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,'^ .eJ*-.

HANDBOOK OF JAPAN
AND JAPANESE EXHIBITS

AT WORLD'S FAIR, ST. LOUIS, 1 904

BY HAJIME HOSHI

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KC S-ii"^

by
Hajime Hoshi

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BARON MASANOA MATSUDAIRA,
VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE COMMISSION FOR THE

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

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MR. KAHEI OTANI,
PRESIDENT OF THE JAPANESE EXHIBITORS' ASSOCIATION FOR THE

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITIO^.^,^^^ ^^QQog[^

Prefi

ace.

SINCE Commodore Perry, of the United States Navy,
opened Japan to the world's commerce, the foreig^n
trade of that country has developed with wonderful
rapidity. The startling rapid development of Japanese
trade is due to the readiness and celerity with which the
frank and courageous people of the Empire abandoned
their old customs and turned their faces toward a new
civilization. There wai no hesitation, no halting, no
looking backward. The entire Nation awoke with a
start to the realization that it was moving in the wrong
direction, and turned about and dropped easily in the
march of modem progress. Foreign ideas were adopted,
foreign methods were imitated and frequently improved
upon, and the closest commercial relations were sought
with the United States and the countries of Europe.
With this adoption of foreign ideas came a desire for
foreign goods. New methods made necessary the use
of Western machinery in factories and on the farms.
Even Western foodstuffs became popular.

Japan's total foreign commerce was increased from
26,246,545 yen in 1868 to 582,581,800 yen in 1903 or 2,219
per cent. The total exports were increased from 15,553,-
473 yen in 1865 to 281,671,889 yen in 1903, or 1,811 per
cent. During the same period the imports increased
from 10,693,072 yen to 300,909,911 yen, or 2,790 per
cent.

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In a recent speech on Japan and America, Hon.
Kogforo Takahira, Japanese Minister at Washington,
said: **We want the power, that flows from a great trade
and a great prosperity at home. The efforts now making
by Japan to increase the commerce between herself and
the United States and the rest of the world are in them-
selves a guarantee of long peace. The two countries are
seeking the same object, but each can obtain it best and
quickest through the peaceful competition of trade, which
will bring about closer relations of friendship and com-
mercial interests between the two peoples.

**It is not my intention to say anything about Japan
in the way of self-assertion, but in regard to our endeav-
ors for progress in modern civilization, I must say that
we have always been earnest, honest and sincere, and
there has not been a bit of humbug in the search and
adoption of anything, either administrative, educational,
financial or judicial that can be found effective to im-
prove morally and materially the condition of the country
after the American or European model.*'

Hon. O. P. Austin, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics,
Department of Commerce and Labor of the United
States, says in his interesting article on **Our Trade in
the War Zone*' in the World's WorkSy April, 1904, that
after a careful examination of the trade of both countries
now at war he finds Japan's products are entirely differ-
ent in character from those of the United States, and in
no way competitive.

Baron Masanoho Matsudaira, Vice-President of the
Iriiperial Japanese Commission to the Louisiana Pur-
chase Exposition, has many times earnestly represented
to Japanese merchants and manufacturers that nothing
is to be more desired than closer commercial relations

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with foreig^n countries, and that this is the only means to
mantain permanent peace in Japan.

The wide difference between Japanese writing: and the
written languages of Western countries and the difficul-
ties of learning the Japanese language have caused Japan
to be less understood by foreigners. This hand-book is
published with a view of presenting the real conditions
of Japan to foreigners and to increase her foreign trade.

I desire to express my thanks and appreciation to Mr.
Harushige Yamawaki, Commissioner to the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, who supplied me with much valu-
able information to complete this book. Also to Mr.
Hagime Ota, Acting Commissioner-General, and other
Commissioners and friends who have assisted me directly
or indirectly in the publication.

HAJIME HOSHI.

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CONTENTS

Page

Reigning Sovereign and the Government 15

The Constitution and Government 15

The Present Cabinet Members 16

l/ocal Governments 16

The Area 17

Geographical Formation 17

Population 17

Japanese Abroad 1 18

Foreigners in Japan 18

Marriage, Birth, Death Rates 18

Density of the Population 19

Social Classes of Population 19

Population of Principal Cities 19

Manufacturing , 20

Number of Factories 21

I^aborers 22

Working Hours 23

Wages 23

Industrial Education 23

Patents, Protection of Designs and Trade-Marks 24

Principal Manufacturing Products— 1902 25

Clothing 26

Raw Silk 26

Cotton Spinning 27

Matting 27

Straw Plait 27

Match-Making , 27

Paper 27

Rape-Seed Oil 28

Camphor 28

Lacquered Wares 28

Porcelain 28

Bronze Work 28

Ivory Work 28

Sake 28

Shoyu 28

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Page

Agricui^Ture 29

Number of Farmers 29

Acres of Available Land 29

Value of Land and Farm Houses 30

Banking Facilities for Peasants 30

Japan Hypothec Bank 30

Local Hypothec Bank 30

Credit Guilds 30

Hokkaido Colonial Bank 31

Agricultural Societies 31

Experimental Farms 31

Agricultural Training Schools 31

Farming Population 31

Wages 32

Agricultural Products 32

Rice 33

Mugi 33

Beans 33

Millet, Sorghum and Buckwheat 33

Sweet Potatoes 34

Potatoes 34

Rape 34

Indigo 34

Tobacco 34

Sugar Cane and Beet Root 34

Cotton 34

Cotton, Imported 35

Hemp 35

Stalk for Straw Braids 35

Mint and Gensing 35

Paper Mulberry Tree 35

Fruits '. 35

Flowers and Garden Plants 35

Sericulture— Its Statistics 36

Filature— Its Statistics 36

Tea Manufacturing — Past and Present 37

Live Stocks 37

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Page

Foreign Trade 38

Foreign Trade of Japan Since 1868 38

Kxport and Import of Specie and Bullion Since 1872 38

Export to and Import from Various Foreign Countries

During 1902 39

Principal Export in 1901 and 1902 40

Principal Import in 1901 and 1902 44

Trade between the United States and Japan 47

The Growth of Trade with the United States During. the

Last Thirty Years 47

Principal Export to the United States in 1901 and 1902 48

Principal Import from the United States in 1901 and 1902 50

Tariff System 53

Commercial Bodies-
Chamber of Commerce 53

Higher Council of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry . . 54

Industrial Guilds 54

Commercial Museum 54

Finance —

Revenue and Expenditure from 1868 to 1903 55

Revenue —

Ordinary 55

State Property 55

Extraordinary 56

Expenditure —

Ordinary 56

Extraordinary 57

Formosan Finance 57

Revenue from 1896 to 1903 57

Expenditure from 1896 to 1903 58

Finance of Prefectures 58-

National Loans 58

Currency System and Its Amount 59

Banks 59

The Bank of Japan 60

The Yokohama Specie Bank 61

The Hypothec Bank of Japan 61

The Local Hypothec Bank 62

The Colonial Bank ; 62

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Tariff Systkm— Continued.

Banks — Page

The Bank of Taiwan 62

The Industrial Bank of Japan 63

Exchange ; 63

Insurance Companies 64

Clearing Houses 64

Transportation 66

Government Railways 66

Private Railways 66

Ships 67

Number and Tonnage 68

Shipping Statistics of the Ports 68

Subsidy to the Shipping Business 68

Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Toyo Kisen Kaisha and Osaka

Shosen Kaisha 69

The Road of the three Steamship Companies 70

Ship Building 70

Communication 7

Past . . ^ 7

Development of Postal Service 7

Mail Matter Transmitted During 1902 7

Japanese Post Offices in China and Korea 7

Postal Rates 72

Postal Service to Merchants 72

Expense and Revenue of Post Department 73

Postal Saving 73

Telegraph 73

Telephone 74

Forestry ". 75

Acres of Forest 75

Classes of Forest 75

Principal Species of Trees 76

Camphor Tree 76

Tsuge 76

Ubame-Gashi 76

Ichi-Gashi 76

Kunuki 76

Akamatsu 76

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Forestry— Continued.
Principal Species of Trees — Pag(

Kuromatsu

Hinoki

Hiba

Sugi

Keyaki

Forestry Industries and Minor Product 78

Fishery and Marine Products 79

Fishing Condition 79

Marine Products 79

Exports of Marine Products 80

Exports in Detail 81

Fish Culture 82

Salt Manufacturing 82

Mining 83

Mining Condition and Its Regulation 83

Exploration and Mining 84

Principal Mining Products 84

Army ! 85

Military System 85

Distribution of Standing Army 85

Strength of Army 86

Arsenals and Schools 87

Navy 88

History : 88

Naval Statistics 89

Naval Works 89

Naval Strength 90

Expenditure 90

Education 91

Present Educational Condition 91

Statistics of Schools 92

Periodicals 93

Formosa 94

Area 94

Population 94

Administration 94

Education 94

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Formosa— Continued. Page

Sanitary System 95

Finance 95

Foreign Trade 95

Railways and Harbor Works 96

Formosa Tea 96

Varieties of Tea Plants 9*7

Tea Cultivation 98

Manufacturing Tea 99

Refining Tea 102

Scented Tea 103

Tea Market 103

Export of Tea : 104

Export of Oolong Tea Since 1867 105

How to Make a Refreshing Drink 106

China Grass 107

Tamsui Hat 107

The Red Cross Society 109

Organization 109

Membership 110

Work -Ill

Japanese Exhibits at the Wori,d*s Fair, St. Louis 112

Japan Participates in ihe World's Fair 112

Commissioners 112

The Japanese Exhibit Association 113

Japanese Garden 114

A Summary of Japanese Exhibit 115

Japan's Educational Exhibit 115

Fine Arts Exhibits 116

Japan in the Manufactures Building 117

Japan in the Varied Industries 117

Japan in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy 118

Agriculture Building , 119

Formosan Exhibit 120

Electricity 121

Forestry, Fish and Game Exhibit 121

Transportation Building 122

Liberal Arts 124

Fair Japan on the "Pike' ' 125

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Reignins Sovereisn and the Government.

THE Empire of Japan was founded by Emperor Jimmu, who
ascended to tbe throne in 660, B. C. The reigning dynasty
still remains unbroken, which is an unparalleled fact in the history
of any other country. His Majesty, the present Emperor of Japan,
is the one Ifundred and twenty-second of the dynasty founded
2,564 years ago. The Emperor was born on November 3. 1852,
at Kyoto, and on the death of his father. Emperor Komei, suc-
ceeded to the throne on February 13, 1867. On February 9, 1869,
the Emperor was married to Princess Haruko, daughter of Prince
Ichijo. The Empress was born on May 28, 1850.

Imperial Prince Yoshihito, the heir apparent, was born on
August 31, 1879, was proclaimed Crown Prince on November 3,
1889, and was married May 10, 19D0, to Princess Sadako, daughter
of Prince Kujo. The Crown Princess was born on June 25, 1864.
Two sons were born to them. They are Prince Hirohito, born
on April 29th, 1901, and Prince Yasuhito, born on June 25, 1902.

The Emperor has four daughters. Princess Masako, born on
September 30, 1888; Princess Fusako, born on June 28, 1890;
Princess Nobuko, born on August 7, 1891, and Princess Toshiko,
born on May 11, 1896. The civil list is 3,000,000 yen a year.

The Constitution and Government.

The form of the Japanese Government, until but recently,
was an absolute monarchy. A constitution was issued on Feb-
ruary II, 1889, in which the Emperor was defined as the head of
the Empire, combining in himself the right of sovereignty and
of executive functions. The Emperor has under his command a
Cabinet, composed of ten Ministers of State, who are appointed
by and responsible to him. He has also under his direction a
Privy Council, composed of a body of men who are charged with
the duty of deliberating upon important matters of state whenever
they are consulted by the Emperor. The Emperor exercises the
legislative powers with the consent of the Imperial Diet. 'Ihe

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Imperial Diet consists of two houses, the House of Peers and
the House of Representatives, the members of the former house
numbering 300 and those of the latter 369. The, proportion of
the Representatives to the population is one to 123,000. The
presidents of both houses receive an annual salary of 5,Doo yen;
the vice-presidents 3,000 yen, and the members of both houses
2,000 yen, beside traveling expenses.

The Imperial Diet has, besides other things, control over the
finances.

The present Cabinet consists of tlie folloiving
members:

Prime Minister, Count Taro Katsura.

Foreign Affairs, Baron Jutaro Komura.

Finance, Baron Arasuke Sone.

Interior, Viscount Akimasa Yoshikawa. '

Justice, Yoshinawo Hatano.

War, Lieut.-General Seiki Terauchi.

Navy, Baron Gonbei Yamamoto.

Education, Kanai Kubota.

Agriculture and Commerce, Baron Keigo Kiyoura.

Transportation and Communication, Kanetake Oura.

Local Governments.

For the purposes of local administration, Japan is divided into
prefectures, Fu, or Ken. Each prefecture is further divided into
municipalities, cities (Shi) and counties (Gun). A county is
again subdivided into towns (Cho) and villages (Son). The
Island of Hokkaido has a governor and a specially organized
government; and Formosa has a governor-general, who is in-
vested with an extensive power. There are at present 3 Fu,
43 Ken, 58 Shi, 636 Gun, 1,054 Sho, and 13,468 Son. Each of
these divisions has its own assembly, elected by the people. The
expenditure incurred by these Fu and Ken amounted to 52,478,449
yen in 1901. The sum granted by the central government to the
Fu and Ken, and which constitutes the treasury of these local
governments, is about 6,000,000 yen annually. The expenditure
incurred by the Shi, Cho, and Son was 63,433,224 in the same
year.

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The Area.

Japan consists of five large islands and nearly six hundred
small islands. The principal islands are Honshyu (mainland),
Kiushyu, Shikoku, Hokkaido (Yezo), and Taiwan (Formosa).
The Formosa Island was ceded to Japan by China in accordance
with the treaty known as the Shimonoseki Treaty, entered into
between Japan and China in 1895 as the result of the war between
these countries. The whole of the Japanese islands cover an
area of 27,062 square Ri, or about 161,198 square miles. The
area is about i-325ths of the entire surface of the globe, or
i-i07th of the entire extent of the Asiatic Continent. Honshu
is the largest island, with 14,571 square Ri, or 92,673 square miles,
which is 53.64 per cent of the total area. Hokkaido is the next
largest island, with 5,062 square Ri, or 30,136 square miles.
Kiushyu has 2,618 square Ri, or 14,691 square miles; Formosa
2,253 square Ri, or 13,417 square miles, and Shikoku 1,181 square
Ri, or 7,041 square miles.

Geographical Formation.

The Japanese islands in general are mountainous, extensive
plains being found very rarely. Rivers and streams are found
almost everywhere, serving for irrigation purposes, although
not much for transportation. Waterfalls are abundantly found,
and they may be utilized for generating electricity. The average
height of mountain peaks in Japan is about 6,000 feet above the
sea.

Lake Biwa, in the central part of Japan, is the largest expanse
of water, being 81 square Ri, or 482 square miles.

The climate in Japan is mild, as the result of the surrounding
seas. The Black Current (Kuro Shiwo), passing the southern
shores of the main island^ modifies the cold climate of the north.
The whole islands are visited with ample rainfall, in Honshyu
the average amount being 2,000 cubic c. m. annually

Population.

luring the
>ix millic

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The population of Japan during the eighteenth century was
from twenty-five to twenty-six millions, which increased to

33,110,825 in 1872. The following table gives the population in
different years and the rate of increase.

Year. Total.

1897 43,228,863

1898 43,763,855

1899 44,260,642

I9OQ 44,815,580

I9OI 45,426,651

Rate of Annual
increase. Per Cent.

1.22

1.24

I.I4

1.25

1.36

The population in 1901 consisted of 22,926,043 males and
22,613,177 females.

Japanese residing in foreign countries in 1902, 139,533 (males,
105,316, females, 34,237), of whom 31,511 were in the United
States, 64,929 in the Hawaiian Islands, 22,471 in Korea, 4,695 in
China, 4,683 in Russian colonies, and 5,168 in British colonies.

Foreign residents in Japan in 1902 numbered 14,257, of whom
10,318 were males and 3,939 females.

Divided according to different nationalities, they were as
follows :

Chinese 8,027 Dutch 275

English 2,215 Austria-Hungarian ^^

American 1,624 Danes *. 08

French 505 Italian 47

German 647 Spain 44

Korean 235 Swedish 51

Russian 185 Others 225

Portuguese 107

The following table shows the marriage, birth and death rates :

Excess of

Number of

Births

Year.

Marriages.

Births.

Deaths.

Over Deaths.

1897 ..

. . . .365,207

1,334,125

876,837

457,288

1898 ..

....471,296

1,369,638

894,524

475,114

1899 ..

....297,428

1,388,185

934,566

453,619

1900 . .

...346,590

1,422,041

914,549

507,484

1901 ..

....378,262

1,487,477

922,549

564,928

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Year.

Number of
Marriasres
Per 1.000.

Number of
Births
Per 100.

Number of Male

Births per

100 Female

Births.

Number of
Deaths
Per 100.

No. of Male

Deaths per

100 Female

Deaths.

1897.

. . 8.45

309

105.19

2.03

106.58

T«08.

...1077

3.13

103.36

2.04

105.54

1899.

. . 6.72

3.14

105.93

2.II

104.81

1900.

... 770

3.14

105.03

2.03

104.34

19OI.

... e.33

3.-27

IO5.D3

2.03

102.72

In 1899 the households in Japan numbered 8,180,240. The
average number in a family is about 5.08 persons. The density
of the population is about 296 to each square mile, not including
Formosa, which is less thickly populated as compared with the
main islands. About 25 per cent of the population is living in
rural districts. The rate of increase of the population in a city
of more than 10,000 population is twice as much as that in a
rural district.

The people may be regarded as being divided into four classes
in respect to their social standing, namely, the members of the
Imperial family, Peers, Shizoku, or the Samurai class, and
Heimin, or the common. The Peers of Japan are of five grades,
Prince, Marquis, Coi?nt, Viscount, and Baron.

The following table gives large towns and cities with their
population estimated in 1895 :

Tokyo 1,440,121

Osaka 821,235

Kyoto 353,139

Nagoya 244,145

Kobe 215,780

Yokohama 193,762

Hiroshima 122,306

Nagasaki 107,422

Kanazawa 83,662

Sendai 83,325

Hakodate 78,040

Fukuoka 66,190

Wakayama 63,667

Tokushima 61,501

Kumamoto 61,463

Toyama 59,558

Okayama 58,025

Otaru '. 53,961

Kagoshima 53,481

Niigata 53,366

Sakai 50,203

Fukui 44,286

Akamagaseki 42,786

Shizuoka 42,172

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Hanufadurins.

IN early times in Japan, manufacturing belonged to a class of
people which inherited its art through generations. Each
individual had his particular trade, which was followed by his
sons, who in turn transmitted it to their offspring, and the skill
thus acquired became hereditary. In 201 A. D., Corea was ac-
quired by Japan through the expedition led by Empress Jingo
and as the result Korean art and artisans were brought into Japan.
The Japanese also introduced Chinese art through the Koreans,
and thus farther improved their methods of manufacturing. The
feudal clan Taiko in 1592 again invaded Corea, and brought back
spoils of war in the form of rare collections of continental art,
which still more added to the learning and improvement of the
Japanese people. A state of tranquillity prevailed during the
reign of the Tokugawa feudal clan, which continued for about
260 years, and manufacturing art made rapid progress during
that period. Encouragement and special protection were accorded
manufactures and men of enterprise by the Government and the
clans holding sway in the different provinces.

A new era of industry was opened with the advent of Com-
modore Perry, who in 1854 led the famous American naval
expedition to Japan, knocked at her exclusive gates, and intro-
duced western enlightenment. The introduction of western
sciences and arts has completely changed the aspect of Japanese
manufacturing methods. Hitherto all sorts of manufacturing had
been confined to operations in individual homes but now the
factory system has been adopted and work is pursued on a more
liberal and extensive scale. During the period from 1846 to
1853 an arsenal was established by the feudal government, which
was built on western lines, and the manufacture of guns and other
weapons, ammunitions of war, was set on foot in the country.
Lord Shimazu, of the Satsuma Province, established a spinning
mill in 1861, which was the first ever built in the far East.
During the period from 1854 to 1859 a shipyard was built by the
feudal government, which is at present known as the Mitsubishi
Dock Co. In 187 1 another shipyard was built by the government

20 Digitized by CjOOQ iC

at Kobe, which now stands as the famous Kawaski Dock Yards.
The same government also established a filature works at Tomioka
in 1872; a silk spinning mill at Gumma, and cotton mills at Aichi
and Hiroshima in 1877; cement works at Tokyo in 1875 and a
glass factory at Shinagawa, and a paper mill at Oji in 1876.
These works and factories have now come to be owned by
private corporations. The government made every effort to im-
prove the industries and manufactures of the country ; it installed
plants, provided them with the best and latest machinery and
implements imported at great cost from Europe and America.
After performing these beneficent works the government volun-
tarily turned the institutions over to private companies, allowing
them to acquire absolute ownership on easy terms, and even giving
encouragement by allowing subsidies for a limited time.

In 1878 the first domestic exposition was held at Tokyo, in
which city two similar expositions have been successfully carried
out. The fourth exposition was held at Kyoto in 1895 and the
fifth at Osaka in 1903. Japan participated in the universal ex-
positions of Vienna, Philadelphia, Chicago and Paris, and in other
expositions of limited scope. All affairs relating to the manu-
facturing industry of Japan are at present under direct control
of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry. Mr. Morita is at
present director of this bureau.

Number of Factories.

There are today forty-six factories under the direct manage-
ment of the Japanese Government. These are:

One printing work, under the cabinet officials ; twenty-six
factories for the manufacture of firearms, gunpowder, woolen
goods, canned meat and map printing work under the Department
of War; ten factories for the manufacture of guns, gunpowder
and ship-building materials under the Department of the Navy;
an iron work factory under the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce; and five factories for making railway cars, electrical
and light-house supplies, under the Department of Transportation
and communication. There are, besides, 7,349 private factories,
which employ 415,555 workingmen. The private factories, which
are controlled by incorporated bodies, number 2,477, with a paid-

21 Digitized by CjOOQ iC

up capital of 166,293,003 yen. Within the last five years the
number of factories in Japan has increased at the rate of 60 per
cent. The increase of capital during the same period has been
in even ratio. The principal manufacturing companies are given
as follows:

Companies. Paid-up Capital.

Sake : 217 • 4,364,337 yen

Tobacco 155 11,245,063 yen

Cotton Spinning 58 36,108,983 yen

Silk 321 5,635,320 yen

Mining and Refining 40 9,655,412 yen

Electric ' 64 9,746,432 yen

Gas 4 3,131,500 yen

Ship Building 15 8,710,031 yen

Paper Manufacturing 42 7,668,286 yen

Kerosene Boring 71 6,285,581 yen

Cement 21 . 4,221,106 yen

Coal Mining '. 27 6,828,200 yen

Foreign companies doing business in Japan are well protected
under the liberal laws prevailing in that country ; there are eleven
manufactories owned by foreigners in Japan, the estimated capital
of which is 19,343,000 yen. The principal operations consist of
boring for kerosene oil, machine works and brewing of beer.

Laborers.

Statistics gathered in 1901 show that there were at that time
415,555 men and women employed in the various factories of
Japan. Of these the women numbered 257,320 and the men
158,215, which, on a percentage basis, shows 35 per cent of men
and 65 per cent of women. The fact that more women than
men are employed is due to the number of factories for fibres,
filture, spinning and weaving, in which the work is done entirely
by women. The employes may be divided into two classes, day
workers and boarding workers. The former are those who live
near the factories and go daily to their work, while the latter
have no home near at hand but are provided with lodging and
board at the factory.

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WorHing Hours.

The working hours are usually fixed at twelve hours a day.
In such factories as machine shops and ship-building yards, the
work-day is limited to eight hours.

Wages.

The wage rate is about 40 sen a day for the adult male
employes in fibre, cotton and weaving mills, while for female
laborers the rate is 25 sen a day. In machine shops the rate is
usually higher, being from about 70 to 80 sen a day. Some of
these workmen get as much as one yen or more a day. In match
factories the wages are much lower, being 15 to 25 sen for an
ordinary female and 8 to 15 sen for little girls. In tobacco
factories and printing shops a woman receives about 25 sen a day
for her work, while a man gets from 45 to 55 sen.

Industrial £>ducation.

An engineering college, now a part of the Imperial University
at Tokyo, was established in 1871. This institution gives the
highest technical education in the Empire. The Tokyo Higher
Polytechnical School, which was established by the government
in 1881, together with the Engineering and Science College of
the Imperial University at Kyoto, constitute the industrial in-
stitutions second in importance. There are, besides, two Higher
Polytechnical Schools at Osaka, which are furnishing important
technical education.

With the object of distributing technical knowledge more
widely and of imparting a general idea of science to the ap-
prentices and young mechanics, as well as the manufacturers of
the country, many schools have been established in cities and
towns of the different prefectures by the government, which has
been most earnest in encouraging industry since 1894. There are
at present twenty higher grade schools of this kind, distributed
throughout the country, besides twenty-one apprentices' schools
and commercial and technical supplementary schools. A large
number of these schools receive their support from prefectual
governments and private individuals.

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Patents* Protection of Designs and Trade Marks.

The right to monopolize a certain field of industry was given
to manufacturers and technical experts some time in the thirteenth
century in Japan, but this was done rather for the purpose of in-
creasing the revenue of the feudal lords than for encouraging
industry. The first legislative measures for protecting inventors
were enacted in 1871, and those for trade-marks in 1881. For
inventions of meritorious character inventors were honored with
the decoration of the "Blue Ribbon/*

Statistics of patents, designs and trade-marks granted by the
Japanese Government are given in the following table:

Year. Patents. Trade-marks. Designs.

1885 99 949

1886 205 508

1887 log 361

1888 183 436

1889 209 664 23

1890 240 583 82

1891 367 554 117

1892 379 588 48

1893 318 648 59

1894 326 877 64

1895 223 923 94

1896 169 858 96

1897 188 2335 90

1898 293 1597 52

1899 297 1942 139

190D 586 1767 130

1901 606 1621 141

1902 871 2016 252

5,972 19,227 1,387

Since the revision of the treaties with foreign countries in
1899, the laws governing patents of designs, and of trade-marks,
which hitherto had been confined to Japanese citizens, were
extended to foreigners residing in Japan. Japan has also joined
the International League for the Protection of Inventors, and

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all necessary arrangements required for the protection of foreign
inventions have now been completed.

The following table shows the number of patents, designs
and trade-marks granted from November, 1896, to June, 1902:

Patents. Designs. Trade-marks.

Austria-Hungary 5

Belgium 3

China

Denmark 5

France " 25

Germany 54

Great Britain 103

Netherland 2

Italy 4

Korea 2

Portugal

Russia

Spain

Norway-Sweden 4

Switzerland 3

United States 283

179

913

1117

284

493 10 2551

The principal manufacturing products in 1902
^v^ere aa f ollo^nra:

Straw plait 2,516,219 yen

Matting 8,539,309 yen

Woven cloth I53,595,9i9 yen

Porcelain 6»935,i76 yen

Lacquered ware 5,768,099 yen

Bronze 1,717,419 yen

Rape seed oik 7»553»095 yen

Wax 2,353,199 yen

Indigo 4,821,485 yen

Camphor i,309,375 yen

Menthol 1,246,129 yen

Isinglass 1,068,463 yen

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Matches 9,266,689 yen

Leather 2,566,544 yen

Paper, Japanese 10,308,640 yen

Paper, European 7,I40,94S yen

Wax 2,353,199 yen

Camphor (exclud. Formosa) i,309,375 yen

Woolen 5,083,887 yen

Sake 187,049,000 yen

Shoyn 68,940,680 yen

Raw silk 21,111,424 lbs.

Cotton spun ! 274,232,180 lbs.

In 1901 there were 347,352 weaving houses, with 791,118
employes, of which 43,172 were men and 747,946 women. These
produced 153,595,919 yens* worth of woven clothes during the
same year. The number of the weaving houses is gradually
decreasing, owing to the increase of factories and shops that
use labor-saving machinery.

The following table shows the kind of cloths produced by
these weaving houses and factories:

Silk cloth 62,109,119

Silk obi 7,952,622

Silk mixed with cotton 11,116,264

Silk mixed with cotton 6,064,351

Cotton cloth 44,888,466

Cotton obi 719,020

Linen cloth 2,775,062

Obi-belt is an expensive article, costing, on an average, ten
yen a piece, and for the most expensive kind from 300 to 500
yen. It constitutes an important part of woman's apparel 'in
Japan. The total woolen product in 1901 was valued at 5,083,887
yen.

Raw silk is an important product of Japan. In 1901 the
product of this article amounted to 21,111,424 pounds. Silk
Weaving houses that year numbered 410,601, and there were
3,701 factories. The comparatively small number of factories
shows that the silk-weaving is better done by manipulation than
by the use of machines.

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Cotton spinning has made a rapid progress. In 1888 there
were only twenty- four mills, with 113,856 spindles, which pro-
duced 13,192,486 pounds of the article. In 1901 the number of
mills increased to eighty-one and spindles to 1,118,762, in which
53,021 men and women were employed, producing 277,332,180
pounds. The capital invested in this industry amounts to
36,115,567 yen. The material, or raw cotton, used is chiefly
imported. In 1902 the raw cotton imported amounted to 79,784,781
yen in value, of which the United States took 19,475,817 yen.
The import from the United States in 1900 reached 27,019,134
yen. The export of cotton yarns in 1902 amounted to 19,901,521
yen, and was made principally to China.

Matting. — The production of matting in 1901 amounted in
value to 3,578,822 yen for home use, and about 7,000,000 yen for
export. The export of this article dates back to 1885. Okayama
is the most famous center for this industry, over 4,000,000 yen
in value of the matting being annually exported from that place.
During the last five years the export from Okayama has almost
doubled that of all previous years. The total export of matting
in 1902 is 6,719,073 yen.

Straw Plait. — In 1901 there were 32,107 factories of straw
plait, with 96,538 employes. The principal factories are located
in Okayama, Kagawa and Aichi. In 1902 the export of straw
plait from these pliaces amounted to 2,936,858 yen in value, the
greater part of which went to England and to the United States.

Match-Making. — There were 252 match factories in 1896,
which produced annually 546,738 yens of matches. The number
of the factories has now increased to 261 and the product to
9,266,689 yen in value. The export of matches amounted to
8,169,966 yen in 1902. China, Hong Kong and the Straits Settle-
ments take the major part of this output. Over 75 per cent
of the total production constitutes the export. Kobe is the
center of the match industry, producing about 6,000,000 yens'
worth of the article annually; Osaka and Tokyo are also large
producers of matches.

Paper. — There were in 1901 68,562 paper factories, producing
to the value of 12,720,000 yen annually. All these manufacture
the original Japanese paper. There are, besides, twelve mills,

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27 ^

including one Government factory, in which the European meth-
ods of paper-making are adopted, with an aggregate capital of
7,140,954 yen. These mills produce annually 113,348,340 pounds
of paper, which is equivalent to 7,140,945 yen in value — that is,
about 6.3 sen a pound. The import of paper in 1901 amounted
to 2,213,351 yen. The import of printing paper is decreasing,
while that of stationery paper is increasing.

Rapeseed Oil. — In 1901 there were 7,155 factories of the
rape-seed oil, producing annually 9,624,840 gallons, equivalent to
7>553>095 yen in value. The number of the factories has decreased
from 9,604 in 1894 to 7,155 in 1901; while the product remained
almost stationary.

Camphor. — Camphor manufactories in 1901 numbered 932,
producing about 2,650,162 pounds annually. These figures do not
include the Formosan camphor product, which alone amounts
to 4,849,949 pounds a year. The Formosan camphor was for
some time monopolized by the Formosan Government, but now
it is included in that of Japan proper. A large quantity of the
camphor oil is also produced in Formosa.

Lacquered Wares. — In 1901 the factories for lacquered wares
numbered 5,393, producing annually to the value of 5,768,099 yens.

Porcelain. — The output of porcelain in 1901 was valued at
6,935,176 yen, of which 2,491,668 yen constituted the export.
Nagoya produced one-third of the total. Gifu, Kyoto, Kanazawa
and Kagoshima are the principal localities where the goods
are manufactured.

Bronze Work. — The total amount of bronze work in 1901 had
a value of 1,714,419 yen, of which Kyoto produced 725,986 yen.

Ivory Work. — Kanazawa is the center of the ivory industry,
producing annually about 450,000 yen in value of ivory articles.

Sake. — There were in 1901 22,196 factories, producing an-
nually 187,049,000 gallons of the liquor, equivalent in value to
about 150,000,000 yen. A heavy tax is levied on- sake, the rate
being 7% cents to each sho (sho-1.38 quart). Revenue obtained
by the government from taxes on sake amounted to 62,961,698
yen in 1901.

Shoyu, or Soy. — The shoyu manufactories in 1901 numbered
I5»993, producing 68,940,680 gallons annually.

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Agriculture.

AGRICULTURE has played an important part in the develop-
ment of Japan, because the country had had very little
foreign commerce for twenty-five centuries, and the people had to
depend upon the resources of their domain. The people in old
times were divided into four classes — warrior, peasant, manu-
facturer and merchant. In order of importance, the warrior, or
the ruling class, of course, was considered the highest; next
came the peas^^nt, and then the manufacturer and the merchant
came the lowest. Nowadays no such distinction . is made, but
all the classes receive equal attention and respect.

Agriculture is the pursuit that is engaged in almost without
intermission throughout the year. Crops are raised twice or
three times a year on the same field. The farmer, moreover,
does not wholly work in the field, for he makes himself useful
in raising silkworms, reeling silk, etc., or engaged in such work
as may be done during the time not occupied by farming.

Stock raising is not yet well advanced, as it is quite a new
thing to the Japanese, who had not been meat-eaters until
recently.

There are about 15,000,000 independent farmers, about 2,000,-
000 who are partly dependants, and partly leasers of land, and
about 1,000,000 bona Ude tenant farmers.

The Japanese Islands (excluding Formosa) cover an area of
104,460,311 acres, of which 34,967,230 acres are owned by private
individuals, and the rest, or 69.493,081 acres, belong to the public
and the Imperial household. The gross area of available land
is 14,995,271 acres, constituting 15.7 per cent of the whole (ex-
cluding Formosa). It consists as follows:

Acres.

Wet land 6,734,108.

Upland fields 5,626,910

Mulberry field 545,691

Tea plantation 78,128

Plains and pastures 2,634,352

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The cultivation of rice being the principal occupation of the
Japanese peasants, the greater part of the available land consists
of rice fields, which occupy the low, wet land. Upland fields
are found on elevated places where drainage is good. In densely
populated localities, even the slopes of hills are utilized for the
upland farming. Water used for irrigation is supplied from
rivers or reservoirs filled by rain. In about 755»983 of the
wet land crops are raised twice a year. The second crop that
is raised after the harvest of rice is usually mugi, rape, or the
Japanese clover.

The cultivated land that forms the basis of agriculture covers
more than 5,000,000 cho, yielding about 1,000,000,000 of yen
worth of crops annually. Of this figure rice constitutes about
400,000,000 of yen. The whole ol the cultivated land is estimated
at 7,000,000,000 of yen, farmers* dwellings and farming houses
are estimated at 300,000,000 of yen, and farming machinery and
implements at 100,000,000 of yen.

Banking Facilities for Peasants.

To give banking facilities to the peasants there were estab-
lished the Japan Hypothec Bank (Noko Ginko), the Credit
Guilds, and the Colonial Bank (Takusboku Kinko).

The Japan Hypothec Bank was established in 1896 with the
object of supplying the funds necessary for the development of
agriculture and industry. It is a joint stock company with a
capital of 10,000,000 yen, receiving also a grant-in-aid from the
government. The loans are to be paid on the installment plan
within a fixed period, generally fifty years.

Local PIvfKDthec Banks were also established in 1896, one in
each prefecture or di-trict. They are also joint stock companies
with a capital of not less than 200,000 yen each. Banks of this
kind number at present forty-six.

The Credit Guilds are financial institutions recently organized
with the object of enabling small farmers to obtain loans. They
may be compared with the people's banks in Germany. There
are at present 300 of this kind of banks distributed throughout
the country.

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The Hokkaido Colonial Bank was established in 1899 for the
purpose of aiding colonial exploitation in the Island of Hokkaido.
It is a joint stock company with a capital of 3,000,000 yen. The
Japanese government has subscribed 1,000,000 yen to this bank.

A law for agricultural societies was promulgated in 1899 with
the consent of the Diet, and in the following year legislation was
enacted providing, among other things, a grant of a subsidy not
exceeding 150,000 yen annually to the societies established in
conformity with the law. There are forty-iive agriculture
societies receiving such aid from the government. Besides these
there are 561 sub-societies. For the benefit of the small farmers
and small manufacturers Industrial Guilds were established,
which in 1902 numbered 481. There are also 112 Staple Product
Guilds and 212 Cattle and Horse Guilds.

For advancing agriculture the State Experimental Farms were-
established in 1886 at Tokyo with the object of showing the
people improved method of cultivation, the selection of seed and
their mixing, etc. These at present number ten, besides 42 local
experimental farms established by prefectural governments, and
no experimental farms, established by sub-prefectural district gov-
ernments. Lecturers are appointed in local and sub-local districts
to give lectures on the subject of farming, and to answer questions
from farmers. These lecturers number 310.

Local agricultural training schools are maintained under the
supervision of the Minister of Agriculture. The object of these
institutes is to teach the farmers and their sons the principles of
agriculture, elementary knowledge of surveying, of meteorology,
and of chemistry, natural history, veterinary science, horse shoe-
ing, etc. There are six such institutes, besides two state sericul-
tural training schools and 39 public and 86 private local sericul-
tufal schools. There is one state silk-conditioning house at
Yokohama. The Japanese government has taken much interest
in cattle breeding, importing a large number of horses and bulls.

The College of Agriculture of the Imperial University of
Tokyo had 3,435 students in 1902.

The farming population in 1901 was estimated at 28,000,000,
with 4,8oo,ODO households. These households contain an average
of 5.8 persons, of whom 2.5 are of the age capable of working.

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One hundred and forty-three thousand five hundred and fifty-
four farmers emigrated to Hokkaido during a period of five
years ending in 1900.

Wages. — The average wages of the farm laborers were as
follows in 1901 :

Male. Female.
Sen. Sen.

Day work on farm 29.5 19.0

Day work in sericulture 30.8 19.3

Reeling silk 20.0

Yen. Yen.

♦Farm work by the year 32.12 17.06

♦Laborers are supplied with board and lodging.

Wages in general show a tendency to advance. Comparing
• the wages of the present day with those of ten years ago, it is
readily seen that they have almost doubled.

Product. — The gross value of annual agricultural product is
given in the following table:

Rice 445,439,087 yen

Mugi 124,064,274 yen

Beans 35,952,282 yen

Others 153,872,649 yen

Straw 86,982,360 yen

Cocoons 93,618,991 yen

Silkworm eggs 3,844,126 yen

Mulberry twigs and silkworm litters 7»953»I03 yen

Cured tea 9,037^545 yen

Live stock (cattle, horse, sheep and swine) 4»953»533 yen

Slaughtered beast 12,540,394 yen

Cattle and horses killed by disease 256,831 yen

Dairy products 4,128,017 yen

Staple manure 23,672,628 yen

Poultry and eggs 17,281,419 yen

Total 1,023,587,239 yen

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Principal Products.

Rice. — In 1901 there were 6,850,878 acres of rice fields, and
these produced 234,574,615 bushels of rice. The average annual
production of rice is about 206,000,000 bushels. The rate is
about 75 bushels to each 2.45 acres. Five bushels of rice costs
from ten to eleven yen. In 1901 Japan imported rice to the value
of 11,787,958 yen, while the export amounted to 6,908,913 yen.
Taking the last ten years' statistics, the export is seen to have
remained almost stationary, while the. annual import fluctuated at
6,000,000 yen. Japan's annual product of rice is becoming sta-
tionary, and if the living standard of the people does not change,
the import of rice would be increased according to the increase of
the population.

MuGi. — In 1901 there were 4,449,717 acres of fields cultivated
with mugi, and the product amounted to 103,201,035 bushels, that
is, about 55 bushels to each 2.45 acres. The export of this article
amounted in 1901 to only 21,605 yen. Even in the year of the
greatest export it did not exceed 200,000 yen. The import of
mugi in 1901 was 272,869 yen ; in 1900 62,343 yen.

The import in the form of flour, however, has increased from
619,009 yen in 1894 to 3,146,171 yen in 1901. In 1900 the import
amounted to more than 4,500,000 yen, and since that it is steadily
increasing.

Beans. — Beans are extensively used in Japan. This article
constitutes a subsidiary article of food, being used for the making
of shoyu, or the Japanese sauce, as well as for food for cattle
and for manure. Beans are imported largely from China and
Korea. There are two principal varieties, namely, the shoja
beans and the red beans. Both are cultivated during the seasons
intervening between harvests of other crops. The red beans are
used for confectionery. The annual output (A beans is about
25,000,000 bushels.

Millet, Sorghum and Buckwheat. — Millet is used as food,
being eaten mixed with rice; sorghum for making dumplings;
and buckwheat for making macaroni. The annual output of
millet is about 17,500,000 bushels ; sorghum 2,000,000 bushels, and
buckwheat 6,000,000 bushels.

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Sweet Potatoes. — Sweet potatoes are used ior food stuff, both
for men and animals. It is extensively cultivated in the southern
provinces. The annual output is about 6,624,800,000 pounds.

Potatoes. — Potatoes are raised for the same purpose as the
sweet potato. The present annual output of this product is about
662,480,000 pounds, and is steadily increasing.

Rape. — Rape is grown as the second crop in rice fields. The
use of this artide is for making oil. The rape-seed oil was
formerly used fo^ illumination. The oil is largely exported to
be used as a lubricant. The rape-seed cake serves as manure.
The average annual output of rape is about 60,000,000 bushels.

Indigo. — Since the introduction from abroad of a cheaper form
of dye, the sale of the home-grown indigo has somewhat declined.
The Japanese indigo, however, still retains a fair value, owing
to the good quality of the dye. The annual output of this
product ^is about 124,215,000 pounds.

Tobacco. — Tobacco became one of the government monopolies
in 1898. It was a partial monopoly, since the government had
the right of buying and selling the leaves alone, until 1904, when
the Diet enacted the legislation making the tobacco industry a
complete monopoly of the government. The annual output of
tobacco is about 74,529,000 pounds. Tht output in 1901 was
65,069,126 pounds. In 1902 Japan imported 956,817 yens' worth
of tobacco, of which 953,637 yens' worth of the article came from
the United States^ In 1899 the import from the United States
amounted to 5,ppo,ooo yen.

Sugar Cane asstd. Beet Root. — This industry is not now
flourishing as, it;Klid formerly, owing to the comparatively high
cost of the production. The beet root cultivation recently started
at Hokkaido hasr-mot been successful. It is, however, steadily
growing more stressful in Formosa. The output of beet root
was. 1,270,776,670 founds in 19OD, and 1,111,958,363 pounds in 1901.
The consumption of sugar has much increased. Its import in
1901 was 33,493,567 yen and in 1902 14,304,534 yen. The annual
import of sugar is about 20,000,000 yen.

Cotton. — ^Japanese cotton. is another article that suffered from
the foreign competition, especially since the growing activities in
the spinning business. The output is decreasing, as is seen in the

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fact that in 1897 it was 60,479,195 pounds and in 1900 36,999,851
pounds. As the consequence the importation of the article is
increasing, which is seen in the following table:

1870 628,308 yen

1880 170,639 yen

1890 5,365,153 yen

1895 24,822,097 yen

1900 ... 59,471,629 yen

1902 79,784,781 yen

Cotton imported from the United States is shown in the
following figures :

1898 14,751,200 yen

1900 27,010,134 yen

1902 .19,475.817 yen

British India furnis?ies Japan about 35,000,000 yens' worth of
cotton annually.

Hemp. — The appearance of the Chinese and the Indian hemp
in the market has considerably affected the prospect of the hemp
industry in Japan. The country's annual output of hemp is at
present about 24,843,000 pounds. Cultivation of flax in Japan
is very promising.

Stalks for Straw Braids. — This is an important industry,
as shown in the pages of the book devoted to manufactures.

Mint and^ Ginseng. — Mint and ginseng are two of the prin-
cipal products of Japan.

Paper Mulberry Tree and Mitsumata (Edgeworthia Papy-
1 if era) are extensively planted and used for manufacturing papers.

Fruits. — Japan is not a fruit-producing country in a large
degree, but produces a great variety of it. Excellent apples are
grown in Hokkaido and in the northeastern part of the Honshyu.
Oranges are produced in Kyushyu and other warmer localities.

Flowers and Garden Plants. — Naturally and traditionally
the Japanese are fond of flowers and plants. They spare neither
pains nor money in decorating even miniature gardens with
fantastic rocks and well-shaped trees and plants. The Japanese
are taking great care in the cultivation of the chrysanthemum,
peony, morning glory, etc.

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Sericulture. — The raising of silkworms has been an art of
the Japanese since the "age of the gods." Today it constitutes
\ one of the country's resources. The following table shows the
condition of the industry in 1901 :

Number of silkworm-raising family 2,475,819

Number of egg-cards manufactured 3,856,783

Cocoons raised, bushels 1,250,818

Raw silk manufacturers 421,941

Raw silk output, pounds 14,639,099 ,

Raw silk exported in pounds 11,524,490

The silkworm is fed with mulberry tree leaves. There was in
, 1901 743,673 acres of mulberry field. The worms are raised
three times a year, spring, summer and autumn. In 1901 the
spring output was 8,993,360 bushels ; the summer output 1,728,085
bushels, and the autumn output 1,^09,460 bushels. About 2,500,000
bushels of cocoons are annually imported from China.

Filature. — Formerly the reeling of raw silk was carried on as
a subsidiary business by peasants. The method employed was
that of hand reeling. As soon as the government built a model
filature at Tomioka, the factory system with the machineries began
to extend throughout the country. In 1902 there were 3,710 reel-
ing factories and 410,801 houses of hand reeling.

The recent general rise in the price of commodities and
wages, especially after the Chino-Japanese war, increased the
cost .of the silk production. The average cost of the production
of 100 kin, or 132.5 pounds, of silk was 90 yen in 1893, which
increased to 143 yen in 1900. The export of the silk is increasing
yearly, which is seen in the following table:

1869 5,720,182 yen

1880 : . . . 6,606,867 yen

1890 13,859,339 yen

1900 44,657,029 yen

1901 • 74,667,331 yen

1902 79,784,781 yen

\ The United States is the largest buyer of Japanese silk, im-
\ porting over 80 per cent of the whole amount Japan exports.
JNext comes France and Italy.

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36 ' ' ^

Tea Manufacturing. — The tea plant was first planted in
♦ Japan in about 805 A. D. It came from China. Only two kinds
I of tea were at the "beginning produced in Japan; these were
pounded tea and pan-fried tea. In 1738 a new method of curling
was invented, which produced so-called green tea. The method
consists in first steaming the leaves and rolling them, and then dry-
ing them by fire in such way as to preserve the natural green color,
The Gyokuro tea, which was obtained from the green tea, was
first manufactured in 1835. The black tea is the latest innovation,
having been introduced about twenty years ago. The process
of manufacturing and refining has been simplified by the in-
vention of machines, among which are those invented by Harazaki,
Takabayashi, Mochizuki and Oishi. The government has estab-
lished an experimental tea manufactory at Tokyo in 1898.

The cultivation of the tea plant has recently declined, owing
to the increase in the cost of the production and the appearance
of rivals in foreign markets. It has decreased from 71,209,475
pounds in 1891 to 65,238,432 pounds in 1900. Consequently, the
export has decreased accordingly. The output in 1902 was
77,561,100 pounds. The government granted in 1897 an annual
subsidy of 70,000 yen to the Central Tea Manufacturers and
Traders* Association for foreign tea trade. The term of the
subsidy expired in March, 1904.

Live Stocks. — There were in Japan, according to the statistics
of 1901, 792,707 cows and 489,634 bulls, 1,533,173 horses, 54,724
sheep, and 202,037 pigs. There were slaughtered during the year
of 1901 190,403 cows and bulls and 106,806 pigs for food.

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Foreisn Trade.

TRADE between Japan and Corea and China existed at an
early date in the history of the Empire, but this traffic was
on a very limited scale. After the introduction of Japan to
the western world by Marco Polo, there was some little trade
carried on with the Netherlands and Portugal. About 1,700
the annual imports from the Netherlands amounted in value
to about $3,200,000 and 200 foreign ships entered the Port of
Nagasaki. It was not, however, until Commodore Perry of
the United States opened the ports of Japan to the world, and
concluded commercial treaties, that Japanese foreign trade began
to assume an important aspect.

Since the memorable era opened by the American Commodore,
Japan's foreign commerce has grown rapidly, as it is shown by
the. following tables :

Exports. Imports. Total.

Year. Yen. Yen. Yen.

1S6S 15,553,437 10,693,072 26,246,545

1872 17,026,647 26,174,815 43,201,462

1877 23,348,522 27,420,903 50,769,429

1882 37,721,751 29,446,504 67,168,345

1887 52,407,681 44,304,252 96,711,933

1892 91,102,754 71,326,080 162,428,833

1897 163,135,077 219,300,772 382,435,849

1892 258,303,065 271,731,259 530,034,324

The total value of the exports and imports of specie and
bullion is shown in the following table :

Exports. Imports.

Year. Yen. Yen.

1872 4,480,896 3",69i,5io

1877 9,441,271 2,173,499

1882 4,430,198 6,160,724

1887 11,035,488 8,871,266

1892 9,729,753 22,883,757

1897 19,219,163 81,466,713

1892 2,028,982 32,161,358

3g Digitized by CjOOQ IC

The large imports in 1897 are due to the proceeds of public
bond sold abroad, and to the Chinese Indemnity.

The following shows the total value of commodities exported
to, and imported from, various foreign countries during 1902:

Exports. Imports. Total.

Asia. Yen. Yen. Yen.

China 46,838,544.790 40,590,858.300 87.429,403.090

British India 5,067,262.760 49,302,846.040 54,370,108.800

Hong Kong 25,876,058.880 2,454,881.370 26,330,940.250

Corea 10,554,182.560 7,957,946.270 18,512,128.830

British Straits Set-
tlement 8,269,6:^2.670 1,674,322.180 9»943,954-85o

Russian Asia 2,144,961.430 5,963,857.650 8,108,819.080

Anam and other

French India... 158,410.710 5,649,945.640 5^808,356.350

Dutch India 570,634.110 3,568,719.160 4»i39,353-27o

Philippine Islands. 1,731,738.970 1,493,865.120 3,225,604.090

Siam 56,347450 i>695,779.470 1,752,126.920

Total 101,267,774.330 120,353,021.200 221,620,795.530

Europe.

Great Britain 17,346,149.270 50,364,029.320 67,710,178.590

France 27,283,457.860 4,745,775.660 32,029,233.520

Germany 4,737,029.200 25,812,921.340 30,549,950-540

Italy 13,287,556.010 186,812.910 13,474,368.920

Belgium 600,497.230 6,977,655.540 7,578,152.770

Austria-Hungary.. 1,143,309.480 2,376,655.960 3,519,965.440

Switzerland 755,916.170 1,951,046.840 2,706,963.010

Holland 745,249.080 772,665.660 1,517,914.740

Russia 968,936.770 103,113.690 1,072,050.660

Sweden and Nor-
way 6,385.310 441,204.240 447,589550

Spain 83,266,870 154,286.390 237,553.260

Turkey 41,859.670 1,189.300 43,049.170

Denmark 20,102.050 18,069.350 38,171.400

Portugal 11,064.370 11,064.370

Total 67,019,715.170 93.916,490.770 160,936,205.940

39 Digitized by CjOOQIC

Exports. Imports. Total.

America. Yen. Yen. Yen.
United States of

America 80,232,805.160 48,652,824.930 128,885,630.090

Canada and other

British America. 3,485,841.060 517,274.080 4,003,115.140

Mexico 101,603.740 1,879.060 103,482.600

Peru 2,391.500 2,391.500

Total 83,822,641.460 49,171,978.070 I32,994»6i9.530

All other.

Australia 3,172,092.410 1,672,218.340 4,844,310.750

Egypt 449,304.810 2,418,261.950 2,867,566.760

Hawaii 1,833,293.310 22,723.700 1,856,017.010

Total 5,454»690.530 4,113,203.990 9,567,894.520

Other countries. .. 344,814.270 3,485,404.830 3,830,219.100

Unknown 393,429.110 691,159.690 1,084,556.800

Grand total. . .258,303,064.870 271,731,258.550 530,034,323420

Principal £»xports.

The following table shows the principal exports of Japan in

1901 and 1902: igoi J902.

Articles exported. Yefn. Yen.

Tea, green (pan fire) 5.099,323 6,203,580

Tea, green (basket fire) 2,720,175 3,622,121

Tea, black 622,838 176,881

Tea, brick 110,040 197,840

Tea, dust 178,658 207,167

Rice 6,908,913 6,679,544

Fish, cod 175,666 114,677

Fish, cuttle 1,842,249 1,802,415

Iriko or beche de mer 436,142 353,498

Aga-aga 1,217,195 1,108,544

Salt 303,627 348,626

Sea-weed 1,092,923 609,143

Sea-weed, cut 325,404 200,344

Sharks' fins I44.i5i 155,205

Shellfish, awabi 483,363 513,074

40 Digit zed by Google

1901. 1902.

Articles exported. Yen. Yen.

Shellfish, kaibashira 204,198 310,562

Shrimps 339,653 326,091

Beer 863.603 505,832

Ginger, dried 125,467 3^7,644

Peanuts 404,937 358,604

Mineral waters 227,922 330,i55

Mushroom, Shiitake 860,671 866,499

Potatoes 203.356 158,717

Sake 790,796 831,432

Shoyu (soy) 279,263 390,465

Can goods 229,422 272,384

Buttons, brass 162,029 I37>i54

Buttons, other kinds I34,900 234,711

Cotton shirts' 234,760 156,796

Cotton, underwear 265,362 324,430

European clothing 299,024 504,150

Hakimono (Japanese shoes) I33,i72 172,170

Boots and shoes 179,859 130,479

Silk dresses 63,967 158,692

Camphor 3,904,974 3,404,833

Camphor oil 239,933 92,488

Gall nuts 41,854 58,433

Ginseng 452,924 369,508

Menthol crystals 437»o5i 463,719

Peppermint oil 108,237 164,847

Sulphur 661,879 759,083

Antimony 78,491 271,612

Bronze, manufactured 226,791 326,309

Copper, crude and refined 13,964,610 10,261,984

Copper sheet I33,073 234,587

Gold and silverware 98,824 181,340

Iron, manufactured 368,490 437,296

Oil, fish 1,023,631 1,502,603

Wax, vegetable 610,371 789,875

Paper, European 251,898 240,945

Paper, torinoko 41,982 156,775

41 Digitized by Google

1901. 1202.

Articles exported. Yen. Yen.

Paper, usuyo 328,325 283,257

Paper napkins I53,75i 188,296

Paper, manufactured 300,974 308,768

Feathers 92,303 81,171

Furs 580,158 • 516,187

Hides and skins (undressed) 39,867 '63,823

Leather 70705 180,741

Shells, awabi 100,405 159,767

Silk, raw 74,667,331 76,859,978

Silk, noshi 995,407 1,694,272

Silk waste 3,473,362 4,019,524

Silk tissues, habutai 23,912,356 24,685,408

Silk tissues, kaiki 1,315,780 2,672,867

Silk tissues, others 399,204 519,847

Silk handkerchiefs 3-951,192 3,154,237

Cotton * 308,908 282,671

Cotton yarns 21,465,573 19,901,522

Cotton blankets 265.754 225,392

Cotton flannels 512,448 548,787

Cotton tissues, chijimi 380,005 351,806

Cotton tissues, gasuitoori 100,669 49,942

Cotton tissues, tenuguyi 183,488 209,486

Cotton tissues, white 1.357,588 1,079,906

Cotton tissues, gray shirtings 1,347,605 1,523,061

Cotton tissues, cloth 823,900 1,134,507

Cotton tissues, others 756,269 1,089,049

Towels 509,785 686,233

Carpets, hemp, cotton or wool 707,770 653,330

Cigarettes 1,683,320 2,188,594

Bamboo 386,385 304,285

Cement, Portland 245,082 308,350

Coal 17,542,273 17,270,417

Lily bulbs 226,178 238,987

Manganese 187,177 52,539

Rags 19,077 ' 643

Rope, bags and straw mats 431,578 473,249

42 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

1901. 1902.

Articles exported. Yen. Yen.

Lumber for tea boxes 270,419 413,118

Match sticks .• 189,503 175,286

Railway ties 488,845 522,255

Timber, lumber, boards and planks, etc. 630,770 618,656

Bamboo baskets 137,732 185,904

Bamboo blinds 102,735 68,850

Bamboo,, manufactured 296,059 173,309

Tooth brushes 282,152 477,154

Brushes, other kinis 174.891 149,174

Clocks, hanging and standing 282,641 * 256,393

Corals, native and manufactured 564,625 • 436,146

Cordages and ropes of hemp, flax and

jute 139,266 164.334

Cotton gins 173,813 246,259

Fans 733,432 727,458

Furniture :•••; • 210,334 199,826

Mirrors. 248,236 399,629

Glass, manufactured 394,935 439,7oo

Ivory, carved 181,290 213,886

Jinrikisha 234,623 198,089

Lacquered wares 994,654 889,079

Lamps and parts thereof 407,333 488,970

Leather, manufactured 286,793 314,412

Matches 7,392,869 8,169,966

Matting for floors, hanagoza 5,302.341 6,719,073

Porcelain an4. earthenware 2,491,668 2,461,544

Shippoki 250,716 183,537

Screens 407,989 433^7^^

Soap toilet 21 1,852 • 172,150

Straw plaits 2,989,836 2,938,858

Toys 346,944 385,760

Umbrellas, European 1,023,638 1,037,926

Wood chip braids 244,238 464;390

Wood shaving 65,451 378,431

Wood, manufacture of 243,61 1 . - 269,181

Grand total 252,349,543 258,303,065

AQ Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Principal Imports*

The following table shows the principal imports during 1901
and 1902:

1901. 1902.

Articles. Yen. Yen.

Electric light appliances 590,735 512,566

Electric motors 388,716 810,989

Fire engines and pumps 281,576 209,738

Lifting machines 979,890 319,735

Locomotives 1,749,408 1,708,014

Drilling and boring machinery 379, loi 185,247

Turning lathes 709,105 473,084

Machine tools 682,341 561,100

Spinning machinery 1,279,195 700,874

Paper-making machinery 379,354 224,052

Steam boilers and engines 1,095,906 905,253

Telephones 164,738 194,825

Weaving machinery 420,797 94>528

Watches (all kinds) 43^,554 234,150

Watch cases (all kinds) 335.891 233,949

Watch movements 426,243 259,499

Condensed milk 641,526 863,945

Eggs 1,298,611 1,196,455

Flour 2,873,302 3,278,324

Salted salmon and trout 1,404,828 2,011,487

Hats, caps and bonnets 341,119 232,863

Phosphorus, amorphous 237,778 296,087

Chlorate of potash 585,274 785,356

Soda ash 450,224 519,089

Caustic soda 468,568 787,972

Aniline dyes 884,884 1,653,220

Indigo 2,665,043 3,097,981

Logwood extract I79,32i 363,026

Paint in oil 311,253 261,317

Window glass 1,084,833 1,581,071

Beans, soja 5J77,36o 4-956,009

Beans, peas and pulse 150,776 830,698

Rice 11,878,958 17,750,617

44 Digitized by Google

1901. 1902.

Articles . Yen . Yen .

Cotton seed 57i,720 787,668

Seeds, sesame 284,785 426,753

Wheat 272,869 240,050

Hides or skins bull, ox, cow and buflfalo 786,609 813,834

Leather, sole 590,713 53i»392

Leather, other kinds 756,774 814,707

Iron, pig and ingot i,593,3ii 982,326

Iron, bar and rod 3»5ii»756 3,519,126

Rails 1,612,540 1,662,700

Fittings of rails 334,56i 383,041

Iron, plate and sheet 3»293»304 4,399,747

Other kinds of manufactured iron 1,070,833 932,071

Iron pipe and tubes 1,591,680 1,073,638

Iron nails 1,364,668 1,451,125

Tinned Plate and sheet 884,310 797,089

Iron wire and small rods 332,751 279,399

Telegraph wire 683,658 799,983

Material for bridges and buildings 1,481,153 341,797

Steel, other than mild steel 694,836 660,202

Lead, pig, ingot and sheet 876,228 510,713

Tin, block, ingot and sheet 530,243 501,008

Zinc, block, ingot and sheet 230,559 255,001

Zinc, sheet (No. 2) 509,504 781,867

Oil, kerosene, in cans 12,828,919 12,669,392

Oil, kerosene, other kinds 2,114,482 2,267,778

Lubricating oil 308,380 324,651

Paraffine wax 449,075 452,930

Card board 330,579 35i,8o6

Paper, glazed and fancy 166,145 317,608

Paper, imitation Japanese writing 277,123 198,037

Paper, imitation Japanese 43,934 317,633

Paper, packing 196,497 85,909

Paper, printing 864,041 1,402,862

Sugar (other than refined sugar) 12,381,466 8,878,657

Sugar, refined 21,111,901 5,589,157

Cotton, raw, ginned 59,799,300 78,799,858

Digitized by V^OOQ IC

1901.
Articles. Yen.

Cotton, raw and seed 851,062

Cotton yarns 4,873,738

Cotton thread 344,524

Cotton flannels 234,672

Cotton prints 680,468

Cotton satin and Italians 1,684,497

Cotton velvets 453,531

Shirtings, gray 2,991,651

Shirtings^ white 575,743

Shirting, twilled 49,86i

Turkey-red cambrics \ 189,127

Umbrella cloths ^ 1,086,066

Wool 3,127,760

Woollen and worsted yarns 866,760

Flannels 313,297

Flannels, cotton mixed 251,342

Italian cloths 601,439

Mousseline de laine (all kinds) 3,339, 121

Serges 376,377

Woollen and worsted cloth 1,318,162

Woollen and worsted cloths, cotton

mixed 901,395

Cocoons 342,593

Tussah silk yarns 433,184

Plush or velvets, silk and cotton 379,402

Flax, hemp, jute and china grass 1,370,183

Flax and linen yarns 100,831

Blankets *. 78,096

Cotton handkerchiefs 107,126

Leaf tobacco 30^272

Celluloid 383,517

Coal 2,542,133

Coke 157,966

Iron ore i 525,261

Malt 765.634

Sulphate of ammonia 255,472

iff Digitized

1902.

Yen.
1,004,914
1,747,875

359,718

704,812
2,602,032
1,788,536
1,231,077
5,070,651

1.191,777
126,623
302,877
827,322

3,397,564

922,147

487,350

59,145

1,181,175

3,754,836

. 242,333

2,000,012

1,430,034
546,365
955,276
631,233

1,602,799

301,303

123,576

94,924

956,817

275,937

1,298,374

103,067

■ 349,967
330,351
334,812

by Google

1901. 190 \

Articles. Yen. Yen.

Bone, animal (for manure) 257,147 355»970

Oil cake, beans 6,207,153 8,003,315

Oil cake, fish 1,177,719 1,451,361

Oil cake, other kinds 731,036 667,036

Phosphate manure 437,9ii 603,645

Nitfate of soda 183,857 216,529

Pulp 205,590 365,058

Timber, teak 241,743 382,222

Timber, other varieties 467,506 373ii4i

Belting and hose for machinery 261,371 308,436

Manufactured caoutchouc 162,879 223,941

Bicycles and tricycles 540,215 856,949

Freight cars 793,487 695,996

Passenger cars 1 12,757 128,800

Corks and cork bark 258,419 143,419

Electric light wire 131,172 308,163

Packing mats 241,786 359,256

Submarine telegraphic cables and un-
derground telegraphic lines 498,401 85,431

Telephone wire 297,645 . 365,724

Grand total 255,816,645 271,731,259

Trade Between the United States and Japan.

The follQwing table shows the growth of trade with the
United States during the last thirty years :

Year. Yen. Yen

1873 4,226,162 . 1,017,761

1874. . . •• 7,464,877 1.047,250

1875 > . . 6,890,132 1,920,346

1876 5,797,825 1,124,882

1877 5,232,322 1,736,781

1878 5,845,068 2,727,585

1879 10,879,053 3,212,273

1880 12,041,151 ' 2,669,334

1881 1 1,087,556 1,816,200

Digitized by CjOOQIC

Year. Yen. Yen.

1882 14,280,199 3»i33»666 ,

1883 13,293759 3,233,032

1884 13,130,924 2,489,970

1885 • • • 15,639,005 2,751,321

1886 19,992,429 3,358,987

1887 21,529,267 3,283,096

1888 22,618,483 5,648,734

1889 25,282,874 6,143,171

1890 19,821,438 6,874,532

1891 29,795,755 6,840,048

1892 38,674,971 5,988,054

1893 • • . .27,739,458 6,090,408

1894 43,323,557 10,982,558

1895 57,028,950 9,276,360

1896 31,532.341 16,373,420

1897 52,436,404 27,030,538

1898. 47,311,155 40,001,098

T899 63,919,270 38,215,894

1900 52,566,395 62,761,196

1901 72,309,359 42,769,430

1902 86,232,805 48,658,825

The following table shows the principal exports to the United
States in 1901 and 1902:

1901. 1902.

Yen. Yen.

Tea, green (pan fire) 3,997,569 5,668,557

Tea, green (basket fire) 2,076,581 3,089,818

Tea, black 617,098 167,669

Tea, ground : 97,626 167,023

Rice 775,808 577,888

Cuttlefish 4,884 2.073

Kanten and colle (vegetable) 13,850 42,428

Shellfish, awabi 26,202 . 20,967

Ginger, dried 37 84,487

Groundnuts 26,031 86,599

Mushrooms, Shiitake 42,945 42,452

Sake 45,878 70,460

Digitized by CjOOQIC

48 ^

Yen. Yen.

1901. 1902.

Soy 48,009 68,695

Canned goods 13,426 45,6i7

Cotton shirts 1,782 728

Hakimono 1,522 3,221

Silk dresses 16,217 59,980

Camphor 810,420 811,007

Camphor oil 98,325 47,496

Gall nuts 8,294 5,999

Menthol crystals 111,129 126,525

Peppermint oil 12,309*

Sulphur 495,141 474,6j9

Antimony 24,070 93,539

Manufactured bronze 83,173 149,986

Copper, crude and refined 150 280,380

Gold and silverwares 8,547 28,258

Iron, manufactured 786 4,276

Wax, vegetable 67,944 144,443

Paper, European 27,884 2,002

Paper, torinoko 2,208 74,079

Paper, usuyo 156,489 220,580

Paper napkins '77,'22,'2 81,975

Paper manufacture 49,224 39,215

Feathers 151 2,294

Furs 5,230 1,130

Hides or skins, undressed 120 3,457

Leather 325 19,170

Shells, awabi 3,321 525

Silk, raw 46,784,721 44,497,255

Silk, noshi 4,128 ii,37o

Silk, waste 78,374 214,660

Silk tissue, habutai 4,859,761 5,468,764

Silk tissues, Kaiki 956,247 1,889,244

Silk tissues, other kinds 9,903 115,097

Silk handkerchiefs 1,747,183 1,224,771

Cotton tissues, chijimi 19,190 33,259

Cotton tissues, other kinds 4,171 ^ 2,948

* Digitized by CjOOQIC

49 . "^

1901. 1902.

Yen. Yen.

Carpets, hemp, cotton or wool 171,682 221,395

Bamboo 98,484 104,309

Cement, Portland 22 4,150

Coal ^ 102,387 191,551

Lily bulbs 80,471 95,173

Manganese 93,274 20,561

Bamboo baskets ^ 55,148 48,931

Bamboo blinds 35,623 18,333

Bamboo, manufactured I ^ 47,678 39,774

Tooth brushes 243,525 385,052

Brushes, others 146,076 106,029

Fans 300,260 275, 126

Furniture 17.568 35,733

Glass, manufactured 1,290 . , 1,254

Ivory, carved 38,450 56,181

- Lacquered wares 75,i6i 59,96i

Lamps 5,698 11,179

Leather, manufactured 985 4,126

Matches • 2,500 547

Matting 5,064,663 6,381,733

Porcelain and earthenwares 1,027,141 913,396

Shippoki 94,480 71,799

Screens 77,497 73,^74

Straw plaits 829,163 808,414

Toys 88,103 107,284

Umbrellas, European 1,800 2,191

Wood chip braids 224,602 318,958

Wood shaving 6,033 " 6,752

Wood, manufactured 53,o86 76,595

Total 72,309:359 80,232,805

The following table shows the principal imports from the
United States in 1901 and 1902:

Yen. Yen.

Electric light appliances 375,521 423,535

Electric motors 231,086 682,389

Digitized by CjOOQLC

50 ^

1901. 1902.

Yen. Yen.

Fire engines and pumps 148,293 104,421

Lifting machines 162,941 33,700

Locomotives 783.356 569,271

Drilling and boring machines 43,452 40,999

Turning lathes 33,623 55,96i

Machine tools 1 19,091 1 14,690

Machinery, paper-making 251,942 104,888

Machinery, spinning 7,002 2,252

Steam boilers and engines 364,086 448,883

Telephones ' 45,044 99,95i

Weaving machinery ' .* 310,788 6,578

Watches (all kinds) .^ 20,314 5,562

Watch cases 149.991 144.867

Watch movements 140,576 133,129

Condensed milk 246,359 358,588

Flour 2,786,552 3,243,775

Salted salmon and trout 122,551 202,659

Hats, caps and bonnets 5.325 1,218

Soda, ash 57,292 53,182

Soda, caustic Z'^yJI^ 10

Indigo, drx * 14,340 61,792

Logwood extract 705 4,328

Oil paints 935 4,445

Window glass 5,099 1,418

Beans, peas and pulse 1,563 2,405

Wheat 43,720 43

Hides or skins bull, ox, cow and buflfalo 25,515 41,732

.Leather, sole 461,925 439,470

Leather, other kinds 79,480 117,258

Iron, pig and ingot ' 2,950 •

Iron, bar and rod. . *>. ", 86,998 6,805

Rails r. . 997,826 6,928

Fittings for rails 229,850 38,534

Iron, plates and sheets 190,101 47,i47

Iron, manufactured 312,616 , 117,611

Iron pipes and tubes 526,866 340,056

Digitized

by Google

1901. 1902.

Yen. Yen.

Iron nails 668,490 424,906

Tin plate, iron wire and small rod 4,402 7

Telegraph wire ." 52,190 31,880

Material for bridges and buildings 497.781 183,625

Steel, other than welded steel. ., 75,375 3.841

Lead, pig, ingot and sheet 212,926 558,124

Zinc, block, ingot and sheet 9,9i8 7,347

Oil, kerosene, in cans 11,778,381 12,083,711

Oil, kerosene, other I3,744 10,404

Oil, lubricating 319,453 278,627

Paraffine wax 392,490 375,403

Cardboard 307,513 320,630

Paper, glazed and fancy 939 157

Paper, packing 6,304 3,455

Paper, printing 152,127 180,164

Sugar, refined ! 14,364 14,052

Cotton, raw, ginned 12,986,748 19,475,817

Cotton satins and italians 2,090

Shirting, gray 5,977 . 34,i20

Wool 2,467

Tobacco, leaf 953,^37 30,017

Celluloid 41,755 38,681

Coal 86,285 376,548

Malt 8,313 3,101

Oil cake, fish 2,518

Phosphatic manure 76,478 90,718

Soda, nitrate of 5,083 24,010

Pulp 18,740 17,222

Timber, teak 6,031 3

Timber, santalum and lumber and

planks 274,889 156,883

Belting and hose for machinery 38,512 54, 160

Caoutchouc, manufactured 10,383 • 25,902

Bicycles and tricycles 526,957 815,431

Railway passengers 9,5^0 25,395

Railway freight * 59,793 121,794

e-n Digitized by CjOOQLC

1901. 1902.

Yen. Yen.

Electric light wirei 84.765 171,089

Submarine telegraphic cables and un-
derground telegraphic lines 132,573 14,252

Telephone wire 34,964 104,892

Total 42,769,430 48,652,830

Tariff System.

ACCORDING to the terms of the tariff agreement entered
into by Japan and Great Britain, France, the United States
and Holland in 1867, the rate of import and export duties was
fixed on a basis of 5 per cent ad valorem. The new tariff
system, which went into effect in 1897, divides the imports into
three main classes: dutiable goods, non-dutiable goods and pro-
hibited goods. The tariff for dutiable goods ranges from 5
to 40 per cent ad valorem, divided into sixteen grades. The
schedule has a standard rate, so to say, of 20 per cent, for
ordinary refined goods. This rate increases on one side and
decreases on the other. Natural produce, scientific instruments
and apparatus, raw material, and articles of ordinary consumption
take the decreasing scale, while articles of luxury, such as liquors
and tobacco, take the increasing scale. In 1899 the tariff for
alcohol was raised to 250 per cent for all Chinese liquors, and for
other kinds of liquors not mentioned in the list, the tariff was
raised to from 80 to 100 per cent. ^. the same year duty was
abolished on raw materials required by the State monopolies and
match making. In 1899 the rate on tobacco was advanced to
100 per cent and again in 1901 to 150 per cent.

Commercial Bodies.

Chamber of Commerce. — There are fifty-eight commercial
bodies in Japan discharging the functions of regular Chambers
of Commerce. Besides these, Japanese subjects residing in

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Korea have their own Chamber of Commerce at Seoul, Fusan,
Mukpho, Gensen and Chamelpo.

The Higher Council of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry
was established in 1896 to devise measures for encouraging foreign
trade. The Council is composed of thirty officials of the De-
partments of Agriculture and Commerce, Foreijgn Affairs, Finance,
and Transportation and Communication, and business men of
prominence.

Industrial Guilds. — In 190D there were 529 Commercial Guilds ;
433 Industrial Guilds and 187 Commercial and Industrial Guilds
in Japan.

Commercial Museums. — There are two Commercial Museums,
one located in Tokyo, the other in Osaka. The former is under
the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce,
and contains principally domestic produce. This museum is in-
tended for the foreigners. The Osaka Museum is the most
important institution and is aggressive and active in the field.
It contains copious samples of foreign goods, for the instruction
of Japanese manufacturers and traders, and to encourage them to
compete in foreign markets. The museum is supported by the
City of Osaka. Besides these, there are many private museums
maintained by the merchants in Tokyo, Yokohama, Kobe and
Kyoto. There are, today, seven official Japanese museums in
foreign cities. These are located in Shasi, Hanghow, Chunking,
Bombay, Newchwang, Singapore and Bangkok. In addition there
are private Japanese musemus which have State aid in Ping- Yang-
Hong at Fuchow, Shanghai and Constantinople.

The Department of Agriculture and Commerce is sending
every year a large number of capable young men abroad to have
practical training either at commercial establishments or in fac-
tories. There are now over one hundred students, thirty-five
of whom are in the United States.

Industrial reports are regularly published by the Department
of Agriculture and Commerce, and Consul reports by the De-
partment of Foreign Affairs.

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Finance.

The following is a table of the revenue and expenditures of
Japan for certain years from 1868 to 1903 :

Revenue. Expenditure.

Yen. Yen.

1868 33,089,313 30,505,086

1672 50,445,173 57,730,025

1877 52,388,133 48,428,325

1882 73,508,427 73,480,667

1887 88,161,074 79,453,036

1892 101,461,911 76,734,740

1897 226,390,123 223,678,844

1902 ;282,432,964 28i,753,i95

1903 • 251,681,961 244,752,346

The following is a summary of the budget estimates for the
year ending March 31, 1904, compared with the previous year:

Revenue— Ordinary Taxes.

1902-3. 1903-4-

Yen. Yen.

Land tax ' 46,845,971 46,996,212

Income tax 6,109,809 7,412,801

Business tax 6,604,003 6,792,818

Tax on sake 63,805,207 66,535,404

Tax on soy 3,328,499 3,444,034

Customs duties 17,045,611 16,570,655

Sugar excise. 6,077,005 7,184,637

Other inland taxes 3,614,436 3,552,083

Total tax I53,430,54i 158,488,644

Stamp, receipts 14.304,951 13,532,121

Receipts From Government.
UndertaKings and State Property.

1902-3. 1903-4-
Yen. Yen.

Postal and telegraph services 25,856,730 25,915,940

Railway profits 8,817,510 8,785,089

Leaf tobacco monopoly profit 11,728,526 12,606,012

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1902-3 1903-4

Yen. Yen.

Forests 2,914,387 2,955,361

Miscellaneous 2,504,150 2,477,120

Interests on deposits transferred 3,309,805 3,309,805

Transferred from fund for redemp-
tion of Formosan public works

loans 1,000,303 1,350,000

Transferred from education fund . . . 500,000 500,000

Miscellaneous receipts 1,747,710 1,882,407

Total ordinary revenue 226,114,613 231,802,499

Extraordinary.

Proceeds from State property sold. . 1,111,125 894,375
Local contribution to expenses irf-

curred by the State for the benefit

of certain prefectures 1,197,141 1,076,800

Receipts from the issue of public

loan 6,740,000 * 7,427,683

Chinese indemnity transferred 8,065,856 3,574,717

Forestry fund transferred 2,145,904 2,145,904

Other miscellaneous receipts 37,058,325 4,759,983

56,318,351 19,879,462

Grand total 282,432,964 251,681,961

Expenditure— Ordinary.

Imperial household 3,000,000 3,000,000

Foreign affairs 2,284,270 2,284,160

Home affairs 10,563,417 10,627,469

Army 38,432,317 38,495,727

Navy 21,349,054 22,077,695

Justice 10,837,646 10,563,532

Education 4,845,708 4,994,286

Agriculture and commerce 2,948,913 2,943,949

Communication 21,172,977 21,606,676

FINANCE.

National debt charges 43,585,183 42,402,101

Other various expenses 18,557,481 19,468,526

Ordinary total 177,596,966 178,461,121

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Extraordinary.

1902-3 1903-4

Yen. Yen.

Foreign affairs 92,724 108,765

Home affairs 17,065,028 16,708,430

Finance 41,550,611 5,123^51

Army 8,262,789 3,671,241

Navy 7,076,586 7,118,575

Justice 565,640 543,907

Education 2,045,156 1,665,080

Agriculture and commerce 4,049,070 7,469,752

Communication 23,448,625 23,873,524

Total 104,156,229 66,288,225

Grand total 281,753,195 244,752,346

Note. — Owing to the dissolution of the Diet, the budget for
1903-4 has not passed the Diet, the budget for 1902-3 to be carried
for 1903-4-

Formosan Finances.

Formosa, which was ceded by China April 28th, 1895, to Japan
by the Shimonoseki treaty, was placed under military administra-
tion from that time until the end of March, 1896, and all expenses
for the administration were defrayed as a part of the military
expenditure. From April i, 1896, to the end of March, 1897, the
finances of the island were included in the general account of the
central treasury. From the next fiscal year the Formosan finances
were set apart as a special account with the object of making the
island self-supporting in time. In the first year of the civil ad-
ministration the State treasury had to subsidise yearly a sum
of from 6,000,000 yen to 9,000,000 yen, but at present this is re-
duced to about 2,400,000 yen, while the ordinary revenue of the
island has increased in the same period from about 2,000,000
yen to 13,000,000 yen.

The following are the financial statistics of the island:

Fcevenue.

Ordinary. Extraordinary. Total.

Yen. Yen. Yen.

1896 2,714,822 4,457 2,716,297

1897 5,315,880 5,967,386 11,283,206

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, Ordinary. Extraordinary. Total.

Yen. Yen. Yen.

1898 7,493,650 4,788,311 12,281,961

1899 10,165,652 7,267,966 I7,433,6i«

1900 11,062,527 207,174 . 20,269,701

1901 11,714,648 8,051,686 19,766,334

1902 12,650,695 7^205,319 19,856,014

1903 12,738,587 7.213,071 19,951,658

Expenditures.

1896 5,913,243 3.733,232 9,646,475

1897 7,707,894 2,779,626 10,487,610

1898 8,008,796 3,208,391 11,217,187

1899 12,304,735 * 6,018,810 18,323,548

1900 10,032,410 3,442,104 3,474,514

1901 11,837,073 7,526,683 19,363,756

1902 13,245,073 6,610,941 19,856,014

1903 12,245,502 5,873,684 18,119,186

Finance of Prefectures.

The actual revenue of prefectures "Fu and Ken" for 1901
was 58,721,522 yen, and the expenditures amounted to 52,478,449.
The actual revenue of cities "Shi" was 28,332,444 yen and the
expenditures 22,112,079. For towns and villages **Cho" and
"Son" the revenue was 70,316,610 yen and as against expenditures
aggregating 65,300,730 yen. In the expenditures of municipalities,
disbursements on account of education formed about one-third of
the total.

National Loans.

The proceeds of loans raised by the government have been
laid out to improve and encourage the development of economic
. undertakings, the state having otherwise adjusted its finances.
The only loans raised for other purposes were in connection with
the civil war in 1864, and the Japan-China war. The total of the
government loans in 1903 was 559,621,011 yen equal to about 12
yen per capita.

In detail the loan is made up as follows :

Old public loans 4,169,636 yen

Hereditary pension bonds, 5 per cent 19,630,475 yen

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Navy loan, 5 per cent 8,297,300 yen

Consolidated public loan, 5 per cent 167,128,350 yen

Railway loans, 5 per cent 37,248,900 yen

Railway Loan, 4 per cent i7,577,75o yen

War loan, 5 per cent 115,641,150 yen

Public work loan, 5 per cent 60,134,600 yen

Public work loan, 4 per cent 78,052,250 yen

Hokkaido railway loan, 5 per cent 3,592,500 yen

Hokkadio railway loan, 4 per cent 2,000,000 yen

Formosan loan, 5 per cent 16,707,900 yen

Loan for the redemption of paper money 22,000,000 yen

Temporary loan Formosan public work 5,440,000 yen

Temporary loan for iron foundry fund 2,000,000 yen

Local loans in 1902 amounted to 41,100,355 yen

Currency System.

The existing currency system is based on the coinage system
formulated in 1889 and follows the gold standard. The unit of
the coinage is 2 fun of pure gold (11.574 grains), which is called
one yen. The ratio of gold to silver stands at i to 32,348. Gold
coins are in three denominations, 5 yen, 10 yen and 20 yen.
Subsidiary silver coins are in denominations, 10 sen, 20 sen, 50
sen; subsidiary copper coins, 5 sen-nickel, i sen-copper, and
5 rin-copper.

The following table shows the amount of money in circulation
in Japan Jn 1902:

Amt. of coins m yen. Amt. of paper money.

Gold coins 89,247,908 Gov't paper money. . 1,551,792

Silver subsidiary 59,177,3^9 National bank notes 431,576

Nickel subsidiary 8,782,507 Convert, bk, notes. .232,094.377

Copper subsidiary... 9,139,390

— Total 234,078,745

Total 166,347,134

Grand total 326,572,380

BanKs.

National banks were first established in 1872, based on the
principle of the National Banks of America. Within a very

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few years after the establishment of the first National Bank
the number of institutions of this kind throughout Japan num-
bered 152. The National Bank regulations of 1863 converted
National Banks to private banks in 1896 to 1898, so that there are
now no more National Banks in Japan.

Following is a table of banks doing business in 1902:

No. of Paid Up

Banks. Capital.

Bank of Japan i 30,000,000

Hypothec Bank i 3,250,000

Japan Industrial Bank i 2,500,000

Yokohama Specie Bank i 18,000,000

Hokkaido G)lonization Bank i 2,100,000

Formosan Bank i 2,500,000

Local Hypothec Banks 46 27,657,234

Ordinary Banks 1,841 264,530,018

Savings Banks 431 22,412,820

Ordinary banks doing savings bank

business 268 6,418,31 1

372,950,062

The Bank of Japan, the Hypothec Bank of Japan, the Japanese
Industrial Bank, the Yokohama Specie Bank, the Hokkaido Colon-
ization Bank, the Formosan Bank and the Local Hypothec Banks
have all been established under official protection

Nippon GinKo, or the BanK of Japan.

Nippon Ginko, or the Bank of Japan, was opened October 10,
1882. In 1884 it was authorized by the government, under an
ordinance known as the Convertible Bank" Note Act, to issue
notes which were to replace the old notes issued by the govern-
ment and the National Bank Notes.. This act aimed at unifying
the currency system throughout the country under control of the
Central Institution.

The capital of the Bank of Japan at the start was 10,000,000
yen, one-half of which was subscribed by the government. * In
1887 it was increased to 20,000,000 yen, and in 1895 it was further
increased to 30,000,000 yen. The capital is full paid up. The

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surplus at present amounts to 15,700,000 yen. The value of the
notes outstanding, issued by the bank up to the end of 1901, was
214,096,766 yen. The total transactions of the bank during 1901
amounted to 10,576,136,318 yen. During the same year the de-
posits received by the bank amounted to 1,965,848,088 yen, and
the total loans and discounts aggregated 916,738,048 yen.

The administrative body of the bank is composed of a
governor, a vice-governor, four directors and three or four
auditors. The governor and vice-governor are appointed by
the government for a term of five years. The directors are also
appointed by the government, one of each two candidates nomi-
nated at the general meeting of the shareholders, for a term of
four years.

The head office of the bank is in Tokyo. Its building is a
three-story structure erected at a cost of 1,150,000 yen. The
bank of Japan has eight branch offices in the most important
cities of the country, besides numerous agencies distributed
throughout the Empire.

The Yokohama Specie Bank was founded in 1880 with capital
of 3,000,000 yen, for the purpose of furnishing financial facilities
for the foreign trade of the country. The capital was increased
according to the growth of transactions, and it is now 24,000,000
yen, of which 18,000,000 are paid up. The reserve fund was
9,837,237 yen in 1902.

The total amount of deposits was 987,035,131 yen, and the
loans amounted to 432,441,559 yen in 1902. The bank has
branches, agencies and correspondents in important cities through-
out the world. There are branch offices in San Francisco and
New York. The Merchants' Laclede National Bank in St. Louis
is a special agent for the bank.

The Hypothec Bank of Japan was founded in 1896 as a
joint stock company, with a capital of 10,000,000 yen and under
special patronage and control of the government, for the purpose
of furnishing long-time loans at a low rate of interest for the
improvement and development of agriculture and industry. It
was designed to serve as the central medium of credit for
agricultural and industrial enterprises conducted on a large scale
throughout the entire country, as agricultural and industrial

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banks in the various prefectures are destined only for local
transactions in the same branch of business.

The bank is authorized, when at least one-fourth of its
capital is paid up, to issue mortgage debentures to an amount
not exceeding ten times its paid-up capital, provided the amount
of such debenture does not exceed the total amount of outstanding
loans redeemable in annual installments and the debentures of
agricultural and industrial banks in hand. These debentures
shall be redeemed at least twice a year by means of drawings
in proportion to the total amount of redemption of loans redeem-
able in annual installments in the same year, and the debentures
of agricultural and industrial banks in hand. Besides, for each
issue of debentures, premiums of various amounts, ranging from
five to one thousand yen, are allotted to a certain number of
the debentures which are determined by drawings. This is the
single exception to the general prohibition, of lotteries or any
lottery-like system, and it is especially allowed to the Hypothec
Bank, in order to secure many small deposits for the agricultural
and industrial banks.

The paid-up capital of the bank is 3,250,000 yen, and it has a
reserve fund of 210,926 yen. The total amount of loans was
18,560,174 yen, and debentures issued 14,240,960 yen, in 1902.

The Local Hypothec Banks were first established in 1897,
the number to start with being six. Now there are 46 banks of
this kind throughout the country. Each bank has a capital of
200,000 yen or upwards, and acts as local organ of credit for the
same objects as the Hypothec Bank. The authorized capital for
these 46 banks is 28,370,000 yen, of which 27,657,234 yen is paid
up. They have a reserve fund of 1,440,714 yen. In 1892 the
total deposits amounted to 18,275,598 yen, loans 38,418,801 yen,
and debentures issued 2,011,530 yen.

The Bank for the Colonisation and Exploitation in Hokkaido
was established in 1900, for the promotion of colonizing and
exploitation in Hokkaido, with a capital of 3,000,000 yen, 2,100,000
paid up.

The Bank of Taiwan (Formosa) was established in 1899
for the purpose of promoting the economic development of the
island of Formosa. It is a joint stock company with a capital
of 5,000,000 yen, and is endowed with the privilege of issuing

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bank notes convertible in silver yen against the reserve gold
or silver coins or bullion and government bonds. Treasury
bills, notes of the Bank of Japan and any other negotiable paper
or commercial bills of reliable nature. Notes issued beyond this
limit in case of emergency are subject to a tax of 5 per cent or
more per annum. The government has subscribed 1,000,000 yen
and the dividends accruing from the shares purchased therewith
were added to the reserve fund of the bank for the flrst five years.
The government has further made an advance of 2,000,000 yen in
silver to the bank with no interest. The paid-up capital is
2,500,000 yen. The total convertible bank notes issued in 1902
was 3,977»349 yen.

The Industrial Bank of Japan, which was established in
April, 1902, is a joint stock company. As the Hypothec Banks
are intended to furnish long and cheap loans on the security
of immovable property, agricultural and industrial enterprises,
especially for the former, the Industrial Bank has for its
especial object the handling of bonds and shares of various
kinds. It may be regarded as a kind of credit mobilier or trust
company. The business which may be transacted by the bank
under the law is as follows :

(i) To make loans against the pledge of public loan bonds,
local loan bonds, companies' debentures and shares; (2) To
subscribe or take up public loan bonds, local loan bonds and
companies' debentures; (3) To accept deposits of money and
custody of valuable objects; (4) To transact various kinds of
trust business with local loan bonds, companies* debentures and
shares. The bank is endowed with the privilege of issuing de-
bentures to an amount five times its paid-up capital.

Exchanges.

Exchanges in Japan had their beginning in transactions in
rice. The rice exchanges are comparatively old institutions, and
may be traced back to a period at the end of the seventeenth
century. The income of feudal lords was derived principally
from rice at that time. It was customary to ship the cereal to
Osaka, Yedo and other commercial centers, where it was sold
to rice brokers. In 1876 the Rice Exchange Law was promul-

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gated. The terms of this law permitted of the organization of
exchanges in the form of stock 'companies. Two years later,
1878, stock exchanges were established at Tokyo and Osaka. A
new stock exchange law was enacted in 1903, which applies to
all kinds of exchanges. According to this act exchanges may
be organized either as stock companies or corporations. Those
in the form of corporations are composed of members who have
received a special concession from the government to transact
business. Those organized as stock companies must have a
capital exceeding 100,000 yen. There were 81 exchanges in 1901,
which had 11,370 members and shareholders, including 1,104
brokers. Their total authorized capital was 7,734,250 yen, of
which 6,977,571 yen were paid up. The aggregate reserve fund
was 659,390 yen.

Insurance Companies.

Insurance companies conducted along the lines in vogue in
Europe and America were first organized in Japan in 1881. They
found favor at once and in 1901 there were 40 life insurance
companies, having an aggregate capital of 8,705,000 yen and
carrying insurance amounting to 195,571,087 yen, doing business
in the Empire. Mutual life insurance companies were introduced
into Tokyo in 1902. At the present time there is only one mutual
company, the president of which is Count Y. Yanagizawa. There
are 19 fire insurance companies, representing a capital of 15,820,000
yen and carrying insurance amounting to 294,379,999 yen. In
1900 there were three marine insurance companies, having a
combined capital of 95500,000 yen and covering lines of insurance
amounting to 730,619,475 yen.

Clearing Houses.

Though the custom of using commercial bills in trade has
existed in Japan for many years, it was only recently that clear-
ing houses, modeled on the western pattern, were established
ifi the country. The Osaka Clearing House, which opened in
December, 1679, was the pioneer of this kind of institution in
Japan. In December of the following year this clearing house
included 60 banks in its membership. The Tokyo Clearing House,

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which opened for business in 1887, had associated with it 59
banks at the close of 1902. There are four clearing houses in
Japan besides those at Osaka and Tokyo. They are: The Kyoto
Clearing House, the Yokohama Clearing House, the Kobe Clear-
ing House and the Nagoya Clearing House. The latter was es-
tablished very recently.

The following table shows the number of bills cleared, also
the amount, through Japanese clearing houses in 1902 :

No. of Bills Cleared. " Amount Cleared.

Tokyo 2,210,388 1,350,791,066 yen

Osaka i,550,430 663,659,703 yen

Kyoto 610,277 155,657,015 yen

Yokohama 257,165 416,126,576 yen

Kobe 246,906 251,656,959 yen

Nagoya 87,884 43.083,087 yen

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Transportation.

THE first railway in Japan was the one built by the govern-
ment between Tokyo and Yokahama, a distance of i8
miles, which was commenced in 1869 and opened for traffic in
1871. At the present time railroads in Japan are divided into
two classes: those owned and operated by the government, and
those owned by private individuals:

The following table shows the progress of railways in Japan
up to March 31, 1903:

Government Railways.

Roads 12 Locomotives 472

Total mileage i,739 Passenger cars 1,358

Number of stations 293 Freight cars 5,815

Private Railways.

Number of companies 41 Locomotives 975

Total mileage 3,842 Passenger cars 3,537

No. of stations 927 Freight cars 15,861

The total actual investment in the government roads from the
beginning to the end of 1902 was 141,945,060 yen, exclusive of the
lines in Formosa. The investment in private railways during the
same period was 257,375,000 yen. The capital stock of the private
railways is divided into 5,519,500 shares, which are held by 46,306
persons.

The following table shows the volume of traffic and the
revenue, in yen, of Japanese railways in 1902 :

Government R.ail'ways.

Income.

Passengers 12,206.800

Freight 5,829,715

Other sources 300,067

Total 18,336,582

Expenditures 9,066,165

Net profit 9,270,417

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Private Railways.

Income.

Passengers I7»833,o70

Freight 14,104,427

Other sources. . .■ 3*767,174

Total 35,707,671

Expenditures 18,132,259

Net profit 17,572,412

In the same year the government railways carried 32,689,916
passengers and the private lines 78,121,456 passengers. The total
freight carried by the government roads was 3.317,457 tons, which
the private lines carried 12,925,695 tons. The average fare per
one mile is 0.9 cents. The average charge for freight is i cent
for hauling one ton one mile.

Ships.

The fact that Japan is surrounded on all sides by water has
given the Japanese ample opportunities to develop the art of
navigation. Early in the fifteenth century, before Columbus dis-
covered America, Japanese sailors are known to have penetrated
the South Seas in search of trade with the Philippines, and to
have frequented Chinese waters, touching at Corean and Chinese
ports. There are well authenticated records telling of a visit to
the east coast of Mexico by a Japanese vessel in the seventeenth
century. A party of Japanese envoys visited Rome in the six-
teenth century. The envoys were strongly impressed with what
they saw, and upon their return to Japan told in glowing language
of their adventures and of the great powers and strength of
foreign nations. These accounts caused fear on the part of the
feudal government of invasion by some foreign power. Toku-
gawa's feudal government, then reigning in Japan in the name of
the Emperor, thought it wise to prevent Japanese going abroad,
and issued an edict prohibiting the building of vessels in which
seamen might venture on distant voyages. This order was so
strictly enforced that it resulted in suppressing the sea-faring
spirit for a long period of years. Since the restoration of sover-
eignity to the Emperor, which occurred thirty-seven years ago,

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navigation and foreign commerce have been fully restored. Much
encouragement has been given to seamen by the government, with
the result that in 1902 Japan had the following vessels:

Number. Tonnage.

Steamers 1,441 609,951

Sailing ships 3,977 334,509

Japanese junks i8,743 235,195

Small ships under five tons 627,611

These figures include 20 steel-built steamers of more than 5,000
tons' displacement each.

The following are shipping statistics of the ports of Japan, not
including those of Formosa, and the vessels for coasting trade in
1902 :

Entered. Cleared.

No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage

Japanese steamships 3,226 4,309,164 3,239 4,324,213

Foreign steamships 2,985 7,090,249 2,979 7»097,378

6,2ij 11,399,413 6,218 , 11,421,591

Japanese sailing ships.'. . 733 64,408 . 768 67,341

Foreign sailing ships... 88 102,779 92 107,951

Japanese junks 732 7,846 774 8,190

1,553 175,033 1,634 183,482

Grand total 7,764 11,574,446 7,852 11,605,073

In 1902 there were 15,977 Japanese captains and engineers
and 333 foreign captains and engineers serving in the Japanese
merchant marine.

The Japanese Government is giving subsidies to the shipping
business. A subsidy is granted on steamers that come up to the
standard specified in the provisions of the Subsidy Law. The
steamers that are qualified to receive such aid must carry on
regular service between Japan and foreign ports or along the
coast of a foreign country. The subsidy is given at the rate of
12^2 cents per ton for every 1,000 miles the goods are carried
on steamers of not less than 1,000 tons capacity and capable of
a speed of ten knots or more an hour.

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The list of the subsidized lines is given as follows :
Yokohama — Melbourne. Kobe — Vladivostock.

Yokohama — Bombay. Hong Kong— San Francisco.

European Line. Shang-hai — Hankow.

Hong Kong — Seattle. Hankow — Schang.

Yokohama — Seattle. Shang-hai — Suchow.

Kobe — North China. Shang-hai — Hangchow.

Kobe — Korea. Suchow — Hangchow.

Besides these given above, there are other lines of local
importance which are being aided by the Formosan Government,
the Hokkaido Government and the Prefectural Governments.

The three largest steamship companies in Japan are Nippon
Yusen Kaisha (Japan Steamship Company), Toyo Kisen Kaisha
(Oriental Steamship Company) and Osaka Shosen Kaisha (Osaka
Steamship Company).

The following table shows the condition of these three steam-
ship companies in 1902:

Nippon Yusen Osaka Shosen Tovo Kisen

Kaisha. Kaisha. Kaisha.

Capital 22,000,000 5,500,000 3,250,000

Reserve for dividends,
repairs and insur-
ance 1,672,924 226,100 105,542

Number of steamers.. 108 98 7

Total tonnages 222,979 64,076 26,419

Light-.rs 235 191 3

Passengers carried... 334»959 1,600,479 I5»503

Freight carried 2,174,623 86,612 16,278,039

Revenue from passen-
gers (yen) 2,802,226 i,597,507 1,373,456

Income from freights

(yen) 13,358,691 2,952,845 1,256,500

Subsidy from govern-
ment (yen) 5,143,493 i,i27,93i 992,651

Total income (yen) ..23,256,505 6,302872 3,782,471
Total expenditure

(yen) 18,044,940 5,422,431 2,969,963

Net profit 5,211,565 880441 812,508

Dividend 12% 10% 12%

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The Nippon Yusen Kaisha, which is one of the largest
steamship companies in the world, maintains 12 regular lines:
Seattle — Hong Kong Line — fortnightly.
European Line.
Bombay Line — monthly.
Yokohama Shanghai Line — four weekly.
Kobe-Vladivostock Line — weekly.
Kobe-Corea-North China Line — fortnightly.
Kobe-Tientsin Line — fortnightly.
Kobe-New Wang Line — fortnightly.

Kobe-Otaru Line (Eastern Route) — every three (3) days.
Kobe-Otaru Line (Western Route) — weekly.
Kobe-Keelung Line — four times a month.

The Nippon Susen Kaisha maintains a service between
Seattle and Hong Kong, via Yokohama, Kobe and Shanghai with
six steamers of the new twin-screw type of over 5,000 tons.

The Toyo Kisen Kaisha runs between San Francisco and
Hong Kong via Honolulu, Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki and
Shanghai; also touches at Manila. The company has seven steam-
ers of large size. The Nippon Maru, American Maru and Hong
Kong Maru, which form the regular line between San Francisco
and Hong Kong, are new. fast twin-screw steamships of 6,0D0
tons.

The Osaka Shosen Kaisha runs regular lines in the Inland
Sea,> along the western and southern coasts of Japan and between
Kobe and North China and Formosa.

Ship Building.

The first shipyard built after the western pattern was estab-
lished by the feudal government at Nagasaki in 1854. Since then
shipyards have been built in all important ports, till in 1902 they
numbered 167. During the same year these yards built yz steam-
ships and 165 sailing ships. During the ten years between 1893
to 1902, there were built in Japan 499 steamships, aggregating
118,144 tons, and 1,000 sailing ships, aggregating 98,330 tons.

Of these shipyards, Mitsubushi Shipyard, in Nagasaki, and
Kawasaki Dockyard, in Kobe, are the most important, the former
having been founded in 1854 and the latter in 1871.

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Communication.

THE establishment of a postal service in Japan dates back to
about 202 A. D., when a system of dispatch-carrying known
as Hikyaku was adopted. The present postal system, which is
modeled after that of European and American countries, was
adopted by the Japanese Government in January, 1871, when there
were established post-offices, numbering 180 in all, distributed
throughout the country. In 1877 Japan entered the International
Postal Union, and in 1902 she joined the Universal Postal League
relating to the value-declared letter and postal boxes ; also joined
the International Parcel Post.

At present there are 58 countries in the Postal Union, and
of these 32 joined the Union after Japan had done so.

At the end of 1902 there were 1,592 postal telegraph offices,
2,534 post-offices, and 46,600 postal agencies in the country. In
the same year 45,046 mail boxes were installed by the government,
and 1,354 "lail boxes by private individuals, and over 50,000
officials and mail carriers were employed. In Tokyo, in the
same year, there were 60 postal and telegraph offices and 2,016
postal agencies.

The following table shows the mail matter transmitted durnig
1902:

Letters 213,956,370

Post cards '. 488,890,747 '

Newspapers and magazines 150,553,746

Others 39,299,693

Total 913,120,735

In 1876 Japan established its postal-offices at various districts
of China and Korea. These at present number 22 and are located
as follows:

China*— Shanghai, Tientsin, Chefoo, Suchow, Hangchow; Shasi,
Amoi, Hankow, Peking, Fuchow, Newchang, Nanking.

Korea — Fusan, Gensam, Ninsen, Mukpho, Chinnanpho, Masan,
Kunsan, Songjin, Seoul, Pinggang.

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Two hundred and fifty-seven officials and. mail carriers are
employed in these postal offices.

Postal rates, one letter, per momme, 3 sen (2.66 gram).

Postal card, 1.5 sen, periodical, per 20 momme x 2.644 ounce,
half sen, books and printing matter and sample, per 30 momme
(3.966 oz.), 2 sen.

Postal rates for parcels :

up to 10 Ri. up to 100 Ri. Over 100 Ri.

Up to 200 momme 5 sen 6 sen 16 sen

Up to 400 momme 7 sen 12 sen 24 sen

Up to 600 momme 9 sen 16 sen 32 sen

Up to 800 momme 11 sen 20 sen 40 sen

Up to 1,000 momme 13 sen * . 24 sen 48 sen

Up to 1,250 momme 15 sen 25 sen 56 sen

Up to 1,500 momme 17 sen 32 sen 64 sen

Ri equals 2.44 miles. One momme equals 2.66 grams.

The pos-t-offices in Japan dispatched 6,776,573 pieces of mail
matter to, and received 7,010,517 pieces of mail matter from
foreign countries in 1902. Of these 1,042,942 were sent to, and
1,277,461 were received from the United States. The postal
service between America and Japan equals in volume that between
all the European countries and Japan.

The International postal rate in Japan is charged as: Letter,
2 cents for every 15 gramme; postal card, 2 cents; printed matter,
I cent for every 50 gramme; sample of merchandise, 3 cents for
a quantity not exceeding 100 gramme, and one cent for every
additional 50 gramme; and registering, 5 cents.

The postal service in Japan affords great facilities to merchants,
as well as to the public by its system for the collection of trade
charges and cash. This system was adopted in 1896, in connec-
tion with- the parcel service. The amount to be collected may not
exceed 300 yen. The system of collecting cash was adopted in
1900. By it cash is collected for receipts of trade charges, war-
rants of dividends on stock, shares, coupons of public loan bonds,
or company's debt or receipt of premium of insurance, which
are made payable to bearer. The amount of money to be thus
collected is limited to 300 yen. When a collection is made by

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post-office, a notice to that effect is given the applicant, who,
upon payment of the fee required for transmitting the money
collected, may draw the cash.

The expense incurred by the government on account of the
postal service was considerable at the start, but this condition
is being gradually adjusted. In 1873, the receipts from the
source of the ordinary postal matters amounted to only 225,700
yen, while the disbursement was more than double that sum. In
1901 the receipts from the same source were 10,677,937 yen,
while the disbursement was 7,286,030 yen; that is to say, the
government in that year received 100 yen for every 68.2 yen
it expended. From the parcel service the government received
1,540,561 yen for its disbursement of 1,800,669 yen in the same
year.

In 1902 the post-offices in Japan issued money orders amount-
ing to 95,534,704 yen to 9,291,592 applicants. Of these 13,260,704
yen and 546,838 applications came through telegraph money
orders.

The postal saving system was adopted in 1875. Deposits are
received from ten sen upward, and the sum deposited by a single
person in a day is limited to 50 yen, and the aggregate deposit,
including interest, is limited to 500 yen. The interest allowed for
the deposit is at present 4.8 per cent. In 1902 the post-offices
received 27,196,802 yen in deposit from 2,363.335 persons.

Telegraph.

The telegraphic instruments were first introduced into Japan
in 1853 by Commodore Perry, who presented two sets of the
instruments to the feudal government. These, however, were not
put to any practical use. The first telegraphic service was in-
' stalled in 1869 by the government, which held a monopoly in
the field. The service was gradually extended until in March,
1903, there were 2,187 telegraphic offices, 549 receiving boxes and
78,711 miles of line. In the same year 18,073,407 dispatches were
sent and received over the various lines. The rate charged is
20 sen for every 15 words; 5 sen being charged for every ad-
ditional five words, not counting the address of the receiver.
This rate is for dispatches within the country; for foreign coun-
tries, of course, special rate is charged. *

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In January, 1879, Japan joined the International Telegraph
Convention. The islands are now connected by four different
cables with the Asiatic mainland. During 1902, 399,348 cable
dispatches were sent to and 426,268 received from foreign coun-
tries. The number of the paid cables sent to, and received from,
the United States in 1902 was 22,594.

Telephones,

Telephones were installed by the government for the first
time in 1877. Its field is monopolized by the government. There
were, in 1902, 29 principal exchanges, 151 call officers and 134
public automatic telephones, and 104,725 miles of the line. In
the same year there were 29,941 telephone subscribers and the
number of calls made was 111,799,647. The rate charged to a
subscriber is 60 yen a y^ar. The total receipts of the govern-
ment from the telephone service in 1901 amounted to 1,810,411 yen.

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Forestry.

THE forests of Japan, her natural ornaments, which occupy
more than one-half of the Island Empire, would appear
to have exerted an inspiring influence upon the minds of her
inhabitants, for their love of forests and the luxuriance of sylvan
growths is observed to be almost intuitive. One is also inclined
to think that the Japanese may owe their burning patriotism and
aesthetic sense to the profoundly sympathetic influence the forest
seemed to have exercised upon them.

According to the latest statistics, there are 56,564,044 acres of
forest land, that is to say, over 59 per cent of the area of the
whole of Japan exclusive of Formosa, which are divided as
follows :

State forests 32,157,034 acres

Imperial forests 5,124,873 acres

People's forests 19,282,137 acres

The Imperial forests, which are the property of the Imperial
household, are divided into two classes : hereditary and ordinary.
The hereditary forests cover 2,433,263 and the ordinary 2^7(^,27^
acres. The former class include such forests as are so thickly
wooded and extensive as to furnish enough material for a reguii..'
working plan of forestry. The recent change in industrial Japan
has resulted in a revolution in the modes of utilizing forests.
There has been considerable increase in the domestic demand for
timber and wood fuel, not only in connection with industrial
and maintaining enterprises and for ordinary building purposes,
but as well for making railroad ties and telegraph poles ; also
for manufacturing various kinds of wooden articles and paper.
The recent development in transportation facilities has caused
traders in forestry products to seek customers abroad; especially
in China and Corea.

The following table shows the classes of forests in Japan, and
what per cent each forms of the whole:

Conifer forests 21 per cent

Broad-leaved forests 25 per cent

Conifer and broad-leaved forests 45 per cent

Thinly stocked or black areas 9 per cent

100 per cent

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Following are the principal species of trees: -

Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum Camphore). — Grows in the
south of Japan and in Formosa. The timber is rather hard and
lustrous and has a peculiar pungent odor. It is highly prized
for making valuable articles of furniture as well as for the manu-
facture of wooden ornaments. The tree produces gum camphor,
for which there is a large demand abroad. Formosa furnishes
more than three-fourths of all the camphor used throughout the
globe. ^

TsuGE (Boxus Sempervirens). — The wood of this tree is ex-
ceedingly hard, fine and so close-grained that the year-rings can
hardly be traced when it is sawed into timber. It is capable of
taking a high polish and is quite beautiful. It is well adapted to
wood-carving and the manufacture of delicate ornaments. Fine
rulers and mathematical instruments can be made from the wood,
because of its quality of not shrinking or expanding whether wet
or dry.

Ubame-gashi (Quercus Ilex). — This tree grows in the south
of Japan. It is white in color, shading to yellow, and is the
hardest and heaviest of all timber produced in Japan. Its prin-
cipal use is in the building of houses and general construction
work.

IcHi-GASHi (Quercus Gilva). — Shira-gashi (Quercus Vibraye-
ant) and Aka-gashi (Quercus Acuta) are the most extensively
used of all the broad-leaved class of trees. Their timber closely
resembles that of Ubame-gashi and is used for making tool
handles, implements and wheels.

KuNUGi (Quercus Cerrata). — This species ranks high among
Japanese trees because it affords excellent firewood and burns
into a good grade of charcoal.

The pine family is represented by two members: Akamatsu,
red pine, and Kuromatsu, black pine.

Akamatsu (Pinus Densiflora). — Is the most widely distributed
of all the coniferous trees in Japan, but it is found principally
in the south. The wood, which is yellowish white with a shade
of red, is hard, strong and elastic, and contains a large percent-
age of resinous substances, which make it proof against moisture.
Because of the latter quality it is in demand for engineering

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construction work, for mine props and building timbers. The
pine mushroom (Matsutake), which is called the king of table
mushrooms, grows in the red pine forests.

KuROMATSU (Pinus Thunbergli). — Being very durable, the
wood of this triee is suited for bridge foundation and for use in
general subterraneous engineering construction. It burns with
great heat, so is valuable as a steaming fuel and firewood.

HiNOKi (Chamaecyparis Obtus). — Is a soft, close-grained
wood, strong and toiigh and having a peculiar odor. It ranks
first among Japanese trees for the number of usages to which its
wood can be put. It is found in the central part of the country.

HiBA (Thujopsis Dolabrata). — This tree grows slowly and the
year-rings are extremely narrow. The timber is compact and
possesses great resisting power, and is therefore much used for
building and engineering purposes.

SuGi (Cryptomeria Japonica). — Is very widely distributed,
being second only to the red pine among the conifers in this
respect. The wood is light yellow, shading to red. It is used
very much for the same purposes as is Hinaki, such as the manur
facture of tools, utensils and ornaments and for certain kinds of
building.

Keyaki (Zelkowa Keaki). — Is found everywhere in. Japan.
The timber is very strong and hard, and will take a high polish.
It is valuable for building and ornamental purposes; also for
naval architecture.

Besides these trees there are extensive groves of bamboo
distributed through the country. Bamboo ranks high among the
useful timbers of Japan. From ancient times it has been used
for making various kinds of tools and utensils; for building and
ornamentation.

Generally speaking, the forestry industries of Japan are still
in a comparatively primitive state, but with the care and en-
couragement given them by the government and by private in-
dividuals they are destined to attain high development. The pulp
business, though of recent origin, has become a very important
industry. The pulp consumed in Japan formerly came from
abroad, but the steady development of the paper industry necessi-

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tated its manufacture at home. At present Japan has five pulp
mills operating with steam power.

Carbonization is among the most important industrial uses
to which wood is put in Japan. This industry is carried on wher-
ever a broad-leaved forest is at hand to furnish wood for the
kilns. Recently a, process for procuring vinegar as a by-product
of carbonization was introduced in several localities.

'As a minor product of the forest, mushrooms are an exceed-
ingly valuable item in Japan. There are more than ten edible
varieties, growing to a greater or less extent, throughout the
country. Of these the Shiitake is the most important. The
annual exports of this mushroom to China and other Oriental
countries is equal to 900,000 yen.

The state forests are under the control of sixteen major forest
officers and 325 minor forest officers. Each minor officer has from
three to five protection stations, numbering altogether 1,199.

In 1882 the Tokyo Dendrological School, the first of the kind
in Japan, was established in Nishigahara. Now, however, the
science and art of forestry are taught in no less than sixty-two
institutions of learning.

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Fishery and Marine Products.

EXTENDING obliquely from north to south, with a coast line
of 18,500 miles, the Japanese Islands arc favorably situated
for the production of marine life. Fishery supplies the inhab-
itants with the staple diet, and is, therefore, carried on an ex-
tensive scale ; 3,006,000 people are engaged in the enterprise, who
use more than 400,000 fishing boats. In value the production
exceeds that of any other country of the world except the United
States and Great Britain. Fishery in Japan, therefore, may be
regarded as no less important than the agriculture or commerce
of the country.

The administration relating to fishery is directed by the Im-
perial Fishery Bureau, which is under the Department of
Agriculture and Commerce. A fishery school, the only institution
of the kind, has been established and is maintained by the bureau.
The government has also several experimental fishery stations
distributed at various sea-side places for the use of fishermen
and students. These have training ships and fishinj^ boats.
Every maritime prefecture, and even communities in some in-
stances, has its own experimental fishery station or a fishery
school or both, which are under the direct control of the Pre-
fectural Fishery Bureau.

Marine Products of Japan.

Besides fishes and other marine animals, the sea gives to the
Japanese many kinds of edible and useful seaweeds, as well as
salt. Of the kinds of fishes that have important commercial
value may be mentioned : Tunny, bonito, sardine, salmon, yellow-
tail, herring, cod, crustaceans and mollusca of various kinds, and
almost endless varieties of freshwater fishes. Aquatic quadrupeds
and cetacea are also obtained in a great number, which have
considerable commercial value. Edible and useful seaweeds are
obtained in almost all the inland seas, and many of them are used
as food, besides for various other purposes. Corals and pearls
are now obtained in large quantities and are being exported.
Salt manufacturing is an important industry in Japan, the annual

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output amounting to more than 6,900,000 koku (koku equals 4.96
bushels), or in value 9,000,000 yen.

The following is about the average annual produce of prepared
fisheries of Japan in the five years ending 1901 : .

Herring 324,600,000 lbs.

Sardines 366,174,720 lbs.

Bonito 77,081,020 lbs.

Pagrus 39,080,320 lbs.

Scomberomous (sinnis lacip) ,. . 9,098,735 lbs.

Tuny 34,476,695 lbs.

Yellow-tail 33,120,000 lbs.

Mackerel 52,897,053 lbs.

Cod 17,008,362 lbs.

Salmon 23,078,264 lbs.

Ear-shell 7,269,600 lbs.

Oysters 8,209,537 lbs.

Cythera .' 8,876,200 lbs.

Lobster 32,060,200 lbs.

Cujtle-fish 67,816,800 lbs.

Sea-weeds 57,358,900 lbs.

The total value of marine products of the leading countries is :

The United States $43,138,265-

Great Britain 32,000,000

Japan 26,000,000

Russia 22,000,000

It is seen that Japan ranks third in value of production; but
in quantity she far exceeds any other nation. The reason for
this is that fishes and marine products are very low in price in
Japan as compared with other countries. The annual quantity
of fish taken in Japan is estimated at 3,000,000 tons as against
550,000 tons in the British waters.

£.xports of Marine Products.

Notwithstanding the fact that the Japanese use the greater part
of their marine products for home consumption, the export of the
production forms an important part of Japan's foreign trade.
During 1902 the export amounted in value to 8,379,259 yen out
of the total exports, which aggregated to 255,675,016 yen. The

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export of marine products, as compared with other exports, is

given in the following table:

Exports of Marine
Total Exports. Products.

1896 117,842,761 5,115,199

1900 204,429,994 6,439,855

190I 252,349,543 8,685,816

1902 258,303,065 8,379,259

The greater part of marine products goes to China. Generally

the exports consists of those products which are in small de-
mands at home.

The following table shows
Country. Value in Yen.

Hong Kong, China . 3,608,037
China 3,200,672

Italy 494,442

Germany 466,706

Asiatic Russia 196,573

Korea 127,448

Belgium 119,510

France 1 16,300

England 101,526

The United States . . 66,745

Hawaii 92,831

Australia 26,255

Austro-Hungary. . . 7,792

Philippines ... . 4,938

Canada 4,439

Dutch India 2.850

French India 978

the exports in detail :
Kind.

Kombu (Laminaria), Kanten (aga-
aga), dried sea-cucumber, dried
cuttle-fish, shark fin, abalone, fish
oil, dried salt cod, sardine, dried
scarlop.

Coral.

Fish oil and kanten.

Salt.

Salt and kombu.

Fish oil.

Abalone.

Fish oil, kanten, seal skin.

Abalone, kanten, dried fish.

Dried fish, cuttle-fish.

Fish oil and kanten.

Abalone-shells, fish oil.

Dried fish.

Kanten.

Japan imports annually about 534,818 yen's worth of marine
products, including salt, salt fish, coral, shells, and hawksbill
turtle shells.

The part played by marine products in Japan's foreign trade
began in the trade with China; the greater part of the product

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still going to that country. There is, however, a prospect for
the product to be introduced into the world at large. The
export to other countries is increasing year by year. Japan
exhibited its marine products at the Universal Exposition at
Paris, and at the recent International Fishery Exhibition at St.
Petersburg. A peculiar and interesting feature of those exhibits
was the dried sea-weeds, eaten by Orientals, and the dried jelly
manufactured from sea-weeds.

The government has encouraged the construction of fishing
boats of western type, according to the Law for Encouragement
of Pelagic Fishery. There are now 51 boats, with a gross ton-
nage of 4,762 tons, which are receiving bounties from the govern-
ment.

Fish culture is now extensively carried on both in fresh and
in salt water. In the fresh water pisciculture, the raising of
carp, snapping turtle, gray mullet and eels are the most im-
portant operations undertaken; while in sea- water the culture
of oysters, amanori and some shell-fish is regarded as the most
profitable. Artificial spawning of salmon and trout is now
practiced extensively, both in Hakkaido and the Main Island.

Salt used in Japan is derived principally from sea-water, from
which it is extracted either by means of the sun's heat or by
artificial heat. The mineral salt produced in Japan is hardly
worth mentioning, it being in extremely small quantities. Persons
engaged in the salt business number over 100,000. The output
differs according to the year, but the average is about 6.5 million
koku. In 1892 the output, which was 6,908,964 koku (i koku
equals 4.963 bushels), was equal in money value to 8,707,340
yen. The price of one koku is about 1.26 yen. The Formosan
salt industry promises to become far more prosperous even than
that of Japan proper, owing to the greater natural advantages
possessed by the former island. The process used in Formosa
is the same as that employed in western countries.

Of the fishery associations and public bodies the Japan Fish-
ing Association and the Japan Salt Association are the most
important. The former was organized in 1883 and now has a
membership of 5,216. The latter, which was organized in 1896,
has 2,600 members. Both of these associations publish monthly
bulletins.

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Hinins.

As early as the seventh and eighth centuries Japanese are
known to have worked the mineral deposits of their country,
extracting principally gold, silver, copper, iron, coal and petroleum.
Mining, however, was in an exceedingly backward state until
1668, when the government, which was eager to develop the
mineral resources throughout the Empire, undertook the working
of a number of important mines, and introduced the most modem
European methods and machinery in carrying on the operations.
After working the mines for several years the government sold
these properties to private individuals, under whose management
they have been brought to a most satisfactory and flourishing
condition.

In 1890 the Japanese Mining Law was enacted. According
to the terms of this act permission of the Minister of Agriculture
and Commerce or a special concession must be obtained before
any person may engage in a mining enterprise or prospect for
minerals. When two or more applications are made for the
same privilege, preference is given to the one filed on the earliest
date. The period allowed for exploration is limited to one year,
during which term no person other than the concessionaire may
prospect in the area allotted him.

The extent of any mining claim must be more than 10,000
tsubo (about 8.16 acres) in coal lands, and in the case of other
minerals more than 3,000 tsubo (about 2.45 acres), and not to
exceed 60,000 tsubo (about 490.40 acres). To facilitate the ad-
ministration of mining affairs the entire country is divided into
five districts, each of which contains a mining inspection office.
Each new operator is obliged each year to present a mining
programme, which, after being approved by the inspection office of
his district, must be carried out to the letter. Failure to fulfill
the plan mapped out in the programme may result in the forfeiture
of a concession. The government exercises perfect control over
all mineral deposits, and sees to it that they are worked along
lines which will assure the best results. Special privileges are
given to miners. With the consent of the Director of Mining

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they may survey any property, with or without the consent of its
owner, also compel the owner to lease his land. Prior to 1900
only Japanese subjects were permitted by law to operate mines
or become partners in any mining enterprise. In that year,
however, an amendment was adopted to the Mining Act per-
mitting any Japanese subject or any company organized according
to the Japanese Commercial Code to engage in mining enterprises
in Japan. This enables foreigners to become partners or share-
holders in Japanese mining properties.

In 1893 a special law governing placer mining passed the
Diet. This is similar in nearly all respects to the regular Mining
Law.

The following table shows the exte'nt of exploration and
mining proper in 1901 :

Exploration*

Number of title deeds 6,859

Acreage (tsubo*) 2,680,613

Average acreage of mines for exploration (tsubo) 390,775

Mining,

Mining in operation 2,503

Mining has been stopped 3,221

Acreage of mining in operation (tsubo) 312,937,834

Acreage of mining that has been stopped 392,036,491

Average acreage for mining 123,236

The following is a table showing the principal mineral pro-
ducts during 1901 :

Gold, ounces.' 87,523

Silver, ounces 191,803

Copper, pounds 60,264,865

Iron, pounds 154,670,736

Antimony, pounds 1,212,244

Manganese, pounds 36,064,125

Coal, tons 8,954,939

Petroleum, gallons 3,905,682

Sulphur, gallons ; 36,905,682

♦Tsubo equals 36 square feet.

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Anny and The Navy.

AT the time of the foundation of the Japanese Empire, when
the political institutions of the country were so simple that
civil and military affairs were one and indivisible, all male adults
in the realm were obliged to offer their services in the army, of
which the Emperor was the Commander-in-Chief. During the
Middle Ages a class of professional soldiers enjoyed hereditary
pensions; were bound to their masters by the relationship of
liege lords and retainers, and kept up the system of feudalism,
which was carried to a state of great perfection during the
Tokugawa Regency. This system ceased to exist in the seventies.
Beginning with the reign of the present Emperor, the adminis-
trative affairs were subdivided into seven departments, one of
which took charge of military and naval affairs. This department
was subdivided in 1872 into two departments, i. e., war and
navy. In 1696 the office of Governor-General of Formosa was
established, and in the same year the number of military divisions
was increased from six to twelve. In 1898 the Supreme Council
of War to the Emperor was established.

The standing army is distributed as follows:

Imperial Body Guard Tokio.

First Division Tokio.

Second Division Sendai.

Third Division • Nagoya.

Fourth Division Osaka.

Fifth Division Hiroshima.

Sixth Division Kumamoto.

Seventh Division Asahigawa (Hokkaido).

Eighth Division Hirosaki.

Ninth Division Kanafeawa.

Tenth Division Himeji.

Eleventh Division Marukame.

Twelfth Division Kokura.

The Emperor has the supreme command of the army and navy.
The army of the Empire is uniformly organized on the con-
scription basis.

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All the Japanese male subjects from seventeen to forty years
old are liable to military service. The service is divided into
active service, landwehr service, depot service and landsturm
service. The active service is divided into service with colors
and with the first reserve. The former extends over three years
and is obligatory with all males who have attained the age of
twenty years. Service with the first reserve is obligatory with
all who have served with the colors and lasts for four years
and four months.

The landwehr reserve lasts five years and is formed of those
who have been through the first reserve service.

The depot service is divided into the first depot service and
the second depot service. The former lasts seven years and four
months and the latter one year and four months. The first
depot service is composed of men who have not been enlisted
for active service, while the second depot service is made up
of those who have not been enlisted for the first depot service.

The landsturm service is dy^ided into the first and second
divisions, the former composed of men who have completed their
term in the landwehr service, and the first depot service and the
second division includes all those who are not in the other
ser(^ice.

The following table shows the strength of the Imperial Army

•" 19°°= Office.

General and departments staff. . . 1,673
Regiments 6,110

Imperial Guard 573

Twelve divisions 4,95 1

Formosan Garrison 470

Gendarmerie 116

Other 26a

Cadets

Total 8,400

Reserve 2,400

Landwehr 1,165

First Depot

Second Depot

Grand total 11.611

Men.

Total.

1,902

3,576

155,966

162,076

13,537

14,110

124,004

128,955

15,917

16,387

2,508

8,624

346

609

1,369

158,214

167.629

201,709

204,109

97,557

98,722

51,966

109,581

457,480

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632,007

The statistics relative to population in 1898 showed that there
were 8,640,850 males between the ages of from 15 to 40 years,
and 6,449,660 between the ages of 20 and 40 years. It may be
safely said that there are 7,000,000 males in Japan who are of
the proper age for military service at the present time.

Arsenals. — In the arsenals of Japan are manufactured all
sorts of arms used by the army, and also ammunition for the
fleets. The arsenals are situated in Tokyo and Osaka. At the
former are manufactured small arms, cartridges, and the ap-
pliances and tools pertaining to small arms. It maintains three
powder factories. The Osaka arsenal turns out big guns, cannon
balls and other articles of heavy ordnance, and maintains a
powder factory at Uji and the firearms workshop at Maji.

In 1901 something over 2,160,805 workdays were put in by the
operators at the Tokyo arsenal, and 1,499,557 at the Osaka arsenal.

The War Department maintains a woolen factory at Tokyo
and also maintains pasture and grass land covering 148,230 acres
for horses used in the army.

Training for officers and soldiers is received in Staff College,
Artillery and Engineering School, Officers' School, Military
Training School, Central Military Preparatory School, local mil-
itary preparatory schools, military riding schools, military field
shooting schools, forts, artillery practice schools, military pay-
master schools, military surgery schools, military veterinary
surgery schools, military armorers' and mechanics* work schools,
and military band school.

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Navy.

THOUGH nothing definite is known about the maritime affairs
in very ancient times, it is fairly certain that the art of
navigation was tolerably well developed in Japan about twenty-
six or twenty-seven centuries ago, that is to say, about six or
seven centuries before the Christian era. History records the
existence of intercourse at that remote period between Japan and
Korea. It is worthy of note that Empress Jingo, in the beginning
of the third century, sent an expedition to Korea. Sometime in
the tenth century a naval battle was fought in Dannoura, near
Shimoseki, between the Genji and Heike clans, an account of
which is contained in chronicles of that time. The invasion of
Kublai Khan's Armada in the next century is an important
event in the early history of the Empire. The annihilation of that
Armada was even more complete than the destruction by England
of the Spanish Armada. Towards the close of the eleventh
century Japan took the offensive against China and several en-
gagements occurred between Tideyoshi's fleet and the Koreans
off the coast of that peninsula, though the warships of those days
were merely armed merchantmen or even fishing boats, the fierce
battles in which they engaged showed the spirit of the sailors
manning them, and formed the beginning for the naval power of
Japan which has come in recent years into such prominence.

It was only recently that Japan obtained modern-built war
vessels. The first warships of this type which the Tokugawa
•Regency purchased from abroad were ten in number. Some few
warships were also purchased by the feudal lords of Satsuma
and Tosa.

In 1872 the navy became an independent department of the
State and a naval academy, magazine, hospital and court martial
were established. Yokosuka Dockyard became the center of the
navy Department. The admiralty was established in 1873. There
are today four admiralties — one each at Yokosuka, Kure', Sasebo
and Maizuru. In 1900 the Tokyo Naval Arsenal and the Shimose
Powder Factory were established. There are ten workshops run
by the Navy Department.

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The following are naval statistics gathered in Japan in 1901 :

Active. 1st Reserve. 2d Reserve. Total.

Admirals and non-combat-
ants of equal rank 47

Senior officers 639

Junior > officers 1,060

Cadets 330

Special warrant officers. . 631

Warrant officers 5,802

Seamen 22,036

Students 834

Total 3i»379

4,276

721

1,153
330

695

163

5,965

4,036

1,793

27,865

834

1,991

37,646

Naval WorKs.

No. of
Works. Bn8:iiies.

Yokosuka Dockyard. ... 28

Kure 17

Sasebo 9

Maizuru

Yokosuka Arsenal 2

Kure 41

Sasebo 2

Maizuru

Tokyo 9

Shimose Powder Factory i

109 5,078 6,892,821

According to the latest report the Janapese Navy comprises
the following ships :

Number. Total Tonnage.

First-class battleships 6 86,299

Armored cruisers 6 58,778

First-class cruisers 8 39, 106

Second-class cruisers 12 4i,739

' First-class gunboats 2 2,114

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89 ^ ^ d .

Horse-
Power.

No. of Operators

Computed by
the Attendance.

564

1,513,692

510

1,390,054

816

945,318

1,652

307,973

2,797

2,035,548

174,372

401

239

462,588

61,223

Number. Total Tonnage.

Armored coast defences 2 11,112

Coast defences and gunboats 23 32,273

Torpedo destroyers 19 6,227

Total 78 277,648

First-class torpedo boats 18

Second-class 40

Third-class 27

Total 85

In 1872 laws relating to the sailors were enacted and con-
scription method of securing recruits for the navy adopted. The
conscription service system is supplemented by the voluntary
service system.

There is a naval college, a naval academy, a naval engineering
school, a naval surgery school, a paymaster's training school, a
naval gunnery training school, a naval torpedo practice training
school and an engineering practice training school.

The proposed expenditure for strengthening the Japanese
Navy is as follows: Yen

For the building of warships 62,348,269

For war material and extension of the Kure Arsenal. . . 29,001,313
For buildings 8,510,723

99,960,305

This sum to be spread over eleven years, beginning with the
year ending March 31, 1904.

The total estimated expenditure for 1903 is 22,077,695 yen.

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Education.

THE western system of education was adopted in all the
primary schools in Japan in 187 1. Elementary education
has been made compulsory. According to the statistics taken
March 31, 1902, children of school age, that is, between the ages
of 6 and 14 years, numbered 6,382,967, of which 5,720,926 were
attending school, while the balance, or 766,563, remained out of
school. The rate of attendance is 88.05 per cent, while only
11.95 per cent fails to attend school. The percentage of boys
attending school is 93.78, while the rate of non-attendants is
6.22 per cent. The percentage of girls* attendance is 81.80 per
cent, while only 18.20 per cent does not go to school.

A kindergarten was founded in Japan in 1878. The number
of this kind of institutions has been so increased that in 1901
there were 241 kindergartens, with 596 teachers and nurses, and
23,090 pupils.

The highest educational institutions of the country are the
Imperial University of Tokyo and the Imperial University of
Kyoto. These were founded and are maintained by the govern-
ment. The Tokyo University was founded in 1869. It comprises
at present six colleges, namely, the Colleges at Law, Medicine,
Literature, Science, Engineering and Agriculture. A graduate
department called University Hall is also included in it. In De-
cember, 1901, there were 262 professors and instructors, of whom
seventeen were Europeans and Americans. The total enrollment
of the students in the same year was 3,435. The Kyoto University
was founded at Kyoto in 1897. It comprises at present four
colleges, namely. Colleges of Law, Science, Medicine and En-
gineering. It has ninety-four professors and instructors, of whom
one is European. The enrollment of students is 641.

There are, besides, six collegiate institutes founded and main-
tained by private individuals. Of these the Keiogijiku and the
Waseda Universities are the best known. The former was es-
tablished by the late Ukichi Fukuzawa and the latter by Count
Okuma. The other colleges instituted and maintained by the

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Department of the Imperial Household are Gakushyu-in (Peers'
College) and Kozoku-Jogakko (Peeress' College), of which the
former has a university course. The Departments of the Navy
and the Army have their especial schools and colleges. There
is spent annually by the government about 28,000,000 yen for
educational purposes, and the property belonging to public schools
is estimated to be worth 52,000,000 yen.

The following table shows the number of governmental,
public and private schools, instructors and students in 1902-1903:

Number of Number of Number of Number of
Schools. Instructors. Students. Graduates.

Elementary schools. ..27,154 109,118 5,135,487 935,429
Blind and dumb

schools 19 loi 1,063 96

Normal schools 57 1,031 I9,i94 9,058

Higher normal schools 3 129 1,091 247
Institutions for train-
ing middle school

teachers 5 57 169

Middle schools 258 4,681 ' • 95,027 11,179

Higher girls' schools. . 60 i,i75 21,563 4,809

Higher schools 8 301 4,781 875

Imperial universities.. 2 349 4,046 729

Special schools 56 1,350 19,964 2,685

Fine arts schools i 42 324 60

Music schools i 45 423 23

Technical schools 854 2,789 60,051 8,317

Institutions for train-
ing technical schools 3 46 150 52
Miscellaneous schools. 1,657 5,546 106,169 22,118

Total 36,158 126,712 5,469,442 995,676

There is a large number of correspondence schools, which
supply instruction to persons who are unable to regularly attend
schools.

The number of students sent to study abroad by the Depart-
ment of Education in 1903 was 123, including two women.

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In 1901 there were fifty libraries with a total of 619,232
volumes. The Imperial library, which was founded in 1872, is
the largest in the country, it having 376,856 volumes.

In 1901 there were published in Japan 18,998 books of various
kinds, and 1,181 periodicals, including monthly, weekly and daily
issues.

There are two educational museums, one in Tokyo and one
other in Nara.

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Formosa^

FORMOSA, together with the smaller adjacent islands, cover-
ing an area of 13,417 square miles, was ceded to Japan by
China as a result of the war of 1894-5. The Formosan Island,
which is the largest in the group, extends from north to south
and is directly opposite Fu-Chow on the Asiatic mainland, and
is linked to the Philippines on the south. The climate of the
island may be fairly compared with that of the South Sea Islands.
Its inhabitants consist chiefly of a race akin to the Chinese, and
of half-civilized Chinese and Japanese, who have but recently
migrated there. In 1901 official statistics relative to the popula-
tion of Formosa gave the following figures:

No. of Houses Population

Japanese I3,777 42,124

Natives and Chinese 545,009 2,882,948

Total 558,786 2,925,072

The number of Japanese given here does not include the
troops stationed in the island. The number of natives includes
the aborigines, numbering about 94,315, with 18,332 houses.

• Administration.

Since the acquisition of Formosa by the Japanese the adminis-
tration has been intrusted to a governor-general, appointed by
the Tokio government. A civil governor is also appointed, who
is responsible for the civil administration. The present governor-
general is Baron Kodama and the civil governor Dr. Shimpei
Goto.

Frequent uprisings by native insurgents were among the
greatest difficulties which had to be encountered and overcome
by the administration. The Japanese Government, however, has
been able to induce the insurgents to surrender themselves, and
in a majority of instances return to peaceful occupations. This
was accomplished by a wise and well-directed policy.

£.ducation.

Since the Japanese occupation of the island, schools and col-
leges on the Japanese pattern have been established and conducted

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along the most progressive lines followed in Europe and America.
There are at present one medical college, three normal schools,
four language schools, and thirteen primary schools under the
direct management of the Formosan Government, and employing
5,279 teachers. Besides, there are 121 public schools in the
island with 501 teachers, and attended by 16,315 natives. In
addition there are 1,561 private schools with 1,593 teachers, in-
cluding forty-seven Japanese and three Europeans. These public
and private schools have 29,352 pupils, including 150 Japanese
children.

Sanitary Syatem.
A system of drainage, which 'is among the best in the far East,
has been established by the Japanese government in the city of
Taipeh. Drinking water is supplied from artesian wells in Taipeh
and by the waterworks on the Tamsui River and the Kelang.
People in the principal cities are in a most healthful condition
and well provided for. The Japanese officers in the island are
provided with residences newly built and with special attention
paid to their sanitary arrangement. There are twelve government
and sixteen private hospitals. ^ '

Finance.

The annual revenue exceeds 18,000,000 yen. The opium, salt,
and camphor industries are monopolized by the Formosan Govern-
ment, and yield an annual revenue of 4,000,000 yen, 400,000 yen
and 4,000,000 yen, respectively. (See ''Finance of Japan.")

Foreign Trade.

In 1902 the exports amounted to 13,816,868 yen and the im-
ports to 10,100,532 yen. The most important port is that of
Tamsui, at the mouth of the Tan^sui River. At this port alone the
imports and exports amount annually to 15,000,000 yen. China is
the greatest importer as well as exporter. In the export trade Hong
Kong comes next to China. The exports to the United States
amounted to 1,735,000 yen and the imports to 990,495 yen in 1902 ;
368,150 tons of merchant vessels entered Tamsui Port and
cleared for the foreign parts in 1902. The principal exports con-
sist of tea, rice and camphor. Oolong tea, which is well known
throughout the world, was originally a product of the Formosan

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Island. In 1902 the exports of the tea amounted to 6,518,924 yen;
the export of rice to 1,915,765 yen, and that of camphor to
2,849,132 yen. The principal imports during the same year were :
Locomotives, 202,384 yen; flour, 326,778 yen; ginseng, 71,625 yen;
opium, 1,476,693 yen; rice, 376,892 yen; kerosen, 810,945 yen;
paper, 257,654 yen; cotton and cotton goods, 1,375,221 yen; linen
and cotton tissues, 187,212 yen ; grass clothes, 151,887 yen ; tobacco,
319,061 yen; hay, 381,854 yen; teak timber, 433,178 yen; matting,
145,751 yen ; porcelain and earthenwares, 133,554 yen ; paper froils,
274,573 yen; vessels and boats, 301,882 yen. The camphor in-
dustry of Formosa supplies four-fifths of the world's demand.

Railw^aya and Harbor WorKa.

Railways, which were first built in the island by the Japanese,
connect all the principal trading centers with the sea ports.
Harbor works are progressing rapidly, over 35,000,000 yen having
been appropriated for the railways and harbor works.

' ' Formosan Tea.

THE northern part of Formosa, between the latitudes 24 de-
grees and 25 degrees and 10 minutes north, including an
area 100 miles in length and 50 or 60 miles in width, is a region
considerably mountainous, almost two-thirds being plateaus and
valleys, which are thoroughly cultivated and planted with tea
trees. The field yields excellent Oolong tea, originally the product
of this region. The villages and towns in this part of the island
are famous on account of the tea produced. The plantations are
naturally on the slopes, which gives perfect drain. The soil
consists of a clay, which is best adapted for tea cultivation.

The climate is mild, and there is ample fall of rain, amounting
to 2,000 cu. c. m. annually. In summer the highest temperature
registered does not exceed 28 degrees centigrade, and in winter
the lowest temperature registered is 13 degree centrigrade. The
growth of* the tea plant is, therefore, most favored, and there
has never been damaging results from the weather. The tea in-
dustry of Formosa is one of the most prosperous in the world,
and the extensiveness of the enterprise may be imagined from

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the fact that the hills and mountains arc almost totally covered
with the tea trees.

The origin of the tea cultivation cannot be definitely ascer-
tained, but it probably came from China several hundreds of years
ago. In early times the cultivation was confined to the use of
one's own household. About 1655, however, it began to be at-
tended with more effort; new plantations were opened year after
year and in different localities; at the same time selection of the
quality of the tree was made with utmost care. Improvement was
also introduced, with the result of considerably increasing the
quantity of the product, until today tea has become the most
important product of Northern Formosa.

There are eight varieties of tea plants, each differing from the
rest in forms of tree and leaves.

1. Chiishim, or Oolong variety, has small leaves, not
unlike to the willow leaves that growth in Japan proper.
This leaf is thick and weighty, and has the best flavor
of all the leaves produced in the island.

2. Beimoko. — ^This has similar leaves as the Oolong,
but while sprouting the soft leaves are covered with white
cillia. In flavor it ranks to Oolong.

3. Amshim« — This is third in quality, and during its
sprouting time the leaves have scarlet color.

4. Kamau. — This variety has large leaves, much like
to those of a large camellia. Its flavor ranks next to that
of the other.

5. Beishim. — The leaves of this variety are like those
of Beimoko. During sprouting the youngest leaf in the
center has white color.

6. KiiRAN. — This is similar to Beishim. It has a
flavor, but the quantity that may be obtained is small as
compared with the rest of the varieties.

7. Tekuhyo. — ^The leaves of this variety are like bam-
boo leaves.

8. Shitei. — This variety is recognized by its round
leaves and is the lowest in quality of the tea produced in
the island.

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These varieties are classed and divided with particular care
and planted according to the character of the soil. The planting
is done in two ways : multiplication and cultivation. The multi-
plication is done by two processes, namely, by seeding and plant-
ing. From which of the two methods the better results can be
obtained is not yet determined, but the experiences of several
years seem to indicate that the former gives better flavor to the
leaves.

Planting is done by burying the branches of the tea tree, se-
lected as mother tree, under the earth until they take root. This
is done usually in about February and March. The rooting suc-
ceeds in about ten or twelve months, and then the rooted branches
are cut off from the parent trees. The trees thus planted jrield
leaves in about three or four years.

The seeding is done by sowing the seed in about the months
of February and March. This process produces the leaves in
about four years. The most common method practiced today is
that of planting. Seeding has practically been discontinued, as
planting gives better aroma and taste to the leaves. At any rate,
the long experience of the native planters seems to indicate that
greater advantage can be obtained from planting than from
seeding.

Tea cultivation requires no fertilizing, the only car^ needed
being weeding. This is done four times a year : in January, April,
August and November, by ploughing. During rainy seasons, how-
ever, attention is required to keep covered the roots of the trees
with earth in order to protect them from decay. Airing the trees
is practiced to foster the sprouting.

Tea trees grow from one foot and two inches to two feet and
eight inches in height. In one tsubo (tsubo equals 36 square feet)
two or three rows or circles are planted. Once in about thirteen
or sixteen years, according to the condition of the soil and to the
kind of plant, the trees are cut off, leaving the stems only, from
which new sprouts are again made to grow.

The leaves are picked during the months from March to
November. A single tree may be picked ten times during the
season. The leaves are called Spring, Summer, Autumn and
Winter, , according to the season in which they are picked. Only

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TEA PLANT OF OCHUNA, TOGANPO, ONE OF THE LARGEST TEA PLANTATIONS.

the youngest leaves are picked, that is, three leaves in the center
of the full-grown leaves. These are treated with utmost care.

The largest plantations measure from 65 to 74 acres, although
there is occasionally one as large as 150 acres. The smallest are
only one-fourth to one-half of an acre in extent. The average
quantity obtained from a plantation of 2.45 acres is about 2,700
pounds.

Two kinds of tea are produced in the island today, namely,
the Formosan Oolong tea and the Formosan Pouchong tea, the
former of which is originally a Formosan product, while the
latter is a recent production.

Manufacturing Tea.

Oolong Tea. — The manufacturing of the Oolong tea is divided
into two parts: one is that which is done by peasants, and is
crude in form, and the other, which is done in the hands of the
tea merchants, who refine the crude product.

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BUNZANPO KUSSHAKU TEA FIELD, OLDEST TEA PLANTATION IN FORMOSA.

First Process in Manufacture. — The Formosan tea is not
made by any machinery, but is entirely the product of manipula-
tion. Hence, the manufacturing solely depends upon the skill
acquired through many years' experience, and the experts have
their peculiar attainment, which is not easily learned.

The manufacturing process may be briefly described as fol-
lows :

The fresh leaves are spread on a cloth of flax fibre and
exposed to the sun till proper dryness is obtained. The dried
leaves are then put into a 'flat bamboo basket and further dried
in the shade or indoors. The third process is to spread the leaves
thinly on a mat and dry still further. Next, or final process, is
to apply heat. The leaves are put in a pot and heated till proper
curl is obtained. This is repeated three times.

Much care and skill are required for the curling process, as
the quality of finished tea depends on this final process. The
heating gives not only the curling but creates fermentation, which

100 Digitized by GoOglC

gives the odor and flavor to the tea. The time required from
the first to the last processes is seven hours and thirty minutes
in making of Spring tea; five hours and fifty- four minutes in
making the Summer tea; seven hours and thirty-eight minutes
in Autumn tea, and seven hours and thirteen minutes in the
making of Winter tea.

The most important feature in making Formosan Oolong tea
is that which gives flavor, taste and color; the shapfe or manner
of curling counts the least. The desired results are obtained
chiefly from the processes of drying and heating, for which
a proper degree of temperature and dryness must be noted with
utmost care. Instruments for ascertaining these conditions are
always at hand.

The processes given constitute making the so-called crude tea.
One pound of this kind of tea is obtained from leaves weighmg
four pounds, or 231 pounds from one acre.

TEA SHIPPING TO TAIHOKU MARKET.

10.^ Digitized by CjOOQIC

Crude tea is produced largely by peasants, and comes in bags
of cloth, each containing fifty kin, or sixty-seven pounds. Hence,
the name "bag tea."

The Second Process in Manufacturing or R.efining«

Refining is done by tea merchants, who obtain crude tea from
the peasants. The crude tea is passed through sieve and that
which is left on the mesh is picked over and the best leaves
selected and dried again by applying heat. The tea refined is
packed in boxes for the market. From lo to 15 per cent is lost
in the process of refining.

Tea boxes are of cedar and made square with zinc plate on the
inside. They are imported from Fuchu, China. The size of
usual box vgiries from seven and one-half kin, or 1.99 pounds,
capacity, to fifteen kin, ^r 19.9 pounds, capacity ; larger ones are
from twenty-five kin, or 33.12 pounds, to thirty-three kin, or 43.73
pounds. The smaller ones are called "boxes," and the larger
ones "half-chest." The boxes are decorated with pictures rep-
resenting flowers, birds or men, or the names and trade-marks of
the tea merchants. The refined tea is therefore called "box tea."

In color the Formosan Oolong tea is intermediate to the' green
tea and the black tea. But in its manufacturing process it has
its own peculiarity. The most important features of the Formosan
Oolong are the excellency of its flavor and odor, and its strong
but not bitter taste. When drank it gives a pleasant, refreshing
sensation and has a strong stimulating effect. One who tastes
this tea will readily find that the quality is unsurpassed by other
teas.

Analysis of the Formosan Oolong gives the following con-
stituents :

Class One.

Theine 1.968 Extract 34.620

Tannin 9.630 Moisture 2.780

Albuminoids 16.625 Mineral matter 7.600

Class Two.

Theine 1.933 Extract 42.822

Tannin 6.163 Moisture 8.838

Albuminoids 15.925 Mineral matter 6.503

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Pouchong Tea, or Scented Tea.

Pouchong tea was originally made in China. Its manufacture
in Formosa dates back only about twenty years. It is made
by mixing the Oolong tea with a certain kind of flower having a
strong odor, and then leaving the mixture till the scent is ab-
sorbed by the tea leaves. The tea leaves thus treated are sub-
jected to the drying process, after which the flower is cast out.
The scented tea has the refreshing effect and retains the flavor
and taste of the original Oolong. Four kinds of flowers are used
for scenting, and the tea is named according to the different
flowers used.

Pouchong tea is packed in paper bags, of four taels, two taels
and one tael, respectively, which are encased in the boxes similar
to those used for tlie Formosan Oolong. These boxes contain
twenty kin, or 26.5 pounds, each, and are wrapped with zinc
plate on the outside.

The Daito Tea Market.

Daitotei is a city located on the Tamsui River, about one mile
from the northern gate of the Taihoku Jo, Formosa. Its popula-
tion is 14,000 and it is the commercial center of Northern For-
mosa, as well as the chief center for tea trading. Almost all
the Formosan tea merchants have their residences, stores and
offices in this city. It is here that the crude tea is brought in
by peasants and the refined tea exported. During the tea Season
the city is transformed into one great tea market and tea factory.
Tens of thousands of men and women engage in the work of
refining crude tea, which is done under direction of tea merchants.
Communication and transportation are by the Tamsui River,
which connects the city with Tamsui Port, where vessels await
to take the produce abroad.

Among the merchants are Europeans, Americans, Chinese and
Japanese. There are seven firms engaged in the refining and
trading. They are :

Tate & Co. (English)

Boyd & Co. (English)

Jardine Matheson & Co. (English)

103 Digit zed by Google

Smith, Baker & Co. (American)

Macy & Co. (American)

Averill & Co. (American)

The Formosan Mercantile Co. (American)

The Chinese tea merchants are chiefly from Amoy, their num-
ber being equal to about id per cent of the Formosan merchants. -
They usually come to Formosa and establish temporary quarters
there at the beginning of the season, in which the spring leaves
are picked, and in winter they depart from the island. Only a
few of the Chinese and Japanese merchants engage directly in
exporting tea; a majority of <^hem being occupied with simply
selling their refined product to the firms already mentioned.
There are about 200 of this class of firms in the island, and these
co-operate with each other through the medium of an association
called Daitokei Tea Traders' Association, which is one of the
most influential organizations in the island.

Export.

Formosan tea was first exported by an Englishman named
John Dodd, who sent it to Amoy, China, whence, through the
firm Tate & Co., it was exported to America. At that time the
amount exported was only 5,000 pounds. The Formosan tea
export business, therefore, is only of comparatively recent date.
During the past thirty years it has grown enormously. Formosan
tea has obtained great popularity in America, where the annual
consumption is 1,500,000 kin, representing a value of 600,000 yen.
Tea is the greatest of the three principal trade articles of For-
mosa. The export of Formosa Oolong tea to America amounts to
nine- tenths of the entire export to all other countries. Some
Oolong goes to England and to British Columbia.

Formosan tea is sent to America from Daitotei via Tamsui
Port, where steamers take it to Amoy, China. From Amoy it
is sent to New York by way of Atlantic route.

Pouchong tea goes to Java, Borneo, Sumatra and other South
Sea islands. The export to these points amounts to about eight
or nine-tenths of the whole, the balance being sent to Hainan,
Siam and Singapore.

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The following table shows the export of Oolong tea:

Value Percentage.
Quantity in Kin. Orifrinal in Yen.

Year. Kin =1.325 Lbs. Price. Yen = $.4979

1867 203,000

1868 396,100

1869 546,900 ......

1870 1,054,000

187I 1,486,800

1872 i,95i»300 *

1873 1,560,900

1874 2,461,000 808,369.592 32.847

1875 4,157,300 1,049.601.845 25.247

1876 5,890,500

1877. ... — 6,923,003

1878 8,026,100

1879 8,503,200

1880 9,047,500

I88I 6,944,600

1882 9,030,300

1883 9,905,000

1884 9,867,400

1885 12,273,000

1886 12,126,700

1887 12,644,200

1888 13,574.100

1889 13,070,800

1890 12,862,900

I89I 13,575,300

1892 13,675,700

1893. •••. — 16,394,900
1894 15,400,300

1895 I3,39^,»50

1896 15,923,475

1897 15,228,642

1898 15,095,111

1899 14,547,826

1900. 14,598,584

105

1,904,655.760

27.512

2,282,778.598

28.454

2,955,916.396

34.762

3,278,524.480

36.237

3,395,207.828

35.203

3,651,130.896

40.432

3,398,048.920

34.306

3,639,633.728

35.872

4,122,746.160

33.592

5,066,109.457

41.769

4,995,069.921

39.504

4,429,826.090

32.634

4,366,901.996

33.409

4,688,475.600

36.449

4,126,891.200

30.400

4,443,364.870

32.573

6,167,761.380

39.900

6,144,719.700

39.900

5,991,171.210

44.760

5,854,019.320

Z(>'7(>Z

6,906,030.470

45.348

6,222,575.110

41.222

5,511,402.630

37.088

5,300,193-800

z(>-:i7S

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Value Percentasre
Quantity in Kin. Orisrinal in Yen.

Year. Kin —1.325 Lbs. Price. Yen — $.4979.

1901 I4»539,305 4, 185,828.330 28.91 1

1902 I4»259,550 6,261,513.000 43-911

1903 15,130,558 5,600,417.000 37014

(Till November).

How to Make a Refreshing Drink.

"Use freshly boiled water. Water which has stood or been
boiled long is flat.

"Scald a porcelain tea-pot. Pour out the water, and, while the
pot is still hot, put in the required amount of tea and add the
boiling water. Let it steep (not boil) from three to five minutes,
according to strength desired, using ^ oz. of the leaves to one
quart of water, or about one teaspoonful for each cup. Serve
at once."

Tea value at the Daitotei market in 1903:
High class —

Spring tea, from 50 to 60 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.

Summer tea, from 55 to 70 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.

Autumn tea, from 35 to 45 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.
Intermediate class —

Spring tea, from 45 to 50 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.

Summer tea, from 40 to 55 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.

Autumn tea, from 25 to 35 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.
Low class —

Spring tea, from 35 to 40 yen per one Jiundred kin; or 132.5
pounds.

Summer tea, from 30 to 40 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.

Autumn tea, from 20 to 25 yen per one hundred kin, or 132.5
pounds.

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Any information concerning the tea industry may be obtained
by addressing Teishon-Konhoi (Tea Traders' Association), Daito-
tei, Taineh, Formosa, Japan.

China Grass,

China grass is cultivated in almost all the places where native
Formosans live, and it is harvested four times a year. The ex-
port of this product amounts annually to nearly -30,000 kin. This
industry is exclusively in the hands of the Qiinese.

The plant grows from two to eight feet high and possesses a
very flexible fibre, far exceeding in strength o( that produced in
China. The Formosan product is quoted higher in the market
than the grass produced in China, which fact gives hint as to
its merit.

China grass is used in making nets and other fishing imple-
ments, which possess great strength and durability in the water,
and are therefore demanded by fishermen. For this purpose the
Formosan grass is almost twice as good as that grown on Chinese
soil.

At present the use of China grass is limited, and the demand
for it is not as yet such as to encourage an extensive cultivation
of the plant. But the time seems near when new uses will be
found for the grass. The China grass area in Formosa is almost
unbounded, and it is expected that when the demand justifies
it new methods will be introduced into the cultivation, so that
the. acreage will not only be extended but the quality of the
grass much improved. At present the cultivation is done entirely
by the natives with their crude implements and in the most
primitive fashion.

Tamsui Hat.

Since the Panama hat became into vogue an attempt has been
made to compete with this Central American product by making
a rival hat from a certain kind of fibre grown in the Formosan
Island. After various experiments good results were obtained in
the production of a hat known as "Tamsui Hat."

X07 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

The material selected is Pandanus odorattssimus, which grows
almost everywhere in the island. This grass has a remarkable
power of growth, readily taking root in any soil. It may be
found growing on river banks, in fields and uncultivated lands.
It is planted and used as fences.

The hat made of this grass has a perfectly white color, which
lasts through many washings. The fibre being perfectly flexible,
the hat may be folded and carried about in one's pocket without
the least injury. It far surpasses the Panama hat and may be
obtained at comparatively small cost. Hence, in the far East this
Formosan product has rapidly replaced the costly Panama hat.
The workmanship in the Tamsui hat is also excellent.

198

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The Red Cross Society of Japan.

ORIGIN. — The society was founded in the tenth year of Meiji
(1877). At the beginning it had the name of Hakuai-sha
(Benevolence Society), but in 1886 it entered, the treaty of Geneva
Convention, became an international institution, and adopted the
name of Red Cross Society of Japan.

Exalted Patronage. — The Red Cross Society of Japan is
under the exalted patronage of their Majesties the Emperor and
the Empress of Japan.

Honorary Presidency. — The honorary presidency of the so-
ciety is held by his Imperial Highness Prince Kan-in.

Organization. — The society being a judicial body, is duly
instituted under the provisions of the Civil Code. It has ten
directors, including the president and two vice-presidents, to
manage its general affairs. It has a standing council, composed
of thirty councillors and three supervisors. At present the presi-
dency is held by Count Matsukata and the vice-presidencies by
Baron.Hanabusa and Baron Ozawa. The head office of the society
is located in Tokyo. It has a branch office in each Fu and Ken
(prefecture), with the governor of each Fu or Ken as its head.
The society has also a board of committees in each Gun, Shi and
Ku (administrative division), with the prefect or chief official of
such division as its head, and a divisional board of committees in
each Cho and Son (administrative subdivision), with the chief
official of such subdivision as its head. These boards of committees
are further supervised by the head of the branch office or the gover-
nor of the Fu or Ken, under which comes the control of the
administrative divisions and subdivisions in question. The whole
Empire, in short, is brought under one well-organized system, by
which the noble purposes of the society are accomplished, the
divisions and the subdivisions of the society being distributed
according to the administrative divisions and subdivisions.

A branch office is also located in Formosa, with the chief of the
civil administration of the islands as its head, and another in
Hokkaido, with the governor of the island as its head.

109 Digitized by V^OOg IC

Members. — The members of the society, according to the
statistics of October, 1903, numbered 685,633.

Relief Staff. — The society has a relief staff, consisting of
the directors, physicians, surgeons, the dispensers of medicine
and the cleaners of surgical instruments, altogether numbering
344, besides 2,373 female nurses, who have finished a course of
two or three years* study, and Tjz n^ale nurses, who have finished
the course of ten months' study.

Hospital Ships. — The society has two hospital ships, the
"Hakuai-maru" and "Kosai-maru," of 2,700 tons displacement
each.

Funds. — ^The fund of the society amounts to 8,418,000 yen.

Hospital. — The hospital of the society is capable of accom-
modating 199 patients in time of peace, and 279 patients in time
of war. The director of the hospital is Baron Hashimoto, M. D.

The Volunteer Lady Nursing Committees. — ^The Volunteer
Lady Nursing Committees were founded in the twentieth year of
Meiji (1887), with the special purpose of caring for the wounded
and sick in time of war. It consists at present of philanthropic
ladies of all classes, including the Imperial princesses and the
wives and daughters of the nobles. The members meet regularly
in time of peace for the purpose of studying the art of nursing,
dressing the wounded, making of bandages, etc. The honorary
presidency of the committees is held by Marchioness Nabeshima.
The head office of the committees is located in Tokyo, and there
are altogether thirty-two branch offices in principal districts. The
members of the committees, those of the head office and all
branches included, number 3,000.

Membership. — ^The membership of the society consists of three

classes :

First. Honorary.

Second. Special, or those who have rendered special service,
or who have made a donation not less than 200 yen at one time.

Third. Regular, or those who make an annual subscription
of not less than three yen for a period of ten years, or who have
made a single subscription of not less than twenty-five yen.

^^Q Digitized by CjOOQIC

The Work that the Society has Done. — Shortly after its
institution, in 1788, the society received a great number of
wounded and sick from both the Imperial army and insurgents
during the civil war known as the Southwestern Revolt. In the
Chino-Japanese war, in 1894-95, the society dispatched a relief
its two hospital ships and 091 men and nurses from the relief
staff to different localities and relieved 101,423 patients. • Again,
during the North China disturbance, or Boxer uprising, it sent
its two hospital shops and 491 men and nurses from the relief
staff to the front, and relieved 11,348 patients, both Japanese and
foreign.

The society has also given succour to the injured and sick
in time of earthquakes, inundation, fires and other emergencies
in more than ten instances.

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Japanese Exhibits at ttie World's Fair,
St. Louis. 1904.

Japan was- invited to participate in the Exposition commemo-
rating the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by the President
of the United States. The invitation was conveyed by John
Barrett, who visited Japan in the capacity of the Exposition's
commissioner to Asia and Australasia. On this mission Mr.
Barrett was accompanied by Theodore Hardee, his secretary, who
is now assistant to Secretary W. B. Stevens, of the World's Fair.
Mr. Barrett was followed by Mr. James E. Smith, one of the Ex-
position directors, who went out as a special commissioner to
Japan. Mr. Smith did excellent work and succeeded in securing
positive assurances that the Japanese Government would par-
ticipate. Messrs. D. C. Nugent and Goodman King, both Ex-
position directors, also visited Japan and did good exploitation
work. '

In January, 1903, the Japanese Government sent to St. Louis
J. Kiuchi, then president of the Bureau of Commerce and In-
dustry ; M. Isobe, secretary of the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce, and K. Yabashi, director of the Department of Fi-
nance, and Y. Wooyeno, as special conmiissioners to the Ex-
position. They carried on the preliminary negotiations and se-
cured the beautiful site now occupied by the Japanese Commis-
sion, also space in the various exhibit palaces. The Japanese
Government had meantime appropriated $400,000 and the For-
mosan Government $50,000. In addition to these amounts, local
governments and commercial bodies made appropriations aggre-
gating more than $250,000. The Japan Mail Steamship Com-
pany alone appropriated $65,000 for its exhibit.

The commission was appointed in July, 1903, with Baron
Tasuke Hirata, * Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, as its
president. Baron Hirata has since been succeeded by Baron
Keigo Kiyoura. The other members of the commission were
Baron Masanawo Matsudaira, vice-president; Seiichi Tejima,
commissioner-general; Hajime Ota, Harushige Yamawaki, Masa-

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haru Isobe, Kenkichi Yabashi, Yeitaro Okamota, Masanao Hani-
wara, Minoru Oka, Hiromichi Shugio, Ushitaro Beppu, and
Naozo Kanzaki.

The Japanese commissioners now in the United States are
Baron Masanao Matsudaira, vice-president to the Imperial Jap-
anese Commission, residence, 320 Newstead Avenue; Hajime Ota,
the acting Commissioner-General, residence, 5655 Maple Avenue;
Haruki Yamawaki, Masanao Hanihara, Hiromichi Shugio, Ushi-
taro Beppu, Naozo Kanzaki, Commissioners.

THE JAPAN EXHIBIT ASSOCIATION.

The important work of installing the Japanese exhibits in the
various exhibit palaces was performed by the Japan Exhibit
Association, a body chartered by the Imperial Government. The
Association was organized by fifty of the leading merchants and
manufacturers of Japan, and it represents all the exhibitors of
that country, numbering 20,000 or over.

The president of the organization is Mr. K. Otani, who is
assisted in the executive work by a Standing Committee, the
members of which represent various large cities in the Empire.
The members are K. Okura, S. Asano, I. Morimura, M. Doi, J.
Nishimura, S. Suzuki, K Yamamoto and S. Kagawa. The active
, work is performed by Mr. Y. Wooyeno, Director-General, now
resigned, and four directors, Messrs. Kiyoshi Sugwa, M. Yabu,
S. Kinkozan and M. Nagai. These four gentlemen came early
to the World's Fair City and performed the work of receiving
and directing the placing of the 80,000 or more exhibits from the
Island Empire.

The functions of the Exhibit Association are various and ex-
ceedingly important. It received the exhibits in Japan, taking
charge of recording them there and shipping them to St. Louis.
When the numerous cases arrived they were received by the Asso-
ciation's men, who attended to the unpacking and installation in the
various exhibit palaces. During the course of the Exposition the
Association has entire charge of the exhibits. It sells them and
furnishes all information concerning them to visitors. At the
close of the Fair it will wind up sales accounts and attend to
returning to Japan such exhibits as are not sold or otherwise

■t-tn Digitized by CjOOQ l€

disposed of. The Association also performs the function of in-
troducing the Japanese goods into this country by furnishing mer-
chants and other prospective buyers here with any information
concerning them. In the event of any purchaser desiring to
order duplicates or additional goods from Japan from the ex-
hibits displayed, they can do so through the Exhibit Association,
which has special charge of this work. The offices of the Ex-
hibit Association are in the Imperial Japanese Pavilion, and in
addition it has representatives in each building, where the Jap-
anese exhibits are displayed.

Great credit is due to the Association for the masterful
manner in which it handled the difficult task of installation dur-
ing the pre-Exposition and very early Exposition periods. An
inspection of the exhibits will demonstrate the thoroughness with
which it performed this work.

THE JAPANESE GARDEN.
Area, 150,000 Square Feet.

The Japanese Garden is on the hillside south of Machinery
Hall and Engine House. The grove of trees close to the east
side of the garden and a broad thoroughfare along the opposite
side add beauty 'to the garden and make the views from within
superior to any in the Fair Grounds. Within the garden, the
Japanese Pavilion, the Office Building, the Formosa Mansion,
the Tea House, the Observation Cottage and Bazaar are artis-
tically scattered. The hills and waterfalls, the lakes and bridges
over them, the lawns studded with bright flowers, are all harmon-
ized in an artistic unit of landscape gardening. Beautifully
trained dwarf trees, many centuries old, were imported from
Japan for the garden. The drooping wisteria and gay peony,
scented lily and blushing maple are all thriving and rival each
other in beauty and color.

The building materials for the Japanese Pavilion were brought
from Japan. It was built entirely by native carpenters after
the style of Daimyo's garden — Goten, of about 400 years ago.
The architectural style of the building is Heike. The artis-
tically curved roofs, majestically projecting one upon the other,
and the graceful symmetry of the effect, yet that strong and

•t 1 4 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

massive appearance of the structure commands admiration. The
interior of the building is decorated with a portrait of Her
Majesty, the Empress. The exhibits of the Imperial Red Cross
Society occupy one portion of the house. Ancient styles of
dress are shown by an exhibit of gorgeous costumes.

The Observation Cottage is constructed with lumber of va-
ried species. The structure was modeled after a garden house
or Shogun residence built in the Tokugawa dynasty about 200
years ago.

The building standing by the lake is a reproduction of Kin-
kaku Temple of Kyoto, which was built in the Ashikaga regime,
about 500 years ago.

The Formosa Mansion is a fair sample of the characteristic
native dwelling house. The Japanese tea will be served in the
two buildings last mentioned.

A SUMMARY OF JAPANESE EXHIBITS.

Japan's exhibit at the present Fair is varied and extensive.
Her exhibits occupy places of prominence in the following twelve
departments : Education, Varied Industries, Manufactures, Liberal
Arts, Fine Arts, Machinery, Electricity, Transportation, Agriculture,
Forestry, Fish and Game, Mines and Metallurgy; also in the
Japanese Pavilion and Garden. The total space occupied by
Japan covers over 282,455 square feet. The area is three times
as great as that occupied by Japan at the Paris Exposition in
1900, and three times as large as at Chicago in 1893. The num-
ber of exhibits is relatively as great. The educational attain-
ment, the development of manufacturing and the richness of the
natural resources are well shown by the things exhibited.

JAPAN'S EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT.

The Japanese Section in the Palace of Education is located
in the central court and occupies 5,299 square feet. In ar-
rangement and interest the displays compare favorably with those
of European countries. Japanese educational systems are shown,
from the primary department to the college and university.
Hung on the walls' are numerous charts and photographs which
give information concerning details of schools and education in

Digitized bydOOQlC

Japan. From the statistics it will be learned that about 94 per
cent of persons of school age in Japan — that is, six to fourteen—
are attending school. The exhibits of the Imperial School of
Arts, and Girls' Industrial Schools are of special interest. These
exhibits contain art works executed by the students which show
great skill and artistic taste. The exhibit of the Technical
Schools illustrates the full course in that class of institution, by
articles of workmanship, photographs and statistics. Photographs
of scenes in the Normal Schools show classes of women going
through gymnastic exercises similar to those practiced in Europe
and America.

The Sappro Agricultural College, which was established in the
'seventies, under the direction of American professors, has an
interesting exhibit. This institution was the pioneer of agri-
cultural schools in the Orient, and it has attained great promi-
nence and popularity.

The Imperial University exhibit shows the results of experi-
ments carried on in the psychological laboratory by Prof. Y.
Motora, also an apparatus for measuring variations in length by
magnetism, invented by Prof. H. Nagaoka. Another interesting
exhibit is the horizontal pendulum tromater displayed by the
Imperial Earthquake Investigation Commission.

Another part of the exhibit contains vaccines, bacterial cul-
tures, and various apparatus showing the development of medical
science in Japan for the prevention of contagious diseases.

In the section devoted to the detective bureau, all things per-
taining to police and the investigation of criminals are shown.
As to the development of the Japanese police department and the
regulations governing that body, full information will be ob-
tainable at that place.

FINE ARTS EXHIBITS IN THE ART PALACE.

The Japanese fine arts exhibits in the Japanese Section of the
Art Palace were examined and selected by the National Jury of
Selection composed of thirty-one judges, who were appointed by
the Imperial Government of Tokyo. The total number of ex-
hibits thus selected is less than 300. All the important branches
of the Japanese art, however, are represented in the collection.

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The colkction includes Japanese paintings on silk and paper,
either mounted in the kakemono style (hanging) or in frames.
Jn these almost all the existing schools are well represented. There
are also oil and water-color paintings by Japanese artists who
are working in the European method; some interesting examples
of sculptures in wood, ivory and bronze; artistic cloisonne and
enamels; artistic metal objects of rare workmanship; charming
examples of lacquer wares, the most delicate Japanese art pro-
duction ; a few remarkable hand embroideries and silk weavings ;
some famous cut velvet pieces, and a few original designs for
art work and architecture.

A careful inspection and critical study of the collection will
prove that the Japanese artists still retain their old traditions
and artistic skill.

MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

Japan's exhibits in this building occupy an area of 27,384
square feet, located in the extreme .southwest corner. The ex-
hibits consist of manufactured articles in silk, cotton, straw,
leather, fiber, paper, bamboo, wood, etc.

There is a fine display of raw silk. Near this display is an
exhibit of a Japanese silk worm nursery. Matting is largely
displayed, the collection containing some of the finest varieties
ever seen in this country. The Japanese matting industry is
growing rapidly. The exports amount in value to more than
7,000,000 yen annually. Straw braids also occupy an important
place in the section.

THE VARIED INDUSTRIES.

By far the most beautiful and important exhibits of Japan at
the Fair are those in the Palace of Varied Industries. The sec-
tion occupies one of the best locations in the building and covers
an area of 54,737 square feet. It is entered on the north by a
magnificent gateway built in imitation of the famous "Yomeimon'*
in Nikko. The exhibits include the very finest examples of Jap-
anese handicraft in embroidery, porcelain, Japan ware, bronze,
chinaware, cloisonne, gold and silver ware, ivory, screens, jewelry,
cabinets, furniture, wood carving, antimony, lacquer, etc. These

117 Digitized by CjOOQiC

articles represent the highest artistic ideals of Japanese workmen
and are famous the world over for their beauty and excellence.
Similar goods are exported from Japan to all countries of the
civilized world, where they meet a ready market. Several hundred
pages could be devoted to describing these exhibits, but in a
book of this kind it is impossible to give the space required.

Among the finest articles in the section is the collection placed
in the rooms on either side of the monumental gateway. Here
is a pair of embroidered screens valued at $9,000 and a pair of
cloisonne vases worth the same amount; a silver vase, $4,500; a
cloisonne cabinet, $1,750; an embroidered hanging, $1,050, and an
ivory carving costing $1,000.

Passing through the gate the visitor will find on his right fine
bronze statues, porcelain, ivory carving and cloisonne. At the
left are silk screens and embroideries, china, porcelain, lacquer
and Japan wares.

Along the south side of the section are Kawashima's model of
a Japanese room and the "Kyoto Salon," the latter exhibited by
the Kyoto Chamber of Commerce. Both of these are splendid
examples of Japanese workmanship and artistic decoration. To
the left of them is located the reproduction of a room in the
Palace of Nikko, exhibited by Yamanaka & Co., of Osaka. This
room cost over $45,000.

PALACE OF MINES AND METALLURGY.

The mineral resources of Japan are well represented in this
building. The Japanese space is directly opposite the west en-
trance and covers 6,993 square feet. Among the interesting
features of the exhibit is a model of Manda Pit of the Mitsui
Mining Company in the Miike Colliery. This mine is one of
the largest in the world, its output amounting to 2,000 tons
per day. There are also models of the Mitsubishi Coal &
Metal Mining Company's plants. One model of Fujita & Com-
pany's Kosaka mine and a model of the Ashio copper mine show
the vein system of mining practiced in Japan. The Ashio mine,
which is the property of J. Furukawa, is one of the largest copper
mines* in existence. The exhibit of the Hokkaido Colliery and
Raidway Company is one of the important features in the section,

118 Digit zed by Google

and other exhibit? are crude oil of the Japan Oil Company ; coir
liery of K. Yasukawa; iron ore of Amamiya; mining fuses of
Murakami and sulphur of Hiromi.

In addition to the mineral displays proper, the exhibit contain?
numerous statistical maps and information variously presented,
relative to the mining industry in Japan. The records of the
Mining Institution of Japan and of the Associated Colliery Owners
of the Province of Chikuzen and Buzeu and the Government
Mining Bureau are very complete and will prove of interest to
persons interested in mining. On the outside of the main en-
closure are a series of square blocks showing the production of
gold and silver in Japan during the last 28 years. From these
it is learned that the production of silver has increased from
224842 ounces in 1875 to 2,323,673 ounces in 1895 and 1,856,102
ounces in 1902. The production of gold increased from 5,598
ounces in 1875 to 95,552 ounces in 1902.

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE.

In the Palace of Agriculture the Japanese Exhibit occupies an
area of 8,667 square feet, located near the north entrance.
The installation booths and fixtures are simple, but in excellent
taste, and are designed so as to show the various displays to the
best possible advantage.

Tea, one of the leading products of Japan, forms the most
important exhibit of the space. It is shown at the main entrance
to the exhibit where the decoration includes two figures of wo-
men in a tea ceremony. At the side of the display is a register
for visitors. Those who put their names and addresses in this
book will receive samples of tea from the men in charge of the
exhibit.

There is a large exhibit of shoyu or soy, a famous Japanese
sauce, made from beans. This sauce is in as common use in
Japan as salt and pepper are in the United States. It is used as
a relish on the table, also for cooking and salad dressing. Soy
is wholesome and exceedingly cheap, which qualities, combined
with its splendid flavor, makes it a most desirable article Of diet.

Sake, the national drrnk of the Japanese, is al^o well repre-
sented in the exhibit. This beverage is made from rice and is

, J< g Digitized by CjOOQ IC

mild and delightful in flavor. It is perfectly clear and has a
rather tart taste, something between sherry and champagne.

Peanuts, the snake-gourd or Japanese sponge, an<l ginger, all
of which articles are largely exported to this country, are dis-
played in profusion. Among the other exhibits are jelly of wheat,
fruits, cereals, mineral waters and nuts. Rice, which is by far
the most important agricultural product of Japan, is included in
the exhibit. The annual yield of rice in Jtipan is equal in value
to about 400,000,000 yen or $200,000,000.

The walls of the exhibit are hung with tables of agricultural
statistics, photographic views of farming districts and statistical
maps.

FORMOSAN EXHIBIT.

Directly opposite the main section is the Formosan exhibit,
which in many respects contains as much of interest as the exhibit
of Japan proper. The Island of Formosa, which covers about
13,419 square miles, possesses great agricultural resources. For-
mosa was ceded by China to Japan at the close of the China-
Japan war. Its population is about 3,000,000.

The installation is in every way typically Formosan. Sur-
rounding the exhibit is the outer framework of a Formosan house
of the better type. Within this are arranged exhibits of the prin-
cipal products of the island.

At one end of the enclosure is the great tower of solid camphor,
while at the opposite end is the display of oolong tea. These are
the most important products of Formosa. The annual product
of tea is 20,000,000 pounds, and of camphor 3,200,000 pounds.
Over two-thirds of all the camphor used in the world is pro-
duced in Formosa.

Tamsui hats or "Formosan Panamas," are on display. It is
only recently that this hat has been manufactured, but it has be-
come very popular in all parts of the world where it has been
introduced, and it promises to be one of the important industries
of the island

Hemp and pineapple fiber are two more products of Formosa
which are well represented in the display.

120 Digitized by GoOglC

There are several beautiful pieces of furniture manufactured
from camphor wood. Besides being unusually handsome, this
furniture has the advantage of being proof against moths and all
insects. Among other exhibits may be mentioned safrol oil, pea-
nuts, sugar and various kinds of fruits.

Mr. S. Tajima, conmiissioner from Formosa, and Mr. M.
Isoda, assistant commissioner, are in charge of the Formosan
section.

ELECTRICITY.

The Japanese Section in the Palace of Electricity is located in
the northwest corner and covers only i,iDO square feet. The
exhibit is small as compared with Japan's showing in other build-
ings, but this must not be taken to mean that electricity for all
purposes is not in general use throughout the Empire. There
are numerous waterfalls in Japan and these are used for power in
generating electricity for factories and lighting. Numerous small
towns are lighted by electricity, the power for which is furnished
by waterfalls and streams.

FORESTRY, FISH AND GAME EXHIBIT.

In the Palace of Forestry, Fish and Game, the Japanese section
covers some 6,888 square feet, located about the middle of tlie
building. The forestry exhibits include specimens of nearly every
variety of wood grown in the Japanese Empire. There are also
other products of the forest such as camphor, wax, turpentine,
oils and mushrooms. The lay of forests in Japan is clearly
shown by several large maps.

Japanese canned fish form a large portion of the fisheries ex-
hibit. The excellence of these articles has proved a surprise to
foreigners. They include salt mackerel, salt herring, oysters,
clams, eel, anchovies, and many other varieties of fish. In addi-
tion there are exhibits of cod-liver oil, aga-aga, dried seawejd
and shells.

There are models of fishing junks of every tjrpe used in Jap-
anese waters. Apparatus, maps and pictures illustrating fisheries
in Japan form an interesting feature of the exhibit.

"121 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Pearls, one of the principal products of the Japanese fisheries,
are displayed attractively. Among the most beautiful pearls is
one worth $12,000, exhibited by M. Mikikoto, of Tokyo. Valuable
and beautiful coral, worth many thousands of dollars, and some
fine furs, are also exhibited in this section.

JAPAN IN THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.

Japan's exhibit in the Palace of Transportation occupies a
space in the southwest corner of the structure. The displays of
which it is made up were carefully selected with the view of show-
ing the wonderful progress made by Japan in its methods of trans-
portation and communication during the last four or five decades.
The installation is elaborate and typically Japanese, all the frame
work having been manufactured in Japan and shipped here in
sections, where it was set up by native artisans. The exhibit
covers an area of 14,904 square feet, every inch of which is
utilized to the best possible advantage.

By far the most attractive and injportant feature of this ex-
hibit is the reception room of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha (Japan
Mail and Steamship Company), which contains the display of
that famous line. Another feature of great interest is a collection
of relief maps, which graphically show means of communication
and transportation throughout the Island Empire.

The Nippon Yusen Kaisha exhibit is one of the most costly
^nd elaborate displays which has been made by any individual
or corporation at the World's Fair. In all its furnishings and ap-
pointments it typifies the highest ideals of Japanese decorative art.
There are three distinct styles of architecture involved: the
severe, the ornate and the current, each of which is represented
with many variations and modifications. The entire decoration
scheme is based on the chrysanthemimi and catalpa — flowers which
in Japan are symbolic of nobility and supremacy. Evidences of
these flowers, liberally treated, are seen everywhere. The de-
signs had their origin for the most part in the works of Jakuchu,
a famous Japanese artist of the early eighteenth century.

The tapestries in which the designs are worked are Kawa-
shima's Tsuzurc-Nishiki, which are among the finest prodoced
anywhere in the world. On the cciKng alone the decorations

•|22 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

include some twenty-seven varieties of floral designs, done in
brilliant colors. The designs on the walls, cornices, shafts,
rafters and fire-place are splendidly worked out and bear the
closest inspection. The door frames are of Tagayasan wood,
decorated with chrysanthemum arabesques in gold lacquer, while
the handles are cloisonne. The carpets, which are of pure silk,
are marked with a design of broken waves, rippling from the
corners and meeting at the center.

The chairs and tables are upholstered in fine Japanese silk
embroidery. It is estimated that this room, with its furnishings
and cost of installing, required an expenditure of $50,000 by the
Nippon Yusen Kaisha.

This corporation is one of the largest steamship companies in
the world, owning 80 ocean steamers, having a gross tonnage of
over 260,000 tons. There are many things in connection with
its exhibit which show the growth of the company and its pres-
ent equipment and properties. Among these are several scien-
tifically gotten-up tables, dozens of pictures of vessels and len
beautiful models of the company's ocean greyhounds. Of these
models, the "Aki Maru," "Taugo Maru" and *'Nikko Maru,*'
vessels of 6,000 tons each, are worthy of special notice. They
were built by Japanese workmen in the Mitsubishi dockyard at
Nagasaki.

One very interesting table shown in the exhibit is the Chart
of the Hydrographical Bureau of the Japanese Navy. The Japa-
nese Navy was the pioneer in exploring waters of the Far East,
and the present chart was drawn entirely without the aid of
foreigners. In connection with the splendid work shown in the
chart should be mentioned the names of Admiral Yanagi and
Rear Admiral Timotsuki, directors of the Hydrographical Bureau.
The Nippon Yusen Kaisha is the sole agent for charts issued
by the Bureau. Messrs. H. Fujishima and T. Takayanaki,
representing the Nippon Yusen Kaisha, have charge of the
exhibit and will furnish any information concerning it.

Opposite the N. Y. K. reception room are three large relief
maps, exhibited by the Transportation Association. The first
of these shows Japan proper; the second shows Japan and parts
of China, Siberia and China; the third shows the mainland with

J23 Digitized by CjOOQ iC

its dependent and foreign ports of the Far East. These maps
are admirably executed and bring out clearly cities, towns, val-
leys, mountains, seaports, docks, light houses, etc., besides
steamship, railroad telegraph, telephone and sub-marine cable
lines. For persons interested in the geography of the Far East
these maps furnish endless and interesting study. Hung around
the maps are 174 photographic views of scenes in the Land of the
Rising Sun. These photographs were taken with the object of
showing the beauties of Japanese landscapes and features of city
and country. Near the topographical maps is hung a large em-
broidered mercantile map of the world, showing the Japanese
steamship routes from other countries which connect with Japan.
Mr. J. Hokkio has charge of this exhibit.

The Department of Communication and Transportation has
an exhibit showing the system and growth of the Japanese postal
service; also of telegraph and other means of communication.
The Japanese postal service is one of the most efficient and
advanced in the world.

LIBERAL ARTS.

In Block Ti of the Palace of Liberal Arts, close to the
entrance leading to the Wireless Telegraph Tower and the Press
Building, is a live exhibit of Japanese typesetting, illustrating the
methods of making a newspaper in Japan. The exhibit occupies
a space of only 400x89 feet, but it is complete in every detail, and
admirably demonstrates the intracacy of Oriental, printing.
Hajime Hoshi, the author of this book, who has for the last four
years published at No. 203 Broadway, N. Y., "Japan and Amer-
ica," a monthly magazine in the English language, and the
"Japanese American Commercial Weekly," a Japanese publica-
tion, is making the exhibit.

Japanese type includes Chinese characters and the Japanese
alphabet. The former was introduced into Japan in the second
century. The alphabet was invented by the Japanese in the ninth
century, and is called "Kana." It consists of only 47 letters,
while the Chinese written language has over 40,000 different char-
acters. In the usual daily paper about 10,000 to 15,000 charac-
ters are used. In the printing exhibit there are shown over

124 D git zed by Google

200,000 Chinese type. The author for a time published the
Japanese section of "Japan and America" in "Romaji," that is,
Roman letters or characters, with the view of impressing Japanese
readers with the fact that the Roman alphabet for writing the
Japanese language is the most important reform movement in
Japan at the present time. Visitors will notice how the com-
positors run hither and thither to find the different letters. With
this may be contrasted the ease of composition by means of the
Linotype machine, which is exhibited near at hand. Over 1,200
dailies, weeklies and monthlies are published in Japan.

FAIR JAPAN ON THE "PIKE."

This is a private concession controlled by the Fair Japan
Company, which was organized by Y. Kushibiki, S. Arai, and
several prominent business men of St. Louis. The president of
the company is J. M. Carpenter, a local real estate dealer, and
Mr. Kushibiki is business manager.

The Gateway of Fair Japan is a reproduction of the famous
portal at Nikko. The gateway is designed by Mr. Sato, and
buiWed under the supervision of Mr. S. Imura, member of Kus-
hibiki and Arai. It is one of the highest buildings o'njthe Pike
and cost $25,000. Inside the concession is "A Street of Tokyo."
The principal attraction is a Japanese Theater, in which 80 native
actors and actresses give performances. Other features are the
tea house, with fifteen Geisha girls; the Fukushima Art Collec-
tion ; a beautiful Japanese garden and the Kimono house.

This Nio-mon (the gate with two temple guardians, Brahma
and Indra) was erected about 300 years ago as the main entrance
gate to a very old temple of Taikozan Seionji at Furumachi
village in the Province of Hidachi by Lord Satake Giobu-Tayu
in memory of his father.

Lord Satake engaged the most celebrated architects, painters
and sculptors of his time from all parts of the Empire for build-
ing and decorating this gate. The pictures on the ceiling were
painted by Kano, about fifty years after its construction. Among
the wooden carved images there are many remarkable examples
of Japanese sculpture. The two sacred dogs are said to be the
work of Unkei, considered one of the greatest masters of Japan.

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The old bronze bell, cast about 400 years ago, is interesting
for its historical connections. The repairs and restorations of
the gate and its decorations were very carefully carried out by
Mr. K. Sano,- of Tokyo, who employed many competent artists
for the work. The gate is forty-five feet high, its width thirty
feet and its depth eighteen feet.

Just inside the gateway is the Japanese bazaar, in which all
kinds of attractive articles from Japan are on sale. Interested in
the bazaar are Shimarmura & Co., of Yokahoma; Suzuki & Co.,
of Tokyo ; I. Ando, B. Kawaguchi, Y. Suzuki, of Nagoya ; Z.
Hashimoto and H. Imura, of Yokohama, and others.

Just east of the gateway is a restaurant conducted by Shibata
& Arai, where one may secure good meals, served both in Japa-
nese and American styles. The manager is T. Yamaji.

126

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BOOKS OF REFERENCE CONCERNING JAPAN.

ANCIENT HISTORY*

K Ko-ji-Ki; Records of Ancient Shi, B. C. 697. Translated by
Chamberlain.

'^ Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan. Vol. 10, Supp. 1882.

" History of Japan. 1541-1670. E. Kampfer.

)r Japan as It Was and Is. 1541-1855. R. Hildreth, Boston,
1855.
Diary. 1615—1622. R. Cocks. '' < ^ '
Memorials of the Empire of Japan in Sixteenth Cen-
tury. T. Rundall, London, 1850. '

/Capital of the Tycoon. Sir Rutherford A. Alcock, London,

^ 1863.

. Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and
Japan. L. Oliphant, New York, 1860.

• Perry's Expedition to Japan. J. S. Sewall.

GENERAL HISTORY.

- Young Japan. ' (1858—1879.) 2 v. J. R. Black, Yokohama

and London, 1880.
>The Mikado's Empire. W. E. Griffis.
IT Feudal and Modern Japan. A. M. Knapp, Boston, 1900.
A Leading Men of Japan. With a Historical Summary of the

Empire. Char. Lanman, Boston, 1882.
V What Will Japan Do? A Forecast. J. Morris, London, 1898.
^ A Handbook of Modern Japan. E. W. Clement. Chicago:

A. C. McClurg & Co., 1903.
^ New Japan, the Land of the Rising Sun. S. Mossmann,

London, 1863.
, The Empire OF Japan . Published at Philadelphia Centennial
^ Exhibition, 1876.

INDUSTRY.

I.^The Industrial Revolution in Japan. Count Okuma.

North American Review, v. 171, pp. 677-691.
2^The Industrial Transition in Japan. Ono. Baltimore:

Amer. Econom. Ass'n. Pub., 1886.
3.1. The Industries of Japan. J. J. Rein.
4.' Industry. Department of Agriculture and Commerce, 1900.
5. j^ Japan in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.

H. Yamawaki. ^ j

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127 ^

FINANCE AND BANKINa

1. History of Banking op Ai,i. Nations. Edition of Yale
University. Here the history of Japanese banking can be
found.

2. Report on Adoption of thb Gold Standard in Japan.
Count M. Matsukati, Tokyo.

3. FiNANCiAi. Condition of Japan. Bankers' Magazine, v.
36, p. 583 and following.

4. Report on Taxation in Japan. J. H. Gubbins, Yoko-
hama, 1884.

5. Land Taxation in Japan. G. Droppers, Nation, v. 53, pp.
100 and following.

COMMERCE*

1. Gbnerai. Vibw of Commerce and Industry in the Em-
pire of Japan. Edited by the Bureau of Noshomusho,
Tokyo, 1893.

2. Commerce With Japan. Hunt*8 Merchant Magazine, v. 1,
p. 208, New York.

3. CoMMERCiAi. Mission to Japan. Littell's Living Age, v.
38, pp. 698 and following, Boston.

4. The Past and Present of Japanese Commerce.
Kinoshita.

MIND AND CHARACTER OF THE JAPANESE*

1. Yamato Damashi; the Spirit of Old Japan. A. Diosy,
1893.

2. KOKORO. Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life. Hearn.
Robe, 1895.

3. The Heart of Japan. C. Ludlow Brownell. New York:
McClure, Clarence & Co., 1903.

4. BuSHiDO. Dr. I. Nitobe, Boston and Tokyo.

5. The Soul of the Far East. P. Lowell, Boston, 1883.

JAPANESE LITERATURE.

1. A History of Japanese Literature. W. G. Aston.
New York: Appleton. 1899.

2. The Classical Poetry of the Japanese. B. H. Cham-
berlain. Boston: Osgood & Co., 1880. i, K\

3. Japan; Its History, Arts and Literature." €'. T. Brink-
ley. Boston: Millet Co., 1902.

4. Chushingura. Dickons' translation, Yokohama, 1875.

5. Chushingura. lyouye's translation, Tokyo.

6. Genjimonog atari. Suyematsu's English translation, 1882.

7. Japanese Love Story. London Society, v. 31, p. 138,
London.

8. Taketori Monogatari. London, 1886. ' - \ V— r ^^

9. Japanese Romance. Sir D. Wedderburn. Fortnightly
Review, v. 31, pp. 106-118.

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EXHIBITIONS, INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL*

■^1. Thb Japanese Court in the Intern ationai. Exhibition.
W. Burges. Gentleman's Magazine, Sept., 1862, p. 243, 8vo.,
London.

' 2. Notice Sur L* Empire du Japan et Sur sa Participa-
tion A L* Exposition Universeli^e de Vienna en 1873. 85
pp., 8 vo. Yokohama, 1873.
3. iNTERNATiONAi. EXHIBITION OF 1876. Catalogue of the
Japanese Section and Descriptive Notes on the Industry and
Agriculture of Japan. Philadelphia, 1876.

' 4. Exposition Universei.i.e de Paris en 1878. Paris, 1878.

^ 5. Exposition Universei,i,e de Paris en 1889. Paris, 1889.

i. 6. Japanese Exhibition in London, 1890. Spectator, v. 64,
pp. 373 and following, London.

r 7. Exposition Nation ai.e Japan aise en 1895 a Kyoto. Re-
vue Francaise du Japan, v. 1, p. 180, Tokyo, 1893.

DESCRIPTION OF JAPAN, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.

. The Customs of the Country. Tales of New Japan. Mrs.
H. Fraser. New York: McMillan Co., 1899.

y H^DA, THE Samurai; a Story of Modern Japan. W. E.
Griffis, Boston, 1890.

^ Japan in History, Folk Lore and Art. W. E. Griflfis, Bos-
ton. 1894.

' In Ghosti^y Japan. L. Heam, Boston, 1899.

' Shadowings. L. Hearn, Boston, 1900.

iT MiTo Yashiki; a Tai^e of OI.D Japan. H. Maclay. New
York: Putnam's Sons. 1890.

V Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings. E. S. Morse.

New York: Harper & Bro., 1889.
^ T^e Garden of Japan. F. T. Piggott, London, 1892.

^EiGHT Years in Japan. E. G. Holtham, London, 1883.
y Japan. Samuel Mossanii London, 1880.

/Japanese Life, Love and Legend. Wm. Conn, London. 1885.

^Japanese Giri^s and Women. A. M. Bacon, Boston, 1891.

iA Japanese Interior. A. M. Bacon, Boston, 1893.

, EVOI.UTION OF THE JAPANESE, SOCIAI. AND ETHICAI.. GuHck.

-^ Revell Co.

V. Qi^iMPSES OF UNFAMII.IAR JAPAN. Hearn.

Y J^ANDBOO^ OF Modern Japan. E. W. Clement.
y Japan and Her Peopi^e. Anna Hartshorne.

/ ^apan in Transition. R. J. Stafford.
/ Japan «r Today. A. Stead. '' •
/ The Gist of Japan. R. B. Peery.
y. Advance Japan, a Nation Thoroughi^y in Earnest. J.

Morris, London, 1895.
y Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. Issued at

Yokohama, 1872 to 1900.

* 29 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Land of the Morning. Dixon, Edinburgh, 1882.

Gi^BANiNGS FROM JAPAN.. Dickson, Edinburgh, 1889.

A Budget of Letters from Japan. A, C. Maclay, New

York. 1886.
Women of the Orient. R. C. Houghton, Cincinnati, 1878.

LAW.

1. The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, Inci,uding
Law of Ei.ECTion and Law of Finance. New York:
Brcntano. 1890.

2. Constitutional Government in Japan. K. Oishi.
Arena, v. 4, pp. 440 and following, Boston.

3. OuTUNE OF Constitution of Japan. K. Kaneko. Atlan-
tic Monthly, v. 65, pp. 187 and following, Boston.

4. The Constitutional Development of Japan. T. lye-
naga. Johns Hopkins Uni. Studies in Historical and Political
Science, Ninth Series, No. 9.

5. Constitution of Japan. W. E. Griffis. Forum, v. 7,
pp. 404 and following.

6. Commentaries on the Japanese Constitution. Count
H. Ito. Translated into English by Miyoji Ito, Tokyo, 1889.

7. On the Establishment of a Parliament in Japan.
Suburo Iwao, London, 1875.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.

1. Case of the International Law During China-Japanese
War. Takahashi.

2. La Guerre Sino-Japenaise. Ariga.

3. Law of Collision— Warship vs. Merchant Vessel
(Admiralty), Matsunami, London, 1900. .

4. Consular Jurisdiction. G. H. Skidmore, Tokyo, 1887.

TREATIES WITH FOREIGN NATIONS.

1. Treaties and Conventions Between the Empire of
Japan and Other Powers, Since March, 1854, up to 1884.
Published by Kokubunsha, Tokyo, 1884.

2. Treaties and Conventions Between Japan and Other
Powers; Revised Treaties of Japan. Published by Mar-
wya, Tokyo, 1899.

FOREIGN RELATIONS OF JAPAN.

3. Japan's Entry Iwto the World's Politics. G. Drop-
pers. International Monthly, v. 1, pp. 162-187.

4. ^'Japan's Accession to the Comity of Nations." A. V.
Siebold, London, 1901.

< OA Digitized by CjOOQ IC

(For the official documents concerning the international relations
of Japan, see) :

VT 1. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1870-:1903.
Y 2. Diplomatic Correspondence of the ttnited States,
^ 1860-1869, Washington. D. C.
y 3. British and Foreign State Papers, 1854-1899, London,

^4. Paruamenta^ Papers.

jcThe Intercourse Between the United States and Japan.
I. Otta Nitobe, Baltimore, 1891.

THE FAR EASTERN QUESTION.

1.' The Problem of Asia. H. Mahan, Boston, 1900.

2v The Mastery of the Pacific. A. R. Colquhoun. New
York: Macmillan Co., 1902.

3^Japan AND THE PACIFIC. M. Inagaki. New York; Scrib-
ner, 1890.

4^ Problems of the Far Bast. G. N. Curzon, Westmin-
ster, 1896.
, 5f People and Politics of the Far East. H. Norman.

POUTICS AND PARLIAMENT.

^.f Political Parties in Japan. J. H. Wigmore. Nation,

V. 51, pp. 145 and following.
^; Political Parties in Japan. W. E. Griffis. North

American Review, 1902.
— &, Political Progress in Japan. W. E. Griffis. Forum,

V. 10, pp. 701 and following.
^. Politics in Japan in 1886-87. E. A. Lawrence. Andover

Review, v. 7, pp. 113 and following, Boston.
"-5-. Parliamentary Election in Japan. T. M. McNair.

Continental Monthly, v. 4, pp. 333 and following. New York.
-->4. Political Development. Saturday Review, v. 57, p. 287,

London .
"-7,«The New Parliament in Japan. J. H. Wigmore. Nation,

V. 51, pp. 265 and following.
'cS/ The Reaction iK Japan. J. H. Wigmore. Nation, v. 52,

pp. 237 and following.
9. The Parliamentary Days in Japan. J. H. Wigmore.

Scribner*s Monthly Magazine, v. 10, pp. 243 and following,

New York.
'' 10. Starting a Parliament in Japan. J. H. Wigmore.

Nation, v. 52, pp. 357 and following.
Kll, Political iDEAfOF Japan. Carl K. Kawakaini, Tokyo, 1903.

131

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REUGION,

-^ 1. A History of thb Twbi^ve Japanbsk Buddhist Sects.

B. Naiijio» Tokyo, 1886.
< 2. Religion in Japan: Shintoisii, Buddhism, Christianity.

G. A. Cobbold, I^ndon. 1894. '

3. The Doctrines of Vic hore w. Kobayashi, Tokyo. 1893.

4. Rei«igion of Japan. P. Lowell. Atlantic Monthly, v. 60,
p. 836.

CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN.

. History of the Eari^y Mission Century.
* Eari«y Church in Japan. Yokohama, 1884.
X The Reugion^of Japan. E. W. Griffis.
/ Maker of JAPAN«,.NfXffMA. Rev. J. D. Davis,
y American Missroi^iN Japan. Gordon.

/ ■
/

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LEADING MANUFACTURERS ADVERTISED.

Gifu Province— Its Products , 145-149

Kinkozan, S., Porcelain Manufactures 167

Pukuokaken Sakg Brewers* Guild 190

Hokkaido Tanko Railway Co 195

Japan Mat Manufacturers' & Traders' Association 194

Mikimoto's Pearls 179

Mitsui Mining Co 174-175

Nakamura Tea Refining Co 144

Nihonmatsu Silk Filature 191

Nippon Yusen Kaisha ..." 204-205

Ota Paper Manufacturing Co 143

Osaka Itsumigun Agriculturers' Association 165

Osaka Shoyu Manufacturers' Association 161

Takata Company 173

Takei Paper Manufacturing Co 150

Totomi Ginger, Snake-Gourd, Cayenne Pepper, and Peanuts,

Traders' Guild 136-137

Tokyo Exhibitors' Association 201-202

Toyo Kisen Kaisha 206

Tsukiji Sho)ru Manufacturing 197

Shizuoka Lacquer Association 138-139

Shizuoka Paper Manufacturers' Association 142

Shidzuoka Raw Silk Traders' Association 203

Shidzuoka's Green Tea 134-135

Shoami Metal Works 170-171

Yabu Meizan's Porcelain 164

Yamasaki Suckichi 198

Yamanaka & Co 157

Yokohama Specie Bank 182

133

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SHIDZIOKA PREFECTURE

The

Principal Place In Japan YaDCPN TPA
for the Production of ViriLLM I CM.

On account of its excellent flavor the Japanese green tea has
gained a world-wide reputation , and is considered an indispens-
able beverage in many countries. In the United States of
America and in Canada it is especially prized. The tea which
is annually exported from Japan to these two countries amounts
to more than 50,000,000 pounds. One-half of this quantity is
produced in Shidzuoka prefecture, and the prospects are bright
for an increase in the quantity raised.

Shidzuoka prefecture is situated in the Tokaido at the foot of
Mt. Fuji. The scenery in the province is very picturesque, and,
in addition, it possesses a* rich and fertile soil and a climate
incomparably mild. Hence, the tea produced in, it has, from
olden times, been considered the best in Japan, and no wonder
that it is so much prized in the above-named countries.

TEA FIELD IN SHIZUOKA KEN.

134 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

In this prefecture, tea-plantations most abound in the districts
of Abe, Shida, Haibara and Ogasa. In these districts several
firms have recently been formed whieh export tea directly* to
the United States and Canada.

The names of these firms are as follows :

The Toyo Tea Trading Co*, Ltd., Shidzuoka.

The Full QoshI Kwalsha, Shidzuoka.

The Shidzuoka Selcha GoshI Kwatsha, Shidzuoka.

The Pulleda Selcha Boekl Kabushlka Kwalsha, Fulleda.

The Tokal Selcha Kwalsha, BJIri.

The Nakamura Selcha Shoten, about five nHes south

of Kanaya.
The Maklno-hara Selcha Boekl Kabusblkl Kwalsha,

Maklnohara.
The Kyoekl Kwalsha, about three miles south of Kak-

egawa.

These firms are all furnished with the latest machinery, and
prepare several million pounds of tea annually for exportation.
They are all located along the line of the Tokaido Railway, and
' may be conveniently visited by the general public. We cordially
invite the tea merchants abroad to visit our tea plantation and
our firms.

■WORLD'S FAIR EDITION:

Japanese- American
Commercial Weekly

An Illustrated, Industrial
Commercial Review of Reviews

Aim of Japanese-American Commercial Weekly is to give the
Japanese live information concerning American markets and trade.
Copies are mailed every week to the best and most progressive
business firms throughout Japan. Advertisement rate on application.

-OFFICES-

NEW YORK, ST. LOUIS.

203 Broadwag. Block 11 Liberal Arts Palace.

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The Totomi Qinger, Snake-Goard, Cayenne
Pepper, and feanuts, Traders'

These enjoy, among other agricultural products of
Shidzuoka, a very high reputation on foreign markets.
As the Guild is making unsparing efforts to secure further
development regarding their cultivation and manufacture,
the quality of these commodities rapidly improves, and the
demand for them increases in proportion, so that they will
attain, in the near future, importance in the export trade
second only to green tea in the agricultural industry of
this prefecture.

Ginger^ which is used in making various condiments,
ginger ale, medicine, etc., is • abundantly exported. The
Shidzuoka ginger is particularly rich in pungency, flavor,
and free from ashes, and as it is carefully dried its qualities
are well preserved. Hence it has now almost surpassed
the Jamaica ginger on foreign markets. As a result of
several years' zealous study made by Mr. Risaburo Ota,
director of the above mentioned guild, a method of drying
it in an exceptionally clean way by means of steam has
lately been invented. Thus, the Shidzuoka ginger has
the honor of being used by the Imperial Household of Japan,
and also it has been awarded many prizes of honor— silver
medals, first-class bronze medals, etc. — at exhibitions at
home and abroad. The Shidzuoka ginger finds a ready
market in many countries, but by far the largest quantity
is exported to the United States. The yield during the
year 1903 was put at 4,644,507 pounds, which amounted
to $226,414 in value.

Snake- gourd, or plant sponge, furnishes a material for
lining hats and caps, and the insoles of boots and shoes,

136 Digitized by Google

and is also used in making mats. Besides, it is much ap-
plied to surgical use in lieu of ordinary sponges. Hence it is
now exported to meet a growing demand. The plant sponge
from Shidzuoka is incomparably good, for it has very fine
fibres which make it extremely pliant, and it is much whiter
and glossier than sponges of a similar kind. It is exported
to America, Germany, France, India, China, and other
countries. The total production of snake-gourd in 1903
was about 3,000,000 in number, valued at $45,000.

Cayenne pepper is ifsed in making various condiments,
also as a seasoning material of sauce, and as a preservative
of food. The demand for pepper cultivated in Shidzuoka
is very large both at home and abroad, for it is very fine
in appearance, rich in pungent quality, and dried to perfec-
tion. A variety called the **Taka-no-tsume" is especially
esteemed in England and America. Cayenne pepper is a
food indispensable in the hottest and coldest climes.
America, Europe, China, India, etc., are the chief markets
for thfe pepper. The crop during the year 1903 aggre-
gated over 2,700,000 pounds, which realized $75,000.

Peanuts are not only used in making confectionery and
frying oil, but also they are eaten as light refreshment.
The peanuts grown in Shidzuoka recommend themselves
to an extensive demand, as they are singularly richin oily
quality. They are chiefly exported to America, Australia,
China, and other countries. The amount obtained during
the year 1903 was estimated at 50,000 pounds, valued at
$75,000.

The Guild has 30,000 members. Any information in
tegard to Ginger, Snake-Gourd, Cayenne Pepper and
Peanuts, please address to

Mr. RISABURO OTA

Hamamatsu Shizuoka-Ken
Japan.

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Shizuoka Lacquerware Guild

The manufacture of lacquerware in Shizuoka
began about 270 years ago. Since that time
great improvement has been made with years'
experience so that it now forms one of the most
prosperous industries of Japan. About 1860
lacquerware was exported to America for the
first time. Unfortunately there followed num-
erous poor counterfeits and imitations from other
countries which served to injure the market for
the genuine article and the exportation to America
was suspended for a time. The goods became
popular in European markets, however, and now
enjoy a high reputation and are abundantly
exported.

The chief characteristics of Shizuoka lacquer-
ware are its stability of structure and coating and
the novelty and quaintness of its designs, which
are unsurpassed in their artistic elegance.

The manufacture of lacquerware involves
very complicated processes, first of all, the
ground work is made of a suitable wood, well
dried. The wood is hut through several kinds
of treatment before being varnished . The varnish
is applied and dried by special methods, the same

138 Digit zed by Google

process being repeated as often as thirty times.
Finally the surface is polished in a most scrupu-
lous manner in order to give it lustre. This
completed, various designs in gold and silver are
painted on the ware which is then called ' ' Makiye' '
Shizuoka lacquerware is celebrated for the
. elegance of its designs. The lacquer used for
varnishing is the juice extracted from the lacquer
tree.

The Shizuoka lacquer guild has under
its auspices an institution called the Shizuoka
Lacquerware Industry School. The course
of the school is divided into two departments,
the Scientific and Practical. The lacquer-
ware in Shizuoka is made by. graduates of this
school and workmen who have had many years'
experience.

The chief articles are trays, wall plates,
screens, what-nots, chairs, stands, etc. The
lacquerware exported during 1903 amounted in
value to $450,000.

Any further information regarding lacquers may
be had by addressing the

Shizuoka Lacquerware Guild

HITOYADO CHO NICHOME

SHIZUOKA, JAPAN.

jgg DgitzedbiiCjOOgle

The Shizuoka Shouu Guild

Shoyu is the character! stie Japanese sauce; made of soja bean, wheat
and salt. It drives delicious taste to meat, fish, shell-fish, ve^retables, etc.,
and is an indispensable article for Japanese cookin^rand for table use.

At the last World's Exposition in Paris, our Shoyu was rewarded witl^
an honorary medal, and it has grreat demand now in Europe as a better
substitute for sauce. As Fujiyama is the most distinsruished mountain in
Japan, the manufacturers of the SKoyu Guild in Shizuoka Prefecture, where
Fujiyama is, stands as the most superior of this kind in Japan.

Price, 25 cents for one-tenth of a irallon. See our exhibits at the Agrri-
culture Buildinsr. The exhibits are made by the co-operation of the f ollow-
insT manufacturers:

KINJIRO TSUKIJI,

Chamachi, Shidzuoka, Japan.

The firm, established in 1816, annually produces 250.000 srallons, have
won several gold and silver medals at the Inter-national and National Ex-
positions.

HACHIROZAYEMON SUZUKI & CO.,
Hagraracho, Shidzuoka, Japan.

An establishment of seventy-seven years, with an annual output of
300,000 srallons, exported larsrely to the United States and Hawaii Islands;
awarded srold and silver medals in several expositions.

KOSAKU SUZUKI,

Hamamatsu Machi, Shidzuoka, Japan.

Sho3ai brewer for twenty (renerations. His products are hiffhly
esteemed as the best Shoyu at Vladivostock, Hawaii. Vancouver, and other
foreifirn countries where large quantities are yearly exported.

TADAKICHI YAMADA,

Toyodamura, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

This firm was established in 1866. Years of experience has won a great
reputation and customers for the product of this brewery.

KAMEYA SHOYU & CO.,

Nakaidzumicho, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

The Shoyu of Kameya & Ci). is brewed by a patented process, which is
surpassed by none of its kind. The company's export is yearly increasink.

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YASUNOSUKE, TSUKICHI & CO,,

Shidzuoka City, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

An establishment of eisrhty-seven years, covering three venerations of
the family. A process has been invented after years of hard experiments
for its brewery, brinfiring hifirh reputation of excellent quality and taste to
its product.

KATSUZO SAGISAKA,

Mitsuke Machi, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

Shoyu brewer for thirty-two years, and his product has been awarded
with ffold and silver medals on several occasions, and havinsr innumerable,
customers, annually produces 100,000 gallons of Shoyu.

GENBEI MATSUZAKI,

Shidzuoka City, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

This brewery, being established in 1884, produces Shoyu of best quality
steadily increasing its annual outputs.

KATSUGORO SHIBATA,

Mihogrun, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

The firm established 250 years ago, using the best materials for its
Shoyu brewing. Very beat Shoyu is produced and exported to the United
States in large quantities.

KINZABURO KIMURA,

Shidzuoka City, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

A Shoyu which is cheapest in price and best in quality and taste is
made by this establishment, winning high reputation in Japan as well as
abroad.

ROKUZAYEMON KIMURA,

Hailaragrun, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

An establishment of years, employing an improved method of Shoyu-
.... . ■ Q. The

making after years of experience. The Shoyu consumers are promptly
supplied on order with fine Shoyu. It '
National Industrial Exposition of 1899.

supplied on order with fine Shoyu. It has won the first-class medal at the
loi * ' * * '

ENICHIRO NAKAMURA,

Haibaragun, Shidzuokaken, Japan.

The firm was established in 1809. The special superiority of its Shoyu
is its excellence in quality and taste. Unlike others, it can be preserved
for years. It not only furnishes Shoyu to the gener&lpublic, it also supplies
to Japanese army as well as navy, and export to England and America.
Medals have been awarded at expositions at home and abroad, t

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Shizuoka Paper Manufacturers' and
Traders' Association.

The industry of paper manufacture in Shizuoka was
very early in its origin, and it was noted for centuries for
its excellent quality. The material of which paper is made
is obtained from the plant known by the name of ** Mitsu-
mata" (Edgeworthia Papyiifera). Among several classes
of paper produced here, the paper called **Tesukigami"
(hand-made-paper) is finest in quality. By the skill of the
operatives any characters or pictorial designs can be made
visible through the component fibre of paper in this **Tesu-
kigami." It can also be obtained of any thickness or any
colors required. Not only is it a beautiful and glossy
paper, but it is very strong, even when wet with water. It
is very desirable paper for paper currency, bank notes,
and any other documents that require to be made durable
and elegant. It is just as good as sheepskin parchment.
On this account the Grand Prize was given to the Shizuoka
Paper at the World's Fair at Paris, 1900, and the Silver
Medal at the National Exhibition at Osaka, 1903. Shizuoka
hand-made paper has been, during recent years, exported .
in considerable quantities. The total production of paper
in 1903 was estimated at over $450,000.

The Shizuoka Paper Manufacturers' and Traders'
Association has a membership of 14,500; the total product
of paper of Western style in 1903 was over $1,400,000.

Any Information regarding the paper can be obtained
from Mr. G. Ota, in the Varied Industries Building,

The Shizuoka Paper Manufacturers' and Traders'

Association,

SHIZUOKA, . - - JAPAN.

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Hand-Made Tissue Paper

The Hand-Made Tissue Paper is manufactured of the material
called Mitsumata. This kind of paper can only be made in
Japan.

The Hand-Made Tissue Paper is very strong and durable, and
fit for valuable documents and books. It is quite safe from
worms, or effect of the climate.

The Hand-Made Tissue Paper can be made with water marks
of any letters or pictures on account of which it is much
recommendable for bank-notes, bills, permits, etc.

The Hand-Made Tissue Paper can be made to any size and
thickness to meet with consumers* desire.

The Hand-Made Tissue Paper has been sent to several Bzhib-
itions and awarded medals and diplomas; among which a
diploma of the first class at the Fourth National Industrial
Exhibition ) and the award of a Grand Honour at the Inter-
national Exhibition in Paris, and an Honorary Silver Medal
at the National Exhibition, Osaka, 1903 may be specially
mentioned.

OTA MANUFACTURING CO.,

IRIYE-MACHI, ABE-GUN. SHIDZUOKA-KEN, JAPAN.

Ota Papbr Factory.

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143 ^

NAKAHDRA TBA RBF1NIN6 eOMPANY

Proprietor En-iohiro Nakamura.

Yoshidamura, Haibara-Kun, about five miles from Pujiyeda Station.

BRANCH STORES { f^^^^Ai^t^ru^'""''"'^'^^-

The threat staple of Shidziioka pteferdure is screen tca^ in the pradiiBCtioti Of
which the di^Lricl oi Haibara £>taadi> fir^t in reputattdu, in foretErn markets
lu this dii^trict, N ilka 111 ura Sfichu. SboterQ ba,s the best c ulliv seed tea-planta-
tions, aad aUo an eiperi^^Mcc in mHniifaciunaji which eKlenda over several
decadtK. As the proprietor has adopted machinery of the latest type he ia
able to tnnnutactute tea with promptness and cleEmliness, Thus the te^
prepared for sale al Ihisi eslablUhmt^nt is unrivaled in flavor and in color
when infused. The public who want to set the best tea are cordial! j^ re-
queated for their patronage.

Nakamura Tta .'^l jiiai.mL'jry,

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Gifu Province— Its Location and Its Products.

GIFU Province is situated in the western part of Honshyu,
or the main Japanese Island, and is one of the most re-
sourceful section^ of the Empire. The province produces a great
many varieties of the articles which constitute Japan's exports.

The City of Gifu, the capital of the province, is famous on
account of the fishing done in the Nagara River, which runs
along the northern part of the city. It is 236 miles from Yoko-
hama and 113 miles from the Kobe Port. On the Nagara River
numerous fishing boats may be seen almost every night, carrying
flaring torches to light their path. A curious method is em-
played in the fishing; the fishermen use trained comorants for
catching the trout. These fishing boats furnish the most curious
sight to be seen in that locality.

One of the most famous cataracts in Japan is located in Gifu
Province. It is called Yoro Fall, and is about seven and one-
half miles from Ogaki Station, on the Tokkaido Line. The fall
has a drop of more than one hundred feet. The entire region
about Ogaki Mounfain and falls is exceedingly beautiful, and is
frequented by both Japanese and foreign tourists. The fall is
eight miles from the City of Gifu.

Products.

Every facility is provided for the manufacture of the pro-
ducts given in the following pages, in order that the field of
demand may be extended to the utmost:

Products. — The Japanese paper and copy and stationary paper,
which constitute one of the leading exports of Japan, and its
annual product in Jap'an reaches to more than $5,500,000 in value,
is largely produced in Gifu Province. Of these articles stationery
is a specialty of the province, being there manufactured almost
exclusively.

* 145 Digitized by Google

Articles Manufactured of Paper.

Paper napkins, window decoration paper, paper for advertis-
ing prints, etc., are extensively and skilfully manufactured in
Gifu. A large amount of these goods is exported to European
and American countries, and the trade in them is increasing
every year.

Porcelain and Potteries. — Porcelain and pottery, which also
constitutes one of the greatest exports of Japan, are manufactured
in Gifu. These wares are celebrated for their beautiful workman-
ship, the beauty of their finish and cheapness of price. Great
manufactories of porcelain pottery are located in Tajima-machi, a
town situated 22 miles from Nagoya, 141 miles from the Kobe
Port, and 164 miles from Yokohama.

Crepe and Other Silks. — Crepe is produced in Japan in three
provinces, Gifu, Kiyoto and Shiga. But the best and cheapest
crepe is produced in the Gifu Prefecture. A peculiar art which
cannot be reproduced anywhere outside of Gifu is that of working
designs in the woven crepe. The export of crepe from Japan
amounts annually to $3,500,000. The woven silk exported from
Gifu amounts annually to not less than $3,000,000.

Silk Goods. — Crepe shawls and silk handkerchiefs, ornamented
with most skilfully worked and beautiful embroidery of the latest
designs, are manufactured in Gifu and are exported in large
quantities. Trade in these articles is increasing every year.

Raw Silk. — In the production of raw silk Gifii Prefecture
ranks third among the provinces of Japan. Nearly the entire
product is exported to European and American countries.

Lacquered Wares. — The lacquered goods of Gifu have the
appearance of yellow-grained wood, and in strength and beauty
surpass any other lacquered wares. They are made both for
artistic effect and for usefulness, and are ornamented with
unique and original designs.

Wood afid Bamboo Goods. — The first grade wooden goods
are manufactured from Araragi. The grain of this wood is ex-
ceedingly fine, which makes it valuable for the manufacture of
utensils," as well as toys, which are in great demand. Bamboo
screens, made in the most artistic manner and especially fitted
for furnishing summer houses, are made in Gifu. They are now

146 * D git zed by Google .

'»

^B^<

YORO FAIyL IN GIFU PROVINCE.

147 Digitized by GoOglC

being exported in gresit numbers. Satchels and traveling bags,
made from willow which are unsurpassed in lightness and
strength, are made in Gifu. These satchels and bags are ex-
ported in great quantities, the output amounting annually to about
1,000,000 yen. The export is increasing every year.

Marble. — Fuwa-Gun, located two and one-half miles from the
Ogaki Station, consists of a mountain chain composed almost
entirely of marble, which furnishes excellent material for building

FISHING IN NAGARA RIVER.

and other purposes. Marble work, both of art an4 for decoration,
is extensively exported from Gifu Province.

Lanterns, Fire Screens, Parasols, Fans, Etc. — Gifu lanterns,
paper lamp globes, fire screens, parasols and fans are manu-
factured in the province in the latest designs, having great merit.
These are both for decorative and useful purposes, and are ex-
ceedingly popular both in Japan and abroad. Gifu Prefecture
is the place which produced these articles originally, and the

148

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art and skill required for their making cannot be attained else-
where by others* Their export has made rapid progress, until at
present it amounts annually to $2,500,000.

Japanese Swords. — ^The workmanship of the swords of Gifu
is not excelled anywhere in the world. The manufacture of the
swords in Japan is at present almost exclusively confined to
Gifu Prefecture, where the art has been practiced from time
immemorial.. The sword-makers still retain their skill of the
ancient times, which skill is now applied to the making of razors,
knives and other sharp-edged instruments. The export of this
kind of wares consumes more than one-half of the total output,
which amounts to 2,000,000 yen annually.

Mustard-seed Oil. — Mustard-seed oil is extracted from mus-
tard-seed and constitutes an indispensable article in machine
shops, railway cars, factories and ships, where it is used as a
lubricant. The annual output amounts to 5,000,000 yen from the
Gifu Prefecture alone, and it is chiefly produced by the Okuda
oil manufactories of Ogaki.

Persimmons, — Persimmon is a peculiar product of Japan. It
has an agreeable, sweet taste, and Gifu Prefecture is noted for
the production of excellent persimmons, which are used ex-
tensively for making cakes. Confections made from this fruit
have an excellent flavor. Persimmon is also used for the making
of "Kaki Yokan,"' a kind of Japanese cake, which is liked by
the Europeans and Americans.

School of Entomology.— Tht^ Nawa Entomological Research
Laboratory was established by Dr. Yasushi Nawa in the City of
Gifu. Dr. Nawa, who is a famous entomologist of Japan, is
directing the laboratory personally. Both foreigners and natives
study in thie institute. The students number upwards of 1,500
yearly.

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149

TAKEI PAPER MANUFACTURING CO.

(LIMITED)

President, Sukeemon Takei

NAKASHINMACHI, GIFU, JAPAN.

150

AWARDS
The Third Oass Merit Shohai,

At the Second NaUonal
. Industrial Ezhibitiont
1881.

The Second Class Merit
Shohait

At the Third National
Industrial Exhibition,
1890.

Two G>pper Medals on Merit,

At the Universal Exposi-
tion, Chicago^ 1903.

The First Cass Progressive
Shohai,

At the Fourth National
Exhibition, 1899.

The riokuju-shoho, special
medal on merit, from the
Einperor of Japan, which is
reproduced here*

At the International Ex-
hibition» in Paris, 1900, the
following medals and honors
were awarded:

A Special Grand Honor
on Merit.

Two aiver Medals.

A Gold Medal.

At the Fifth National In-
dustrial ExhiUtion, 1903, was
awarded a silver medal*

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TESHIKAWARA GOSHI KAISHA,

Manufacturers of

PAPER AND PAPER GOODS.

47 Komeyacho, Qifu, Japan.

AWARDS.

A Gold Medal, the Paris Universal Exposition, 1900.
A Gold Medal, the Hanoi Exposition. 1893,

The First-Class Prize Medal, the Third National Industrial Exhibition.

The First-Class Prize Medal, the Fourth National Industrial Exhibition.

The First-Class Prize Medal, the Fifth National Industrial Exhibition.

And more than fifty other awards.

The Company manufactures Art Lanterns, Paper Lamp Globes, Folding:
Paper Lamp Shades, Parasols, Tent Umbrellas, Fire Screens, Gifu Paper
Serviettes. Window Decoration Papers, Fans, D'Oyleys, etc.

All these articles, exceptinsr lanterns and fans, are manufactured exclu-
sively for foreigrn markets. This Kaisha has been the first that exported the
kind of article to foreign countries in the Gifu prefecture. The manufactory
was established in 1879 and its work was sfradually extended till it became to
be organized into a company and adopted the name of a Kaisha (company.)
This was done chiefly through the efforts of Mr. Naojiro Teshikawara, who is
the present business manaf^er. ^ j

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151 ^

KICHIROBEI FUKUDA,

Takayama, Hida Gun, Gifu Ken.

Manufacturer of Shinkei Lacquer Wares and Ichii Tree

Works.

ShinKei Lacc|uer Work, is a special product of Hida province,
Gifu Prefecture. It is an art transmitted from ancient time. This
lacquer ware has both strength and beauty, for which it is popularly
admired and demanded. The work includes caskets, trays of every
variety, receptacle of stationary utensils, jewel boxes, and many
other articles indispensable for housekeeping. The work has been
exhibited at many universal and national exhibitions and received
medals and honors. ' . '

Ichii Tree Work, to which is applied the highest skill of the
art of engraving, is another special production of the Hida province.
The tree has beautiful wood grain, which is skillfully shown on the
work, including small caskets, photograph mounting frames and
objects that adorn homes. The work has extensive field of demand.

6ifu-§hi Kinu Orimono Kabusiki Kaisha,

(Gifu City Silk Weaving Company, Limited)

fianafactarers of f igared SilK Crape

KEITARO TAKAHASHI, GIFU,
The Exclusive Dealer in the Article.

Fierured silk crape is an article manufactured only in this city in Japan.
No other article is better fit than the figured silk crape for woman's appar-
els and clothinifs, window shades and for other decorative purposes, in all
seasons of the year. It is light and strong, and wears longer than any other
similar fabric. Washing gives no wrinkle or shrinkage, nor is the color or
figure affected by it.

This company manufactures exclusively the silk crape and is the oldest
establishment of the kind. It employs a large number of the most highly
skilled artisans, whose aims are to follow the latest fashions and the
newest designs. C^n^r^aio

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152 "^

EIZO KATO,

Namazumura, Motosugun, Gifu Prefedlure.

— ^MANUFACTURER 0F=--- --

Willow Basket and Bag, or Yanagi Goori.

The material selected for the basket is obtained by
skinning small willow trees, which are found growing
only in Japan, and the skinned trees are then woven
into baskets and bags of all sizes.

The baskets thus made are well fit for travelling use.
The peculiarities of the basket are strength, flexibility,
durability in water in which it never sinks, and the
cheapness of the price.

The manufactory has been established fifteen years
ago, and the skill of the artisans is excellent. Five
hundred persons are employed in the factory and the
work is extensively done. ^ .

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153 , ^

SUDA SHOKAI

(Suda Company)
MAIN OFFICE: BRANCH OFFICE:

Kamiyuchi machi, Bugigun, Itcho-me, Moto-machi, Kobe.

Gifu Ken.

Manufacturers of Stationery, Papers,
and Paper Napkins.

Dra^ving Paper is made from Japanese paper, which has peculiar
qualities not possessed by other papers. The peculiarities are strength, smoothness
of surface, impenetrabili^ of ink, flexibility, lightness, etc. This paper is well adapted
for drawing, architectunU and mechanical designs.

Copying Paper has strength and elasticity, and smooth, glossy surface,
and is best fit for copying purposes and for making note books.

Paper NapKins are made from soft yet strong Japanese paper, as thin as
insect's wings. They are decorated with pictures of birds, flowers, etc,, after the latest
and most beautiful designs. The napkin may be used for wrapping jewels and
precious household goods to protect them from scratches.

These three kinds of our goods are exhibited at the Mauiufactures Building, World's
Fair, at St. Louis.

Kyuhachi Sato Shokai

Sekimachi, Gifu Prefecture,

MANUFACTURER OF

Sword Blades, Razor, Knife, Shikomi-Zui, (Combination
Sword Cane) , Sickle, Saw, and other sharp-
edged implements.

The making of the Japanese sword involves the art that has
been kept secret since time immemorial. This secret art is applied
to all sharp-edged implements of our make. Hence we have no
rival in the field. Several hundred men are employed for the
making, and the factory is able to meet with almost unlimited
demands. This company is supplying the largest field of demand
of all the sword makers in the Prefecture, owing chiefly to the
fact that it is the oldest establishment with the highest reputation.

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LACQUER WARE CO.

Commission Merchant in
Lacquer Ware

23, Yumicho, Kyobashi-Ku
Tokyo, - - - -- - -- - Japan.

The Lacquer Ware Company is established under the
patronage of the Japan Lacquer Ware Industry Asso-
ciation, We handle only artistic Lacquer Ware of highest
quality of genuine Japanese Characteristics* We have
been honored with frequent orders from His Imperial
Majesty's Household «

NISHIURA ENJI

Porcelain Mfg. Co.,

Tajimi Machi, Gifu, Japan.

The porcelains manufactured by us are sold by the
Tajima & Co., Boston, Chicago, Yokohama, Kobe,
Nagoya, Japan, etc., being well known under the name
of Nishiura Yaki. Goods of ideal designs and quality
are found among our products. We shall be pleased to
have our goods examined at the Varied Industries Build-
ing, World's Fair Grounds; And shall be able to meet
orders for any quantity and quality without delay.

]_55 Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PORCELAIN

The Pofcelain manuiactyred by tst it known as Minoyaki*
High quality and low price is our motto* We are able to
meet oraers for any desigiand amount. We export to Europet
Americat Korea* and China* We have been awarded with
gold medal at the Hanoi Exposition of I903» and a silver
medal at Paris, 1900*

Sukusaburo Kato, Morse & Co.

TAJiniMACHI, aiFU, JAPAN.

SHIRASHIME OIL

(Rape-seed Oil Reined)
ABSOLUTELY PURE.

REGISTERED

An excellent lubricator for Machinery.

Also useful for food and lighting purposes.

Kaku-hei.

HEIHACHI OKUDA,

•OLE MANUFACTURCR Og^i» MlAO, Jftpail.

NIBE GLUE

Nibe or fish glue is a new product in Japan, and has
promising future in Japan. The output in 1902 was
about 34,700 lbs. of which about 10,000 lbs. was exported
to China, Europe and America. I am the only fish glue

manufacturer in Japan. Sample and price ii»t win be

furnished on application.

362 Higashi Hirano Machi,

NICHOMB, OSAKA, „ JAPAN.

^_. DgitzedbiiCjOOgle

YAMANAKA & CO.,

Dealer in Japanese and Chinese

Art Objects

MAIN HOUSE, OSAKA.

BRANCH HOUSE, Tcromachi Oifcc, Kioto.

LONDON HOUSE, 68 New Bond Street, London, Ene.
t

AMERICAN HOUSES:

254 Fifth Avenue, - - New York*

272 Boylston Street, - - - Boston, Mass.

BoordWalk, - - Atlontic City, N. J.

157 Digitized by Google

INSECTICDE

Our insect powder kills all insects without injuring
the plants. This insect powder is made from chrysan-
themum flowers and is considered the best of its kind.
It is also very effective as applied to bed-bug and other
insects. Orders should be sent before October. Our an -
nual output is 200,000 to 250,000 lbs.

Prick: 1 lb. 25 cents; 100 lbs. $24: 1000 lbs. $225.

ISABURO YASASUMI,

NICHOME HIRANO MACHI,
HIGASHI KU, OSAKA.

15S

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SILVER MEDAL. OSAKA. S903

Established m]!) jM, Hi *'"''•* Wanuf acturers

1881. -^f/MS^i^^M. ^ly *" Japan.

Insect Powder

BEST IN QUAUTY. ORDERS PROMPTLY EXEOJTED.

Shimitsu Keirindo & Co.

FUSHIMIMAGHI, SAKAISUJI.

Osaka, Japan.

SHII TAKE MUSHROOMS.

Shii-take is a specie of Mushrooms, which is produced
abundantly in the vicinity of Osaka. Annual produce
of Shii-take in this district is about 3,000,000 pounds,
half of which goes to China and a part to America.
Shii-take may be cooked in the same way as other
Mushrooms. Shii-take is one of the best food in its
nourishment and taste.

We desire to open trade with western peoples.

OSAKA SHII-TAKE TRADERS' ASSOCIATION,

Itchome, Tenjinbashisuji, OSAKA, JAPAN.

159 Digitized by Google

OSAKA

RYUSO KABUSHIKI

KAISHA

The Company was established in September, 1892.

The Company manufacture Sulphuric Acid and
•Alkali, as well as Superphosphate and other
fertilizers.

The Company's works, situated on five and one-half
acres of ground facing a river, and ra,ilway at the
back, comprising Acid chambers, with Glover,
Gay Lursuc, and Lunge Towers, Muriatic Acid
Towers, Sulphate and Soda' Furnaces, Caustic
Soda Pots, Bleaching Powder and Liquor Plants and
complete Plant for Superphosphate and other
mixed fertilizers. The capital required for the
above, $486,ooo, and for working, $200,000.

The Company's present output of Superphosphate
is 50,000 tons a year, and on the completion of
the alteration 60,000 tons per annum.

The Company's Superphosphate sell, not only at
home but are exported to Australia, New Zealand
and west coast of U. S. A. This year's exports
to the former states being 10.000 tons, and to the
latter 600 tons, and they are under contract for
the next year of 1 2,000 tons.

The Company is prepared to export 20,000 tons a
year.

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SOr BREWERS IND TRADE MARKS.

Trade Mark.

^ Eitto SiM Brewer l. Toyoia, Sakal, Osala, JapaL '

Trade Mark.

-^"^^^ Taialawa-rolni: Brewer B. Waiaye, Osata, JaDan.

Trade Mark.

1^ IMi Mr. Brewer H. Kawaion, SaM, Osalca, lapai.

Trade Mark.

^^ Mitss nroko: Bitwer S. TaigasMia,' lalilMa. Idzmi, lapai.

Trade Mark.

^b DreU: Brewer L UyeU, Osaka. Japan.

Trade Mark.

J^^ Yiuna Js: Brewer H. Taiaioto, Osah, Tapan.

Trade Mark. .

@ Mamlclil Jo: Brewer S. Masila, Osaka, Japa

Trade Mark. j

•<^> Ham Hatss: Brewer T. Hotsutanl, Osaka, Japan.

Trade Mark.

^n^ Hon Iclii: Brewer I. Yeliara, Osala, Japan.

Trade Mark.

^ Sin; Brever L SMnio, Osata, Japan.

The Virtue off the Sauce and Direction ffor Use.

* The Japanese Soy with the Trade Marks is brewed from the very best Japanese

bean, wheat and salt. The Soy is of dark brown coloi^' and id specially adapted for
everr kind of boiled, baked and fried fish: for chops, ;steak8 and cutlets and cold
meats; also for the cooking of vegetables. The article possesses a particular taste and
flavor and advances the digestion. ^ . , , ^ ^ ,

The Japanese Soy with these Trade Marks may be stored for a long period and is
gnaranteeu never to turn bad.

The article is sold for 6 to 9.60 yen per case of 4 jro bottles, F. O. B. Osaka. An
ordertoany of the Brewers will receive prompt tttlenlion. ^ j

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161 "^

••SPECTACLES'*
Pure Cod Liver Oil

OSAKA,

Manufactured by
SENTARO ITO

JAPAN.

••FUJINAMI"
Pure Cod Liver Oil

Manufactured by
JUSUKE HARUMOTO

OSAKA, JAPAN.

Three Manufactories in Hakkaido

Pure Cod Liver Oil

^^^a^;^

Trade Mark.

Dealer in

SOAPS, PERFUMES, GLASS AND CHEMICAL USES.

KANEKICHI KIYOMOTO

OSAKA, JAPAN.

^^„ Digitized by CjOOQIC

AWA-OKOSHI.

^PUH^y MARK

AWA-OKOSHI is prepared front specially selected Mochi-Gome
(Glutinous Rice), Goma (Sesamum Orientalis), Ame ( a kind
of liquid Honey), and Fine White Suffar. It is the most
favorite Sweetmeat in Japan.

This preparation is very delicious to the taste and nourishing-
to the body. Its merits have been admitted and recog-nized, as
is shown by the many prizes awarded at various Exhibitions.

Beware of Imitations! None genuine without the Firm's
trade- mark.

MANUFACTURED BY

RINNOSUKE ROBAYASHI

(Established 1756). (DAIKOKU).

Amidaike, Nishi-ku,

OSARA, JAPAN,

ARTISTIC FURNITURE.

TO THE WEST.

The Japanese Artistic Wood Work is known through
our store. Many encouragements have been given to us
by our government, and we are pioneer of the exporters
of Japanese furniture to foreign countries. We have
five factories with three hundred first-class workmen of
good experience. Our furniture is made with selected
Japanese wood and our price is reasonable. We invite
all to examine our exhibition in the Varied Industries
Building.

IKUSABURO WAKAL,

Shichome, Minamihoncho,

Shigashiku, OSAKA, JAPAN.

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163

YABU MEIZAN,

Painter of the

FINEST SATSUMA PORCELAIN.

ONE PRICE ONLY.

No. 197 Naka Ni-chome Dojima.

OSAKA, JAPAN.

164

by Google

NEW INVENTION!!!

SHIBAKAWA'S

K^ TRADE ^BO^V mark \jb

Are much Stronger than the Wooden and most' suitable for
^ Artistic Furniture.

Gold Medal, Paris, 1900.

3HIBAKAWA & GO.,

Fushimi-machi,
03AKA, ^APAN.

UNSHYU ORANGE.

The Unshyu Orange of Itsumikita Gun, Osaka Fu, is sweet,
juicy aud has no seed. Price is moderate, and is well known as
the best of oranges. Our annusil output is 218,660 cases, valued
at 2,623,920 yen. The best season for exporting the orange to
America and Europe is from November to March. Price is 60
cents per case, containing 60 oranges. Sixty -five cents will be
added for transportation, insurance, packing, and some duties if
imported to America. Principal exporters belonging to our
association are:

Amabari Farm, Yokoyamamura, Itsumikita Gun, Osaka Fu.
OrinosukeNozake, Minamikitamura, Itsumikita Gun, Osaka Fu.
JuBEi Akasaka, Yamatakimura, Itsumikita Gun, Osaka Fu.

This Association will, with much pleasure, be match-maker
for foreigner and the producer.

Agriculturers" Association of Itsumikita Gun,

OTORIMA, ITSUMIKITA GUN, OSAKA FU, JAPAN*

165 Digitized by Google

HIRA-KIU

• MANUFACTURER OF ■

Fans of All Descriptions

Tominokoji Gojio Kita,
KYOTO, JAPAN.

UEKI SHOYU

Brewed by Ueki, Osaka, Japan.

Best in Quality,
Best in Flavor,

May be used just as well as

best American table

sauce.

PORCELmN

Fine Work Ninsho Uno

47 Gojodon Ohashi

HIgasKi Gochome, Kyoto, Japan.

166 Dgitzed by Google

«;-- .

rcOp MEDAL, PARIS," ■■■(900

iCRAMD-pRIX, HANOI ■'■(902

MEDAlOF HONOUR OS'aKA:I903

if T6\re^

rAwATA,ICrom*JAPANT^

THE LARGEST FACTORY and
EXPORTER IN JAPAN.

1300 ARTISANS
50 DESIGNER

ESTABUSHED IN 1645

[worlp3fair, ST. loms^So*^'

-- -^ -.-- ~

lg7 DgitzedbiiCjOOgle

Qreen Ribbon Merit Medal Awarded by Imperial Qovemment
as First Exporters off Japanese Embroidery.

Awarded Medals:

First Class, at Philadelphia 1876

Gold, at Paris 1878

Gold, at Amsterdam 1883

First Class, at Barcelona 1888

First Class, at Paris 1889

Silver, at Chicaj^o 1893

Gold, at Paris 1900

And many others at National Exhibitions.

EMBROIDERIES

AND

Cut Velvet Pictures,

R. TANAKA,

Korosumaru Hichijio* Kyoto^ Jopan*

R. Tanaka, the largest and oldest house in Kyoto, was estab-
lished more than five hundred years ago.

It occupies a fair building at Shichijio Karasumaru, the best
quarter of the city, and is noted for its embroideries, which
it largely exports.

It has been patronized by the Imperial Household and hon-
ored by H. I. M. the Empress of Japan and H. I. H. the King
of Italy.

168 Digitized by Google

ART FABRICS

BY APPOINTMENT TO H I. M/S
HOUSEHOLD OF JAPAN.

BY APPOINTMENT TO
H. 1. M.'S HOUSEHOLD
OF
RUSSIA.

NISHIJIM.
hYOTO, JMM.

169

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ARTISTIC ME.TAL WORKS

Shoami Doki, my ancester of nine generations back
was a decorator of sword sheaths in Kiyoto, by trade.
His decorative works of gold were of highest quality.
His artistic productions became famous, and he was
employed by Lord Ikeda, governor of Okayama province,
in patronage of whose family the descendants of Shoami
Doki remained. I followed the time -honored industry
of my ancestors until 1871, when the carrying of swords
were prohibited by law of the land. I immediately took
up artistic metal work, and since then have been fortu-
nate enough to earn a good reputation in home and
abroad, having found markets for my works in England
and other foreign countries during last seventeen years.

Following medals have been awarded to my works :

Holo Merbourtf n 188 I

First Gold Medal New Orleans. . . . 1884

Second Sliver Medal Germany 1885

SecondSllver Medal.... Paris 1889

Copper Medal , Chicago 1893

SecondSllver Medal.... Paris 1900

Beside these medals won abroad, many have been re-
ceived in the home exhibition. During twelve exhibi-
tions since 1878, my productions have been rewarded with

Two First Class Gold Medals
Six Second Class Silver Medals
Twelve Third Class Copper Medals, and
Four Holo.

What is far superior delight to me than those medals
is that my workmanship has received the gracious notice
of His Majesty the Emperor and has been placed to
grace the Imperial Household.

^fJQ Digitized by CjOOQ IC

I have been able to place three vases at the exhibition
in the present World's Fair in St. Louis. One of them
is decorated with a view of the Higashi Mountain, while
another with a winter crysanthemum, and the last with
Shoki, the hero of China. As it is represented in those
pieces, my specialty consists of engraved and inlaid
works of gold and silver. Your attention is respectfully
invited to examine the workmanship.

KATSUYOSHI SHOAMI (aged 73)
Tomlkaji, Takeyamachi, Kyoto, Japan.

Handbook of Japan

A year book of Japan, its
industry, commerce and finance.

PUBLISHER

HKJITV^E HOSHI.

TOKYO, NEW YORK,

15 Minaminabecho. 203 Broadway,

ichome. Kyobashiku, New York,

Tokyo, Japan. U. S. A.

^rj^ • D git zed by Google

PURVEYOR TO
H. I. J. M/s

Hodiefiold
by Special Appointment.

S. NISHIMURA,

Manufacturer of

High-Class Embroideries Fancy Cut Velvett and

Silk Goods in GeneraL

Sanjo Karasumaru^
KYOTO, JAPAN.

(Established in 1604.)

S. IKEDA & CO.,

COLLECTORS OF ANTIQUITIES

—AND—

FINE ART MANUFACTURERS,

54-57, SHINMONZEN MUMEMOTOCHO,

KYOTO.

BRANCH:

S. IKEDA & Co., 13, Owaricho Nichome, near the "Imperial Hotel,**

TOKYO.

172 Digitized by Google

GOLD, SILVER,
ALL METAL WORKS

General Japoncse Goods*
TAKATA

\^x^\^^ gc CO, 38 Mukouyanagibora

^- '^. X ^^ ^^^N^ Itchom^t

Asaktisa-Ku,
Tofcyo^

\\X TAKAT.
VXV-^ &CO.,

TAKATA & CO.,
Varied Industries Building

tiX^-\ AND

\Vj^^^S>. 'JAPANESE BAZAAR.

^gALyu TrrrMli illllll iTTfrfTmii

EXHIBIT OF MITSUI MINING COMPANY AT THE MINING BUII.DING,
WORIyD'S FAIR. ST. I.OUIS.

Mitsui Mining
Company

TOKYO, JAPAN.

COAL, METAL AND SULPHUR MINERS, ALSO
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL

ENGINEERS. i

EXHIBITORS IN THE JAPANESE SECTIONS '
OF THE MINING AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENTS.

17A Digitized b»Cj009l6

PRhNClPAL EXHIBITS

Model of the Surface Plants at Manda Pit (Miike Colliery)
Specimens of Coal, Coke and Sulphur; also Model of
Miyabara's Patent Water Tube Boiler, Kishi*s
Patent Direct-Current Generator, Gen-
erator Field Coil, and lijima
System Extra High-Ten-
slon Testing Trans-
former.

Sole Agents for Sale of the Company's Mineral Products:
MITSUI & CO.

(or MITSUI BUSSAN KAISHA, as the firm is known by this name.in the Orient.)

HEAD OFFICE
I Suruga-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

BRANCH OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES

NEW YORK— 445-7 Broome Streets,

SAN FRANCISCO,

California Safe Deposit Building, 228 Montgomery Street.

(Branches are also established in London, Hamburj^, Sydney, Bombay. Hongkong^
and other important Far Eastern ports.)

STATISTICAL CHARTS bHO^iNO

— . — - —

HiCOMPANYS SHARES

OF THt

COAL AND SULPHUR TRADES or JAPAN. |

I0O3
COAL.

• SULPHUR

OUTPUT EXPORT

OUTPUT EXPORT.

OUTPUT rnou tmc COMPAWrS SULPHUR MINES

OUTPUT rdoi. TM£ COMPANY SCOLUItBtES

IWA0N090RI *M TSURUOIZAN

MIIKt TA<i*WA-.« 1AUAHO

» TKt LAST SIV t EARr, .« to«%

''- ■ .N THt LAST FIFTEEN YEARS .•. TH.

Iliniiiiiii

lirSUI MININOi COMPANY TOK rO JAPAi

175

y Google

ALL WORK DONE BY HAND.
ANNUAL OUTPUT, 80,000 YEN.

Emort to America, EDnlaiil. Kemany, France anl Bnssia

Silver Medal Awarded, Chicago, 1893.
Silver Medal Awarded, Paris, - 1900.

GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS AWARDED SEVERAL TIMES AT THE
NATIONAL EXHIBITIONS.

2 Yazaimoncho,
Kyobash ku.

KATSU MIYAMOTO,

TOKYO, JAPAN

Bronze^W^orks

I B. B. B.

The picture shown here is that of our
exhibit in the Varied Industries Build-
ing, and it is one of the larsrest bronze
works. We exhibited also fountain
decorated with dragon and Mura Osuka
and Ota Dakuan on horseback; large
vase with three feet and several bronze
works of birds and animals. Those
bronze works are made by the wax
model, which is used only one time,
and which process is a specialty of
Japan. Bronze works by such process
is able to show every detail of minute
art. None is unsurpassed in its arts.

KINOSUKE NAKAMURA, TOKYO

Digitized by CjOOQIC

TOMOYEYA

(AIBA & CO.)

Cable addrgss?

>^^^ **TOMEYEYA, TOKYO/*

A B Q A 1 Code, Western Union.

MINAMIDENMA CHO, TOKYO, JAPAN,

Mantif actfirer of and Dealer in

ALL KINDS OF"

LEATHER GOODS.
KEIDA & CO.

Xatriourat, Sattsum^, Jatpatn

The famous Satsuma por-
celain is manufactured by
Keida & Co. , which being its
very originator. We manu-
facture the real Satsuma of
exceedingly fine qualities and
designs. Colors that can
never be imitated by any other
manufacturer. You never
have a Satsuma unless you have our mark on it. Med -
als of highest class and honor have been awarded our
goods at several Expositions.

■ttjfj Digitized by CjOOQLC

ZENBEI KOBAYASHI

MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTEI^ OF

SILVERWARES, BRONZE AND EMBOSSED
METAL WORKS.

No. 7-8 Torishio chio Nihonbaslii Ku.
Tokio, ---.__- Japan.

White Persimmon

KInc of Fruit In The Erast.

White persimmon is far better in its taste than any other fruit and
has good nourishment. It can be preserved for any length of time
without spoiling its quality and taste. It is exported to China and
Hawaii and its demand abroad Is steadily increasing. Medals were
given to white persimmon at several exhibitions.

r Extra quality, 10 cents per piece.

Prices ^ First class 5 cents per piece.

{ Ordinary ^ 2H cents per piece.

Yamanashi Fruit Trader's Association,

Natsosatomtira, Uigashi, Yamanashi Gon.
Yamanashi Ken, Japan.

MAfKUZU KOZAN

BLUE RffiBON MERIT.
ARTIST TO a L IWL^S HOUSEHOLD.

I ART OBJECTS

Porcelain^ China- Ware Manufactory,
Decolation a Specialty

1631 Minami Ota Machi,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN^

1*^8 Digitized by Google

K. MIKIMOTO.

1 Moto Sukiyacho. Kyobashiku, TOKYO, JAPAN.

WHOLES ALK AND RKTAII^ DKALKR IN

PEARL.

PEARLS OF

GENUINE PEARL OYSTER {Aviculidce) ,

FRESH WATER MUSSEL (Unionida)

ABALONE SHELL (Haliotida^),

MUSSEL {Mytilidce), Etc., Etc.

JAPANESE PEARL OYSTER WITH PEARL.

PEARL-MOUNTED JEWELS.

NECKLETS, BRACELETS, BROOCHES, SCARF-PINS,
RINGS, SLEEVE LINKS, ETC., ETC.

The Pearls are exhibited in the Department of Fish and
Game, and also in the Department of Varied industries,

of the Exposition.

For further information, apply to

K. MIKIMOTO.

Japanese Section in the Varied Industries Building, and in the

d by Google

Fishery Building.

179

TASHIROYA,

Porcelain Storc^

WHOLESALE DEALER AND MANUFACTURER,
No* 40^ Nichome Bcnien-6ori, Yokohama*

BRANCH STORES I
Naiumagaii-Quv Nagoya* - - - Shlchomet Kano- Guv Kobe.

Patented Hinomoto-Yaid and Ishime- Yaki Porcelalng.

PORCELAINS from Nagoya, Mino, Aizu, Banfco,

Tokonobe, Soma and other Porcelain Districts*
An visitors will receive a cordial welcome* Orders for Porcelain

promptly executed* Goods packed and shipped to all ports of the

world and delivery s^tsaranteed*

BEST
SHOYU

e=>

OTA SHOYU BREWING COMPANY was established in 1850. The
shoyu brewed by this company is known as the best of the kind in its
flavor and quality, and is known by the name of "Fuji Shoyu." Second Medal
in 1859 and the first Silver Medal in 1903, have been given to "Fuji Shoyu.**
We brew in large quantity and export to Germany, America, Hawaii, Corea,
Shanghai, Hong Kong, England, Canada, Australia, India, Singapore, etc.
through G. BRANDQLI^ & CO. No. 41 YamashiU Cho, Yokohama.
**FUJI SHOYU" is low in price and high in quality.

OTA SHOYU BREWING CO.,
912 Minamiota Machi, YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

-jj^ Digitized by CjOOQIC

COMPRISING:

SATSUMA, KAQA,

HIRATO,

BISHU, IMARI,

KYOTO,

TOKYO

AND

BANCO,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

ORDERS

EXECUTED

PROMPTLY

AND

REASONABLY.

ICNIKKOi

PORCELAIN STORE

No.27,Benteii-donYokobama j

Fim
Porcelain

DINNER SETS, TEA

AND COFFEE SETS,

DESSERT SETS.

TOILET SETS,

VASES,

PLAQUES AND

DISHES,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

FINE

COLLECTION

ALWAYS ON HAND.

AN INSPECTION

RESPECTFULLY

SOLICITED.

GOODS SPECIALLY PACKED. AND SHIPPED TO
ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD

Branch OfflccTT IM^T J^J^Q No. §1, Benten

,-dorl

SEWATA

► N935 ,

TRADE MARK

S. EWATA

Cable Address— Ewata Yokohama
No. 35 Yamashita-Cho, Yokohama, Japan

MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER OF

SILK AND EMBROIDERED
GOODS

HiRAYAMA Fireworks

Cable Address— Lifeland Yokohama
No. S3 Yokohama

LARGEST AND OLDEST MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER OF

Artistic Japanese

DAY AND NIGHT FIREWORKS

■ygt Digitized by CjOOQ IC

THE

TOKOHW SPECIE WL, HD.

(YOKOHAMA SHOKIN GINKO.)

Established 1880.

Subscribed Capital Ten 24,000,000.00

Paid-up Capital " 18,000,000.00

Reserve Fund " 9,210,000.00

BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

Naoatane Soma Esq President

KAMENOSUitB MiSAKi Esq . Vice-President.

K. SONODA Esq. R. Hara Esq. R. Kimura Esq.

I. Wakao Esq. Y. Yamakawa Esq,

HEAD OFFICE YOKOHAMA.
Branches.

Kobe. London. San Francisco. Hongkong. Peking. .

Tokyo. Lyon. Hawaii. Shanghai. Newdiwang.

Nagasaki. New York. Bombay. Tientsin.

Correspondents at all the chief commercial cities in the world.

, , ^ , fLondon Joint Stock Bank, Limited.

London Bankers < Parr's Bank. Limited.

(Union of London and Smith's Bank, Limited.

HEAD OFFICE

Liberal interest allowed on current account and on fixed deposit accounts.
Every description of Banking business transacted.

Certified cheques on this Bank will be taken by the Custom House as cash in
payment of duty.

H. BEKKEY, Sub-Manager.

joo Digitized by CjOOQIC

K. Kobayashi

Otamachi Itchome,

Yokohama, Japan

Manufacturer and Exporter of

MENTHOL AND PEPPERMINT OIL

And Other Japanese Products

^ ^ ^

IMPORTER OF CHEMICALS AND DRUGS

• • • Sd^ ViJ ML J^ • ••

Silk and embroidered goods, Habutai, shawls, handker-
chiefs, table cloths, bed spreads, mantel pieces, silk fans,
d'oyleys, kimonos, smoking jackets, and all commodi-
ties of special quality. Suya is the principal manufac-
turer of Habutai in Kaga, where the best silk goods are
produced. Yokohama branch office will receive and
furnish your orders promptly and at reasonable prices.

CHOJIRO SUYA,

Kamitsuzumi Machi, Kanazawa, Japan.

BRANCH OFFICE:

SUYA

Motohama Sanchome, Yblohama, Japan.

igg Digitized by CjOOQIC ■ •

V^AHAro

TRADE

MARK.

YOKOHAMA & KOBE.
No. 6» Bentendorl Itchome,
Yokohama.

TELEPHONE NO. 183.

ESTABLISHED 1876.

' Awarded Fint Medal in Oaaka.

S.I.YAMATOYA

SHIRT
Manufacturer*

No. 341, Motomachit
Itchome, Kobe.

TELEPHONE NO. 473.

No. 3, Glnxa, Sanchome Tokyo.

TELEPHONE, SHIMBASHI (lONG DISTANCE) 1871.

'ALWA YS ON HA/iD-

Finest Cotton Crapes and Silk Sliirts and Neckties;
also Fancy Shirtings of Newest Designs

SUITABLE FOR THE SEASON.
Also French Print and Flannels, Collars, Cuffs, Etc., Etc.

FIRST MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER IN WHOLESALE.

FUGETSUDO'S AME.

AM E is a kind of sweet and nutritious confection extracted from Japanese

rice, millet and wheat without any other substances,
*-» \j
AMB purifies t>lood, aids the work of disestive organs and is especially noted

for its remedial power on stomach, lungr and heart diseases, asthma, etc*
^ — '-' ^ „ %>

JIYO AMB is the flavored candy made of ame, suitable for children, asred

people and invalids, etc., and it can be preserved for years with-
out the least fear of chansins: its orisrinal taste, thoush it is
liable to chansre its solidity, according to the climate.

FUGET3UDO

Gonfectioner59

MoloiuacKi, Yokohama,

184

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HACKANOL

(Mehthol Cryilal)

PATENT NO. 6366.

HACKA OIL

(Peppermint Oil)

T. O. KAWASE & CO.,

Representative, R. OKAWA.

Manufacturer and dealer of refined Menthol Crystal and Pepper-
mint oil and general importer and exporter.

No 9 Sumiyoshicho Itchome
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

ONOYA

SILK STORE

NIANURACTURER AND DKALER

Embroidered. Hand Painted, Printed and Drawn
Work Silks of every description.

All kinds of dress silks. Table covers. Handkerchiefs.

Teaanddressinsrsowns. Pillow shams. Parasols.

Jackets. Bed quilts. Ties.

Kimonos. Sashes. Doyleys.

Pajamas. Shawls. Screens.

Velvet pictures. Portieres. Curtains.

Teacosys. Shirts. Chair-scarfs, etc., etc.

E.xhibited at the Varied Industries Building.

Orders promptly and accurately executed.

No. 44, Honcho Sanchome, Yokohama.

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TAKAHASHI SHOTEN

DEALER IN

SILK EMBROIDERIES.

HANDKERCHIEFS, FINE ART GOODS,

TABLE COVERS, CUSHION COVERS,

GOLp AND SILK EMBROIDERED

MANTEL DRAPES.

•^ ^ J^

No. 112 ITCHOME HORAICHO,

YOKOHAMA. JAPAN.

SANGORO NUMATA

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

I N — — ^—

PEARLS

SEE OUR EXHIBITS AT THE FISHERY
BUILDING, AND THE JAPANESE BAZAAR
IN THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE GARDEN

SANGORO NUMATA

ITAKOMACHI, NAMEGATAGUN - IBARAKl KEN, JAPAN

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MIYATA SHOTEN

Wholesaler and Exporter of
General Japanese Goods.

Every description of screen, fan, fun round,
lantern, silk goods, embroidered silk, cards,
Japan ware, umbreIla,pbotograph,picture, etc.

Bentendori Itchome,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN

DGMYOJI RICE

(SEMI-COOKED RICE)

The Domyoji rice is a prepared rice food, and is very
good as used fof breakfast. It can be cooked in a very
simple way : Just pour boiling water twice or thrice over
the rice, and add milk and sugar. It can also be used
in making fine delicacies. The Japanese army use it in
the field.

Price is 3 cents per pound and 5 cents for
flex Domyo]! rice.

ITSUMI TETSUKICHI & CO.,

SHIMODATE, IBARAKI KEN,
JAPAN.

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187 *^

JCMATSUfHIfA
HA/COOATC
JAPAN.

EXHIBITOR

HUNTINe SECTION
TCCMHOLOGICAL SECTIOH

Wat AN ABE- Hakka

PEPPERMINT OIL MENTHOL CRYST.
MENTHOL STICKS

SiWer Medal, Osaka, 1903,

Watanabe's menthol is the king of Japanese menthol. None
surpass in its quality. WAT AN ABE is oldest and largest men-
thol manufacturer in Japan; owns three factories.

EXPORT SPECIAI^TY.

I a WATANABE,

Druggist and Apothecary,

Hatagomachi,

YAMAGATA, JAPAN

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ShoyUpJapaneseSauce

Two kinds of our Shoyu with above trade mark are
highly esteemed as the most superior of their kinds.
They are manufactured from the best materials and by
the secret process inherited from Izumiyama's ancestor.
It is a fine table sauce of its kind.

Izumiyama Shoyu Brewing Co.

Manufacturers,

HACHINOHE MUTSU, JAPAN.

189

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Fine Japanese Sake.

TRADE ^^WBmmO^^^ MARK.

Fukuokaken Sake Brewers* Guild.

Japouiese Saki is hrcwedf not distiHedf from best rice ond
pure water by the same process as beer brewinsf.
The saki of this brand is brewed exclu-
sively by members of the

FUKUOKAKEN SAKE BREWERS' GUILD.

It is renowned as the best in quqiity
ond taste of the kinds in Japan* Annual pro-
duce in Fukuokaken is over 25^000^000 sfcdlons» beins: the

Second Largest Breft^beiy in Japan.

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NIHONMATSU FILATURE.

SOSHIOKWAN NIH0NMAT5U, - - JAPAN.

The famous **Cow" raw silk- is manufactured by the Soshi-
okwan, at Nihonmatsu, the centre of raw silk manufacture, in
Japan. The company is managed by Mr. Osamu Yamada, the
proprietor, who has had over thirty years experience in silk
filature.

The **Cow** raw silk is made from selected spring cocoons only,
and strictly does not use summer and autumn cocoons. Annual
output is only about 25,000 pounds. It has had a good reputation
for years in the New York market, as the **Cow" raw silk is the
best in its kind and in honesty in trading. The specialties of
**Cow*' raw silk are having regular Daniel and strength and less
joint. The **Cow'* raw silk was awarded several highest
medals. In the Industrial Exhibition at Osaka, 1903, it was
awarded the Honorary Silver Medal, accompanied by the follow-
ing recommendation :

**For many years they have been manufacturing raw silk,
and years of experience has made remarkable progress in fila-
*ture. The raw silk manufactured by this company has gained a
credit abroad, and the company is a pioneer of raw silk exporta-
tion to the United States. Herewith we highly esteem the
merit of the company that has been done in the past.**

The **Cow" raw silk is exhibited at the Japanese section in
the Manufactures Building. All silk weavers are invited to
examine the exhibits.

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JINZO SHIMITSU

Imaoutchl, Mifuunikanbara NIIGATA-KEN, JAPAN

MANUFACTURER
OF

HABUTAI SILK

Annual Produce, 300,000 yen.

Annual Export to the U. S., 250,000 yen.

The Habutai manufactured by the advertiser has abroad good
reputation on its finest and good quality. The advertiser has two
factories equipped with the latest machines. Employes over 200.

PERSIMMON

Persimmon is a very fine fruit with sugary
taste and it can be taken both fresh and pre-
served. It also can be used in making fine
Candies.

Persimmon in Nakakoma, Yamanashi Ken, is
well known as best of its kind«
Price: Dried Persimmon about $3.00 per 100.
Youns: Persimmon tree, about $1.00 per 100.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS TO

Agricultures Association,

NAKAHOMA GUN,
Yamahashi Ken. .--- ----- Japan.

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Maru Sen Shoyu

Awarded Medak and Shoh^ at the World*s
Exhibibon, Paris, 1 903, and others.

5pec]
Marusen Shoyu is havin
good flavor and taste, an
also rich nourishment. It
is a very good table sauce,
and can be u^ed as a ma-
terial to make the Euro-
pean sauce. Our price is
moderate; and are exten-
sively sold in Japan and
also exp<Mled.

SUTEJIROHOSONO

Kinatomoni, Kitakanbara,
Niifata Ken, Japan,

TAKAHASHI'S

Awa-ame and Okina-ame

PATRONIZED BY HIS IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD

Ante is a most delicious sub-
stance especially for afternoon tea,
made from semi-fermented barley.

MANUFACTURERS :

MAGOZAYEMON, TAKAHASHI,

Takada, Yechigo,
Japan

193

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DanlloD to the Bnyeis of Japao mat

THIS Association is organized according' to the Industrial Guild Resn-
lation, for ttie benefit of ttie Mattinff Trader. The Association does
critical examination of every mat manufactured by its members in
resrard to its materials, colors, designs, size, weight and workmanship, and
marks eVery mat as follows, according to its qualities:

Second Class.

Not Fitted for Market.

Not Full Length.

The first and second classes are stamped on both ends of the face of
mat; that not fitted for market is stamped on both ends of mat, and ten
places on the back of mat, and it is also stamped ou the spot where it is not
good for even first class mat.

The first and second class mats that have not full length of 40 yards,
the fourth stamp will be put on. Thus we prevent the mattinirs of bad
quality from going to market. Any buyer will not be deceived, fixamine
our Exhibit at the manufacturing Building.

Japan Mat Hanufacture & Traders Ass'n.

KOBE. JAPAN.

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194 ' ' &

...YUBARI COjiL...

Hokkaido
Tanko

Tctsudo
Kaisha

(Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company,)

Capital: Yen 18,000,000

Mines: Yubari, Sorachi, Poronai and Ikushunbetsu,

Railway Operated: 212 Miles,

Annual Output of Goal: 1,000,000 Tons.

Exporting Ports : Mororan and Otaru.

OFFICES

Sapporo, Iwamizawa, M<|roran, Otaru, Hakodate,
Tokyo and .Yokohama.

Principal Business Office

IS Minami lidamachi, Kyobashiku, Tokyo.

Telegrams. ," Tanko Toky^ '• j

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195 "^

Mumn mi MimuFiicfuiiiiKi co.

= SIKAWAMAGHI

SADO. JAPAN.

•^ 9^ J^

MURAKAMI'S NAUTICAL FUSE, 10,000 feet,

F. O. B. factory $40 00

SPECIAL MADE, 10,000 feet, F. O. B. factory...$47 50

SPECIAL FUSE, for land use, 10,000 feet,

F. O. B. factory , $35 00

Murakami's fuse was invented twenty-eight years ago, by Mr. S. Murakami,
and ever since improvement has been done. Murakami's fuse is now in
use in a hundred prominent mines in Japan.

HIGH CLASS TAILOR

Awarded the Sliver Medal at Industrial Exhibition^
Osaka, 1903*

SEE OUR EXHIBIT AT THE JAPANESE SEC-
TION IN THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

The Civil Officer of **ShinIn Kan*' in the Uniform.

fll^ITU IVIflTS U IVIOTO

President of Cutter's Association In Osaka.

30 Sanchome, Chama chi dori, Osaka, Japan.

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Kameya Shoyu & Company,

Nakaidzumi Cho, Shidzuoka Ken,
JAPAN

Hkfijr t T .

^^^B

^^^H

Jm '

|«5!r

^tm

Bfetfr'^

SOKICHI TSUKICHI,
Proprietor of Kameya Shoyu & Co.

The Shoyu of Kameya & Co. is brewed by a patented
process, which is surpassed by none of its kind. The
company export to the United States ^ Hawaii, Europe,
China, Corea.

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SUEKICHI YAMASAKI

HIGHCLASg CUSTOM TAILOR

Importer pF Clothing
6INZADORI, KYOBASHIKU. TOKYO. JAPAN.

Uniform of Oeremonial Officer, Uniform of Ofvil OlBcer,

"Ghoknnin Kan" of the Iqiperial Household. **Ohokunin Kan.**

Yamasaki is strictly highclass tailor in Tokyo. Patroned by the Gtovemment
oflflcer and highclass people.

198 D git zed by Google

High Class Wooden Tea Jar

GOLD LACQUERED

The Tea Jar as shown here is made by Japanese
kiri, pawllonia imperialis.

Kiri is a very light wood and free from dampness.
It is a very good jar for keeping tea, coffee and such
stuff. It is not heavy and breakable like jars of glass
and porcelain.

The Jar is japanned and then gold lacquered with
beautiful Japanese pictures. It is not only good for jar
but it is good as a decoration on the table. The jars
are exhibited at Japanese section in the Varied Indus-
tries Building. An order to any amount and any design
will be promptly executed.

JINGORO HATTORI,
21. Sakamoto Cho, Nihonbashi Ku. TOKYO, JAPAN.

199 Digitized by Google

Silk Embroideries and Decorations, Mantelpieces,

Table Cloths, Pillow Cases, Bed Covers, Cushion

Covers, Wall Hangings, Kimonos, Matting,

Handkerchiefs, Doilies, Etc.. Etc.

EMBROIDERIES ARE DONE WITH GOLD
AND SILK THREADS,

New in Design, Good in Quality, Low in Price,
Is Our Motto.

Established for fifteen years^ Orders promptly executed^
T<wehfe factories and one thousand ^workmen.

ZENKEI HASHIMOTO,

Wholesaler and Retailer in Silk Goods,

37 Honcho Shichichomc, YOKOHAMA,

Sokuraicho« JAPAN*

200

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THE MANUFACTURERS OP TOKYO ART AND GENERAL
GOODS manufactured in Tokyo, which won the world-wide rep-
utation, are exhibited at the World's Fair at St. Louis. We
cordially invite all visitors to the Fair to examine the exhibits.
They are of fine workmanship and useful. Orders for any
amount may be sent to the Japanese Exhibitors' Association
at the Japanese Pavilion, World's Fair Grounds.

Artl«tl« Medal
ITorks.

Ichisei Hasegawa.
'Shigemitsa Birata.
Genroka Awaya.
Yeisho Knrokawa.
Yeijiro Kashima.
Yohel Kawafftictai.
Katsuhiro Kagawa.
Setssei Okasaki.
Katsa Miyamoto.
Kinbei Mnrata.
Kosabaro Mikawa.
Sataro Matsumoto.
Kyabel Hayashi.
Tokujiro Matsunaga.
KiiDinoBuke Soma.
Qeliro Makino.
Tatsaoki Nogami.
Kojiro Kobayashi.
Sosake Nakamara.
Katsaliro Igarashi.
Yoicbiro Takasaki.
Shakyo Tsakada.
Ohoklchi Sazaki.
Iwa Nakamnra.
Klnosuke Nakamara.
Kahei Shimoseki.
Mitsahiro Maki.
Nobayosbi Sasaki.
Kashiohi Sano.

Clotlies, Embroid-
eries and Oen-
eral Silk eo«Ml«.

Toyotama Orimono

Qoshi Kaisha.
Kaneshichi Maeda.
Tetsajiro Sekigachi.
Washlohi Yamasaki.

Kalchiro Pajlkl.
Qihei Nakanishi.
Yozaemon Falikake.
Torakiohi Kataniwa.
Sensake Nemoto.
Tsanejiro Hirata.
Joshi Kogei Qakko.

Raw Silk
and Yarned Silk.

Taizo Morita.
Tokanosake Machida.
Kahei Nlshlda.

Japan ITare.

S^nosuke Fakanaga.
KThei Hayasbi.
Asaliro Icbisbima.
Sadabami Ito.
Tsaneliro Oyama.
Magozaemon Kasbi-

wabara.
Ubel Kato.
Shikku Gosbi Kaisba.
Nisshin Torya Koba.
Takayasa Sasaka.
Kahei Magi.

I«eatlier and
Far.

Uhachi Kamagae.
Daijlro Kamagae.
Kisake Shimiza.
Takejiro Goto.
Ryonosake Kobayashi
Tobei Kobayashi.
Tctsuilro Kogo.
Shiniiro Matsukane.
Shinjiro Nishimara.

Porcelain.

Gozo Ishikaro.
Tomotaro Kato.
Koichi Takemot-o.
Kozan Horikawa.
Kichigoro Sazaki.
Kinjiro Tanigachi.
Kamasabaro Kojima.
Ryosai Inoaye.
YanosakeTakashima.
Tomojiro Kato.
Hideo Kawamoto.
Kihachiro Watanabe.

Cloisonne.

Sosake Namikawa.
Kichigoro Suzuki.

Sealptare.

Kanf'liro Kaneda.
Kichigoro Sazuki.
Kiheilshii.
Toyoshichi Kato.
Kichigoro Marata.
Tokahei Watanabe.

IPV^ockI and Bam-
boo ITorka.

Jitsataro Ishiseki.
Kicnigoro Suzuki.
Jingoro Hattori.
Kenzo Kosuge.
Yukichi Ono.

Antimony.

Saiiiro Takada.
Jusniro Shinowara.
Tetsu Kobayashi.
Zenbei Kobayashi.
Iwasaki Shokai.
Toyotaro Kusagari.
Kichigoro SuzuKi.
Kosabura Mikawa.

T0rm »iid ArllA-

ESobl Mictti.

Go BfnnlciiRiL.

Saljlro THkftfla.
Mnnjl Uattori.

iwataro AsadIeb,.

Selenlilll« Iiutra-

Takao Ito.
Kiyostai Yasui.
Mokajiro Tanaka.
Stalnkichi Maeda.
Kanetaro Inoaye.
Kikajtro Shibukawa.
Tokichi Asanama.
Sadakichi Moriya.
Takejiro Hasegawa.

PrlntlBV and
Pbotovrapliy.

Shlnbi Shoin.
Heikichl Mat«aki.
Tomosabaro Toyama.
Sbiichi Tajima, Shin-

bikyokal.
HanBbichi Yoshi-

kawa.
Ichisbin Ogawa.
Matsngoro Aral.

Jewelry.

Zenbei Kobayashi.
Mansabnro Mara-

matan.
Kamekichi Yamasa-

ki.
Kikumatsu Kato.
Hosake Nakamara.
Shojiro Igarashi.
Uhacbl Knmagaya.

Oenta' and Ija-

dlea* Farnlali.

lns».

Tarokichl Icbikawa.

ByonoBuke Kobaya-
sbL

Tobei Kobayashi.

Kichigoro Suzuki.

SbiDlcniro Yokoya-
ma.

Saijiro Takada.

Daijiro Kumagaya.

Uhacbi Kumagaya.

Yonematsu Nakada.

Mototaro Nagano.

Tomosbiohi Saka-
moto.

Yoshizo Minakawa.

Kogoro Numaknra.

General Ooods.

Kojiro Suzuki.
Koshiro Inouye.
Tatsujlro Aida.
Kuwajiro Iwamoto.
Yosuke Suida.
EiiiroKikuchi.
Saijiro Takada.
Meiko Sha.
Ebaragun Bakukan-

sanada Kumial.
Keisaburo Anzyo.

Toilet Articles.

Sanpei Hirao.
Fukataro Ando.
Tom ill ro Kobayashi.
Kichiliro Saito.
Tomiro Nagase.

Files.

YoshitaroFukushima.

Teleplione and
Eleetrle.

Gataro Oki.
Oki Shokai.

Statlatles of Elee-
trlelty.

Kihachiro Okura, Ni-
hon Denki Kyokai
Kaicho.

Rice and drain.

MatsunoBuke Awa.

Ame.

Wahei Ishibashl.

CIsarettea.

Matsupei Iwaya.

Beer.

Nippon Beer Kabushi-
ki Kaisha. .

Plant Seeds.

Torajiro Watase
Jirokichi Ikeda.

Preeloas Stones.

Kesazo Yoda.

Flshlnv Articles.

Rikichi Nakamura.
Ni ppon Sei ma Kaisha.

Fine Art»-PalBt-
Ins.

CytjknBbi AtoidL
Qj^bo Haahlmotci.

GvokudQ Kawai,
Ku hijiro Kutmtft.
' GM.'l£Lidoii Muruse.
Sei^hu MorobofthL
BuDkyo Nomura.
Kjiiwlhjcbt Nofluye^
Suiun NoKiicbL
K>MU 3 hi mas at L
Toyo ^iilmis^ti.
Qv {1 k u c^n T ak ahaa bl ,
at jEzo Takada.
Gekku Oirada.
Cnkei KawaJL
Kobi FakuoaKa.
Haku Ytmhtda^
Unoauke dbono.
Yoahiye Ok*.
KuiEteblTo MiUn^a.
Sbog&.n iCatano.

I«acquer IPITare.
Kubei Havashi.
Sakajiro Nakamura.
Shoka Tsujimura.

Sculpture and
Ensravlns.

Kanejiro Kaneda.
Kyhei Ishii.
Ghozo Toyama.
Yeisho Kurokawa.
Shigetaro Mukai.
Shnnmin Funagoshi.
Kazuo Udakawa.
Koun Yakushili. .
Ghoun Yamasakit
Ghokichi Suzuki.
Insai Abe.
Nagoa Watanabe.

202

Shidzuoka Raw Silk
Manufacturers* Association

Raw silk is one of the staple commodities in Shidzuoka. Ow-
ing to the recent progress of sericultural industry in the prefec-
ture, we have seen a great increase both in demand and conse-
quently in supply of the article. This is mainly due to the three
following conditions: (1) the soil is well adapted to the cultiva-
tion of the mulberry tree; (2) the climate is favorable for the
development of the silk -worm, and (3) the water is so soft as to
be well suited for the manufacture -of silk. Besides these gifts
of nature, the careful selection of silk -worm eggs, improvements
both in the art of raising silk- worms and in the method of silk
manufacture, also form important factors in the marvelous de-
velopment of the industry in the prefecture.

With a view to improvement in sericulture and silk-manu-
facture, an association of those engaged in the pursuit is organ-
ized, which is making energetic efforts to secure its purpose.

The silk produced here is very excellent in its qualities, and
it surpasses any silk from other places in its gloss, elasticity and
the uniformity of its size.

How great attention is paid to the industry by the sericultur-
sts in the prefecture may well be judged by the fact that a school
s established at the town of Hamamatsu, with a view to the
inculcation of systematic studies on this subject.

At present there are more than eighty silk factories in
Shidzuoka. At all of these establishments, machinery of the
latest invention is used. The total yield of the raw silk produced
here during the year 1903 aggregated over 457,900 pounds,
which amounted to $1,864,592.

If at least one-sixth of the vast heaths and wild plains of the
prefecture is laid out so as to be fit for the cultivation of mul-
berry trees, and the nursing of silk -worms is increased accord-
ingly (which, it is hoped, will be realized in no remote future),
it will not be difficult to increase the production of silk in the
prefecture to the sum of $5,000,000 a year.

The raw silk is exhibited by the Association at the Manufac-
tures Building. We invite all to examine our goods.

203 Digitized by Google

Under Contract <onth the Imperial Government of Japan for the
Conveyance of Mails.

Nippon Yusen Kaisha

(JAPAN MAIL STEAMSHIP CO.)

Head Office, Tokyo, Japan*

Telegraphic Address ^Morioka^ Tokyo.'' A I and A B C Codes tssed
Fleet, 80 vessels. Afa a^n Tonnage, 260|000 tons*

EUROPEAN LINE.
The Company maintain with twelve twin screw steamers of
over 6,000 tons, a regular fortnightly service between Yokohama,
London and Antwerp, calling en route at Kobe, Moji, Shangjhai,
Hongkong, Singapore, Penang, Colombo, Port Said and Marseilles
on the outward voyage, and on the voyage homeward, at London,
Port Said, Colombo, Singapore, Hongkong and Kobe, taking through
cargo to and from various points on the continent of Europe.

AMERICAN LINE.

The Company maintain with six steamers, four of which are
new twin screw steamers of over 6,000 tons, with excellent paiss-
enger accommodation, a regular fortnightly service to the U. S. A.,
running between Hongkong, Shanghai and Seattle, via Kobe, Moji,
Yokohama and Victoria, connecting at Seattle with the Great
Northern Railroad.

This railway, which passes through the valley of the Columbia
River and the Rockies, is one of the lines with most scenic beauties
in America. The rail equipment is surpassed by none, and is far
superior to the other Pacific lines, not to speak of the elegant buffet
library car which in itself is a great comfort and convenience to
passengers.

AUSTRALIAN LINE.

The Company have a regular four-weekly service to Australia
between the ports of Yokohama, Kobe, Moji (outward only),N8iga-
saki, Hongkong, Manila^ Thursday Island, Townville, Brisbane, Syd-
ney and Melbourne.

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The steamers employed on this service are the Kumano Maru,
6,076 tons; Nikko Maru, 5,600 tons; and Yawata Maru, 3,800
tons. They are fitted with every modem appliance for safety and
comfort of passengers, and vastly superior to any other steamer
plying between the Orient and Australia.

BOMBAY LINE.

The Company's service between Yokohama and Bombay is
maintained with three fast steamers of over 3,000 tons gross, leav-
ing each port every four weeks, and calling en route at Kobe, Moji,
Hongkong and Singapore. On the horpeward voyage, Tuticorin is
sometimes called at, instead of Colombo, while Moji is omitted.

On 'all the steamers of the above-mentioned lines, a duly quali-
fied surgeon will attend gratis to passengers in case of illness.
Experienced stewards, stewardesses and well-trained servants are
employed.

In addition to the above mentioned services. Company have
regular lines running between :

Yokohama and Shanghai, via Kobe, Moji and

Nagasaki Weekly.

Shanghai-Hankow Line Six times a month.

Kobe-Vladivostock, via ports Fortnightly.

Kobe-Corea-North China Line Fortnightly.

Kobe-North China Line

r Kobe-Tientsin Line Fortnightly.

< Kobe-Newchwang Line Fortnightly.

LKobe-Taku (direct) Twice a month.

Kobe and Otaru, via ports :

Eaistern Route Every three days.

Western Route Weekly.

Kobe and Keelung f via Moji Twice a month.

(Formosa) \ via Moji and Nagasaki . Twice a month.

Besides these, there are frequent services between the coast
ports of Japan.

THE ROUND-THE-WORLD TICKETS ARE

OBTAINABLE AT THE

CHEAPEST RATES.

BRANCH OFFICES OR AGENQES IN PRINQPAL
PORTS OF THE WORLD^

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205

Toyo Kisen Kaisha

(OrUntal* Steamship Company.)

OENEIAL OFFICE: U^^^^^R^^^M BRANCH OFFICES:

Tokphama. \\^Hfi^»^^^^ ^"^ Fraaciico

San Francisco -Hongkong Line,

Honolulu, Yokohama, Kobe, through Inland Sea to Naga-
saki, thence to Shanghai and Hongkong, and vice versa.

S. S. ''Nippon Maru."

S. S. "America Maru,*'

S. S. "Hongkong Maru."

The finest first-class mail and passenger steamer hav-
ing up-to-date accommodations in all respects.
The Company provides the best Enter-
tainment - and Cuisine.

Hongkong-Manila Line.

S. S. "Rosetta Maru."
S. S. "Rohilla Maru."

The Fastest, Largest and Finest Steamers on the
Route, always securing Eight-Tenths of the Traveling
Public between the Ports.

General Agency, San Franciaco.

AGENCIES:

Honolulu, Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, Shanghai, iHongkong,
Manila and Principal Ports in the )^rld.

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MaCnila and Principal Ports in the World.

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I stamped below. *"® ^^^t date

Wease return promptly.

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LNER

'ENEff

JAN 2 9 2002

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Full text of "Handbook of Japan and Japanese exhibits at World's fair, St. Louis, 1904"

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