English judge, b. 1804 ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1837 ;
became Q.O. 1846: a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Gloucestershire ; M.P. forWtfst
Gloucestershire, 1857-65; attorney-general, 1866; lord justice of appeal, 186/; resigned
ftom ill-health, 1867.

ROMENT, Barthelemy de, French politician, b. at Votite Gilhac, Haute Loire,
May 17, 1799 ; was staff-m^or and aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult ; member of the Corps
L6gis1atif for the department of Haute Loire since 1852.

ROMILIaY, Rifrbt Hon. iMOrd, English judge, b. 1802; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1826: called to the bar of Gray's Inn, 1827; has
been solicitor and attorney -general ; was M.P. for Bridport, 1832-35 and 1846-47, and for
DevonjMtrt, 1847-52 ; appointed Master of the Rolls, 1851 ; raised to the peerage, 1865.

ROMNEY, Charles M arsham, Earl, English administrator, b. 1808 ; educated at
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated^B.A. ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
Kent ; governor of the Charterhouse; was M.P. as Viscount Marsham for the county of
Kent, 1841-45 ; succeeded his father, second earl« 1845.

RONGE, Johannes, German theological writer, b. at Bischofswalde, Silesia, 1813 ;
educated at the University of Breslau ; Roman Catholic priest at Grottkau, 1840 ; sus-
5»ended from his fhnctions and excommunicated, 1843 ; formed a * German Catholic *
rongregation at Breslau, 1845. Author of ' Letter of a Catholic Priest to Bishop Arnold!
in relation to the Holy Coat of Trfeves ;' and other works.

ROQUE8 SAIaVAZA, Panl AacTUite, French politician, b. at Carcassonne,
Dec. 18, 1798 ; member of the Corps L^gislatir for the first circonscription of the depart-
ment of Aude since 1852.

ROS DE OLANO, Antonio, Count d'Almlna, Spanish military commander,
b. at Caracas, 1808 ; lieutenant, 1834 ; colonel, 1837 ; minister of instruction and public
works, 1843 ; director-general of the sanitary department of the army, 1852-54 ; took
part with (General O'Donnell in the insurrection of June 1854 ; commander of the third
corps of the Spanish army in the expedition to Africa, 1859 ; took an important part in
the Revolution of 1868.

ROSE, Etienne Hngt&eSi French general, b. Sept. 25, 1812; studied at St Cyr;
captain, 1840 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1852 ; general of brigade, 1858 ; served in Africa and
the Crimea ; commander of a brigade of infantry of the Imperial Guard.

ROSE, Gnstav, German chemist, b. at Berlin, March 18, 1798 ; studied at the University
of Berlin, and received the d^ree of Ph.D. 1821 ; professor in the University of Berlin,
1889. Author of * Journey to the Ural, Altai', and the Caspian Sea,' 1837-42 ; * Elements
of Crystallography,' 1838 ; and other scientific works.

ROSE. Hngrl^ Henry, Baron Strathnaim, English general, b. 1803 ; educated at
Berlm ; entered the army, 1820; major, 1826 ; lieutenant-colonel and K.C.B. 1855; was
commissioner at the headquarters of the French army in the East, 1855-56 ; colonel, 1858 ;
lieutenant-general, 1860 ; commander-in-chief in India, 1860-65, in Ireland since 1865.

ROSECRANS, IXTUliani Starke, American military commander, b. in Kingston,
Ohio, Sept 6, 1819 ; entered West Point Military Academy, 1838, where he graduated,
1842 ; aiae-de-camp and chief engineer to General McClellan, 1861 ; brigadier-general
and commander of tlie army of Western Virginia, 1861 ; mc(jor-general, March 1862 ;
commander of the army of the Cumberland, 1862-68, of Missouri, 1864; minister to
Mexico, 1868-69.

ROSENKRANZ. Johann Frtedrich, German philosophical writer, b. at Magde-
burg, April 23, 1805 ; studied at Berlin, Halle, and Heidelbeig ; appointed professor of
philosophy at Konigsberg, 1833 ; member of the Fh^t Prussian Chamber, 1849. Author
of 'Notes on the System of Hegel,' Konigsberg, 1840 ; * Poetry and its History,' ib. 1855;
and otlier philosophical works. ^ » ^ «>

Rob hanbbook of contemporary biography. Ron

[ 223 ]

ROSBTTI, CostantinO; Roumanian politician, b. at Bucharest, 1816; serredintlie
niilitiai 1836-38 ; member of the Revolutionary Committee of Roumania, 1846 ; chief of
the police at Bucharest, and director of the ministry of the interior, 1848 ; minister of
public instruction, 1861. Published a * Collection of Songs' in the dialect of Roumania,
1840 ; and founded several newspapers in Roumania and Paris.

ROSNY, Ife'on de, French philologist, b. 1835 ; appointed professor of the Japanese
language in the Biblioth6que Imp6riale, T863. Author of * Apergu g^n^ral des Langues
B^mitiques et de leur Histoire,' 1858; 'Recueil de Textes japonais,' 1863; and other
works on the language and literature of fhB East, chiefly of Japan.

ROSS, Rev. Jobn laockhart, EngTis&' author, b. 1810 ; educated at Oriel College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A 1833, and M.A. 1836; vice-principal of Chichester
Theological'College, 1840-51 ; appointed rector of St. Gteoi^e's in the East, London, 1863.
Author of 'Lectures on the History of Moses,' 1887 ; *Druidical Temples at Avebury/
1859 ; ftnd other works.

ROSSEEUW SAINT HIIaAIRE, Enire'ne Fraagois, French author, b. at
Paris, June 30, 1805 ; appointed assistant professor of ancient history at Sorbonne, 1842 ;
titular professor, 1^56. Author of ' Rienzi et les Colonna, ou Rome au XIV® 8i6cle,' in
Ave vols. 1825; 'Etudes religieuses et litteraires/ 1863; and other, chiefly historical,
works.

ROSSETTI, Christina, English authoress, b. 1827. Author 'of 'Goblin Market,'
1862 ; 'The Prince's Progress,' 1866 ; and other poetical works.

ROSSETTI, Dante Gabriel, English painter, brother of the preceding, b. 1828 ; has
painted a great number of pictiires, none of which have been publicly exhibited. Aathor
of 'The Early Italian Poets,' 1861.

ROSSETTI, VTilliam Michael. English author, brother of the preceding, b. 1829 ;
employed in tiie Inland Revenue Office. Author of 'Pine Art, chiefly contemporary,'
1867.

ROSSHIRT, Conrad Frans, German jurist, b. at Bamberg, 1793 ; studied law
at Erlangen and Gottingen ; received the de^e of LL.D. 1812 ; appointed professor of
law at Heidelberg, 1818. Author of 'Beitage zum romischen Rechte und zum rcim.
deutschen Staatsrechte,' Heidelberg, 1820-22 ; ' Bogmengeschichte des Civilrechts,* ib.
1853 ; and other legal works.

ROSSI. 'Giovanni Battista de, Italian archseologist, b. at Rome, 1822. Author of
a worK on the Christian inscriptions in the Roman catacombs, and of numerous essays
on archaeology.

ROSSIiYN, James Alexander St. Clair Erskine, Earl of, English adminis-
trator, b. 1802 ; educated at Eton ; a major-general in the'army ; magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of the county of Fife ; master of the buckhounds, 1841-47, and from Feb. to
Dec. 1852 ; under-secretary for the War Department, March to June 1859.

ROTHERM All, Peter, American artist, b. in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, Jnly 8,
1817; educated in Philadelphia as a land-surveyor; studied in France, Germany, and
Italy, 1836-37. Painted 'St Agnes,' 1837 ; ' Foscari ;' ' De Soto discovering the Missis-
sippi ;' ' Columbus before the Queen ;' and 'The Martyrs in the Coliseum.*

ROTHSCHIIiD, Iiionel Nathan, Baron de, English banker, b. 1808; educated
at Gottingen ; succeeded his father as a Baron of the Austrian Empire, 1836 ; chief
X>artner in the banking firm of Rothschild and Co. ; a deputy-lieutenant of London and
a J. P. for Middlesex ; M.P. for London since 1847.

ROTHSCHIIiD, Meyer Amscbel, Baron de, English banker, b. 1818 ; partner
in the banking firm of Rothschild and Co., and a magistrate of Bucks ; M.F. for Hythe
since 1859.

ROTHSCHILD, Nathaniel Meyer de, English politician, b. 1840; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge ;^M.P. for Aylesbury since 1865.

ROTOURS, Alexandre Antoine des, French politician, b. June 29, 1806 ; mayor
of Avelin ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the departement du Nord since 1868.

ROUGE', Olivier Emmanuel, Vicomte de, French archieologist, b. at Paris,
April ill, 1811 ; entered the Council of State in the section of the interior and of
public instmction, 1854 ; appointed professor of archseology in the College of
France. 1857 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1853 ; contributor to the £etme
ArcfUologique.

KOU HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORABT BIOGRAPHT. Rnff
_ [ 224 ]

ROUHER, RuiT^'A^f French statesman, b. at Rioro, Nov. 30, 1814; studied Juris-
prudence, and was called to the bar of Riom, 1838 ; elected member of the Constituent
Assembly for the deuartment of Puy de D6me, 1848 ; deputy to the Legislative Assembly
for tbe same department, 1849 ; appointed minister of Justice, Oct 31, 1849 ; resigned,
July 18, 1861 ; minister of Justice, Dec. 2, 1851, to Jan. 22, 1862 ; vice-president of the
Council of State, 1862; nominated senator, June 18, 1866; appointed minister and
secretary of state of agriculture, commerce, and public works, Feb. 8, 1855 ; nominated
minister of sUte, Oct 19, 1863.

ROULAND. OustaTe. French statesman, b. at Tvetot, Feb. 1, 1806 ; studied at the
College of Houen and at LouvierH ; procureur du roi at Dieppe,*1832-47 ; advocate-general
at the Court of Cassation at Paris, 1847-48 ; minister of public instruction, 1856-57 ;
minister and president of the Council of State, June 24 to Oct 18, 1863 ; appointed
governor of the Bank of France, Sept 1864.

ROUIaliEAXTX DUOAOEi Obarles Henry. French politician, b. at Alen^on,
April 26, 1802 ; advocate at Caen, 1821, and at the bar of Paris from 1822 to 1830 ; sub-
prefect of Domfront, 1830 ; prefect of Ard^che, 1836, of Loire InfSrieure, 1847-48 ;
member of the Corps L^islatlf for the department of H^rault since 1862.

ROUSSCTy Camllle FeUx MiCbel^ French author, b. at Paris, Feb. 15, 1821;
professor of history at Grenoble, 1843-46, and at the Coll^ Bourbon, 1845-63 ; appointed
nistoriographer to the ministry of war, 1864. Author of ' Hlstoire de Louvois et de son
Administration politique et mUitaire,* 1861-63 ; and other historical works.

ROXBUROHB^ James Henrr Robert Innes Ker^ Duke of, English
administrator, b. 1816; succeeded his lather, fifth duke, 1823; took his seat in the
House of Lords, 1837.

ROY-BRY, Henri* French politician, b. at Rochefort, December 7, 1810 ; a banker
at Rochefort ; president of the Chamber of Commerce, and member of the Oeneral
Council for tlie canton ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Charente
Inf^rieure since 1869.

ROYBR, Paul Henri Bmest de. French statesman, b. at Versailles, Oct. 29,
1808 ; Mtudied at Marseilles, and law at Grenoble and Paris, where he was called to the
bar, 1829 ; procureur-g6n6ral to the Court of Appeal of Paris^ 1860-61 ; minister of
Justice, Jan. 26 to April 11. 1861 ; reappointed minister of justice, Nov. 16, 1857;
senator, and vice-president of the Senate, May 5, 1869 ; nominated first president of the
Cour des Comptes, Feb. 1, 1863. Author of several legal works.

ROYER. Pierre Marie Caslmlr, French politician, b. at St Galmier, Loire, May
29, 1791 ; studied law, and was called to the bar at Grenoble, 1816 ; member of tbe
Chamber of Deputies for Grenoble, 1846 ; member of the Corps L6gLslalif for the dejMui-
ment of the Is^re since 1863.

ROYSTON, Oharlea Philip, Viscount, English politician, b. 1836 ; educated at
Harrow, and Tlinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1858 ; a magistrate
of the county of Cambridge; formerly an officer in the 7th and 11th Li^t Dragoons;
M.P. for Cambridgeshire since 1866.

RUCHDI. Pasba Melie'niet. Turkish statesman, b. at Constantinople, 1809;
entered the Turkish army, 1826 ; cnief of staff at Nezib, 1839 ; general of diNision and
minister of war, 1863-66 ; grand vizier, 1857-58 ; minister of war, 1861-62 ; reappointed
to the ministry, July 1866. Translator of several French works, principally on war and
military tactics.

RUDDER^ lK>uls Henri de^ French painter, b. at Paris, Oct 17, 1807 ; studied
under Gros, Charlet, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Exhibited ' La Mort de Jehan
d'Armagnae,' 1836 ; 'Les Presents des C6vennes,' 1848 ; *Le Christ au Jardin des Olives,'
1863; 'Berber des Abruzzes,' 1864; and numerous other paintings, chiefly of religious
or historiciu subjects.

RUFTNO, Caalmlr Ruflno Ruls, Spanish political economist, b. at Soto de
Cameros, July 21, 1806 ; took part in the civil war ; was nominated deputy for Seville.
1836 ; obliged to leave Spain, 1838 ; appointed professor and director of the commercial
classes of science and art at the University of Madrid, 1848. Author of * La Historia
mercautil universal,* Madrid, 1852-63.

RUGEy Arnold, German politician, b. at Bergen, island of Riigen, 1802; studied
philosophy and jmilology at the Universities of Halle, Jena, and Heidelberg ; professor
of philosophy at the University of Halle, 1880-.*»0. Author of 'Two Years in Paris,'
1845 ; and of numerous political and philosophical works.

^nn HANDBOOK OF CONTKMPORAEY BIOGRAPHY. Rut
[ 225 ]

RUNBBERG^ Johaxin laudnvisr, Finnish author, b. at Jacobstede, Feb. 5, 1804 ;
studied at Abo ; received his degree of doctor, 1827 ; appointed professor of eloquence
at Helsingfors, 1830 ; nominated lecturer on poetry and eloquence at Borgo, and lecturer
on Greek at the same college, 1842 ; appointed professor of the same, 1844. Author of

* Poems,' Helsingfors, 1851 ; 'Smserre Berraettelser,' 1854.

RUSCAIjIlA.^ Juvenale Vesresxi; Italian politician, b. at Turin, 1799 ; employed in
the ministry of foreign affairs of Piedmont, 1818 ; was secretary to the same, 1836 ; and
took part In the Congress of Verona ; appointed inspector-general of prisons ; resigned,
1857 ; elected deputy for Scandiaao to the Italian National Parliament, 1860 ; one of the
chief contributors to the Rivista Contemporanea.

RUSCHBNBERGRR, William. American naturalist, b. in the county of Cumber-
land, New Jersey, Sept. 4, 1807 ; studied medicine at New York and Philadelphia ;
assistant-surgeon in the navy, 1826-31 ; appointed surgeon in the navy, 1831. Author
of * Three Years in the Pacific,' Philadelphia, 1835 ; ' Elements of Natural History,' 1850 ;
and other works.

RUSKIN^ Jobn^ English author, b. in London, Feb. 1819 ; educated at Christ Church,
Oxford. Author of 'Modern Painters,' 1843-46; 'The Seven Lamps of Architecture,'
1849 ; * The Stones of Venice,' 1851-53 ; ' King's Treasuries and Queen's Gardens,' 1865 ;
and numerous other works on art and subjects connected therewith.

RUSSBIala, Arthur John lEdwaxd, English politician, b. 1825, second son of Lord
G. W. Russell ; was private secretary to Lord John Russell ; M.P. for Tavistock since 1857.

RUSSEIali, Sir Charles^ English politician, b. 1826; educated at Eton; a J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of Berks; captain and lieutenant-colonel Grenadier Guards; was
deputy-assistant quartermaster-general in the East ; M.P. for Berkshire, 1865-68.

RUSSEIiIi, Francis Charles HastingrSi English politician, b. 1819 ; a deputy-
lieutenant of Beds ; lieutenant-colonel Beds Rifle Volunteers ; late major Beds Militia ;
formerly lieutenant in the Scots Fusilier Guards ; M.P. for Bedl'ordshire since 1847.

RUSSEIali, Francis William^ English politician, b. 1800 ; educated at Fermoy, and
at Trinity College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1824 ; a partner in the firm of Russell
and Sons, merchimts, of limerick and London ; M. P. for Limerick since 1852.

RUSSEIiIi, Rev. John FuUer, English author, b. 1810; educated at St. Peter's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated S.C.L. 1837, B.C.L. 1838 ; incumbent of Green-
hithe, Kent, since 1856. Author of ' Judgment of the Church on the Sufficiency of Holy
Scripture,' 1888 ; ' Life of Dr. Johnson,* 1847 ; and other works.

RUSSBIalii John Russell. Earl, English statesman, b. in London, Aug. 18, 1792 ;
educated at Westminster and Edinburgh ; paymaster of the forces, 1830-34 ; secretary of
state for the Home Department, 1835-39 ; secretary of state for the colonies, 1839-41 ;
first lord of the Treasury, 1846-62 ; secretary of state for foreign affairs, Dec. 1852 to
March 1853 ; lord president of the Council, April 1854 to Jan. 1855 ; appointed on a
special mission to Vienna, Feb. 1855 ; secretary of state for the colonies, Feb. to Jan.
1855 ; again secretary of state for foreign affairs, June 1859-61 ; was M. P. for Tavistock,
1813-19 ; for Huntingdonshire, 1820-26 ; Bandon Bridge, 1827-30 ; Devonshire, 1830-32 ;
South Devon, 1832-35 ; Stroud, 1835-41 ; London, July 1841-61 ; elevated to the peerage,
1861 ; first lord of the Treasury, Oct. 23, 1865, to July 6, 1866.

RUSSEIala, John Scott. English civil engineer, b. in the Vale of Clyde, 1808 ; edu-
cated at the Universities of^Edinburgh, St. Andrew's, and Glasgow ; vice-president of the
Institution of Civil Engineers ; one of the three promoters of the Great Exhibition of
1851 ; designed the Great Eastern, and numerous other lai^ge steamships. Author of

* The Modem System of Naval Architecture for Commerce and War.*

RUSSEIiI*, Sir William, English politician, b. 1822 ; entered the army, 1841 ; served
in the 14th Hussars in the Crimea and in India, 1857-59 ; a colonel imattached ; was M.P.
for Dover, 1847-49 ; M.P. for Norwich since 1860.

RUSSEIaL, William Howard, English author, b. at Lily Vale, county of Dublin,
March 28, 1821 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; entered the Middle Temple, 1846 ;
called to the bar, 1850 ; was special correspondent to the Timen in the Crimea, India, and
America. Author of ' Letters ftom the Crimea,' 1855-56 ; * My Diary in India ;' ' My
Diary North and South,' 1863; 'Canada: its Defences, Condition, Ac* 1866; 'The
Adventures of Dr. Brady,' 1868.

RUTIaAND, Charles Cecil John Manners, Duke of, English administrator,
b. in London, May 16, 1815 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; lord-
lieutenant of Leicestershire ; honorary colonel of the Leicestershire Militia ; lord of the
bedchamber to Prince Albert, Dec. 1843 to Aug. 1846; was M.P. for Stamford, 1837 to
July 1852, and for North Leicestershire, 1852-67, when he succeeded as sixth duke.

,y» HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Sai
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RYAN, Rlffht Hon. Sir Rdwardy English judge, b. 1793 : edacated at Trinity
College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn. 1817 ; was puisne judge ; chief
justice at CalcutU, and one of the comptrollers of the Exchequer ; sworn in the Privy
Council, 1843 ; appointed a couiinissioner of railways, 1846 ; one of the Civil Service
commissioners, and member of the Senate of the University of London.

RYIiEy Rev. John Charles, English theological writer, b. near Macclesfield, 1816 ;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1836 ; appointed
vicar of Stradbroke, Suffolk, 1861. Author of ' Expository Thoughts on the Go8i>els»'
and of numerouB tracts.

s.

SAAVRDRA, Anirelo de, Dnke de Riras, Spanish statesman and author, h. at
Cordova, March 1, 1791 ; studied at Madrid ; entered the Guards, 1807, and retired with
the rank of colonel ; deputy to the Cortes for the province of Cordova, 1813 ; succeeded
his brother in the dukedom, 1835 ; minister of the interior, 1836-38 ; ambas.sador to
Naples, 1843-48; president of the Council of State, 1863-65. Author of *Florinda,'
1824 ; and several poems, tragedies, and romances.

8ABATIER, Raymond Gabriel Baptiste, French diplomatist, b. 1810; was
captain in the army, 1836 ; colonel, 1852 ; appointed French consul-general at Alexandria,
1852.

SABINEi Edirard^ English general and author, b. 1786 ; second lieutenant in the
army, 1803 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1841 ; major-general, 1859. Author of * The Pendulum
and other Experiments,* 1825 ; and of numerous ' Memoirs ' contributed to the Philo-
sophiixU Transactions ; elected president of the Royal Society, 1861.

SACK; Karl Heinrich, German theologian, b. at Berlin, Oct. 17, 1790 ; studied law
at Gottingeu and theology at the University of Berlin ; appointed professor of theology
at the University of Bonn, 1828 ; took part in the General Svnod of Berlin as deputy from
the Faculty of Bonn, 1846. Author of ' Die Kirche von Sch'otthmd,' Heidelberg, 1844-45 ;
and other theological works.

SACY, Samuel Ustasade SilTestre de. French author, b. at Paris, Oct. 17,
1801 ; studied at the Lyceum of Louis le Grand, and was called to the bar ; appointed
conservateur of the Biblioth^que Mazarine, 18.'s6 ; and keeper of the same, 1848 ; nomi-
nated member of the Imperial Council for Public Education, July'2, 1864 ; elected member
of the French Academy, 1854. Contributor to Le Journal des Dibats since 1828.

SA DA BANDEIRA, Bernardo De Sa Nogrneiray Viscount de^ Portu-
guese statesman, b. 1796 ; served as a volunteer in the War of Independence, 1810 ; was
governor of Oporto ; minister of marine, and created Baron de S& Da Bandeira, 1832 ;
resigned, May 1833 ; minister of marine, Nov. 1835 to April 18.S6 ; was member of the
Cortes, 1846-56; reappointed minister of marine, 1856; minister of war, Dec. 1860, and
Feb. 1862 ; president of the Council, and minister of war and marine, 1865-67.

SAGR A| Ramon de la, Spanish political economist, b. at Corunna, 1798 ; studied at
Madrid ; appointed director of the Botanical Garden of Havana, 1820. Author of ' His-
toria economica, politica y estadistica de la Isla de Cuba,' Havana, 1831 ; * Cuba in
I860,' 1862 ; * Icones Plantarum in Flora Cubana descriptarum, &c.' 1863 ; and other
works, especially on political economy.

ST. ALBAN'S, William Amelius Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk, Duke of,

English administrator, b. 1840 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ;
hereditary grand falconer of England, and hereditary registrar of the Court of Chancery ;
succeeded his father, ninth duke, 1849.

ST. ASAPH, Rigrht Rev. Thomas Vowler Short, Bishop of, English
divine, b. 1790 ; educated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford ; rector of 8t
George's, Bloomsbury, 1834; appointed deputy-clerk of the closet to the Queen, 1837;
consecrated bishop of Sodor and Man, 1842 ; translated to St. Asaph, 1846. Author of
• A Sketch of the History of the Church to the Revolution of 1688 ;' and other works.

ST. AUBYN, John, English politician, b. 1829 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1842 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Corn-
wall, and captain of the Royal Cornwall Rangers ; M.P. for West Cornwall since 1858.

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ST. DAVID'S, Rigrht Rev. Connop Thirlvv^all. Bishop of, English divine,
b. 1797 ; educated at the Charterhouse, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the
bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1825 ; ordained, 1828 ; consecrated bishop of St David's, 1840 ; is
dean of Brecon and visitor of St. David's College, Lampeter. Author of ' History of
Greece ;' and other works.

SAINT-GB'NOIS, Jules Ghislain, Baron de, Belgian historian, b. at Lennick
St. Quintin, Brabant, March 22, 1813 ; appointed professor and keeper of the library to
the University of Gand, 1848 ; elected member of the Belgian Academy, 1846. Author
of 'Histoire des Avoueries en Belgique,' Binisselis, 1837; and other historical works.

SAINT GEORGESi Jules Henri Vemoy de^ French dramatic writer, b. at
Paris, 1801. Author of * Nuits Terribles,' 1821 ; * Pierre et Catherine,' 1829 ; * Les Amours
du Diable,' 1852 ; ' La Boh^mienne,' 1862 ; and numerous other dramas.

SAINT GERMAIN, Frangois Charles Herve' de, French politician, b. at
Avranches, Feb. 16, 1803 ; deputy to the Legislative Assembly for the department of
Manche, 1849 ; member of the Corps L^slatif for the department of Manche since
1852.

ST. GERMANS. Edveard Granville Eliot, Earl of. English statesman,
b. 1798 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; was a lord ©f the Treasury, 1828-32 ;
ambassador to Spain, 1835 ; chief secretary for Ireland, 1841-45 ; postmaster-general,
1846 ; appointed lord -lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 28, 1852; resigned, Feb. 24, 1855 ; lord-
steward of the Household, Nov. 1857 to Feb. 1858 ; reappointed, June 1859 ; sat in the
House of Commons as Lord Eliot, 1824-45, when he succeeded his father, second earl.

SAINT HIIaAIRE, E'mile Marc Hilaire, French author, b. 1790. Author of
*Le Donneur d'Eau b6nite,' 1825; *L«s Habitations Napol6oniennea,' 1844; 'Lea Deux
Empereurs,' 1853 ; * J a Caserne du Quai d'Orsay,' 1856 ; * Histoire des Armies frangaises
depuis 1792,' 1859 ; and numerous other works.

ST. JOHN. Horace, English author, b. in Normandy, July 5, 1830. Author of *The
Indian Archipelago ;' *A History of the British Conquests in India ;' * Life of Christopher
Columbus ;' and other historical and biographical works.

ST. JOHN, James Ati^rusttis, English author, b. in Carmarthenshire, Sept. 24,
1801, father of the preceding. Author of * History, Manners, &c. of the Hindoos,' 1831 ;
'Egypt and Mehemet Ali,' 1834; 'History of the Manners and Customs of Ancient
Greece,' 1842; 'Isis, an Egy]itian Pilgrimage,' 1852; 'Philosophy at the Foot of the
Cross,' 1855 ; 'A History of the Four Conquests of England,' 1862 ; and other works.

ST. JOHN, Percy Bayle, English author, b. 1819, son of the preceding. Author of
'Two Years in a LBvantine Family;* 'Purple Tints of Paris;' and numerous works of
fiction ; contributor to the London Joiemal, and other periodical publications.

ST. JOHN, Spencer, English author, b. in London, Dec. 22, 1826, brother of the
preceding ; appointed secretarj' to Sir James Brooke in Borneo, 1848 ; charg6 d'affaires
to the Republic of Hayti, 1860 ; received a consular appointment in the West Indies, 1863.
Author of 'Life in the Forests of the Far East,' London, 1862.

ST. I»EONARD'S. Edveard BurtenshaTvr Sudden, Baron, English statesman,
b. 1781 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1807 ; king's counsel, 1822 ; became solicitor-
general, 1829; lord chancellor of Ireland, 1835, for three months, and again 1811-46;
lord high chancellor, March to Dec. 1852 ; sat in the House of Commons as Sir Edward
Sugden till 1841 ; elevated to the peerage as Baron St. Leonard's, 1852. Author of ' The
Law of Vendors and Purchasers;' "The Handy-Book of Property Law;' and other
legal works.

SAINT MARC 6IRARDIN, Marc, French author, b. at Paris, Feb. 12, 1801 ;
studied in the College Napol6on, and the College of Henri IV. ; was called to the
bar ; apiK)inted professor of history to the Faculti des Lettres, and professor of Frenrh
poetry, 1834 ; member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1834-48 ; elected to the French
Academy, 1844. Author of 'Cours de Litterature dramatique,' 1843; 'Souvenirs et
Voyages ;' and numerous other works.

ST. VINCENT, Carnegie Robert John Jerrls, Viscount. English adminis
trator, b. 1825; eduoAted at Eton; a magistrate and deputy lieutenant of Staffordshire;
succeeded his grandfather, first viscount, Sept. 1859.

SAINTE BEUVE, Charles Angustin, French author, b. at Boulogne-sur Mer,
Dec. 23, 1804 ; studied at the College Charlemagne ; admitted to the French A(rademy,
1845 ; appointed master of conferences at the ^cole Normale, 1857 ; created senator,
1865. Author of 'Historical and Critical Picture of French Poetry and of the French
Theatre in the Sixteenth Century,' 1828; ' History of Port Royal,' 1840-60 ; 'Causeries
du Lundi,' 1851-57; and other works : contributor to the Revue dea Deux Mondes, the
ConstUutionnelf and the Moniteur.

o 9

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SAINTS CXiAIRS DBVILIiB^ ChftrteSi French geologist, b. at St Thomas,
Antilles, 1814; studied at the Paris Bchool of Mines; elected member of the French
Academy, 1857. Author of 'Voyage geologiqoe aux Antilles et anx lies Ten^riffe et De
Fogo,' 1856-64; 'Recherches snr lea principaux Phenom^nes de M^t6orologie, Ac, aux
Antilles,' 1864 ; and other geological works.

■AINTE CXiAIRB DBVIUaB. Henri B'tienne, French chemist, b. at
St. Thomas, Antilles, March 11, 1818, brother of the preceding; studied in Paris;
appointed professor of chemistry in the Ecole Normale, 1851 ; dected member of the
French Academy, Nov. 1861. Author of several papers relating to chemical discoyeries
in Uie *Comptes nendus' of the Acadimie des Sciences and the 'Annales de C!himie.'

8AINTE HERM INB^ Jean Helie B'mlle, M aroois de. French politician,
b. at Niort, Jan. 22, 1809: was secretary-general of the Prefecture of LaVendto, 1835-62;
member of the Corps L^slatif for the first circonscription of La Vend^ since 1852.
Author of ' Influence des Querres eatre la France et I'Angleterre dans les XII®, XUP et
XI Ve, Siicles,' 1855.

BAIaA, Oeoinpr^ Anarustms. English journalist and author, b. in London, 1826.
Author of 'The Haddington Peerage;' 'Twice Round the Clock;' 'Down among the
Dutchmen ;' * America in the midst of War/ republished from the Daily Telegraphy 1864 ;
and other works.

SAIalSBURYt Robert Arthnr Cecil, Marqnis of, English statesman, b. 1830;
educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1850; chosra
fellow of All Souls, Oxford, 1852 ; returned M.P. ibr Stamford, as Viscount Cranboume,
1858 ; succeeded his father, second marquis, 1868.

BAIiISBURY, Walter Kerr Hamilton, Biabop of, English divine, b. in
London, Nov. 16, 1808 : educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. 1830; elected fellow of Merton College, and graduated M.A. 1833 ; appointed vicar
of St. Peter's in the East, Oxford, and examining chaplain to the bishop of Salisbury,
1837 ; canon-residentiary of Salisbury, June 1841 ; consecrated bishop of Salisbury, 1854.

BALIiANDROUZB DB ZaAM ORNAIX, Cbarlea Jean, French politician,
b. at Paris, March 27, 1809 ; a manufacturer at Aubusson, Creuse ; elected representa-
tive of the department of Creuse, 1848 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for Creuse since
1852. Author of ' Considerations sur la Legislation des Brevets d'Invention,' 1829 ; and
other works.

SAIaliES, Euae'be Frangois, Comte de, French philologist, b. at Montpellier,
Dec. 16, 1796 ; educated for the medical profension, and received the degree of M.D. ;
studied Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hindostanee at the College of France and the
College of Oriental Languages ; professor of Arabic at Marseilles since 18.35. Author of
•Aly le Renard, ou le Conqufite d' Alger,* 1832; 'Peregrinations en Orient,' 1840-55;
and other, chiefly philological, works.

BAItOMONS, DaTid, English politician, b. 1798; called to the bar of the Middle
Temple, 1849 ; an alderman of London ; lord-mayor, 1855-56 ; a deputy-lieutenant of
Middlesex and Kent; was high sheriff, 1850; M.P. for Greenwich, 1851-52, and since
1869.

BAIaVADOR, Joaepb. French historical writer, b. at Montpellier, 1796. Author of
•Loi de Moise, ou Systeme religieux et politique des H6breux,* 1822; 'Jesus de\'ant
Caiphe et Pilate,' 1829 ; ' Paris, Rome, Jerusalem, ou la Question religieuse au XIX«
Siecle,' 1859 ; and other historical works.

8AMUDA, Joaepb D'Airnilar, English politician, b. 1813; member of the In8ti>
tute of Civil Engineers, and member of the Council of the Institute of Naval Architects ;
was a member of the Metropolitan Board of Worlcs, 1860-65 ; M.P. for Tavistock, 1865-68;
returned M.P. for the Tower Hamlets, 1868.

SAMUBIaSON, Bemhard, English politician, b. 1820 ; an ironmaster at Middles-
borough on Tees ; and manufacturer of agricultural machinery at Banbury ; M. P. for
Banbury, Feb. to April 1859, and since 1865. Author of a jjaper on technical educatica
on the Continent, published as a ' Blue-book,' 1868.

SANDEAU, Julea, French author, b. at Aubusson, Feb. 19, 1811 ; studied law in
Paris ; elected member of the French Academy, 1868 ; assistant in the Imperial Library
of Paris, and one of the conservators of the Mazarin Library since 1853 ; wrote, in con-
junction with Madame Dudevant, 'Rose et Blanche,' 1831 ; also author of 'Madame de
Sommerville,' 1884 ; 'Olivier,' 1854 ; * Un Debut dans la Magistiature,' 1862 ; *La MaisoQ
de Penarvan,' 1863 ; and other novels and dramas.

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SANDFORD, Edi^rard. Ainei-ican writer, b. in New York, 1806; studied law; was
elected to the Senate for tne State of New York, 1843 ; contributor to the Knickerbocker
Magazine, and other AmericaB periodicals.

SANDFORD, Georgre Montagu Warren, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated
at Eton, and Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he graduated M. A. 1843 ; called to the
bar of the Inner Temple, 1846 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Essex, and a
magistrate of Hants ; assumed the surname of San^ord, instead of Peacocke, by royal
licence, 1866; M.P. for Harwich, 1852-63; forMaldon, 1854-55, and 1859^8.

SANDFORD, Ven. John, English divine, b. 1805 ; educated at Balliol College,
Oxford, and graduated B.D. 1846; appointed honorary canon of Worcester, 1844 ; arch-
deacon of Coventry, 1851 ; rector of Alve Church, 1854 ; Bampton Lecturer at Oxford,
1861 ; one of her Majesty's commissioners for revising the forms of clerical subscription,
1864. Author of ' Vox Cordis,' and other works.

SANDWICH* John William Blontasn, Earl of, English administrator,
b. 1811 ; lord-lieutenant of Huntingdonshire ; was captain of the Gtentlemen-at-Arms
from March to Dec. 1852 ; and master of the buckhounds, Feb. 1858 to June 1859.

SANTA ANNA, Antonio laopeac de^ Mexican statesman, b. in Jalapa, Feb. 21,
179&; appointed to the command of Vera Cruz, 1822 ; deposed, Nov. 1822 ; chosen pre-
sident of Mexico, 1833 ; taken prisoner, April 21, 1836 ; was again president, 1841-45 ;
reinstated, Feb. 1846; anew- proclaimed president of the republic, Feb. 2, 1848;
resigned, andescai>ed from the country, 1855.

SARDOU. Victorien, French dramatic writer, b. at Pari.s, 1831 ; studied medicine.
Author of • La Taveme des Etudiants,' 1854 ; ' La Perle noire,' 1862 ; * Le Degel,' 1864 ;
' La Famillo Benoiton,' 1865 ; and numerous other dramatic works.

SARGUNT, Epes, American author, b. at Gloucester, Massachusetts, Sept. 1816 ;
studied at Boston, and graduated at Harvard College. Author of 'The Bridge of Gtenoa,'
1836; 'Wealth and Worth;' 'Songs of the Sea, and other Poems,' 1845; 'Standard
Speaker,' 1852 ; ' The Priestess,' 1855 ; and other, chiefly dramatic, works.

SARRUT, Genmain Marie, French politician and author, b. at Toulouse, April 20,
1800 ; elected to represent Loire-et-Cher at the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; elected for
the same department to the Legislative Assembly, but retired flrom political life after the
coup d'etact of Dec. 2, 1851. Author of ' Procfes k I'Histoire,' 1832 ; with M. St. Edme,
' Biographic des Hommes du Jour,' 1835-42 ; ' Histoire de France de 1792 k nos Jours,*
1848 ; and other historical works.

SARTORIUS, Ernst Wilhelm Christian, German theologian, b. at Darmstadt,
May 10, 1797 ; studied at Gottingen ; appointed professor of theology in the University
of Marburg, 1823 ; director of the Consistory of Konigsberg, 1835. Author of 'Three
Treatises on Matters of Exegetical and Systematic Theology,' 1820 ; ' Doctrine of the
Person and Work of Christ,' 1831 ; and other theological works.

SARTORIUS, Sir George Rose, English naval commander, b. 1790 ; was present
at the battle of Trafalgar and the siege of Cadiz ; appointed to the command of the
Portuguese fleet, 1832-33; knighted, 1841; made a K.C.B; 1865. Author of several
pamphlets on naval warfare and engineering.

SARTORIUS, lanis Jose, Count de San Imis, Spanish statesman, b. about
1810 ; founded the .Heraldo, 1841 ; was deputy to the Cortes, 1843-47 ; minister of the
interior, 1847-50; prime minister from Sept. 1853 to July 1854; re-elected to the
Cortes, 1857.

SAUIaCY, lK>ni8 Felicien Joseph Cai^mart de, French antiquarian, b. at
Lille, March 19, 1807; entered the Ecole Polytechnique, 1826, and became an oflBcer
of artillery ; elected member of the French Academy, 1842 ; nominated senator, 1859.
Author of ' Voyage autour de la Mer Morte, et dans les Terres Bibliques,' 1852-54 ; ' His-
toire de I'Art Judai'que tir6e des Textes sacr^s et profanes,' 1858 ; and other antiquarian
works.

SAUNDERS. Very Rev. Aneustns Paffe, English divine, b. 1803 ; educated at

Winchesterj the Charterhouse, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A.

1824 ; appointed head-master of the Charterhouse, 1834 ; dean of Peterborough, 1853.

Author of several j^pers on Educational Reform.
SAUNDERSON, Ed^rard James. English politician, b. 1837 ; a magistrate of the

county of Cavan ; was high sheriff", 1859 ; M.P. for the county of Cavan since 1865.

SAUZBT, Panl Jean Pierre, French statesman, b. at Lyons, March 23, 1800;
studied law, and was called to the bar of Lyons ; minister of justice in the cabinet of
M. Thiers, Feb. 22, 1836, to April 16, iaS7 ; president of the Chamber, 1839-48, when he
retired fh)m public life. Author of ' Rome devant TEurope,' 1860 ; ' Les deux Politiques
de la France et le Partage de Rome,' 1862.

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8AXE, John Godeflr07| American aathor, b. at Highgate, Vermont, June 2, ISlff :
graduated at the College or Middleburg, 1839, and studied law. Author of 'Progress,'
1846; *The New Rape of the Lock,' 1847; 'The Proud Miss McBride/ 1848; *New
England/ 1851 ; and other poetical works.

BAYB AND 8ELE. Rev. Frederick BeiJ^ainin Twisleton "Wykeluun
FienneSi Baron, EngliHh administrator, b. 1799 ; high steward of Banbury ; treasurer
and canon-residentiary of Hereford.

BCARBOROUOH, Richard Oeorgre laiunley, Sari of^ English administrator,
b. at Tiokhill Castle, Yorkshire, May 7, 1813 ; educated at Eton ; formerly an officer in
the 7th Hussars ; lieutenant-(^onel Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry.

BOARLBTT. Hon. Sir James YorXe, English military commander^ b. 1799;
educated at Eton, and Trinity College, CaniUidge ; second lieutenant in the 18th Hus-
sars, 1818; lieutenant-cokinol, 1840; lieutenant-general, 1862; created K.C.B. at the
close of the Crimean war ; colonel of the 6th Dragoon Guards, and appointed to the
command of Aldershot camp.

SCARLBTT^ Hon. Peter Campbell, English diplomatist, b. 1804 ; entered the
diplomatic service, and was attache at Constantinople, Paris, and at Rio Janeiro, and
secretaiy of legation at Florence ; envoy to Brazil, 1856 ; to the court of Tuscany, 18W ;
to the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, 1964.

BCHACK, Adolf Frledricb von, German poet and historian of literature, b. at
Briisewitz, near Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Aug. 2, 1815 ; studied law at the Universities
of Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin ; entered the diplomatic service of the Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg; retired, 1852. Author of 'Geschiehte der dramatischen Litteratur und
Kunst in Spanien,' Berlin, 3 vols. 1845-46 ; ' Poesie uud Kunst der Araber in Spanien
und Sicilien,' 1866 ; a translation of Firdusi ; and ether historical and critical works.

80HAFF, Philip, American theologian, b. at Chur, Switzerland, Jan. 1, 1819 ; studied
at the Gymnasium of Stuttgardt, and at the Universities of Tiibingen, Halle, and Berlin ;
received the degree of PhD. ftom Berlin, 1841 ; appointed professor of sacred history
to the Seminary of Merceraburg, United States, 1843. Author of 'What is Church
History?' PhiUidelphia, 1846; 'The Political, Social, and Religious Condition of the
United States of North America,' New York, 1855 ; and other theological works.

SCHAIjIiER, Julius, German philosophical writer, b. at MagdebuiK, 1810 ; studied
theology at the University of Halle ; appointed assistant-professpr of philosophy at
Halle, 1838. Author of 'The Philosophy of our Time,' Leipsic, 1837; 'Letters on the
Cosmos of Alexander von Humboldt,' ib. 1850 ; and other philosophical works. ,

SCHAMYIi. Imam, Circassian military commander, b. at the Aoul of Himry, in the
Caucasian district of Daghestan, 1797 ; commenced his military career against the Rus-
sians, 1824; chosen chief of the Circassians, 1836; captured, with his son, by the
Russians, Sept. 7, 1859.

SCH ARF, Georgre, English author and artist, b. 1820 ; admitted a student of the
Royal Academy, 1888 ; appointed art secretary and keeper of the Gallery of Old Masters
at the Manchester Exhibition of 1857 ; secretary and keeper of the National Portrait
Gallery. Author of ' Catalogue of Pictures and Works of Art in Blenheim Palace,' 1860 ;
and other works. Exhibited several oil paintings in the Royal Academy, and illustrated
Macaulay's * Lays of Ancient Rome ' and other books.

SOHB'RER, Bdmond, I'rench Protestant theologian, b. April 8, 1815. Author of
' Melanges religieuses ;' and other works.

SCH LEIDEN, Matthias Jacob, Gierroan botanist, b. at Hamburg, April 5, 1804;
studied at the University of Heidelbeig, where he obtained the degiee of liL. D. 1827 ;
appointed assistant-professor at the University of Jena, 1839. Author of 'Scientific
Elements of Botany,' Leipsic, 1842-43 ; and other works on botany.

SCHIiEINITZj Alexander^ Baron von, Prussian statesman, b. 1807; entered
the diplomatic career, and appomted councillor in the department of foreign affairs, 1832;
ambassador at the court of Hanover ; envoy-extraordinary to conclude the peace with
Denmark, June 1849 ; minister of foreign affaii-s, July 29, 1849, to Sept. 20, 1850, and
Nov. 6, 1858, to Oct 12, 1861 ; appointed minister of the Royal House, Oct. 12, 1861.

SCHMERLING, Anton, Baron von, Austrian statesman, b. at Vienna, Aug. 23,
1805 ; studied law and became an advocate of the Court of Appeal, 1846 ; elected to the
Council of State. 1846 ; member of the National Parliament of Germany held at Prank-
fort, 1848 ; minister of justice of Austria, 184^-51 ; minister of state, and chief of the
Council of Ministers of the Austrian empire, 1860 ; resigned, June 1865.

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SOHMITZ^ Ifeonliard, English historical writer, b. at Enpen, near Aix-la-Chapelle,
March 6, 1807 ; studied history and philology at the University of Bonn, 1828--32 ;
appointed rector of the High School of Edinburgh, 1845. Author of a ' Popular History
of Rome ;' eleventh edition, 1859 ; ' Manual of the History of the Middle Ages,' 1859 ; and
other historical works.

SCHNEIDER^ Bnse'ne, French statesman and mechanical engineer, b. at Nancy,
April 1805 ; owner of the iron and locomotive establishment of Creuzot ; member of the
Chamber of Deputies, and of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, 1845-51 ;
minister of agriculture and commerce, 1851 ; member of the Coips L^gislatif for the
department of S4one-et-Loire since 1852 ; one of the vice-presidents of the Chamber,
1865; president, 1867-69.

SCHNEIDER, Henry VTilliain, English politician, b. 1817; a merchant, ship-
owner, and ironmaster ; M.P. for Norwich, 1857-59, and for Lancaster, 1865-68.

SCHNETZ. Jean Victor. French painter, b. at Versailles, May 15, 1787 ; studied
under David, Gros, Regnaiut, and Gerard; nominated director of the Academy of
France at Rome, 1840 ; elected member of the Acad^mie des Beaux Arts, 1837. Painted

* J6r6mie pleurant sur les Ruines de Jerusalem,' 1819 ; * Jeanne d'Arc rev6tant les Armes,'
1834 ; ' La LeQon du Piferaro,' 1863 ; and many other historical works.

SCHNITZIaER, Jean Henri, French statistical writer, b. at Strasbiirg, June 1,
1802 ; appointed professor of German to the Lyceum of Strasburg, 1866. Author of ' Ia
Russie, la Pologne, et la Finlande,' Paris, 1835 ; 'L'Empire des Tzars an Point de Vue
actuel de la Science,' 1856-62, and 1864 ; ' La Mission de I'Empereur Alexandre II. et le
G^n^ral Rostoffsof,' 1860 ; and other historical and statistical works.

SOHNORR VON KAROIaSFEIaD, Julius, German painter, b. at Leipsic, March
26, 1794 ; studied under his father, and at the Academy of Vienna ; appointed professor
of historical painting in the Academy of Munich, 1827 ; professor at the Academy of
Dresden, and director of the Royal Museum, 1846. Painted ' The Marriage in Cana ;'

* Ruth and Boaz ;' executed eleven frescoes for the Villa Massimi from the ' Orlando
FurioRo ;' and the illustrations for ' Die Bibel in Bildem,* 1854.

BCHOEIiCHER, Victor, French writer and politician, b. at Paris, July 21, 1804 ;
studied at the College of Louis le Grand ; was unaer-secretary in the Ministry of Marine,
March 3, 1848 ; elected representative of Guadaloupe and Martinique to the Constituent
Assembly, 1849 ; exiled, 1851. Author of a biography of Handel, and several works on
slavery.

SCHOIala, Aurelien, French author, b. at Bordeaux, July 14, 1833. Author of

* Lettres k mon Domestique,' 1854 ; * Claude le Boigne,' 1859 ; ' H^^ne Hermann,' 1863 ;
arid other works of fiction.

BCHOOIaCRAFT, Henry Rouve, American author, b. in the county of Albany,
March 28, 1793. Author of 'Narrative of an Expedition to Haska Lake, the actual Source
of Mississippi River,' New York, 1834 ; * Ethnological Researches respecting Red Man in
America;' ^Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition, &c.
of the Indian Tribes of the United States,' Philadelphia, 1852 ; and other works.

8CHOTT, WillieUn, German philologist, b. at Mayence, Sept. 3, 1807 ; studied at the
Universities of Giessen, Halle, and Berlin, 1830 ; appointed professor at the University
of Berlin, 1838. Author of ' Essay on the Tartar Languages,' Berlin, 1836 ; * Buddhism
in Upper Asia and China,' 1844 ; and other philological works.

SCHREIBER, Charles, English politician, b. 1826 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1850, M.A. 1853; fellow of Trinity,
1852-56 ; elected M.P. for Cheltenham, 1865.

SCHREIBER, Charlotte Elissabeth, English authoress, b. May 19, 1812 ; married
first to Sir Josiah John Guest, Bart. 1833, who died 1852; and secondly to Charles
Schreiber, Esq., M.P. 1855. Translator of the 'Mabinogion.'

SCHUMANN, Klara, German pianiste, b. Sept. 1819, widow of the celebrated
composer, Robert Schimiann.

SCHUSELKA, Frans, German author, b. at Bndweis, Bohemia, Aug. 18, 1811 ;
studied law at Vienna, and became advocate at the criminal tribunal ; member of the
German National Parliament at Frankfort, 1848. Author of • (Estreichs Vor- und RUck-
schritte,' Hambui^g, 1847; *Ein Stuck Geschichte aus Russland,' Dresden, 1857; and
other works.

SCHVTEIGAARD, Anton Martin, Norwegian author, b. at Krageroe, April 11,
1808 ; studied at the University of Christiania ; nominated lecturer on law in his univer-
sity, 1835 ; deputy from Christiania to the National Assembly, 1842 ; director of the Bank
of Christiania, 1845. Author of 'The Bank and Finances of Norway,' Christiania, 1836 ;

* Commentary on Norwegian Criminal Law,' 1844-46.

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[ 232 ]

SCIAIaOJAy AntoniOy Italian statesman, b. at Oednccio, near Kapl«e, 1817; was
advocate at the Couit of Cassation. 1845 ; rainister of agrici^tare and conuuerce, and
deputy to the Chamber, 1848 to April 1849 ; elected for Moncalvo to the Italian National
Parliament, 1859 ; appointed minister of finance, 1860 ; sent to Paris to n^^otiate a treaty
of commerce between France and Italy, 1862. Author of ' Principles of Social Eiconomy/
Naples, 1840 ; and other works.

SCIaATERy FhUlp lautley. English naturalist, b. 1829 ; educated at Winchester
School, and at C(»rpu8 Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1849 ; called to the
bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1855 ; elected secretary of the Zoological Society of LondoB, 1862.
Author of 'Monograph of the Birds forming the Tanagrine Genus Calliste ;' and ether
works on natural history.

8COTT^ Benjainin^ English author, b. 1814 ; chief clerk in the Chamberlaki's oiBoe,
1842 ; resigned, 1853 ; founded the Bank of London, of which he was secretary till 1858;
elected to the office of city chamberlain, 1858. Author of 'The Catacombs at Bome;^
and other historical works.

SCOTT, G(eori:e OUbert, English architect, b. at Gawcott, near Buckingham, 1811 ;
designed the Martyrs' Memorial at Oxford, 1841 ; the Church of St. Nicholas at Ham-
burg; the cathedral church of St John Newfoundland, erected 1848; and other
churches and public buildings ; appointed official architect of the dean and chapter of
Westminster, 1849, architect to the new Foreign Office, and to the memorial of the
late Prince Consort Elected A.R.A. 1852, RA. I860.

SOOTTy laord Henry John Donclas. English politician, b. 18S2 ; educated at
Eton; a magistrate of Midlothian, nnd captain of Midlothian Yeomanry Cavalry; M.P.
for Selkirkshire since 1861-68 ; returned M.P. for Hampshire, 1868.

SOOTTy Rev. Robert, English divine, b. in Devonshire,. 1810 ; educated at Shrews-
bury, fuid at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1831 ; appointed master of
BalJiol College, 1854. Editor, with Dr. Liddell, of a Greek and English Lexicon.

SOOTT, Rev. ^XTilliam, English theological writer, b. 1812; educated at Queen's
College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1835 ; was perpetual curate of Christ Church,
Hoxton, 1839-60 ; appointed rector of St Olave, Jewry, 1860 ; editor of the Christian
Renwmbrancer.

SCOTT, Sir VnUimm, English politician, b. 1803 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Roxburgh ;

late lieutenant in the 2d Life Guards ; M.P. for Carlisle, 1829-30 ; and for Roxburghshire

since 1859.
SOOURFIBIiD, Jobn Henry, English politician, b. 1808 ; educated at Harrow, and

Oriel College, Oxford, where he gi-aduated B.A. 1825, M.A. 1832; lord-lieuteuant of

Haverfordwest, and a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Pembroke;

assumed the name of Scoiirfield in lieu of Philipps, 1862 ; M.P. ftw Haverfordwest,

1852-68; returned M.P. for Pembroke, 186a

SCROPE, Georgre Ponlett. English geolc^st, b. 1797; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of Wilts ; M.P. for Stroud, 1883-65. Author of * Considerations on Volcanoes,'
1825; • The Geology of Central France,' 1827.

SCUIaliYy Vincent, English politician, b. Sept 8, 1810 ; educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, and at Cambridge; called to the Irish bar, 1833; M.P. for the county of Cork,
1852-57, and 1859-65. Author of works on the Irish Land Question, on Free Trade in
Land, and Mutual Land Societies.

SEAFIEIiD, Jobn Charles Ogrllrie Grant. Earl of, Scottish administrator,
b. 1815 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Inverness-shire, ana for Banfibhire ; succeeded his fiither,
sixth earl, 1853 ; elected a representative peer of Scotland, 1853.

SEATON. James Colbome, Baron, English ];>olitician, b. 1820; educated at
Trinity (Jollege, Cambridge ; a colonel in the anny ; served in Canada and the Ionian
Islands ; military secreta^ in Ireland, 1855-60 ; succeeded his father, fii-st baron, 1863.

SECOND, Albe'ric, French author, b. at Angoul^me, 1816. Author of ' Un Dragon

du Vertu,* 1839 ; * Contes sans Pretention,' 1867 ; and other novels 'and dramas.

SEDGWICK, Rev. Adam. English geologist, b. in Yorkshire, 1787; graduated at
Trinity Collie, Cambridge, 1808 ; appointed Woodwardian professor of geology, 1818 ;
and canon of Norwich, iaS4. Author of ' Geology of the Lake District,' 1853 ; ' Discourse
on the Studies of the University of Cambridge,' 1850 ; and other geological works.

SEDGWICK, Amy, English actress, b. at Bristol, Oct. 27, 1835 ; made her d^btit at
Richmond Theatre as 'Julia,' in 'The Hunchback,' 1853 ; first appeared in London at the
Haymarket Theatre as 'Pauline,* in *The Lady of Lyons,' 1867; married to W. R
Parkes,M.D. 1868, who died 1863. ^ j » »

Bed HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Ser

[ 238 ]

SEDGWICKy Catherine M ariay American authoress, b. at Stockbridge, Massa-
chusetts, 1790. Author of * The New England Tale,' 1822 ; ' Hope Leslie, or Early Times
in America,* 1827 ; * Clarence, a Tale of our own Times,' 1880 ; * The Poor Rich Man, and
the Rich Poor Man,' 1836 ; and other works of fiction.

SEDIIiIaOT^ Ik>iiIs Pierre. French philologist, b. at Paris, June 23, 1808 ; appointed
secretary to the College of France and to the School of Oriental Languages, 1832.
Author of * Lettres sur quelques Points de I'Astronomie orientale,' 1834-59 ; * Histoire
des Arabes,' 1854 ; and other works.

8E£LY| Cl&arle8y English politician, b. 1803 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieuteiiant of
the county of Lincoln; was high sheriflf of Hants, 1860-61 ; M.P. for Lincoln, 1847-48,
and since 1861.

SEEM ANN;; Berthold^ English naturalist, b. at Hanover, 1825 ; studied at the Uni-
versity of Qdttingen, where he graduated Ph.I). ; appointed naturalist on board H.M.S.
Herald, 1846 ; appointed by the Colonial Office one of the royal commissioners to the
Viti and Fiji Islands, 1860. Author of 'The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald,-*

* Popular History of the Palms ;' and other works on natural history.

8EFTON. William Philip* Molynetuc, Earl of, English administrator, b. 1835 ;

lord-lieutenant of the county of Lancaster ; was lieutenant in the Grenadier, Guards,

1854, and served with his regiment in the Crimea until the peace.
8EGRIS, E'mile Alexis, French politician, b. at Poitiers, March 4, 1811 ; advocate

at the Imperial Court of Angers ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of

Maine-et-Ix)ire since 1859.
SEIDIa, Johann Gabriel, German archseolo^t, b. at Vienna, June 21, 1804 ; studied

law; appointed conservator of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Cabinet of Vienna,

1840 ; a member of the Academy of Sciences, 1847. Author of ' Dichtungen,' Vienna,

1826-28; 'Natur und Herz,' Stuttgardt, 1858; 'Beitrage zur Chronik,' Vienna, 1854;

and other poetical and archaeological works.

BE JOUR, Victor, French dramatic writer, b. at Paris about 1816. Author of 'Retour
de NapoUon,' 1841; *Le Fils de la Nuit,'1857; 'Les Massacres de Syrie,' 1860; 'Le
Marquis Caporal,' 1864; and other dramas.

SEIaKIRK, Dunbar James Douglas, Earl of, Scottish administrator, b. 1809 ;

lord-lieutenant of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright ; appointed keeper of the Great Seal of

Scotland, April 1858 ; resigned, 1859.
SEIiWIN, Henry John, English politician, b. 1826; educated at St John's College,

Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1849, M.A. 1852; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of

Es sex ; M.P. for South Essex, 1865-68.
SEIaVTYN. Sir Charles Jasper, English judge, b. 1813; educated at Eton, and

Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1836, M. A. 1839 ; called to the bar

of Lincoln's Inn, 1840 ; nominated commissary of the University of Cambridge, 1856 ;

M.P. for the University of Cambridge, 1859-68; solicitor-general, 1867-68; one of the

lords justices of appeal, 1868.
SEIaVTYN, Rev. IVilliam, English divine, b. 1806 ; educated at Eton, and St. John's

College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1828 ; canon of Ely Cathedral, 1833 ; Lady

Margaret's reader in theology, 1855, and chaplain to her M^esty, 1859. Author of

* Horse Hebraicse,' 1848-60 ; 'Two Charts of Prophecy;' and other theological works.

SEMPER, Gottfried, German architect, b. at Hamburg, 1804; studied at the
University of GJottingen, and at Munich ; appointed professor to the Academy of
Dresden, 1834 ; designed the new hall of the ^eatre at Dresden, and other buildings.
Author of * On Industry, Science, and Art,' 1852 ; ' The Pour Elements of Architec-
ture,' 1851.

SBNARD, Antoine Marie Jules, French politician, b. at Bouen, April 9, 1800 ;
studied law in Paris, and was called to the bar, 1821 ; took part in the Revolution of
1830 ; elected to the Constituent Assembly, of which he was chosen president, 1848 ; a
member of the bar of Paris.

SENE'CA, MyrtU Joseph, French politician, b. at Abbeville, May 11, 1800;
appointed magistrate, 1830 ; king's council at Arras, 1834 ; counsellor at the Court of
Cassation, 1853 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of the Somme since
1863.

SERRANO, Francisco, Duke de la Torre, Spanish military commander,
b. at Cadiz, Nov. 10, 1810 ; entered the army, 1825 ; captain-general of Grenada, 1850 ;
exiled, 1854 ; returned and nominated captain-general of artillery, 1854 ; captain-general
of New Castile, 1856 ; Spanish ambassador at Paris, 1857 ; director and colonel-general
of artillery, 1859-61 ; captain-general of Madrid, 1865 ; president of the Senate, 1866 ;
president of the Council of Ministers of the Provisional Government of Spain, Sept. 1868.

8er HANDBOOK OF CONTEMFORABT BIOGRAPHT. Sey

[284]

8£RRET. Bmeati Frendi writer, b. at Boulonie-siir-Mer, Dec. 8, 1821 ; stndied law
at Paris. Author of the ' Touristes/ 1S46 ; ' Lea Illastrations de TAmour/ 1862 ; ' Neuf
Filles et on GarQon,' 1864 ; and other novels and dramas.

SERRET^ Josepli Alfred, French mathematician, b. 1819; studied at the l^ole
Poly technique, and became lieutenant of artillery, 1840 ; examiner at the £cole Poly-
technique, 1848 ; appointed professor of differential and integral calculus to the College
of France, Dee. 20, 1863. Author of ' Sur I'lntegration des Equations aux D^rivees par-
tielles du premier Ordre,' 1861 ; and other works on mathematics.

SEVERNE, John Ednrandy English politician, b. 1826; educated at Brasenose
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1848; deputy-lieutenant of the counties of
Nortliampton and Salop, and a magistrate of the county of Montgomery; formerly
captain in the 16th Ught Dragoons ; M.P. for Ludlow, 1865-68.

SEWARD. 'WilUam Henry, American statesman, b. in Orange County, N«w York,
May 16, 1801 ; graduated at Union College, 1820 ; called to the bar, 1822; elected to the
State Senate of New York, 1830 ; member of the Senate of the United States, 1849-61 ;
was a candidate for the Presidency, 1860 ; secretary of state for for^^ affairs, 1861-69.
Author of ' Speeches, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Works,' New York, 1853.

SBMTEIala. Elisabeth Missinff, English authoress, b. in the Isle of Wight, 1815.
Author of • Amy Herbert,' 1844 ; 'The Earl's Daughter/ * Cleve HalL'

SEVTEIOi. Rev. William, English divine, b. in the Isle of Wight. 1805, brother of
the preceding ; educated at Harrow, and Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. 1827; appointed principal of St Peter's College, Radley. Author of *On the
Dialogues of Plato •* ' Sacred Thoughts in Verse -^ and other works.

SEYDOUX, Jean Jacques, French politician, b. at Vevey, Switzerland, July 6,
1796 ; a manufacturer of merinos at Cateau ; representative of the d^partement du Nord
in the L^slative Assembly, 1649 ; member of the Corps L^slatif for the departement
du Nord since 1852.

SEYFFARTH. GnstaT* German philologist, b. July 13, 1796 ; graduated in philology
and theology at the University of Leipsic, 1823 ; appointed professor of archaK^logy in
the same University, 1825. Author of ' Systems Astronomise JS^ptiorum quadripar-
titum,' Leipsic, 1833 ; ' Grammatica ^gyptiaca,' Gotha, 1855 ; 'Theological Writings
of the Ancient Egyptians,' 1657 ; and oUier works on the language and literature of
Egypt.

SEYMOUR, Alfred, English politician, b. 1824 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford;
a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Wilts ; M.P. for Totnes, 1863-67.

SEYMOUR. Rigrht Hon. Sir George, English diplomatist, b. 1797 ; graduated
at Merton College, Oxford ; appointed attach^ at the Hague, 1817 ; resident minister at
Florence, 1830 ; envoy-extraordinaiy and minister-plenipotentiary to Brussels, 1836, to
Lisbon, Dec. 1846, and to St Petersburg, 1851 ; ambassador at Vienna, 1855 ; retired
from the diplomatic service, 1858.

SEYMOUR, Georsre Henry, English naval commander, b. 1818 ; educated at the
Royal Naval College, Portsmouth ; a rear-admiral in the Royal Navy, and magistrate for
Norfolk; M.P. for the county of Antrim since 1865.

SEYMOUR, Henry Danby, English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxfoid ; a deputy-lieutenant of Wilts ; was joint secretary to the Board
of Control, 1855-58 ; M.P. for Poole, 1850-68.

SEYMOUR, Horatio, American politician, b. at Onondaga County, State of New
York, 1811 ; studied for the bfu*, and practised as a lawyer in Utica ; member of Uie
Legislative Assembly, 1842-45 ; elected governor of the State of New York, 1852, and
again 1862.

SEYMOURi Sir Michael, English naval commander, b. 180^ ; educated at the
Royal Naval College ; a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy ; has been commander-in-chief
on the East India station; made E.C.B. for services against the Russians in the Baltic,
1855, and Q.C.B. after the Chinese war, 1857-58 ; wak secretary and registrar to the Order
of the Bath ; M.P. for Devonport, 1859-63 ; admiral in command at Portsmouth.

SEYMOUR, Rev. Michael Hobart, English author, b. 1802 ; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he graduated B. A. 1825, M. A. 1827 ; was ordained, 1825. Author
of ' Mornings among the Jesuits,' 1850 ; ' Evenings with the Romanists,* 1854 ; and other
theological works.

Sha HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Sib

[ 235 ]

SHAFTESBURY^ Anthony Ashley Cooper^ Barl, English statesman, b.
April 28, 1801 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated M. A 1832 ;
created D.C.L. 1841; sat in the House of Commons as Lord Ashley, 1827-51; was a
commissioner of the Board of Control, 1828-30 ; a lord of the Admiralty, Dec. 1834 to
April 1835, and an ecclesiastical commissioner, 1841-47 ; chairman of the Lunacy Com-
mission, and a commissioner of the Board of Health ; succeeded his father, sixth earl,
1851.

SH AFTO, Robert Dnnconibe. English politician, l). 1806 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of Durham, and a magistrate of Wilts ; M.P. for North Durham, 1847-(58.

SHAW^ Rigrht Hon. Frederick^ English politician, b. 1799 ; educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and at Brasenose College, Oxford; received the degree of LL.D. from
Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1822 ; appointed recorder of Dundalk, 1820 ; recorder of
Dublin, 1828 ; member of the Privy Council in Ireland, 1835 ; was M.P. for Dublin City,
1830-32, and for the University of Dublin, 1832-48.

SHEIaTON, Frederick Willianii American author, b. at Jamaica, Long Island,
1814 ; graduated at the College of New Jersey, 1884 ; ordained a minister of the Episcopal
Church, 1847 ; appointed incumbent of a parish in the State of Vermont, 1854. Author
of • The Rector of St Bardolph's,* 1852 ; 'Peeps ftrom a Belfry,' 1855 ; and other works.

SHERBORNE, Jmmes Henry laO^sre Dntton, Baron, English administrator,
b. 1804 ; educated at Eton ; a deputy-heutenant and a magistrate of Gloucestershire ;
succeeded his father, second baron, Oct. 1862.

SHERIDAN, Hexiry Brinsley, English politician, b. 1820 ; called to the bar of the
Inner Temple, 1851 ; J. P. for Middlesex and Kent, and lieutenant-colonel of the Sixth
Cinque Ports Artillery ; M.P. for Dudley since 1857.

SHERIDAN, Philip Henry, American military commander, b. in the State of Ohio,
1831 ; educated at West Point ; admitted to the Military Academy, 1848, and graduated,
1853 ; lieutenant, 1856 ; captain, 1861 ; chief quartermaster-general of the Western Depart-
ment) 1862 ; brigadier-general, 1862 ; major-general, 1863 ; gained the battle of Five
Forks, March 30, 1865.

SHERIDAN, Richard Brinsley, English politician, b. 1809 ; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Dorset; was high sheritf, 1838; M.P. for Shaftesbury, 1845-52; and
for Dorchester, 1852-68.

SHERMAN, Williani Tecnmseh. American military commander, b. in the State
of Ohio, Feb. 8, 1820 ; entered West Point, 1836, and graduated, 1840 ; lieutenant, 1841 ;
captain, 1848 ; appointed president of the State Military Institute of Louisiana, 1853 ;
colonel, 1861 ; niigor-general. May 1, 1862 ; captured Atlanta, July 1864, and Savannah,
Dec. 1864 ; general-in-chief of the United States forces, 1869.

SHERRIFF, Alexander Clnnes, English politician, b. 1816 ; magistrate of the
city of Worcester ; deputy-chairman of the Metropolitan District Railway, and director
of the Metropolitan Railway; M.P. for Worcester, 1865-68.

SHIRIaEY, Evelyn Philip. English politician, b. 1812 ; educated at Eton, and Mag-
dalen College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1834, M.A. 1847; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Warwickshire, and of the county of Monaghan; M.P. for the
county of Monaghan, 1841, and for South Warwickshire, 1858-65. Author of ' The Noble
and Gentle Men of England.'

SHREVrSBURY AND TAIaBOT, Henry John Ohetwynd Talbot,
Earl of, English administrator, b. 1803 ; rear-admiral on the retired list ; a magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant of Staffordshire; was M.P. for Hertford, 1832-33, and for South
Staffordshire, 1837-49 ; was a lord-in- waiting to the Queen, March to Dec. 1852; captain
of the Hon. Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, Feb. 1858 to June 1859 ; succeeded as third
Earl Talbot, 1849 ; made out his claim to the earldom (19th earl) of Shrewsbury, 1858.

SHUTTIJSIVORTH, Sir James Philipps Kave, English politician, b. 1804 ;
educated «t Scottish and foreign Universities ; formerly secretary to the Committee of
Privy Council on Education ; created a baronet. 1850 ; assumed the name of Shuttle-
worUi by royal licence ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lancaster.

8IBOUR, I^'on, French divine, b. at Istres, Boucbes du Rhdne, Feb. 9, 1807 ; studied
at Aix, and entered the Grand Seminary ; api>ointed professor of ecclesiastical history
to the Faculty of Aix, 1845 ; represented Ard^che in the Constituent Assembly, 1849 ;
consecrated bishop of TripoU in partWus injidelivm, 1855.

8IBTHORP, Rev. Richard Waldo, English theological writer, b. 1791 ; educated
at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1813, and M.A and B.D. ; was
hicumbent of St. James' Church, Ryde ; resigned and joined the Roman Catholic Church,
1842 ; subsequently returned to the English communion. Author of ' Notes on the Book
of Jonah ;' and other theological works.

81b HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORABT BIOGBAPHT. Sin
[ 286 ]

8IBUBT. Joseph Prosper, Bsron* French politician, b. at ThionvOle, Moselle,
Feb. 7, 1811 ; stadied law, and was called to the Paris bar, 1833 ; appointed auditor to
the Council of 8tat«, 1838; member of the Corps L^gislatif for we department of
Ardennes, 1863.

8IOHEIi| Jules* French medical writer, b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1802 ; received
the degree of M.D. at Berlin, 1825, and at Paris, 1833; founded the Clinique Ophtbal-
mologique, for gratuitous advice^ in Paris, 1836. Author of * Propositions generales
sur POphthalmologie,' 1833; ' Iconographie Ophthalmok^^ue/ 1852-M ; and otber
works on diseases of the eye.

SIOKIiESy Dsaieli American military commander, b. in New York, 1822 ; elected to
Congress, 1867 ; raised a brigade of 5,000 men on the outbreak of civil war, and received
the commission of brigadier-general, 1861 ; mi^or-general of Volunteers aH^er the battle
of Fah* Oaks, 1862; appointed U.S. envoy to Spain, 1869.

SIQNOIiy E'mlle, French painter, b. at Paris, March 11, 1804: studied at the l^le des
Beaux Arts. Painted ' Joseph racontant son K6ve & ses Fr6re»/ 1824 ; * La Prise de
Jerusalem,' 1848 ; ' Bainte Famille,' 1863 ; and many other, chiefly historical, works.

8IQURD880N, Jon, Icelandic author, b. at Rafnseyri, June 17, 1811 ; studied philo-
logy at the University of Copenhagen, 1834 ; elected to the Althing, ob Icelandic Parlia^
ment, 1845-47, and to the Danish Legislative AHsembly, 1848. Author of ' Om Islands
Htatsreteige,' Forhold, 1856. Edited ' Islensk Fomkvttdi,' Copenhagen^ 1854 ; and other
works.

SIMEON, Sir John, English politician,, b. 1815 ; educated at Christ Church, Ozf(»nl,,
where he graduated B.A. 1837, MA. 1840; a magistrate ei Hants,. deputy -lieutenant o£
the Isle of Wight, and ra^or 1st battalion Isle of Wight Rifle Yolunteera; M.P. for the
Isle of Wight, 1847-51, and since 1865.

SIMMS. 'William QUmore, American, author, by at Charleston, South Carolina,
April 17, 1807. Author of * L^cal and other Poems,! 1825 ; * Atalantis, a Story of the

, Sea,' 1832 ; * The Wigwam and the Cabin,' New York,' 1845 ; ' Poems, descriptive,
dramatic, legendary, and contemplative,' ib. 1858 ; and numerous other works.

SIMON, John, English suigeon,. b. 1810^ elected fellow of the Royal College of Sui^geons,
1844 ; medical officer of the Privy Council ; suigeon-toSt Thomas's Hospital, and lecturer
on pathology. Author of several pai>eEs on the sanitary condition of England.

SIMON, Joseph Francois, French x)olitioian, b. at Ouera^n^ Loire Inf<§rieure,
Feb. 5, 1801 ; member of iLe Corps L^slatif for the department of Loire Inf^eure
since 1857.

SIMON, Jnles, French philosopher and politician, b. at Lorient, Morbihan, Dec 31,
1814 ; studied in the college of his native town, and at the Ecole Normale, 1832 ; elected
to the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the department
of the Seine since 1863. Author of ' Histoire de I'Eeole d'Alexandrie,' 1844-45 ; second
edition, 1861 ; * L'Bcole,* 1864 ; and several works on philosophy and education.

SIMONDS, 'WlUiam Barro^ English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at Merchant
Taylors' School ; a manutrate of the city of Winchestep; captain of 1st Hants Rifle
Volunteers ; aumtor to King's College, Cambridge ; M.P. for Winchester since 1865.

SIMPSON, Sir ' Jaues Younflr, Scottish physician, b. at* Bath^te, Linlithgow-
shire, 1811 ; appointed professor of midwifery in the University of Edinburgh, 1840 ;
introduced chloroform, 1847 ; elected president of the Edinburgh Royal College of
Physicians, 1849. Author of ' Obstetric Memoirs ;' and other medical worics.

SIMROCK, Karl, German poet, b. at Bonn, Oct. 28, 1802 ; studied at the Universities
of Bonn and Berlin, 1822 ; appointed professor of German literature and language at
Bonn, 1850. Author of *Gedichte,' Leipsic, 1844; ' Altdeutsches Lesebuch,' Stuttgardt
and Tubingen, 1854 ; and other poetical works.

SIM SON, Martin Ednard, German statesman, b. at Eonigsberg, Nov. 10, 1810;
studied in his native town, and received the degree of LL. D. 1829 ; appointed professor,
1836; and counsellor of the superior tribunal of Konigsberg, 1846 ; represented Konigs-
berg at the Parliament of Frankfort, 1848 ; charged with the leadership of the deputation
to Berlin to offer the crown to the king of Prussia, 1849 ; member of the Parliament of
Erfurt, 1852 ; president of the Second Pnissian Chamber, 1861-64.

SINCIiAIR, Jaues St. Clair, Baron, Scottish administrator, b. at Herdmanston,
Haddingtonshire, 1808 ; educated at Winchester College ; a deputy-lieutenant of Berwick-
shire ; a magistrate of Haddingtonshire and Berwickshire ; was formerly captain in the
Grenadier Guards ; succeeded his father, twelfth baron, 1863.

Bin HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPOBART BIOGRAPHY. Bmi
[ 237 ]

BINOIaAIRi Ven. JoIuBi English divine, b. 1796; educated at Pembroke College,
Oxford, where he graduated B. A. 1819, M.A. 1822 ; appointed examining chaplain to the
Bishop of London, 1839 ; archdeacon of Middlesex, 1843. Author of ' The Life and
Times of Sir John Sinclair, Bart.,' 1837 ; and other works.

8INTENIS| Karl Friedrlch. German politician, b. at Zerbst, June 25, 1804 ;
studied law at the Universities of Leipsic and Jena ; member of the Diet of Anhalt,
1849 ; president of the tribunal of the Duchy of Anhalt, 1853. Author of ' Corpus Juris
Civilis,* 1829 ; and other legal works.

SKODA. Josepbi German physician, b. at Pilaen, Bohemia, Dec. 10, 1805 ; studied at
the University of Vienna, and received the degree of M. D. 1831 ; second physician to
the General Hospital of Vienna, 1833 ; physician-in-chief to the hospital, 1841. Author
of ' Treatise on Auscultation and Percussion,' 1855.

BlaADEy Sir AdolphuSy English naval commander, b. 1807 ; appointed a commander
in the navy, 1841 ; entered the Turkish service, and became vice-admiral in the Ottoman
Navy, 1858; created K.C.B. 1858. Author of 'Records of Travels in Turkey,' and
* Turkey, Greece, and Malta.'

SMEEy Alfred, English author, b. 1€18 ; admitted a member of the College of Surgeons,
1840. Author of ' The Potato Plant, its Uses and Properties ;' * The Principles of the
Human Mind ;' ' Lectures on Electro-metalkugy, delivered at the Bank of England,'
and other works.

SMIIaESy Samuely English author, b. at Haddington, N.B., Dec. 23, 1812 ; matriculated
at Edinburgh University, 1829 ; diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh,
1832 ; practised medicine for six years, and became afterwards secretary to two railway
companies for twenty-one years. Author of ' Life of George Stephenson ;' ' Lives of
Engineers ;' * Self Help ;' * The Huguenots in England ;' and other works.

SMIRKEy Sydney^ English architect, b. 1805 ; architect of the Juvenile Reformatory
in the Isle of Wigh^ the Carlton and Conservative Club Houses in London, the Reading
Room and Roman and Assyrian Galleries of the British Museum, and of numerous other
public buildings ; architect to the Inner Temple, and surveyor-general to the Duchy of
Lancaster. Mected A.R.A. 1848, R.A. 1860.

SMITH. Sir Andrew. English physician, b. 1797; educated at Edinburgh, where he
graduated in 1819 ; M.D. of Trinity College, Dublin ; inspector-general of hospitals,
1851 ; director-general of the Army Medici Department, 1853-59. Author of * Illustra-
tions of the Zoology of South Africa ;' ' Origin and History of the Bushmen ;' ' History
of Secondary SmaU-pooc ;' and other works.

SMITH, Oharles Roach, English antiquary, b. at Landguard, Isle of Wight, 1804.
Author of ' Collectanea Antiqua,' 1848-63; 'Roman London,' 1859; edited the 'Inven-
torium Sepulchrale' of Bryan Faussett, 1856.

SMITH, Christopher IVebb, English ornithologist, b. 1793; educated at Hailey-
bury College, and nominated to the Indian Civil Service, 1811. Author, with Sir
C. lyOyly, of the 'Ornithology of Hindostan,' and of ' Indian Sport.'

SMITH, FraaciB Pettit. English engineer, b. at Hythe, Feb. 9, 1808 ; educated at a
school at Ashford, Kent, and became a grazing former ; constructed a model of the screw
propeller for puiposes of navigation, 1834, which was adopted by the Admiralty in the
Archimedes, 1838; received a pension from the civil list of £200tper annum, 1855;
appointed curator of the Patent Museum, South Kensington, 1860.

SMITH, Qold'Virin, English author, b. at Reading, 1823 ; educated at Eton, Christ
Church and Magdalen College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1845; called to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn, 1847 ; was a member of the Education Commission, 1859 ; professor of
modem history in the University of Oxford, and subsequently professor at the Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York. Author of 'The Empire;' 'Does the Bible sanction
American Slavery?' and several historical works.

SMITH, James, English writer, b. near Maidstone, Kent, 1820. Author of 'Rural
Records,' 1845 ; ^Lights and Shadows of Artist Life and Character ;' founder of the
Melbourne Punch. Appointed librarian to the Parliament of Victoria, 1863.

SMITH, John Abel, English politician, b. 1802; educated at Christ's College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. 1824. M.A. 1827 ; a magistrate of Middlesex and
Sussex ; M.P. for Midhurst, 1830-31, and for Chichester, 1831-59, and 1863-68.

SMITH, John Benjamin, English politician, b. 1792 ; was president of the Anti-
Corn Law League, and of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 1839-41 ; M.P. for
Stirling, 1847-52 ; and for Stockport since 1852.

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SMITH, Sir John Mark Froderlcki English military commander, b. 1792 ; entered
the corps of Royal Engineers, 1805 : general in the army, and colonel-commandant of the
Royal Engineers ; was M. P. for Chatham, 185^^, and 1857-59. Translator of Marmonf s

* Present State of the Turkish Empire.'

SMITH I Rer. Joseph Denhami English author, b. 1816 ; ordained minister of the
Congregational Dissenters. 1837 : minister of the Congregational church at Kingstown,
near Dublin, 1849-62 ; and minister of Merricm Hall, Dublin, 1868. Author of * Oliver
Cromwell, or England Past and Present ;' ' The Rhine and the Reformation ;' and other
works.

SMITH, Sir Mootmcu Ed'ward, English judge, b. 1809 ; educated at the Grammar
School, Bldeford ; called to the bar of tlie Middle Temple, 1835; made a Q.C. 1852;
M.P. for Truro, April 1869 to Feb. 1865, when he was appointed a judge of the Court of
Commt>n Pleas, and knighted.

SMITH, Robert Ai&kiib, English chemist, b. near Glasgow, Feb. 15, 1817 ; educated
at Glasgow, and studied chemistry at GieHsen under Liebig, 1839-41 ; appointed inspector-
general of alkali works for the United Kingdom, 1863. Author of ' Life of Dalton, and
History of the Atomic Theory up to his Time ;' and of numerous papers on the air of
towns, of mines, and the constitution of the atmosphere.

SMITH, Rer. Robert Pawne, English divine, b. 1819; educated at Pembroke
College, Oxford, where be graduated in 1841 ; appointed regius professor of divinity in
the University of Oxford, 1865. Author of 'Messianic Interpretation of the Prophecies
of Isaiah,' 1862 ; and other theological works.

SMITH, Samuel Qeorire, English politician, b. 1822; educated at Rugby, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1844, M. A. 1847 ; a magistrate of
Herts ; M.P. for Aylesbury since 1859.

SMITH. RIeht Hon. Thomas Berry Cnsack, English jurist, b. 1797; edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin ; called to the Irish bar, 1819 ; appointed king's council,
1830 ; solicitor-general for Ireland, 1842 ; attorney-general, 1842 ; a bencher of King's
Inn, 1843 ; ma.Hter of the Rolls in Ireland sinc« 1846 ; M.P. for Ripon, 1843-46.

SMITH, William, English author, b. in London, 1814 ; educated at the University
of London ; appointed classical examiner in the University of London, 1853. Editor
of • Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,' 1852-57 ; ' Dictionary of the Bible,
comprising its Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and Natural History,' 1860-63;
of 'Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,' 1854 ; and other works.

SMOIalaBTT, Patrick Boyle, English politician, b. 1805 ; educated at Edinburgh,
and Haileybury College ; formerly in the East India Company's civil service at Madras ;
retired, 1858 ; M.P. for Dumbartonshire, 1859-68.

SOIiIiOHUB, Vladimir AlexandroTirltch, Count, Russian author, b. at St
Petereburg, 1815 ; entered the diplomatic service, and was attache to the Russian
embassy at Vienna. Author of * Na Son,' 1841 ; and several novels and dramas.

SOMERS. Charles Somers, Earl, English administrator, b. July 14, 1819 ; educated
at Oxford; was M.P. for Reigate as Viscount Eastnor, 1841-47 ; appointed a lord-in-
waiting to the Queen, Dec. 1852 ; resigned, 1857 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Herefordshire.

SOMERSET, Edward Adolphua St. Maur, Dnke of. English statesman, b.
Dec. 20, 1804, the eldest son of the eleventh duke ; educated at Eton, and Christ Church,
Oxford ; sat in the House of Commons as Lord Seymour, 1834-55, when he succeeded to
the dukedom ; has been a lord of the Treasury, secretary of the Board of Control, under-
secretary of state for the Home Department, and chief commissioner of woods and
forests ; first lord of the Admiralty, June 1859 to July 1866.

SOMERSET, Poulett Georgre Henry. English politician, b. 1822 ; educated at
Eton, and the Royal Military College, Sandnurat ; late lieutenant-colonel Coldstream
Guards ; served in the Crimea, 1854-56 ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the
county of Monmouth ; M.P. for Monmouthshire since 1859.

SOMERVIIalaE, MarsTf Engli.sh authoress, b. in Scotland. Author of * Mechanism
of the Heavens,' 1831 ; "The Connexion of the Physical Sciences,' 1834 ; ' Physical (jeo-
graphy,' 1848. Received a grant from the civil list of £300 per annum, 1835.

SOMMER, Jeui E'douard Albert, French author, b. at Nancy, April 6. 1822;
studied at the Ecole Nomiale, 1841-46. Author of ' M6tliode unifonne pour I'Enseign-
ment des Langues,' 1861-65 ; ' Comedies de Plaute,' 1864 ; and other works, chiefly
French and Latin lexicons.

SOTHERN, Thomas Edward, English actor and dramatic writer, b. in Liverpool,
April 1, 1830 ; educated for the Church ; went to America, 1851, and made his first
appearance on the stage at Boston. Author of and actor in * The American Cousin •*

• Lord Dundreary Married and Done For ;' and other comedies. '

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SOUIiE'i Pierre, American politician, b. in Prance, 1800 ; called to the bar of Paris ;
elected senator of the American Congress, 1847-49 ; American ambassador at Madrid,
1853 to June 1855. ,

SOUTH'WORTH, Emmay American authoress, b. at Washington, Dec. 26, 1818.
Author of 'Retribution,' 1849; *The Deserted Wife,* 1850; 'The Foster Sister,' 1852 ;
'Hickory Hall,' 1855 ; and other works of fiction.

SOWERBY, Georire Brettin^hain. English naturalist, b. 1812. Author of 'A
Conchological Manual,' 1839 ; 'Popular British Conchology,' 1854; 'Popular Guide to
the Aquarium,' 1857 ; and other works on natural history.

SPARKS, Jared, American writer, b. at Wellington, Connecticut, 1794 ; minister of
Unitarian congregations, 1819-39 ; retired from the ministry, and was appointed pro-
fessor of history at Harvard University, 1839 ; principal of the same, 1842-52. Author
of ' Life and Writings of George Washington,' Boston, 1833-40 ; ' History of the American
Revolution ;' and other works.

SPENCE, Sir James, English surgeon, b. 1808 ; licentiate of the Royal College of
Surgeons at Edinburgh, 1832 ; fellow of tlie same, 1849 ; professor of surgery in the
University of Edinburgh ; appointed surgeon-in-ordiuary to the Queen, 1865.

SPENCER, Rigpht Rev. Qeor^e John Trevor, English divine, b. 1801 ; edu-
cated at the Charterhouse, and University College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A.
1822, M.A. 1825; consecrated bishop of Madras, 1837; resigned, 1849; appointed chan-
cellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, 1860. Author of ' Journal of a Visitation to the Provinces
of Travancore and Tinnevelly in the Diocese of Madras,' 1842 ; and several sermons.

SPENCER. Jofan Poyntz Spencer, Earl, English administrator, b. 1832;
educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; was M.P. for South Northampton-
shire, 1857 ; succeeded his father, fourth earl, Dec. 1857 ; a P.C. and deputy-lieutenant
and magistrate of Northamptonshire ; appointed groom of the stole to the Prince of
. Wales, 1863.

SPEIRS, Archibald Alexander, English politician, b. 1840 ; educated at Eton ;
a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Renfrew, and captain of the Scots
Fusilier Guards ; M.P. for Renfrewshire, 1865-68.

SPIERS, Alexander, English writer, b. at Gosport, Hampshire, 1808 ; studied in
England, Germany, and at Paris ; appointed professor of English at the Lyc6e Bonaparte,
1833. Author of 'Studies of English Poetry,' 1835; 'General French and English
Dictionary,' 1849 ; and other works.

SPONNECK, 'Wilhelm Carl Eppingexk, Connt von, Danish statesman, b. at
Rinkjobing, Feb. 16, 1815 ; studied law at the University of Soro near Copenhagen, 1S37 ;
appointed minister of finance, Nov. 16, 1848 ; accompanied King George I. to Greece as
chief .councillor, 1863.

SPOTTISWOODE. William, English author and printer, b. in London, Jan. 11,
1825 ; educated at Eton, Harrow, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A.
1845 ; was public examiner in mathematics at Oxford, 1867-68 ; succeeded his father as
Queen's printer, 1868. Author of * Travels in Russia ;' and several scientific papers.

SPREN6ER, Aloys, (Jerman philologist, b. at Nassereni, in the Tyrol, Sept. 3, 1818 ;
studied at the College of Innspruck, and at the University of Vienna ; appointed direcjtor
of the College of Delhi, 1844 ; appointed examiner at the College of Fort William, 1850.
Published ' Masudi's Meadows of Gold, translated from the Arabic,' London, 1849 ; ' Life
of Mohammed,' Allahabad, 1851"; and other works.

SPURQEON, Rev. Charles Haddon, English dissenting minister, b. at Relvedon,
Essex, June 19, 1834 ; educated at Colchester, and was usher in a school at Newmarket ;
became pastor of a Baptist chapel at Waterbeach, 1851 ; and of New Park Street Chapel,
Southwark, 1853 ; subsequently preached at the Surrey Music Hall ; minister of the
Baptist 'Tabernacle,' Kennington Road, 1861.

SQUIER, Ephraim George, American archaeologist, b. in Bethlehem, Albany
County, New York, June 17, 1821. Author of * Nicaragtia, its People, Scenery, Ancient
Monuments, and proposed Interoceanic Canal,' 1862 ; ' Monograph of Authors who have
written on the Aboriginal Languages of Central America,' 1861 ; and numerous other
works on American antiquities.

STAAF, Ferdinand Nathaniel. Swedish author, b. at Stockholm, July 7, 1823;
entered the Swedish army, 1841 ; staff-major and teacher of French literature in the
Military Academy of Carlberg, 1853 ; appointed military attache to the Swedish and
Norwegian legation in Paris, 1862. Author of 'Ur^al ur franska Litteraturen,' Stock-
holm, 1859-62 ; and other works.

8ta HANDBOOK OF OONTEMFORABY BIOOBAPHT. St«
£840]

BTAOPOOIiB, WlUlan, English poUtidan, b. 1880 ; educated at Cheltenham, and
Trinity College, Dablin ; a magistrate of the county of Claie, and captain of the Claie
Militia ; M.P. for Ennis since 1860.

8TABM PFIiI, Jacob, Swiss politician, b. at BohUpfen, Berne, 1820 ; studied law.
and was called to the bar, 1848 ; editor of the Berne GcueUe, 1846 ; member of the Federal
Council, 1846 ; federal vice-president, 1858 ; president of uie Council, 1869 ; chief of the
military department of the Swiss Confederation, 1860 ; president of the Swiss Con-
federation, 1861.

8TAHR, Adolf IKHIhetmi German author, b. at Prenzlau, Prussia, Oct. 22, 1805
graduated at Halle ; one of the directors of the College of Oldenburg, 1836. Author of
^Turso. Oder Kunst, Kiinstler und Kunst-werke der Alten,' Brunswick, 1854-55
* Tiberius ;' and numerous other works.

STAIR, North Hamiltoa Dalrymple, Earl ofj English administrator, b. 1795
studied at the University of Edinburgh; deputy -lieutenant and J. P. of the county of
Edinburgh ; was captain 25th Dragoons ; left the army, 1817 ; succeeded his brother,
eighth earl, 1853.

BTAIaltBAUM. Oottftied, German philologist, b. at Zaach, near Delitsch, Sept 25,
1793 ; studied at Leipsic ; professor at tlie University of Halle, 1817 ; professor at Leipsic,
1840. Author of *Ueber den innem Zusammeuhang der musikalischer Bildung der
Jugend mit dem Gesammtzwecke des Gymnasiums,' Leipsic, 1842 ; and other works.

STANHOPE, Georare PhiUp C«cU Arthur, lK>rd> English poliUcian, b. 1831 ;
educated at Eton ; entered the army, 1849 ; lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards Blue,
1853 : retired, 1855; a magistrate of Notts, and captain of the South Notts Yeomanry
Cavalry ; M.P. for South Nottin^amshire, 1860-65.

STANHOPE^ James Banks, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Westminster;
a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lincoln; M.P. for North Lincoln-
shire, 1852-68.

STANHOPE, Philip Henrj Stanhope t Earl, English statesman and hist<Hian,
b. at Walmer, 1805 ; educated at Christ Churcn, Oxford, where he graduated B.A- 1827;
was M.P. for Wootton Bassett, 1830-31 ; for Hertford till imseated, 1832, and from 1835
to 1852 ; under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, Dec. 1834 to Aug. 1835 ; secretary
to the Board of Control, July 1845 to July 1846 ; president of the Society of Antiquarians,
1846 ; lord rector of Aberdeen University, 1858. Author of * History of En^^uid ftom
1713 to 1788 ;' and numerous other works.

STANLEY. Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn, English divine, b. 1815; educated at
Rugby, and Balliol College, Oxford ; canon of Canterbury, 1851-58 ; regius professor
of ecclesiastical history at Oxford, canon of Christ Church, and chaplain to the Bishop
of London, 1868-64; dean of Westminster, 1864. Author of * Life of Dr. Arnold,' 1844;
'Sinai and Palestine,' 1855 ; and numerous other works.

STANIaBY, Rlffht Hon. Lord Ed'vrard Henrr Smith. English statesman,
b. at Knowsley Park, Lancaster, 1826, eldest son of the Earl of Derby ; educated at
Rugby, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; M.P. for Lynn Regis since 1848; under-secre-
tary of state for foreign affairs ftx)m February to December 1852 ; secretary of state for
the colonies fh>m February to May 1858 ; secretary of state for India, May 1858 to June
1859 ; secretary of state for foreign affairs, July 6, 1866, to Dec. 1868.

STANIaEY, Hon. Frederick Arthur, English politician, b. 1841 ; educated at
Eton ; formerly lieutenant and captain Grenadier Guards ; M.P. for Preston, 1865-68.

STANLEY, Hon. WUliaui Owen, English politician, b. 1802 ; educated at Eton;
a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Anglesea ; formerly captain Grenadier Guards ;
M.P. for Anglesea, 1837-47 ; for Chester, 1850-57 ; and for Beaumaris since 1857.

STANIiEY OF AIiDERItEY, Edward John Stanley, Baron, English
statesman, b. 1802, the eldest son of the first Baron Stanley; sat in the House of
Commons as Mr. Stanley, 1831-46 ; called to the House of Lords as Baron Eddiobuig,
1859 ; imder-secretary of state for the Home Department from July to November 1834 ;
secretary of the Treasury from 1835 to June 1841, and paymaster of the forces from June
to September 1841 ; under-secretarj' of state for foreign affairs from 1847 to Dec. 1851 ;
paymaster of the forces, and vice-president of the Board of Trade till March 1852 ; re-
appointed to the same office, Dec. 1852 ; president of the Board in Lord Palmerston's
ministry, from Feb. 24, 1855, to Feb. 19, 1858 ; postmaster-general, Aug. 1860 to July
1866.

STANSFEIiD, Jauea, English statesman, b. 1820 ; educated at University College,
London, and graduated LL.B. 1844; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1846; a
junior lord of the Admiralty, 1863-64 ; under-secretary for India, 1866; third lord of the
Treasury, 1868; M.P. for HaUfax since 1859.

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STANTON* HdTtrin, American statesman, b. in Steubenville, Ohio, 1816 ; studied
law ; called to the bar, and practised in Ohio till 1847, and at the Supreme Court at
Washington, 1858 ; appointed attorney-general, 1860 ; secretary of war from Jan. 13,
1862, to June 1, 1868.

STAUNTON, Ho^irard, English author, b. 1810 ; educated at Oxford. Author of
several works on chess, and editor of the * Illustrated Shakespeare.'

STAWlSItlt, Sir William Foster, English colonial judge, b. 1815 ; educated at
TPrinity College, Dublin; called to the Irish bar, 1839; attorney-general, and member of
the Executive Council of the colony of Victoria, 1851 ; appointed chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of Victoria, and knighted, 1857.

STEANE, Rev. Edinrard, English dissenting minister, b. March 23, 1798 ; educated
at the University of ikiinburgh ; pastor of a Baptist congregation at Camberwell since
1823; one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance. Author of 'Constitutional
Principles of the Chi-istian Church ;' and other religious works.

STEBBINQ, Rev. Henry, English author, b. 1800 ; educated at St. John's College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1823, M.A. 1826, D.D. 1839; rector of St. Mary
Somerset, Upper Thames Street, City, 1857. Author of ' The History of the Church of
Christ from 1530 to the Eighteenth Century,' 1839 ; and other works.

STEIN, ItndiKriar, German political economist, b. -at Eckemfdrde, Schleswig, Nov. 15,
1813 ; studied at the University of Kiel, where he graduated in 1840 ; appointed professor
of law at the same University, 1846 ; suspended, 1852, and appointed professor of political
economy at the University of Berlin. Author of * History of Prance and of French
Law,' 1846-48 ; ' System of Political Economy,* Leipsic, 1854 ; and other works.

STCINBRUCH, Ednard, German painter, b. at Magdebui^, May 3, 1802 ; studied at
Berlin. Painted 'Hagar in the Desert,' 1829; 'A Young Girl at Prayer f and other
pictures, chiefly religious.

STEINMANN, Johan, Danish military commander, b. 1812; second lieutenant of
artillery, 1830 ; served in the war of 1849 ; received the command of the first division
charged with the defence of the Isle of AJsen, 1864 ; appointed general-in-chief of the
Danish army, 1864.

STEPHEN, Sir Alfred. English colonial judge, b. 1802 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's
Inn, 1823 ; solicitor-general and attomey-genend of Tasmania, and chief justice of New
South Wales, 1841 to 1857 ; knighted, 1846.

STEPHEN, Sir Qeors^e, English administrator, b. 1794 : practised as a solicitor in
the city of London ; called to the bar of Gray's Inn, 1849 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Bucks ;
knighted, 1838. Author of ' Adventures of an Attorney in Search of Practice,' 1839.

STEPHEN. James Fiti^ames. English legal writer, b. March 1829 ; educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where ne graduated B.A. 1852 ; called to the bar of the
Inner Temple, Jan. 1854 ; recorder of Newark-on-Trent ; legislative member of the
Supreme Council of India, July 1869. Author of * A Treatise on Criminal Law,' 1863 ;
and other works.

STEPHENS, Alexander Hamilton, American politician, b. in Georgia, Feb. 11,
1812 ; studied law in Franklin College, and called to the bar, 1834 ; member of the Senate
of Georgia, 1842 ; member of Congress, 1843-59 ; vice-president of the Confederate
States, 1861-65.

STEPHENS, Anne, America^ authoress, b. in Connecticut, 1810. Author of 'Mary
Derwent;' * Fashion and Faminfe,' New York, 1854 ; 'The Old Homestead,* ib. 1856; and
other works of fiction.

STEPHENS, Henry, English agriculturist, b. at Keerpoy, Bengal, July 25, 1795.
Author of 'The Book of the Farm,' Edinburgh,' 1844; 'The Drainage of Land,' 1846;
* The Yester Deep Land Culture,* 1855.

STEPHENS. Walter, English author, b. in London, Aug. 22, 1832; studied law.
Author of 'Blackft-iars, or the Monks of Old,' 1844 ; of 'Vendetta a drama; and other
works of fiction and dramas.

STEPHENSON, Sir Rowland Macdonald, English civil engineer, b. 1808;
educated at Harrow ; civil engineer, and director of the East India Railway Company ;
knighted, 1857.

STERN, Marie de TlB.vignj, Oomtesse d'Asroult, French authoress, b. at
Frankfort on the Maine, 1805 ; educated at the Convent du Sacr6 Coeur, Paris ; married
to the Comte d'Agoult, 1827. Author, under the name of 'Daniel Stem,' of 'Herv^,'
1841 ; ' N^lida,' 1845 ; 'Florence et Turin,' 1862 ; ' Histoire de la Revolution de 1848 ;' and
other works.

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[ 242 ]

STERNBERQy Alexander, Baron von Uneem, Gerraan novelist, b. near
Revel, F.sthonia, April 22. 1806; studied at Dorpat. Russia. Author of 'Novellen.' Stutt-
gardt, 1832-34; * Die Gelbe Grattn,' Berlin, 1848; 'Daa Stille Haus/ ib. 1854; and other
works of tletion.

STEWART, 8lr Houston, English naval commander, b. 1791 ; 8<>,rved at Flushing,
and at the siefre of Acre : second In command in the Blaek Sea, 1856-56 ; created K.C.B.
is5rt, G C. B. 1865; was M P. for Greenwich, Feb. to July 1852 ; appointed commander-
in-rhief at Devonport, 1865.

STIIS'VBNART BETHUNE, laonls, French politician, b. at Valenciennes, Aug.
15, 1817 ; member of the Corps L^gislatif for the departement du Nord since 1864.

STTRIalNO. James, English politician, b. 1805; educated at the High School, Edin-
btugh, and the University of Giittingen : a J.P. and deputy-lieutenant of the county of
Dumbarton ; M.P. for Dumbartonslnre, 1865-68.

STIRItINO, Patrick James, Encrlish political economist, b. at Dnmblane, county
of Peitn, 1809: studied un'er Dr. Ciialmers. Autlior of 'Philosophy of Trade,' Edin-
biinrh, 1846; 'The Australian and Califoruian Gold Discoveries,' ib. 1852; and other
works.

STIRLINO-MAXWELL, Sir ^^illiam, English author, b. at Kenmure, near
(Jlasgow, 1818; educated at Trinity Colleee, Cambridge, where he graduated MA. 1843:
J P. of the county of Perth ; MP. for Perthshire. 18V2-68. Author of 'Cloister Life of
Charles V.' 1852; 'Velasquez, and his Works,* 1855 ; and other historical publications.

STOCKFR, R«»v. Charles 'William, English author, b. 1793 ; educated at St.
John's College, Oxford, 1812 : fellow of St. John's, 1815 ; principal of Elizabeth Colle^,
Guernsey, 1824-29 ; rect<ir of Draycote-le-Moors, Staffordshire, since 1841. Author of
'Conversations on the Lord's Supper,' 1840; and other educational and religious
works.

STOKESy Qeorre Gabriel, English mathematician, b. 1820 ; cduca+;ed at Pembroke
C(tllege, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1841 ; appointed Lucasian professor of
mnthematics, 1S4<> ; elected one of the secretaries of the Royal Society, 1854. Author of
various scientific papers contributed to the publications of learned societies.

STOKTTS, 'William, Irish physician, b. in Dublin, 1804; graduated M.D. at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, 1825 ; has been regius-professor of physic in the University of
DubMn : received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of EMiubuigh ; was
president of the College of Physicians in Ireland ; physician-in-ordinary to the Queen in
Ireland. Author of several medical works.

STONE, Marcus, English painter, b. 1840. Painted 'James Watt's Discovery of the
Steam Engine ;' and many other pictures.

STONE, ^^illiam Henry, English politician, b. 1834; educated at Hanjow, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1857, M.A. 1860; a magistrate of
Surrey and Hampshire ; M.P. for Portsmouth since 1865.

STONEMAN, Oeorare, American military commander, b. in New York, 1826 ; edu-
cated at West Point, and graduated in 1846 ; took part with the North in the ciAdl war,
and nominated major of cavalry, 1861 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1862 ; major-general, 1863.

STORCH, IindiMTisr. German author, b. at Ruhla. April 13, 1814 ; studied at the Univer-
sities of Leipsic ana Nordhausen. Author of ' Kuntz von Kaufungen,' Leipsic, 1827;
'History of the Emperor Charles the Fifth,' ib. 1854; 'Poems,' ib. 1854; and other,
chiefly historical, works.

STORKS, Sir Henry, English military commander, b, 1811 ; educated at the Charter-
house ; assistant adjutant-general in the Kafir war, 1846-47; commanded the British mili-
tary establishments on- the l^osphorus, Dardanelles, and at Smyrna during the Russian
war, 1854-55 ; secretary for military correspondence at the War Offl"e, 1857-^9 ; a mtgor-
general in the army ; lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1859-63 ; governor
of Malta, 1864-67; comptroller-in-chief at the War Office, 1868.

STOURM, Augrnste Africain, French administrator, b. at Metz, Moselle, July 22,
1797 ; studied law, and called to the bar, 1819 ; member of the Constituent Assembly,
1848 ; councillor of state, 1849 ; postmaster-general, 1863 ; created senator, 1861.

STO WE, Harriet Beecher, American authoress, b. at Lichfield, Connecticut, June
15, 1814; married to the Rev. E. B. Stowe, 1835. Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,'
Boston, 1852: 'The Minister's Wooing,' 1860; 'The Pearl of Orr's Island,' 1862; and
other works of fiction.

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[ 243 ]

STRACKy Johann Heinricht Gennan architect, b. at BUckebnrg, Prussia, 1806.
Designed the castle of Fi-edericksburg for the King of Denmark ; the grand ducal resi-
dence of Schwerin ; the church of St. Nicholas at Hamburg ; and other buildings, chiefly
in the Gothic style. Author of 'On the Construction of Theatres in Ancient Greece,'
Potsdam, 1843 ; and other works on architecture.

STRADBROKE, John Edinrard ComiRrallis Rous. Earl of, English adminis-
trator, b. Feb. 13, 1794 ; educated at Westminster ; servecl in the Coldstream Guards,
1810-17; was present with his regiment in all the engagements in Spain and France from
June 1812 to the end of the war ; lord-lieutenant of the county, and vice-admiral of the
coast of Suffolk ; succeeded his father, first earl, 1827.

STRAFFORD, Georgre Stevens Byn^, Earl of, English administrator, b. 1809 ;
educated at Sandhurst ; was a captain in the anny ; has been comptroller of the House-
hold, a lord of the Treasury, and one of the secretaries of the Board of Control ; sat in
the House of Commons, 1830-52 ; summoned to the House of Lords in his father's life-
time as Loiti Strafford of Harmondsworth, 1853 ; succeeded his father, first earl, 1860 ;
deputy-lieutenant of Middlesex, and colonel of the West Middlesex Militia.

STRATFORD DE REDCIttFFE, Stratford Canningr^ Viscount, English
diplomatist, b. in London, 1788 : educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge ;
entered the diplomatic service, 1806 ; was ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, 1841-68 ;
previously ambassador to St. Petersburg and other courts ; was M.P. for Stockbridge,
1831, and for I^yme Regis, 1835-41 ; raised to the peerage, 1852.

STRATHAIiIaAN, WiUiani Henry Drammond, Viscount, English adminis-
trator, b. 1810; is a deputy-lieutenant of Perthshire ; was a lord-in- waiting to the Queen,
Feb. 1858 to June 1859.

STRATHEDEN and CAMPBELL, IViUiam Frederick Campbell,
Baron, English administrator, b. 1824 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated M.A. 1846; was M.P. for Cambridge, 184^-52, and for Har-
wich, May 1859 to March 1860. Author of ' Letters on the Oath of Abjuration ;' and
other pamphlets.

STRATH MORE AND KINOHORN, Thomas Georgre Lyon Bowes,
Earl of, English administrator, b. 1822 ; has been in the 1st Life Guards ; a deputy-
lieutenant of Forfarshire ; succeeded his grandfather, eleventh earl, 1846.

STRAUSS, David Friedrich, German theologian, b. at Ludwigsburg, Wtirtemberg,
June 27, 1808 ; studied at Tiibingen ; was ordained, 1830 ; appointed professor of theology
and church history at Zurich, 1839 ; elected member of the Diet of Wtirtemberg, 1848.
Author of 'Life of Jesus,' 1835; 'Life of Schubart,' 1849; 'Life and Writings of the
Poet and Philologist, Nicodemus Frischlin,' 1856; and other theological and historical
works.

STRICKLAND, Agncies, English authoress, b. at Reydon Hall, Suffolk, 1806. Author
of 'The Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest,' 1840-49 ; and other
historical compilations.

STROQANOW, Alexander, Count, Russian statesman, b. at St. Petersburg,
1805 ; took part in the wars with Poland and Turkey ; was member of the Council for
the administration of Poland, and governor of Little Russia ; minister of the interior
from 1839 to 1841 ; became adjutant-general to the Emperor, lieufenant-general of
artillery, and memlier of the Council of State ; nominated governor-general of New
Russia, and of Bessarabia, 1855 ; charged with the reorganization of the government of
the Crimea and the reconstruction of Sebastopol, 1856.

STROGANOWi Sergrius, Count, Russian military commander, b. at St. Petersburg,
1803 ; nominated governor of Riga, 1831 ; lieutenant-general and adjutant-general to the
Emperor, 1835-47 ; general of cavalry, 1852 ; president of the Society of Antiquarians of
Russia. Author of several archaeological works.

STRO MEYER, Oeorg Friedrich LudTirig> German medical writer, b. at Han-
over, March 6, 1804 ; studied medicine at the Universities of Gottingen and Berlin,
1823-26 ; appointed surgeon to the Hanover School of Surgery, 1828. Author of ' Typhus
under the Influence of Methodical Ventilation,' Hanover, 1855; and other medical works.

8TRONGE, Sir James Mattheinr, English politician, b. 1811; a J. P. and deputy-
lieutenant of the county of Armagh, and honorary colonel Royal Tyrone Fusiliers ; late
captain 5th Dragoon Guards ; M.P. for the county of Armagh since 1864.

STRUVE, QuataVi German author and politician, b. in Livonia, 1805; studied law,
and entered the diplomatic service of the grand duchy of Oldenbui^ ; an advocate at
Manheim, 1840-48, Author of 'History of Phrenology,' Heidelberg, 1843; 'System of
Political Science,' Frankfort, 1847-48 ; ' The Public Law of the Gennan Confederation,*
Manheim, 1846 ; and other works.

R 2

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8TRUVB, Otto IKnihelm toiI| Rnflsiin astronomer, h. at Dorpat,' Hay 7, 1819 :
member of the Aeailemy of Sciences of St Petersburg ; a counsellor of state. Author of
'Observations of the Comet of Biela in the Year 1852,' St. Petersburg, 1853 ; and other
works on astronomy.

STUART, James Frederick Dudley Orlchton, English politician, b. 1624:
educated at Etf)n. and Trinity College, Cambridge : lord -lieutenant of Bute, and J. P. of
the counties of Glnniorgnn and Ayr; late lieutenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards;
M.P. for Cardiff since 1857.

STUARTy Hon. Sir John, English jn^lge, b. 1793 : called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn,
1819; a vice-chancellor, and bencher of Lincoln's Inn: was M.P. for Newark, 1847-52:
and for Bury St EMmunds, July to Oct. 1852, when he was elevated to the bench.

STUART, \iniliam, English politician, b. 1825 ; educated at Eton ; called to the bsr
uf the Inner Temple, 1851 : a deputy-lieutenant of Beds, and lieutenant-colonel Beds
Militia; M.P. for Bedford, 1864-^7, and 1859-68.

STUART DE D60IES, Henry Vllliers Stoart, Baron, English adminis-
trator, b. 1808 ; sat in the House of Commons as Mr. V. Stuart, 1826-.**.ft, and 1831-32 ;
lord-lieutenant of the county of Waterfoid, and colonel of the Waterford Militia.

STUART WORTItEY, Ri^ht Hon. James Arehibald, English politician,
b. 1805 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. ; called to the bar,
1830 ; standing counsel to the Bank of England, 1844 ; appointed Judge-ad voc;ite-general,
and sworn in the Priw Council, 1846; recorder of London, 1850; solicitor-general,
1856-57 ; was M.P. for Halifax, 1835-37, and for Buteshire, 1842-59.

STUCIalSYy Sir Oeorre Stncley , English administrator, b. 1812 ; educated at Eton,
and Christ Church, Oxford : a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Devon and Cornwall ; and
lieut«*nant-colonel Devon Artillery Militia; was M.P. for Barnstaple, 1856-57, and
1865-68 ; assumed the name Stucley in lieu of Buck, 1858.

STUDER. Bemlutrd, Swiss geologist, b. at Biiren on the Aar, 1794 ; studied mathe-
matics at the College of Berne, and at Gottingen. Author of ' Chart of the Geology of
Switzerland,' Winterthur, 1853; 'The Geology of Switzerland,' Berne, 1851-53; and
other works on geology.

STURT, Charles Napie**, English politician, b. 1832 ; educated at Harrow ; a lieu-
tenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards ; M.P. for Dorchester since 1856.

STURT, ^Henry Qerard, English politicinn, b. 1825 ; educated at Eton, and Christ
Church, Oxford ; a magistrate of Dorset ; M.P. for Dorchester, 1847-56, and for Dorset
since 1856.

SUDELEYy Charles Qeorgre Hanbnry Tracyy Baron, English administrator,
b. 1837 : educated at Harrow ; lord-lieutenant of Montgomeryshire ; late captain of the
Grenadier Guards ; succeeded his father, second baron, 1863.

SUFFCIiK AND BERKSHIRE, Charles John Howard, Earl of, English
administrator, b. 1804; was M.P. for Malmesbury, 1832; is a deputy-lieut«nant of
Malniesbury ; succeeded his father, sixteenth earl, 1851.

SUIaltlVAN, Edwardy English administrator, b. 1822 ; educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1844; called to the Irish bar, 1848, and Q.C. 1858;
appointed aerjeant-at-law, 1860 ; law-adviser to the Crown, 1861 ; solicitor-general of
Ireland, 1865 ; elected M. P. for Mallow, 1865 ; attorney-general of Ireland, Dec. 1868.

SUMNER. CharleSy American politician, b. at Boston, Jan. 6, 1811 ; graduated at
Harvard College, 1830 ; called to the bar, 1834 ; member of Congress since 1851 ; senator
for Massachusetts ; chairman of the Senate's committee on foreign relations since March
1861. Author of 'Orations and Speeches,' Boston. 1850; * White Slavery in the Barbaiy
States,' ib. ; and other political writings.

SURTEES, Charles FrSTilley English politician, b. 1823; educated at Harrow;
was formerly captain in the 10th Royal Hussars ; M.P. for South Durham, 1865-68.

SURTEESy Henry Edward, English politician, b. 1819 ; educated at Harrow ; a
magistrate of Herts ; was formerly an officer in the 10th Royal Hussars ; M.P. for Hert-
fordshire, 1864-68.

SURTEESy Sir Stephenson ViUierSy English colonial judge, b. 1803 ; educated
at Eton, and University College, Oxford, where he graduated B.C.L. 1881 ; called to the
bar of the Inner Temple, 1831 ; appointed justice of the Mauritius, 1840: chief justice,
and knighted, 1858 ; retired, 1860. j«wvc.

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[ 245 ]

SUTHERIuAlND, Alexander John, English physician, b. 1810; educated at
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A., M.B., and M.D. in 18S9 ; fellow of
the Royal College of Physicians, 1840 ; is physician to St. Luke's Hpspital, and consulting
physician to the South London Dispensary. Author of * Clinical Lectures on Insanity.'

SUTHERIaAND, Qeorgre Granville William Sntherland Levison
Gow^er^ Duke Of^ English administrator, b. 1828 ; lord-lieutenant of Sutherland and
Cromarty ; was M.P. for Sutherland, 1862-61 ; succeeded his father, second duke, 1861.

SUTHERIaAND, Johny English physician, b. 1804 ; educated at the University of
Edinburgh, where he graduated M, D. 1831 ; royal commisHiouer of sanitary arrange-
ments to the amiy in the Crimea, 1856 ; royal commissioner at the International Confer-
ence on Quarantine held at Paris in 1851.

SUTTON, Hon. John Henry Thomas Manners, English colonial adminis-
trator, b. in London, 1810 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated M. A
18;i5 ; under-secretary of state for the Home Department from bept. 1841 to July 1846 ;
returned M.P. for the borough of Cambridge, Sept. 1839, but unseated on petiti(m ; sat
for the borough of Cambridge from 1841 to 1847 ; lieutenant governor of New Bmnswick
from June 1854 to Oct. 1861: governor ol Trinidad Irom April 1864 to May 1866;
appointed governor-general of Victoria, May 1866.

SWAIN, Charles, English author, b. in Manchester, 1803. Author of 'Metrical
Essays,^ 1827 ; 'The Mind, and other Poems,' 1831; 'English Melodies,' 1849; 'The
Letters of Laura d'Auveme, and other Poems,' 1853; 'Art and Fashion,' 1863; and
other poetical works.

SWAINSON, William, English naturalist, b. 1796. Published 'Zoological Illustra-
tions,' 1820; 'The Naturalist's Guide,' 1822; 'The Birds of Western Africa;' 'The
History and Natural Arrangements of Insects ;' and other works on natural history.

SWINBURNE, Ali^emon Charles. English poet, b. 1837; educated at Eton
and Oxford. Author of 'Atalanta in Calydon;' * Chastelard ;' 'Poems and Ballads,'
1866 ; and other works.

SYDNEY, John Robert Townshend, Viscount, English administrator,
b. 1804 ; educated at Eton, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M. A. ;
sat in the House of Commons, 1825-31 ; lord- lieutenant ot Kent, and colonel of Kent
Artillery Militia ; appointed lord-chamberlain, June 1859.

SYKE8, Christopher. English politician, b. 1831 ; educated at Rugby, and Trinity
College, Cambridge; a aeputy-lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire; M.P. for
Beverley, 1865-68 ; returned M.P. for the East Riding of York, 1868.

SYKES, William Henry, English politician, b. 1790; entered the Bombay army,
1804 ; retired with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 1831 ; was chairman of the East India
Company, 1856-57 ; lord-rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1654-65 ; M.P. for Aber-
deen since 1857. Author of jiapers on the ' Statistics and History of India.'

SYM£, James, English surgeon, b. at Fife, 1799 ; admitted a surgeon in London, 1821 ;
appointed professor of clinical surgery at the University of Edinbui^gh, 1833 ; appointed
professor of surgery in London University, 1834; reappointed to the University of
Edinburgh. Author of ' On the Excision of Diseased Joints,' 1831 ; and other works.

8YNAN, Ed'ward John, English politician, b. 1820; educated at Trinity CoUege,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1842 ; called to the Irish bar, 1843 ; a magistrate of the
county of Limerick ; M.P. for the same county since 1865.

SZEMERE. Bartholome'W, Hungarian author and statesman, b. at Vatta, province
of Bosod, Aug. 24, 1812 ; studied law and philosophy at the University of Presburg ;
called to the bar, 1834 ; appointed judge of the High Court of Justice, 1842 ; deputy to
the Hungarian Diet, 1843-44, and 1847-48 ; minister of the interior of the Republic of
Hungary, 1848 ; exiled, 1850, and returned to Hungary, 1864. Author of several historical
and political treatises on Hungary.

SZI6LIQETI, Joseph Ssatmary, Hungarian dramatic writer, b. at Grosswardein,
county of Bihar, 1814; studied in his native town and at Pesth. Author of *Rozza;'
' Koroua es Kard ;' ' Zsido ;' and other dramatic and poetical works.

Ta« HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Tam
[ 24« ]

T.

TAQLIONIj Paul, German musical composer, b. at Vienna, ISOS: studied at the
College Bourbon, and the Consenatoire of Paris. Coniiwsed the ballads, ' L'Ondine ;
' Don Quicbotte,' *Le Lae des Amazones ;' and many oUier musical pieces.

TAILIaANDIER. Rene' Gaapard. French author, b. at Paris, Dt^c. 16, 1817;
studied at Heidelberg ; apiminted professor of French poetry to the Sorbonne, 1863.
Author of ♦ Beatrix.* a poem, 1840 ; * Histoire et Philosopnie religieuse,* 1860 ; 'Maurice
de 8axe,' 1865 ; and other works ; contributor to the Revue des Denx Mcmdes.

TAIIaltEFER, lK>nla AuirvLStey French politician, b. at Domme, Dordogne, Dec.
2, 1802; studied medicine, and received the" degree of M.D. ; deputy of Dordogne in
the Constituent Assembly, 1848 ; member of the Corps Legislatif lor the department of ,
Dordogne since 1852.

TAIItitlARj Ei&|:e^iie Fraasois Joseph^ French author, b. at Douai, April 7,
1803 ; studied law at Paris ; called to the bar at Douai, and auditor to the court of that
town, 1829. Author of ' Essais sur I'Histoire des Institutions,' 1859 ; * Notice sur I'Origine
et la Formation des Villages du Nord de la France,' 1863 ; and other works.

TAINE^ Hlppolyte Adolphei French author, b. at Vouzieres, Ardennes, April 21,
1828 ; studied at the College Bourl>on, and the Ecole Normale ; examiner in literature at
the Military School of St. Cyr, 1858-63 ; appointed professor of history and aesthetic art at
the Imperial School of Fine Arts, 1864. Author of ' History of English Literature,'
1864 ; and other works.

TAITy Archibald Campbell. Archbishop of Canterbury^ b. Dec. 1811;
ednoated at Edinburgh, and at Balliol College, Oxford ; head master of Rugby, 1842 ;
dean of Carlisle, 1849; bishop of London, 1866; archbishop of Canterbury, Dec, 1868.

TAIuAlBOTi Paulin Franf^ois, French politician, b. at Limoges, Haute Vienne, 1799 ;
studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1819-21 ; ing^nieur des ponts et chauss^es, 1824 ;
member of the Corps Legislatif for the department of Gaud since 1863.

TAItBCTi Christopher Rice Manael, English politician, b. 1801 ; educated at
Harrow, and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1823; lord-lieutenant
of the county of Glamorgan ; M. P. for Glamorganshire since 1830. .

TALBOT^ Enge^ne^ French author, b. at Chartres, Aug. 17, 1814 ; studied at the
Colleges Bourbon and Charlemagne at Paris; pi-ofessor at the Academy of Nantes,
1845-50 ; professor of rhetoric at the College of Louis le Grand. Author of * French
and Greek Dicticmary,' 1858 ; and otiier philological works.

TAItBCT. ^^illiam Henry Fox, English author, b. 1800 ; educated at Harrow, and
Trinity Collpge, Cambridge ; one of the discoverers of photography. Author of * Pencil
of Nature,' 1844 ; ' Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches ;' ' Illustrations of
the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis ;' and other works.

TAItBCT DE MALAHIDCy James Talbot^ Baron, English administrator,
b. 1805; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A ; M.P. fur
Athlone, 1832-34 ; a deputy-lieutenant and magistrate of Somersetshire, and a magistrate
of the county of Dublin ; president of the Board of Superintendence of Public Hospitals;
succeedefl his father, third baron, 1850.

TAItHCUET, Angnste Bonamonr, Marquis de, Fi-ench politician, b. at Paris,
Oct. 11, 1819; represented the department of Sarthe in the Legislative Assembly, 1849;
member of the Cori)s Legislatif for the department of Sarihe since 1852 ; secretary' to
the Corps Legislatif during the sessions of 1861-64.

TAIiLEYRAND PE'RIGCRD, Charles Angeliane, Baron de, French
diplomatist, b. Nov. 28, 1821 ; was successively secretary of legation at Lisbon, Madrid,
St. Petersburg, and London, and minister at Weimar, Turin, and Brussels : envoy extra-
ordinary and minister-plenipotentiary to the King of the Belgians, 1861-62 ; ambassador
at Beriin, 1862-63 ; and at St. Petersburg, 1864-65.

TAMBERLIK, Enrico, Italian singer, b. at Rome, 1820; studied at the Seminary
of Monteflascone under Borgua and Guglielmi ; nia<Ie his ddbut at the Theatre del Fonde
of Naples, 1841 ; has since sung in the principal cities of Europe.

Tan HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. . Tay

[ ?47 ]

TANKERVIIaLE^ Charles Bennet, Earl of^ Ensrlish admiuistiator, b. 1810;
educated at Chribt Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 183i ; a deputy-lieuttnuiit
and magistrate of Northumberland, and vice-lieutenant of the county ; lieutenant-colonel
Northumberland Royal Volunteers; M.P. for Northumberland, lb32-59; succeeded his
father, tifth earl, 1869.

TAPPAN, Henry, American author, b. 1810; became president of the University of
Michigan, 1862. Author of ' The Doctrine of the Will, applied to Moral Agency,' New
York ; ' A Sept from the New World,' 1862 ; and other works.

TARDIEU; Angnate Ambroise, French physician, b. at Paris, March 10, 1818;
studied at the College Charlemagne and the hospitals of Paris, and graduated M.D. Jan.
1843 ; appointed dean of the Faculty of Medicine, and consulting physician to the
Emperor, 1864. Author of ' Memoir on Poisoning by Strychnine,' 1857 ; and other
medical works.

TARENTEi Alexander Charles Macdonald, Due de, French politician, b. at
Paris, Nov. 11, 1824; appointed chamberlain to the Emperor, 1852; member of the
Corps Legislatif for the department of Loiret since 1852.

TARVER. Rev. Charles Fe'ral, English divine, b. 1820 ; educated at Eton, and
King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1842, M.A. 1846; curate of the Chapel
Royal, Windsor Park, 1862-54 ; classical tutor to the Prince of Wales, 1855-59 ; chaplam
to the Queen, 1858 ; appointed vicar of St. Peter's in the Isle of Thanet, 1863.

TASCHEREAU, Jules Antoine, French author,- b. at Tours, Dec. IP, 1801; was
deputy for the arrondissemeut of Loches, 1838-42 ; member of the Constituent AssemMy
for Indre-et- Loire, 1848; nominated director-general of the Imperial Library, 185s.
Author of ' Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvn^^es de Corneille,' 1829 ; and other works.

TASMANIA^ Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby^ Bishop of, English
divine, b. 1812; educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
1837, M.A. 1840, D.D. 1864; incumbent of St. Paul's, Cheltenham, 1843; priucii.al of
the Normal College for Schoolmasters at Cheltenham, 1847-64 ; consecrated bisliop of
Tasmania, 1864. Author of 'The Antiquity and Independence of the British Chuich ;'
'History and Grammar of the English Language ;' and other works.

TAUNTON; Henry Labonchere, BaroUi English statesman, b. 1798; educated
at Winchester, and Christ Church, Oxlbid ; was M.P. for St. Michael's, 1826-30, and lor
Taunton, 1830-59, when he was raised to the peerage ; lord of the Admiralty, 1832-34 ;
vice-president of the Board of Trade, 1835-39; president of the Board of Trade, Aug.
1839 to Sept. 1841 ; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846-47; president of the Board of Trade,
1847-62 ; secretaiy of state for the colonies, Nov. 1855 to Feb. 1858 ; a deputy -lieutenant
of Essex, and elder brother of the Trinity House.

TAYItER; Frederick. English painter, b, near Elstree, Herts, April 30, 1804. Exhibited
'Calling out of Cover ;*^ * Troopers of Two Centuiies since ;' ' Harvest Carts;' ' Festival
of the Popiiyay,' 1864 ; and other paintings in water colours.

TAYIaER, John William, English mineralogist, b. 1822; charged with an exploring
expedition to <jrreenland, 1850.

TAYLOR, Alfred Sivaine, English physician, b. at Northfleet, Kent, Dec. 1806;
studied at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, and in the niedical schools of Fiance,
Germany, and Italy ; member of the R(jyal College of Surgeons, 1830 ; licentiate of tlie
Royal College of Physicians, 1848 ; professor of medical jurispnidence at Guy's Hospital
since 1831, and professor of chemistrj' in the saaie since 1832. Author of several works
on medical jurisprudence, poisons, and chemistry.

TAYLOR, Bayard. American traveller and author, b. in Pennsylvania, Jan. 1825.
Author of 'Views atoot, or Europe seen with Knapsack and Statf,' 1846; *E1 Dorado,'
1850; 'Japan, India, and China,' 1855; 'Eastern Poems;' 'Cyclopaidia of Modern
Travel, comprising Narratives of distinguished Travellers since the Beginning of the
present Century ;' and other works of travel.

TAYLOR, Henry, English author, b. 1806. Author of * Philip van Artevelde,' 1884 ;
'Isaac Comnenus;' 'Eihein the Fair,' 1842; 'Notes from Life,' 1848; 'The Way of the
Rich and Great ;* and other essays and dramas.

TAYLOR, Isidore Se've'rin Justin, Baron, French traveller and author, b. at
Brussels, Aug. 16, 1789 ; educated at Paris ; elected member of the French Academy of
Fine Arts, 1847. Author of 'Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and Judea,' 1837; 'Picturesque
and Romantic Travels in Ancient France,' 1820-50; and other works of travel

TAYLOR, Peter Alfred, English politician, b. 181J9 ; a partner in the firm of Messrs.
8. Courtauld and Co. crape manufacturers ; M.P. for Leicester since 186'2.

Tay HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Tex
[248]

TAYIiORi Thomms Edward. English politician, b. 1812 ; a magistrate and depntv-
lieutenant of the county of Dublin ; formerly captain in the Dragoon Guards ; was a lord
of the Treasury, 1868-69 ; M.P. for the county of Dublin since 1841.

TAYIiOR| Tom, English dramatic author, b. in Sunderland, 1817; educated at the
University of Glasgow, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of the Inner
Temple, 184.'>, and went the Northern Circuit ; appointed assistant-secretary to the Board
of Health, 1850, and secretaiy, 1854. Author of * The Contested Election ;' * Our American
Cousin ;' * The Ticket of Leave Man ;' and many other dramas. Editor of ' The AutolMu-
gmphy of B. R Haydon,' 185S, and ' Life and Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds.' 1865.

TCHIH ATCHEF, Peter. Russian naturalist, b. at Gatchina, near St. Petersbmg,
1812; was attache to the Russian embassy at Constantinople, 1841-44. Author of
' L'Asie Mineure, Description physique, statistique et archeologique de cette Contr^e,'
Paris, 185S-66 ; and numerous other works.

TFAItB| Rer. ^HTUliam Henry, English author, b. 1810; educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1834 ; appointed vicar of Royston, Yorkshire,
1843; rector of Devizes, Wilts, 1861. Author of 'The Lives of English Laymen;'
* Education in England historicaily considered ;' and other works.

TBI CH MANN, Jeaa Fraaqols The'odore, Belgian statesman, b. at Venloo,
1788 ; studied in the Ecole Polytechni<^e, Paris, 1806-08 ; was minister of the interior,
Aug. to Sept. 1831; member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, 1832-35;
governor of the province of Antwerp, 1845-62.

TSIQNMOUTH. Charles John Shore, Baron. English administrator, b. 1796 ;
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1816; was M.P. for
Marylehone, 1838 to July J 841; succeeded his father, first baron, 1834; deputy-lieu-
tenant and magistrate of the North Riding of Yorkshire.

TEMME, Jodocns. Gennan jurist, b. at Lette, Westphalia, Oct. 22, 1799; studied at
the Universities of (}ottingen, Heidelberg, Bonn, and Marbui^g ; president of the Superior
Court of Munster, 1848-52 ; appointed professor to the School of Law at Zurich, 1852.
Author of ' Treatise on Prussian Civil Law,' Berlin, 1846 ; and other legal works.

TEMPI«Si Rev. Frederick, English divine, b. Nov. 80, 1821; educated at the
Grammar School, Tiverton, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1842;
ordained, 1846 : appointed head-master of Rugby School, 1858 ; chaplain to the Queen.
Author of the first of the seven ' Elssays and Reviews,' 1860.

TENERANI, Pietro, Italian sculptor, b. at Carrara, 1800; studied under Thor-
waldsen ; professor of sculpture in the Academy of St. Luke, Rome. Executed * Venus
Wounded y * Descent from the Cross ,•* * Cupid extracting a Thorn trom Venns's Foot ;'
a statue of Count Rossi ; and numerous groups and statues.

TENNANT, Jauea, English geologist, b. 1802 ; professor of geology in King's Collie,
London. Autiior of ' A Catalogue of Fossils found in the British Isles ;' * Art Gems
and Precious Stones ;' * Iceland Spars ;' and other works on geology.

TENNIEIt, John, English artist, b. in London, 1820 ; educated at Kensington ; painted
a fh»co in the Palace at Westminster ; has been a contributor of drawings to Fundi since
1851 ; also illustrated 'Lalla Rookh,' * The Ingoldsby Legends,' and many other works.

TENNYSON, Alfred, English poet. b. at Somerby vicarage, Lincolnshire, 1809;
studied at the University of Cambridge ; succeeded Wordsworth as iM>et laureat, 1851 ;
received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford, 1855. Author of 'Poems, chiefly
Lyrical,' 1830 ; * Poems,' 1842 ; *In Memoriam,' 1850 ; * Maud,' 1855 ; 'The Idylls of the
]^ng,' 1858 ; * Enoch Ai^en, and other Poems,' 1864 ; and other iK>etical works.

TERME, Jean Marie, French politician, b. at Lyons, May 11, 1828 ; was mayor of
St. Justie d'Avrav, and member of the General Council for the canton of Villefranche;
member of the Corps L^slatif for the d^x)artement du Rhdne since 1868.

TERROTT, Riifht Rer. Charles, Scottish divine, b. at Cuddalore, in the East
Indies, 1790; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1812, and
M.A. and D.D. ; ordained, 1814; consecrated bishop of Edinburgh, 1841; primus of the
Scottish Episcopal Synod. Author of several theological works.

TESNIE'RE, Franqols Pierre, French politician, b. at St. Armand, Charente,
July 30, 1827 ; graduated LL.D. at Paris, 1849 ; member of the Corps L^slatif for the
department of the Charente since 1855 ; one of the secretaries of the Corps L^gislatil

TEXIER, Oharlea Felix Marie, French traveller and archieologist, b. at Versailles,
Aug. 29^1802 ; studied architecture at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, 1823 ; elected member
of the French Academy, 1855. Author of ' Description of Armenia. Persia, and Meso-
potamia; their Geography, Geology, Ancient and Modem Monuments, Mannera and
Customs,* 1844-45 ; and numerous other works.

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TEXIER, Edmond| French author, b. at Rambouillet, Seine-et-Oise, 1816 ; studied iu
Paris, at the Colleges Stanislas and Bourbon. Author of 'Journ^es illustr^es de la
Revolution,' 1849 ; ' Les Argouautes,' 1U56 ; and other works. Editor of L'lllustrcUion
since 1860.

THAIaBBRG| Sigismnndi German pianist, b. in Geneva, Jan. 7, 1812; studied
under Hummel, 1827 ; first played in public, 18B0 ; made his debut at Paris, 1835 ; has
siuce played in the principal cities of Europe and America. Composed several fantasias,
variations, concertos, and other pieces for the pianoforte.

THIBOUST. I«ambert| French dramatic writer, b. 1826; entered the Conservatoire,
1848. Author of 'Les Rubans d'lvonne,' 1860; 'La Fill6 du Diable,* 1860; 'UuMari
dans du Coton,' 1862 ; ' Le Supplice d'un Homme,' 1865 ; and other uramas.

THIEIfE^ Just MathiaSi Danish author, b. at Copenhagen, Dec. 13, 1795; was
copyist in the Royal Library, 1820 ; inspector of stauips, 1835 ; secretary and librarian
to the Academy of Sciences ; counsellor of state, 1851. Author of ' Breve fra England
og Skotland,' 1837; ' Thorwaidsen's UQgdoms Historie,' Copenhagen, 1851; and several
novels, dramas, and poems.

THIERRY. Ame'de'e Simon Dominique, French historian, b. at Blois, Aug. 2,
1797 ; appointed prefect of the Haute S4one alter the Revolution of July 1830 ; elected
member of the French Academy, 1841 ; nominated senator, 1860. Author of ' Histoire
des Gaulois jusqu'4 la Domination romaine,' 1828 ; ' Histoire d'Attila,' 1856 ; and other
historical works.

THIERRY, E'donard, French author, b. at Paris, Sept. 14, 1813; studied at the
CoU^e Charlemagne ; appointed administrator of the Com^die Fiungaise, 1859. Author of

* Les Eiifants et les Anges,' 1833 ; 'De I'lufluence du Theatre sur les Classes ouvri6res,'
1862 ; and other works.

THIERS, lK>aiB Adolplie, French statesman and historian, b. at Marseilles, April 16,
li 97 ; studied at the public school of his native town ; called to the bar, 1820 ; appointed
under-secretary of state, Nov. 4, 1830; minister of the interior, 1632; minister of
commerce and of public works, 1832 ; president of the Council and minister of foreign
aflFairs, 1836, and from March to October 1840 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for the
second circonscription of the Seine since 1863. Author of ' History of the French Revo-
lution,' 1823-32 ; and other historical works.

THIRY, Charles Anibroise, French military commander, b. Dec. 9, 1791 ; studied
in the Ecole Polytechnique, 1808-10 ; captain, 1813 ; general of brigade, 1848 ; general
of division, 1851 ; entered the reserve, 1856.

THIRY, Francois Auspastin. French military commander, b. Feb. 24, 1784, brother
of the preceding ; studied in the Ecole Polytechnique, 1810-12 ; captain, 1813 ; general
of brigade, 1850; general of division, 1854, and commanded in the Crimea; created
senator, 1859.

THISTED. 'Waldemar Adolf, Danish poet and novelist, b. at Aarhuus, Feb. 28,
1816. Author of 'Oerkenens Hjerte,' Copenhagen, 1850; 'Danmark Bestaaer,' 1842;
'Hjemme og paa Vandring,' 1854 ; and other works.

THOItUCK, Friedrich August Gottreu, German theologian, b. at Breslau,
March 30, 1799 ; studied at the University of his native town and at Berlin ; professor
of theology in the University of Berlin, 18:i4 ; professor at Halle, 1826 ; chaplain to the
Prussian embassy at Rome, 1828 ; professor of divinity at Halle, 1829. Author of ' The
Doctrine of the Sinner and of the Mediator ;' ' Collection of Flowers from the Eastern
Mystics ;' and other theological works.

THOMAS, Charles lK>uis Anibroise, French musical composer, b. at Metz,
Aug. 5, 1811 ; was admitted to the Conservatoire, 1828 ; elected member of the Academic
des Beaux Arts, 1851. Composed * La Double Echelle,* 1837 ; ' Le Caid,' 1849 ; ' Le
Roman d'Elvire,' 1860 ; and many others.

THOMAS, Felix, French architect and traveller, b. at Nantes, Sept. 29, 1815 ; entered
the Ecole des Beaux Arts, 1837 ; charged with a scientific and suiii.stic mission to Baby-
lonia, 1861. Exhibited drawings of ' Entree de la Riviere de Nantes,' 1861 ; ' Bords du
Tibre,' 1864 ; and many others.

THOMAS, Frederick William. American novelist, b. at Baltimore in 1810.
Author of • The Emigrant,' 1833 ; ' Clinton Bradshaw,' 1835 ; * Howard Pinckney,' 1840 ;

* The Beechen Tree ;' and other novels and i>oems.

THOMAS, George Henrj, American military commander, b. in the county of
Southami)ton, Virginia, July 21, 1816; studied at West Point ; second lieutenant, July 1,
1 1840; major, 1855 ; brigadier general of Volunteers in the Federal service, 1861 ; mtyor-
general of Volunteers, 1863 ; commander of the army of the Cumberland, 1863.

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THOMPSON, Daaiel Pierce, American novelist, b. at Cbaxlestown, Massachusetts,
Oct. 1, 17'.^6. Author of • May Martin, or the Money Diggers,' 1835 ; ' Locke Amsden, or
the Schoolmaster,' 1847 ; ' The Rangers, or the Tory's Daughter,' 1856 ; and other works.

THOMPSON. Rer. Henryi English author, b. 1797; educated at St John's College,
Cambridge, wnere he graduated B. A. 1822, M. A. 1825 ; appointed vicar of Chard, Somer-
set, 1853. Author of 'The Life of Hannah More;' ' Fastoralia, a Manual uf Helps for
the Parochial Clergy ;' and other works.

THOMPSON, Rev. Robert Anchor, English theologies writer, b. in Durham,
1M21 ; educated at Durham School, at Durham University, and graduated B.A. at
Catherine Hall, Cambridge, 1844 ; apjwinted incumbent of Binbrooke, 1854 ; is master
of St. Mary's Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Author of *0n the Existence and
Character uf the Supreme Being.' which gained the Burnett Prize in 1855 ; * Principles
of Natural Theology ;' and other works.

THOMPSON, ThomaJl Perronet, English political writer, b. at Hull, 1783 ; entered
Queen's College, Cambridge, 1798, and gratluated B.A. 1802 ; entered the array as .second
lieutenant, 1806 ; captain, 1814 ; mtgor, 1825 ; lieutenant-general ; M.P. for Hull, 183.V-37,
for Bradford, 1847-52 and 1857-59. Author of 'Corn-Law Catechism,' 1827; 'Geometry
without Axioms,' 1830; 'Audi Alteram Partem,* 1857-61 ; and other works.

THOMS, William John, English writer, b. in Westminster, Nov. 16, 1803;
appointed deputy-librarian to the House of Lonls, 1863; founder and editor of 'Notes
and Queries.' Author of 'Lays and Legends of Various Nations,' 1834; ' Book of the
Court,' 1838 ; and numerous other works.

THORBECKE, Jaii Rudolf, Dutch statesman, b. at Zwolle, 1796 ; graduated at
the University of Leyden, 1820; private lecturer at the Universities of Giessen and
Gottingen, 1821-24; professor of political ec-noray at Ghent, ] 825-30; professor of
jurisprudence at Leyden, 1830-44 ; elected member of the First Chamber of the States-
General, 1840 ; appointed president of a commission for prejparing a new Constitution
for the Netherlands, 1848 ; minister of the interior and chief of the Cabinet, Oct. 30, 1849,
to April 19, 1853 ; professor of jurisprudence at Leyden, 1853-62 ; again minister of the
interior, 1862-66.

THORBURN, Robert. English painter, b. at Dumfiies, 1818 ; studied at Edinburgh,
and admitted as a student to the Royal Academy, London, 1^36. Painted the portraits
of the late Prince Consort, 1845 ; of the Princess Charlotte of Belgium and the Duke of
Brabant, 1847 ; a group of the Hon. Mrs. Norton's Family ; and many other portraits of
celebrated persons. Elected A. R. A. 1848.

THORIGNY, Pierre Frangois de, French magistrate, b. at Bessenay, Rh6ne,
July 19, 1798 ; studied law at Paris, and was called to the bar, 1824 ; advocate-general at
the Royal Court of Paris, 1845 ; nouiinated counsellor of state, 1852 ; first president of
the court of Amiens, 1858 ; senator, March 4, 1^53.

THORNBURY, Georgpe Walter, English author, b. 1828. Author of * Lays and
Legends of the New World,' 1849; 'History of the Buccaneers;' 'Art and Nature at
Home and Abroad ;' 'British Artists from Hogarth to Turner,' 1861; 'Every Man his
own Ti-umpeter ;' ' Haunted London,' 1865 ; and other works.

THORN YCRO FT, Mary, English sculptor, b. at Thomham, Norfolk, 1814 ; married
to Mr. T. Thomycroft, 1840. Executed 'Pmelope;' 'The Flower Girl ;' statues of the
Princess Alice, Princess Royal, Prin(?e of Wales, Prince Alfred, and a Girl Skipping, at
the Paris Exhibition of 1865 ; and other figures and statues.

THOROItD, John Henry, English politician, b. 1842 ; educated at Eton ; entered the
army, and was lieutenant in the 17th Foot; M.P. for Grantham, 1865-68.

THORPB, Benjamin, English author, b. 1808 ; received a literary pension of £150
per annum. Translated Rask's 'Anglo-Saxon Grammar.' Published 'Ancient Law and
Institutes of England,' 1848 ; ' Northern Mythology,' 1852 ; and other works.

THOUVENEL. Cdonard Antoine, French statesman, b. at Verdun. Nov. 11,
1818 ; became attache to the French embassy at Brussels, 1844 ; secretary of legation at
Athens, 1845 ; charg6 d'affaires, 1848, and minister-plenipotentiary at the same court,
1849 ; appointed minister of foreign affairs after the coup d'6tat of Dec. 2, 1851 ;
ambassador to Constantinople, 1855 ; created a senator, May 17, 1859 ; appointed
minister of foreign affairs, Jan. 4, 1860 ; resigned, Aug. 16, 1862. Author of * La Hongrie
et la Valachie ;' ' Souvenirs de Voyages et Notices historiques,' 1840.

THURIiOlV, Edward Thomas HoveU Thurlow, Baron, English adniinis-
trator, b. 1837 ; a deputy-lieutenant and magistrate of Suffolk ; succeeded his father,
third baron, 1857.

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TH'WAITES, Sir John^ English administrator, b. 1815 ; is a magistrate and deputy-

lieuteuant of Middlesex ; chosen chairman of the Metropolitan Board of Works, 1857 ;

knighted in commemoration of the opening of the great Main Drainage works of London,

May 18ti5.
THYNNE, lK>rd Henry Frederick, English politician, b. 1832; is a J. P. and

deputy-lieutenant of Wilte and Somerset, and comet of Wilts Yeomanry; M.P. for

South Wiltshire since 1859.

TICKNOR, George; American author, b. at Boston, Aug. 1, 1791 ; studied at Dai't-
mouth College, where ne graduated, 1807 ; called to the bar, 1813 ; studied philology at
the University of Gottingen ; appointed professor of modem languages and literature at
Harvard University, i817. Author of * History of Spanish Literature,' New York and
London, 1849 ; * Life of Prescott,' 18(53 ; and other works.

TISCHENDORF. Constaatiiii Genuan philologist, b. at Lengenfeld, Saxony,
Jan. 18, 1818 ; studied philology at the University of Leipsic ; received the degree of
D.D. from the University of Bieslau, 1843 ; appointed professor of theology and Biblical
literature in the University of Leipsic, 1845 ; discovert'd the Codex Sinaitii^us ; ennobled
by the Emperor of Russia, 1869. Published editiojis of the ' New Testament ;' several
Scriptural 'Codices;' the 'Apocryphal Books of the New Testament ;' and other philo-
logical works.

TITE. 'William, English architect, b. 1800 ; appointed architect of the New Royal
Exchange, 1846; erected several railway stations, Gothic churches, and public and
private buildings ; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Middlesex, and magistrate of 8omer-
But; M.P. tor Bath since 1855. Author of 'Descriptive Catalogue of the Autiquities
found in the Excavations at the New Royal Exchange,' 1848.

TITIENS, Therese, German operatic singer, b. at Hamburg, 1834; made her first
appearance at Hambui'g as ' Lucrezia ' in Donizetti's opera, 1849, and her debut in London
as 'Valentine' in 'The Huguenots,' 1S68 ; has performed in the principal cities of
Europe.

TODD, Rev. James Henthome, English author, b. in Dublin, 1805 ; graduated at
Trinity College, Dublin, of which he was elected a fellow, 1831 ; librarian and regius-
professor of Hebrew in the University of DubUn. Author of ' Lectures on Antichrist ;'

* Memoir of St Patrick's Life and Mission ;' and other works.

TODHUNTER, Isaac, English mathematician, b. at Rye, 1820 : studied at University
College, Loudon, and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1848, and
M.A. ; became fellow, assistant-tutor, and principal mathematical lecturer to his college.
Author of ' The Ditferential Calculus ;' ' Plane Co-ordinate Geometry ;' ' Spherical Trigo-
nometry ;' and other mathematical works.

TODItBBEN, Eduard Ivanovich, Russian military commander, b. at Mitau, Cour-
land, May '25, 1818 ; studied at the schools of Riga, and at the College of Engineers of
St. Petersburg ; served in the Circassian campaign, 1848 ; second captain in the corps
of engineers sent to the Crimea, 1855; c(»nstructed the foi-tiflcations of Sebantopol,
and was appointed major-general and ac^utant-general, 1854. Author of ' Narrative of
the War in the Crimea,' 1864.

TOItDYy Franx Scbedel, Hungarian author, b. at Buda, Aug. 10, 1805; entered the
University of Pesth, 1819, and graduated M. D. 1829 ; director of the Kisfaludy Society
of Pesth, 1841-44 ; appointed librarian to the University of Pesth, 1844. Author of

• Handbook of Hungarian Poetry,' Pesth and Vienna, 1828 ; and numerous other works
on Hmigarian literatui'e.

TOIiIiEMACHE, John, English politician, b. 1805; a magistrate and deputy-lieu-
tenant of the county of Chester ; M.P. for South and West Cheshire since 1841.

TOMIiINE, George, English politician, b. 1807; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
of Lincolnshire; was high sherift, 1852; and colonel of Lincoln Militia; M.P. for Sud-
bury, 1840-41, for Shrewsbury, 1841-47 and 1852-68; returned M.P. for Great Grimsby,
1868.

TOMMASEO, Nicolo, Italian politician and author, b. in Dalmatia, 1803; educated
in Italy; became member of the Provisional Government of Venice, and minister of
worship ami public instruction, 1848. Author of 'Commentary on Dante,' Venice,
1837; 'A Collection of Popular Poetiy indigenous to Coraica, Tuscany, Dalmatia, and
Greece, with Historical Introductions,' ib. 1849;, and other works.

TORCY, Raphael ViUedicu, Marquis de, French politician, b. March 16, 1827 ;
formerly an officer in the navy ; member of the Corps L6gislatif for the department of
the Oroe since 1860.

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TORREAR8A, Vlncenso FardeUa^ M arqnlfe di, Italian statesman, b. at
Trapini, July 17, 1808 ; took part in the Revolution in Sicily, 1848; was deputy finom
Trapini, and president of the Chamber of Representatives ; president of the Cabinet,
and minister of foreign aflaire, 1848; elected deputy to the National Parliament for
Turin, 1860 ; ambassador of Italy to Stockholm and Copenhagen, 18tfl.

TORRENS, Robert. English politician, b. 1810; educated at Haileybuiy College;
was fonnerly in the East India Civil Service, Ben£^ ; retired, 1868 ; M.P. for Carrick-
fergus, 185^-68; returned M.P. for Cambridge, 1868.

TORRENS^ 'William Torrens M cCnllacli^ English author and politician,
b. 1813 ; educated at Trinity College, Dul>lin, where he graduated B.A. 1834, LUB. 1840;
called to the Irish bar, 1836; formerly an assistant Poor Law commissioner; M.P. for
Dundalk, 1848-52 ; for Great Yarmouth, 1857; and for Mnsbury since 1865. Author of
' Industrial Uistoiy of the Nation ;' and other works on political economy.

TORRINOTON. Oeorire Bynff. Viscount, English administrator, b. 1812;
studied at the University of Oxford; governor and commander-in-chief of Ceylon,
1847-50- lord-in- waiting to the Queen, 1850 to March 1852; reappointed, Dec. 1852; a
deputy- lieutenant of Kent

TOTTENHAM, Cbarlett Oeorire, English politician, b. 1835; captain and lieu-
tenant-colonel Scots Fusilier Guards ; M.P. for New Ross, 1863-68.

TOUCHARD, Philippe Victor, French naval commander, b. July 21, 1810;

entered the ntivy, 1826 ; rear-admiral, March 16, 1859 ; charged with the command of the

French fleet in the Levant, 1861 ; vice-admiral, 1864 ; ai>pointed member of the Council of

Admiralty, 1864.
TOUIiONO£ON, Hippolyte Alexandre, Couite de, French politician, b. at

Eclans, Dec. 31, 1820 ; appointed sub-prefect of Ddle, 1851 ; resigned, 1856 ; member

of the Corps L^gislatif for the department of Jura since 1857.

TOUROUENEFF, iTan, Russian novelist, b. at Orel, Nov. 9, 1818 ; studied at
Moscow and St Petersbui>g, 1833, and at Berlin, 1838. Author of 'Otzy i Deti,' 1862;
' Duim,' 1867 ; and numerous other works.

TOU8SAINT, Anna Louisa, Dutch anthoress, b. at Alkmar, Sept 16. 1812; mar-
ried M. Bosboom, painter, 1851. Author of 'Almagro/ 1827; 'De Engelsene in Rom,'
1840 ; * Leycester in Nederland ;' and other romances.

TOUSSENEIt, Alphonsei French historical writer, b. at MontreuU Bellay, 1803.
Author of ' Les Juifs Rois de I'^poque, Histoire de la F^odalit^ financi^re,' 1844 ; ' Tristia,
Histoii-e des Miseres et des Fl^ux de la Chasse de France,' 1863 ; and other works.

TO^VNSHEND, John Villiers Stnart Townshend, Marqnis of, English
administrator, b. April 10, 1831 ; educated at Eton ; a magistrate of Norfolk and Herts,
and a deputy-lieutenant of Herts; was M.P. for Tam worth, 1856-63; succeeded his
father, fourth marquis, 1 863.

TRAIItli, Oeorire, English politician, b. 1796; vice-lieutenant of Caithness; was M.P.
for Shetland and Orkney, 1830-34 ; and for Caithness-shire since 1841.

TRAVOT, Victor, Baron, French politician, b. Oct 7, 1808 ; entered the army and
served in Africa as captain ; retired flrom the service, became mayor of Bouillac ; member
of the Corps L^slatif for the department of the Gironde, 1852-69.

TREDEOAR, Charles Moriran Robinaon Morgan, Baron, English adminis-
trator, b. 1793 ; educate at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford ; a deputy-lieu-
tvuant and magistrate of Monmouthshire and Glamoi-ganshire ; was M.P. for Brecon,
1818-32, and 1835-49 ; appointed m^or of the Glamorgan Militia, 1849 ; raised to the
peerage, 1859.

TREFU8I8, Hon. Charles Henry RoUe, English politician, b. 1834 ; educated
at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1856; a magistrate of
Devon, and m^or of the North Devon Mounted Rifles ; M.P. for N. Devon, 1857-68.

TREHERNE, Morgan, English politician, b. 1803; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated M. A. 1827 ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1831 ;
a magistrate of Sussex, and a deputy-lieutenant of Surrey ; adopted the name of Tre-
heme in lieu of Thomas, 1856; M.P. for Coventry, 1863-68.

TRE'HOUART, Francois Thon&as, French naval commander, b. at VieuviUe,
April 27, 1798 ; entered the navy ; nominated lieutenant after the battle of Navarino,
1829 : vice admiral, 1851 ; commanded a fleet in the Mediterranean, 1856^8 ; member of
the Council of the Admiralty, 1858-63 ; created a senator, Aug. 13, 1859.

TRBIItHARD, Acbille, Conite, French politician, b. at Toulouse, June 1815;
magistrate at Rouen, 1848 ; appointed director of the press, 1862, and counsellor of state,
1864,

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TREIiA^VNEY, Sir Jobn Salusburyy English politician, b. 1818; educated
at Westminster, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn,
1840; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Cornwall; M.P. for Tavi-
stock, 1843-52, and 1867-68; returned M.P. for East Cornwall, 1869.

TREVEIiYAN, Sir Charles Edinrard^ English colonial administrator, b. 180 r;
educated at the Charterhouse, and Haileybury College ; entered the East India Com-
pany's civil service ; aspistant-secretary to the Treasury in England, 1840-59 ; appointed
governor of Madras, 1859 ; recalled, 1860 ; sent to India as minister of finance, 1863 ;
resigned, 1864.

TREVZSIiYAN, George Otto, English politician, b. 1838, son of the preceding ;
educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he jrraduated B.A. 1861,
M.A. 1864; a deputy-lieutenant of Northumberland; M.P. for Tynemouth, 1865-68;
returned M.P. for Hawick, 1868.

TRE'VISE, Napole'on Mortier, Due de, French politician, b. at Paris, Aug. 7,
1804 ; nominated member of the Imperial Senate, 1853, and chaniberlain to the Emjmror,
1862 ; entered the Municipal Council of Paris for the canton of Sceaux, 1864.

TREVOR, Rev. QeorgCf English divine, b. 1810; educated at Magdalen Hall,
Oxford, where he graduated S.C.L. 1834; and afterwards B.A. and M.A. ; chaplain on
the Madras Establishment, East Indies, 1836-45 ; appointed rector of All Saints, York,
and honorary canon of York Cathedral, 1847. Author of 'Origin, Constitution, and
Form of Proceedings in the Convocations of the two Provinces of Canterbury and
York;' and other works.

TRIQUETIi Henri, Baron de, French sculptor, b. at Conflans, Loiret, 1802.
Executed 'LaVierge et I'Enfant,' 1838; * Moise expos6,* ' Suzanne au Bain,' 1857 ; and
numerous busts, medallions, groups, and bas-reliefs.

TROCHU, laouis Jnles, French military commander, b. at Morbihan, March 12,
1815 ; studied at St. Cyr, and at the i^cole d' Application ; lieutenant, 1840 ; lieutenant-
colonel, 1853 ; general of brigade, 1854 ; general of division, 1859.

TROIiIiOPE, Anthony. English novelist, b. 1815 ; educated at Winchester and Harrow.
Author of 'Barchester Towers;' 'Rachel Ray;' 'Can you Forgive her?' 1864; 'Miss
Mackenzie,' 1865 ; and numerous other works of fiction.

TROIiIiOPB, Rev. Ed^nrard, English divine, b. April 15, 1817; educated at EtAn,
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in 1839 ; appointed rector of Leasing-
ham, Lincolnshire, 1843 ; prebendary of the cathedral church of Lincoln, 1861. Author
of 'Illustrations of Ancient Art;' 'Labyrinths, Ancient and Modem;' 'The Use and
Abuse of Bricks;' and other works.

TROIiIiOPE, Riierht Hon. Sir John, English politician, b. 1800; educated
at Eton ; a magis^te and deputy-lieutenant of T^incolnshire ; chief commissioner of
the Poor Law Board, and sworn in the Privy Council, 1852 ; M.P. for South Lincolnshire,
1841-65.

TROItliOPE, Thomas Adolphns, English author, b. 1810, brother of the preceding ;
educated at Winchester, and St. Alban Hall, Oxford. Published two volumes on
'Brittany,' 1840 ; ' The Girlhood of Catherine de* Medici ;* 'A Decade of Italian Women ;'
* A Life of Filippo Strozzi,' 1860 ; 'La Beata,' 1861 ; and other works.

TROPIiONG, Raimond The'odore, French judge, b. at St. Gaudens, Haute-
Garonne, Oct. 8, 1795 ; studied law, and was called to the bar ; appointed president of
the Court of Nancy, 1833 ; president of the Court of Paris, Dec. 2, 1848 ; nominated to
the Senate, Jan. 25, 1852, of which he became president, 1854 ; first president of the
Court of Cassation, 1852 ; appointed member of the Privy Council, 1858 ; elected member
of the French Academy, 1840. Author of 'Le Code civil expliqu6,' 1833-58; and other
legal works.

TROITB RIDGE, Sir Thomas St. Vincent Hope Cochrane, English officer,
b. 1817 ; entered the army, 1834 ; served in the Crimea, at Alma and Inkermann ; lieu-
tenant-colonel, 1854 ; director-general of the Army Clothing Department.

TROUSSEAU, Armand, French physician, b. at Tours, Oct. 14, 1801 ; graduated
M.D. at Paris, 1825 ; appointed professor and physician to the Hdtel Dieu, 1850 ; pro-
fessor of materia medica to the Faculty, 1864. Author of ' Clinique m6dicale de I'Hdtel
Dieu de Paris,' 1861 ; and other medical works.

TUCKERMAN, Henry Theodore* American author, b. at Boston, April 20, 1813.
Author of * Italian Sketch-Book,' 1835 ; 'The Spirit of Poetry,' Boston, 1851 ; 'A Month
in England,' New York, 1853 ; 'Leaves from the Diary of a Dreamer,* London, 1853; and
other works.

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TUGNOT DE ImAKOITE, Ferdinmndy Fmnch writer, b. near Avignon, 1810.
Author of • Songeg et R^ veils,* 1R38 ; • Le Niger,' 1858 ; * Les grandes Sf^nes de la Nature,'
1802 ; ' Rameses le Grand, on I'Egypte il y a 3,300 Ans,' 1865 ; and other works.

TUIiltOCHy Rev. John, Scottish divine, b. near Tibbermnir, Perthshire, 1822;
entered the United College of St Salvador and St. Leonard, St. Andrew's, 1837 ; ortlained,
1844; appointed principal of St. Mary's Colleee. University of St Andrew's, 1854.
Author of ' Leaders of the Reformation,' 1859 ; * English Puritanism and ita Leaders,'
IStJl ; pcmtributor to the British Quarterly Review^ the Contemporary Review, and otiier
periodical publications.

TUPPXSRy Martin Farquhar, English writer, b. in London, 1810 ; educated at the
Charterhouse, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A., M.A., and D.C.L;
called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn. Author of 'Proverbial Philosophy;' *The Crock of
Gold ;' * Paterfomilias' Diary ;' and other works in prose and verue.

TURGOT, laonlv Felix Ctienne, Marquis dCi French diplomatist, b. at Bons,
Calvadtts, Sept 26, 1796 ; studied at the Military School of St Cyr ; was an officer in the
R«)yal Guard, but resigned. 1880 ; entered the Chamber of Peers, 1832 ; took part in the
ministry, and in the coup a'etat of Dec. 2, 1851 ; resigned the portfolio of foreign affairs,
Julv 1852, and entei-ed the Senate ; ambassador to the court of Spain, 1853 ; envoy to
the'United States, 1854.

TURMEItllTRE, Charles Baotlste Josepli Tholnnet de la^ French
politician, b. at Ancenis, Oct. 26, 1823; studied law ; nominated counsellor of the pre-
fecture of Li>ire Inf6rieure, 1848 ; resigned, 1857 ; member of the Corps Legislatif for
the department of Loire Inf^rieure since June 1867.

TURNER, Charles, English politician, b. 1803; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
of the county of Lancaster ; J. P. of Liverpool, and a merchant in that city; was M.P.
for Liverpool, 1852-53, and for South Lancashire since 1861.

TURNER, Samael, American theologian, b. at Philadelphia, Jan. 23. 1790 : studied at
the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated, 1807 ; appointed professor of Hebrew in
Columbia College, 1831. Author of * Biographi<*al Notices of Jewish Rabbis, with
Translations and Notes;' 'Thoughts on Scriptural Prophecy,* New York, 1862; and
other theological works.

TURNER, Rer. Sydney, English writer, b. 1814 ; educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. 1836 ; ordained deacon, 18.M7, and priest, 1838 ; appointed
inspector of reformatories in England and Scotland, 1858. Author of a pamphlet on
' Reformatory Schools,' and other publications on the same subject.

TURR, Istvan, Italian military commander, b. at Ba;ia, in Hungary, 1825 ; became a
lieutenant in the Austrian army, 1848 ; deserted to Piedmont, and appointed colonel of
the Hungarian Legion in the Sardinian service, 1849 ; took part as a volunteer in the
campaign in the Crimea ; colonel, and member of Garibaldi's staff, 1859 ; general of
division in the army of Italy, 1861 ; resigned, 1864.

TWEEDDAI<E| George Hay, Marquis of, English administrator, b. 1787;
succeeded his father, seventh marquis, in the peerage, 1804 ; lieutenant-general in the
army ; colonel of the 3d Foot, and lord-lieutenant of the county of Haddington ; was
govpmor and commander-in-chief of Madras, 1842-46 ; aide-de-camp to the late DuJ^e of
Wellington during the Peninsular War.

TWISIiETON, Hon. Edivard Turner Boyd, English administrator, b. 1809;
educated at Winchester, and at Trinity and Balliol Colleges, Oxford ; called to the bar of
the Inner Temple, 1835 ; was assistant Poor Law commissioner in England, 1839 ; com-
missioner of inquiry into the Scottish Poor Laws, 1843 ; chief commissioner of Poor Laws
in Ireland, 1846-49 ; appointed one of the Oxford University commissioners, 1855 ; com-
missioner of inquiry into English Public Schools, 1861 ; one of the Civil Service commis-
sicmers since 1862.

TWISS, Travcrs, English author, b. at Westminster, 1810 ; educated at University
College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1830 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1840 ;
admitted an advocate at Doctors' Commons; regius-professor of civil law in the
University of Oxford, 1855 ; chancellor of the diocese of London, 1858. Author of "The
Orejron Question examined with respect to the Law of Facts and Nations,' 1846 ; * The Law
of Nations considered as Independent Political Communities,' 1861 ; and other legal works.

TYNDAIiIi, John, English natural philosopher, b. 1820 ; educated on the Continent;
employed for some years on the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom ; professor of
natural science in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and Sir R. Rede's lecturer at
Cambridge. Author of • The Glaciers of the Alps,' 1860 ; ' Heat considered as a Mode of
Motion,' 1863 ; * Faraday as a Discoverer,' 1868 ; and other works.

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[ 265 ]

u.

UBICINI, Jean Henri Abdolonymey French political writer, b. at Issoudun,
Oct. 20, 1818 ; studied at the Lyc6e of Versailles, 183(}-88. Author of * Lettres sur la
Tui-quie,' 1847-51 ; * La Question des Principautes danubiennes devant I'Europe,' 1858 ;
and other political and statistical works.

UCHARDy Mario, French dramatic writer, b. at Paris, 1824. Author of *Le Retour
du Man,' ]>erformed Marcli 1, 1858; *La Seconde Jeunesse,' April 27, 1859; 'Une Der-
niere Passion,' 1865 ; and other dramas and romances.

UE CHTRITZ, Friedrich TOn, Genuan dramatic writer, b, at Gorlitz, in Prussia,
1800 ; studied law in the University of Leipsic. Author of ' Chrysostomus,' Brandenburg,
1822; 'Alexander und Darius,' Berlin, 1827; 'Albrecht Holm,' ib. 1851-53; and other
dramas, poems, and novels.

TJHIiICH, Lebrechty German theologian, b. at Kothen, Feb. 27, 1799; studied
theology at the University of Halle ; professor of the same at Kothen, 1820; pastor at
Diebzig, near Aix-la-Chapelle, 1824 ; pastor of a 'German Catholic' congregation at Mag-
deburg, Author of ' Bekenntnisse,' Leipsic, 1845 ; ' Aus der Vemunftreligion,' 1855 ;
* Der Process der freien Gemeinde in Magdeburg,' 1856 ; and other theological works.

XJHRICH^ Jean Jacques Alexis, French military commander, b. at Phakboui^,
Feb. 15, 1802; studied at St. Cyr; second lieutenant, 1820; colonel, 1848; general of
brigade, 1852 ; general of division, 1855 ; grand oflBcer of the L6gion d'honneur, 1862.

TJItBACH. Iionis, French author, b. at Troyes, March 7, 1822; studied in Paris.
Author of 'Gloriana,' 1844; 'Jacques Souflrant,' 1851 ; ' M^moires d'un Inconnu,' 1864 ;
and other works ; contributor to the Revv^e de Paris, Le Temps, and other French
periodical publications.

TJIaliOA, Girolamo^ Italian general, b. at Naples, 1810 ; studied in the Royal Polytechnic
School, Naples, and entered the anny, 1840 ; colonel and general of brigade, 1848 ; dei)uty
to the Parliament of Naples, 1848 ; commanded troops in the Italian campaign of 1859.
Author of ' The Italian War of Independence in 1848 and 1849/ Paris, 1859 ; and other
works on Italy and on military tactics.

UI«RICH| TituSy German poet, b. at Habelschwerdt, county of Glatz, Prussia,
Aug. 22, 1813; studied at the Universities of Breslau and Berlin, and graduated Ph.D.
1836. Author of * Das Hohe Lied,' Berlin, 1845 ; ' Victor,' ib. 1848 ; and other poems.

TJIiRICIy Hermann^ German philosophical writer, b. at Pfdrten, March 23, 1806;
studied at Leipsic, Halle, and Berlin ; professor at Berlin, 1833, and at HalJe since
1834. Author of * Charakteristik der antiken Historiographie,' Berlin, 1833; 'System
der Logik,' Leipsic, 1852 ; and other works.

TJNSOAARD, Yves John, Danish statesman, b. at Copenhagen, Sept. 4, 1797 ;
nominated grand bailiff of Odense, 1848 ; member of the Second Chamber of the National
Assembly, 1850-51 ; minister of the interior, 1854-55, and again 1856-57.

UPHAMy Thomas, American theologian, b. 1801 ; professor of psychology and Hebrew
at Boudoin College, Maine, 1824. Author of 'Elements of Mental Philosophy,' New
York, 1850; 'Life and Religious Opinions of Mme. Guyon,' ib. 1865; and numerous
philosophical worka

UPPSTROEM, Anders, Swedish author, b. at Hammarby, June 29, 1806 ; professor
at the Cathedral School of Upsal, and master of the Academy of the same town. Editor
of ' Aivaggeljo Thairh Matthaiu,* Upsal, 18^0 ; * Codex Argenteus, sive Sacrorum Evan-
geliorum Versionis Gothicse Fragmenta,' 1854.

URQUHART, Dayid, English author and politician, b. 1805 ; educated at St. John's
College, Oxford; entered the diplomatic service, and was secretary to the British
embassy at Constantinople; M.P. for Stafford, 1847-52. Author of 'Turkey and its
Resources,* 1841 ; ' The Pillars of Hercules,' 1850 ; and other geographical and statistical
works.

TJRQUHART, William Pollard, English author, b. 1815 ; educated at Harrow, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A 1838; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant for West Meath ; was high sheriff, 1840, and a magistrate of the county of
Aberdeen ; M.P. for the county of West Meath, 1852-57. Author of 'Essays on Political
Economy ;' and other works.

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[ 266 ]

U9QTJIZA. Jvsto Jose de, Arjrcntine statesmaTi, b. in the province of Entre-Rios,
1800 ; nominated governor of his native province, 1842 : general-in-chief of the Ai^ntine
Confederation, 1861 ; governor of ttie province of Entre-Rios, 1862.

TJ88INO9 Jotaan lK>alB« Danish philologist, b. at Copenhagen, 1820 ; studied at the
University of his native town ; nominated professor of philolc^y and archaeology at
Copenhagen, 1849. Author of 'Travels in the South,' Copenhagen, 1847; and other
work«.

TJ88INO . Tmt^ Almreen, Danish statesman, b. at Fredericksbuiig, Od 11, 1797 ;
Htudied law at the University of Copenhagen ; appointed professor of law at the same
University, 1840; member of the Diet. 1840; re-elected to the Diet, 1848; nominated
pri^-y councillor, 1854. Author of 'Handbook of Danish Criminal Law,* 1841; and
other legal works.

TJZE'8. Armand Oe'rand Victomleiii Due de, French politician, b. 1808;
served in the army ; was member of the Chamber of Deputies for the arrondissement of
Bourbonne, 1844-48; elected member of the Corps L^gislatif for the circonscription of
Uzte, 1862 ; retired, 1867.

V.

VACHEROTi E'tiennei French philosophical writer, b. at Langres. July 29, 1S09;
entered the I^Jcole Normale, 1827 ; graduated Ph.D. 1836. Author of 'Histoire critique
de I'tcote d'Alexandrie,' 1846-51; 'Essais de Philosophic critique,' 1864; and other
philosophical works.

VACQUERIE, Animate, French author, b. at Paris, 1818. Author of *L'Enfer de
TEsprit,' a poem, 1840; 'Les Fun^railles de I'Honneur,' 1862; 'Les Miettes de I'His-
toire,' 1863 ; and other dramas, poems, and works of fiction ; contributor to the C/ofte,
and other French journals.

VAIIiIiANT. Jean Paptiat« Philibert, Comte d«, French military commander,
b. at Dijon, Dec. 6, 1790 ; studied at the Ecole Polsrtechnique of Paris and Metz, and
entered the army as lieutenant, 1809 ; taken prisoner in the Russian campaign, 1813 ;
took part in the battle of Waterloo; captain, 1816 ; colonel, 1833 ; governor of the Ecole
Polytechniqne, 1839, and director of the fortifications of Paris, 1840 ; lieutenant-general,
1846; marshal of France, 1851; received the title of count, 1862; minister of war,
1854-60; governor of the Prince Imperial, 1860; minister of the Imperial House,
Nov. 14, 1861.

VAISSEy Mare Antoine. French magistrate, b. at Marseilles, Sept. 8, 1806 ; studied
law at Aix ; king's counsel at Toulon, 1833 ; vi(;e-president of the Tribunal of MarseiUes,
1849 ; president of the Criminal Court of Paris, 1857 ; member of the Council of State,
1856.

VAIiETTE, Clande Denis, French jurist, b. at Salins, Jura, Aug. 15. 1805 ; licen-
tiate of law in Pans, 1827, and LL.D. 1880; assistant-professor of civil law at the
University of Paris, 1833 ; was member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies
for the department of Jura. Author of ' Explication somniaire du Livre I<v da Code
Napoleon,' 1859 ; and other legal works.

VAIiLAURI* TommasOy Italian philologist, b. at Cuneo, Piedmont, Jan. 23, 180.*^;
studied at tlie University of Turin; professor of Greek and Latin eloquence at the
University of Turin, 1838. Author of 'History of Poetry in Piedmont,' Turin, 1841 ;
and other works.

VAMBERY, Armin, Hungarian traveller, b. at Duna, S/.erdahely, 1832 ; studied at
Pesth ; took part in the Revolution of 1848, and was banished by the Austrian autho-
rities. Author of * Travels and Adventures in Central Asia,' London, 1865 ; and other
works of travel.

VANDEIiEUR, Crofton Moore, English i>olitician, b. 1809; educated at Harrow,
and Trinity College, Cambridge ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of the county of
Clare; was high sheriff, 1832, and colonel of the Clare Militia; M.P. for the county of
Clare since 1859.

VANE, George Henry Robert Charles William Vane Temi^Bt, Earl,

English administrator, b. at Vienna, April 26, 1821 ; educated at Eton, and Balliol
College, Oxford; lieutenant Ist Life Guards, 1843; retir^, 1848; was M.P. for North
Durham, 1847-64 ; succeeded his father in the earldom, March 6, 1854 ; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of the counties of Durham, Montgomery, and Merioneth.

Vap HAJ^^DBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. VeP

__ [ 257 ]

VAPEREAUi Itouis, Gustave, French author, b. at Orleans, April 4, 1819 ; studied
in Orleans, and at the 6cole Normale, Paris ; called to the bar at Paris, 1854. AutJior of

' * Dictionnaire unlversel des Contemporains,' 1858 ; third edition, 1865; 'L'Annee litt6-
raire et dramatique ;' and other works.

VARENNEi Comte Charles de la^ French author, b. in Paris, Dec. 2, 1828 ;
was a law student, 1848, And took part in the Revolution of February ; oflScer in the
Sardinian anny during the campaign of 1848 and 184t). Author of * Le Gouvernement
provisoire et I'Hdtel de Ville,' 1850; 'La V6rite but les 6v6nements de Turin,' 1866-6tf;
and other political works.

VARENNEi Jacques H'dovLard, Fiench diplomatist, b. at Ch&lons-sur-Sadne, Sept.
21, 1795 ; entered the diplomatic service, and was minister-plenipotentiary to Portugal
after 1830 ; member of the Chamber of Deputies for Chaions-sur-Sadne, 1842-46 ; ambas-
sador to Berlin, 1852 ; created a senator, 1853.

VASCONCEIiIiOS, Antonio Augusto Teixeira de, Portuguese author, b. at
Porto, Nov. 1, 1816 ; studied law, and graduated LL. D. 1844 ; elected member of the
Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, 1860. Author of ' Portugal and the House of
Braganza,' 1859; 'A Fundagao da Monarchia portugueza,' Lisbon, 1860; and other
works.

VAUGHANi ReT. Charles John, English divine, b. 1817 ; educated at Rugby, and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. ; elected head master of Harrow
School, 1844 ; resigned, 1859 ; was offered, but declined, the bishopric of Rochester,
1860 ; vicar of Duncaster, Yorkshire. Author of several volumes of sennons.

VAUX, 'William Sandys VTrinrht, English archseologist, b. 1818 ; educated at Balliol
College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840 ; entered the service of the British Museum
in the department of Antiquities, 1841 ; appointed keeper of the department of Coins
and Medals, Jan. 1861 ; president of the Numismatic Society. Author of ' Nineveh and
Persepolis;' 'Handbook to the Antiquities in the British Museum,' London, 1851; and
other historical and archaeological works.

VEHSE, Karl Eduard, German historical writer, b. at Freiberg, Saxony, Dec. 18,
1802 ; studied law at Leipsic and Gottingen ; graduated LL.D. 1826. Author of 'History
of the Emperor Otto the Great,' Zittau," 1828 ; ' Geschichte der deutschen Hofe seit der
Reformation,' Hamburg, 1851 ; and other historical works.

VEI&Ay Vincenxo, Italian sculptor, b. at Ligumetto, canton of Tessin, 1822 ; studied
sculpture under Cacciatori ; fought as a volunteer in the Italian war of independence,
1848. Executed 'Spartacus,' 1855; a group of 'France and Italy,' and other groups,
statues, and bas-reliefs.

VEIiPEAUi Alfred Armand Louis Marie, French surgeon, b. at Br^che, Indre-
et-Loire, May 18, 1795; studied at Tours, and in Paris, where he graduated M.D. 1822;
nominated surgeon to the Hdpital de la Piti6, 1830 ; and professor of clinical surgery to
the Hdpital de la Charity, 1835 ; elected member of the Academy of Medicine, 1832, and
of the Academy of Sciences, 1842. Author of • Traite d* Anatomic chirurgicale,' 1825 ;
'Traitement du Docteur Vri6s,' 1859 ; and numerous other medical works.

VENEDEY, Jacob, German author and ))oIitician, b. at Cologne, May 24, 1805;
studied at Bonn and Heidelbei^ ; member of the German National Parliament, 1848-49 ;
exiled from Prussia, 1850 ; appointed professor of history at the University of Zurich,
1863. Author of 'John Hampden,' 1843; 'History of the German People,' Berlin,
1854-58 ; and other historical and political works.

VERDI, Giuseppe, Italian musical composer, b. at Rancola, duchy of Parma, Oct. 9,
1814; studied under an organist at Milan, 1833-36, and under l^avinga. Composed
'Oberto di San Bonifazio,' 1839; 'Lombardi,' 1843 ; 'II Trovatore,' 1853 ; 'La Traviata;'
•Un Ballo in Maschera,' 1861 ; and numerous other operas.

VERGE', Charles Henri, French author, b. at Paris, July 22, 1810; studied law,
and graduated LL.D. 1840 ; appointed member and secretary of the High Commission of
Law Studies, 1848. Author of 'Diplomates et Publicistes,' 1856 ; and numerous legal
vorks.

VERNEUIIi, Philippe E'douard PouUetier de, French naturalist, b. at Paris.
Feb. 3, 1806 ; studied law, and was attached to the Ministry of Justice till 18:^3 ; elected
meml)er of the French Academy, 1864. Author of 'Memoire sur les Fossilesdes Bords
du Rhin,' 1842 ; * (Jeologie de la Russie d* Europe,' 1845 ; and other works.

VERNE Y. Sir Harry, English politician, b. 1801 ; educated at Harrow and Sand-
hurst ; a aeimty-lieutenant of Bucks ; assumed the name of Vemey in lieu of Calvert ;
formerly lieutenant and uaptain Grenadier Guards ; wate M.P. for Buckingham, 1832-41 ;
for Bedford, 1847-52; M.P. for Buckingham since 1857.

s

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[ 268 ]

VERNINAO SAINT M AUR, Raymond Jean Baptiste, French naval
coininauder, b. June 11, 1794; entered the navy, 1812; captain, 1842; imder-secretary of
state in the Ministry of Marine, June H to July 17, 1848 ; appointed rear-admiral, 1848;
governor of Reunion, 1849.

VBRNON* Ani^nstna Henry Venables, Baron, b. 1829 ; a deputy-lieutenant
of Staffordshire ; succeeded his father, fifth baron, 1866.

VBRNON, Harry Foley, English politician, b. 1834; educated at Harrow, and
Magdalen College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1808, M.A. 1860; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of the county of Worcester; M.P. for East Worcestershire, 1861-68.

VBRNON HARCOURT, ^Villiam George, English jurist and journalist,
b. 1827 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1851 ; ealled to
the bar of the Inner Temple, 18:4 ; elected for Oxford, 1868. Author of ' The Letters of
Hittoricus ;' and several other pamphlets.

VB'RON, Pierre. French author, b. at Paris, 1833 ; studied at the Universities and the
^cole Normale. Author of ' Les R^alites humaines,' 1854 ; * Pans s'amnse,' 1861 ; * La
Famille Hasard,' 1865 ; and other works of fiction ; contributor to the Charivari since
1859.

VERUItAM, Jauiea "Walter Grimston, Earl, English administrator, b. 1809;
educated at Oxford ; sat in the House of Commons as Viscount Grimston, -1830 to 1845,
when he succeeded his father, the first carl ; lord-lieutenant of Herts, and lieutenant-
colonel of the South Herts Yeomanry.

VBUIIiIiOT, Enire'ne, French author, b. at Boynes, Loiret, 1818, brother of the fol-
lowing. Author of 'Histoire des Guerres de la Vendee et de la Bretagno, 1790-1832;*
'La Cochim-hine et le Touquin,* 1859; 'Le Piemont dans les Etats de I'Eglise,' ISGl ;
and other historical works.

VEUILIaOT, lK>ui8, French author, b. at Boyne-en-Gntinais, Loiret, 1813 ; educated
in a school near Paris ; editor of the Vniverg from 1848 until its suppression in 1861.
Author of ' Melanges rellgieux, historiques et litt^raires,' 1857-59 ; ' Biogiaphie de Pie IX'
1863 ; 'Satires,' 1863 ; and other works. ^

VIARDOT, IiOQia, French author, b. at Dijon, July 31, 1800; studied law in Paris, and
was called to the bar; director of the Italian Opera, Paris, 1838-40. Author of *£ssai
8ur I'Histoire des Arabes et des Maures d'Espague,' 1832 ; 'Comment faut-il encourager
les Arts?' 1862 ; and numerous other works.

VIARDOT, Madame Michelle Pauline Garcia, French operatic singer, b. in
Paris, July 18, 18ifl, wife of the preceding, and daughter of E. Garcia; studied under
Liszt ; made her d^but in London as Desdemona, May 1839 ; married to M. Louis
Viardot, 1840 ; has since sung in the principal cities of Europe.

VICTORIA I., Qneen of Great Britain and Ireland, b. at Kensington Palace,
London, May 24, 1819, the daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King
George III., and of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, widow of Prince Eniiuh
of Leiningen; ascended the throne at the death of her uncle, King William IV.,
June 20, 1837; crowned at Westminster Abbey, June 28, 1838; married, Feb. 10, 1840,
to Pfince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; widow, Dec. 14, 1861.

VIDAIi, Francisco Antonio, Uruguayan statesman, b. at Montevideo, 1827;
educated at Paris, and obtained the degree of doctor of medicine ; minister of the
interior of Uruguay, 1865-66 ; president of the Republic of Uruguay, 1866-68.

VIItAIN XIV., Charles Ghislain, Viscount, Belgian statesman, b. at Brussels,
May 15, 1803 ; studied at the College Charlemagne, and at the University of Liege ;
member of the National Congress for the district of Maestrieht, 1830 ; envoy-extra-
oiflinary and minister-plenipott ntiary to the Holy See, 1832 ; to the Two Sicilies and
other Italian courts till 1839 ; minister of foreign affairs, 1855-57.

VIItCOCQ, Antoine, French politician, b. at Paris, Sept. 14, 1822 ; sub-prefect of
Saneerre, 1848, of Bar-sur-Aube, 1850, and of Vervins, 1852; member of the Corps
L^slatif for the department of Aisne since 1863.

VIIiIiEMAIN. Abel Francois, French statesman, b. in Paris, June 11, 1701;
studied at the Lyc^e Imperial ; assistant-professor of rhetoric at the Lyc4e Charlemagne,
1810 ; member of the Chamber of Deputies for the department of the Eure, 1830 ; created
a peer of France, 1832; minister of public instmctinn, 1839-44. Author of ' Life of
Cromwell,' 1819; 'Studies of Modem History,' 1846; and numerous other, chiefly his-
torical, works.

HASDBOOK OF COXTEJiroBARr BIOGRArHl', 7,1

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Vll HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. VlT

[ 259 ]

VII«I«IERS| Right Hon. Charles Pelham, English statesman, b. 1802 ; edu-
cated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where ha graduated B. A. 1824, M. A. 1827 ; called to
the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1827 ; a deputy -lieutenant of Herts ; was judge-advocate-
general, 1852-58 4 president of the Poor Law Board, 1859-«6 ; M. P. ibr Wolverhampton
since 1835.

VINCENTi Alexander Joseph Hidnlphe. Fiench mathematician, b. at Hesdin,
Pas de Calais, Nov. 20, 1797 ; studied at the College of Douai ; appointed professor of
mathematics at the College of tit. Louis, 1831 ; elected member of the French Academy,
1850. Author of * Origine de nos Chiffres,* 1839 ; aud numerous other works.

VINCENT^ Iiouis Charles Marie, Baron de| French statesman, b. at Bt.
Domingo, Sept. 8, 1793 ; studied in the Military School of St. Germain ; was sub-lieu-
tenant in the Russian campaign, and fought at Waterloo ; retired from tlie army, 1825 ;
sub-prefect of Havre, 1848, of the Rb6ne, 1851 ; created a senator, 1859.

' VINCKE^ Ernst Georgi Baron von, Prussian statesman, b. at Buch, in West-
phalia, 1811 ; studied law at Gottingen and Berlin ; nominated auditor to the Municipal
Tribunal of Berlin, 1882 ; was member of the Pmssian Diet, 1847 ; of the German
National Assembly, 1849 ; and sat in the Parliament of Erfurt from March to May 1860 ;
member of the Second Prussian Chamber since 1852.

VIOItliET IiEDUC, Euse'ne Enxmanuel; French architect, b. at Paris, Jan. 27,
t 1814 ; stiKlied Gothic archi+ectnre under Ach. Lecl^re ; charged, with M. Lassus, with

^ the restoration" of Notre Dame de Paris, 1845 ; of Sainte Chapelle, 1840 ; and of numerous

churches and public buildings. Author of * Essai sur I'Architecture militaire au Moyen
Age,' 1854 ; and other nvorks on architecture.

VIRCHOW, Rudolf| German physiologist and politician, b. at Coeslin, Pomerania,

1821; studied under Johann MUller ; and graduated M.D. 1843; elected to the German

National Assembly, 1848 ; appointed professor of pathology in the University of Berlin,

1856 ; one of the leaders of {he ' Progress party ' in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies.

thor of 'Cellular Pathology, as based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology,'

; and other medical works.

GIN, Christian Adolf, Swedish navigator, b. at Gothenburg, Sept. 5, 1797 ;
Litenant in the navy, 1814 ; commodore, 1843 ; made voyages to Terra del Fuego,
liibraia, India, -China, and other parts of the world, 1851-&3 ; rear-admiral, lb53 ;
Swedish minister to the court of London, 1854.

VISCONTI VENOSTA, EmiUO| ItaUan statesman, b. at Viatelina, 1828 ; nomi-
nated, by Count Cavour, royal commissioner to Garibaldi, 1859 : sent with the Marquis
Pepoli on an extraordinary mission to Paris and London, 1860; elected member of the
Italian Parliament, 1861 ; minister of foreign affairs, 1863-65.

VITET, Louis, French author, b. at Paris, Oct. 18, 1802 ; admitted to the Paris ^cole
Normale, 1819 ; appointed secretary-general of commerce, 1834 ; entered the Council of
State, 1836 ; <me of the vice-presidents of the section of finance, 1846-48 ; elected
meml)er of the French Academy, 1845. Author of * La Mort de Henri III.' 1829;
* Etudes sur I'Histoire de I'Art,* 1864 ; and other historical works.

VITTORIO EMANUELE II., Kingr Of Italy^ b. March 14, 1820, eldest son of
King Carlo Alberto of Sardinia and Archduchess ITieresa of Austria ; succeeded to the
throne of Sardinia on the abdication of his father, March 23, 1849 ; proclaimed King of
Italy by vote of the Italian Parliament, March 17, 1861 ; married, April 12, 1842, to
Archduchess Adelaide of Austria, who died Jan. 20, 1855.

VIVIAN, Charles Crespigny ViTian, Baron, English administrator, b. 1808 ;
a major in the army ; appointed lord-lieutenant of Cornwall, 1856 ; sat in the House of
Commons as M^jor Vivian, 1837-41; succeeded his father, fli-st baron, 1841.

VIVIAN. Henry Hussey, English politician, b. 1821 ; educated at Eton, and
Trinity College, Cambridge ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Glamorganshire ;
M.P. for Truro, 1852-57 ; and for Glamorganshire since 1857.

VIVIAN. Hon. John Cranch Walker, English politician, b. 1818; a J. P. and
deputy-lieutenant of Cornwall ; formerly captain 11th Hussars ; M.P. for Falmouth,
18<^l-47 ; for Bodmin, 1857-59 ; and for Truro since 1865 ; appointed a lord of the
Treasury, 1868.

VIVIAN, Sir Robert John Hussey, English military commander, b. 1802;
educated at Gosport, the Ecole Militaire at Beauvais, and at the Royal College, Dresden;
formerly lietitenant-colonel of the 1st Madras Europeans ; adjutant general, 1849-54 ;
major-general in the Madras army ; commanded the Turkish contingent during the
Crimean war ; director of the East India Company, 1855-58 ; appointed member of the
Council of India, 1858.

B 2

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VXVIBN DB SAINT MARTIN, lK>niSy French geographer, b. at Calvados,
May 17, 1802. Author of * Carte ^lectorale et administrative,' 1823 ; ' ^udes de
O^ographie ancienne et d'Ethnographie asiatiqtte/ 1860-64; 'Le Nord de TAfrique
dans TAntiqnit^ grecque et rOmaine/ 1863 ; and numeruos other works, chiefly on
geography.

VOELOKERy Ani^iisti English chemist, b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1823 ; studied
at the University of Qottingen ; assistant professor of chemistry at Edinburgh, 1849 ;
professor of chemistrv at the Royal Agricultura) College at Cirencester, 1852 ; resigned,
1862, and appointed professor of chemistry to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England. Author of 'Chemistry of Food ;' 'Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry ;' and
other works on chemistry.

VOOT| Karly German naturalist, b. at Giessen, July 6, 1817 ; studied in his native town
under Liebig, and at Berne, where he graduated M.D. 1839 ; professor of zoology at the
University of Giessen, 1847; member of the German National Parliament, 1848;
appointed professor of natural history in the University of Greneva, 1851. Author of
lectures *0n Man, his Pla(« in Creation and in the History of the Eiarth ;' 'Science and
Superstition,' 1855 ; and other worics on natural history.

VOIZEf Adolphe de, French politician, b. at Voiron, March 1807 ; member of the
Corps L^^latif for the second circonscription of the department of Is^re since 1851.

VOIiK, Will&elmj German painter, b. at Herdecke, on the Ruhr, June 23, 1815.
Painted ' Good Shepherd ;' 'The Murder of Rizzio ;' * Death of Mary Stuart ;' ' Death of
Admiral de Coligny ;' and other works, chiefly historical.

VOItKMANNf Alfred WUhelm, German physiologist, b. at Leipsic, 1801 ; edu-
cated at the University of his native town ; graduated M.D. 1826 ; and studied in the
hospitals of Paris and London ; appointed professor of physiology in the University
of Dnrpat, 1837; resigned, 1843, and appointed professor of physiology at Halle.
Author of ' The Independence of the System of Sympathetic Nerves,' 1842 ; and other
medical works.

VRET08| Andre^r Papadopoxdos, Greek author, b. at Ithaca, 1800 ; studied in
Italy ; founded The Greek Mirror, 1830 ; Hellenic consul at Varna, 1849-51 ; at Venice,
1854-55 ; entered the service of RusKia, 1855 ; retired, 1858. Author of ' Bulgaria,
Ancient and Modem,' St. Petersburg, 1856; and numerous works in French, Italian, and
Greek.

VRET08. M aiinOy Greek author, b. at Corfu, Sept 18, 1828, son of the preceding ;
studied in Italy, and graduated LL.D. at the University of Pisa. Author of ' Modem
Athens,' Paris, 1861. Contributor to the Moniteur Univerael, and other French journals.

VUII«I«EFROY| Charles Ame'de'ey French politician, b. at Soissons, Aisne,
April 23, 1810 ; studied law in Paris ; auditor to the Council of State, 1832 ; member of
the Council of State, 1848, and of the Legislative Assembly; under-secretary in the
Ministry of l*ublic Works, Agriculture, and Commerce, 1862 ; appointed senator, 1863.

VUITRY. Adolphe, French statesman, b. at Sens, 1812; studied law in Paris;
appointed chief of department in the Ministry of Justice, 1841 ; mattrc des requites in
the Council of State, 1846 ; undersecretary of state in tlie Ministry of Finance, 1851 ;
appointed minister-president of the CouncU of State, Sept. 29, 1864.

w.

WADDINGTON, Charles, French author, b. June 19, 1819 ; studied at the Lyc^e
of Versailles, and entered the Ecole Nomiale, 1838; graduated Ph.D. 1848; appointed
professor of philosophy at the Lyc^ St. Louis at Paris, 1S64. Author of * Essais de
Logique,' 1858 ; * De TAme humaine, Etudes de Pdychologie,* 1862 ; and other philo-
sophical works.

Condition and Prospects of the Greek or Oriental Church,' 1829; 'History of the
Reformation on the Continent,' 1841 ; and other works.
WADDINGTONf William Henry, French author, b. in Paris, 1826 ; studied in
England at the University of Cambridge ; elected member of the French Academv, 1865
Author of 'Voyage en Asie Mineure au Point de Vue numismatiquo,* 1852; 'Voyace
arch6ologique en Gr6ce et en Asie Mineure,' 1864 ; and other works.

Wad HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Wal
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WADDY| Rev. Samuel Donsland;^iiglish dissenting minister, b. at Bnrton-
upon-Trent, Ang. 5, 1804 ; educated at Woodhouse Qrove School, and enteired the
Wesleyaa ministry, 1825 ; principal of Wesley College, Sheffield, 1830.

^fTAECHTER^ Karl Oeorg: Ton^ German jurist, b. at Marbach on the Neckar,
Dec 24, 1797 ; studied at the Universities of Tiibingen and Heidelberg ; professor of
law at Tiibingen, 1822, and rector of the University of the same town, 1826 ; professor
and chancellor of the same, 1836 ; president of the Wurtemberg Chamber of Deputies,
1839-51 ; privy councillor of the King of Sasony, and professor of law at the University
of Leipsic, 1852. Author of * Beurtheilung des Entwurfs eines Oivilgesetzbuchs fur das
Konigreich Sachsen,' Leipsi(^ 1853 ; and other legal works.

WAGNER^ MoritXy German traveller and author, b. at Bayreuth, Bavaria, 1813 ;
studied in Paris. Auuior of *Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier,' Leipsic, 1841 ; 'Reise
nach Kolchis,' ib. 1850 ; * Reisen in Nordamerica,' ib. 1864 ; and other works of travel.

WAGNER^ Richard, German musical composer, b. at Leipsic, Hay 22, 1813 ; studied
at Dresden, and the University of Leipzig ; appointed musical director to the Royal
Theatre of Dresden, 1843. Composed ' Rieuzl ;' ' Tannhauser ;' ' Lohengrin ;' and
numerous other operas.

'WAHIaBERG, Peter Fredrik, Swedish botanist, b. at Gothenburg, June 19, 1800 ;
studied medicine, and graduated M. D. 1827 ; appointed secretary to the Swedish Academy
of Sciences, 1848. Author of 'Flora Gothenburgensis,* 1847; and several treatises on
botany in the publications of the Swedish Academy of Sciences.

WAIL la Yj Joseph Noel^ French paleographer, b. at Mdzieres, May 10, 1806 ; elected
member of the ii"ench Academy, 1841 ; appointed keeper of manuscript department of
the Intperial Library, 1854. Author of * j^l^ments de Pal6ographie,' 1838 ; * Bur des
Fragments de Papyrus Merits en Latin et d^pos^s 4 la Biblioth^ue Royal et au Mus^e
de Leyde,* 1842 ; and other works.

IVAITZ, Qeorg, German historical writer, b. at Flensburg, Schleswig, Oct 9, 1813 ;
studied law and histoi-y at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin, 1832-36; member of the
Provisional Government of Rendsburg, and deputy to the National Assembly at Frankfort,
1848 ; appointed professor in the University of Gottingen, 1849. Author of * History of
the German Constitution,* Kiel, 1843-47 ; 'History of Schleswig and of Holstein,' Got-
tingen, 1851-54 ; and other historical works.

WAIiCOTTi John Edward, English politician, b. 1790 ; educated at Winchester ;
is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Hants ; vice-admiral on the reserved list; 31 .P.
for Christchurch, 1852-68.

WAIaCOTT^ Rev. Mackenxie Edveard Charles^ English divine, son of the
preceding, b. in Bath, 1822; educated at Winchester, and Exeter College, Oxford,
where he graduated, 1844 ; appointed precentor and prebendary of Chichester Cathedral,
1863. Author of ' ITie History of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster,' and other works.

WAItKER, Sir Baldwin "Wake^ English naval commander, b. 1803 ; entered the
navy, 1812; became lieutenant. 1820; commander, 1834; captain, 1838; appointed
surveyor of the navy, 1847, and created a baronet ; was rjBM|^ vice-admiral in the
Turkish service, and made K.C.B. 1841; attained flag ranl^^6; surveyor of the
navy« 1847-61 ; appointed to the command of the South African station, 1861.

WAIaKER. Georire Gnstavna, English politician, b. 1831 ; educated at Rugby,
and Balliol College, Oxford, where ne graduated B.A. 1851, M.A. 1855; a magistrate of
the county of Kirkcudbright, and a mijjor in the Scottish Borderers' Militia; M.P. for
Dumfriesshire, 1866 ; re-elected, 1869.

WAItlaON, Henri Alexandre. French author, b. at ValencienneR, Dec. 28, 1812 ;
studied at the Ecole Normale, 1831-34 ; member of the Legislative Assembly, 1849 ;
elected member of the French Academy, 1860. Author of ' Geographic politique des
Temps modemes,' 1839 ; * Dn Monoth^isme chez les Races s^mitiques,' 1859 ; * La Vie
de J^sus et son nouvel Historien,' 1864 ; and other works.

WAIaPOLE, Riirht Hon. Spencer Horatio, English statesman, b. 1806 ; edu-
cated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1S28 ; called
to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1881 ; a bencher of Lincoln's Inn ; a commissioner of eccle-
siastical estates ; was secretary of state for the Home Department, 1862, 1868^9, and
1866-67; M.P. for Midhurst, 1846-^56 ; and for Cambridge University since 1866.

IVAIaROND, John "Walrond, English politician, b. 1818 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of Devon, and a magistrate of Somerset ; M.P. for Tiverton, 1866-6&

WAIaSH, Hon. Arthnr, English politician, b. 1827; educated at Eton, and Trinity
College, Cambridge ; a magistrate of Berks and the county of Radnor ; was formerly
captain Ist Life Guards ; 11.P. for Radnorshire since 1866.

Wal HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Wat

[ 262 J—

WAI«8H, Sir John Bevn, English p«litician, b, I7d8 ; a deputy-Ii«utenant of Berks,
, and loralieutenant of Radnor; was M.P. for Sudbury, 1830-^1,. aud 1838-40; and for
Radnorshire, 1840-65.

WAIjSIN ESTBRHAZY. Jean Itouis Marie, French military commander, bi
Nov. 12, 1804; entered the Military School of 8t Cyr, 1822; liwitenant-colonel, 1842 ;
colonel, 1845 ; general of brigade, 1859' ; general of division, 185() ; grand officer of the
L^un d'honneur, 1859.

^fTAIiTER, Ferdinand, German jurist, b. at Wesslar, Bavaria, Nov. 30, 1794 ; studied
law at Heidelberg, 1814-18 ; elected deputy to the Prussian Chamber, 1848 ; re-elected,
1849-50. Author of • Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechts,' Bonn, 1822 ; * Deutsche Rechts-
gesehichte,' ib. 1858 ; and other legal works.

WALTER. John. English politician, b. in London, 1818; educated at Eton, and
Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840; MA. 1843^; called to the bar of
liincolu's Inn, 1847; was M.P. for Nottingham, 1847-59 ; M.P. for Berks since 1859 ; chief
proprietor of the Timti.

WARD, Ed^nrard Mattheve, English painter, b. in Pimlico, 1816 ; admitted a student
of the Royal Academy, 1834. Exhibited ' Napoleon in the Prison at Nice,' 1840 ; ' The
Soutli Sea Bubble,' 1847 ; 'The Last Sleep of Asgyle,' 1857 ; * Ante-chamber at White-
hall during the Dying Moments of Charles II.' 1861 ; 'The Night of Rizzio's Murder,'
1865 ; and numerous other paintings, chiefly historical Elected A.R.A. 1846 ; R.A. 1855.

WARNER, EdT^ard, English politician, b. 1818; educated at Wadham College,.
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1840, M.A. 1844; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn,.
1850; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Essex; was M.P. for Norwich, 1852-^7,
and 1860-68.

WARNER, Susan, Araencan authoress, b. at New York, 1818. Author, under the
nrm de plume of Miss Wetherell, of 'The Wide Wide World,' New York, 184J>;
* Queechey ;' 'The Hills ©f the- Shatemuc,' ib, 1856; and numerous other novels and tales
of American life.

WARNKOENIO, I«eopold Anrnst, German jurist, b. at Bruchsal, Baden, Aug. 1,
1794 ; studied at Heidelberg and Gottingen, and graduated LL.D. 1816 ; appointed
professor of ecclesiastic^r law in the University of Tubingen, 1844. Author of ' History
of Flandera and of Flemish Law,' Tubingen, 1834-39 ; ' History of France and of French
Law,' B41e, 1845-48; and other legal and historical works.

WARREN, Saninel, English author, b. in Denbighshire, 1807; educated at the
University of Edinburgh; called to the bar of the Inner Temple, 1837; a Q.C. and
recorder of Hull ; M. P. for Midhurst, 1856 ; re-eleeted, 1857 ; rewgned on being
appointed one of the masters in lunacy, Feb. 1859. Author of * The Diary of a late
Physician,' 1830 ; 'Tfen Thousand a Year,' 1839-41 ; 'The LUy and the Bee,' 1851 ; and
several legal workA

WARTER, Rev. John Wood, English author, b. 1806 ; educated at Christ Churcbv
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1827. Edited Southey's • CommMiplace Book,' and a
portion of his correspondence. Author of * Parochial Fragments ;' ' The Last of the Old
Squires ;' and other works.

WARWICK, George Guy Greyille, Earl of, English administrator, b. 1818 ;
graduated at St. John's College, Oxford ; sat in the House of Commons as Lord Brooke
from Nov. 1848 to Aug. 1853 ; lieutenant-colonel of the Warwickshire Yeomanry Corps.

VTATERFORD, John Henry de la Poer Beresford, Marquis of, b. 1844 ;
succeeded, 1867.

WATERHOUSE, Samuel, English politician, b. 1815 ; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant
of the West Riding of the county of York, and major of the 2d York Yeomanry Cavalry ;
M.P, for Pontefract since 1863.

WATERWORTH, Rev.' William. English writer, b. 1812 ; educated at Stony-
hurst ; entered the order of the Jesuits, and was ordained a priest. Author of ' The
Origin and Developments of Anglicanism ;' ' England and Rome, or the Religious Con-
nexion between England and the Holy See, from the Year a.d. 179 down to the
Retormation.'

^WATKIN, Sir Edward 'William, English politician, b. 1819; chairman of the
South-Bastem and other railways; was formerly a merchant in Manchester; M.P. for
Great Yarmouth, 1857-58, and for Stockport, 1864-68 ; knighted, 1867. ^

"WATKINS, Rev. Charles Frederick, English author, b. at Corsley, Wilts, Jan.
16, 1795 ; educated at Christ's Hospital, and at Christ's College, Cambridge ; appointed
curate of Windsor, 1820; vicar of Brixworth, 1832. Author of 'An Introduction to
«eology and the Rationale of New Discoveries,' 1849 ; and other works.

"Wat HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Wei
[ 263 ]

"WATSON, Rev. John Selby, English author, b. 1815 ; edncatcd at Triuity College,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1838, and M.A. ; ordained, 1839; head master of the
Proprietary Grammar School at Stockwell, Surrey. Author of 'Sons of Strength,
Wisdom, Patience ;' ' The Story of Sir William Wallace ;' and other works.

UITATT, James Henry. English engraver, b. in London, 1799 ; studied under Mr. C.
Heath. Engraved ' The Highland Drovers' Departure,' after Landseer ; ' Susannah and
the Elders,' after Caraeci ; 'Christ blessing Little Children,' after Eastlake; and
numerous other works of celebrated painters.

WATTS, George Frederick, English painter, b. in London, 1820; studied at the
Royal Academy, Exhibited 'Isabella finding Lorenzo dead,' 1840; 'Orlando pursuing
the Fata Morgana,' 1848 ; 'Lite's Illu.sions.' 1849; 'St George overcomes the Dragon,'
1853 ; * Ariadne,' 1863 ; and numerous other paintings ; executed the frescoes in Poets'
Hall for the new Houses of Parliament

WATTS, Thomas, English philologist, b. 1804; appointed assistant in the British
Museum, 1838 ; superintendent of the reading-room of the British Museum, 1857 ; keeper
of the printed books department, 1867. Author of ' Papers contributed to the Transac-
tions of the Philological Society ;' contributor to the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica.'

^^TAYIiAND. Francis, American political economist, b, at New York, 1796; studied
at Union College, Schenectady ; entered the Theological Seminary of Andover, 1816 ;
appointed president of Brown University, 1827. Author of ' Elements of Political
Economy,' London, 1838 ; ' The Limitations of Human Responsibility ;' and other works.

'WEBBER, Charles "Wilkins, American author, b. at Russeville, Kentucky, May
29, 1818. Author of 'Old Hicks the Guide;' 'Gold Mines of the Gila,' 1849; 'Wild
Scenes and Song Birds,' New York, 1854; 'The Hunter Naturalist,' Philadelphia, 1856 ;
and numerous other works.

WEBER, WiUielm Ednard, German author, b. at Wittenberg, Oct. 24, 1801 ; nomi-
nated professor of physics at Leipsic, 1845 ; resigned, 1849 ; appointed professor of the
same at Gottingen, 1849. Author of 'Die Wellentheorie,' Leipsic, 1825; ' Electrodyna-
mische Massbestimmungen,' ib. 1846-52 ; and other scientific works.

'WEBSTER, Benjamin, English comedian, b. at Bath, Sept. 3, 1800 ; educated for
the navy ; made his first appearance on the stage at Warwick ; and in Ix>ndon, 1825 ;
became manager of the Haymarket Theatre, 1837; built the New Adelphi Theatre, 1858 ;
president of the New Dramatic College.

WEBSTER, Thomas, English painter, b. in London, 1800. Exhibited * The Soldier's
Return;' 'A Village School,' 1833; 'Punch,' 1840; 'A Dame's School,' 1845; 'The
Race,' 1856 ; and numerous other paintings, chiefly of rural and domestic scenes.
Elected A.R. A. 1840; R.A. 1846.

WEEKES, Henry, English sculptor, b. at Canterbtiry, 1807; studied under W.
Behnes, and under Chantrey. Executed a bust of the Queen, 1837 ; the statues of
Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, for tlie Martyrs' Memorial at Oxford ; the Marquis
Wellesley, for the India House ; the monument to Shelley in Christ Church Minster ;
and numerous other statues. Exhibited 'The Suppliant,' 1850; 'A Shepherd,' 1852 ; and
many other works. Elected A. R. A. 1850; R.A. 1863.

l^STEGENER, Gaspard Fredrik, Danish author, b. at Gudbjerg, Dec. 13, 1802 ;
graduated Ph.D. 1836; director of the National Archives since 1848. . Author of 'De
Aula AttalioA Artium Fautrice,' Copenhagen, 1836 ; ' Lldcn Kronike om Kong Frederik/
1843 ; ' Actma^sige BIdrag til Danmarks Historie,' 1851 ; and other historical works.

l^STEGUEIftlN, Thomas Matthias, English politician, b. 1809 ; J.P. of Surrey;
a RuKsia merchant, and late governor of the Bank of England; was M.P. for South-
ampton, 1857-59; M.P. for Wolverhampton since 1861.

WXIIi, Gustave, French philologist, b. at Sultzburg, April 24, 1808; studied at Paris,
and in Cairo ; received an appointment in the library of Heidelberg, 1836 ; appointed pro-
fessor of Oriental languages in the University of the same town, 1845. Autlior of * The
Poetical Literature of the Arabs,' Stuttgart, 1837 ; * Historical and Critic-al Introduction
to the Koran,' 1844 ; * History of the Caliphs,' 1846-51 ; and other works on the East aud
Oriental literature.

WEI III*, Alexandre, French author, b. in Alsace, 1813 ; studied in Germany ; bec4ime
one of the editors of La Pressf^ 1848 Author of ' Feu et Flamme,' 1845 ; ' R^publique
et Monarchic,' 1848; 'Le Livre des Rois,' 1852; *Les Livres de Dieu,* 1864; aud
numerous other works.

W^ai HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. 'We 8
[264]

WEISBAOH, Juliiui^ Oerman mathematician, b. at Mittelschmiedebei^, Saxony,
Oct 10, 180tf ; studied at the Universities of Oottingen and Vienna ; appointed pro-
fessor of mathematics at the Academy of Freiberg, 1833. Author of ' Handbuch der
B**rgma8chinenmecbanik/ Leipsic, 1835-36 ; ' Treatise on Experiuiental Hydraulics/
1855 ; and other works.

^XTEIBBy Jean Jacqnes, French journalist, b. at Bayonne, 1827 ; studied at the
College of Louis le Qnuid, at the Ecole St Cyr, and the Paris l^cole Normale ; professor
of French literature to the Faculty of Air, 1856 ; and of history to the Faculty of Dijon,
1858 ; appointed editor of the Journal des Dibats, 1860. Author of ' Essays on the
History of French Literature,' 1865 ; and other works.

W^EISBy Biecfried, German author, b. at Dantzic, May 8, 1822 ; studied at the
University of Berlin, and graduated LL.D. Author of 'Studies,' Berlin, 1845 ; ' Prussia,
Denmark, and the Duchies,' Vienna, 1850 ; ' Metaphysical Explanation of the Existence
of G*Hi, and tlie Immortality of the Soul,' Berlin, 1860; and other works.

^XTEIBBEi Cluistian Hermann, German philosophical writer, b. at Leipsic, Aug. 10,
1801 ; studied in the University of his native town ; appointed professor of philosophy
at Leipsic, 1845; received the degree of D.D. from Jena, 1840. Author of 'Study of
Homer, and his Importance in our Epoch,' Leipsic, 1826 ; 'Luther's Christianity,' 1852;
and other philosophical works.

WELBY-GREGORY, 'WlUiam Earle, English politician, b. 1829 ; educated at
Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1851 ; a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant of Lineolushire, and lieutenant Leicestershire Yeomanry Cavalry;
M.P. for Grantham, 1857-65; M.P. for South Lincolnshire since 1865.

WELCKER, Friedrich Gottlieb, German archaeologist, b. at Griinberg, Hesse,
1794; nominated keeper of the library and professor of philology to the University of
Bonn, 1819. Edited the PhilologiccU Museum of the Rhine for more than twenty years.
Author of 'Ancient Monuments,' Gottingen, 1849-51 ; and other philological and archaeo-
logical works.

^XTEIiHAVEN. Johan Sebastian, Norwegian author, b. at Bergen, Dec. 22, 1807 ;
studied at the University of Christiania ; appointed professor of philosophy in the same
University, 1846. Author of * Noi^s Damring,' Christiania. 1834 ; * Reisebille der og
Digte,' ib. 1851 ; ' Biography of Louis Holberg,' 1854 ; and other, chiefly poetical, works.

WELLES, Gideon, American statesman, b. in Connecticut, 1805 ; was postmaster of
Hartfoixl till 1840 ; neld an appointment in the Marine Department under President
Polk ; one of the delegates to the Chicago Convention, 1860 ; secretary of the navy,
1861-69.

WELLESLEY, Hon. and Very Rev. Gerald, English divine, b. 1809 ; educated
at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. 1830; nominated
chaplain to the Queen, 1849 ; dean of Windsor, 1854.

IXTELLINGTON, Artliur Richard ^Veilesley, Dnke of, English adminis-
trator, b. 1807 ; educated at Eton and Cambridge, where he graduated D.C L. ; a nugor-
general in the army; elected M.P. for Aldborough, 1829, and for Norwich, 1837; suc-
ceeded his father, first duke. Sept 1852 ; master of the horse to the Queen firom Dec.
1862 to Feb. 1858 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Hants.

IXTELLINGTON. Right Rev. Charlea John Abraham, Bishop of. English
di\'ine, b. 1815 ; educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge ; was archdeacon of
Waitemate, New Zealand, 1852-57 ; consecrated first bishop of Wellington, New Zealand,
1867. Author of several theological works.

IXTELLB, Sir Mordatint La'vrson, English colonial administrator, b. 1817 ; educated
at the Grammar School, Huntingdon ; called to the bar of the Middle Temple, 1841 ;
seijeant-at law, 1855 ; recorder of Bedford, 1856 ; judge at Calcutta, and knighted, 1858 ;
meml>er of the Legislative Council of India, 1860-63.

^XTENDEL, Alexis Charles. Baron de, French politician, b. Dec. 15, 1809;
member of the Gh^.neral Council for the canton of ThionviUe, and director of the
Orleans Railway ; member of the Legislative Assembly, 1849 ; and of the Corps Legislatif
for the department of the Moselle since 1852.

WERLE'. Mathien E'donard, French i>olitician, b. at Rheims, Oct. 3, 1801 ; pre-
sident of the Tribunal of Commerce, 1846 ; mayor of Rheims, 1862 ; member of the
Corps L^slatif for the department of the Mame since 1862.

WEST, Aususte Ce'sar, French politician, b. at Soultz, July 13, 1810 ; secretary-
general to the prefecture of Haut-Rhin, 1848 ; prefect of tlie same department 1849 ;
prefect of BasRhin, 1850, and of Haute-Garonne, 1855 ; member of the Corps Legislatif
for the department of Bas-Rhin since 1863.

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[ 266 ]

VnSBT, IjOrd Charles Richard, English militaiy commaiMler, b. in London, 1815,
eldest son of the Earl of Delawarr ; entered the army, 1831 ; took part in the war in the
Crimea, 1855 ; promoted migor-general, 1856.

WXSSTBURY, Richard Bethell, Baron. English statesman, b. 1800 ; educated at
Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A 1818 ; called to the bar of the Middle
Temple, 1823; madeQ.C. 1840; vice-chancellorof the Duchy of Lancaster, 1850; solicitor-
general, 1852; attorney-general, 1866-58 and 1859-61 ; was M.P for Aylesbury, 1851-59,
and for Wolverhampton, 1859-61.; appointed lord high chancellor, and raised to the
peerage, ]861 ; resigned the chancellorship, July 1865.

WE8TERGAARD, Niels Iiud^lfi:, Danish philologist, b. at Copenhagen, Dec. 17,
1815 ; educated in the University of his native city, and studied Sanscrit at Bonn, 1838 ;
appointed professor of Oriental languages in the University of Copenhagen, 1845.
Author of * Radices Sanscritse,' 1841 ; a critical edition of the ' Zendavesta,' Copenhagen,
1852-53 ; and other works.

W^BSTERN, Sir Thomas Burcb, English politician, b. 1795 ; educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1818, M.A. 1824; a J. P. and deputy-
lieutenant of Suffolk and Essex ; M.P. lor North Essex, 1865-68.

WESTMACOTT, Richard, English sculptor, b. in London, 1797; studied in Italy,
1820-26. Exhibited 'The Cymbal Player,' 1832; 'Pa«)lo and Francesca,' 1838; a bas-
relief, *Go and Sin no more,' 1850; and numerous statues, groups, and bas-reliefs.
Elected A.R A. 1838, R.A. 1849 ; appointed professor of sculpture to the Royal Academy,
1859. Author of * Handbook on the Schools of Sculpture ;' and other works upon art.

1VE8TMINSTER, Richard OroBvenor^ Marquis of, English administrator,
b. 1795 ; educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; was M. P. for the county of Chester, 1818-34 ;
lord steward of the Household, 1850-52 ; lord- lieutenant of Cheshire.

IXTESTMORELAND, Francis William Hemr Fane, Earl of, English
officer, b. 1825 ; educated at Westminster ; entered the army, 1841 ; captain, 1853 ;
lieutenant-colonel, 1854 ; served in India ; was aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan in the
Crimea ; succeeded his father, eleventh earl, Oct. 1859.

WEBTWOOD, John Ohadlah, English entomologist, b. in Sheffield, 1805 ; educated
at Lichtield ; appoint<>d professor of zoology at Oxford, 1861. Author of ' Pal^eographia
Sacra Pictoria ; ' The Butterflies of Great Britain ;' and other works.

^tTETHERAIiL, Sir George Angnstns. English military commander, b. 1779;
educated at Winchester, and at the Royal Military College, High Wycombe ; served at
the Cape, and was military secretary to the commander-in-chief at Madras, 1822-25 ;
became a general in the army, 1863.

IXTEY, Frangols Alphonse. French author, b. at Besangon, Aug. 12, 1812 ; studied
in Paris. Author of 'Enfants au Marquis de Ganges,' 1838; 'Histoire des Revolutions
du Langage en France,' 1848; *La haute Savoie, R6cit8 d'Histoire et de Voyage,' 1865;
and numerous other works.

WHALLEY, George Hammond, English politician, b. 1813 ; educated at Uni-
versity College, London ; called to the bar of Gray's Inn, 1839 ; a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of the county of Denbigh, and a magistrate of the counties of Montgomery
and Carnarvon; M.P. for Peterborough since 1859. Author of 'On tlie Law of Tithe
Commutations ;' and other legal works.

WH ARNCLIFFE. Edward Montagu Stuart GranvlUe Stuart ^XTortley,
Baron^ English administrator, b. 1827 ; a deputy-lieutenant of the West Riding of
Yorkshire ; lieutenant-colonel Hallamshire Rifles.

W^HATMAN, James, English i>olitician, b. 1813; educated at Eton, and Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1834, M.A. 1838; deputy-lieutenant of Kent;
and a commissioner of lieutenancy of London ; M.P. for Maidstone, 1852-57, for West
Kent, 1857^9; M.P. for Maidstone since 1865.

^XTHEATSTONE, Sir Charles. En^ish electrician, b. at Gloucester, 1802; professor
of experimental philosophy in King^s College, London ; inventor of the electric telegraph,
in conjunction with Mr. W. F. Cooke.

W^HITBREAD, Samuel, English i>olitician, b. 1830 ; educated at Rugby, and Trinity
CoU^^, Cambridge; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Beds; M.P. for Bedford
since 1852.

WHITE, James, English politician, b. 1809; educated for the mercantile career, and
formerly an alderman of the* city of London; M.P. for Plymouth, 1857-59, and for
Brighton since 1860.

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[ 266 ]

^XTHITE, ^XTalter, English author, b. 1808 ; apiwinted clerk to the Royal Society, 1S44 ;
assistant secretary, 1861. Author of * To Switzerland and Back ;' * A July Holiday in
Saxony, Bohemia, and Silesia ;' ' All Round the Wrekin ;' and other works of travel.

W^HITESIDE, Ri|rht Hon. James, Irish judge, b. in the county of Wicklow,
1806; educated at Trinity College. Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1827; called tathe
Irish bar. 1880 ; solicitor-general for Ireland, March to Dec. 1852 ; attomej'-general,
18.'}8-59 ; M.P. for Enniskillen, 1851-59, and for Dublin University, 1859-66 ; chief justice
of the Court of Qtieen's Bench, 1866. Author of ' Ancient Rome ;' ' Italy in the Nine-
teenth Century,' 1849.

^XTHITTIER, John Greenleaf, American author, b. at Haverhill, Ma.<tsachuRetts,
1808. Author of 'Legends of New England.' 1881 ; 'Voices of Freedom,' Philadelphia,
1836; * Old Portraits and Modem Sketches,' 1850; 'The Panorama, and other Poems,'
1856 ; and other poetical works.

WHITWORTH. BeDJamin, English politician, b. 1816; a magistrate of the county
of Lancaster, ana a merchant at Manchester ; M.P. for Drogheda, 1865-69.

^XTIERTZ, Antoine, Belgian painter, b. at Dinaut, Feb. 22, 1806 ; studied at the
Academy of Antwerp. Painted * La Rdvolte des Anges ;' * Trioraphe du Christ ;' * La
Fuite en ifegypte ;' and numerous other }»ainting8, chiefly religious or historicaL

WIOAN. Alfk^d, English actor, b. at Blackheath, Kent, March 24, 1818 ; played at the
principal London theatres; manager of the Olympic, London, 1853-57; and of the
St. James's Theatre, 1860-63.

WIGRAM, Oeorge Vicesimiuiy English author, b. March 1805; educated at
Queen's College, Oxford ; joined the sect known as the PljTnouth Bretliren. Author of
• The Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament ;' * The Englisliman's
Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament,' 1843-44 ; and other works.

WIGRAM, Right Hon. Sir James, Elnglish judge, b. 1808, brother of the pre-
ceding ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; called U) the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1819 ;
M.P. for Leominster fhjra July to Oct. 1841; knighted, 1841; vice-chancellor, 1841-50,
when he retired ft-ora the bench.

WILBERFORCB, Hennr William^ English journalist and divine, b. 1809;
educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1830 ; appointed vicar of East
Farleigh, Kent, 1843 ; resigned, 1850, on joining the Roman Catholic Church ; pro-
prietor and editor of the Weekly Register.

WILDE, James Plaisted, Baron Pensance, English judge, b. 1816 ; educated
at Winchester, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; called to the bar of the Inner Temple,
1832 ; counsel to the Duchy of Lancaster, 1859 ; made a baron of the Exchequer, and
knighted, 1860 ; appointed judge of the Court of Probate and Divorce, 1863 ; raised to
^the peerage, 1869.

WILHELM I., Duke of Bmns'VTickt b. April 25, 1806, the second son of Duke
Friedrich Wilhelm of Brunswick and of Princess Marie of Baden ; undertook pro-
visionally the government of Brunswick in consequence of the insurrection of Sept. 7,
1830, and subsequent flight of his brother, the reigning Duke, 0«;t. 12, 1830 ; ascended
the throne, April 25, 1831.

WILHEIaM I., King: of Prussia, b. March 22, 1797, the second son of King
Friedrich Wilhelm III. and of Princess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; educated for the
military career, and took part in the campaigns of 1813 tolS15 against France ; appointed
governor of the province of Pomerania, 1840 ; fled from Prussia to England, March 20,
1848 ; elected member of the Constituent Assembly for Wirsitz, Posen, May 15, 1848 ;
returned to Berlin and took his seat in the Assembly, June 8, 1848 ; commander-in-chief
of the Prussian troops against the revolutionary army of Baden, June 1849 ; appointed
military governor of the Rhine Provinces, Oct. 1, 1849 ; appointed regent of the kingdom
during the mental illness of his brother, Oct. 9, 1858 ; ascended .the throne at the death
of his brother, Jan. 2, 1861.

WILKES. Charles, American naval eommander, b. 1805; entered the navy, 1823;
appointed by the Unite<l States Government to conduct a voyage of exploration in the
Southern and Pacific Oceans, 1838; commander of the5a?i Jacinto, 1861 ; chai-ged with
the blockade of the ports of the Confederate States, 1862. Author of ' Narrative of the
United States Exploring Expedition,' New York, 1845; 'Western America,' 1849.

^^^J'^^^^^J^l J*»»«» John Garth, English author, b. in London, 1812. Author
of On the Statute of Limitations ;' 'Swedenboix, a Biography.' 1849 ; 'The Ministry of
Health,' 1856 ; and other works.

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'WIIvKINSONy Sir John Gardner, English archaeologist, b. 1797 ; educated afc
Harrow, and Exeter College, Oxford ; knighted, 1840. Autlior of * Manners and Customs
of the Ancient Egyptians, derived from a Con^parison of the Painting, Sculpture, and
Monuments still existing with the Accounts of Ancient Authors,' 1837-41 ; and other
works. '

WIIkKINSON, Rev. Matthew. English divine, b. 1810; graduated at Clare
College, Cambridge, 1836 ; appoiivted head-master of Marlborough College, Wilts, 1843 ;
resigned, and was appointed vicar of West Lavington, Wilts, 1852 ; one of the select
preachers of the University of Cambridge, 1863-04. Author of ' Sermons.'

"WIImImUM III., Kin? Of the Netherlands, b. Feb. 10, 1S17, the eldest son of
King William 11. and of Princess Anna Paulowna, daughter of Czar Paul I. of Russia;
educated by i)rivate tutors, and at the University of Leydea; succeeded to the throne at
the death of his father, March 17, 1849 ; married, June 18, 1839, to Sophie, b* June 17,
1818, the second daughter of King William I. of WUrtemberg-

"WIImXm^S, Sir James Shaw, English judge, b. 1814; educated at Trinity Golkge,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1836, LL.D. 1860; called to the bar of the Inner
Temple, 1840 ; judge of the Court of Con:mon Pleas, and knighted, 1855. Edited, with
SirH. Keating, 'Smith's Leading Cases.' 1849. j

WIlalalAMS, Right Hon. Sir Edward Vanehan, English judge, b. in London,
1795 ; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn, 1823 ; appointed one of the judges of the Court
of Common Pleas, and knighted, 1847; resigned, and sworn a member of the Privy
Council, 1865.

WILLIAMS, Frederick Martin, English politician, b. 1830 ; educated at Win-
chester ; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of Cornwall ; M.P. for Trura since 1865.

IVIItltlAMS, Rev. Georgre, English author, b. 1814; educated at Eton, and King'»
College, Cambri^e, where he graduated B.A. 1837, M.A. 1840; chaplain to Bishop
Alexander of Jerusalem, 1841-43 ; warden of St. Columba's College, Ireland, 1860-65 ;
vice-provost of King's College, 1864-56. Author of ' Holy City, or Historical and Topo-
graphical Notices of Jerusalem,' 1845.

WILLIAMS, Monier, English philologist, b. at Bombay, 1819 ; educated at King's
College, London, and entered Balliol College, Oxford, 1838, aiid graduated B.A. at
University College, Oxford, 1844; was professor of Sanscrit at Haileyburj' College,
1844-58 ; elected Boden Sanscrit professor at Oxford, Dec. 1860. Author of ' An English
and Sanscrit Dictionary,' 1851 ; and other philological works.

WILLIAMS, Rev. Roivland, English author, b. in Flintshire, 1817 ; educated at
Eton, and King's College, Cambridge ; appointed vice-principal and professor of Hebrew
at St. David's College, Lampeter, and chaplain to the Bishop of LlandafT, 1850 ; became
vicar of Broad Chalke, Wilts, 1859, Author of ' Review of Bunsen,' in the volume of
'Es.says and Reviews ;' ' Rational Godliness ;' and other theological works.

WILLIAMS, Thoniaa Peers, English politician, b. 1795 ; educated at Westminster,
and Christ Church, Oxford ; a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Berks, Anglesea, and
Bucks, and lieutenant-colonel Anglesea Militia; M.P. for Great Marlow, 1820-68.

WILLIAMS, Sir IViUiani Fenwick, English militaiy commander, b. in Nova
Scotia, 1800 ; entered the Royal Artillery, 1825 ; first lieutenant, 1827 ; captain, 1840 ;
colonel and brigadier-general, 1854 ; defended Kars, 1855 ; lieutenant-general, 1856 ;
commander of the troops in Canada, 1859-65.

WILLIAMSON, Sir -Hedworth, English politician, b. 1827 ; educated at Eton, and
Christ Church, Oxford ; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Durham ; M.P. for
North Durham since 1864.

WILLIS, Rev. Robert, English author, b. in London, 1800 ; educated at Caius
College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1826 ; appointed Jacksonian professor of
natural and experimental philosophy in the University of Cambridge, 1837. Author of
• Remarks ou the Architecture of the Middle Ages and of Italy,' 1840 ; * Principles of
Mechanism,' 1841.

WILLI SEN, Wilhelm von, Prussian diplomatist, b. at Strasfurth, 1790; entered
the Russian service, 1805 ; colonel, 1840 ; and major-general, 1845 ; sent on a diplomatic
mission to the Emperor of the French, 1861 ; nominated Prussian ambassador at Turin,
1862. Author of * Theorie des grossen Kriegs,' Berlin, 1840-50 ; and other military
works.

W^ILSON. Erasmus, English medical writer, b. 1808 ; became a member of the Royal
College or Surgeons, 1831 ; consulting surgeon to the St. Pancras Infirmary. Author of
'The Dissector's Manual ;' ' Diseases of the Skin ;' and other medioal works.

W^ll HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. ^Wod
[ 268 1

IXnitSON^ Rer. Henrr Brlstovr, English divine, b. 1803 ; educated at Merchant
Taylors' School, and Ht. Johns College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1825;
Bainpton lecturer at Oxford, 1851. Author of * Schemes of Christian Comprehension,'
in the ' Oxford Essays,' 1857 ; ' The National Church * in ' Essays and Reviews ; ' and of
several pamphlets and sermons.

IXniiTON, Thomms Ererton, Earl, English politician, b. 1799 ; colonel of the
Tower Hamlets Militia; has been stewwrd of the Household; succeeded his maternal
graudfkther, first earl, 1814.

^XTIMPPPENf Brnmaimel Pellz de, French military commander, b. 1807 ; captain
in the army, 1840 ; colonel, 1853 ; general of brigade, 1855 ; general of division, 1859.

^XTIMPPPEN, Prmns Emil lK>rciim Herman ▼on, Austrian military com-
mander, b. at Pragiie, April 2, 1797 ; entered the army as second lieutenant, 1813 ;
captain, 1822 ; major-general, 1838 ; civil and military governor of Trieste and the coast
of the Adriatic, 1849 ; field-marshal and commander of the first corps of the Austrian
army, 1854.

W^INCHBSTBR, Riffht Rer. Charles Richard Snmner. Bishop of,

English divine, b. at Kenil worth, 1790 ; educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge ;

£ relate of the Order of the Garter ; provincial sub-dean of Canterbury ; and visitor of
[agdalen, New Trinity, St John's, and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford.; consecrated
bishop of Llandafl; 1826 ; translated to Winchester, 1827.

W^INCHILSEA AND NOTTINGHAM, Georre James Pinch Hatton,
Barl of, English administrator, b. 1815; educated at Christ Church, Oxford; M.P. for
North Northamptonshire, 18^7-41 ; succeeded his father, tenth earl, 1858.

^XriNI>HAM, Sir Charles Ashe, English military commander, b. 1810 ; entered
the Coldstream Guards, 1826 ; became colonel, June 1854 ; and msgor-general, 1855 ;
appointed to the military command at Lahore, 1865 ; lieutenant-general in the army, and
colonel of the 4tfth regiment

WINNIN6TON, Sir Thomas Edward, English politician, b. 1811 ; educated at
Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1833 ; a deputy -lieutenant of
Worcestershire ; high sheriff, 1851 ; M.P. for Bewdley, 1837-^7, and 1852-68.

IXTINSLO^XT, Porbes, English medical writer, b. at Pentonville, Aug. 1810; passed at
the Royal College of burgeons, and graduated M. D. at Aberdeen, 1835. Author of ' The
Physiology and Patholc^y of the Human Miud,' 1831 ; 'The Plea of Insanity in Criminal
Cases,** 'On the Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Disorders of the Mind,' 1860 ; and
other papers and works on mental diseases.

IXTINTERHAIiTER, Prederick, English portrait painter, b. in the grand-duchy
of Baden, 1806. Painted a portrait group of the Queen, the late Prince Consort, and the
Royal Family ; also of Wellington and Peel, 1850 ; a portrait of the Empress of the
French, 1861 ; the Prince Imperial, 1864 ; and of many other royal personages.

^XTINTHROP, Robert Charles, American statesman, b. at Boston, 1809 ; studied
at Harvard College, and law under Daniel Webster ; elected to the State Legislature of
Massachusetts, 1834; elected to Congress, 1840; chairman of Congress during the
sessions of 1848-49 ; elected to the Senate, 1850. Author of ' Addresses and Speeches on
various Occasions,' 1852.

^XTISE, Henry Augrostus, American author, b. at Brooklyn, New York, May 1819 ;
entered the United States navy as midshipman ; became lieutenant during the Mexican
war. Author of * Los Gringos, or an Inside View of Mexico, Peru, Chili, hic' New York,
1849 ; 'Tales for the Marines,' ib. 1855 ; and other works of fiction.

^XTISE, Henry Christopher, English i>olitician, b. 1806 ; educated at Rugby, and
Oriel College. Oxford, where he graduated B.A 1827 ; a J. P. and deputy-lieutenant of
the county of Warwick ; M.P. for South Warwickshire since 1865.

^XrODEHOUSE, John« Earl of Kimberley, English statesman, b. 1826 ; studied
at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1847 ; a deputy-lieutenant
of Norfolk ; was under-secretary of state for foreign afiairs, Dec. 28, 1852, to May 4,
1856 ; envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary at St. Petersburg, 1856, to May
20, 1858 ; reappointed under- secretary of state for foreign afikirs, June 1859 ; resigne<]^
1861 ; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1864-66 ; created Earl of Kimberley, 1866 ; lord privy
seal, Dec. 1868.

WODEHOUSE, Sir PhUip Edmnnd, English colonial administrator, b. 1806
entered the Ceylon Civil Service as writer, 1828 ; superintendent of Hondiuras, 185)
governor of British Guiana, 1854 ; special envoy to the Government of Venezuela, 1868
appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hojie, 1861.

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— [ 269 ]

WOHLER* Priedrich; German chemist, "b. at Esschenheim, near Frankfort, Jnly 31,
1809 ; studied at Marburg and Heidelberg, and received the degree of M.D. ; appointed
professor of medicine and director of the Chemical Institute at Gottingen, 1836. Aut^r
of "Treatise on Organic Chemistry,' Berlin, 1840 ; ' Practical Chemical Analysis/ib. 1854 ;
and other works on chemistry.

WOIRHAYE; CharleB Prangois, French magistrate, b. at Metz, May 31, 1798 ;
studied law, and was called to the bar, 1818 ; nominated first president of the Imperial
Court of Metz, 1856 ; councillor to the Court uf Cassation, 1 862.

WOIaOWSKI, laonis Frangoi^ Michel Rairmond, French political economist,
b. at Warsaw, Aug. 31, 1810 ; studied in France, and was naturalized, 1834 ; founded the
Revtie de Ligislation et de Jurisprudence, 1833 : member of the Constituent and Legisla-
tive Assemblies, 1848-49 ; elected member of the French Academy, 1855. Author of
' Introduction de T^conomie politique en Italie,' 1859 ; and other works.

WOOD, Rev. John Georye, English author, b. in London, 1827; educated at
Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1848, M.A. 1851 ; appointed assistant
chaplain to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1856. Author of • A Popular Natural
History ;' * My Feathered Friends, or Bird Life ;' * Our Garden Friends and Foes ;' and
other works on natural history.

WOODD, Basil Thomas, English politician, b. 1815 ; educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1837, M.A. 1840 ; called to the bar, 1840; a magis-
trate of the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire, and a deputy-lieutenant of the West
Riding ; M.P. for Knaresborough, 1852-68.

WOODS, Henry) English politician, b. 1822 ; a deputy-lieutenant of the county of
Lancaster ; M.P. for Wigan since 1857.

WOODWARD, Bernard Bolinfrbroke, English author, b. at Norwich, 1816 ; edu-
cated at Norwich, and at London University ; appointed librarian-in-ordinary to the
Queen at Windsor, and keeper of the royal collection of prints and drawings, 1860.
Author of • A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Final Incorporation of
the Principality with England,' 1851 ; and other works.

WORBOISE, Emma Jane, English authoress, b. 1820 ; educated at the School for
Clergj'men's Daughters at Casterton, near Kirkby Lonsdale. Author of ' Married Life ;'
* Lottie Lonsdale ;' * Thoraycroft Hall ;' and other works of fiction.

WORCESTER, Right Rev. Henry Philpot, BlBbop of, English divine, b.
Nov. 17, 1807 ; educated at the Cathedral Grammar School, Chichester, and at St.
Catherine's College, (yambridgp, where he graduated B.A. 1829 ; was master of St Cathe-
rine's College, Cambridge, and three times vice-chancellor of the University ; conse-
crated bishop of Worcester, 1861.

WORDSWORTH, Richt Rev. Charles, English divine, b. 1806 ; educated at
Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1830; elected bishop of
the united diocese (rf St. Andrew's, Dunkeld, and Dumblane, 1862. Author of * Shake-
speare's Knowledge and Use of the Bible/ 1854 ; * A United Church for the United
Kingdom ;' and other theological works.

WORNUM, Ralph Nicholson. English author, b. in the county of Durham, 1812 ;
educated at the University of Lonnon ; appointed keeper and secretary of the National
Gallery, 1857. Author of •* History of Ancient and Modem Painting,' 1847 ; ' The Epochs
of Painting,' 1864 ; and other works upon art

WORS/kAE, Hans Jakob Asmussen, Danish archaeologist, b. at Veile, Jutland,
March 14, 1821 ; studied at the Co'lege of Horsen, and et Copenhagen, 1836-38. Author
of * Danemark's Oldtid,* Copenhagen, 1843 ; ' Aftbildninger fia de kongelige Museum
for nordiske Oldsager,' ib. 1854 ; and other archaBologicml works

WRANGEIa, Ferdinand Petro-rich von, Russian navigator, h. in Esthonia, 1795 ;
studied at the School for Naval Cadets at St. Petersburg; sailed in the KamschatkauxideT
Captain Golovin round the world, 1817 ; nominated governor of th^ Russian American
colonies, 1827 ; created a vice-admiral, 1847. Author of several works of travel.

WRANGEL, Friedrich, Baron von, Prussian militar>' commander, b. at Stettin,
1784 ; entered the army, 1796 ; commander-in-chief of the allied Prussian and Federal
forces in the first Scihleswig-Holstein war, 1848-49 : fleld-marshal-general, 1856 ;
commander-in-chief of allied Prussian and Austrian armies in the second Schleswig-
Holstein war, 1864.

WHATIBIaAW, Rev. Albert Henry, English author, b. 1R22 ; educated at Christ
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1844; apjiointed head-master of Bury
School, 1857. Published * liobemian P<>ems, Anirient and Modem,' translated from the
original Sclavonic ; and is author of several sermons, schoolbooks, and pamphlets.

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OUTRIGHT, R«T. Oeorfre Neivnliami En^^lish author, b. 1812 ; educated at Brase-
no«e CoU*^, Oxford, where he gmdoated B. A. 1835 ; ai>pointed master of the Graniniar
School, Tewkeslmr)*. Author of * Lancashire in the Nineteenth Century;' 'The Com-
Itrebeosive Oaxetteer of the World ;* and numerous otlier works, chiefly tnpograithical.

WMIGHT. Icbabod Cbarles, English author, b. 1795 ; educated at Eton, and Clirist
ChuTPh, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1817, M.A. 1820. Translated Dante and
the Iliad into English verse.

IKTRIGHT, Thomas, English aatiquary, b. 1810 ; educated at Ludlow Grammar
School. ««d Trinity Colletre. Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1834. Edited Chaucer's

• CanterboT)' Tales.' Author of * W:.n<lering8 of an Antiquary ;' 'History of Caricature ;'
«nd other works. Trauslatur of the lirst volume of the Emperor Napoleou's ' Life of
Julius CH^sar,' 1S65.

W1ROTTE8LCY, John 'Wtottesley, Baron, Engli^ administrator, b. 1798;
educated at Christ Chimh,OxA»rd, where he gitiduated B.A. 1819, M.A. 1823; a deputv-
lieutenant and magistnite of Staffordshire; president of the Royal Society, 1854-57.
Author of ' Thoughts on Government and Legislation.'

Mr u ND£R]jIOH ;i Karl Angust, German physician, b. at Snltz, on the Neckar,
1815 : studied medicine at Stuttgardt and Tubingen ; ap]K)inted professdr of medicine to
the University of Leipsic, 1S60. Author of ' On French and German Medicine,' Stutt-
gardt, 1841 ; 'Essay on the Pathological Physiology of the Blood,* ib. 1844 ; and other
medical works

MfUKZBACH, Constant, German author, b. at Laybach, IHyria, April 11, 1818;
studied law ; entered the Austrian army as a volunteer, 1836 ; obtained the degree of
Ph. D., and retired fnmi the army, 1844 ; a]'pointed keeper of the library of Vienna, and
of the archives to the Ministr>' of the Interior, 1848. Author ot ' Mesaik,' 1841 ; ' Volks-
lieder der Polea,' Lemberg, 1847 ; and other iH>etical works.

^WTYATT, Sir Matthew Digrby, English architect, b. near Devizes, 1820; studied on
tJie Continent. Arranged and restored the Adelphi Theatre, 1848 ; restored the chancel
of North Marston Church, Bucks, 1854 ; joint architect with Mr. Scott of the new India
Office ; knighted, ISiiS. Author of ' The Geometrical Mosaic§ of the Middle Ages,' 1848 ;

* Notices of Sculpture in Ivory ;' and numerous other works on architecture.

^7(ry NDHAM, Hon. Percy Sca^iren, English politician, b. 1835 ; -educated at Eton ;
a J. P. of Sussex and Cumberland; captain 6th Sussex Rifle Volunteers; formerly
lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards ; M. P. for West Cumberland since 1860.

VrVNfi, Charles "Watkin WillUms, English politician, b. 1822 ; educated at We^-
miosier, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1843, M.A. 1845 ; a deputy-
lieutenant of Montgomery, and captain Montgomeryshire Yeomanry Cavalry ; M.P. for
Montgomeryshire since 1862.

^VYNN, Sir Watkln ^imUams, English politician, b. 1820 ; educated at West-
minster ; a deputy-lieutenant of Montgomery', Salop, and Merioneth ; lieutenant-colonel
Montgomery Yeomanry ; formerly lieutenant 1st Life Guards; M.P. for Denbighshire
since 1841.

WYNNE. WiUiam Rohert Maurice, English politician, b. 1840 ; educated at
Eton ; a J. P. and deputy- lieutenant of the county of Merioneth ; late lieutenant Scots
Fusilier Guards ; M.P. for Merionethshire, 1865-68.

"WYNTER, Andrew, English physician, b. at Bristol, 1810; graduated M.I). ia53;
and became a member of the College of Physicians, 1861 ; editor of the British Afedietd
Journal, 1845-4iO. Author of 'Sketches of Town and Country Life,' 1855-^66; • Subtle
Brains and Lissom Fingers,* 1863 ; and other works.

W YVIItIt, Marmadnke, English politician, b, 1815 ; educated at Trinity College,
Carabri^lge, where he graduated B.A. 1839; a deputy- lieutenant of the North Riding
of Yorkshire; M.P for Kiclunoad, 1846-68.

Yar HANDBOOK OP CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Yon

[ £71 1

YARBOROUGH^ Charles Andersen Pelham, Earl of, English adminiR-
trator, b. 1835; educated at Eton ; M.P. for Lincolnshire, 1857-61 , succeeded his father,
second earl, 1862 ; a deputy-lieutenant of Lincolnshire ; heutenant-colouel LincoLashire
Volunteers.

YAT£8, Edmund HodfTBOn, English author, b. July 18S1. Author of 'Life and
Correspondence of Charles Mathews the Elder," 1860; ' Broken to Harness," 1864-65;
and numerous other works of fiction.

YATES, William Holt, English author, b. in Yorkshire, 1802 ; educated at the Uni-
vei-sity of Edinburgh, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M. D.
1826 ; member of the Royal College of Physicians, London. Author of ' Modern History
and Condition of Egypt,* 1843.

YOLIiAND, William, English engineer, b. 1810 ; entered the Royal Military College,
Woolwich, and became second lieutenant Royal Engineers, 1828; lieutenant-colonel,
1855 ; colonel, 1858; appointed one of the inspectors of railways by the Board of Trade,
1854.

YON6E, Charles Duke, English author, b. Nov. 1812 ; educated at Eton and Oxford,
where he graduattid B.A. 1835. Author of 'Greek and English Lexicon,' 1849 ; 'Histitry
of England,' 1857; 'History of the British Navy;' 1864; and other works, chiefly
historical

YONGE, Charlotte Mary, English authoress, b. 1823. Author of 'The Heir of
Redelyffe ;' ' Heartsease ;' ' Dynevor Terrace;' '.Landmarks of History, Ancient, Middle
Age, and Modern ;' and other works. Editor of the Mouthly Packet.

YORK, Most Rev. William Thomson, Archbishop oft English divine,
b. at Whitehaven, 1819; educated at Queen's College, Oxford, wliere he graduated B.A.
1840, B.D. and D D. 1856; ajipointed i«ctor of All Souls, Marylebone. 1865; elected

Sreacher of Lincoln's Inn, 1858; chaplain-in-ordinary to the Queen, 1869; consecrated
ishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 1861 ; translated to York, 1862. Author of 'An Out-
line of the Laws of 1 bought ;' and other works.

YORKE, Sir Charles, English military commander, b. 1790; educated at Winchester ;
entered the army ; served in the Peninsular campaign, and at Waterloo ; military secre-
tary at the Horse Guards, 1856-60 ; lieutenant general in the army.

YORKE, John Regrinald^ English politician, b. 18S6 ; educated at Eton, and Balliol
College, Oxford ; a deputy-lieutenant of the county of Worcester ; and captain 8th
Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers; M.P. for Tewkesbury, 1864-68.

YOUNG, Adolphus IVilliam, English politician, b. 1814; a magistrate of Berks;
was high sheriff of New South Wales, 1842-49 ; represented Victoria in the Legislative
Council of New South Wales; M.P. for Great Yarmouth, 1857-59; M.P. for Helstone
since 1866.

YOUNG, Georgre, English politician, b. 1819 ; educated at Edinburgh ; called to the
Scotti.sh bar, 1840 ; appointed solicitor-general for Scotland, 1852 ; a magistrate of the
county of Dumfries and the city of Edinburgh ; formerly sheriff of the county of
Inverness, and of the counties of Haddington and Berwick ; M.P. for Wigton simte 1865.

YOUNG, Sir Henry Edivard Fox Knight, English colonial administrator, b.
1810 ; was lieutenant-governor of South Australia, lieutenant-governor of the Cape of
Good Hope, and judge at St. Lucia ; goveraor of Tasmania, 1854-61.

YOUNG, John Radford, English mathematician, b. 1802 ; was professor of mathe-
matics at Belfast College. Author of ' A Course of ELeinentaiy Mathematics;' * Science
Elucidative of Scripture, and not Antagonistic to it,' 1863 ; * The Christ of History ;'
and other works.

YOUNG, Rtgrht Hon. Sir John, Engllfh statesman, b. 1807 ; educated at Eton,
and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1829 ; called to the bar
of Lincoln's Inn, 1834 ; a lord of the Treasury, 1841-44 ; secretary to the Treasury,
1844-46; chief secretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1852-55 ;*lord high commis-
sioner of the Ionian Islands, 1855-59 ; governor of New South Wales, 1860-67 ; appointed
governor-general of Canada, 1868.

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[ 272 ]

YRIARTE. OhmrleS; French author, b. in Paris, 1833 ; inspector of the Opera.
Author of ^La 8o<u^t^ espajniole,* 1861 ; ' Les Portraits parisiens,' 1865 ; and other works
of fiction. Editor of the Monde Illustri.

WAN, Melchlor, French author, b. at Digne, Basses Alpea, 1803 ; studied me<1icine
at Montpellier, and graduated M.D. 1835; meuiber of the Constituent Assembly for
Basses Alpes, 1849 ; inspector-general of printing and publishing, 1869. Author of * La
Chine et la presqu'IIe Malaise/ 1850 ; 'L^endes et R^cits,' 18«1 ; and other works.

YVONy Adolphe, French painter, b. at Eschwiller, Moselle, 1817 ; studied at Paris
under Paul Delaroehe. Exhibited 'Le Remords de Judas,' 1846; 'Le Premier Consul
descendant les Alpes,' 1853 ; 'La Prise de la Tour de MalakofT,' 1859; ' Magenta, ^Yacoa-
tion des Bleas^,' 1863 ; and other, chiefly historical, paintings.

z.

ZAOCONC, Pierre, French author, b. at Douai, April 2, 1817. Author of 'Histofre
des Society secretes, politiques et religieuses, 1847; *Le Fils du Ciel,* 1857; *Ijes
Deux Robinsons,' 1863 ; and other works.

ZAHN, Johann Carl WlUtelm, German architect and author, b. at Rodenbnri^,
Hesse, Aug. 21, 1800 ; studied in Paris and Italy. Published ' Neneiitdeckte Wandge-
malde in Pompeji,' Berlin, 1828 ; ' Omainente aller classischen Zeiten,' ib. 1852 ; and
several works on discoveries in Pompeii and Herculaneum.

ZAMOYBKI, Andreas, Count, Polish statesman, b. April 2, 1800: studied at the
Imperial Lyceum of Paris, 1812-14 ; and at Geneva and Edinburgh ; sent as representa-
tive of the National Government of Poland to the court of Vienna, 1831 ; president of
the Agricultural Society of Warsaw, 1861 ; arrested in Warsaw, and sent to St Peters-
burg, Sept. 1862 ; exiled, 1863.

ZARNCKE, Friedrich, German author, b. at Bruel, Mecklenbuiig, July 7, 1825;
studied philology at Leipsic and Berlin, 1844-47. Author of ' Die deutschen Universi-
taten in Mittelalter,' Leipsic, 1857. Founder of the LiUrarixhe CentrdlblaU fiir
Deutschland.

ZEIalaERy Jnles SylvaU&i French historical writer, b. at Paris, April 23, 1820;
studied at the College Charlemagne; graduated D.C.L. 1844; appointed professor of
history at the Faculte des Lettres of Aix, 1854-58 ; and at Sorbonne, 1858-59. Author
of • Histoire de I'ltalie depuis I'lnvasion des Barbarus jusqu'4 nos Jours,' 1852 ; * L'Ann^
historique,' 1860-63 ; and other historical works.

ZETLAND, Thomas Dnndas, Earl of, English administrator, b. 1795 ; educated
at HarBOw, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; M.P. for York and for Richmond, 1818^39;
lord -lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire.

ZIEBI&AND. Oeort: Friedrich, German architect, b. at Ratisbon, Feb. 7, 1800 ;
studied at Munich, and in Italy ; designed the monument of King Otho at Aibling,
Munich, 1842 ; the church of iSt. Bonifuce, commenced 1835, finished 1848 ; and numerous
churches and public and private buildings.

ZINKEISEN. Johann Wilheln&y German historical writer, b. at Altenburg, April 11,
1803 ; studied theolog>' and history at the Universities of Jena, Gottiugen, and Dresden.
Author of 'History of Greece,* Leipsic, 1832; 'History of Parties and Politics in the
time of the Revolution,' Berlin, 1852-53 ; and other historical works.

ZOBEljy Thomas Friedrich, Count yron, Austrian militaiy commander, b. at
Bremen, March 17, 1799; entered the Austrian ai'my, 1812 ; colonel, 1848 ; major-general,
1849.; lieutenant field-marshal, 1855.

ZORRIIaLA Y MORAL, Joae, Spanish poet, b. at Valladolid, Feb. 21, 1817;
studied in the Seminary for Nobles at Madrid, and at the University of Toledo. Author of
'Cantos del Trovador, Coleccion de Legendas v Tradiciones historica.s,' three vols. Madrid,
1840-41; 'Flores Perdidas,' ib. 1843; 'Granada, Poema Oriental,' two vols. Paris,
1853-^64 ; and other poems and dramas.

ZUNZ, Leopold, German author, b. at Detmold, Aug. 10, 1794, of Jewish parents*;
studied phifology at Berlin, 1815-19; one of the editors of the * Spenersche Zeituna,*
1824-.S3. Author of * Die Namen der Juden,' Berlin, 1836 ; ' Die synagogale Poesie des
^ittelalters,* ib. 1865 ; and other works, chiefly relating to the hiatory and literature of

i

APPENDIX

:■ I

y

APPENDIX.

• A.

AAIal PASHA, Mehexnid £inln, Turkish statesman, b. 181.'); eutered the
diplomatic service, 1835 ; ambassador to Great Britain, 1841-45 ; niinister of foreign
aflfairs, 1846-52, and again 1861 ; representative of the Ottoman Empire at the Congress
of Vienna, 1856 ; grand vizier, 1852 ; re-appointed, 1869.

AHLQUIST, Ausiist Cngelbert, Finnish author, b. Aug. 7, 1826; studied philology
at Helsingfors ; appointed professor of Finnish language and literature at the University
of Helsingfors, 1860. Author of ' A Grammar of the Finnish Language,' St. Petersburg,
1862 ; and other philological works.

AlalSONy diaries, English diplomatist, b. 1810; entered the diplomatic career, and
employed on various missions to eastern countries ; appointed envoy-extraordinary and
minister-plenipotentiary to Persia, April 1860.

AlaMONTB, Jnan Nepomuceno, Mexican statesman, b. at Valladolid, Mexico,
1804 ; studied military science, and became aide-de-camp to General Santa Anna, 1836 ;
dictator of Mexico, 1862; field-marshal, and minister of state of the Emperor
Maximilian, 1864-^7.

AMBROSy August WilheUni German author and composer, b. at Mauth, Bohemia,
Nov. 17, 1816 ; studied jurisprudence at the University of Prague, and graduated D.C.L.
1839. Author of * Qeschiuhte der Musik,' Breslau, 1862.

B.

BAGEHOT, Walter, English political economist, b. 1823. Author of * Estimates of
some Englishmen and Scotchmen,' 1S58; 'The English Constitution,' 1867. Editor of
the Ecoiumiist

BAKER, Sir Samuel ^(Vhite, English author and traveller, b. 1821 ; obtained an
honorary M.A. at Cambridge, 1865 ; knighted for discoveries made in Central Africa,
1866 ; appointed to the command of an Egyptian expedition for the suppression of the
slave trade on the Upper Nile, 1869. Author of * Eight Years* Wanderings in Ceylon,"
1860 ; ' The Albert N'Yanza, Great Basin of the Nile, and Exploration of the Nile Sources,'
2 vols. London, 1866 ; and other works.

BABTI AN, Adolf, German author and traveller, b. at Bremen, June 26, 1826 ; studied
medicine at the University of Berlin, and gradifiited M.D. 1849 ; explored the interior of
Asia, and parts of Africa, 1851-68. Author of ' Der Mensch in der Geschichte,* 3 vols.
Leipzig, 1860 ; ' Die Volker des ostlichen Asiens,' 1869.

T 2

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• [ 276 ]

LBf ItOr«nsO| Urngnayan statesman, b. 1S12 ; minister of war under the govern-
ment of General Flores ; provisional president of Uroguay, 1866-68 ; elected president of
the Republic, after the assassination of General Flores, Feb. 28, 1868.

[w». M «n.y Robert Dudley. English statistician, b. 1827 ; educated at Trinity College.
Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1849, M.A. 1861 ; admitted solicitor, 1852. Author of
'Railwny Extension and its Results,' London, 1866; 'National Income,' lb. 1S68;

* Taxation of the United Kingdom,' ib. 1869 ; and other works.

BEEBLEYi Ed^irard Spencer^ English historian, b. at Feckenham, Worcestershire,
1S31 : educated at Wadham College, Oxfc»rd : professor of history in University Collie,
London. Contributor to the Fortnightly Review, and other magazines.

BELKNAP; ^Itnillmiiit American statesman, b. in the State of Iowa, 1831 ; educated
at Princetown Military College, New Jersey ; entered the army at the commencement of
the ci\il war, and served as major-general in the campaigns of Tennessee and Geoi^gia ;
collector of revenue in Iowa, 1866-69 ; appointed secretary of war of the United States,
Oct. 13, 1869.

BESSEMER; Henrj, English metallurgist, b. in Herefonlshira, 1813 ; effected various
improvements in the manufacture of iron, especially the purification of iron by oxygen,
1856-58.

BLANCHE, Animst, Swedish poet, b. 1811 : studied jurisprudence at the University
of UpsiilR ; elected member of the Diet of Sweden, 1858. Author of * Lakareu,' 1846 ;

• Berattelner af Klockaren i Danderyd,* 1856 ; and other works.

BLIND| Kail, German politician, b. at Manheim. Sept. 4, 1820 ; studied juriRprudenee
at the University of Heidelberg ; envoy of the Provisional Government of Baden to
France, 1S49 ; exiled from France, 1849, and from Belgium, 1852. Author of a great
number of political works, and contributor to English and (German newspapers.

BONALD, Louis Jacques Maurice de, French prelate, b. at Milhand, Oct. 30,
1787 ; educated at the seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, and ordained priest, 1811 ; bishop
of Puy, 1823 ; archbishop of Lyons, 1839 ; cardinal, 1841.

BOURBEAUy Louis Oliyier^ French statesman, b. at Poitiers, March 2, 1811 ;
studied jurisprudence and became advocate at Poitiers, 1834; deputy of Poitiers to the
Constituent Assembly, 1848-49 : member of the Legislative Body, 1869 ; appointed
minister of public instruction, July 17, 1869.

BOUT WELL* Oeorire^ American statesman, b. in the State of Massachusetts, 1818 ;
educated for the mercantile career ; successively member of the State Legislature and
governor of Massachusetts ; commissioner of inland revenue, 1861-67 ; member of
Congress since 1863; appointed secretary of the Treasury of the United States,
March 11. 1869.

BRETT. John. English painter, b. 1831 ; educated in London. Painted * Aosta;* 'The
Dead Slonebreaicer ;' and other landscape and marine pieces.

BRIGHTi Jacob. English politician, b. 1821 ; manufacturer at Rochdale ; M.P. for
Manchester since 1867.

BUCHANAN, Robert Williams, English poet, b. at Caverswall, Staffordshire,
1841 ; educated at the High School and University of Glasgow ; went to London as
journalist, 1860. Author of 'Poems,' 1860; 'David Gray, and other Essays on Poetry/
1868. Contributor to the Spectator, and other periodicals.

BURl>ETT-COI7TT8, Anfrelina Oeorfrina, English social reformer, b. in
London, April 25, 1814, the dau^ter of Sir Francis Burdett ; assumed the name of her
grandfather, James Coutts, banker, on the death of his widow, the Duchess of St. Alban's,
1837.

BUTLER. Rev. Henry Montaeue, English divine, b. 1833 ; educated at Harrow
and Cambridge ; fellow of Trinity College. Cambridge. 1865 ; appointed head-master of
Harrow School, 1859 ; member of the Royal Commission on Military Education, 1868
Author of two volumes of School Seimons.

Cam APPENDIX. Cro

[ 277 y

C.

CAMPHAUSEN, Otto, Oernian statesman, b. Oct. 21, 1812 ; studied jurisprndence,
and. entered the state service of Prussia in 1834 ; councillor of finance, 1845 ; member of
the second chamber of the Prussian Diet, 1850-52 ; president of the Seehandiung
Company, 1849-69 ; appointed minister of finance of Prussia, Oct. 26, 1869.

CANDIalSH, Robert Bmithi English theologian, b. at Glasgow, 1807 ; educated at
Glasgow University, and ordained minister in the Established Church of Scotland, 1831 ;
minister of St. George's, Edinbui^gh, 1834 ; co-operated with Dr. Chalmers in the forma-
tion of the Free Church, 1843. Author of ' Contributions towards the Exposition of the
Book of Genesis,' 1852 ; and numerous sermons and pamphlets.

CHASItES, Michel^ French mathematician, b. Nov. 15, 1793 ; studied at the ^cole
Polytechnique, Paris; professor of geometry at the Ecole Polyteehnique, Paris, 1841,;
elected member of the Academy of Sciences, 1851. Author of ' Apergu sur I'Origine et
le Developpement des M^thodes de G6om6trie,* 4to. 1849; *'rrait6 de Geometric
superienre, 8vo. Paris, 1852 ; and numerous other mathematical works.

CHASLES^ Victor Philare^te, French essayist, b. Oct. 8, 1798 ; learnt the trade of
a printer, and worked for seven years in England ; admitted on the literary staff of the
Journal des D^bats, 1830. Author of ' Etudes de Litterature compar^e,' 14 vols. 8vo. Paris,
1847-64. Contributor to the Bevue des Detix-Mondes, and other periodicals.

COIaFAX, Schuyler, American statesman, b. in the City of New York, 1823 ; learnt
the trade of printer, and established himself in the town of South-Bend, Indiana, where
he founded the * South-Bend Register ' newspaper ; returned member of Congress for the
State of Indiana, 1859 ; chosen Speaker of the Lower House of Congress, 1863 ; elected
vice-president of the United States, Nov. 3, 1868 ; instaUed", March 4, 1869.

COOKE, William Fotliersrill, English electrician, b. at Ealing, near London, 1805 ;
educated at the University of Edinburgh ; employed on the statt' of the East-Indian
army, 182ft-31 ; invented the electric telegraph, in coiyunction with Professor Charles
Wheatstone, 1836-37; constructed the fii-st telegraph line, from Paddington to West
Drayton, 1838.

COUZA, Alexander, Roumanian statesman, b. at Galatz, 1820 ; educated at Paris,
1834-39 ; entered the Moldavian army, and promoted colonel, 1845 ; governor of Galatz,
1850 ; elected prince-ruler of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859 ; deposed, 1866.

COX, Jacob, American statesman, b. at Montreal, Canada, 1828 ; studied law, and went
to the bar in the State of Ohio ; entered the army of the United States at the outbreak of
the civil war, and rose to the rank of major-general ; was governor of Ohio, 1865-69 ;
appointed secretary of the interior, March 5, 1869.

CRESWEIaL, John, American statesman, b. in the State of Maryland, 1828 ; studied
law, and graduated at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania ; admitted to the bar in Maryland,
1850, and elected a member of the State Legislature, 1861 ; elected member of Congress,
1863, and United States senator, 1865 ; appointed postmaster-general, March 5, 1869.

CROOKES, William, English chemist, b. in London, Jime 17, 1832; discovered the
new element, Thallium, 1861 ; elected F.R.S. in 186S. Author of ' Report to Government
on the Application of Disinfectants to the Cure of Cattle Plague ;' and numerous papers
in the Transactions of scientific societies. Editor of the Chemical News.

Dal HANDBOOK OF COXTEMrORART BIOGRAPHY. Era
[278]

D.

DAIaCt ReT. Robert Willlain, Eii^Iish author, b. in London, 1829 ; graduated at
the university of L<tndon, 1853 ; minister of tlie Congregational Church, Carr's Lane,
Birmingham, 1856; chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, l^Q.
Author of numerous sennons and pamphlets.

DAVIES; Rev. John Uewelyn, English author, b. 1826; fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, 18f>0-59 ; rector of Christ Church, Marylebone, London, since 1856. Author
of '8t. I'nul'R Epistles to the Epliesians, Colossians, and Philemon,' 1866; 'The Gospel
and Mmlem Life,' 1809; and several sermons.

DAVISy Andre'W Jackson, American winter, b. 1826. Author of ' The Principles of
Nature;* ' The Great Harmonia ;' 'The Magic Staff;' and other works on spiritualism and
clalrviiyance.

DUCKWITZ, Arnold, German statesman, b. at Bremen, Jan. 27, 1802 ; educated for
the <'om!uercial career in England ; member of the Senate of Bremen, 1841 ; established
steam navigation between Bremen and New York, 1847 ; minister of commerce of the
Germanic gtivemment at Franklort, 1848 ; burgomaster of Bremen, 1857-63. Author of
several works on political economy.

DUVERGIER, Jean Baptiste. French statesman, b. at Bordeaux, Aug. 25, 1792 ;
studied jurispindence at Paris, and became advocate at the Cour Royale, 1821 ; elected
batonnier of the Order of Advocates, 1840 ; nominated member of the Council of State,
1855 ; appointed minister of justice and public worship, and keeper of the seals (Garde
des Sceaux), July 17, 1869.

E.

EIGHTH AIfy Gustave d', French ethnologist, b. at Nancy, of Jewish parents, 1804;
joined the socialist community of P^re Enfantin as editor of the Globe, 1832 ; founder and
secretary of the Socidt^ d'Ethnologie of Paris. Author of ' Etude sur I'Histoire primitive
des Races ocdaniennes et americaines,' 8vo. Paris, 1845 ; and other ethnological works.

EUItENBURG, Count Friedrich xvl, German statesman, b. Jan. 29, 1S15;
educated for the diplomatic career ; consul-general for Prussia at Antwerp, 1849 ; chief of
the Prussian expedition to China and Japan, and ambassador at the court of Pekin,
1860-62 ; appointed minister of the interior, Dec. 9, 1862.

EVANS, Sebastian, English poet and journalist, b. 1830 ; educated at Emmanuel
College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1854, LL.D. 1868. Author of 'Brother Fabian's
Manuscript, and otiier Poems,* London, 1865. Editor of the Birmingh/im Daily Gazette
since 1867.

ra.r APPENDIX Que

_[ 279 ] ■

F.

X"ARRAR, Frederick 'William, English author, b. 1831 ; junior master of Harrow
School. Author of * Eric ; or, Little by Little,' London, 1858 ; ' The Origin of Language,'
ib. 1860 ; and many other works.

FERRARI, Lui^, Italian sculptor, b. at Venice, 1810; studied sculpture under his
father, Bartolommeo Ferrari, and Canova. Executed * Laocoon ;' ' David and Goliath ;'
* Marco Polo ;' and numerous other groups and statues.

FEYDEAU, Ernest, French novelist, b. at Paris, March 16, 1821 ; educated for a
commercial career; engaged on the literary staflT of La Fresse, 1856. Author of ' Fanny,'
12mo. Paris, 1858, which passed through fifteen editions in one year; and ^ many other
novels. Founder and editor of the daily journal UEpoque.

FIGUEROLA. Lanreano, Spanish statesman, b. at Cala, near Barcelona, July 4,
1816 ; educated at Barcelona, and appointed master of the Normal School, 1841 ; pro-
fessor of political economy at the University of Barcelona, 1847-55 ; deputy of Barcelona
to the Cortes, and le^er of the free-trade party, 1854-66 ; professor of commercial law at
the University of Madrid, 1856-68.

FISH, Hamilton, American statesman , b. in the City of New York, 1809; studied for
the bar, and graduated at Columbia College ; succ^essively member of the State Legisla-
ture of New York, member of Congress, governor of the State of New York, and United
States senator ; appointed secretary of state and of foreign affairs, March 11, 1869.

FOVTIiER, John, English civil engineer, b. 1817 ; designed and carried out many rail-
ways, docks, and other public works throughout the United Kingdom, and on the
Continent ; engineer of the Metropolitan Underground Railway, London.

FRANKIi, ItiidTTig; Aagrnst, German poet, b. at Chrast, Bohemia, Feb. 3, 1810 ;
studied medicine at the University of Vienna. Author of * Habsburglied,' Vienna, 1832 ;
'Christoforo Colombo,' Stuttgart, 1836 ; and numerous other poetical works. Translator
of some of the poems of Lord Byron.

G.

GARRISON, "William Lloyd, American politician, b. at Newbury Poi-t, Massa-
chusetts, 1805 ; founded the Liberator, weekly newspaper, in Boston, 1831 ; one of the
leaders in the Anti-Slavery agitation till the commencement of the civil war.

GRESSIER, Edouard, French statesman, b. Dec. 22, 1815 ; studied law, and practised
as advocate at Paris, 1848-68 ; elected deputy to the Legislative Body for the d^partement
de la Somme, 1863 ; minister of agriculture, commerce, and public works, Dec. 19, 1868,
to July 17, 1869 ; appointed minister of public works, July 17, 1869.

GUE'ROULT, Adolphe, French political writer, b. Jan. 29, 1810 ; consul at Mazatlan,
1842-47 ; deputy manager of the Credit Foncier, 1852-57 ; editor of the Presse, 1857-59,
of the Opinion Nationale since 1859. . Author of ' Lettres sur I'Espagne ;* and other
works.

an HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPOBART BIOGRAPHY. Hol

(480]

E.

HANKfila. WUhelm OOttUeb, German electrician, b. May 17, 1814 : stndied theology
at tiie University of l^Ialle, but devoted himself to experiments in electricity, 1835 ; pi"0-
fessor of chemistry at Halle, 1840, and at the University of Leipzig, 1849. Author of
* Elektrliiche Untersachungen,' six parts, Leipzig, 1856-65.

HANNBN. Sir Jwan/tB, English judge, b. 1821 ; called to the bar, 1848 ; appointed a
justice of tne Court of Queen's Bench, and kniG^hted, 1868.

HANSBNy Peter Andreas^ German astronomer, b. Dec. 8, 1795 ; studied astronomy
from books, without attendance at school; obtained a post as sub-assistant at ttie
OtMiervatory of Altona, 1821 ; director of the Gotha Observatory since 1826. Author of
*Theorie der Sonnenfinstemisse,' 8vo. Leipzig, 1858 ; and other astronomical works.

HARRIS. Thomas Iiake^ American author, b. 1824; founder of a community of
spiritualists at Brocton, Lake Erie, New York. Author of 'Arcana of Christianity ;' aad
several volumes of poetry.

HAUCH| Johan Carsten, Danish poet, b. at Frederickshald, Norway, May 12, 1791 ;
studied philoh)gy at the University of Christiania ; professor of Scandinavian literature
at the University of Kiel, 1846-48, and at Copenhagen, 1851. Author of * Lyriske Digte.'
Copenhagen, 1843 ; ' Marsk Stig,' ib. 1850 ; and other poems and dramas.

HAUSSONVILLE, Joseph Bernard, Count d', French historian, b. at Paris,
May 27, 1809 ; entered the diplomatic career, 1828, and successively secretary of embassy
at Brussels, Turin, and Naples ; retired into private life, 1848. Author of * Histoire de h
Politique ext^rieure du Gouvemement frangais de 1830 4 1848,' two vols. 8vo. Paris, 1850 ;
and several other historical works.

HAXTTEFEUIIiIiE, loturent Basile, French jurist, b. at Paris, July 25, 1805 ;
studied jurisprudence at Paris, and called to the bar, 1829 ; procureur du roi at Algiers,
1830-34 ; advocate at the Cour de Cassation, 1837-52. Author of * Code de la P6che
maritime,' 8vo. Paris, 1844; 'Droits et Devoirs des Nations neutres,' four vols. 8vo. ib.
1848-49 ; and other legal works.

HEYDT. Antrost von der, Baron, German statesman, b. Feb. 15, 1801 ; deputy
to the Prussian Diet, 1842-47 ; director of the bank of Prussia, 1851-62 ; minister of
finance, March to Sept. 1862 ; re-appointed minister of finance, June 2, 1866 ; resigned,
Oct. 26, 1869.

HIIiLER, Ferdinand, German composer, b. at Frankfort-on-the-Ma!n, Oct. 24, 1811;
studied music under Hummel, at Weimar ; director of the concerts at the Gewandhaus,
Leipzig, 1843-44. Author of the operas ' Rorailde ' and * Konradin,' the oratorio ' Die
Zerstorung Jerusalem's,' and numerous other works.

HINTON, James, English metaphysician, b. at Reading, 1823 ; aural surgeon to Guy's
Hospital, London. Author of 'Man and his Dwelling-place,' 1859; 'Life in Nature,*
1862 ; * The Mystery of Pain,' 1866 ; and other works.

HOAR^ Ebeneser Rockvrood, American statesman, b. at Concord, Massachusetts,
1817 ; studied law, and graduated at Harvard College ; was for some time judge of the
Massachusetts Supreme Court; appointed attorney-general of the United States.
March 6, 1869.

HOIiE, James, English political economist, b. at Manchester, Jan. 9, 1820 ; educated
K»r a commercial career; secretary of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of Great
f?V?*\r , . 4;?*^®^ ?^ * Lectures on the Oiganisation of Labour,' 1851 ; ' The Homes
of the Working Chisses,' London, 1866 ; and other works.

Hoo APPENDIX. Km

[ 281 ]

HOOD, Tom, English author and journalist, b. 1835 ; educated at University College
School, London, and Pembroke College, Oxlbrd ; for some years in the Civil Service.
Author of several novels, and collections in prose and verse. Editor of Fun since 1865.

BEX76GINS, 'William, English astronomer, b. in London, 1826; studied astronomy,
and erected an observatory at Tulse Hill in 1865 ; ascertained, by spectrum analysis, the
physical state and chemical nature of some of the stars, 1862 ; discovered the gaseous
state of the nebulse, 1864; elected F,R.S. 1865, and received the royal medal, 1866; Rede
lecturer for 1869. Author of many papers in Transactions of scientific societies.

BEYACINTHE, Charles lK>yson, called Pe^re Hyacinthe, French theologian,
b. at Orleans in 1827 ; educated at the Academy of Pau, and at St. Sulpice, and ordained
priest, 1849 ; professor of theology at the seminaiy of Nantes, 1850-52 ; cur6 of
St. Sulpice, Paris. 1862-60; entered the convent of the Carmelites, Lyons, 1861, and
nominated general of the Order, 1866 ; resigned, Sept. 1869.

J.

JEVONS, 'William Stanley, English author, b. at Liverpool, Sept. 1, 1835 ; educated
at University College, London ; appointed professor of logic and political economy in
Owens College, Manchester, 1866. Author of works on logic, the value of gold, the
coal question, and papers in the Journal of the London Statistical Society.

E.

KIMBERLEY, John 'Wodehouse, Earl of, English statesman, b. 1826, grandson
of second Baron Wodehouse ; educated at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford ; succeeded
to his grandfather's title, 1846 ; under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1852-56 ; am-
bassador to Russia, 1856-58 ; again under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1859-61 ;
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1864-66 ; created Earl of Kimberley, July 1866 ; appomted
lord privy seal, Dec. 9, 1868.

KRUPP. Friedrich, German mechanician, b. 1815 ; educated by his father, who
founded a small ironwork at Essen, on the Rhine. 1827; discovered the mode of manu-
facturing cast steel in large quantities, 1850 ; produced twenty-five millions of pounds of
cast steel in 1863, and fifty-six millions of pounds in 1865 ; employed 9,000 workmen,
exclusive of colliers, 1865 ; refused a patent of nobility, 1864.

Iieb HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. IiOtt
[ 282 ]

L.

LCBOJBUF. Edmondy French statesman, b. Nov. 5, 1809 ; studied military science at
tin* Eoole Pol>'technlque, Paris, and the Ecole d'Artillerie, Metz, and entered the army,
1H27 ; captain, 1837 : chef d'escadron, 1846 ; under-govemor of the 6cole Polytechnique,
lRls-:,0; roloncl, 18.'i2; ^neral of brigade, 1854; general of division, 1857; commander-
in-t'lii.'f of the artillery m tlie Italian rampaign, 1859 ; appointed minister of war, Aug.
21, 1869.

IsBCKY, ^VilUam Bdward Hartpole, English historian, b. 1828 ; edui^ted at
Trinity College, Dublin. Author of ' History of Rationalism in Europe,' 1866 ; 'History
of Euroi>eau Murals, from Augustus to Charlemagne,' 1869. i

LECONTE DE LISLB, Cbarles Mariet French poet, b. in the Isle of R^nnion,
IS'JO; Rtudied at the University of Paris. Author of 'Poeraes et Poesies,' Paris, 1855;
' Idylles de Theot-rite,' ib. 1861 ; ' Poesies barbares,* lb. 1862 ; and other works.

lalDDONy Rer. Henrj Panr^ English theologian, b. at North Stoneham, Hants,
Aug. 20, I82i>: etlueated at Kings College, London, and Christ Church, Oxford, where
ho gra«luat4*d B. A. 1850, and M.A. 1853 ; vice-principal of Cuddesdon Theological College,
l8:)4-59; virp-principal ofSt. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, 1859-62; prebendary of Salisbury,
1S(;4; select preaiher at Oxford, 1863-65; Bampton lecturer, 1866. Author of 'The
Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, the Bampton Lectures for 1860 ; ' and
various sermons. i

lalGHTFOOT, Rer. Joseph Barber, English theologian, b. 1828; educated at ^
Trinity Collofie, Cambridge, where he ^duated, 1851; fellow, 1852, and tutor, 1857;
Hulsean proffssor of divinity, 1861. Editor of ' St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatijins, with
Notts and Dissertations,' 1865; 'Epistle to the Philippians,' 1868; 'St. Clement of I
Rome,' 1869.

LINTON. Eliza Lynn, English novelist, b. at Keswick, 1822. Authoress of ' Grasp !
your Nettle,' 'Azesh the Egyptian,' and other works of fiction. Contributor to the |
Saturday Reinew, and various i»eriodicals. i

lalNTON. William Jaxnes, English engraver and author, b. in London, 1812;
engaged for some years on the artistic staff of the lUvstnUed London News, and executed
numerous engravings for other publications. Author of ^Life of Paine;' 'English
Republic ;' and many political pamphlets.

LIVERANI, Francesco, Italian theologian, b. at Castel-Bologna, 1S23 ;. educated at
the Academy of Nobles, Rome ; successively domestic chaplain of the Pope, canon of
Sta. Maria in Via Lata, and apostolic protonotary of Ravenna ; deprived of clerical digni-
ties, 18<i2. Author of ' La Papaute, TEmpire, et le Royuiime d'ltalie ;' and other works
against the temporal power of the Pope.

laOCKYER, Joseph Norman, English astronomer, b. at Rugby, May 17, 1836 ;
elected fellow of the Royal Society, 1869. Author and editor of various works on
astronomy, and discoverer of a new method of studying the sun by means of the
spectroscope.

IiOTZE, Rudolf Hermann. German philosophical writer, b. at Bautzen, May 21,
1817 ; studied medicine and philosophy at the University of Leipzig, and graduated, 1838;
professor of philosophy at Leipzig, 1842, and at Gottingen since 1844. Author of * Meta-
physik,' Leipzig, 1841 ; 'Mikrokosmus,' 3 vols. ib. 1856-64 ; and other works.

IiOUIiE'y Joan, Dnke of. Portuguese statesman, b. 1802, the son of Count Val de
Iteis, who was nominated Marquis de Loul6 1807, and assassinated March 1, 1824 ;
educated for the diplomatic career; minister of the interior of Portugal, 1860-^2:
mmister of foreign aflTairs, 1862-65 ; president of the council of ministers, 1869-70.

(

Itiib APPENDIX. Mon

[ 283 ]

ZaUBBOCK, Sir John, English archsBologist, b. in London, April 30, 1834 ; educated
at Eton; a banker in London. Author of 'Prehistoric Times,' 1865; and numerous
papers on archaeological subjects.

ZaXTSH, Sir Robert, English judge, b. 1807; called to the bar, 1839; appointed one of
the judges of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1865.

IiUTHER, Robert, German astronomer, b. 1810 ; established an observatory at Bilk,
near Dusseldorf, 1848; discovered seven new planets, April 17, 1852; May 5, 1853;
March 2, 1854; April 19 and Oct. 5, 1855; Sept. 15, 1857; and April 4, 1858; elected
member of the lustitut de France, 1861.

I M.

I
I
I

MAC-MAHON, Patrick Maurice de, French statesman and military commander,
b. at SuUy, department Sa6ne-et-Loire, July 13, 1808 ; educated at the Military School of
St. Cyr, and entered the army, 1828 ; captain, 1833 ; colonel, 1845 ; general of brigade,
1848; general of division, 1852; couimander of the second corps of the 'arraee des
Alpes,' 1859 ; created field-marshal and Duke of Magenta, June 4, 1859 ; commander of
the third corps d'arm6e, 1801-64 ; governor-general of Algeria smce 1864.

MAINE, Henry James Sumner, English jurist, b. 1822; educated at Cambridge ;
legislative member of the Council of Calcutta, 1859-69. Author of 'Ancient Law,'
London, 1861.

MANGLES. Ross Donnelly, English administrator, b. 1801 ; employed in the
Indian Civil Service, 1820-40 ; member of the Council of India since 1857 ; formerly
chairman of the East India Company, and M.P. for Guildford.

MAR6GRAFF, Rudol/. German author, b. Feb. 28, 1805 ; studied at the University
of Berlin ; professor of art-history at the University of Munich, 1842-55. Author of
' Erinneningen an Albrecht Diirer ;' and many other works, chiefly on art.

MASSON, Georgre Joseph Gustave^ English teacher, b. 1819; studied at the
Lycee of Tours, and at the Lycee St. Louis, Paris ; a-ssistant-master in Harrow School
since 1855 ; French examiner at Christ's Hospital. Author of 'La Lyre Frangaise,' 1661 ;
and otlier works.

MAUDSLEY, Henry, English physician, b. at Settle, Yorkshire, 1835 ; studied
medicine at University College, London, and graduated M.D. 1857; physician to the
Manchester Lunatic Hospital, 1859-62 ; resident physician to the West London Hospital
since 1862 ; elected fellow of Royal College of Physicians, 1869, and Gulstonian lecturer,
1870. Author of 'The Physiology and Pathology of Mind,' 1867. Editor of the Journal
of Mental Science.

MICHEL, Sir John, English military commander, b. 1804 ; entered the army in 1823 ;
served in the Indian mutiny, and commanded a division during the China war; lieu-
tenant-general, 1866.

MIGNE, Jacques Paul, French theologian and journalist, b. Oct. 25, 1800; educated
at the Theological Seminary of Orleans, and ordained priest, 1824 ; cur6 of Puiseaux,
Loiret,^ 1824-33 ; founded the journal L'Univers, 1833 ; disposed of the journal, and
settled as printer at Petit-Montrouge, near Paris, 1836. Author and editor of numerous
theological publications.

MONNIER, Henri Bonaventure, French author and artist, b. at Paris. June 6,
1799; studied painting under Girodet, and illustrated the 'Chansons* of B^ranger, and
the ' Fables' of La Fontaine. Author of 'Scenes populaires dessinees k la Plume,' Paris,
1830 ; * Les Boni-geois de Paris,' ib. 1864 ; and numerous other works, chiefly on Paris
and the Parisians.

J

or HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Opi
[284]

MORBIala, John Daniolf Enxlish philosophical writer, b. 1816 ; inspector of scbooli
mt Manrbester. Author of 'History of Hpetulative Philosophy in the Nineteenth
Century ;' * Handbook of Logic ;' and other works.

MORTON, IXniliAm ThOBias Ghreen, American physician, b. 1819 ; discovered Uie
UM i»f ether as an anesthetic in surgical operations, Sept 1846.

MOSCHBIaESf IcnaS| German musical composer, b. at Prague, May SO, 1794;
diivctor of the Philharmonic Society's concerts, 1825-46 ; director of the Conservatory at
Leipzig since 1846. Author of numerous musical coutpositions.

KUDIE, Charles Ed'^ard, English librarian, b. at Chelsea, Oct. 18, 1818 ; founder
of • Mu«Iie's St'Iect Library* — now containing about one million volumes of modem books
—in rpiHT Kiug-Htreet, Bloomsbury, Loudon, 1842; removed the library to New Oxford-

N.

N AS MYTH, JameSi English engineer, b. in Edinburgh, Aug. 19, 1808; served an
ni>i>rt'nticesliip as practical engineer; established for many years as engineer in Man-
i fu'sitr, and invented the steam-hammer; retired fh>m business, 1856.

NE'IaATON, At&i^nstei French physician, b. June 17, 1807 ; studied medicine at Pari.s
under Dupnytren, and graduated, 1836 ; professor of clinical surgery at the Paris Univer-
sity, 1851, and of pathology, 1856. Author of * Traits des Tumeurs de la Mamelle,' 4to.
P.I lis, LVJ9; 'Elements de Pathologic chirurgicale,' 5 vols. 8vo. ib. 1844-69; and other
nu'diial works.

NIBIiSEN^ AnflTOSta, Danish actress and oi)eratic singer, b. at Copenhagen, Feb. 26,
1«J3 ; adnntted member of the corps de ballet at the Theatre Royal, Copenhagen, 1830;
ap)K>ar«>d as actress on the same stage, 1838 ; studied music and dramatic art at Paris
under Prevost and MaziUier, and made her d^but at the Opei-a, 1860.

0.

OERSTED. Anders Sandoe, Danish naturalist, b. June 21, 1816; educated in the
house of his paternal uncle, prime-minister of Deiunark ; appointed professor of natural
history at the University of Copenhagen, 1837. Author of ' Planterigets Naturhistorie,'
8vo, Coi>enhagen, 1839 ; ' De Regionibus marinis,' 8vo. ib. 1844 ; and other works.

OPZOOMERy Karel WUlexni Dutch theological and philosophical vrriter, b. at
Rotterdam, Sept. 20, 1821 : studied at the University of Leyden, and graduated, 1846 ;
professor of philosophy at the University of Utrecht, 1846. Author of * De Weg der
Wetenschapen,' Utrecht, 1851; *De Philosophiie Natura,' ib. 1862; «De Godsdienst,'
Amsterdam, 1864.

Par APPENDIX. R08
_ [ 285 ]

P.

, Harriet, English novelist, b. at York, 1828. Authoress of 'Life and Death of
Jeanne d'Arc,' and various novels, tales, and essays, under the name of ' Holme Lee.*

PZaXTMPTRB. Rev. Ed-vvard Hayes, English poet and theologian, b. 1821 ;
educated at University College, Oxford, and graduated B,A. 1844; professor of pastoral
theology, 185S-63, and professor of New Testament exegesis at King's College, London,
since 1863; rector of Pluckley, Kent, 1869. Author of 'Christ and Christendom,*
' Boyle Lecture for 1866; 'Lazarus, and other Poems,' 1864; 'Master and Scholar, and
other Poems,* 1863 ; a new translation of Sophocles, 1866, and of JSschylus, 1868.

POCCI, Fransi Count, German poet and composer, b. at Munich, March 7, 1807 ;
studied at the Universities of Landshut and Munich ; companion of King Ludwig I. in
.ioumeys to Italy, 1845-60. Author of ' Soldatenlieder,' Leipzig, 1842 ; * Dichtungen,*
'Schaffhausen, 1843 ; and other poems. Composer of ' Der Alchymlst' opera, perfonued
at Munich, and of numerous songs and musical pieces.

PRICE. Bonamy, English political economist, b. 1807 ; educated at Worcester College,
Oxford, and graduated B.A. 1830, M.A. 1832; professor of political economy at Oxford
since 1868.

R.

Ea V juA.«i. Giuseime, Italian dramatic author, b. at Trieste, 1812 ; studied philosophy
at the College of Milan ; took part in the insurrection against Austria, 1848. Authorof
'Sampiero di Bastelica,' Milan, 1836 ; and numerous other dramas and poems.

ROBESON, George f American statesman, b. in the State of New Jersey, 1824;
studied for the bar, and graduated at Princeton College ; attorney-general of New Jersey,
1866-69. Appointed secretary of the navy of the United States, June 25, 1869.

RODENBERG, Jnlins, German author, b. July 6, 1831 ; studied jurisprudence at
Heidelberg and Gottingen, and graduated, 1856. Author of * Konig Harald's Todtenfeier,'
Marburg, 1853 ; * Die Insel der Heiligen,' Berlin, 1860 ; ' Tag und Nacht in London,' ib.
1862 ; and numerous poems and works of travel.

ROGERS, James Ed'win Thorold, English political economist, b. 1824 ; educated

ROON, Albrecht Theodor. Prussian statesman and military commander, b. April
30, 1803 ; entered the army, 1821 ; professor at the Military Academy, Berlin, 1829-32 ;
chief of the staff in the campaign against the Baden insurgents, 1849 ; appointed minister
of war of Prussia, Dec. 5, 1859 ; and minister of marine, April 16, 1861.

ROSCHER, 'WUhelm, German political economist, b. at Hanover, Oct 21, 1817;
studied jurisprudence at the Universities of Gottingen and Berlin, 1835-39 ; professor of
political economy at Leipzig since 1848. Author of ' Geschichte der englischen Volks-
wirthschaftslehre im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert,* Leipzig, 1851 ; and other works on political
economy.

ROSCOE, Henry Enfield, English chemist, b. in London, Jan. 7, 1833 ; educated at
University College, London, and at Heidelberg ; appointed professor of chemistry in
Owens College, Manchester, 1857. Author, in conjunction with Professor Bunsen, of
* Memoirs on the Measurement of the Chemical Action of Light ;* ' Lessons in Elemen-
tary Chemistry,' 1866 ; 'Lectures on Spectrum Analysis/ 1869 ; and numerous articles in
ttcienti&c journals.

HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY. Spe

[286]

s.

SALT, Sir TltuSy English mannfnoturer, b. at Morley, near Leeds ; introduced the
manufacture of alpaca wool, and erf <*tcd the factories composing the town of Saltaire ;
M.P. for Bradford, 1859-61 ; created haronet, 1809.

8AVIGNY. Karl Friedrlcli TOn, German statesman, b. in Berlin, 1813, son of the
celebnit**d Jurist ; educat^Kl un«ler the supervision of Alexander von Humboldt ; entered
the diplomatic service of Prussia, 1838 ; Prussian amliassador at Dresden, at Brussels,
and at FranWortnin-the-Main, 1859-66 ; representative of Prussia in the Council of the
North German Confederation, 1866-68.

8EEBOHM. FrederiCy English author, b. at Bradford, Yorkshire, 1833 ; called to the
bar uf the Mlrldle Tcnu.le, 1H56; banker at Hitchin, Herts. Author of 'The Oxford
RffoniHTs.* iStiT. Contributor on historical and economical subjects to the North British
aiid Foitniijhtly Reviews.

SILVAy Innocentio Frandsco da, Portuguese bibliographer, b. at Lisbon, Sept
•js. IMO ; entered the military career, but resigned. 1886. Author of ' Dictiouario biblio-
^rapliico iwrtuguez,' 4 vols. Lisbon, 1858-60; and other bibliographical and historical
wttrks.

8INFT| Adolphe, Belgian author, b. at Beaumont, 1817; entered the govemraent
service. 1836; elected member of the Acad^mie.de Belgique, 1855. Author of 'Diction-
HMire historique des Peintres des toutes les Ecoles,' 4to. Brussels, 1848; and several
dramas and works of fiction.

SKEATS, Herbert Stradlingr, English author and journalist, b. at Lymington, 1828.
Author of 'A History of the Free Churches of England;' 'Popular Education in Eng-
land ;' and several pamphlets on ecclesiastical subjects.

SMITH, Philip, English historian, b. in London, Nov. 12, 1816 ; educated at University
College, Jjondon ; jin)fe8aor of mathematics and ecclesiastical laistory in New College,
London, 185()-r>2 : head-master of Mill Hill Grannnar School, 1853-60. Author of ' The
History of the World;' contributor of articles to Dr. William Smith's 'Dictionaries,'
and other works.

SMYTH, Charles Piazsi, English astronomer, b. at Naples, Jan. 3, 1819; educated
at Bedford ; assistant-astronomer at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, 1835 ;
astronomer-royal for Scotland, and professor of practical astronomy in the University of
Edinburgh sinc« 1845. Author of ' Teneriffe, an Astronomer's Experiment,' 1857 ; * Three
Cities in Russia,' 1862 ; 'Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid,' 1864 ; 'Life and Work
at the Great Pyramid,' 1867; 'The Antiquity of Intellectual Man,' 1868; and many
papers in the Transactions of scientific societies.

SNEIalaAERT, Ferdinand, Flemish author, b. at Courtray, July 21, 1809; entered
the Military Academy of Utrecht, and served in the army of the Netherlands till 1830.
Author of ' Over de nederlandsche Dichtkunst in Belgie,' Bmssels, 1838 ; and other
works in the Flemish language. Editor of the journal Eendracht since 1846.

SPENCER, Herbert, English metaphysician, b. at Derby, 1820; educated and
practised as civil engineer ; contributor to the Economist newspaper, 1848-53. Author
of ' Principles of Psychology,' 1855 ; and ' First Principles,' 1860.

'*'^'""* "~' '~' i nri « - ri . ■^«— — .-— ^.^ --

Tan APPENDIX. Zel

[ 287 ] —

T.

TAVCHNITZ, Christian Bernhardt Freiherr von, German publisher, b.
Aug. 25, 1816 ; established a publishing nrm, with printing-office, at Leipzig, 1837 ;
originated a ' Collection of British Authors,' 1841 ; commenced a * Collection of German
Authors,' in English, 1866 ; obtained a patent of nobility, as Freiherr, from the Duke of
Saxe»Coburg, 1860.

TORBERG, Carl Johan, Swedish philologist, b. at Linkoepiug, 1807 ; studied at the
University of Upsala, and graduated, 1833 ; professor of Oriental languages at Upsala,
IrfSS, and at the University of Lund, 1844. Author of numerous philological works, and
of papers on the languages and literature of Asia.

V.

VEZIN^ Hermann. English actor, b. at Philadelphia, March 2, 1829; educated at tlie
University of Pennsylvania, and graduated, 1847 ; appeared on the stage at New York,
1850 ; became manager of the Princess' Theatre, London, and produced the * Man o'
Airlie,' 1867.

VIEUXTEMPS, Henri, Belgian composer and violinist, b. at Verviers, Feb. 20, 1820;
studied music under Beriot and Reicha ; visited the principal cities of Europe and
America after 1837; director of the Imperial concerts at St. Petersburg, 1846-52.
Author of numerous compositions for the violin.

VOGEL VON FALKENSTEIN, Ernst Priedrich, Prussian military com-
mander, b. Jan. 5, 1797 ; entered the army, 1813 ; colonel, 1848 ; chief of the staff in the
war against Denmark, 1848 ; commander of the seventh corps d'armee, 1864 ; commander-
in-chief of the 'army on the Main,' 1866 ; governor-general of Bohemia, July-Sept. 1866;
elected member of the Diet of the North German Confederation, 1867.

w.

WOHLER, Friedrich, German chemist, b. July 81, 1800; studied medicine at the
Uiiiversities of Marburg and Heidelberg, and chemistry under Berzelius, at Stockholm,
1820-24 ; professor of chemistry at Berlin, 1825-31, and at Cassel, 1831-36 ; professor at
Gottingen since 1836. Author of ' Grundriss der Chemie,' Berlin, 1831 ; fourteenth
edition, Leipzig,. 1868 ; and other works on chemistry.

WUIaLERSTORF-URBAIR, Bemhard, Freiherr -von, Austrian statesman
and naval commander, b. at Trieste, Jan. 29, 1816 ; educated at the University of Padua,
and entered the Aastrian naval service, 1833 ; took part as captain in the siege of Ancona,
and the capture of Venice, 1849 ; commander of the ' Novara ' expedition in a journey
round the world, 1857-69 ; rear-admiral, 1861 ; minister of commerce of Austria, 1865-67.
Author of numerous contributions to periodicals on astronomical, naval, and commercial
subjects.

z.

ZEIiIaERi Eduard, German theologian, b. at Kleinbottwar, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 22,
1814 ; studied theolc^ at Tubingen, under Strauss, and at Berlin, under Neander ; pro-
fessor of theology at tiie University of Tubingen, 1840-47; at Bonn, 1847-49 ; at Marburg,
1849-^2 ; and at Heidelberg since 1862. Author of ' Geschichte der christlichen Kirche,'
Stuttgart, 1847 ; * Die Apostelgeschichte nach ihrem Inhalt und Ursprung,' lb. 1864 ; and
other theological works.

LoVDOir:

E. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRlNTBRS,
BREAD 8TRBKT HILL.

srx:.i.it

Jii^.

SEVENTH ANNUAL PUBLICATION.

THE

STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK,

A STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE
STATES OP THE CIVILIZED WORLD.

MANUAL FOE POLITICIANS AND MERCHANTS

FOR THE YEAR

1870.

BY FREDERICK MARTIN.

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unimpeachable trustworthiness, such as no publication of the same kind has ever been able
to furnish. The new issue of the Statesman's Year-Book has received another improvement
in the addition of a Chronological Account of the principal events of the past twelve mouths,
which, continued from year to year, will, it is hoped, make the work still more useful than it
has hitherto proved, as a book of reference.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON.

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JUN 9 - 1«37