A handbook of British Lepidoptera

A HANDBOOK

BEITISH LEPIDOPTERA

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A HANDBOOK

OF

BEITISH LEPIDOPTEEA

BY

EDWARD MEYRICK, B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

ASSISTANT MASTER AT MARLBOROUGH COLLEGE

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MACMILLAX AXD CO.

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AND XBW YORK

1895

All rights reserved

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PREFACE

Thirty- SIX years have elapsed since the publication of
Stainton's Mamial of British Butterjiies and Moths, and
no complete work on the same subject has appeared in
the interval. Useful as the Manual has beeu, it affords
no satisfactory information on structural distinctions
except in the Tineina, where the author was relying on
his own observations ; the nearly valueless characters
assigned to the other groups being simply copied from
other writers, and mainly from tlie pseudo-scientific work
of Guenee. As Darwin's Oriijin of Species, which effected
a revolution in the principles of classification, was first
publislied at the end of tlie same year, it is perhaps not
very creditable to British Lepidopterists that so little pro-
gress should have been made meanwhile in this direction.

This work is designed to enable any student of British
Lcpidoptera to identify his specimens with accuracy, and
also to acquire such general knowledge of their structure
and affinities as ought to be possessed by every worker
before proceeding to more special investigations. I liope
however that, as an elementary guide to the classification
of the Lepidoptera, it may also prove serviceable to those
valued correspondents in many lauds who have given me
so much assistance in other entomological labours.

The structural characters are in every instance drawn
up from my own observations. The system of classifica-
tion, tliough now fully pul>lished for the first time, is not

vi BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

based on the British species only, but is the outcome of
my study of the Lepidoptera of the whole world. The
specific descriptions are usually made from British ex-
amples, but in cases where a species is rare in Britain and
there is no reason to suppose that the British form differs
from the Continental, I have not hesitated to avail myself
of good series of the latter. Larval descriptions require
to be made from living specimens, and it would have
been impossible to hope to see most of the species within
a limited time ; I have therefore drawn up these to the
best of my judgment from a comparison of the most
trustworthy published descriptions, though they are often
amazingly contradictory.

On disputed points I have simply stated my conclu-
sions, based on the best available evidence, but without
discussion. Published localities or statements which are
discredited are omitted without comment ; such omissions
may be assumed to be intentional. The general exposi-
tion of principles in the Introduction nmst be accepted
in place of the explanation of particular instances.

I desire to gratefully acknowledge the assistance
rendered by Miss M. Ivimber, F.E.S., in collecting and
tabulating for me a vast inimber of records of geo-
graphical distribution obtained from the various entomo-
logical periodicals and published local lists, as well as
others furnished to her by reliable private correspondents.

E. MEYRICK.

bth Auijust 1S95.

ERRATA

Page 171, " goiiostigiua, i." slioukl he " gonostignia, F."
Pages 280, 281, " dololiraria " should be " dolabraria. "

INTRODUCTION

The object of the explanations given iu this portion of the
present work is solely to make the subsequent portion intelli-
gible, and no subject is discussed in greater detail than is
necessary for that purpose. Hence no account is given of the
internal organs belonging to the digestive, nervous, and mus-
cular systems, which, so far as studied, have not 3'et been
found to present characters available for use in classification.

The Lejndoptera are amongst those insects in which the life
of the organism, after leaving the egg, is marked by a series
of well-defined changes in structure and habits. In the case
of the Lepidoptera three separate stages (besides the egg) are
constituted, each with its appropriate function ; (1) the larva
(or caterpillar), whose function is growth ; (2) the pupa (or
chrysalis), Avhose function is maturation ; and (3) the imago
(or perfect insect), whose function is reproduction.

Structure of Imago.

All the details of structure hereafter mentioned can be
observed with a simple lens of moderate power ; but a strong
lens (such as a platyscopic or Coddington) will sometimes be
found useful. In the examination of obscure details the proper
management of the light is essential ; if the illumination of
the object is satisfactory, the magnifying power of the lens is
a secondary consideration.

A Lepidopterous insect is regarded as normally composed of
thirteen segments, of which one (really consisting of several
segments fused together) forms the head, three the thorax, and
the remaining nine the abdomen, though one or two terminal
segments of the abdomen are often much modified and little
recognisable ; four wings and six legs are usually present as
paired appendages of the thorax, but in certain cases are not
developed.

S B

INTRODUCTION

The front part of the bead is called the face, the upper part
the crown ; sometimes there is a distinct raised transverse fillet
between the antennae; the sides arc mainly occupied by the large
eyes, and the lower part by the mouth-organs ; the back, forming
the junction with the thorax, is covered by a collar of scales.
The organs attached to the head are all paired ; these are the
eyes, ocelli, antennae, maxillae (combined to form the proboscis),
mandibles, maxillary palpi, and labial yjalpi. Occasionall}' the
chitinous substance of the head is enlai'ged to form a pro-
tuberance, which is of the nature of an excrescence and not a
true organ.

The eyes are compound, being made up of a very large
number of simple lenses, the whole having a more or less hemi-
spherical surface, which is sometimes furnished with erect hairs,
but usually glabrous.

The ocelli are small simple lenses, placed on the crown close
behind the eyes ; they are rarely conspicuous, often partially
or quite hidden in scales, or entirely absent ; their function is
not understood, but as they are so frequently obsolete, they
can hardly be of much importance. They are often erroneously
stated to be absent when only concealed ; and in general not
much stress should be laid on them for purposes of classifi-
cation.

The antennae are sense-organs, composed of an indefinite
number of joints, inserted above the eyes ; they vary much in
length and structure. Often they are pectinated ; i.e. the upper
angle of each joint is developed into a slender chitinous process
like the tooth of a comb ; if there are two rows of such pro-
cesses, the antenna is bi^yectinated, if one, unij^ectinated. If not
pectinated, they may be dentate, serrate, or filiform. Very
frequently they are ciliated; i.e. furnished with one or two
series of usually short fine hairs, closely and evenly arranged ;
when the hairs are collected into fascicles or bundles, which
usually happens when they are longer, the antennae are said
to be fasciculate-ciliated. Occasionally they are j^'uhescent ; i.e.
clothed all over their surface with a short fine down. Some-
times they are furnished with special structures, such as thicken-
ings, notches, sinuations, or tufts of scales. The natui-e of the
sense located in the antennae is not known ; but very generally
the antennae of the male show an increase of development as
compared with those of the female, and there can be little
doubt that one of their functions is to enable the former to find
the latter.

INTRODUCTION

The 'proboscis, oi* tongice, is an exteusiblo tubular organ,
fitted for sucking up tlie nectar of flowers, and usually spirally
coiled when not in use ; it is composed of the maxiUae, which
are seniitubular and closely appressed together at the edges, but
separable at the will of the insect ; this arrangement enables the
apparatus to be cleansed internally. Although it is usually
the only means of taking food, it is in some species absent or
so rudimentary as to be useless.

The mandibles are biting jaws, working against one another
sideways ; they have only been observed in a functionally
active condition in Eriocephala, being apparently aborted or
rudimentai-y in all other imagos, though necessarily well
developed in the larvae.

The maxillary palpi are jointed organs rising from the base
of the maxillae ; when fully developed they are six-jointed and
usually more or less folded on themselves, but in the large
majority of species they are reduced to mere rudiments,
their functions being probably assumed by the labial jjalpi.
In certain groups they occur in an intermediate three-jointed
stage, somewhat resembling the labial palpi, but on a much
smaller scale.

The labial palpi are normally three-jointed organs, rising
from the labiuiti or lower lip, and projecting outside the
maxillary palpi. The basal joint is generally small and incon-
spicuous, but the other two in some groups vary greatly in
size, form, and scaling. They may be straight or curved ;
drooping, porrected, or ascending ; smooth, rough, or tvifted ;
obtuse or pointed. The palpi are usually regarded as organs
of touch, but no explanation of their variety of form has been
suggested ; they are independently movable, but in the case
of the Lepidoptera it does not seem that their use is really
understood.

The thorax varies little except in scaling, and the presence
or absence of dorsal crests. Covering the shoulders are two
chitinous scaled flaps, termed the patagia.

The abdomen is sometimes also furnished with dorsal crests.
At its base are two lateral cavities, more or less developed,
which appear to be the organs of some sense. The abdomen
terminates in a tuft of scales covering the orifice, the anal
tuft. Within the orifice are concealed the genital organs,
which are capable of protrusion ; and also the ovipositor of
the female, though this is in many cases permanently
exposed. The genital organs of the male differ greatly in

INTRODUCTION

different species, and can often be used as a reliable point of
distinction between closely -allied species; but they do not
seem in general to afford trustworthy characters for wider
classification, and are as yet insufficiently studied. Those
most readily discernible are two lateral clasping organs, termed
the 'prenmrs, and a curved upper process, termed the uncus;
these are variously shaped, and often furnished with spines or
hooks ; they are often accompanied by an expansible tuft of
fine hairs, known as the genital tuft, which is a scent-producing
organ.

The legs are made up of coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsus.
The coxa, or basal joint, is short and varies little. The femur-
(plural femora) is sometimes hairy, or furnished with tufts.
The anterior tihia is usually comparatively short, and furnished
beneath with a median spine-like process, sometimes also with
an apical hook ; the middle tibia is normally provided with a
terminal pair of spurs, and the posterior tibia with median and
terminal pairs of spurs ; frequently the posterior tibia (more
rarely the middle one) is furnished in the male with an expan-
sible pencil of hairs contained in a longitudinal groove, serving
as a scent-producing organ ; all the tibiae may be spinose or
hairy. The tarsus is composed of five joints (the basal being-
longest), and terminates in two claws ; it is often more or less
spinose ; occasionally it may be partly or wholly aborted, when
the leg is modified for other purposes than walking.

The winf/s were pei'haps originally tracheal gills, respiratory
organs afterwards modified for purposes of locom.otion. In
form they vary from triangular to almost linear, but tlie
triangular shape may be taken as typical. The junction of
the wing with the thorax is the base; of the two other angles
the upper is the apex, the lower the tortius ; of the three sides
the xipper is the costa, the lower the dorsum, and the outer
the termen. The termen and dorsum are edged with a fringe
of short hairs, the cilia; when, however, the wings are very
narrow, as in many of the Tineina, these cilia are greatly
developed in compensation, being sometimes six times as broad
as the wing itself. Generally from or near the base of the
costa of the hindwing rises a stiff" bristle or group of bristly
hairs, termed the frenulum, of which the apex passes under a
chitinous catch on the lower surface of the forewing, termed
the retinaculum, thus serving to lock the wings together ; the
frenulum is commonly single and strong in the male, multiple
and weak in the female ; the retinaculum in the female is com-

INTRODUCTION

monly represented by a group of stiff scales. When there is
no frennhim, the costal area of the hindwing is generally
dilated basally, so as to rest more firmly against the forewing,
and avoid dislocation. But in the Micro'pterygina (as recently
discovered by Professor Comstock) a different' system prevails ;
a membranous or spine -like process called the jugum rises
from the dorsum of tiie forewing near the base, and passes
underneath the hindwing, which is thus held between the
process and tlie overlapping portion of the forewing.

The wings are traversed by a system of veins, tubular
structures which serve at once as extensions of the tracheal
system, and to form a stiff framework for the support of
the wing. In the normal type of
Lepidoptera the forewings possess
three free veins towards the dor-
sum, termed la, lb, and Ic ; a
central cell out of which rise ten
veins, numbered 2 to 11, the sides
of the cell being known as the
upper median, lower median, and
transverse veins i-espectively ; and
a free subcostal vein, numbered
12 : whilst the hindwings differ
from the forewings in having only
six veins rising from the central
cell, numbered 2 to 7, so that the
free subcostal vein is numbered 8.
In some forms a forked parting-
vein traverses the middle of the
cell longitudinally, and a second parting- vein traverses the
upper portion, so as to form a secondary cell ; but these are more
frequently absent or represented only by folds in the membrane.
In a few forms there is a tendency to the pi'oduction of several
false veins, termed pseudoneuria, appearing as short bi'anches
from the subcostal vein of the hindwings to the costa ; these are
thickenings of the membrane, and are commonly very irregular
and variable, often uneven in thickness or incomplete. Some-
times one of these near the base is better developed and more
permanent in character ; it is then termed the praecostal spur.
Modifications in the general arrangement of the veins may arise
through any of the following processes, viz. : (1) obsolescence,
when a vein loses its normal tubular structure, becoming
attenuated and reduced in substance, until it appears a

Assumed type of nenration of
tlie Lepidoptera.

INTRODUCTION

mere fold of the membrane ; (2) stalking, when two veins are
fused together for a portion of their length from their base, so
as to appear to rise on a common stalk ; (3) coincidence, when
two veins are fused together for the whole of their length, so
that one appears entirely absent, an extreme form of stalking ;

(4) anastomosis, when two veins rise separate, meet and are
fused together for a certain distance, and then separate again ;

(5) concurrence, when a vein rises separate, runs into another,
and does not separate again, an extreme form of anastomosis ;

(6) connection, when two veins are connected by a short trans-
verse bar passing from one to the other, a special form of
anastomosis, evolved from the ordinary form under the influ-
ence of a tendency to lateral extension. Vein lb in both
wings is often furcate at the base.

The type of veins in the Micropterygina differs from that
described above in two essential particulars, viz. (1) there may
be three additional veins in the forewings, rising out of vein 11 or
12 ] and (2) the veins of the hindwings are practically identical
in number and structiire with those of tlie forewings, being
thus much more numerous than in the ordinary type. There
is also often a system of cross-bars between the veins near the
base of the wing.

The structure of the veins can be best observed on the
under- surface of the wing, where they are more prominent.
The student should begin by completely denuding of scales
a few wings of common species ; the wing should be cut off"
and laid on a moistened piece of glass, to which it will adhere ;
the scales should then be removed, first from one surface and
then from the other, with a fine moist camel's-hair brush, an
operation requiring a little patience and delicacy of touch ; the
veins will thus be rendered conspiciious. When, however, the
student has familiarised himself with the general subject, it
will not be fovuid necessary in practice to resort to this process ;
most details will be easily observed without denudation ; where
this is not the case (as where the veins are closely ci'owdcd or
otherwise obscured), the scales can be removed with the brush
on the under-surface in the locality of the difticulty only,
without cutting off" the wing or otherwise damaging the speci-
men, which remains in the collection available for all purposes
as before ; with proper practice, even the smallest species are
amenable to tliis treatment, which does not require more skill
than the actual setting of the specimen. Some workei's prefer
to put a drop of benzine on the spot, whicli renders it toni-

INTRODUCTION

porarily transparent : the effect is sliort-lived, as the benzhic
evaporates rapidly, and the cilia (if lonu) are liable to be
damaged by this method.

Fwpa.

The pupa is wholly encased in a chitinous integument,
rendering the ordinary organs of locomotion i;seless ; but some
pupae, which ai-e subterranean or inhabit the hollow stems of
plants, are capable of working themselves along by means of
rings of spines on the margins of the abdominal segments.
In the more ancestral forms of the Leindopteva the chititious
envelopes of the antennae, legs, and other organs are more or
less free and detached from the general integument, though
incapable of movement ; whilst in the more advanced forms
the cases of these organs are fused with the general integu-
ment. The only recorded instance of active organs in a
Lepidopteroiis pupa is that of Micropteryx, in which the lai-ge
mandibles and labial palpi are functionally active. The seg-
ments of the abdomen may be either free (movable at their
base) or fixed, the number of free segments differing in different
groups and genera ; in the earliest forms the segments are all
free, but the number of free segments tends continually to
diminish ; in certain Papilionina and Tineina all are fixed.

Usually the pupa is enclosed in some sort of cocoon, but
this protection is sometimes dispensed with. In most cases it
is concealed beneath the surface of the ground or amongst
leaves and refuse ; in the case of mining species it is often
within the mine ; less frequently it is entirely exposed, attached
l)y the tail and sometimes by a median silken girdle, and is then
usually protectively coloured.

When dehiscence (the breaking-up of the pupal integument
to allow of the escape of the imago) takes place, in the earlier
forms the cases of the various organs remain intact, the organs
being simply withdrawn from them; whilst in the more advanced
forms the inner wall of these cases, l)eing extremely slight, is
[)ractically destroyed, and the general integument is broken up
irregularly.

Larva.

In the larva the thirteen segments ax'e usually clearly de-
fined ; they are referred to hereinafter by their numbers, 1-13, 1
being the head. This is furnished with simple eyes and strongly-
developed mandibles ; antennae are usually rudimentary, but

INTRODUCTION

in Eriocephala developed. Usually there is a spinneret beneath
the mouth, from which a fine silk is produced. Segments 2-4
bear each a pair of true jointed legs, corresponding to those of
the imago, seldom absent. In addition to these there are also
in the normal t^'jie of Lepidopterous larva ten prolegs, sucker-
like extensions, whose extremities are furnished with series of
minute hooks, situated in pairs on segments 7-10 and 13, but
some or all of these may be rudimentary or absent. In the
archaic Eriocephala there are prolegs on 5-1 2 ; and in one or
two other instances there are rudimentary paired ventral pro-
cesses on other segments than those on which prolegs normally
appear, but so little developed that it can hardly be deter-
mined whether they are really homologous with the true pro-
legs or not. The surface of the body is fm-nished with
numerous dots, spots, or tubercles (variously styled according
to their character, which varies much in different species), of
which some at least usually bear each a fine hair, or sometimes
dense fascicles of hairs ; sometimes these tubercles are developed
into spinous processes, branched with hairs. The spiracles, or
orifices of the respiratory tubes, are placed in a row along the
sides of the body, not far above the legs. The contractile
dorsal vessel, which is the main circulatory organ, runs along
the middle of the back, and is often visible through the skin.

The whole growth of the insect takes place in the larval
stage, the increase of bulk being frequently very rapid.
During the process the larva casts its skin several times
(usually from four to six), sometimes undei'going considerable
changes of appearance and habit on these occasions.

The markings of larvae usually take the form of longitudinal
lines ; of these the one which runs up the middle of the back
is termed the dorsal, that which includes the spiracles the
spiracular line ; those which margin the spiracular are the
supraspiracular and subspiracular respectively ; between the
dorsal and spiracular are placed two others, the upper Ijeing
the subdorsal, the lower the lateral. These are seldom all
present ; the dorsal and spiracular alone rest on a structural
basis, the others being assimied by a useful convention.

Ovum.

The ovum, or egg, is small and more or less globular;
its surface is frequently sculptured, and assumes special char-
acters in particular groups ; the colour usually undergoes
jnarked changes during the development of the embryo.

INTRODUCTION

Variation.

Probably variability is an original chai-acteristic of all
organisms ; but the laws of inheritance, and the favouring
of a particular type by natural selection, have tended to pro-
duce constancy. This constancy is, however, often imperfectly
realised ; that is to say, all insects show more or less variation
in some particulars. Thus there is always some variability in
size and proportions ; often also in colour and markings. Varia-
tions in structure are less common ; in certain groups there is
variability in some details of neuration. Allied species may be
expected to vary in the same way, but otherwise experience
is the only guide, the same characters which are absolutely
constant in one group being often highly variable in another.

Varieties may be broadly classified as being of two kinds,
viz. gradual and sudden ; the former being connected with
the type-form by numerous slight intermediate gradations,
the latter not so connected. The former kind represent the
outcome of those subjective tendencies to variation which
have not been eliminated by the working of natural selection,
and may be termed normal ; whilst the latter are apparently
due to some objective interference with the process of develop-
ment, and are in that sense abnormal. The line between these
two classes is not always easy to draw in pi-actice, but the
distinction is real.

Gradual varieties attached to a particular locality or region
are called local or geographical forms ; those occurring at a
particidar time of year seasonal forms. Variation caused by
the failure of colouring matter is termed albinism ; that due to
an excessive prevalence of black pigment is melanism ; but the
application of these terms to varieties which are merely lighter
or darker than usual is erroneous. Specimens showing sudden
variations in colour or marking are commonly termed aber-
rations; in structure, monstrosities. The most common examples
of monstrosities are produced by multiplication of parts, as when
an insect possesses an additional leg or vein ; or by gynandro-
morphism, the term used when an individual of one sex exhibits
on one lateral half the organic characters of the other sex, more
or less completely.

Princiijles of Classification.

It is now admitted that the resemblances of allied genera
and species are to be explained by community of descent.

10 INTRODUCTION

Hence a system of classification will be natural or artificial,
according as it does or does not keep steadily in view this
principle, with which all sound results must be consistent.

When it has been decided that a number of genera possess
so much mutual resemblance in structure that they may be
regarded with probability as constituting a distinct branch of
the genealogical ti'ee of the Lepidoptera (and this is what is
meant by family grouping), the question must arise, which of
these genera are older than the othei's, and which are the
latest developments. It may often be difficult and sometimes
impossible to answer this, but in most cases an approximate
result can be reached by a consideration of the following laws,
viz. : —

(1) No new organ can be produced except as a modification
of some previously existing structure.

(2) A lost organ cannot be regained.

(3) A rudimentary organ is rarely redeveloped.

To the first of these laws certain monstrosities offer an
apparent (though not real) exception, but as there is no
evidence to show that such monstrosities arc ever reproduced
under natural circumstances, they maj^ be omitted from
calculation.

Certain other considerations may likewise be of assistance.
A large genus, especially if also of very wide distribution,
cannot be a very recent one, since it must have required a
long period for the differentiation of numerous species, though
it must be remembered that as the genus grows larger, the
pi'ocess may become more rapid, from the increased basis of
production. On the other hand, a small genus may be of any
age ; but one which is closely related to a large genus will
almost always be later than it, and a small genus which is
widely distributed must generally be an old one.

In applying the above-mentioned laws in practice, it must
be constantly borne in mind that, because two genera are now
more closely allied together than to any other, it does not
follow that either is descended from the other ; it is vei'v
frequently the case that both are equally derived from a third
genus now no longer existent ; in such a case they ai-e said to
be correlated. Further, when one genus is said to be derived
from another, and the earlier genus is rich in species, it is
not usually meant that the later genus springs from the more
advanced forms of the earlier one, but much more commonly
from a species standing very near the bottom of the list.

INTRODUCTION 11

In determining the relative vahie to be assigned to different
characters for tlie pnrposes of classification, those characters
which are adaptive, i.e. liable to be affected by external agencies
through the means of natural selection, are generally very un-
trustworthy. Conversely, a character which seems of little
physiological importance, and not easily modified by ordinary
external influences, is commonly of especial value. Thus colour
and outline, the hairs of larvae, and the genital organs of
imagos are likely to be of slight importance in the definition of
groups ; whilst neuration occupies a high position, except when
directly influenced by an alteration in form of wing, which is
seldom the case. A combination of several charactei's which
are apparently not interdependent carries very great weight.

It is sometimes said that genei'a (and families) are artificial
creations. If by this is intended that they consist of a certain
number of species having no other relation than the common
possession of certain characters, the statement is not true of
any sound system, and the systematist who makes it stands
self-condemned ; but if it is only taken to mean that the precise
limits of genera may often be differently conceived by different
workers, it is to that extent quite true. If two small allied
groups of species agree in all essential characters, and are
capable of definition as a whole which can be distinguished
from all other groups, yet are also constantly separable from
one another by a single and perhaps slight character, the
question whether they are to be reckoned as two genera or as
sub-groups of a single genus must always remain one which
may be answered differently by different workers. The same
is true of families ; and a consideration of the nature of a
genealogical tree and the diversity in the length of its branches
will show that it is unreasonable to expect all individual groups
of any particular denomination to be of the same actual value.

Some writers have urged that secondary sexual characters
should never be used to define genera. No doubt there is a
convenience in only using such characters as are common to
both sexes, since the student who is trying to identify the
insect may only possess examples of one sex ; but there is
absolutely no scientific justification for the restriction, which
would make the classification of some groups of LejndojUera
quite impracticable ; when such structural characters are found
in any instance to assist the definition of natural genera, there
is no reason in nature why they should not be employed with
perfect freedom.

12 INTRODUCTION

Phylogeny.

This term is used to express the scheme of descent of a group.

From a consideration of the laws enunciated above, thei-e
can be no doubt that the Micropterygina are the ancestral
group of the Lepidoptera^ from which all others have descended ;
this is sufficiently proved by the existence of the four or more
additional veins in the hindwings of that group, for these veins,
if not originally present, could not have been afterwards pro-
duced. Of the two families of that gi'oup, the Micropterygidae,
which possess an additional vein (or veins) in the forewings,
and fully-developed six-jointed maxillary palpi, must be more
primitive than the Hejjialidae. Now if the neuration of the
whole of the Lepidoptera is compared with that of all other
insects, it will be found that in no instance is there any close
resemblance, except in the case of the Micropterygidae; but
the neuration of these so closely approaches that of certain
Trichoptera (caddis -flies) as to be practically identical. The
conclusion is clear, that the Lepndoptera are descended from
the Trichoptera, and that the Micropterygidae are the true
connecting link. If the other marked structural characters of
the Micropterygidae are taken into consideration, viz., the
possession of the jugum, the large development of the maxillary
palpi as compared with the labial, and the sometimes functionally
active mandibles, they will be all found commonly in the Trichop-
tera, affording additional confirmation. It may be added that
in one exotic (New Zealand) species of Micropterygidae, vein lb
is basally trifurcate, a character frequent in the Trichoptera,
but not yet discovered in auy other Lepidopteron. In most
Trichoptera the veins of the hindwings are much more numerous
than those of the forewings, in the Micropterygina they are
usually equal in number, in other Lepidoptera they are less
numerous ; in the course of descent there has therefore been a
gTcater progressive diminution in the luuiiber of veins of the
hindwings as compared with those of the forewings, though
these have also diminished.

It is unnecessary for the purposes of this book to trace back
the descent of the Lepidoptera further ; but it may be worth
while to point out that we may assume as the primitive type of
Trichopterous neuration, a system of numerous longitudinal
veins gradually diverging from the base, mostly furcate ter-
minally, and connected by a series of irregularly placed cross-
bars near base, and another series beyond middle.

INTRODUCTION 13

Method of Arrangement.

The natural order of arrangement, which is that of a much-
branched tree, cannot be adequately expressed by a simple
linear succession, such as is alone practicable in a book. It is
however possible to devise a linear succession which shall be
consistent with the natural genealogical order, if some ad-
ditional explanation can be given. The method here adopted
is as follows.

Suppose the accompanying diagram represents a portion of
the genealogical tree ; then the order will begin at M and descend
to K, recommence at L and descend to K, and thence to G,
recommence at H and descend to G and |^
thence to B, recommence at F and descend
to D, recommence at E and descend to D
and thence to B, recommence at C and
descend to B and thence to A, and so on.
Thus the order begins with the most recently
developed forms and descends gradually to
the earliest or most ancestral, which are the
last in the book. To understand the order
in practice, it may be assumed that each genus
is descended from that which immediately follows it in the
book, unless its actual descent is expressly stated otherwise;
such statement will of course require to be made before every
recommencement of a fresh branch. This system has been
adhered to throughout, and after a little use will not be found
unintelligible. If adopted in the arrangement of a collection in
the cabinet, it would be a good plan to indicate the recommence-
ment of a fresh branch by a special mark, such as a red bar
drawn above the first (or highest) species.

In the arrangement of species within each genus the same
plan has been followed ; but since a more intimate study of
very minute points than has been here possible would be
required to ascertain accurately the mutual affinities of forms
which are often veiy closely related together, it has not been
thought necessary to enter into any very precise explanation
of their order.

Nomenclature.

The full name of each insect consists of two parts, the
generic and specific, taken togethex", e.g. Vanessa urticae ; and
it is a mistake to employ the specific name by itself. Frequently
the same species has received different names from different

14 INTRODUCTION

authoi's ; in such a ca«L' the earhest name is adapted, unless
preoccupied by another species in the same genus, and the
other names are called synonyms. In this book synonyms are
given in brackets after the adopted name ; but only such
synonyms are quoted as have been employed in English works
still in common use, and it has not been thought worth while to
notice the variations of termination introduced by Doubleday.
Following the specific name is given (in abbreviated form) the
name of the author who first bestowed it ; this, though not
necessary, is often convenient, as the same name has been not
unfrequently used by difl^erent authors to apply to different
insects.

The genera are associated together to form families, all of
whose titles have the termination -idae or -adae. Similarly
the families are associated together in groups, whose titles have
the termination -ina. Occasionally it is found convenient to
subdivide a family into sub-families, whose titles have the
termination -ides or -ades.

Method of Description. .

A species will be most quickly identified by means of the
complete system of analytical keys supplied ; following the
definition of the order will be found a key to the groups, under
each group a key to the families contained in it, under each
family a key to the genera, and imder each genus a key to the
species ; these four stages include the whole process. Every
key is dichotomous throughout, that is, each head is subdivided
into two until the final results are reached. Each head is
numbered consecutively, and each subdivision of a head is made
to refer either to a final result or to a following head. Thus, in
the tabulation of groups, under the first head, we have to decide
whether the species under examination has more than six veins
rising from the cell of the hindwings ; if it has, it is at once
referred to the Micropteri/gina, to which we should turn for the
next tabulation ; if not, it is refei-red to the number 2, meaning
the second head, of which the subdivision proceeds in the same
way. Care has been taken to make these tabulations as accurate
as possible, but they are necessarily based in general on single
characters, and should be regarded as affording probable in-
dications only, the full description being always consulted for
complete verification.

The descriptions of groups, families, genera, and species, are
framed with a view to conciseness, and do not claim to be com-

INTRODUCTION 15

plete, but no character of recognised importance is omitted. If
in the description of a family a character is attributed to tlie
family as a whole, this chai'acter is not afterwards repeated in
the descriptions of the genera ; similarly, charactei's assigned to
the groups are not repeated in the families. The characters
given are supposed to be absolute for the British fauna, but
exceptions occur in exotic forms, which it has not been thought
necessary to mention.

In structural descrii)tions, proportional measurements are
sometimes briefly expressed in numbers as follows : ciliations
of the anteiniae are measured in terms of the breadth of the
stalk, thus " ciliations h " means " ciliations half as long as
the antennal stalk is broad " ; the length of the antennae
is expressed in terms of the length of the forewings, thus
" antennae over 1 " means " antennae longer than forewings " ;
the length of the palpi is expressed in terms of the breadth of
the eye, thus " palpi 2^^ " means " palpi two and a half times as
long as the eye is broad " ; the length of the tarsus is expressed in
terms of the length of the tibia, thus " tarsus 1^ " means " tarsus
half as long again as the tibia " ; the outer spurs of the tibiae
are ex])ressed in terms of tlie inner, thus " outer spurs f " means
"outer spurs | of the length of the inner"; the breadth of the
hindwings is expressed in terms of the forewings, thus " hind-
wings 1 " means " hindwings as broad as forewings " ; the length
of the cilia of the hindwings is expressed in terms of the breadth
of the hindwings, thus " cilia 6 " means " cilia six times as long
as the hindwings are broad." In describing the veins, they are
assumed to be all present and separate, except so far as they are
expressly mentioned to be otherwise. Generally, the absence
of peculiar characters is assumed unless they are mentioned
as present.

In specific descriptions, the expanse of the wings (measured
on specimens set in the usual way) is given in millimetres (25
millimetres practically = 1 inch). The head and thorax may
generally be assumed to be coloured like the forewings, unless
particularly mentioned. The markings of the forewings are
described in accordance with a certain assumed type ; the type
of markings varies in difterent groups, but is explained under
the head of each group. Typical markings not mentioned may
be assiimed to be absent. All colours are descrilted as seen
under a lens of moderate power, which destroys optical illusions.

Under each genus is given its geographical distribution, so
far as authenticated, but often the available information is very

16 INTRODUCTION

incomplete, the Lepidoptem of many regions being as yet
very inadequately known. The geographical distribution of
each species within the British Isles is reckoned (miless other-
wise expressed) from the south northwards, and from the east
westwards, and stated in counties except in the case of Ireland,
which (being still very inadequately explored) is merely
quartered into north, south, east, and west ; England is taken
to include Wales, Britain to include England, Wales, and
Scotland ; limits are inclusive ; thus " England to York " means
" the whole of England and Wales from the south as far as and
including Yorkshire ; " " Kent to Dorset and Norfolk " means
the whole triangle of which these three counties form the
angles. The Clyde is taken to mean the latitude of the Firth
of Clyde. The geogi'aphical distribution outside the British
Isles is reckoned from the west eastwards, and from the north
southwards ; it is no doubt often incompletely known, especially
in the smaller species. A species is said to be connnon within
its range if it is found wherever its food is plentiful ; local, if
it is restricted, within the limits of its range, by other conditions
than those connected with the supply of food. Thus an oak-
feeding species is common if it occurs wherever oaks grow freely
inside its territory, local, if it occurs in some oak woods and not
in others. All species may be expected to be less plentiful
towards the outskirts of their range.

Following the geographical disti'ibution are numbers indicat-
ing the months (1 to 12) in which the imago is ordinarily to
be found ; thus 6 is June, 10 is October. These dates must
be taken to refer to an average district of low elevation in
England, and an ordinary season ; great allowance must be
made for variation due to differences of situation, latitude,
elevation, and weather ; these differences may influence the date
by as much as a month or six weeks in either direction. The
dates for the duration of the larval stage are indicated in the
same way. Some species have normally two generations in the
year, and these are noted, but many others are liable to have a
second generation in wai'm localities and favourable seasons ; of
these irregular and variable appearances no accoimt is taken.

The larval descriptions are intended to refer to the larva in
its final stage, but whilst still feeding ; after the larva has
ceased feeding, a day or two usually elapses before it begins
to spin its cocoon, and during that time considerable changes
of colour frequently take place, probably mainly due to the
cessation in the supply of chlorophyll, since these changes are

INTRODUCTION 17

usually in the direction of the loss of green colouring, but
perhaps also sometimes influenced by other physical causes, or
by a leaning towards a protective dress. The earlier stages
are often also more or less different, but are not described,
as they would have required a very considerable amount of
additional space ; they are moreover less distinctive, less
known, and less likely to be met with.

The food-plants are in general recorded under their scientific
names only, except in the case of a few of the most familiar and
unmistakable trees and shrubs (oak, elm, hawthorn, hazel,
etc.) ; every entomologist ought to have some acquaintance
with practical botany, but for the convenience of beginners an
appendix is added giving the ordinaiy English names of those
plants which are generally well known. If more than one food-
plant is recorded, they are placed, so far as possible, in the
usual order of preference, that which is most commonly pre-
ferred by the larva being placed first. Some larvae (especially
amongst the Caradrinina) are remarkably indiscriminate in their
choice ; in such cases a full list of recorded food-plants wouUl
be long and useless ; three or four only are given as examples of
those generally chosen, followed by an etc., which may usually
be taken to include many plants more or less nearly allied to
those mentioned.

GLOSSARY

aTuistomose : to unite for a certain caudate : with a tail - like projec-

distance and separate again. tion.

antemedian : before the middle. cliitinc : a horny substance, forming

anterior : nearer to the head. the hard structures of insects.

apodal: without legs. cilia: fine hairs.

apterous : without wings. ciliated : with series of cilia.

areole : a secondary cell formed by ciliations : antennal series of cilia.

anastomosis of veins. concolorous : of the same colour.

bicolorous: of two colours. connate: rising from the same

bicuspidate : forming two points. point.

bijid : centrally cleft. correlated: derived from the same

bipectinated : with two series of ancestral form.

pectinations. costa : upper margin of wing.

18

INTRODUCTION

costal: touching costa.

dehiscence : breaking of the pupal
integument in emergence.

dentate : toothed.

dorsal: touching dorsum.

dorsum : lower margin of wing.

emarginatc : with the margin
abruptly excavated.

exserted : thrust out and exposed.

external: on the side nearest the
margin.

fascia: a transverse band.

fascicle : a small group of cilia.

fasciculated: collected in small
groups.

ferruginous : rust-coloured.

filiform: thread-like.

fovea: a small round depression.

frenulum : one or more bristles
from base of costa of hind-
wings.

fugitive: soon disappearing.

furcate : two-branched.

fuscous : grey-brown.

fusiform: spindle-shaped.

glabrous : without hairs.

hyaline : without scales and trans-
parent.

infuscated : tinged with fuscous.

internal: on the side furthest from
the margin.

interneural : between the veins.

jugum: a membranous process
from dorsum of forewings.

labial: attached to the labium.

labium : lower lip.

lamellate : with scries of broad flat
plate-like projections.

maxillae: a pair of jaws composing
the proboscis.

maxillary : attached to the base of
the maxillae.

neural : of the veins.

neuration: arrangement of the

ocellus: a sinall simple eye; also
used for an eye-like spot.

ovipositor : organ for laying eggs.

patagia : shoulder - pieces of the
thorax.

pecten: a row of projecting hair-
scales.

pectiiiated : with series of pectina-
tions.

jjcctination : one of a series of
slender chitinous processes.

pencil : a long slender tuft of hairs.

penicillate : terminating in a tuft of
hairs.

phytogeny : scheme of descent.

polyphagous: feeding indiscrimin-
ately on many plants.

jwrrected : directed straight for-
wards.

posterior: further from the head.

postmedian: beyond the middle.

postsubtcrminal : following the sub-
terminal line.

praecostal spur: a false vein in
costal angle at base of hind-
wings.

praesubterminal : preceding the
subterminal line.

2)raetornal : preceding the tornus.

pi'ensor : genital lateral clasping
organ.

proboscis: tubular tongue formed
by the maxillae.

prolcg : ventral hook-bearing pro-
cess serving as a leg.

2)seudoneurium : a false vine,
formed by a chitinous thicken-
ing.

pzibescent : wholly clotlied with
short down.

quadrifid: cleft into four lobes.

retinaculum : a catch to receive the
frenulum.

semiapteroHS : vith aborted wings.

serrate : witli saw-like teeth.

INTRODUCTION

19

serrulate : with small saw - like

teeth.
seta : a fine bristle.
sliade : a cloudy ill-defined streak.
sinuate : slightly curved inwards.
spiracle : a breathing-aperture.
stalked: rising from a common

stalk.
stria ; a fine transverse line.
striated : with numerous striae.
striga : a slender streak.
st7'igula: a short fine transverse

mark.
strigulatcd : with numerous stri-

gulae.
suh- : ill composition, denotes

nearly or rather.

frrmen : posterior margin of wing.

tornal : touching tornus.

tornus : the junction of the termen

and dorsum.
trachea : a breathing-tube.
trifid : cleft into three lobes.
trifurcate : with three branches.
truncate: with a straight vertical

edge.
uncus : a curved upper genital

process.
unipectinated : with one series of

pectinations.
%xin: a branch of the tubular

framework of the wing.
whorl : a circular series.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

B.

Boisduval.

Barr.

Barrett.

Bch.

Bouche.

Bed.

Bedell.

Bgstr.

Bergstriisser.

Bjerk.

Bjerkander.

Bkh.

Borkhausen.

Boh.

Boheman,

Brd.

Bruand.

Brh.

Brahin.

Cap.

Cppieux,

CI.

Clerck.

Clem.

Clemens.

Curt.

Curtis.

Dalm.

Dalman.

Dbld.

Doubleday.

Desv.

Desvignes.

Dgl.

Douglas.

Don.

Donovan.

Dup.

Duponchel.

Esp.

Esper.

Ev.

Eversmann.

F.

Fabricius.

Forst.

Forster.

F. R.

Fischer von Roslerstamm,

Fr.

Frey.

Fnil.

Fiolich.

Err.

Freyer.

Fuesl.

Fuessly.

Geoflr.

GeofiVoy.

Germ.

Germar

Gern.

Gerning.

Gn.

Guenee.

Gregs.

Gregson.

Gz.

Goze.

Hatch.

Hatchelt.

Hb.

Hiibner.

Hein.

Heinemann.

Heyd.

Heyden.

H.-G.

Hiibner and Geyer.

20

INTRODUCTION

Hoch.

Hochenwarth.

Retz.

Retzius.

Hodgk.

Hodgkinson.

Rich.

Richardson.

Hof.

Hofmann.

Roem.

Roemer.

H.S.

Herrich-Sehiiffer.

Ross.

Rossi.

Hufn.

Hufnagel.

Rott.

Rottemburg.

Hiim.

Hummel.

Rsl.

Rbssler.

Hw.

Haworth.

Rtz.

Ratzeburg.

Kb.

Kuoch.

Sc.

Scopoli.

Koll.

Kollar.

Schiff.

Schiffermiller.

L.

Linne.

Schl.

Schlager.

Lasp.

Laspeyres.

Schm.

Schmidt.

Latr.

Latreille.

Schrk.

Schranck.

Lch.

Leach.

Sire.

Sircom.

Ld.

Lederer.

Sodof.

SodofFsky.

Lef.

Lefebvre.

Spr.

Speyer.

Lew.

Lewin.

Stgr.

Staudinger.

Mab.

Mabille.

Stph.

Stephens.

McL.

McLachlan.

Stt.

Stainton.

Meig.

Meigen.

Tausch.

Tauscher.

Meyr.

Meyrick.

Tgstr.

Tengstrom.

Mn.

Mann.

Thnb.

Thunberg.

Miihl.

Miihlig.

Tr.

Treitschke.

Mull.

Muller.

View.

Vieweg.

Newm.

Newman.

Vill.

Villers.

Nic.

Nicelli.

Walk.

Walker.

Nolck.

Nolcken.

Wallgr.

Wallengren.

0.

Ochsenheimer.

Wernb.

Werneburg.

01.

Olivier.

Westw.

Westwood.

Pall.

Pallas.

Wilk.

Wilkinson.

Panz.

Panzer.

Wk.

Wocke.

Pey.

Peyerimhoff.

Wlsm.

Walsingham.

Pod.

Poda.

Z.

Zeller.

Rag.

Ragonot.

Zett.

Zetterstedt.

Ramb.

Kambur.

Zk.

Zincken.

LEPIDOPTERA 21

Order — Lepidoptera

Characterised b}' the flat coloured scales clothing the four mem-
branous wings, the peculiar type of neuration, and the tubular
tongue-like structure of the maxillae. A very few Trichopttra
show similar scales, but can be distinguished by neuration and
mouth parts. The order is divided into nine main groups,
which may be tabulated as follows : —

1. Cell of hindwings emitting more than 6 veins

9. Micropterygina.
,, ,, not emitting more than 6 veins 2.

2. Hindwings with Ic absent . . .3.

,, ,, Ic present . . .8.

3. Antennae terminally clavate (clubbed) 4. PapiUonina.

,, not terminall}^ clavate . . .4,

4. Neuration much degraded . 8. Tineina (part).

,, not much degraded . . .5.

5. Hindwings with lb rather strongly furcate

7. Tortricina (part).
,, ,, lb indistinctly or not furcate . 6.

6. Forewings with 5 basally approximated to 4 . 7.

,, ,, 5 parallel to. 4, or approximated

to 6 . 2. Notodontina.

7. Frenulum present ; 8 of hindwings remote from 7

1 . Carachinina.
,, absent ; or 8 of hindwings approximated

to 7 beyond cell . 3. Ladocamp'ma.

8. Middle-spurs of posterior tibiae very short or absent

6. Psy china (part).
,, (or at least one) well-developed . 9.

9. Wings divided terminally into segments

5. Pyralidina (part).
,, not divided into segments . . 10.

22 LEPIDOPTERA

10. Hindwings with 8 approximated to cell and an-

terior half of 7, often anastomosing with 7,
never connected with cell . 5. Pi^ralidina (part).
Hindwings with 8 remote from 7, sometimes con-
nected with cell . . .11.

11. Hindwings with 8 anastomosing with cell

6. Psycldna (part).
,, ,, 8 not anastomosing with cell . 12.

12. Labial palpi obtnse . . 7. Tortricina{\)Avt).

,, more or less pointed . 8. Tineina (part).

The phylogeny, or scheme of development of these groups,
is shown in the accompanying diagram : —

Phylogeny of Lepidoptera.

Notodontina Papilionina

I I

Caradrinina Lasiocampma Pyralidina

Psy china Tortriciua

Tineina

I
Micropterygina

1. CARADRININA.

Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings : lb simple or hardly
furcate, Ic absent, 5 approximated to 4 towards base. Hind-
wings with frenulum,' Ic absent, 8 connected or anastomosing
with cell.

The four families which constitute this group in Britain are
closely related together ; the first three represent three separate
lines of development, rising nearly simultaneously from a
common origin in the Ocneriadae, which family is clearly de-
rivable from an early form of the Pf^ychkJae. The Si/ntomi-
didae (probably not authentically fovuid in Britain) arc an
advanced development of the Arctiadae.

Imago with forewings more or less elongate-triangular, tcrmen
not very oblique ; hindwings broad-ovate.

Type of markings. — Forewings with five transverse lines,
viz. : subbasal (not reaching dorsum), first, median, second,
and subterminal, and three discal spots, viz. : a roundish

ARCTIADAE 23

antemedian called the orbicular, a somewhat kidney- shaped
postmcdian called the reniform, and an elongate spot placed
beneath the orbicular and called the claviform. Hindwings
with two posterior lines (representing second and subterininal)
and a discal spot (representing reniform), but these are gener-
ally faint or obsolete.

Larva sometimes very haixy, usually with 10 prolegs, those
on 7 and 8 sometimes absent. Pupa with segments 9-11 free;
not protruded from cocoon in emergence.

Tabulation of Families.

1. Hindwings with 8 connected by bar with cell

4. OCNERIADAB.

,, 8 anastomosing with cell . 2.

2. 8 anastomosing with cell shortly near base only . 3.

,, ,, to near middle or beyond 4.

3. Hindwings with 5 imperfect or obsolete

2. Caradeinidae.
,, ,, 5 well developed . 3. Plusiadae.

4. Face forming a rounded prominence

2. Caradrinidae (Stilbia).
„ not prominent . . .1. Arctiadae

[Two species of the Syntomididae, an extensive tropical
family distinguished from all the four mentioned by the
absence of vein 8 of the hindwings, which is wholly coincident
with the cell and 7, are said to have occurred in England, viz. :
Si/ntoinis 2)hegea, L., a black white-spotted species, in Kent, and
Naclia ancUla, L., a small brownish sometimes white-spotted
insect with orange hindwings, in Sussex ; but these records are
extremely dubious].

1. ARCTIADAE.

Eyes glabrous. Tongue developed. Posterior tibiae with
all spurs present. Hindwings : 6 and 7 connate or stalked
(rarely approximated or coincident), 8 anastomosing with cell
nearly or quite from base to near middle or beyond.

Although fairly represented in nearly all regions, this family
attains increased development within the tropics. The typical
wing-markings ai-e not often distinctly traceable, tending to
be replaced by irregular spots and blotches, or altogether lost.
There is a considerable range of valuation in structure, as well
as in superficial appearance, but the dift'erent forms are linked

24

CARADRININA

together in such a way that subdivision into definite groups
is not practicable. The pliylogeny is difficult, but Calli-
morpha is clearly the most ancestral form (in this and other
exotic genera which approach nearest to the two next families,
the strong bar- like I'ctinaculum offers an additional point of
distinction), and the group of Tyria and Arctia is closely derived
from this ; the Lithosia group may probably be a development
of the A7xtia group; whilst the Nola group and that of Sarro
thrlpus and Halias appear to be two ancient and now frag-
mentary sections, to some extent intermediate in character
between the two mentioned above, but sufficiently isolated to
make their origin at present undecipherable.

Ovum in groups of Ai'ctia and Lithosia usually spherical,
smooth or minutely pitted ; in Kola group strongly ribbed.
Larva usually hairy, except in Halias group ; in Kola group
without prolegs on 7. Pupa usually in a cocoon above ground.

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Forewings with 7 separate . . .2.

,, „ 7 out of 9, or absent . . 4.

2. Hindwings with 5 absent . 11. Sarrothripus.

,, ,, 5 present . . .3.

3. Head rough-haired . . .14. Halias.

„ smooth-scaled . . 13. Hylophila.

4. Hindwings with 4 or 5 absent . . .5.

,, ,, 3, 4, 5 all present . .10.

5. Forewings with 5 absent . . 2. Lithosia.

,, ,, 5 pi'esent . . .6.

6. Forewings with 7 or 8 absent . . .8.

,, ,, veins all present . . .7.

7. Forewings with 10 connected with 9 .1. Oeonistis.

„ ,, 10 separate . .12. Earias.

8. Forewings with 10 absent . . 8. Roeselia.

,, ,,10 present . . .9.

9. Hindwings with 4 absent, 3 and 5 j)arallel 9. Nola.

,, ,, 5 absent, 3 and 4 connate 17. Coscinia.

10. Forewings with 7 absent . . .7. Nudaria.

,, ,, ;dl veins present . . .11.

11. Antennae in c? bipectinated . . . 12.

,, ,, ciliated . . . .14.

12. Forewings with 10 out of 9 . . .13.

,, ,,10 rising sepax'ate . 20. Arctia.

ARCTIADAE 25

13. Forewings with scale-tufts on surface . 10. Uraba.

,, without scale-tufts . .19. Diacrisia.

14. Forewings with 10 out of 9 . . .15.

„ ,,10 rising separate . .16.

15. Head rough-haired . .18. Phragmatobia.

,, with loosely appressed hairs . 15. Tyria.

16. Hindwings with 4 and 5 stalked . . .17.

,, ,, 4 and 5 separate . .19.

17. Forewings with 11 anastomosing with 12 .18.

,, ,, 1 1 not anastomosing with 1 2 3. (jrNOPHRiA.

18. Thorax beneath and abdomen hairy . 4. Cybosia.

,, ,, ,, smooth-scaled 5. Setina.

19. Hindwings with 8 rising from near end of cell

6. MiLTOCHRlSTA.

,, ,, rising from or before middle of cell 20.

20. Thorax hairy beneath . . 21. Callimorpha.

„ smooth beneath . . 16. Utetheisa.

1. Oeonistis, ///).

Head smooth. Ocelli absent. Antennae in S ciliated, with
longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate, ascending, loosely scaled.
Thorax haii'y beneath. Abdomen hairy. Tibiae smooth-scaled.
Forewings : 2 and 3 sometimes short-stalked, 7 and 8 out of
9, 10 coimccted with 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4 shoi't-stalked, 5
absent, 6 and 7 in ^ coincident, in ? stalked, 8 from middle of
cell.

Only one species is really established. Imago with fore-
wings very elongate. Larva with tufts of rather long hairs.

1. 0. quadra, L. 35-48 mm. ^ Head and thorax orange,
face dark indigo-blue. Forewings light yellowish-grey, some-
times darker posteriorly : an orange basal patch, costal portion
dark indigo- blue. Hindwings light ochreous- yellow, apex
sometimes sufiuscd with fuscous.

9. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow. Forewings ochreous-
yellow ; two dark indigo-liluc spots on costa and fold Vieyond
middle. Hindwings light ochi'eous-yellow.

Fngland, Aberdeen ("?), E. Ireland, not common ; C. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 7, 8. Larva dark reddish-grey, hairs
black and grey ; dorsal area pale yellow streaked with dark
grey; 4, 8, 12 with blackish dorsal marks; a subdorsal series
of red tubercles; some fine yellowish lines on sides; head
black : on lichens ; 9-7.

26

CAKADRININA

[lithosia

2. Lithosia, F.

Head smootli. Ocelli alisent. Antennae in c^ ciliated, with
longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate or short, siibascend-
ing, shortly rongh-scaled. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen

rough -haired towards base.
Tibiae smooth - scaled. Fore-
wings: 3 and 4 stalked, 5
absent, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10
separate or connected by bar
with 9, 11 anastomosing with
12. Hind wings: 3 and 4 stalked,
5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from
middle of cell.

A genus of some extent in
the Indo- Malayan region, less
numerous in Europe. Imago
with forewings very elongate.
Larva with tufts of rather short
hairs. The variation of struc-
ture in vein 10 of the forewings occurs in all the species, and,
though curious, is of no importance.

Neuration of Lithosia luridtola :
tion of (J antenna.

a, por-

1.

4.

6

7.

Forewings with several black dots . 6. muscerda.

,, without black dots . . .2.

Forewings wholly orange . . 9. sororcula.

,, not orange . . . .3.

Forewings with a costal orange or ochreous streak 4.
,, with at most costal edge orange . 7.

3. complana.

5.
4. limdeola.
. 6.
2. sericea.

5. deplana 9

Costal streak attenuated to a point

,, equally wide thi'oughout

5. Hindwings light yellowish

,, more or less grey

Forewings rather dark grey

„ yellowish-grey

Forewings with basal subcostal orange suffusion

5. deplana $
,, without orange subcostal suft'usion 8.

8. Costa of forewings hardly arched . 1. Intnre/la.

,, ,, moderately arched . . 9.

9. Hindwings whitish ... 8. aun'o/d.

l)ale yellowish or grey .' 7. r/riseo/a.

1. L. lutarella, L. (jri/'/inaeola, Dbld.) 24-28 nmi. Head

ochreous-yellow, face sometimes grey. Forewings with eosta

lithosia] ARCTIADAE 27

hardly arched ; wliitish-ochreoiis, sometimes greyish -tinged.
Hindwings whitish-ochreous, yellowish-tiuged ; costa broadly
suti'used with grey.

Kent (Deal), on coast sandhills, very local ; C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia ; 8. Larva brown, hairs short, brown ; dorsal line
black ; sul)dorsal dark brown ; spiracular whitish ; head black :
on saline lichens ; 9-6.

2. L. sericea, Gregs. {violyhdeola, Gu.) 30-32 mm. Head
and collar orange. Foi'ewings with costa gently arched ; rather
dark grey ; a whitish-ochreons costal streak, becoming orange
on costa, posteriorly attenuated and not reaching apex ; cilia
greyish-orange, tips paler. Hindwings light ochreous-yellowish,
suflused with grey dorsally, sometimes more or less wholly.

Cheshire, Lancashire, local ; not yet found elsewhere ; 7.
Larva blackish-grey, hairs short, brown ; dorsal line black ; sub-
dorsal interrupted, orange-red, white-spotted ; lateral black ;
spiracular ferruginous, black-edged ; head black : on lichens,
dead leaves, etc. ; 8-5. It is uncertain whether this is any-
thing more than a local form of L. complana ; the larvae are
practically identical.

3. L. complana, L. 30-32 mm. Head and collar deep orange.
Forewings with costa gently arched ; rather light grey ; a
suffused orange costal streak, equally broad throughout ; cilia
liglit orange. Hindwings ochreous-yellow.

England to Lancashire, N. and E. Ireland, local ; Europe,
Asia Minor; 7. Larva blackish-grey or brown, hairs short,
brown ; dorsal line black ; subdorsal forming a series of oval
orange-red and white spots ; spiracular rather broad, ferrugin-
ous ; head blackish : on lichens ; 8-6.

4. L. lurideola, Zk. {complanula, B.) 31-33 mm. Head
orange. C(jllar oi'ange, middle more or less grey. Forewings
with costa posteriorly arched ; rather dark grey ; a whitish-
ochreous costal streak, becoming orange on costa, posteriorly
attenxuited and not reaching apex ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
towards base orange. Hindwings light ochreous-yellow.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, W. Ireland, common ; C. and
S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7. Larva very dark grey, hairs black
and yellowish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines black ; sj^iracular
orange ; head black : on lichens, oak, Jihanmics, etc. ; 8-6.

5. L. deplana, Bs2). {helvola, Hb.) 28-32 mm. Head and
collar greyish-orange. Forewings of $ ochreous-grey, with a
subcostal orange suffusion towards base, costal edge posteriorly
and ciUa orange ; of 5 yellowish-grey, with posteriorly attenu-

28 CARADRININA [lithosia

ated costal streak and cilia orange. Hindwings ochreous-
grey.

England to York, very local ; C. Europe, N. Asia, Japan ; 7.
Larva grey, tinged with brown or green, back paler or whitish,
hairs grey ; dorsal line double, black, interrupted ; subdorsal
black, interrupted ; black dorsal spots on 4 and 8 ; a white sub-
dorsal spot on 9 ; head dark gi'ey, black-marked : on lichens ;
8-6.

6. L, muscerda, Hufn. 26-28 mm. Head and collar light
grey. Forewings light grey, slightly brown-tinged ; two black
dots obliquely placed towards fold before middle ; an oblique
series of four black dots from costa beyond middle, reaching
half across wing. Hindwings pale brownish - grey, darker
towards apex.

Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, in fens, local ; 0. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva blackish -brown, mixed with reddish-grey, hairs dark
brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines black ; subspiracular reddish-
grey, interrupted; two deep red spots on 2, and one on 13;
head black : on lichens and dead leaves ; 8-6.

7. L, griseola, Hb. (stramineola, Dbld.) 32-36 mm. Head
and collar ochreous- yellowish. Forewings with costa evenly
arched ; vai-ying from light grey to whitish-ochreous ; costa
slenderly ochreous-yellow. Hindwings pale ochreous-yellowish,
often suffused with pale grey.

England to York, in marshy places, common ; C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 7-8. Larva blackish-brown, hairs dark brown ; dorsal
line black ; subdorsal orange -ochreous, interrupted, enlarged
and partly confluent on 2, 3, and 13, elsewhere sometimes
faint ; head shining black : on lichens and dead leaves ; 8-6.

8. L. caniola, Hb. 28-30 mm. Head and collar orange.
Forewings with costa evenly arched ; grey-whitish ; costal edge
orange. Hindwings yellow-whitish.

Sussex, Devon, Pembroke, Isle of Man, E. Ireland, on coasts,
very local ; S. Europe ; 8. Larva grey or brown, hairs brown ;
dorsal line black ; subdorsal orange-red, black-edged, sometimes
marked with white dots ; head dark brown : on lichens, and
flowers of Lotus ; 8-6.

9. L. sororcula, JIufn. (aureola, Hb.) 27-29 mm. Head and
thorax orange. Forewings with costa rather strongly arched ;
orange. Hindwings pale orange.

Kent to Wilts and Norfolk, in woods of tir and beech, local ;
C. Europe, Asia Minor to N. Persia ; 5, 6. Larva whitish or
yellowish, hairs fuscous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and broader lateral

lithosia] ARCTIADAE 29

lines black ; blackish dorsal patches on 4, 8, 12 ; a whitish
patch on 9; tubercles orange-red ; sides fuscous ; head blackish:
on lichens ; 7-10.

3. Gnophria, St2')h.

Head with appressed scales. Ocelli small. Antennae in $
ciliated, with longer setae at
joints. Palpi moderate, sub-
ascending, shortly rough -scaled.
Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen
smooth - scaled. Tibiae smooth-
scaled. Forewings: 4 and 5 connate,
6, 7, and 8 out of 9, 10 connected /^
with 9, 11 approximated to 12.
Hindwings : 4 and 5 stalked, 6
and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of
cell.

There is only one species known:

, \ . , '■ ,, Neuration of (77ioj)/man(67'('co?<(s.

the genus origmates rather re-
motely from Miltochrista. Imago with forewings very elongate.
Larva with tufts of rather scanty hairs.

1. Gr. rubricollis, L. 28-32 mm. Head blackish, collar red.
Abdomen blackish, apical half ochreous-orange. Wings wholly
blackish.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and W. Ireland, common ;
N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva grey, freckled
with greenish-yellow, hairs brownish ; dorsal line fine, whitish,
grey-edged ; subdorsal black, interrupted ; head blackish : on
lichens ; 7-10. The imago sometimes flies in companies round
oaks in the sunshine.

4. Cybosia, Hb.

Head smooth. Ocelli absent. Antennae in o ciliated, with
longer setae at joints. Palpi short, porrected, loosely scaled.
Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Abdomen hairy. Tibiae
smooth-scaled. Forewings: 7 and 8 out of 9, 11 anastomosing
with 12. Hindwings : 4 and 5 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from
middle of cell.

Also restricted to a single species. Larva with dense tufts
of hairs, when young spatulate, afterwards finely and densely
branched on back.

1. 0. mesomella, L. 29-32 mm. Head and collar light
ochreous-orange. Forewings ochreous-whitish ; costa narrowly

30 CARADRININA [cybosia

suffused with ochreous-orange ; two blackish subcostal and sub-
dorsal dots beyond middle ; termen orange-tinged ; cilia light
orange, tips whitish. Hindwings brownish-grey, darker pos-
teriorly ; cilia pale orange, tips whitish.

Britain to the Clyde, Ross, rather common ; N., C, and SE.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva blackish, hairs black ;
a deep black patch on 2 ; head black : on lichens ; 8-5.

5. Setina, Schrk.

Characters of Cyhosia, but thorax not hairy beneath ; abdo-
men smooth-scaled.

A rather limited genus, mainly Asiatic, with several
European representatives. In exotic species veins 6 and 7 of
the forewings are sometimes stalked, 5 of hindwings sometimes
absent (coincident with 4). Larva with tufts of rather long hairs.

L S. irrorella, L. 26-32 mm. Head black, collar orange.
Forewings light orange, margins darker ; antemcdian, post-
median, and subterminal series of black dots, last sometimes
reduced to one or two. Hindwings pale orange ; a subapical
blackish dot.

S. England to Warwick, Isle of Man, Lanark, Argjdl, Kin-
cardine, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva blackish-brown,
on sides dark reddish-grey or purplish-grey, hairs blackish ; a
dorsal series of bright yellow spots ; subdorsal dull yellow,
interrupted; spiracular bright yellow, interrupted; head black :
on lichens ; 9-5.

6. MiLTOCHRISTA, Hb.

Head with appressed scales. Ocelli absent. Antennae in $
ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate, sub-
ascending, rough -scaled. Thorax somewhat hairy beneath.
Abdomen hairy. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 6 some-
times out of 9, 7 and 8 out of 9, 11 approximated to 12.
Hindwings : 5 remote from 4, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from near end
of cell.

An Indo-Malayan genus of considerable extent, correlated
with Nwlaria and Uraha ; the European species are stragglers
only. Larva with very dense tufts of hairs, some densely and
finely branched.

Wings rosy . . . . 1. ininiata.

,, not rosy . . . • .2. i^enex.

1. M. miniata, Forst. 26-28 nun. Head and thorax rosy.
Forewings ochreous-rosy, costa and termen rather broadly deep

miltochuista]

ARCTIADAE

31

rosy ; costal edge black towards base ; a black subbasal dot ;
lines fine, blackish, obsolete on dorsum, first angulated above
middle, second very acutely angu-
lated near costa, very strongly
dentate in disc ; a black discal
dotj a subtcrminal sei'ies of black
dots. Hind wings pale rosy, termen
darker.

England to York, in woods, com-
mon ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and
N. Asia ; 7. Larva deep greyish-
ochreous, hairs blackish- grey : on
lichens ; 8-5.

2. M. senex, Hb. 20-22 mm.
Head and tliorax pale greyish-ochre-
ous, face fuscous. Forewings light
greyish-ochi'eous ; a blackish sub-
basal dot ; first and second lines
formed of blackish dots ; a cloudy
ilark grey median line sometimes
visible on margins ; a lai-ge blackish discal dot ; an apical
fuscous suffusion. Hindwings pale groyish-ochreous, postei'iorly
fuscous-sprinkled ; a dark grey crescentic discal mark.

England to York, in marshy places, local ; N. and NC.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva deep reddish-grey, hairs brownish ; head
black : on lichens ; 8-5.

Npuratiou of Miltochrista senex.

7. NUDARIA, IIw.

Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli absent. Antennae in
^ evenly ciliated, basal joint rough-haired anteriorly. Palpi
rather short, subascending, rough-scaled. Thorax smooth
beneath. Abdomen hairy. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings :
6 and 8 out of 9, 7 absent. Hindwings: 4 and 5 rather ap-
proximated, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of cell.

It is doubtful whether any other species can be referred to
this genus, which is correlated with Utuba. Larva with tufts
of long fine hairs.

1. N. mundana, Z. 19-22 mm. Head and thorax fuscous-
whitish. Forewings very pale greyish-ochreous, transparent;
costal edge fuscous near base ; a fuscous subbasal dot ; lines
fuscous, irregular, first angulated in middle, second angulated
above middle ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; a faint cloudy pale

32

CARADRININA

[nudaria

greyish subterminal line, connected with termen in middle.
Hindwings transparent, faintly ochreous- tinged

Britain to the Clyde, Kincardine, N. and W. Ireland, rather
common ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7-8. Larva pale
grey-brown, dorsal area bright pale yellow, hairs rather dark
gre3^-brown ; dorsal line dark fuscous; subdorsal blackish-brown ;
a blackish dorsal spot on 8 ; head dark brown : on lichens ; 9-5.

8. ROESELIA, Hb.

Head with appressed scales, forming a short facial projection.

Ocelli present. Antennae in cJ
ciliated with fascicles, some-
times rising from very short
pectinations, basal joint densely
tufted in front. Palpi modei'-
ately long, straight, porrected,
rough -scaled. Thorax smooth
beneath. Abdomen smooth-
scaled, with small dorsal crest.
Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings
with scale-tufts on surface ; 7
absent, 8 and 9 stalked, 10
absent. Hindwings : 4 absent,
5 parallel to 3, 6 and 7 stalked,
8 from middle of cell.
A genus of some extent and i-ather general distribution, but
most numerous in Australia. Larva with tufts of hairs, witii-
out prolegs on 7.

Collar wholly white . . . . L centonalis.

,, with a fuscous band . . .2. confusalis.

\. Er. centonalis, Hb. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax white.
Forewings white, more or less partially sprinkled or suffused
with brown ; an irregular fuscous spot on base of costa ; first,
median, and second lines blackish, angulated near costa, space
between median and second brown, median line itself often
nearly obsolete ; subterminal white, anteriorly often l)lackish-
edged, margins suffused with bi-own. Hindwings light grey ;
sometimes a darker discal dot.

Kent, L of Wight, scarce ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7.
Larva dull pink or purjilish-piiik, hairs grey-brown ; dorsal line
ochreous-yellow, interrupting a series of black V-s'iaped marks;
a subdorsal series of black linear marks ; spiracular very faint,
yellowish ; head black-brown : on Trifolium, Lotus, etc. ; 9-5.

Neuration of Rocselia C07ifusalis.

roeselia] ARCTIADAE 33

2. R. confusalis, HS. (crisfula/is, Dup.) 18-20 mm. Head
and thorax white witli a few fuscous scales, collar with a fuscous
band. Forewings white, fuscous-sprinkled ; first and second
lines fuscous, black-dotted, strongly curved ; a fuscous spot in
disc beyond first line, and another on costa before second ; sub-
terminal line white, margins suffused with fuscous, anterior
sometimes blackish-dotted. Hindwings light grey, in S more
whitish on dorsal half ; a dark grey discal spot.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and W. Ireland, rather local ; WC.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva dull reddish, dorsal area yellowish, hairs
brownish, some much longer ; dorsal line double, black, in-
terrupted, on 8-10 forming ferruginovxs V-shaped marks; sub-
dorsal black : on oak, apple, etc. ; 7-10.

9. NoLA, Lch.

Head with appressed scales. Ocelli present. Antennae in
^ bipectinated to near apex, basal joint densely tufted in front.
Palpi rather long, straight, porrected, rough-scaled. Thorax
smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth-scaled, with small dorsal
crest. Middle and posterior tibiae rough-haired above. Fore-
wings with scale-tufts on surface; 7 absent, 8 and 10 out of 9.
Hindwings : 4 absent, 5 parallel to 3, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from
middle of cell.

Includes a few scattered species. Larva with tufts of hairs,
without prolegs on 7.

1. N. cucullatella, L. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax white,
sprinkled or barred with fuscous. Forewings white, mixed and
posteriorly suffused with grey and fuscous ; basal area suffused
with dark fuscous, limited by thick blackish curved first line ;
a fuscous suffusion on middle of costa ; second line blackish,
waved, sinuate. Hindwings grey, paler towards base.

England, common; Europe; 7. Larva pale grey, sides some-
times brown, hairs grey, tubercles reddish ; dorsal line pale,
dark-edged, traversing several dark grey patches: on blackthorn,
hawthorn, apple, etc. ; 8-5.

10. Uraba, Walk.

Chai-acters of Hola, but head rough-scaled ; patagia some-
times tufted ; 7 of forewings present, out of 9 ; hindwings with
3 and 4 stalked.

A small but nearly cosmopolitan genus, related to the fol-
lowing, though the mode of connection is obscure. Larva with
tufts of rather long hairs, without prolegs on 7.

D

34

CARADRmmA

[CRABA

Nenration of Uraba singula.

Head and thorax wholly white . . 2. alhula.

,, ,, not wholly wdiite . .1. strigula.

1. U. strigula, Schiff. 18-21 mm. Head white, face grey-
sprinkled; collar grey, with a white blackish -edged anterior

transverse bar. Thorax white,
anterior edge blackish. Fore-
wdngs ochreons - whitish, finely
sprinkled with fuscous and black;
costa blackish -marked towards
base ; first and second lines
blackish, sinuate, sharply angii-
lated near costa; a blackish spot
on middle of costa ; median line
indistinct, grey, angulated ; sub-
terminal white, margins suffnsed
with blackish irroration, anterior
V)lack-marked. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

England, W. Ireland, local ;
C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor;
6, 7. Larva pale ochreous, sometimes pink-tinged, hairs pale
brownish or yellowish, some at extremities very long ; dorsal
line broad, yellowish, fuscous - edged ; sulxlorsal fuscous, in-
terrupted ; a blackish-grey l)Iotch on 7 : on oak ; 8-6.

2. U. albula, Hh. 18-20 mm. Head and thorax white,
patagia tufted. Forewings white, partially brownish-tinged ;
two brown spots on costa towards base; first line brown, obtusely
angulated ; second twice sinuate, often limiting a suffused brown
band including darker brown obtusely angulated median line;
subterminal white, margins brown. Hindwings ochreoiis-
whitish, disc sprinkled and termen suffused with light gi'ey.

Kent, local; C. Europe, Asia Minor; 7. Larva whitish,
pale pink, or orange, hairs whitish, a few much longer and dark
brown; dorsal line double, grey; subdorsal black, interrupted :
on bramble (liubifs) ; 8-6.

11. Sarrothripus, Curt.

Hend smooth-scaled, with rough projecting tuft between
antennae. Ocelli ])rescnt. Antennae in (^ shortly ciliated.
Palpi very long, porrectcd, rough-scaled throughout. Thorax
with small posterior crest, smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth-
scaled. Anterior femoi-a and tibiae densely tufted with long
rough scales, posterior tibiae smooth -scaled. Forewings : 9

SARROTHPJPUS] ARCTIADAE 35

and 10 oat of 8. Hiiidwings : 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent, 6 and
7 closely approximated at base, 8 from middle of cell.

A small genus, widely distributed but mainly tropical,
especially Malayan, only one occurring in Europe ; although so
dissimilar to the three following, it is undoubtedly more allied
to them and especially to Earias than to any other. Larva
without hair- tufts. Cocoon boat-shaped.

1. S. undulana, 111), {revayana, Tr.) 23-27 mm. Forewings
varying from grey to brown ; sometimes some black subbasal
markings ; first and second lines sinuate-waved, more or less
distinctly dai'k-margined : median area often darker or browner
towards costa ; a small round brown or black discal spot, some-
times obsolete ; sometimes some blackish spots before first line,
and on anterior edge of subterminal. Hindwings light grey,
terminally darker.

Britain to Ross, S. Ireland, local ; Europe, N. and WC.
Asia ; 7-4. Larva green ; doi'sal line darker ; head reddish-
brown : on Salix cai^rea ; 5, 6.

12. Earias, Hh.

Head smooth -sealed, with rough projecting tuft between
antennae. (\^elli present. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi
moderate, subascending, second joint thickened with dense
loosely appressed scales. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen
smooth -scaled. Tibiae smooth -scaled. Forewings: 7 and 8
out of 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7
connate, 8 from middle of cell.

Includes about forty species, mostly Asiatic, though stra}-
re]iresentatives occur almost everywhei'e. Larva without hair-
tufts. Cocoon boat-shaped.

1. E. clorana, L. 18-22 mm. Head white. Forewings bright
gi'een ; costa white, more broadly towards base. Hindwings
white.

Kent to Dorset and Norfolk, local ; N. and C. Europe, N.
and WC. Asia; 5, 6. Larva whitish, sometimes pinkish-tinged:
narrow dorsal and broad subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines
light ferruginous-brown, subdorsal much dai-ker on 2-5 and front
of 6 and 12; subspiracular white; pairs of rather pointed
tubercles on 3, 4, 6, and 1 2 ; head pale green, black-marked :
amongst spun leaves of Salix viminalis ; 7, 8.

13. Htlophila, Hb.
Head smooth-scaled. Ocelli present. Antennae in $ shortly

36

CARADRININA

[lIYLOPHILA

ciliated. Palpi short, ascending, with appressed scales. Thorax
thinly hairy beneath. Abdomen smooth-scaled. Tibiae smooth-
scaled. Forewings : 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings : 3 and 4
connate, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 connate, 8 from middle
of cell.

Two or three species found in temperate Asia are assigned to
the same genus. Larva without hair-tufts. Cocoon boat-shaped.

1. H. bicolorana, Fuesl. (quercaiia, SchifF.) 40-45 mm. Head
green, face red beneath. Forewings bright green ; costal edge
pale yellowish ; first and second lines straight, oblique, parallel,
pale yellowish ; cilia white. Hindwings white.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, E. and W. Ireland, not
unconunon ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7.
Larva green ; subdorsal line yellowish : on oak ; 5.

Head rou2;h-haired.

14. Halias, Tr.

Ocelli present. Antennae slightly fusi-
form, in (^ simple. Palpi moder-
ately long, ascending, rougli-haired.
Thorax hairy beneath. Abdomen
liairy towards base. Tibiae smooth-
scaled. Forewings : 9 and 10 out
of 8. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked,
5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7
connate, 8 from before middle of cell.
Perhaps confined to the single
species. Larva without hair-tufts.
Cocoon boat-sha])ed. Although show-
ing relationship to the group of
CaUimorpha and the exotic family
Agaristidae (which also originate from CaUimorpha), the actual
ancestry of this curious form is obscure.

1. H. prasinana, L. 31-35 mm. Head green, sides of face
red. Antennae reddish. Forewings green, median area darker ;
costal edge posteriorly crimson ; first, second, and subtcrminal
lines snow-white, nearly straight, oblique, parallel, first and
second more or loss suft'used ; cilia crimson, more or less mixed
with yellow. Hindwings in $ light yellowish, in 5 white.

Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 5, G. Larva light green, sprinkled with
yellow dots ; subdoi-sal line yellow ; anterior edge of 2 reddish :
on oak, beech, hazel, etc.; 7-9. The imago makes a peculiar
stridulatory noise when flying.

Neuratiiiii of IlnJInf: j^msitinna.

TYRiA], ARCTIADAE 37

15. Tyria, Ilh.

Head with loosely appressed hairs. Ocelli large. Antennae
in (J ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi short, por-
rected, rough -scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Abdomen
smooth-scaled. Femora somewhat hairy, tibiae smooth-scaled.
Forewings : 6 sometimes out of 9, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 out
of 9, 11 connected with 9. Hindwings : 3, 4, 5 rather approxi-
mated, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked, 8 from middle of cell.

Only one species is known. Larva with scanty hairs. This
and the following genus are allied to the extensive Indo-Malayan
genus Nyeteinera, ranging to S. Africa and New Zealand.

1. T. jacobaeae, L. 35-44 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen
black. Forewings blackish-grey ; a crimson subcostal streak
from base to |^, extremity expanded ; a crimson dorsal streak
from base to f ; a crimson terminal spot below apex, and
another above tornus. Hindwings crimson ; a costal streak,
middle of terminal edge, and cilia blackish-grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common, scarce north
of the Clyde ; Europe, WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva orange, hairs
black ; each segment with a thick black ring ; head black : on
Senecio jacobaea and ^S*. vu/(/aris ; 7, 8. The conspicuous larval
colouring is a warning-signal, the larva being uneatable.

16. Utetheisa, Jib.

Head smooth. Ocelli large. Antennae in ,^ ciliated, with
longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate, ascending, with loosely
appressed scales. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth-
scaled. Tibiae smooth-scaled, spurs very short. Forewings :
7 and 8 out of 9, 10 connected with 9. Hindwings: 3, 4, 5
rather approximated, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked, 8 from
middle of cell.

A small genus, inhabiting the warmer regions of the world ;
only one species reaches Europe. Larva with rather scanty
hairs, some finely branched.

1. U. pulchella, L. 28-38 mm. Head and thorax whitisli,
black -dotted, often orange -marked. Forewings ochreous-
whitish ; five transverse series of crimson spots, alternating
with six series of black dots ; second to fifth series of dots
angulated, fifth partly double, sixth terminal. Hindwings
white ; sometimes one or two blackish discal marks ; a very
irregulai'-edged blackish terminal fascia, broadest at apex and
below middle.

38 CARADRmmA [utetheisa

England, Roxburgh, S. Ireland, occasional, not permanently
resident ; C. and S. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New
Zealand ; 6, 8, 9. Larva dark grey, dixll purplish, or blackish,
often with orange-red transverse bars on each segment ; hairs
black and whitish ; dorsal area more or less white-marked ;
spiracular line often whitish ; head reddish-ochreous, blackish-
marked : on Myosotis, grasses, etc.; 7, 8, 10-5. This species
has been several times taken on open sea, 500 miles or more
from land.

17. CosciNiA, Hh.

Head with short rough or loosely appressed haii's. Ocelli
present. Antennae in $ bipectinated to apex. Palpi moderate
or short, porrected, with long rough hairs. Thorax hairy be-
neath. Abdomen smooth-scaled. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore-
wings : 7 absent, 8 and 10 out of 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4
connate or stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8
from middle of cell.

A very small European genus, with one or two species else-
where. Larva with tufts of hairs.

Hindwings grey . . . .1. cribrum.

,, orange .... 2. striata.

1. C. cribrum, L. 33-35 mm. Forewings white, somewhat
blackish -sprinkled ; five cloudy blackish-grey more or less
interrupted transverse streaks, second angulated ; two longi-
tudinal cloudy blackish-grey streaks in disc above and below
middle ; a transverse sometimes interrupted blackish discal
mark ; a terminal series of blackish-grey marks. Hindwings
rather dark grey, sometimes dorsally yellowish-tinged.

Hants, Dorset, Derby (?), very local ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Africa ; 7. Larva brown, tubercles black, hairs black and
whitish ; dorsal line pale or whitish ; subdorsal sometimes
whitish ; head dark brown : on grasses. Erica, etc. ; 8-5.

2. 0. striata, L. {grammica, L.) 34-38 mm. Forewings
whitish-ochreous, yellowish-tinged ; interneural spaces streaked
with black except towards termen ; veins tovvai'ds termen
streaked with black ; two black discal dots transversely
placed ; cilia light orange. Hindwings orange, sometimes
slightly black-sprinkled ; veins blackish-sufiused towards base ;
a blackish band along costa and termen, not reaching tornus ;
a black discal crescentic mark.

Berks, Anglesea, York ('^), probably casual immigrants only,
not for many years ; Europe, Asia Minor, Syria ; 7. Larva

cosciNiA] ARCTIADAE 39

blackish, tubercles yellowish, hairs browu ; dorsal line orange-
vellow ; spiracular whitish ; head black : on yrasses. Erica, etc. ;
8-5.

18. Phragmatobia, Stph.

Head rough-haired. Ocelli present. Antennae in $ ciliated,
with longer setae at joints. Palpi
moderately long, porrected, rough-
haired. Thorax densely hairy
above and beneath. Abdomen
hairy. Femora hairy beneath,
tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings :
7 and 8 out of 9, 10 out of 9, 11
connected with 9. Hindwings :
3 and 4 sometimes connate, 5
approximated, 6 and 7 connate
or stalked, 8 from middle of
cell.

A rather small genus, mainly
inhabiting northern temperate
regions. Larva with dense tufts

J^ , , 1 1 • Neuration of Pnraffniato&icifiitiowiosa.

01 rather long hairs.

1. P. fuliginosa, L. 28-34 mm. Abdomen red, black-
spotted. Forewings reddish-brown, more thinly scaled in disc ;
a black discal dot. Hindwings rose-pink ; costal half suffused
with thinly strewn black scales, appearing grey ; two obliquely
placed blackish discal dots ; a terminal blackish suftused some-
times interrupted fascia ; cilia rose-pink.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, common ; Europe, W.
and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dark grey or brown, hairs brown,
reddish, or ochreous ; head black : on grasses, liumex, Myosotis,
etc.; 8-4.

19. DiACRisiA, Hh.

Characters of Pliragmatohia, but antennae of ^ bipectinated
to apex; forewings with 11 separate.

This genus is of some extent, and nearly cosmopolitan.
Larva with tufts of moderate or long hairs.

1. Dorsum of forewings crimson or ferruginous

5. russula.
,, ,, not crimson or ferruginous 2.

2. Abdomen orange-yellow . . .3.

„ not orange-yellow . . 1. mendicu.

40 CARADRININA [diacrisia

3. Hindwings spotted . . . .4.

,, not spotted . . . 2. urticae.

4. Forewings with median scries of black dots

3. mcntliastri.
„ without median series of black dots

4. luhricvpeda.

1. D. mendica, Gl. 30-38 mm. Abdomen grey or white,
with lateral and sometimes dorsal black spots. Forewings in

^ brownish-grey or dark grey, in $ ochreous-white ; from 3 to
10 scattered black dots. Hindwings in $ brownish-grey or
dark gi'ey, in $ ochreous-white ; six blackish dots, all some-
times absent. Local forms occur with the black markings
more developed, rarely forming streaks. In Ireland the ^
is usually grey-whitish or ochreous-whitish.

England, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. Asia ; 5, 6.
Larva grey, tubercles reddish, hairs brown-reddish ; head
brown - reddish : on Rumex, Myosotis, Plantago, etc.; 7-9.

2. D. urticae, Esj^. (jmpyratia, Marsh) 38-40 mm. Abdomen
orange -yellow, black -spotted. Forewings white ; two small
black dots obliquely placed in disc ; sometimes three or four
minute black dots towards base and apex. Hindwings white.

England, Lanark, Ross, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ;
6. Larva dark brown, hairs dark grey ; spiracles white ; head
blackish : on Rumex, Mentha, etc. ; 7-9.

3. D. menthastri, Esj). 35-42 mm. Abdomen orange-yellow,
black-spotted. F(jrewings ochreous-whitish ; black basal and
subbasal dots ; first, median, and second lines formed by angu-
lated series of black dots ; two obliquely placed black discal
dots, lower often double ; an irregular subterminal series of
pairs of black dots. Hindwings ochreous-white; a black
discal spot; three subterminal pairs of black dots, often partly
absent.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, abundant ; Europe, WC. and N.
Asia; 5, 6. Larva brown, hairs long, brown; dorsal line
ochreous ; spiracles white ; head black : on Plantayo, Mentha,
Rtimex, etc.; 7-9.

4. D. lubricipeda, L. 34-40 mm. Abdomen orange-yellow,
black-spotted. Forewings light ochreous-yellow or whitish-
ochreous ; first line forming a black costal s])ot, and subdorsal
dot; two or three obliquely placed black discal dots; costal
end of second line sometimes black ; lower part of second and
upper of subterminal forming a straight series of jiairs of black
dots, sometimes obsolete in disc, lowest enlarged. Hindwings

diacrisia] ARCTIADAE 41

light yellowish or ochreous-Avhitish ; a black discal spot ; some-
times three or four subterminal black dots.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Euro])e,
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva grey or brown, hairs brown ; dorsal line
sometimes pale or whitish ; spiracular whitish, s]iiracles white ;
head grey-yellowish: on Jiiwiex, I'/antaf/o, Mentha, etc.; 7-9.

5. D. russula, L. 35-46 mm. S • Forewings dull yellow,
dorsum suftused with crimson ; an 8 -shaped crimson discal
spot, mixed with dark grey ; costal edge posteriorly and cilia
light crimson. Hindwings grey-whitish or ochreous-whitish ; a
blackish sinuate discal spot, and subterminal band ; cilia
crimson.

5 . Forewings deep orange ; veins, costa, dorsum, discal
spot, and cilia ferruginoiis. Hindwings orange ; basal half
blackish, confluent with large black discal spot, and dorsally
with a blackish subterminal band.

Britain to Ross, somewhat locally common ; Europe, WC.
and N. Asia ; 6. Larva brown, tubercles blackish, hairs
brown ; dorsal line ochreous or orange ; spiracles oclu'eous or
white ; head dark brown : on Ilieracium, Erica, Scahiosa, etc. ;
8-5.

20. Arctia, Schrk.

Characters of Diacrisia, but 10 rising separate, anastomosing
or connected with 9.

A rather limited genus, principally characteristic of northern
temperate regions. Larva with tufts of long hairs.

L Hindwings red .... 3. caja.

„ orange . . . .2.

2. Base of hindwings black or black-marked 1. plantaginis.
„ „ not black-marked . 2. villica.

\. A. plantaginis, L. 33-36 mm. Forewings black ; costa an-
teriorly orange ; two anterior costal spots, a bi'oad irregular
streak along fold, and two posterior fasciae anastomosing in
middle pale ochreous-yellow, sometimes variably interrupted or
confluent ; cilia orange. Hindwings orange ; basal area l:)lack
or with two black longitudinal streaks, upper reaching a black
discal spot ; two or three posterior black spots ; a terminal
series of partially connected black spots.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, somewhat local ;
N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva black ; hairs black or
dark brown, on 5-7 bright brown-reddish, sometimes some on
sides I'eddish ; head black : on Myosotis, Plantago, etc. ; 8-4.

42 CARADRININA [arotia

2. A. villica, L. 50-58 mm. Thorax black, with a whiti;<h
spot on shoulder. Abdomen orange, })Osteriorly crimson, with
black dorsal dots. Forewings black ; about eight whitish-
yellowish spots or blotches, sometimes variably confluent.
Hindwings orange ; four or five small black spots ; an apical
black orange-spotted blotch.

England, Roxburgh, local ; Europe, WC. Asia ; 6. Larva
black, hairs dark brown ; spiracles sometimes wliite ; head deep
red : on Myosotis, Plaritayo, Rwmex, etc. ; 8-5.

3. A. caja, L. 50-75 mm. Thorax dark brown, collar red-
edged. Abdomen red, black-spotted. Forewings very dark
brown ; a narrow anterior fascia, two costal spots, two posterior
narrow fasciae anastomosing in middle, and a submedian streak
ochreous-white, variably interrupted or partly connected. Hind-
wings red ; about six large variable deep indigo-blue black-
edged spots, finely orange-margined.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
N. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva black ; hairs very long, black
and grey, on sides brownei", on 2 and 3 reddish-brown ; head
black : on Urtica, Plantago, etc. ; 8-5.

21. Callimorpha, Latr.

Head with appressed hairs, Ocelli present. Antennae in
(^ ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate,
porrected, rough - scaled beneath. Thorax hairy beneath.
Abdomen smooth-scaled. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings :
7 and 8 out of 9, 10 sometimes connected with 9. Hindwings :
3, 4, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked, 8 from
\ of cell.

A small genus, scattei'ed over the northern hemisphere.
Larva with tufts of hairs.

Forewings with pale fasciae and dorsal streak . 1. hera.

,, ,, scattei'ed spots . . 2. dominula.

1. C. hera, L. 52-58 mm. Head and collar light orange,
black-marked. Thorax very dark olive -green, streaked with
whitish-yellowish. Forewings very dark olive-green, markings
whitish-ochreous ; a short subdorsal streak from base ; a dorsal
streak throughout; three straight fasciae, first very oblique,
not reaching dorsum, second and third confluent beneath,
running to tornus and enclosing two black spots, tornus and
extremity of third orange ; one or two additional marks on
costa. Hindwings red, with three or four black spots.

Devon, perhaps introduced but now well established ; WC.

callimorpha]

ARCTIADAE

43

and S. Eunjpe, W. Asia; 8. Larva purplish, tubercles ochreous,
hairs light brown ; dorsal line broad, ochreous, darker-edged ;
spiracular white, irregular ; head black : ou Myosotis, Urtica,
Plantago, etc. ; 9-5.

2. C. dominula, L. 52-58 mui. Head and thorax blue-black,
thorax with two dorsal orange marks. Forewings dark iudigo-
green ; an orange dorsal spot near base, and two near costa
before middle ; a spot in disc below middle, two or three larger
posterior and some smaller subapical spots ochreous -whitish.
Hindwings crimson ; a black discal spot ; an interrupted black
crimson-spotted terminal band.

England to Lancashire, local ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.
Larva black, white-marked, hairs black ; dorsal and spiracular
lines yellow, interrupted ; head black : on Myosotis, Urtica,
Plantago, etc. ; 8-5.

2. CARADRINIDAE.

Ocelli usually distinct. Tongue usually well developed.
Labial palpi moderate, more or less ascending, second joint
ilensely scaled, usually rough, ter-
minal rather short, obtuse. Thorax
usually densely hairy beneath.
Posterior tibiae with all spurs
present. Forewings : 7 and 8 out
of 9, 10 connected with 9. Hind-
wings : 3 and 4 connate or short-
stalked, 5 obsolete or imperfect,
parallel to 4, 6 and 7 connate
or short-stalked or seldom closely
approximated only, 8 shortly anas-
tomosing with cell near base,
thence evenly diverging (in Stilhia
anastomosing to middle).

A dominant family in temperate
regions, especially in the northern hemisphere, the species being
very numerous and often occurring in great plenty ; within the
tropics, however, their place is largely taken by the Plusiadae.
The structure is in most particulars remarkably uniform, the neu-
ration and palpi being practically identical throughout thefamily.
The markings are usually very similar, and the colouring dull
and adapted to conceal insects which are accustomed to hide
amongst dead leaves or refuse ; hence this group is not one of

Neuration of Mclanchra hrassicae.

44

CARADRININA

the easiest or most attractive to study. Tlie species are the
most truly nocturnal of all the Lepidoptera ; few are readily
obtainable by day, but at night they are found in abundance
at flowers or sugar. Imago with forewings usually elongate,
body relatively stout, and densely scaled. It may be noted as
an established conclusion that antennal pectinations, if not
extending to the apex of the antennae, are in this family seldom
sufficient to mark generic distinction.

Ovum spherical, more or less distinctly ribbed and reticulated.
Larva usually with few hairs (except in the earliest forms),
often nocturnal, sometimes subterranean ; often very poly-
phagous. Pupa usually subterranean.

The phylogeny of the leading genera is expressed in the
accompanying diagram.

Phylogeny of Caradbinidae.

Cucullia

I
Polia

Leucania

Moiiinia

Hannodia

Ortho.sia AgTotis Noiiagiia
I I I

Melauuhra

Carailriua

Hadena

Acroiiyuta

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Eyes hairy . . . . .2.

,, glabrous ..... i).

2. Abdomen more or less crested . . . 3.

,, not crested . . . .5.

3. Tongue short, slight ; antennae of S bipectinated

to a])ex . . .16. Neuronia.

„ well-developed ; antennae of (J not bipec-
tinated to apex . . .4.

4. Abdomen in $ acutely pointed . .18. Harmodia.

,, ,, not acutely ])ointed 19. Melanchra.

5. I'alpi very short, with long rough hairs . 17. I'anolis.

,, normal . . . . .6.

CARADRIXIDAE

45

6. Antennae in ^ bipectinatcd or acutely liidentate

„ ,, not bipectinated or acutely bideu

tate

7. Basal joint of antennae with hair-tuft

,, ,, without hair-tuft

8. Tibiae with appressed scales

,, rough-scaled

9. Eyes ciliated

,, not ciliated .

10. Face with i-ounded horny prominence

,, w'ithout horny prominence .

11. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex

,, „ not bipectinated to apex

12. Anterior tibiae with horny apical hook

,, ,, without apical hook

13. Abdomen crested

„ not ci'ested

14. Tongue short, slight

,, well-developed

15. Tongue short, slight

,, well-developed

16. Abdomen more or less crested

,, not crested

17. Collar forming a prominent roTuided liood

,, not forming a rounded hood

18. Patagia dilated posteriorly; posterior

crest well marked .
,, not dilated posteriorly ; poster
racic crest sliglit .

19. Abdomen ratiier broadly flattened

,, normal .

20. Middle and posterior tibiae spiuose

,, ,, not spinose

21. Anterior tibiae with horny apical hof>k

,, ,, without apical hook

22. Anterior tibiae spinose

,, ,, not spinose

23. Abdomen crested

,, not crested

24. Face with horny projecting plate

„ without horny projecting plate

25. Projection quadrangular . . . 24.

„ triangular

/.

8.

14. MOXIMA.

15. Charaeas.
12. Meliana.
13. Leucania.
. 10.
. 20.
i. Aporophyi^a.
. 11.
. 12.
. 15.

ASTEROSCOPUS.

. 13.

4. Valeria.
. 14.

6. DiLOBA.
. FfErJOPHOBUS.

3. Dasypolia.
. 16.
. 17.
. 19.

1. CUCULLIA.

. 18.
thoracic

5. MiSELIA.

or tho-

2. POLIA.
11. COMSTRA.

10. Orthosia.
. 21.
. 24.
22. Heijothis.
22.

20. AOROTIS.

. 23.

34. Actinutia.
21. Tripiiaena.
. 25.

NoXAGRIA.

. 26.

46

CARADRININA

26.

27.

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.

37.

28.
29.
33.

MoilA.

. 30.
3-5. Habena.

. 31.
Spodoptera.

. 32.

Tibiae with appressed scales . . 25. Coenobia

„ rough-scaled . . 23. Ochria

Hindwings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to

middle . . . 33. Stilbia

„ with vein 8 anastomosing near base

only
Abdomen more or less crested

,, not crested

Patagia somewhat crested posteriorly

„ not crested posteriorly
Thorax with well-marked anterior crest

,, without anterior crest
Posterior tibiae with appressed scales 27.

,, ,, rough-scaled

Ciliations of antennae in ^ minute, even 38. Acrontcta.
,, ,, ,, moderate, fasciculated

36. Metaciirostis.
Antennae in ^ bipectiuated to apex . 28. Rusina.

„ „ not bipectiuated to apex . . 34.

Tibiae with appressed scales . . . 35.

,, rough-scaled . . . .36.

Thorax with anterior crest . . 32. Senta.

,, not crested . . 29. Acosmetia.

Tongue short, slight . . .26. Luperina.

,, well-developed .... 37.
Palpi short, densely hairy . 39. Arsilonche.

,, moderate or long .... 38.
Palpi long, terminal joint pointed 30. Amphipyra.

„ moderate, terminal joint obtuse 31. Caradrina.

STib-Fam. 1. POLIADES.

Eyes glabrous, ciliated (furnished with a marginal row of
long cilia curving over them).

1. Cucullia, Sc/irJr.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in
S shortly ciliated. Thorax with slight posterior crest, collar
much enlarged and forming a prominent rounded hood, some-
times crested in middle. Abdomen more or less crested ueai-
base.

A large genus, extending throughout the teniju'rate regions of
the northern hemispliere, but most plentiful in Europe. Imago

cucullia] CARADRINIDAE 47

with forewings more elongate than usual ; usual!}- imitating
dead wood or fungus, the hood serving to conceal the head.
Ijarva rather brightly coloured, feeding exposed on low
plants.

1. Forewings wdth broad dark costal streak . . 2.

,, without such streak . . .5.

2. Forewings with cilia distinctly toothed . . 3.

,, ,, „ slightly waved . "i. aftferis.

3. Expanse 41 )nm. or less, costal streak whitish-

sprinkled . . .8. ///chnifis.

„ 42 mm. or more, costal streak not

whitish-sprinkled . . .4.

4. Forewings with whitish subdorsal posterior suf-

fusion, cilia more toothed . 7. verhasci.

„ without such suffusion, cilia less

toothed . . 6. scrojihuJariae.

5. Lines thickly blackish-edged . .1. ahsinthii.

,, hardly marked . . . .6.

6. Orl)icular and reniform distinct . . 2. gnajihalii.

,, ,, ,, obsolete . . .7.

7. Forewings with fine dark bai's in cilia on

veins . . .3. chamomiUae.

without such bars . . 4. innhratica.

1. C. absinthii, L. 37-40 mm. Forewings pale brown,
clouded with whitish ; svibbasal line blackish-edged on costa :
first and second lines irregular, thickly blackish-edged, second
obsolete in disc, median blackish on upper half ; orbicular and
reniform indicated by several black dots ; a terminal row of
black dots. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; a suffused rather
dark fuscous terminal band.

SW. England, Suffolk, Merioneth, E. Ireland, local; C.
Europe, NW. Asia; 6, 7. Larva pale yellow-green, dorsally
suffused with purple-grey except at incisions ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines pale green ; head and }ilate of 2 ochreous-grey : on
Artemisia absinthium ; 8, 9.

[C. artemisiae, Hufn., has been recorded as British, In it
apparently on doubtful grounds.]

2. 0. gnaphalii, ffl>. 37-40 mm. Forewings fuscous, purple-
tinged, partially finely whitish -irrorated ; base mixed with
light ochreous ; veins finely dark fuscous ; dorsinn slenderly
blackish ; first and second lines dentate, almost obsolete ;
orbicular and reniform pale-edged, outlined with dark fuscous ;
one or two dark fuscous interneural streaks beyond reniform ;

CAEADRININA [cucullia

a dark fuscous terminal dash above tornus. Hindwings fus-
cous, darker posteriorly.

Kent, Sussex, scarce and local ; C. Eui'ope, NW. Asia ; 6.
Larva bright green ; dorsal stripe broad, purplish-brown, darker-
marked ; spiracles yellow, placed in purple-reddish marks ;
head bluish-green : on Solidago and Artemisia ; S, 9.

3, 0. chamomillae, Schif. 42-45 mm. Forewings pale ashy-
brownish, with obscure paler or whitish interncural streaks
posteriorly; veins marked by fine blackish lines; fine black
interneural sti'eaks in middle posteriorly and towards tornus ;
cilia cut by fine dark bars on veins. Hindwings light fuscous,
in S whitish-tinged anteriorly.

Britain to Fife, Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor, Syria ; 4, 5. Larva pale yellow-green, with purplisli-
rosy band on each segment ; subdorsal series of oljlique olive-
green marks ; lateral and spiracular lines irregular, olive-green,
interrupted ; head yellow-green : on Fyrethrunn and Anthemis ;
6,7.

4. C. umbratica, L. 40-52 mm. Differs from C. chamomillae
as follows : f(jrewings without dark bars in cilia ; hindwings in

(^ more or less wholly, in ^ anteriorly whitish-suftuscd.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SE. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6. Larva oohrcous-yellow or grey, with numerous
fine irregular raised blackish markings ; head black ; plate of 2
black-brown : on Sonchus and Lactuca ; 8, 9.

5. C. asteris, Schif. 42-45 mm. Foi'cwings pale brown,
whitish-sprinkled ; costa broadly suffused with reddish-fuscous ;
a narrow dorsal streak and tornal blotch reddish-fuscous streaked
with blackish, blotch including a whitish crescentic mark near
anterior edge ; orbicular and reniform partly outlined with dark
fuscous ; cilia slightly waved. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ; n
fuscous terminal band.

5. England to Hereford and Norfolk, Lancashire, Westmore-
land, local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva pale yellow-green
or purplish-rosy ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines yellow,
black-edged, subdorsal sometimes greenish ; head pale yellow or
rosy, black-speckled : on Solidago and Aster ; 8, 9.

6. C. scrophulariae. Gap. 42-46 mm. Forewings pale
ochreous or ochreous-brownish ; a rather broad dark fuscous
costal streak, suffused with reddish-brown beneath, with two
whitish costal dots posteriorly; a reddish -brown gradually
dilated dorsal streak from near base, streaked with dark
fuscous and on tornus with whitish -ochreous, cut by waved

cucullia] CAKADRINIDAE 49

uliitisli extiviuity of second lino; a reddish -brown wedge-
shaped terminal sulTusiun above middle ; cilia tootlicd. Hind-
wings in ^ whitish, in $ whitish-fuscous ; a suffused fuscous
terminal band.

S. England (except SE.) to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ;
C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia; 5. Larva blue-whitish,
with a yellow band on each segment ; dorsal scries of black
bars alternating with })airs of black spots ; spiracular series of
yellow spots and black marks ; head yellow, black-spotted : on
ScropJiuljD'ia (especially S. nodosa) and Verhascuin ; G, 7.

7. C. verbasci, L. 43-47 mm. Differs from C. scrophu-
lariae as follows : forewings with costal streak browner, dorsal
streak edged above posteriorly by a whitish suffusion, termen
more oblique, cilia more sharply toothed ; hind wings in ^ some-
what more infuscated.

England, E. Ireland, common; (J. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor; 4, 5. Larva blue-whitish, with a yellow band on each
segment ; double dorsal series of black bent marks alternating
with black spots ; spiracular series of yellow spots and black
marks ; head yellow, black-spotted : on Verhascum and iScro-
phu/aria ; G, 7.

8. C. lychnitis, Rauib. 38-41 mm. Differs from C. scro-
phulariae as follows : forewings with costal streak more whitish-
sprinkled, orbicular and reniform slightly paler, dorsal streak
more attenuated anteriorly ; hindwings with band broader.

Sussex to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 6.
Larva green-whitish, with pale yellowish band on each seg-
ment ; dorsal series of curved black bars alternating with rows
of four black spots ; spiracular series of black spots : on Ver-
bascum ; 7, 8.

2. POLIA, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in $
ciliated, or bipectinated with apex filiform, rarely simple.
Thorax with more or less prominent anterior and slight pos-
terior crest. Abdomen more or less crested.

Fairly numerous and widely distributed throughout northern
temperate regions. Most of the species are autumnal, and some
of them hybernate.

L Thorax ashy-blackish except collar and sides . 2.
,, not ashy-blackish . . .3.

2. Forewings with dorsal half red-brown . 2. vetusta.

„ „ ,, „ not red-brown 1. exokta.

E

50 CARADKININA [polia

3. Forewings whitish-green . . .13. aprUina.

„ not whitish-green . . .4.

4. Forewings with blackish median dash from base . 5.

,, without blackish basal dash . . 10.

5. Basal dash furcate . . .8. ormtliopus.

,, ,, not furcate . . . .6.

6. Antennae in S pectinated . .10. viimnalis.

„ „ not pectinated . . .7.

7. Forewings with black central submedian dash . 8.

,, without such dash . . .9

8. Claviform defined . . .7. furcifera.

,, obsolete . . .6. lambda.

9. Orljicular and renifoi'm connected by claviform 9. areola.

,, ,, ,, separate . . 5. socia.

10. Antennae in c? bipectinated . .11. Uchenea.

„ ,, not bipectinated . . .11.

11. Claviform confluent with orbicular . 12. 2'rotea.

,, separate or absent . . .12.

12. Subterminal line edged with yellowish spots . 13.

,, ,, not yellowish-edged . . 14.

13. Hind wings with two darker shades . 15. flavicincta.

,, without darker shades 16. xanthomista.

14. Second line black- marked opposite claviform 14. chi.

„ ,, not black-marked . . .15.

15. Forewings with dorsal half red-brown . 4. scmihrunnea.

,, ,, ,, not red-brown 3. soJidaginis.

1. P. exoleta, L. 54-60 mm. Thorax ashy -blackish, sides
whitish, collar brownish. Forewings whitish -ochreous, rosy-
tinged, much suffused and streaked with light fuscous ; oi'bi-
cular transverse, fuscous, reniforni ochreous-whitish above,
blackish beneath, both edged with a pale dark-margined rim,
reniform followed by a blackish suffusion ; subterminal line
obscurely pale, twice shar[)ly dentate below middle, preceded in
middle by a short black dash. Hindwings fuscous, suffused
with pale rosy-ochreous basally.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia ; 9-4. Larva green ; lateral line yellow, surmovuited
on each segment by a pair of connected white black -circled
dots ; spiracular red, sometimes interrupted, white-edged be-
neath, marked with triplets of white black-circled dots : on
Carduui<, Si/cnc, Ononis, etc. ; 5-7.

2. P. vetusta, ///>. 50-57 nun. Ditt'ers from F. exoleta as
follows : forewings whitish - ochreous, towards costa more

polia] CAKADKINIDAE 51

brownish-ochreous, dorsal half suftused irregularly with dark
red-brown, orbicular rounder, nearly obsolete, praesubterminal
black dash longer.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N., C, and
SW. Europe, N. Asia ; 9-4. Larva green ; dorsal and lateral
lines yellow; subdorsal series of white black -circled dots;
spiracular orange - yellow, blackish -edged above: on Rumex,
Trifoliiihi, Car ex, etc. ; 5-7.

3. P. solidaginis, lib. 40-44 mm. Forewiugs light brown,
somewhat whitish -sprinkled, veins black; base whitish; first
and second lines obscui-ely whitish, dentate, second double
except towards costa ; orbicidar and claviform forming two
small obliquely placed whitish rings ; reniform large, Avhite,
enclosing a narrow-oval fuscous ring ; subterminal line white,
dentate, preceded by a series of black wedgeshaped marks.
Hindwings grey, paler basally, with darker discal spot.

Devon, Hants, Warwick to Ross, local ; N. and C. Europe,
NW. Asia; 8, 9. Larva dai-k purplish-brown; doi-sal line blue-
grey, darker-edged ; spiracular broad, pale yellow, finely black-
edged above ; a black mark on front of 2 ; head pale brown :
on Vacciiihint ; 5, 6.

4. P. semibrunnea, IIw. 37-42 mm. Abdominal crests strong.
Forewings narrow, liglit brown, dorsal half suftused with dark
reddish-brown ; oblique orbicular, and reniform obscurely out-
lined with pale ; lines very obscurely pale, dentate; subterminal
more distinct, sufi'usedly edged with reddish-brown, preceded
near dorsum by an elongate blackish-fuscous spot. Hindwings
light grey, dai'ker terminally.

England to York, rather common ; WC. Europe, Austria ;
9-4. Larva bright green, irrorated above with yellow-white ;
dorsal line white ; subspiracular yellowish-white ; subdorsal and
lateral series of irregular whitish marks : on ash ; 5-7.

5. P. socia, Hott. (jjetrificata, F.) 37-42 mm. Forewings
light brown, mixed with whitish-ochreous ; a slender dark fuscous
median dash from base ; orbicular and reniform pale, obscure ;
first and second lines vexy obscure, pale, dark-edged, dentate ;
median shade brown, distinct ; subterminal pale, dentate,
edged with reddish-brown. Hindwings grey.

England, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ;
9-4. Larva pale green ; dorsal and lateral lines white ; head
black : on ash, oak, and Tilia ; 5-7.

6. P. lambda, F. {Zinclcenn, Tr.) 37-42 mm. Abdominal
crests very slight. Forewings grey, violet - tinged ; a dark

CARADRININA [polia

brown median dash fi'om base, white-edged above ; first and
second lines very obscure, partly whitish, dark-edged, waved ;
median shade brownish ; a blackish submedian dash join-
ing first and second lines, white-edged beneath. Hindwings
fuscous.

Kent, Middlesex, scarce and local ; N. and NC. Euroj)e ; 9.
Larva on Myrica; 5-7.

7. P. furcifera, Hufn. {conformis, F.) 40-44: nmi. Abdomen
with a strong crest. Forewings grey, violet-tinged ; a black
median dash from base, white-edged above ; first and second lines
very obscure ; median shade brownish ; reniform reddish-tinged,
with a black dash beneath it; claviform oval, blackish-edged
posteriorly, connected with second line by a black dash ; sub-
terminal line obscure, brown-edged anteriorly. Hindwings
grey, lighter basally.

Glamorgan, Moimiouth, scarce and local ; N. and C. Europe,
NW. Asia ; 8-4. Larva greenish-brown, darker-marked, form-
ing a dorsal series of diamonds ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and
spiracular lines pale yellow ; above subdorsal a series of oblique
black streaks : on alder and birch ; 5, G.

8. P. ornithopus, Rott. {rhizolitha, F.) 36-40 mm. Fore-
wings white, irregularly mixed with light grey ; costa marked
with short black strigulae ; a black furcate median dash from
base ; spots edged with white, claviform posteriorly and reni-
form beneath outlined with black ; lines very indistinct. Hind-
wings grey, lighter basally.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. and SW.
Europe ; 9-4. Larva pale blue-green ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines white, edged wath dark green; spiracular yellow-whitish,
indistinct : on oak ; 5-7.

9. P. areola, Esp. (lithorhim, Bkh.) 31-35 mm. Forewings
brown, much mixed and suffused with white, sometimes rosy-
tinged ; a black median dash from base ; first and second lines
obscurely pale, waved, internally blackish -edged ; claviform
oval, confluent with both orbicular and reniform, all edged with
pale and outlined with blackish ; subterminal line })ale, dentate,
followed by a series of short black dashes in brown spots.
Hindwings light grey.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common, scarcer northwards ; W.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 3, 4. Larva pale grcyish-ochreous ; dorsal
line paler, double ; darker brown dorsal blotches on 8 and 9 ;
12 with small prominence: on Lonicera ; 6-8.

10. P. viminalis, F. 27-30 nmi. Antennae in c^ bipectinated.

pou.v] CARADRINIDAE 53

Forewings fuscous, sometimes much suffused with whitish ; a
black median dash from base, edged above with ochreous-
whitish; subbasal Hue whitish, followed by a black mark in
disc ; orbicular and reniform subquadrate, edged with whitish,
partly outlined with black ; first and second lines obscure,
sometimes connected by a black dash below middle ; sub-
terminal whitish. Hindwings grey, lighter anteriorly.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
NW. Asia; 7. Larva whitish-gi-een ; dorsal, subdorsal, and
spiracular lines white, indistinct : on willow (Salix) ; 5, 6.

11. P. lichenea, Hh. 3.3-30 mm. Antennae in ^ bipectin-
ated. Foi'ewings light greenish -grey ; subbasal line partly
blackish - edged ; first and second obscurely pale, internall}'
black-edged; second followed by a whitish or ochreous suffusion;
orbicular and reniform edged with whitisli or ochreous, partly
outlined with black ; claviform small, roundish, black-edged ;
subterminal line whitish or pale ochreous, preceded by dark
spots. Hindwings in ^ white, in 5 grey-whitish, with two
grey posterior lines ; a grey discal dot.

W. England to Lancashire, Kent, Sussex, York, E. Ireland,
local ; WC. and SW. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva pale dull green
or brownish, reticulated with darker ; spiracular line pale green ;
head yellowish or yellow-brown : on Scahiosa, Senecio, Rumex,
etc.; 11-5.

12. P. protea, Bl-h. 32-35 mm. Forewings light brown,
mixed with olive -green and whitish; lines obscure, partly
blackish-edged ; orbicular and reniform edged with whitish,
claviform represented by an irregular whitish blotch confluent
with orbicular, edged by a black dash beneath ; subterminal
line whitish, twice dentate below middle, jjartly blackish-edged
posteriorly. Hindwings whitish-grey, with dark grey subter-
minal suifusion ; discal mark outlined with grey.

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common ; C. and SW. Europe ;
9. Larva pale greyish-ochreous or greenish ; dorsal line pale
yellowish, sometimes edged with dark fuscous ; spiracular
brownish or yellowish ; head brownish : on oak ; 4-6.

13. P. aprilina, L. 40-48 mm. Collar edged with l)lack
posteriorly. Forewings whitish-green ; lines white, waved,
subbasal edged with strong black marks, first and second
strongly black -edged internally, subterminal posteriorly :
median line black ; orbicular and renifoi"m edged with white
and outlined with black, placed on a black bar reaching second
line ; claviform subquadrate, whitish, black-edged, placed above

54 CARADRmiNA [polia

a similar bar. Hindwings grey, discal spot and subterminal
suflFusion darker.

Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Eiu'ope ;
9, 10. Larva pale greenish -ochi'eous, freckled with black,
forming dorsal series of diamonds ; dorsal line pale, interrupted,
black-edged ; spiracular pale, blackish-edged above : on oak ;
4-6. The larva rests by day on the oak-trunks, whose colouring
it mimics.

14. P. chi, L. 31-37 mm. Forewings white sprinkled with
pale brownish ; lines waved-dentate, edged with light brownish ;
orbicular and reniform outlined with brownish ; claviform semi-
oval, posteriorly outlined with black, more or less connected
with a black mark on anterior edge of second line ; sometimes
some black wedge-shaped marks before subterminal line. Hind-
wings in ^ white; in 9 fuscous-whitish, with two posterior
fnscous shades.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common, scarce in sonth;
N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 7-9. Larva pale green ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines whitish ; spiracular broad, white, edged
above with suffused dark green : on hawthorn, Rumex, Sonchus,
etc. ; 4, 5.

15. P. flavicincta, F. 37-44 mm. Forewings very pale
greyish-ochreous, mixed with grey and whitish, and irregularly
marked with pale orange, especially on edges of spots and sub-
terminal line ; spots and lines obscurely margined with grey,
median shade grey. Hindwings grey-whitish, postmedian and
subterminal shades grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. (except EC.) and SW.
Europe; 8, 9. Larva pale green ; dorsal line darker; spiracular
white, sometimes black-edged above : on birch, Rumex, StcUaria,
etc.; 5-7.

16. P. xanthomista, Hb. {iiuirocincta, Tr.) 36-40 mm.
Forewings pale grey, mixed with blackish and whitish, median
area snffusedly darker ; a short median basal streak, vein 1 b,
edges of spots and subterminal line marked with orange-yellow.
Hindwings in $, white, in $ uniform rather dai'k grey.

Cornwall, Devon, Isle of Man, local ; C. (except EC.) Europe ;
S, 9. Larva brown ish-ochreous, posteriorly orange-tinged ;
dorsal and spiracular lines pale ; head pale brown : on SUene,
Statice, Planta(/o, etc.; 6, 7.

3. Dasypolia, Gn.
Head densely I'ough-haircd ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Tongue

dasypolia] CARADRINIDAE 55

short, slight. Antennae in ,^ ciliated. Thorax densely hairy,
without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested. Tarsi shortly
ron till -haired.

Restricted to the single species ; it is probably correlated to
the preceding genus.

1. D. templi, Thnh. 41-4G nun. Forewings pale ochreous,
mixed with brownish and dark fuscous; subbasal, first, and
second lines waved-dentate, rather dark fuscous ; orbicular
and reniform small, pale ; subterminal line pale, darker-edged
anteriorly. Hindwings pale ochreous, fuscous-s[)rinkled, witli
two posterior fuscous shades.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, local, commoner nortli-
wards ; N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 10-3. Larva pinkish-
ochreous, dotted with blackish ; head yellowish-brown : in roots
of Heracleum ; 5-8.

4, Valeria, Germ.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in S
bipectinated to apex. Thorax with small anterior and posterior
crests. Abdomen witli several crests.

Tliere is a second European species, but the genus has not
been identified elsewhere.

1. V. oleagina, /''. 40-42 mm. Forewings fuscous, veins
more or less Ijroadly suffused with dull green; subbasal, first,
and second lines partly blackisli ; orl)icular edged with white,
reniform wholly white; subterminal line whitish -marked.
Hindwings whitish, with fuscous postmedian line and terminal
suffusion.

Pemln'oke, not since ninety years ago, ■[)erhaps now extinct ;
C. Europe ; 3-4. Larva witli 2-4 swollen ; ochreous, much
marked with brown ; 2 anteriorly yellow-ochreous, with a series
of dark fuscous dots ; spiracular line yellow-ochreous after 4 ;
head brown : on blackthorn ; .5, 6.

5. MlSELTA, 0.

Head rough-scaled, tufted ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae
in S dentate, ciliated. Thoi'ax with slight anterior and double
posterior crests, patagia dilated towards tips. Abdomen with
several crests.

Only the two following species are known ; tlie genus is cor-
related with Polia.

Forewings with veins suffused with green 1. oxyacanthae.
,, ,, not oreen . . 2. biviaculosa.

56 CARADRINIlSrA [miselia

1. M. oxyacanthae, L. 36-42 mm. Forewings rather light
brown, veins and dorsum suffused with brassy-green, interrupted
before subterminal line ; a black median dash from base passing-
first line ; first and second lines black, second followed by a
white crescent near dorsum ; spots rather pale, roundish, finely
and indistinctly blackish-cdged, reniform lai-ge ; subterminal
line whitish-dotted, preceded by dark fuscous dots. Hindwings
fuscous, with darker angulated postmedian line.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Eui'ope, Asia Minor ;
9, 10. Larva fuscous, darker-marked, dots pale; dorsal and
subdorsal lines indistinctly pale ; 12 somewhat raised, with four
small tubercles ; head brown : on hawthorn and blacktliorn ; 4-G.

2. M. bimaculosa, L. 48-54 mm. Forewings pale brown
much mixed witli white, veins partly black-marked ; lines
waved-dentate, brown-edged ; spots i-oundish, brown-edged, reni-
form lai'ge, partly suffused with white, edged beneath by a black
dash ; a brown suffusion on fold above tornus. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous; discal spot rather large, fuscous; a fuscous
subterminal suff'usion, forming a darker spot above tornus.

Gloucester, once eighty years ago, perhaps now extinct ; C.
Europe ; 8, 9. Larva brown, darker anteriorly, dots pale ;
spiracular line pale, dai'k-edged above; 12 with two tubercles:
on elm ; 5-6.

6. DiLOBA, B.

Head rough-haired ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Tongue short,
slight. Antennae in c? bipectinated to apex. Thorax with
slight posterior crest. Abdomen not crested.

The single species is of somewhat peculiar facies, but un-
doubtedly referable here.

1. D. caeruleocephala, L. 32-.37 mm. Forewings fuscous, basal
and praesubterminal spaces browner ; a short black median
dash from base ; first and second lines black ; spots bi'oadly
edged with bluish-white, orbicular and claviform circular, con-
fluent ; subterminal line pale, terminal space often irrorated
with whitish. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; discal spot and post-
median line grey ; a suffused black tornal mark.

Jlritain to the Clyde, L-eland, common ; Europe, Asia ISTinnr;
9. Larva blue-gre}^ ; dorsal line yellow, interrupted ; s])iracnlar
yellow ; tuljcrcular dots black : on hawthorn and blacktiiorn ;
4-6.

7. ASTEROSCOPUS, B.

Head rough-scaled ; eves glabrous, ciUnted. Tongue short,

ASTKRORCorus] CAEADRIXIDAE 57

slig-ht. Antennae in (^ bipectinatcd to apex. Palpi densely
hairy thvonghout. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen
not crested. Anterior tibiae with strong' horny apical hook.

Besides the following, a species from NE. Asia has been
referred to this genus.

First and second lines distinct . .1. 7iuhecuIosus.

„ ,, obsolete . . .2. sjihinx.

1. A. nubeculosus, Esp. 40-45 mm. Fore wings pale brownish
mixed with whitish and mvich sprinkled with black ; veins
mai'ked with blackish ; first, median, and second lines dark
fuscous ; reniform whitish, black-edged, enclosing two dark
mai-ks ; claviform, oval, black-edged. Hindwings wliitish-
fuscous, with dark fuscous discal spot and terminal dots.

Perth, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva pale yellow-green
deeper laterally ; tubercular dots pale yellow ; an oblique
lateral streak on 4, and transverse streak on 12 yellow; legs
more or less red : on birch ; 5, 6. The larva habitually rests
with the anterior segments strongly thrown back over the body,
and tlie legs outspread.

2. A. sphinx, Hufn. (cassmea, Hb) 37-40 mm. Forewings
whitish-ochreous, suffused with whitisli and mixed with pale
brownish ; veins partly black posteriorly ; a rather long black
median dash from base ; lines fuscous on costa ; subterminal
dentate, whitish, edged by blackish interneural dashes. Hind-
wings whitish, partly fuscous-sprinkled ; a round fuscous discal
spot.

England, rather common; C. Europe; 10, 11. Larva pale
green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish, latter connnencing on
5; spiracular yellow-whitish, brown-edged above; 12 with
slight prominence : on oak, elm, hawthorn, etc. ; 5, 6.

8. Aporophyi.a, (t>i.

Face with rounded horny prominence; eyes glabrous, ciliated.
Antennae in ^ bipectinated or dentate, towards apes simple.
Thorax with slight anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not
crested.

Only one other European species is known.

1. Forewings with black median basal dash . 1. ausfralis.

,, without l)lack basal dash . . 2.

2. Forewings with veins pale . . 4. /»ho.w.

,, ,, not pale . . .3.

3. Posterior edge of reniform whitish-ochreous 3. nir/rir.

„ ,, ,, not whitish-ochreous 2. Ixtxienta.

58 CARADRININA [aporophyla

1. A. australis, i?. 35-38 mm. Forevvings light brown, more
or less sutfused with wliitish, darker along costa, veins dark
fiiscons posteriorly ; a black median dash from base ; first and
second lines fine, black, acntely dentate ; spots finely outlined
with black, sometimes obscure, reniform with a dark spot on
lower end ; a subterminal series of dark fuscous interncural
marks, sometimes reaching termen. Hindwings in ^ white, in

$ fuscous.

Kent to Devon, Norfolk, SE. Ireland, local ; S. Eui'ope ; 8,
9. Larva yellow-green, dorsally reddish-suffused ; dorsal line
pale reddish, marked with black V-shaped spots; subdoi'sal
series of black marks ; spiracular pale yellowish ; head greenish,
brown-speckled: on grasses and C'^c^ormm ; 10-4.

2. A. lutulenta, Bhh. 37-40 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous, discal area dai-ker ; first and second lines and margins
of spots finely darker, very obscure ; subtei'minal line obscurely
darker-edged anteriorly. Hindwings in ^ white, in $ fuscous.

Britain to the Orkneys, W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 9.
Larva pale green ; 2-4 dorsally rosy-suffused ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines brownish, interrupted, commencing on 5 ; spiracular
white, crimson -edged above : on Myosotis, Lithospermum,
Achillea, etc. ; 10-4.

3. A. nigra, Hio. 39-42 mm. Forewings dark fuscous, costa,
median area, and termen darker ; first and second lines fine,
blackish, obscure, waved-dentate ; spots indistinctly margined
with blackish, posterior edge of renifoi'm whitish-oclu'cous ;
three or four whitish-ochreous dots on costa posteriorly. Hind-
wings whitish, in $ more or less suffused with fuscous.

Britain to Ross, Ireland (except S.), rather common ; C. and
S. Europe ; 9, 10. Larva gTeen, yellow-brown, yellow, or dull
crimson ; 2-4 often suftused with red ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines usually darker, often interrupted ; spiracular paleyellowish ;
spiracles white, in black marks on 5-7 : on Jiumc.r, Flantago,
Galium, etc. ; 10-5.

4. A. lunosa, Hw. 31-34 mm. Forewings brown, veins
ochreous - whitish ; costal edge whitish-yellowish; lines fine,
whitish, subterminal edged anteriorly with small black spots or
dots ; median shade dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform dai-k
brown, edged with ochreous-whitish. Hindwings whitish ; a
gi'ey crescentic discal spot ; a grey subterminal suftusion, some-
times reduced to two or three spots.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather connnon ; France,
Spain; 9. Larva yellow-brown or green ; dorsal and subdorsal

aporophyla] CARADRINIDAE

lilies pale or whitish ; spiracular whitish, brown-edged above ;
tubercular spots large, black : on grasses ; 10-4.

9. Heliophobus, B.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabi'ous, ciliated. Antennae in :$
bipectinated to apex. Thorax with small posterior crest.
Abdomen not crested.

llestricted to the single species.

1. H. hispidus, H-G. 31-34 mm. Forewings brown, veins
in disc white, posteriorly whitish-edged ; subbasal, first, and
second lines white, black-edged, median black, subterminal even,
white ; orbicular and reniform pale ochreous, edged with whitish
and outlined with black ; claviform outlined with black. Hind-
wings in $ whitish, in 5 pale grey ; discal mark, postmedian line,
and terminal suft'usion grey.

Hants and Devon to Northampton and Warwick, local ;
France, W. Spain ; 9. Larva yellow-green or brownish ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines pale, darker- edged ; spiracular broad,
yellowish-white; tubercular dots black : on grasses ; 10-4.

10. Orthosia, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrovis, ciliated. Antennae in ^
ciliated. Thorax with or without anterior crest. Abdomen not
crested.

A considerable genus of nearly universal distriliution, though
mainly found in temperate regions of both hemispheres. The
imagos are almost all autumnal, and their yellow and ferruginous
colouring is doubtless adapted to the autumn tints of falling
leaves.

1. Forewings yellow or orange . . .2.

,, ochreous, brown, or grey . . 7.

4. Collar fuscous-purplish . . 5. flavctf/o.

,, yellow or orange . . . .3.

3. Hindwings with grey discal spot and line. 2. croceago.

,, without grey discal markings . . 4.

4. Forewings with median space dorsally purplish-

fuscous . .1. xerampelina.

,, ,, ,, not purplish-fuscous . 5.

5. Thorax with purple dorsal streak . . 3. citrar/o.

,, without purple dorsal streak . . 6.

6. Hindwings with pui'plish subterminal sutTusion 4. aurago.

,, without purplish subterminal suffusion

6. fulvago.

60 CARADRTNINA [obthosia

7. Hindwings whitish . . . .8.

grey . . . . .9.

8. Hindwings ochreous-tinged . . 7. (jilvrnjo.

,, not ochreous-tinged . . 8. ocellaris.

9. Forewings with subterminal line nearly straight . 10.

,, ,, ,, not nearly straight 11.

10. Forewings ochreous . . .13. iniacilenta.

,, gi'ey . . . . 14. lota.

11. Hindwings with termen pale reddish-ochreons 10. helvohi.

grey . . .12.

12. Forewings with black costal subterminal mark 11. litura.

,, witliont such mai'k . . .13.

13. Orbicular very narrow, oblique . . \'2. pistai^lua.

,, not narrow . . . .14.

14. Reniform forming a spot and two dots . 17. sdieN/tia.

,, normal . . . . .15.

15. Forewings ochreous . .9. chrelfaru.

,, brown or grey . . . .16.

IG. Subterminal line whitish . . .15. ypsi/on.

„ „ hardly paler . .16. susjiecta.

1. 0. xerampelina,//?^ 31-35 mm. Forewings orange-yellow;
first and second lines even, pale, lower f of median space and an
oblong projection from it between obsolete orbicular and reni-
form light purplish-fuscous; a light purplish-fuscous terminal
fascia, not reaching costa. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, more
ochreous-tinged posteriorly.

Britain to Perth, N. and E. Ireland, rather local ; C. (except
EC.) Europe ; 9. Larva brown-grey, darker-freckled ; dorsal
line pale, irregular, darker-edged ; subdorsal and spiracular pale,
dark -edged above : on ash ; 10-6. The larva rests in the
crevices of the bark, which it resembles in coloui*.

2. 0. croceago, F. 31-35 mm. Palpi long. Forewings
orange, mixed with ferruginous ; subbasal, first, and second lines
edged with grey dots sprinkled with black ; median and sub-
terminal lines grey sprinkled with black, median angulated
in middle; orbicular and reniform paler-edged. Hindwings
yellowish-white, slightly rosy -tinged ; discal spot and irivgular
postmedian line grey.

Kent and Devon to Worcester, Leicester, York, E. Ireland,
local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 9-4. Larva pale orange-ochreous,
darker-fi-ockled ; brown dorsal V-shaped marks on 5-12; dorsal
and subdorsal lines paler, darker edged : on oak ; 5, 6.

3. 0. citrago, L. 33-35 mm. Thoi-ax witli a pui-jilc dorsal

oetiiosia] CARADRINIDAE 61

streak. Forewingis yellow, sprinkled with ferruginous; veins
ferruginous ; subbasal, first, median, and second lines ferru-
ginous, with a few blackish scales ; orbicular and reniform
outlined with ferruginous ; subterminal line pale, obscurely
ferruginous-edged anteriorly. Hindwings yellow-whitish.

England, lioxburgh, the Hebrides, E. Ireland, not uncom-
mon ; N. and C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva brown-grey or pinkish-
brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, latter edged above
with blackish marks ; spiracnlar area grey-whitish, edged above
with black marks : on lime {Tilia) ; 5, 6.

4. 0. aurago, F. 31-35 mm. Forewings orange-yellow ;
basal, praesubterminal, and terminal spaces light purplish ;
median line ill-marked, ferruginous ; orbicular and reniform more
or less marked with purple and ferruginous. Hindwings light
yellowish, darker terminally ; a subterminal jjurplish suffusion.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 9, 10. Larva brownish ;
dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines pale greyish-ochreous ;
tubercular dots pale ; head ochreous : on beech ; 5, 6.

5. 0. flavago, F. {silago, Hb.) 30-35 mm. Thorax yellow,
collar fuscuus-purplish. Forewings deep yellow ; some pur-
plish dots anteriorly ; a greyish-purple costal blotch towards
base ; median shade greyish-purple, interrupted, followed by
a purplish suffusion on lower half ; second line edged with
greyish-pui'ple, followed by a greyish-purple costal blotch ; sub-
terminal indicated by a row of dark grey dots. Hindwings
yellow-whitish, sometimes dorsally greyish-tinged ; a faint grey
postmediaii line.

Britain to Caledonian Oanal, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 9, 10. Larva dull pinkish-
ochreous, brown-freckled ; dorsal line pale, indistinct, darker-
edged ; spiracular pale, rather broad ; plate of 2 dark brown,
with three j^ale lines : in catkins (and on leaves) of Salix
cajirea ; 4-6.

6. 0. fulvago, L. {cerago, F.) 33-37 mm. Forewings pale
yellow ; median line and margins of first and second lines
variably marked with purplish-fuscous and suffused with light
ferruginous, forming blotches towards costa ; orbicular and
reniform outlined with ferruginous and brown, lower end of
reniform grey; subterminal line indicated by two series of dots,
first blackish, second pale ferruginous. Hindwings ochreous-
white.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 8, 9. Larva pinkish-brown, darker-

62 CARADRININA [orthosia

freckled ; dorsal line paler, dark-edged ; plate of 2 dark brown,
with three pale lines : in catkins (and on leaves) of Salix
caprea ; 4-6.

7. 0. gilvago, Esp. 31-36 mm. Forewings yellow-ochreous,
brownish- tinged ; median line and margins of first and
second lines marked with blackish-grey and suffused with red-
brownish, somewhat blotched towards costa ; orbicular and
reniform outlined with brown and blackish-grey ; subterminal
line edged with blackish -grey dots. Hindwings ochreous-
whitish, more ochreous posteriorly.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva pinkish-
brown ; dorsal line paler, traversing a series of dark brown
V-shaped marks ; subdorsal pale, partly blackish-edged above ;
spii'acular pale ; posterior dorsal dots of each segment inside
the dark mark : on seeds of elm ; 5, 6.

8. 0. ocellaris, BMi. 32-37 mm. Forewings dull reddish-
ochi'eous, more or less sprinkled with grey and whitish-ocfireous,
sometimes mixed with yellowish or brown-reddish ; veins pale ;
first and second lines pale, dark-margined, median grey, sub-
terminal edged with blackish-grey dots ; orbicular and reniform
edged with yellow-whitish, dark-outlined, lower end of reniform
marked with a Avhite dot edged with dark grey. Hindwings
whitish, dorsally fuscous-tinged.

Kent, Surrey, scarce ; WC. and S. Europe, WC. Asia ; 9,
10. Larva in buds (and on leaves) of poplar; 4-6.

9. 0. circellaris, Hufn. {ferrugmea, Esp.) 34-39 mm. Fore-
wings ochreous sprinkled with brown-reddish ; subbasal, first,
and second lines reddish-fuscous ; median shade dark brown-
red ; orbicular and reniform outlined with dark brown-red,
lower end of reniform mixed with black and whitish ; subter-
minal line pale, edged anteriorly with dark brown-red, and
preceded and followed by faint fuscous shades. Hindwings
grey, darker terminally, costa broadly whitish-ochreous.

Britain to the Shetlands, L-eland, common ; C Europe ;
9, 10. Larva brown or ochrcous-brown ; dorsal line paler,
traversing a series of dark brown V-shaped marks ; subdorsal
pale, partly black -edged above; spiracular pale; posterior
dorsal dots of each segment outside the dark mark : on seeds
and buds of elm, poplar, and Salix ; 4-6.

10. 0. helvola, L. (rufina, L.) 32-37 mm. Forewings
greyish-ochrcous, mixed or wholly suflfused with brown-red,
with darker bands before first and beyond second line ; lines
obscurely pale ; median shade dark brown-red ; orbicular and

oraHOsiA] CAKADRINIDAE 63

iviiifona ubscurcly pale or pale-edged. Hiiidwiugs grey, costa
and termeii whitish-ochreous ssuftused with pale reddissh.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather conunon ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia Minor, NW. Asia; 9, 10. Larva brown, brownish-green,
or ochreous-reddish ; dorsal line whitish, indistinct ; spiracular
broad, white : on oak, elm, hazel, etc. ; 4-6.

11. 0. litura, L. 32-37 mm. Forewings light fuscous,
sprinkled or })artly sutt'used with brown, slightly reddish-
tinged ; five more or less distinct black costal marks on origin
of lines ; subbasal, first, and second lines obscurely darker-
edged ; median shade dark brown ; orbicular and reniform
finely outlined with pale, reniform fuscous. Hind wings fuscous,
darker terminally.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common; Europe; 9, 10.
Larva dull yellowish-green, darker-freckled ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines pale, indistinct, darker-edged ; spiracular whitish-
yellow, blackish-edged above; head brownish-tinged: on Ijramble
{Suhm), Salix, Eumex, etc. ; 4-6.

12. 0. pistacina, F. 33-38 mm. Forewings ochreous or
reddish-ochreous, sometimes brownish-tinged, veins sometimes
paler; first and second lines faintly dai"k-edged, sometimes
marked with black dots on costa ; orbicular and reniform
darker or partly blackish, obscurely pale-edged, orbicular very
narrow, oblique ; subterminal line sometimes pi'eceded by
black dots. Hindwiugs grey.

England to York, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor; 9, 10. Larva green or brown, darker-freckled;
dorsal line slender, whitish ; spiracular broad, whitish : on
grasses, Carex, Hatmnculus, etc. ; 4-6.

13. 0. macilenta, Hb. 31-35 mm. Forewings ochreous or
reddish-ochreous ; subbasal, first, and second lines indicated
by black dots ; median shade indistinctly fuscous ; orbicular
and reniform faintly outlined with darker, lower end of
reniform usually blackish ; subterminal line almost straight,
broken near costa, pale, edged anteriorly with brown or red-
brown. Hindwings grey, discal spot and postmedian line
obscurely darker.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common; C. Europe; 9, 10.
Larva ochreous-brown, darker -freckled ; dorsal line wdiitish,
distinct ; subdorsal pale or whitish ; spiracular ochreous-whitish
or white, dark-edged above : on beech, oak, and hawthorn ;
4-6.

14. 0. lota, CI. 32-36 mm. Forewings grey, sometimes

64 CARADRININA [ortuosia

reddish-tinged ; subbafsal, first, and second lines indicated by
black dots ; median shade darker gx'ey ; orbicular and reniforni
edged with whitish and outlined with brown-red, lower end of
reniforni bkickish ; subterminal line nearly straight, broken
near costa, grey-whitish, edged anteriorly with brown-red.
Hindwings grey, darker terminally.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. and
SW. Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia; 9, 10. Larva brown,
sometimes purplish or reddish-tinged; dorsal and subdorsal
lines white, interrupted, dark -edged; spiracidar broad, ochre-
ous-whitish ; tubercular dots white : on Salix fraf/Uis, etc. ; 5-6.

15. 0. ypsilon, Bkh. {fissvpuncta, Hw.) 33-35 mm. Fore-
wings brown more or less mixed with dark fuscous, slightly
purplisli - tinged ; subbasal, first, and second lines obscurely
jjale, darker-edged ; median shade darker fuscous : orbicular
and reniforni outlined with whitish, connected beneath ; clavi-
form outlined with darker ; subterminal line whitish. Hind-
wings pale grey, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, rather local ; C.
Europe, WC. and NW. Asia; 7. Larva brown, sometimes
reddish-tinged, blackish-marked ; dorsal line pale ; subdorsal
pale, interrupted ; spiracular pale, dark-edged above : on Salix
and poplar ; 5.

16. 0. suspecta, lib. 28-32 mm. Forewings grey, more or
less tinged with violet-reddish ; first line darker, blackish-
sprinkled, second indicated by black dots ; median shade
darker ; orbicular and reniforni outlined with whitish, lower
end of reniforni somewhat darker ; subterminal line faintly
paler. Hindwings grey, darker terminally.

Britain to Ross, local, scarce southwards ; C. Europe, N.
and WC. Asia ; 7. Larva purplish-])rown ; dorsal line almost
white ; subdorsal series of blackish marks ; faint lateral series
of whitish freckles ; subspiracular pale, greenish-tinged ; iiead
ycllow-l)n)wn, black-marked: on birch and poplar; 5.

17. 0. satellitia, L. 38-45 mm. Forewings reddish-ochre-
ous-browii, somewhat purplish - shining ; subbasal, first, and
second lines dark brown, first straight ; median shade brown ;
renifoi'm orange or clear white, forming a semi-oval spot with
a dot at upper and lower extremity; subterminal line obscurely
pale. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common; N. and C. Europe, NW.
Asia; 10-3. Larva dark brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines
sometimes somewhat paler; spiracular whitish, often reduced

orthosia] CARADRINIDAE 65

to white spots on 2, 3, 6, and 12; head ochreous-brown : on
oak, beech, etc., but often habitually carnivorous, feeding on
other larvae of Lepidoptera ; 5, 6.

11. CONISTRA, Hb.

Head rongh-haircd ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in
S ciliated. Palpi hairy throughout. Tliorax with slight
anterior crest. Abdomen broad, rather flattened, not crested.

A small genus of closely allied species, inhabiting tempei'ate
regions of the northern hemisphere ; it is correlated with the
preceding. The imagos appear in late autumn and hybernate.

1. Foi'ewings with numerous series of blackish dots

1. Tuhiijinea.
,, without such series . . .2.

2. Reniform with three black dots beneath

2. erythrocepihala.
,, without separate black dots . 3.

3. P^jrewings dark brown, apex quadrate . 3. iU/ula.

,, reddish-ochreous, apex obtuse 4. vaccinii.

1. C. rubiginea, F. 33-36 mm. Forewings ferruginous-
yellowish or ferruginous-ochreous, sometimes partly tinged
with ferruginous-brown ; subbasal, first, second, and subter-
minal lines edged with blackish dots, and two or three
additional series of blackish dots ; orbicular and reniform
faintly outlined with pale, lower end of reniform blackish.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

England to York, E. and S. Ireland, local and luicommon ;
N. and G. Europe ; 10-3. Larva pur})lish-brown, clothed with
golden-brown hairs; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines
obscurely paler, surrounded by blackish freckles ; a dorsal series
of blackish spots : on Taraxacum, Rumex, apple, etc. ; 5, 6. The
colouring of the imago is very suggestive of a faded elm-leaf.

2. 0. erythrocephala, F. 35-39 mm. Head light reddish-
ochreous. Forewings greyish-ochreous, more or less mixed or
suffused with light red-brown ; subbasal, first, second, and sub-
terminal lines palei', darker-edged; orbicular and reniform
paler-edged, lower end of reniform marked with two or three
black dots; a reddish -brown costal praesubterminal spot.
Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally.

Kent to Devon, local and rare; C. Europe; 10-3. Larva
fuscous ; spiracular line whitish : on Galium, Plantaf/o, etc. ; 5.

3. C. ligula, Esp. {spadicea, Hw., nee Hb.) 29-32 mm.
Forewings with apex quadrate ; dark ferruginous-brown, some-

F

66 CARADRININA [conistra

times thinly sprinkled with grey-whitish ; first and second lines
paler, darker-edged, almost obsolete ; orbicular and reniform
seldom pale-edged, outlined with dai-k red-brown, lower end of
reniform often blackish -grey ; subterminal line obsoletely paler,
seldom light reddish-ochreous. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England, common; C. and SW. Europe; 10-3. Larva
yellowish-brown ; dorsal line pale, indistinct ; spiracular light
pinkish-ochreous, darker-edged above ; head reddish-brown : on
Lonicera, hawthorn, etc.; 5, 6.

4. C. vaccinii, L. 29-32 mm. Forewings somewhat broader
than in C. lignla, apex distinctly obtuse ; ochreous, more or
less mixed or suffused with brown reddish, sometimes fuscous-
tinged ; lines more or less sti'ongly darker-edged, median shade
darker, subterminal preceded by blackish dots ; orbicular and
reniform pale-edged, lower end of reniform fuscous-purple
mixed with blackish. Hindwings fuscous, with a darker sub-
terminal suffusion.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia Minor, NW. Asia; 10-3. Larva pinkish-brown; dorsal
and subdorsal lines paler, indistinct; subspiracular pale,
greenish -tinged ; head brown, darker-marked : on elm, oak,
Salix, etc.; 5, 6.

Sub-Fam. 2. MELANGHRIDES.
Eyes hairy.

12. Mbliana, Curt.

Head loosely scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in S ciliated.
Thorax without crest. Abdomen elongate, not crested. Tibiae
with appressed scales.

Only contains a single species ; like many other reed-
frequenting insects, it is protectively coloured in imitation of
dead reeds.

1 . M. flammea, Curt. 33-36 mm. Forewings whitish-ochrcous,
partly suffused with whitish, with a few dark fuscous scales ;
fine interneural lines and margins of veins fuscous ; a moi'e or
less marked central longitudinal brownish suffused streak,
edged above with whitish suffusion ; second line indicated by a
few dark dots. Hindwings whitish, ochreous-tinged.

Suffolk and Norfolk to Hmits, local, in fens ; 0. Europe ; G.
Larva rather liglit brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; sub-
dorsal, triple lateral, and supraspiracular pale ; subspiracular
pale greyish - ochreous ; head darker - reticulated : on reed

meliana] CARADRINIDAE 67

{Phragmites) ; 8, 9. The larva hides itself by day in the old
reed-stems.

13. Lbucania, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ ciliated.
Thorax with or without slight anterior crest. Abdomen not
crested.

A very large cosmopolitan genus, equally common every-
where ; it is a development of Mdanchra, to which some of the
New Zealand species give such a complete transition that a
line of demai'cation can hardly be drawn. The larvae all feed
on Gramineae.

1. First and second lines dark, entire . . 2.

,, ,, ,, dotted or absent . 4.

2. Hindwings brassy-whitish . . 7. vitellina.

,, not whitish . . . .3.

3. First line sharply angulated below middle 6. conigera.

„ ,, not angulated below middle . 1. turca.

4. Foi'ewings with black median basal dash . 5.

,, without black basal dash . . 7.

5. Reniform forming a clear white dot . . 6.

,, not forming a white dot . 8. comma.

6. Hindwings wholly white . . 4. Loreyi.

,, with termen fuscous . 9. indrescena.

7. Forewings witli white median streak throughout

5. littoralis.
„ without such streak . . 8.

8. Second line indicated by dots . . .9.

,, ,, wholly absent . . 12. inipudens.

9. Second line indicated by a series of dots . 10.

,, ,, ,, by two dots only . .13.

10. Forewings with distinct oblique aj^ical fuscous

dash . . .11. unipwicta.

„ without such dash . . .11.

11. Veins whitish, outlined with fuscous . 10. obsoleta.

,, not outlined with fuscous . .12.

12. Reniform curved-linear . . .2. lithargyrea.

,, dot-like . . .3. alhipuncta.

13. Hindwings with postmedian series of black marks

13. straminea.
,, without such series . . . 14.

14. Hindwings dark grey . . .14. im'pura.

,, white . . . 15. pollens.

68 CAKADRININA [lkucania

1. L. turca, L. 40-45 mm. Posterior tibiae in $ with very
dense large tuft of dull reddish scales. Forewings brownish-
ochreous, sufFusedly strigulated with red -brown; first and
second lines dark fuscous ; reniforni linear, whitish, edged
posteriorly with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, more or less
tinged with dull crimson.

Britain to the Clyde, local, in woods ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva ochreous-yellow, freckled with dark grey and purplish,
anteriorly purplish-suffused ; doi'sal and subdorsal lines pale
ochreous, subdorsal dark-edged ; a dorsal series of dark grey
marks ; head brown : on grasses ; 8-5.

2. L. lithargyrea, Esp. 35-39 mm. Abdomen in ^ beneath
with large basal tuft of l)lack hairs. Forewings pale greyish-
ochreous suffused with light reddish-ochreous, with a few black
scales ; first and second lines indicated by series of black dots ;
reniform curved-linear, obscurely whitish, lower end clear white.
Hindwings grey, terminally darker.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor,
Syria; 6, 7. Larva pinkish -ochreous; dorsal line white,
blackish - edged ; subdorsal whitish, edged above with dark
fuscous ; supraspiracular sometimes paler : on grasses ; 9-5.

3. L. albipuncta, F. 29-34 hub. Abdomen in $ bencatli
with large basal tuft of black hairs. Forewings greyish-
ochreous suffused with light brown -reddish, partly fuscous-
tinged, somewhat sprinkled with blackish ; first and second lines
faintly pale, internally grey-edged, second followed by indistinct
blackish dots ; reniform forming a conspicuous clear white dot.
Hindwings light fuscous or whitish-fuscous, terminally dai'kcr.

Kent to Devon, scarce, perhaps a recent immigi'ant ; C. and
S. Europe, Asia Minor; 8, 9. Larva pale groyish-ochreous,
brownish-freckled; dorsal line pale, brown -edged; subdorsal
pale, edged above with blackish, below with brown ; lateral
pale ; spiracular whitish ; head ochreous, reticulated with
brown: on grasses ; 11-6.

4. L. Loreyi, Dwp. 37-39 mm. Abdomen in $ beneath
with basal tuft of fuscous scales on each side. Forewings pale
brownish-oclu'cous, more whitish costally ; an indistinct median
dash of black scales from base, nearly reaching a black dot at \ ;
reniform forming a clear white dot ; second line represented by
a series of black dots ; an oblique fuscous subapical suffusion.
Hindwings white.

Sussex, a rare immigrant only; S. Europe, S. Asia, Afi'ica,
S. America : 7

leucania] CARADRINIDAE 69

5. L. littoralis, Curt. 33-36 mm. Alidomcn in ^ beneath
witli large basal tuft of black hairs. Forewings pale brownish-
ochreous, costally whitish-ochreous, some veins white posteriorly;
a narrow clear white median longitudinal streak from base to
termen, edged with dark fuscous scales except posteriorly.
Hindwings white.

Britain to Forfar, E. Ireland, on coasts, local ; N. France,
N. Germany; 6, 7. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous, grey, or
greenish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white, dark-edged ; lateral
sometimes white ; spiracular pale or whitish ; head pale brown;
on Ammophiia arundinacea ; 8-5.

(X. l-alhum, L., a pale bi'ownish-ochreous species with clear
white hooked median discal dash, and blackish interneural
dashes posteriorly, and with large black basal tuft of
abdomen in $, is said to have occurred in Kent, but the
authenticity of the record is doubtful ; it is common in C.
and S. Europe.)

6. L. conigera, F. 29-35 mm. Forewings yellow-ochreous,
sufFusedly sprinkled with reddish-ochreous or brownish ; first
and second lines dark fuscous, first sharply angulated below
middle ; orbicular small, pale ; reniform pale, narrow, sur-
rounded by a darker suffusion, lower end forming a small
subtriangular clear white spot ; a somewhat darker terminal
fascia. Hindwings light yellowish-fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and 0. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 7. Larva ochreous or brownish ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines pale yellow or greyish, black-edged ; lateral pale yellow
or greyish, sometimes black-edged ; subspiracular blackish ; head
brownish, black-marked : on grasses ; 9-5.

7. L. vitellina, Hb. 33-38 mm. Forewings pale yellow-
ochreous, sprinkled with pale brown-reddish ; first and second
lines light brown-reddish, first dentate, second waved, much
approximated doi'sally ; orbicular and reniform light brown-
reddish, orbicular very small, lower end of reniform with a
blackish dot; subterminal line brown -reddish, not reaching
costa. Hindwings brassy-whitish.

Sussex to Devon, scarce, perhaps a recent immigrant ; WC.
and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 8, 9. Larva pale
reddish -brown; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines whitish,
brown-edged ; subspiracular pale ; head reddish-brown, reticu-
lated with black : on grasses ; 10-5.

8. L. comma, L. 33-35 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
beneath costa black-sprinkled, veins whitish, suffusedly out-

70 CARADRININA [leucania

lined with fuscous ; a black median streak from base to near
middle ; reniform represented by a small whitish transverse
mark ; some black interneural streaks posteriorly. Hindwings
grey, anteriorly whitish-suftused.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva varying from greyish-ochreous
to reddish-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale or whitish,
edged with dark brown, with a brown line between them ;
lateral and spiracular pale ochreous, separated by a dark
brown space ; head brown, blackish-marked : on grasses ; 8-4.

9. L. putrescens, Hh. 29-32 mm. Forewings whitish-ochre-
ous, beneath costa black -sprinkled, veins obscurely whitish,
sufFusedly outlined with light purplish-fuscous ; a slender black
median dash from base ; disc and a very irregular dentate ter-
minal fascia purplish-fuscovxs ; reniform forming a clear white
dot ; second line represented by a series of black dots. Hind-
wings white, termen fuscous.

Dorset and Devon to Caermarthen, local, on coast ; W. and
S. France, Spain ; 7, 8. Larva greyish-ochreous to reddish-
brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged, on 2-4 almost white;
subdorsal and lateral whitish, dark-edged, separated by a more
ochreous-brown space ; spiracular brown ; subspiracular pale ;
head grey, darker-marked : on grasses ; 10-2.

10. L. obsoleta, Hb. 35-38 mm. Forewings pale brownish-
ochreous, more brownish in disc, with brown interneural lines ;
veins whitish, outlined with fuscous ; reniform forming a clear
white dot ; second line represented by a series of black dots. Hind-
wings whitish, posteriorly suffused with fuscous, veins fuscous.

Kent to Bucks, Norfolk, Cheshire, E. Ireland, local ; C.
Europe ; 6. Larva pale greyish-ochi-eous, sometimes reddish or
greenish-tinged ; dorsal line pale, edged with green ; subdorsal
pale or whitish, dark-edged ; lateral whitish ; spiracular darker
or green ; head marked with brown : on reed [Phragmites) :
8, 9. The larva hides by day in the reedstems.

11. L. unipuncta, Hw. (extranea, Gn.) 33-42 mm. Fore-
wings ochreous or pale ochreous, somewhat reddish -tinged,
more or less strigulated with fuscous, sprinkled with black ;
orbicular and reniform sometimes paler, lower end of renifoi'm
forming a small whitish dot ; second line indicated by a series
of blackish dots ; an oblique apical fuscous dash. Hindwings
pale fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Kent to Cornwall, Suffolk, a rare immigrant only; Madeira,
S. Asia, N. America, Australia, New Zealand ; 8, 9.

leucania] CARADRINIDAE 71

12. L. impudens, Hb. {pudorina, Hb.) 35-40 mm. Fore-
wings whitish-ochreous, tinged with pale rosy, sprinkled with
blackish, veins pale ; three or four grey interneural streaks pos-
teriorly. Hind wings grey, slightly rosy-tinged.

England to York, S. Ireland, local; C. Europe, N. Asia; 7.
Larva pale ochreous-brown ; doi-sal line pale, blackish-edged ;
a dark line below this ; subdorsal pale or whitish, blackish-
edged, strongly above ; lateral dark-edged ; spiracular fuscous ;
head pale brown, darker-marked : on reed (Phnu/mifes) and
grasses ; 9-4.

13. L. straminea, Tr. 31-37 imii. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, with a few black scales ; veins whitish, outlined with
pale rosy-brownish ; fine pale rosy-brownish interneural lines ;
a dai'ker suflusion beneath median vein ; a small black dot
representing reniform ; second line indicated by two black
dots. Hindwings grey -whitish, whiter towards costa, with
postmedian series of ill-defined blackish marks.

Kent to Somerset and Norfolk, local ; NO. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva brownish-ochreous, grey-freckled ; dorsal, subdorsal, and
lateral lines tine, pale, edged with dark grey ; subspiracular
pale ochreous ; head brownish-ochreous : on reed {Phraginites)
and grasses ; 9-5.

14. L. impura, Hb. 30-37 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
with a few black scales ; veins pale, outlined with light reddish-
brown ; light reddish-brown interneural lines; a darker suf-
fusion beneath median vein ; a black dot representing reniform ;
second line usually indicated by two black dots. Hindwings
dark grey.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, very common ; C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 7. Larva pale greyisli-ochreous, sometimes reddish-
tinged ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines whitish, edged with
dark brown, subdorsal more strongly above ; spiracular brown
or dark bi'own ; head pale brownish, darker- marked : on
grasses ; 9-5.

15. L. pallens, L. 31-35 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
veins pale, outlined with rosy-ochreous ; rosy-ochreous inter-
neural lines ; a minute black dot representing reniform ; second
line indicated by two minute black dots. Hindwings white,
more or less tinged with ochreous or grey posteriorly.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, abundant ; N. and (J. Europe,
Asia Minor, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous or greyish-
ochreous ; dorsal line whitish, edged with dark grey, followed
by a brownish shade ; subdorsal whitish, edged above strongly

72 OARADRININA [leucania

with grey, Ijcneath with brown ; lateral and subspiraciilar pale
ochreous ; spiracular grey ; head brown-marked : on grasses ;
9-5.

14. MONIMA, Hb.

Head rough -haired ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ bipecti-
nated or acutely bidentate, towards apex simple, basal joint
with hairtuft. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen not
crested.

A genus of rather few species, occurring throughout the
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, more commonly
in America. The imagos all appear in early spring.

1. Antennae in S bidentate . . . .2.

,, bipectinated . . .4.

2. Hindwings with postmedian series of elongate dots

3. gracilis.
,, without series of dots . . .3.

3. Lower half of I'eniform blackish . . 1. incerta.

,, ,, not blackish . 2. opima.

4. Discal cell black round orbicular . . 9. gothica.

,, not black . . . .5.

5. Hindwings white . . . .6. miniosa.

,, not white . . . .6.

6. Subterminal line conspicuously pale . . 7.

,, ,, hardly paler . . .8.

7. Subterminal line preceded by two small dark marks

5. populeti.
„ ,, not preceded by two dark marks

4. stabilis.

8. Subterminal line preceded by two l)lack spots 8. munda.

„ ,, not preceded by two black spots

7. pulverulenta.

1. M. incerta, Hufn. (instabilis, Esp.) 34-37 mm. Antennae
in S bidentate. Forewings dark purplish-grey, sometimes
much mixed with light grey or suffused with ferruginous-
brown ; first and second lines usually indistinct, median shade
darker ; orbicular and reniform finely outlined with pale, reni-
form with lower half blackish ; subterminal line grey-whitish,
slightly irregular. Hindwings whitish-grey or grey, darker
l)Osteriorly ; a darker discal crescent.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; N. and (J. l<'.ui-()pe,
N. Asia ; 4. Larva green, with numerous yellowish or whitish
dots ; dorsal and spiracular lines pale yellow or w hitish ; sub-

monima] CARADRINIDAE 73

dorsal formed of pale dots ; head green : on oak, poplar, haw-
thorn, etc. ; 5-7.

2. M. opima, Hh. 34-37 mm. Antennae in $ bidentate.
Forewings grey, brownish-tinged, median area darker and more
brownish ; first and second lines brown, indistinct ; median
shade suffused, brown ; orbicular and reniform outlined with
pale ; subterminal line ochreous-whitish, nearly straight, an-
teriorly dark-edged. Hindwings fuscous or whitish-fuscous.

Sussex, W. and N. England from Somerset, S. Ireland,
local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva dull olive-green to red-brown,
darker-freckled ; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler ; spiracular
yellow or yellowish-green, dai'k-margined above ; head brownish :
on Salix and rose ; 5, 6.

3. M. gracilis, F. 35-40 nuu. Antennae in ^ bidentate.
Forewings light grey, moi-e or less suffused with light reddish-
ochreous, especially in disc, with some black scales; first and
second lines i;sually faintly dai'kei-, marked with black dots ;
orbicular and reniform outlined with pale, lower end of reniform
darker; subterminal line pale reddish-ochreous, nearly straight.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous, basally winter; discal spot and a
postmedian series of elongate dots dark fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 4,
5. Larva dull-green or pinkish-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines paler ; spiracular pale greenish or seldom pinkish, edged
above with dark grey or blackish ; head pale brown or
greenish : on Salix, Garduus, Lysimachia, etc. ; 5-7.

4. M. stabilis, F^>»^ 31-35 mm. Antennae in (;^ bipectinated.
Forewings light greyish-ochreous, sprinkled or suffused with grey,
sometimes suffused with light reddish-ochreous, veins posteriorly
pale ; first and second lines faintly darker ; median shade darker
grey ; orbicular and reniform outlined with pale, sometimes
touching, reniform usually darker ; subterminal line ochreous-
whitish, nearly straight. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, abundant ; C. and S. Europe ; 3, 4.
Larva green, with numerous yellow-whitish dots ; dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and spiracular lines yellow-whitish, sometimes very
indistinct ; anterior edge of 2 and posterior of 12 yellow-whitish ;
head green, sometimes black -dotted : on elm, oak, Salix,
etc. ; 5-7.

5. M. populeti, Tr. 33-35 mm. Antennae in c^bipectinated.
Forewings brown-grey, slightly purplish-tinged ; first, median,
and second lines somewhat darker, especially on costa ; orbicular
and reniform darker, outlined with pale ; subterminal line pale

74 CARADRININA [monima

greyish-ochreous, edged anteriorly in middle with two small
red-brown or black marks. Hindwings grey.

England, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva
pale green or greenish-whitish ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular
lines whitish ; head pale greenish-ochreous, more or less black-
marked : between joined leaves of poplar and aspen ; 5-6.

6. M. miniosa, F. 31-35 mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated.
Forewings pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with pale reddish
and black, and much suffused with ferruginous-ochreous,
especially on median area ; first and second lines darker ;
orbicular and reniform darker, outlined with pale ; subterminal
line hardly paler, edged with darker marks anteriorly. Hind-
wings white, rosy-tinged ; discal dot and postmedian line grey.

England, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva blue-
grey to light pinkish-brown, reticulated with black ; dorsal line
yellow, irregular, edged by a row of black spots, followed by
another of black dots ; subdorsal yellow, sometimes obsolete ;
spiracular broad, yellow, black-dotted, edged above with black
spots ; head black-marked : on oak, hawthorn, I'ose, etc. ; 5, 6.

7. M. pulverulenta, Esj:). {cruda, Tr.) 26-29 mm. Antennae
in $ bipectinated. Forewings pale greyish-ochreous, more or
less mixed with light ferruginous-ochreous, sprinkled with black
and sometimes strigulated with grey ; subbasal, first, and
second lines indicated by indistinct blackish dots ; orbicular and
reniform grey, outlined with pale, lower end of reniform darker;
subterminal line obscurely paler. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, Ii-eland, vei'y common ; C. and S. Elurope ;
3, 4. Larva green or brown, with pale yellowish dots ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines pale yellow or whitish ; spiracular yellow,
often spotted with reddish ; posterior edge of 12 pale yellowish
or whitish ; head sometimes marked with white or black : on
oak, hawthorn, Salix, etc. ; 5, 6.

8. M. munda, ^s/5. 38-41 mm. Antennae in c? bipectinated.
Forewings pale brownish-ochreous, thinly sprinkled with black,
somewhat mixed with light ochreous-brown, faintly reddish-
tinged ; a black median subbasal dot ; first, median, and second
lines sometimes darker ; orbicular and reniform outlined with
pale, lower end of reniform reddish-grey ; subterminal hardly
paler, edged anteriorly in middle by two conspicuous black
spots, and at extremities with red -brown or blackish. Hind-
wings fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, local ; (I Europe ; 3, 4. Larva
pale ochreous, much marked with brown ; tubercular dots white;

monima] CARADRINIDAE 75

dorsal line pale, brown-edged ; spiracular pale, marked with
white on 4-7 or part of them, edged above with a dark brown
or blackish stripe; posterior edge of 12 pale, preceded by dark
spots ; head marked with brown or black : on oak, birch, poplar,
etc. ; 5, 6.

9. M. gothica, L. 31-35 mm. Antennae in ^ bipectinated.
Forewings purple-reddish-brown, more or less mixed with grey,
darkest in disc; subbasal line partly blackish -edged ; first and
second lines pale, dark-edged ; orbicular and reniform outlined
with pale, discal cell black from first line to reniform ; a blackish
submedian dash before second line ; subterminal line pale or
yellowish, darker-edged anteriorly. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; 4, 5. Larva
light green, with numerous pale yellowish dots ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines pale yellowish or whitish ; spiracular very broad,
whitish, dark-edged above ; head light green : on oak, Salix,
hawthorn, etc. ; 5-7.

15. Charabas, Stph.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Anteimae in ^ bipectinated,
towards apex simple. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen
not crested.

Includes the following species only : —

1. C. graminis, Z. 29-37 mm. Forewings brown or brownish-
ochreous, disc darker or mixed with dark fuscous; median vein
white in disc to beyond origin of branches, more broadly
posteriorly ; spots pale ochreous ; subterminal line indicated by
posterior series of dark fuscous spots or suifusions. Hindwings
grey, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, in dry open gi*assy places,
common, sometimes abundant; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N.
America ; 7-9. Larva much wrinkled, gi'eenish-ochreous to dark
bronzy-brown ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and subspiracular
lines pale, blackish-edged; head brownish, dark -marked : on
grasses ; 4-6. The larva sometimes appears in exceptional pro-
fusion, and is then natui'ally very destructive.

16. Neuronia, Hh.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Tongue short, slight.
Antennae in ,^ bipectinated to apex. Thorax with slight anterior
and posterior crests. Abdomen slightly crested near base.

Also restricted to a single species ; it is a development of
Melanchra, and approaches nearest M. cespitis.

76 CARADRININA [neuronia

1. N. popularis, F. 36-41 mm. Forewings brown, veins
whitish ; first and second lines edged with dark fuscous ; spots
outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform edged with
whitish ; subterminal line whitish, preceded by dark fuscous
spots. Hind wings whitish -fuscous, with fuscous subterminal
suffusion.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. Asia ; 8, 9. Larva bronzy-brown ; dorsal, subdorsal,
lateral, and subspiracular lines pale ochreous, blackish-edged ;
head brownish, blackish-marked : on grasses ; 4-6.

17. Panolis, m.

Head rough-haired ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ dentate,
ciliated. Palpi very short, clothed with long rough hairs.
Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested.

The single species is a development of Melanchra.

1. P. piniperda, Panz. 31-35 mm. Forewings light reddish,
disc more ochreous-tinged, veins mixed with dark grey and white;
subbasal, first, and second lines deeper red • orbicular white,
sending a projection along median vein ; reniform bent, edged
with white ; subterminal line indicated by darker mai-gin.
Hindwings dark grey, reddish-tinged.

Britain to Ross, E. and W. Ireland, rather common ; N. and
C. Europe ; 4. Larva varying from deep green to pale bi'own,
with scattered black dots ; dorsal line white ; subdorsal white,
sometimes double, black-edged ; spiracular white, edged beneath
with orange or yellow ; lieacl brownish : on Ptntis si/lvestris ; 6, 7.

IS. Harmodia, Jib.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ ciliated.
Thorax witli more or less developed anterior and posterior crests.
Abdomen more or less crested, in $ acutely pointed.

A chiiracteristically Eui'opean genus of about thirty species,
of which the larvae appear all to feed on Caryophyllaccae {Silene
and its allies), usually in the seed-vessels.

1. Forewings with white space beneath orbicular . 2

,, without white space beneath orliicular 4.

2. Lower half of median area wholly white . 3. co)npf<x.

,, ,, not white . . 3.

3. Costal space above orbicular white . 2. alhimacula.

,, ,, not white . 1. nana.

4. Forewings bluish-grey ... 5. caeslit.

„ not bluish-grey . . .5.

harmodia] CARADRINIDAE 77

5. Termcu of forewings dark-marked . . G.

,, ,, not dark-marked . 4. irreyularis.

6. Claviform suffusedly whitish . . 6. lutaujo.

,, not whitish . . . .7.

7. Orbicular and reniform touching beneath 9. cucuhaii.

,, ,, not touching . . 8.

8. Orbicular oblique-oval . . .8. capshicofa.

„ roundish . . .7. carpopha(/a.

1. H. nana, Hott. (cotis/m-sa, Esp.) 31-36 mm. Forewings
fuscous, purplish-tinged, with suffused white basal, apical, and
two dorsal blotches ; subbasal, first, and second lines edged with
black ; orbicular and a confluent blotch below it white, outlined
with black, reniform edged with white and outlined with black,
space between them white or yellowish ; subterminal line white,
blackish-edged. Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Shetlands, N. and E. Ii-eland, local, commoner
northwards ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6-7. Larva pale
brown ish-ochreous; dorsal line pale, traversing a series of dark
V-shaped marks ; two lateral pale brownish lines ; spiracular
whitish ; spiracles pink ; head pale brownish, with four dark
streaks ; in seed-capsules of Lychnis and Silene ; 7-9.

2. H. albimacula, Bkh. 32-35 mm. Forewings yellowish-
brown ; subbasal line white, black-edged, preceded by a white
spot ; first and second lines black, externally finely white-edged ;
orbicular white, brown-centred, outlined with black, placed in
a white blotch extending from costa to below middle ; reniform
partly white-edged, outlined with black ; subterminal line fine,
whitish, interrupted, black-edged anteriorly. Hindwings light
fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Kent, Hants, Devon, scarce, perhaps not constantly resident ;
Europe, NW. and WC. Asia; 6. Larva pale brownish-
oclu-eous ; dorsal line fine, obscurely pale, traversing a series of
blackish spots connected with indistinct V-shaped marks ; supra-
spiracular waved, fuscous, indistinct ; head brown-streaked : in
seed-capsules of Silene mitans ; 7, 8.

3. H. compta, F. 29-31 mm. Forewings fuscous, purplish-
tinged ; subbasal line white, black-edged, preceded by a white
spot, a ferruginous median dash beyond it ; first and second lines
blackish-edged, extremities white ; spots outlined with black,
orbicular white, reniform white-edged; lower half of median
area wholly white except roundish claviform ; subterminal
whitish, interrupted, edged with blackish spots. Hindwings
light fuscous, darker posteriorly.

78 CARADRININA [harmodia

E. Ireland (Dublin) scarce and local ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor, Syria, NW. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva in seed-capsules
of Diatithvs ; 7, 8.

4. H. irregularis, Hufn. (echii, Bkh.) 28-31 mm. Foi'ewings
whitish-ochreous, irregailarly suffused with pale ochreous-
brownish ; first and second lines edged externally with ochreous-
brownish, internally with dark brown ; median line ochreous-
brown ; orbicular and reniform outlined with pale ; subterminal
line pale, edged anteriorly with ochreous-brown ; ternien un-
marked ; cilia barred. Hindwings light fuscous, with darker
postmedian line and subterminal band.

Sufltblk, Norfolk, Cambridge, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;
6, 7. Larva in seed-capsules of Silene otites ; 8. This species
is necessarily confined in Britain within the very narrow range
of its food-plant.

5. H. caesia, Bkli. 33-35 nnn. Forewings light bluish-grey,
darker-sprinkled, in disc and towards middle of base lighter and
yellowish-tinged ; lines faintly paler ; orbicular and reniform
faintly outlined with paler. Hindwings grey, darker pos-
teriorly.

Isle of Man, S. Ireland (Waterford), on clifts, very local ;
mountains of C. Europe ; 6. Larva pale brownish-ochreous,
irrorated with brown ; a dorsal series of dai'ker V-shaped marks,
indistinct before 5 ; subdorsal line darker ; head brown, darker-
marked : in seed -capsules of Silene injiata and S. rnarituna ;

6. H. luteago, Hb. {Barrettii, Dbld.) 33-39 mm. Forewings
rather dark fuscous, whitish-mixed except in disc ; subbasal,
first, and second lines dark-edged ; median somewhat darker ;
orbicular and reniform whitish-edged ; claviform whitish, suf-
fused above ; subterminal line whitish ; a terminal series of
blackish marks. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Devon, Pembroke, E. Ireland, local and uncommon ; 0.
Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pale ochreous, somewhat
pinkish-tinged; dorsal line faintly fuscous; head reddish-
ochreous, blackish -marked : in roots of Silene maritima and
S. i?ijlata ; 7-9.

7. H. carpophaga, .Bkh. {cMpsophila, Dup.) 27-33 mm. Fore-
wings brown or pale brown, mixed with darker, sometimes
whitish sprinkled ; svibbasal line edged with blackish ; first and
second lines edged externally with brown, internally with
black-brown ; median line dark brown ; spots outlined with
black, orbicular and reniform edged with whitish ; subterminal

harmodia] CAEADRINIDAE 79

line wliitish, edged anteriorly towards middle with black
wedgeshaped marks ; a terminal series of ]>lackish marks.
Hindwings light fnscous, posteriorly darker.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor,
NW. Asia; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-ochreous or brownish-
ochreous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines pale ; head
light brown, darker-marked : in seed-capsules of Silene injlata
and aS'. viaritima : 7, 8.

8. H. capsincola, Bb. 33 - 37 mm. Forewings brown,
sprinkled with dark fuscous ; subbasal, lirst, and second lines
lilackish-edged ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reni-
form edged with whitish, claviform broad, suftused w'ith dark
fuscous; subterminal line whitish, edged anteriorly with dark
fuscous marks; a terminal series of blackish mai-ks. Hind-
wings pale fuscous, posteriorly darker.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common; Europe, NW.
Asia ; 6, 8. Larva light brownish-ochreous, brown-sprinkled ;
dorsal line pale, indistinct, traversing a series of dark V-shaped
marks ; head darker-marked : in seed-capsules of Silene and
Li/chnis : 7-9.

9. H. cucubali, Fuesl. 31-35 mm. Forewings brown, veins
suffused with pale purplish; subbasal line ochreous- whitish,
black-edged ; first and second lines pale purplish, blackish-
edged ; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular and reniform
edged with pale yellowish, touching at lower angle, claviform
broad, suffused with dark brown ; subtei-minal line pale
yellowish, sutfusedly edged with blackish ; a terminal series
of blackish marks. Hindwings light fuscous, posteriorly
darker.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, NW.
Asia ; 6. Larva greenish-grey, orange-tinged, with numerous
white dots ; dorsal line brown ; subdorsal series of oblique
brown marks ; head dark-marked : in seed-capsules of Silene
and Lychnis ; 7, 8.

19. Melanchra, lib.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in S ciliated, or
sometimes bipectinated with apex simple. Thorax with more
or less developed anterior and posterior crests. Al)domen more
or less crested, in $ obtuse. Anterior tibiae rarely with apical
hook.

A large genus of very general distribution, but much
commoner in temperate regions of both hemispheres.

80

CARADRININA

[melanchra

Anterior tibiae with apical hook .

,, ,, without apical hook

Hindwings orange-yellow .

,, not yellow

Forewnngs ferruginous-red

dark grey
Antennae in ^ bipectinated

,, ,, not bipectinated .

Hindwings white .

,, light fuscous .

Hindwings white .

,, not white

Forewings with black median basal dash

19. hrassicae.
. 2.
. 3.
. 4.
22. myrtiUi.
23. cordigera.
. 5.
6.
1. cespitis.
15. hucophaea.
. 7.
. 8.

8. conspicillaris.
. 24. vielanopa.

. 9.

. 10.

14. p)isi.

10.
11.
12.
13.

14.
15.
16.
17.

18.

19.

,, without such dash

Claviform obsolete
,, distinct

Subterminal line strong, yellowish, irregular

,, ,, fine, white, with median teeth

13
Claviform followed by a black dash

,, not followed by a black dash

Forewings with black median basal dash

,, without such dash

Orbicular edged with whitish

,, not edged with whitish
Orbicular connected with tornus by pale suffusion

9. rontiyua
,, without such connection
Subterminal line forming pale dots

,, ,, entire

Reniform almost wholly white

,, at most white-marked .
Edges of spots mixed with orange

,, ,, not mixed with orange

Foi'ewings white .

,, not white

Orbicular and claviform connected poster

pale spot

oleracea.
. 11.
. 14.
. 12.
7. glauca.
. 31.
10. genistae.

11. tJialassina.
. 15.
. 17.
20. persicariae.

. IG.
4. cJirysozona.
21. alhicolon.
3. Serena.
. 18.
iorh^ by

6. dentina.

,, ,, ,, not so connected . 19.

Forewings with dark praesubtcrminal spot above

tornus .... 20.

„ without sucli spot . . . 22.

melanchra] CARADRINIDAE 81

20. Spots outlined with brown . .17. advena.

„ black . . .21.

21. Forewings with conspicuous bhack median prae-

subterminal spot . . IG. tincta.

„ without such spot . .18. nehulosa.

22. Forewings witli black median basal dash . 12. dissimilis.

„ without such dash . . . 23.

23. Forewings with veins conspicuously pale . 2. retictdata.

„ „ „ not conspicuously pale 5. trifolii.

1. M. cespitis, F. 31-37 mm. Antennae in $ shortly bi-
pectinated. Forewings rather dark fuscous ; first and second
lines obscurely pale, internally black-edged ; spots finely out-
lined with blackish, orbicular and reniform edged with fuscous-
whitish ; subterminal line fuscous-whitish. Hindwings white,
postmedian line and termen sometimes fuscous.

Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, local, scarce in Scotland ;
C. Europe ; 8. Larva bronzy olive-brown ; dorsal, subdorsal,
and spiracular lines whitish, dark-edged ; lateral hardly paler,
dark-edged ; head brownish : on grasses ; 4-6.

2. M. reticulata, Vill. {saponariae, Bkh.) 37-42 mm. Fore-
wings l)rown, veins whitish-ochreous except before subterminal
line, with darker interneural marks ; subbasal, first, second, and
subterminal lines whitish-ochreous ; spots outlined with dark
fuscous, orbicular and reniform edged with whitish-ochreous.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous, with fuscous terminal suffusion.

England to York, not conunon ; N. and C. Europe, NW.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light greenish-ochreous or pinkish-ochreous,
darker-freckled ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines
faintly paler ; head light brownish : on Silene, Riimex, Primula,
etc. ; 8-4.

3. M. Serena, F. 29-33 mm. Forewings white, median area
grey ; subbasal line edged with black ; first and second lines
edged internally with black, externally with grey ; median line
black ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged
with white ; subterminal line edged by some black marks,
terminal space grey. Hindwings liglit grey, with dark posterior
suffusion.

Britain to Forfar, E. and W. Ireland, rather common ; (J.
and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 6, 7. Larva dull
yellowish-green, with dark grey iiToration forming obscure
blotches ; spiracular line yellower, well-marked ; head greenish-
ochreous : on flowers of Sonchus and Lactuca ; 7, 8.

4. M. chrysozona, Bkh. {dysodea, Hb.) 30-33 mm. Foi-e-

G

82 CARADRININA [melanchra

wings whitish ii-rorated with grey, median area suffused witli
grey and partly mixed with orange ; subbasal line whitish,
edged anteriorly with black mixed with orange ; first and
second lines whitish, edged internally with blackish ; spots out-
lined with black mixed with orange ; subterminal line formed
of orange spots, preceded by some black scales. Hindwings
pale grey, with darker posterior suifusion.

S. England to Worcester and Norfolk, local ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva pale dull green,
or yellowish freckled with brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ;
lateral dark, indistinct ; spiracles black ; head ochreous-brown
or dull greenish : on flowers of Sonchus and Lactuca ; 7, 8.

5. M. trifolii, Rott. {chenopodii, F.) 34-37 mm. Forewings
greyish-ochreous sprinkled with grey ; subbasal, first, and
second lines hardly paler, darker-edged ; median line darker ;
spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with
pale, reniform with a grey inner ring ; subterminal line
obscurely pale, with two strong teeth below middle. Hind-
wings whitish-fuscous, with fuscous terminal band.

England to York, common ; Europe, N. Africa, N. and C.
Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green, black-freckled ; dorsal
line pale; subdorsal pinkish-white or yellowish-white, edged
above with black marks ; spiracular pink edged with white,
marked above with black ; head greenish : on Chenopodium and
Atripilex ; 7-9.

6. M. dentina, Esp. 31-35 mm. Forewings light ochreous-
grey, median area mostly suffused with bi'own or dai'k fuscous ;
subbasal line pale, black-edged ; an indistinct orange dorsal
suffusion beyond this ; first and second lines pale, internally
blackish-edged ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reni-
form pale-edged, an irregular angular pale or whitish spot
limiting orbicular beneath and claviform posteriorly ; subter-
minal line whitish, partly black-edged, with two moderate
submedian teeth. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia
Minor, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light brown-grey ; a dorsal
series of connected blackish spots, edged with white ; spiracular
line darker; lateral and subspiracular less marked : on roots of
Taraxacum ; 5.

7. M. glauca, Hb. 31-37 mm. Forewings ashy-fuscous mixed
with ashy - whitish ; subbasal, first, and second lines pale,
blackish - edged ; spots outlined with blackisli, orbicular and
reniform suffused with ashy-whitish, claviform roundish, suf-

melanchra] CARADRINIDAE 83

fused with whitish-ochreous, emitting a black dash posteriorly ;
subtei'minal line whitish-ochreous, edged anteriorly with
blackish, with two moderate median teeth. Hindwings fuscous.
Britain from Norfolk and Worcester to the Orkneys, N. and
E. Ireland, common, scarcer southwards ; N. and C. Europe ;
6. Larva brown, darker-freckled ; dorsal line narrow, darker ;
subdorsal series of oblique dark and light markings; spiracxilar
whitish ; head pale brown, darker-freckled : on Salix, Tussilago,
etc.; 7, 8.

8. M. conspicillaris, L. 33-41 mm. Forewings variably
mixed with fuscous, dark fuscous, and whitish, dorsal area
usually pale, veins posteriorly black ; markings in dai'k speci-
mens obscured ; a black median dash from base ; spots outlined
with black, orbicular and reniform usually pale-edged ; median
shade sometimes darker ; subterminal line suffusedly pale.
Hindwings white, termen and veins fuscous.

Kent to Suffolk and Worcester, local and uncommon ; C.
Europe, WC. Asia; 4-6. Larva greenish-ochreous, freckled
with fuscous, forming darker dorsal blotches ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines obscurely dark- edged ; spiracular pale reddish-
ochreous, dark - edged above ; head pale pinkish - ochreous,
blackish-marked : on Lotus, Polygonum, etc. ; 6-8.

9. M. contigua, Vill. 34-38 nun. Forewings pale fuscous,
mixed with whitish and reddish-fuscous ; a black median dash
from base, surmounted by a pale ochreous-tinged blotch ; first
and second lines pale, darker-edged; spots outlined with blackish,
orbicular edged with whitish, claviform emitting a black dash
postei'iorly ; a pale suffusion extending from orbicular to tornus ;
subterminal line white, with two strong median teeth preceded by
blackish wedges. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe,
NW. Asia; 6, 7. Larva dull yellowish-green, above suffused
with orange-ochreous and freckled with brown-reddish, fomiing
doi-sal series of V-shaped marks ; spiracular brown-reddish : on
oak, birch, Solidago, etc. ; 8, 9.

10. M. genistae, Bkh. {iv-latinum, Bkh.) 39-43 mm. Fore-
wings pale brown, i-eddish-tingcd, partly whitish-sprinkled ; a
Ijlack median dash from base, surmounted by a pale ochreous-
tinged suffusion ; first and second lines pale, partly black-edged
internally ; spots partly outlined with black, claviform darker
and traversed by a l)lack dash reaching second line ; subter-
minal line yellow-whitish, with two strong median teeth tra-
versed by blackish dashes. Hindwings light fuscous.

84 CARADRININA [melanchra

England to York, Renfrew, E. Ireland, rather common ; C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dull brown, sometimes greenish
or purplish - tinged ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark-edged,
indistinct ; dorsal series of darker diamonds and wedges ; head
black-marked : on Genista, Polygonum, SteUaria, etc. ; 7-9.

11. M. thalassina, Rott. 36-43 mm. Forewings reddish-
brown, partly sprinkled with whitish and whitish-ochreous ; a
black median dash from base, surmounted by a whitish-ochreous
suffusion ; lines ochrcous-whitish, partly black-edged internally ;
spots partly outlined with black, orbicular sufFusedly edged with
whitish-ochi'coiis, claviform emitting a black dash posteriorly ;
subterminal line yellow-whitish, with two strong median teeth
preceded by blackish wedges. Hindwings light grey, posteriorly
darker, with distinct darker discal crescent.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pale pinkish-brown, freckled with dark
brown ; a double dorsal series of oblique darker marks ; dorsal
line indistinct ; spiracular pale, edged above with white or black,
or wholly black : on birch, Lonicera, Polygonum., etc. ; 7, 8.

12. M. dissimilis, Kn. (suasa, Bkh.) 34-41 mm. Forewings
reddish-grey ; a black median dash fi'om base ; first and second
lines obscurely pale or grey-whitish ; spots partly finely outlined
with black, orbicular and reniform obscurely pale-edged ; sub-
terminal line fine, whitish, with two strong median teeth.
Hindwings pale fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia; 6. Larva green or brown, white-dotted, freckled
with dark grey ; dorsal and svibdorsal lines darkei", variable ;
spiracular yellow-oclu-eous, edged above with brown or black,
below with light reddish : on Rumex, Chenopodium, Plantago,
etc. ; 7, 8.

13. M. oleracea, L. 3.5-40 mm. Forewings pui-ple-reddish-
brown, somewhat whitish-sprinkled ; first and second lines very
faint ; median shade somewhat dai'ker, angulated ; orbicular
and reniform usually edged with whitish, reniform including a
suffused yellow-ochreous or whitish-yellow spot ; subterminal
line fine, white, with two sharp median teeth. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous, with fuscous discal crescent and posterior
suffusion.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
Asia Minor; 6. Larva green or brown, white-dotted ; ordinary
dots black ; spiracular line yellow, edged above with dai'k grey ;
on Urtira, Rumex, elm, Brassica, etc. ; 7-9.

mrlanchra] CARADRINIDAE 85

14. M. pisi, L. 35-39 mm. Forewings purple-reddish, mixed
witli ferruginous-ochreoiis ; first and second lines hardly paler,
darker-edged; median shade darker; orbicular and reniform
partly outlined with ferruginous-brown, hardly pale-edged ;
subterminal line strong, whitish-yellow, irregular, rather dilated
and angulated near tornus, pax'tly ferruginous-edged anteriorly.
Hindwings pale fuscous, suffused with whitish-ochi-eous anter-
iorly, with fuscous subterminal suffusion.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
6. Larva green or pui'ple-brown, black-dotted ; subdorsal line
yellow, black-edged ; spiracular yellow or pale greenish, black-
edged above ; head pale green or pinkish-ochreous ; legs some-
times rosy : on Pteris, Gytisus, Scabiosa, etc. ; 8-10.

15. M. leucophaea. View. 37-41 mm. Antennae in (^ bipec-
tinated. Forewings light brown, partly sprinkled with white,
basally suffused with light ochreous ; a short black median
basal dash joining black edge of whitish subbasal line ; first and
second lines pale, internally black-edged ; median shade suf-
fusedly dark fuscous; spots outlined with black, orbicular and
reniform edged with white ; subterminal line whitish, preceded
by dark fuscous wedges, with two moderate median teeth. Hind-
wings light fuscous, with darker discal crescent.

Kent, Surrey, local and scarce ; C. and SE. Europe, NW.
Asia ; 5-7. Larva ochreous or brownish-ochreous ; dorsal line
pale, traversing a double series of oblique blackish marks; sub-
dorsal indistinct ; spiracular pale, edged with blackish marks
above : on grasses ; 6-4.

16. M. tincta, 3rh. 42-50 mm. Forewings light fuscous,
partly crimson-tinged, much suffused with greenish - whitish ;
first and second lines pale, darker-edged ; median line fuscous ;
spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with
whitish ; suV)terminal line whitish, brown-edged, strongly edged
anteriorly with reddish-black in middle and towards tornus.
Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Sutherland, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ;
6, 7. Larva pale reddish-brown, finely freckled with black and
white; dorsal line slender, whitish, blackish-edged ; head brown :
on bircli, Vaccmium, grasses, etc.; 9-5.

17. M. advena, F. 41-48 mm. Forewings light brown,
rosy-tinged in disc, somewhat whitish - sprinkled ; a fine dark
brown median basal dash joining edge of subbasal line ; first
and second lines obscurely pale, darker-edged ; spots outlined
with brown, orbicular and reniform pale-edged, posterior edge

CARADRININA [melanchra

of reniform whitish ; subterminal line obscurely pale, anteriorly
brown - edged, more strongly in middle and towards tornus.
Hindwings light ochreous- fuscous, with darker terminal suf-
fusion.

Britain to Perth, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7.
Larva pale brown, sides darker, freckled with grey ; dorsal line
pale, brown-edged ; spiracles bright red-brown, black-edged : on
Sonchus, Achi/lta, Polygonum, etc. ; 8-4.

18. M. nebulosa, Hufn. 45-54 mm. Forewings light grey,
sometimes ochreous-tinged, suffusedly sprinkled with white ;
subbasal, first, and second lines whitish, blackish-edged, sub-
basal connected with base in middle ; median line blackish,
distinct on upper half; spots outlined with black, whitish-
edged ; subterminal line obscurely whitish, slender, anteriorly
blackish-edged, pi'eceded by a black spot above tornus. Hind-
wings pale grey, ochreous-tinged, with darker tei'minal suf-
fusion.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light brown, sides darker ; dorsal lino
pale, traversing a series of dark diamonds ; supraspiracular
indistinctly dark : on birch, willow, elm, etc. ; 9-5.

19. M. brassicae, L. 33-43 mm. Anterior tibiae with apical
hook. Forewings grey, slightly reddish-tinged, sprinkled with
black ; subbasal, first, and second lines blackish-edged ; spots
partly outlined with blackish, reniform partly edged with white
dots and marks, sometimes with white central mark ; subter-
minal line whitish, with two moderate median teeth. Hind-
wings light grey, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 5-8. Larva brown to dull green, some-
times blackish-marked ; dorsal line darker ; subspiracular dull
yellowish; 12 somewhat raised ; head yellowish-brown, darker-
marked : on Brassica, Humex, Glienopodium, etc. ; 6-9. This
larva is very destructive to garden cabbages.

20. M. persicariae, L. 37-41 mm. Forewings dark purplish-
fuscous; subbasal, first, and second lines black-edged; median
line blackish ; spots outlined with black, oi'bicular blackish-
centred, reniform clear white, brownish-centred ; subterminal
line formed by pale ochreous dots, blackish-edged. Hindwings
ochreous-whitisli, fuscous-tinged, with rather dark fuscous discal
mark and broad terminal suffused band.

Britain to Forfar, S. Ireland, local ; C. and SE. Europe ; G,
7. Larva green to brown ; dorsal line whitish, traversing a

melanchra] CARADRINIDAE 87

double series of oblique dark marks, darkest on 5 and 6 ;
spiracular whitish, sometimes edged above with oblique dark
marks; 12 prominent above: on Rumex, Pteris, Chrysanthe-
mum, etc. : 8, 9.

21. M. albicolon, Hb. 37-10 mm. Forewings fuscous, some-
what sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous ; subbasal, first,
and second lines edged with dark fuscous ; spots outlined with
black, reniform with two white marks on lower posterior angle ;
subterminal line forming a series of ochreous-whitish dots.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous, with darker terminal suffusion.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe,
NW. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line fine, pale, dark-
edged ; spiracular pale, including a darker line ; head pale
green : on Chenojiodium, Atriplex, Sisymbrium, etc. ; 7, 8.

22. M. myrtilli, L. 22-25 mm. Forewings ferruginous-red,
mixed with black and pale ochreous ; veins partly white ; sub-
basal line pale ochreous, white towards costa ; first and second
lines pale ochreoiis, internally black-edged, white on costa;
orbicular and reniform outlined with black, orbicular with a
white adjacent spot beneath ; subterminal line white. Hind-
wings orange-yellow ; base, costa, and dorsum narrowly blackish;
a broad black terminal band.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW.
Eui'ope ; 6, 7. Larva gi-een, sometimes brownish-tinged, with
scattered pale yellowish or whitish marks ; dorsal, subdorsal,
and spiracular series of whitish spots : on Erica ; 8, 9.

23. M. cordigera, Thnb. 22-25 mm. Forewings dark grey
mixed with black, basal and terminal areas sprinkled with gi'ey-
whitish ; first and second lines blackish ; reniform large, wliite,
including a blackish mark ; subterminal line indistinctly indi-
cated with blackish. Hindwings orange-yellow ; base and costa
blackish ; a black terminal fascia.

Forfar to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe,
N. America; 5, 6. Larva purplish-brown mixed with black;
dorsal line whitish ; subdorsal indistinct ; subspiracular brown-
ish-ochi-eous, reddish-marked: on Vaccinium ; 7, 8.

24. M. melanopa, Thnh. 25-31 mm. Forewings brown,
densely sprinkled with black and white ; first and second lines
black, more or less inteiTupted ; spots outlined with black ;
subterminal line indicated by several blackish spots. Hind-
wings white ; dorsmn broadly dark grey ; a blackish discal
crescentic spot and terminal fascia.

Lanark to the Shetlands, local ; N. and mountains of C.

CARADRININA [melanchra

Europe, N. America; 6. Larva purplish -rosy ; dorsal line
ochreous-brown, edged with dark grey, marked with reddish
spots ; subdorsal yellowish, black-edged ; series of black marks
above and below this ; spiracular pale yellow, red-marked : on
Vaccinium ; 6, 7.

Sub-Fam. 3. GARADRINIDES.
Eyes glabrous, not ciliated.

20. Agrotis, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated,
often acutely bidentate or bipectinated with apex simple.
Thorax usually with more or less developed anterior and
posterior crests. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae all spinose.

A very large genus, occurring all over the world but much
more plentifully in the northern hemisphere. The larvae are
very indiscriminate in their tastes, often feeding on almost any
low plant ; they are frequently subterranean in habit, but
usually emerge by night to feed.

1. Hind wings orange . . .2.

,, not orange . . . .4.

2. Hindwings with blackish discal niai'k . . 3.

,, without blackish discal mark . 32. pronuha.

3. Forewings with black costal mark before subter-

minal line . . . 34. (yrhona.

,, without such mark . . 33. comes.

4. Forewings dark fuscous with whitish veins 45. typica.

,, not dark fuscous with whitish veins 5.

5. Claviform dot-like, blackish . . .6.

,, not dot-like . . . .8.

6. Forewings with blackish discal dot before first line

41. f estiva.
,, without such dot . . .7.

7. Subterminal line pale yellowish . . 40. Dahiii.

,, ,, not yellowish . . 39. ruhi.

8. Claviform more or less distinctly marked . D.

,, obsolete .... 28.

9. Forewings light grey-greenish . . 10. praecox

,, not greenish . . . .10.

10. Subterminal line preceded Ijy three or four dark

fuscous wedges . .11.

„ „ not so preceded . .12.

AGROTIS]

CARADRINIDAE

89

Orbicular narrow-elongate

,, round .

Forewings with black median basal dasli
without black basal dash

11.

12.

13. Posterior half of collar conspicuously darker 28. flammatra.

14.

1. vestigialis.
18. tritici.
. 13.
. 16.

14.

not conspicuously d
Costa broadly whitish-suft'used to beyond middle

17. agathina.
,, not whitish-suft'used . . .15.

15. Orbicular small, white . . .16. strigula.

„ moderate, pale-edged . . 7. obelisca.

16. Reniform followed by a short black dash . 4. ypsiloji.

,, not followed by a black dash . .17.

17. Forewings darker- strigulated ; antennae in

$ pectinated
„ not strigulated ; antennae in

tate or ciliated

18. Hind wings pale grey

„ white .

19. Claviform wholly blackish

,, not wholly blackish

20. Orbicular small, whitish .

,, not whitish . . 6.

21. Hiudwings whitish or whitish-fuscous

,, fuscous

22. Subterminal line forming whitish dots

,, ,, not forming whitish dots

23. First and second lines black-dotted

,, „ ,, not black-dotted

24. Forewings reddish-tinged .

,, not reddish-tinged

25. Veins partly whitish-marked

,, not whitish-marked

26. Forewings partly whitish-sprinkled

,, not whitish-sprinkled .

27. Reniform suffused with pale yellowish

,, not yellowish-marked .

28. Forewings with broad whitish costal suffusion

,, without whitish costal streak

29. Orbicular triangular, pale ochreous

,, not triangular .

30. Orbicular dot-like, dark fuscous .

,, not dot-like

8.

. 18.
6 dcn-

. 19.

2. coifticea.

3. segetum.
. 20.

. 21.
5. lunigera.
cxdamationis.
. 22.
. 26.
nigricans.
. 23.
. 24.
. 25.
14. puta.
13. ripae.
cursoria.
9. saucia.
20. occulta.
. 27.
35. hrunnea.
19. augiir.
15. pAecta.
. 29.
29. c-nigrum.
. 30.
12. cinerea.
. 31.

11.

90 CARADRININA ' [agrotis

31. Antennae in S pectinated ; species very rosy 21. suhrosea.

,, ,, ciliated .... 32.

32. First and second lines black . 22. Ashivorthii.

„ ,, ,, not black . . . 33.

33. Subbasal line anteriorly black-edged . . 34.

,, ,, not black-edged . . . 38.

34. First line posteriorly black-edged . . 35.

,, ,, ,, not black-edged 30. ditraj^ezium.

35. Forewings suftusedly irrorated with whitish 43. glareosa.

„ not irrorated with whitish . . 36.

36. Subterminal line preceded by black costal mark

31. triangulum.
„ „ not preceded by black mark . 37.

37. Forewings rather dark purplish-fuscous 42. stigmatica.

„ light ochreous-brown . . 44. depuncta.

38. Reniform perceptible . . , .39.

,, obsolete . . . 23. lucernea.

39. Hindwings towards base whitish . . . 40.

,, ,, ,, not whitish . . 42.

40. Forewings with dark suffused costal streak 26. putris.

„ without dark costal streak . .41.

41. Reniform edged with pale yellowish 36. xanthographa.

,, not pale-edged . . . 25. ohscura.

42. Orbicular and reniform pale-edged . 27. fennica.

„ „ not pale-edged . . 43.

43. Median shade dark fuscous . . 38. umhrosa.

„ ,, very faint . . . .44.

44. Lines partially distinctly dark-edged . 24. sinudans.

,, very faint .... 37. castanea.

1. A. vestigialis, ^0^^. (vai^i^^^^rera, Hb.) 31-35 mm. Antennae
in S bipectinated. Forewings light ochreous-brownish, much
suffused with whitish along veins ; veins partly blackish ; a
short black basal inedian mark ; subbasal, first, and second
lines whitish, blackish -edged on costa ; spots outlined with
black, orbicular narrow -elongate, claviform brown, reniform
dark brown, pale- edged; subterminal line whitish, preceded
by dark brown wedges. Hindwings whitish ; discal spot and
terminal suffusion (broader in 5 ) fuscous.

Britain to tlie Hebrides, Ireland, common on coasts ; N. and
C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva light greenish-grey ; dorsal line pale,
dark-edged ; lateral pale or whitish, dark-edged ; tubercular
dots black ; head light ochreous, dark-mai"ked : on grasses,
Galium, Stellaria, etc.; 5, 6.

AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 91

2. A. corticea, Hb. 34-39 mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated.
Forewings pale brownish-ochreous or brownish, with darker
fuscous strigulae mixed with black scales ; subbasal, first, and
second lines more or less distinctly edged with dark fuscous ;
spots blackish-edged, suft'used with rather dark brown ; sub-
terminal line very faint. Hindwings pale grey, darker towards
apex ; a darker discal crescentic spot.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; N., C, and
SE. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva rather rough,
bi'ownish-grey, darker-freckled ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ;
subdorsal pale, edged above with dark brown ; subspiracular
pale, double ; head blackish-marked : on Ghenopodium, Riiviex,
Trifolium, etc.; 8-5.

3. A. segetum, Schiff. 33-41 mm. Antennae in $ bipecti-
nated. Forewings brownish, sometimes reddish-tinged, with
darker fuscous strigulae mixed with black scales, sometimes
wholly darker-suffused ; subbasal, first, and second lines edged
with dark fuscous, second sometimes with dots only ; spots
outlined with black, orbicular and reniform centred with
fuscous; subterminal line faint or whitish-sprinkled, followed
by darker suftusion. Hindwings white, termen brownish.

Britain to Eoss, Ireland, very common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia ; 6-8. Larva pale grey or greyish-ochreous, some-
times pinkish-tinged ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines
usually indicated by dark edges, subdorsal sometimes grey ;
head pale, with two brown marks ; plate of 2 more or less
brown : on roots of Brassica, Rumex, Chrysayitheniuvi, etc. ;
7-4.

4. A. ypsilon, Rott. {suffusa, Hb.) 38-48 mm. Antennae in
$ bipectinated. Forewings brown, reddish-tinged, mixed with

pale greyish-ochreous, costa and sometimes median area suftused
with dark fuscous ; first and second lines edged with dark
fuscous ; spots outlined with black, reniform followed by a
short black dash ; subterminal line obscure, usually preceded
in middle by two fine black marks. Hindwings whitish-grey
or whitish, tei-minally suffused with fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. America; 8-4. Larva ochreous-
brownish or bronzy-grey, sides sometimes greenish ; dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and spiracular lines faintly darker or lighter, usually
darker-edged ; head sufFusedly brown-marked : on roots and
leaves of Brassica, Lactuca, Cheiwpodium, etc.; 5-7.

5. A. lunigera, Stph. 34-40 mm. Antennae in c? acutely

92 CARADRININA [agrotis

dentate. Forewiiigs fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged, more or
less sprinkled with dark fuscous, in $ darker ; first and second
lines darker-edged ; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular
small, whitish, reniform with anterior edge pale, claviform
wholly dark fuscous ; subterminal line obscure, followed by a
darker suffusion. Hindwings in S white, in $ fuscous-whitish ;
a terminal fuscous suffusion.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and S. Ireland, especially
on coasts, local ; N. France, further range doubtful ; 7, 8.
Larva dull brownish, on sides greyer, sometimes greenish-
tinged ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines hardly palei",
sometimes dark-edged ; head brownish, black-marked ; plate
of 2 blackish, cut by yellowish dorsal line : on Polygonum,
Chenopodium, Plantago, etc.; 8-10.

6. A. exclamationis, L. 34-40 mm. Antennae in S acutely
dentate. Forewings light brown, soinetimes i-eddish- tinged ;
first and second lines darker-edged, sometimes very faint ;
orbicular and reniform edged with blackish, reniform partly
suffused with dark fuscous, claviform wholly black ; subter-
minal line obscurely pale. Hindwings in $ white, in 9
fuscous.

Britain to Ross, Ii'eland, veiy common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia; 6-8. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous or brown;
dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines more or less dark-edged ;
spiracles unusually large, black ; head pale, with two dai-k
brown mai'ks : on roots and leaves of Brassica, Chenopodium,
Peucedamim, etc.; 7-4. This larva, and that of A. segeUim, are
often highly injurious to garden vegetables.

7. A. obelisca, Hh. 34-38 mm. Antennae in S acutely
dentate. Forewings light brown, reddish-tinged ; a whitish-
ochreous subcostal suffusion towards base ; a blackish median
dash from base; subbasal, first, and second lines partly blackish-
edged ; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular and reniform
edged with pale or whitish-ochreous, connected by a blackish-
fuscous spot, orbicular preceded by a smaller blackish spot ;
claviform fuscous or dark fuscous ; subterminal line obscurely
paler. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, with fuscous terminal suf-
fusion.

Britain to Aberdeen, E. and W. Ireland, local ; C. and S.
Europe ; 8. Larva brownish, paler laterally ; dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and spiracular lines pale, darker- edged : on Helian-
theninm, daliion, etc.; 5, 6.

8. A. nigricans, L. 33-39 mm. Antennae in 6 acutely

AGEOTis] CARADRINIDAE 93

dentate. Forewiugs dark fuscous, reddish -tinged, sometimes
slightly sprinkled with whitish ; subbasal line edged with
black marks in middle and on costa ; first and second lines
sometimes partly blackish-edged ; median shade dai'ker ; spots
partly outlined with black, orbicular preceded and followed by
blackish spots, reniform with posterior edge whitish-ochreous ;
subterminal line forming ochreous-whitish dots. Hindwings
fuscous-whitish, with terminal fuscous sufiiision.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; Europe, N.
Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous or ochreous-brown, sides light
grey-greenish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale grey-greenish,
blackish-edged ; spiracular blackish-green ; subspiracular double,
whitish ; head l)lackish-marked : on Trifolium, Plantago, Hera-
chum, etc.; 4-6.

9. A. saucia, Hh. 43-50 mm. Antennae in S fasciculate-
ciliated. Forewings fuscous, reddish-tinged, sometimes slightly
sprinkled with grey-whitish ; fii'st and second lines indistinctly
darker-edged ; spots obscurely outlined with darker, reniform
grey, posteriorly edged with grey -whitish ; subterminal line
obscurely pale. Hindwings whitish, veins and a narrow tei*-
minal suffusion dark fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlauds, E. Ireland, local, sometimes common,
scarce in Ireland ; WC. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa, N.
America; 5, 6, 8-10. Larva reddish-brown, sides paler; dorsal
line pale yellowish, dark-edged, interrupted ; spiracular pale,
black-edged above ; a black ti'ansverse mark on 12 ; anal shield
pale ; head black-marked : on Ruviex, Trifolium, Stellaria, etc. ;
10-2, 7, 8.

10. A. praecox, L. 40-44 mm. Antennae in <^ cihated.
Forewings light grey-greenish, whitish-sprinkled ; some white
costal dots ; first and second lines internally blackish-edged ;
spots indistinctly outlined with darker, orbicular and reniform
ochreous-whitish, bx'ownish-centred, claviform ochreous-whitish
mixed with bi'ownish ; subterminal line preceded by a red-
brown shade not reaching costa. Hindwings light fuscous,
darker posteriorly.

Britain to Sutherland, E. and W. Ireland, on coasts, local ; C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 8. Larva pale brown to ferruginous-ochreous,
sides greenish or pale grey; dorsal line grey-whitish, dilated to
form a series of connected spots, edged with dark spots ; sub-
dorsal whitish, dark-edged ; subspii*acular whitish ; head pale
brownish, indistinctly dark -marked : on Salix, grasses, Arte-
misia, etc.; 5, 6.

94 CARADRININA [agrotis

11. A. cursoria, Hufn. 33-37 mm. Antennae in $ acutely
dentate. Forewings gi-eyisli-ochreous or light brownish, some-
times darker in disc ; veins partly whitish-marked ; first and
second lines more or less edged with dark fuscous ; spots some-
times partly blackish-outlined, orbicular and reniform edged
with pale or whitish, lower end of reniform dark grey ; sub-
terminal line partly brown -edged, often followed by dark
suffusion. Hind wings whitish ; a small discal spot and suf-
fused terminal fascia rather dark grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, on coasts, local ; C
Europe; 8. Lai'va pale ochreous, greenish - tinged ; dorsal
line paler, greenish -edged ; subdorsal and spiracular whitish,
edged with grey or greenish ; head pale ochreous : on grasses,
Arenaria, Artemisia, etc.; 5, 6.

12. A. cinerea, Hh. 33-37 mm. Antennae in <$ bipectinated.
Forewings fuscous, more or less sprinkled with light grey, in

9 darker fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines blackish ;
median shade darker fuscous ; orbicular reduced to a dark
fuscous dot; reniform narrow, fuscous, darker-edged; traces
of a darker praesubterminal shade. Hind wings in ($ whitish-
fuscous, darker posteriorly, in $ fuscous ; a darker discal
spot.

England to Lancashire, Perth, local ; C. and NW. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6. Larva dark grey or blackish-green ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines fine, pale, dark-edged ; spiracular dark ;
head black-marked : on Thi/mus, Rumex, etc. ; 7-4.

13. A. ripae, Hb. 35-38 mm. Antennae in S acutely dentate.
Forewings greyish-ochreous or ochreous, veins sometimes suf-
fused with white ; first and second lines indistinctly edged
internally with brownish, externally with black dots ; spots
outlined with blackish-brown, orbicular and reniform grey-
centred, whitish - edged ; subterminal line obscurely pale.
Hindwings in $ white, in 5 whitish-fuscous.

Britain to Ayr, E. Ii'eland, on coasts, local ; NC. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva pale green, yellow-grey or pinkish-whitish ; dorsal
line dark, double ; subdorsal, triple lateral, and spiracular in-
distinctly darker ; head and plate of 2 pale yellow-l)i-own : on
C//nor/hssi()n and Salsola ; 8-4.

14. A. puta, lib. 29-31 mm. Antennae in S acutely den-
tate. Forewings pale ochreous, reddish-tinged, in $ suffused
with fuscous; basal area suffused with reddish -fuscous and
dark fuscous except dorsally ; first and second lines indistinctly
edged internally with brownish, extei'nally with blackish dots;

AGEOTis] CARADRINIDAE 95

spots outlined with dark reddish-fuscous, orbicular very elon-
gate, dark -centred, reniform mostly dark reddish - fuscous ;
subterminal line partly edged with reddish-fuscous suffusion.
Hindwings in S white, in 5 whitish-fuscous.

England to York, N. Ireland, rather common ; WC. and
S. Europe to Syria, N. Africa ; 8, 9. Larva light fuscous, above
brownish-ochreous ; dorsal line darker, double, traversing a
series of freckled spots ; subdorsal dark brown, finely pale-
edged beneath ; head and plate of 2 brown, darker-marked : on
Polygonum, Taraxacum, Lactuca, etc.; 9-4.

15. A. plecta, L. 27-29 mm. Antennae in S serrate.
Forewings purplish - brown ; a broad ochi'eous- whitish costal
suffusion from base to beyond middle, edged beneath by a
suffused blackish streak; orbicular and reniform small, fuscous,
whitish-edged. Hindwings white, with a few grey scales towards
apex.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Amei'ica ; 6. Larva pale ochreous, pale brown,
or reddish-brown, darker-freckled, with numerous dark fuscous
dots ; dorsal and subdorsal lines slender, whitish, interrupted,
dai'k-edged ; spiracular broad, ochreous-whitish, brown-dotted ;
head brown, dark-marked : on Galium, Atriplex, Rumex, etc. ;
7, 8.

16. A. strigula, Thnh. {porphtjrea, Hb.) 23-31 nun. An-
tennae in c? serrate. Forewings brown-reddish mixed with
dark fuscous and on veins with whitish ; a submedian black
basal dash; first and second lines grey-whitish, internally
blackish-edged : spots outlined with black, orbicular small,
white, reniform whitish-edged; subterminal line obscurely
grey-whitish, edged anteriorly with suffused blackish spots.
Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, on heaths, common ; N.
and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous or pinkish-brown, some-
times darker-irrorated ; dorsal line interrupted, whitish, edged
with dark fuscous marks ; subdorsal similai", less marked ; spira-
cular pinkish-whitish, dark-edged above ; head pale yellow-brown,
darker-marked : on Calluna and Erica ; 9-5.

17. A. agathina, Diq). 27-35 mm. Antennae in $ serrate.
Forewings light fuscous, reddish-tinged, whitish-sprinkled ; costa
rather broadly suffused with whitish to beyond middle ; a fine
blackish median basal dash : subbasal, first, and second lines
obscurely blackish ; spots outlined with black, orbicular white,
placed on a blackish streak reaching from first line to whitish-

CARADRININA [agrotis

edged reniform, claviform ending in a black mark ; sulaterminal
line preceded by blackish spots, forming a whitish tornal spot.
Hindwings whitish-fuscoxis, with darker discal spot and post-
median line.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, on heaths, local ;
WC. Europe ; 8. Larva green or pinkish-brown, darker-
irrorated ; dorsal line whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal whitish,
blackish-edged above ; spiracular broader, ochreous- whitish,
sometimes dark-edged above; head pale yellow-brown, darker-
marked : on Calluna and Erica ; 9-6.

18. A. tritici, L. {aquilina, Hb.) 29-37 mm. Antennae in
$ serrate. Forewings brown, sometimes pale-mixed or reddish-
tinged, veins sometimes black, sometimes with a whitish sub-
costal streak ; sometimes an irregular black median basal dash ;
median vein whitish ; first and second lines pale, dark-edged ;
spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with
pale or whitish, space between them often darker ; subterminal
line pale, preceded by dark or black wedges in disc. Hind-
wings white or whitish, posteriorly more or less fuscous-tinged
or sufltused.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common, especially on
coasts ; N. and C. Europe, NW. and WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7,
8. Larva dull brownish ; dorsal line pale ; subdorsal fuscous,
dark, pale-edged beneath ; lateral and spiracular dai'k greenish-
fuscous ; head brownish, dark-marked : on Plantago, SteUaria,
Brassica, etc.; 5, 6.

19. A. augur, i^. 38-43 mm. Antennae in c? ciliated. Fore-
wings fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged ; first and second lines
internally blackish-edged ; spots more or less outlined with
black ; subterminal line very faint. Hindwings fuscous, lighter
anteriorly.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva purple-brownish or grey-greenish ; a
double dorsal series of whitish dots and oblique darker mai'ks ;
spiracular line dark brown ; on 12 a dark brown transverse mark
dilated at extremities, pale-edged posteriorly; head pale brown :
on hawthorn, Salix, Rwnex, etc.; 8-5. A. helvetina, B., was
erroneously recoixled as British from a bleached example of this
species.

20. A. occulta, L. 50-58 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore-
wings fuscous, mixed and partly suff'used with dark fuscous,
veins and margins whitish-sprinkled ; subbasal, first, and second
lines dentate, whitish; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular

AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 97

whitish, claviform pale or whitish, reniform darker- marked ;
subterminal line hardly paler, edged anteriorly witli dark
fuscous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cilia white.

Britain (except WC. and SW. England) to the Slietlands,
local, commoner northwards ; N. and EC. Europe, N. Asia, N.
America; 7, 8. Larva brown, darker- irrorated ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines pale yellowish, latter including a series of
oblique dark marks; spiracular whitish; dots pale yellowish;
head bi'own : on Primula, Taraxacum, etc. ; 9-5.

21. A. subrosea, Stph. 37-41 mm. Antennae in $ bipecti-
nated. Face blackish -fuscous. Forewings rosy-ochreous or
pale rosy-grey, sprinkled with dark brown-reddish or rosy-
fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines waved, dark reddish-
fuscous ; orbicular and reniform pale-edged, partly blackish-
outlined, a quadrate spot between them and a spot before
orbicular darker reddish -brown, partly marked with dark
fuscous ; subterminal line anteriorly indistinctly darker-edged.
Hindwings fuscous- whitish or pale fuscous-yellowish; discal
spot and subterminal fascia fuscous.

Cambridge, Hunts, in fens, formerly not scarce, now many
years extinct; NW. Russia; 7, 8. Larva rosy-grey or purplish-
grey; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale ; spiracular bright yellow;
head and plate of 2 reddish-brown : on Myrica, Salix, and
Andi-omeda ; 9-5.

22. A. Asliworthii, Dhld. {candelarum, Stgr.) 35-40 mm.
Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings pale fuscous, very densely
irrorated with violet- whitish, especially towards costa; sub-
basal, first, and second lines fine, blackish, second sharply
dentate ; orbicular and reniform faint, sometimes pale-edged,
sometimes connected by a dark spot ; median sliade and some-
times subterminal darker. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly.

Merioneth, Denbigh, Caernarvon, in mountainous districts,
local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva dull dark grey-green, blackish-
grey, or fuscous ; subdorsal series of narrow rectangular black
marks ; head red-brown : on Helianthemum, Hieracmm, Salix,
etc.; 9-5.

23. A. lucernea, L. 35-45 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Forewings grey, faintly greenish-tinged, pale -sprinkled ; sub-
basal, first, and second lines edged with dark grey ; median
shade dark grey ; subterminal line margined anteriorly or
sometimes wholly obscured with dark grey suffusion. Hind-
wings fuscous, becoming dark fuscous posteriorly ; cilia white,
base pale brown.

H

98 CARADRININA [agrotis

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, especially near coasts,
local ; N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 7. Larva fuscous •,
subdorsal series of dark fuscous arrow-heads, terminated
posteriorly by pale spots; head fuscous, black- marked : on
Sedwn, SteUaria, Campanula, etc.; 9-4.

24. A. simulans, Hufn. (jyyrophila, F.) 40-42 mm. Antennae
in c? ciliated. Forewings light fuscous, slightly ochreous-tinged;
subbasal, first, and second lines edged with dark fuscous marks
or dots ; orbicular and reniform partly outlined with dark fus-
cous, reniform obscui-ely d ark er- marked ; median shade very
faint ; subterminal line edged antei'iorly with dark fuscous
shade. Hindwings fuscous; cilia whitish, base whitish -
ochreous.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, local ; Europe, NW.
and WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva said to be fuscous : on
grasses and low plants ; 8-5 (?).

2.5. A. obscura, Brh. [ravida, Hb.) 41-44 mm. Antennae
in (J ciliated. Forewings fuscous, towards costa rosy-tinged ;
an obscure blackish median dash from base ; subbasal, first,
and second lines slightly ])aler, obscurely darker-edged, distinct
on costa ; orbicular and reniform partly outlined with black,
sometimes connected by a blackish mark or touching, orbicular
rather elongate ; subterminal line pale, anteriorly with some-
what darker sufltusion. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, darker
posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7.
Larva ochi-eous-brown ; dorsal line somewhat paler ; subdorsal
series of curved or sometimes neai'ly straight oblique yellowish
marks, edged above with dark fuscous ; head grey, f uscous-
mai'ked : on Taraxacum, SteUaria, etc. ; 9-5.

26. A. putris, L. 29-33 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore-
wings whitish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with darker ochreous ;
an irregular suffused dark fuscous costal streak from base to
apex, partly reddish, broadest beyond middle ; edges of first
line marked with some blackish scales, strongly dentate, of
second with black dots ; interiors of orbicular and reniform
dark fuscous, touching costal streak ; a dark fuscous terminal
wedge below apex. Hindwings grey -whitish, termen inter-
ruptedly dark fuscous.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ;
6. Larva pale brown, darker- irrorated ; dorsal line pale, in-
terrupted ; subdorsal series of dark greenish-fuscous oblique
marks, especially distinct on 5, 6, 10, 11, edged beneath with

AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 99

pale oclireous ; a pale ochreoiis bar on 12; spiracular pale,
pinkish or yellowish-tinged; head brown, darker-marked: on
Stellaria, Atriplex, Plantago, etc. ; 7, 8.

27. A. fennica, Tausch. 38-43 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Fore wings rather narrow, in $ ochreous-bi'own, becoming
broadly light oclireous towards dorsum, in $ uniform rather
dark ashy-grey ; subbasal, first, and second lines faintly darker-
edged ; orliicular and reniform sutfusedly edged with whitish.
Hindwings pale fuscous, darker terminally.

Derby, once, probably a casual immigrant only ; NE.
Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7, 8. Larva on Ejyilohium,
Corydalis, etc. ; 9-5.

28. A. flammatra, F. 43-48 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Posterior half of collar dark fuscous. Forewings brown, reddish-
tinged, on costa anteriorly broadly paler; a blackish-fuscous
basal median dash terminating in an oval spot; subbasal, first,
and second lines paler, darker-edged ; orbicular and margin of
reniform pale, a quadrate spot between them and wedge before
orbicular blackish-fuscous; dark margin of claviform partly
indicated ; subterminal line edged anteriorly with dark fuscous
marks. Hindwings fuscous, paler or whitish towards base.

Isle of Wight, Norfolk, a casual only ; SC. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor; 7. Larva said to be green, with pale subspiracular
line : on low plants ; 9-5.

29. A. c-nigrum, L. 34-39 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Collar anteriorly pale greyish -ochreous. Forewings brown,
tinged with purplish or reddish ; subbasal, first, and ' second
lines pale, jmrtly dark-edged; a dark fuscous suffused patch
extending from first line to reniform ; orbicular triangular, pale
oclireous, extending as a broad suffusion to costa ; reniform
with edges and central mark pale ; subterminal line obscure,
preceded on costa by a blackish mark. Hindwings fuscous-
whitish, termen suffused with fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N.
Asia, N. America ; 6-8. Larva light brownish or greenish-grey ;
dorsal line slightly paler ; subdorsal series of blackish marks,
obsolete anteriorly ; indistinct oblique latei'al darker marks ;
subspiracular line broad, pale yellow -ochreous or whitish-
ochreous ; head pale brownish, dark-marked : on Rumex, Stel-
Jaria, Primuhi, etc.; 8-4.

30. A. ditrapezium, Bkh. 38-43 mm. Antennae in J
ciliated. Collar with a pale transverse line. Forewings brown,
tinged with purplish or reddish ; subbasal line pale yellowish.

100 CARADRININA [agrotis

anteriorly blackish-edged ; first and second somewhat paler,
darker-edged ; a dark fuscous patch extending from first to
reniform ; oi'bicular and reniform suffused with purplish-grey,
orbicular narrowed beneath ; subterminal line obscure, pre-
ceded on costa by a blackish mark. Hindwings pale yellowish-
fuscous, darker terminally.

Kent to Cornwall, Norfolk, York, W. Ireland, local ; C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva dull pinkish-ochreous, blackish-
speckled ; dorsal line pale, obscure ; subdorsal series of dark
marks on posterior segments, on 12 blackish and sometimes
connected, followed by a pale bar ; subspiracular line pale ; head
ochreous, brown-niai'ked : on Ruiiiex, Ruhus, SaJix, etc. ; 8-5.

31. A. triangulum, Hufn. 38-42 mm. Antennae in $
ciliated. Collar anteriorly pale greyish-ochreous, with whitish
transverse line. Forewings light purplish-brown, suff'usedly
irroi'ated with pale ochreous ; subbasal line whitish, anteriorly
black-edged ; fii'st whitish, posteriorly black-edged ; orbicular
and reniform pale-edged, former narrowed beneath, a quadrate
spot between them and triangular spot before orbicular dark
fuscous; second line dark-edged; subterminal obscure, pre-
ceded on costa by a blackish mark. Hindwings fuscous.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. and SE. Europe ; 6,
7. Larva ochi'eous or brown, blackish-speckled ; dorsal line
pale; subdorsal series of oblique dark marks on 5-12, darker
on 1 2 and connected, followed by a pale bar ; subspiracular line
pale ochreous ; head pale brown, blackish-marked : on Rumex,
Stellaria, Salix, etc.; 8-5.

32. A. pronuba, L. 48-56 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated.
Forewings ochreous-brown to dark fuscous, sometimes reddish-
tinged, sometimes partly irrorated with grey-whitish, especially
towards costa anteriorly ; lines often paler, dark-edged, some-
times faint, subterminal pi'eceded on costa by a blackish mark ;
orbicular and reniform more or less pale-edged, outlined with
darker, reniform partly marked with dark grey. Hindwings
ochreous-orange ; a blackish terminal band.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very i)lentiful ; Europe,
NW. and WC. Asia, N. Africa; 6, 7. Larva i)ale green to
dull l)rown ; dorsal line pale ; subdorsal series of blackisli
longitudinal marks on 5-12; a pale line beneath these; sub-
spiracular pale ; head light brown, dark-marked : on Jhymsica,
Taraxacum, Runiex, etc. ; 9-5.

33. A. comes, ///>. {orho)ia, F.) 38-45 mm. Antennae in S
ciliated. Forewino-s li<:-ht fuscous or reddish-bi-own to dark

AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 101

fuscous, sometimes partly irrorated with pale greyish-oclireous ;
lines somewhat paler, indistinctly darker-edged ; orbicular and
reniform usually darker, pale-edged. Hindwings ochreous-
orangc, base sometimes infuscated ; a crescentic discal mark
and terminal band blackish.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva pale greyish-
ochreous to brown ; dorsal line faint ; subdorsal dark brown
longitudinal marks on 11 and 12, pale-edged beneath, tending
to connect on 12 ; usually a spiracular series of dark brown
oblique marks ; subspiracular line pale, sometimes pinkish-
tinged ; head light brown, darker-marked : on Stellaria, Salix,
Ruhus, Rumex, etc. ; 9-5.

34. A. orbona, Hufn. (suhsequa, Hb.) 37-41 nun. Diifers
from A. comes as follows : forewings with subterminal line pre-
ceded on costa by a black mark.

Britain to the Slietlands, N. and W. Ireland, local and un-
common ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva greyish-ochreous
or fuscous ; dorsal line broad, ochreoxis-yellow, finely black-
edged ; subdorsal series of dark fuscovis oblong marks; beneath
these a pale grey-yellowish line ; latei'al pale ; subspii-acular
broad, pale ochreous, dark-edged ; head pale fuscous, dark-
marked : on grasses, Ratiunculus, Frimitia, etc. ; 9-4.

35. A. brunnea, F. 35-40 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated.
Forewings reddish-bi'own, with a purple gloss ; subbasal, first,
and second lines darker-margined, median darker ; s])ots out-
lined laterally with black, reniform more or less suflused with
pale ochreous-yellowish ; a dark quadrate spot between or-
bicular and reniform ; subterminal line preceded by a dark
suffusion, especially towards costa. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia
light-reddish.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva brown or reddish-brown ; dorsal line
pale or whitish-ochreous, dark-edged; subdorsal series of oblique
darker marks ; lateral line pale yellowish, sometimes inter-
rupted ; spiracular sometimes darker ; subspiracular flesh-colour ;
a pale yellowish bar on 12; head pale brown, dark-marked : on
Salix, Ruhus, Rumex, etc. ; 9-4.

36. A. xanthographa, F. 34-38 mm. Antennae in c? cili-
ated. Forewings fuscous or pale fuscous, more or less strongly
reddish-tinged ; subbasal, first, and second lines fine, dark
fuscous, sometimes obsolete, second dotted ; median sometimes
darker ; orbicular and reniform outlined with dark fuscous and

102 CARADRININA [agrotis

edged with pale yellowish, reniform often with pale central
mark ; subterminal line hardly paler, anteriorly suflPusedly
dark-edged. Hindwings whitish, in S' w'ith fuscous terminal
band, in $ posteriorly suffused with fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; C. and S.
Europe ; 8. Larva light brownish-ochreous, sometimes reddish-
tinged ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; subdorsal pale, dark-
edged beneath, edged above by a series of dark fuscous marks,
nearly obsolete on 2-4; spiracular brown; head ochreous,
brown-marked: on grasses, Rumex, Plantago, etc.; 9-5.

37. A. castanea, Esp. {neghcta, Hb.) 35-40 mm. Antennae
in ^ ciliated. Forewings ochreous - grey, reddish - grey, or
reddish-fuscous ; lines very faint ; orbicular and reniform faintly
outlined, lower end of reniform darker. Hindwings fuscous.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and W. Ireland, on heaths,
common ; WC. Europe to Germany and N. Italy ; 8. Larva pale
green or dull brown, darker-sprinkled ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines pale ; spiracular broad, whitish ; head brown or greenish :
on CaUuna ; 10-5.

38. A. umbrosa, tlb. 35-37 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Forewings light red-brownish, sprinkled with dark fuscous ;
veins dark fuscous ; subbasal, fii'st, and second lines, median
and subterminal shades dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform
outlined with dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, paler an-
teriorly.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; WC. Europe ; 7,
8. Larva pale ochreous or brownish, darkei'-strlated ; dorsal line
ochreous-whitish, edged with dark-brown ; subdorsal ochreous-
whitish, edged above by a series of blackish dashes or wedges ;
spiracular dark brown ; head pale brown, darker marked : on
Rumex, Ruhus, Plantago, etc. ; 8-5.

39. A. rubi, View, (bella, Bkh.) 32-35 mm. Antennae in o
ciliated. Forewings reddish-fuscous; subbasal, first, and second
lines distinctly margined with darker fuscous ; median shade
darker ; orbicular and reniform obscurely edged with ochreous-
grey-whitish ; claviform represented by a dark fuscous dot ;
subterminal line darker- edged posteriorly. Hindwings pale
fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, G,
8. Larva greyish-ochreous, grey, or brown ; doi'sal and sub-
dorsal lines pale, dark -edged; subspiracular conspicuously
pale ; head brown, darker-marked : on grasses, Rumex, Taraxa-
cum, etc. ; 6, 7, 9-3.

AGKOTis] CARADRINIDAE 103

40. A. Dahlii, Hh. 33-38 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Forewings reddish-brown, with purplish gloss ; subbasal, first,
and second lines darker-edged; median shade darker; orbi-
cular and reniform more or less edged with ochreous-whitish ;
claviform represented by a black dot ; subterminal line usually
pale ochreous- yellowish, darker-edged. Hind wings fuscous,
darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, local ; C. Europe, NW.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva greyish-ochreous to dull green, dorsal area
whitish-ochi-eous to deep brown, markedly contrasting ; dorsal
line pale, dark-edged, interrupted, travei'sing series of darker
diamonds ; subdorsal pale, edged above with series of black
dashes ; subspiracular pale ; head pale brown ; plate of 2
darker brown : on Rumex, PriviuJa, Plantcuio, etc. ; 9-5.

41. A. festiva, Hb. {conflua, Tr.) 27-36 nuu. Antennae in
S ciliated. Forewings pale ochreous or pale brown, often

reddish-tinged ; lines somewhat paler, darker-edged, median
shade reddish-fuscous ; a blackish dot in disc before first line ;
orbicular and reniform darker-outlined, usually pale-edged or
sometimes wholly pale ; claviform represented by a blackish
dot ; a reddish-fuscous fascia before subterminal line. Hind-
wings light fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, plentiful ; N. and C.
Europe, NW. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva pale ochreous or
grey-greenish to purplish-brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged,
indistinct ; subdorsal pale or whitish, edged above with a series
of thick dark or blackish marks ; sometimes a lateral series of
oblique darker marks ; subspii'acular pale ; head brown, dark-
marked : on Rumex, Ruhus, Salix, etc. ; 8-5. The name confiua
was given to the small northern and alpine form.

42. A. stigmatica, Hh. {rhomhoidea, Tr.) 36-43 mm. An-
tennae in S ciliated. Forewings rather dark fuscous, purplish-
tinged ; subbasal line anteriorly black-edged ; first line strongly
black-edged posteriorly except towards dorsum ; median shade
indistinctly darker, angulated ; orbicular and reniform finely
edged with pale yellowish, separated and orbicular preceded
by quadrate darker spots ; subterminal line obscurely pale
yellowish, anteriorly edged with dark suffusion. Hindwings
dark fuscous-grey.

Britain to the Clyde, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
reddish-brown or deep brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale
ochreous or greenish, sometimes indistinct, subdorsal usually
edged above by dark wedges on 9-12 ; subspiracular pale

104 CARADRININA [agrotis

ochreous ; a pale bar on 12: head brown, darker-marked: on
Rumex, Primula, Stellaria, etc. ; 9-5.

43. A. glareosa, Esp. 33-38 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings pale brown, snff'uscdly irrorated with whitish ; sub-
basal line anteriorly black-edged ; first line black-edged pos-
teriorly except towards dorsum ; second paler, darker-edged ;
orbicular and reniform indistinct, separated and orbicular
preceded by triangular dark-brown spots. Hindwings fuscous-
whitish, more fuscous terminally, in § more infuscated. A race
occurring in the Shetlands has the forewings suffused with dark
fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, rather local, commoner
northwards ; WC. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva light brown, sides
darker-freckled ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, dark-edged ;
spiracular pale ochreous ; head pale brownish, dark-marked :
on Cytisiis, Rurnex, Stellaria, etc. ; 9-6.

44. A. depuncta, L. 35-38 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings light ochreous -brown ; subbasal line anteriorly
black-edged ; first line black-edged posteriorly except towards
dorsum ; second partly dark-edged, on costa anteriorly blackish-
edged ; orbicular and reniform finely pale-edged, space between
them and before orbicular browner ; subterminal line anteriorly
darker-edged. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Caledonian Canal (except SE. England), local ; C.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva dull brown ; a dorsal series of diamonds
darker-outlined ; spiracular sufFusedly darker, spiracles white,
dark-edged ; subspiracular ochreous-whitish ; head light brown,
darker-marked : on Primula, Urtica, Rumex, etc. ; 9-5.

45. A. typica, L. 35-40 nmi. Antennae in S ciliated. Fore-
wings brown mixed with dark fuscous; veins marked with
whitish lines ; subbasal, first, second, and subterminal lines
whitish, edged with dark fuscous , orbicular and reniform out-
lined with dark fuscous and edged with whitish, reniform with
whitish central line, space between them darker ; claviform
sometimes indicated ; a terminal series of crescentic dark
fuscous marks. Hindwings dark fuscous-grey.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW.
Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-ochreous,
brown-freckled ; subdorsal blackish marks on 11 and 12, latter
connected posteriorly ; a lateral series of indistinct pale oblique
marks ; s]iiracular line pale, blackish - edged above ; head
grevish-ochreous, brown -marked : on Rumex, Sonchus, apple,
etc."; 8-4.

triphaena] CARADRINIDAE IOp

21. Triphaena, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated,
or bipectinated with apex simple. Thorax usuall_y with more
or less developed anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not
crested. Middle and posterior tibiae spinose.

Nearly correlated to the preceding genus, but much less
extensive, and appai'ently restricted to the northern hemi-
sphere.

1. Hindwings orange . . . .2.

,, not orange . . .4.

2. Hindwings with base dark fuscous . . 3.

,, ,, base not dark fuscous . 1. jtmhria.

3. Forewings with crimson costal praesubterniinal

blotch . . .2. ianthina.

,, without such blotch . 3. interjecta.

4. Forewings greenish . . .9. />ra.s?'na.

,, not greenisli . . . .5.

5. Subterminal line preceded by blaclv subcostal spots 4. haja.

,, ,, not preceded by black spots • 6.

6. Hindwings whitish . . 7. leu^or/rapha.

,, not whitish . . .7.

7. Orbicular suftused with whitish . . 8. hyjierhorea.

,, not whitish . . . .8.

8. Head dark ferruginous-reddish . . 5. sohrina.

,, not dark ferruginous-reddish . 6. rubricosa.

1. T. fimbria, L. 50-57 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Fore-
wings rather narrow, ochreous-brown, variably tinged with
reddish or greenisli or partially suffused with wliitish-ochreous ;
subbasal and first lines dark ; orbicular and reniform approxi-
mated, edged with ochreous - ^v'hitish ; second line wliitish-
ochreous, preceded by a dark and followed by a pale band ;
subterminal pale, preceded on costa by a dark blotch enclosing
a black mark. Hindwings bright orange, with a very broad
black terminal band.

Britain to Eoss, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 7, 8. Larva reddish-ochreous, brown-dotted, becoming
paler laterally ; dorsal line obscurely pale ; a dark posteriorly
pale-edged bar on 12; spiracles pale, placed in dark spots ;
head brown, darkex'-reticulated : on birch, Salix, hawtliorn,
Rumex, etc. ; 9-5.

2. T. ianthina, Esp. 35-41 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings rather dark brown, more or less tinged with purple-

106 CARADRININA [triphaena

reddish, towards costa irrorated with ashy-whitisli ; first and
second lines and median shade darker fuscous ; orbicular and
reniform sometimes partly edged with grey -whitish, usually
indistinct ; subterminal line usually indistinct, preceded on
costa by a fuscous-crimson blotch. Hind wings orange; base
broadly suffused with dark fuscous ; a broad black terminal
fascia.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe ; Asia
Minor ; 7, 8. Larva pale greenish or ochreous, blackish-dotted ;
dorsal line pale, partly edged with short dark marks ; two
blackish spots on 12; sometimes a lateral series of oblique
darker marks ; subspiracular line pale ; head pale, darker-
marked : on Primula, Stellaria, Ruhtis, etc. ; 9-5.

3. T. interjecta, Hh. 30-33 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Forewings ochreous -reddish- brown ; first and second lines
darker-edged ; median shade fuscous ; orbicular and reniform
sometimes outlined with dai'ker, usually indistinct ; subterminal
line preceded by a fuscous suffusion. Hindwings orange,
towards base irregularly suffused with dai'k fuscous ; a rather
broad black terminal fascia.

England to York, Ireland, common ; WC. Europe ; 7.
Larva pale ochreous ; dorsal and subdorsal lines' whitish,
brown-edged ; spiracular pale : dots black ; head pale ochreoiis,
dark-marked: on gi'asses, Priviula, Bumex, etc.; 9-5.

4. T. baja, F. .37-40 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore-
wings light reddish-brown, ochreous-tinged ; a blackish dot in
disc before first line ; first and second lines indistinctly dark-
margined, median shade darker ; orbicular and reniform out-
lined with darker, edged with whitish-ochreous, reniform grey
beneath ; subterminal line obscure, preceded beneath costa by
two small black spots. Hindwings pale yellowish -fuscous,
darker posteriorly.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, NW.
Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva grey, brown, or brown-reddish ;
dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, between them a series of oblique
dark marks; spiracular pale; a pale bar on 12; head pale
brownish, darker-marked : on Salix, hawthorn, birch, Primula,
etc. ; 9-5.

5. T. sobrina, Gn. 33-38 mm. Antennae in $ shortly
ciliated. Head deep ferruginous-reddish. Forewings rather
dark purplish-brown ; lines very indistinctly darker-margined,
median shade faintly darker; orbicular and reniform indistinctly
outlined with darker, lower end of reniform darker ; subter-

triphaena] CARADRINIDAE 107

miual line somewhat paler. Hindwings light fuscous, darker
terminally.

Perth to Aberdeen, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia • 7.
Larva brown -reddish ; sides grey -freckled ; dorsal and sub-
spiracular lines pale ; dots minute, black ; head brownish-
ochreous : on birch and Calluna ; 9-6.

6. T. rubricosa, F. 31-35 mm. Antennae in S serrate,
ciliated. Forewings reddish -fuscous, much suffused with
purplisli-gi'ey ; lines somewhat lighter, obscurely darker-edged,
more strongly on costa ; median shade darker ; orbicular and
renifoi'm darker -outlined, lower end of reniform dark grey.
Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and
C. Europe, N. Asia ; 3, 4. Larva ])inkish-brown, with suffused
dai'ker median segmental bands ; dorsal line obscurely paler ;
subdorsal nari-ow, interrupted, pale yellow ; spiracular pale
brownish, anteriorly yellow; head pinkish-brown, darker-marked :
on Humex, Plantac/o, SteUaria, etc. ; 4-6.

7. T. leucographa, 7/6. 33-36 mm. Antennae in $ bipecti-
nated. Forewings reddish-brown, median and terminal areas
darker ; veins somewliat whitish-sprii:ikled ; lines more or less
whitish-sprinkled, obscurely darker-edged ; median shade some-
what darker; orbicular and reniform edged with wliitish-ochre-
ous irroration. Hindwings whitish, tinged with reddish-fuscous.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva pale green or
reddish-ochreous, dai'ker-irrorated : dorsal and sometimes sub-
dorsal lines pale ; sometimes a lateral series of dark oblique
streaks; spiracular line pale greenish or whitish : head greenish:
on Salix, Jiuuiex, Plantago, etc. ; 5-7.

8. T. hyperborea, Zett. (carnica, Hering; alpina, Stt.) 35-40
mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated. Forewings light brownish,
more or less I'eddish, irregularly and sufFusedly irrorated with
whitish ; subbasal, first, and second lines pale, dark-edged ;
spots edged with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform large,
orbicular whitish-suffused, reniform more brownish or ferrugin-
ous; median shade darker. Hindwings light fuscous, darker
terminally.

Perth to the Shetlands, at high elevations, scarce and local ;
mountains of N. and C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva deep brown-red ;
dorsal diamonds of blackish freckles ; subdorsal line light
greyish-ochreous, partially blackish-edged above; subspirncular
oV>scui'ely pale ; head brown : on Empetrum, Arbutus, and
Vaccinium ; 8-6.

108 OARADRININA [triphaena

9. T. prasina, F. (herhida, Hb.) 42-50 mm. Antennae in S
ciliated. Forcwings olive-green, sprinkled with blackish ; veins
mixed ii'regularly with whitish and blackish ; subbasal, first,
and second lines pale, blackish-edged ; median shade blackish-
mixed ; spots ontlined with black, orV)icular brownish, reniform
mostly snfFused with dark fuscous, followed by a pale suffusion ;
subterminal line pale. Hindwings fuscous, dai'ker posteriorly.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia, N.
America; 6, 7. Larva violet-brown, with double sei'ies of
darker blotches above ; dorsal line pale ; spiracular pale, dark-
edged above ; head pale reddish -brown, darker-marked : on
Rumex, birch, Hubus, etc. ; 8-4.

22. Heliothis, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in S ciliated.
Thorax without crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae spinose,
anterior tibiae with horny ajjical hook.

A rather small genus, but very generally distributed, though
commoner in subtropical regions ; it is a development of
Caradrina ; some of the species have a veiy wide natural
range. The larvae feed especially on the blossoms of their
food-plants.

1. Hindwings with broad discal spot . 2.

,, without such spot . . .3.

2. Hindwings with postmedian dark fuscous line 3. scutosa.

,, without postmedian line . 4. dipsacea.

3. Forewings with terminal black dot above tornus .

2. peltigera.
,, without such dot . .1. armigera.

1. H. armigera, Hh. 30-40 mm. Forewings pale brownish-
ochreous or yellow-ochi'cous, sometimes suffused with brown or
rosy ; first and second lines edged with dai'ker or ferruginous,
median darker or ferruginous ; orbicular and reniform darker-
outlined, often indistinctly, a dot in orbicular and interior spot
in reniform dark grey ; subterminal line obscure. Hindwings
fuscous-whitish, veins dark fuscous ; a broad blackish terminal
band.

England, local and irregular ; C. and S. Europe, C. and S.
Asia, Africa, America, Australia; 9, 10. Larva pale brown to
green, darker-freckled ; dorsal line pale, darker-edged ; spira-
cular whitish or 3'ellow ; head brown : on rose, Reseda, Cala-
mitifha, etc. ; G, 7.

2. H. peltigera, Scliiff. 31-35 mm. Forewings light brownish-

HELiOTHisl CARADRINIDAE 109

ochreous ; first, median, and second lines feiruginous-brownish,
second followed by white dots ; orbicular represented by a dark
dot ; reniform ochreous-brown, suft'used with dark grey, con-
nected with costa by an ochreous-brown suffusion ; subterniinal
line pale, preceded on costa by an ochreous-brown spot ; a black
terminal dot above tornus. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, veins
dark fuscous ; a broad dark fuscous terminal band.

Britain to Ayr, local and irregular ; C. and S. Europe, WC.
Asia to Turkestan and NW. India, Afi'ica ; 5-9. Larva green
or ochreous-reddish, with white dots ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
darker ; spiracular white ; head green or brownish : on Ononis,
Pyrethrum, Arenaria, etc. ; 5-8.

3. H. scutosa, Schiff. 30-35 mm. Forewings light brown
mixed with dark fuscous, becoming whitish in disc, veins
whitish ; first and second lines pale, darker-edged ; spots large,
dark brown, black-outlined; subterminal line whitish, anteriorly
partly dark-edged. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; veins, a large
transverse discal spot, a postmedian line, and a terminal band
including two whitish spots dark fuscous.

England, N. Ireland, probably a casual immigrant only ; C.
Europe, NW. and C. Asia, N. America ; 6, 8, 9. Larva green ;
dorsal and spiracular lines yellow, blackish-edged ; subdorsal
blackish-freckled; head green : on Artemisia ; 7.

4. H. dipsacea, L. 30-33 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous,
slightly greenish -tinged, paler before and beyond reniform;
first and second lines indistinct ; median shade rather dark
fuscous, confluent with large dark fuscous reniform ; subter-
minal line rather paler, preceded b}' a darker or fuscous fascia,
darkest at extremities. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, towards
base suffused with blackish ; a large discal spot, and terminal
band including an ochreous-whitish spot blackish.

England to York, local ; Europe, N. and C. Asia, N. Africa,
N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green to purplish-browni ; dorsal line
darker-edged ; subdorsal whitish, dark-edged beneath ; spira-
cular green or yellowish ; subspiracular white ; head green,
pink, or yellowish, brown -speckled : on Linaria, Centaurea,
Ononis, etc. ; 8, 9.

23. ociiRiA, m.

Head with projecting triangular horny frontal plate, con-
cealed in dense scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in S ciliated.
Thorax with anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not
crested.

110 CARADRININA [ochria

Includes two other N. American species only ; it is corre-
lated with Nonagria.

1. 0. ochracea, HI). (Jiavago, Esp.) 31-40 mm. Forewings
ochreous-jeilow, irrorated with ferruginous ; subbasal, first, and
second lines ferruginous-margined, first preceded and second
followed by ferruginous-brown fasciae ; spots paler, edged with
dark ferruginous ; median line ferruginous ; terminal area
brownish-mixed. Hindwings ochreous- whitish ; discal spot,
postmedian line, and subterminal fascia pale fuscous.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe,
NW Asia ; 8, 9. Larva ochreous-whitish to pale brownish,
sometimes pink-tinged ; spots large, black ; head yellow-brown ;
plate of 2 dark brown : in stems of Carduus, Arctium, Verbas-
cum, etc. ; 5-8.

24. Nonagria, 0

Head with projecting quadrangular horny frontal plate,
concealed in dense scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in ^
ciliated. Thorax with slight anterior crest. Abdomen elon-
gate, not crested.

A small genus, but distributed throughout the principal
regions, except New Zealand ; it is a development of Garadrina.
All the species are marsh-frequenting ; the larvae feed within
the stems of marsh-plants, and the pupae are found in the
same position.

1. Hindwings pale yellowish terminally . 3. sparganii.

,, not pale yellowish terminally . . 2.

2. Subterminal line preceded by dark fuscous marks

5. arundinis.
„ „ not preceded by dark fuscous

marks . . . . .3.

3. Second line indicated by distinct blackish dots . 4.

,, not indicated by distinct dots

4. gemifiipuncta.

4. Orbicular and reniform indicated by dark marks

1. dissoluta.
,, ,, not distinctly indicated

2. cannae.
1. N. dissoluta, Tr. {arundineta, Schm. ; neurica, Dup.) 27-31
mm. Forewings brownish-ochrcous, more reddish-tinged in
disc, towards costa sprinkled with dark fuscous, with a rather
dark fuscous longitudinal median suff"usion ; veins i)artly marked
with whitish and dark fuscous, some of these dots indicating

nonagria] CARADRINIDAE 111

second line ; orbicular indicated by two blackish dots ; reniform
partly dark-outlined, lower end dark fuscous, partly whitish-
edged ; black terminal dots. Hindwings light fuscous, more
whitish anteriorly.

Suftblk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ;
7, 8. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous ; spiracular line pale,
slender, indistinct; head reddish -brown : in stems of reed
{^Phragmites) ; 4-6.

2. N. cannae, 0. 33-40 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown,
ferruginous-tinged, to pale greyish-ochreous ; lower median vein
iiTorated with fuscous in disc ; second line represented by a
series of blackish dots. Hindwings fuscous ; an indistinct
darker postmedian line.

Hants, Norfolk, Cambridge, York, local ; C. Europe ; 8, 9.
Larva greenish ; dots black ; head brownish ; plate of 2 green-
whitish : in stems of Typha latifolia ; 5-6. Pupa usually with
head upwards.

3. N. sparganii, Eqj. 33-42 nuxi. Forewings light yellow-
ochreous, more or less reddish-tinged ; veins paler and sprinkled
with dark fuscous, especially lower median vein in disc ; lower
end of reniform indicated by two blackish dots ; second line
repi'esented by a series of blackish dots ; tei'minal blackish in-
terneural dots. Hindwings pale dull yellowish, more or less
suffused with fuscous except towards dorsum and termen.

Surrey, local ; C. Eui'ope ; 9. Larva slender, pale yellow-
green ; subdorsal and lateral lines darker ; head and plate of 2
pale brown : in stems or leaf - base of Iris psendacorus, Spar-
ganiwn, and Typha; 7, 8. Pupa usually with head upwards.

4. N. geminipuncta, Hatch. 27-35 mm. Forewings reddish-
brown to greyish-ochreous ; lower end of reniform indicated by
a whitish dark-margined dot, sometimes with a second above it
Hindwings fuscous.

5. England to Cambridge and Somerset, local ; C. Europe ;
7,8. Larva pinkisli-ochreous; spiracular line paler ; head dark
bi'own : in stems of i-eed {Phragmites) ; 5, 6.

5. N. arundiniS; F. {typhae, Esp.) 38-50 mm. Forewings
reddish-brown, brownish-ochreous, or lightgreyish-ochreous ; veins
partly paler, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first and second lines
represented by series of dark fuscous dots ; outline of reniform
partly indicated by dark marks ; subterminal line faint, preceded
by small dark fuscous wedgeshaped marks ; terminal dark
fuscous interneural dots. Hindwings dull yellow-whitish ; a
light fuscous terminal band.

112 CARADRININA [nonagria

England, Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 9. Larva pale ochreous

or pinkish-ochreous ; spiracular line paler ; head and plate of 2

reddish-brown : in stems of Typha ; 7, 8. Pupa usually with
head downwards.

25. COBNOBIA, Hiv.

Head with triangular projecting horny frontal plate, concealed
in dense scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated. Thorax
with slight anterior crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae with
appressed scales.

Restricted to the single species ; closely correlated with
Nonagria.

1. C. rufa, Hiv. (des^^ecta, Tr.) 21-23 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous mixed with pale reddish - ochreous ; veins sprinkled
with dark grey and whitish ; first and second lines indicated
by series of black dots. Hindwings whitish, posteriorly grey-
sprinkled ; an indistinct postmedian series of dark dots.

England to Cheshire, E. and W. Ireland, in damp grassy
places, local ; France, Germany ; 7. The larva may probably
be an internal feeder.

26. LUPERINA, Ij.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Tongue short, slight.
Antennae in ^ ciliated. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen
not crested.

Contains only two or three closely allied European species,
differing little from Caradrina, of which it is a development.
Claviform followed by a blackish streak . 1. testacea.

,, not followed by blackish streak . 2. Dumerilii.

1. L. testacea, Hh. {Gimiei, Dbld. ; Nickerlii, Err.) 31-37
mm. Forewings light brownish-ochreous, more or less suffused
with brown, especially on median band and terminal ai-ea ; lines
somewhat paler, obscurely dai'ker-margined ; spots more or less
lighter-marked, partly blackislx-outlined, claviform connected
with second line' by an obscure blackish streak; dorsum some-
times blackish on median band. Hindwings white ; a dark
fuscous terminal line.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ;
8, 9. Larva much wrinkled, pinkish-ochreous ; dots wholly
absent; head and plate of 2 brownish-yellow; plate of 13 sub
concave : amongst roots of grasses ; 5-7. The form described
as G'uenei seems to be a well-marked local variety, less ochreous-
tinged and having tlic cilia of hindwings white instead of pale
ochreous as usual.

luperina] CARADRINIDAE 113

2. L. Dumerilii, Dup. 29-34 mui. Diftcrs from L. testacea
as follows : forewiiigs without blackish streak beyond claviform;
hindwiiigs white or ochreous-whitish.

Sussex, Dorset, I. of AiTau, })robably a casual immigrant
only ; France, SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 8. The specific dis-
tinctness of this form fi'om the preceding species seems rather
uncertain.

27. Spodoptera, Gn.

Head with tolerably appressed scales ; eyes glabrous.
Antennae in $ ciliated. Thorax with posterior crest. Abdomen
with well-defined crest at base. Posterior tibiae with appressed
scales.

A small genus, ranging widely throughout tropical and
warmer temperate regions ; it is an offshoot of Caixidrina.
Some of the species have also a veiy wide distribution ; their
flight is strong, and they have been captured hundreds of miles
from land.

1. S. exigua, Hb. 25-29 mm. Forewings rather narrow,
brown, sprinkled with whitish and blackish, especially on veins;
costa spotted with darker ; first and second lines pale, edged
with dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform pale ochreous,
blackish-outlined, reniform centrally mixed with brown and
whitish; median shade indistinctly darker; subterminal line
pale. Hindwings subliyaline, white; veins and termen dark
fuscous.

Kent to Cornwall, Pembroke, Lancashire, I. of Man, local
and uncommon ; S. Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia ;
6, 7. Larva pinkish-brown ; dots blackish ; spiracular line light
ochreous, dark-edged above: on Plantdgo ; 8, 9.

28. RusiNA, B.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in ^ bipecti-
nated to apex. Thorax with anterior and posterior crests.
Abdomen not crested.

L R. tenebrosa, Hb. 31-38 mm. Forewings fuscous, more or
less oclireous-tinged ; five or six whitish costal dots ; first and
second lines fine, dark fuscous ; median shade thick, cloudy, dark
fuscous ; orbicular and reniform indistinct, sometimes obscurely
paler-marked or darker- outlined ; subterminal line sometimes
paler, suftusedly darker-edged anteriorly. Hindwings fuscous.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva ochreous-brown ; dorsal line sometimes obscurely pale ;

I

114 CARADRININA [rusina

sometimes subdorsal series of pale oblique marks, dark-edged
beneath ; lateral line pale ; head dark brown : on Viola, Jiumex,
Polygonum, etc. ; 8-3.

29. ACOSMETIA, Stph.

Head with appressed scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in (^
ciliated. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae
smooth-scaled.

Only one species is known ; it is a development of Caradrina.

1. A. caliginosa, Hb. 23-27 mm. Forewings rather light
brown, somewhat sprinkled with grey-whitish ; lines and reni-
form very faintly indicated. Hindwings pale whitish-fuscous,
more fuscous posteriorly.

Hants (New Forest), local; C. Europe, NW. Asia; 6, 7.
Larva on Rumex, Poterium, Polygonum, etc. ; 8, 9.

30. Amphipyra, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Palpi long, ascending, second joint thickened with dense toler-
ably appressed scales, terminal pointed. Thorax without crest.
Abdomen not crested.

A rather small genus, ranging through most of the northern
hemisphere except towards the equator.

Lines of forewings distinct . . . L 2:)yra')nidea.

,, ,, absent . . 2. tragopogonis.

1. A. pyramidea, L. 47-52 mm. Forewings brown, pale-
sprinkled ; subbasal, first, and second lines pale, edged with dark
fuscous ; median shade broad, suflused, dark fuscous : orbicular
small, pale, central mark and outline dark fuscous, placed in
a dark fuscous longitudinal suffusion running from first line to
second ; subterminal line pale, on upper half preceded by
blackish wedgeshaped marks. Hindwings coppery, costa
broadly fuscous.

England to York, S. L'eland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor,
N. Asia ; 8. Larva green ; dorsal line white; subdorsal yellowish-
white, interrupted ; spiracular greenish-white ; dots yellowish-
white ; head green; 12 with a conical prominence directed
obliquely backwards, apex horny, red-brown : on oak, birch,
elm, etc. ; 5, 6.

2. A. tragopogonis, L. 30-38 mm. Forewings fuscous ; a
dark fuscous dot repi'esenting orbicular, and two transversely
placed representing reniform. Hindwings whitish -fuscous,
becoming fuscous posteriorly.

amphipyka]

CARADRINIDAE

115

Britain to Koss, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Eui'ope, WC.
Asia to Turkestan, N. America ; 8. Larva green ; dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and spiracnlar lines white or pale yellow, spiracular
sometimes partly blackish-edged above ; head green ; 1 2 with
slight protuberance : on Plantago, hawthorn, Aquilegia, etc. ;
5,^6.

31. Caradrina, 0.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in S ciliated,

seldom bipectinated with apex filiform. Thorax sometimes

with anterior and posterior crests, usually slight. Abdomen
not crested.

A large genus of almost universal distribution, but absent
from New Zealand.

1. Reniform obsolete . . . .2

,, more or less indicated . . .13

2. Second line entire, not dotted . . .3

,, black-dotted or absent . . 5

3. Second line angulated . . . .4

,, not angulated . 29. trigrammica.

4. First and second lines forming white spots on costa

2. diffinis.
,, ,, not forming white spots . 1. pyralina.

5. Subterminal line brownish-edged . . 21. arcuosa.

„ ,, obsolete . . .6.

6. Forewings whitish-ochreous . . .7.

,, not whitish-ochreous . . .12.

7. Second line black-dotted . . . .8.

,, obsolete . . . .11.

8. Veins sprinkled with dai'k fuscous . . 9.

,, not sprinkled with dark fuscous . . 10.

9. Hindwings fuscous-sprinkled . . 12. lutosa.

,, not fuscous-spi'inkled . . 13. elymi.

10. Hindwings terminally dark fuscous . 20. Morrisii.

,, not dark fuscous terminally . 19. concolor.

11. Hindwings brownish-whitish . .15. imcsculosa.

,, light fuscous . . 16. phragviitidis.

12. Forewings usually with black basal dash; species

larger . . .17. brevilinea.

„ without black basal dash ; species

smaller . . . 14. fulva.

13. Hindwings with broad defined dai-k terminal band 14.

without defined dark terminal band

16.

116

CARADRININA

[CARADRINA

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

3. affinis.
. 15.
30. mat lira.
9. ^imhra.

. 17.
. 18.
. 7. 00.
8. jyaleacea.
. 19.
18. HeUmanni.

28.

Hindwings fuscous

,, yellowish

Orbicular and reniforin whitish-edged

,, ,, not whitish-edged

Orbicular and reniforni outlined with ferruginous
or reddish
„ ,, not so outlined

Veins ferruginous ....

,, not ferruginous
First line distinct
,, obsolete
Lower end of reniform enclosing a blackish dot

4. trapezina.
„ ,, not enclosing a blackish •

dot . . .20.

Lines forming black dots on costa 23. quadripunctata.
,, not forming black dots on costa . .21.

21. Orbicular and reniform dot-like, dark fuscous

22. p)alustris.
,, ,, not dot-like

22. Abdomen densely hairy .

,, not densely hairy

23. Orbicular and reniform pale-edged

„ „ not pale-edged

24. Lines distinctly pale

,, dark fuscous

25. First and second lines almost parallel
„ ,, not parallel

Hindwings white .

„ not white

Orbicular and reniform distinctly darker

,, ,, hardly darker

Hindwings more or less whitish .

brown-grey _ .
Second line nearly straight
,, not nearly straight

1. C. pyralina, View. 28-31 mm. Antennae
Forewings reddish-fuscous, somewhat paler-mixed
and second lines dark fuscous, two latter sti'ongly angulated,
second finely whitish -edged posteriorly, becoming a broader
white suffusion towards costa ; subterminal line pale, towards
costa white and indented. Hindwings fuscous, lighter towards
base.

26.

27.

28.

29.

6.

22.

exulis.
23.
24.
28.
25.
26.
retiisa.
5. suhtusa.
amhiqna.
. 27.
25. alsines.
26. taraxaci.

. 29.

11. pietasitis.

10. viicacea.

24. 7)io^^pheus.

in $ ciliated.

first, median,

27.

CARADRiNAj CARADRINIDAE 117

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 8. Larva yellowish-
green, speckled with yellow-whitish ; dorsal line yellowish-white,
ends rosy-tinged ; subdorsal of yellowish-white dots, interrupted ;
spiracular greenish-white ; head ochreovis, speckled with red-
brown : on pear and plum ; 4, 5.

2. C. diffinis, L. 29-33 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore-
wings ferruginous-fuscous, becoming deep ferruginous towards
costa ; subbasal line white ; first, second, and subterminal lines
pale, two former forming large subtriangular white spots on
costa ; median line darker fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, becom-
ing dark fuscous terminally.

England to York, rather common ; C. and SW. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line ochreous-whitish ;
subdorsal irregular, whitish, darker-edged ; spiracular pale
yellow; dots ochreous-whitish; head veiy dark -brown: on
elm ; 5, 6.

3. C. aflB.nis, L. 27-29 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Fore-
wings ferruginous-brown, somewhat paler-mixed ; first and
second lines pale, more whitish towards costa, interiorly darker-
edged, second abruptly bent ; median shade darker fuscous ;
orbicular and reniform obscurely pale, dark-centred ; svibter-
minal line pale, anteriorly suftusedly dark -margined ; two or
three blackish terminal dots about apex. Hindwings fuscous,
with a broad blackish terminal sutt\ision ; cilia yellow.

England to York, S. Ireland, not uncommon ; C. and SW.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white ;
spiracular yellowish-white, sometimes dark-edged above ; dots
white ; head yellowish-green : on elm ; 5, 6.

4. C. trapezina, L. 27-35 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Forewings greyish-ochreous to reddish-ochreous, somewhat paler-
mixed ; first and second lines pale, internally dark-edged, nearly
approximated on doi'sum ; median shade cloudy, darker ; orbicu-
lar sometimes obscvu-ely pale ; reniform obscurely pale-edged,
lower end enclosing a blackish dot ; subterminal line pale,
anteriorly dark-edged. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly,
costa and sometimes termen pale yellowish.

Britain to Ross, L'eland, very common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva light green ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines narrow, yellows-whitish ; spiracular broad, yellow-
whitish, sometimes edged above with blackish - grey ; spots
white, black-centred ; head green : on oak, elm, Sadx, etc.,
but more commonlv carnivorous, feeding on other caterpillars ;
5, 6.

118 CARADRININA [caradrina

5. C. subtusa, F. 27-30 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings fuscous ; costal edge, subbasal, tir.st, and second
lines finely pale yellowish ; spots rather dark brown, outlined
with pale yellowish ; median shade somewhat darker ; subter-
minal more or less obscurely pale, edged anteriorly with darker
brown. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, local; C. Europe, NW.
Asia ; 7, 8. Larva pale yellowish-green ; rather broad dorsal
and narrow subdorsal lines pale yellow or whitish ; spiracular
pale yellow ; head yellow, black-marked : between spun leaves
of poplar and aspen ; 4, 5.

6. C. retusa, L. 25-27 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore-
wings fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines fine, pale,
sufFusedly darker-edged posteriorly, nearly straight, parallel ;
orbicular and reniform darker, finely outlined with pale, latter
placed on indistinct darker median shade ; subterminal line
somewhat paler, irregular, posteriorly darker- edged. Hind-
wings fuscous.

England to York, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 7-9.
Larva pale green ; broad dorsal, slender subdorsal, and waved
spiracular lines whitish ; head yellow-green or black-brown :
between joined leaves of Salix, poplar, and birch ; 5, 6.

7. 0. 00, L. 31-37 mm. Antennae in $ shortly bipectinated.
Abdomen in $ pointed, with long ovipositor. Forewings pale
whitish-yellowish, somewhat sprinkled with ferruginous; veins,
subbasal, first, and second lines, a fascia before first line, median
shade, outlines of spots, and anterior edge of subterminal line
ferruginous. Hindwings grey-whitish.

S. England to Worcester and Rutland, local ; C. and S.
Europe, WC Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva blackish ; irregular
dorsal and slender subdorsal lines white ; spiracular broad,
yellowish-white, divided by a fine dark line ; dots white ; head
black : amongst spun leaves of oak ; 4, 5.

8. 0. paleacea, Esp. {fulvago, Hb.) 40-44 mm. Antennae
in S ciliated. Forewings light yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with
pale brown-reddish ; first and second lines fine, brown-reddish,
first right-angled ; median shade brown-reddish, indistinct,
angulated ; orbicular and reniform outlined with bi'own-
reddish, lower end of reniform marked with a grey spot ;
subterminal line hardly mai'ked ; dark fuscous terminal dots.
Hindwings whitish-yellowish.

Jiritain to Ross, local ; N. and C. Euro]w, NW. Asia, N.
America; 8. Larva pale dull green, whitish-dusted, incisions

caradrina] CARADRINIDAE 119

yellowish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white ; spinicular double,
white, spiracles purple-edged ; head pale yellow : on birch and
oak ; 5, 6.

9. 0. umbra, Hufn. {marginata, F.) 29-33 mm. Antennae
in $ ciliated. Forewings reddish -ochreous, beyond second
line suffused with brownish ; all lines and outlines of spots
ferruginous, first line with two angular indentations, median
angulated above middle, reniform darker towards centre, clavi-
form faint. Hind wings whitish-yellowish, veins reddish-fuscous ;
a broad dark fuscous terminal fascia, terminally suftused witli
reddish.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and W. Ireland, local ; C.
and SE. Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6. Larva
dull green or dark grey, speckled with white and dorsally with
black ; dorsal line double, whitish ; subdorsal whitish or pale
yellow; spiracular yellowish or pale ochreous, white-edged
above ; dots black ; head pale green or reddish-ochrcous ; plate
of 2 sometimes black : on Ono?its ; 7, 8.

10. 0. micacea, JEsp. 31-39 mm. Antennae in o ciliated.
Forewings pale rosy-brownish, sprinkled with brown ; median
area suftused with brown posteriorly ; subbasal, first, and
second lines dark fuscous, first indented above middle, second
nearly sti'aight except near costa ; orbicular and reniform out-
lined with dark fuscous ; subterminal line obscurely pale.
Hind wings fuscous-whitish, more fuscous posteriorly; a fuscous
postniedian line.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 8, 9. Larva dull brownish-ochreous,
purplish-tinged ; subspiracular line paler ; dots blackish ; head
ochreous-brown ; plate of 2 with anterior edge blackish : in
stems of Equisetum, Valeriana, Rumex, etc.; 5, 7.

11. C. petasitis, Dhld. 42-48 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated.
Forewings fuscous, median area darker posteriorly ; veins
posteriorly white-sprinkled; first and second lines obscurely
paler, internally somewhat darker-edged ; orbicular and reni-
form somewhat paler, darker - outlined ; subterminal line
obscurely pale, terminal area darker. Hindwings brownish-
grey, with darker postniedian line.

Hants, Somerset, Sufiblk to Perth, E. Ireland, local ;
Germany, NW. Asia ; 9. Larva grey-whitish ; dots black ;
head and plate of 2 brown : in roots and stems of Petasites ;
6, 7.

12. C. lutosa, Uh. (crassicornis, Hw.) 41-50 mm. Antennae

120 CARADRININA [caradrina

in (? ciliated. Forewings whitish -ochreous, finely sprinkled
with black, sometimes i-osy-tinged ; second line represented
by a row of black dots. Hindwings whitish, sprinkled
with fuscons ; an indistinct postmedian series of fuscous
dots.

Britain to the Shetlands, local; NC. Europe; 8-10. Larva
whitish -ochi'eous, pinkish-tinged; head light red - brown : in
stems of reed {Fhragmites) ; 3-6.

13. C. elymi, Tr. 33-35 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Forewings whitish-ochreous," brownish-tinged ; veins sprinkled
with dark fuscous ; second line indicated by a double row of
ill-defined dark fuscous dots ; cilia somewhat barred obscurely
with fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-wliite.

Suffolk to Forfar, on coasts, local ; Denmark, N. Gemiany; 7.
Larva whitish-ochreous, pinkish-tinged ; head reddish-brown :
amongst stem-bases of Elymus arenarius ; 4, 5.

14. C. fulva, Hb. 22-29 mm. Antennae in $ cihated.
Forewings greyish -ochreous or yellow -ochreous, more or less
sprinkled with reddish-fuscous, especially on veins ; sometimes
two or thi-ee blackish dots indicating second line ; cilia pale
greyish-rosy. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Sutherland, L-eland, rather local ; C. Europe,
NW. Asia; 8, 9. Larva whitish-ochreous, pinkish -tinged ;
subdorsal and spiracular lines brownish ; head and plate of
2 light brown : in lower part of stem of Carex jjaludosa ; 6, 7.

15. C. musculosa, Hb. 30-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings pale whitish-ochreous, obscurely suffused longitudi-
nally with light yellow-ochreous, the pale ground colour appear-
ing especially along fold and on a streak from disc to apex.
Hindwings brownish-whitish.

Sussex, Lancashire (?), scarce, probably an occasional immi-
grant only ; SC. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8.

16. C. phragmitidis, J/b. 31-34 mm. Antennae in S
ciliated. Forewings whitish-ocin-eous, posteriorly tiuged with
red-brownish ; cilia brown, tips darker. Hindwings light
fuscous.

Kent to Cheshire and York, local ; NC. Europe, WC. Asia
to Turkestan; 6, 7. Larva whitish-ochreous; subdorsal line
broad, interrupted, })urpIish-fuscous ; lateral narrow, similar ;
head black ; plate of 2 brown : in stems and on leaves of reed
(Phragmiteft) ; 9-6. Pupa on the gi'ound.

17. C. brevilinea, Fenn. 29-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings brownish, dark-sprinkled, veins paler posteriorly ; a

caradrika] CARADRINIDAE 121

black median basal dash, seldom obsolete ; first and second
lines represented by series of black dots. Hindwings light
fuscous, darker posteriorly ; sometimes a postmedian series of
obscure blackish dots.

Norfolk, in fens, very local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 7, 8.
Larva pale ochreous, brown -freckled ; dorsal, subdorsal, and
spiracular lines orange edged with pale yellow ; head light
brown : on reed {Phragmites) ; 5, 6. When young, the larva
feeds within the stems.

18. C. Hellmanni, Ev. 25-29 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings pale ochreous, more or less irrorated or suffused
with light reddish-fuscous ; veins irrorated with whitish and
dark fuscous ; an indistinct fuscous spot indicating lower
extremity of reniform ; second line indicated by a series of
indistinct dark dots ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings light fuscous,
somewhat whitish-suffused anteriorly.

Suffolk to Lincoln, in fens, local ; NO. Europe, NW. Asia ;
6. Larva in stems of reed {Phragmites) \ 5.

19. C. concolor, Gn. (? extrema, Hb.) 25-27 mm. Antennae
in S ciliated. Forewings pale whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with
pale greyish-ochreous ; second line represented by a series of
blackish dots, sometimes neai'ly obsolete. Hindwings whitish-
grey or pale grey.

Cambridge, in fens, local ; Germany to Hungary ; 6.

20. C. Morrisii, Da/e {Bondii, Knaggs) 29-32 mm. Antennae
in $ ciliated. Forewings ochreous-whitish ; second line repre-
sented by a series of blackish dots. Hindwings dark fuscous
mixed with whitish except terminally ; a darker postmedian
line ; cilia whitish.

Kent to Devon, on coasts, local ; Germany, Greece ; 6, 7.
Larva on Festuca arundinacea ; 8.

21. C. arcuosa, Hu>. 20-25 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings yjale ochreous, more or less brown-spi'inkled ; median
area sometimes brown, especially on lower half ; first and second
lines sometimes partly whitish, usually represented only by
series of black dots ; subterminal line brownish-edged. Hind-
wings dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
C. Europe; 7. Larva whitish-ochreous, sometimes pinkish-
tinged, transversely barred with darker or brownish ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines paler ; head brown ; plate of 2 pale brown :
amongst stem-bases of Aira caes2ntosa ; 4, 5.

22. 0. palustris, Hb. 27-3-1 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.

122 CARADRININA [caradrina

Forewings fuscous, in $ darker ; first and second lines dark
fuscous, waved ; orbicular and reniform dot-like, dark fuscous ;
subterminal line edged anteriorly with dark fuscous, especially
towai'ds costa. Hindwings light fuscous ; a darker crescentic
discal mark.

Norfolk, Cambridge, York, scarce and local ; N. and C.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva brownish ; dorsal line whitish ; dots
whitish; head black: on Plantago, etc.; 7, 8.

23. C. quadripunctata, F. (cubicularis, Bkh.) 25-32 mm.
Antennae in ^ ciliated. Forewings greyish-ochreous, sprinkled
with fuscous; subbasal, first, median, and second lines indis-
tinct, fuscous, forming black dots on costa; orbicular and
reniform small, dark fuscous, often outlined with white dots ;
subterminal line pale, edged with brown anteriorly. Hindwings
white ; veins fuscous ; a suffused dark fuscous terminal line.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia ; 6-8. Larva fuscous, sometimes dorsally greenish-
tinged ; dorsal line obscurely paler, dark-edged, sometimes
interrupted ; lateral sometimes dark - edged, hardly paler ;
spiracular pale, dark-edged above ; head blackish or dark
fuscous : on corn, peas, etc., especially in ricks, forming a
small chamber for habitation ; 9-5.

24. 0. morpheus, Hufn. 28-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings brownish-ochreous, partially fuscous-tinged ; subbasal,
first, and second lines dark fuscous, each with a parallel fuscous
line ; median shade rather dark fuscous ; orbicular and reni-
form fuscous, edged with dark brown ; subterminal line some-
what paler, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous. Hindwings
whitish, in ^ posteriorly infuscated.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and W. Ireland, rather
common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6-8. Larva brown or grey-
brown ; dorsal line paler, interruptedly darker-edged ; a sub-
dorsal series of blackish arrow -heads; spiracular obscurely
darker ; head brown, darker-freckled : on Sedum, Salix, Ruhus,
etc.; 9, 10.

25. C. alsines, Brh. 29-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings ochreous-fuscous or brownish-ochreous; first and
second lines waved, dark fuscous ; median shade dark fuscous,
sometimes indistinct ; orbicular and reniform rather dark
fuscous, outlined with pale ; subterminal line pale, edgod
anteriorly with dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, soiiiewhat
lighter anteriorly.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, rather cunnnon ;

CAEADRiNA] CARADRINIDAE 123

N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous,
sometimes reddish-tinged, dorsally more brownish ; dorsal Hne
pale, partly dark-edged ; subdorsal pale, dark-edged, more
broadly beneath ; sometimes a lateral series of dark brown
marks; spiracular pale ; head dark brown : oi\ Stellaria, Rumex,
Viola, etc.; 9-5.

26. C. taraxaci, Hb. (lAanda, Tr.) 29-33 mm. Difters from
C. alsines as follows : forewings rather dark fuscous, faintly
ochreous-tinged, lines more indistinct, orbicular and reniform
hardly darker than ground-colour, finely outlined with grey-
whitish ; hindwings in S more whitish towards base.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 7. Larva light ochreous or brownish, somewhat
blackish-freckled ; dorsal line pale yellowish, traversing a series
of small blackish marks ; subdorsal pale, edged below by a
strong dark brown line ; spiracular brownish ; head ochreous,
brown-marked: on Stellaria, Rumex, grass, etc.; 9-4.

27. C. ambigua, F. 29-32 mm. Antennae in S ciliated.
Forewings greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first
and second lines indistinct, fuscous, marked with darker dots ;
median shade indistinctly darker ; orbicular and reniform
rather darker, finely outlined with pale ; subterminal line pale,
anteriorly darker-edged. Hindwings white ; veins fuscous-
tinged ; termen fuscous.

Kent, I. of Wight, perhaps recently introduced or an occa-
sional immigrant only ; WC. and S. Eui'ope ; 7, 8.

28. C. exulis, Lef. (assimilis, Dbld.) 37-42 mm. Antennae
in S ciliated. Abdomen densely hairy. Forewings brown,
mixed with dark brown and often with whitish or yellowish ;
veins sometimes white ; subbasal, first, second, and subterminal
lines light, edged with dark fuscous ; spots outlined with dark
fuscous, orbicular and reniform more or less margined with
whitish -ochreous. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly ; a
darker discal mark and postmedian line.

Arran to the Slietlands, local and uncommon ; N. Europe,
N. America; 6, 7. Larva ochreous-whitish ; spiracles black;
head reddish - brown ; plate of 2 ochreous : in stems and
amongst roots of grass, and amongst lichens ; 8-5.

29. C. trigrammica, Hufn. {ti^Uinea, Bkli.) 34-39 mm.
Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings greyish-ochreous to
ochreous -fuscous ; subbasal, first, median, and second lines
rather dark fuscous, nearly straight, median sometimes almost
obsolete. Hindwings rather dark grey.

124 CARADRININA [caeadrina

Britain to Forfar, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
greyisb-ochreous, dull reddish-brown, or dark grey; doi'sal line
pale, black-edged on incisions; subdorsal pale, interrupted,
sometimes edged with blackish marks above ; spiracular brown ;
head dark bi'own : on Plantago, subterranean in habit ; 7-4.

30. C. matura, Hufn. {cytherea, F.) 37-44 mm. Antennae
in $ ciliated. Forewings fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second
lines irregular, whitish, edged with dark fuscons ; spots outlined
with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform edged with whitish ;
subterminal line whitish, irregular. Hindwings yellow ; a broad
dark fuscous terminal fascia.

Bi'itain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, rather common ; C.
Europe; 7, 8. Larva pale brownish -ochreous or brownish;
dorsal series of pairs of dark fuscous longitudinal marks ; sub-
dorsal and lateral lines brown-edged ; subspiracular paler or
whitish-ochreous, brown-edged above ; head light ochreous or
brownish : on grasses ; 9-4.

32. Sbnta, St2^h.

Head with loosely appressed scales ; eyes glabrous. An-
tennae in S ciliated. Thorax with anterior crest. Abdomen
elongate, flattened, not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales.

There is only one European species, and possibly a second
in N. America ; the genus is correlated with the preceding.

1. S. maritima, Tausch. (ulvae, Hb.) 29-32 mm. Forewings
rather narrow, suboblong, ochreous, veins streaked and costa
and dorsum broadly suffused with fuscous ; orbicular and reni-
form interruptedly outlined with whitish, sometimes wholly
dark fuscous ; first and second lines represented by series of
dark fuscous dots ; a terminal series of dark fuscous dots.
Hindwings ochreous-whitish ; a grey discal mark, and some-
times a postmedian series of dots.

Surrey to Norfolk and Cambridge, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva ochreous, with fine darker lines : on leaves and in sten)s
of reed [Phragmites) ; 9-4.

33. Stilbia, Stph.

Head with appressed scales, face forming a flatly-rounded
prominence ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated. Thorax
with slight posterior crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae
with appressed scales. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with upper
margin of cell to middle.

This genus, consisting of the following and one other C.

stilbia] CARADRINIDAE 125

Asiatic species, differs from all others of the family in the
structui'e of vein 8 of the hindwings, Init must be regarded as
an abnormal development, probably correlated with Caradrina.
Tmago with rather slender body, wings relatively large.

1. S. anomala, Hvj. 28-35 mm. Forewings grey, towards
costa suffused with rather dark fuscous ; first and second lines
dark fuscous, rather dentate ; orbicular and reniform edged
with whitish and outlined w'ith dark fuscous, orbicular elongate
and oblique ; subterminal line pale, suff'usedly darker-edged,
often indistinct. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, posteriorly irro-
rated with fuscous.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, local ; France, Germany ;
8, 9. Larva green or pale brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
white or yellowish, dark-edged ; spiracular whitish, grey-edged
above ; head brown or greenish, freckled with dark brown : on
grasses; 9-3.

34. ACTINOTIA, Hh.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Thorax with anterior and posterior ci-ests. Abdomen crested
towards base. Middle and posterior tibiae spinose.

A small genus, but very generally distributed except in
New Zealand.

1. A. polyodon, CI. {persjyicillaru, L.) 29-33 mm. Fore-
wings yellow-brownish ; a fuscous-purplish costal suffusion to
f ; a blackish median streak from base to near middle, above
which is a whitish-ochreous suffusion ;. reniform large, edges
and a central line whitish-ochreoxis, preceded and followed by
deep ferruginous marks; a whitish-ochreous suffusion from
middle of reniform to apex ; subterminal line whitish-ochreous,
two teeth below apex and two in middle reaching into cilia ;
some black -brown terminal w-edges. Hindwings whitish-
fuscous ; discal spot and broad terminal band fuscous.

Kent, Norfolk, probably a scarce immigrant ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia; 5. Larva reddish -brown, darker - dotted ;
dorsal line narrow, yellow ; subdorsal series of oblique brown
marks ; spiracular yellow, dai-k - edged ; head brown : on
Hypericum; 7, 8.

35. Hadena, SchrJc.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated,
seldom bipoctinated with apex filiform. Thorax with anterior
and posterior crests. Abdomen more or less strongly crested.

126

CARADRININA

[hadena

A genus of considerable extent, widely distributed, but
principally occurring in temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere, and not reaching New Zealand.

1. Termen of fore wings subconcave beneath 1. meticulosa.

,, ,, not subconcave beneath . 2.

2. Termen of forewings strongly waved

,, ,, not strongly waved

3. Reniform whitish-ochreous

,, not whitish-ochreous

4. Forewings greenish-tinged

,, not greenish-tinged

5. Orbicular dark slaty -fuscous, reniform

ochreous
,, spots not both thus coloured

6. Thorax ochreous, fi'ont and patagia blackish 6. scabriuscula.

,, not so marked . . . .7.

7. Forewings with interrupted black streak along fold

7. rectilinea.
,, withoiit such streak . . .8.

8. Hindwings fuscous-whitish

,, not whitish ....

First and second lines joined by black submedian

. 3.

4.

3

flammea.

5. maura.

. 4.

atriplicis.

. 5.

whitish-

2

Iuci2mra.

. 6.

9.
11.

9

8.

li

dash
,, ,, ,, not so joined

10. Keniform partly whitish-edged

,, not whitish-edged

11. Second line dentate

,, ,, indicated by dots only

12. Forewings grey-whitish

,, not whitish

13. Spots all obsolete

,, not all obsolete

14. Hindwings dark fuscous

,, not dark fuscous

15. Reniform conspicuously pale

,, obscure

16. Second line indicated by dark dots only

,, ,, not so indicated

17. Subterminal line tolerably distinct

,, ,, obsolete

18. First and second lines distinct on lower half only

„ „ „ not more distinct on lower

half

adusta.

10.
sordida.
. 11.
. 21. ochroleuca.
. 11. lithoxylea.
23. pabidatricula.
. 13.
. 12. sichlustris.
. 14.
. 15.
. 16.
29. captiuncida.
33. fasciuncula.
. 17.
. 18.
14. sco/ojmcina.
13. rurea.
19.

«J la

HADENA] CARADRINIDAE 127

19. Reniform dark-outlined anteriorly only . . 20.

,, ,, ,, on both sides . 32. strigilis.

20. Forevvings rosy-grey . . . 30. literosa.

,, pale brovvnish-ochreous . 31. hicoloria.

21. First and second lines joined by a blackish sub-

median dash . . 22.

,, „ ,, not so joined . . 24.

22. Median teeth of subterminal line reaching termen 23.

,, ,, ,, ,, not reaching ter-

men . 9. gemina.

23. Forewings less elongate, reddish-tinged . 16. porphyrea.

,, more elongate, not reddish-tinged 10. polyodon.

24. Reniform orange or whitish-marked . . 2-5.

,, not orange or whitish-marked . . 32.

25. Subterminal line with two median teeth . . 26.

,, ,, without median teeth . . 31.

26. Forewings with blackish median basal dash . 27.

,, without such dash . . . 29.

27. Lower end of reniform dark grey . . 20. ba^ilmea.

,, ,, ,, not dark grey . . 28.

28. Anterior edge of reniform whitish . 28. Haivorthii.

,, ,, ,, not whitish . 25. unanimis.

29. Reniform white-marked on posterior edge . 30.

,, wholly orange or white . 27. nictitans.

30. Subterminal line whitish . . 17. furva

,, ,, not whitish . . 18. ahjecta.

31. Larger, reniform rather broadly pale 24. leucostigma.
Smaller, reniform pale-marked on posterior edge

26. didyma.

32. Forewings with large dark triangular costal patch

22. ophiograrnma.
,, without such patch . . 15 hepatica.

1. H. meticulosa, L. 44-50 mm. Forewings rather narrow,
termen waved, subconcave on lower half; whitish -ochreous,
anteriorly rosy - tinged ; lines broad, indicated by fuscous
margins, first and second closely approximated on dorsum,
second angulated above middle; median area exceyjt on costa,
and a triangular dorsal patch before it yellowish - brown ;
quadrate orbicular and anterior part of reniform rosy-ochreous,
])ale - edged, connected beneath ; a light brownish terminal
suffusion preceded by a black dot below apex. Hindwings
ocbreous-whitish, dorsally fuscous-tinged ; a fuscous postmedian
line and subterminal shade.

128 CARADRININA [hadena

Britain to tlie Shetlaiids, Ireland, common ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa; 5, 6, 9, 10. Larva green or
bi'own, whitish-dotted ; dorsal line whitish, inteiTupted ; spira-
cular pale or whitish ; head pale green or ochreous, brown-
speckled : on Senecio, Rumex, Viola, etc.; 7, 8, 10-3. In repose
the wings are folded longitudinally in a peculiar manner, as
though crumpled.

2. H. lucipara, L. 29-32 mm. Forewings brown suffused
with rosy-purplish ; basal area much mixed with dark fuscous,
median area wholly dark fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines
partly black-edged ; spots partly outlined with black, orbicular
dark slatj^-fascous, reniform whitish-ochreous ; a dark fuscous
terminal suffusion, enclosing obscurely pale subterminal line ;
cilia waved. Hindwings fuscous, paler anteriorly ; postmedian
and subterminal whitish-ochreouslines indicated towardsdorsum.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green
or reddish-brown ; dorsal series of indistinct darker V-shaped
markings ; dorsal and subdorsal lines obscurely pale or whitish,
somewhat interrupted ; spiracular more distinct, almost white ;
12 with two conspicuous white dots; head pale green or
ochreous : on ferns, birch, Plantago, etc. ; 7-9.

3. H. flammea, Es}:). {empyrea, Hb.) 44-48 mm. Forewings
with termen waved ; rather dark fuscous, purplish-tinged ;
dorsum narrowly whitish-ochreous ; an elongate subdorsal
blackish mark near base ; first and second lines indistinctly
dark -edged; spots blackish-outlined, claviform broad, wholly
black-brown, reniform whitish-ochreous, preceded and followed
by black-brown spots, lower end projecting anteriorly ; subter-
minal line pale, ending in a light apical spot. Hindwings
fuscous ; a darker discal spot.

Sussex, local; France, S. Europe; 9; 10. Larva grcenish-
brow^n, with numerous waved dai-k brown or blackish lines ;
dorsal series of darker brown diamonds ; spots whitish ; head
and plate of 2 dark brown : on Ranunculus, Ligustrwn, ash,
etc.; 12-5.

4. H. atriplicis, L. 38-48 mm. Forewings greenish-fuscous,
basal area mixed with green ; first and second lines broad,
fuscous, internally black-edged ; orbicular and large reniform
greener, partly pale-edged ; claviform posteriorly black-edged,
followed by an oblique oblong whitish-ochreous spot; subter-
minal line irregular, greenish-whitish, more or less preceded by
green suffusion. Hindwings fuscous, lighter anteriorly.

hadena] CARADKINIDAE 129

Hunts and Essex to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor; 6. Larva green or reddish-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines darker, interrupted, white-dotted ; spiracular pinkish,
sometimes dark-edged above, margins sometimes whiter ; head
pale ochreous : on Atriplex, Jimnex, Polygonwn, etc. ; 8, 9.

5. H. maura, L. 60-70 mm. Forewings with termen waved ;
fuscous, basal area mixed with blackish-fuscous ; median area
dark fuscous except on costa, where it is marked transversely
with dark fuscous ; first and second lines pale, dark-edged,
second nearly straight and vertical, followed by a pale suffusion;
orbicular and reniform darker-mixed, pale - outlined ; subter-
minal line pale, ending in a j)ale apical spot, preceded by dark
suffusion. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; straight median
and subterminal cloudy whitish-ochreous lines.

Britain to Forfar, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva pale ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with dark brown ;
pale oblique subdorsal streaks ; dorsal and spiracular lines
obscurely })ale, interrupted; 12 with a black posteriorly ])ale-
edged transverse mark ; head pale ochreous, brown-speckled :
on Salix, Jiubus, Primula, etc. ; 9-5.

6. H. scabriuscula, L. (pinastri, L.) 33-39 mm. Thorax
ochreous, front and patagia dark fuscous. Forewings dark ashy-
fuscous; a fine median dash fx'om base, first and second lines, and
outlines of spots black ; a dorsal streak, black-edged above, and
two connected blotches beyond second line on lower half reddish-
ochreous, wdaitish -mixed, upper blotch I'eaching termen; a
terminal series of black interneural dashes. Hindwings fuscous.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. America; 6. Larva reddish-brown; dorsal line
ochreous-whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal ol)scurely pale, dark-
edged ; spiracular broad, whitish, dark -edged above; head
brown : on Rumex and Polygonum ; 7, 8.

7. H. rectilinea, Usj:/. 37-40 mm. Antennae in S shortly
bipectinated. Thorax sometimes with white central blotch.
Forewings brown, basal and terminal areas whitish-mixed,
median darker and more reddish dorsally ; a suffused blackish
streak along fold, interrupted by lines ; first and second lines
whitish, first indented near dorsum, second forming a white spot
on fold; spots blackish -outlined, sometimes whitish- mixed ;
subterminal line w'hitish on dorsal half, with two teeth below
middle ; some dark fuscous subterminal dashes towards middle.
Hindwings fuscous, lighter anteriorly.

York to Sutherland, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, N.

K

130 CARADRININA [hadena

Asia ; 6. Larva dark brown, mixed with lighter and darker,
laterally purple -tinged; dorsal line pale, interrupted, dark-
edged ; subdorsal series of pale posteriorly dark-edged oblique
streaks ; spiracular pale towards extremities ; 1 2 with two
ochreous dots; head dark brown : on Salix and Ruhus ; 7-3.

8. H. adusta, Esp. 39-45 mm. Antennae in $ triangular-
dentate. Forewings reddish- fuscous ; a black median dash
from base, and a subdorsal one near base ; subbasal, first, and
second lines whitish-ochreous to grey, partly black-edged, con-
nected by a blackish dash on fold ; spots outlined with black,
orbicular and reniform mixed and often edged with wliitish-
ochreous ; subterminal line whitish-ochreous, preceded by dark
fuscous wedges, with two teeth below middle. Hindwings
fuscous-whitish, towards termen suffused with fuscous ; a small
fuscous discal spot.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, rather common ; N. and
C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green, often mixed or
suffused with rosy-purple ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark-
edged ; spiracular white or greenish-yellow ; head ochreous or
greenish : on Galium, Origanum, Achillea, etc. ; 8-4.

9. H. gemina, HI). 35-40 mm. Forewings brown, variably
mixed with pale ochreous, reddish-brown, and dark fuscous ; a
black median basal dash, surmounted by a pale blotch ; some-
times a black dash from near base of dorsum ; lines pale, partly
dark-edged ; spots partly outlined with black and sometimes
edged with paler or whitish, beneath claviform a black dash
connecting first and second lines ; subterminal line with two
strong median teeth. Hindwings light fuscous, with darker
terminal band.

Britain to the Shetlands, L-eland, common ; C. Europe, N.
Asia; 6, 7. Larva brown-grey, darker-striated; dorsal line
yellow-whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal brownish-ochreous ; spira-
cular broad, pale greyish-ochreous ; head brownish-grey, darker-
freckled ; plate of 2 black, with whitish lines : on grasses ; 9-4.

10. H. polyodon, L. (viononlypha, Hufn.) 44-50 mm. Fore-
wings liglit ochreous-brownish, mixed with whitish-ochreous ;
a black median basal dash, and another from near base of
dorsvmi ; first and second lines somewhat jxiler, connected by a
black submedian dash ; median shade darker ; spots partly out-
lined with black and pale-edged, claviform little marked ; sub-
terminal line pale, with two strong median teeth reaching
termen, and intersecting three or four blackish dashes. Hind-
wings whitish-fuscous ; a darker fuscous discal spot and terminal

hadena] CARADRINIDAE 131

baud. A local variety occurs in which the forewings are wholly
sufFused with dark fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; N., C, and
SW. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva grey or bi'own-
grey to dark purplish-grey ; spiracular line pale ; spots large,
black ; head and plate of 2 reddish-brown or dark brown : on
grasses ; 9-5.

11. H. lithoxylea, F. 43-48 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
mixed with brownish-ochreous and whitish ; indications of a
dark fuscous dash from near base of dorsum ; second line in-
dicated by a series of dark fuscous dots ; median shade brownish
on costa ; spots hardly traceable ; subterminal line very faint,
with indications of two strong median teeth, and two or three
dark dashes beneath ; cilia tinged with reddish-brown. Hind-
wings fuscous-whitish, terminally reddish-tinged ; a fuscous sub-
terminal band.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C Europe,
Asia Minor, NW. Asia ; 7. Larva brown-grey, sliglitly tinged
with greenish or ochreous ; spiracular line hardly paler ; spots
large, black ; head and plate of 2 darlv brown or black : on
grasses ; 9-5.

12. H. sublustris, Esp. 40-43 mm. Forewings less elongate
than in H. lithoxylea, brownish-ochreous, faintly reddish-tinged ;
second line indicated by a series of dark fuscous dots ; median
shade towards costa and a submedian central blotch brownish ;
triangular fuscous terminal patches in middle and above tornus.
Hindwiugs whitish-fuscous, more fuscous posteriorly ; a darker
discal crescent and postmedian line.

England to York, Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Probably the larva closely resembles that of the two preceding
species and has been confused with them.

13. H. rurea, F. 35-41 mm. Forewings light greyish-ochreous,
towards middle of costa or sometimes wholly suffused with
rather dark ochreous-brown or reddish-brown ; a sufFused dash
from dorsum near base, and triangular terminal spots above
middle and above tornus dark reddish-fuscous ; spots sometimes
darker-outlined, orbicular and reniform sometimes pale or pale-
edged ; second line indicated by dark fuscous dots. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous, posteriorly fuscous.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, comnion ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva pale rosy-grey to reddish-brown; dorsal
line ochreous-whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal pale ; spiracular
broad, pale greyish-ochreous, dark-edged above ; head reddish-

132 CARADKININA [hadbna

brown or dark brown; plate of 2 blackish, with whitish lines:
on grasses, Primula, Rtrniex, etc. ; 9-4.

14. H. scolopacina, Esp. 33-35 mm. Forewings light
brownish-ochreous, partially tinged with red-brownish; a blackish
dash from dorsum near base ; first and second lines indicated
by blackish dots; reniform partly outlined with whitish, pre-
ceded by a fuscous costal blotch ; subterminal line obscurely
pale, anteriorly sufFusedly edged with reddish-brown ; cilia
mixed with blackish. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Englahd, rather local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva
greenish-grey ; dorsal line whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal dark
grey ; spiracular pale yellow, edged above with dark grey ;
head light brownish-ochreous or greenish : on grasses and
Luzula ; 10-6.

15. H. hepatica, Hb. 39-41 mm. Forewings brownish-
ochreous, mixed with light red-brown ; a black median dash
from base, and another from dorsum near base, connected by a
red-brown suffusion ; first and second lines indistinctly dark-
edged ; spots partly outlined with black, orbicular and renifoi'm
separated by a red-brown suffusion, former oblique-oval ; sub-
terminal line pale, partly edged with red-bi'own, and some short
blackish marks. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Berwick, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7.
Larva grey-bi'own or dark purplish-brown, darker-freckled; dorsal
line pale ochreous or whitish ; subdorsal obscurely pale ; spira-
cular broad, light greyish-ochreous ; head dark brown ; plate of
2 blackish, with whitish lines: on grasses; 10-4.

16. H. porphyrea, Esji. (satura, Hb.) 38-44 mm. Forewings
rather dark fuscous, reddish-tinged ; a short suffused blackish
median dash from base, and another from dorsum near base ;
fii'st and second lines dark-edged, dentate, connected by a
suffused dark fuscous subniedian dash ; orbicular and reniform
lighter, dark-outlined ; subterminal line pale, with two strong-
median teeth, edged with some dark marks. Hindwings fuscous,
lighter towards base.

Britain to Aberdeen, E. Ireland, very scarce, perhaps an
occasional immigrant only ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 5, 6.
Larva pinkish -brown, darker above; dorsal line indistinct,
interrupted ; subdorsal series of indistinct oblique grey streaks ;
spiracular greenish-yellowish ; head brown : on Ifumulus, Loni-
cera, cherry, etc. ; 7, 8.

17. H. furva, Hb. 33-38 mm. Forewings brown mixed with
dark fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines lighter, dark-

hadena] CARADRINIDAE 133

edged ; spots partly outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and
reniform somewhat whitish-marked on edge, posterior edge of
reniform white ; subterminal line whitish, with two strong-
median teeth, anteriorly suffuscdly edged with dark fuscous.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous ; a fuscous terminal band, contain-
ing towards toruus a bent whitish subterminal line.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N.
and WC. Asia ; 7. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous ; spots rather
small, reddish-brown ; head and plate of 2 reddish-brown : on
grasses; 9-6.

18. H. abjecta, Hb. 41-43 mm. Forewings fuscous; first
and second lines hardly lighter, indistinctly darker-edged ;
spots indistinctly darker-outlined, posterior edge of reniform in-
terruptedly marked with whitish ; some whitish dots posteriorly
on veins and costa ; subterminal line obscurely paler, with two
stronger median teeth. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, posteriorly
fuscous.

Britain to the vShetlands, S. Ireland, in salt-marshes, local ,
NC. Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva pale pinkish-
ochreous ; spots pale reddish-brown ; head and plate of 2 red-
brown : on Poa 'inaritima, P. distans, and P. Borreri ; 4-6.

19. H. sordida, Bhh. {a^iceps, Hb.) 37-41 mm. Forewings
brownish-ochreous, usually more or less mixed with fuscous ;
sometimes a blackish median dash from base and another from
dorsum near base ; first and second lines somewhat paler,
obscurely dark-edged ; spots partly darker-outlined, orbicular
and reniform partly whitish-edged ; subterminal line obscurely
pale, brownish-edged, with two stronger median teeth. Hind-
wings fuscous-whitish ; a fuscous terminal band.

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6. Larva pale brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
obscurely darker ; lateral series of oblique blackish marks ;
head and plate of 2 blackish-brown : on grasses ; 9-3.

20. H. basilinea, F. 33-38 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous
somewliat mixed with light brown ; a fine black sinuate median
dash from base ; lines faintly paler, indistinctly dark-margined,
subterminal with two obtuse median teeth ; orbicular and reni-
form darker-outlined, latter partly whitish-edged, with lower
extremity dark grey. Hindwings light fuscous, with darker
terminal band.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva pale brown ; dorsal Hue whitish-
ochreous ; subdorsal indistinctly pale ; spiracular pale or

134 CARADRININA [hadena

whitish, dark-edged above ; head and plate of 2 dark brown,
whitish-streaked : on wheat-£!:rains, grasses, Taraxacum, etc. ;
8-3.

21. H. ochroleuca, Esp. 33-35 mm. Antennae in S tri-
angular-dentate. Forewings light ochreous, more or less
brownish-tinged, especially on postmedian band ; lines whitish,
first and second dentate, closely approximated or connected
below middle ; median shade grey, indistinct ; spots hardly
defined, orbicular indistinctly darker-outlined ; cilia distinctly
barred. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; a broad rather dark fus-
cous terminal band.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 8. Larva
whitish-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines broad, whitish ; sub-
spiracular whitish, dark-edged above; dots black; head pale
green : on seeds of Dactylis ; 5, 6.

22. H. ophiogramma, Esp. 31-33 mm. Thorax pale brown-
ish-ochreous, with black transverse anterior line. Forewings
pale brownish-ochreous ; an irregularly triangular dark brown
costal patch extending from base to -| and reaching more than
half across wing, lower extremity blackish and edged with
whitish suffusion ; reniform pale ; subterminal line partly
lirown-edged ; a fuscous median terminal spot ; a dark fuscous
terminal dash above tornus, marked with a whitish subterminal
spot. Hindwings pale fuscous, somewhat darker posteriorly.

Britain to Kirkcudbright, N. and E. Ireland, local; C.
Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva dull pinkish - ochreous ;
spiracular line whitish ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 brown :
in stems and amongst roots of Phalaris arundinacea ; 8-5.

23. H. pabulatricula, Brh. (connexa, Bkh.) 31-36 mm.
Forewings grey-whitish, anteriorly somewhat mixed with light
bi'own ; a black median dash from base, and another from inner
margin near base, surrounded by a brown suffusion ; median
area below a black submedian dash dark brown ; orbicular and
reniform partly edged with dark fuscous, separated by a brown
suffusion; subterminal line faintly brownish -edged. Hind-
wings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Norfolk to Kirkcudbright, local ; EC. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
on Phalaris arundinacea (?) ; 4, 5.

24. H. leucostigma, lib. (fibrosa, Hb.) 34-37 mm. Fore-
wings brown, coppery-tinged, variable in intensity, lighter
towards dorsum and on postmedian band, darkest along ter-
men ; lines indistinct; orbicular indistinctly dark - outHned ;
reniform dark-outlined, more or less whitish-ochreous or whitish

hadena] CARADRINIDAE 135

posteriorly, veins 3 and 4 beyond it more or less whitish-dotted.
Hiudwings light fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to the Shetlands, N. and W. Ireland, local ; C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva dark grey-brown ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines faintly paler; dots blackish ; head dark brown ;
plate of 2 black ; plate of 1 3 surroimded by a ridge : in hearts
of Cladiicm mariscus ; 5-7.

25. H. unanimis, Tr. 29-36 mm. Forewings pale brown
mixed with reddish-brown and sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an
ill-defined black median dash from base, and sometimes one
from dorsum near base ; lines pale, indistinct, subterminal with
two median teeth ; orbicular and reniform dark-outlined, more
or less pale-edged, posterior edge of reniform whitish. Hind-
wings light fuscous, with darker terminal suffusion.

Britain to the Orkneys, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva light brown, tinged with ochreous or greenish ;
dorsal line whitish-ochreous, dark-edged ; subdorsal pale, dark-
edged ; spiracular broad, pale ochreous, dark-edged above;
head and plate of 2 brown : on grasses ; 8-3.

26. H. didyma, ^sp. (oculea, Gn.) 27-33 mm. Forewings
brownish-ochreous, reddish-brown, or dark brown, sometimes
with a dark brown triangular costal patch extending from base
to near apex ; sometimes a short black median basal dash ;
first and second lines indistinct, median band sometimes
darker ; orbicular usually indistinct ; reniform moz'e or less
marked with white posteriorly ; subterminal line obscurely
pale, rather strongly curved below middle, terminal area
mostly dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; IST., C, and
SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line
irregular, double, dull purplish-pink or deep reddish ; head
brownish : in stems of grasses ; 9-5.

27. H. nictitans, Bkh. 28-35 mm. Forewings light ochreous-
brown, sometimes reddish-tinged, darker in disc ; lines darker-
edged, median shade dai'kcr ; orbicular small, light, sometimes
pale-edged; reniform white or feiTuginous- orange, fuscous-
marked. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriori}^

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C Europe,
N. Asia, N. America ; 8, 9. Larva ochreous-grey or pinkish-
grey ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines pale grey-
ish-ochreous ; head pinkish-ochreous ; plate of 2 yellow-brown :
on grasses ; 6, 7.

28. H. Haworthii, Curt. 25-29 mm. Forewings purplish-

CARADRININA [hadena

brown, median band dark brown ; median and subdorsal veins
and dorsal edu'e mostly white ; an ill-defined blackish median
basal mark, and one above dorsum near base ; first and second
lines pale, dark -edged internally; spots outlined with dark
fuscous, orbicular and reniform whitish, brown-centred ; post-
median and terminal areas whitish-mixed ; subterminal line
whitish, edged a.nteriorly with dark fuscous marks. Hind wings
light fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain (except SW. England) to the Shetlands, Ireland,
common, more local southwards ; N. and NC. Europe ; 8.
Larva pinkish-ochreous to purplish-brown ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines faintly pale ; spots black ; head and plate of 2 pale
reddish-brown : amongst stem-bases of Erioj)horum ; 6, 7.

29. H. captiuncula, Tr. (expolita, Stt.) 15-18 mm. Fore-
wings light brownish -ochreous, much suffused with reddish-
brown ; median and terminal areas often mixed with dark
fuscous ; first and second lines obscurely whitish, more dis-
tinct dorsally ; orbicular indistinctly pale, reniform whitish-
ochreous, both sometimes nearly obsolete ; postmedian band
sometimes pale. Hindwings dai'k fuscous.

Lancashire to Durham, W. L'eland, local ; EC. Europe, NW.
Asia; 7. Larva ochreous, reddish -tinged, dorsally purplish-
tinged on 3-8 ; head reddish-brown ; plate of 2 yellow-brown :
in hearts of Carex glauca ; 8-5.

30. H. literosa, Hiv. 24-27 mm. Forewings rosy-grey;
median band darker; a darker reddish subdorsal spot at -g- ;
first and second lines internally dark -edged on lower half,
second Avhitish ; orbicular and anterior edge of reniform
blackish -outlined, orbicular whitish-edged, reniform whitish
with grc}^ inner ring ; subterminal line obscurely whitish,
anteriorly sufTusedly edged witli brown -reddish. Hindwings
fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, L'eland, rather local ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor, NW. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous, sometimes pink-
ish-tinged ; space between dorsal and subdorsal lines deep
reddish or dark fuscous ; head and plate of 2 yellow-brown : in
stems of grasses ; 9-6.

31. H. bicoloria, VUl. {furuyicida, Hb. ; rufuncuJa, Hw.)
21-26 mm. 1^'orowings pale brownish-ochreous, more or less
suffused witli brown, especially on median band ; first and
second lines on lower half wiiitish, internally darlc-edged ;
orbicular and antci'ior edge of reniform dark-outlined, orbicular
pale-edged, reniform suffused with white ; postmedian band

hadena] CARADRINIDAE 137

sometimes wliitish-sprinkled ; subterminal line obscurely pale,
terminal area mixed with dark grey. Hindwings light fuscous,
darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW.
Europe, Asia Minoi', NW. Asia ; 7. Larva yellow -ochreous,
pinkish-tinged, with three dull reddish bands on each segment ;
dorsal and subdorsal lines paler; head dark reddish -brown ;
plate of 2 light reddish-brown : in stems of grasses ; 9-6.

32. H. strigilis, CI. 24-27 mm. Forewings light brownish-
ochreous, more or less mixed or sometimes wholly suffused with
rather dark fuscous, sometimes partly rosy-tinged ; sometimes
a black dash from dorsum near base ; first and second lines on
lower half often whitish, internally dark -edged, sometimes con-
nected by a thick black submedian dash ; orbicular and reniform
dark-outlined, sometimes edged with whitish-ochreous or whitish
or very indistinct ; postmedian band sometimes whitish-mixed ;
subterminal line obscurely pale. Hindwings fuscous, darker
posteriorly.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, very common ; N. and
C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva dull reddish or fuscous ;
dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines pale ochreous ; subspiracular
pale ochreous, sometimes blackish-edged above ; head and plate
of 2 pale brown : on leaves and in stems of grasses and Carex ; 9-.5.

33. H. fasciuncula, H^v. 21-25 mm. Forewings reddish-
ochreous, more or less mixed with fuscous, especially on median
band ; first and second lines on lower half whitish, internally
dark-edged ; orbicular and renifoi'm obscurely pale; postmedian
band lighter, terminal area more fuscous. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; WC. and SW.
P^urope ; 6, 7. Larva pinkish - ochreous ; dorsal line double,
])ale greyish-ochreous, enclosing a darker line ; subdorsal and
lateral lines pale greyish-ochreous; head and plate of 2 light
brown : on leaves and in stems of grasses ; 9-.5.

36. Metachrostis, Hh.

Head rough -scaled, face with somewhat appressed scales;
eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ fasciculate - ciliated. Thorax
flat-scaled, with small posterior crest. Abdomen crested
towards base.

A genus of moderate extent, distributed throughout the
northern hemisphere. The imagos are coloured in imitation of
the lichens which they fi'equent.

138 OARADRININA [metachrostis

1. Median band suffused with fuscous . 3. algae.

,, ,, not fuscous . . .2.

2. First line reaching dorsum . . 1. perla.

,, ,, not reaching dorsum . . 2. muralis.

1. M. perla, F. 22-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-whitish ;
costa marked with blackish ; lines black, subbasal preceded by
a greyish spot, second subdentate, subterminal forming dots ;
spots grey, sometimes bluish -tinged, orbicular and claviform
confluent to form an 8-shaped spot, reniform similar, smaller,
whitish - edged ; a greyish praesubterminal costal spot; a ter-
minal row of white dots, surrounded by greyish suffusion.
Hindwings grey-whitish ; discal spot and two suffused posterior
lines dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. and SW.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva light bluish-grey ; a broad irregular
orange or ochreous-yellovv dorsal stripe, usually enclosing an
interrupted dark grey dorsal line ; lateral and spiracular lines
sometimes whitish ; spots black ; head black : on lichens on
walls; 10-5.

2. M. muralis, Forst. {glandifera, Hb. ; par, Hb. ; impar,
Warren) 25-29 mm. Forewings whitish-greenish ; costa marked
with black ; lines black, subbasal preceded by a grey-greenish
suffusion dorsally prolonged, first connected with subbasal near
dorsum and not reaching dorsum, second and subterminal fol-
lowed by grey -greenish shades; spots grey -greenish, outlined
with black, orbicular and claviform confluent into a transverse
blotch. Hindwings light fuscous ; discal spot and two suffused
posterior lines darker.

England to Caernarvon and Norfolk, W. and S. Ireland,
local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva bluish-grey ;
dorsal line white, irregular, sometimes interrupted ; subspiracu-
lar pale or yellowish ; spots white ; head and plate of 2 black :
on lichens on walls ; 10-5.

3. M. algae, F. 22-25 mm. Forewings grey-greenish, median
band suffused with fuscous ; subbasal line black ; first and
second indicated by some whitieh scales, edged internally with
blackish ; a semicircular dorsal spot outlined with blackish
beyond subbasal line ; spots hardly darker, orbicular and
claviform confluent into a transverse blotch ; subterminal line
obscurely whitish. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally.

Cheshire, Lancashire, very scarce ; C. and S. Eiirope, Asia
Minor; 7. Larva greenish-grey, whitish - mixed ; doi'sal line
and lateral spots white ; dorsal series of black horseshoe-

METACHROSTis] CARADRINIDAE 139

shaped marks; spiracular pale, blackish -edged above; head
black : on lichens on trees; 10-5.

37. MoMA, Hb.

Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in (^ciliated.
Thorax with slight anterior and posterior crests, patagia some-
what crested posteriorly. Abdomen with several crests.

Restricted to the single species. Larva with tufts of hairs.

1. M. orion, Esp. 32-37 mm. Thorax pale green marked
with black, collar black edged with white. Forewings pale
green ; irregular median and submedian streaks and costal
edge white ; first and second lines widely remote, thick, irregu-
lar, black, second posteriorly irregularly edged with fuscous ; a
black mark on middle of costa ; spots partly strongly outlined
with black ; black subterminal marks in middle and above
tornus ; a terminal row of black anteriorly white-edged spots ;
cilia barred. Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly ; two
whitish tornal marks.

Kent to Cornwall, Suffolk, Norfolk, Durham, local ; N. and
C. Europe ; 6. Larva brownish-ochreous, with several irregular
yellowish lines, dorsally black on 4-12; pale yellow or whitish
transverse dorsal blotches on 5, 7, and 10 ; reddish tubercles
bearing tufts of brown or whitish hairs; head black, yellowish-
marked : on oak, birch, beech, etc. ; 7-9.

38. ACRONTCTA, 0.

Head rough - scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ very
minutely ciliated. Thorax with slight posterior crest. Abdo-
men with slight ill-defined hairy crests towards base.

A rather small genus, characteristic of the European region
and N. America. Ova in species 1-8 deposited singly, in
remainder in overlapping rows. Larvae remarkably diversified,
but usually more or less haiiy, often conspicuously decorated.
Pupa in cocoon, or cavity in dead wood, etc.; in species 9-12
with segmental margins forming rounded I'idges.

1. Dorsal half of forewings blackish . 2. alni.

„ ,, ,, not blackish . .2.

2. Median band with black subdorsal dash . 3. strigosa.

,, ,, without such dash . . .3.

3. Second line marked with white subdorsal spot 9. rumicis.

,, ,, witliout white spot . . .4.

4. Forewings partly greenish-tinged . 8. ligustri.

„ not greenish-tinged . . .5.

HO

CARADRININA

[acronycta

5.

Forewings moi-e or less sprinkled

with

dark

fuscous

6.

,, not sprinkled with dark fuscous

. 11.

6.

Black basal dash tolerably defined

. 7.

„ „ „ nearly obsolete .

. 10.

7.

Hindwings white

. 8.

,, at most whitish anteriorly

. 9.

8.

First line distinct towards costa only

1. leporina.

,, ,, ,, throughout

7. aceris.

9.

Subterminal line whitish .

10. auricoma.

„ obsolete

12.

menyanthidis.

10.

Reniform bi'oadly pale-sufFused .

6.

megacephala.

„ not pale-suffused

.11. euphorhiae.

11.

Forewings tinged with rosy-purplish

4. tridens.

,, not so tinged .

. 5. psi.

1 . A. leporina, L. 37-44 mm. Forewings whitish, sprinkled
with dark fuscous ; a short black median basal dash ; first line
indicated by a black mark on costa and traces elsewhere, median
by a sti'ong black costal mai'k, second black, waved, inter-
rupted ; small orbicular and narrow reniform indistinctly
blackish -outlined ; base of cilia black -spotted. Hindwings
white.

Britain to Sutherland, E. and S. Ireland, not common ; N.
and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6. Larva green or greenish-yellow ;
sometimes obscure red-brownish dorsal and lateral suff'usions ;
numerous very long white or yellowish bail's, directed forwards
on right side and backwards on left ; sometimes dorsal tufts of
black hairs; head sometimes black - marked : on alder, birch,
elm, SaJix ; 7-9.

2. A. alni, L. 37-42 mm. Thorax grey- whitish, with a
black lateral stripe. Forewings grey-whitish, irregularly mixed
with pale brownish ; dorsal half blackish from base to tornus,
united with a bi'oad blackish-fuscous median fascia ; first and
second lines blackish ; reniform indistinctly indicated ; subter-
minal line obscurely pale ; a black dash before termen above
middle. Hindwings white, termen fuscous-sprinkled.

England to York, E. Ireland, scarce ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva black ; a series of ti'ansverse yellow bands ; 2 with four,
5-10, 12, 13 each with two long black hairs with broadly
flattened tiyjs ; liead black : on alder, birch, beech, Cornus,
etc. ; 7-9. When young, the larva is quite different, being
whitish, with 5-10 suffused with slaty-grey, 5-9 subjiromineut
above; in this stage it usually rests with the head bent round

acronycta] CARADRINIDAE 141

against 9, and closely resembles a patch of bird's excrement.
In the final stage the larva can emit a strong probably pro-
tective odonr, resembling carburetted hydrogen ; its black and
yellow bands are therefore, as usual, a warning signal.

3. A. strigosa, F. 28-31 mm. Fore wings ochreous-whitish,
sprinkled witli brown; costa spotted with dark fuscous; an
ochreous-yellow blackish-edged spot towards base of dorsum ;
a black submedian streak from base to termen, interrupted on
median band, and a black subdorsal dash on median band ;
first and second lines whitish, partly edged with dark fuscous ;
orbicular and reniform sufFusedly pale-edged, partly outlined
with blackish, separated by a dark fuscous suffusion. Hind-
wings fuscous-whitish, termen fuscous-suflfused ; a pale fuscous
discal spot.

Norfolk, Cambridge, local; C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7.
Larva green, seldom purple-brown ; an irregular dorsal crimson-
brown stripe ; scattered blackish, oclu'eous, and whitish hairs ;
12 with dorsal prominence; head dark brown: on hawthorn;
7-9.

4. A. tridens, Schiff. 33-39 mm. Differs from A. j^si only
as follows : forewings slightly darker, faintly tinged witli rosy-
purplish ; median costal mark rather more oblique.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and W. Ireland, local ; N.
and C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva black; a broad white
dorsal stripe, including a series of orange spots ; lateral series
of reddish marks and white tubercles ; spiracular line broad,
whitish; 5 and 12 with dorsal prominences, 5 with a tuft of
black hairs; numerous long blackish, whitish, and yellowish
hairs; head black: on hawthorn, oak, birch, etc.; 8-10.

5. A. psi, L. 35-41 mm. Forewings grey-whitish densely
irrorated with light brown ; a black median basal streak
reaching first line, emitting three short projections; first line
edged with dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform partly black,
outlined, almost or quite touching ; a dark fuscous median
costal mark touching their junction ; second line obscurely
whitish, blackish-edged posteriorly ; a fine black dash beyond
this above middle, and a stronger one traversing it above
tornus. Hindwings whitish, more or less fuscous-sprinkled
posteriorly ; sometimes a fuscous postmedian line.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva blackish or slaty-grey ; a
broad pale yellowish or whitish dorsal stripe ; lateral series
of orange or reddish marks ; spiracular line broad, whitish ;

142 CARADRININA [acronycta

5 with long narrow dorsal blackish prominence, 12 with a
smaller prominence ; numerous ochreous, whitish, and blackish
hairs ; head black : on plum, rose, birch, etc. ; 7-9.

6. A. megacephala, F. 40-42 mm. Forewings ochreous-grey-
whitish, irrorated with blackish ; second and subterminal lines
more whitish, median shade and margins of first, second, and
subterminal lines formed by denser cloudy irroration ; orbicular
and reniform more or less pale-sufFused, darker-outlined. Hind-
wings whitish, towards termen and on veins more or less sprinkled
with dark fuscous.

Britain to Ross, Ii'eland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva dark fuscous or grey above, paler laterally;
numerous pale yellowish pubescent dots, tending to form several
lines; 11 with a pale yellow or white dorsal patch; numerous
mostly pale or whitish hairs ; head black, whitish-marked : on
poplar, or seldom Salix ; 7-9.

7. A. aceris, L. 40-44 mm. Forewings whitish, irrorated
with greyish-ochreous scales tipped with blackish ; an ill-defined
slender branched blackish median basal streak to beyond first
line ; first and second lines dark-edged, second followed by a
brownish shade; median line fuscous, more distinct towards
costa, traversing reniform; orbicular round, blackish - out-
lined; reniform indistinctly dark-outlined. Hiudwings white ;
veins and termen more or less irrorated with dark fuscous.

England to Lancashire, N. and W. Ireland, not uncommon ;
Europe, Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva red-brown or blackish,
whitish-freckled ; dorsal series of white black-edged diamonds ;
numerous very long yellow hairs ; head black : on horse-chest-
nut, sycamore, oak, etc. ; 7-9.

8. A. ligustri, F. 35-41 mm. Forewings rather dark
pui-plish- ashy -fuscous, partly tinged with dull olive-green,
with a few white scales ; subbasal, first, and second lines edged
with black, subbasal ending in a short black dash ; orbicular
white -edged, black -outlined, surmounted by a whitish costal
suftusion; claviform partly white-edged; reniform black-out-
lined, posteriorly strongly white-edged, followed by a suff'used
white blotch ; subterminal line partly white. Hindwings
fuscous, faintly greenish-tinged.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva pale, bluish-gi-een, beneath yellowish-green ; dorsal
line whitish ; lateral pale yellowish ; spiracles red ; dots blaclv,
bearing single rather long black hairs ; head green : on ash
(seldom privet, alder, etc.) ; 7-9.

acronycta] CARADRINIDAE 143

9. A. rumicis, L. 34-40 mm. Forewings fuscous, mixed
with whitish, and irregularly irrorated with dark fuscous ; sub-
basal, first, and second lines blackish-edged, second marked
with a white subdorsal spot; median line dark fuscous, only
distinct towards costa ; orbicular and reniform blackish -out-
lined ; subterminal line whitish. Hindwings fuscous, darker
towards termen.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia,
N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva rather dark brown-grey, paler-mai'bled ;
dorsal series of black blotches enclosing orange-red spots ; sub-
dorsal series of white spots ; subspiracular line waved, white
or pale yellowish, marked with orange-red tubercles ; fascicles
of pale ochreous or reddish mixed with dark fuscous hairs ; 5
and 12 somewhat prominent above; head black, streaked with
brownish-ochreous : on Polygonum., Salix, hawthorn, Veronica,
etc.; 8, 9.

10. A. auricoma, F. 35-39 mm, Forewings fuscous, mixed
with whitish and irrorated with black; an ill -defined black
median basal streak to first line ; base of dorsum whitish-
ochi'eous ; first line indistinctly blackish-edged ; orbicular and
reniform blackish-outlined, space between them pale ; second
line black ; subterminal whitish ; sometimes a blackish streak
above tornus. Hindwings light fuscous, in ^ more whitish
anteriorly.

Kent to Hants, local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Asia; 5, 8. Larva black, incisions greyer; 3-13 each with two
or four orange-reddish tubercles, bearing fascicles of orange
hairs ; other hairs blackish ; head and plate of 2 black : on
oak, birch, Ruhus, etc.; 6, 7, 9-4.

11. A. euphorbiae, F. {myricae, Gn.) 31-37 mm. Forewings
fuscous, mixed with whitish and irrorated with dark fuscous ;
indications of a blackish median basal streak ; first and second
lines edged internally with darker, externally with blackish ;
median line darker ; orbicular and reniform blackish-outlined ;
subterminal line faintly paler. Hindwings in c^ white, veins
fuscous ; in $ rather dark fuscous, cilia white.

Ayr to Ross, S. Ireland, local ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Asia; 6. Larva black, incisions more greenish -grey, some-
times mostly suft\ised with whitish ; subdorsal series of whitish
or pale yellow trilobed. spots ; subspiracular line orange-red ;
3 with orange -red transverse band; fascicles of black hairs
mixed with whitish ; head black : on Myrica, Erica, birch,
etc.; 8, 9.

144 CARADRININA [acronycta

12. A. menyanthidis, View, {salicis, Curt.) 33-37 mm.
Forcwiugs fuscou;^, almost wholly suftused with grey-whitish,
somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an irregular blackish
median basal streak to first line ; first line indistinctly dark-
edged ; median shade obscurely darker ; orbicular and reni-
form dark-outlined, sometimes almost obsolete; second line
whitish, posteriorly edged with dark fuscous, usually traversed
by a short dark fuscous submedian mark ; terminal area some-
times darker. Hindwings light fuscous, darker terminally.

Norfolk and Shropshire to Ross, N. and W. Ireland, local ;
N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva blackish-brown or black ; sub-
spiracular line dull reddisli or crimson, sometimes interrupted ;
fascicles of pale reddish-brown to black haii's; head black: on
Myrica, Calluna, Salix, etc.; 8, 9.

39. Arsilonchb, Ld.

Head rough-haired ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ minutely
ciliated. Palpi rather short, porrected, densely rough-haired.
Thorax densely hairy, not crested. Abdomen not crested.

Limited to include the single species only ; it is closely cor-
related with the preceding.

1. A. albovenosa, Gz. (venosa, Bkh.) 33-37 mm. Forewings
whitish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with dark fuscous ; in-
distinct brownish median, submedian, and dorsal streaks ;
sometimes blackish terminal dots. Hindwings white.

Herts to Norfolk, in marshes, local ; C. and SE. Europe, N.
America ; 6. Larva blackish or dark brown-grey, pale-marbled ;
subdorsal and subspiracular lines pale ochreous-yellowish, often
reddish-marked ; tubercles on these yellow or orange ; fascicles
of pale reddish-brown and black hairs ; head black, streaked
with ochi-eous : on reed (Phragmites), Carex, Typha, etc.;
8, 9.

3. PLUSIADAE.

Ocelli usually distinct. Tongue well-developed. Posterior
tibiae with all spurs present. Forewings : 7 and 8 usually out
of 9, 10 usually connected with 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4
connate or short-stalked, 5 well-developed, G and 7 connate or
short-stalked or seldoui closely approximated only, 8 shortly
anastomosing with cell near base, thence evenly diverging.

This family is by no means very prominent in temperate
regions, but within the tropics it assimies immense propor-
tions and is there probably the most abundant family of

PLUSIADAE 145

the Lepidopiera. There is much greater diversity of size,
colour, and form than in the Caradrinidae, and also more
variation in structure, though this remains more uniform
than usual. Imago with forewings usually relatively broader
and less elongate than in the Caradrinidae, body often more
slender.

Ovum spherical, more or less reticulated, often also riblicd.
Larva with few hairs, sometimes with prolegs on 7 and 8
absent or rudimentary. Pupa usually in a cocoon above
ground.

The following diagram shows the phylogeny of the principal
genera : —

Phylogeny of Plusiadae.

Aethia

lermiiiia
1

Hypenodes

1
Hypeua Aveiitia

1 1

Plusia

1
Ophiusa

1

Catepliia
1

Catocala
1

Eucl
1

Eublemma
1

1
Eustrotia

1

Eiviila

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Hindwings with 5 pai'allel to 4 . . .2.

5 more or less appi'oximatcd to 4 10.

2.

Forewings with 7 absent .

4. SCHRANKIA

,, „ all veins present

. 3.

3.

Forewings with 7 separate

5. Hypenodes

„ 7 out of 9

. 4.

4.

Antennae in S bipectinated

. 5.

,, ,, not bipectinated .

. 6.

5.

Palpi porrected .

1. BOLETOBIA

„ ascending .

3. Herminia

6.

Abdomen with small crest near base

. 7.

„ not crested

. 8.

7.

Eyes ciliated

G. BOMOLOCIIA

„ not ciliated .

L

7 Hypena

146

CARADRININA

8. Palpi long . . . .2. Aethia.

,, moderate . . . . .9.

9. Tibiae loosely haired . . 9. Aventia.

„ smooth-scaled . 8. Colobochyla

10. Middle tibiae spinose . . .11,

,, ,, not spinose . . .13.

11. Anterior tibiae spinose . . .16. Euclidia.

,, „ not spinose . . .12.

12. Abdomen somewhat crested towards base 15. Catocala.

„ not crested . . .14. Phoberia.

13. Antennae in (? bipectinated . 11. Scoliopteryx.

,, „ not bipectinated . . .14.

14. Abdomen crested . . . .15.

,, not crested .... 17.

15. Tibiae rough-scaled .... 16.

,, with appressed scales . . 17. Erastria.

16. Palpi with second joint rough-scaled . 12. Plusia.

,, ,, ,, smooth-scaled . 13. Catephfa.

17. Forewhigs with 7 separate . .21. Eublemma.

,, ), 7 not separate . . .18.

18. Forewings with 10 separate . . 22. Rivula.

,, ,, 10 not separate . . . 19.

19. Face forming a rounded horny prominence 20. Emmelta.

,, not forming a pi'ominence . . . 20.

20. Thorax with anterior crest . .10. Ophiusa.

,, without anterior crest . . .21.

21. Thorax rough-haired . . 19. Panemeria.

smooth-scaled . . .18. Eustrotia.

Sub-Fam. 1. HYPENIDES.

Vein 5 of hindwings parallel to 4.

1. BOLETOBIA, B.

Head with appressed scales. Antennae in $ bipectinated
to apex. Palpi long, straight, porrected, rough-scaled through-
out. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae
smooth-scaled. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4.

Only the one species is known ; it frequents dark damp
buildings, and is very retired in habit. Larva without prolegs
on 7 and 8 (?). Pupa in a cocoon covered with i-efuse.

boletobia] PLUSIADAE 147

1. B. fuliginaria, L. 23-29 mm. Forewings dark fuscous;
first and second lines pale ochreous, internally dark-edged,
second dentate ; a darker discal mark ; subterminal line pale
ochreous, subdentate. Hind wings as forewings, but first line
obsolete.

Kent, Sussex, Middlesex, Worcester, scarce and local ; N.
and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 7. Larva blackish ;
dorsal and supraspiracular dots orange : on fungus (a blackish
species of the family Muscedines) growing ou rotten wood ;
5, 6.

2. Aethia, Hh.

Head loosely scaled, with frontal tuft. Antennae in $
ciliated, with long bristles at joints, sometimes with a thicken-
ing below middle. Palpi long or very long, ascending or re-
curved, thickened with tolerably appressed scales, terminal joint
loosely scaled above, pointed. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen
not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales ; anterior tibiae in $
sometimes with long expansible hair-pencil. Hindwings : 5
parallel to 4.

Includes a few species inhabiting temperate portions of the
northern hemisphere. Piipa in a slight cocoon.

1. Forewings with entire dai'k fuscous subterminal line 2.

,, without such line . . .3.

2. Subterminal line running to apex . . 3. nevioralh.

„ ,, ,, to costa 2. tarsipennalis.

3. First and second lines whitish-ochreous . 1. emortualis.

,, ,, dark brown . 4. derivalis.

1. A. emortualis, Schiff. 23-27 mm. Forewings pale
ochreous finely sprinkled with brown ; first and second lines
hardly curved, whitish-ochreous; a whitish-ochreous discal
mark. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent.

S. England to Oxford and Essex, scarce and local : C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva without developed prolegs on
7 : on oak ; 9, 10.

2. A. tarsipennalis, Tr. 27-30 mm. Antennae in S with a
thickening below middle. Anterior tibiae in $ with long hair-
pencil. Forewings light brown ; first and second lines dark
fuscous, first curved, second sinuate- curved ; a curved dark
fuscous discal mark ; subterminal line straight, dark fuscous,
pale-edged posteriorly. Hindwings pale fuscous ; a bent dark
fuscous posteriorly pale-edged subterminal line.

Britain to the Clyde, W. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N.

148 CARADRININA [aethia

Asia; 7. Larva brown-grey, darker - freckled ; dorsal line
blackish -grey, interrupted; subdorsal paler, interrupted;
lateral series of blackish marks ; dots black ; head and plate
of 2 darker : on Salix, Ruhus, Polygonum, etc. ; 9-4.

3. A. nemoralis, F. [grisealis, Hb.) 21-26 mm. Anterior
tarsi in $ absent. Forewings ochreous irrorated with brown ;
first and second lines dark fuscous, first straight, second
strongly curved on upper half ; a dark fuscous discal mark ;
subterminal line somewhat curved inwards, dark fuscous,
ninning to apex. Hindwings light fuscous ; a bent darker
subterminal line.

England to York, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva dull pinkish -grey, darker - freckled ;
dorsal line broad, blackish; subdorsal darker; dots blackish;
head and plate of 2 dark brown : on oak, Sisymhrium, etc. ;
8,9.

4. A. derivalis, Hh. 23-27 mm. Forewings ochreous irro-
rated with brown ; first and second lines curved, dark brown ;
a dark brown discal mark ; subterminal line curved, obscurely
pale or obsolete, sometimes partly edged anteriorly with dark
brown. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, second
less cvirved, subterminal more obsolete.

Kent, Sussex, Essex, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ;
7, 8. Larva dark brown ; dorsal line faintly darker ; dots
black ; head and plate of 2 darker : on fallen leaves of oak,
Salix, etc.; 8-6.

3. Herminia, Latr.

Head loosely scaled, with frontal tuft. Antennae in S
bipectinated, with a thickening below middle. Palpi very
long, obliquely ascending, thickened with rough scales, second
joint very long, straight, terminal rather short, pointed.
Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae with
appressed scales ; anterior tibiae in $ with large expansible
hair-pencil. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4.

The species are few, and inhabit nortliern temperate regions,
principally N. America. Pupa in a slight cocoon.

Forewings with lines entire . . .2. harhalis.

,, ,, reduced to series of marks 1. cribraliK.

1. H. cribralis, Jib. 23-26 mm. Antcnnal pectinations of
S long. Forewings whitish-ochreous, thinly brown-sprinkled ;
first and second lines forming series of short cloudy dark fuscous
marks, subterminal a series of indistinct dark fuscous dots ; a

herminia]

PLUSIADAE

149

black discal dot. Hiudwings fuscous- whitish, terminally
brownish-tinged ; a grey discal dot.

S. England to Somerset and Lincoln, in marshy places,
local; C. Europe, N. Asia; 7. Larva pale grey -brown,
yellowish-freckled; dorsal line darker, pale-edged; subdorsal
and spiracular paler: on Salix, Carex, Luzula, etc.; 9-5.

2. H. barbalis, CI. 27-31
mm. Antennal pectinations of
$ very short, terminating in
long bristles. Forewings pale
greyish-ochreous irrorated with
dark brown ; first and second
lines cloudy dark yellowish-
brown, somewhat sinuate, bent
near costa; an ill-defined darker
discal mark ; subterminal lino
cloudy, dark brown, nearly
straight. Hindwings whitish
irrorated with fuscous except
towards costa and apex ; obscure
darker fuscous second and sub-
terminal lines.

England to York, common ;Neuration and head of //cr»iNua6a/M«.

N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor; 5-7. Larva dull reddish-
ochreous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral series of darker-
freckled diamonds ; head fuscous : on birch and oak ; 8-4.

4. SCHRANKIA, Hb.

Head smooth-scaled. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi long,
recurved, smooth -scaled, second joint thickened, terminal
modei-ately long, pointed. Thorax smooth -scaled. Abdomen
not crested. Tibiae smooth -scaled. Forewings : 7 absent, 8
separate, 9 and 10 stalked. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4.

Includes only the single species.

1. S. turfosalis, Wk. 13-14 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, irregularly irrorated with brown and dark fuscous ;
first line indistinctly indicated ; second irregular, oblique, dark
fuscous, posteriorly whitish-edged ; a small dark fuscous discal
spot, white-edged posterioz-ly ; subterminal line straight, oblique,
ill-defined, whitish, preceded by a dark fuscous sutf usion, run-
ning to apex. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, S. Ireland, in marshy places, local ; NC.
Europe ; 7.

150 CARADRININA [hypenodes

5. Hypenodes, Gn.

Head loosely scaled, with small frontal tuft. Antennae in

$ ciliated. Palpi very long,

^^_.^_;:::::^^^2^^^^ poiTccted, second joint thickened

^^-;;:::^^;;;^^^^:^^^^-<^::::^^^^— -^ with I'ough projecting scales,

•i^^^^^^""^ _-^-<r=^^- 7 terminal rather short, cylindrical.

\^^;~-;-:^^j;^---.^Tr^~~~^~-^^^^^ Thorax with appressed scales.
^~~~~~~--~^^^^^^;iIl;::;:;;--^^ Abdomen with small crest near

base. Tibiae smooth - scaled.
V^^ Forewings : 7 separate, 9 and 10

V"" it^' out of 8. Hindwings : 5 parallel

"'""' tg) to 4.
Forewing and head of ir?/pc«ote Although consisting of very

coshstrigahs. . ^ , . ^ . ■, ''

lew species, this genus is almost
universally distributed. Imago with forewings unusually
elongate. Larva without prolegs on 7 and 8.

Forewings with a dark suffusion beyond discal spot

1. costistrigalis.
,, without such suffusion . . 2. alhistruialis.

1. H. costistrigalis, Stph. 18-19 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous mixed with brown and dark fuscous, lighter dorsally ;
a fine black dash beneath costa at base; first line partly
blackish -marked, dentate; second line oblique, irregular,
partly marked with dark fuscous and edged posteriorly with
whitish ; a small blackish discal spot, connected with second
line by a dark fuscous suffusion ; subterminal line indistinctly
pale. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; a grey discal dot.

England to Cumberland, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
dark purple - brown ; dorsal line slightly paler; subdorsal
obscurely pale, blackish-edged beneath ; sides more ochreous :
on flowers of Thymus (in captivity only, natural food un-
known) ; 7, 8.

2. H. albistrigalis, ZTw. 1 7-20 mm. Forewings brown; a fine
black dash beneath costa at base ; first line partly blackish-
marked, dentate; second blackish, posteriorly whitish -edged,
towards costa indistinct, on lower half straight and conspicuous ;
an indistinct dark fuscous discal spot, posteriorly pale -edged ;
subterminal line indistinctly pale. Hindwings light grey.

England to York, local ; France ; 6, 7.

6. BOMOLOCHA, Hh.

Characters of Hypena, but eyes ciliated.

bomolocha] PLUSIADAE 151

Tlie genus is fairly numerous in N. America ; the single
European species would appear to be a straggler.

1. B. fontis, Thnh. (crassalis, F.) 26-31 mm. Forewings
dark brown, beyond second line pale ochreous ; a pale ochreous
dorsal band mixed with ochreous-brown and suffused above
with white ; orbicular represented by a dark fuscous dot, reni-
form by a sufltused mark ; second line irregular, white, sharply
angulated above middle ; subterminal formed by suffused
blackish dots, posteriorly white-edged ; an oblique dark brown
apical streak. Hindwings fuscous, faintly reddish- tinged ; a
darker discal dot.

S. England to Suffolk and Merioneth, W. and S. Ireland,
local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva green ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines darker : on Erica ; 7-9.

7. Hypbna, Schrk.

Head loosely scaled, with frontal tuft. Antennae in S
ciliated. Palpi very long, porrected or subascending, second
joint thickened with rough projecting scales, terminal rough-
scaled, ascending, pointed. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen
with small crest near base. Tibiae with appressed scales.
Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4.

A large genus of almost imiversal distribution, most plenti-
ful within the tropics. Larva without prolegs on 7 ; feeding on
species of Urticaceae. Pupa in a slight cocoon.

1. Orbicular forming a raised tuft . . .2.

,, not forming a raised tuft 2. prohoscidalis.

2. Second line with angular median projection 3. ohsitalis.

,, ,, without angular projection . 1. rostralis.

1. H. rostralis, L. 26-29 mm. Foi'ewings rather narrow,
pale brown, more or less mixed with darker fuscous, especially
on median band ; first and second lines dai'k fuscous, some-
times obsolete, first irregular, second almost straight ; orbicular
and reniform represented by tufts of raised scales, sometimes
connected by a blackish dash ; subterminal line obscurely pale ;
usually a suffused oblique dark fuscous apical streak. Hind-
wings light fuscous.

Britain to Roxburgh, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. and WC.
Asia ; 7-5. Larva bright green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal
clear white; spiracular white, interrupted, less distinct; dots
black; head yellowish -green, black - dotted : on Humulus ;
5, 6.

2. H. proboscidalis, L. 33-37 mm. Forewings with apex

152 CARADRININA [hypena

prominent ; light brown, indistinctly strigulated with dark
fuscous ; first and second lines dark brown, first curved, in-
dented above middle, second hardly curved, preceded by a dark
suffusion ; subterminal indicated by a few whitish dots, edged
anterioi'ly by a dark suffusion ; a dark terminal suffusion be-
neath apex. Hindwings light fuscous.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; N., C, and SE.
Europe, N. and WC Asia ; 6, 7. Larva green ; dorsal line
darker ; subdorsal pale : on TJrtica ; 7-4.

3. H. obsitalis, Hb. 25-28 mm. Forewings ochreous-browu,
with some indistinct darker strigulae ; sometimes a large dark
fuscous triangular blotch occupying upper | of median band ;
spots represented by tufts of raised scales, partly dark fuscous ;
second line obscurely pale or whitish, irregular, with a short
angular median projection, towards costa followed by a pale
suffusion ; subterminal indicated by some whitish dots, towards
costa preceded by dark fuscous marks. Hindwings rather dark
grey.

Dorset, once only, probably scai'ce and local ; S. Europe,
Asia Minor to Syria, N. Africa ; 7-4. Larva resembling that of
//. proboscidalis : on Parietaria and Urtica ; 5, 6.

8. COLOBOCHYLA, Hh.

Head smooth -scaled, with frontal tuft. Antennae in $
strongly ciliated. Palpi modei'ately long, subascending, second
joint thickened with tolerably appressed scales, terminal rather
short, obtuse. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested.
Tibiae smooth-scaled. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4.

A small but widely distributed genus, apparently correlated
with the preceding and following. Larva without prolegs on 7,
those on 8 rudimentaiy. Pupa in a slight cocoon.

1. C. salicalis, Scldf. 26-31 mm. Forewings fuscous very
finely irrorated with whitish, appearing grey ; lines ferruginous-
brown, first straight, second and subterminal slightly curved
inwards, edged anteriorly with whitish-ochreous, subterminal
running to apex. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker terminally ;
a faint subterminal line.

Kent, Surrey, Suffolk, scarce and local ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva green, incisions yellowish ;
spiracles black ; head green : on Salix ; 5, 6.

9. AVENTIA, Dup.

Head with appressed scales, with slight frontal tuft.

avexNtia] TLUSIADAE 153

Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second
joint tliickcned with dense scales, terminal very short, obtuse.
Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae loosely
haired. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4.

Includes only the single species. Imago with upper half of
tei'men of forewings rather abruptly concave. Larva with
prolegs on 7 and 8 much shorter ; a subspiracular ridge bearing
fleshy filaments.

1. A. flexula, Schiff. 25-32 mm. Head and collar light
yellow-brown. Forewings rosy -grey -whitish, sprinkled with
black ; first and second lines whitish-ochreous, edged on both
sides with brown, angulated near costa ; reniform represented
by two black dots transversely placed ; subterminal line ol)-
scurely pale ; a pale ferruginous terminal suftusion, becoming-
deeper on upper half of termen, leaving a small whitish apical
sufl:\ision ; a blackish apical spot in cilia. Hindwings ochreous-
whitish, blackish-sprinkled ; second line fuscous-edged, straight.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale
bluish-green, sometimes ochreous - tinged ; dorsal line darker
green, black-edged near incisions ; subdorsal pale, edged above
with black, below with darker green ; 9 and 10 darker ; dots
black ; head whitish-green, black-dotted : on lichens on tree-
trunks ; 4, 5.

Sub-Fam. 2. PLUSIADES.
Vein 5 of hindwings more or less approximated to 4.

10. Ophiusa, 0.

Head rough -scaled, with frontal tuft. Antennae in S
ciliated. Palpi moderate, ascending, rough -scaled beneath
throughout, terminal joint short, obtuse. Thorax with antericjr
crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae rough-scaled. Hind-
wings : 5 somewhat approximated to 4.

A rather limited genus, occurring throughout the northern
hemisphere and in Australia. Larva with prolegs on 7 and 8
somewhat shorter. Pupa in a cocoon.

Costa with several dark brown spots . 2. craccae.

,, not spotted . . . .1. I'^tstinum.

1. 0. pastinum, Tr. 37-43 mm. Head above and collar

deep brown. Forewings pale fuscous, tinged with ochreous-

brown especially on costa and terminal area, and indistinctly

strigulated with darker ; first and second lines indistinctly

154 CARADRININA [ophiusa

brownish, subterminal suffusedly brownish -edged ; dot-like
orbicular, transverse reniform narrowed above, and one or two
dots beyond it very dark brown. Hindwings light fuscous,
ochreous-tinged, darker posteriorly.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva
purple-pinkish, more whitish laterally, sprinkled with red-
brownish : dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines orange, edged
with white : on Vicia cracca ; 5.

2. 0. craccae, F. 39-45 mm. Head above and collar deep
brown. Forewings whitish-grey, indistinctly brownish-sti'igu-
lated, more strongly posteriorly, veins pale ; subbasal, first,
median, and second lines indicated by small dark brown spots
on costa ; orbicular forming a minute black dot ; reniform
narrow, crescentic, partly black-edged, especially anteriorly;
subterminal line hardly paler, preceded by a darker suffusion
towards costa. Hindwings pale yellowish-fuscous; a suffused
darker fuscous terminal band.

Devon, local ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7.
Larva dark brown, becoming brownish-ochreous laterally ;
dorsal line dark brown, pale-edged ; subdorsal double, brown ;
lateral double, dark brown : on Vicia sylvatica, V. sepium, etc.;
5, 6.

11. ScoLioPTERYX, Germ.

Head rough -haired, with frontal tuft. Antennae in ^
bipectinated to apex. Palpi rather long, ascending, with dense
loose scales, terminal joint rather long, cylindrical. Thorax
with collar forming a prominent hood, crested in middle.
Abdomen slightly crested near base. Tibiae rough -scaled ;
posterior tarsi in (? with two flat scale-tufts on basal joint.
Hindwings : 5 somewhat approximated to 4.

Contains only the single species ; it is a development from
the group of Phoberia, but is rather widely remote from any
European form. Imago with termen of forewings irregularly
dentate, concave on upper half. Pupa in a white cocoon.

1. S. libatrix, L. 42-46 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous
strigulated with fuscous, posteriorly rosy -tinged, veins pos-
teriorly whitish ; a short subcostal streak at base, and an
irregular median suffusion extending from base to middle
orange-reddish mixed with yellow ; a white median basal dot,
and another representing orbicular ; reniform sometimes repre-
sented by two black dots ; first and second lines more or less
pale, fuscous-edged, second double ; some white dots or suffused

SCOMOPTliRYX]

PLUSIADAE

155

spots oil costa posteriorly. Hiiidwings rather dark fuscous,
lighter basally.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. and WC Asia to Turkestan, N. America; 8-5.
Larva green ; dorsal line darkei', indistinct ; spiracular pale,
darker-edged above; spiracles yellow, brown -edged ; head
green : on Salix and hawthoi'n ; 5-7.

12. Plusia, 0.

in $ very shortly ciliated.

Head rough -scaled. Antennae
Palpi rather long, curved, ascend-
ing, second joint rough - scaled,
terminal moderately long or short,
more or less rough-scaled in front,
somewhat pointed. Thorax with
large central or posterior crest.
Abdomen with one or more crests.
Tibiae rough-scaled. Hindwings :
5 more or less approximated to 4.

A considerable genus, occurring
throughout the world. Most of
the imagos are handsome insects,
often with metallic markings; some
of them fly actively in bright sun-
shine. Larva usually without pro- Neuratlon of Husia gamma.

legs on 7 and 8 (but these are developed in tripartita and
triplasia), 12 more or less prominent above. Pupa in a rather
open cocoon.

2.

chrysitis,

9

2.

Forewings with two broad brassy fasciae

,, without such fasciae .

Orbicular and claviform forming an 8 -shaped

silver-edged blotch

1. moneta
„ „ not so formed . 3.

3. Forewings with large brassy postmedian blotch

3. orichalcea.
,, without bz'assy postmedian blotch . 4.

4. Forewings with triangular Ijrassy median blotch

4. bractea.
,, without such blotch . . .5.

5. Forewings with one or two shining pale discal

spots . . . .6.

„ without such spots . . .12.

156 CARADRININA [plusia

6. Forewings with brassy-white subapical suffusion 5. festume.

„ without such sufFusiou . . 7.

7. Forewings light dull rosy . . 6. iota.

,, not rosy . . . .8.

8. Reniform partly silvery-outlined . . .9.

„ not silvery-outlined . . .10. ni.

9. Forewings with orange subdorsal postmedian

suffusion . . 7. 2^'^l(^hrina.
„ without such suffusion . . 10.
0. Second discal spot separate or forming short pro-
jection of first . .11.
„ ,, forming rather long projection

of first . . 8. yamma.

11. Discal suffusion golden-brown . . 9. chalcites.

,, ,, dark fuscous . 11. interrogationis.

12. Basal area of forewings brownish-ochreous 13. triplasia.

,, „ not ochreous . 12. tripartita.

1. P. moneta, F. 36-38 mm. Terminal joint of palpi rather
long. Forewings shining pale golden, sprinkled with ochreous-
brown and black ; veins brown ; first and second lines edged
with brown, irregularly waved ; median shade dark brown ;
orbicular and claviform confluent to form an 8-shaped spot,
outlined with dark fuscous and evenly edged with shining
white ; a pale apical blotch, edged beneath by a curved brown
line ; a purplish-whitish terminal suftusion below middle.
Hindwings fuscous.

Kent to Berks and Norfolk, occasional, a recent immigi-ant
tending to establish itself ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 9. Larva
on Aconitwn na2JeUus ; 5, 8.

[P. illustris, F., has been regarded as British on the faith of
ancient records, but there seems little doubt that these were
erroneous.]

2. P. chrysitis, L. 33-37 mm. Head and collar orange.
Forewings fuscous, purplish -tinged, paler terminally; ante-
median and postmedian bands shining brassy, sometimes
connected below middle ; first, second, and subterminal lines
darker brassy-fuscous ; spots dark-outlined, claviform transverse-
oval. Hindwings ratlier dark fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. and WC. Asia; 6-8. Larva green; six white marks above
on each segment ; lateral line slender, white ; subspiracular
series of white dots ; head green : on Lamium, Urtica, Arctium,
etc. ; 7, 9-4.

pli'sia] PLUSIADAE 157

3. P. orichalcea, F. (chryson, Esp.) 41-45 mm. Head and
collar (irange. Forewings purplish -fuscous; first line dark
fuscous ; a large irregular shining brassy blotch above middle
posteriorly, and a broad suftused deep golden-brown blotch
connecting this with dorsum ; second line ti'aversing these, on
former deep golden, on latter pale purplish towards dorsum.
Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe, N. and WC. Asia ;
7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line darker, white-edged ; lateral
series of oblique white streaks ; spiracles white : on Eupa-
torium ; 6, 7.

4. P. bractea, F. 38-44 mm. Head and collar reddish-
ochi'eous. Forewings purplish-fuscous, with darker strigulae ;
first, median, and second lines indistinctly darker; dorsal 4 of
median band ferruginous-brown, enclosing an oblique triangular
shining pale brassy blotch in middle of disc ; a ferruginous
subtei'uiinal suffusion, deepest towards costa. Hindwings pale
dull fuscous-yellowish ; a rather dark fuscous terminal band.

Caermarthen and Worcester to Ross, Ireland, local ; N. and
C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva pale green ; dorsal and
spiracular lines white ; head pale green, brown-marked : on
Eupatorkmv and Urtica ; 5, 6.

5. P. festucae, L. 31-36 mm. Head orange. Forewings
ferruginous-brown, lighter and more ferruginous dorsally ; a
pale brassy spot at base of costa ; lines darker, first posteriorly
silvery-edged towards dorsum ; a large trapezoidal spot in disc
before middle, a smaller subtriangular spot beyond it, and an
irregular sufl^used spot towards termen beneath apex shining-
white, brassy-tinged. Hindwings fuscous, lighter anteriorly.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, in marshy places, rather local ; N.
and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 8. Larva green ; dorsal line darker,
white-edged ; subdorsal and lateral white ; spiracular yellow ;
head green : on grasses. Car ex, and Typha; 5-7.

6. P. iota, L. 34-42 mm. Forewings light dull rosy, with
some fuscous strigulae ; a median basal and five costal spots
brown ; first and second lines brown-edged, nearly straight ;
dorsal f of median band ferruginous-brown ; a small V-shaped
discal spot before middle, and small round spot immediately
beyond it pale golden ; reniform partly brownish-edged ; sub-
terminal line suifusedly margined with brown except towards
tornus posteriorly. Hindwings light fuscous ; a dark fuscous
terminal band.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe;

158 CARADRINmA [plusia

6, 7. Larva pale green ; dorsal line darker, white-edged ; sub-
dorsal and lateral white ; spiracular yellowish ; dots whitish ;
head pale green : on Laviium, Urtica, Senecio, etc. ; 8-5.

7. P. pulchrina, Hw. (v-aureum, Gn.) 32-40 mm. Forewings
light fuscous-purplish ; subbasal, first, and second lines more or
less marked with pale yellowish, edged with dark brown ; a
brown fascia beyond subbasal ; a dark ferruginous-brown sub-
median patch joining first and second, margined beneath
posteriorly by an orange suffusion ; a V-shaped discal mark
before middle and small round spot close beyond it shining pale
yellowisli or white ; median shade dark brown ; reniform partly
outlined with pale golden, with some dark brown suffusion ;
subterminal line suffusedly edged with brown except towards
tornus posteriorly. Hindwings pale fuscous ; a darker post-
median shade and terminal band.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, NW.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva midistinguished from that of P. iota ; on
Lamium, Urtica, Lonicera, etc. ; 8-5.

8. P. gamma, L. 37-41 mm. Foi'ewings whitish-fuscous,
slightly purplish-tinged, with some indistinct darker strigulae ;
subbasal, first, and second lines partly marked with yellow-
whitish, edged with brown ; a shining pale yellowish or white
y-shaped median discal mark, surrounded by brown suffusion ;
reniform partly outlined with shining yellow-whitish, with some
dark brown suffusion ; subterminal line edged with brownish
suffusion except on tornus posteriorly. Hindwings pale fuscous ;
a dark fuscous terminal band.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common, sometimes
abundant ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia, Africa ; 5-9. Larva
green ; dorsal line double, whitish ; subdorsal and lateral
whitish ; spiracular yellowish ; dots whitish ; head green : on
Urtica, Sonchus, Geranium, Lamiwm, etc. ; 6-4. Imago flies
freely in sunshine ; it has been observed migrating in prodigious
numbers.

9. P. chalcites, Esp. (bimaculata, Stph. ; eriosoma, Dbld. ;
verticilhita, Gn.) 31-38 mm. Abdomen in S with pale
yellowish-ochreous lateral tufts of long hairs beyond middle,
anal tuft black beneath. Forewings fuscous, more or less
golden -suffused ; lines partly golden-whitish, edged with
ferruginous-brown, subbasal followed by a dark brown spot in
disc ; a golden-white oblique U-shaped mark and oval spot
beyond it in disc, siuTounded by a dark golden-ltrown suffusion ;
corner of reniform marked with golden-white ; subterminal line

plusia] PLUSIADAE 159

indistinct ; an oblique dark brown apical suffusion. Hindwings
pale fuscous, yellowish-tinged, posteriorly suffused with dark
fuscous.

Kent, a rare immigrant only ; S. Europe, S. Asia, Africa,
Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands ; 5-8. Larva on low
plants, polyphagous ; 6-4.

10. P. ni, Hh. 27-34 mm. Abdomen m S with lateral
yellowish hairtufts on 5th segment. Forewings light brown,
mixed with purple-whitish and sprinkled with dark fuscous;
lines pale, dark-edged, subbasal edged in disc posteriorly by an
oblique black mark, subterminal preceded on upper half by
some dark fuscous dashes ; an oblique U-shaped spot in disc
and small round usvially confluent spot beyond it paler, edged
with shining white, followed by a darker suffusion reaching
second line ; a fine double ochreous-whitish line before ternien.
Hindwings pale fuscous ; a broad dai-ker terminal band.

Dorset to Cornwall, a scarce immigrant only ; S. Europe, C.
Asia to Japan, N. America, Africa ; 8, 9.

11. P. interrogationis, L. 32-37 mm. Forewings fuscous,
suffusedly irroratcd w^ith whitish and sprinkled with black ;
subbasal, first, and second lines obscurely whitish, edged with
dark fuscous ; a shining whitish sometimes confluent V-shaped
mark and small round spot beyond it in disc, surrounded by a
dark fuscous suffusion ; rcniform partly outlined with shining-
whitish, with some dark fuscous suffusion ; subterminal line
edged anteriorly with dark fuscous, preceded by a brownish
suffusion. Hindwings light fuscous ; a dark fuscous terminal
band.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, local, commoner northwards ;
N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva green ; dorsal line
darker, pale-edged ; subdorsal whitish-green ; lateral whitish-
green, darker-edged ; spiracular yellow ; head green : on Erica,
Calluna, Urtica, etc. ; 5, 6.

12. P. tripartita, Ilt/^n. (urticae, Hb.) 29-35 mm. Fore-
wings light purplish-fuscous, median band darker dorsally ; a
grey whitish-edged dorsal blotch before first line ; first and
second lines edged internally with black, externally with
brownish, second followed dorsally by a whitish suffusion ; spots
outlined with raised black scales, orbicular and claviform
confluent into a transverse blotch ; subterminal line cloudy,
whitish, more distinct at tornus, blackish-edged towards apex.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous, mixed with fuscous -whitish
anteriorly.

160 CARADRININA [plusia

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. and WC. Asia ; 6-8. Larva pale green, whitish-mixed
dorsally ; dorsal series of darker oval marks ; subdorsal series
of oblique darker streaks ; latei'al line white, on 5-7 connected
by white lines with dorsal area ; 12 with two prominent points :
on Urtica, Ejnlohium, etc. ; 8, 9.

13. P. triplasia, L. 30-37 mm. Forewings rather dark ashy-
fuscous ; basal area suffused with brownish-ochreous ; first and
second lines pale, edged internally with black and externally
with red-brown, second followed dorsally by a whitish-ochreous
suffusion ; spots obscurely pale -edged, partly outlined with
black, claviform subquadrate ; subterminal line obscurely pale,
towards tornus whitish-ochreous, near costa preceded by two
or three short black dashes. Hindwings pale fuscous ; a broad
dark fuscous terminal band.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia, N. Africa ; 6-8. Larva olive-green or purplish-
brown ; dorsal line pale, interrupted by dark pale-edged blotches
on 5, 6, 12; lateral series of pale oblique streaks; spiracular
line ochreous-whitish ; 12 witli two prominent points; head
pale greyish-ochreous, brown -freckled : on Urtica, Humulus,
Lamimn, etc. ; 7-9.

13, Catephia, 0.

Head loosely scaled. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi rather
long, recurved, second joint thickened with appressed scales,
terminal long, cylindrical. Thorax with posterior crest.
Abdomen with several crests. Tibiae rough -scaled. Hind-
wings : 5 approximated to 4.

A genus of moderate extent, principally Indo-Malayan and
African.

1. C. alchymista, Schiff. 38-42 mm. Forewings ashy-
blackish ; subbasal line black, posteriorly brown-edged ; first
and second lines black, irregularly indented, externally partly
brown-edged ; spots and an additional round one below reniform
brownish, black-outlined, claviform sometimes obsolete ; sub-
terminal line irregular, partly dilated, light brown, on costa
white. Hindwings dark fuscous ; a white blotch occupying
anterior half except dorsum ; terminal white marks at apex and
above tornus.

I. of Wight, Sussex, Essex, scarce and local : C. and S.
Europe ; 5. Lai'va reddish-brown, irrorated with black and
paler ; pairs of black prominent dorsal tubercles on each

catkpiiia] PLUSIADAE 161

segment; 5 and 12 with pairs of pointed prominences; head
brown ; anterior edge of 2 yellow : on oak ; 7, 8.

14. Phoberia, Hb.

Head rough-scaled. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi moder-
ately long, ascending, second joint thickened with appressed
scales, terminal moderate, porrected, obtuse. Tliorax with
sliglit central ridge. Abdomen not ci'ested. Middle and
posterior tibiae spinose. Hindwings : 5 approximated to 4.

A genus of few species, but very widely distributed, especially
within the tropics. Larva with prolegs on 7 shorter.

1. P. lunaris, Schiff. 51-56 mm. Fore wings light greyish-
ochreous to brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first and
second lines pale yellowish, first anteriorly dark-edged, second
sinuate, posteriorly edged with broad dark suftYision ; reniform
and dot-like orbicular dark fuscous ; subterminal line brown,
irregular ; a terminal series of dark fuscous dots. Hindwings
pale brownish ; a broad rather dark fuscous terminal band.

SE. England to Hants and Norfolk, S. Ireland, a scarce
immigrant only ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 5,
6. Larva brown ; dorsal line moniliform : subdorsal broad,
dark, enclosing pale spots ; three fine dark lines beneath this ;
spiracular sometimes pale yellow ; two lateral pi'ojections on 5 ;
pairs of dorsal points on 12 and 13 ; head brown : on oak ; 7-8.

15. Catocala, Schrk.

Head loosely haired. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi
moderate, ascending, second joint shortly rough-scaled, terminal
short, obtuse. Thorax with slight posterior crest. Abdomen
slightly crested towards base. Middle and sometimes posterior
tibiae spinose. Hindwings : 5 closely approximated to 4.

A large genus, distributed throughout the northern hemi-
sphere, but most plentiful in N. America. The imagos are
remarkable for the bright colouring of the hindwings, that
of the forewings being assimilated to the bark of trees.
Larva with subspii'acular series of fleshy filaments ; it rests
on the l)ark of trees, and is also protectively coloured.

1. Hindwings with a light blue fascia . \. fraxini.

,, without blue fascia . . .2.

2. Hindwings with median fascia right-angled above

middle . 3. sponsa.

„ „ not right-angled above

middle . . 3.

162 CARADRININA [gatocala

3. Median fascia sharply contracted above angle . 4.

„ ,, not markedly contracted . 4. promissa.

4. Hindwings ochreous-rosy ... 2. nupta.

„ crimson ... 5. electa.

1. C fraxini, L. 90-100 mm. Forewings yellow-grey-
whitish, irrorated with brown ; first and second lines dentate,
edged with yellowish - brown ; median and subterminal lines
dentate, yellowish-brown ; reniform edged with dark yellowish-
brown ; beneath it a pale diamond-shaped spot outlined with
dark. Hindwings grey-blackish ; a pale lilac-blue postmedian
fascia.

Britain to Berwick, E. Ireland, always rare ; C. Europe, N.
Asia; 8, 9. Larva brownish -grey, black - speckled ; pointed
prominences on 9 and 12 : on ash and poplar; 6, 7.

2. 0. nupta, L. 70-78 mm. Forewings pale greyish -
ochreous, irrorated with dark f uscovis ; first and second lines
dentate, edged with dark fuscous ; median and subterminal
lines cloudy, dark fuscous ; reniform centred and edged with
dark fuscous ; beneath it a subovate spot outlined with dark
fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-rosy ; an angulated median
fascia contracted above angle, and terminal band black ; cilia
white.

Britain to Berwick, common ; C. Europe, NW. and WC.
Asia to N. India ; 8, 9. Larva grey, irrorated with brown ; a
dark dorsal blotch on 9 ; prominences on 9 and 12: on Salix,
poplar, and ash ; 5-7.

3. C. sponsa, L. 58-64 mm. Forewings brown, whitish-
sprinkled ; first and second lines dentate, hardly pale, edged
internally with blackish and externally with darker brown ;
reniform edged with whitish, enclosing a dark brown ring, and
outlined with dark fuscous ; space before it more whitish-
mixed ; beneath it a pale spot outlined with blackish ; svib-
terminal line cloudy, whitish, edged posteriorly with dark
fuscous. Hindwings crimson ; a twice angulated median fascia
and terminal band black.

S. England to Gloucester and Suffolk, local ; C. Europe, NW.
Asia; 7, 8. Larva pale ochreous, darker- freckled ; a light
ochreous dorsal blotch on 5, and a mark on 10 ; dai-ker brownish
dorsal blotches between 9 and 10, and on 12; head reddish-
brown, with black marginal band above : on oak ; 5, 6.

4. 0. promissa, Exp. 52-58 mm. Forewings light brown,
irregularly mixed witli whitish and pale ochreous, and sprinkled
with dark fuscous ; lines dentate, first strongly edged with dark

CATOCALAj PLUSIADAE 163

fuscous, second edged anteriorly with darlv fuscous, posteriorly
with brown, subterminal whitish, edged with dark fuscous ;
reniforni edged with whitish, enclosing a dai'k fuscous ring,
and outlined with dark fuscous ; beneath it a light spot out-
lined with blackish. Hindwings crimson ; a twice sinuate
median fascia and terminal band black.

S. England to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; C. Eui'ope, Asia
Minor ; 7, 8. Larva light greenish-grey, darker-freckled ; pale
dorsal ochreous- tinged blotches on 5, 9, and 10 ; a prominence
on 9, and slight ridge on 12 : on oak ; 5, 6.

5. 0. electa, Bkh. 60-70 mm. Fore wings light brown,
sufl'usedly irrorated with grey-whitish ; lines hai'dly pale, very
irregula]-, strongly dentate, subbasal, first, and second edged
internally with blackish, externally Avitb brown ; reniform
edged with whitish, enclosing a dark brown ring, and out-
lined with dark brown ; beneath it a spot partly outlined with
blackish ; subterminal line obscure. Hindwings crimson ; an
angulated median fascia contracted above angle, and terminal
band black ; cilia white.

Sussex, Dorset, two specimens, a doubtful resident ; C.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia; 8, 9. I^arva on Salix ; 6, 7.

16. EUCLIDIA, 0.

Head rough - scaled. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi
moderate, ascending, second joint rough - scaled, terminal
moderate, obtuse. Thorax without crest. Abdomen not
crested. All tibiae sjjinose. Hindwings : 5 approximated
to 4.

Includes only a few species from northern temperate regions.
Imago flying freely in the sunshine. Larva slender, without
prolegs on 7 and 8.

Second line very strongly contorted . . .1. mi.

,, ,, not contorted . . .2. glyphica.

1. E. mi, CI. 25-31 mm. Furewings ochreous-bi'own,
irregularly mixed with ochreous-whitish and dark fuscous ;
lines ochreous-whitish, first straight, very oblique, second
angulated above middle, near dorsum abruptly contorted
inwards to middle of disc, on dorsum connected with first,
subterminal partly double ; orbicular small, blackish ; reni-
form dark-suffused antei'iorly, edged posteriorly with ochreous-
whitish. Hindwings blackish ; two or three anterior spots,
a twice angulated postmedian fascia, and subterminal series
of spots pale ochreous-yellowish.

164 CARADRININA [euclidia

Britain to Aberdeen, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pale ochreous or yellow ; dorsal and
lateral lines double, light reddish-brown or fuscous ; subdorsal
and supraspiracular lines darker brown ; spiracular pale, edged
with dark brown ; head pale pinkish-ochreous : on Trifolium,
Medicafio, and Melilotus ; 7-9.

2. E. glyphica, L. 26-31 mm. Forewings brown, darker and
slightly purplish-tinged anteriorly ; two darker rather irregular
fasciae forming median band ; beyond second a dark brown costal
spot ; subterminal line obscurely pale, sometimes broadly suf-
fused. Hindwings dark fuscous ; postmedian and subterminal
orange -yellow fasciae, broader and partly confluent towards
costa, becoming obsolete dorsally.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva ochreous-yellowish, sides sometimes
ferruginous - tinged ; dorsal line double, brown ; subdorsal
double, dark grey ; spiracular yellow, edged with dark grey ;
head brown, yellow - mai'ked ; on Trifolium and Medicago ;
7-9.

17. Erastria, 0.

Head loosely scaled. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi
moderate, ascending, second joint rough - scaled, terminal
moderate, obtuse. Thorax smooth -scaled, with very slight
posterior crest. Abdomen with several crests. Tibiae with
appressed scales. Hindwings : 5 approximated to 4.

A rather limited genus, confined to the northern hemi-
sphere, commoner within the tropics. Larva with prolegs on
7 absent, on 8 rudimentary. Pupa in a cocoon coated with
earth.

1. E. fasciana, L. (fuscula, Bkh.) 23-30 mm. Forewings
brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous and partly with whitish ;
first and median lines dark fuscous; spots whitish-edged, space
between orbicular and reniform suff'used with dark fuscous ;
second line whitish, anteriorly edged with dark fuscous, on dorsal
half merged posteriorly in a broad white suffusion, subterminal
white. Hindwings fuscous.

England to York, S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia; G, 7. Larva pale yellowish; dorsal line reddish
or greenish ; subdorsal brown ; lateral reddish or greenish ;
spiracular reddish; head pale yellowish, reddish - sprinkled :
on Molinia caeru/ea ; 8, 9.

ju'strotia] PLTJSIADAE 165

18. EUSTROTIA, Hb.

Characters of EraUria, but abdomen not crested.

A genus of considerable extent and very general distriVjution,
Init absent from New Zealand, and most plentiful within the
tropics. Larva with prolegs on 7 and 8 shorter, rudimentary,
or absent. Pupa in a cocoon.

1. Hindwings sharply marked with blackish and

whitish . . . .2.

,, not so marked . . .3.

2. Forewings with tips of apical cilia white . 3. luctuosa.

,, ,, ,, ,, fuscous 2. lucida.

3. Forewings with two straight white fasciae 4. argentula.

„ without such fasciae . . .4.

4. Forewings with two crimson fasciae . 6. viridaria.

,, without crimson fasciae . . 5.

5. Forewings with disc dark bi'own . . 5. uncula.

,, ,, not dark brown . 1. venustula.

1. E. venustula, fflh 18-20 mm. Forewings brownish-
ochreous, rosy-tinged, suffused with white towards base of
dorsum ; first and second lines white, first obsolete towards
costa ; spots partly outlined with white, orbicular and reni-
f'orm only on lower ends, between these a blackish spot ; sub-
terminal line suftusedly white, more or less interrupted in
middle, where there are two or three blackish marks. Hind-
wings brassy-grey-whitish.

Essex (Epping Forest), local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N.
Persia ; 6, 7. Larva purplish -brown ; dorsal line pale, indis-
tinct ; a pale lateral spot on 5 ; head brown : on flowers of
Potent ill a reptans ; 8.

2. E. lucida, Hnfn. (solaris, Esp. ; albicollis, F.) 2.5-27 mm.
Forewings dark brown, partially tinged with yellowish and
purplish ; basal area ochreous-white, more or less spotted with
grey ; a large subquadrate ochreous-Avhite spot on costa beyond
middle ; second line indicated by a series of blackish marks
rising from this spot ; subterminal whitish on doi'sal half ; cilia
on lower half of term en white. Hindwings varying from yellow-
whitish with dark fuscous costal spot and terminal fascia, to
dai'k fuscous with a median row of two or three yellow-whitish
spots.

Once recorded, locality vuiknown, probably a rare immi-
grant ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan, N. Africa ;
5, 8. Larva without prolegs on 7 and 8 ; brown-grey, reddish-

166 CARADRININA [EUSTROTrA

tinged, dorsally mixed with blackish and whitish ; spiraculai-
line white : on Convolvulus and Malva ; 6, 7, 9.

3. E. luctuosa, Esp. 22-26 mm. Forewings brown mixed
with dark fuscous ; first and second lines blackish ; an ochreous-
white postmedian costal blotch, reaching half across wing ; sub-
terminal line partly ochreous-whitish ; outer half of cilia white,
with a brown median spot. Hindwings dark fuscous ; a broad
yellow-whitish median band.

S. England to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan, N. Africa ; 5, 6, 8. Larva
with prolegs on 7 and 8 shorter; ochreous-grey, sometimes
reddish-tinged, darker laterally ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
pale, interruptedly dark-edged ; lateral dark-edged ; spiracular
dark brown, pale-edged beneath ; subspiracular reddish-brown ;
head pale ochi-eous-grey, with rows of dai'k dots : on Convol-
vulus arvensis ; 6, 7, 9.

4. E. argentula, Hb. {hanhiana, F.) 21-25 mm. Forewings
3'ellowish-brown, somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a spot
at base of costa, two narrow straight outwardly oblique black-
edged fasciae, second running to tornus, a costal mark before
apex, and a straight subterminal streak shining white ; reni-
form represented by a dilation of second fascia. Hindwings
yellow -whitish sprinkled with dark grey, more densely ter-
minally.

Norfolk, Cambridge, S. Ireland, in fens, very local ; C.
Europe, N. and WC. Asia; 6. Larva slender, with prolegs
on 7 absent, on 8 rudimentary ; yellow-green ; dorsal line dai'k
green, indistinct ; subdorsal yellow ; head pale green : on Poa
aquatica, P. annua, etc. ; 7.

5. E. uncula, CI. {uncana, L.) 22-25 mm. Forewings brown,
becoming dark brown in disc; broad flesh-coloured streaks along
costa and dorsum ; orbicular and reniform flesh-coloured, white-
edged, confluent above with costal streak ; three or four pale
lines before termen, first straight, white. Hindwings light
fuscous.

Britain to Kirkcudbright, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; G. Larva slender, with prolegs on 7 absent,
on 8 rudimentary ; green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal
whitish; spiracular pale yellow; head yellowish - green : on
Car ex sylvatica ; 7, 8.

6. E. viridaria, CI. {aenea, Hb.) 17-18 mm. Forewings
brown, tinged with olive -greenish ; base of costa, a suff'used
postmedian and broader terminal fascia dull crimson ; between

EUSTROTiAi PLUSIADAE 167

the fasciae a pale line. Hindwings dark fuscous mixed with
ochveous-grey; median and terminal fasciae sometimes crimson-
tinged.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Asia ; 5-7. Larva with prolegs on 7 absent, on 8 rudimentary ;
green ; dorsal line darker, pale-edged ; subdorsal, lateral, supra-
spiracular, and subspiracular lines pale, last whitish on 10-13;
head green, faintly brown-freckled : on Polygala; 7-9.

19. Panemeria, Hb.

Head rough-haired. Antennae in c^ filiform, simple. Palpi
short, porrected, rough-scaled. Thorax rough-haired. Abdomen
not crested. Tibiae rough-scaled. Hindwings : 5 approximated
to 4.

It is douljtful whether any other species can be correctly
referred to this genus, which is correlated with the preceding.
Imago flies freely in sunshine. Larva with all prolegs developed.
Pupa subterranean.

1. P. tenebrata, *SV. (arbuti, F.) 18-19 mm. Forewings
brown, more or less mixed with dai'k fuscous and sprinkled with
grey-whitish ; first and second lines indistinctly darker ; median
shade dentate, cloudy, dark fuscous ; a dark brown shade in-
dicating subterminal line. Hindwings blackish ; an irregular
deep yellow postmediau fascia, becoming obsolete dorsal ly.

England to Cumberland, S. Ireland, common ; N., C, and SE.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva light green ; dorsal line dark green ; sub-
dorsal whitish, dark-edged; spiracular yellow-whitish, edged
above with dark green ; head light green : on seed-capsules and
flowers of Cerastmim ; 6, 7.

20. Emmelia, Hb.

Head with appressed scales, face forming large rounded
prominence, lower edge truncate beneath. Antennae in $
ciliated. Palpi modei"ate, subascending, with appressed scales,
terminal joint short, rather pointed. Thorax with slight pos-
terior crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae smooth -scaled.
Hindwings : 5 approximated to 4.

Includes a single species only, probably correlated with
Eustrotia. Larva without prolegs on 7 and 8.

1 . E. trabealis, Sc. {mlph uralis, L.) 1 9-23 mm. Forewings pale
ochreous-yellow ; a longitudinal streak from base of costa beneath
middle and another along dorsum, terminating in an irregular
partly double transverse streak representing second line, about

168 CARADRININA [emmelia

five spots on costal half above these, and a subterminal series of
about four spots dai'k fuscous or black. Hindwings fuscous,
darker terminally.

Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, very local ; C. and S. Europe,
WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 6, 8. Larva reddish-bi'own ; dorsal
line darker, pale edged ; subdorsal faintly darker; spiracular
broad, pale yellow, enclosing a fine brown line : on Convolvulus
arvensis ; 7, 9.

21. EUBLEMMA, Hb.

Head with appressed scales. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi
moderate, ascending, second joint thickened with dense tolerably
appressed scales, terminal short, obtuse. Thorax smooth -
scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae with loosely appressed
hairs. Forewings : 7 separate, 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings :
5 approximated to 4.

A genus of considerable extent and universal distribution in
sufficiently warm i-egions. The British species belong to a group
whose larvae probably all feed on Comjjositae ; but some others
have the singular habit of feeding on the injurious species of
Coccus (scale-insects), and are thus beneficial.

1. Second line present, whitish . . .2.

,, obsolete . , .1. ostrina.

2. Second line strongly curved above . 2. j-^ariia.

,, straight above . . 3. ^)a?//a.

1. E. ostrina, Hb. 17-22 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous
mixed with greyish-ochreous, and partially suffused with pale
brownish ; a dark fuscous median dash from base ; median shade
cloudy, brown ; space between this and subterminal line
jnu-plish-tinged ; subterminal whitish-ochreous, edged anteriorly
with dark brown sufltusion, tending to form dashes. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous, darker terminally.

Kent to Devon, Glamoi'gan, scarce and local ; France, S.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia, N. Africa ; 6, 7, 9. Larva in
shoots of Carduus ; 8, 10(?).

2. E. parva, Hb. 12-16 mm. Head and thorax yellow-
whitish. Forewings pale ochreous, reddish-tinged ; median
shade straight, deep ochreous, posteriorly sharply white-edged ; a
minute black dot representing reniform ; second line indistinctly
whitish, darker-edged anteriorly, strongly curved on upper half;
subterminal line indicated by darker anterior suffusion towards
costa and dorsum, and two or three minute jtosterior black dots.
Hindwings ochreous-whitish, posteriorly suffused with fuscous.

eubi.kmma] PLUSIADAE 169

I. of Wi*:lit to Devon and Somerset, I. of Man, scarce and
local ; S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7.

3. E. paula, Hh. 14-18 mm. Head and thorax white. Fore-
wings ochreons-white, suffused with light grey exce])t towards
base and along costa ; median shade straight, ochreous-grey ;
second line straight, whitish, with a small angular median pro-
jection, posteriorly edged with ocln-eous-grey suffusion ; subtei'-
minal obscurely whitish, followed by a darker grey costal spot.
Hiudwings fuscous-whitish, becoming fuscous posteriorly.

I. of Wight, rare and local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva amongst
spun shoots of Gnaphaliwm ; 6.

22. RivuLA, On.

Head with tolerably appressed scales, with slight frontal tuft.
Antennae in $ ciliated. -Palpi moderately long, porrected,
second joint with dense projecting scales beneath rather tufted
anteriorly, terminal short. Thorax smooth -scaled. Abdomen
not crested. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 7 and 8 out of
9, 10 separate. Hiudwings : 5 somewhat approximated to 4.

Besides the following, two N. American species have been
referred to this genus, which must not be regarded as a ver}-
eai'ly form of the family, none such occurring in Britain.
Larva with all prolegs developed. Pupa placed against the
top of an incurved gi'ass-blade, behind a few threads of silk.

1. R. sericealis, Sc. 21-23 mm. Head whitish. Forewings
ochreous-yellowish, towards costa posteriorly and along terraen
spi'inkled or suffused with brownish ; first and second lines
fuscous-tinged, very faint; reniform fuscous, containing two
black dots. Hiudwings fuscous-whitish, yellowish -tinged,
becoming fuscous posteriorly.

Britain to I. of Arran, Ireland, common ; Europe, Sja-ia, N.
Asia; 6, 7. Larva gz'een ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal white,
inner edge waved; head pale greenish -ochreous : on Brachy-
podium sylvaticurn ; 8-5.

4. OCNERIADAE.

Head rough-haired. Ocelli present. Eyes glabrous. Tongue
short, usually rudimentary. Antennae in S bipectinated to
apex. Labial palpi modo-ate, porrected, with dense rough hairs
or scales. Thorax hairy above and beneath. Femora and
tibiae densely hairy. Forewings: 7 and 8 out of 9. Hiudwings:

170 CARADRINmA

3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 6 and 7 stalked or approximated,
8 connected with cell before middle.

This family has its main development in the Indo-Malayan,
African, and Australian regions, where the genera and species
are numerous; elsewhere it is but poorly represented, and is
absent from New Zealand. It originates from the Psychidae,
and is in fact very closely connected with that family. The
markings of the forewings are often obsolete ; the reniform
spot is represented by a curved discal mark.

Ovum spheroidal, smooth. Larva more or less hairy, often
with characteristic dense compact dorsal tufts on some segments :
the hairs ai-e sometimes poisonous, causing irritation or painful
inflammation, hence the larvae are usually uneatable. Pupa
sometimes rather hairy, in a cocoon above ground.

Besides the following, Laria l-nigrum, Miill. {v-nigrtim, F.),
has been included in the British lists, but probably through an
error of locality, the record being very ancient.

Phylogeny of Ocneriadae.

Orgyia

I
Laelia Dasychh'a Portliesia

Colocasia Euproctis Stilpnotia

Ocneria

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Vein 4 of hindwings absent . . 5. Porthesia.

„ ,, present . . .2.

2. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs . . 3.

,, ,, with middle-spurs . . 5.

3. Forewings with 10 connected by bar with 9 . 4.

,, ,, not connected with 9 7. Stilpnotia.

4. Wings of $ rudimentary or absent . 2. Orgyia.

„ ,, developed . . .3. Dasychira.

5. Abdomen with dorsal crests . . 4. Colocasia.

„ not crested . . . .6.

6. Forewings with 10 connected by bar with 9 1. Laelia.

,, ,, not connected with 9 . .7.

7. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked . . G. Euproctis.

„ „ „ appi-oximated . 8. Ocneria.

laelia] OCNERIADAE 171

1. Laelia, Stjyh.

Terminal joint of palpi exposed. Abdomen not crested.
Anterior tarsi more or less hairy ; posterior tibiae with middle-
spurs. Forewings : 10 connected with 9. Hindwings: 6 and 7
stalked.

An Indo-Malayan genus of some extent, of which one species
reaches Europe. Larva with two long projecting hair pencils
on 2, one on 12, and dense erect tufts on 5-8.

1. L. coenosa, Hb. 38-44 mm. $. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, brownish -tinged, especially towards costa ; a very
indistinct fuscous discal dot ; a posterior series of several
fuscous dots between veins. Hindwings whitish, towards apex
bi'ownish-tinged.

5 . Forewings and hindwings whitish.

Cambridge to Cheshire, in marshes, always local, now ap-
parently very scarce or even extinct ; C. Europe ; 6-8. Larva
blackish, hairs yellowish; pencils on 2 and 12 brownish or
blackish, tufts on 5-8 yellowish : on reed (Phragmites) and
Cladium ; 7-9.

2. Orgyia, 0.

Palpi with terminal joint concealed. Abdomen with small
subbasal crest. Anterior tarsi rough-haired ; posterior tibiae
without middle-spurs. Forewings : 10 connected with 9.
Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked. Wings in 9 rudimentary or
absent.

A genus of some extent and rather general distribution, but
mainly inhabiting the Northern hemisphere. Imago flying
freely in sunshine. Larva with two long projecting hair-pencils
on 2, one on 12, and dense erect tufts on 5-8.

c? with white subapical spots ; 5 wingless . 1. gonostigma.

S without white subapical spots ; $ with rudimen-
tary wings . . . .2. antiqua.

1 0. gonostigma, L. 31-33 mm. Forewings deep brown,
basal area partly whitish-sprinkled; first line fine, obscurely
whitish, irregular ; median dark fuscous, curved ; second dark
fuscous, upper half strongly outwards -curved and serrate; a
trapezoidal dark fuscous discal spot, obscurely whitish-marked ;
a subterminal series of unequal white spots, widely interrupted
below middle, preceded by large subcostal and small subdorsal
orange spots. Hindwings blackish-fuscous. 9 wholly apterous,
antennae serrate.

172

CARADRININA

[ORGYIA

Hants to Cornwall, Essex to Norfolk, Leicester to Stafford,
York, local ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva
grey; subdorsal and spiracular lines orange-red; dorsal anteriorly
and postei'ioi'ly sometimes white ; hairs whitish, pencils on 2
and 1 2 lilack, tufts on 5-8 brownish : on oak, Salix, etc. ; 9-5.

2. 0. antiqua, L. 25-35 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown,
posteriorly darker orange-brown ; lines dark fuscous, fii'st
indistinct, median irregular, second strongly curved outwards
on upper half ; an obscure orange darker-edged discal spot ; a
conspicuous clear white spot above tornus. Hindwings deep
brownish-orange. $ with rudimentary wings, antennae pecti-
nated.

Britain to Sutherland, N. Ireland, common, mainly in
gardens; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa, N. America; 8-10.
Larva grey ; dorsal line more or less black, red-spotted, some-
times partly whitish-edged ; a subdorsal series of red spots ;
sometimes a blackish lateral line ; hairs whitish, pencils on 2
and 12 black, branched at tips, tufts on 5-8 yellowish ; a lateral
black pencil on 6 : on rose, hawthorn, hazel, etc. ; 5-8.

3. Dasychira, Hh.

Palpi with terminal joint concealed. Thorax with posterior
crest. Abdomen densely hairy, with one or two dorsal crests.

Anterior tarsi rough-haired ; pos-
terior tibiae witliout middle-spurs.
Forewings : 10 connected with 9.
Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked.

Fairly numerous in species,
mainly Indo-Malayan, but ranging
into Eui'ope, Africa, and Australia,
r^arva with dense erect tufts on
5-8 and sometimes 9, and long
haii'-pencil on 12.

Lines of forewings mixed with

deep orange \. fascelina.

Lines of forewings not mixed

with orange 2. jnid/'Imnda.

1. D. fascelina, L. 37-50 mm.

Neuration of Dasycliira pudibiinda.

Forewings grey, sprinkled with black and whitish ; middle ot
base mixed with deep orange ; lines blackish mixed witli deej)
orange, first curved or sinuate, second slightly sinuate, ])racsub-
terminal very irregular, indistinct ; an indistinct blackish discal

dasychiea] OCNERIADAE 173

mark in a whitish suftusion. Hindwings grey ; an indistinct
darker discal spot and sometimes a snbterminal line.

Britain to Sutherland, rather local ; N. and C. Europe, NW.
and WC. Asia ; 6. Larva dark grey ; hairs long, whitish or
yellowish, on head dark grey ; tufts on 5-9 blackish, surrounded
with pale grey hairs; pencil on 12 black; head black: on
Erica, Lotus, Salix, etc. ; 9-5.

2. D. pudibunda, L. 42-58 mm. Forewings white, more or
less densely sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an indistinct dark
fuscous subbasal line ; first and second lines dark fuscous, sub-
sinuate, sometimes indistinctly double ; discal spot obscurely
outlined witli dark fuscous, sometimes connected with costa by
a dark suffusion ; praesubterminal line partially fuscous, indis-
tinct. Hindwings whitish, in $ fuscous-tinged ; an indistinct
grey discal spot, and sometimes a snbterminal cloudy line.

England to York, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva
pale green or brown ; hairs long, whitish, yellow, pale green, or
brownish ; tufts on 5-8 yellow, pink, pale green, brown, or
black, separated by black spaces; pencil on 12 rosy, brown, or
black ; head concolorous with body : on oak, hazel, Humulus,
etc. ; 8, 9.

4. COLOCASIA, 0.

Abdomen hairy, in S with two subbasal crests, posterior
larger. Posterior tibiae with all spurs. Forewings: 10 out of
9, sometimes also connected by bar with 9. Hindwings : G
and 7 stalked.

Besides the following, only two Nortli American species are
referred here. Larva with two long projecting hair-pencils on
2, one on 12, and dense erect tufts on 5 and 6.

1. C. coryli, L. 30-35 mm. Forewings brown, densely
irrorated or suffused with white or ochreous-whitish ; median
band reddish-brown, sprinkled with whitish ; first and second
and sometimes median lines blackish, first twice angulate-den-
tate, second irregularly curved outwards on upper half ; orbicu-
lar outlined with black ; claviform black or outlined with black,
touching both lines ; discal spot transverse, anterior edge black,
])ostcrior brown ; praesubterminal line darker, irregularly waved.
Hindwings fuscous, anteriorly paler ; a crescentic discal mai'k.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva greyish-oclu'eous or rosy-ochreous, hairs
pale grey ; dorsal line sometimes black ; spiracular sometimes
pale ; tufts on 5 and 6 brown or reddish ; pencils on 2 and 12

174

CARADRININA

[COLOCASIA

Neuration of Porthesin shnilis.

black or brown ; head sometimes black : on beech, hazel,
etc.; 7-9.

5. PORTHESIA, Stph.

Terminal joint of palpi exposed. Abdomen not crested.
Anterior tarsi more or less hairy ;
posterior tibiae with middle-spurs.
Forewings : 10 out of 9 above 7.
Hindwings : 4 absent, 6 and 7
stalked.

A rather small group of Indo-
Malayan origin, but ranging into
Europe, Africa, and Australia ; it is
veiy closely related to JEiip7'octis.
Larva with well -developed dorsal
prominences.

1. P. similis, Fuesl. {auriflua, F.)
32 - 44 mm. Anal tuft orange.
Forewings white ; a small dark
grey or brownish tornal spot, some-
times nearly obsolete. Hindwings
white.
Britain to the Clyde, common ; C. and SW. Europe, WC.

and N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva black ; dorsal line double, red ;

black white-niarked prominences on 5, 6, and 1 2 ; red tubercles

on 10 and 11 ; a subdorsal series of white marks; lateral line

red : on hawthorn, rose, poplar, etc. ; 9-6.

6. EuPROCTis, Hh.

Characters of Porthesia, but 4 of hindwings present.

A considerable genus, largely represented in the Indo-
Malayan region, less freely in Africa and Australia, in Europe
by one species only. Larva without specially developed tufts.

1. E. chrysorrhoea, L. 32-38 mm. Anal tuft brown or
orange-brown. Forewings white; sometimes a small lilack
tornal spot. Hindwings white.

England, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ;
7, 8. Larva blackish, hairs ochreous ; dorsal line double, pale
ochreous, reddish-marked ; subdorsal broad, white, interrupted ;
pale red dorsal tubercles on 10 and 11 : on hawthorn, black-
thorn, elm, etc. ; 9-6.

7. Stilpnotia, Westw.

Palpi with terminal joint concealed. Thorax with posterior

stilpnotia] OCNERIADAE 175

crest. Abdomen densely hairy, hardly crested. Posterior
tibiae without middle-spurs. Forewings : 10 free, sometimes
out of 9 near base. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked.

At present restricted to one species. Larva without specially
developed tufts.

1. S. salicis, L. 42-54 mm. Tibiae and tarsi black with
white rings. ForeAvings and hindwings rather thinly scaled,
white.

Britain to Ross, common : N. and C. Europe, WC. and N.
Asia ; 7, 8. Larva grey irrorated with dark grey ; dorsal area
black, with a row of whitish lilotches or interrupted streak ;
subdorsal line whitish ; subdorsal, spiracular, and sometimes
dorsal rows of red spots ; head blackish : on poplar and
Salix; 9-6.

8. OCNERIA, Hh.

Palpi with terminal joint concealed. Abdomen not crested.
Posterior tibiae with middle-spurs. Forewings : 10 out of 9
below 7. Hindwings : 6 and 7 approximated.

A rather considerable Indo-Malayan group, extending into
Europe, Africa, and Australia. Larva without specially de-
veloped tufts.

Thorax black-marked . . . .1. monacha.

„ not black-marked . . .2. dispar.

1. 0. monacha, L. 36-52 mm. Alxlomen suffused with rosy.
Forewings white, sometimes ochreous-tinged ; an irregular black
mark from base of costa, followed by a transverse series of black
dots ; first, median, second, and praesubterminal lines irregu-
larly dentate, black, dilated on costa ; orbicular dot black ;
discal spot crescentic-oblong, black-edged, absorVjed in median
line. Hindwings grey, whitish-mixed, darker terminally.

England to York, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 8. Larva
whitish, marked with brown and blackish ; dorsal streak
brown, inteiTupted on 4, 8, and 9 ; two black spots on 3,
and smaller ones on 5-12 ; sometimes red dorsal marks on 9
and 10 : on oak, apple, fir, etc. ; 5-7. This larva is sometimes
excessively destructive to fir-forests on the Continent, stripping
the trees so completely as to kill them.

2. 0. dispar, L. 39-60 mm. Forewings in $ pale brownish
sprinkled with dark fuscous, in 9 whitish ; an interrupted
dark fuscous mark from base of costa ; lines darker fuscous ;
first and second waved, stronger and darker on costa ; median
thick, cloudy ; subterminal waved, in 9 nearly obsolete ; a

176 CARADRININA [ocneria

Ijlackish-fuscous orbicular dot, and curved discal mark. Hind-
wings in c? ochreous-brownish, terminally suffused with fus-
cous, in $ whitish, witli faint fuscous subterminal line ; a
fuscous discal mark.

Recorded from SE. and EC. England to Lancashire, but
probably no longer I'esident in a wild state ; C. and S. Europe,
C. Asia, N. Africa ; 8. Larva grey or ochreous, densely irro-
rated with blackish ; two dorsal spots on 2-6 deep blue, on
7-12 red; a lateral row of reddish spots: on apple, hawthorn,
poplai', etc. ; 5-7. Also sometimes very injurious on the Con-
tinent.

2. NOTODONTINA.

Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings : lb usually furcate
but with lower fork often weak or tending to be obsolete, Ic
absent, 5 rising not nearer to 4 than to 6, parallel, 7 and 8 out
of 9 (rarely one of these absent through coincidence, 7 in
Catadysme apparently but not truly sepai'ate, 9 in Poly-
2jlocidae sometimes apparently out of 10). Hindwings almost
always with frenulum, Ic absent.

The group is very extensive, there being several exotic
families in addition to the nine occurring in Britain.

Imago with forewings more or less broad-triangular ; hind-
wings broad-ovate.

Type of markings : Forewings with four transverse lines,
viz. first, median, second, and subterminal, and a discal mark
or spot, placed on transverse vein. Hindwings with similar
markings, but first line usually absent. In the Hydrio-
menidae this type undergoes some modification, which makes
it convenient to use a different phraseology, explained under
the head of that family.

Pupa with segments 9-11 free; not pi'otruded from cocoon
in emergence.

The phylogeny is sufficiently indicated in the accompanying-
diagram, into which it has been necessary to introduce two
exotic families (in brackets), to explain the connection. In
reference to these, it should be understood that the Bom-
hycidae are not the family sometimes called by that name
in Britain (the Lasiocampidae, which will be found in tlie next
group), but that of which the familiar silk - worm moth
(Boftibyx mori) forms the type. It nuist also be noted that
although the Polyplocidae and SpliiiKjidae are conveniently
stated to be derived from the Notodontidae, they in fact

NOTODONTIXA 177

originate from a non-existent form slightly anterior to that
family and having vein 5 of the hindwings fully developed.

Phylogeny of Notodontina.

Sterrhidae
Hydriomenidae Geometridae Polyplocidae Sjihingidae Saturniadae

Monocteniadae Selidoseinidae Notodoiitidae rBonibvcidael

1 ! L :i

I

[Eupterotidae]

Tabulation of Families.

1. Hindwings with 7 from upper margin of cell . 2.

„ ,, 7 from angle of cell . . 3.

2. Hindwings with 8 approximated to 7 beyond cell

6. Polyplocidae.
„ ,, 8 remote from 7 . 9. Saturniadae.

3. Hindwings with 5 imperfect or obsolete . . 4.

,, ,, 5 fully developed . . 5.

4. Hindwings with 8 connected with cell towards middle

8. NOTODOXTIDAE.

„ ,, 8 free or obsoletely connected

near base only 5. Selidosemidae.

5. Antennae thickened towards middle or posteriorly

7. Sphingidae.
,, not thickened . . . .6.

6. Hindwings with 5 rising much nearer 6 than 4

3. Geometridae.
„ „ 5 from about or below middle of

transverse vein . . 7.

7. Hindwings with 8 very shortly anastomosing with

cell near base, thence rapidly
diverging . 2. Sterrhidae.

„ ,, 8 approximated to or anastomosing

with cell to middle or beyond . 8.

8. Hindwings witli 8 free or shortly anastomosing with

cell near base only 4. Monocteniadae
„ „ 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond

middle or connected by bar be-
yond middle 1. Hydriomenidae.

178 NOTODONTINA

1. HYDRIOMENIDAE.

Tongue developed. Forewings : 10 rising separate, anasto-
mosing with 11 and 9 (forming double areole), or rising out of
1 1 and anastomosing with 9 (forming simple areole). Hind wings :
5 fully developed, parallel to 4, 6 and 7 almost always stalked
or connate, 8 anastomosing with upper margin of cell from near
base to beyond middle, or sometimes approximated only and
connected by bar or shortly anastomosing beyond middle.

A very large family, distributed in equal plenty throughout
all temperate regions, but becoming scarcer within the tropics.
The structure is very uniform throughout, and the generic
distinctions slight. Imago with body slender, forewings usually
broad. The type of markings of the forewings is here more or
less obscured by the development of a number of usually waved
transverse striae, alternately dark and light, which again tend
by coalescence to foi'm six similar dark fasciae , of these the
first often forms a basal patch, the second precedes the first
line (which is nearer the base than iisual), the third and fourth
form the median band, limited by the median and second lines,
and the fifth and sixth border the pale subterminal line. The
markings of the hindwings are sometimes nearly as in the fore-
wings, hnt more often partially obsolete; those species which have
the iiindwings distinctly marked always expose them in repose.

Ovum broad -oval, rather flattened, with usually angular
reticulations. Larva elongate, slender, with few hairs, without
prolegs on 7-9 ; often imitating live or dead twigs and shoots.
I'upa usually subterranean.

The relations of all the principal genera are indicated in the
diagram, in which is included (in brackets) the exotic genus
Notoreas, to furnish a common starting-point.

Phylogeny of Hydriomenidae.
Chloroclystis

Trichopteryx Tepliroclystis Operophtera

Lobophora Eucymatoge Eucestia Eustroma PlemjTia Euchoeca
I \ I I I I

I I

Hydriomc'iia Venusia Astheiia

Lythria Xanthorhoe

I I

I
[Notoreas]

HYDRIOMENIDAE

179

Tabulation of Gexera.

15

Cataclysm E.
2.
. 3!
. 4.
Trichopteryx.
ij. Gymnoscelis.
5.
. 13.
Chloroclystis.

. 6.
Mysticoptera.
7.
8.
. 10.
24. Lythria.
9.
. Rhodometra.
21. Venusia.

1. Posterior wall of areole absent

,, wall of areole present

2. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs

,, ,, with all spurs present

3. Hindwings in S with dorsal lobe 1

,, ,, without lobe

4. Areole simple

„ double

5. Forewings with 11 running into 12 4.

,, with 11 free from 12 .

6. Hindwings in c? with dorsal lobe 2

,, ,, without lobe

7. Antennae in S pectinated

,, ,, simple

8. Thorax hairy beneath ; palpi long-haired

,, glabrous ; palpi rough-scaled

9. Face forming an obtuse prominence 2

„ not prominent

10. Antennae in S ciliated with long fascicles 18. Operophtera.

,, ,, shortly and evenly ciliated . 11.

11. Face flat, smooth . . .19. Euchoeca

,, rounded, with somewhat projecting scales . 12.

12. Abdomen with small segmental crests 6. Tephroclystis.

„ not crested . . .14. Plemyria.

13. Antennae in (J pectinated . 22. Xanthorhob.

„ „ not pectinated . . .14.

14. Hindwings in c? with dorsal lobe . 3. Lobophora.

,, ,, without lobe . . .15.

15. Thorax with horny anterior prominence . 17. Pelurga.

,, without horny prominence . .16.

16. Hindwings in S with basal dorsal i-idgeand pocket 17.

,, ,, without basal ridge and pocket 18.

17. Anterior tibiae hooked . . .9. Eucestia.

„ ,, not hooked . . 10. Carsia.

18. Hindwings in (^ with subcostal hair-pencil 8. Collix.

,, ,, without subcostal hair-pencil . 19.

19. Hindwings in S with deep dorsal furrow 11. Calocalpe.

,, ,, without dorsal furrow . . 20.

20. Forewings in (J with hair-pencil along lb beneath

13. EUSTROMA.

„ „ without hair-pencil on lb . 21.

180 NOTODONTINA

21. Abdomen in ($ with claspers very large, exserted

12. Philbreme.
,, ,, with claspers normal . . 22.

22. Face flat, smooth . . .20. Asthena.

,, rounded, with somewhat projecting scales . 23.

23. Abdomen with small segmental crests throughout

7. EUCYMATOGE.

,, not crested, or near base only 16. Hydriomena.

1. Trichopteryx, HI).

Face smooth. Antennae in ^ shortly ciUated. Palpi
rough -scaled. Abdomen sometimes crested. Tibial middle-
spurs absent. Forewings : areole double.
Hindwings in S with dorsal folded lobe,
veins distorted ; 2 seldom absent, 6 and 7
sometimes separate, 8 in cj connected by
bar with cell near apex or rarely with 7 or
as in $ , in $ anastomosing with cell to
Hindwing of Trichopteryx beyond middle or rarely as in ^ .

carpinata $. A Small genus, derived from Lohophora,

characteristic of Northern temperate regions. The altered
structure of vein 8 in the hindwings of the c^, and the separa-
tion of 6 and 7 (very rare in this family), are due to lateral
expansion, intended to compensate for absorjition of the dorsal
area by the folded lobe ; when they occur in the 5 ^Iso, they
afford an instance of the transference of secondary sexual
characters through inheritance.

1. Forewings dull green . . .1. vwetata.

„ not green . . . .2.

2. Third and fourth fasciae ochreous-brown 3. polt/commata.

,, ,, ,, not ochreous-brown 2. carpinata.

1. T. viretata, Hb. 23-26 mm. Palpi long. Forewings
dull olive-green, with curved darker striae; median band and
fifth fascia marked with black, striae beyond these with whitish ;
a black discal mark. Hindwings grey ; a dai'ker discal dot.

England, Ayr, Ireland, not common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva pale greenish, sometimes partly suffused with pink ; a
dorsal pink or purplish-crimson line or series of spots ; sub-
dorsal line pink, sometimes interrupted ; lateral sometimes
faintly pink; head brown, often crimson-marked; 13 with two
short points : on holly, Hedera, sycamore, etc. ; 6, 7, 9.

2. T. carpinata, Bkh. (lobulata, Hb.) 28-31 mm. Palpi

TRiCHOPTERYx] HYDRIOMENIDAE 181

shoit. Forewings grey-whitish, sprinkled with blackish-grey,
with faint waved striae ; fasciae partially marked with blackish-
grey, third and fourth sometimes suffused with dark grey ; a
blackish discal mark. Hindwings whitish, with several faint
grey lines ; a grey discal dot.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia, Japan ; 4, 5. Larva dull green ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines darker, indistinct ; spiracular bright yellow ; 1 3 with two
points : on Lonicera, Salix, etc. ; 6-8.

3. T. polycommata, W). 30-33 mm. Palpi rather short.
Forewings pale greyish-ochreous, striated with fuscous ; first,
third, and fourth fasciae ochreous-brown, marked with black
on veins, fourth sharply angulated near costa, median space
fuscous in disc ; subterminal line distinct, margins brown.
Hindwings pale ochreous-grey ; a grey discal dot and faint
posterior line.

England (except EC), Arran, local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ;
4. Larva yellowish-green; dorsal line darker; spiracular
yellowish-wdiite ; incisions yellowish; 13 with two points: on
ash, Ligustrum, Salix, etc. ; 6.

2. Mysticoptera, Meyr.

Face with short cone of scales. Antennae in $ minutely
ciliated. Palpi rough-scaled. Abdomen crested. Forewings :
areole simple. Hindwings in $ with dorsal doubly folded
lobe ; 2 in (? absent, 8 in cj connected with cell by bar
beyond middle, in 5 anastomosing to beyond middle.

Only the single species is known.

1. M. sexalisata, Hb. 20-23 mm. Forewings whitish-fuscous
or whitish, striated with ochreous ; all fasciae fuscous, first
basal, third and fourth confluent, angularly curved, darker
towai-ds costa ; subterminal line distinct, waved ; a black discal
dot. Hindwings grey ; a darker discal dot.

England, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva wrinkled,
green; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish, indistinct; 13 with
two pink-tipped points : on Salix ; 8, 9.

3. LOBOPHORA, Curt.

Face with short cone of scales. Antennae in S ciliated.
Palpi rough -scaled. Abdomen crested. Forewings: areole
double. Hindwings in S with dorsal folded lobe, veins dis-
torted ; 6 and 7 sometimes sepai'ate, 8 anastomosing with cell
to beyond middle.

182 NOTODONTINA [lobophora

A genus of few species, inhabiting Europe and North
America ; derived from the Hydrioviena group.

1. L. halterata, Hufn. {hexapterata, Schiff.) 26-28 mm.
Forewings whitish, much sprinliled with blackish-grey ; basal
patch and broad second fascia dark grey ; third and fourth
remote, marked with dark grey ; fifth and sixth partly suffused
with dark grey ; a blackish discal dot. Hindwings whitish ;
termen sprinkled with dark grey.

Britain to Sutherland, S. Ireland, local (unfrequent in Scot-
land) ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva pale yellowish-green ;
subdorsal line pale yellow; 13 with two rosy -white points: on
aspen and Salix ; 6, 7.

4. Chloroclystis, Hb.

Face with short cone of scales. Antennae in $ shortly
ciliated. Palpi rough-scaled. Abdomen crested. Forewings :
areole simple, 11 running into or anastomosing with 12. Hind-
wings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

This genus contains few European species, but attains some
development in S. Asia and New Zealand, and has stragglers
elsewhere. The tendency to a green coloration is charac-
teristic always.

1. Hindwings coloured as foi'ewings . . 2.

„ differently coloured . .1. coronata.

2. Wings whitish-green ; a blackish abdominal band

3. dehiliata.
,, green ; abdominal ring incomplete or

broken . . 2. rectangidata.

1. C. coronata, Hh. 16-20 mm. Abdomen with black basal
and subbasal rings. Forewings dull green, with darker striae ;
second fascia blackish on dorsum ; edges of median band
partially blackish, anterior angulated, posterior blacker on
upper half and twice angulated, upper angle more prominent.
Hindwings pale grey, with several darker lines.

England to York, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ; 5-7.
Larva flesh-colour or yellowish-green; dorsal and subdorsal
lines reddish-brown ; sometimes a dorsal series of brown tri-
angular marks : on flowers of Clematis, Eupatorium, Acliillea,
etc. ; 7, 8.

2. C. rectangulata, L. 17-21 nun. Abdomen with blackish
lateral subbasal spots or incomplete ring. Forewings green,
with blackish-grey striae ; edges of median band black, anterior

CHLOROOLYSTISj

HYDRIOMENIDAE

183

Nt'uratiuii of Chloroclystis
rectangulata.

curved, posterior twice angulated, lower angle more proaiiiient ;
a black discal mark. Hindwings as forewings.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva rather stout, pale yellowish-
green ; dorsal line sometimes darker
green or dull red ; spiracular darker ;
incisions reddish : on flowei's of apple
and pear; 4, 5. Sometimes injurious
in orchai'ds.

3. C. debiliata, Hb. 17-21 mm.
Abdomen with broad blackish sub-
basal ring. Forewings very pale
green or green-whitish, with fuscous-
grey striae, darker on costa ; edges
of median band blackish - dotted,
anterior curved, posterior twice ob-
tusely angulated ; a blackish discal
dot. Hindwings as forewings.

Hants, Devon, Stafford, Lanca-
shire, Aberdeen, W. and S. Ireland,
local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva rather stout, dull, yellowish-green ;
dorsal line darker ; spiracular dull yellow ; head brown or
blackish : on Vaccinium ; 4, 5.

5. Gtmnoscelis, Ilab.

Face with short cone of scales. Antennae in S ciliated.
Palpi rough -scaled. Abdomen crested. Tibial middle -spurs
absent. Forewings: areole simple, 11 sometimes anastomosing
with or running into 12. Hindwings: 8 anastomosing with
cell to beyond middle.

There is only one European species, but several others are
known from the Canary Isles, Indo- Malayan region, and
Polynesia.

1. Gr. pumilata, Zr6. 14-20 mm. Forewings rather elongate,
pale brownish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with whitish, with
fuscous striae ; fasciae mixed or suffused with dull reddish,
partly black-sprinkled ; anterior edge of median band angulated
near costa, posterior black-marked, obtusely angulated in
middle. Hindwings as forewings.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; W. and S. Europe
to Turkestan ; 4, 5, 7, 8. Larva reddish-ochreous-grey or
reddish-lirown ; dorsal line blackish-grey, marked with a series
of triangular yellow-edged spots ; lateral yellow, edged with

184

NOTODONTINA

[tephkoclystis

dark grey
Erica, etc.

s[)iracular yellow
6, 9.

on flowers of Ulex, Cytisus,

6. Tephkoclystis, Hh.

Face with short cone

of scales. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Palpi rough - scaled. Abdomen
crested throughout, sometimes
slightly. Forewings : areole
simple. Hindwings : 8 anastomos-
ing with cell to beyond middle.

A large genus, principally char-
acteristic of the European region,
Forewing of Tephrociystis oblongata. ^^^^ numerous in S. Asia and North

America. The large number and great similarity of the species
renders their determination difficult without considerable
experience.

1. Posterior half of thorax white

,, „ ,, not white

2. Thorax anteriorly fuscous . 16

,, wholly white

3. Thorax with white central stripe .

„ without white central stripe

4. Abdomen with entire black subbasal ring

„ without entire black ring

5. Forewings in disc white .

,, ,, not white

6. Median line black throughoiat

,, ,, not black throughout

7. Forewings with dark grey band and two

ochreous fasciae
„ not so marked .

8. Median band interrupted with ochreous

„ ,, not interrupted with ochreous 15. linariata.

9. Forewings without discal dot . . .10.
,, with dark discal dot . . .11.

Abdoiuen towards base suffused with pale reddish

2.
. 3.

succenturiata.
11. oblongata,
insigniata.
. 4.
5.
7.
irriguata.
. 6.
1. venosata.
2. expallidata.
reddish-

. 8.
. 9.
14. pxdchellata.

34.

33.

10.

11.

12.

Zl. isogrammaria.

„ not reddish towards base 23. pygmaeata.

Forewings more or less distinctly elongate . 12.

,, not elongate . . . .27.

Cilia of hindwings conspicuously barred . .13.

,, ,, not conspicuously barred . 15.

TEPHROCLYSTIS]

HYDRIOMENIDAE

185

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

21.
22.

23.

24.
25.

26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

32.

Forewiugs light oclu'eous-brown
grey

40.

extensaria.
. 14.

Discal mark preceded by a white spot . 39. nanata.
,, ,, not preceded by a white spot 38. helveticaria.

Abdomen with brown or ferruginous subbasal band 1 6.
,, without such band . . .19.

Subtermiual line whitish throughout . .17.

,, ,, not whitish . . .18.

Forewings with small black costal spots 7. piinpinellata.
,, without black costal spots . 29. pusillata.

Discal spot large, transverse . . 26. indigata.

,, ,, dot-like . . .28. suhciliata.

Abdomen in $ with black lateral streak . . 20.

,, ,, without black lateral streak . 24.

Fifth and sixth fasciae twice markedly interrupted

32. exiguata
,, ,, ,, not markedly interrupted . 21.

Forewings witli discal mark whitish-edged . 22.

,, ,, „ ,, not whitish-edged . 23.

Forewings greyish -ochreous . . 30. abbreviata.

,, brownish-ochreous, in disc whitish-mixed

31. dodoneata.
Forewings with subtermiual line distinct, white

36 innotata.
,, ,, ,, obscure . 35. fraxinata.

Forewings brownish . . . .25.

grey . . . . .26.

Forewings whitish-mixed . . .10. vidgata.

,, not whitish-mixed . . 4. 'minutata.

Forewings whitish-mixed . . .18. lariciata.

,, not whitish-mixed . 27. constrictata.

Abdomen with black lateral streak . . 28.

,, without black lateral streak . . 29.

Forewings at least partly reddish-tinged . 12. subfidvafa.
,, not reddish-tinged . 9. albijnmctata.

Forewings with distinct white tornal spot . 30.

,, without distinct white tornal spot . 35.

Abdomen with interrupted black subbasal ring . 31.
,, without such ring . . . 32.

Forewings with discal mark whitish-edged 6. assimilata.
,, ,, ,, ,, not whitish-edged

5. absinthiata.
Abdomen with lateral series of black spots 19. virgaureata.

186 NOTODONTINA [tephroclystis

Abdomen without black spots . . . 33.

33. Discal spot of forewings transvei'se . . 34.

,, ,, ,, dot-like . .13. satyrata.

34. Discal mark posteriorly whitish-edged . 37. sohrinata.

,, ,, not whitish-edged . . 8. valerianata.

35. Discal mark transverse . . . .36.

,, ,, dot-like .... 37.

36. Forewings brown . . 3. campamdata.

,, fuscous . . 25. trisignaria.

37. Discal dot of forewings grey, indistinct 21. plumbeolata.

„ ,, black, distinct . . 38.

38. Fifth and sixth fasciae brownish-ochreous 20. cauchyata.

,, ,, ,, not brownish-ochreous . 39.

39. Forewings with veins and costa ochreous-brown

24. temdata.
„ „ „ not ochreous-brown

17. castigata.

1. T. venosata, F. 22-25 mm. Abdomen with black sub-
basal ring. Forewings greyish-ochreous or grey ; median band
limited by pairs of pale blackish-edged waved striae ; veins on
dorsal half, a line near base, and a median line traversing a
black linear discal mai'k blackish. Hindwings paler than fore-
wings ; a dark grey discal dot ; median line and posterior striae
as in forewings, but indistinct.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. and W. Ireland, common ;
Europe, Asia Minor, Syria ; 5, 6. Larva rather stout, blackish-
grey, with some white dots ; head dark brown : on flowers and
seeds of Lychnis and Silene ; 7, 8.

2. T. expallidata, Gn. 25-26 mm. Abdomen with black sub-
basal ring and lateral streak. Forewings light brown ; edges
of median band black-dotted, forming blackish spots on costa,
posterior angulated near costa ; faint subbasal and median
angulated lines, on costa blackish ; subterminal obscure, whitish,
anteriorly sometimes edged with reddish-fuscous ; a sti'ong black
discal mark. Hindwings ochreous-grey, with faint darker
striae ; a dark grey discal dot.

S. and W. England to Lancashire, Aberdeen, E. and W.
Ireland, local ; Belgium, Germany; 7, 8. Larva pale yellow or
green ; dorsal line dark bi'own, with a series of irregular brown
marks ; subdorsal dark brown, interrupted ; a lateral scries of
oblicjue brown streaks ; markings sometimes obsolete, or almost
wholly sufltused with deep reddish-brown : on flowers of Solidago
virgaurea ; 9.

TEPHROCLYSTis] HYDRIOMENIDAE 187

3. T. campanulata, HS. 21-22 mm. Abdomen with black
lateral subbasal spots. Forewings brown, with obscure darker
striae ; posterior edge of median band blackish-dotted, curved
or bent above middle ; subterminal line hardly paler ; a black
discal mark. Hindwings light grey, striated with darker; a
dark grey discal dot.

Kent and I. of Wight to Hereford, local ; Belgium, Germany ;
6, 7. Larva rather stout, light ochreous-brown ; dorsal line
dark brown or black, marked with a series of dark brown or
black lozenges ; subdorsal and spiracular darker brown or
blackish ; head brown or black : on seeds of Campanula trache-
lium ; 8, 9.

4. T. minutata, Gn. 19-21 mm. Diflers from T. absinthiata
as follows : forewings more elongate, not reddish-tinged, striae
more distinct, more sharply angulated, discal dot less elongate ;
hindwings paler and moi'e ochreous-tinged.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; Holland, Germany ;
6, 7. Larva rather stout, parplish-pink, pale ochreous, greenish,
whitish, or blackish, white-dotted ; a dorsal series of dark V-
shaped marks on 5-9 ; dorsal and spiracular lines pale ; head pale
brown, darker-marked : on flowers of Erica, Calluna, Scabtosa ;
8-10. It is very questionable whether this is anything more
than a heath-frequenting form of T. absinthiata.

5. T. absinthiata, CI. 22-24 mm. Abdomen with interrupted
black subbasal ring. Forewings brown, reddish-tinged, with
faint obtusely angulated striae, blackish on costa, edges of
median band forming costal spots ; subterminal line whitish,
interrupted, forming a tornal spot ; a black discal mark. Hind-
wings grey, with faint dai'ker striae ; a dark grey discal dot; a
whitish tornal dot.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva ratlier stout, green, whitish, or ochreous, white-dotted ; a
dorsal series of dai'k V-shaped marks, most distinct on 5-9, pale-
edged ; spiracular line pale : on flowers of Artemisia, Achillea,
Senecio, etc. ; 8-10.

6. T. assimilata, Gn. 18-21 mm. Differs from T. absinthiata
as follows : forewings with striae more distinct, discal mark
sti'onger, posteriorly whitish-edged, veins on fourth fascia shortly
black-marked, in both wings tornal white spot moi-e conspicuous,
cilia distinctly barred.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; France, Holland ; 5,
6, 8. Larva slender, yellowish-green, white-dotted ; dorsal line
darker or reddish-purple ; subdorsal darker, indistinct ; some-

188 NOTODONTINA [tephroclystis

times a dorsal series of six reddish-purple V-shaped marks ; head
green : on currant {Ribes) and Huimdus ; 7, 9, 10.

7. T. pimpinellata, Hh. {denotata, Gn.) 21-23 mm. Abdomen
with ferruginous subbasal band. Forewings rather elongate,
light brown, somewhat whitish -mixed, with obscure darker
angulated striae, forming several small blackish costal spots ;
posterior edge of median band black-marked ; subterminal line
whitish ; veins partly black -marked ; a strong black discal
mark. Hindwings light grey, with darker grey striae and
discal dot.

England to York, E. Ireland ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 4, 5,
8. Larva green or pink ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker or
purple ; spiracular yellowish or whitish ; head yellowish : on
flowers of Pimpinella, Achillea, Senecio ; 6, 9, 10.

8. T. valerianata, Hb. 18-20 mm. Abdomen without mark-
ings. Forewings grey, with indistinct darker striae ; posterior
edge of median band obtusely angulated; terminal area suft'usedly
darker, subterminal line obscurely whitish, forming a small
white tornal spot ; a fine blackish discal mark. Hindwings light
grey, with faint striae, terminal area suffusedly darker; a
whitish tornal dot.

England, local; C. Europe; 6. Larva tapering anteriorly,
bright green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; spiracular pale
green ; incisions yellowish : on flowers and seeds of Valeriana
officinalis ; 7, 8.

9. T. albipunctata, Hw. (tripunctaria, HS.) 20-21 mm.
Thorax with white posterior spot. Abdomen with black lateral
line. Forewings grey, with darker angulated striae, strongest
on costa ; subterminal line whitish, forming a small tornal and
sometimes a submedian spot ; veins beyond middle marked with
short blackish dashes and pale dots ; an oval black discal dot.
Hindwings whitish-grey, striated with grey, veins dark, inter-
rupted ; a dark grey discal and white tornal dot.

England to York, Aberdeen, S. Ireland, local ; Holland,
Germany ; 5, 6. Larva tapering anteriorly, pale yellow or
yellowish-green, white-dotted ; dorsal line brown, marked with
a series of brown spots ; subdorsal brown, indistinct ; a lateral
series of brown spots ; markings sometimes obsolete ; head
small, dark brown, ochreous-marked : on flowers and seeds of
Angelica and Heracleum ; 9.

10. T. vulgata, Hw. 19-21 nun. Abdomen with subbasal
blackish spots. Forewings rather elongate, brown, slightly
reddish, mixed with whitish, with distinct angulated darker

TEPHKOCLYSTis] HYDRIOMENIDAE 180

fuscous striae ; veins partly marked with blackish and white ;
posterior edge of median band blackish-marked ; subterminal
line whitish, forming a larger white tornal crescent ; a small
black discal mark, partly whitish-edged ; cilia obscurely barred.
Hind wings grey, whitish-mixed, w^ith darker sti'iae ; a darker
discal and whitish tornal dot.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, very common ; C. Europe ;
5, 6. Larva tapering anteriorly, ochreous or reddish-brown,
white-dotted ; a dorsal series of brown marks ; spiracular line
yellowish, sometimes black-marked ; incisions orange : on haw-
thorn, Ruhus, Senecio, etc. ; 7.

11. T. oblongata, Thnh. (centaureata, F.) 19-22 mm. Thorax
white. Abdomen with black lateral spots on two basal segments.
Forewings white ; striae obsolete, on margins dark grey ; edges
of median band very fine, blackish, curved near costa ; subter-
minal line edged by pale brownish shades ; a black discal
crescent. Hindwings whitish ; striae dorsally, edges of subter-
minal line and a discal dot grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, W. Ireland, common ; Europe,
W. Asia ; 5, 6, 8. Larva slender, green or ochreous ; dorsal
line and a series of five tridentate mai'ks dull red, orange,
darker green, or absent : on flowers and seeds of many
UmhelU ferae, Cornpositae, etc ; 7, 9.

12. T. subfulvata, Hw. 21-23 mm. Abdomen with black
lateral streak. Forewings brown, reddish-tinged ; costa and
termen (sometimes also dorsum) rather broadly grey, sti'iated
with dark grey ; a black discal dot. Hindwings grey, with
darker striae and discal dot.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; C. Europe, NW.
Asia ; 7. Larva slender, pale yellowish-brown, grey -brown, or
reddish-brown, white-dotted ; dorsal line and a series of oval
blotches olive -brown ; subdorsal dark brown, interrupted :
spiracular white : on Achillea millefolium ; 9, 10.

13. T. satyrata, Hh. (Curzoni, Gregs.) 21-23 mm. Abdomen
mixed with white. Forewings fuscous or grey, somewhat
whitish-mixed, with darker obtusely angulated striae ; veins
marked alternately with blackish and white ; a clear white
tornal dot ; a dark fuscous discal dot. Hindwings as forewings,
but less distinctly marked.

Britain to Orkneys, Ireland, common (less frequent south-
wards) ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva dull green, sometimes
yellow-speckled ; dorsal line and sometimes a series of speai'-
head-shaped marks darker, reddish-brown, or purplish ; spira-

190 NOTODONTINA [tephroclystxs

cular sometimes pale : on flowers of Compositae, Scahiosa,
Gentiana, etc. ; 8, 9.

14. T. pulchellata, Stph. 20-22 mm. Abdomen with sub-
basal black-marked brownish band. Forewings pale brownish-
ochreous, with grey curved striae ; edge of basal patch blackish;
second and fifth fasciae reddish-ochreous-brown ; median band
dark grey, interrupted in middle with ochreous, edges black-
marked, whitish -edged, posterior obtusely angulated ; sub-
terminal line whitish, edges partly black -marked ; a black
discal mark. Hindwings whitish-grey, with dark grey discal
dot and striae, praesubterminal ochreous.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; W. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva green or pale greenish-ochreous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and
spiracular lines darker or purplish ; head brownish : on flowers
of Digitalis jniTjmrea ; 7, 8.

15. T. linariata, F. 17-20 mm. Differs from T. puJcheUata
as follows : forewings with striae less waved, less distinct,
median band not interrupted with ochreous, posterior edge less
or not angulated ; hindwings with striae and subterminal line
less distinct.

Britain to Aberdeen, E. Ireland, common (unfrequent in
Scotland) ; C. and SW. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva green ; sometimes
a doi'sal series of reddish-brown mai'ks ; subdorsal line some-
times yellowish : on flowers of Linaria vulgaris ; 8, 9.

16. T. succenturiata, L. 21-22 mm. Thorax white, anterior
edge dark fuscous. Abdomen with base white. Forewings
grey ; first five fasciae separated by pairs of angulated whitish
striae ; sixth brown, with grey veins ; a large black discal dot ;
base of dorsum, and often disc posteriorly suff'used with white.
Hindwings whitish-grey, with grey striae; a blackish-grey
discal dot ; termen brownish.

Britain to Perth, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, W.
Asia; 7. Larva reddish-brown or olive-brown; dorsal line and
a series of spearhead-shaped blotches darker brown or blackish ;
subdorsal fuscous ; spiracular whitish : on Artemisia and
Achillea ; 8, 9.

17. T. castigata, lib. {jasioneata, Crewe) 18-21 mm.
Antennal cilia of $ f. Abdomen with lateral series of small
black spots. Forewings whitish - grey, sometimes ochreous-
tinged, with obtusely angulated dark grey striae ; a black
discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, sometimes more whitish,
striae curved, less marked, discal dot blackish-grey.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, NW.

TEPHROCLYSTis] HYDRIOMENIDAE 191

Asia ; 5, 6. Larva slender, pale ochreous or reddish-ochreous ;
dorsal line and a series of spearhead -shaped blotches brown or
dull green ; subdorsal sometimes reddish ; head ochreous or
dull green : on Scahiosa, Lychnis, Ononis, Epilohium, etc. ;
8, 9.

18. T. lariciata, Frr. 21-23 mm. Differs from T. castigata
as follows : antennal cilia of $ 1, forewings more elongate,
ground more whitish, not ochreous-tinged, striae darker, more
angulated, veins much marked with black, discal black spot
larger, oblong.

Britain to the Hebrides, N. and W. Ireland, common ; C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva slender, green or
reddish-ochreous ; dorsal line darker or brownish, anal end
reddish ; sid:)dorsal sometimes brownish ; spiracular pale yel-
lowish or whitish : on larch and fir ; 7, 8.

19. T. virganreata, Dhld. {^pimjyinellata, Gn.) 19-21 mm.
Differs froni T. casti(jata as follows : forewings distinctly ochre-
ous-tinged, striae less distinct except on costa, veins posteriorly
alternately marked with blackish and whitish, a distinct white
tornal dot, discal black spot larger, oval.

England to York, Ireland, local ; WC. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva slender, ochreous-yellowish ; dorsal line and a series of
five spearhead-shaped whitish-edged blotches darker : on flowers
of Sol Ida go, Senecio, etc. ; 8, 9.

[T. ultimaria, B., a small Sonth European tamarisk-feeding
species, has been included in English lists, but without apparent
justification.]

20. T. cauchyata, Bup. (pernotata, Gn.) 22-23 mm. Ab-
domen without markings. Eorewings light greyish-ochreous,
with curved brownish-ochreous striae ; veins whitish, marked
with groups of scanty black scales ; fifth and sixth fasciae
brownish-ochreous, svibterminal line whitish ; a small black
discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but markings less distinct.

Once, but locality unrecorded ; C. Europe ; 6 (1). Larva on
flowers of Solidago virgaurea ; 8, 9.

21. T. plumbeolata, JIw. 16-18 mm. Abdomen without
markings. Forewings pale grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged,
with curved dark grey striae ; an indistinct dark grey discal
dot. Hindwings as forewings, but markings much more in-
distinct.

Britain to Aberdeen, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva rather stout, pale yellowish-green ; dorsal line purple-
reddish, dilated in middle of each segment ; subdorsal purple-

192 NOTODONTINA [tephroclystis

reddish, sometimes suffused into dorsal : on Melampyrum
pratense ; 7, 8.

22. T. isogrammaria, HS. {haworthiata, Stt.) 14-16 mm.
Abdomen towards base suffused with pale reddish. Forewings
pale grey, somewhat whitish-mixed, with curved grey striae,
fasciae darker. Hindwings as forewings, but markings more
indistinct.

England to Lancashire, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva rather stout, pink or bluish-green ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines darker, sometimes obsolete : on flowers of Clematis vitalba;
7,8.

23. T. pygmaeata, Hh. 14-16 mm. Abdomen without
markings. Forewings fuscous, sometimes whitish-mixed, with
faint curved darker striae ; subterminal line formed by whitish
dots, sometimes obsolete except a larger tornal white dot ; cilia
obscurely whitish-barred. Hindwings as forewings, but mark-
ings almost obsolete.

Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, N. England to Caledonian
Canal, Ireland, local ; N. Europe, Netherlands ; 5, 6. Larva
very slender, pale yellowish-green ; dorsal line and a series of
urn-shaped blotches pale olive ; subdorsal and spiracular pale
olive : on flowei's and seeds of Stellaria hoJostea ; 6, 7.

24. T. tenuiata, Hh. 15-17 mm. Abdomen with margins
mixed with black and white. Forewings light greyish-ochreous,
with curved rather dark fuscous striae ; veins and costa ochre-
ous-brown : edges of median band forming dark costal spots ; a
black discal dot. Hindwings whitish-grey, with dark gi'ey
striae and discal dot.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
rather stout, dull yellowish -green ; sides and middle of back
rosy-tinged ; a dorsal series of indistinct fuscous spots, forming
a blackish line posteriorly, edged by an interrupted blackish
line; a lateral series of oblique flesh-coloured marks; head
black : in catkins of Salix caprea ; 3, 4.

25. T. trisignaria, HS. 20-23 mm. Abdomen with small
indistinct blackish lateral subbasal spot. Forewings fuscous,
with indistinct obtusely angulated darker striae ; edges of
median band darker-marked, stronger on costa ; a transverse
blackish discal spot. Hindwings fuscous, with faint striae ; a
dark fuscous linear discal mark.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva rather
stout, pale green; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark green; spira-
cular yellow-whitish ; head black : on Angelica and Heraclev/m ; 9.

TEPHROCLYSTi!-] HYDRIOMENIDAE 193

'H'l. T. indigata, Hb. 15-19 mm. Abdomen with subbasal
brown band and lateral blackish spot. Fore wings rather
strongly elongate, grey, with faint darker angnlated striae ;
edges of median band obscurely blackish-marked, more strongly
on costa ; a strong transverse blackish discal spot. Hindwings
pale grey, with faint grey striae ; a dark grey discal mark.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva slender, pale greenish-yellow or yellow-reddish ; dorsal
line dull reddish-brown or fuscous, sometimes obsolete ; sub-
dorsal and spiracular pale yellow ; head reddish : on Pinus
st/lvesfris and P. abies ; 7, 9.

27. T. constrictata, Gn. 16-19 mm. Abdomen with margins
mixed with blackish. Forewings I'ather elongate, grey, with
indistinct curved darker striae ; edges of median band fine,
dark fuscous, blackish-marked, forming blackish costal spots ; a
blackish discal mark. Hindwings light grey, with obscure
darker striae ; a dark grey discal mark.

Dorset, X. England, Scotland to Ross, Ireland, local ; not
recorded elsewhere ; 7, 8. Larva slender, with numerous very
short bristles, dark green; dorsal line broad, purplish -red ;
spiracular greenish-yellow : on flowers of Thymus ; 8, 9.

28. T. subciliata. On. 15-16 mm. Antennal cilia of S 2,
fasciculated. Abdomen with rather dark reddish -fuscous
subbasal ring. Forewings rather elongate, pale greyish-ochre-
ous, middle of disc and sixth fascia mixed with brownish-
ochreous ; first five fasciae formed by pairs of dark fuscous
angulated striae ; a blackish irregular discal, and whitish tornal
dot. Hindwings pale greyish-ochreous, more whitish costally,
with confused fuscous striae ; a grey discal dot.

England, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva rather stout,
yellowish-green ; dorsal line dark green or purplish ; subdorsal
and lateral yellow-whitish ; spiracular pale green : on flowers
of maple ; 5.

29. T. pusillata, /'. 17-20 mm. Abdomen with a brown
subbasal band, and margins mixed with black. Forewings
rather elongate, very pale greyish-ochreous, with indistinct
curved fuscous striae : edges of basal patch and median band
dark fuscous, stronger on costa ; subterminal line whitish,
forming median and tornal dots, margins suffused with fuscous;
an oval blackish discal spot. Hindwdngs whitish ; edges of
median band, praesubterminal line, and discal dot rather dark
grey.

Kent to Devon, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5. Larva slender,

o

194 NOTODONTINA [tephroclystis

orange -reddish or ochreous- green ; dorsal line fuscous, often
nearly obsolete ; subdorsal fuscous ; spiracular yellow : on
Pinus ahies ; 6, 7.

30. T. abbreviata, Stj^h. 21-23 mm. Abdomen in $ with
black lateral streak. Forewings rather elongate, greyish -
ochreous, with bent rather dark fuscous striae ; veins partially
marked with black, especially towards posterior edge of median
band ; all fasciae somewhat suffused with fuscous ; a linear black
discal mark, partially whitish-edged. Hindwings grey, with
darker striae and faint discal dot ; a darker dorsal subbasal
spot.

England, Ireland, common ; WC. Europe ; 4, 5. Larva
slendei', pale ochreous-brown ; dorsal line brown, double, with a
series of reddish-brown V-shaped marks ; spiracular formed of
pale waved lines : on oak ; 6, 7.

31. T. dodoneata, Gn. 17-19 mm. Abdomen in S with black
lateral streak. Forewings rather elongate, brownish-ochreous,
mixed in disc with whitish, with bent rather dark fuscous striae;
veins partially black-marked, especially towards edges of median
band ; a transverse black discal mark, partially whitish-edged.
Hindwings whitish-grey, with dark grey striae and discal dot.

England to York, N. Ireland, local ; WC. Europe ; 4, 5.
Larva ochreous -reddish, orange-reddish, or pale yellow -green,
white-dotted; dorsal line fuscous, red-brown, or blackish, some-
times with a series of arrowhead -shaped blotches; subdorsal
brownish; lateral line or series of obliqiie marks yellowish ;
spiracular greenish-yellow, sometimes fuscous-marked : on oak
and hawthorn ; 6-8.

32. T. exiguata, lib. 19-22 mm. Abdomen in cJ with black
lateral streak. Forewings ratlier elongate, light grey, whitish-
mixed, with obtusely angulated rather dark fuscous striae ;
veins partially black-marked, especially towards posterior edge
of median band ; fifth and sixth fasciae interrupted above and
below middle ; a suboval black discal spot. Hindwings grey-
whitish, with indistinct grey striae ; a dark grey discal dot and
dorsal subbasal spot.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva slender, dull gi-een ; dorsal line purplish-red, double, on
5-8 with a reddish U-shaped mark filled with ochreous ; spira-
cular dark purplish-red ; incisions yellowish : on hawthorn, ash,
Salix, etc. ; 8-10.

33. T. irriguata, lib. 18-21 mm. Abdomen witli black
lateral spots and subbasal band. Forewings elongate, ochreous-

TEPHROCLYSTis] HYDRIOMENIDAE 195

whitish, in disc white, with faint bent fuscous striae ; all fasciae
forming dark fuscous spots on costa, second, fifth, and sixth suffused
with fuscous throughout ; two or three median striae often
dai'ker ; a black transverse discal spot. Hindwings wliitish, with
grey striae, usually faint except two last ; a blackish discal dot
and dorsal subbasal spot.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 4, 5.
Larva light yellow ; a dorsal series of brown trident-shaped
marks on 5-10, and indistinct line ; subdorsal line brown : on
oak and blackthorn ; 6.

34. T. insigniata, Hh. [consignata, Bkh.) 20-22 mm. Thorax
brown, with white central stripe. Abdomen dark fuscous.
Forewings rather elongate, pale greyish-ochreous, veins partly
blackish ; two pairs of blackish-edged whitish sinuate striae
limiting median band, second posteriorly ferruginous-edged ; a
ferruginous-brown costal blotch before first pair, and another
beyond second ; thi-ee brown median striae, ending in a dark
fuscous costal suffusion ; a large black discal mark touching
this. Hindwings whitisli-grey ; a discal dot and two posterior
striae grey.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva slender, green ; dorsal line slender, purplish-red, enlarged
at base of each segment into a spearhead-shaped yellow-edged
blotch ; spiracular purple-marked on median segments ; incisions
yellowish : on apple and hawthorn ; 6-8.

35. T. fraxinata, Greive {innotata, Stt.) 17-21 mm. Abdomen
with black lateral streak. Forewings elongate, light brownish-
grey, with indistinct brown angulated striae, sometimes dark
fuscous on costa ; veins before upper half of posterior edge of
median band black-marked ; a black discal mark ; a small
whitish tornal dot. Hindwings grey-whitish, dorsally and
posteriorly with obscure grey striae ; a grey discal dot.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva slender,
green, pale yellow-brown, or reddish-purple ; dorsal line pui-ple-
red, dark green, or absent, sometimes enlarged into arrowhead-
shaped blotches ; subdorsal sometimes yellow or orange or
formed of whitish spots ; sometimes a lateral series of purple
blotches; spiracular yellow, often purple - marked : on ash;
8, 9.

36. T. innotata, Hufn. 22-23 mm. Differs from T. fraxinata
as follows : forewings with striae more distinct, subterminal line
distinct, white, interrupted, forming a V-shaped tornal mark.

Devon to Lincoln, on coast sandhills, local; C. and S. Europe,

196 NOTODONTINA [tefhkoclystis

WC. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pinkish-grey or ochreous-whitish, partly
suffused with orange ; dorsal line purple-reddish or brown,
with a series of rounded white-edged blotches ; a lateral series
of orange-red and purplish spots ; spiracular line whitisli ; head
dull purplish : on Artemisia ; 8-10.

37. T. sobrinata, Hh. 18-19 mm. Abdomen without mark-
ings. Fore wings brownish -grey or brown, sometimes faintly
reddish, with indistinct angulated darker or fuscoiis striae ;
veins on median band towards edges, and basal half of median
vein black-marked ; a transverse black discal spot, posteriorly
whitish - edged, adjoining a darker median stria: subterminal
line whitish, forming a distinct tornal mark. Hindwings light
brown, paler costally, with grey sometimes obsolete striae ; a
grey discal dot.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C. EurojDC ; 7,
8. Larva green ; dorsal line darker green or purple, sometimes
with a series of dull crimson whitish-edged subquadrate spots;
spiracular whitish : on Juniperus ; 5, 6.

38. T. helveticaria, £. (arceuthata, Frr. ; egenaria, HS.) 20-
24 mm. Abdomen witli fuscous subbasal band. Forewings
rather elongate, light brownish -grey, with variably distinct
fuscous sinuate striae ; veins partially marked with blackish
and sometimes with whitish ; a transverse black discal mark ;
subterminal line obscure, sometimes forming a whitish tornal
dot. Hindwings light brownish - grey, with very faint grey
striae ; a dark grey discal mark ; cilia conspicuovisly barred.

Bucks to Aberdeen, very local ; N. and WC. Europe ; 4, 5.
Larva rather stout, green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal
darker, edged above with pale yellowish ; spiracular pale yel-
lowish ; incisions yellowish ; head green or dull purplisli : on
Juniperuis ; 7-10.

39. T. nanata, Ilh. 19-21 mm. Abdomen with brownish sub-
basal Imnd and blackish lateral spots. Forewings elongate, grey,
with dark fuscous angulated striae ; fasciae separated by pairs
of white striae; veins partly black - marked ; subterminal line
white, forming a tornal spot ; a black discal mark, preceded
by a white spot ; an oblique whitish apical dash. Hind-
wings pale grey, whitish-mixed, with grey striae only distinct
dorsally ; a grey discal dot ; cilia conspicuously barred.

Britain to the Slietlands, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva slender, green ; a doi'sal series of white M-shaped marks,
partly purple-edged ; a spiracular series of white marks : on
flowers of Erica and Calhma ; 8, 9.

TEninocLYSTis] HYDRIOMENIDAE 197

40. T. extensaria, F7'r. 22-24 mm. Abdomen with fuscous
lateral spots. Forewings elongate, light oclireous -brown,
whitish-mixed, with indistinct brown angulated striae, on costa
black-marked ; third, fourth, and fifth fasciae ochreous-brown,
black -marked on veins, third and fifth preceded by white
fasciae, median space suffused with whitish ; subterminal line
white ; an indistinct blackish discal dot. Hindwings grey,
paler towards base, with a whitish postmedian fascia ; cilia
conspicuously barred.

Norfolk, York, on coast sandhills, very local ; EC. Europe,
WC. Asia ; 6. Larva green ; subdorsal line wliitish ; spiracular
white, sometimes edged beneath with pinkish-brown : on
Artemisia maritima ; 7-9.

7. EUCYMATOGE, JIl).

Face with short cone of scales. Antennae in S ciliated.
Palpi rough-scaled. Abdomen crested throughout, sometimes
slightly. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings : 8 anasto-
mosing with cell to beyond middle.

Less numerous than the preceding but more generally
distributed, ranging into Australia. Naturally transitional
between Ilydriomena and Tephroclystis, it closely approaches
both.

1. Forewings with rather large black discal spot 3. togata.

,, ,, discal dot small or obsolete . 2.

2. Lower part of median band darker than upper 4. vitalbata.
Median band uniform . . . .3.

3. Abdomen with black subbasal ring . 5. tersafa.

,, without black ring . . .4.

4. Hindwings whitish, with dark grey border 2. scabiosata.

,, greyish . . .1. sulmotata.

1. E. subnotata, Hb. 21-23 mm. Forewings light ochreous
brown, sometimes whitish-mixed, with indistinct curved fuscous
striae ; subterminal line slender, whitish ; a small blackish
discal dot. Hindwings whitish -grey, Avith indistinct grey
striae, towards tornus ochreous-tinged.

England to York, Kirkcudbright, rather common ; C.
Europe; 7. Larva green or reddish -grey, whi te- dotted ; a
dorsal series of darker green lozenges ; spiracular line yellow :
on flowers and seeds of Atriplex and Chenopodium ; 8, 9.

2. E. scabiosata, Bl-h. (suhumbrata, Gn.) 19-21 mm. Fore-
wings pale grey, whitish -mixed, with curved fuscous striae ;
costa suft'usedly darker, first four fasciae dark grey towards

NOTODONTINA [kuctmatoge

costa ; fifth and sixth wholly dark grey, subtei'minal line
whitish. Hindwings whitish, with grey striae dorsally ; a dark
grey terminal fascia and discal dot.

England to York, N. and W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia ; 6. Larva slender, green ; dorsal line dark green ; sub-
dorsal indistinctly darker ; spiracular pale green ; incisions
yellow; 13 with two purple points; head ochreous : on flowers
of Scahiosa, Centaurea, Gentiana, etc. ; 8, 9.

3. E. togata, Hb. 21-24 mm. Abdomen with brown-red sub-
basal band and black lateral spots. Forewings light ochreous-
greyish, with indistinct curved fuscous striae ; an angulated
black subbasal stria ; edges of median band black-marked,
stronger on costa, posterior angulated in middle ; second and
fifth fasciae reddish-fuscous, sixth fuscous ; an oval black discal
spot. Hindwings as forewings, but all markings greyer, less
distinct.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, W. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe ; 6. Larva flesh-colour ; head and tubercles black : in
cones of Finns ahies ; 8-10.

4. E. vitalbata, Hb. 28-32 mm. Head and front of thorax
dark fuscous. Forewings pale ochreous, with curved brown
striae, nearly obsolete on a broad subcostal band ; costa suffused
with dark fuscous basally ; median band suffused with ochreous-
brown or dark fuscous on lower half, the suffusion extending
to termen beneath apex ; a black discal dot. Hindwings
whitish-ochreous, with brownish striae ; those of median band
dark fuscous on lower half ; a blackish discal dot.

5. England to Hereford and Leicester, local ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor, Africa ; 5, 6, 8. Larva slender, pale
pinkish-ochreous ; dorsal line dark brown, broader on 2-4 and
11-13; spiracular pale : on Clematis vitalha ; 6, 7, 9, 10.

5. E. tersata, Hh. 28-33 mm. Abdomen with slender black
subbasal ring. Forewings light ochreous-brown, with curved
darker brown striae ; a subbasal stria and edges of median band
somewhat blackish-marked, anterior edge thickened dorsally ;
subterminal line obscurely whitish ; a black discal dot ; a short
blackish apical dash. Hindwings as forewings, but paler,
without apical dash.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolli, common ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva pale brown ;
dorsal line dark brown on 2-4, thence grey on incisions ; a black
spot on 10, and often indications on 7-9 ; spiracular line pale,
dark-edged : on Clematis vitalha ; 8, 9.

COLLix] HYDRIOMENIDAE 199

8. CoLLix, Gn.

Face with short cone of scales. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Palpi rough -scaled. Abdomen slightly crested throughout.
Forewings : areole double. Hindwings in c^ with long sub-
costal hair-pencil from base on upper surface, lying beneath
forewing ; 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

Only the single species is known ; it is probably correlated
with or derived from tlie preceding.

1. 0. sparsaria, Hb. 22-24 mm. Forewings light brownish-
grey, with indistinct darker irregular striae, dark fuscous on
costa ; veins marked with blackish and whitish except within
median band ; subterminal line whitish, forming a white
tornal dot ; a black discal dot, connected with costa by a
dark fuscous streak. Hindwings as forewings, but without
discal dot or costal darker markings ; termen dentate.

Hants, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, York, Cheshire, local ;
C. Europe ; 6. Larva pale green ; dorsal line dark green ; sub-
dorsal and lateral whitish ; spiracular broad, white : on Lysi-
machia vulgaris ; 8, 9.

9. EUCBSTIA, Hl:>.

Face forming an obtuse prominence. Antennae in ^
ciliated. Palpi rough-scaled. Anterior tibiae with horny
apical hook. Forewings: areole double. Hindwings in $ with
transparent basal subdorsal spot, bordered beneath by short
membranous bladdery ridge, forming small pocket on lower
surface; 3 and 4 sometimes stalked in c?, 8 anastomosing with
cell to beyond middle or in $ sometimes connected by bar
beyond middle only.

A genus of some extent, ranging through Europe and Asia ;
derived from Hydriomena.

1. Forewings with pale subcostal streak from near

base . . .1. spartiata.

„ without such streak . . .2.

2. Edges of median band distinct . . .3.

,, ,, ,, obsolete . . 3. griseata.

3. Fourth fascia angulated above middle . 4. jilagiata.

„ not angulated above middle 2. rtifata.

1. E. spartiata, Fuesl. 32-35 mm. Forewings elongate,
rather dark brown ; a median series of tliree blotches outlined
with brownish -ochreous, discal one including a whitish dash
and dark fuscous spot; a whitish or brownish -oclireous sub-
costal streak from near base to apex ; subterminal line whitish,

200 NOTODONTINA [eucestia

sixth fascia ochreous-brown. Hindwings elongate, brownish-
grey, darker apically.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common ; WC. Europe ; 9, 10.
Larva green; dorsal line darker, pale -edged; subdorsal very
dark green, yellowish-edged above ; spiracular white ; incisions
yellowish: on Cytisus ; 5, 6. The imago curiously resembles
the dried open seed-pods of the food-plant.

2. E. rufata, F. {phliqua7'ia, Bkh.) 31-33 mm. Forewings
elongate, light fuscous ; an angulated dark fuscous subbasal
line, antemedian space ochreous-sufFused ; edges of median band
bisinnate, black-marked, posterior wholly black on upper half,
followed by a pale ocbreous shade continued beneath costa to
apex ; subterminal line whitish, sixth fascia brownish-ochreous.
Hindwings elongate, grey; a faint darker discal dot.

Britain to Ross, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5-7. Larva
dull olive-green; dorsal line darker, pale - edged ; subdorsal
dark gi'een, pale-edged beneath ; lateral pale ; spiracular white :
on Cytisus; 7-9.

3. E. griseata, Schif. 26-30 mm. Foi-ewings elongate, grey-
wliitish, thickl}' sprinkled with grey; a somewhat darker prae-
subterminal shade, running to apex ; cilia white. Hindwings
elongate, whitish-grey ; cilia white.

Suffolk, Norfolk, very local ; C. and SW. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 6, 7. Larva green : a dorsal series of purplish
blotches ; dorsal line darker green or brown ; subdorsal pale,
darker -edged ; spiracular pale yellow : on Sisymbrium and
Erysimum ; 7, 8.

4. E. plagiata, L. 34-38 mm. Forewings grey -whitish,
much fuscous-sprinkled, with indistinct fuscous striae; first
fascia of one dark fuscoiis stria, forming a dark brown costal
spot ; striae of third and fourth dark fuscous, sometimes suf-
fused with brown, darker on costa, fourth angulated below
costa, followed above middle by an ochreous tinge ; subterminal
line pale ; an ochrcous-brownisli obli(|ue apical streak ; a grey
discal mark. Hindwings pale fuscous ; a darker discal dot and
faint postraedian line.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, connnon ; Europe, W. Asia;
5, 6, 8, 9. Larva reddish -ochreous, with numerous reddish-
brown lines ; spiracular pale yellow ; incisions yellowish ; head
pale brown: on Hypericum ; 7, 10-4.

10. Carsia, Jlh.
Face prominent. Antennae in 3 ciliated. Balpi rough-

carsiaJ HYDRIOMENIDAE 201

scaled. Forewings : areole double. Hindwiiigs in S with
transparent basal subdorsal spot, bordered beneath by short
membranous bladdeiy ridge, foi-ming small pocket on lower
surface ; 8 anastomosing with cell shortly beyond middle.

The single species is closely correlated with Eucestia.

1. 0. paludata, Tlmh. (imbutata, Hb.) 22-26 mm. Fore-
wings brown-grey, densely whitish-sprinkled, with faint darker
striae ; third and fourth fasciae sometimes brown, edges of
median band dark fuscous, anterior straight, posterior angulated
below costa and in middle, followed by a white line, angles sur-
rounded by a rosy-ochreous sufi'usion ; fifth fascia obscure,
rather dark fuscous, running to apex ; a, grey discal mark ;
cilia sharply barred. Hindwings pale grey, rosy-tinged.

Warwick and Stafford to the Shetlands, common ; N. and
mountains of C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva
reddish -brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; spiracular
yellow, marked with red spots, on 2 and 3 black-edged above ;
subspiracular black ; head dull pink : on Vaccinmm ; 5, 6.

11. Calocalpe, Hb.

Face with cone of scales. Antennae in $ ciliated. PaljDi
rough-scaled. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings in S
with deep dorsal fold beneath, containing large lateral hair-
tuft posteriorly ; 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

A small genus, but extending throughout the northern
hemisphere and S. America ; derived from Hydriomena.

Cilia white-spotted . . . .2. undulata.

,, not white-marked . . .1. certata.

1. C. certata, Hb. 37-40 mm. Forewings light ochreous-
bi-own, with darker or dark fuscous striae ; third and foiirth
fasciae darker, sometimes suffused with dark brown, fourth
obtusely angulated below costa and in middle ; subterminal
line obscurely whitish ; a black oblique discal mark. Hind-
wings light ochreous-brownish, with curved darker striae ; a
dark grey discal dot ; termen dentate.

England to York, rather common ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N.
Persia, Japan ; 5. Larva pinkish-grey, blue -grey, or ochreous ;
subdorsal and lateral lines whitish, formed of small streaks ;
S2:)iracular white, marked with orange spots ; head ochreous-
brown : on ]>erberis ; 6, 7.

2. C. undulata, L. 28-32 mm. Forewings pale whitish-
ochreous, with sharp waved dark fuscous striae ; fasciae
brownish, sixth ochreous -brown ; two median striae partly

202 NOTODONTINA [calocalpe

joined to form rings ; subterminal line whitish ; a blackisli
discal mark ; cilia white-spotted. Hindwings as forewings, but
basal I" light fuscous, without striae, discal dot dark fuscous ;
termeu subdentate.

England, rather local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N.
America; 6, 7. Larva reddish -brown ; spiracular line pale;
subspiracular dark brown ; head pale brown : on Salix and
aspen ; 8, 9.

12. Phileremb, ffb.

Face with cone of scales. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi
rough -scaled. Abdomen in c? with claspers extremely large,
exserted. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings : 8 anasto-
mosing with cell to beyond middle.

Besides the two following, an allied but doubtfully congeneric
species is found in Japan ; the genus may be correlated with the
preceding.

Median baud dark fuscous, posterior edge acutely

angulated . . .2. rhamnata.

„ „ not darker, posterior edge obtusely

angulated . . .1. vetulata.

1. P. vetulata, Schiff. 22-28 mm. Forewings fuscous, with
indistinct darker striae ; posterior edge of median band angu-
lated near costa, followed by one or two whitish-ochreous costal
marks ; a dark fuscous discal dot. Hindwings fuscoxis-grey,
with faint darker striae and discal dot ; termen subdentate.

England to Westmoreland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ;

6, 7. Larva rather stout, blackish ; subdorsal and lateral lines
white ; spiracular ochreous-yellow, black-spotted : on Bhamnus;
5, 6.

2. P. rhamnata, Schiff. 27-35 mm. Forewings ochreous-
brown or dark brown, with darker angulated stiiae, on costa
sometimes separated by pale greyish-ochreous marks ; median
band dark fuscous, posterior edge acutely projecting beneath
costa; subterminal line sometimes pale greyish - ochi-eous ; a
blackish discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but median band
not darker, posterior edge dark fuscous, obtusely angulated :
termen dentate.

England to York, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;

7. Larva yellowish-green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal paler;
spiracular pale yellowish, on 10-13 purple-edged beneath; 13
purple above ; spiracles red : on lihamnus ; 5, 6.

EUSTKOMA] HYDRIOMENIDAE 203

13. EUSTBOMA, Hh.

Face with cone of scales or nearly smooth. Antennae in $
ciliated. Palpi rough-scaled. Forewings in $ with strong sub-
dorsal hair-pencil from base beneath, sometimes partially cloth-
ing lb ; areole double. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to
beyond middle.

A limited group, characteristic of northei'n temperate regions;
derived from Hydriomena.

1. Forewings brown or dark fuscous . . 2.

,, yellowish or reddish-grey . . 3.

2. Veins mostly white . . .1. reticulata.

„ not white . . . .2. p-runata.

3. Cilia sharply barred . . .3. associata.

,, not bari'ed . . . . .4.

4. Anterior edge of median band right-angled 5. testata.

„ „ „ not right-angled

4. populata.

1. E. reticulata, F. 21-24 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
veins except near costa ochreous-white ; seven ochreous-white
transverse lines, first nearly straight, second to fourth acutely
angulated below middle, fifth strongly curved ; an ochreous-
white oblique apical streak to seventh ; an ochreous-whitish
irroration before seventh except towards costa. Hindwings
pale fuscous, with whitish postmedian and subterminal lines;
in (? a round yellow-ochreous discal spot, in $ a dark grey dot.

Westmoreland, Cumberland, very local; C. Europe, N. Asia;
7. Larva slender, yellow -green, tinged with pink or slate -
colour ; dorsal line brown-red ; subdorsal whitish ; spiracular
fine, white; spiracles pink : oi\ Impatiens noli-wie-tangere ; 8-10.

2. E. prunata, L. {rihesiaria, B.) 32-38 mm. Forewings
brown or ochreous-brown, wdth indistinct darker striae ; second
fascia posterioi'ly white-edged, angulated below middle ; median
band sufFusedly darker, white-edged, anterior edge angulated
in middle, posterior with a rounded double median projection ;
subterminal line white, preceded by dark fuscous spots ; a semi-
oval dark fuscous white-edged subapical blotch. Hindwings
grey ; costa and three waved posterior lines whitish.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common in gardens ; N. and
C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva green or dull
brown ; 3 dilated, with a transverse purplish or darker brown
pale-dotted ring ; a dorsal series of whitish purple-edged brown-
centred triangles : on currant and gooseberry {Ribes) ; 5, 6.

204 NOTODONTINA [eustroma

3. E. associata, Bkh. {dotata, Gn., nou L.) 29-34 mm. Fore-
wings pale ochreous-yellow, with deep ochreoiis -yellow striae,
two median joining to form rings ; posterior edge of second
fascia ferruginous, acutely angulated above middle ; edges of
median band dark ferruginous, anterior angulated above middle,
posterior with angular median projection ; a pale blotch above
a dark ferruginous oblique aj^ical streak ; cilia sharply barred.
Hindwings whitish-yellowish.

England to York, Renfrew, rather common in gardens ; C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva slender, pale yellowish-green ; dorsal
line darker ; spiracular pale yellow : on currant (Jiibes) ; 5, 6.

4. E. populata, L. 29-33 mm. Forewings ochreous-yellow,
with indistinct broAvnish striae obsolete towards costa ; a yel-
lowish-brown basal patch, edge obtusely angulated ; median
band yellowish-brown, edges darker, anterior curved, posterior
with rounded double median projection; a yellowish -brown
subapical blotch, suffused beneath. Hindwings pale greyish -
yellowish ; termen brownish.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva slender, 3 dilated ;
green or brown, with darker and whitish longitudinal marks ; a
dorsal scries of whitish V-shajjed marks, on 8-10 much larger
and more distinct: on Salix and Vaccinium ; 5, 6.

5. E. testata, L. 29-33 mm. Forewings light reddish-grey,
sometimes suflfused with ochreous-yellowish, with faint darker
striae ; basal patch somewhat darker, edge obtusely angulated ;
median band somewhat darker, edges dark ferruginous, right-
angled in middle, posterior waved below it, whitish-edged ; a
semioval ferruginous subapical blotch, white-edged above.
Hindwings grey-whitish ; a light reddish-grey terminal fascia.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7, 8. Larva pale brownish -
ochreous : dorsal line brown; subdorsal white, brown-edged
above ; lateral white, edged with red-brown ; spiracles black,
conspicuous ; incisions pinkish : on Salix, bii'ch, Calluna ; 5, 6.

14. Plemyria, Hb.

Face with slight cone of scales. Antennae in $ ciliated.
Palpi rough-scaled. Forewings : areole simple. Hindwings :
8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

A considerable genus, nearly cosmoptjlitan, but ap[):ii-ently
most numerous in South America. It is immctliatcly derived
from Hydriamena.

plemyria] HYDRIOMENIDAE 205

1. Cilia sharply barred to base . . .2.

,, imperfectly or not barred . , .3.

2. Markings black . . . .2. hastata.

,, partly brown . . .3. tristata.

3. liindwings with grey median striae . . 4.

,, without grey median striae . 1. hicolorata.

4. Projection of median band double . 6. galiata.

„ single. . .5.

5. Postmedian band of hindwings clear white 4. rivata.

„ „ „ divided by a grey

stria . 5. sociata.

1. P. bicolorata, Rufti. {ruhiginata, F.) 20-25 mm. Fore-
wings white ; a brown basal patch, edge sliglitly curved ; median
band brown, usually interrupted or absent on lower half ; a
black discal spot ; tifth and sixth fasciae grey, darkest on a sub-
apical patch. Hindwings white ; a dark grey discal dot ; a grey
terminal band, including whitish subterminal line. A variety
occurs not uncommonly with the wings more or less wholly
suffused with grey.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia : 7. Larva slender, green ; dorsal line darker ;
spiracular greenish-yellow ; 13 with two points : on alder, black-
thorn, etc. ; 5, 6.

2. P. hastata, L. 25-33 nun. Forewings ochreous-white,
markings black ; first two fasciae much curved, forming basal
patch ; median band somewhat white-marked, interrupted below
middle, posterior edge angulated in disc ; traces of broken
strigulae on each side of it ; fifth and sixth fasciae rather broad,
fifth interrupted in middle ; cilia sharply barred. Hindwings
as forewings, but basal -| suffused with blackish-grey, subterminal
line partly obsolete.

Britain to the Hebrides, S. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva deep brown or black ;
subdorsal line whitish, dull reddish, or absent ; a lateral series of
crescentic whitish or dull reddish marks : on birch and Myrica; 8.

3. P. tristata, L. 22-23 mm. Forewings ochreous-whitish ;
first two fasciae curved, ochreous-fuscous, forming basal patch ;
median band ochreous-brown striated with black, posterior edge
with angular median projection ; a series of dark fuscous dots
beyond this ; a black discal spot, partially surrounded with
white ; fifth and sixth fasciae brown, fifth interrupted in middle;
cilia sharply barred. Hindwings as forewings, but base greyer,
discal spot less marked.

206 NOTODONTINA [plemyria

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common (very local in S.
England) ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America ; 6.
Larva brown ; dorsal line black ; subdorsal and lateral narrow,
white, black-edged : on Galium ; 7, 8.

4. P. rivata, Hh. 26-28 mm. Forewings white, partly
ochreous-tinged ; markings grey, mixed with brown and striated
with dark fuscous ; a basal patch, edge slightly curved ; second
fascia cloudy ; median band with posterior edge blackish -
marked, projecting obtusely in middle ; a black discal spot ;
fifth and sixth fasciae narrowed and more indistinct in middle,
anterior edge of fifth even. Hindwings white ; basal third grey-
sprinkled ; three grey median striae, third darker-dotted, obsolete
above middle ; a blackish discal dot ; a grey terminal band,
including white subterminal line.

Britain to Perth, S. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia; 7. Larva dull brown or reddish -brown ;
dorsal line blackish, white-edged on 2-4 and 10-13, replaced on
5-8 by white U-shaped marks : on Galmm ; 6.

5. P. sociata, Blch. (subtristata, Hw. ; biriviata, Stt.) 23-25
mm. Differs from P. 7'ivata as follows : grey markings darker,
strongei", a well-marked grey stria on each side of median band
of forewings (in P. rivata indicated only) and beyond median
striae of hindwings, anterior edge of fifth fascia distinctly serrate.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. America ; 5, 7. Larva brownish-
ochreous ; dorsal line dark brown on 2-4 and 11-13, replaced on
5-10 by V-shaped marks of brown and white lines, ending in
white spots ; sides marked with ochreous-whitish lines : on
Galiivm ; 6, 8, 9.

6. P. galiata, Hb. 24-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-white,
with light ochreous or grey striae ; basal patch brownish,
striated with dark fuscous, edge slightly projecting above
middle ; median band brown striated with black, central space
dark grey, posterior edge with rounded double median pro-
jection ; a small black discal mark ; a dark grey costal suffusion
before subterminal line ; a brownish terminal suft'usion above
middle. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, witli grey striae, some-
times faint ; a grey discal dot.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, rather local ; C. and S. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia, N. Africa ; 6. Larva pale reddish-ochreous ;
dorsal line brownish, on 2-4 and 10-13 dark brown ; subdorsal
white, brown-edged ; spiracular pale, edged with series of brown
white-edged marks : on Galium ; 8, 9.

CATACLYSM e]

HYDRIOMENIDAE

207

Antennae in S cili-
areole double, l>ut

15. Cataclysme, Rb.

Face with somewhat pi'ojecting scales,
ated. Palpi rough -scaled. Forewings :
posterior wall absent between 7
and 8. Hindwings : 8 anastomos-
ing with cell to beyond middle.

A small genus, attaclied to the
European region.

1. C. virgata, Hott. {lineolata,
Hb.) 19-22 mm. Forewings fus-
cous, densely whitish - sprinkled, ^°^^^^''"S of Cataclysm, virgata.

with nearly straight darker striae ; median band limited by
nearly straight slender ochreoi;s -brown externally blackish-
edged fasciae, preceded and second followed by whitish streaks ;
a blackish discal dot. Hindwings light grey, with pale bent
postmedian and some darker striae.

England to Lancashire, S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia ; 5-7. Larva pinkish or brown ; dorsal line dark
green or brown ; subdorsal pale or yellowish ; spiracular blackish-
grey : on Galium ve7'um ; 6-9.

16. Hydriomena, Hh.

Face with somewhat projecting or loose scales or conical
tuft. Antennae in S ciliated, rarely
naked. Palpi rough -scaled. Abdo-
men sometimes crested on 2 basal
segments. Forewings : areole double.
Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell
to beyond middle.

A very large genus, principally
characteristic of temperate regions in
both hemispheres ; it is a develop-
ment from Xantliorhoe.

1. Forewings yellow or orange

Neuration of Hydriomena jdcata.

3. Cilia of forewings barred .

,, ,, not barred

4. Forewings green or olive-greenish

„ not greenish

„ not vellow or orange

4.
Hindwings orange 36. hilineata.
„ pale yellowish 3.

6. fulvata.
7. dotata.
5.
. 9.

'208 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena

5. Forewings green . . . . .6.

,, olive-greenish . . . .7.

6. Foi'owings with longitudinal fuscous suffusions 10. siterata.

,, without fuscous suffusion . 9. miata.

7. Forewings with clear wiiite postmedian band 8. jyiccLtf^-

,, witliout such band . . .8.

8. Posterior edge of median band with central proj ection

12. trifasciata.
„ ,, „ without central pro-

jection 11. sordidata.

9. Ground of forewings nearly clear white or whitish 10.

,, ,, not whitish . . .14.

10. Forewings with whitish median terminal blotch

35. proceUata.
,, without such blotch . . .11.

11. Sixth fascia pale brownish-ochreous . 1. ocellata.

orev 1 2

12. Forewings with strong black discal spot . 27. adaequata.

,, with grey discal dot or none . .13.

13. Fifth fascia reddish-ochreous-brown . 24. ciiculata.

„ „ grey . . . .25. alhiciilata.

14. Edge of basal patch angulated near dorsum 5. sagittata.

,, „ not angulated near dorsum . 15.

15. Termen of hind wings dentate . .19. duhitata.

,, „ at most waved . .16.

16. Posterior edge of median band with right or acute

angle . . 17.

„ „ „ at most obtusely

angulated, or with
rounded prominence 22.

17. Angle of median band nearly reaching termen

2 1 . nigrofasciaria.
„ „ not nearly reaching termen 18.

18. Median band followed by white fascia . 26. ^mangulata.

„ ,, not followed by white fascia . 19.

19. Median band wholly dark . . .20.

,, „ not wholly dark . . .21.

20. Posterior angle of median band right . 3. variata.

,, ,, ,, acute . 4. juniperata.

21. Forewings with anterior striae sliar])ly angulated

38. pofygramviata.
„ „ „ not sharply angu-

lated . 23. berhcrata.

hydriomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 209

22. Central prominence of median band bifid . . 23.

„ ,, ,, ,, not bifid . 27.

23. Central prominence large . . . .24.

„ ,, small . . . 25.

24. Forewings with white apical streak . IG. suffumata.

,, without white apical streak . 13. truncata.

25. Forewings fuscous .... 26.

„ pale ochreous . . .33. decolor ata.

26. Edge of basal patch distinctly whitish 31. ahhemillata .

„ „ „ not whitish . . 32. affinitata.

27. Anterior edge of median band angulated in middle

14. silaceata.
„ „ „ not angulated in

middle . . 28.

28. Posterior edge of median band blackish on upper

half only . 29.

„ ,, ,, not blackish on

upper half only 30.

29. Edge of basal patch acutely angulated . 20. hadiata.

„ ■„ cuz'ved . . 22. ruhidata.

30. Discal dot of forewings ringed with pale . 37. fluviata.

not ringed with pale

31.

31. Forewings rather elongate . . 39. lapidata.

,, not elongate . . . .32.

32. Median band with distinct central prominence . 33.

,, ,, nearly evenly waved . . 36.

33. Median band followed by two strong white striae

34. albulata.
„ ,, ,, by one white stria . . 34.

34. Median band grey . . . 28. minorata.

„ ,, brown . . . .35.

35. Edge of basal patch angulated near costa 30. iinifasciata.

„ ,, hardly bent . , 2. simulata.

36. Forewings brown ..... 37.

,, yellow -whitish irrorated with dark

fuscous .... 38.

37. Forewings with white apical sufiused spot 15. corylata.

„ without such spot . . 29. tneniata.

38. Forewings largely suffused with ochreous-yellovv

18. Jlavicinctata.

„ not suffused with yellow . .17. caesiata.

1. H. ocellata, L. 25-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-white ;

markings ochreous-brown, mixed with black and leaden-grey ; a

p

210 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena

small basal patch, edge straight, oblique ; median band with
jDosterior edge obtusely angulated above middle ; a star-shaped
blackish discal spot ; some imperfect leaden-grey striae before
median band, and towards costa beyond it ; a small black prae-
subterminal spot above middle ; a pale brownish-ochreous ter-
minal sutfusion, except towards apex. Hind wings ochreous-
white ; a dark grey discal dot ; termen narrowly pale brownish.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common; Europe, W. x4sia;
6. Larva brownish-ochreous, marked with reddish -ochreous :
dorsal line reddish -ochreous, traversing white reddish-mar-
gined Y-shaped marks on 5-9; spiracular white, reddish -edged
above : on Galiwm ; 7, 8.

2. H. simulata, Hb. (coniferata, Stt.) 21-22 mm. Forewings
brown, faintly reddish -tinged ; basal patch darker, edge dark
fuscous, hardly bent ; median band darker, black-marked on
veins, edges dark fuscous, whitish-margined, anterior nearly
straight, posterior with rounded projection above middle ; a
blackish discal dot ; subterminal line obscurely white ; a
blackish subapical and short apical mark. Hindwings pale
fuscous.

Sussex, Hants, Bucks, N. England, Scotland to the Orkneys,
Ireland, rather common ; N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva rather stout, pale blue-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
green ; lateral white ; spiracular dark green, brown-edged be-
neath; subspiracular pale yellowish : on Juniperus ; 3, 4, 6, 7.

3. H. variata, Schiff. {oheliscata, Hb.) 22-29 mm. Fore-
wings light ochreous-brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; basal
patch ochreous-brown, edge waved, right-angled above middle ;
median band ochreous-brown or dark fuscous, black-marked on
veins, edges dark fuscous, sometimes whitish-margined, anterior
angulated in middle, posterior waved, right-angled above middle ;
a black discal mark ; subterminal line obscurely whitish ; a
cloudy darker apical dash. Hindwings pale fusco\;s, ochreous-
tinged ; a darker discal dot ; sometimes a curved postmedian
line.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 6, 8. Larva blue -green ; dorsal line darker, pale-
edged ; subdorsal yellowish-white, posteriorly yellow ; sub-
spiracular yellowish -white ; 13 with two points: on Pinus
sylvestris and P. ahies ; 3-5, 7.

4. H. juniperata, L. 23-26 mm. Forewings whitish-fuscous,
sprinkled witli darker fuscous ; basal patch darker, edge blackish,
waved, right-angled above middle ; median band darker, blackish-

hydriomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 211

marked on veins, edges blackish, whitish -margined, dentate,
anterior dentate-angulated in middle, posterior acutely angu-
lated above middle ; a blackish discal dot ; subterminal line
obscurely whitish ; a dark fuscous apical dash. Hindwings
pale fuscous; a darker discal dot and curved postmedian
line.

Surrey, Hants, Suffolk, Scotland to Ross, local ; C. Eurojie ;
10. Larva blue-green ; subdorsal line broad, yellow ; spiracular
purple-brown above, white below ; spiracles yellow : on Juni-
perus ; 7-9.

5. H. sagittata, F. 24-27 mm. Head brownish -ochreous,
fillet white, face black. Forewings brown ; a blackish almost
basal fascia, posterior edge white -margined, angulated near
dorsum ; median band blackish, white-margined, anterior edge
curved, posterior with strong narrow sharp median projection ;
subterminal line obscure, forming white marks on costa and
middle of termen ; cilia barred. Hindwings brownish-grey ; a
darker discal dot and postmedian line.

Suffolk and Norfolk to Northampton, local ; C. Europe ; 7.
Larva stout, deeply incised, 5-10 more swollen ; varying from
pale blue-green to bright yellow-green; 2-4 each with two
dark dorsal blotches; 5-10 with dark green transvei'se bands,
forming lateral blotches, sometimes rose-pink, black-edged be-
neath : on seeds of Thalictrum Jiavimi ; 8, 9.

6. H. fulvata, Forst. 22-25 mm. Forewings bright deep
yellow ; basal patch ferruginous-striated, edge curved ; median
band ferruginous, suffused with dark fuscous towards disc, with
a costal yellow blotch, edges dark fuscous, anterior irregular,
posterior pale-margined, with truncate median projection ; a
triangular whitish -ochreous apical spot, edged beneath witli
dark fuscous and a ferruginous suffusion ; cilia barred. Hind-
wings pale whitish-yellowish.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, W.
Asia ; 7. Larva green ; dorsal line greenish-grey, double ; sub-
dorsal greenish-grey ; spiracular yellow ; incisions yellow : on
rose ; 5, 6.

7. H. dotata, L. {pyraliata, F.) 30-35 mm. Forewings
ochreous-yellow ; costa dark fuscous towards base ; edges of
basal patch and median band dark fuscous, angulated above
middle ; sometimes a fuscous discal dot ; praesubterminal line
cloudy, fuscous, interrupted ; a cloudy fuscous apical dash ;
cilia dark fuscous except towards tornus. Hindwings pale
yellowish ; a pale grey discal dot and small tornal spot.

212 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common ; N., C, and SE.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva slender, green ; dorsal
line dark green, yellow - edged ; spiracular yellow; incisions
yellow : on Galium ; 4-6.

8. H. picata, Uh. 28-31 mm. Forewings dull olive-green,
black -sprinkled, with black striae ; median band somewhat
darker, anterior edge curved, posterior with bicuspidate median
projection, followed by a clear white band, including a blackish
posterior stria ; subterminal line white, preceded by a blackish-
grey shade interrupted with white beneath costa ; a linear black
discal mark. Hindwings whitish, striated with gre}'', basal
third suffused with grey ; a darker discal dot.

England to Leicester and Denbigh, rather common ; C.
Europe, WC. Asia; 6, 7. Larva greenish -ochreous or flesh-
colour, reddish-marked ; a dorsal series of dark blotches, most
conspicuous on 7-9; spiracular line grey - speckled ; head
ochreous-brown, darker-marked : on Stellaria media (?) ; 8, 9.

9. H. miata, L. 27-30 mm. Forewings dull green, some-
what whitish -mixed, with darker black -marked striae; ante-
median and postmedian spaces whitish-striated; edges of
median band irregularly sinuate ; subterminal line whitish ; a
darker discal raai'k. Hindwings greenish-grey-whitish, with
several greenish-grey striae ; a dark grey discal mark.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
9-5. Larva slender, pale yellow-green ; dorsal line dark green ;
spiracular rather darker yellow -green ; incisions yellowish;
spiracles white; 13 with two sometimes pink points: on oak,
Salix, birch, etc.; 6-8.

10. H. siterata, Hufn. [psittacata, SchifF.) 27-30 mm. Differs
from H. miata as follows : forewings with two broad longitudinal
suffused fuscous streaks (appearing reddish-tinged by contrast);
hindwings brownish-grey, with several darker striae, and a dark
fuscous discal mark.

England, Edinburgh, Ross, N. and E. Ireland, rather common ;
C. and SW. Europe, Asia Minor ; 9-4. Larva yellowish-green ;
sometimes a dorsal series of red blotches; 13 with two some-
times rosy points : on oak, birch, etc. ; 6-8.

11. H. sordidata, F. (e/utata, Hb.) 27-33 mm. Forewings
dull olive -green, with darker or fuscous strigulae ; a fuscous
subbasal bar ; five irregular rather dark fuscous fasciae,
obtusely angulated in or above middle, sometimes interrupted
or incomplete, fifth usually interrupted by a green-whitish spot
in middle ; median band and postmedian space sometimes

hydriomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 213

suffused with green-whitish ; a dark fuscous apical dash : some-
times whole wing suffused with rather dark fuscous ; a form
occurs with ground-colour ferruginous-ochreous, markings
blackish. Hind wings fuscous ; a darker discal dot.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia, Japan, N. America ; 7, 8. Larva brown or
blackish ; dorsal line double, white ; subdorsal and lateral white ;
spiracular area pale red-brown : on Salix, hawthorn, etc. ; 4-6.

12. H. trifasciata, Bkh. (i.mpluviata, Hb. ; literata, Don.;
7-uberata, Frr.) 28-32 mm. Forewings dull olive-green, mixed
or strigulated Avith dark fuscous, sometimes wholly fuscous ;
edge of basal patch indicated by a blackish oblique line ; second
and fifth fasciae fuscous, irregular ; median band pale, edges
dark fuscous, waved, posterior with double rounded median
projection ; a small dark fuscous discal mark ; an oblique sub-
apical series of three or four blackish marks. Hindwings
fuscoiis ; a darker discal dot and two postmedian striae.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C
Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6. Larva pinkish-green or
pinkish-grey, marked with ochreous or dark brown ; dorsal line
darker ; subdorsal pale, darker -edged ; spiracular pale or
whitish : on alder, Salix, and poplar ; 7-9.

13. H. truncata, Hufn. (russata, Bkh.; immanata, Hw.)
26-33 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown, marked on veins or
wholly suffused with dark fuscous ; basal patch dark fuscous,
edge angulated above middle, sometimes white -margined :
median band dark fuscous, sometimes white -edged, central
space often suffused with white, sometimes with yellow-
ochreous, posterior edge with double median projection,
upper lobe larger, slightly bifid ; an oblique black discal
mark ; subterminal line whitish ; si.xth fascia mixed with dark
fuscous and whitish. Hindwings grey, sometimes ochi-eous-
tinged ; a darker discal dot and postmedian angulated stria.

Britain to the Slietlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. and C Asia, N. America; 5-9. Larva slender,
green, with yellow -whitish tubercles; dorsal line dai-k green;
subdorsal pale ; sometimes a lateral purple-rosy stripe ; 13 with
two rosy points : on Fragaria, Polygonum, sallow, etc. ; 4-8. Two
forms of this species (often regarded as specifically distinct) are
generally but not always distinguishable in Britain, viz. t7-un-
cata, in which the angle of the postmedian stria of the hind-
wings is obtuse, and immanata, in which it is acute ; but the
species is even more variable in the Asiatic and American

214 NOTODONTINA [hydeiomena

portions of its range than it is hei-e, and no distinct line of
demarcation can at present be drawn. Probably the two races
may be species in process of formation.

14. H. silaceata, Hb. 25-29 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous, with darlcer striae ; edge of basal patch whitish,
obtusely angulated above middle ; veins on antemedian space
and beyond median band, usually also on lower half of median
band pale ochreous ; edges of median band white, anterior
angulated in middle, posterior sinuate, followed by a whitish-
ochreous stria ; a blackish discal mark ; subterminal line white,
preceded by blackish -fuscous spots; an irregidar white-edged
blackish-fuscous subapical blotch. Hindwings light grey, with
darker striae and discal dot.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6. Larva slender, pale green ; a
dorsal series of reddish - brown dots : on Epilohium and
Circaea ; 7.

15. H. corylata, Thnh. 24-28 mm. Forewings yellowish-
brown ; basal patch rather dark brown, edge white, irregular ;
median band rather dark brown, sometimes interrupted below
middle, edges white, irregularly waved; a blackish discal
mark ; subterminal line white ; a terminal median, and apical
spot suffused with white. Hindwings pale whitish -fuscous ;
a dark grey discal dot ; a faint pale darkei'-edged postmedian
fascia.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva reddish-ochreous, greenish-tinged, with
brown tubercles ; dorsal stripe of four reddish-brown lines, on
5-10 replaced by dark diamond-shaped marks : on blackthorn,
hawthorn, etc. ; 7-9.

16. H. suffumata, Hh. 28-32 nmi. Forewings yellowish-
fuscous mixed with dark fuscous ; basal patch dark brown,
edge white, curved : two yellow-whitish striae before and three
beyond median band ; median band dark brown, anterior edge
dentate, posterior with strong double median projection ; a black
discal mark ; subterminal line white, interrupted ; a white
oblique apical streak. Hindwings light grey, with faint darker
striae ; an angulated whitish postmedian fascia.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, rather common ; N. and
C. Europe, NVV. Asia; 5. Larva pinkish-grey, greenish-grey,
or ochreous-brown ; dorsal line pale on 2-4, dark on 10-13; on
5-9 a series of dark grey V-shaped marks ending in pink tri-
angles enclosing a white dot : on Galium ; 6-8.

hydeiomena] HYDEIOMENIDAE 215

17. H. caesiata, Lang. 31-34 mm. Forewings yellow-
whitish, densely sprinkled with dark fuscous, with dark fuscous
striae ; medi;in band more or less sufi'used witli fuscous, edges
curved, strongly waved, whiter-margined ; a blackish discal
mark ; subterminal line whiter ; cilia distinctly barred. Hind-
wings whitish-grey, with two faint posterior striae ; a dark grey
discal dot.

Devon, Gloucester, Wales, N. England to the Shetlands,
Ireland, common on mountains ; N. and mountains of C. Europe,
NW. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green or deep reddish-
brown ; a dorsal series of 7 or 8 V-shaped marks, yellow in
front, pink behind, edged with dark brown ; dorsal line yel-
lowish or reddish ; spiracular white or yellowish : on Calluna,
Vaccinium, etc. ; 9-5.

18. H. flavicinctata, Hb. {rvficinctata, Gn.) 31-34 mm.
Differs from H. caesiata as follows : forewings largely suf-
fused with ochreous-yellow ; hindwings more fuscous towards
termen.

N. England to Sutherland, on mountains, local ; mountains
of N. and C. Europe ; 7. Larva dark purplish-grey, green, or
pale green suffused with dark red ; a dorsal series of 7 or 8
V-shaped marks, yellow in front, pink behind, edged with
dark brown ; dorsal line dark red ; spiracular ochreous or pale
yellowish : on Saxifraga aizoides : 9-5.

19. H. dubitata, L. 32-40 mm. Forewings rosy-fuscous,
with dark fuscous striae ; striae limiting basal patch and median
band mixed with w hitish-ochreous : edgesof median band somewhat
suftused with darker fuscous, posterior with projection beneath
costa and obtusely angulated in middle ; a black discal mark ;
subterminal line pale whitish-ochreous, sometimes obsolete except
a stronger tornal mark. Hindwings fuscous, with darker striae,
veins pale-marked ; a darker discal dot ; termen dentate.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. America ; 8-4. Larva yellowish-green; dorsal line
darker, yellow -edged ; subdorsal pale yellow, interrupted;
spiracular bright yellow : on blackthorn and Rhanunis ; 5, 6.

20. H. badiata, Hb. 28-31 mm. Forewings reddish-ochreous-
brown ; edge of basal patch dark fuscous, acutely angulated
above middle ; pairs of pale striae limiting median band, which
is formed by dark-striated fasciae enclosing a pale or whitish-
ochreous space, anterior, and upper half of posterior edge
l)lackish -fuscous, lower half of posterior strongly waved; a
blackish discal dot ; an irregular blackish apical dash ; a whitish

216 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena

median subterminal crescent. Hindwings light ochreous-grey,
with faint reddish-grey striae ; a dark grey discal dot.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
NW. Asia ; 3, 4. Larva green, dark olive-green, pale brown,
or purplish ; dots white, conspicuous ; incisions often yellow ;
spiracular line yellowish, spiracles black ; head orange or pale
brown, with two dark spots : on rose ; 5-7.

21. H. nigrofasciaria, Gz. {derivata, Bkh.) 27-30 mm. Fore-
wings dull purplish ; basal area mixed with ochreous, white,
and black ; edge of basal patch double, blacki«h, curved ;
median band formed by two fasciae enclosing a whitish-suft'used
space, anterior fuscous, black-striated, posterior formed of three
indistinct striae, acutely augulated in middle, so as nearly to
reach termen, forming a dark fuscous costal spot, upper half of
third blackish ; a blackish discal dot. Hindwings grey, ter-
minally purplish ; a darker discal dot and two anguloted striae.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
W. Asia ; 4, 5. Larva slender, pale-green ; a long triangular
mark behind head, a series of five dorsal diamonds, a ti'ansverse
bar on 10, a dorsal line posteriorly, and a spot on 13 purple-red:
on rose ; 6, 7.

22. H. rubidata, F. 23-28 mm. Forewings brown-reddish ;
basal patch dark brown, blackish-striated, edge curved ; median
band formed by dark-striated fasciae enclosing a light fuscous
space, anterior, and upper half of posterior edge blackish -
fuscous, lower half of posterior dentate-waved ; a black discal
mark. Hindwings grey, terminally reddish-tinged, with darker
striae and discal dot.

England, Arran, rather local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ;
6. Larva slender, whitish-ochreous, pale brown, or reddish,
with light and dark markings ; dorsal line dark, forming a
V-shaped mark behind head, and interrupted on 5-9 by light
reddisli-centred arrowheads : on Galium ; 7-9.

23. H. berberata, Schiff. 24-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-
brownish mixed with pale greyisli-ochreous, with dark fuscous
striae ; edge of basal patch blackish-fuscous, slightly angulated
near costa ; median band formed by brown dark -striated fasciae
enclosing a pale ochreous-greyish space, anterior, and upper half
of posterior edge blackish -fuscous, postei'ior waved, acutely
projecting above and in middle; sometimes a grey discal dot ;
a blackish -fuscous apical streak. Hindwings ochreous-grey,
with darker discal dot and posterior striae.

Essex to Norfolk, Worcester, York, local ; C. Europe, WC.

hydkiomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 217

Asia ; 5, 8. Larva rather stout, pale brownish-ochreous, brown-
marked ; dorsal line brown ; 6 and 7 each with two small black
tubercles ; 10-13 nearly whitish above, with dark brown lateral
line : on Berheris ; 6, 9.

24. H. cuculata, Hufn. (sinuata, Hb.)21-27 mm. Forewings
ochreous-whitish ; basal patch dark fuscous, black-striated, edge
curved ; antemedian space rosy mixed with dark fuscous ;
anterior edge of median band formed by a curved dark fuscous
fascia, posterior by three faint blackish striae suffused with
dark fuscous towards costa, obtusely angulated above and in
middle ; sometimes a grey discal dot ; fifth fascia light reddish-
ochreous- brown, sixth pale grey, with a dark grey median
suffusion. Hindwings whitish, with a greyish-striated terminal
band ; a grey discal dot.

Kent to Devon and Norfolk, Perth (?), local ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia ; 6. Larva slender, pale yellow, greenish-tinged ;
subdorsal line black ; head greenish, black-marked : on Galimii
verum ; 8.

25. H. albicillata, L. 30-34 mm. Forewings ochreous-white ;
basal area to edge of median band dai'k ochreous-fuscous striated
with ashy-grey ; edges of median band dark orange-fuscous,
anterior sinuate, posterior obtusely angulated in middle,
reduced in disc to a fine dark fuscous stria ; a dark grey discal
dot ; fifth and sixth fasciae slaty-grey, fifth dai'k fuscous towards
costa. Hindwings ochreous-white; a dark grey discal dot,
postmedian angulated stria, and terminal band.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva deep green ; dorsal line dark
brown, marked with a series of reddish brown-edged triangular
spots; spiracular white, towards extremities brown -edged
beneath ; incisions yellowish ; head greenish-brown : on Rulms,
Fragaria, alder, etc. ; 8, 9.

26. H. unangulata, Hiv. 24-26 mm. Forewings brown,
mixed or striated with dark fuscous ; basal patch darker,
reddish -mixed ; median band darker, anterior edge whitish-
margined, curved, posterior not waved, acutely angulated in
middle, concave beneath, followed by a clear ochreous-white
fascia ; a blackish discal mark ; subterminal line white.
Hindwings whitish, with faint grey sti'iae ; a dark grey discal
dot ; a terminal dark grey band, including a white subterminal
line.

England to York, N. L'eland, rather common ; C. Europe,
N. Asia, N. America; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-ochreous, grey-

218 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena

aiavk'ed ; dorsal line faintly darker, on 3 and 4 distinct ; a
})lack spot on incisions from 4 to 8 ; lateral line pale, edged
with dark grey ; head brown, black-marked : on Stellaria media;
7, 8.

27. H. adaequata, Bkh. {hlandiata, Hb.) 1 7-20 mm. Forewings
whitish, with faint grey striae ; basal patch grey on costa, edge
black ; a rather narrow dai'k grey striated median band, partially
obsolete in disc, posterior edge obtusely prominent above and
in middle ; a strong black discal spot ; fifth and sixth fasciae
grey. Hind wings whitish, with faint grey striae ; a dai-k grey
discal dot; a grey tei'minal band.

Surrey, I. of Wight, Worcester, Wales, N. England to the
Shetlands, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva
green or pale brownish ; dorsal stripe of three dark crimson
lines separated b}' lighter, united in middle of each segment,
sometimes altered to a chain of triangular marks ; subdorsal,
lateral, and subspiracular lines deep pink ; spiracular more
yellowish : on Euphrasia officinalis ; 6, 7, 9.

28. H. minorata, Tr. (ericetata, Stph.) 16-19 mm. Fore-
wings very pale ochreous-greyish, with faint darker striae ; basal
patch, second, fifth, and sixth fasciae, and median band grey,
striated with dark grey ; basal patch and median band white-
edged, posterior edge of latter obtusely prominent above and
in middle ; a black discal dot ; subterminal line whitish. Hind-
wings grey ; a faint darker discal dot.

Norfolk, N. England to the Orkneys, local, on heaths ;
Lapland to the Alps ; 6, 7.

29. H. taeniata, »S'^/>A. 19-22 mm. Forewings light ochreous-
brown, with faint dark fuscous striae, distinct posteriorly ; basal
patch fuscous, edge blackish,, curved, white-margined ; median
band rather dark fuscous, edges blackish -fuscous, curved,
strongly waved, white - margined, more strongly on costa ; a
blackish discal mark ; subterminal line white, interrupted,
stronger and indented in middle. Hindwings light fuscous ; a
dark fuscous discal dot ; a pale curved postmedian line.

N. England, Perth, Ireland, local ; N. and mountains of
C. Europe, .Japan, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva j)inkish-()chrcous,
incisions browner ; a dorsal series of pale rosy lozenges, including
blackish wedges : on Nasttirtium (?) ; 8, 9.

30. H. unifasciata, Hw. 17-21 mm. Forewings ochreous-
brown, with dark fuscous striae ; edge of basal patch dark
fuscous, angulated near costa, whitish-margined ; median band
darker, edges blackish, margined first with a white and then

HYDRiOMENA] HYDRIOMENIDAE 219

a pale ochreous stria, posterior edge prominent beneath costa
and angulated in middle ; sometimes a darker discal spot ; sub-
terminal line whitish ; a blackish -fuscous interrupted apical
streak. Hindwings grey; a darker discal dot; a faint pale
angulated postniedian fascia.

Britain to tlie Clyde, E. Ireland, not uncommon but over-
looked; C.Europe; 6,7. Larva pale grey or greyish-ochreous;
dorsal and subdorsal lines blackish, interrupted ; lateral brown ;
spiracular brownish, pale below ; subspiracular double, brown ;
head pale ochreous, brown-marked : on Bortsia odontites ; 9, 10.

31. H. alchemillata, L. 17-20 mm. Fore wings fuscous or
ochreous-brown, with indistinct darker striae ; edge of basal
patch and two striae before median band obscurely whitish, on
dorsum clear white ; posterior edge of median band obtusely
angulated beneath costa, with short double median projection,
followed by two strong white striae ; an obscure discal dot ;
subterminal line obscurely whitish, on costa white. Hindwings
grey ; a darker discal dot ; a faint pale postmedian fascia.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva rather stout, purplish ;
dorsal line broad, pale yellow ; subdorsal and spiracular narrow,
pale yellow ; head and plate of 2 black : on flowers and seeds
of Galeopsis ; 8, 9.

32. H. affinitata, iStph. 22-25 mm. Forewings ochreous-
fuscous. with darker striae ; a hardly paler stria before median
band, on dorsum white ; posterior edge of median band indented
above and below middle to form a usually double short median
projection, followed by two strong white striae, second some-
times pale ochreous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; subterminal
line obscurely whitish, on costa white. Hindwings light
fuscous ; a darker discal dot ; a distinct whitish postmedian
fascia.

Britain to Ross, common ; N. and NC. Europe ; 6. Larva
rather stout, pale pinkish-ochreous ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
darker, interrupted ; lateral pinkish ; head and plate of 2
black or blackish-brown : on seeds of Lychnis diurna ; 8.

33. H. decolorata, Hb. 22-25 mm. Forewings pale ochreous,
with ochreous-fuscous striae ; edge of basal patch followed by a
thick white stria ; median band margined by white fasciae,
posterior interrupted by a double median projection of the
band ; subterminal line obscurely whitish, on costa white.
Hindwings whitish ; a grey postmedian stria ; a terminal pale
ochreous band.

220 NOTODONTINA [hydeiomena

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather common ; Eunjpe, WC.
Asia, N. Africa ; 6. Larva rather stout, pale greyish-ochreous,
sides black-dotted ; lateral, spiracular, and subspiracular lines
brownish -grey ; head and plate of 2 brown : on flowers and
seeds of Lychnis diurna ; 7, 8.

34. H. albulata, Schiff. 20-22 mm. Forewings pale greyish-
ochreous, with grey or fuscous striae ; disc before middle some-
times suftused with whitish ; posterior edge of median band
obtusely prominent above and in middle, followed by two strong
white striae ; subterminal line white. Hind wings grey-whitish,
sometimes with indistinct grey striae, termen grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dull greenish-yellow ; dorsal
line broad, darker green : spiracular narrow, darker green ;
head and plate of 2 brown : on seeds of Rhinanthus crista-
galli ; 7, 8.

35. H. procellata, F. 30-34 mm. Forewings whitish, some-
times with partial grey striae ; subcostal vein ferruginous ;
basal patch dark fuscous, edge curved ; median band reduced
to a dark fuscous costal blotch ; fifth and sixth fasciae dark
fuscous, including a whitish median terminal blotch. Hind-
wings whitish, usually with indistinct grey striae ; a dark grey
discal dot ; termen suffused with fuscous.

S. England to Leicester and Norfolk, rather local ; C. Europe,
N. and C. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva light brown, darker on
6-9 ; dorsal line black, reddish-marked, blotched on 6-9, pale-
edged ; subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines darker ; head
brown, black-marked : on Clematis ; 8, 9.

36. H. bilineata, L. 23-28 mm. Forewings deep yellow or
orange, with fuscous striae ; median band usually finely
whitish -edged, sometimes suffused with dark brown towards
edges, posterior edge prominent above and in middle ; a
fuscous discal mark. Hindwings orange, with fuscous striae ;
sometimes a whitish postmedian stria.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; Europe, W.
and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva bluish-green ; dorsal line darker,
whitish-edged ; subdorsal and spiracular lines white : on grasses,
Rtimex, etc. ; 4

37. H. fluviata, Hh. [gemmata, Hb.) 22-24 mm. Forewings
gi'eyish-ochrcous or gre^'ish-purple, median area greyer, with
some faint darker striae ; edge of basal patch, posterior edge
of second and anterior edge of fifth fascia, and subterminal line
very finely whitish ; a dark discal dot in a pale or whitish ring ;

hydbiomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 221

sometimes a dark apical streak. Hindwings grey, terminally
ochreoQS or purplish-tinged, with traces of darker or whitish
striae.

England to York, E. Ireland, uncommon ; C. and S. Europe,
C. and S. Asia, Africa, N. America; 7, 9-5. Larva rather
stout, greenish ; incisions reddish or yellowish ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines on 2-5 pale, dark-edged ; a dorsal series of five
diamonds outlined with brown, including a black mark ; spira-
cular line blackish, interrupted : on Polygonum, Agrimonia,
etc.; 5, 6, 8.

38. H. polygrammata, Bkh. {conjtmctaria, Ld.) 22-24 mm.
Forewings pale greyish -ochreous, with straight dark fuscous
striae, sharply angulated near costa except posteriorly ; third
fascia suffused with fuscous except towards costa, fourth on
upper half, sixth except above an oblique apical streak ; a
black discal dot, often in a pale ring. Hindwings pale greyish-
ochreous, with straight rather dark fuscous striae, posteriorly
curved.

Cambridge, Gloucester, very local (other records doubtful) ;
C. Europe ; 4, 8. Larva on Galium ?

39. H. lapidata, Hh. 26-28 mm. Forewings somewhat
elongate, pale brownish, with ashy - fuscous striae ; edges
of median band darker, anterior curved, posterior twice
subsinuate, remotely followed by a similar darker stria ; a
darker central twice sinuate stria ; a fuscous discal dot ; a
darker ashy-fuscous apical streak ; termen suffused with ashy-
fuscous. Hindwings pale ashy -grey, with some faint darker
striae.

Lanark to Sutherland, L'eland, local; N. and WC. Europe,
N. Asia; 8, 9. Larva yellow - whitish ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines formed of grey dots ; lateral grey ; spiracular broader,
darker grey ; head grey, dark-speckled : on grasses ; 5, 6.

17. Pelurga, Hh.

Face with hardly projecting scales. Antennae in S shortly
ciliated. Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax with horny rounded
anterior dorsal prominence. Forewings : areole double. Hind-
wings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

The single species is probably correlated to early forms of
Hydriomena.

1. P. comitata, L. 26-33 mm. Forewings ochreoiis-yellow,
with deeper ochreous or brown striae ; edge of basal patch
darker, curved ; median band suffused with brown towards

222 NOTODONTINA [pelurga

margins, edges dark fuscous, anterior angulated near costa,
posterior with rounded median projection; a black discal dot;
a dark brown apical streak ; cilia barred. Hindwings whitish-
ochreous, fuscous-tinged, with faint darker striae.

England, Edinburgh, N. and C. Ireland, rather local ; N.
and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva greenish-brown, darker-
streaked ; 5-7 with a yellow-ochreous spot, marked with dark
V-shaped mark; dots white, conspicuous; spiracular line very
pale pinkish ; head grey : on Atriplex and Clienopodimn ; 8, 9.

18. Opbrophtera, Hh.

Face smooth. Antennae in c^ strongly ciliated with
fascicles. Palpi short, loosely scaled. Forewings : areole
simple. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond
middle. Wings of $ aborted.

Includes only three or four species, confined to northern
temperate regions.

Hindwings pale fuscous . . .1. hrumata.

,, whitish . . . .2. boreata.

1. 0. brumata, L. 25-28 mm. Forewings light brownish,
densely fuscous - sprinkled, with fuscous striae, sometimes
partially marked with dark fuscous on veins ; basal area and
fourth fascia slightly darker. Hindwings pale fuscous, with
several faint dai'ker lines. Wings of 9 shorter than half length
of abdomen, grey-whitish mixed with dark fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; N. and C.
Europe; 10-1. Larva green, greenish -grey, or yellowish;
dorsal line darker or almost blackish ; subdorsal and spiracular
whitish or yellowish ; head green, sometimes brown-marked or
black : on oak, apple, hawthorn, etc. ; 5, 6. The larva is
sometimes excessively abundant, and may then become highly
injurious in orchards, wholly stripping the ti'ees of leaves.

2. 0. boreata, Hb. 30-33 mm. Forewings very pale greyish-
ochreous, densely sprinkled with light fuscous, with faint
fuscous striae, those of fourth and fifth fasciae and anterior
edge of third distinct ; basal area rather darker ; veins some-
times partly darker-marked. Hindwings whitish ; a faint grey
median stria. Wings of $ as long as f of abdomen, grey
mixed with whitish, forewings with darker blackish-edged band,
liind wings with grey bar.

Britain to Ross, somewhat local ; C. Europe ; 10, 11. Larva
pale yellowish-grccn ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal and spira-
cular whitish ; head grey, black-marked : on birch ; 6.

euchoeca] HYDRIOMENIDAE 223

19. Euchoeca, Hb.

Face smooth, fiat. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi
short, slender, loosely scaled. Forewings: areole simple. Hind-
wings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

A small genus, containing a few species distributed through-
out the northern hemisphere, and one Australian.

1. Ground-colour of forewings whitish . . 2.

„ ,, not whitish . . 3.

2. Postmedian striae ferruginous towards costa 4. Blomeri.

,, ,, not ferruginous . 3. sylvata.

3. Cilia shai-ply barred . . .2. ohliteratn.

,, not barred . . . .1. luteata.

1. E. luteata, Schiff. 18-20 mm. Forewings pale yellowish ;
the six fasciae marked with strong deep ochreous-orange striae,
last tlu'ce twice sinuate, connected by a longitudinal suffusion
in middle ; a dark fuscous discal dot. Hindwings as forewings,
but first three fasciae absent.

England, Argyll, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; C,
7. Larva on maple and alder; 8-10.

2. E. obliterata, Hvfn.. {heparata, Hw.) 21-22 mm. Fore-
wings light ochreous, densely sprinkled and posteriorly suffused
with fuscous ; a clearer costal streak from base to -I ; several
indistinct fuscous striae, one in middle angulated near costa ;
cilia distinctly barred. Hindwings as forewings, but without
markings.

England, Shetlands, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6,
7. Larva rather stout, green ; a dorsal series of square black
yellow-edged spots : on alder ; 8, 9.

3. E. sylvata, Hb. (testaceata, Don.) 21-23 mm. Forewings
whitish, sprinkled with fuscous, with grey striae ; edges of
basal patch and median baud rather dark brown, posterior
thicker on upper half, rather prominent below costa and in
middle. Hindwings as forewings, but witliout markings on
basal third.

England, C. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
yellowish -green ; a broad dark purple-brown dorsal stripe,
posteriorly rosy, centrally dilated so that on 5-9 it reaches
below spiracles, edges darkest and yellow -margined ; yellow
lateral patches on 5 and 9 ; dorsal line purple-whitish ; on 5-8
purple dorsal spots, connected with whitish V-shaped marks;
head and plate of 2 blackisli-brown : on alder and Salix ; 8.

4. E. Blomeri, Curt, {pulchraria, Ev.) 20-23 mm. Fore-

224 NOTODONTINA [euchoeca

wings whitish, dusted with dark fuscous, with brownish striae ;
edges of median band partly blackish, posterior prominent above
and in middle, the two following striae ferruginous on costal
half, thickened ; a blackish discal dot. Hindwings whitish-
grey, with darker striae.

Sussex, W. and N, England, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
pale yellowish-green ; a crimson-brown dorsal patch on 2-4, cut
by a yellow central line ; subdorsal crimson-brown blotches on
6-8; on 12 and 13 a rosy dorsal brown-marked stripe j mark-
ings variable in intensity and sometimes absent ; head with
two crimson-brown streaks : on elm ; 8, 9.

20. ASTHENA, Hb.

Face smooth, flat. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi
short, slender, loosely scaled. Forewings : areole double.
Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

A genus of a few widely scattered species, most numerous in
the Australian region.

1. Forewings unicolorous . . .2. murinata.

,, with distinct striae . . .2.

2. Forewings clear white . . .1. candidata.

,, sprinkled with grey or fuscous 3. dilutata.

1. A. candidata, *S'c^^^. 17-20 mm. Forewings white ; about
eight light greyish-ochreous striae ; posterior edge of median
band twice sinuate ; a grey discal dot. Hindwings as forewings,
but without striae towards base.

England, Argyll, Arran, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;
5, 6. Larva pale yellowish-green, with pale tubercles bearing
long black hairs ; 3 and 4 pinkish above, 2 and 5-9 with crimson
bisected dorsal marks, sometimes partly absent; 10-13 with a
crimson dorsal line ; head pale, with two black rings : on hazel ;
6,7.

2. A. murinata, Sc. {euphorhiata, F.) 17-21 mm. Fore-
wings light grey-brownish or greyish-ochreous, unicolorous.
Hindwings as forewings, or slightly greyer.

England to York, rather common ; C. Europe, W. Asia ; 6.
Larva green or dark grey ; dorsal line darker, interrupted ;
subdorsal and lateral series of pale or yellow spots ; head fer-
ruginous : on Ettphorhia ; 8, 9.

3. A. dilutata, Bkh. {filigrammaria, HS. ; auUimnaria, Gn.)
25-36 mm. Forewings grey -whitish, sprinkled and striated
with grey or fuscous ; the six fasciae marked with darker
striae, fourth angulated above middle, third and fourth some-

asthena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 225

times suffused with grey or fuscous ; veins partially marked
with dark fuscous, especially in middle of disc ; sometimes a
dai-k fuscous discal dot. Hindwings grey- whitish, posteriorly
with grey striae.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia, N. America ; 9, 10. Larva rather stout,
green, often yellow -dotted ; dorsal line darker or formed by
purple spots ; subdorsal sometimes darker ; lateral sometimes
yellowish ; spiracular yellow or whitish, sometimes partly
purplish-edged: on oak, birch, blackthorn, etc.; 5, 6.

21. Venusia, C^l,rt.

Face smooth. Antennae in $ bipectinated, aj)ex simple.
Palpi loosely scaled. Forewings : areola simple. Hindwings :
8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

There is only one European species ; three others are known
from New Zealand.

1. V. cambrica, Curt. 25-28 mm. Forewings whitish,
dusted with dark fuscous, with fuscous striae ; edges of
median band blackish -marked, posterior twice subsinuate,
followed by short blackish dashes on veins, especially on a
median V-sha])ed mark. Hindwings whitish, with grey striae
on posterior half.

Norfolk, WC. and N. England to Ross, N. Ireland, rather
local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, Japan, N. America ; 6, 7.
Larva pale yellowish-green, blotched irregularly with reddish-
purple ; dorsal line pale yellow : on Pyrus aucuparia ; 8, 9.

22. Xanthorhok, Hb.

Face with somewhat projecting scales or conical tuft.
Antennae in c? bipectinated, apex usually simple. Palpi rough-
scaled. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings : 8 anastomos-
ing with cell to beyond middle.

A large genus, but less numerous than Hydriomena in all
regions except New Zealand, where it is dominant. The
antennal pectinations are sometimes very short, but then always
terminate in long fascicles of cilia.

1. Forewings green . . . .2.

,, not green . . . .3.

2. Forewings with triangular black costal spots

18. viridaria.
„ without black costal spots . 17. olivata.

Q

226 NOTODONTINA [xanthorhoe

3. Discal spot forniing two separate dots . 5. hipunctaria.

„ ,, not forming two dots . . .4.

4. Anterior edge of median band twice angulated

2. cervmata.
„ ,, ,, ,, not twice angulated 5.

5. Anterior edge of median band angulated in middle

13. firmata.
„ „ „ „ not angulated in

middle . . 6.

6. Anterior edge of median band angulated or strongly

curved near costa 7.
„ ,, ,, ,, evenly curved or

straight . . 8.

7. Posterior edge of median band straight . 1. vittata.

„ „ „ „ not straight

12. quadrifasciaria.

8. Ground-colour of forewings grey . . 4. plumharia.

,, ,, ,, ochreous or w'hitish . 9.

9. Basal patch mixed with red . . .10.

,, ,, not mixed with red . . .14.

10. Ground-colour of forewings white . 14. montanata.

„ ,, ,, pale ochreous . 11.

11. Subterminal line preceded by a double dark spot 12.

,, ,, not preceded by a double dark

spot . . . .13.

12. Median band pui'ple, subterminal line distinct

8. spadicearia.
,, „ usually blackish, subterminal line

obsolete . . .9. ferrugata.

13. Forewings with a dark apical streak . 11. nmnitata.

,, without dark apical streak . 10. designata.

14. Median band darkest on upper half . 15. Jiuctuata.

,, „ not darker on upper half . . 15.

15. Ground-colour of forewings ochreous or brownish 16.

„ ,, ,, whitish -ochreous or

whitish . .17.

16. Subterminal line preceded by two dark spots

7. didymata.
„ ,, not preceded by two dark spots

3. limitata.

17. Hindwings with distinct grey striae . 16. salicata.

,, without grey striae . 6. midtistrigaria.

1. X. vittata, Bkk. {lignata, Hb.) 22-25 nmi. Antennal

xanthokhoe] HYDRIOMENIDAE 227

pectinations very short. Forewings whitish-ochreous, with
fuscous striae angulated near costa ; two before and two beyond
middle sufFusedly dark fuscous on lower half; costa fuscous
towards base ; a strong oblique dark fuscous apical streak ; a
round black discal dot. Hindwings pale whitish-ochreous, with
fuscous striae ; a dark fuscous discal dot.

Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, rather local ; N. and (J.
Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva pale reddish-bi'own, anteriorly greenish-
tinged ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal whitish ; spiracular marked
with lighter and darker brown ; head green, grey-dotted : on
Galmm ; 7, 9-4.

2. X. cervinata, ScMff. 30-36 mm. Forewings light ochreous-
brownish, with indistinct darker striae ; basal patch, median
band, and a suffused terminal band reddish -ochreous-brown,
finely whitish -dusted ; edges of median band suffused with
darker fuscous, finely whitish-edged, anterior twice angulate-
indented, posterior hardly prominent in middle ; subterminal
line obscurely whitish. Hindwings light greyish -ochreous,
terminally ochreous-brownish ; a pale postmedian fascia and
subterminal line.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor, Syria; 9, 10. Larva pale yellowish-green, white-
dotted ; dorsal line darker, interrupted ; incisions yellow ;
spiracles black, white-ringed, conspicuous : on Malva and
Althaea; 6, 7.

3. X. limitata, Sc. {viensuraria, Schiff.) 29-33 mm. Fore-
wings ochreous or brownish, with faint or partially distinct
darker striae ; edge of basal patch darker, curved ; median
band formed by ochreous-brown fasciae enclosing a fuscous
(sometimes posteriorly dark fuscous) space, anterior edge hardly
curved, posterior slightly angulated in middle ; a black discal
dot ; a short dark fuscous apical streak ; sixth fascia more
fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, sometimes whitish-ochreous
towards apex ; two darker postmedian striae.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. and
N. Asia; 7, 8. Larva pale pinkish-grey; dorsal line pale
grey ; subdorsal pale yellow-ochi'eous, brown-edged ; spiracular
pinkish : liead black -dotted : on Vicia ; 6.

4. X. plumbaria, F. {palumbaria, Bkh.) 28-31 mm. Fore-
wings pale grey, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; edge of basal
patch dark fuscous, hardly curved ; median band sometimes
partially suifused with dark fuscous, edges dark fuscous, finely
ochreous-margined, anterior almost straight, posterior slightly

228 NOTODONTINA [xanthorhoe

bent near costa ; a black discal dot ; a dark fxiscous apical
streak. Hindwings light grey ; a darker discal dot and post-
median line.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;
6, 7. Larva pale grey ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark, in-
terrupted, sometimes confluent ; some irregular lateral lines :
on Erica, Gytisus, Ulex, etc. ; 9-5.

[X. moeniata, Sc, a species resembling X. plnmbaria, but
with the posterior edge of median band broadly dark fuscous
and forming a strong sharp triangular median projection, is said
to have occurred once many yeai's ago in Cumberland ; whether
the specimen was a chance straggler, or there was some error,
is now hardly determinable.]

5. X. bipunctaria, Sddff. 29-32 mm. Forewings grey-
whitish, with grey striae, veins ochreous-tinged ; edge of basal
patch darker, curved ; median band suffused with brownish
towards edges, anterior edge curved, posterior with slight
double median prominence ; two transversely placed black discal
dots ; a fuscous apical streak. Hindwings grey, w^ith faint
paler and darker posterior striae.

England, Arran, rather local ; 0. and S. Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia ; 7, 8. Larva greyish, tinged with yellow-green ;
dorsal and subdorsal lines dark green ; lateral double, indistinct;
spiracles reddish ; a spiracular row of black dots ; head pale
brown, darker-dotted : on Lotus and Trifolivmi ; 9-5.

6. X. multistrigaria, Hiv. 23-28 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous, veins more ochreous,
with fuscous striae, marked with dark fuscous on veins and
margins ; second to fifth fasciae somewhat darker ; posterior
edge of median band somewhat angulated beneath costa, and
with slight doul)le prominence in middle ; a fuscous discal dot.
Hindwings ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with fuscous posteriorly.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and C. Ireland ; Holland to
N. Spain; 3, 4. Larva pinkish-ochreous ; dorsal, subdorsal,
and two lateral lines reddish-brown ; spiracles black ; head
fuscous : on G'aJmm, Asperula, etc. ; 5, 6.

7. X. didymata, L. 24-26 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown,
with dark fuscous striae ; median band limited by fasciae mixed
with whitish ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; subtermiual line
whitish, preceded by two dark fuscous spots above middle, and
followed by a subapical dark spot. Hindwings grey, with pale
postmcdian band and indistinct darker striae ; a dark grey
discal dot.

xanthorhoe] HYDRIOMENIDAE 229

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe ; G, 7. Larva dull green, sides paler ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines darker- spiracular edged with yellowish - white :
on Primula^ Teucrinm, etc. ; 4, 5.

8. X. spadicearia, Bkh. {ferru<jaria, Hw.) 21-24 mm. Fore-
wings whitish-ochreous, with dark fuscous striae ; basal patch
carmine -pui'ple ; second fascia ferruginous; median band
carmine-purple, dark-striated, whitish-edged, posterior edge pi'o-
jecting in middle ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; fifth fascia more
or less ferruginous, sixth greyish -ochreous ; sub terminal line
whitish, preceded by a small double dark fuscous spot above
middle. Hindwings grey, with pale and darker striae ; a dark
grey discal dot. Hook of genital prensor smooth-edged.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva pale greyish -ochreous, marked with
reddish-brown ; dorsal line dark brown, on 6-9 with a series of
four black spots in paler lozenges ; three lateral waved brown
lines ; subspiracular waved, brown, with five black spots : on
Nepeta glechoma, Galium, etc. ; 7, 9.

9. X. ferrugata, L. {wiidentarUt, Hw.) 22-24 nun. Differs
from X. spadicearia as follows : forewings with basal patch
blackish-edged, median band almost always blackish, posterior
edge with stronger double prominence, discal mark linear,
black, subterminal line almost obsolete ; hook of genital
prensor serrate-edged.

Britain to Argyll, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6, 8. Larva resembling that of X.
spadicearia, and on same food-plants ; 7, 9. Abroad this species
has the median band as often reddish-purple as blackish.

10. X. designata, Rott. {propugnata, F.) 22-25 mm. An-
tennal pectinations very short. Forewings pale greyish-ochreous,
sometimes whitish-mixed, with indistinct dark fuscous striae ;
basal patch brown-reddish, edge blackish, curved ; median band
reddish-fuscous, dai-k-striated, sometimes very narrow, anterior
edge and upper half of posterior suffused with blackish-fuscous,
posterior prominent below costa and angulated in middle ; a
dark fuscous discal dot ; subterminal line pale, preceded by a
reddish-fuscous costal spot. Hindwings greyish, with pale and
darker striae ; a darker discal dot.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N.
Asia, N. America ; 5, 6, 8. Larva brownish-ochreous, suffused
with dark fuscous ; dorsal line darker, with a series of blackish
spots preceded by variable pale marks ; subdorsal and lateral

230 NOTODONTINA [xanthorhoe

greyish : on Brassica, but nu;st also have other food -plants ;
7,9.

11. X. munitata, Hb. 26-29 mm. Forewings pale greyish-
ochreous, with brown striae ; basal patch fuscous-reddish, edge
curved ; median band dull reddish, dark-striated, edges suffused
with dark ochreous-brown, anterior curved, posterior rounded-
prominent in middle ; a dai'k ochreous-bi'ovvn apical streak ;
termen suffused with greyish. Hindwings pale greyish-ochreous,
with grey striae, termen grey.

N. England to the Shetlands, N. Ireland, rather local ; N.
and mountains of C. Europe, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva variable,
(lull green or brown, black-dotted ; incisions pinkish ; two con-
spicuous blotches on 6 and 7, latter larger : on Senecio vul-
garis (?) ; 9-4.

12. X. quadrifasciaria, CI. 26-28 mm. Forewings light
brown, with dark fuscous striae ; median band dark brown,
blackish-striated, central space sometimes light grey, anterior
edge strongly curved near costa, posterior whitish-edged, pro-
minent near costa and rounded-angulated in middle ; an oval
black discal dot ; subterminal line whitish, siifFusedly edged
with dark brown ; cilia distinctly barred. Hindwings fuscous,
with pale and darker striae, subterminal line whitish.

Kent to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva dull reddish-brown, with numerous short
brown streaks, and several light reddish blotches : on Galium ;
8-4.

13. X. firmata, Hb. 25-30 mm. Forewings reddish-ochreous,
partially suffused with pale grey ; basal patch darker reddish-
ochreous, edge dark-marked, angulated above middle ; median
band suffused with brownish, edges dark fuscous on costa,
anterior acutely angulate- indented in middle, posterior angu-
lated above middle ; subterminal line pale grey. Hindwings
pale ochreous.

Britain to the Hebrides, rather common ; C. Europe ; 7, 9.
Larva dark blue-green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal whitish ;
subspiracular whitish, posteriorly yellow -tinged ; head ferru-
ginous : on Pinus sylvestris ; 4, 5, 8.

14. X. montanata, Bkh. 25-29 mm. Head ochrcous-white.
Forewings ochreous-wliite, with traces of dark grey striae ; basal
patch of three curved brown striae mixed with reddish and
black ; median band ochreous-brown, mixed with white and
striated with blackish, anterior edge curved, posterior angulated
below costa and in middle ; a black discal mark ; fifth and

xanthoehoe] HYDRIOMENIDAE 231

sixth fasciae faintly greyish. Hiiidwings wliitish, with indis-
tinct grey striae ; a grey discal dot.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva whitish-ochreous, on 7-9 brown ;
dorsal line dark brown, anteriorly with five pairs of blackish
spots, on 7-9 forming black spots in pale V-shaped marks ; sub-
dorsal brown, interrupted; spiracular pale: on grasses, Plantago,
Primula, etc. ; 9-4.

15. X. fluctuata, L. '2'1-'21 mm. Head dark fuscous, white-
mixed. Forewings ochreous-whitish, sometimes grey-sprinkled,
with grey striae ; basal patch dark fuscous or grey, edge
slightly curved ; median band obscurely grey, costal half more
or less wholly suffused with dark fuscous, anterior edge curved,
posterior angulated in middle ; a blackish discal mark ; a dark
fuscous praesubterminal costal spot ; fifth and sixth fasciae
more or less grey ; cilia distinctly barred. Hindwings greyish,
with pale and darker striae ; a dark grey discal dot.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
WC. and N. Asia, N. Africa, N. America ; 4, 5, 8. Larva dull
reddish -ochreous, marked with dark grey; a dorsal series of
light patches, with blackish spots on 3-8 ; two pale lateral
stripes ; a subspiracular row of five black spots : on cabbage
(Brassica) and liorseradish (Haphanus) ; 6, 9.

16. X. salicata, Nb. 26-28 mm. Forewings whitish,
sprinkled and striated with dark fuscous ; edges of median
band suffused with fuscous, darker-marked, anterior curved,
posterior obtusely angulated near costa and in middle, followed
by two clearer white striae ; a blackish discal mark ; veins
towards termen ochreous - tinged ; subterminal line white,
interrupted. Hindwings grey-whitish, with grey striae on
posterior half ; a grey discal dot.

Devon, N. England to the Shetlands, Ireland, local ; C. and
SE. Europe, Asia Minor, Syria ; 6, 7. Larva dull brown ; sub-
dorsal and lateral lines whitish : spiracular pale pinkish : on
Galium and Asperula ; 9-4 (?).

17. X. olivata, Blh. 22-28 mm. Forewings olive -green,
with indistinct blackish striae ; basal patch and median band
somewhat darker, edges rather irregular, blackish, whitish-
mai'gined, posterior edge of median band with a rounded double
projection in middle, followed by two white striae ; a blackish
discal dot ; subterminal line white, interrupted, preceded by
blackish spots above middle. Hindwings grey, with pale
double postmedian and subterminal lines ; a darker discal dot.

232 NOTODONTINA [xanthorhoe

Britain to Ross (except EC. England), local ; NC. and
tiionntains of C. Enrope, NW. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva pale ochreous,
marked with darker brown ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines
dark brown, interrupted on 5-9 : on Galium ; 9-5.

18. X. viridaria, F. (pectinataria, Kn. ; miaria, Bkh.) 24-28
mm. Forewings green ; basal patch and median band darker
or brownish towards edges, edges partly black, white-margined,
forming triangular black spots on costa, and sometimes
thickened on dorsum, anterior edge of median band twice
angulated, posterior with short bidentate median projection ; a
darker discal mark ; subterminal line whitish ; a blackish apical
streak. Hindwings grey, with pale double postmedian and
subterminal lines.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe, NW. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva rather stout, reddish-ochreous,
marked with dark fuscous ; dorsal line dark, interrupted ; a
series of five light V-shaped marks: on Galium ; 8-4.

23. Rhodometra, Meyr.

Face forming an obtuse prominence. Antemiae in $
bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi loosely scaled. Forewings :
areole simple. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond
middle.

A small European and African genus.

1. R. sacraria, L. 22-24 mm. Forewings pale yellow, some-
times rosy-tinged ; costa rosy-purple towards base ; a straight
purple or brown -reddish streak from costa before apex to
dorsum at f . Hindwings yellow-whitish.

England to Lancashire, Perth, a casual immigrant only ; S.
Europe, SW. Asia to N. India, Africa ; 7, 8. Larva green ;
dorsal line pale, edged with ferruginous lines, after 5 forming-
V-shaped marks enclosing yellow -white spots; spiracular
yellowish -green on 2-4 and 11-13; spiracles reddish; head
pale brownish-red ; prolegs pink : on Ruinex, Anthemia, etc. ;
9-5.

24. Lythkia, Hb.

Face rough-haired or loosely scaled. Antennae in S bipec-
tinated, apex sometimes simple. Palpi witli long rough liairs.
Thorax roughly hairy beneath. Forewings : areole simple.
Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle.

A small genus, occurring in Europe and New Zealand.

1. L. purpuraria, L. 22-26 mm. Forewings olive -brown or

lythria] HYDRIOMENIDAE 233

fulvous ; costa sometimes mixed with purple ; two purple or
crimson fasciae, variable in width, first curved, not reaching
dorsum, second straight, sometimes furcate on costa, sometimes
not I'eaching dorsum ; cilia purple or crimson. Hindwings
deep orange : base and dorsum suffused with fulvous or olive-
brownish ; cilia of termen purple.

York, two specimens many years ago, probably not a
resident ; Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 6. Larva slender,
dull green or brown-reddish, beneath pale green, division well-
marked ; dorsal line darker : on Rvmex and Polygonum ; 8.

2. STERRHIDAE.

Face smooth. Tongue developed. Palpi shortly rough-
scaled. Forewings : 10 rising out of 9, 11 anastomosing or
connected with 9. Hindwings : 5 fully developed, rising from
middle of transverse vein, parallel to 4, 8 very shortly anas-
tomosing with upper margin of cell near base, thence rapidly
diverging.

Though not as numerous as the preceding, this is still a very
considerable family, pretty evenly distributed throughout the
world except in New Zealand, where there is only one hai'dly
native species. Imago usually of rather small size, body
slender, forewings rather broad -triangular ; posterior tibiae of
J often enlarged and enclosing an expansible tuft of hairs.

Ovum oblong -oval, surface reticulated. Larva elongate,
slender, with few hairs, without prolegs on 7-9. Pupa usually
in a very slight cocoon above ground.

The phylogeny of the few British genera is almost suffi-
ciently indicated by their linear arrangement.

Tabulation of Genera.

L Posterior tibiae in 9 with middle-spurs absent . 2.
,, ,, ,, middle-spurs present . 3.

2. Posterior tibiae in c? with end-spurs . 2. Sterrha.

,, ,, ,, wholly without spurs 1. Eois.

3. Posterior tibiae in S wholly without spurs 3. Leptomerls.

,, ,, ,, with at least end-spurs . 4.

4. Posterior tibiae in ^ with middle-spurs

6. Calothysanis.
„ ,, ,, without middle-spurs . 5.

5. Antennae in S pectinated . 5. Leucophthalmia.

,, ,, ciliated . . .4. Pylarge.

234 NOTODONTINA [eois

1. Eois, Hb.

Antennae in S ciliated with fascicles or evenly, rarely
{perochraria) with fascicles rising
fi'om very short paired processes.
Posterior tibiae in c^ without
spurs, in $ with end -spurs only.
Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked, or
rarely separate.

A large and generally distribu-
ted group, but most numerous in
the European region ; derived
from Leptomeris. Larva thickest
on 9 or 10, tapering forwards,
transversely wrinkled, head more
or less bifid ; pi-obably feeding on
various low plants indiscriminately,
Neuration of £oisayersafci. l^^^t most are Only known by

breeding from the eggs of captured moths.

1. Termen of fore wings with angular projection 14. emarginata.

„ „ not angular . . .2.

2. Wings purple and yellow . .1. muricata.

,, not purple and yellow . . .3.

3. Wings deep yellow-ochreous . . 6. perochraria.

,, not deep yellow-ochreous . . .4,

4. Forewings without discal dot . . 7. holosericata.

,, with discal dot . . .5.

5. Discal dot of forewings before median line . 6.

,, ,, on or beyond median line 12.

6. Wings blackish-sprinkled . . .7.

,, not blackish-sprinkled . . .11.

7. Praesub terminal line thickened . . 17. Idsetata.

,, ,, not thickened . . 8.

8. Second line black-dotted . . .4. virgularia.

,, not black-dotted . . .9.

9. Discal dot of hindwings before median line 5. straniinata .

,, ,, beyond median line . 10.

10. Cilial dots blackish . . .12. aversata.

,, faint or absent . .11. inornata.

11. Antemedian band reddish-grey . 13. degerieraria.

„ ,, not reddish-grey 10. suhsericeata.

12. Forewings with fuscous postmedian band 3. ruMicata.

,, without such band . . .13.

EOis] STERRHIDAE 235

13. Forewings with praesubterminal line black-marked

on lower half 15. dimidiata.
„ ,, ,, not black-mai-ked 14.

14. Praesubterminal line thickened . . . 15.

„ ,, not thickened . .16.

15. Wings blackish-sprinkled . . 2. contiguaria.

,, not blackish-sprinkled . 16. trigeminata.

16. Forewings with dull red costal streak . 9. humiliata.

,, without red costal streak . 8. dilutaria.

1. E. muricata, Utifn. {auroraria, Bkh.) 17-18 mm. Head
dark fuscous, fillet white, collar purple. Antennae in $
dentate, cilia \^. Posterior tarsi in $ \.\. Forewings purple,
much sprinkled with dark grey along costa ; a discal and two
cloudy dorsal blotches yellow ; second line blackish -grey, sub-
sinuate ; an irregular terminal fascia and cilia yellow. Hind-
wings as forewings, but pai'tly sprinkled with pale yellowish,
without dorsal blotches or grey costal scales.

England, S. and W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia,
Japan; 6, 7. Larva brownish - grey ; dorsal line double,
blackish, widened from 5 to 9 and on incisions ; subdorsal
interrupted except towards extremities ; subspiracular dark
dots and oblique streaks : on Plantago lanceolata ; 8-5.

\E. herhariata, F., a species of 16 mm., with whitish-ochreous
fuscous-sprinkled ground and fuscous lines, first and median
confluent to form a band, is said to have occurred in London ;
but if authentic, it was doubtless an accidental importation.
The species inhabits SC. and S. Europe.]

2. E. contiguaria, Hb. 18-19 mm. Head blackish, fillet
white, collar ochreous-whitish. Antennae in $ dentate, cilia
1|-. Posterior tarsi in S f. Forewings pale whitish-ochreous
sprinkled with blackish ; first, median, and second lines indis-
tinct, irregular, grey, forming dark grey spots on costa ; margins
of subterminal grey, anterior thick, twice interrupted ; a black
discal dot beyond median. Hindwings as forewings, but first
line absent, no costal spots.

NW. Wales, local; WC. Europe; 6, 7. Larva rough,
whitish - ochreous ; lines dark brown, dorsal traversing oval
spots formed by dark brown lines on 5-9; subdorsal double ;
subspiracular irregular : on Erica and Empetrum ; 8-5.

3. E. rusticata, F. 17-19 nun. Head dark fuscous, crown
in 5 whitish-fuscous. Antennae in (^ filiform, cilia 1. Posterior
tarsi in S\h- Forewings whitish ; a rather dark fuscous basal
patch indicating first line ; median and second sinuate, dark

236 NOTODONTINA [eois

fuscous, enclosed band fuscous ; margins of subternninal pale
brownish-ochreous, anterioi- rathei* thick, waved ; a blackish
discal dot in central band. Hindwings as forewings, but no
basal patch or central band, median and second lines light
fuscous.

Sussex to Sufltblk, Dorset, local ; WC. and S. Europe ; 7.
Larva pale greyish-ochreous ; dorsal area with dark brown lines
crossing one another, on 6-9 forming diamonds enclosing dark
crosses ; lateral series of dark brown marks ; head dark brown :
on Polygonum aviculare (f) ; 8-5.

4. E. virgularia, Hb. (incanm^ia, Hb) 17-19 mm. Head
black, fillet white, collar grey. Antennae in $ subdentate, cilia
1 \. Posterior tarsi in $ -|- Forewings pale greyish-ochreous,
much sprinkled with blackish ; first line, median, second, and
margins of subterminal grey, subsinuate, second dotted with
black ; a black discal dot before median. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but first line absent, discal dot beyond median.

Britain to Kincardine, Ireland, common (scarce in Scotland) ;
C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, N. Africa, becoming more
whitish southwards; 6-8. Larva brownish-grey or ochreous-
brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale ashy or ochreous, on
5-9 indistinct ; sides streaked with dark brown ; 5-9 with pairs
of brown dorsal anterior leaf-shaped and posterior double V-
shaped marks ; head bifid, brown : on Pol j/gomim aviculare (?) ;
8-5.

5. E. straminata, Tr. {marginepunctata, Stph. ; circellata,
Gn.) 18-19 mm. Head black, fillet white, collar whitish-
ochreous. Antennae in c? subdentate, cilia 1;|. Posterior tarsi
in $ ^. Forewings pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled witli black,
first line, median, second, and margins of subterminal darker,
subsinuate ; a black discal dot before median ; terminal black
dots well-marked. Hindwings as forewings, but first line
absent.

Kent to Devon, Bucks, Cheshire to York, local ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 6-7. Larva pale ashy-grey ; dorsal
line pale, edged with black lines, stronger, interrupted, and
doubled on 5-10, sometimes confused; subdorsal pale, indistinct;
head grey, marked with dai'k brown : on Polygonunn aviculare (1) ;
8-5. The scarce local form called circellata is less ochreous-
tinged, the lines greyer, first and second sometimes very sti'ongly
marked ; it seems to replace the ordinary form in Cheshire and
Lancashire.

6. E. perochraria, F.R. 16-20 mm. Head brownisli-ochreous,

Eois] STERRHIDAE 237

face dark fuscous. Antenna! cilia of S irom short paired
processes. Posterior tarsi in S 1. Forewings deep yellow-
ochreous dusted with black along costa ; first line, median,
second, and margins of subterminal ferruginous-ochi'eous, in $
more fuscous, subsinuate ; sonietinies a dark fuscous discal dot
on median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent,
discal dot beyond median.

Surrey, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7.

7. E. holosericata, Buj}. 18-20 mm. Head dark fuscous,
fillet ochreous-white, collar pale ochreous. Antennae in ^ fili-
form, cilia 1. Posterior tarsi in c? almost 1. Forewings
whitish -ochreous, along costa much sprinkled with dark
fuscous ; first line, median, second, and margins of subterminal
light fuscous, subsinuate. Hindwings as forewings, but costa
not dark -sprinkled, first line absent, a blackish discal dot
beyond median.

S. England to Pembroke and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 7. Larva dull reddish-brown ; dorsal line paler,
edged with black lines : on Polygonum aviculare (?) ; 8-5.

8. E. dilutaria, Hh. (inter jectaria, B. ; osseata, Stt.) 17-20
mm. Head dark fuscous, fillet ochreous-white, collar pale
ochreous. Antennae in cj filiform, cilia 1. Posterior tarsi in S
1. Forewings whitish -ochreous, along costa sprinkled with
dark fuscous and brownish -tinged towards base; first line,
median, second, and margins of subterminal pale fuscous, sul)-
sinuate, darker on costa ; short black terminal marks ; a black
discal dot beyond median. Hindwings as forewings, but Avith-
out darker costal colouring, first line absent.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva
grey-brown, ochreous-marked ; dorsal line pale ochreous, dark-
edged, interrupted by white spots on incisions 6-8; lateral ridge
ochreous; head ochreous-marked: on Taraxacum, Anagallis,
etc. ; 8-5.

9. E. humiliata, Hufn. {osseata, F.) 17-20 mm. Differs
from E. dilutaria as follows : wings darker, slightly black-
sprinkled, terminal line dark grey, almost entire, forewings
with a dull red costal streak.

L of Wight, local ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 6, 7.

10. E. subsericeata, Hiv. {mancuniata, Knaggs) 21-23 mm.
Head blackish, fillet white, collar pale ochreous. Antennae in

$ subdentate, ciha \\. Posterior tarsi in $ |-. Forewings
ochreous-white, sprinkled with pale grey ; first line, median,
second, and mai-gins of subterminal light ochreous-grey i-egular;

238 NOTODONTINA [eois

a faint blackish discal dot before median. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but first line absent, discal dot beyond median or absent.
England to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, local ; WC. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6. Larva pale ochreous,
brown-mai'ked ; dorsal line pale, brown-edged ; subdorsal dark
brown, on 6-9 broken into oblique streaks almost meeting on
back posteriorly ; lateral ridge ochreous ; a conspicuous pale
lateral spot on 10 : on Taraxacum, Polygonum, etc. ; 7-5.

11. E. inornata, Hw. 26-30 mm. Head blackish, fillet
white, collar pale ochreous. Antennae in $ filiform, cilia 1.
Posterior tarsi in $ \. Forewings pale ochreous, dusted with
black ; lines subsinuate ; first and second grey ; median and
margins of subterminal faintly darker ochreous ; a black discal
dot before median ; cilial dots faint or absent. Hindwings as
forewings, but first line absent, discal dot beyond median.

England to Westmoreland, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C and
S. Europe, Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva purple-brown or dull
brown; dorsal line pale, indistinct; on 5-8 a dark fuscous
X-shaped dorsal mark, on 9 a Y-shaped mark extended to 13 :
on Rumex acetosella, Polygontum, etc. ; 8-5.

12. E. aversata, L. 27-30 mm. Head blackish, fillet white,
collar pale ochreous. Antennae in c? filiform, cilia 1. Posterior
tarsi in $ J. Forewings pale ochreous, much sprinkled with
blackish ; lines subsinuate ; first, median, and second dark grey,
postmedian band sometimes grey ; margins of subterminal
faint, ochreous-grey ; a black discal dot before median ; ter-
minal line and cilial dots blackish. Hindwings as forewings,
but first line absent, discal dot close beyond median.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 6,
7. Larva dark brown, 9-13 reddish-ochreous ; dorsal line pale,
dark-edged ; an ochreous-whitish dorsal spot on 9, containing a
reddish-brown V-shaped mark ; short lateral whitish streaks on
6-9 ; head brown, with two reddish-ochreous stripes : on Gevm,
Myosotis, etc. ; 8-5.

13. E. degeneraria, Hb. 23-27 mm. Head dark reddish -
fuscous, fillet white, collar ochreous. Antennae in c? filiform,
cilia 1. Posterior tarsi in $ \. Forewings light greyish -
ochreoiis, costa narrowly reddish-ochreovis ; lines angularly
sinuate ; first and median fuscous, enclosed band reddish-grey,
sometimes basal area also ; second faint, near costa fuscous ;
margins of subterminal very faint ; a black discal dot before
median ; terminal line blackish. Hindwings as forewings, but
first line absent, disca! dot beyond median.

Eois] STERRHIDAE 239

Dorset (Portland), very local ; SC. and S. Europe, WC. Asia
to Turkestan, more reddish-ochreous southwards ; 6, 7. Larva
ferruginous, 5-8 dark brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale
greyish-ochreous, interrupted ; 5-9 with darker dorsal spots and
double V-shaped marks ; head black-brown, ferruginous-marked :
on Ruhus, Polyr/onum., etc. (?) ; 8-5.

14. E. emarginata, L. 21-22 mm. Head dark reddish -
fuscous, fillet white, collar whitish-ochreous. Antennae in S
subdentate, cilia 1. Posterior tarsi in c? |. Fore wings light
reddish-oclu'eous ; first and second lines fine, curved, dark
fuscous; median broad, fuscous, sometimes faint ; a black discal
dot on median ; termen projecting in middle, concave above.
Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent.

England to York, local; Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva
light greyish-ochreous; dorsal line pale, bi'own- edged, more
strongly on 10-13; 6-9 with black dorsal X-shaped marks ; some
lateral brown marks, ridge pale : on Galiv/m, Convolvulus, etc. ;
8-5.

15. E. dimidiata, Hufn. {scutulata, Bkh.) 16-19 mm. Head
black, fillet white, collar whitish-ochreous. Antennae in i
dentate, cilia 1§. Posterior tarsi in S almost 1. Forewings
ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with blackish ; first and second lines
curved, grey, partly black -marked ; median cloudy, grey ;
mai'gins of subterminal waved, grey, antei'ior blackish-marked
on lower half ; a black discal dot on median. Hindwings as
forewings, but first line absent, discal dot beyond median,
praesubterminal not black-marked.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common (unfrequent in Scot-
land) ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva reddish-
ochreous ; dorsal line pale, brown-edged, stronger posteriorly ;
5-9 with pairs of oblique brown streaks ; lateral ridge pale : on
Galmm, Pimjmiella, etc. ; 8-5.

16. E. trigeminata, Htv. 21-22 mm. Head blackish, fillet
white, collar light ochreous. Antennae in c? filiform, cilia 1|.
Posterior tarsi in $ h, tibial tuft large. Forewings pale whitish-
ochreous ; basal J of costa fuscous ; first and median lines faint,
irregular, on costa fuscous ; second line and thick interrupted
praesubterminal dark fuscous, waved, postsubterminal faint ;
a black discal dot beyond median. Hindwings as forewings,
but lines faintei", first absent, costa not dark-marked.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; C. Europe, W. and N. Asia ; 6,
7. Larva deep brown ; dorsal line faint, pale, black-edged near
incisions, with blackish V-shaped dorsal marks, ceasing beyond

240 NOTODONTINA [eois

9 ; subdorsal blackish, interrupted ; spiracular pale oclireous ;
a whitish dorsal spot on 10 : on Polygonum avicidare (?) ; 8-5.

17. E. bisetata, Hufn. 19-22 mm. Head blackish, fillet
white, collar whitish-ochreous. Antennae in (J filiform, cilia 1.
Posterior tarsi in c^ J, rough-scaled, tibial tuft large. Forewings
wliitish-oehreous, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous ;
first and median lines grey, irregular, second dark grey, waved,
margins of subterminal grey, anterior rather thick, iiTegular ;
a black discal dot before median. Hindwings as forewings, but
first line absent, discal dot beyond median.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, W. and N.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva brown, 9-13 ochreous ; 5-9 with dark brown
dorsal V-shaped mark ; dorsal line pale, edged with dark brown,
more strongly on 10-13 : on Taraxacum, Cardamine, etc. ; 8-5.

2. Sterrha, Hh.

Antennae in S serrate, ciliated with fascicles. Posterior tibiae
in c? slender, in (5 and $ with end-spurs only. Hindwings: 6
and 7 stalked.

A genus of moderate size, at present not recognised outside
the European region ; only one species reaches Britain.

1. S. ochrata, Sc 19-21 mm. Head ochreous, face fuscous.
Forewings rather deep ochreous ; lines regular, first, median,
and margins of subterminal darker, second fuscous. Hindwings
as forewings, but first line absent, second more sinuate ; termen
rounded.

Kent, Surrey, Essex, local ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan ; 6.

3. Leptombris, Hh.

Antennae in S ciliated with fascicles. Posterior tibiae in S
dilated, without spurs, in $ with all spurs present. Hindwings:
6 and 7 sometimes stalked (variable in the same species).

A large genus of almost universal distribution. Larva more
uniformly cylindrical and slender than in Eois, head rounder.

1. Face mixed throughout with white . 9. immorata.

„ wholly l)lack or dark fuscous . .2.

2. Wings ochreous or reddish . . .3.

,, white or whitish-ochreous . . .4.

3. Termen of hindwings angulated . . 5. imitaria.

„ „ rounded . .10. ruhiginata.

4. Discal dot of hindwings before median line 8. strigai'ia.

„ „ „ on or beyond median line 5.

LEPTOMERis] STERRHIDAE 241

5. Subteruuiial line preceded by two ochreous blotches

4. ornata.
„ ,, not preceded by ochreous blotches 6.

6. Second line black-dotted ; posterior tarsi of (? 1 . 7.

,, ,, not black-dotted ; posterior tarsi of S

H ■ ■ ■ ■ • 8-

7. Termen of bindwings angulated . . 6. emutaria.

,, ,, rounded . 3. marginepunctata.

8. Discal dot of forevvings black, distinct . . 9.

,, ,, „ pale fuscous or absent

1. remutaria.

9. Second line grey . . . .7. strigilaria.

,, ,, pale ochreous . . 2. immutata.

1. L. remutaria, Hb. 26-30 mm. Head blackish, fillet
white, collar pale ochreous. Posterior tarsi in $ §. Forewings
ochreoas-whitish, dusted with black; lines subsinuate, first,
median, and margins of subterminal pale greyish -ochreous,
second pale fuscous, waved ; sometimes a pale fuscous discal
dot before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line
absent, discal dot black, beyond median, second sinuate ; termen
obtusely angulated.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and S. Ireland, common ; N.
and C. Eui'ope ; 5, 6. Larva greyish-brown, irregularly darker-
marked ; a dark dorsal cross on 10; dorsal line faint, pale, in-
complete : on Aspemla, birch, etc. ; 7-4.

2. L. immutata, L. 22-25 mm. Head blackish, fillet white,
collar pale ochreous. Posterior tarsi in <^ f. Forewings
ochreous-white, dusted with black ; lines regular, first, median,
second, and margins of subterminal pale ochreous, second sub-
sinuate, slightly waved ; a black discal dot before median.
Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, discal dot beyond
median ; termen very obtusely angulated.

England, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6,
7. Larva pale dull brownish-ochreous, pink-tinged above;
dorsal line pale, dark-edged, more strongly posteriorly ; sub-
dorsal grey ; spiracular pale ; pairs of black dorsal spots on
incisions from 5 to 10 : on Malva, Polygonwm, etc. (?) ; 8-5.

3. L. marginepunctata, Gz, {mcanata, Hw.; p7'onnitata, Gn.)
23-26 mm. Head blackish, fillet ochreous-white. Posterior
tarsi in c? almost 1. Forewings pale whitish-ochreous, much
sprinkled with black ; lines sinuate, first and second grey,
dotted with black, median grey, praesubterniinal broad, grey,
waved, postsubterminal pale grey ; a black discal dot before

R

242 NOTODONTINA [lehtomeris

median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, discal
dot beyond median ; termen rounded.

Britain to the Clyde, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-ochreous ; dorsal
line paler, dark-edged, more strongly on 11-13; subdorsal pale
yellowish : on Achillea, Polygonum, etc. ; 8-5.

4. L. ornata, Sc. 21-24 mm. Head blackish, fillet white,
collar pale ochreous. Posterior tarsi in S almost 1. Fore-
wings white ; lines sinuate ; first faint, sometimes black-dotted ;
median faint ochreous ; second fine, waved, ochreous, partly
black ; margins of subterminal thick, grey, anterior forming
ochreous blotches above middle and toruus ; a grey discal dot
before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent,
discal dot black, beyond median ; termen waved, obtusely
angulated.

5. England to Gloucester and Suffolk, local ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan, N. Africa ; 6, 8. Larva
brownish-ochreous ; dorsal line pale, dai'k - edged ; subdorsal
dark brown ; spiracular pale, dark -edged beneath ; 5-9 with
obtuse dorsal diamonds outlined with dark brown : on Thymus
and Origanum ; 8-4.

5. L. imitaria, Hh. 24-27 mm. Head blackish; fillet
reddish- white, collar light ochreous. Posterior tarsi in $
almost 1. Forewings reddish -ochreous ; first line grey, angu-
lated ; median dark grey, straight, oblique, followed by a
cloudy shade ; second subsinuate, dark grey ; a black discal
dot before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line
absent, discal dot larger, beyond median ; termen angulated.

England, S. Ireland, rather common ; W. and S. Europe,
WC. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva dull ochreous ; dorsal line brown,
darker posteriorly ; subdorsal and lateral faint, pale ; 5-9 with
dark lateral blotches, sometimes indistinct : on Taraxacv/m,
Rumex, etc. ; 9-6.

6. L. emutaria, Hb. 21-24 mm. Head blackish, fillet white,
collar brownish. Posterior tarsi in $ almost 1. Forewings
ochreous-whitish, sometimes pink-tinged, much sprinkled with
black ; lines nearly straight, obsolete towards costa ; first and
second fine, grey, blackish-dotted ; median thick, purplish-grey,
oblique; margins of sul)torminal purj)lish-grey ; a black discal
dot before median. Hindwings as forewings, l)ut first line
absent, discal dot on median ; termen angulated.

SE. England to Dorset and Norfolk, local ; S. Europe, N.
Africa (a doul>tfully distinct form ranges in WC. Asia to

LEPTOMERis] STERRHIDAE 243

Turkestan); 6. Larv;i pale dull brownish-ochreoiis ; dorsal
Hue pale, edged with dark brown ; subdorsal blackish, pale-
edged above ; some irregular lateral streaks ; spiracular dull
brown : on Poli/fionum aviculare (?) ; 8-5.

7. L. strigilaria, Hh. {prataria, Boisd.) 26-28 mm. Head
blackish, fillet white, collar whitish -ochreous. Posterior tarsi
m S 4- Forewings whitish-ochreous, much sprinkled with
black ; lines subsinuate ; first, median, and margins of sub-
terminal ochreous ; second grey, waved ; a black discal dot
before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent,
discal dot beyond median ; termen angulated.

Kent, Sussex, Cumberland, scarce; C. Europe, N. Asia; 6,
7. Larva ochreous or greyish ; dorsal line pale, brown-edged ;
5 with three, 6-9 with four, 10 with two black oblong dorsal
spots ; spiracular line pale, brown-edged beneath ; head paler :
on Ci/fisifs, Erica, etc. ; 8-5.

8. L. strigaria, Hb. 20-21 mm. Head blackish, fillet white,
collar whitish-ochreous. Posterior tarsi in S almost 1. Fore-
wings whitish-ochreous, much sprinkled with black ; first line,
median, second, and margins of subterminal greyish-ochreous,
regular. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent ; a black
discal dot before median ; termen rounded or somewhat bent.

Kent, Sussex, scarce ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.

9. L. immorata, L. 23-26 mm. Head blackish, mixed with
ochreous -white. Posterior tarsi in $ 1. Forewings whitish,
densely sprinkled with black throughout, towards base suffused
with ochreous ; first, median, and second lines thick, sinuate,
ochreous, first and median subcoufluent ; subterminal clear,
white, dentate, margins broad, ochreous. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but first line absent ; sometimes a black discal dot
beyond median ; termen rounded.

Sussex, very local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7.

10. L. rubiginata, Hufn. (rubricata, F.) 18-21 mm. Face
dark fuscous, crown pale ochreous or reddish-grey. Posterior
tarsi in S l^- Forewings ochreous-reddish, light crimson, or
pale reddish -ochreous ; postmedian band often paler; first,
median, and second lines grey, regular, first bent ; margins of
subterminal faintly darker or greyish. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but first line absent ; sometimes a minute grey discal
dot beyond median ; termen rounded.

Sussex to Norfolk, N. England, local ; Europe, WC. and N.
Asia; 6, 7. Larva greyish - brown ; dorsal line pale, reddish-
edged ; subdorsal anteriorly broad, blackish, afterwards forming

244 NOTODONTINA [leptomeris

spots on incisions ; lateral ridge pale ; head darker-marked : on
Lotus, Polygonum, etc. (?) ; 8-5.

4. Pylargb, HS.

Antennae in $ ciliated with fascicles. Posterior tibiae in $
not dilated, with end-spurs only, in $ with all spurs present.
Hindwings : 6 and 7 sometimes stalked.

A very small genus, but ranging to Australia. Larva as in
Leptomeris.

1. P. fumata, Stph. 23-26 mm. Head blackish, fillet and
collar ochreous-white. Forewings pale whitish-ochreous, much
sprinkled with black ; first line, median, second, and mai'gins
of subterminal pale ochreous or greyish -ochreous, regular.
Hindwings as forewings, but lines subsinuate, first absent ;
termen very obtusely angulated.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common (scarce in S.
England) ; N. and mountains of C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6.
Larva pale brown; dorsal line pale, brown -edged, darker on
incisions; subdorsal pale; lateral ridge pale, brown -edged
beneath ; black subspiracular dots on 2, 5, 6 : on Erica and
Vacciniumi ; 8-5.

5. Leucophthalmia, Hh.

Antennae in ^ bipectinated, towards apex simple. Posterior
tibiae in $ slender, with end -spurs only, in $ with all spurs
present. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked.

A small characteristically European genus, reaching North
America. Pupa truncate anteriorly, exposed, attached to a
leaf by the tail and sometimes a median girdle.

1. Second line black-dotted . . . .2.

,, ,, dentate, not dotted . . 6. annulata.

2. Discal dot absent . . .4. punctaria.

„ ,, present . . . .3.

3. Median line dentate . . .1. orhicularia.

„ „ not dentate . . . .4.

4. Median line dark grey, sharp . . 5. trilinearia.

,, ,, cloudy or faint . . . .5.

5. Ground-colour whitish . . .2. pendularia.

,, pale ochreous . . 3. porata.

1. L. orhicularia, lib. 24-26 mm. Face dark fuscous, crown

white, blackish-sprinkled. Forewings grey-whitish, strigulated

with dull reddish and sprinkled with blackish ; first and second

lines irregular, formed by black dots; median grey-reddish,

leucophthalmia] STERRHIDAE 245

dentate, sinuate ; praesubterminal partially grey-reddish ; a
white reddish-circled discal dot befoi*e median, Hindwings as
forewings, but subterminal line not indicated.

S. England to Worcester and Cambridge, E. Ireland, local ;
C Europe ; 5, 6. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous or green ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines pale ; 5-9 with oblique pale purplish streaks ;
head yellowish, brown-speckled : on Salix cwprea ; 8, 9.

2. L. pendularia, CI. 22-25 mm. Face reddish-fuscous,
crown whitish. Forewings whitish, faintly strigulated with
reddish -grey and sprinkled with blackish; first and second
lines subsinuate, pale grey, black-dotted ; median grey, cloudy
or faint ; praesubterminal grey, interrupted ; a wlaite red-
grey -circled discal mark befoi-e median. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but discal mark blackish-circled, in median, subterminal
faint.

Britain to Ross, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, N.
Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green or purplish ; dorsal line pale, dark-
edged : subdorsal pale or yellowish; 5-9 with ferruginous
lateral marks ; head ferruginous or dark brown : on birch ; 7, 8.

3. L. porata, F. 23-26 mm. Face reddish-ochreous, crown
whitish -ochreous. Forewings pale ochreous, strigulated with
grey, disc reddish-ochreous, strigulated with reddish ; first and
second lines subsinuate, formed by blackish dots ; median grey-
reddish, cloudy or faint ; praesubterminal grey, interrupted ;
a white blackish-circled discal dot before median. Hindwings
as forewings, but discal dot larger, on median.

Britain to the Clyde, rather common ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 5, 6, 8. Larva green or flesh-colour ; head reddish-
brown : on oak and birch ; 6, 7, 0.

4. L. punctaria, L. 23-29 mm. Face brown-reddish, crown
ochreous- whitish. Forewings pale ochreous, strigulated with
reddish-ochreous and grey, sprinkled with black ; first and
second lines curved, formed by black dots ; median dark grey.
Hindwings as forewings.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; C. and
S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 5, 6, 8. Larva green,
ochreous, or flesh-colour; dorsal pale, dark-edged; 5-10 with
oblique brown-red, dark grey, or blackish yellow-edged streaks ;
head brown : on oak and birch ; 7, 9.

5. L. trilinearia, Bkh. {linearia, Hb.) 24-29 nun. Face
brown-red, crown pale ochreous. Forewings reddish-ochreous,
dusted with black ; first and second lines curved, grey, black-
dotted ; median dark reddish-grey ; a whitish discal dot before

246 NOTODONTINA [leucophthalmia

median. Hiiidwings as forewings, but discal dot sometimes
grey-circled.

England to Yoi'k, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva reddish-
brown, witli yellow markings : on beech ; 8, 9.

6. L. annulata, Schulze {omicronaria, Hb.) 20-23 mm. Head
ochreous-wliite, npper part of face ochreous-fuscous. Forewings
yellow -whitish, posteriorly suffused with ochreous - yellowish ;
first and second lines irregularly dentate, blackish ; median
dentate, dark grey, suffused into second ; praesubterminal
grey, indistinct ; a black discal ring before median. Hindwings
as forewings, but discal ring touching median line, which is
obsolete above it.

England, nither common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6.
Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellow ; incisions
yellowish ; head reddish-brown : on maple ; 7, 8.

6. Calothysanis, Hb.

Antennae in $ bipectinated, towards apex simple. Pos-
terior tibiae in $ and ^ with all spurs present. Hindwings :
6 and 7 stalked.

A rather small Indo-Malayan genus, of which tlie single
strictly European species is a straggler.

1. C. amata, L. (amataria, L.) 27-31 nuu. Face dark
crimson-fuscous, fillet white, collar brownish-ochreous. Fore-
wings whitish-ochreous, much sprinkled with grey ; first line
faint ; median dark red, straight, running to apex ; second
grey, sinuate, confluent above with median ; a grey linear discal
dot ; a deep crimson terminal line. Hindwings as forewings,
but first line and discal dot absent, median to middle of costa,
second to before apex ; termen caudate-angulated.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, S. Ii'cland, common (scarce in
Scotland) ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva brownish-
grey ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish; 6-9 with double
dorsal fuscous spot ; liead brown : on Rumex, etc. ; 8-5,

3. GEOMETRIDAE.

Face smooth. Tongue developed. Forewings : 10 rising
out of 9. Hindwings : 5 fully developed, approximated to 6
towards base, rising much above middle of transverse vein, 8
shortly anastomosing or connected with or appressed to upper
margin of cell near base, thence rapidly diverging or sometimes
appi'oximatcd to near middle.

GEOMETRIDAE 247

This is also an extensive family, though principally in-
habiting the Indo- Malayan, African, and Australian regions ;
few species occur in Europe or America, and none in New
Zealand. Excepting some of the earliest genera, these insects
are remarkable for their clear green colour, which is compara
tively rare in the Lepidoptera, but here so constant as to be
almost of systematic value. This colouring is no doubt pro-
tective, and the habits of the imagos are in accordance with it,
as they ai'e usually strictly noctxirnal in their flight. The
origin of the family may be unhesitatingly referred to
Sarcinodes, an Indo -Malayan genus of Monocteniadae. Imago
with body moderate or slender, forewings broad -triangular ,
posterior tibiae of $ sometimes enclosing an exjiansible tuft of
hairs.

Ovum, larva, and pupa much as in the Sterrhidae, but larva
sometimes stouter.

The phylogeny is nearly expressed by the order.

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Posterior tibiae in S without middle-spurs 1. Nemoria.

,, ,, with middle-spurs . . 2.

2. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex . 3. Geometra.

,, ,, with apex simjjle . . 3.

3. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked . . 2. Euchloris.

,, ,, 6 and 7 separate 4. Pseudoterpna.

1. Nemoria, lib.

Anteimae in S ciliated. Palpi ^ihortly rough-scaled. Pos-
terior tibiae in c? with end-spurs only, tarsi short. Forewings :
10 out of 9, 11 sometimes anastomosing with 12. Hindwings .
3 and 4 sometimes stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 very shortly
anastomosing with cell near base, thence rapidly diverging.

A genus of limited extent but wide distribution. Larva
transversely wrinkled, head and 2 bicuspidate.

Cilia barred with darker . . .1. strigata.

„ not barred . . . .2. viridata.

1. N. strigata, Midi, {thymiaria, Gn.) 27-31 mm. Face
red -brown, fillet white, crown light green. Antennae in S
strongly dentate. Forewings dull green ; first and second lines
sinuate, whitish ; cilia whitish, barred with dark grey. Hind-
wings as forewings, bvit first line absent, a darker discal mark ;
termen subcaudate-an liulated .

248

NOTODONTINA

[nemoria

England, Forfar, W. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva brown, 5-10 sometimes yellowish or

flesh-colour ; 2-5 suffused with pale
) purplish, with brown dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and spiracular lines; 6-9
with pale purplish or whitish V-
shaped marks ; head brown : on
birch, blackthorn, etc. ; 8-5.

2. N. viridata, L. 22-24 mm.
Face I'ed -brown, fillet white, crown
light green. Antennae in $ fili-
form. Forewings light green ; costal
edge whitish - ochreous ; first line
faint, curved ; second nearly straight,
whitish ; cilia white, basal half pale
greenish. Hindwings as forewings,
but first line absent; termen very
obtusely angulated.

England, E. Ireland, local ;
Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pale green, with
purplish dorsal sometimes coniiected marks ; subdorsal line
whitish ; lateral ridge pale yellow ; head purplish : on Ruhus,

Neuratioii of Nemoria strigaia.

hawthorn, etc. ; 7-9.

EUCHLORIS, Hh.

Antennae in S bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi
shortly rough-scaled. Forewings: 10 out of 9, 11 sometimes
anastomosing with 12 or 10. Hindwings : 3 and 4 sometimes
stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 very shortly anastomosing with cell
near base, thence rapidly diverging.

An extensive genus, principally characteristic of the Indo-
Malayan, Australian, and African regions ; but there are also
a certain number of species in Europe and North America.
The neural variations noted sometimes occur within the same
species.

1. Forewings with brown tornal blotch . \. pustulata.

,, without brown blotch . . .2.

2. Face green ... 2. smaragdaria.

,, not green . . . . .3.

3. Face dull red . . , .3. vemaria.

,, yellow-ochreuus . . .4. lactearia.

1. E. pustulata, llufn. (bajularia, SchifF.) 27-30 mm. Head

white, collar green. Forewings green ; costal edge white ; first

EUCHLORis] GEOMETRIDAE 249

and second lines indistinct, waved, whitish, first thicker near
dorsum, second ending in a brown white-bordered tornal blotch ;
cilia ochreous-whitish, barred with fuscous. Hindwings green ;
a terminal series of crescentic brown white -bordered marks,
much enlarged at apex and tornus ; a dark fuscous terminal
line ; termen rounded ; cilia as in forewings.

England to York, not common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva pale
brown, 5-9 with paler projections, head red-brown : on oak,
clothing itself with irregular adhering fragments of leaves ; 8-5.

2. E. smaragdaria, F. 30-32 mm. Head green, lower part
of face ochreous-white. Forewings green ; costal edge whitish-
ochreous ; first and second lines waved, white ; a small white
discal spot; cilia green, tips white. Hindwings green, paler
anteriorly ; discal spot and cilia as in forewings ; termen
rounded.

Kent, Essex, very local ; C. and S. Europe, N. Asia ; 7.
Larva grey-brown, 5-9 with projections : on Artemisia maritima,
clothing itself with irregular adhering fragments of leaves ; 8-5.

3. E. vernaria, Hh. 30-36 mm. Face dull red, fillet white,
crown light green. Forewings light green ; costal edge white ;
first line strongly, second slightly curved, white ; tips of cilia
white. Hindwings as forewings, but paler anteriorly, first line
absent ; ternien very obtusely angulated.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, rather common ;
Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva green, with white dots, forming by
confluence subdorsal and spiracular lines ; spiracles reddish ;
head quadrifid, flesh-colour : on Clematis vitalba ; 9-6.

4. E. lactearia, L. 21-24 mm. Head white, face yellow-
ochreous. Forewings pale whitish-green (very fugitive) ; first
line curved, second almost straight, white ; cilia white. Hind-
wings as forewings, but second line angulated; termen angulated.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dark green ; 5-9 with purple posteriorly
ochreous-edged dorsal diamonds; 10-13 with a purple dorsal
line ; head red-brown, bifid : on birch, oak^ etc. ; 7-9.

3. Geometra, L.

Antennae in S bipectinated to apex. Palpi shoi-tly rough-
scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Forewings: 10 out of 9, 11
sometimes anastomosing with 12 and 10. Hindwings: 6 and 7
separate, 8 approximated to cell towards base, diverging from
before middle.

250 NOTODONTINA [geometra

As restricted, it contains only two or three species from tlie
European region.

1. G. papilionaria, L. 45-56 mm. Head green. Forewings
green ; first and second lines whitish, indistinct, waved ; sub-
terminal formed by whitish dots ; a darker green linear discal
mark; tips of cilia white. Hindwings as forewings, but first
line absent ; termen waved, bent.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, N.
Asia; 7. Larva green, yellow -speckled, back reticulated with
paler; 3 with one, 6-9 with two rosy-tipped projections ; 12 and
13 rosy on back; spiracular line yellow; head reddish: on
birch, hazel, etc. ; 9-5.

4. PSEUDOTERPNA, Hb.

Antennae in S bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi
I'ovigh -scaled. Thorax densely hairy beneath. Abdomen with
dorsal crests. Forewings: 10 out of 9, 11 sometimes anasto-
mosing with 12 and 10. Hindwings : 6 and 7 separate, 8
approximated to cell towards base, diverging from middle.

A genus of some considerable extent, but principally Indo-
Malayan and Australian, correlated with the preceding ; there
are three strictly European species.

1. P. pruinata, Hufn. (cytisaria, Schift'.) 32-35 mm. Head
white mixed with green, face black. Forewings dull gi'een,
sprinkled with white; first and second lines dark green, waved,
irregular ; subterminal cloudy, wliitisli ; a darker green linear
discal mark ; tips of cilia whitish. Hindwings as forewings, but
paler, more whitish basally, markings more indistinct, first line
absent ; termen rounded.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather common ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva green, white-
speckled ; dorsal line darker; subdorsal pale yellowish -green ;
spiracular rosy-white, purple-edged beneath, with a branch
down third leg ; head and 2 bicuspidate, tips dark red : on
Cytisus, UleXj Genista ; 9-6.

4. MONOCTENIADAE.

Hindwings : 5 fully developed, parallel to 4, rising fi-om
about or below middle of transverse vein, 8 free or anastomosing
shortly near base or seldom from near base to beyond middle
(then without areole of forewings), approximated to upper
margin of cell to middle or beyond.

MONOCTENIADAE 251

Tliis is doubtless to be regarded as a decaying family ; in
Australia it is still prominent, nearly 100 species being already
known, and it is represented to a certain extent in the Indo-
Malayan region, but elsewhere only a few stragglers are to be
fountl ; it has presumably been supplanted by its descendants.
The British forms give no idea of the scope of the family,
which is considerable. Imago with body slender, forewings
moderately broad or rather elongate, triangular.

Ovum subcylindrical, smooth. Larva more or less elongate,
usually with few hairs, prolegs on 7, 8, and sometimes 9
rudimentary or absent. Pupa subterranean or in bark.
Erannis and Brejihos are rather nearly allied, but otherwise
the genera are too disconnected to be imderstood except
through an acquaintance with exotic forms.

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Forewings with vein 10 out of 9 or absent . 2.

,, ,, ,, present, not out of 9 . 3.

2. Face and palpi roughly hairy . 4. Brephos.

,, ,, smooth-scaled . 2. Aplasta.

'6. Tongue obsolete . . . .3. Erannis.

,, well-developed . . .1. Baptria.

1. Baptria, Hb.

Face with projecting scales. Tongue developed. Antennae
in (J evenly ciliated. Palpi moderate, rough -scaled. Thorax
hairy beneath. Femora glabrous. Forewings: 10 out of 11,
anastomosing with 9. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked, 8 closely
approximated to cell to near angle, in 9 sometimes shortly
anastomosing near base.

The single species occurs almost throughout Europe.

B. atrata, L. {chaerophyUata, L.) 23-26 mm. Wholly
blackish ; apical cilia of forewings white.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, locally plentiful ;
Europe and Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva green, paler
laterally ; dorsal line darker, on 13 dark i-ed, broader ; sub-
dorsal darker, whitish -edged ; subspii-acular whitish ; spiracles
red : on flowers of Conojjodium denudatuyn ; 5, 6.

2. Aplasta, Hh.

Face with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Antennae
in S ciliated. Palpi with appressed scales. Thorax glabrous
beneath. Femora glabrous. Forewings: 10 absent, 11 anasto-

252 NOTODONTINA [aplasta

mosingwith 12. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated
to cell towards base, diverging from middle.

Includes only the one European species. It is a somewhat
isolated type, of uncertain affinity.

1. A. ononaria, Fuesl. 22-27 mm. Head brownish-ochreous.
Forewings light ochreous, strigulated with ferruginous ; second
line formed by a cloudy darker suffusion ; subterminal indis-
tinctly pale ; terminal band somewhat darker. Hindwings as
forewings, but markings hardly indicated.

Kent, appai'ently a casual only ; WC. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor, Syria ; 5, 6. Larva stout, clothed with stiff short
down ; dull green, dorsal line darker, spiracular obscurely
lighter : on Ononis spinosa ; 9-4.

3. Ebannis, Hh.

Face with appressed scales. Tongue obsolete. Antennae in

cj serrate, ciliated with very long fascicles. Palpi very short,

^^^rp~\ rough-scaled. Thorax somewhat

^ — hairy beneath. Femora glabrous.

^^ — Forewings : 1 1 sometimes anasto-

^^^^^:y^ \ ' / mosingwith 12 or 10. Hindwings:

^^^^^-''^ 7 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing

/^^^^''^'''''^~^-^~J^~~/ with cell to beyond middle. ?

v4;^rr:-l-__^^^^^^"--^7^/ apterous, with large anal tvift.

^ — "^^'^^^ A very small genus, confined to

the European region and North

Xll----^;^;::::::^^^^^'^^^^^. America. Larva with rudimentary

^^-..^....~7J^ n prolegs on 9.

'^r~~~~-x— -■■::^*=\H 1- E. aescularia, Schiff. 29-33

\\\. ^^-^^^C/ '^'^^' Head brownish. Forewings

x^^, ^\S^ brown or brownish-ochreous, spi'in-

^ kled with blackish ; first and second

Neurcation of Emrawis aescttZavia. Ym^^ serrate, whitish, internally
margined with blackish-fuscous marks in serrations ; a dark
' fuscous linear discal mark, and obliqne apical streak. Hind-
wings pale whitish-fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; second
line faintly whitish, curved.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common (unfreqnent in Scotland) ;
C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva yellowish-gx'een ; dorsal line dark
green, yellow-edged; subdorsal, lateral, and subspiracular
yellowish : on oak, elm, etc. ; 5, 6. The 5 moth strews hairs
from the anal tuft over her eggs.

BREPHOSJ

MONOCTENIADAE

253

4, Brephos, 0.

Face roughly hairy. Tongue developed. Antennae in (^
evenly ciliated or shortly bipec-
tinated. Palpi short, clothed
with long rough hairs. Thorax
hairy beneath. Femora hairy.
Forewings : 10 out of 9 or absent.
Hindwings : 6 and 7 sometimes
stalked, 8 closely approximated to
cell to middle, connected or shortly
anastomosing with it near base.

A very small genus, confined
to north temperate regions ; corre-
lated with the preceding. Larva
with fully-developed prolegs on 9,
and rudimentary ones on 7 and 8.

Pupa in a chamber in bark. Neuration of Brephos notha.

Antennae in c? dentate ; a central white costal blotch

1. parthenias.
„ ,, bipectinated ; no central costal blotch 2.notha.

1. B. parthenias, L. 33-35 mm. Head black. Antennae in
S dentate. Forewings dark ochreous-fuscous, dorsally more

blackish ; first and second lines and praesubterminal blackish,
serrate ; an oval blackish whitish-centred discal spot ; a cloudy
white costal blotch before this, and another before subterminal ;
cilia barred with white. Hindwings orange ; discal spot, a very
large dorsal blotch, and irregular terminal fascia blackish.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia, NE. America ; 3, 4. Larva green ; dorsal line whitish-
edged ; lateral whitish ; subspiracular broader, yellowish ; two
white dots near spiracles on each segment : on birch ; 6, 7.

2. B. notha, Hb. 28-32 mm. Head dark fuscous. Antennae
in S bipectinated. Forewings dark fuscous, sprinkled with
whitish ; first and second lines blackish, irregular ; subterminal
pale, anteriorly darker-margined ; a blackish pale-centred discal
spot ; a cloudy white costal spot before subterminal ; cilia
hardly barred. Hindwings as in jB. j^f^fthenias.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 3, 4. Larva
green, sides black ; dorsal line darker, yellowish -edged ; sub-
dorsal and lateral fine, yellow ; subspiracular pale yellow ; head
and 2 black-spotted : on aspen and Salix caprea, between joined
leaves ; 6.

254 NOTODOXTINA

5. SELIDOSEMIDAE.

Hindwings : 5 imperfect (not tubular) or obsolete, 6 and 7
usually separate, 8 usually obsoletely connected with upper
margin of cell near base, approximated to near middle.

A very large family, equally common throughout all regions.
It varies considerably in su})erficial appearance, and is also
remarkable for the variability of structure of veins 10 and 11
of the forewings in many (not all) species. Imago with body
slender to rather stout, forewings broad to rather elongate,
triangular ; posterior tibiae of 3 often enlarged and enclosing
an expansible tuft of hairs. The structure termed the fovea is
a circular impression on the lower surface of the forewings
above the dorsum near the base, usually placed about the
origin of the basal fork of lb ; it is generally confined to the
($ , and is often subhyaline, sometimes surmounted by a small
thickened gland ; it may possibly be a scent-producing organ.
It is strictly confined to that branch of which Selidosema is the
type, but is not invariably present there. In DeiUnia a some-
what similar structure occurs in the hindwings.

Ovum subcylindrical or elongate -ovate, more or less re-
ticulated, sometimes ribbed. Larva elongate, more or less
slender, with few hairs, without developed prolegs on 7, 8, and
us\ially 9 ; often remarkal)ly like a twig of its food-plant. Pupa
subterranean or in a slight cocoon above ground.

The diagram shows the relations of the principal genera, so
far as they can be made out ; but the want of definite
characters makes conclusions in this family rather conjectural.

Phylogeny of Selidosemidae.

Opisthograptis Oiirapteryx

I I

Diastictis Ectropis Abraxas Deiliiiia Metrocanipa

Bnpaliis Selidosema Pseiulopanthera Euchlaena Selenia

Synopsia Hybernia Crocota Apocheima Eiinomos

Bistou Goiioilontis

[Prosopoloplia group]

SELIDOSEMIDAE

255

6.
7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.

Tabulation of Genera.

Forewings in S with fovea . . .2.

,, ,, without fovea . . .8.

Antennae in S bipectinated . . .3.

,, ,, not pectinated . . .7.

Hind wings with 6 and 7 stalked . . 8. Tephronia.

,, ,,6 and 7 separate . . 4.

Palpi and often face roughly hairy . 7. Bupalus.

,, and face at most rough-scaled . . 5.

Forewings with 11 rising separate, or if out of 10,
from near base only and then not
anastomosing with 12 . .6.

„ with 11 absent or out of 10 high up,

or if lower, anastomosing with 12

2. DiASTICTIS.

Antennae in S bi])ectinated to apex . 5. Cleora.

,, „ with apex simple . 6. Selidosema.

Antennae in S with two short acute processes on

each side of each joint 3. Ectropis.

,, without paired processes 1. Opisthograptis.

Antennae in S simple . . . .9.

,, ,, bipectinated . . .12.

Antennae in 3 ciliated with fascicles . 10. Abraxas.

,, ,, shortly and evenly ciliated . 10.

Face with long rough hairs

,, not rough-haired
Foi'ewings with 11 absent
,, with 11 present

5 apterous or semiapterous
,, with fully-developed wings
Face roughly hairy

,, not hairy
Thorax crested ;

„ smooth ;
Hindwings in c^
Antennae in S

14. PSODOS.

. 11.

19. OURAPTERYX.
1 1 . l^SEUDOPANTHERA.

. 13.

. 15.
16. Apocheima.
. 14.
apex of antennae in c^ simple

15. Htbernia.
antennae in ^ pectinated to apex

13. Theria.
18. Deilinia.
16.
17.
24.
18.
23.

with subbasal fovea
without fovea .
bipectinated to apex
,, ,, with apex sim2)lc

Face with projecting scales
,, with tolerably appressed scales

256 NOTODONTINA

18. Eye crossed by subantennal liair-tuft . 25. Colotois.

„ not crossed by tuft . . . .19.

19. Forewings with transparent discal scar . 22. Selenia.

,, without transparent scar . . 20.

20. Forewings with 11 connected with 12 .26. Ennomos.

„ with 11 free from 12 . . .21.

21. Posterior tibiae hairy, middle-spurs short or absent

17. BiSTON.

,, ,, glabrous, middle-spurs moderately

long . . . 22.

22. Face with defined conical tuft . 23. Hygrochroa.

„ without defined tuft . 27. Gonodontis.

23. Forewings with 7 out of 9 above middle, 10 out

of 9 . . .24. Cepphis.

,, with 7 out of 9 below middle, 10 rarely

out of 9 near base . 12. Crocota.

24. Thorax with low double posterior crest 4. Deileptenia.

,, not crested . . . .25.

25. Femora hairy . . . .9. Synopsia.

,, glabrous ..... 26.

26. Forewings with 10 normally out of 9, and anasto-

mosing with 11 . 20. Metrocampa.

„ with 10 out of 11, not anastomosing

with 11 . . 21. Euchlabna.

1. Opisthograptis, Hb.

Face with appressed scales or short tuft. Tongue developed.
Antennae in $ filiform or serrate-dentate, ciliated. Palpi rough-
scaled. Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ;
posterior tibiae in c^ more or less dilated, often bent. Forewings
in S with -fovea; 10 often connected or anastomosing with
12 and 9, 11 out of 10 between connections or usually absent.

A considerable genus, widely distributed, but most numer-
ous in the Indo-Malayan region.

1. Forewings with ferruginous costal spot . . 2.

,, without ferruginous costal spot 4. clathrata.

2. Wings yellow . . . .5. hdeolnta.

,, not yellow . . . .3.

3. Forewings with blackish spot on middle of second

line .... 4.

,, without such spot . . 3. litumta.

4. Angulation of second line very obtuse . 2. altemaria.

„ , ,, nearly rectangular 1. notata.

opisTHOoRAPTis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 257

1. 0. notata, L. 25-28 mm. Head ochreous. Antennae in
$ dentate. Forewings ochreous- whitish, strigulated with

ochreous -grey ; first, median, and
second hnes ochreous -grey, on
costa bx'own, second angulated, in
middle traversing an oval blackish
spot cut by ochreous - whitish
veins ; a ferruginous-brown spot
on costa beyond second ; upper
half of termen subconcave, its
cilia light brown. Hindwings
with colour and median line as in
forewings, second partly dotted
with dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous
discal dot ; termen subcaudate-
angulated.

S. England to Suffolk and Neurationof 0;u.«Ao,rap«s ^(eoZato.

Gloucester, Cheshire, Inverness, Ross, local ; Europe, WC. and
N. Asia ; 6. Larva dark green, sides yellowish-brown ; a dorsal
series of yellowish-brown spots : on Salix and birch ; 8, 9.

2. 0. alternaria, Hh. 25-28 mm. Differs from 0. notata as
follows : colour pale whitish -fuscous, strigulated with grey,
hindwings more whitish basally ; lines grey, second line less
angulated, followed by a darker suffusion, traversed spot much
smaller, termen more concave ; termen of hindwings more
caudate.

Sussex to Devon, Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe, WC. and
N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light green ; three triangular reddish
lateral marks towards middle : on Salix ; 9.

3. 0. liturata, CI. 26-29 mm. Head yellow -ochreous.
Antennae in $ dentate. Forewings pale fuscous, strigulated
with darker ; first, median, and second lines fuscous, on costa
darker, second darker-dotted, followed by a pale reddish-
ochreous suffusion, and ferruginpus costal spot ; a fuscous
discal mark ; termen subsinuate. Hindwings as forewings, but
more ochreous-whitish ; first line and costal spot absent ; discal
dot darker ; termen angulated.

Britain to Ross, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N.
Asia ; 5-7. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish ;
spiracular white ; head brown : on Pinus abies ; 9-10.

4. 0. clathrata, L. 22-26 mm. Head black mixed with
whitish. Antennae in $ filiform. Forewings yellowish- white
or pale yellowish, margins strigulated with dark fuscous, veins

s

258 NOTODONTINA [opisthograptis

dark fuscous ; first, median, second, and praesubterminal lines
dark fuscous, irregular : cilia white, barred with dark fuscous.
Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent. A dark fuscous
variety with pale subterminal spots is not unfrequent.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; EurojDC, WC. and
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line double, white ; sub-
dorsal narrow, Avhite ; lateral and spiracular white ; incisions
yellowish ; head slightly bifid : on Trifolium, Medicago, etc. ;
8-4.

5. 0. luteolata, L. (crataegata, L.) 29-38 mm. Head yellow,
lower part of face ferruginous. Antennae in $ filiform. Fore-
wings yellow ; three or four ferruginous costal spots, last lai-ge ;
first line, second, and part of praesubterminal grey, waved, in-
terrupted ; a linear whitish ferruginous-margined discal mark.
Hindwings yellow ; second and praesubterminal lines as in fore-
wings ; a grey discal dot.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC.
and N. Asia, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva with rudimentary pro-
legs on 8 and 9 ; pale brown, sometimes purplish or greenish-
tinged ; a pointed projection on 7, directed forwards ; two
smaller projections on 9 : on hawthorn, birch, etc.; 7-4.

2. DiASTiCTis, Hb.

Face with appressed scales or short tuft. Tongue developed.
Antennae in $ bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi rough-scaled.
Thorax hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in
$ dilated. Foi'ewings in $ with fovea; 10 often connected or
anastomosing with 12 and 9, 11 usually absent, or out of 10
above middle, or if lower anastomosing with 12.

A large genus, more or less cosmopolitan ; derived from
Selidosema.

1. Wings ferruginous-ochreous .1. hrunneata.

,, not ochreous . .2.

2. Lines distinct throughout • .3.

„ nearly obsolete . . .2. wauaria

3. Discal mark whitish, dark-margined . 4. consortaria.

„ ,, wholly dark fuscous . 3. roboraria.

1. D. brunneata, Thnb. {jnnetaria, Hb.) 24-26 nnn. Head
ferruginous-ochreous. Forewings ferruginous-ochreous, strigu-
lated with darker; first, median, second, and praesubterminal
lines fuscous, subsinuate. Hindwings as forewings, but lines
less distinct, first absent ; a fuscous discal dot.

Perth to Ross, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N.

I

DiASTicTis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 259

America ; 6, 7. Larva white ; dorsal line dark green, finely
black-edged; subdorsal rosy -brown, dark -edged ; three brown
lateral lines ; a spiracular series of yellowish marks : on
Vaccinium and Pinus sylvestris ; 4, 5.

2. D. wauaria, L. {wavaria, F.) 25-30 mm. Head grey-
whitish. Forewings grey-whitish, strigulated with grey ; four
dark fuscous costal marks, second usually joined with black
V-shaped discal mark ; termen suifused with light brownish.
Hindwings with ground as in forewings ; a dark grey discal
dot.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N.
America; 7, 8. Larva grey-green or lead -grey, with black
spots ; dorsal surface yellower ; a spiracular yellow black -
spotted line, sometimes interrupted ; head grey, black-spotted :
on currant and gooseberry [Ribes) ; 5, 6. This larva seems to
mimic the abundant and distasteful larva of the gooseberry
savvfly (^Nematus rihesii).

3. D. roboraria, Schiff. 48-52 mm. Head whitish sprinkled
with fuscous, face fuscous. Forewings whitish or fuscous-
whitish, densely sprinkled with fuscous and black ; lines waved ;
tirst, median, and second blackish-fuscous, median and second
approximated and thickened dorsally ; subtermiual pale, an-
teriorly partly dark - margined ; a dark fuscous discal mark
before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent,
median straighter, second remote, not thickened, discal mark
beyond median.

England to York, not common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7.
Larva purplish -brown or ochreous-brown, with variable indi-
cations of pale markings ; 6 (sometimes also 4) with two sub-
dorsal prominences, 12 with slight dorsal ridge; head bifid : on
oak ; 8-5.

4. D. consortaria, F. 43-50 mm. Differs from D. rohoraria
as follows : wings more brownish-tinged, median and second lines
hardly thickened dorsally, discal mark linear, whitish, margined
with dark grey.

5. England to Leicester, not common ; C. Europe, WC. and
N. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva greenish-grey ; dorsal line darker ;
lateral paler ; 6 with two subdorsal prominences ; 12 with slight
dorsal I'idge : on oak ; 8, 9.

3. EcTROPis, Hb.

Face nearly smooth or with somewhat projecting scales.
Tongue developed. Antennae in $ with two short acute pro-

260

NOTODONTINA

[ectropis

Fore wing of Ectropis hiundularia.

2.

2.
. 3.

3. hiundularia.

4. consonaria.

2. punctularia.

33 mm. Head

cesses on each side of each joint, emitting strong fascicles of
ciha. Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora

glabrous ; posterior tibiae in S
sometimes dilated. Forewings
in cj with fovea; 10 sometimes
out of 9 or absent, sometimes
connected with 9, 11 sometimes
out of 9 or 10, sometimes anas-
tomosing with 12.

A small genus, but very
widely distributed ; derived from
Selidosema.
1. Forewings with a white median subterminal spot

1. luridata.
„ without such spot

Discal mark of forewings distinct
„ „ „ absent .

3. First line preceded by a dark shade

,, ,, not preceded by a dark shade

1. E. luridata, B/ch. (extersaria, Hb.) 29
fuscous-whitish, mixed with dark fuscous. Forewings whitish-
fuscous, much strigulated with dark fuscous ; first, median, and
second lines sinuate, dark fuscous, blackish-marked, second end-
ing in a whitish dorsal spot ; subterminal pale, waved, anteriorly
dark-margined, marked with clear white central spot ; a blackish
discal mark. Hindwings as forewings, but lines more indistinct,
without white spots, first absent ; discal dot obscure.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, Lancashire, rather
common ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva pale grey, clouded with
reddish-brown : on birch ; 8, 9.

2. E. punctularia. Jib. 25-29 mm. Head white mixed with
dark fuscous. Forewings whitish, sprinkled with fuscous and
dark fuscous ; first, median, and second lines irregular, fuscous,
darker-marked, stronger on costa ; subterminal whitish, waved,
anteriorly fuscous -margined ; a dark fuscous discal dot on
median. Hindwings as forewings, but lines more indistinct,
first absent, discal dot beyond median.

England, Argyll, E. and S. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva wrinkled, green ; dorsal line
yellowish, whitish -margined ; subdorsal and two fine lateral
lines yellowish-white ; incisions yellow ; head yellow-green : on
birch ; 7, 8.

3. E. hiundularia, £/ih. (crepuscular ia, Hb. ; laricaria,

ECTROPis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 261

Dbld.) 32-40 mm. Head whitish, with dark fuscous frontal
bar. Forewings whitish, sometimes tinged with ochreous
or fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first and second
lines subserrate, fuscous, black - marked, dorsally approxi-
mated ; an ochreous or fuscous shade befoi^e first, and
another, with bidentate dark central mark, beyond second ;
median and praesubterminal ochreous or fnscous, partly
dark-marked. Hindwings as forewings, but first line and
shade absent, second shade less dark-marked ; a dark fuscous
discal mark.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia, Japan, N. America ; 3-6. Larva brownish-grey,
yellowish-grey, or reddish-brown ; subdorsal line dark on 4-9
a lateral series of pale blotches, one on 10 conspicuously paler
4 swollen, with three black spots ; 6 with dark V-shaped mark
on oak, beech, larch, etc. ; 6-9. This insect varies much locally
in depth of colouring and time of appearance.

4. E. consonaria, Hh. 35-38 mm. Differs from E. hiundu-
laria as follows : wings and markings more brownish-tinged,
not ochreous, first and second line dark fuscous, hardly serrate,
not approximated dorsally, first shade darker fuscous, second
marked with roundish darker central blotch, a distinct dark
fuscous discal mark in forewings.

England to York, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia; 5. Larva wrinkled, greenish -ochreous, with
numerous dull red waved lines ; doi'sal dull ochreous, brown-
edged ; incisions greenish ; head ochreous-whitish, marked with
dark bi'own : on birch, beech, Finns, etc. ; 6-8.

4. Deilbptenia, Hh.

Face loosely scaled. Tongue developed. Antennae in S
bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax with
low double posterior crest, haiiy beneath. Femora glabi'ous ;
posterior tibiae in c? not dilated. Forewings in (J without
fovea; 11 sometimes out of 10 near base, sometimes anasto-
mosing with 12.

A small genus, inhabiting the European region ; derived
from Selidosema.

1. D. abietaria, Hh. 40-44 mm. Head fuscous. Forewings
pale ochreous, suffused with brown or dark grey and strigulated
with dark fuscous ; lines waved ; first, median, and second dark
fuscous, stronger on costa, median and second closely approxi-
mated dorsally ; subterminal pale, dark-margined anteriorly ; a

262 NOTODONTINA [deileptenia

dark fuscous discal mark before median. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but lines more indistinct, first absent, discal mark beyond
median.

S. England to Gloucester and Essex, Perth, local ; C. Europe ;
7. Larva light ochreous-brown or dark grey-brown, with paler
dorsal patches, especially on 5, 9, and 10 ; dorsal, subdorsal,
and lateral lines pale, brown-edged ; 5-9 spotted with black on
back : on yew, Pinus, etc. ; 9-5.

5. Cleora, Curt.

Face nearly smooth. Tongue developed. Antennae in S
bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax hairy be-
neath. Femora almost glabrous ; posterior tibiae in S not
dilated. Forewings in $ with fovea ; 10 connected, or anasto-
mosing with 9.

One species only is known.

1. C. lichenaria, Hufn. 29-33 mm. Head green -whitish,
forehead spotted with dark fuscous. Forewings whitish, suf-
fusedly strigulated with dull gi-eenish and sprinkled with black ;
first line curved, second strongly sinuate and dentate, black ; a
green blackish discal spot. Hindwings as forewings, but first
line absent, second less sinuate, spot grey.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common ; C Europe ; 7. Larva
wrinkled, olive-green, variegated with lighter and darker; 5-11
with pairs of slight prominences; 12 with two larger yellow
black -tipped prominences; spiracular line sometimes partly
blackish : on lichens ; 9-5.

6. Sblidosema, Hh.

Face with appressed or shortly projecting scales. Tongue
developed. Antennae in cj bipectinated, towards apex simple.
Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax sometimes crested posterioi'ly,
hairy beneath. Femora nearly glabrous : posterior tibiae in S
dilated. Forewings in $ with fovea ; 10 sometimes connected
with 9, 11 sometimes out of 10 near base only, or if separate,
sometimes anastomosing with 12.

A genus of considerable extent, and universally distributed ;
derived from Synopsia.

1. Discal mark whitish, dark-margined . 6. cinctaria.

,, ,, Avholly dai'k . . . .2.

2. Forewings whitish . . . .3.

not whitish . . . .4.

selidosema] SELIDOSEMIDAE 263

3. Median line of fnrewings blackish . 4. angularia.

,, „ „ marked on costa only

3. glahraria.

4. Lines of hindwings obsolete . .1. ericetaria.

„ ,, present . . .5.

5. Second line of forewings projecting below middle

1. rejyandata.
„ „ „ not projecting belowmiddle

5. gemmaria.

1. S. ericetaria, VilL {j)lumaria, Hb.) 34-36 mm. Head
brownish -ochreous, sometimes mixed with whitish. Antennal
pectinations very long, 5 or 6 joints simple. Forewings
l)rownish- ochreous or whitish -fuscous, sprinkled with dark
fuscous, termen suffused with bi'ownish ; first and second lines
faint, on costa dark fuscous ; median straight, fuscous, variably
distinct ; pi-aesubterminal cloudy, rather dark fuscous ; some-
times a dark fuscous discal spot beyond median. Hindwings
as forewings," but lines obsolete.

Sussex to Dorset, Warwick, Cheshire, Arran, E. and S.
Ireland, local ; C. and S. Eui'ope to Syria ; 7, 8. Larva wrinkled,
pale grey; dorsal line blackish-brown, double, on 5-12 swollen
in middle ; subdorsal pale ; spiracular pale, brown-edged : on
Calluna ; 9-4.

2. S. repandata, L. 38-46 mm. Head grey mixed with
whitish and fuscous. Forewings light ochreous-brown, sprinkled
with black and sometimes with whitish ; fii-st line curved,
median twice sinuate, dark fuscous, sometimes partly confluent;
second dark fuscous, roundly projecting above and below middle;
subterminal waved, pale or whitish, partially dark-margined ; a
blackish discal spot before median. Hindwings as forewings,
but lines less marked, regular, discal dot beyond median.

Britain to the Hebrides, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. and C. Asia to N. India and Japan ; 7. Larva
pale greenish-ochreous, brown-marked, sometimes suffused with
dark grey, dusted with yellow ; dorsal line brown or dark grey,
distinct on 2-4, often obsolete elsewhere; 5-12 sometimes with
pale dorsal diamonds : on oak, birch, blackthorn, etc ; 9-4.

3. S. glabraria, Hb. 26-29 mm. Head ochreous-white, fore-
head dotted with black. Forewings ochreous-white, sprinkled
with black ; first and second lines grey, black-dotted, forming-
black costal spots, second twice sinuate ; subterminal waved,
partially thickly margined with blackish-grey ; an oval black
discal spot, joined with a blackish costal spot. Hindwings with

264 NOTODONTINA [selidosema

ground as in forewings ; a blackish-grey discal dot and curved
second line.

Surrey to Wilts and Devon, Leicester, Lake District, local ;
C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale blue-green, back more whitish ;
a dorsal series of black spots ; a subdorsal series of black
dashes ; some small lateral black marks : on lichens ; 5, 6.

4. S. angularia, Thnb. (viduaria, Bkh.) 31-32 mm. Head
whitish, mixed with black. Forewings ochreous-white strigu-
lated with black, base mixed with light brownish ; lines
blackish, first curved, median thick, second subserrate, sinuate,
followed by a light brownish shade, praesubterminal waved ; a
black discal mark beyond median. Hindwings brown-whitish,
strigulated with gi'ey ; three dorsal marks and a discal dot
blackish.

Sussex, Hants, scarce ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva on oak ;

SO)-

5. S. gemmaria, £7'h. (rhomhoidaria, Hb. ; perfumaria,
Newm.) 34-40 mm. Head fuscous, face with darker pale-edged
bar. Forewings bi'ownish, veins light ochreous, strigulated
with dark fuscous ; first, median, and second lines fuscous or
dark fuscous, curved above, second black-dotted, stronger on
dorsum ; subterminal obscurely whitish, waved ; a blackish
discal mark before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first
line absent, median straight, discal dot beyond it.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, very common (unfrequent in
Scotland) ; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva
from reddish-brown to dark slaty-grey, dusted with darker and
lighter, sometimes forming irregular lines, an interrupted dorsal
line, or indistinct diamonds : on oak, blackthorn, birch, etc. ;
9-5.

6. S. cinctaria, ScMff. 30-35 mm. Head fuscous mixed with
whitish, face with black bar. Forewings brownish, variably
mixed with whitish and sprinkled with black ; first line curved,
black, preceded by a dark brown shade ; median ochreous,
sinuate ; second black, serrate, sinuate, followed Iw an ochreous-
brown shade ; subterminal whitish, waved ; a whitish dark-
margined discal mark on median. Hindwings as forewings, but
first line and shade absent, median straight, discal mark
beyond it.

Sussex to Oxford and Dorset, Argyll, S. Ireland, local ; N.
and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva light green,
with sevei-al fine paler lines; dorsal and lateral lines bluish-
green ; subdorsal whitish : on Erica and birch ; 6-8.

BUPALUS] SELIDOSEMIDAE 265

7. BuPALUS, Lch.

Face roughly or loosely haired. Tongue developed. An-
tennae in S bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi roughly hairy.
Thorax hairy beneath. Femora often hairy ; posterior tibiae
in S not dilated. Forewings in S with fovea ; 10 often con-
nected or anastomosing with 9, 11 usually out of 10, always
running into 12 or concealed by anastomosis of 10 with 12 and
so apparently absent.

A small genus, characteristic of Europe ; correlated with
Selidosema.

1. Forewings with distinct transverse lines . . 2.

,, without distinct lines . . 3.

2. Median and second lines of forewings approximated

dor sally 2. atomarius.
,, ,, ,, ,, parallel 3. carbonarius.

3. Forewings with large dark triangular apical patch

1. piniarius.
„ without such patch . . 4. limharius.

1. B. piniarius, L. 32-35 mm. <?. Antennal pectinations
long. Forewings blackish-fuscous ; costa and dorsum anteriorly
and base mixed with light yellow-ochreous ; a very large oblique
anterior pale ochreous -yellowish patch in disc, cut by two
suffused dark veins. Hindwings blackish fuscous ; an elongate
discal blotch and a variable irro ration beneath this pale ochreous-
yellowish, crossed by two thick lines. In 9 the pale colour is
replaced throughout by orange, and the dark by deep ferruginous.

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common; N. and C. Europe, N.
Asia ; 5-7. Larva pale blue-green : dorsal line white ; sub-
dorsal bluish-white, edged above and divided by blue-green
lines ; lateral pale yellow : on Pinus sylvestris and larch ; 8-9.

2. B. atomarius, L. 24-29 mm. Antennal pectinations very
long. Forewings ochreous -yellow or yellowish -white, strigu
lated with dark ferruginous ; lines dark ferruginous, first curved,
median and second sinuate, sometimes confluent dorsally, prae-
subterminal interrupted in middle. Hindwings as forewings,
but lines regular, entire, first absent ; a dark ferruginous discal
dot.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. and
N. Asia ; 5-7. Larva brown ; dorsal line double, pale ; sub-
dorsal pale ; spiracular reddish, edged above with a group of
fine black lines; incisions i-eddish : on Erica, Lotus, Trifolium ;
7-9.

266 NOTODONTINA [bupalits

3. B. carbonarius, CI. 20-21 mm. Antennal pectinations
moderate. Forewings white, slightly ochreous-tinged, strigu-
lated with blackish ; lines blackish, first slightly curved, median
and second sinuate, praesubterminal somewhat interrupted ; a
blackish discal mark beyond median. Hindwings as forewings,
but fii'st Ihie absent.

York to Ross, local ; N. and moimtains of C. Europe ; 5.
Larva dull brown, with very obscure darker stripes : on
Vaccinium, Erica, birch ; 6, 7.

4. B. limbarius, F. [conspicicata, Schiff.) 23-26 mm. Antennal
pectinations moderate. Forewings orange, costa strigulated
with blackish, and sometimes a few strigulae elsewhere ; a ter-
minal blackish fascia. Hindwings orange, sprinkled or strigu-
lated with blackish.

Suffolk, Norfolk, Perth, local ; WC. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
greenish-grey ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal doul)le, dark grey,
greenish -edged ; lateral black ; spiracular yellow ] head pale
brown, black-marked : on Cytisus ; 8, 9.

8. Tephronia, Hb.

Face with appressed scales. Tongue weak. Antennae in $
bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi very short, rough-
scaled. Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ;
posterior tibiae with end-spurs only, in $ somewhat dilated.
Forewings in c^and $ with fovea; 9 and 10 absent. Hindwings:
6 and 7 stalked.

A peculiar little group, containing only three European
species ; correlated with Selidosema.

1. T. sepiaria, Hufn. {cineraria, Hb.) 20-22 mm. Head
whitish-grey. Forewings with scales partly suberect ; pale
grey, sprinkled with black ; lines sinuate, first and second black,
median fuscous, very indistinct. Hindwings fuscous-whitish,
termen fuscous-sprinkled ; median line very faint, second grey,
sinuate ; a grey discal dot.

Pembroke (once) ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia ; 7. Larva
wrinkled, dull whitish-grey or greenish-grey ; dorsal line palei",
dilated on each segment, partly double ; subdorsal double,
darker, interrupted ; some lateral interrupted streaks : on lichens
growing on walls ; 5, 6.

9. Synopsia, Hb.

Face loosely scaled. Tongue developed. Antennae in $
bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi rough-scaled. Tliorax

synopsia] SELIDOSEMIDAE 267

densely hairy beneath. Femora hairy ; posterior tibiae in ^
dilated. Forewings in ^ without fovea; 10 often connected
or anastomosing with 9, sometimes with 12 also, 11 out of 10,
usually anastomosing with 12, rarely with 10 also.

Restricted to a few species inhabiting the European region
and India ; derived from the Biston group.

1. S. abruptaria, :rA??6. 29-35 mm. Forewings pale ochreous ;
costal edge strigulated with blackish; first line oblique, curved,
dark fuscous, preceded by a reddish-brown line ; median faint,
reddish - brown ; second twice sinuate, black, followed by a
reddish-brown shade ending in a subapical blotch ; subterminal
pale, waved, partly edged with reddish-brown, usually preceded
by a blackish-grey suffusion above middle ; a black discal dot.
Hindwings pale ochreous, strigulated with reddish-grey ; a
broad reddish-brown postmedian band, darker posteriorly, en-
closing straight slightly waved black second line; termen dentate.

England, Aberdeen (?), common ; SC. Europe, Asia Minor ;
4-6. Larva blackish-brown ; a whitish anterior band on 2 : on
Ligustrum, rose, etc. ; 6-8. The imago when at rest with
outstretched wings appears to imitate a wood-growing fungus.

10. Abraxas, Lch.

Face smooth. Tongue developed. Antennae in $ stout,
ciliated with fascicles. Palpi shortly rough -scaled. Thorax
hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in cj dilated.
Forewings in (J without fovea ; 10 sometimes connected with 9,
11 out of 10, anastomosing with or running into 12, or absent.

A genus of rather limited extent, mainly Asiatic.

1. Abdomen orange . . . . .2.

,, not orange . . . .3.

2. Wings with orange-brown tornal blotch . 2. sylvata.

,, without such blotch . 1. grossiolariata.

3. Wings with terminal blackish band . 4. marginata.

,, without such band . . 3. adustata.

1. A. grossulariata, L. 36-43 mm. Head black. Thorax
and abdomen light oi'ange, spotted with black. Forewings
ochreous-white ; first line curved, very near base, second sinuate,
orange, margined with rows of subconfluent black spots ; a
sinuate median, and a terminal series of black spots ; sometimes
a small black discal spot. Hindwings ochreous-white, with
median, second, and terminal series of black spots, but much
reduced. Liable to great variation in the development of the
black markings.

268 NOTODONTINA [abraxas

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, abundant ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 7-8. Larva ochreous-
whitish ; a dorsal series of large broken black spots ; subdorsal
and lateral series of small black spots ; spiracular line orange ;
head blackish : on gooseberry and currant {Ribes), blackthorn,
etc. ; 9-5.

\A. pantalgia, L., a South European species nearly resembling
A. sylvata, but with orange head, all grey markings much
reduced, and cilia wholly white, has been recorded from
Somerset and I. of Man, but there is little doubt that exceptional
varieties of A. sylvata were mistaken for it].

2. A. sylvata, Sc. {ulmata, F.) 36-43 mm. Head dark
fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dull orange spotted Avith
blackish. Forewings ochreous-white ; a fuscous and orange
basal patch mixed with metallic grey ; second line forming a
sinuate double series of orange-brown and grey spots ending in
an orange and brown dorsal blotch marked with a wavy grey
streak ; a discal blotch and irregular terminal strefdv grey ;
sometimes a median series of grey spots ; cilia mostly grey.
Hindwings with colour and second line as in forewings ; a grey
discal spot.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia,
Japan; 6, 7. Larva bluish -white, with eleven black lines;
head black : on elm ; 8, 9. This widely-ranging species varies
much geographically and seasonally; Indian and Chinese forms
are often very large, Japanese usually have the dark markings
strongly developed.

3. A. adustata, Schiff. 23-25 mm. Head and thorax dai'k
fuscous. Abdomen whitish. Forewings ochreous-white ; first
line curved, blackish, limiting a dark ashy-fuscous basal patch ;
naedian sometimes indicated by dots ; second angulate-sinuate,
grey edged with ochreous-brown, followed by an ashy-grey
band mixed with dark fuscous ; postsubterminal partly
brownish-ochreous, mixed with dark grey ; a grey discal dot.
Hindwings ochreous-white ; second lines and margins of sub-
terminal pale grey ; a dark grey discal dot.

England, Arran, Hebrides, Ireland, common ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor; 5-7. Larva green ; 6-8, 11, 12 with
elongate red dorsal spots, edged on sides wath black and then
with white; 6, 7, 10, 11 with lateral red and yellow spots;
subdorsal and spiracular lines slender, white ; head reddish :
on Euonymus ; C, 8, 9.

4. A. marginata, L. 22-26 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen

abraxas]

SELIDOSEMIDAE

269

rather dark fuscous. Forewiugs ochreous-white ; markings dark
fuscous ; a blotch along basal half of costa ; a median series of
three blotches, two upper often confluent, third often absent ; a
terminal fascia, excavated in middle. Hindwings as forewings,
but first blotch absent, median series small or absent.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C Europe, N.
Asia, Japan ; 5-7. Larva dull green, with black dots ; six dark
green lines; incisions yellowish; spiracular line bluish-white;
head purplish-marked : on Salix caprea ; 6, 8, 9.

11. PSBUDOPANTHERA, Hb.

Face usually rounded or prominent. Tongue developed.
Antennae in $ stout, flatly subdentate, shortly and evenly
ciliated. Palpi rough - scaled.
Thorax hairy beneath. Femora
glabrous ; posterior tibiae in S
sometimes dilated. Forewings in
S without fovea ; 10 sometimes
out of 9, usually connected or anas-
tomosing with 9, 11 sometimes out
of 10 or anastomosing with 10,
sometimes anastomosing with 12.

Rather numerous in species, but principally European, though
with occasional representatives in other regions.

4.

1. Wings orange

,, not orange

2. Forewings white or whitish

,, not whitish

3. Forewings with two dark costal spots

,, without such spots

4. Forewings with transverse mai'kings

,, without trausvei'se markings

5. Second line of forewings straight .

,, ,, ,, sinuate, waved

6. First line of forewings angulated in middle

7. hippocasta7iarta.
,, ,, ,, not angulated . . 7.

7. Discal spot of hindwings pale-centred . 5. obscuraria.

,, ,, ,, not pale-centred . 8.

8. Subterminal line of forewings whitish . 6. obfuscaria.

„ ,, ,, absent . 3. pictaria.

1. P. punctata, F. {temerata, Hb.) 25-28 mm. Head white.

viacularia.

2.

. 3.

. 5.

bimaculata.

. 4.

1. punctata.

9. lineata.

8. petraria.

. 6.

Forewings white, souaetimes sprinkled with black ; dorsal end

270 NOTODONTINA [pseudopanthera

of first line, and margins of subteruiinal suffusedly irrorated
with dark grey, especially towards termen above middle ; a
black discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but markings much
fainter, first line absent.

England, S. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ;
5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line yellow, later becoming a series
of brown-edged spots ; head with two orange black-edged marks :
on hawthorn, blackthorn, cherry ; 7, 8.

2. P. bimaculata, F. (tavvmata, Hb.) 25-28 mm. Head
white, face fuscous. Forewings ochreous-white ; first and
second lines faint, waved, sinuate, dotted with fuscous, forming-
small dark fuscous spots on costa ; an indistinct blackish discal
dot. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, no costal
spot.

England to York, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia, Japan ; 5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line darker,
marked with a scries of broad arrowhead-shaped black spots ;
head black-sprinkled : on blackthorn and cherry ; 7, 8.

3. P. pictaria, Ciirt. 24-27 mm. Head fuscous. Forewings
fuscous, sprinkled with darker ; first line hardly curved, second
subsinuate, waved, dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal spot.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous, dorsum sprinkled with darker ; a
gTcy discal dot and waved second line.

Kent to Hants and Essex, local ; W. Europe ; 4. Larva
brown-grey ; 5-8 with a dark V-shaped dorsal mark ; 1 2 with a
black transverse line ; 8, 9 with whitish lateral patches ; 3,
4 with a short oblique black lateral streak ; 6-9 with black
lateral spots : on blackthorn ; 6, 7.

4. P. macularia, L. 25-28 mm. Head yellow mixed with
black. Forewings orange, towards base strigulated with dark
fuscous ; markings blackish mixed with oi-ange ; first, median,
second, and subterminal series of three irregular spots each,
sometimes partially confluent, or absent except on costa ; an
interrupted terminal streak. Hindwings as forewings, but
first series obsolete.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather local ; Europe, Asia Minor ;
5, 6. Larva pale green ; dorsal line double, dark green ; sub-
dorsal double, pale ; lateral pale ; spiracular white, dark-edged
above : on Stachys sylvatica and Reseda ; 7-9.

5. P. obscuraria, Hh. (jnif/ata, Stt.) 28-34 nrna. Head dark
grey mixed with whitish. Forewings brown-grey, strigulated
with whitish and sprinkled with black ; first and second lines
slightly curved, waved, fuscous, black-dotted ; praesubterminal

pseudopantheua] SELIDOSEMIDAE 271

obscurely darker ; a whitish blackish-eclged discal spot. Hind-
wings as forewings, but first line absent ; termen dentate.

Britain to Ross, Ii'eland, rather local ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 7, 8. Larva stout, grey, indistinctly darker-marked ;
dorsal line paler, especially on anterior part of each segment,
edged with oblique darker marks; 12 with two tubercles: on
grasses, Poterium, Helianthemum, etc.; 9-5. The imago varies
in depth of colouring somewhat in accordance with the soil of
its locality.

6. P. obfuscaria, Hh. 38-44 mm. Head dark brown -grey
mixed with whitish. Forewings fuscous, strigulated with
ochreous- whitish ; first line slightly curved, second sinuate,
waved, dark fuscous ; sub terminal ochreous-whitish, waved ; a
dark fuscous usually pale-centred discal spot. Hindwings as
forewings, but first line absent, discal spot not pale- centred ;
termen waved.

Lanark to the Hebrides, E. L'eland, common ; N. and
mountains of C. Europe, NC. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva stout, grey ;
dorsal line double, darker, posteriorly forming disconnected
V-shaped marks; subdorsal pale, blackish -edged, with thick
marks towards incisions ; spiracular darker, pale-edged beneath ;
12 with two tubercles : on Calluna, Genista, etc. ; 9-6.

7. P. hippocastanaria, HI). 28-31 mm. Head dark fuscous,
sometimes whitish - sprinkled. Forewings rather elongate,
fuscous, sprinkled with whitish and more thickly with dark
fuscous; lines obscurely whitish, dark -edged internally, first
sharply angulated in middle, second subsinuate, serrate ; a dark
fuscous discal mark. Hindwings whitish -fuscous ; second line
faint, darker, curved.

Kent to Somerset and Suffolk, local ; W. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. Africa; 5. Larva dull olive -green ; head lai'ge : on
Calhma and Erica ; 9-4.

8. P. petraria, Hb. 27-32 nmi. Head whitish -ochreous.
Forewings light brownish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ;
first and second lines nearly straight, whitish, edged anteriorly
with dark brown, second more broadly ; subterminal faintly
whitish ; a dark fuscous discal dot. Hindwings Avhitish-ochrc-
ous, sprinkled with dark fuscous except towards costa ; second
line subsinuate, pale, sufFusedly edged with fuscous anteriorly.

Britain to Pei'th, L-eland, common ; C. Europe, WC. and N.
Asia, Japan ; 5, 6. Larva olive-green ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral,
and spiracular lines double, reddish - brown ; subspiracular
whitish : on bracken (Fteris aquilina) ; 6, 7.

272 NOTODONTINA [pseudopanthera

9. P. lineata, Sc. (dealbata, L.) 34-44 mm. Head ochreous-
white. Forewings and hindwings ochreous-whitish ; costal
edge, veins, and terminal line dark grey.

Kent to Dorset and Gloucester, E. Ireland, local ; Europe, WC.
and N. Asia ; 6. Larva ochreous or brownish ; dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and lateral lines double, darker ; subspiracular darker :
on grasses {Brachypodium, etc.) ; 9-5.

12. Crocota, Hb.

Face prominent or nearly flat, with appressed scales. Tongue
developed. Antennae in $ bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough-
scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior
tibiae in <? sometimes dilated. Forewings in $ without fovea ;

10 rarely out of 9, usually connected or anastomosing with 9,

11 usually connected or anastomosing with 12, occasionally with
10 also. Hindwings : 6 and 7 sometimes stalked.

Characteristic of the European region, and fairly numerous,
with occasional stragglers elsewhere.

1. Median line present . . .2. strigillaria.

„ „ absent . . . .2.

2. First line of forewings present . . .3.

,, „ „ absent . . 3. gilvaria.

3. Head yellow . . . .4. ochrearia.

,, whitish . . . .1. helgaria.

1. C. belgaria, Hb. 30-37 mm. Head whitish. Forewings
greyish-ochreous, mixed with whitish and sprinkled with dark
fuscous ; lines fuscous, dotted with black, first straight or bent,
second sinuate, followed by a thick dark fuscous shade towards
dorsum and sometimes above middle ; a blackish discal spot.
Hindwings as forewings, but first line and shade beyond second
absent, discal spot dark grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 6.
Larva fuscous-grey ; dorsal line sometimes paler or ochreous-
whitish, broad; 12 with a strong bifid prominence; 13 with
two points : on Erica and Calluna ; 8-4.

2. C. strigillaria, Hb. 32-35 mm. Head white sprinkled
with ochreous and black. Forewings light brownish-ochreous,
suff"used with whitish and sprinkled with fuscous; first line
angulated near costa, median, second, and praesubterminal
nearly straight, ochreous-f uscous ; sometimes a blackish discal
dot. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent.

England, Moray, Ross, N. and W. Ireland, rather common ;
C. Europe, WC. Asia; 6, 7. Larva grey-brown, marked with

CHoroTA] SELIDOSEMIDAE 273

darker and lighter; 8 and 10 with pairs of small tubercles, 9
with a larger pair; 13 with two points: on Erica, Calluna,
Ci/tisus ; 8-5.

3. 0. gilvaria, F. 28-34 mm. Head pale yellowish. Fore-
wings pale ochreous-yellowish, thinly strigulated with pale
brownish ; costal edge mostly fuscous ; second line straight,
fuscous, running to near apex, not reaching dorsum ; a fuscous
discal spot. Hindwings yellow-whitish ; a grey discal spot and
faint second line.

S. England to Suffolk and Gloucester, W. Ireland, local :
C. Europe, WC. and N. i\.sia, N. America ; 8. Larva light
greyisli-ochreous, with several indistinct paler and darker
lines; 13 with two points: on Thymus, Potentilla, etc.; 9-7.

4. C. ochrearia, Ross, (citraria, Hb.) 26-32 mm. Head
ochreous-yellow. Forewings ochreous-yellow, in 9 wdiitish-
ochreous, strigulated with deeper yellow or fuscous ; lines grey,
first rather curved, second nearly straight ; a grey discal spot.
Hindwings yellow-whitish ; a grey discal spot and incomplete
second line.

England to Cheshire, Dumfries, local ; S. Europe, Asia Minor,
Syria, N. Africa ; 5, 8. Larva pale yellowish-ochreous ; doi'sal
line ochreous -brown, pale-edged ; subdorsal ochreous-brown ;
head whitish, brown - marked ; 13 with two long points: on
grass, Lotus, etc.; 6, 7, 9, 10.

13. Theria, lib.

Face with appressed scales. Tongue weak. Antennae in
S bipectinated to apex. Palpi very short, rough-scaled.
Thorax slightly hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior
tibiae in S not dilated. Forewings in S without fovea; 10
out of 9, often connected or anastomosing with 9, 11 out of 9,
anastomosing or connected with 12 and 10. Wings of $
rudimentary.

This includes only the single European species ; it is cor-
related with the preceding.

1. T. rupicapraria, Hb. 27-30 mm. Head fuscous, fillet
whitish. Forewings brown, faintly reddish, sprinkled with
darker ; lines darker fuscous, first faint, curved, second slightly
curved, posteriorly pale -edged; a dark fuscous discal spot.
Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; a dark grey discal dot and curved
second line. Wings of $ grey, with dark fuscous median
band.

Britain to Forfar, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor;

T

274 NOTODONTINA [thebia

2. Larva green or brown ; dorsal line double, whitish ; sub-
dorsal whitish ; lateral and spiracular whitish, interrupted ;
sometimes a dorsal series of square brown marks alternating
with whitish : on hawthorn and blackthorn ; 4-6.

14. PsoDOS, Tr.

Face with long rough hairs. Tongue developed. Antennae
in c? stout, shortly ciliated. Palpi with long projecting hairs.
Thorax roughly hairy beneath. Femora hairy ; posterior tibiae
in S not dilated. Fore wings in $ without fovea; 10 absent,
11 anastomosing or connected with 12. Hindwings : 6 and 7
sometimes stalked.

A small alpine genus, confined to the European mountains ;
correlated with Crocota.

1. P. coracina, Esj). {trepidaria, Tr., non Hb.) 22-24 mm.
Head black. Forewings blackish -grey, much sprinkled with
whitish ; first and second lines rather curved, waved, blackish ;
subterminal obscurely whitish, waved ; a black discal spot.
Hindwings blackish-grey, posteriorly whitish-sprinkled ; mark-
ings as in forewings, but indistinct, first line absent.

Perth to Ross, rather common ; mountains of N. and C.
Europe ; 7.

15. Hybernia, Latr.

Face with appressed or short rough scales. Tongue de-
veloped or weak. Antennae in $ bipectinated, pectinations
sometimes short and terminating in fascicles of cilia, apex
simple. Palpi shortly rough-scaled. Thoi'ax with small
triangular anterior crest, hairy beneath. Femora glabrous :
posterior tibiae in S not dilated. Forewings in S without
fovea; 10 sometimes out of 9, sometimes anastomosing or
connected with 9, 11 sometimes out of 10, usually anasto-
mosing with or running into 12, rarely absent. $ apterous or
with rudimentai-y wings.

A small genus, characteristic of the European region, though
stragglers occur elsewhere : the species all emerge in winter.

1. Antennal pectinations short, ending in long fascicles

4. defolinria.
„ ,, moderate, normal . . 2.

2. Second line of forewings twice sinuate 1. /eucoj^haearia.

,, ,, ,, once sinuate . . 3.

3. Forewings ocln-oous-orange . . 3. aurantiaria.

„ whitish-ochreous . . 2. marginaria.

hybernia] SELIDOSEMIDAE 275

1. H. leucophaearia, *S'c/«jf. 27-32 mm. Forewings ochreous-
whitish, strigulated with fuscous and sprinkled with black ;
basal area often brown ; first line curved, second twice sinuate,
blackish ; median fuscous, nearly straight ; sometimes a brown
band beyond second ; subterminal whitish, margins sometimes
bi'own. Hindwings with ground as in forewings ; median and
second line indistinctly indicated. Wings of $ mixed with
bi'own and whitish.

Britain to Forfar, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia,
Japan ; 2, 3. Larva pale brownish-ochreous, pale green, or
olive-green ; dorsal line white or yellowish, double ; subdorsal
whitish ; sometimes a dorsal series of brown marks : on oak ; 5, 6.

2. H. marginaria, Bkh. {pror/emmaria, Hb.) 31-37 mm.
Forewings whitish-ochreous, mixed with brownish-ochreous and
sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first and median lines indistinct,
fuscous, first slightly curved, median nearly straight; second
dark fuscous, sinuate on upper half, often followed by a
brownish band; a fuscous discal spot; termen black-dotted.
Hindwings pale whitish-ochreous, fuscous-sprinkled ; discal dot
and second line grey. Wings of 5 brownish, with black trans-
verse lines, hindwings longer than forewings.

Britain to Aberdeen, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 2, 3.
Larva light brown, grey, or greenish-ochreous, darker-marked ;
dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; spiracular pale ; head reddish-
brown : on hazel, Salix, etc. ; 5, 6.

3. H. aurantiaria, Esp. 35-40 mm. Forewings ochreous-
orange, strigulated with fuscous; lines light jDurplish -fuscous,
first slightly curved, median straight, second sinuate on upper
half, sometimes followed by a pale brownish shade ; praesub-
terminal sometimes brownish ; a light fuscous discal spot.
Hindwings whitish-ochreous, margins orange -tinged ; median
and second lines as in forewings ; a dark grey discal dot.
Wings of $ dark brown, with black transverse lines.

Britain to Aberdeen, Ii-eland, rather common ; C. Europe ;
10, 11. Larva dull greenish - blackish ; dorsal line yellow or
pale brown : on elm, oak, birch, etc.; 5, 6.

4. H. defoliaria, CI. 35-40 mm. Antennal pectinations
short, fasciculated. Forewings whitish-ochreous or light
reddish-ochreous, strigulated with dark fuscous ; lines blackish,
sometimes obsolete, first angulated, second angulate-sinuate,
first preceded and second followed by a reddish-ochreous band ;
usually a blackish discal spot. Hindwings whitish-ochreous,
sprinkled with grey ; a dark grey discal dot. $ apterous.

276 NOTODONTINA [hybernia

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. America; 10, 11, 2. Larva dark grey, longi-
tudinally brown-marked ; dorsal line pale, brown-edged ; spira-
cular bright yellow, broad, interrupted, on 4-9; head and 13
orange-brown : on oak, beech, hawthorn, etc. ; 5, 6.

16. Apocheima, Hh.

Face roughly hairy. Tongue very short or rudimentary.
Antennae in $ bipectinated to apex, or with apex simple.

Palpi rough - haired. Thorax
densely hairy above and beneath,
with slight anterior triangular
crest. Femora densely hairy ;
posterior tibiae in $ not dilated,
middle - spurs short {pedaria) or
absent. Forevvings in $ without
. ^ , , . . fovea ; 10 usually anastomosing

Forewing of Apocheima zonana. ^ . • i r\ -, ^

or connected with 9, 11 some-
times out of 10 or running into 12 or concealed by anastomosis
of 10 with 12. Hindwings : 6 and 7 sometimes stalked. $
almost apterous.

A rather limited group, almost confined to the European
region. Imago with thorax rather stout, forewings less broad
than usual.

1. Thorax striped with whitish . . 1. zonaria.

„ not striped with whitish . . .2.

2. Antennal pectinations pale ochreous . 2. hispidaria.

,, „ blackish . . 3. 2^€daria.

1. A. zonaria, Schiff. 27-29 mm. Antennae pectinated to
apex. Thorax dark fuscous, whitish - striped. Abdomen
blackish, segmental margins reddish - ochreous. Forewings
whitish ; veins dark fuscous ; costa, first line, second, and
margins of subterminal rather thick, fuscous. Hindwings as
forewings, but first line absent, second slender. J with rudi-
mentary wings fuscous, whitish-haii'ed.

Flint to Lancashii-e, NE. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 4. Larva ochreous - yellowish, with irregular black
markings forming indistinct lines, or green, marked with
whitish; spiracular broad, pale yellow; head flesh-colour,
l)rown-speckled : on Achillea millefolium, rose, etc.; 5, 6.

\A. lapponwria, B., an alpine species of N. and C. Europe,
with thorax and abdomen blackish mixed witli pale red, fore-
wings whitish -grey with indistinct blackish-grey lines, costa

apocheima] SELIDOSEMIDAE 277

blackish mixed with red, has been recorded from I'ertli, but
the record appears untrustworthy.]

2. A. hispidaria, F. 32-34 mm. Antennae pectinated to
apex, pale ochreous. Thorax blackish mixed with whitish.
Abdomen blackish. Forewings light ochreous-grey, sprinkled
with black ; first, median, and second lines curved, dark
fuscous, sometimes suffused, second serrate ; praesubterminal
broad, waved, rather dark fuscous. Hindwings as forewings,
but paler, markings very faint. $ apterous ; antennae and
tibiae hairy.

England to York, local ; C.Europe; 3. Larva purplish-brown ;
8 and 9 with pairs of reddish tubercles; 12 with two pale
marks ; head yellow-brown, marked with red-brown : on oak ;
5, 6.

3. A. pedaria, F. {jnlosaria, Hb.) 38-46 mm. Apex of
antennae simple. Forewings mixed with pale ochreous and
fuscous, faintly greenish, sprinkled with black ; first, median,
second, and praesubterminal lines irregular, waved, fuscous,
marked with blackish ; a fuscous discal spot. Hindwings
whitish or light grey, sprinkled with fuscous ; second line
irregular, fuscous. 5 aptei'ous ; tibiae not hairy.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, common ; C.
Europe, N. Asia, Japan ; 1-3. Larva grey-brown or greyish-
ochreous, with spots or patches suffused with pale rosy ; 5-7,
12 each with four tubercles bearing bristles; 8-11 with similar
less developed tubercles : on elm, oak, etc. ; 5, 6.

17. BiSTON, Lch.

Face hairy or rough-scaled. Tongue developed or obsolete.
Antennae in $ strongly bipectinated to apex, or with apex
simple. Palpi hairy or rough-scaled. Thorax densely hairy
above and beneath, with slight loose anterior crest. Femora
densely hairy ; posterior tibiae hairy, in $ not dilated, middle-
spurs very short (betularius) or absent. Forewings in S without
fovea; 10 usually connected or anastomosing with 9, 11 usually
out of 10, seldom separate or absent.

A rather small group, inhabiting India and Africa as well as
Europe. Imago with body rather stout, forewings less broad.

1. Second line of forewings twice angulated . . 2.

,, ,, ,, not angulated . 1. hirtaritis.

2. Forewings with two brown bands . 2. stratarius.

,, without Ijrown bands . . 3. hetidarius.

1. B. hirtarius, CL 38-50 mm. Apex of antennae simple.

278 NOTODONTINA [biston

Forewings pale greyish -ochreous, much sprinkled with dark
fuscous ; first line, median, second, and margins of subterminal
dark fuscous, first curved, double, second subsinuate, double ;
sometimes a dark fuscous discal spot. Hindwiugs as forewings,
but lighter, markings more indistinct, first line absent.

England to York, Ayr, local ; N. and C Europe ; 4, 5.
Larva reddish-brown or purplish-brown, with indistinct darker
lines; 2 with a yellowish brown-marked transverse band ; 5-10
each with four yellowish dots; 12 with two prominences: on
elm, oak, etc. ; 6, 7. There is some evidence that in this
species, contrary to the usual rule, it is the S which attracts
the ? .

2. B. stratarius, Hufn. [prodromaria, Schiflf.) 46-52 mm.
Antennae pectinated to apex. Forewings whitish, strigulated
with brown and black ; first and second lines twice angulate-
sinuate, blackish, first preceded and second followed by a brown
band ; median indistinct, on costa black ; a blackish discal spot.
Hindwings whitish, strigulated with grey ; median and second
lines straight, grey, second followed by a pale reddish tinge.

England, rather common ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva pale
ashy-grey, black-speckled; 8 and 12 with pairs of small
prominences ; 9 with two larger reddish prominences, on a
reddish or yellowish mark ; head brown, yellowish-marked : on
(jak, birch, elm ; 6, 7.

3. B. betularius, L. 45-52 mm. Apex of antennae simple.
Forewings white, strigulated with black ; fii'st and second lines
black, first curved, double, second twice angulate- sinuate ;
median indistinct, on costa black ; margins of subterminal
partly dai'k fuscous ; a blackish discal spot. Hindwings as
forewings, but first line absent. A wholly blackish variety is
locally common.

Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva brown, grey, or greenish ; 9 and
12 with pairs of prominences; head conspicuously bifid: on
elm, poplar, ash, etc. ; 8-10.

18. Deilinia, Hh.

Face smooth. Tongue developed. Antennae in $ bipecti-
nated, towards apex simple. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax
rather hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in S
not dilated. Forewings in (^without fovea ; 10 out of 9, rai'ely
also 11 out of 9. Hindwings in $ with circular hair-fringed
fovea at base of 8 beneath.

deiliniaJ SELIDOSEMIDAE 279

Though only including a few species, the genus ranges
throughout the Northern hemisphere, and one member is found
in Austi'alia ; derived from near Euchlaena.

Head wholly white . . . .1. -pusaria.

,, with ochreous and black frontal bar . 2 exanthemata.

1. D. pusaria, L. (i^otundaria, Hw.) 27-30 mm. Head
white. Forewings white, sprinkled with dai-k grey ; first,
median, and second lines straight, grey, first angulated or
obsolete near costa. Hindwings as forewings, but lines slightly
curved, first absent.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pale green or brown ;
a dorsal sometimes incomplete series of purple-red marks (in
brown specimens dai'ker brown), sometimes white-edged ; .some-
times an interrupted reddish lateral line : on hazel, birch, etc. :
7-9.

2. D. exanthemata, Sc. 27-29 mm. Head white, with an
ochreous frontal liar marked with black. Forewings ochreous-
whitish, strigulated with grey ; lines gi-eyish-ochreous, first
angulated near costa, median irregular, second curved. Hind-
wings as forewings, but first line absent.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia; 5, 6. Larva pale green; on 5-12 sometimes
a dorsal series of purple-red marks, including black white-edged
spots ; subdorsal line yellowish ; a lateral series of purple-
red or red-brown marks ; incisions yellowish : on hazel, birch,
etc. ; 7-9.

19. OURAPTBRYX, Lch.

Face subprominent, with short projecting hairs. Tongue
developed. Antennae in ($ shortly and evenly ciliated. Palpi
rougli-scaled. Thorax densely hairy beneath. Femora hairy ;
posterior tibiae in S dilated. Forewings in S without fovea ;
10 absent, 11 anastomosing or connected with 12 and sometimes
9 also,

A small Indo- Malayan genus, containing one European
species.

1. 0. sambucaria, L. 42-54 nmi. Head pale yellow, face
ferruginous. Foi-ewings pale yellow, thinly strigulated with
pale grey ; first and second lines yellow-grey, nearly straight ;
a yellow -gi'ey linear discal mark. Hindwings with ground as
in forewings ; second line straight, yellow -gre}', not reaching
margins ; termen angulated and strongly caudate in middle,

280 NOTODONTINA [ourapteryx

witli a red black-edged subtermiiial spot above tail, and a black
mark below it.

Britain to Dumfries, N. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva pale brown, streaked with paler
and darker; 7 with two prominences, 9 with one ; 13, with two
slender projections : on elder, hawthorn, etc. ; 9-5.

20. Metrocampa, Latr.

Face smooth or with projecting scales. Tongue developed.
Antennae in $ bipectinated, apex (sometimes only 2-3 joints)
simj^lc. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora
glabrous ; posterior tibiae in $ sometimes dilated. Forewings
in (J without fovea ; 10 out of 9, occasionally obsolete at base and
then apparently out of 11, 11 anastomosing or connected with
12 and nearly always with 10 also.

A genus of some extent, I'anging throughout the Northern
hemisphere but commonest in America.

1. Fillet white . . . . .2.

,, not white . . . . .3.

2. Termen of hindwings dentate . 2. maryaritaria.

,, ,, not dentate . 1. prosapiaria.

3. Fii'st line of forewings defined . . 3. pulveraria.

,, ,, ,, obsolete . . 4. dolohraria.

1. M. prosapiaria, L. (fasciaria, Schifi'. ; 2^''''^-^^^^(^'^^<^j Hh.)
28-36 mm. Face dull brown-red, fillet white. Forewings pale
dull reddish, sometimes dull green except costal edge ; first line
curved, second sinuate, whitish ; included band slightly darkei*.
Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, second slightly
curved ; termen rounded.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva with prolegs on 9 ; })urplish-brown ; a con-
nected dorsal series of brown-reddish blotches, pale-edged ; rows
of small reddish tubercles : on Pinus sylvestris and larch ; 9-4.

2. M. margaritaria, L. 36-48 mm. Head white, face
ferruginous. Forewings pale whitish-green, costal edge white ;
first and second lines nearly straight, white, edged with dull
green on discal side ; a dull red apical dot in cilia. Hindwings
as in forewings, but no first line or apical dot; termen dentate
in middle.

Britain to Ross, W. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N.
America ; 7. Larva with prolegs on 9 ; ashy -grey, or brownish-
grey, sides ciliated; 8, 9 sometimes with pale blotch: on oak,
beech, birch, etc. ; 9-5.

mktkocampa] • SELIDOSEMIDAE 281

3. M. pulveraria, L. 28-33 mm. Head bruwniish-oclireous..
Forewiiigs browiiisli-ochreous, strigulated with reddish-fuscous;
first line hai-dly curved, second somewhat waved, strongly
sinuate, dark reddish -brown, enclosed band suffused with
ochreous- brown. Hindwings with ground as in forewings ;
second line indicated dorsally ; ternien rounded.

Britain to Ross, W. Ireland, rather common (imfrequent in
Scotland) ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dull
reddish-brown; an ochreous lateral line on 5 and 6; a prominence
on 9, and two small ones on 10 ; head bifid : on SaJix, hazel,
etc. ; 7, 8.

4. M. dolobraria, L. 31-34 mm. Head dark reddish-fuscous.
Forewingswhitish-ochreous,' striated with ochreous-brown ; basal
third of costa dark reddish-fuscous ; a purplish tornal suftusion,
preceded by a dark fuscous dorsal transverse mark ; termen
roundly projecting in middle. Hindwings whitish-yellowish ; a
purplish tornal blotch, marked with two blackish streaks and
some strigulae ; termen as in forewings.

England, E. and S. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva pale ochreous-brown, with a few dai-ker
streaks ; 2-4 swollen, raised ; a prominence on 9 ; head bifid :
on oak, beech, etc. ; 8, 9.

21. EUCHLAENA, Hh.

Face with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Antennae
in S bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax
hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in $ some-
times dilated. Forewings in $ without fovea; 10 sometimes
connected with 9, 11 out of 10, anastomosing or connected with
or sometimes running into 12.

The genus principally inhabits the Indo- Malayan region,
and there are a few North American species, but no others in
Europe ; it is probably akin to Ennovios.

1. Discal mark transverse-linear . . 1 prunaria.

,, ,, dot-like . . . .2.

2. Second line of forewings running to ajjex 3. apiciaria.

,, ,, ,, ,, costa 2. parallelaria.

1. E. prunaria, L. 37-46 mm. Head orange. Forewings
orange, strigulated with dark fuscous, sometimes irregularly
blotched or suffused with rather dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous
discal mark. Hindwings as forewings.

England to Yoi*k, Arran, S. Ireland, rather common ; N. and
C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva pale grey,

282 NOTODONTINA • [euchlaena

streaked with darker ; 6-8 with a pale dorsal mark ; 5 and 1 2
with pairs of small prominences ; 9 with a quadrifid ridge,
outer points larger : on Salix, blackthorn, etc. ; 8-5.

2. E. parallelaria, Schiff. (vespertaria, Stph.) 23-26 mm.
Head deep yellow, sides of face sometimes violet. Forewings
orange-yellow, strigulated and in $ veined with ferruginous ;
lines metallic, dark purple-leaden, first much curved or angu-
lated, continued on costa to base, second twice sinuate in $,
deeply sinuate in middle in $ , limiting a purplish or reddish-
brown terminal band ; a black discal dot. Hindwings as fore-
wings, bvit first line absent, second less sinuate.

England to York, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 8.
Larva ashy-grey ; dorsal line pale, darker-edged ; subdorsal pale
on 2-6 ; a dark mark on 6 ; some pale dorsal blotches on
incisions : on Salix caprea ; 5-7.

3. E. apiciaria, Schiff. 25-29 mm. Head orange. Fore-
wings orange-yellow, sti'igulated and veined with ferruginous ;
first line metallic leaden and blackish, acutely angulated in
middle, continued on costa to base ; second black, sinuate,
running to apex, limiting a purplish terminal band ; a black
discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent,
second running to costa.

Britain to Sutherland, N. Ireland, rather common ; N. and
C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7-9. Larva ashy-grey, marked with
darker and lighter ; dorsal line pale, on 4 black, on 5-9 traversing
pale diamonds ; lateral pale on 4-10 : on Salix, hazel, etc. ; 6, 7.

22. Selenia, Hb.

Face with tuft of scales. Tongue developed. Antennae in
S bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax densely
hairy beneath. Femora densely hairy ; posterior tibiae in cjnot
dilated. Forewings in S without fovea ; a transpai'ent scar on
transverse vein ; 6 out of 9, 11 rarely connected with 12 or 10.
Hindwings with a transparent scar on transverse vein ; 6 and 7
stalked.

Includes only the following and two or three North American
species.

1. Discal scar very obscure . . .1. bihmaria.

„ ,, distinct . . . .2.

2. Median and second lines costally approximated 2. lunaria.

,, ,, ,, parallel . 3. tetralunaria.

1. S. bilunaria, Esp. (il/unaria, Hb.) 34-41 mm. Forewings

whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with grey or black, often strigulated

selenia] SELIDOSEMIDAE 283

with purplish- brown ; costa more purple -whitish, its base
yellow mixed with ferruginous; iirst line curved, second straight,
subparallel, dark fuscous, stronger on costa ; median slightly
angulated, fuscous or dark ferruginous ; subterminal whitish
near costa, limiting ferruginous or ochi-eous apical patch ; ter-
men projecting in middle. Hind wings with ground as in fore-
wings ; median and second lines indistinct or obsolete, straight,
adjacent ; termen dentate.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, common ; N. and
C. Europe, N. Asia ; 3, 4, 7. Larva ochreous-brown or purplish-
brown, marked with yellowish ; subdorsal line pale ochreous ;
8 and 9 with pairs of red pi'ojections in ochreous marks ; 13
witli two projections : on blackthorn, hawthorn, etc. ; 5, 6, 8, 9.

2. S. lunaria, Schiff. 38-42 mm. Differs from S. hilunaria
as follows : first and second lines of forewings not stronger on
costa, first more curved, second closely approximated to median
towards costa, enclosed narrow space ochreous or reddish-
ochreous, discal scar distinct : hindwings with median and
second lines as in forewings, discal scar blackish-edged.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ; 6.
Larva ochreous-brown, darker - marked ; subdorsal line pale ; 5
with four projections, outer larger ; 6 with a bifid prominence,
white-edged in front; 9 and 10 with pairs of projections: on
blackthorn, oak, etc. ; 7, 8.

3. S. tetralunaria, Hufn. {illustraria, Hb.) 32-44 mm.
Differs from S. hilunaria as follows : ground more brownish,
sometimes suffused with dark purplish -fuscous, part of costa
and a band beyond second line whitish-purple or whitish ; first
line more curved, second subsinuate, discal scar clear white ;
median and second lines in hindwings rather remote.

England to Cheshire, Perth, not common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva pale ochreous-brown, darker-marked ; 5, 6 with pairs of
small prominences ; 8, 9 swollen, each with four prominences ;
a dull orange band between 8 and 9 ; 13 with two points : on
hazel, birch, etc. ; 6, 9, 10.

23. Hygrochroa, Hh.

Face with tuft of scales. Tongue developed. Antennae in
c^ bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax densely
hairy beneath. Femora densely hairy ; posterior tibiae in ^
not dilated. Forewings in (J without fovea ; 10 sometimes out
of 9, sometimes connected with 11.

There is but one species certainly referable here.

284 NOTODONTINA [hyghochroa

1. H. syringaria, L. 34-38 mm. Head liglit brownish.
Forewings deep ochreous, suffused with deep yellow towards
middle of termen ; first and second lines whitish-purple, angu-
lated, dilated on costa, second black towards middle ; median
ferruginous or partly black, sharply angulated ; subterminal
whitish-purple towards costa ; termen somewhat projecting on
6. Hindwings deep ochreous ; median line ferruginous or
blackish, straight; second purple -whitish, nearly straight,
black-dotted on lower half ; termen dentate.

England, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7.
Larva dark grey, marked with pale and dark brown ; subdorsal
line double, pale ochreous, interrupted ; 6, 7 with pairs of
projections ; 8 with two long horns curved backwards ; head
brown : on ash, Ligustrum, Lonicera ; 9-6.

24. Cepphis, Hb.

Face loosely scaled. Tongue developed. Antennae in S
bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough - scaled. Thorax hairy
beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in S uot dilated.
Forewings in S without fovea ; 7 ai;>d 8 unusually short, 7
rising above middle of 9, 10 out of 9.

Thei'e is only one species ; it is correlated to the two
preceding genera.

1. 0. advenaria, Hb. 26-29 mm. Head whitish -yellow,
mixed with fuscous. Forewings ochreous - whitish, much
sprinkled with fuscous ; costa yellowish ; first line curved,
second sinuate or subangulated, fuscous ; praesubterminal
suft'usedly darker ; a fuscous discal mark. Hindwings as
forewings, but first line absent, discal dot blackish.

S. England to Stafford and Cambridge, local ; C. Eui'ope,
WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 6. Larva dark brown, marked with
pale ochreous ; a double series of black spots ; 5-8 with pale
heart-shaped blotches : on Salix, Vaccinium, Rubus ; 7, 8.

25. CoLOTOis, Hb.

Face roughly hairy, with a tuft from beneath antennae
across eye to middle. Tongue short. Antennae in c? very
strongly bipectinated to apex. Palpi very short, rough-haired.
Thorax densely hairy above and beneath. Femora densely
hairy ; posterior tibiae in <$ not dilated, spurs short. Fore-
wings in ^ without fovea ; 10 sometimes anastomosing or con-
nected with 9, 11 anastomosing or counectcd with 12 and 10.

Also confined to a single species.

coLOTOis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 285

1. C. pennaria, L. 38-46 mm. Head reddish -ochreous.
Forewings reddish -ochreous sprinkled with fuscous; first Hne
somewhat curved, second nearly straight, dark fuscous ; a dark
fuscous discal dot ; a very small whitish or dark grey subapical
spot. Hindwings as in forewings, but paler basally, no first
line or subapical spot, praesubterminal sometimes fuscous,
curved.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common \ C. Europe, WC. and
N. Asia; 10, 11. Larva pale grey or reddish-brown, darker-
marked ; 3-11 sometimes with pale diamonds, and series of pale
yellow dots; 12 with two reddish projections; head reddish-
brown : on oak, beech, etc. ; 5, 6.

26. Ennomos, Tr.

Face with dense projecting scales. Tongue developed or
rudimentary. Antennae in c? bipectinated to apex. Palpi
rough - scaled. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath.
Femora densely hairy ; posterior tibiae with middle-spurs very
short or absent, in $ not dilated. Forewings in $ without
fovea; 6 sometimes out of 9, 10 rarely out of 9, sometimes
anastomosing or connected with 9, 11 often out of 10, anasto-
mosing or connected with 12 and sometimes with 10 also,
rarely running into 12 or absent. Hindwings : 6 and 7 rarely
stalked.

A chai'acteristically European genus of limited size, strag-
gling into North America. In all the species the termen of
both forewings and hindwings forms a triangular projection on
vein 4.

1. Posterior tibiae with middle-spui's . . 2.

„ „ without middle-spurs . . 3.

2. Head orange ... 5. autumnaria.

,, pale ochreous . . .4. quercinaria.

3. Head and thorax clear yellow . . 3. alniaria.

,, ,, ochreous . . .4.

4. Terminal area of forewings pale fuscous 2. fuscantaria.

,, „ ,, not fuscous 1. erosaria.

1. E. erosaria, Bkh. 35-38 mm. Head orange -ochreous.
Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs. Forewings ochreous ; first
line curved, second hardly curved, fuscous. Hindwings ochreous.

England, Renfrew, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ;
8, 9. Larva pale ochreous, brown - mai-ked ; 3, 6, 9, 12 with
rather large prominences, 8 with a small one, 7 with two : on
oak and birch ; 6, 7.

286 NOTODONTINA [ennomos

2. E. fuscantaria, Hiv. 33-38 mm. Head light ochreous or
brownish. Posterior tibiae without middle -spurs. Forewings
ochreous ; first and second lines hardly curv^ed, fuscous, ap-
proximated or meeting dorsally ; tei-minal area beyond second
suffused with pale fuscous ; a faint fuscous discal mark.
Hindwings dull ochreous.

England, rather common ; N. France to Prussia ; 8, 9.
Larva pale yellowish-green, white-sprinkled ; spiracular line
conspicuously paler ; 7 and 1 3 with pairs of small tubercles :
on ash ; 6, 7.

3. E. alniaria, L. {tiliaria, Bkh.) 34-37 mm. Head and
thorax clear yellow. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs.
Forewings yellow -ochreous strigulated with fuscous; first and
second lines curved, dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal mark.
Hindwings yellow -ochreous, posteriorly strigulated with dark
fuscous ; median line straight, grey, often faint ; a grey discal
spot touching it.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; C. Europe ; 8, 9.
Larva pale brown; 6, 9 with transverse ridges; 7, 8, 12 with
pairs of small tubercles ; 13 with two points : on oak, birch,
etc. ; 6, 7.

4. E. quercinaria, Hufn. {angularia, Bkh.) 35-43 nnn.
Head pale ochreous. Posterior tibiae with middle -spurs.
Forewings light ochreous, sometimes partially reddish-ochreous,
strigulated with dark fuscous ; first and second lines curved,
dark fuscous, second sometimes followed by a fuscous suffusion ;
a fuscous discal dot. Hindwings pale ochreous, more reddish-
ochreous posterioi'ly ; median line curved, grey, indistinct ;
sometimes a discal dot on it.

England to York, Lanark, common; C. Europe; 8-10.
Larva ashy-grey, dark-marked ; subdorsal line pale on 2-6 ; 6
with three yellowish-tipped projections, central largest, 8, 10
with four each, 12 with two: on beech, birch, etc. ; 5-8.

5. E. autumnaria, Wemh. {alniaria, Esp.) 42-48 mm.
Head orange. Posterior tibiae with middle- spurs. Forewings
light orange-ochreous, deeper towai-ds apex, coarsely strigulated
with dai-k grey ; first and second lines thick, curved, dark grey ;
a dark grey discal spot. Hindwings pale orange-ochreous,
deeper terminally, sometimes partly strigulated with dark
grey.

Kent to Devon, York, scarce, hardly native ; N. and C.
Europe ; 8, 9. Larva light brown, marked with darker and
paler (rarely green, white -sprinkled) ; subdorsal line pale

ENNOMOs] SELIDOSEMIDAE 287

ochreoiis ; a dark blotch on 5 ; 6 witli transverse prominence
and two tubercles, 7 and 12 with pairs of tubercles, 9 with a
prominence : on sycamore, birch, etc. ; 7, 8.

27. GONODONTIS, Hb.

Face with dense projecting scales. Tongue developed or
obsolete. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough-
scaled. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath, tending to
be slightly crested anteriorly. Femora densely hairy ; posterior
tibiae in $ not dilated. Forewings in $ without fovea :
10 often connected or anastomosing with 9, occasionally
with 11.

Includes only a few European species ; it is derived from
the ancestral Prosopolopha group.

Termen of forewings strongly dentate . 1. hidentata.

,, ,, not strongly dentate . 2. elinguaria.

1. Gr. bidentata, CI. 40-48 mm. Head light fuscous.
Forewings brown, strigulated with blackish ; first and second
lines nearly straight, serrate, blackish -grey, marked with
whitish dots ; praesubterminal sometimes sufFusedly darker ; a
grey black-edged discal spot ; termen strongly and irregularly
dentate. Hindwings as forewings, but paler, first line absent,
termen not dentate.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva with rudimentary prolegs on 8
and 9 ; ashy-grey or brown, sometimes with darker dorsal
diamonds or lateral line ; or blackish, irregularly marked with
pale green; a semicircular plate on 12: on hazel, birch, etc.;
7-9.

2. G. elinguaria, L. 34-37 mm. Head whitish-ochreous.
Forewings whitish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with dark
fuscous ; first line nearh- straight, second sinuate, dark fuscous,
included space usually light brown ; a blackish sometimes pale-
centred discal spot ; termen waved. Hindwings whitish-
ochreous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; sometimes an indistinct
curved fuscous median line.

Britain to Sutherland, N. and W. Ireland, common ; N. and
C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous- brown or
pale ochi-eous, darker-marked ; dorsal line greyish, expanded on
incisions, partially edged with dark fuscous and marked with
small V-shaped marks: a semicircular plate on 12 : on hazel,
blackthorn, etc. ; 5, 6.

288 NOTODONTINA

6. POLYPLOCIDAE.

Head densely rough -haii-ed. Ocelli present. Tongue de-
veloped. Labial pal}n moderately long, subascending, rough-
scaled, terminal joint cylindrical. Thorax densely hairy
beneath. Femora and tibiae densely hairy, spurs rather
short. Forewings : lb sometimes simple, 10 connected by
bar with 9. Hindwings : 5 fully developed, 6 from angle,
7 from upper margin at |, 8 closely approximated to 7
beyond cell.

Only a small group, nor is there any evidence that it has
ever been much more extensive ; it is mainly restricted to the
northern hemisphere. The imagos have mostly stout bodies
and elongate -triangular forewings, and have some superficial
resemblance in form with the Garadrinidae, with which how-
ever there is absolutely no relationship. The similarity of the
neuration of the hindwings to that of some Lasiocampina is
probably reversional.

Ovum spheroidal above, flattened beneath, surface finely
reticulated and sometimes ribbed. Larva moderately stout,
with all prolegs developed. Pupa in a rather slight cocoon
usually amongst leaves.

Occasionally in the forewings, by obsolescence of a small
connecting portion of the vein, 9 appears to rise out of 10 and
have no connection with 8 ; or possibly this may be its true
original structure.

The phylogeny of the genera, which are all nearly related
togethei", is probably fairly indicated by the arrangement.

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Eyes hairy . . . .4. Polyploca.

„ glabrous . . . . .2.

2. Hindwings with .5 parallel to 4 . 3. Palimpsestis.

,, ,, approximated to 4 at base . 3.

3. Antennae in S ciliated with fascicles . 2. Thyatira.

„ „ simple . . .1. Habrosyne.

1. Habrosyne, Hb.

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ filiform, simple. Thox'ax
ti'ansversely crested. Abdomen with small dorsal crest. Fore-
wings : 6 out of 9. Hindwings : 5 approximated to 4 at base.

A small genus, distributed throughout the nortliern hemi-
sphere.

habrosyne]

POLYPLOCIDAE

289

1. H. derasa, L. 35-39 mm. Forewings light brown; an
oblique white raised streak iu disc near base ; a white streak
from \ of costa to f of dorsum, followed by a ferruginous fascia
blackish - striated on costa ; an
elongate white patch along median
portion of costa, marked in middle
with three ferruginous lines, and
edged with ferruginous suffusion ;
orbicular and discal spots outlined
with dark ferruginous ; second line
quadruple, strongly dentate, dark
fuscous, visible in disc only ; a
white subterminal streak from apex
to tornus. Hindwings fuscous,
darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland,

common; C. Europe, WC. and Neuvation of iia!,/osy;icd«msa.

N. Asia; 7. Larva reddish -brown, sides more ochreous ; a
lateral series of indistinct oblique darker marks ; a white lateral
spot on 4, sometimes also on 5 and 6 ; head brown : on Ruhus
fruticosus ; 8, 9.

2. Thtatira, 0.

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in <? ciliated with fascicles.
Abdomen with small dorsal crest. Forewings : 6 separate.
Hindwings : 5 approximated to 4 at base.

Includes only the single species, unless some allied Indian
forms are associated with it. In repose the larva commonly
raises both extremities from the surface on which it is resting.

1. T. batis, L. 35-37 mm. Forewings rather dark fuscous;
five rounded whitish blotches, suftused with pink except edges,
first largest, basal, marked with brown spots, second smallest,
dorsal, brownish in middle, third tornal, enclosing a brown
spot, fourth on costa at §, fifth apical ; a white terminal mark
above third. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC.
and N. Asia, India, Java; 6, 7. Larva pinkish-brown, darker-
mixed, white-dotted; sometimes a lateral series of oblique
darker marks ; spiracular line dark brown ; 3 with large bifid
prominence; 6-10 with conical prominences; 5 with three
blackish dorsal spots; head ochreous, brown- marked : on
Rubus ; 8, 9. The imago probably imitates a group of fallen
petals of the bramble.

290 NOTODONTINA [palimpsestib

3. Palimpsestis, Hb.

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ very shortly ciliated. Ter-
minal joint of palpi short. Abdomen not crested. Forewings :
6 out of 9. Hindwings : 5 neai'ly parallel to 4.

A small European and Asiatic genus. Larva living concealed
amongst spun leaves of trees.

1. Forewings with pale orbicular and discal spots . 2.

,, without pale orbicular and discal spots 3.

2. First and second lines diverging towards costa . 3. or.

,, „ ,, parallel towards costa

4. octogesima.

3. Forewings with two black discal dots . 2. duplaris.

,, without discal dots . .1. Jluctuosa.

1. P. fluctuosa, Hb. 33-36 mm. Forewings light fuscous,
white- sprinkled ; first line whitish, limiting a broad darker
central band including dark fuscous median and second lines,
followed by a whitish dark-edged waved line ; subterminal
whitish, waved, preceded on costa by an oblique dark fuscous
dash. Hindwings grey, with a pale postmedian line.

England, S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-
whitish ; dorsal, fine subdorsal, and lateral lines fuscous ; head
reddish-ochreous, brown-marked : amongst spun leaves of bii"ch
and oak ; 9, 10.

2. P. duplaris, L. 27-32 mm. Differs from P. fluctuosa as
follows : forewings with whitish lines usually less distinct,
central band usually dark-striated towards edges, two black
discal dots transversely placed, no praesubterminal dash, a dark
fuscous oblique apical dash.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pale dull greenish, deeper dorsally ;
dorsal line darker ; subdorsal broad, dull olive-green ; lateral
fine, yellowish ; dots black ; head reddish : amongst joined
leaves of birch, alder, and oak ; 8, 9.

3. P. or, F. 35-38 mm. Forewings brownish -grey ; sub-
basal line double, dark fuscous ; first and second lines quad-
ruple, dark fuscous, sometimes suffused, markedly diverging
towards costa ; small orbicular and 8-shaped discal spots pale
or wliitish ; subterminal formed of short whitish marks followed
by black marks ; an oblique black apical dash. Hindwings
rather dark grey.

Britain to the Hebrides, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ;
6, 7. Larva pale greenish ; dorsal line darker ; spiracular

PALiMPSESTis] POLYPLOCIDAE 291

faintly yellowish ; head reddish -ochreous : between joined
leaves of poplar ; 8, 9.

4. P. octogesima, Hb. {ocularis, Gn.) 32-34 mm. Forewings
light ochreous-grey, more brownish basally ; subbasal line
double, grey ; a dark fuscous stria before first line, marked
with a small blackish spot in disc ; first and second lines
double, inner stria black, outer dark fuscous, parallel towards
costa ; median dark grey; whitish 0 -shaped orbicular and
8-shaped discal spots ; a dark stria beyond second line ; sub-
terminal obscurely whitish ; an oblique black apical dash.
Hindw^ngs grey, with a pale postmedian fascia.

5. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva pale yellowish, greenish-
tinged ; one lateral black spot on 4 and 1 2, two on 3, three
on 2; head orange -ochreous, black - marked : between joined
leaves of poplar ; 7-9.

4. POLYPLOCA, Hb.

Eyes hairy. Antennae in $ very shortly ciliated. Ter-
minal joint of palpi moderate. Abdomen sometimes with
small dorsal crest. Forewings : 6 out of 9. Hindwings : 5
approximated to 4 at base.

Appai'ently restricted to a very few European species. Larva
living concealed amongst spun leaves of trees.

1. First line of forewings white . . 3. ridens.

,, ,, ,, not white . . .2.

2. Forewings with two ochreous-brown fasciae 1. diluta.

,, without ochreous-brown fasciae 2. flavicornis.

1. P. diluta, F. 30-33 mm. Forewings light greyish-
ochreous, more brownish towards base, costa pink - tinged,
with indistinct fuscous striae ; first and second lines forming
ochreous-brown bisinuate dark-striated fasciae, dark fuscous
towards costa and on inner edge. Hindwings ochreous-grey-
whitish ] a grey median fascia and terminal band.

England, Lanark, S. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe :
8, 9. Larva pale yellowish, becoming greyer laterally ; dorsal
line grey ; spiracular pale yellow ; dots black ; head fuscous :
between spun leaves of birch and oak : 6, 7.

2. P. flavicornis, L. 37-39 mm. Forewings grey or dark
grey, slightly yellowish-tinged, suifused with whitish-ochreous
towards middle of costa, with some indistinct darker striae ;
fii'st line formed by two or three and second by two dark grey
or partly black striae, diverging towards costa ; a rather large

292 NOTODONTINA [polyploca

pale orbicular spot and indistinct dark-edged discal mark ; an
oblique dark grey apical dash. Hindwings light grey ; two
darker postraedian lines ; a dark grey terminal fascia.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ,
3. Larva light green, or slaty-grey ; subdorsal and spiracular
series of black spots ; dots white ; head reddish -ochreous :
amongst spun leaves of biix-h ; 5-7.

3. P. ridens, F. 34-37 mm. Forewings rather dark fuscous,
greenish-tinged and partially sprinkled with greenish-whitish ;
a white suffusion towards base of costa ; subbasal line blackish ;
first and second lines white, waved, blackish-edged, first fol-lowed
and second preceded by a parallel black stria ; indistinct paler
dark-edged orbicular and discal spots ; veins posteriorly partly
black-marked ; a terminal series of white black-edged crescentic
marks. Hindwings wdiitish, posteriorly suffused with rather
dark fuscous.

England, local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva yellow ;
dorsal and spiracular lines green ; subdorsal green, usually inter-
rupted ; lateral and subspiracular series of small black spots; dots
white ; head orange-ochreous : amongst spun leaves of oak ; 6, 7.

7. SPHINGIDAE.

Head with dense appressed hairs. Ocelli absent. Eyes
glabrous. Antennae thickened towards middle or posteriorly,
in $ ciliated with partial whorls. Labial palpi moderate,
ascending, with dense projecting scales. Thorax densely hairy
beneath. Femora densely hairy. Forewings : 1 b furcate, 6
out of 8, 9 absent (rarely present in exceptional individuals).
Hindwings : 3 and 4 approximated at base, 5 from middle of
transverse vein, parallel to 4, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8
connected by oblique bar with margin of cell before middle,
more or less approximated to 7 near beyond cell.

This is a numerous family, distributed tlu'oughout the
principal regions except in New Zealand (where there is only
one not truly indigenous species), but more plentifully within
the tropics. The images are usually large insects, with stout
heavy bodies, elongate-triangular forewings with very oblique
termen, and relatively small hindwings ; the wing-muscles are
very strong, and the flight exceptionally powerful.

Ovum spheroidal, smooth. Larva stout, usually with an
oblique projecting anal horn, anterior segments sometimes re-
tractile or raised in repose. Pupa subterranean.

SPHINGIDAE 293

Tlie phylogeny is suflEiciently simple ; the groiip of Smerinthus
and Dilina is of primitive character, and some exotic members
of it closely approach the Notodontidae ; the other genera con-
stitute a more largely developed line of descent originating in
this group.

o

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Abdomen Avith broad expansible anal tuft

„ without expansible anal tuft . . 3.

2. Abdomen hairy, wings partly ti'ansparent 1. Hemaeis.

,, smooth, wings opaque . 2. Macroglossa.

3. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs 6. Smbrinthus.

,, ,, with middle spurs . . 4.

4. Abdomen conical, pointed . . .5.

,, obtuse ... 5. ACHERONTIA.

5. Antennae thickest near apex . . .6.

„ „ about middle . . 7. Dilina.

6. Thorax with short double posterior tuft . 4. Sphinx.

,, smooth . . . .3. Deilephila.

1. Hemaris, Dalm.

Tongue strongly developed. Antennae over ^, gradually
thickened to near apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked.
Abdomen broad, hairy, with broad truncate expansible anal
tuft. Tibiae densely hairy. Wings with disc transparent.

A moderate genus, distributed throughout the northern
hemisphere, but mainly American and Asiatic. Imago day-
fiying, feeding on the wing ; immediately after emergence the
wings are furnished with very fugitive scales.

Hindwings with a blackish terminal line 1. homhyliformis.
,, ,, dark red-brown terminal fascia 2. /MCT/ormi.s.

1. H. bombyliformis, Esp. 38-42 mm. Abdomen ochreous-
yellowish, apex and a central band blackish. Forewings trans-
parent, veins blackish; costa and a basal patch dorsally prolonged
to beyond middle blackish mixed with ochreous-yellowish ; a
blackish terminal fascia, becoming very naiTOW towards tornus.
Hindwings transparent, veins blackish ; base and a dorsal band
blackish mixed with ochreous-yellowish ; a linear blackisli
terminal border.

Britain to the Clyde, Aberdeen, Ireland, rather common ;
Europe, WC. Asia; 5, 6. Larva green, yellowish-dotted; 5-12
with subdorsal and spiracular series of dark reddish or brown
marks; spiracles white; horn reddish: on Scahiosa ; 7, 8.

294 NOTODONTINA [hemaris

2. H. fuciformis, L. 42-48 mm. Differs from H. homhylifor-
mis as follows : central band of abdomen dai'k red-brown ; fore-
wings with a dark red-brown discal mark, terminal fascia rather
broad, moderately narrowed beneath; hindwings with a moderate
dark red-brown terminal fascia.

Britain to Sutherland, rather common ; Europe, WC. Asia ;
5, 6. Larva green, yellowish - dotted ; lateral line yellowish;
5-12 with bi'own-red spiracular dots or marks, and whitish
adjacent dots ; horn red-brown : on Lonicera ; 7, 8.

2. Macroglossa, Sc.

Tongue strongly developed. Antennae over J, gradually
thickened to near apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked.
Abdomen broad, smooth, with broad truncate expansible anal
tuft, last three segments with expansible lateral tufts. Tibiae
hairy. Wings wholly scaled.

A genus of some extent, nearly cosmopolitan. Imago day-
flying, feeding on the wing.

1. M. stellatarum, L. 45-51 mm. Abdomen fuscous, with
white median and black posterior lateral spots, tufts black,
Forewings fuscous, with indistinct darker striae ; first and
second lines black, second angulated above middle, indistinct
beneath ; a black discal dot. Hindwings deep orange ; base
fuscous ; a red-brown terminal fascia, narrowed and not reach-
ing tornus ; termen dark fuscous.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common, uncertain in
appearance ; Europe, N. and C. Asia, N. Africa ; 9-5. Larva
varying from green to brown, white-dotted ; dorsal line darker ;
lateral whitish ; subspiracular yellowish ; horn bluish, tip
yellowish : on Galixim ; 7-9.

3. Deilephila, 0.

Tongue strongly developed. Antennae less than \, gradually
thickened to near apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked.
Abdomen smooth, broad, conical, pointed. Tibiae with ap-
pressed scales.

The genus is large and nearly cosmopolitan, but especially in
warm regions. Imago flying at dusk, feeding on the wing.
Most of the species occurring in Britain are probably only
occasional immigrants, which under favoiirable circumstances
breed here and establish themselves for a year or two.

1 . Basal area of hindwings black . . 2.

„ not black . 6.

deilephila]

SPHIXGIDAE

295

2. Disc of hind wings rosy . . . .3.

,, ,, yellow-ochreous . 1. ■][>orcelhis.

3. Hind wings with bkxck subterminal fascia . . 4.

,, without such fascia . . 2. eliyenor.

4. Fore wings with anterior edge of pale band straight 5. lineata.

„ „ ^ „ „ irregular 5.

5. Edge of dark postmedian band reaching middle of

dorsum . 6. PAqihorhiae.
„ „ „ ,, reaching dorsum

before middle 7. galii.

6. Forewings light brown , .3. celerio.

,, olive-green ... 4. tierii.

1. D. porcellus, L. 44-52 mm. Forewings deep yellow-
ochreous, more brownish towards base and costa ; first, median,
and second lines brownish ; costa
broadly suftused with purple-rosy
towards middle ; sometimes a rosy-
whitish discal mark ; an irregular
dull rosy -purplish terminal fascia.
Hindwings deep yellow - ochreous,
costal and basal areas broadly black-
ish ; terminal fascia as in forewings ;
termen waved.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N.
Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. and
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva brown or
green, blackish-freckled ; 2-6 pinky-
whitish above ; 2 and 3 retractile into 4 ; 5 and 6 swollen, with
round lilac brown-centred blackish-edged lateral spots ; no anal
horn, but a slight tubercle : on Galium ; 7, 8.

2. D. elpenor, L. 58-66 mm, Forewings deep olive-ochreous ;
second line darker ; costa rosy ; dorsal edge white, near base
blackish ; lower half of median band purplish-rosy ; sometimes a
white discal dot; a straight streak from beyond middle of
dorsum to costa before apex, and a terminal fascia light rosy-
purple. Hindwings rosy, basal half black ; cilia white.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common,
infrequent in Scotland ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva
brown or green, blackish-freckled except on 2-4 ; subdorsal line
pale on 2-4 ; 2 and 3 retractile into 4 ; 5 and 6 swollen, with
blackish lateral blotches enclosing reniform lilac brown-centred
spots ; horn short, black : on Galium, Epilohium, Fuchsia,
etc. : 7, 8.

Neuration of Deilephila porcellus.

296 NOTODONTINA [deilephila

3. D. celerio, L. 74-80 mm. Forewings light brown, partly
suffused with ochreous-brown, indistinctly streaked in disc with
blackish and whitish ; a black discal dot ; a narrow pale dark-
striated rather curved fascia from before middle of dorsum to
apex, anterior edge and dorsal extremity white ; a straight
whitish subterminal streak, preceded ai:id followed by blackish
striae. Hindwings dull rosy, paler posteriorly ; a transverse
blackish median blotch ; a terminal brown fascia, including a
black streak, connected with blotch by black veins.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, scarce, occasional
immigrants only ; WC. and S. Europe, S. Asia, Africa, Australia;
9, 10. Larva green or brown ; subdorsal line paler ; 2 and 3
I'etractile ; 5 and 6 with black yellowish-dotted yellow-circled
lateral spots, that on 5 larger ; horn brown : on grape-vine ;
8, 9.

4. D. nerii, L. 72-112 mm. Forewings deep olive-green; a
pale ochreous basal spot with dark green centre ; lines cloudy,
triple, ochreous- whitish, first sti'ongly curved, rosy-suftused
towards dorsum, second strongly I'ounded-angulated, below
angle obscured by a large purple-brownish blotch ; median
shade broad, straight, whitish-ochreous, rosy-sufFused on lower
half; an oblique ochreous-whitish ajjical streak, preceded by a
pale suffusion. Hindwings piirplish- fuscous, more greenish
posteriorly ; second line whitish-ochreous, sinuate, followed by
a darker green shade.

Britain to Perth, a rare immigrant only ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor to Syria, N. Africa ; 9, 10. Larva green or
yellowish ; subdorsal line whitish ; 2 and 3 retractile ; 4 with
dark pale-circled lateral spot; 6-12 white-dotted; horn orange:
on Nerium oleander ; 8, 9.

5. D. lineata, F. (livornica, Esp.) 82-86 mm. Forewings
ochreous-brown, disc blackish-mixed, veins in disc white ; some-
times a whitish discal spot containing a black dot; a nearly
straight pale ochreous fascia from before middle of dorsum to
apex ; a light brown dark-edged terminal fascia. Hindwings
light rosy, towards dorsum whitish ; basal area black ; a brown
terminal streak, preceded by a black fascia.

Britain to Perth, E. Ireland, occasional, not a permanent
resident ; WC. and S. Europe, C. Asia, N. Africa ; 8, 9. Larva
dark green or black, irrorated with yellow, sometimes dai-k-
banded ; dorsal line yellow; subdorsal yellow, on 4-12 usually
with a series of round yellow black-edged spots, marked with
rosy or blackish ; subspirac\ilar whitish, sometimes rosy-spotted ;

deilephila] SPHINGIDAE 297

horn slightly curved, reddish; head reddish or blackish: on
Galium, Fiic/ixia, Rumex, etc. ; 6, 7.

6. D. euphorbiae, L. 58-64 mm. Forewings grey-brown ;
basal area dark olive-brown, dorsally blackish, edge strongly
curved, base whitish ; a large roundish dark olive-brown discal
spot ; a dark olive-brown fascia from apex, upper half slender,
lower irregularly much dilated, anterior edge running to middle
of dorsum, preceded in disc by a pale ochreous suffusion. Hind-
wings rosy, towards dorsum wiiite ; basal area black : a narrow
black subterminal fascia.

England, Lanark, on coast sandhills, local and probably only
an occasional resident ; C. and S. Europe, N. Africa, WC. Asia
to the Himalayas ; 6. Larva bronzy-green or blackish-bronze,
iiTorated with yellow or white, usually black-banded ; dorsal line
red ; subdorsal and lateral series of yellowish spots on the black
bands, former sometimes connected by a reddish or yellowish line ;
subspiracular red or yellowish; horn red; head red, sometimes
black-spotted : on Euphorhia jxxralias and E. cyparissias ; 8, 9.

7. D. galii, Rott. 62-75 mm. Foi-ewings dark olive-brown ;
base whitish, followed on dorsum by a blackish suffusion ; a
rather broad pale brownish fascia suffused with pale ochreous
from immediately before apex to dorsum markedly before
middle, anterior edge with three well-marked projections; a
liglit brownish terminal fascia. Hindwings rosy, partly whitish-
sutfused, towards dorsum whitish ; basal area black ; a narrow-
brownish terminal fascia, preceded by a black fascia.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, usually non-resident,
but at rare intervals breeds here rather freely and generally ;
Europe, N. and C. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva olive-green,
pale iDrown, reddish-brown, or black, sometimes yellow-dotted ;
a subdorsal series of yellow black-edged spots, rarely obsolete ;
horn red ; head reddish : on Galium ; 8, 9.

4. Sphinx, L.

Characters oi Deilephila, but thorax with low double posterior
tuft.

A moderately large genus, ranging over the whole world,
but principally characteristic of America. Imago flying at
dusk, feeding on the wing.

1. Hindwings with ti'ansvei'se lines . . .2.

,, without transverse lines . \. pinastri.

2. Hindwings rosy-tinged . . .2. ligustri.

„ not rosy-tinged . . 3. convolvuli.

298 NOTODONTIXA [sphinx

1. S. pinastri, L. 70-75 mm. Forewings dark grey, closely
irrorated witli white, and sprinkled with black ; three or four
black dashes in disc ; median and second lines broad, darker,
often very indistinct, strongly curved ; sometimes a white discal
dot ; an oblique black apical line ; cilia white, blackish-barred.
Hind wings dark grey, more blackish-grey terminally ; cilia as
in forewings.

Kent to Edinburgh, a scarce casual only, but apparently
naturalised in Suffolk ; N. and C. Europe, N. America ; 6, 7.
Larva green ; dorsal line red-brown, irregular, edged by whitish
or yellowish lines ; lateral white ; spiracular series of white
blotches, spiracles orange-red ; subspiracular yellowish ; horn
black - dotted : on Pi?ius abies and P. sylvestris ; 8, 9. This
species is sometimes very destructive to pine -forests on the
Continent.

2. S. ligustri, L. 90-110 mm. Forewings light brown,
whitish-sprinkled ; veins in disc finely black, with three stronger
black interneural streaks ; first, median, and second lines
obscurely darker, angulated above middle ; lower half of median
band suffused with dark brown, connected by a narrower suffusion
with an oblique black apical streak, above which is a whitish
suffusion ; three whitish subterminal striae, and a blackish line
after first. Hindwings pale whitish-rosy, termen brownish ;
three black fasciae.

England, Lanark, common ; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N.
Asia; 6. Larva green; on 5-11 a series of oblique lateral
stripes, white below and purple above ; spiracles yellow ; horn
black, beneath yellow : on Ligustrum, ash, holly, etc. ; 8, 9.

3. S. convolvuli, L. 95-118 mm. Forewings dark grey,
whitish-sprinkled, with darker dentate striae ; two black inter-
neural streaks in disc ; an irregular black oblique apical line.
Hindwings grey, whitish-sprinkled, darker terminally; base,
anterior and subterminal fasciae, and two cloudy subconfluent
postmcdian lines blackish.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, uncommon, probably not
usually resident ; Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand,
America (varying slightly geographically) ; 8, 9. Larva green
or brown, lighter or darker, sometimes closely streaked or
i-eticulated ; often two dorsal blackish lines or series of spots ;
on 5-11 often a series of oblique lateral white, dark, or blackish
stripes ; sometimes a spiracular series of blackish spots ; sub-
spiracular line sometimes whitish; horn blackish or ferruginous ;
head usually ochreous or ferruginous : on Convolvulus ; 7.

A.CHERONTIA] SPHINGIDAE 299

5. ACHERONTIA, 0.

Tongue short. Antennae less than ^, gradually thickened
to near apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked. Abdomen
broad, obtuse, densely haired. Tibiae with dense appressed
bail's.

An Asiatic genus of few species, one of which ranges into
Europe and Africa. The imago possesses the power of uttering
a curious squeaking sound, and is said sometimes to invade
bee-hives in pursuit of honey.

1. A. atropos, L. 102-132 mm. Thorax blackish, with a
light ochreous blotch resembling a skull and crossbones. Fore-
wings blackish, whitish -sprinkled, with waved black striae;
margins of median band suffused with whitish -ochreous on
costal half, posterior followed by a ferruginous suffusion ;
median and submedian ferruginous longitudinal streaks ; a
whitish discal dot ; veins terminally ferruginous. Hindwings
light ochreous - orange ; veins posteriorly more or less black ; a
narrow postmedian and broader subterminal fascia black.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, not common ; Eui'ope, C.
Asia, Japan, N. Africa; 7, 9, 10. Larva green, purplish-
speckled, or brownish, white-speckled ; 2-4 sometimes whitish ;
on 5-1 1 a series of purple or dark brown oblique lateral stripes ;
spiracles black ; horn curved downwards and then upwards,
speckled with yellow-whitish : on potato and other Solanaceae ;
7,8.

6. Smerinthus, Latr.

Tongue short, imperfect. Antennae less than \, stout,
thickest towards middle, in $ deeply incised so as to form
thick lamellae. Abdomen more or less stout, with appi-essed
hairs or scales, in 5 pointed. Tibiae with appressed scales,
posterior pair without middle-spurs. Hindwings with frenulum
sometimes rudimentary.

A small but nearly cosmopolitan genus.

Hindwings with large bluish eye-spot . 2. ocellatus.

,, without such spot . . 1. populi.

1. S. populi, L. 68-88 mm. Forewings brown, irrorated and
partly suffused with ashy - whitish ; veins pale ochreous; about
six dai'ker striae, posteriorly waved ; lower part of median band,
and upper part of termen suffusedly darker ; a white discal
spot ; termen waved. Hindwings as foi'ewings, but a large dull
red dorsal l:)lotch from base to near tornus ; no discal spot.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC.

300 NOTODONTINA [smkrinthus

Asia; 5, 6. Larva green, yellow -dotted ; on 5-11 a series of
yellow oblique lateral stripes ; spiracles red ; sometimes a
subdorsal series of red spots ; horn yellow : on poplar and
Salix; 7-9.

2. S. ocellatus, L. 70-88 mm. Thorax with very dark
brown central blotch. Forewings pale rosy-brownish, with
cloudy brown striae ; first line darker brown, angulated below
middle ; discal spot outlined with brown ; lower half of median
band, and a large terminal subapical blotch dark brown ;
termen somewhat prominent on 3. Hindwings rosy, pos-
teriorly light ochreous- brownish ; a round black blotch above
tornus, enclosing a dark grey spot encircled with pale bluish.

England, common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva
green, white-dotted; on 5-11 a series of white oblique lateral
stripes; spiracles red -circled ; sometimes a subdorsal series of
red spots ; horn light blue : on apple, Salix, and poplar ; 7-9.

7. DiLiNA, Balm.

Tongue short, imperfect. Antennae less than \, stout,
thickest towards middle, not lamellated. Abdomen stout,
with appresscd scales, pointed. Tibiae with appressed scales,
all spurs present.

Besides the single European species there are perhaps one
or two others in Asia.

1. D. tiliae, L. 66-75 mm. Forewings flesh-colour, greyish-
tinged ; two subbasal and second lines very obscurely greenisli-
grey ; a dark olive-green central fascia, interrupted below
middle, with strong posterior median projection ; a yellowish-
olive-green terminal band, including a whitish costal suffusion ;
termen irregularly excavated in middle and above tornus.
Hindwings yellow-ochreous or dull greenish, disc greyer ; basal
area blackish-mixed ; a cloudy blackish subterminal fascia.

England to York, common ; Europe, N. Asia r 5, 6. Larva
green, yellow-dotted; on 5-11 a series of yellow oblique lateral
stripes, marked with red above ; spiracles red ; horn blue above,
red and yellow beneath : on lime {Tilia) and elm ; 7-9. The
imago appears to have a protective resemblance to a pair of
half-expanded lime-leaves.

8. NOTODONTIDAE.

Head densely rough - haired. Ocelli present. Tongue
usually developed. Tliorax densely hairy beneath. Femora

NOTODONTIDAE 301

and tibiae densely hairy, spurs short. Forewings : lb furcate.
Hindwings : 3 and 4 closely approximated or connate, 5 weak,
imperfect, from middle of transverse vein, parallel to 4, 6 and
7 connate or stalked, 8 connected with cell towards middle,
diverging or approximated to end of cell.

A rather moderate family of pretty general distribution
except in New Zealand. Imago with moderate or rather stout
bodies, forewings rather elongate-triangular ; the species are all
strictly nocturnal in habit, and comparatively seldom met with
except in the larval stage.

Ovum rounded or obtusely subconical above, flattish
beneath, surface smooth or minutely pitted. Larva moderately
stout, sometimes without prolegs on 13. Pupa usually sub-
terranean.

Phylogeny of Notodontidae,

Pygaera

1
Notodonta

Glupliisia Stauropus
1 1

Drymonia
1

Ptilopliora

1

Pterostoma
1

1
Odontosia

Hierophanta
1

Cerura
1

Phalera

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Forewings with 10 rising separate, connected with 9 2.

,, ,, out of 9, not otherwise con-

nected . . .6.

2. Palpi very long ... 7. Pterostoma.

,, rather short . . . .3.

3. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs . 10. Cerura.

,, ,, with middle-spurs . . 4.

4. Antennae in $ bipectinated . 9. Hierophanta.

,, ,, not pectinated . . .5.

5. Forewings with strong dorsal scale-tooth 8. Odontosia.

,, without dorsal scale-tooth . 11. Phalera.

6. Eyes hairy, at least in part . . .7.

„ glabrous . . . . .8.

302 NOTODONTINA

7. Forewiugs with dorsal scale-tooth . 2. Notodonta.

„ without dorsal scale-tooth 1. Pygaera.

8. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs . . 9.

„ ,, with middle-spurs . 3. Drymonia.

9. Antennae of <i bipectinated to apex . .10.

,, „ with apical ^ simple . 5. Stauropus.

10. Antennal pectinations of 3 very long 6. Ptilophora.

„ „ „ short . 4. Gluphisia.

1. Pygaera, 0.

Eyes liairy. Antennae in <$ bipectinated to apex. Palpi
rather short, rough-haired. Thorax more or less crested in
centre and posteriorly. Anal tuft of <$ very elongate.
Anterior tarsi rough-scaled. Forewings : 10 out of 9 above 7.
Hindwings : 5 obsolete, 8 approximated to beyond middle of
cell.

A rather limited genus, occurring throughout the Northern
hemisphere. Larva somewhat hairy, with prominences or
tubercles on 5 and 12. Pupa in a cocoon between leaves.

1. Median line quite straight . . 2. nnachoreta.

,, ,, not straight . . . .2.

2. Median line curved inwards . . 3. curtula.

„ ,, curved outwards . . 1. pigra.

1. P. pigra, Hxifn. (reclusa, F.) 22-26 mm. Crown and
thorax with a broad dark reddish-brown central band. Fore-
wings rather dark fuscous suffused with pale purplish ; lines
fine, whitish, first broken in middle, median angularly curved
outwards, second angulated near costa, enlarged on costa, pre-
ceded by a dark fascia not reaching dorsum, and followed by a
brown-red costal blotch ; postsubterminal interrupted, blackish.
Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Sutherland, N. and W. Ireland, rather local ; N.
and C. Europe, Asia Minor; 5, 8. Larva with a few short
hairs, pinkish - grey ; 3, 4, 6 more yellowish above; 5 and 12
with pairs of black tubercles ; lateral line darker grey ; spira-
cular pinkish-ochreous ; head black : on Salix, especially 8.
repens ; 6, 7, 9.

2. P. anachoreta, Hb. 28-33 mm. Crown and thorax to
middle with a strong dark fuscous central streak. Forewings
f\iscous, partially suffused with brown-whitish ; lines fine,
whitish, first and median straight, oblique, parallel, second
twice sinuate, whiter and slightly interrupted on upper half,
intersecting a large trapezoidal darker brown apical blotch,

pygaera]

NOTODONTIDAE

303

darkest towards disc, somewhat reddish beyond second line ; two
blackish spots above tornus, lower very small. Hindwiugs grey.

Perhaps introduced, but temporai'ily naturalised in Kent
and Norfolk ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 8. Larva
rather hairy, dark fuscous ; dorsal area with four ochreous or
whitish lines; 5 and 12 with reddish-brown or black promin-
ences, former with a snow-white spot on each side; series of
orange spots or markings above and below spiracles ; head
black: on poplar; 7, 9, 10.

3. P. curtula, L. 31-34 mm. Crown and thorax to middle
with a dark reddish -brown central blotch. Forewings brown,
partially suffused with grey-whitish ; lines fine, whitish, first
straight, oblique, median somewhat curved inwards, second
slightly sinuate above, stronger on costa, limiting a large
trapezoidal reddish-brown ay)ical blotch, deeper red anteriorly ;
postsubterminal interrupted, dark fuscous. Hindwings gi'ey.

England, Fife, N. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 4, 5, 7. Larva hairy, pinkish-grey, black-speckled ; 5
and 12 with black prominences; series of orange spots; head
black, with two reddish-ochreous stripes : on aspen and poplar ;
5, 6, 8, 9.

2. NOTODONTA, 0.

Eyes hairy, at least in part. Antennae in $ bipectinated
to near apex. Palpi rather short,
rough-haired. Thorax with slight
anterior crest. Anterior tarsi
rough - scaled. Forewings with
dorsal scale -tooth ; 10 out of 9
above 7. Hindwings : 8 approxi-
mated to beyond middle of
cell.

Also of no great extent ; it
ranges throughout the Northern
hemisphere, but principally in
temperate regions. Larva with
two or more median prominences,
and one on 12 ; anal prolegs small,
held aloft in repose.

1. Discal mark of forewings strongly curved 1. ziczaa

„ ,, ,, not or hardly curved . 2.

2. Hindwings whitish . . .3. tritophus.

„ grey . . . . .3.

Neuratiou of Notodonta ziczac.

304 XOTODONTIXA [notodonta

3. Base of costa with a pale blotch . 2. dromedarius.

„ „ without pale blotch . 4. torva.

1. N. ziczac, L. 38-44 mm. Forewings light ochreous-
browu, veins partly dark fuscous ; median space white-sprinkled
on upper half ; subbasal, first, and second lines darker ochreous-
brown on upper half, obsolete beneath ; subterminal pale,
darker-edged ; a long crescentic discal mark, costa posteriorly,
and a subcostal praesubterminal dash very dark ochreous-
brown ; some fuscous suffusion beyond discal mark ; dorsal
edge dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ; a fuscous
discal crescent.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW. Europe ;
5, 6, 8. Larva variable, pale ochreous, sometimes pinkish-
tinged, or purplish-grey; strong prominences on 6, 7, and 12;
darker pale-edged dorsal patches on 2-4; 11 and 12 usually
orange or yellow ; some whitish or yellowish oblique lateral
streaks ; spiracular line whitish, yellowish, or grey : on Salix
and poplar ; 6, 7, 9.

2. N. dromedarius, L. 39-46 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous, costa whitish -sprinkled towards middle; a whitish-
ochreous ferruginous-mai'ked blotch on base of costa ; first and
second lines waved, darker fuscous, more or less edged ex-
ternally with whitish -ochreous, extremities of second more
strongly and followed by ferruginous suffusions ; a dark reddish-
fuscous pale-edged discal mark; praesubterminal line ferruginous
or dark reddish-fuscous. Hindwings rather dark grey ; a pale
postmedian line.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 6. Larva variable, green, yellow, or yellowish-brown,
the green often forming oblique streaks on sides ; prominences
on 5-8 and 1 2 ; dorsal line purple-brown ; subspiracular usually
purple-brown ; head brown : on alder and sometimes birch ;
7-9.

3. N. tritophus, Esp. 42-48 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
costa white -sprinkled towards middle ; an ochreous -brown
blotch on base of costa, and a suffusion beneath middle of disc ;
first and second lines waved, hardly darker, more or less edged
externally with pale brown ; a large slightly curved ochreous-
brown whitish-edged discal mark ; subterminal line pale brown,
anteriorly darker-edged, near costa whitish. Hindwings whitish ;
a faint grey discal crescent and subterminal fascia ; tornal cilia
dark grey.

Essex, Devon, Gloucester, Renfrew, very scarce ; C. Europe ;

xotodontaJ NOTODONTIDAE 305

5, 8. Larva pale grey, brownish, or green, with darker lines ;
strong prominences on 6-8 and 12 ; a darker brown or grey
dorsal line ; spiracular brown or reddish-brown : on poplar or
sometimes birch ; 6, 7, 9.

4. N. torva, Hh. 42-46 mm. Forewings fuscous, sprinkled
with pale greyish - ochreous ; first and second lines waved,
darker, externally pale-edged ; a darker pale-edged discal mark ;
praesubterminal line rather darkei*. Hindwings grey ; a pale
postmedian line.

Norfolk, vei-y scarce but possibly overlooked ; C. Europe, N.
Asia ; 5, 8. Larva closely resembling that of JH. ziczac, but
much darker : on aspen ; 6, 7. 9.

3. Drtmonia, ITb.

Characters of Notodonta, but eyes glabrous ; dorsal scale-
tooth sometimes slight.

A rather small genus, apparently confined to the Northern
hemisphere, especially in temperate regions. Larva without
pi'ominences or with one on 12 only.

1. Forewings with blackish subdorsal streak . 2.

,, without blackish subdorsal streak . 3.

2. Torual mark of forewings white . .1. dictaeoides.

„ ,, ,, brown, white-edged 2. trennda.

3. Forewings witli whitish posterior fascia . . 4.

,, without whitish posterior fascia 3. trepida.

4. Forewings with dark fuscous discal mark . 5. chaonia.

„ without dark fuscous discal mark

4. trimacida.

1. D. dictaeoides, Esjj. 42-50 mm. Forewings whitish,
towards middle of costa mixed with pale brownish ; an elongate
hlackish posterior costal blotch, marked with brown veins; a
broad blackish brown -suftused subdorsal streak, white-edged
beneath towards base and inmiddle, included dorsal space whitish-
ochreous anteriorly, brown posteriorly, with an elongate-
triangular wliite tornal mark ; a brown subterminal suffusion.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous, disc more whitish ; a dark fuscous
tornal suffusion.

Britain to Sutherland, N. and E. Ireland, rather common ;
N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva glossy purplish-brown ; a
prominence on 12 ; spiracular stripe yellow : on birch ; 7, 9.

2. D. tremula, CI. (dictaea, Esp.) 45-54 mm. Differs from B.
dictaeoides as follows : forewings more brownish-mixed, tornal

306 NOTODONTINA [drymonia

mark narrower and much more elongate, brown with white
margins; hindwings clear whitish, dorsally ochreous- tinged,
tornal suffusion including a whitish terminal mark.

Britain to Koss, N. and E. Ireland, rather common ; N. and
C. Europe ; 5-8. Larva green or brown, sometimes with darker
transvei-se markings; a prominence on 12; spiracular line
yellow, in brown specimens usually obsolete : on poplar, Salix,
and alder ; 7-9.

3. D. trepida, Esp. 50-60 mm. Forewings pale greyish -
ochreous, densely sprinkled with dark grey, anteriorly yellowish-
tinged ; subbasal and first lines blackish, dentate ; second
waved, grey, posteriorly pale-edged, extremities blackish, fol-
lowed by two longitudinal dai'k fuscous lines beneath costa ; an
ochreous-fuscous pale-edged discal mark, joined to costa by a
dark grey mark ; a praesubterminal series of dark fuscous pale-
edged marks. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, base more ochreous,
apex grey-suftused.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, not common ; C. Europe ;
5. Larva reposing with both extremities raised ; green ; dorsal
line double, yellowish ; siibdorsal yellowish, less distinct ; seven
oblique lateral streaks, upper half red, lower yellow ; yellowish
lateral blotches on 2 and 3 : on oak ; 6, 7.

4. D. trimacula, Esj). {dodonaea, Hb.) 36-40 mm. Forewings
whitish, suffused with light fuscous; subbasal line dai'k fuscous;
a dark fuscous suffusion near before first line, not reaching costa;
first line dark fuscous, followed by a rather dark fuscous band,
beyond which is a rather broad clear whitish sometimes dark-
sprinkled fascia including the dark fuscous second line, and
suffusedly edged with dark fuscous ; cilia distinctly barred.
Hindwings pale fuscous, with two suffused darker fasciae.

Britain to the Clyde, S. Ireland, not common ; WC. Europe ;
5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line double, yellowish ; subdorsal
yellowish ; spiracular yellow, more or less red-marked : on oak ;
7-9.

5. D. chaonia, Hh. 36-40 mm. Forewings fuscous, rather
darker anteriorly ; lines dark fuscous, subbasal whitish-edged ;
first whitish -edged anteriorly, second waved, preceded by a
whitish sometimes interrupted fascia and whitish -edged pos-
teriorly; a dark fuscous discal mark; subterminal line obscui'ely
whitish. Hindwings light fuscous, with traces of jialer fasciae.

Britain to the Clyde, E. and S. Ireland, not common ; C.
Europe ; 5. Larva green ; subdorsal and spiracular lines
yellow : on oak ; 6-8.

glttphtsia] NOTODONTIDAE 307

4. Gluphisia, B.

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ shortly bipectiuated to apex.
Palpi rather short, rough-haired. Thorax with slight anterior
crest. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs, all tarsi rough-
scaled. Forewings : 10 out of 9 near base. Hindwings : 8
approximated to end of cell.

A small North American genus, of which only one species
occurs in Europe. Larva without prominences. Pupa in a
cocoon between leaves.

1. G. crenata, Es}^. 28-31 mm. Forewings dark grey; sub-
basal line dark fuscous, edged with pale ochreous ; median band
brownish, edges dark fuscous, pale-margined, posterior waved ;
median line suffused, dark grey ; discal mark pale, dark-edged ;
subterminal line cloudy, grey-whitish, posteriorly dark-edged.
Hindwings grey ; a darker postmedian line and terminal band.

Essex, Bucks, Isle of Man (?), very scarce ; C Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva green ; a dorsal series of transverse divided ferruginous-
red mai-ks on 3, 4, and 7-13 ; subdorsal line yellow : on poplar ;
8, 9.

5. Stauropus, Germ.

Eyes glabrous. Tongue rudimentary. Antennae in $
strongly bipectiuated, apical \ simple. Palpi rather short,
rough- haired. Thorax with slight anterior crest. Anterior
tai'si rough-scaled; posterior tibiae without middle-spurs. Fore-
wings : 10 out of 9 above 7. Hindwings : 8 approximated to
beyond middle of cell.

A rather limited Indo-Malayan genus, of which one species
occurs in Europe. Larva with 2nd and 3rd pair of legs ex-
tremely long, and numerous prominences ; anal prolegs obsolete,
replaced by two long filaments ; in repose both extremities
sharply erected.

1. S. fagi, L. 50-62 mm. Forewings whitish -ochreous,
densely sprinkled with grey, darker and more yellowish-tinged
on median band, especially anteriorly, more brownish dorsally,
more whitish towards base ; a black basal dot ; edges of median
band darker, dentate, pale-margined ; median line obscurely
darker ; a postsubterminal series of dark grey spots. Hind-
wings fuscous, paler basally, darker dorsally, towards apex
suffused with dark grey.

England to York, not common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
ochreous-brown marked with deeper brown or blackish; incisions

308 NOTODONTINA Lstauropus

deep; 5-10 with pairs of prominences, posteriorly smaller; 12
and 13 much swollen : on beech, oak, etc. ; 8, 9. It has been
suggested that this curious larva resembles a dead and crumpled
beech-leaf.

6. Ptilophora, Stph.

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ very strongly bipectinated to
apex. Palpi rather short, rough-haired. Thorax with slight
anterior crest. Anterior tarsi rough-scaled ; posterior tibiae
without middle-spurs. Forewings : 5 weak, 10 out of 9 near
base. Hindwings : 8 approximated to end of cell.

Only one species is satisfactorily established. Larva with-
out prominences, beneath neck with a protrusible furcate
appendage.

1. P. plumigera, Esp. 32-40 mm. Forewings thinly scaled,
reddish-ochreous-brown, veins fuscous ; a longitudinal greyish
posterior suffusion above and below middle ; first line some-
times faintly yellowish ; second obscurely yellowish, waved,
distinct on costa ; sometimes an obscure yellowish terminal
band, interrupted by the grey suffusions ; cilia dark-spotted.
Hindwings thinly scaled, pale reddish-grey ; a faint pale post-
median fascia.

Hants to Bucks, Gloucester, Devon, local ; C. Europe ; 10,
11. Larva whitish -green ; dorsal stripe broad, light blue-
green ; subdorsal line white ; spiracular double, whitish : on
maple and sycamore ; 5, 6.

7. Pteeostoma, Germ.

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ bipectinated to apex. Palpi
very long, erect, clothed with long dense rough scales. Thorax
with strong triangular central crest. Abdomen with small
dorsal crest. Forewings with dorsal scale-tooth ; 10 rising
separate, connected or anastomosing with 9. Hindwings : 8
approximated to beyond middle.

Besides the one European, there are two or three Central
Asiatic species. Larva without prominences.

1. P. palpina, L. 38-46 mm. Forewings light brown,
partially mixed with whitish-ochreous, veins finely blackish ; an
oblique blackish mark from base of costa ; first and second
lines obscurely darker, double, dentate, forming blackish dots
on veins ; median line suffusedly darker, very obscure ; termen
waved. Hindwings dark grey, towards base pale fuscous.

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor ;

pterostoma] NOTODONTIDAE 309

6, 7. Larva pale bluish-green ; subdorsal and lateral lines
white, tubercular ; spiracular yellow, black-edged above, on 2-4
pinkish-marked : on poplar and Salix ; 7-9.

8. Odontosia, Hb.

Eyes hairy. Antennae in S dentate, fasciculate -ciliated.
Palpi rather short, rough-haired. Thorax sometimes with
strong triangular central crest. Abdomen with small dorsal
crest. Forewings with dorsal scale-tooth ; 10 rising separate,
connected or anastomosing with 9. Hindwings : 8 approximated
to cell to beyond middle.

A small genus, principally Asiatic, but occurring throughout
the Northern hemisphere. Larva sometimes with prominence
on 12, and then holding anal extremity aloft in repose.

1 . Thoracic crest very large . . . .2.

,, ,, obsolete . . .3. carmelita.

2. Forewings with whitish terminal blotch . 2. cuculla.

,, without whitish blotch . 1. camelina.

1. 0. camelina, L. 36-40 mm. Forewings rather dark
reddish -ochreous- brown ; a dark brown dorsal suffusion, in-
cluding a brownish-ochreous patch along basal half of dorsum:
subbasal, first, and second lines indistinct, dark fuscous, dentate ;
beyond second a series of whitish -ochreous dots and black
dashes on veins ; termen waved. Hindwings fuscous ; a pale
posterior line, intersecting a dark fuscous tornal spot.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva resting with head thrown back ; green,
sometimes pinkish-ochreous or purplish ; dorsal line dai'ker ;
spiracular yellow, red-spotted; 12 with two red tubercular pro-
jections : on oak, beech, hazel, etc. ; 7-10.

2. 0. cuculla, Esp. {cucullina, Hb.) 34-36 mm. Forewings
red -brown, darker dorsally, costa broadly suffused anteriorly
with pale ochreous ; first and second lines dark fuscous, dentate,
traceable towards extremities only ; a white blotch including a
grey suffusion along lower -| of termen, interrupted by a median
bar marked with a black vein ; veins towards apex dark fuscous.
Hindwings fuscous ; a faint pale posterior line, intersecting a
dark fuscous tornal spot.

S. England to Leicester and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 5,
6. Larva whitish-green or pale flesh -colour; on 2-5 a dark
green or purplish dorsal blotch, thereafter reduced to slender
dorsal and subdorsal lines ; subspiracular sometimes yellowish ;
12 with bicuspidate prominence : on maple ; 7-9.

310 NOTODONTINA [odontosia

3. 0. carmelita, Esp. 40-44 mm. Forewings purple-fuscous,
sufFusedly irrorated with whitish ; costa broadly dark reddish-
brown ; first and second lines sometimes grey, first preceded
and second followed by series of whitish and blackish dots on
veins, forming yellow-whitish costal spots, second larger ; an
obscure fuscous -whitish blotch along lower half of termen ;
termen waved; cilia sharply barred. Hindwings whitish-
fuscous, darker towards apex ; a pale postmedian line ; a
purplish-grey tornal sufi'usion.

Britain to the Clyde, scarce and local ; C. Europe ; 4. Larva
green, with yellowish freckles tending to form lines ; spira-
cular line yellow, pink-spotted : on birch ; 6, 7.

9. HiEROPHANTA, Meyr.

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ shortly bipectinated. Palpi
rather short, rough-haired. Thorax hardly crested. Anterior
tarsi rough -scaled. Forewings with dorsal scale-tooth; 10
rising separate, connected or anastomosing with 9. Hindwings:
8 approximated to cell to beyond middle.

Only the one species is known. Larva without prominence,
often resting with anal extremity raised. Pupa in a cocoon
between leaves.

1. H. bicoloria, Schiff. 35-37 mm. Forewings white; a
black subbasal dot ; a small patch of blackish irroration on and
before dorsal tooth ; first line waved, black, not reaching mai'gins,
edged posteriorly by an orange streak, connected with second
near dorsum by an orange bar ; second reduced to a series of
dark grey marks, black opposite the bar ; a light orange tornal
spot. Hindwings white.

Devon, Stafford, S. Ireland, rare and very local ; C. Europe ;
5, 6. Larva pale yellowish or whitish-green ; dorsal, subdorsal,
and lateral lines green ; spiracular yellow, edged with green : on
birch ; 7, 8.

10. Cerura, SchrL

Eyes glabrous. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex. Palpi
rather short, rough-haired. Thorax with slight anterior crest.
Anterior tarsi rough-scaled ; posterior tibiae without middle-
spurs, end-spurs very short. Forewings: 6 out of 9 remote
from base, 10 rising separate, connected or anastomosing with
9. Hindwings : 8 approximated to cell to beyond middle.

A genus of some extent, ranging throughout the Northern
hemisphere, with stragglers in S. America and Australia.

ceeuka]

NOTODONTIDAE

311

Larva with two tubercles or rough spots on 2, back prominent
on 3 or 4, anal prologs absent, anal extremity held aloft in
repose, furnislied with two long slender terminal processes con-
taining exsei'tible filaments. Pupa in a hard woodlike cocoon
on bark of trees.

2.

2.

1. vinula.

4. bicus2ns.

. 3.

Lines of forewings partly orange-edged

,, ,, not orange-edged

Anterior edge of band irregularly indented
,, ,, „ nearly straight

3. Posterior edge of band angulated or bent inwards 3. fm-cula.
„ ,, ,, evenly curved . 2. bifida.

1. 0. vinula, L. 58-72 mm. Forewings whitish, veins par-
tially blackish ; a black subbasal dot ; lines double, dark grey,
forming black costal dots ; first
formed anteriorly of black dots,
posteriorly subdentate ; space be-
tween first and median greyish-
tinged ; median sinuate ; second
partly triple, very strongly den-
tate ; a crescentic blackish discal
mark ; a terminal series of longi-
tudinal dark grey intei'neural
marks. Hindwings in $ whitish,
with grey discal crescent, in 9
grey.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland,
common ; Europe, WC. and N.
Asia; 5,6. Larva green ; a broad Neuration of CerMm rirewJa.
purplish-brown pale-streaked white-edged dorsal band, narrowed
to 4, thence expanded to 8, where it sometimes projects to
proleg, and again narrowed to 12 ; head brown : on poplar and
Salix ; 6-8.

2. 0. bifida, Hh. 40-44 mm. Forewings grey-whitish ; a
black subbasal dot ; lines double ; first nearly straight, formed
by a series of black dots and a black orange-edged streak ;
space between first and median densely irrorated with dark
grey ; median curved inwards, formed by a black orange-edged
streak and a fine dark grey line ; second triple, dark grey,
dentate, posteriorly black and orange -edged on upper half,
followed by a dai'k grey suffusion ; a black discal mark ; large
terminal black dots. Hindwings whitish ; a grey discal crescent
and usually a terminal band.

England to York, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, NW.

312 NOTODONTINA [cbrura

Asia ; 6, 7. Larva green ; a broad purplish yellow-edged dorsal
band, narrowed to end of 3, interrupted on 4, thence expanded
to 8, where it reaches .spiracles, and again narrowed to 12;
head brown : on poplar ; 7, 8.

3. C. furcula, L. 32-38 mm. Differs from G. bifida as
follows : wings often greyer, forewings with anterior band and
posterior dark suffusion more or less mixed with orange, black
streaks more strongly orange-margined, posterior edge of band
more or less angulated inwards above middle, middle stria of
second line blacker towards costa.

Britain to Ross, Irelaiid, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva green ; a broad purplish whitish-edged dorsal band,
partially mixed with yellow or orange, narrowed to beginning
of 4, thence widened to 7, from 9 naiTowed to 12 ; head brown :
on Salix ; 7-9.

4. 0. bicuspis, Bkh. 36-40 mm. Differs from C. bifida as
follows : forewings whiter, both edges of median band more or
less indented or bent inwards above middle.

England to York, local and scarce ; C. Europe ; 5. Larva
green ; a broad reddish-brown yellow-edged dorsal band, nar-
rowed to 3, interrupted on 4, thence expanded to 8, where it
includes spiracle, again narrowed to 10, thence nearly even,
edges on 6-8 very deeply dentate : head reddish-brown : on
alder and birch ; 7-9.

11. Phalbra, Hb.

Eyes in S glabi'ous, in $ partly pubescent. Antennae in
S dentate, fasciculate -ciliated. Palpi rather short, rough-
haired. Thorax slightly crested posteriorly. Abdomen with
small dorsal crest. Forewings : 10 rising separate, connected or
anastomosing with 9. Hindwings : 8 approximated to end of cell.

A rather limited genus, ranging over Europe, Asia, and the
Malayan islands. Larva without prominences, covered with
numerous fine silky hairs.

1. P. bucephala, L. 56-62 mm. Head and front of thorax
yellowish, ferruginous-marked. Forewings brown mixed with
ashy-grey, suffused with whitish towards base and dorsum, with
■waved darker striae ; subbasal line fine, blackish : first and
second double, inner stria black, outer ferruginous ; a transverse
whitish-edged discal spot ; a large oval pale ochreous-yellowisli
apical blotch, limited by second line, including two elongate
waved ochreous patches. Hindwings yellow-whitish ; two par-
tial indistinct fuscous postmedian striae.

vhalera]

NOTODONTIDAE

313

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. and N.
Asia ; 5-7. Larva dull yellowish ; an orange transverse band
on each segment ; nine interrupted blackish lities ; head black :
on elm, hazel, etc. ; 7-9. The imago curiously resembles a
piece of stick of which the end has been obliquely cut off.

9. SATURNIADAE.

Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli absent. Eyes glabrous.
Tongue rudimentary. Antennae under ^, in S strongly bipec-
tinated to apex. Labial palpi very
short, hairy. Thorax densely hairy
above and beneath. Abdomen hairy.
Femora and tibiae densely hairy,
posterior tibiae without middle-
spurs. Forewings : lb furcate, 5
and 6 closely approximated from
upper angle, 7 absent, 8 and 9 out
of 10, 11 absent. Hindwings with-
out frenulum, la absent, 5 and 6
approximated from upper angle, 7
from f of upper margin, 8 out of
cell at base, rapidly diverging, a
praecostal spur faintly indicated.

A small family, mainly occurring
within the tropics, but with a

few stragglers in temperate climates. ine species are
all large, and sometimes gigantic, the Indian Attacus atlas
measuring ten inches in expanse of wing, and their decoration
is often correspondingly magnificent ; the single British species
is one of the smallest. Imago with body relatively short and
stout, forewings broad and large.

Ovum flattened -spherical, smooth. Larva stout, with
tubercles bearing tufts of scanty hairs. Pupa in a dense firm
oval cocoon.

1. Saturnia, Schrk.

Characters those of family.

A somewhat limited Asiatic genus, extending into Europe
and N. Africa.

1. S. pavonia, L. (carpini, SchifF.) 50-80 mm. Forewings
whitish or pale ochreous, densely irrorated with blackish-grey,
somewhat crimson-mixed j lines whitish, edged with dark fus-

Neuration of Saturnia pavoriin.

climates. The species

314 NOTODONTINA [satubnia

cous, second waved ; a white discal blotch including a large
round black spot, in which is an ochreous ring edged anteriorly
with deep crimson and blue-whitish ; black ante-apical and
deep crimson subapical spots ; white subterminal and brownish
terminal streaks. Hindwings as forewings, but without apical
spots, in (^ suffused with orange.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and W. Ireland, somewhat local ;
Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 5. Larva bright green ; on each
segment a transvei'se series of yellow or rosy tubercles, bearing
tufts of blackish hairs, often placed in biack transverse bands :
on Calluna, Salix, blackthorn, etc. ; 6-9.

3. LASIOCAMPINA.

Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings : Ic absent, 5 approxi-
mated to 4 towards base, 9 and 10 stalked. Hindwings without
frenulum (except Drepanidae), Ic absent, 8 approximated to 7
beyond cell, or seldom connected or anastomosing with cell only.

This group, which may probably once have been much more
extensive, has now ceased to occupy a foremost position. The
three families which represent it in Britain muster but few
species, though some are conspicuous from their large size.

Imago with forewings more or less broad-triangular ; hind-
wings broad-ovate.

Type of marJcmgs as in Notodontina.

Larva usually with 10 prolegs, those on 13 sometimes absent.

Pupa with segments 9-11 free; not protruded from cocoon
in emergence.

The three families spring independently from a common
ancestral form, which must itself have been developed from the
Heterogeneidae.

Tabulation of Families.

1. Frenulum present ... 1. Drepanidae.

,, absent . . , . . 2.

2. Forewings with 7 out of 10 . 2. Endromididae.

„ 7 separate from 10 . 3. Lasiocampidae.

1. DREPANIDAE.

Ocelli present. Eyes glabrous. Antennae i, in i$ bijjectin-
ated. Labial palpi rather short, subascending, loosely or shortly
rough-scaled, terminal joint short, rather pointed. Thorax
rather hairy beneath. Forewings : lb furcate, lower branch

DREPANIDAE

315

indistinct, 7 anastomosing or connected with 8, 9 and 10 out
of 8. Hindwings with frenulum, 5 rather approximated to 4,
upper margin of cell half as long as lower so that transverse
vein is very oblique, 6 and 7 widely remote, parallel, 8 approxi-
mated to 7 beyond cell or anastomosing with cell and 7.

A family of no great extent, fairly developed in the Indo-
Malayan region, but very scantily elsewhei'e. Imago with
body slender, forewings broad ; the species are of moderate or
rather small size.

Ovum roundish-oval, surface finely pitted. Larva rather
slender, without prolegs on 13, anal extremity prolonged into
a long projection, which is raised in repose. Pupa in a cocoon
above ground.

The three British genera very inadequately represent the
family. Falcaria is a derivative of Drepana, but Cilix belongs
to another group of the family, dittering much in superficial
appearance.

Tabulation of Genera.

1. 8 of hindwings anastomosing with cell and 7 . 1. Cilix.

„ „ approximated to 7 beyond cell . 2.

2. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs . 2. Falcaria.

„ „ with all spurs present . 3. Dkepana.

1 Cilix, Lch.

Head smooth. Tongue absent. Antennae in $ shortly
bipectinatcd, apex simple. Pos-
terior tibiae with all spurs
present. Forewings : 6 separate.
Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with
cell and 7 from before middle of
cell to beyond middle of 7.

There is only one known
species. The frenulum, though
present, is very short and slight.

1. 0. glaucata, Sc. {spinula,
SchifF.) 20-25 mm. Forewings
white ; an irregular grey median
band, not nearly reaching costa,
partly tinged with yellow-ochre-
ous, marked with silvery-white
in veins in disc, and with leaden-
metallic and blackish towards dorsum ; a praesubterminal grey
line, and postsubterminal series of blackish -grey spots, not

Neuration of Cilix glaucata.

316

LASIOCAMPINA

[CILIX

reaching costa ; an interrupted grey terminal streak. Hind-
wings white, often greyish in disc ; a narrow grey terminal
fascia.

Britain to Lanark, Ireland, common ; C and S. Europe,
WC. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6, 8. Larva dark brown, paler and
reddish-tinged dorsally, especially on 5 and 6 ; doi'sal line
darker; sometimes a spiracular white spot on 12; pairs of
small tubercular prominences on 3 and 4 : on hawthorn and
blackthorn ; 6, 7, 9, 10. The imago undoubtedly imitates the
excrement of birds.

2. Falcaria, Hw.

Head smooth or hairy. Tongue developed. Antennae in
$ bipectinated to apex. Posterior tibiae without middle-
spurs. Forewings : 6 separate. Hind-
wings : 8 approximated to 7 near
beyond its origin.

Some Asiatic and North Amei'ican
species are probably to be included
with the following.

Termen of forewings dentate

1. iacertinaria.
„ „ not dentate

2. falcataria.
1. F. Iacertinaria, L. (lacertula,
Schiff.) 31-35 mm. Forewings oclire-
ous, mixed and strigulated with dark
fuscous ; veins darker ; first and
second lines dark fuscous, nearly
straight, parallel ; a black discal
dot ; apex suffused with ochreous-brown ; termen irregularly
dentate ; cilia blackish, spotted with white. Hind wings whit-
ish-ochreous, fuscous -sprinkled, posteriorly brownish -tinged ;
a faint grey postmedian line ; a dark fuscous discal dot.

Britain to Boss, N. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. America ; 5, 6, 8. Larva ochreous-bi'own, darker-
marked ; dorsal line anteriorly pale, dark -edged, posteriorly
dark, interrupted ; two blackish dorsal marks on 6, preceded
by a pale area ; pairs of tubercular prominences on 3, 4, and
12: on birch; G, 7, 9.

2. F. falcataria, L. (falcula, SchifF.) 33-37 mm. Forewings
ochreous-whitish to ochreous-brown ; lines waved, dark fuscous,
first yjreceded by a fainter line, second acutely angulated, pre-

Neuration of Falcaria falcataria.

falcaeia] DREPANIDAE 317

ceded by an oval blackish spot in middle ; two blackish dots
longitudinally placed in disc, second larger ; a deep brown
curved line from apex to dorsum at f ; an interrupted dark
fuscous postsubterminal line ; termen below apex siiff'used with
dark brown. Hindwings with ground as forewings ; five waved
lines and a discal dot dark fuscous.

Britain to Ross, S. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia Minor; 5, 8. Larva green; dorsal area red-brown, on
2-5 sometimes green ; on 3-6 pairs of tubercular prominences
bearing a few hairs; on 7-12 much smaller similar tubercles:
on birch, oak, Salix, etc.; 6, 7, 9.

3. Drbpana, Schrh

Head smooth. Tongue developed. Antennae in $ bipecti-
uated, towards apex simple. Posterior tibiae with all spurs
present. Forewings : 6 out of 7 near base. Hindwings : 8
approximated to 7 near beyond its origin.

A genus of some extent, mainly Asiatic, but extending into
Europe and North America. Larva with two tubercular pro-
minences on 4.

1. Forewings with darker discal yellow-marked blotch

1. harpagula.
„ withoi;t yellow-marked blotch . 2.

2. Forewings with one dark discal dot . 3. cultraria.

,, ,, two dark discal dots . 2. hinaria.

\. D. harpagula, Esp. (sicula, Hb.) 33-39 mm. Forewings
deep brownish-ochreous, dusted with bluish-silvery ; first and
second lines darker, waved, slightly curved, second black-
marked in middle ; an irregular bilobed tawny discal blotch,
containing several small yellowish spots ; an ashy terminal
fascia not reaching margins, subterminal line within it blackish-
edged, waved ; termen prominent below middle. Hindwings
with colour, first and second lines, and smaller discal blotch as
in forewings ; subterminal faint.

Somerset (near Bristol), other records doubtful, very local ;
C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva yellow, speckled with dark brown ;
2-4 brownish-suffused ; a lateral pinkish-brown stripe waved so
as to be strongly prominent upwards on 6 and 7 : on Tilia
parvifolia ; 7-9.

2. D. binaria, Hiifn. {hamula, Esp.) 26-32 mm. Forewings
ochreous -brown ; lines indistinct, pale, first curved, second
curved above middle ; two blackish dots obliquely placed in
disc; a blackish apical mark. Hindwings ochi-eous -brown,

318

LASIOCAMPINA

[dkevana

costa broadly suffused with orange -yellow ; first and second
lines yellowish.

S. England to Derby, Cumberland, not common ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor; 5, 6, 8. Larva brownish - ochreous ; 2-4,
12, 13, brown -suffused ; a dark brown lateral stripe, waved
upwards on 6 : on oak ; 6, 7, 9.

3. D. cultraria, F. {unguicula, Hb.) 22-30 mm. Forewings
brownish-orange ; median band more brownish, edges darker,
anterior curved, posterior bent or abruptly curved near costa ;
a dark fuscous discal dot ; a darker brown terminal streak.
Hindwings orange ; median band brownish-tinged, edges darker,
obsolete towards costa ; indistinct brownish subterminal and
terminal streaks.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, common ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 5, 8. Larva ochreous-brown, marked with darker
reddish-brown; dorsal line darker; a whitish lateral line, suf-
fusedly edged beneath with dark brown, waved so as almost to
meet dorsally on 6 and 10 : on beech ; 6, 7, 9.

2. ENDROMIDIDAE.

Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli present. Eyes glabrous.
Tongue rudimentary. Antennae
under ^, in $ bipectinated to
apex. Labial palpi rather short,
densely hairy. Thorax densely
hairy above and beneath. Ab-
domen densely hairy. Femora and
tibiae densely hairy, posterior tibiae
without middle -spurs, end -spurs
very short. Forewings : lb simple,

4 and 5 connate from lower angle,

6 from near 9, 7 and 8 out of 10.
Hindwings without frenulum, 4 and

5 connate from lower angle, 6 and

7 connate, 8 connected by bar Avith
cell near base.

Only a single species is known
in tliis family ; it appears to stand
remote from anything else, and must be a remnant of an
otherwise extinct branch. The imago is large, with rather
stout body, and rather elongate-triangular foi'ewings ; it flics
by day.

Xeuration of Endromis versicohra.

ENDROMIDIDAE 319

Ovum rounded -oblong, smooth. Larva stout, attenuated
anteriorly, with few hairs, all prolegs developed. Pupa in a
tough elongate-oval cocoon above ground.

1. Endromis, 0.

Characters those of family.

1. E. versicolora, L. 50-85 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown,
median band in 5 much suffused with white ; lines blackish, ex-
ternally whitish-edged, first somewhat curved inwards, second
rectangularly broken below middle ; an angulated blackish
discal mark ; a partial white subterminal line, forming three
connected spots towards apex ; veins terminally white. Hind-
wings in $ orange, in $ whitish ; markings as in forewings but
less developed, first line absent.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 4.
Larva pale green; dorsal line darker green; on 5-11 a lateral
series of oblique whitish or yellowish dark-edged stripes ; spira-
cular area beneath these deep green, irrorated with black ;
spiracles white; a pointed prominence on 12, with whitish
lateral stripes : on birch ; 6, 7.

3. LASIOCAMPIDAE.

Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli absent. Eyes partly or
wholly hairy. Tongue obsolete. Antennae in $ bipectinated
to apex. Labial palpi porrected, densely rough-haired. Thorax
densely hairy above and beneath. Abdomen hairy. Femora
and tibiae densely hairy, posterior tibiae without middle-spurs,
end-spurs short. Forewings : lb simple, 8 to termen. Hind-
wings without frenulum, 4 and 5 approximated or stalked, 8
anastomosing or connected with 7 or upper margin of cell.

Fairly numerous in species, and generally distributed except
in New Zealand, but more commonly within the tropics. Imago
with stout body and rather elongate -ti'iangular forewings;
usually of moderate or large size, and generally nocturnal in
habit. A near relationship to the Psychina is indicated by the
pseudoneuria or false veins which are often developed (in exotic
foi'ms sometimes much more numerously) as branches from vein
8 of the hindwings to the costa ; these are very subject to
variation, and are also frequently ill -defined or irregular or
partially obsolete.

Ovum oval, smooth. Larva stout, more or less densely

320 LASIOCAMPINA

clothed with hairs, all prolegs developed. Pupa in a dense
firm oval cocoon above ground.

Odonestis and Gastropacha are correlated early types ;
Glisiocampa and Eriogaster are developments of Odonestis, and
Lasiocampa of Eriogaster.

Tabulation of Geneba.

1. Forewings with rounded dorsal prominence on lb

5. Gastropacha.
,, without dorsal prominence . . 2.

2. Hindwings with 7 from angle . 3. Clisiocampa.

„ 5, from upper edge of cell . 3.

3. Hindwings with one or more pseudoneux'ia . 4.

,, without pseudoneui'ia . 1. LASiocAivrPA.

4. Palpi short . . . .2. Eriogaster.

„ long . . . .4. Odonestis.

1. Lasiocampa, Schrk.

Palpi short. Forewings : 6, 7 8 approximated at base, 9 to
termen. Hindwings : 6 from angle of cell, 7 from upper margin
before middle, 8 connected or anastomosing shortly with 7.

A small genus, apparently confined to the European region.
The imago flies in hot sunshine.

Hindwings with yellowish fascia . . 1. quercus.

„ without yellowish fascia . . 2. trifolii.

1. L. quercus, L. {roboris, Schrk.; callunae, Palmer) 52-74
mm. Forewings in S' deep reddish-brown, in $ deep ochreous,
sometimes tinged with reddish-brown; a white dark-edged
discal spot ; a sinuate postmedian ochreous-yellowish fascia,
variable in width. Hindwings as forewings, but without discal
spot ; fascia sometimes extending to termen.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common, but apparently
less so than formerly ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva
black, hairs light brown, on sides darker brown ; lateral line
white, more or less interrupted ; often series of red or
whitish marks beneath this ; subdorsal red or whitish
spots on 3 and 4 ; spiracles white : on hawthorn, Calluna,
etc.; 9-5.

2. L. trifolii, Esp. 42-68 mm. Forewings dull grey-reddish ;
a white or whitish dark-edged discal spot ; second line curved
or subsinuate, obscurely ochreous-whitish, in S dark-edged
anteriorly ; terminal area in J irrorated with pale yellowish.
Hindwings grey-reddish, lighter in $ .

lasiocampa]

LASIOCAMPIDAE

321

Kent to Devon, Warwick to Lancashire, local ; C. and S.
Eui'ope, Asia Minor to Syria, N. Africa; 8. Larva black, liairs
pale orange, on sides pale greyish ; subdorsal line sometimes
whitish ; sometimes subdorsal red spots on 3 and 4 ; spiracles
yellow : on Trifolium, Cytisiis, Calluna, etc. ; 9-G.

2. Eriogaster, Germ.

Palpi short. Forewings : 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 9 to
apex or termen. Hind wings : 6 from
angle, 7 from upper margin before
middle, 8 connected or anastomosing
with 7 (sometimes also part of cell), a
praecostal spur and sometimes one or
two pseudoneuria before or beyond
this.

A moderate group of nearly cosmo-
politan distribution.

L Forewings with white discal spot
2. lanesfris.
„ without white discal

spot . 2.

2. Hindwings with pale median line

3.
„ without median line

3. i-uhi.

3. Base of forewings brown .

Neuration of Erio(jij-sfer rubi.

I. popidi.
,, ,, gi'ey . . .4. crataegi.

\. E. populi, L. 35-42 mm. Forewings thinly scaled,
blackish-grey ; a brown basal patch, limited by curved whitish
first line; costa sometimes reddish-brown; second line irre-
gular, whitish ; cilia dark brown, whitish-spotted. Hindwings
thinly scaled, grey ; a cloudy whitish median line ; cilia as in
forewings.

Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
11, 12. Larva pale grey, sometimes whitish or greenish-tinged,
marked with dark fuscous, hairs short, dark fuscous, on sides
longer, grey ; a dorsal series of dark fuscous or grey connected
blotches, sometimes orange-marked : on oak, birch, poplar, etc. ;
5, 6.

2. E. lanestris, L. 33-43 mm. Forewings reddish-fuscous,
darker towards base, costa, and dorsum, posteriorly whitish-
sprinkled ; a white basal spot or irregidar mark ; a white discal
spot ; second line slightly curved, white ; cilia dark brown.

Y

322 LASIOCAMPINA [eriogaster

Hindwings thinly scaled, light reddish-fuscous ; a cloudy whitish
median line.

Britain to Argyll, N. and W. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 2, 3. Larva black, hairs very
long, red-brown ; subdorsal series of red-brown partly black-
edged blotches, more or less margined with pale yellowish,
sometimes connected beneath by a pale yellowish line : on
hawthorn and blackthorn, living gregariously in a nest of dense
web ; 5-7.

3. E. rubi, L. 44 66 mm. Forewings in $ rather dark
reddisli-brown, in ^ lighter, less reddish, and sprinkled with
greyish-ochreous ; first and second lines nearly straight, parallel,
whitish-ochreous ; an irregular obscure pale subterminal suffu-
sion. Hindwings in $ red-brown, in $ lighter brown.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, local ; Europe, NW. Asia ;
6. Larva black, hairs golden-brown, on sides dark fuscous ; a
dorsal series of transverse orange streaks : on Calhma, Helian-
themum, grass, Buhus, etc. ; 8-5. The male imago flies wildly
in hot sunshine.

4. E. crataegi, L. 30-37 mm. Forewings grey or dark grey,
whitish-sprinkled ; lines white, internally blackish-edged, first
curved, second twice sinuate ; subterminal indicated by an
irregular whitish suffusion. Hindwings light grey, darker
posteriorly ; a cloudy pale or whitish median line, anteriorly
edged with dark grey.

Britain to Ross, rather common ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 9.
Larva black, grey, or whitish marked with black, hairs reddish-
brown ; in pale specimens an ii'regular dark dorsal band ; sub-
dorsal series of brown-red spots, sometimes separated by whitish-
ochreous spots : on hawthorn, blackthorn, etc. ; 5, 6.

3. Clisiocampa, Curt.

Palpi short. Forewings : 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8
sometimes out of 9 near base, 9 to apex. Hindwings : 4 and 5
sometimes stalked, 6 and 7 approximated at base from angle,
8 anastomosing shortly with cell about middle, one or two
pseudoneuria present.

A genus of few species, principally North American, but
ranging also through Europe and Asia. Larva gregarious when
young.

Second line of forewings indented in middle . 1. casfrensis.
,, „ ,, not indented . 2. neustria.

1. C. castrensis, L. 29-38 mm. Forewings from pale ochre-

clisiocampa] LASIOCAMPIDAE 323

ous-yellowish to reddish-ochreous-brown ; lines reddish-ochreous-
brown, in dark specimens edged outwardly with pale yellowish
suffusion, first somewhat curved, indented beneath costa, second
subsinuate, indented in middle ;
sometimes a dark praesubterminal
suftusion. Hindwings brown or
reddish-brown ; sometimes an indis-
tinct pale yellowish median line.

Kent, Suffolk, York, in salt
marshes, local ; Europe, NW. and
WC. Asia to Turkestan; 7, 8.
Larva bluish -grey, sides ochreous-
marked ; subdorsal line broad,
orange-brown, black-marked ; lateral
orange -bi'own, black-marked, some-
times interrupted ; hairs brownish-
orange : on Artemisia, Daucus, Plan-

tnnn pf f • "o fi Neuratioii of Clisiocampa ncustria.

2. 0. neustria, L. 28-38 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
often brownish -sprinkled, or wholly light red - brown ; lines
brown, first hardly curved, second hardly sinuate, in dark
specimens externally edged with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings
from whitish-ochreous to light red-brown.

England to York, common ; Europe, N. and W. Asia ; 7, 8.
Larva reddish-orange above, on sides grey-blue, black-speckled ;
dorsal line white, black-edged ; subdorsal black, blue-speckled ;
supraspiracular and subspiracular waved, orange ; black lateral
spots on 3, 4, and 12 ; a black prominence on 12 ; hairs brown ;
head grey-blue, black-marked : on apple, hawthorn,' blackthorn,
etc. ; 5, 6. Formerly sometimes injurious in orchards, but now
less plentiful.

4. Odonestis, Germ.

Palpi rather long. Forewings : 6 and 7 connate or stalked,
9 to apex. Hindwings : 6 from angle, 7 from beyond middle
of cell, 8 connected with 7 near origin by oblique bar, two or
three pseudoneuria present.

A limited genus, chiefly Indo-Malayan and Australian, but
ranging into Europe and Africa. Larva with long tufts on 2
and 12.

1. 0. potatoria, L. 46-63 mm. Forewings ochreous-yellow-
ish, in (J deeper and suffused with brown, especially towards
costa ; two silvery-white dark-edged discal spots transversely

324 LASIOCAMPINA [odonestis

placed, upper smaller; second linesubsinuate,dark brown, running
to apex ; praesubterniinal obscure, fuscous, waved. Hindwings
ochreous-yellowish, in S wholly, in 9 posteriorly suffused with
brownish ; an indistinct darker postmedian lino running to
apex.

Britain to Argyll, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ;
7. Larva blue-grey, finely black-sprinkled and yellow-dotted ;
some orange spiracular marks ; hairs light yellow-brownish ;
subdorsal series of short black hair-tufts ; spiracular series of
white hair-tufts ; two long tufts on 2, and a long blackish tuft
on 12: on grass ; 9-5.

5. Gastropacha, 0.

Palpi long or moderately long. Forewings with strong
rounded dorsal prominence on apex of
lb ; 6 and 7 stalked, 8 sometimes out
of 7, 9 to ternien or apex. Hind-
wangs : 4 and 5 sometimes stalked, 6
and 7 approximated at base from
angle, 8 connected with cell by long
oblique bar or anastomosing with 7
near origin, from one to six pseudo-

Hindwing of Gastropacha neuria present.

qneicip ta. ^ small European and Asiatic

genus. In repose the dilated costal area of the liindwings
projects much beyond the forewings, causing a very leaf- like
appearance.

Termen dentate ; hindwings with six pseudoneuria

1 . quercifolia.
„ not dentate ; hindwings with one or two

pseudoneuria . . .2. Kicifolia.

1. G-. quercifolia, L. 52-80 mm. Forewings with 9 to ter-
men ; red-brown, with purple-bluish gloss, towards costa black-
ish-mixed,dorsally ferruginous; first, second, and praesubterminal
lines blackish-grey, waved, bent near costa ; a blackish-grey
discal mai'k ; termen waved-dentate. Hindwings as forewings,
but lines indistinct, straight, costal area ferruginous, with about
six blackish pseudoneuria ; 8 connected with cell by long bar.

England to York, less common than formerly ; C. Europe,
N. and WC. Asia ; 6. Larva dark grey or brown ; whitish dorsal
marks on 3 and 4 ; 2nd and 3rd incisions deep indigo-blue ; a
prominence on 1 2 ; a subspiracular series of tubercles and fringe
of pale hairs: on hawthorn, blackthorn, and Salix ; 9-5.

gastropacha] LASIOCAMPIDAE 325

2. G. ilicifolia, L. 35-40 mm. Forewings with 9 to apex ;
browuisli-feiTugiiious, slightly whitish-sprinkled ; first and second
lines dark grey, waved, interrnpted, curved near costa ; a dark
grey discal mark, preceded by a whitish suffusion ; a broad
terminal band of whitish irroration, including a darker inter-
rupted line, not reaching costa ; cilia white, barred w-ith dark
ferruginous. Hindwings purplish-fuscous ; two suffused whitish
bands ; 8 connected with 7, with one or two pseudoneuria.

Stafford, York, local and now scarce ; C. Europe, NW. Asia;
4, 5. Larva grey or reddish, hairs reddish ; dorsal line black,
interrupted with reddish, edged with whitish ; lateral blue-grey,
interruj)ted : on Vaccinium and Salix ; 7, 8.

4. PAPILIONINA.

Head rough-haired. Ocelli absent. Tongue developed.
Antennae slender, dilated apically, forming a gradual or abrupt
club. Labial palpi moderately long, more or less rough-haired,
terminal joint rather pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete.
Thorax more or less hairy. Forewings : lb simple, Ic absent,
5 usually from or above middle of transverse vein. Hindwings
without frenulum; Ic absent, 3 and 4 usually connate, 8 rising-
out of cell near base, rapidly diverging.

Although a most extensive group, by far the greater proportion
of species occur within the tropics, especially in S. America,
where they are excessively numerous, a single valley sometimes
containing as many species as the whole of Europe ; in New
Zealand and the Pacific Islands there are extremely few. All
the species fly by day, and usually in hot simshine. Imago
with more or less slender body, broad-triangular forewings, and
broad-ovate hindwings. Fi'om their bright colours and diurnal
habits these insects are favourites with beginners, and are
popularly regarded as forming, under the name of " butterflies,"
a group of equal systematic value to the whole of the other
Lejyidoptera, which are termed " moths " ; but there is no
scientific justification for such a division. In repose the wings
are usually erected and appressed together above the back,
thus exposing the under-surface to view ; hence the colouring of
this, instead of following the type of the upper surface, is often
highly specialised with a view to concealment, except the disc of
the forewings, which is then generally hidden by tlie hindwings.

Tyjie of markings theoretically as in the Notodontma, but the
lines are so often converted into bands or rows of spots or largely

326 PAPILIONINA

obsolete, that in practice no definite type is in general recognis-
able.

Larva with 10 prolegs.

Pupa with segments 9-1 1 free or partly or wholly fixed ;
remaining fixed during emergence.

Although seven families are here maintained, there would be
considerable justification for uniting the Satyridae with the
Nymphalidac, and the Lycaenidae with the Pieridae. It may
also be I'emarked that the Hesperiadae are much more distinct
from all the other families, than these are fx'om one another.
The group as a whole certainly stands rather conspicuously
isolated at the present day, but there is little doubt that its
origin must be traced to the Thyrididae, a family of the
Pyralidina not represented in Britain and hardly in Europe.

Phylogeny of Papilionina.

Nymplialidae Satyridae

L I

I

Erycinidae Lycaenidae

I
Pieridae PapLIionidae

! I

I

Hesperiadae

Tabulation of Families.
i. Forewings with all veins present and separate

7. Hesperiadae.
„ with two or more veins stalked or

coincident . . .2.

2. Anterior legs of <$ useless for walking . , 3.

„ „ well-developed . . 5.

3. Anterior legs of $ useless for walking . .4.

,, ,, well-developed . 3. Erycinidae.

4. Forewings with 12 greatly dilated at base 2. Satyridae.

„ „ not basally dilated 1. Nymphalidae.

5. Hindwings with la absent . 0. Papilionidae.

,, ,,1^ present . . .6.

6. Anterior tarsi of S more or less abbreviated, or

with one or both claws
absent . 4. Lycaenidae.

„ ,. „ not abbreviated, claws developed

5. Pieridae.

I

NYMPHALIDAE 327

1. NYMPHALIDAE.

Anterior legs in both sexes much reduced, useless for walk-
ing ; posterior tibiae without middle-spurs. Forewings : 8 and
9 out of 7. Hind wings with praecostal spui".

An extremely large family, mainly tropical. The species
are of large or moderate size, usually dark-coloured with light
or bright bands or rows of spots.

Ovum cylindrical or subconical, ribbed and often reticulated.
Larva with pairs of tentacles or more usually series of bristly
spines. Pupa exposed, suspended by the tail, often angular
or with metallic spots.

Phylogeny of JVymphalidae.

Anosia

Argyunis Mditaea

I
Vanessa Limenitis Apatura

Tabulation' of Genera.

1. Eyes haii-y . . . . .2.

,, glabrous . . . . .3.

2. Hindwings with transverse vein absent between

4 and 5 5. Limenitis.
,, ,, ,, pjresent 4. Vanessa.

3. Hindwings with transverse vein absent between

4 and 5 4.
,, ,, ,, present . 5.

4. Forewings with 10 out of 7 . .3. Melitaea.

„ )j 10 separate . . 6. Apatura.

5. Club of antennae abrupt . . 2. Argynnis.

„ „ elongate, gradual . 1. Anosia.

1. Anosia, Rb.

Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae elongate, gradual.
Forewings : 10 separate. Hindwings with transverse vein
present.

A genus of moderate extent, generally distributed within
the tropics, with two or three species ranging beyond them.
Imago with ternien of forewings subconcave. Larva with pairs

328

PAPILIONINA

[anosia

of long' tentacles. Both larva and iuiago are protected by a
strong nauseous scent or taste, and are uneatable to birds.

1. A. erippus, Cr. {arehippus, F.; % plexixjpms, L.) 95-102 mm.
Forewings deep brownish-orange, veins marked with blackish
streaks ; a blackish border all round, on costa with some white
spots towaixls middle, on termen with a double row of whitish
spots ; a blackish costal blotch beyond middle, enclosing about
five ochreous-orange spots. Hindwings with colour, veins, and
terminal band as in forewings ; in cj a black glandular spot on
vein 2 before its middle. Wings beneath paler, especially
hindwings, white spots largei".

Kent to Cornwall, an occasional immigrant since 1876; W.
coast of Europe (an immigrant only), N. and S. America,
Pacific Islands to Celebes, E. Australia, New Zealand; 8-10.
Larva black, banded with yellow and white ; two long black
dorsal tentacles on 2, two others shorter on 12: on Asclejnas ;
5-8. Pupa very stoiit, pale green, marked with golden-metallic
and black. Indigenous to America ; elsewhere it has spread
since 1870 or thereabouts, but is now established where its
food-plant is found.

2. Argynnis, F.

Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae abrupt. Forewings : 10
separate or out of 7. Hindwings
with transverse vein present.

A considerable genus, ranging
through most of the Northern
hemisphere, with a small outl3'ing
group in the mountains of Chili,
and one species in C. Africa ; in
warmer latitudes the species are
alpine. Larva with six series of
strong bristly spines. Pupa often
with angular prominences and
golden-metallic spots.

1. Hindwings beneath with
sulfused silvery streaks

1. pnphia.
Hindwings beneath with

Neiirationof-4r(7)/renisa(?i>/)e. distinct silvcry spots 2.

2. Hindwings beneath with spots in subterminal
band . . . .3.

,, without spots in subterminal band 3. aylaia.

ARGTNNis] NYMPHALIDAE 329

3. Forewings with silvery subapical spots . 4. lathonia.

„ without silvery subapical spots . 4.

4. Subtermiual spots of hindwings beneath silvery-

centred 2. adij)pe.

„ ,, „ not silvery-centred 5.

5. Hindwings beneath with one discal silvery spot

5. eup?iros7/ne.
,, ,, several discal silvery spots 6. se/ene.

1. A. paphia, L. 63-73 mm. Foi-ewings and hindwings
deep ochreous-oi-ange, in $ sometimes jiale and suft'used with
blackish irroi'ation, appearing dark greenish ; veins black, in ^
partly marked with black streaks ; some discal bars, an
irregular median, and two posterior series of spots black.
Hindwings beneath greenish; two ill-defined anterior fasciae
not reaching below middle, and narrow median and terminal
fasciae purplish-silvery ; a postmedian series of pale darker-
edged spots.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland (except N.), common ; Europe,
N. and C. Asia, Japan ; 7. The dark variety of $ (valesina,
Esp.) occui's principally in the New Forest. Larva ochreous-
brown, darker-striated ; a double yellow dorsal line enclosing a
black line, edged extei'nally with black spots ; lateral line
darker or blackish, interrupted ; head black, marked with pale
yellow ; 2 with two much longer spines : on Viola ; 9-5.

2. A. adippe, L. 52-60 mm. Forewings and hindwings
deep ochreous-oi-ange ; veins, some discal bars, an irregular
median, and two posterior series of spots black ; termen of
forewings subsinuate. Hindwings beneath yellow-ochreous ;
several anterior silvery-white spots ; a postmedian series of
silvery-white spots, followed by a series of ferruginous-red spots
with bluish-silvery centres ; a terminal sometimes indistinct
series of silvery-white spots, edged antei'iorly with ferruginous-
red.

England to Cumberland, common ; Europe, N. and C. Asia,
Japan ; 7. Larva reddish-ochreous, freckled with pinkish and
black ; dorsal line pale, edged with black spots ; sides black-
ish-streaked ; head reddish, black - freckled : on Viola; 3-6.
Alleged British records of A. niobe, L., are apparently founded
on varieties of this species.

3. A. aglaia, L. 51-62 mm. Differs from A. adijyj^e as
follows : forewings beneath with some small subterminal silvery
spots towards apex ; hindwings beneath 3'ellow-ochreous,
suffused with greenish except on subterminal band, with

330 PAPILIONINA [argynnis

several anterior spots, and postmedian and terminal series
silvery-white.

Britain to Sutherland, N. and E. Ireland, local ; Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Asia, Japan ; 7. Larva dark violet-grey, black-
marbled ; a double ochreous-yellow dorsal line enclosing a
black line ; a subspiracular series of red spots connected by an
ochreous line ; head black : on Viola : 4-6.

4. A. lathonia, L. 42-52 mm. Differs from A. adippe as
follows : forewings beneath with several silvery-white spots
towards apex ; hindwings beneath yellow-ochreous, mixed with
reddish, with seven blotches and two or three spots on anterior
half and a terminal series of spots silvery-white, and a subter-
minal series of dark fuscous spots with silvery-white centres.

5. England to Norfolk and Somerset, York, S. Ii-eland,
scarce, not permanently resident ; Europe, NC. and WC. Asia,
N. Africa ; 8, 9. Larva brownish-grey ; dorsal line whitish ;
spiracular double, ochreov;s ; head ochreous, black-marked : on
Viola; 10-6.

5. A. euphrosyne, L. 38-45 mm. Differs from A. adippe as
follows : forewings with termen rounded ; hindwings beneath
yellow, partly suffused with ferruginous-reddish except on a
black-edged antemediau band including a central silvery-white
blotch, with a basal submedian spot and a terminal series
silvery-white, and a subterminal series of small dark spots.

Britain to Sutherland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Asia ; 5, 6. Larva black ; dorsal line double, grey ; spiracular
double, whitish-grey ; subdorsal spines yellowish, rest black ;
head black : on Viola, seldom Primida ; 7-4.

6. A. selene, Schiff. 38-45 mm. Differs from A. euphrosyne
as follows : hindwings beneath with two additional blotches on
antemedian band and several cloudy spots beyond it silvery-
white.

Britain to Ross, common, once in E. Ireland (f) ; N. and C.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pinkish -fuscous ;
subspiracular line light pinkish ; spines ochreous, partly pre-
ceded by black spots, two on 2 much longer ; head blackish :
on Viola ; 7-5.

[Stray specimens of A. dta, L., have been taken in Britain,
but the probabilities seem in favour of their having been arti-
ficially introduced.]

3. Melitaea, F.
Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae abrupt. Forewings : 10

melitaea] NYMPHALIDAE 331

out of 7. Hindwings with transverse vein absent between 4
and 5.

A rather hmited genus, inhabiting Europe, N. and C. Asia,
N. Africa, N. America. Some of the European species allied
to J/, athalia form an exceedingly difficult group, in which the
limits of the species are hardly detei'minable. Larva with
numerous rows of spines clothed or surrounded with bristles.
Pupa stout, sometimes with orange spots.

1. Hindwings with sub terminal row of black dots . 2.

„ without subterminal dots . 3. athalia.

2. Hindwings beneath with several rows of dots 2. cinxia.

„ „ with one row of dots . 1. aurima.

1. M. aurinia, Rott. (artemis, Hb.) 35-41 mm. Hairs of
palpi reddish-orange. Forewings and hindwings ferruginous-
orange, with black veins, and suffused ochreous-yellowish bands
or series of spots limited by thick blackish lines ; hindwings
with subterminal series of black dots. Hindwings beneath as
above, but pale bands more developed, subterminal black dots
pale-circled.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland (except N.), local ; N.,
C, and SW. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia, N. Africa ; 6, Larva
black, with numerous whitish dots ; nine rows of short black
bristly spines ; head black : on Scabiosa succisa ; 8-5.

2. M. cinxia, L. 42-48 mm. Hairs of palpi blackish. Fore-
wings and hindwings brownish-orange, basally blackish ; veins,
some discal bars, and three narrow posterior fasciae blackish.
Hindwings beneath ferruginous -orange ; basal, median, and
terminal black-edged whitish-yellow bands, containing series of
black dots or small spots ; subterminal band of ground-colour
with black veins and several blackish dots.

L of Wight, very local, elsewhere extinct, but formerly
ranging from Kent and Hants to York ; Europe, Asia Minor,
N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva black, with scattered white dots ; eight
rows of short black spines, placed in fascicles of bristles ; head
and prolegs dull red : on Flantago lanceolata and P. maritima ;
8-4. When young the larvae live gregariously in compact
webs, in which they hibernate.

3. M. athalia, Rott. 36-43 mm. Hairs of palpi blackisli.
Forewings and hindwings brownish -orange, basally blackish ;
veins, some discal bars, and three narrow posterior fasciae
blackish. Hindwings beneath ferruginous-orange, veins black ;
some anterior blotches, a median band, and terminal waved
sfacia whitish-yellowish, edged and marked with black lines.

332 PAPILIONINA [melitaea

England to Lancashire, S. Ireland, very local, extinct in
many places where it once occurred ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva black, lighter laterally, with white
dots ; eleven rows of whitish bristly spines, becoming orange-
ochreous dorsally ; head black, whitish-marked : on Melampy-
rum, Plantago, Digitalis, etc. ; 8-5. The young larvae hibernate
gregariously in a common web.

4. Vanessa, F.

Eyes hairy. Club of antennae abrupt. Fore wings : 10
separate. Hindwings with transverse vein pi-esent.

A moderate genus, principally characteristic of the northern
hemisphere. Larva with six or seven rows of bristly spines.
Pupa with angular prominences, often with golden-metallic
spots. In probably all the species the imago is able to pro-
duce a slight stridulation by rubbing together the dorsum of
forewings and costa of hindwings.

\. Hindwings with a conspicuous projection . 2.

„ without conspicuous projection . 6.

2. Wings with bluish spots . . . .3.

,, without bluish spots . , L c-alhum.

3. Forewings with black costal blotches . . 4.

,, without black costal blotches 5. antiopa.

4. Forewings with black subdorsal spots . . 5.

,, without black subdorsal spots . 4. io.

5. Forewings with costal subapical spot white 2. urficae.

yellow

3. polychloros.

6. Wings black, with red fasciae . . 6. atalanta.

,, brownish-orange, with black markings 7. cardui.

\. V. c- album, L. 46-58 mm. Forewings and hindwings
with termen strongly irregularly dentate and deeply excavated ;
deep ferruginous - orange ; several black anterior spots or
blotches ; a deep ferruginous-brown terminal band, including
a series of oi*ange spots. Wings beneath fuscous, irregularly
marbled with dark and pale ; hindwings with a clear white
central C-shaped mark.

England, formerly common, now local and mainly western ;
Europe, N. and WG. Asia ; 6, 9-5. Larva rather dark fuscous,
laterally reddish-tinged; 7-12 broadly whitish dorsally; 13
with two white spots ; seven rows of bristly pale brown or
yellowisli spines, whitish on the white area ; head blackish : on
Ifaiaulus, Ribes, and Urtica ; 5-8.

VANESSA] NYMPHALIDAE 333

2. V. urticae, L. 50-56 mm. Forewiiigs witli terminal
projection above middle ; deep orange, basally blackish sprinkled
with yellowish ; three black costal blotches separated by yellow
blotches, third followed b}' a white spot ; two black spots in
disc posteriorly ; a black dorsal blotch ; a blackish terminal
fascia including a series of blue spots. Hindwings with pro-
jection central ; orange, basal half black mostly yellowish-
sprinkled ; terminal fascia as in forewings. Wings beneath as
above, but as though very faded.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, plentiful ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia, Japan ; 6, 8-5. Larva black, densely irrorated with
yellow ; often a suffused yellow double dorsal stripe, enclosing-
black dorsal line ; lateral line yellowish, often faint ; subspira-
cular yellowish, distinct ; seven rows of dark greenish or black
bristly spines ; head black, iiTorated with yellowish : on Urtica,
feeding gregariously ; 5, 7, 8.

3. V. polychloros, L. 62-67 mm. Ditters from V. urticae as
follows : wings more brownish-orange, forewings with spot be-
yond third blotch light yellowish, and an additional black spot
before tornus ; wings beneath with long scattered bristles.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local, scarce in Scotland ;
Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 7-5. Larva blackish or dai'k grey ;
dorsal area suffusedly irrorated with ochreous-brownish, enclos-
ing a black dorsal line ; sides pale-sprinkled ; subspiracular line
brownish -ochreous; seven rows of brownish -ochreous bristly
spines ; head black : on elm, aspen, cherry, etc., feeding gre-
gariously ; 6.

4. V. io, L. 58-68 mm. Forewings with terminal projection
above middle; brown -red, termen dark fuscous; two black
costal blotches separated by a yellowish spot ; beyond second
a round blotch edged anteriorly with yellowish interru]:)ted
above with black, posteriorly with blue, followed by black
spotted with blue ; a series of five pale blue spots partly
traversing this. Hindwings with pi'ojection central ; brown-
red, terminally dark fuscous ; a round black blue-spotted sub-
apical blotch, edged with pale yellowish. Wings beneath dark
fuscous strigulated with black.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, rather common ;
Europe, Asia Minor, NC. Asia ; 8-5. Larva black, with trans-
verse series of white dots ; six rows of black bristly spines ;
head black : on Urtica, feeding gregariously in a web ; 6, 7.

5. V. antiopa, L. 70-80 mm. Forewings with terminal
projection above middle ; dark fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged ;

334 PAPILIONINA [vanessa

two pale yellowish spots on costa posteriorly ; a pale yellow
terminal fascia, preceded by a series of light lilac -blue spots.
Hindwings as forewings, but projection central ; no costal
spots. Wings beneath as above, but as though faded, groinid
strigulated with black.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, S. Ireland, an occasional
migrant only, but sometimes ai'riving in rather considei'able
numbers; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia, N. America; 8-5.
Larva black, clothed with greyish-ochreous pubescence ; a black
dorsal line traversing a series of deep reddish spots ; seven rows
of black bristly spines ; head black : on Salix, birch, poplar,
etc.; 6, 7.

6. V. atalanta, L. 54-70 mm. Forewings witli termen pro-
minent below apex; black, anteriorly brown -tinged ; a red
fascia from before middle of costa to near tornus ; several white
spots towards apex. Hindwings without prominence ; brownish-
black ; a red terminal fascia, containing a series of black dots,
and a bluish tornal mark. Hindwings beneath brownish, irre-
gularly marked with black.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, rather irregular ;
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa, N. America ; 9-6. Larva grey,
dark brown, or blackish, freckled with greenish -yellow or
whitish ; subdorsal line sometimes yellowish ; spiracular yel-
lowish, distinct ; seven rows of black or pale yellowish bristly
spines ; head dark fuscous or blackish : on Urtica and Pa7'ie-
taria, solitary, in a chamber formed of a spun leaf ; 7, 8.

7. V. cardui, L. 56-66 mm. Foi-ewings with termen sinu-
ate; brownish-orange, basally blackish - mixed ; an irregular
interrupted black antemedian fascia ; apical area black, includ-
ing several white spots. Hindwings without prominence,
brownish - orange ; basal area and a median fascia blackish-
mixed ; three posterior rows of black spots ; a bluish tornal
mark. Hindwings beneath light brown with some white
blotches and pale yellowish lines ; subterminal spots occllated
witli blue and black.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, very irregular ;
Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Austi'alia, Pacific Islands, practi-
cally cosmopolitan ; 8-6. Larva greyish-ochreous, greenish, or
blackish, yellowish -freckled ; dorsal line black, sometimes
yellowish -edged ; subdorsal and lateral lines sometimes yel-
lowish ; spiracular pale yellow, distinct ; seven rows of bristly
spines ; sometimes also a genei'al clothing of dense hairs : on
Carduus, Urtica, Echmm, Malva, etc. ; 6, 7, sometimes 9.

LiMENiTis] NYMPHALIDAE 33£

5. LlMENITIS, F.

Eyes hairy. Club of antennae very elongate and gradual.
Forewings : 10 separate. Hiudwings with transverse vein
absent between 4 and 5.

Rather numerously represented in the Indo-Malayan region,
less common in other parts of the noi'thern hemisphere, only
three species occurring in Europe. Larva with series of bristly
spines. Pupa angular, partly green, with golden-metallic
spots, head bifid.

1. L. sibilla, L. 52-60 mm. Forewings dark fuscous ; an
interrupted white postmedian fascia, cut by dark veins ; three
small whitish spots beyond this. Hiudwings dark fuscous ; a
white median fascia, cut by dark veins. Wings beneath
brownish -orange, with black bars and series of spots; white
markings as above ; hiudwings with base and dorsum bluish-
whitish.

S. England to Worcester and Lincoln, in woods, local, scarcer
than formerly ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva green, in-orated with
yellow ; a double dorsal seines of reddish bristly spines, largest
on 3, 4, and 6 ; spiracular line whitish, yellow-spotted, edged
with rows of very short spines ; subspiracular on 6-10 red-
brown ; head spinose, with two longer black spines on crown :
on Lonicera ; 9-5. An insect of especially graceful flight.

6. Apatura, F.

Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae elongate, gradual. Fore-
wings : 10 separate. Hiudwings with transverse vein absent
between 4 and 5.

A small genus, but very generally distributed over the
Northern hemisphere. Larva shaped much like a slug, with
two long tentacles on the head ; its colours are protective.
Pupa stout, obtusely angular, green, head bifid.

1. A. iris, L. 64-84 mm. Forewings dark fuscous, disc in
S deep purple-blue in certain lights ; an irregular interrupted
central fascia and some posterior spots white. Hiudwings with
colour as in forewings, but less blue in $ ; a white median
fascia not reaching dorsum ; a black ferruginous-ringed some-
times whitish -centred spot towards tornus. Wings beneath
brownish, partly suffused with ferruginous -red ; white mark-
ings much as above ; forewings with a posterior orange blotch
containing a black bluish-centred spot.

S. England to Merioneth and Lincoln, local ; C. Europe,

336 PAPILIONINA [apatura

Asia Minor ; 7. Larva green, irrorated with yellow, paler
posteriorly ; subdorsal pale pinkish or yellowish line on 2-4 ;
oblique yellow reddish-edged streaks on sides of 5-10; 13
pointed, slightly bitid ; head green, with two long pale yellowish
pink-tipped projecting tentacles: on Salix caprea ; 8-6. The
imago is fond of sitting on upper branches of oaks, and some-
times shows a taste for decaying animal matter.

2. SATYKIDAE.

Characters of Nymphalidae, but forewings witii 12 greatly
dilated towards base.

Also a large group, of very general distribution. Tlie species
are usually of moderate size, generally dark-coloured with light
bands or spots, and with several round black white-centred
spots on lower surface. Some of them are more fond of shady
places than is customary in this group.

Ovum spherical-ovate, surface reticulated and often ribbed.
Larva more or less tapering towards extremities, with short
hairs, 13 ending in two points ; feeding on grass. Pupa sus-
pended by the tail or unattached, sometimes subterranean.

Fhylogeny of Satyridae.

Melanargia

I
Pararge Satyius

Epinephele Erebia

Coeuonyiiiplia

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Eyes hairy . . . . .2. Pararge.

,, glabrous . . . . .2.

2. Middle tibiae short, with apical si)ine . 3. Satyrus.

,, ,, normal . . . .3.

3. Forewings with lower margin of cell basally dilated 4.

,, ,, ,, not basally dilated 5.

4. Forewings with lb basally dilated . 6. Coexonympha.

,, ,, not basally dilated 4. Epinephele.

5. Club of antennae abrupt . . .5. Erebia.

1. Melanargia.

melanargia] SATYRIDAE 337

1. Melanargia, Meig.

Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae very elongate, gradual.

The species are not very numerous ; they inhabit C. and S.
Europe, N. Afx-ica, and WC. Asia, but especially the shores of
the Mediterranean. Pupa unattached amongst moss or roots
of grass.

1. M. galathea, L. 44-52 mm. Forewings black, with a
blotch towards base, an ii'regular postmedian series of connected
blotches, several usually contiguous spots towards apex, and a
terminal series of spots yellow-whitish. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but ante-apical spots nearly or quite absent. Hindwings
beneath as above, but black ground much suffused with yellow-
whitish ; a posterior series of small black spots with pale lilac-
blue centres.

England to Durham, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ;
7, 8. Larva pale ochreous-yellowish or yellow-greenish ; dorsal
line and edges of subdorsal brownish or dark green ; subspira-
cular paler ; anal points pink ; head pale pinkish-brown : on
grasses ; 9-6.

2. Parargb, Uh.

Eyes hairy. Club of antennae rather elongate.

A small genus, mainly European, but extending into the
neighbouring regions. Pupa rather angular, suspended by the
tail.

Markings light ochreous-yellowish . , 1. aegeria.

,, brownish-orange . . 2. megaera.

1. P. aegeria, L. 42-50 mm. Forewings dark fuscous; one
or more spots in cell, a postmedian series of four spots, and a
subapical blotch (sometimes reduced to two spots) light ochre-
ous-yellowish ; a round black white-centred spot in subapical
blotch. Hindwings dark fuscous ; a costal and discal spot and
subterminal band light ochreous-yellowish, the band containing
three black white-centred spots. Hindwings beneath lighter,
subterminal ocelli dark brown, whitish-centred.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, local, scarcer than
formerly, common in SW. England and Ireland ; Eiirope, Asia
Minor to Syria, N. Africa; 4-10. Larva green; dorsal line
dark green ; subdorsal, double lateral, and spiracular lines
greenish-yellowish ; anal points whitish or pinkish : on grasses ;
9-7. In Southern Europe and N. Africa the imago is much
more deeply coloured.

2. P. megaera, L. 41-50 mm. Forewings dark fuscous ;

338 PAPILIONINA [paraege

several blotches in disc, two or three towards tonuis, and a
large siibapical patch cut by dark veins brownish-orange ; a
black white-centred spot in subapical patch. Hindwings dark
fuscous ; two posterior brownish - orange bands, second con-
taining usually three black white-centred spots. Hindwings
beneath lighter-marked, subterminal ocelli small, black, white-
centred, placed in orange brown-ringed spots.

Ik'itain to Ai'gyll and Aberdeen, Ireland, common, but has
disappeared from some districts ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Africa ; 5, 6, 8, 9. Larva green, irrorated with whitish ; dorsal
line darker green ; subdorsal hardly paler ; spiracular whitish ;
anal points pinkish ; head green : on grasses ; 6-4.

3. Satyrus, F.

Eyes glabi'ous. Club of antennae abrupt. Middle tibiae
less than half tarsi, with strong apical spine. Eoi'ewings :
lower mai'gin of cell greatly dilated towards base.

A genus of some extent, ranging through most of the
Northern hemisphere. Pupa smooth, dark red-brown, beneath
sui-face of ground.

1. S. semele, L. 48-64 mm. Eorewings dark brown; a
large posterior band more or less suftiised with pale ochreous,
containing two dark fuscous spots with white centres. Hind-
wings as forewings, but band more orange posteriorly, upper
spot absent. Forewings beneath suffused with orangc-ochreous
in disc. Hindwings beneath l)rownish, strigulated with dark
fuscous ; an irregular suffused whitish median fascia.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, on heaths and downs, local ; Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva greyish-ochreous ; dorsal
line brown ; subdorsal yellow-brownish ; lateral dark brown,
partly blackish-edged above; spii'acular light brown; head
brown, darker-marked : on gi'asses, sometimes subterranean in
habit by day ; 8-6.

4. EPINEPIIEr.E, III).

Ej^es glabrous. Club of antennae very elongate and gradual.
Forewings : lower margin of cell greatly dilated towards base.

A small genus, mainly Eun)pean and C'Cntral Asiatic. Pupa
roundcd-})rominent, suspended by the tail.

1. Forewings with black white-centred spot towards

apex . . . .1.

,, without such spot . 3. liiiperanilius.

2. Subapical black spot containing one white dot 2. janira.

„ ,, two wl)ite dots . 1. tithnntti^.

epinephele] SATYRIDAE 339

1. E. tithonus, L. 34-42 mm. Forewings brownish-orange ;
margins dark fuscous, broadest terminally ; towards apex a
black spot containing two white dots ; in c? a suftused dark
fuscous median fascia not reaching dark costal border. Hind-
wings dark fuscous ; a large brownish-orange posterior blotch ;
sometimes a small dark whitish-centred spot towards tornus.
Hindwings beneath brown, posteriorly blotched with pale
ochreous ; two white l)lackish-edged posterior dots.

Britain to Argyll, Ireland (except N.), local, common in S.
England ; Eui'ope (except NE.), Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva
pale ochreous, freckled with red-brown, sometimes greenish-
tinged ; dorsal line dark brown ; lateral pale, darker-edged ;
subspiracular pinkish-white, dark -edged above ; head ochreous,
brown-freckled : on grasses ; 9-6.

2. E. janira, L. 41-51 mm. Forewings rather dark fuscous ;
a round black white-centred spot towards apex, ringed with
dull orange, in $ larger and placed in a large transverse dull
orange patch. Hindwings dark fuscous, with slightly paler
postmedian band. Forewings beneath orange, margins fuscous;
spot as above. Hindwings beneath brownish, with broad paler
postmedian band, often including two or three black dots.
Varieties with upper surface partly bleached are not un-
common.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, very common ; Europe, Asia
Minor to Sj'ria, N. Africa; 6-8. Larva dull green; dorsal dine
darker ; spiracular whitish ; anal points whitish or pink ; head
green : on grasses ; 8-5.

3. E. hyperanthus, L. 40-46 mm. Forewings dark fuscous ;
one to three usiially indistinct small black pale-ringed spots
posteriorly. Hindwings dark fuscous, with one or two similar
spots, sometimes white-centred. Wings beneath fuscous, yellow-
ish-tinged ; forewings with one to three, hindwings with five
or six posterior black white-centred round spots, ringed witli
])ale ochreous-yellowish ; these are sometimes reduced to whitish
dots or almost wholly obsolete.

Britain to Ross, Ireland (except N.), in woods, local, common
in S. England ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, Japan ; 7, 8. Larva
ochreous to pale brown-grey ; dorsal line dark brown ; lateral
pale, darker-edged ; subspiracular whitish ; head ochreous,
In'ownish-marked : on grasses in damp shady places ; 9-6.

5. Erebia, Dalm.
Eyes glal)rous. Club of antennae abrupt.

340 PAPILIONINA [erebia

An extensive and essentially alpine group, inhabiting the
mountains of Europe, Asia, N. America, and S. Africa. Pupa
unattached amongst stem-bases of grass. E. ligea, L., is said
to have been taken in Scotland many years ago, but there can
be little doubt that the record was erroneous, probably due to
some confusion of specimens.

Forewings with posterior black white-centred

spots . . .1. aethiops.

,, without white-centred spots . 2. epiphron.

1. E. aethiops, Esp. {medea, Hb. ; hlandina, F.) 42-48 mm.
Forewings dark fuscous ; a dull ferruginous-red posterior band
not reaching margins, enclosing three or seldom fovir black
white-centred spots. Hindwings dark fuscous ; band as in
forewings but more indistinct and broken, with three indistinct
spots. Hindwings beneath with pale postmedian band, includ-
ing usually three white dots.

York to Inverness, local, in valleys, not above 800 feet ; C.
and SE. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous ;
dorsal line blackish -brown, pale-edged ; lateral pale, inter-
ruptedly edged beneath with blackish-brown ; supraspiracular
and subspiracular pale ; head ochreous : on grasses ; 9-6.

2. E. epiphron, Kn. (cassioj^e, F.) 31-38 mm. Forewings
dark fuscous ; a posterior band of several cloudy dull reddish
spots, enclosing blackish dots. Hindwings as forewings, but
reddish spots fewer and smaller. Wings beneath as above, but
reddish spots more indistinct or partly obsolete.

Lancashire to Inverness, W. Ireland, local, on mountains,
1000-3000 feet; 6, 7. Larva green; dorsal line darker,
yellowish-edged ; lateral yellow, dark-edged beneath ; supra-
spiracular yellowish; subspiracular broad, whitish-yellow; head
green : on grasses, especially Nardus stricta ; 8-5.

6. COBNONTMPnA, Hb.

Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae abrupt. Forewings : lb
and lower margin of cell greatly dilated towards base.

A considerable group of very general distribution, but
principally in tlie Northern hemisphere. Pupa suspended by
the tail.

Wings beneath with black ocellus on forcwitigs

only . . .2. j^ciinphilui^.

„ ,, with black ocelli on both wings

or none . . . 1. tipilion.

coenonympha] SATYRIDAE 341

1. 0. tiphon, Rott. (davus, F.) 32-37 mm. Forewings greyish-
fulvous, towards margins or wholly suffused with grey or
fuscous ; sometimes a blackish pale-ringed spot towards apex.
Hindwings as forewings, but sometimes with several blackish
pale-ringed subterminal spots. Wings beneath darker, with a
variable irregular whitish postmedian fascia ; in forewings two,
in hindwings seven black white-centred pale-ringed subterminal
spots, all often much reduced or wholly obsolete.

Derby to the Shetlands, Ireland, on boggy ground, common ;
N. and C. Eui'ope, N. Asia (?) ; 6, 7. Larva green, whitish-
irrorated ; dorsal line dark bluish -green, edged with pale
yellowish ; latei'al pale yellowish, dark-edged above ; spiracular
darker gi'een ; subspiracular pale yellowish ; anal points pinkish ;
head green : on Rhynchospora and Carex ; 8-5. Imago very
variable, tending to produce tolerably constant local forms.

2. 0. pamphilus, L. 27-33 mm. Forewings ochreous-orange ;
costa posteriorly and termen fuscous ; a small dark fuscous
spot towards apex, sometimes obsolete. Hindwings as fore-
wings but more brownish-tinged, with indistinct paler post-
median fascia on costal half ; no subapical spot. Forewings
beneath with subapical spot black, white-centred, pale-ringed.
Hindwings beneath grey, partly suffused with brown, post-
median fascia ochreous-whitish ; sometimes a posterior series of
cloudy brown spots enclosing pale dots.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
N. and WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 5-9. Larva gi-een ; dorsal line
darker green, pale -edged ; lateral obscurely yellowish, dark-
edged above ; spiracular dai-ker green ; subspiracular yellowish ;
head green : on grasses ; 7-4.

3. EHYCINIDAE.

Anterior legs in $ reduced, useless for walking, in $ well-
developed ; posterior tibiae without middle-spurs. Forewings :
8 and 9 out of 7. Hindwings with praecostal spur.

This extensive family, represented in Europe by a single
species only, is mainly characteristic of tropical America, a few-
species also occun-ing in N. America and the Indo- Malayan
region. Most of the species are rather small, usually dark-
coloured, with light or bright spots or patches.

Ovum spherical, smooth. Larva stout, attenuated towards
extremities, with tufts of short hairs. Pupa rounded, attached
by the tail and a central belt of silk.

342 PAPILIONINA [nemeobius

1. Nbmeobius, Stph.

Eyes hairy. Club of antennae abrupt. Hindwings : 6 and
7 stalked.

Includes only the one species.

1. N. lucina, L. 27-31 mm. Forewings blackish; ante-
median, postmedian, and almost terminal irregular brownish-
orange fasciae cut by dark veins, last enclosing a series of small
blackish spots. Hindwings as forewings, but antemedian
fascia obsolete, postmedian reduced. Hindwings beneath
with antemedian and postmedian series of large whitish spots.

Britain to Dumfries, in woods, rather local ; C. and SW.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva light brownish ; dorsal line blackish or
dark brown ; subdorsal dark brownish, sometimes marked
with dull yellowish spots ; subspiracular yellow-ochreous ; four
series of ochreous or orange tubercles bearing tufts of hairs ;
head reddish-ochreous : on Primula ; 7, 8.

4. LYCAENIDAE.

Anterior legs developed, but tarsi of $ more or less abbi-e-
viated, or with one or both claws absent ; posterior tibiae
without middle -spurs. Forewings : 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked
or coincident. Hindwings without praecostal spur.

The family is large, and very generally distributed. The
species are of moderate size or more often rather small, usually
blue, dark brown, or coppery -orange in colouring, often with
series of small black pale-ringed spots on lower surface.

Ovum flattened-spherical or svibcylindrical, reticulated and
sometimes ribbed, seldom smooth \L. arion). Larva stout,
with few hairs. Pupa attached by tail and a central belt of
silk, or sometimes unattached or subterranean.

The relation of the genera is sufficiently expressed by their
order.

Tabulation of Geneba.

1. Forewings with 6 out of 9 . . I. Tiiecla.

,, ,, 6 separate . . .2.

2. Eyes glabrous . . .2. CiiUYSoriiANUS.

„ hairy . . . .3. Lycaena.

1. Thecla, F.

E^'es hairy. Club of antennae elongate. Forewings : 6 out
of 9, 8 out of 9 or absent.

thecla] LYCAENIDAE 343

A very considerable genus, chiefly South American, but also
inhabiting N. America, Europe, N. and C. Asia, and N. Africa.
Larva short, stout, narrowed towards extremities.

1. T. rubi, L. 25-31 mm. Forewings and hind wings rather
dark fuscous, ochreous-tinged ; hind wings with termen waved.
Wings beneath rather metallic green, forewings becoming
fuscous dorsally, sometimes with white postmedian line ; hind-
wings sometimes with postmedian white line or series of dots.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC.
Asia, Japan, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line lighter,
darker-edged ; subdorsal series of oblique subconfluent streaks,
edged beneath with dark green ; spiracular line yellow ; head
pale brown : on Genista, Cytisus, Ulex, and Vaccinhini ; 6, 7.
Pupa subterranean.

2. T. pruni, X. 31-36 mm. Forewings dark l)ro\vu, in $ with
indistinct orange subterminal spots towards tornus. Hind-
wings dark fuscous, with indistinct orange subterminal spots,
more distinct towards tornus, especially in J ', termen with a
linear projection on 2. Wings beneath ochreous -brown ; a
postmedian series of white transverse linear marks ; a sub-
terminal orange band, preceded by a series of small black
anteriorly white -edged spots, both partially obsolete in
forewings.

England to Derby, local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7.
Larva green ; dorsal and spiracular lines yellowish ; head
yellowish: on l)lackthorn; 4, 5. This larva, though not
diflicult to obtain, does not seem to have been satisfactorily
described. Pupa attached by tail and central belt.

3. T. w-album, Kn. 27-35 mm. Forewings and hindwings
dark fuscous ; hindwings with long linear terminal projection
on 2, and short tooth on 3. Wings beneath brown ; a post-
median somewhat interrupted white line, in hindwings forming
two sharp angles towards tornus ; in hindwings an orange
subterminal band, edged anteriorly with blackish preceded by
whitish scales, posteriorly b}^ two black spots towards tornus.

England to York, local ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Asia ; 7. Larva green, segmental ridges yellowish ; dorsal line
double, darker green ; lateral series of oblique darker green
streaks ; head blackish : on elm ; 9-6. Pupa attached by tail
and central belt.

4. T, betulae, L. 35-41 mm. Forewings dark brown ; a
blackish discal mark ; an orange postmedian band, not reaching
margins, in S reduced to one or two paler spots. Hindwings

344 PAPILIONINA [thecla

dark brown ; two or three terminal orange spots towards
tornus ; a long linear terminal projection on 2, and short tooth
on 3. Wings beneath brownish-orange ; a postmedian white
anteriorly fuscous-edged transverse line, and in hindwings also
a central one; termen deeper orange.

England, W. and S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor,
NC. Asia ; 8, 9. Larva green ; dorsal line darker, sometimes
yellowish - edged ; double lateral series of oblique yellowish
streaks ; subspiracular line yellow ; head dark brown, pale-
marked : on blackthorn ; 5, 6. Pupa attached by tail and
central belt.

5. T, quercus, L. 29-37 mm. Forewings dark fuscous, in $
purple-tinged ; in $ anterior half deep purple-blue except on
margins. Hindwings dark fuscous ; a short linear terminal
projection on 2. Wings beneath pale ochreous-grey ; a white
anteriorly dark-edged postmedian line; a pale waved subterminal
liiae ; two orange subterminal spots towards tornus, in forewings
obscure, sufFusedly dark-edged anteriorly, in hindwings upper
black-centred, lower followed by a black dot.

Britain to Ross, E. and S. Ireland ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 7,
8. Larva dull light reddish-brown, darker laterally ; dorsal
line dai'ker, yellowish - edged ; a darker dorsal blotch on 3 ;
lateral series of oblique pale or whitish streaks, edged below
with dark fuscous ; spiracular yellowish ; head dark fuscous :
on oak, seldom Salix ; 5, 6. Pupa subterranean.

2. Chrysophanus, lib.

Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae elongate. Forewings : 6
separate, 8 and 9 stalked.

An extensive and nearly cosmopolitan genus. Larva short,
stout, attenuated at extremities, with short hairs. Pupa
attached by the tail and central belt of silk, or sometimes un-
attached on the ground. Besides the following, C. vircfaureae,
L., and C. hippothoe, L. {chryseis, Bkh.), have been recorded as
British, but the evidence is insufficient to show that they
occurred naturally.

1. Hindwings with linear terminal projection on 2

1. argiades.
,, without linear projection . . 2.

2. Hindwings beneath with orange markings . 3.

„ ,, without orange markings . 5.

3. Forewings dark fuscous . . .4. astrarche.

„ coppery-orange . . .4.

CHKYSOPHANUs] LYCAENIDAE 345

4. Hindwings beneath with black pale-ringed spots

6. dis2)ar.
„ „ with obscure darker dots 5. phlaeas.

5. Hindwings beneath with two antemediau spots

2. minimus.
,, ,, „ one antemedian spot

3. semiarc/us.

1. C. argiades, Pall. 25-28 mm. Wings in S purple-bhie,
termen sslfutlcrly dark fuscous, in $ rather dark iridescent
fuscous, with a few purplish scales, sometimes with obscure
orange spots before termen ; hindwings with a fine linear
terminal pi'ojection on 2. Wings beneath ochreous- grey-
whitish ; discal mark of forewings, two anterior spots of hind-
wings, and a postmedian series black, white-ringed ; a double
subterminal series of fuscous spots, sometimes enclosing obso-
lete orange spots, two conspicuous orange spots below middle
of hindwings followed by black spots with bluish-silvery specks.

Hants, Dorset, Somerset, very scarce and local ; C. and S.
Europe, NC. Asia ; 5, 6, 8. Larva pale green ; dorsal line
darker ; lateral series of oblique darker streaks : on Trifolium,
Lotus, etc. ; 6, 7, 9-4.

2. C. minimus, F^lesl. (alsus, F.) 19-25 mm. Wings dark
fuscous, purple-tinged, in S sprinkled with pale blue. Wings
beneath ochreous-grey-whitish, basally bluish-tinged and black-
sprinkled ; discal mark, two anterior spots of hindwings, and
a postmedian series black, white-ringed.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, on chalk and limestone,
local ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. and NC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva
brown -pinkish ; dorsal line darker; lateral seines of oblique
brown streaks ; spiracular line whitish : on flowers of Anthyllis ;
7, afterwards remaining unchanged and stationary to 5. Pupa
unattached on the ground.

3. C. semiargus, Rott. {ads, SchifF.) 28-33 mm. Wings in
$ purple-blue, sprinkled with dark fuscous, veins and narrow

terminal streak dark fuscous, in 9 leather dark iridescent
fuscous, with a few purplish scales. Wings beneath pale
greyish -ochreous, basally pale blue sprinkled with black ;
discal mai'k (sometimes indistinct), anterior subcostal spot
of hindwings, and a postmedian series black, white-ringed.

England to York, in uncut meadows, always local, now very
scarce or perhaps extinct ; Europe, N. and W. Asia ; 6, 7.
Larva green ; dorsal line darker ; latei-al series of oblique
darker streaks ; head dark brown : on Anthyllis ; 8, 9.

346 PAPILIONINA [chrysophanus

4. C. astrarche, B(jstr. (medon, Esp. ; agestis, Hb. ; arta-
xerxes, F.) 23-28 mm. Wings dark iridescent fuscous; u
subtei'minal series of deep orange spots, sometimes obsolete ;
forewings with a black discal mark, sometimes white-edged or
wholly white. Wings beneath pale l)ro\vn ; discal mark, three
anterior spots of hindwings, and a postmedian series blaclv,
broadly white-ringed, sometimes wholly white ; a subterminal
series of orange spots, edged first witli black and then with
white.

Britain to Aberdeen, somewhat local ; Europe, N. and WC.
Asia, N. Africa; 5, 6, 8. From Durham northwards the white-
spotted variety (artaxerxes) prevails. Larva green ; dorsal line
pink or purple-brown ; spiracular rosy-pink ; head black : on
Ileliantkemum and Erodium ; 7, 9-4. Pupa sometimes un-
attached.

5. C. phlaeas, L. 26-33 mm. Forewings bright deep coppery-
orange ; antemedian and discal spots, and a postmedian series
black ; costa and narrow terminal fascia dark fuscous. Hind-
vvings dark fuscous ; a terminal coppery -orange fascia, edged
with rows of Ijlackish-spots, sometimes preceded by pale bluish
dots. Forewings beneath as above, but borders pale lirownish,
an additional black spot near base. Hindwings beneath pale
brownish ; four anterior dots and a postmedian series darker ;
a reddish-orange subterminal suffusion. The orange colour is
sometimes much suffused with dark fuscous, or rarely replaced
by shining whitish.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; Europe, N.
and WC. Asia, Japan, N. Africa, N. America; 5-8. Larva
green ; dorsal line faintly brownish ; spiracular sometimes rosy-
pink ; head pale brownish : on Rimiex; 6-4. Pupa attached by
the tail and a central belt.

6. C. dispar, ILw. (Jiippothoe, Lew.) 40-48 mm. Forewings
deep coppery-orange, costa posteriorly and terminal fascia (in

(^ very narrow) dark fuscous ; antemedian and discal spots (in
S small) and in 9 ^ postmedian series blackish. Hindwings
coppery -orange, in $ suffused with dark fuscous except on
veins and a subterminal fascia ; a blackish discal mark ; a
waved dark fuscous terminal streak. Forewings beneath
orange ; three spots and a postmedian series black, pale-
ringed ; a terminal whitish fascia. Hindwings beneath ochre-
ous-grey-whitish, basally bluisli ; discal mark, five anterior
spots, and a postmedian series black, white-ringed ; an orange
fascia before termcn, edged with black dots.

CHRYSOPHANUs] LYCAENIDAE 347

Suffolk and Noi'folk to Hants, in fens, local, wliolly extinct
since about 1860; WC. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor, WC.
Asia ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line darker : on Rumex
hydrohqmthum ; 9-6. Pupa attached by tail and a central
belt.

3. Lycaena, F.

Eyes hairy. Club of antennae elongate. Forewings : 6
separate, 8 and 9 stalked.

A large genus of neai'ly luiiversal distribution, though there
is no strictly indigenous species in New Zealand. Imago
usually with a horny apical hook on anterior tibiae. Larva
short, stout, attenuated at extremities, with sliort hairs. Pupa
attached by tail and often a central belt of silk, or unattached
or subterranean.

\. Hindwings with linear terminal projection on 2

1. haeticct.
„ without such projection . . 2.

2. Hindwings beneath with orange subterminal spots 3.

,, ,, without orange spots . 6.

3. Cilia barred . . . . .4.

,, not barred . . . . .5.

4. Wings of S or basal scales of $ pale blue 3. corydon.

„ ,, ,, ,, ,, lilac-blue 4. hellm-gtis.

5. Forewings beneath with two anterior spots 6. icarns.

„ ,, without anterior spots 5. aegon.

6. Forewings above with black postmedian spots 7. avion.

,, ,, without such spots . 2. argiohis.

1. L. baetica, L. 26-30 mm. Wings fuscous, in $ suffused
with purple-blue except on termen, in 9 on basal half only ;
hindwings with long linear terminal projection on 2, and a
blackish subterminal spot on each side of it. Wings beneath
pale brownish, with irregular partly connected white striae ;
hindwings with white posterior fascia, and two black partly
orange-edged spots, marked with pale metallic green-blue,
before termen above tornus.

Sussex, L of Wight, Hants, an occasional immigrant only ;
W. France, S. Europe, C. and S. Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific
Islands ; 8, 9. Larva green to reddish-brown ; dorsal line
darker ; lateral series of oblique pale streaks ; spiracular
white: on seedpods of Pismn, Colutea, Vicia, etc.; 6, 7. Pupa
attached by tail and central belt.

2. L. argiolus, L. 30-35 mm. Wings hi $ purple-blue,

348 PAPILIONINA [lycaena

terminal edge dark fuscous, in $ paler, with dark fuscous
terminal band of forewings and small spots before termen of
hindwings. Wings beneath blue-whitish ; an indistinct mark,
two anterior spots of hindwings, and a postmedian series black,
white-ringed.

England, Ireland, rather local ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia,
N. Africa; 4, 5, 8. Lai'va green, yellowish-dotted; inter-
rupted dorsal line and one or moi'e series of spots sometimes
rosy-pink or black; siibspiracular sometimes yellow -whitish ;
head brown : on flowers and young leaves of holly, Hedera,
Rhamnus, and Cornus ; 5, 6, 8, 9. Pupa attached by tail and
central belt.

3. L. corydon. Pod. 30-37 mm. Wings in $ pale shining
blue, with dark fuscous terminal fascia enclosing series of
whitish rings ; in 5 dark iridescent brown, base sprinkled
with pale blue, a terminal series of faint pale rings, in hind-
wings anteriorly orange, forewings with darker discal mark ;
cilia barred. Wings beneath whitish to brown, browner in $ ;
discal spot, two anterior spots of forewings and four of hind-
wings, and a postmedian series black, white-ringed ; a terminal
series of white rings, anteriorly orange at least on hindwings
and dark-edged, enclosing dark fuscous dots.

England to Cumberland, usually on chalk or limestone,
local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva green,
with light brown hairs ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal yellow,
interrupted ; subspiracular yellow ; spiracles black ; head dark
brown : on Hippocrepis, Lotus, Anthyllis, etc. ; 5, 6. Pupa un-
attached, sometimes subterranean.

4. L. bellargus, Rott. {adonis, Hb.) 27-37 mm. Wings in
(? bright lilac -blue, terminal edge black, ciUa barred ; in 5

as in L. corydon, but blue scales somewhat darker. Wings
beneath as in L. corydon, but ground colour always brownish.

5. England to Cambridge and Gloucester, local ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 5, 6, 8, 9. Larva as in L.
corydon, but brighter, hairs black : on Hip>pocrepis, 2Vifoliv/m,
etc. ; 7, 9-4. Pupa unattached, sometimes subterranean.

5. L. aegon, Schiff. 25-30 mm. Wings in $ purple -blue,
with a suftused dark fuscous terminal streak ; in $ dark
iridescent fuscous, with a subterminal series of suft\ised
orange crescentic spots. Wings beneath pale ochreous-grey
or light brownish ; discal spot, three anterior spots of hind-
wings, and a postmedian series black, white-ringed ; a double
series of dark fuscous whitish -ringed spots before termen,

I

lycaena] LYCAENIDAE 349

enclosing orange spots sometimes obsolete on forewings,
posterior spots on hindwings partly marked with pale metalUc
blue.

Britain to Aberdeen, E. Ireland, local ; Europe, WC. Asia to
N. Persia ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line blackish -brown,
wdaitish- edged, dilated on 3, 4, 11; lateral yellowish, edged
with darker green ; subspiracular whitish ; head blackish :
on Ornitho2yus ; 3-6. Pupa usually unattached, sometimes
subterranean.

6. L. icarus, Rott. {alexis, Hb.) 27-35 mm. Wings in S
bright purple-blue, terminal edge blackish ; in $ dark fuscous,
more or less suffused with deep purple-blue, sometimes with
subterminal series of orange spots. Wings beneath as in L.
aegon, biit forewings with two additional anterior spots.

Britain to the Oi'kneys, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and
WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 5-8. Larva green ; dorsal line darker ;
subdorsal sometimes whitish - green ; three lateral series of
oblique pale streaks ; subspiracular whitish - green ; head
blackish : on Ononis, Lotus, Medicago, etc. ; 6, 7, 9-4. Pupa
suspended by tail only, or unattached.

7. L. arion, L. 35-43 mm. Wings purple -blue sprinkled
with black, costa and termen suffused with dark fuscous ; fore-
wings with discal mark and curved postmedian series of thi-ee
to six spots black. Wings beneath pale ochreous-grey ; discal
mark, one anterior spot of forewings and three of hindwings,
and a postmedian series black, whitish -ringed ; a double
series of spots before termen, anterior black, posterior dark
fuscous.

S. England to Northampton and Worcester, always local, now
scarce and nearly extinct except in SW.; Europe (except SW.),
Asia Minor, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva when young on flowers
of Thymus, but perhaps changing later to some other plant ;
8-4.

5. PIERIDAE.

Eyes glabrous. Anterior legs fully-developed ; posterior
tibiae without middle-spurs. Forewings : 7, 8, 9 stalked or
coincident. Hindwings with or without praecostal spur.

A family of considerable extent, generally distributed, but
more numerous in tropical regions. The species are of moderate
or large size, usually coloured with white, black, yellow, and
sometimes red.

Ovum long, subcylindrical, ribbed. Larva rather elongate,

350

PAPILIONINA

somewhat attenuated at extremities, usually with more or less
close short hairs. Pupa with the head more or less pointed,
attached by the tail and a central belt of silk.

Colias and Gonepteryx are nearly correlated, and so are
Pieris and Ajwria ; the other two genera have no immediate
connection either with these or with each other.

5.

Tabulation of Genera.

Hindwings without praecostal spur

,, with praecostal spur .

Fore wings with 10 out of 9

,, ,, 10 separate

Forewings with 9 present

,, ,, 9 absent .

Forewings with 10 and 11 out of 7

,, ,, 10 and 11 separate

Clul) of antennae abrupt .
,, „ elongate, gradual

I

4.

2.
. 3.
1. Colias.
Gonepteryx.
4.
5.
Leucophasia.

3. EUCHLOE.

5. Pieris.
6. Aporia.

1, Colias, F.

Club of antennae abrupt. Forewings : 6 and 8 out of 9, 7
absent, 10 out of 9. Hindwings
without praecostal spur.

A considerable genus, occurring
through most of the Northern
hemisphere and in Africa. The
imago has a very bold and
strong flight. When at rest, the
under side of the hindwings
closely resembles a faded clover-
leaf with a central fungus-spot.
Terminal band of forewings
broad on dorsum 2. edusa.
Terminal band of forewings
hardly reaching dorsum

1. liyale.
1. C. hyale, L. 40-52 mm.
Head and antennae rosy- tinged.
Forewings yellow -whitish, to-
wards base black -sprinkled ; a
black discal spot ; a black terminal band, very broad on costa,
hardly reaching dorsum, enclosing a series of several pale spots.
Hindwings yellow -whitish, black-sprinkled; a light orange

Neiiration of Colias edusa.

coLiAs] PIERIDAE 351

discal spot ; a narrow interrupted sometimes nearly obsolete
Itlackish terminal fascia. Hind wings and apical blotch of fore-
wings beneath yellow ; discal spot of hindwings silvery-white,
brown-ringed.

England to Cumberland, very irregular in appearance, prob-
ably not a permanent resident but occasionally immigrating
in numbers and then maintaining itself for a generation or
two ; C. and S. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; 7, 8, seldom 9-5.
Larva rather deep green, black-dotted ; spiracular line white,
yellow-marked: on Trifolium, Lotus, etc.; 10-5.

2. C. edusa, F. 43-56 mm. Head and antennae rosy-tinged.
Forewings orange, in 9 sometimes whitish -yellow, towards
base black-sprinkled ; a black discal spot ; a broad black ter-
minal band throughout, in 5 enclosing a series of several pale
spots. Hindwings as forewings, but more black -sprinkled,
discal spot large, deep orange, terminal band narrower, not
reaching dorsum. Wings beneath as in C. hj/ale.

Britain to the Clyde (rarely stragglers further north), Ire-
land, irregular in appearance, sometimes conmion ; C. and S.
Europe, N. and WC. Asia, Japan, N. Africa ; 6, 8, 9. Larva
rather deep green, black -dotted ; spiracular line yellow or
whitish, spotted with pink ; spiracles black ; head green : on
Trifolium, Lotus, MeliJotus, etc. ; 7, 10-4.

2. GONEPTERYX, Lch.

Characters of Colias, but forewings with 10 separate.

Restricted to two or three closely allied or doubtfully dis-
tinct species of the Eui'opean region. Imago with apex of fore-
wings subfalcate, hindwings with submedian terminal angular
projection.

1. G. rhamni, L. 55-67 mm. Face and antennae rosy-tinged.
Forewings in (^ clear yellow, in 5 yellow-whitish; base blackish;
an orange discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but discal dot
larger. Wings beneath palei-, more greenish-tinged, discal dots
red-brownish, pale-centred ; hindwings with subterminal row of
red-brownish dots.

England to Cumberland, W. and S. Ireland, common ;
Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 7-6. Larva dull green,
irrorated with black ; spiracular line whitish or yellowish : on
Rhamnus ; 6, 7.

3. EucHLOE, Hb.

Club of antennae abrupt. Forewings : 6 and 7 out of 8, 9
out of 8, 10 separate. Hindwings with praecostal spur.

352

PAPILIONINA

[euchloe

A rather considerable genus, occui'ring through most of the
Northern hemisphere. Pupa angulated in middle, thence
attenuated to a long narrow point at both extremities ; ap-
parently protectively adapted to rest against the stem of its
food-plant without causing an abrupt prominence.

1. E. cardamines, L. 41-48 mm. Forewings white, towards
base blackish ; apical -f in $ bright orange ; a black discal spot;
a blackish apical blotch, more or less produced along termen.
Hindwings white, towards base blackish. Hindwings beneath
and apical blotch of forewings yellow-greenish densely irrorated
with black, former with several series of white spots, latter
whitish-suffused.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; Europe, N.
and WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dull bluish -green ; dots black ;
spiracular line white : on Sinajyis, Cardamine, Sisymbrium, etc.,
especially on the seed-pods, which it closely resembles ; 6-8.

4. Leucophasia, Stph.
Club of antennae abrupt. Forewings : 6 separate, 8, 9, 10,

11 out of 7. Hindwings: 6 and
7 stalked, 5 rising nearer to 4.

A very small genus, inhabit-
ing Europe and Asia. Pupa
broadest in middle, thence atten-
uated to a point at each end.

1. L. sinapis, L. 35-41 mm.
Forewings white; base irrorated
with blackish ; an apical blackish
blotch irrorated with whitish.
Hindwings white ; base irror-
ated with blackish. Hindwings
beneath irregularly clouded with
light grey.

England to Cumberland, W.
and S. Ireland, local ; Europe,
^^xxr^won of Leucoi,kasiaBinapis. N. and WC. Asia; 5-8. Larva

green; dorsal line dark green ; spiracular yellow : on F*aa and
Lathyrus ; 6-9.

5. PiERis, Schrk.

Club of antennae abrupt. Forewings : 6 out of 8, 7 out of
8 near apex or absent, 9 absent, 10 separate.

A large genus of nearly universal distribution, absent from
New Zealand.

PI KRIS] PIERIDAE 353

1. Hindwiiigs beneath dull greenisli, white-spotted

1. dajMdice.
,, ,, not spotted . . .2.

2. Veins of hindwings beneath edged with dark shading

2. na2n.
„ ,, not dark-shaded . . 3.

3. Apical blotch of forewings reaching middle of termen

4. hrassicae.
,, „ „ not reaching middle of

termen . 3. rajme.

1. P. daplidice, L. 37-48 mm. Forewings creamy-white,
towards base black- sprinkled ; a black discal spot, and some-
times a subdorsal posterior spot ; an apical black blotch, reach-
ing middle of termen, containing a series of four white spots.
Hindwings creamy-white, towards base black-sprinkled ; in ^
confluent subterminal and terminal series of blackish spots.
Hindwings and apical blotch of forewings beneath pale dull
greenish, black-sprinkled, with series of white spots.

S. England to Worcester and Cambridge, an occasional
immigrant only ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia, Japan, N. Africa ;
8. Larva bluish-grey, with numerous black spots and dots ;
subdorsal and spiracular lines deep yellowish or partly whitish;
head yellowish, black-dotted : on Reseda and various Crwci ferae ;
6,7.

2. P. napi, L. 37-48 mm. Forewings creamy-white, towards
base irrorated with black ; an apical blackish blotch, sometimes
broken into several terminal spots ; a black spot between 3 and
4, in $ sometimes absent ; in $ a black subdorsal posterior spot,
and dorsal confluent mark. Hindwings creamy-white, base
black-sprinkled ; a black costal spot before apex, in $ sometimes
absent. Hindwings and apex of forewings beneath pale yellow ;
veins edged with a shading of fine black lines, in hindwings
more broadly.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC.
Asia, N. America ; 5-8. Larva green, irrorated with black ;
spiracular line pale, marked with yellow spots enclosing black
spiracles : on Nasturtium, Barharea, Brassica, etc. ; 7, 9, 10.
The male can emit a perfume resembling lemon-scented mint.

3. P. rapae, L. 46-54 mm. Differs from P. napi as follows :
forewings with apical blotch entire, not reaching middle of
tei-men, wings beneath without black shading along veins, hind-
wings beneath finely sprinkled with black.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
2 a

354 PAPILIONINA [i-ieris

N. and WO. Asia, Japan, N. Africa, N. America ; 4-8. Larva
grcyisli-green, irrorated with black ; dorsal and spiracular lines
yellow: on Brassica, Tropaeolnm, Reseda, etc.; 6-10. The
pupa possesses a well-marked power (apparently photographic)
of adapting its colour to its surroundings when first formed.

4. P. brassicae, L. 56-66 nmi. Forewings creamy-white ;
base and costa irrorated with black ; a black apical blotch,
reaching to below middle of termen ; in $ two black postmedian
spots in disc and near dorsum, and a black elongate dorsal
median spot. Hindwings creamy-white, towards base black-
sprinkled ; a small black costal spot before apex, in S sometimes
absent. Hindwings and apical blotch of forewings beneath
light yellowish, hindwings finely black-sprinkled.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
N. and WC. Asia, Japan, N. . Africa ; 5, 6, 8. Larva grey-
green or blue-green, with black spots and dots ; dorsal and
spiracular lines yellow : on Brassica, TropaeoJuvi, Reseda, etc. ;
7, 9, 10. Sometimes this species apjoears as an immigx"ant in
large swarms from the Continent.

6. Apobia, Hb.

Club of antennae gradual. Forewings : 6 and 7 out of 8, 9
absent, 10 separate. Hindwings with praecostal spur.

One other species occurs in NE. Asia.

1. A. crataegi, L. 60-69 mm. Forewings dull white : veins
marked by blackish lines, transverse vein thickened ; terminal
extremities of veins broadly sulfused with fuscous. Hindwings
dull white ; veins marked by blackish lines.

5. England to Merioneth and Norfolk, always local but
formerly plentiful in many places, now very scarce, and
seemingly extinct except in Kent and S. Wales ; Europe, N.
and WC. Asia, Japan, N. Africa ; 6, 7. Larva blackish ; sub-
dorsal line broad, ochreous-reddish ; spiracular region broadly
grey, sometimes purplish or greenish - tinged ; dots whitish;
head and plate of 2 blackish : feeding gregariously in a white
web on hawthorn, blackthorn, cherry, etc. ; 8-5.

6. PAPILIONIDAE.

Anterior legs fully developed ; posterior tibiae without
middle-spurs. Forewings : 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings with
praecostal spur present, la absent.

PAPILIONIDAE 355

This group consists of only a few genera, though Papilio
itself is very rich in species. Most of the insects contained in
it are of large size, variously but often splendidly coloured.

Ovum spherical, smooth. Larva stout, with few hairs.
Pupa attached hy the tail and a central belt of silk.

Besides the following, four other species (Papilio podalirius,
L. ; 21iais rumina, L. ; Parnassiits apoUo, L., and P. delius,
Esp.) have been taken in Britain, but there is practically no
doubt that all were artificially inti'oduced as larvae or pupae.

1. Papilio, L.

Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae abrupt. Fore wings :
transverse vein angulated on 5, 8 out of 7, 9 connate with 7.
Hindwings with deep hairy dorsal groove beneath.

An exceedingly large genus, principally inhabiting tropical
regions ; only four species occur in Europe proper. The large
size of the imagos, and their elegant shape and colouring cause
this to be perhaps the most attractive group of the LepidopAera.
Larva with retractile extensible forked tentacle on back of 2,
which emits a strong penetrating odour, as of decayed pine-
apple.

L P. machaon, L. 72-100 mm. Eorewings light dull
yellow ; veins broadly black ; a large black basal patch irrorated
with yellow ; three black transverse blotches beneath costa
posteriorly ; a black subterminal band, often irroi'ated with
yellow : a narrow black terminal fascia. Hindwings with
colour, narrow basal patch, and terminal fascia as in forewings;
veins slenderly black ; a black subterminal band, enclosing-
spots of light blue irroration, and a round dull red tornal
spot ; termen dentate, with very long narrow projection
on 4.

England to York, always local, now extinct except in the
fens of Norfolk, Cambridge, and Hunts, where it is still locally
common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 5-8. Larva
pale green ; incisions deep purplish, black-edged ; a black
transverse median bar on each segment, bearing six orange
tubercles; tentacle pinkish-red; head yellow, black-marked : on
Peucedamivi, Heracleuni, Angelica, etc. : 6-8.

7. HESPERIADAE.
Eyes glabrous. Club of antennae large, strong ; basal joint

356 PAPILIONINA

with long hair-tuft. Anterior legs fully developed ; posterior
tibiae usually with middle-spurs. Forewings : all veins separate.
Hindwings : 5 absent.

An extremely large family, generally distributed but absent
from New Zealand, most abundant within the tropics. The
species are usually rather small, and very similar in general
appearance ; their flight is bold and rapid, and often difficult to
follow even with the eye.

Ovum spherical or oval, flattened beneath, smooth or
reticulated, sometimes ribbed. Larva moderately stout, at-
tenuated towards extremities, with few hairs, head relatively
large, broader than 2. Pupa in a slight cocoon, or attached by
tail and a central belt of silk.

Cyclopaedes may be regarded as an offshoot of Pamphila ; but
Hesperia has no near connection with either of these.

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs 2. Cyclopaedes.

,, ,, with middle-spurs . . 2.

2. Forewings in $ with costal fold . .1. Hesperia.

„ „ without costal fold . 3. Pamphila.

1. Hesperia, F.

Abdomen in $ sometimes with basal cavities and projections.
Posterior tibiae with middle-spurs, in S sometimes with basal
hair-pencil. Forewings in $ with costal fold ; 5 from middle of
transverse vein.

A genus of some extent, inhabiting the Northern hemisphere
and Africa, probably of European origin ; the various species
differ in the secondary sexual characteristics of the S • Pupa
in a slight cocoon between drawn-together leaves.

Wings with subquadrate clear white spots . 1. malvae.

„ without such spots ... 2 tages.

[Several specimens of H. alveus, Hb., a common European
species resembling malvae but larger, hindwings without white
spots above but with two series of obscure pale marks, are said
to have been taken in Norfolk about 1860; they were not
identified until 30 years afterwards, and as it does not appear
that they wei'e labelled, the probability of an error of memory
makes it hardly worth while to conjectuz'e whether they were
casual immigrants or artificially inti-oduced.]

1. H. malvae, L. (alveolus, Hb.) 20-27 mm. Forewings

hesperia] HESPERIADAE 357

blackish ; postei'ior f with numerous creamy-white subquadrate
spots ; cilia white, with blackish bars. Hindwings as forewings,
but spots forming two series. Hindwings beneath suffusedly
irrorated with yellow-ochreovis, with three additional white spots
towards base.

Britain to Sutherland, local, common in S. England ; Europe,
Asia Minor to Syria, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pale ochreous-green
or brownish, dorsally reddish-tinged ; dorsal, subdorsal, and
spiracular lines somewhat paler greenish ; head dark purplish-
brown : on Potentilla and Riihus, drawing the leaves together ;
6-9.

2. H. tages, L. 25-31 mm. Forewings fuscous; two darker
bands of confluent spots, included space irrorated with whitish,
second followed by a series of small spots of whitish irroration ;
a terminal row of whitish dots. Hindwings dark fuscous ; a
discal mark, and postmedian and terminal series of dots whitish.
Wings beneath pale ochreous-brownish, pale dots indistinct.

Britain to Ross, N. and W. Ireland, common ; Europe, N.
and W. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dull green ; dorsal line darker ;
subdorsal and spiracular obscui-ely paler ; head purple-blackish :
on Lotus comiculatus, drawing the leaves together ; 6-4.

2. Cyclopaedes, lib.

Postex'ior tibiae without middle- spurs. Forewings in (J
without costal fold ; 5 from middle of transverse vein.

A group of limited extent but widely distributed. Pupa
attached by tail and central belt of silk.

L 0. palaemon, Pall, (paniscus, F.) 26-29 mm. Forewings
dark fuscous ; three or four subconfluent spots in disc before
middle, and an iri-egular posterior series orange ; a subterminal
series of indistinct spots of orange irroration. Hindwings dark
fuscous ; a roundish discal spot before middle, two beyond
middle, and a subtei'minal series of small spots orange. Hind-
wings beneath orange-irrorated, spots paler, two additional spots
above and below middle.

Hants and Suffolk to Merioneth and Lincoln, always local,
now more restricted and mainly in Lincoln and Northampton ;
C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green ; subdorsal
line yellowish, darker-edged; lateral pale; spiracular faintly pale;
head green (after hibernation the green colour becomes reddish-
brown, head more blackish) : on Brachypodium sylvaticum,
drawing the leaves into tubular chambers ; 7-4.

358

PAPILIONINA

[PAMPHILA

without pale spots

2. Spots of hindwings ochreous-white

,, ,, not white

3. Foi'ewings with pale postmedian spots

„ without such spots

4. Antennae black towards apex beneath

„ not black towards apex beneath
1. P. thaumas, Hufn. {linea, F.) 25-31 mm.

3. Pamphila, F.

Posterior tibiae with middle-spurs. Forewings in $ without
costal fold, with raised streak of scales beneath cell ; 5 some-
times rather approximated to 4.

An extremely large genus, almost universally distributed,
very numerous within the tropics. Larva with two conspicuous
white wax-like spots on ventral surface of 10 and 11. Pupa in
a slight open network cocoon.

1. Hindwings beneath with pale postmedian spots 2.

. 3.

5. comma.

4. sylvanus.

3. actaeon.

. 4.
2. lineola.
1. thaumas.
Antennae
beneath whitish-ochreous, without
apical hook. Forewings brownish-
orange ; veins blackish except in
disc ; costa and termen narrowl}'
blackish ; in S a- hardly curved
black streak obliquely placed below
middle of disc. Hindwings as fore-
wings, but blackish-mixed towards
base, without black streak. Hind-
wings beneath orange - ochreous,
somewhat brown -sprinkled, more
orange towards tonius.

England to York, E. and S. Ire-
land, rather local ; Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia, N. Africa; 7-8.
Larva green ; dorsal line double,
bluish -green, pale -edged ; sub-
dorsal pale ; subspiracular whitish ; head green : on Holcus,
Br achy podium, etc. ; 8-6.

2. P. lineola, 0. 25-28 mm. Difters from H. thaumas as
follows : antennae beneath black towards apex ; forewings in

S with black streak more oblique, directed towards base of
dorsum, often more indistinct ; hindwings beneath without
orange tornal blotch.

Kent and Sussex to Suffolk and Hants, local ; Europe, N.

Nenration of Pamphila si/lvanus ;
a, club of antenna.

pamphila] HESPERIADAE 359

and WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line darker
green ; subdorsal and subspiracular yellowish ; head pale yellow-
ish, brown -marked : on Triticum, etc. ; 4-6. Only recognised
as British since 1888, and may range more widely than has
been observed.

3. P. actaeon, Esp. 23-27 mm. Antennae without apical
hook. Forewings dark fuscous, densely irrorated with brownish-
orange ; an elongate discal blotch before middle, and a curved
postmedian series of spots in xipper half of disc orange, more
distinct in $ ; in (J a hardly curved black streak obliquely
placed below middle of disc. Hindwings dark fuscons, irrorated
with brownish - orange. Hindwings beneath lighter, more
suffused with oi-ange, especially towards tornus.

Dorset to Cornwall, on or near coast, local ; 0. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva pale greyish-green ; dorsal
line double, darker, edged with pale yellowish ; subdorsal and
subspiracular yellowish ; head pale brown, yellowish-marked :
on BracJnjpodium innnatum and Calamagrostis ; 4-6.

4. P. sylvanus, Esp. 27-33 mm. Antennae with short apical
hook. Forewings dai-k fuscous, very closely irrorated with
brownish-orange except on veins and termen ; anterior half in

S wholly brownish - orange, with a strong blackish oblique
streak beneath middle of disc ; a discal spot and postmedian
irregular series brownish-orange. Hindwings with colour and
postmedian spots as in forewings, but spots absent on dorsal
third. Hindwings beneath greenish-ochreoiis-yellow, with pale
postmedian spots and orange tornal blotch.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common, scarcer north-
wards and in Ii-eland ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 6-8. Larva
pale bluish-green ; dorsal line darker ; subspiracular pale ; head
brown : on Luzuhi, Dactylis, Ti'iticum, etc.; 8-5.

5. P. comma, L. 27-33 mm. Antennae with minute apical
hook. Forewings dark fuscous ; in S basal 4 suffused with
brownish-orange, in 9 ^ discal anterior brownish-orange suffusion ;
a postmedian irregular series of pale brownish-orange spots ; in

$ a strong submetallic blackish -grey oblique streak in disc
anteriorly. Hindwings dark fuscous, orange-tinged ; an in-
distinct discal spot and postmedian series orange. Hindwings
beneath densely strewn with yellowish scales ; two anterior
spots and a postmedian series ochreous-white.

S. England to Norfolk and Stafford, especially on chalk,
local ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 8. Larva dull green ; head
black : on Lotus, Orniiliopus, Coronilla, etc. ; 4-6.

360 PYRALIDINA

5. PYRALIDINA.

Tongue and maxillary palpi usually developed. Forewings :
lb usually simple, sometimes shortly furcate at base, Ic some-
times present, 5 rising below middle of transverse vein, usually
approximated to 4, 8 and 9 stalked (except Agdistis), 11 from
beyond middle of cell. Hindwings with frenulum, Ic present,
8 rising free, approximated or anastomosing with 7 beyond cell,
thence diverging.

The insects which are comprised in this large group are
usually remarkable for their slender build, and relatively long
and thin legs ; the forewings are more or less elongate-triangulai',
sometimes extremely elongate and narrow, the hindwings usually
relatively broad, ovate ; but in the genera with cleft wings the
shape is necessarily much modified.

Type of markings : Forewings with three transverse lines,
viz. first, second, and subterminal, and three small spots in disc,
viz. a usually dot-like antemedian called the orbicular, a similar
one beneath it called the claviform but very seldom perceptible,
and a postmedian (variably 8-shaped, transverse-linear, or dot-
like) called the discal spot or mark. Hindwings with a discal
spot and similar lines, but first line usually absent, all markings
vei'y often obsolete.

Larva more or less elongate, with 10 prolegs, usually with
few hairs. Pupa with segments 9-11, sometimes also 8 and in
$ \1 free {Pterophoridae and Oriieodidae) ; not protruded from
cocoon in emergence.

Phylogeny of Pyralidina.

Phycitiilae Galleriadae Crambidae Pyraustidae Pterophoridae Oriieodidae

I I I ^1 I I

I I

Pyralididae [Tineodidae]

[Thyrididae]

The British representatives are inadequate to illustrate satis-
factorily the phylogeny of the group. In the accompanying
diagram two exotic families are included (in brackets), to
explain the connection of the others ; it may also be mentioned
that the Phycitidae are developed from the Ejiipaschia group

PYRALIDINA 361

of the Pyralididae, which, though of considerable extent, does
not occur at all in Europe, and the Galleriadae from another
group of Pyralididae, Nvhich is principally characteristic of S.
America. Of the two additional exotic families mentioned, the
Thyrididae ai'e fairly numei'ous, but chiefly found within the
tropics ; the Tineodidae are a singular group, now very small
and fragmentary, apparently confined to Australia. The
ancestral family Thyrididae is undoubtedly derived from the
Heterogeneidae.

Tabulation of Families.

1. Forewings six-cleft . . .7. Ornbodidae.

,, not six-cleft . . . .2.

2. Hindwings with defined pecten of hairs on lower

margin of cell towards base . 3.

,, without such pecten . . .5.

3. Forewings with vein 7 absent . .1. Phycitidae.

,, . ,, vein 7 present . , .4.

4. Maxillary palpi triangularly scaled . 3. Crambidae.

„ „ not triangular . 2. Galleriadae.

5. Wings cleft, or if entire, 8 and 9 of forewings

separate . . 6. Pterophoridae.

,, entire, 8 and 9 of forewings stalked 6.

6. Forewings with vein 7 rising out of 8 5. Pyralididae.

„ vein 7 separate . 4. Pyraustidae.

1. PHYCITIDAE.

Ocelli usually developed. Maxillary palpi present, not
triangular. Forewings : lb simple or obsoletely furcate, 4 and

5 closely approximated or stalked, 7 absent (coincident with 8).
Hindwings with defined pecten of hairs on lower margin of cell,
4 and 5 closely approximated or stalked or coincident, 7 out of

6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 or very closely approximated.

The family is extremely large, but more developed in warm
regions than cool ones. Imago with forewings more or less
elongate, often very narrow. The species are usually strictly
nocturnal in habit, and many are not very readily met with.

Ovum flattened-oval, surface granulated, sometimes ribbed.
Larva more or less elongate, with few hairs, usually with a
more conspicuous ocellated lateral spot on 3 ; generally living
in a silken gallery amongst its food-plant. Pupa usually in a
cocoon above ground.

The relations of the chief genera are shown in the diagram.

362

PYRALIDINA

FlIYLOGENY OF PlIYClTWAE.

Ephestia

Anerastia Pempelia Epischnia

Saleliria Hypoclialcia Dioryctria

Euzophera Homoeosoma

j I

I
Myelois

Nephopteryx

Eurhodnpe

Acrobasis

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Hindvvings with 4 and 5 approximated . . 2.

,, ,, 4 and 5 stalked or coincident . 4.

2. Basal joint of antennae in S with horny tooth

• 21. Acrobasis.
,, ,, „ without tooth . . 3.

3. Antennae in $ with hook on suprabasal joint

20. Cryptoblabes.
„ „ without hook . 19. Eurhodore.

4. Forewings with 5 absent . . . .5.

,, ,, 5 present . . .7.

5. Forewings with 9 absent . . . .6.

„ „ 9 present . .1. Anerastia.

6. Labial palpi porrected . . . 11. Plodia

„ „ ascending . . .12. Ephestia.

7. Forewings with 9 absent . . 16. Homoeosoma,

,, ,, 9 present . . .8.

8. Terminal joint of labial palpi longer than second

17. Nyctegretis.
„ ,, ,, shorter than second 9.

9. Hind wings with 5 absent . . . .10.

„ ,, 5 present . . .15.

10. Forewings with 4 and 5 stalked . . .11.

,, , 4 and 5 approximated . .13.

11. Second joint of labial palpi shortly tufted beneath

5. Alispa.
,, ,, ,, not tufted . .12.

12. Cell of hindvvings reaching middle 14. Euzopiiera.

,, ,, not reaching middle

13. Heterouraphis.

\

PHYCITIDAE 363

13. Maxillary palpi of S with long hair-pencil . 14.

„ ,, ,, without hair-pencil 15. Cateremna.

14. Antennae in S with scale-tuft above base . 3. Pempelia.

,, ,, without scale-tuft 2. Gymnanctla.

15. Labial palpi porrected . . . .16.

,, ,, ascending . . . .17.

16. Cell of hind wings reaching I . 7. Hypochalcia.

,, „ nearly reaching middle 6. Epischnia.

17. Antennae in c? with tuft in sinuation above base. 18.

,, ,, without such structure . . 20.

18. Maxillary palpi in (J with long hair-pencil 4. Salebrta.

,, „ ,, without hair-pencil . . 19.

19. Cell of hind wings not reaching J . . 9. Phycita.

,, „ nearly reaching middle

10. Nephopteryx.

20. Forewings with 4 and 5 stalked . .18. Myelois.

,, ,,4 and 5 approximated . .21.

21. Cell of hindwings reaching ^ . 8. Dioryctria.

,, ,, reaching middle 19. Eurhodope.

1. Anerastia, BT).

Face with rounded horny prominence. Tongue short.
Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated, with roughened sinuation above
base. Labial palpi long, straight, porrected, second joint densely
scaled, rovigh above, terminal moderate, obtuse. Maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Forewings : 5 absent. Hindwings : cell not
reaching middle, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 7 closely approximated
to 8 to middle.

A genus of rather limited extent, but very generally
distributed in warmer regions. It forms part of a group of
allied genera, principally occurring within the tropics, whose
development originates from Sa/ehria. Imago with forewings
narrow, costa moderately arched.

1. A. lotella. Jib. 19-25 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous
or pale ochreous, usually somewhat reddish -tinged ; veins
sometimes paler, often sprinkled with fuscous or dark fuscous ;
an evenly broad costal streak sometimes paler or distinctly
rosy-whitish ; often two indistinct fuscous transversely placed
discal dots. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish to light grey.

England to York, E. Ireland, mainly on sandy coasts, local ;
C. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva pale orange-
yellow ; dorsal line faintly reddish ; head pale reddish-brown :
in a tubular case covered with sand, amongst stem -bases of

364 PYRALIDINA [anekastia

Ammophila, Aira, Festuca, etc. ; 5, 6. On the Continent this
larva has sometimes been exceedingly destructive to rye.

2. Gymnancyla, Z.

Face smooth. Antennae in (J shortly ciliated, with sinuation
above base. Labial palpi rather long, porrected, with dense
appressed scales, terminal joint short, hardly pointed. Maxillary
palpi in <$ terminating in a long pencil of hairs, in 5 moderate,
tolerably filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5 rather approximated.
Hindwings : cell not reaching middle, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent,

7 closely approximated to 8 to near middle.

Contains only the one species. Imago with forewings narrow,
costa hardly arched.

1. G. canella, lib. 21-23 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous,
terminally whitish-sprinkled ; a pale suifused costal streak ;
first line hardly pale, edged posteriorly by three dark fuscous
dots on veins ; two dark fuscous transversely placed discal dots ;
second line pale, edged anteriorly with some dark fuscous
scales, posteriorly with pale rosy-ochreous. Hindwings light
grey.

Kent to Dorset and Suffolk, E. Ireland, on coasts, local ;
C. Europe; 6, 7. Larva blue-green to reddish-grey; dorsal
line dai'k green or rosy ; subdorsal and supraspiracular pale ;
3 and 12 with pale pinkish-ochreous black-ringed lateral spots;
head pale brownish-ochreous, blackish-marked : mining in stem
until nearly full-grown, finally in a slight web on Salsola hdi ;
8, 9.

3. Pempelia, Hh.

Face with rounded-conical projection of scales. Antennae in
S shortly ciliated, with sinuation above base, filled with dense
projecting scales. Labial palpi moderately long, ascending,
with tolerably appressed scales, terminal joint short, hardly
pointed. Maxillary palpi in S terminating in a long pencil of
hairs, in $ moderate, tolerably filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5
approximated. Hindwings : cell not reaching middle, 3 and 4
stalked, 5 absent, 7 closely approximated or anastomosing with

8 to near middle.

A rather generally distributed genus of limited extent. Imago
with forewings narrow, costa scarcely arched.

Forewings more or less mixed with crimson . 1. diluk/la.

,, not mixed with crimson . . 2. ornatella.

1. P. dilutella, lib. (adornatella, Tr. ; subornatella, Dup.)

pempelia]

PHYCITIDAE

365

17-21 mm. Forewings ferruginous - ochreous, more or less
sufFusedly mixed with dull crimson and sometimes in disc with
blackish ; costal half and sometimes a subbasal fascia sufFusedly
mixed with white ; lines whitish, first dark-edged posteriorly,
second on both sides ; two black transversely placed discal dots ;
some indistinct blackish terminal dots. Hindwings fuscous or
Hght fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
greenish-grey, dorsally yellowish-tinged ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines darker ; head and plate of 2 black : in silken galleries
amongst Thymus; 6.

2. P. ornatella, Schiff. 21-25 mm. Forewings brownish-
ochreous ; veins and costa suftusedly fiiscous, somewhat mixed
with white ; lines whitish, first interrupted, edged posteriorly
with dark spots on veins, second almost straight ; two dark
fuscous sufFusedly whitish-edged transversely placed discal dots.
Hindwings fuscous or light fuscous.

S. England to Gloucester and Norfolk, E. Ireland, local ;
C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva on Thymus ; 6.

4. Salebria, Z.

Face smooth. Antennae in ^ ciliated, with sinuation above
base, filled with dense projecting
scales. Labial palpi moderately
long, ascending, with tolerably
appressed scales, terminal joint
short, hardly pointed. Maxillary
palpi in S terminating in a long
pencil of hairs, in $ moderate,
filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5
approximated. Hindwings : cell
not reaching middle, 4 and 5
stalked, 7 closely approximated
or anastomosing with 8 to
middle.

A very large and universally
distributed genus, derived from
JVephopteryx. Imago with forewings elongate, more or less
dilated posteriorly, costa slightly or gently arched.

1. Forewings with transverse lines . . .2.

„ without transverse lines . 2, semii-uhella.

2. First line in middle . . .1. formosa.

„ considerably before middle . . 3.

Neuration of Salebria paluvibella ;
a, base of antenna of (J.

366 PYRALIDINA [salebria

3. Lines pale red-bro\vni«h . . .5. palumhella.

,, obscurely whitish . . . .4.

4. Forewiugs with large scale- tuft before first line

4. hetulae.
,, without raised scales . . 3. fusca.

1. S. formosa, IIw. 19-21 mm. Forewings fuscous irrorated
with grey-whitish, suffused with pale ochreous-reddish, more
strongly towards dorsum anteriorly ; lines pale, first in middle,
strongly blackish-edged, more broadly anteriorly, second edged
with dark fuscous suffusion ; a transverse blackish discal mark.
Hindwings fuscous.

Kent and Sussex to Norfolk, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to
N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva deep green, darker -freckled ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines darker, edged with greenish -yellowish ;
lateral greenish-yellowish; spiracular and subspiracular whitish-
green ; an oval white lateral sjDOt on 3, enclosing a black dot ;
head green, darker -fi'eckled : on elm, spinning some web on
upper surface of leaves ; 8, 9.

\_S. adelphella, F.R., has been regarded as British, but only
through a confusion with Nephopteryx hostilis.^

2. S. semirubella, Sc. (carnella, L.) 24-27 mm. Forewings
light crimson or pink, sometimes miich mixed with grey or
dark grey ; a whitish, greyish-ochreous, or grey costal streak ;
a broad ochreous-yellowish dorsal suftusion. Hindwings grey,
slightly rosy-tinged.

S. England to Somerset and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe, N.
and C. Asia, Japan ; 7. Larva bronzy-blackish, with ten indis-
tinct greenish lines ; a whitish lateral spot on 3, including a
black dot ; head and plate of 2 black : amongst web on Lotus ;
8-6.

3. S. fusca. Hie. (carhonariclla, F.R.) 23-26 mm. Forewings
dark fuscous, sprinkled with grey-whitish ; first and second
lines obscurely pale, darker- edged ; two darker transversely
placed discal dots. Hindwings fuscous.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia Minor, Japan, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva brown-blackish,
incisions brownish ; dorsal line black ; head and plate of 2
black : on Erica ; 7-9. The imago appears to frequent especi-
ally those places where the heath has been partly burnt, to
which its blackish colouring is adapted.

4. S. betulae, Gz. 22-25 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
sprinkled with violet-whitish; a rather large spot of raised
darker scales above dorsum before first line, anteriorly obscurely

salebria] PHYCITIDAE 367

whitish-edged ; iirst and second lines obscurely whitish, dark-
edged ; two darker transversely placed sometimes confluent
discal dots. Hindwings fuscous.

England to York, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 7. Larva dull
black ; dorsal line double, pale yellow or yellowish-white ; some
subdorsal white dots ; spiracular pale yellow ; subspiracular
white; head black, white - marked : beneath a slight web on
upper surface of leaves of birch ; 5, 6.

[aS'. ohductella, F.R., has been recorded as British, but its
alleged capture is discredited.]

5. S. palumbella, F. 20-26 mm. Forewings violet-brown,
more or less sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous, suffused
with whitish towards costa between lines and on apex ; first
and second lines pale red -brownish, internally black-edged,
first angulated, preceded by a small spot of blackish raised
scales on fold, second twice indented ; a rather oblique black
discal mark. Hindwings light fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to Kirkcudbi'ight, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S.
Europe, N. and WC. Asia to N. India, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva
dark greenish-grey, reddish-tinged ; dorsal line brownish, pale-
edged ; sulxlorsal double, lighter brownish ; head reddish-
brown : in tubular webs on Erica and Polygala ; 9-5.

5. Alispa, Z.

Face with conical projection of scales. Antennae in ^
strongly ciliated, with sinuation above base, basal joint with
obtuse apical horny projection, suprabasal joint with two short
projections. Labial palpi moderately long, arched, ascending,
second joint with short dense projecting apical tuft beneath,
terminal rather short, densely scaled, tolerably obtuse. Maxil-
lary palpi moderate, loosely scaled. Forewings : 4 and 5
stalked. Hindwings : cell reaching J, 3 and 4 stalked, 5
absent, 7 anastomosing with 8 to middle.

Only one species is known. Imago with forewings narrow,
costa posteriorly rather sti'ongly arched.

1. A. angustella, Hb. 19-23 mm. Forewings greyish-
ochreous, mixed with reddish -ochreous, somewhat sprinkled
with ashy -whitish, with a few black scales, tending to form
short dashes in disc ; a thick erect bar of blackish raised scales
from dorsum before first line, reaching ^ across wing ; first line
faintly paler, obscurely reddish-edged ; second obscure, marked
with some short black dashes towards costa ; some indistinct

368 PYRALIDINA [alispa

black terminal dots. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, termen
fuscous.

Hants and Devon to Hereford, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7, 9.
Larva dull green or ochreous-yellow ; dorsal line darker ; lateral
and more obscure spiracular series of ferruginous or purplish
marks ; head brown ; 3 with black lateral spot : in berries of
Euonymus ; 8, 10.

6. Epischnia, Hh.

Face with rounded-conical projection of scales. Antennae
in (J minutely ciliated, hardly sinuate above base. Labial
palpi long, straight, porrected, elongate -triangularly scaled.
Maxillary palpi short, tolerably filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5
approximated. Hindwings : cell nearly reaching |-, 4 and 5
stalked, 7 closely approximated to 8 to middle.

A genus of about forty species, principally inhabiting S.
Europe and C. Asia, but also extending into N. America.
Imago with forewings narrow, costa little arched.

Forewings with white costal streak . L boisduvaliella.

,, without such streak . . 2. hankesiella.

1. E. boisduvaliella, Gn. {farrella, Curt.) 20-24 mm. Fore-
wings brown, sometimes slightly reddish -tinged, with a few
black scales, becoming pale brownish-ochreous towards dorsum ;
a dorsal streak irrorated with whitish and more or less with
blackish ; a rather narrow shining white straight streak from
base of costa to apex, sometimes black -edged beneath, costal
edge above it white-mixed ; a black discal dot ; termen white-
mixed. Hindwings pale fuscous.

Kent to Norfolk, on coast sandhills, local ; C. Europe, N.
and WC. Asia, N. Africa, N. America ; 6-8. Larva reddish,
greenish-tinged ; three or four obscure paler lines on each side ;
head brown-reddish : in seedpods of Ayitliyllis, Ononis, Lotus,
etc.; 7-9.

2. E. bankesiella, Bich. 26-27 mm. Forewings light grey,
darker-mixed, especially anteriorly ; veins marked with dark
grey streaks ; dorsum suffused with pale greyish -oclu'eous
towards base ; first and second lines indistinctly darker-edged,
indented near dorsum, first angulated in middle. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous.

Dorset (Portland), scarce and local ; not recorded else-
where ; 7.

7. Hypochalcia, lib.
Face with somewhat rounded-projecting scales. Antennae

I

hypoohaloia] PHYCITIDAE 369

in S minutely ciliated, with thickened and slightly roughened
sinuation above base. Labial palpi very long, porrected, with
appressed scales, terminal joint moderate, somewhat pointed.
Maxillary palpi rather short, tolerably filiform, apex loosely
scaled. P'orewings : 4 and 5 approximated. Hindwings : cell
reaching J, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 closely approximated to 8 to
middle.

Includes about thirty nearly allied species, almost confined
to C. and S. Europe and C. Asia. Imago with forewings elon-
gate, posteriorly dilated, costa hai-dly arched. The only known
larva of the genus feeds on the roots of UmhelJiferae.

1. H. ahenella, Hh. 20-29 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous
or brownish -ochreous, much mixed with dark fuscous, some-
times reddish -tinged ; first and second lines cloudy, darker.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, on dry grassy ban!:":', rather local ;
Europe, Asia Minor ; G, 7.

8. DiORYCTRIA, Z.

Face smooth. Antennae in ^ ciliated -dentate, with some
rough scales on stalk above base. Labial palpi moderately
long, arched, ascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint
short, pointed. Maxillary palpi very short, loosely scaled.
Forewings : 4 and 5 closely approximated. Hindwings : cell
reaching ^, 3 sometimes out of 5, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 closely
approximated to 8 to middle.

A small genus, ranging over the European region and N.
America. Imago with forewings narrow, rather dilated, costa
moderately arched, termen little oblique.

First line preceded by a light reddish-brown fascia

1 . splendidella.
„ without such fascia . . 2. ahietella.

1. D. splendidella, HS. {sylvestrella, Rag.) 28-32 ram. Fore-
wings silvery-grey, l)lackish -sprinkled ; first and second lines
strongly blackish-edged, first preceded by a light reddish-brown
fascia becoming blackish towards costa and blackish -edged
anteriorly ; a light discal spot, preceded and followed by dark
fuscous suffusion. Hindwings light fuscous, darker terminally.

Norfolk, Cheshire, local but probably overlooked ; C. and
SW. Europe, Japan, presumably also in intervening regions ;
6, 7. Larva pale greenish ; dots black ; head reddish-brown ;
plate of 2 blackish -brown : beneath bark of Pinus sylvestris,
causing a lump of resinous exudation ; 4-6.

2 B

370 PYRALIDINA [dioryctbia

2. D. abietella, F. {decuriella, Hb.) 24-29 mm. Forewings
fuscous, irrorated with whitish and dark fuscous ; first aud
second lines whitish, dark-edged, waved, nearly parallel, hardly
oblique ; two darker shades rather before and beyond first line,
not reaching costa ; a small whitish discal spot, suffusedly
darker- edged. Hindwings in ^ whitish -fuscous, in $ light
fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to Ross, rather local ; N. and C. Europe, Japan, N.
America; 6, 7. Larva dark grey or reddish -brown ; dorsal
line double, pale ; lateral and spiracular lines pale ; head and
plate of 2 dark brown : in shoots of Finns sylvestris, not
causing resinous exudation ; 4, 5.

9. Phycita, Curt.

Face smooth. Antennae in $ minutely ciliated, with
strong siniaation above base, filled with large dense tuft of
scales. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, with
appressed scales, terminal joint modei'ate, pointed. Maxillary
palpi short, with scales spreading laterally inwards at apex.
Forewings : 4 and 5 approximated. Hindwings : cell not reach-
ing ^, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 closely approximated to 8 to middle.

The species are not numerous ; they occur in Europe, Asia,
Africa, and the W. Lidies. Imago with forewings narrow,
somewhat dilated, costa gently arched.

L P. spissicella, F. (roborella, Zk.) 22-27 mm. Forewings
fuscous, mixed or tinged with reddish and sprinkled with grey-
whitish, more whitish-suffused towards dorsum between lines ;
an erect triangular reddish-brown blackisii-mixed patch from
dorsum before first line, often preceded by a whitish shade ;
first and second lines pale, internally darker-edged ; a curved
darker transverse discal mark ; some short black dashes on
veins near before second line. Hindwings fuscous.

England to Yoi'k, common ; C. and S. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
brown-reddish, yellowish-freckled ; subdorsal and lateral lines
darker ; head reddish-brown ; 2 black-spotted ; a white black-
ringed lateral spot on 3 : amongst spun leaves of oak ; 9-5.

10. Nephopteryx, lib.

Face smooth. Antennae in ^ ciliated, with sinuation above
base, filled with dense projecting scales. Labial palpi moder-
ately long, ascending, with dense tolerably appressed scales,
terminal joint moderate, pointed. Maxillary palpi short, loosely
scaled. Forewings : 4 and 5 approximated. Hindwings : cell

XEPHOPTERYX] PHYCITIDAE 371

nearly reaching |, 3 sometimes out of 5, 4 and 5 stalked, 7
closely approximated to 8 to middle.

A considerable genus, of nearly cosmopolitan distribution,
but absent from New Zealand ; it appears to originate from a
form allied to Acrobasis. Imago with forewings elongate, more
or less dilated, costa gently arched.

Discal dot of forewings double . . 2. hostilis.

„ ,, single , .1. genisteUa.

1. N. genistella, Dup. {davisellus, Newm.) 24-27 mm.
Forewings light brownish-ochreous, reddish-tinged, with some
scattered blackish scales ; veins in disc and on termen sufFusedly
streaked with whitish ; lines hardly paler, internally more or
less distinctly blackish-edged, first edged anteriorly by a spot
of raised black scales below middle ; a blackish discal dot.
Hindwings light fuscous.

Hants, Dorset, Wilts, local ; France, Spain, Corsica ; 7.
Larva pale greyish-ochreous ; dorsal line blackish-brown ; sub-
dorsal and spiracular light reddish -fuscous ; lateral broad,
l)lackish -brown ; head blackish - brown, freckled with pale
ochreous ; a lateral grey-whitish black-centred spot on .3 and
12 : in a loose web on TJlex ; 9-6.

2. N. hostilis, Stph. 21-24 mm. Forewings less elongate,
rather dark fuscous, sometimes reddish-tinged, irrorated with
whitish ; basal area suffused with brown-reddish ; lines pale,
edged with dark fuscous, first anteriorly broadly edged with
blackish except towards costa ; two dark fuscous transversely
placed discal dots, connected with doi'sum by an irregular
darker shade. Hindwings fuscous.

Kent, Surrey, Worcester, Hereford, scarce and local ; France,
Germany ; 6. Larva blackish-brown or dai'k I'eddish-brown ;
subdorsal line double, indistinct, pale yellowish or greyish-ochre-
ous ; lateral faint, pale ochreous ; subspiracular double, whitish
or pale yellow; head black, freckled with yellow -ochreous :
in a silken tube amongst spun leaves of Pojjulus tremula ; 7-9.

11. Plodia, Gn.

Face with conical projection of scales. Antennae in $
shortly ciliated. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected, with
appressed scales, terminal joint rather short, pointed. Maxillary
palpi short, filiform. Forewings in $ with costal fold beneath,
enclosing hair-pencil ; 2 and 3 sometimes stalked, 5 absent, 9
absent. Hindwings : cell nearly reaching ^, 3 and 4 connate,
7 anastomosing with 8 to beyond middle.

372

PYRALIDINA

fPLODIA

Only one species is known ; its habits are similar to those of
Ephestia. Imago with forewings narrow, costa hardly arched.

1. P. interpunctella, Hh. 13-18 mm. Forewings ferriigin-
ous-ochreous, densely mixed with dark fuscous ; basal area
wholly whitish-ochreous ; first and second lines obscurely dark
leaden - fuscous ; an obscure paler discal dot. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous.

England to Westmoreland, N. and E. Ireland, local ; SC.
and S. Europe, N. Africa, N. Amei'ica, Australia, artificially
spread, true home uncertain, but perhaps America ; 6-10.
Larva yellow-whitish ; dorsal line darker ; head and plate of 2
dark reddish-brown : on maize, figs, seeds, etc. ) 8-6.

12. Ephbstia, Gn.

Face smooth. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Labial
palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, with appressed scales,

terminal joint moderate, pointed.
Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform.
Forewings in $ sometimes with
costal fold beneath towards base,
enclosing hair-pencil; 5 absent,
9 absent. Hindwings : cell not
reaching \, 3 aiid 4 connate or
stalked, 5 absent, 7 anastomosing
with 8 to beyond middle.

The species of this genus are
few in number, but, owing to
their domestic habits, have been so
promiscuously distributed through
man's agency, that it is now
uncertain from what country they
were originally derived ; it seems,
Neurationandiieadof^r'/'es^acJwtdZa. i^Q^^gyg^.^ not improbable that the

majority are Asiatic. Imago with forewings narrow, costa
gently arched.

1. First line outwardly oblique on dorsum . . 2.

,, not outwardly oblique on dorsum . 3.

2. Hindwings whitish . . .5. kuehniella.

,, pale fuscous . . .1. ehitella.

3. Second line strongly indented near costa . 4. calidella.

,, not strongly indented . . 4.

4. Hindwings with subbasal line of cilia strong 3. cahiritclla.

„ „ „ faint 2. ficulella.

ephestia] PHYCITIDAE 373

1. E. elutella, Hb. (semirufa, Hw. ; Roxhurghii, Gregs.)
14-19 mm. Forewings in $ less elongate, with costal fold
enclosing flocculent scales ; grey, sprinkled with whitish and
mixed with dark fuscous, towards dorsum often also with
ferruginous-reddish ■ lines pale, dark-edged, first straight, rather
oblique, second almost straight ; two darker transversely placed
discal dots. Hindwings pale fuscous, anteriorly thinly scaled,
in cj with median and subdorsal whitish-ochreous basal hair-
tufts.

England to Cumberland, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC.
Asia to Turkestan, N. Africa, N. America, Australia; 6-10.
Larva brown-whitish ; dots brown ; head and plate of 2 reddish-
brown : on biscuit, chocolate, figs, etc. ; 8-4.

2. E. ficulella, Barr. (? demetelia, Walk.) 15-19 mm.
Forewings in S with costal fold enclosing long hair-pencil ;
fuscous, irrorated with whitish, and sprinkled with dark fuscous ;
lines pale, first somewhat bent, not oblique on dorsum, pos-
teriorly dark-edged and marked with two darker spots, second
dark-edged, indented above middle ; two dark fuscous trans-
versely placed discal dots. Hindwings subhyaline, fuscous-
tinged, veins and termen fuscous, in S with subdorsal whitish-
ochreous l)asal hair-tuft ; subbasal line of cilia very faint.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; S. Europe, N. Africa,
Australia ; 8-10. Larva pinkish-ochreous-whitish ; dorsal, sub-
dorsal, spiracular, and subspiracular lines pink ; spots dark
brown ; head and plate of 2 dark brown : on figs, dried
currants, etc. ; 9-6.

3. E. cahiritella, Z. {jmssuJella, Barr.) 14-20 mm. Fore-
wings in $ with costal fold enclosing long hair-pencil ; greyish-
ochreous or fuscous, irrorated with grey-whitish ; lines hardly
paler, first slightly bent, not oblique on dorsum, suflfusedly
dark-edged posteriorly, second very faintly dark-edged, some-
what indented above middle ; two indistinct darker transversely
placed discal dots. Hindwings subhyaline, fuscous-tinged,
veins and termen fuscous, in S with subdorsal whitish-ochreous
basal hair-tuft ; subbasal line of cilia fuscous, well-marked.

England to York, local ; SC. and S. Europe, N. Asia, Japan,
N. Africa, America, Australia; 5-10. Larva pinkish-ochreous-
whitish ; dots dark brown ; a black white-centred lateral spot
on 3 and 1 2 ; head and plate of 2 dark brown : on dried figs,
beans, ciu-rants, etc. ; 7-4.

4. E. calidella, Gn. (Jicelki, Dgl. ; xanthotricha, Stgr.) 18-22
mm. Forewings with costa more arched posteriorly, in $ with

374 PYRALIDINA [ephestia

costal fold small, loosely scaled ; fuscous, irrorated with fuscous
whitish and dark fuscous ; lines pale, first posteriorly dark-
edged, angulated near costa, twice indented beneath, second
dark-edged, strongly indented near costa ; two dai*k fuscous
transversely placed discal dots. Hindwings fuscous-whitish,
termen fuscous, in c^ with subdorsal whitish-ochreous basal
hair-tuft.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; France, Spain ; 7-10. Lai'va
pinkish-whitish ; dorsal line darker ; spots brown ; head and
plate of 2 dark brown : on cork, dried figs, currants, etc. ; 9-5.

5. E. kuehniella, Z. 20-23 mm. Forewings fuscous, irror-
ated with whitish and sprinkled with dark fuscous ; lines hardly
palei', first posteriorly dark -edged, nearly straight, rather
oblique, serrate-indented above middle and near dorsum, second
strongly indented near costa, dark-edged, with darker dots on
veins ; two blackish transversely placed discal dots. Hindwings
whitish, veins and termen fuscous, in $ without whitish-
ochreous hair-tufts.

Britain to Aberdeen, local; C. Europe, N. America; 7-10.
Larva on flour ; 8-5.

13. Heterographis, Rag.

Face smooth. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Labial
palpi moderate, curved, ascending, with tolerably appressed
scales, terminal joint rather short, tolerably pointed. Maxillary
palpi rather short, filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5 long-stalked.
Hindwings : cell not reaching \, 3 and 4 long-stalked, 5 absent,
7 closely approximated to 8 to middle.

A group of moderate extent and rather general distribution.
Imago with forewings veiy naiTOW, costa hardly arched.

1. H. oblitella, Z. 17-19 mm. Forewings light greyish-
ochreous, more or less mixed irregularly with dark fuscous
and whitish ; lines paler, first posteriorly dai'k-edged, preceded
on dorsum by a suffused dark in ^ more ochreous or reddish-
tinged spot, second interruptedly dark-edged ; two dark fuscous
transversely placed discal dots. Hindwings whitish-fuscous,
tlarker terminally.

I. of Wight, probably a scarce immigrant only ; SC. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan, N. America ; 6-8.

14. EUZOPHERA, Z.

Face smooth. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Labial
palpi moderate, curved, ascending, with appressed scales, ter-

EUZOPHRRA] PHYCITIDAE 375

miiial joint moderate, pointed. Maxillary palpi short, filiform.
Forewings : 4 and 5 stalked. Hindwings : cell reaching |, 3 and
4 short - stalked, 5 absent, 7 anastomosing with 8 to beyond
middle.

Not very nnmerons in species, as now restricted, and mainly
characteristic of the Northern hemisphere. Imago with fore-
wings elongate, rather dilated, costa slightly arched.

First line preceded by broad blackish band . 1. 2^^'>^g'^is-

,, not preceded by blackish band . 2. cinerosella.

1. E. pinguis, Uw. (pinguedineUa, Dbld.) 23-25 mm. Fore-
wings light brownish-ochreous, somewhat reddish-tinged, pale-
sprinkled, with a few blackish scales ; lines hardly paler, fii-st
rather curved, edged anteriorly by a broad blackish band,
posteriorly by a thick blackish suffusion, second angulated in
middle, strongly edged with dark fuscous ; terminal area more
infuscated. Hindwings light fuscous.

England to York, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva pinkish-
ochreous ; dorsal line darker, interrupted ; a lateral spot on 3
and 12 ringed with reddish-brown ; head and plate of 2 reddish-
bi-own, blackish-marked : in bark of ash ; 9-6, perhaps some-
times living two years.

2. E. cinerosella, Z. {artemisiella, Stt.) 17-23 mm. Forewings
brownish-ochreous, more or less mixed with dark fuscous, costal
half and termen suffused with whitish ; lines pale or partly
whitish, first angulated, more or less dark-edged posteriorly,
second twice indented, traversed by an oblique dark fuscous
shade from costa before apex to middle of disc ; two dark
fuscous transversely placed discal dots ; a terminal series of
dark dots. Hindwings light fuscous.

S. England to Pembroke and Norfolk, on coasts, local ; C.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva greyish-ochreous-whitish ; dorsal line
darker ; a darker lateral ring on 3 and 12 ; head and plate of
2 reddish-brown : in roots of Artemisia absinthium ; 10-5.

15. Cateremna, Meyr.

Face smooth. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Labial
palpi modei-ately long, curved, ascending, with appressed scales,
terminal joint moderate, pointed. Maxillary palpi moderate,
filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5 approximated. Hindwings :
cell reaching |, 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5 absent, 7 closely
approximated to 8 to middle.

A small genus, but very widely distributed; derived from

376 PYRALIDINA [cateremna

Myelois. Imago with forewings elongate -triangular, costa
gently arched.

1. C. terebrella, Zk. 20-23 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous ; lines white, first nearly straight, oblique, second
slendei", twice indented ; a suffused whitish fascia near before
second line, broader and more distinct towards costa, including
two dark transversely placed discal dots ; termen whitish-
irrorated. Hindwings fuscous.

Norfolk, local ; G. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva whitish ; dorsal
line dark grey ; dots black ; head and plate of 2 light reddish-
brown : in distorted and stunted cones of Pimis ahies ; 9-6,
probably sometimes living two years.

16. HOMOEOSOMA, Curt.

Face with short scale-projection. Antennae in S shortly
ciliated, with a notch above basal joint. Labial palpi moder-
ately long, arched, ascending, with tolerably appressed scales,
terminal joint rather short, tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi
moderate, loosely scaled. Forewings : 4 and 5 stalked, 9 absent.
Hindwings : cell not nearly reaching i, 3 and 4 approximated
or connate, 5 absent, 7 anastomosing with 8 to near apex.

Not numerous in species, but of cosmopolitan occurrence.
Imago with forewings narrow, costa hardly arched. Larva
usually feeding in heads of Compositae ; possibly the ready
distribution of the seeds of these plants by the wind may
account for the wide range of the genus, since the eggs might
be transported with the seeds.

1. First line neai'ly entire . . .1. sinuella.

,, reduced to two or three dots . . 2.

2. Median dot of first line before subdorsal 2. binaevella.

,, „ ,, beyond subdorsal . 3.

3. Second line marked by about five blackish dots

3. cretacella.
„ ,, not so marked . . .4.

4. First line marked by two dots ; expanse 22 nun.

or more . . 5. ndmlella.

,, ,, ,, three dots; expanse 19 mm.

or less . . 4. nimhella.

1. H. sinuella, /'. 17-21 mm. Forewings pale yellowish-
ochreous, sometimes faintly reddish-tinged ; lines deeper ochre-
ous to dark fuscous, ill-defined, first slightly curved, second
straight, dilated on costa ; a suftused darker or fuscous terminal
streak. Hindwiuii's fuscous.

homoeosoma] PHYCITIDAE - 377

S. England to Pembroke and Norfolk, E. Ireland, on coasts,
local ; SC. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva
whitish ; head light reddish-brown ; plate of 2 pale brown,
posterior edge black-dotted : in root-stocks of Plantagolanceolata :
8-4.

2. H. binaevella, Hb. {eluviella, Dbld.) 20-25 mm. Fore-
wings distinctly dilated, pale brownish -ochreous, costal half
suffused with white, with a few dark fuscous scales ; first line
indicated by a straight oblique series of three large dark fuscous
dots ; second pale, obscurely dark-edged ; two large dai"k fuscous
transversely placed discal dots. Hindwings light fuscous.

England to Lancashire, E. L'eland, local ; 0. and S. Europe ;
7. Larva pale green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pink ; spira-
cular pink, interrupted ; head reddish-brown ; plate of 2 pos-
teriorly brownish : in flower-heads of Carduus lanceolatus ; 8, 9.

3. H. cretacella, JRsl. (senecionis, Vaughan) 19-21 mm.
Fore wings distinctly dilated, pale bi'ownish-ochreous, becoming-
whitish towards costa, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first line
indicated by an angulated oblique series of three blackish dots,
second by a straight series of about five dark fuscous dots ;
two blackish transversely placed discal dots. Hindwings pale
fuscous.

S. England to Gloucester and Norfolk, N. Ireland, on coasts,
local ; C. Europe ; 5, 7. Lai'va deep purple-brown ; head and
plate of 2 blackish-brown : in flower heads and stems of Senecio
jacohaea ; 6, 8, 9.

4. H. nimbella, Z. (saxicola, Vaughan) 13-19 mm. Fore-
wings light oclireous, sometimes greyish-tinged, more or less
sprinkled with dark fuscous, towards costa more or less broadly
suffused with white ; first line indicated by an angulated oblique
series of three blackish dots, second straight, almost obsolete,
hardly dark-edged ; two blackish transversely placed discal
dots. Hindwings pale fuscous.

Britain to Kirkcudbright, E. Ireland, on coasts, local ;
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 8. Larva yellowish -green ;
dorsal line, subdorsal series of spots or rings, and spiracular
series of three marks on each segment purplish ; head dark
brown : plate of 2 yellow-brow-n, posterior edge black : in
flowers of Anthemis, Jasione, Senecio, etc. ; 7, 9.

5. H. nebulella, Hh. 22-25 mm. Forewings pale whitish-
ochreous, tinged with grey and sprinkled with dark grey,
towards costa suftused with whitish ; first line indicated by
two blackish dots, upper more remote from base : second

378 PYRALIDINA [homoeosoma

faintly darker-edged, usually preceded by a dark fuscous sub-
dorsal dot ; two blackish transversely placed discal dots.
Hindwings subhyaline, fuscous -tinged, veins and termen
fuscous.

England to York, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7, 8. Larva dull greenish-yellow ;
dorsal and broader subdorsal lines dull purple ; spiracular
interrupted, double, dull purple ; head brown : in flower-heads
of Carduus ; 8, 9.

17. Nyctbgrbtis, Z.

Face smooth. Antennae in c? minutely ciliated. Labial
palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, thickened with toler-
ably appressed scales, terminal joint somewhat longer than
second, tolerably pointed. Maxillaiy palpi moderate, filiform.
Forewings : 4 and 5 stalked. Hindwings : cell not reaching
^, 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 out of 4 or usually absent,
7 anastomosing with 8 to middle.

A small genus, mainly inhabiting S. Europe. Imago with
forewings narrow, costa slightly arched.

1. N. achatinella, Hb. 16-17 mm. Forewings brown, some-
times reddish-tinged, somewhat sprinkled with darker and
whitish ; lines straight, white, anteriorly dai'ker-edged, first
very oblique ; a white anteriorly dark-edged discal spot. Hind-
wings light fuscous.

Kent to Norfolk, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ;
7. Larva in a dense silken gallery amongst flower-stems of
Sedum sexangulare ; 5, 6.

18. Myblois, W).

Face smooth. Antennae in $ shortly or moderately ciliated.
Labial palpi rather long, curved, ascending, with loosely ap-
pressed scales, terminal joint moderate, pointed. Maxillary
palpi short, loosely scaled. Forewings : 4 and 5 stalked, 10
sometimes out of 9 or absent. Hindwings : cell reaching ^,
3 sometimes out of 5, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8
to middle.

The rather numerous species inhabit Europe, Central Asia,
N. and S. America. Imago with forewings elongate-triangular,
costa little arched.

1. Forewings white , . .2. cribrella.

„ not white . . , .2.

2. Head and thorax orange . . .1. cirrigerella.

,, ,, gi'ey . . .3. ceratoniae.

1

MYELOis] PHYCITIDAE 379

1. M. cirrigerella, ZTc. 18-20 mm. Head and thorax ochre-

ous-orange. Forewings rather short, dilated, glossy light
brownish-ochreous, base orange-tinged ; 10 absent. Hindwings
light fuscous.

Wilts (Ramsbury), several specimens in 1874; C. Europe; 7, 8.

2. M. cribrella, Hh. 25-30 mm. Forewings glossy white ; a
subbasal black dot, two representing first line, one in disc beyond
these, two transvei'sely placed in disc beyond middle, and a series
of about six representing second line ; some smaller terminal
black dots ; 10 sometimes out of 9. Hindwings grey-whitish,
more or less suffused with dark grey towards costa and termen.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; C. and S. Europe,
N. and WC. Asia, Japan ; 7, 8. Larva pale greyish-ochreous,
greenish-tinged ; dorsal line darker, pale-edged ; lateral pale ;
head and plate of 2 black : in flower-heads of Cardams, Onopor-
don, etc., subsequently entering the stems ; 8-4.

3. M. ceratoniae, Z. {pryerella, Vaughan) 18-26 mm. Fore-
wings narrow, rather dark grey, irrorated with whitish, veins
obscurely darker-streaked ; lines paler, internally dark-edged,
first more strongly, oblique, indented near doi'sum, second
serrulate ; two indistinct darker transversely placed discal dots ;
darker terminal dots. Hindwings subhyaline, grey-whitish,
greyer posteriorly, veins and termen grey.

Kent, Middlesex, scarce and local ; SC. and S. Europe, Africa,
W. Indies, range partially due to ai'tificial introduction ; 8, 9.
Larva rosy-pink or pinkish -ochreous ; head reddish-brown ;
plate of 2 reddish -brown, posterior edge black : in seeds of
Rohinia, Ce7'atonia-heans, dried dates, etc. ; 5-7.

19. EURHODOPE, Hb.

Face smooth. Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated. Labial
palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, loosely scaled,
terminal joint moderate, pointed. Maxillary palpi short,
tolerably filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5 approximated. Hind-
wings : cell reaching ^, 4 and 5 closely approximated or stalked,
7 anastomosing with 8 to middle.

A genus of moderate size, ranging throughout the Northern
hemisphere and Africa. Imago with forewings elongate -
triangular, costa little arched.

1. Discal dots obliquely placed . . 2. advenella.

,, ,, transversely placed . . .2.

2. First line whitest towards costa . . 3. suavella.

,, towards dorsum . 1. o-tuirmorea

380 PYRALIDINA [eurhodope

1. E. marmorea, Hiv. {epelydella, Z.) 17-21 mm. Thorax
brown-reddish. Forewings rather dark fuscous, slightly reddish-
tinged ; basal area brown-reddish except on costa ; lines slender,
obscurely whitish, first somewhat bent, more distinct dorsally,
second posteriorly edged with brown-reddish ; a fascia of white
irroration from costa before second line to lower extremity of
first, including two dai'ker connected discal dots ; some whitish
irroration towards termen. Hindwings fuscous.

England to Westmoreland, local ; C. Eui'ope, Asia Minor ;
6, 7. Larva dark reddish-brown ; a pale lateral black-centred
spot on 3 and 12 ; head and plate of 2 reddish-brown, black-
marked : amongst spun leaves of blackthorn ; 5.

2. E. advenella, Zk. 18-22 mm. Head and front of thorax
ferruginous-reddish. Forewings brownish -ochreous, more or
less mixed or suffused with reddish and dark fuscous ; lines
slender, obscurely whitish, first bent, preceded by a straight
whitish line joining it near costa, space between them reddish
suffused anteriorly with dark fuscous, second darker-edged ; a
broad fascia of grey-whitish irroration from costa before second
line to lower extremity of first, including two obliquely placed
darker discal dots ; some whitish irroration towards termen.
Hindwings fuscous.

Britain to Kirkcudbright, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
light green ; subdorsal line purplish-pink ; head pale brown :
in a silken gallery amongst flowers and leaves of hawthorn and
Pyrtis ; 5, 6.

3. E. suavella, Zk. 21-23 mm. Forewings fuscous, becom-
ing darker towards costa, slightly purplish-tinged, base more
reddish ; lines slender, whitish, first slightly curved, whiter
towards costa, preceded by a fascia of white irroration includ-
ing a transverse brown-reddish dorsal spot ; a large triangular
costal blotch of whitish irroration before second line, enclosing
two dark fuscous transversely placed discal dots ; some whitish
irroration towards termen. Hindwings fuscous.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; WC. and S.
Europe ; 7. Larva dark reddish-brown ; a brownish-grey black-
centred lateral s] )ot on 3 and 1 2 ; head dark brown ; plate on
2 black : in a silken gallery amongst leaves of blackthorn and
hawthorn ; 5, 6.

20. CUTPTOBLABES, Z.

Face smooth. Antennae in S minutely ciliated, with slight
sinuation near base, suprabasal joint ratlu'V long, with a shai'p

CRYPTOBLABESl PHYCITIDAE 381

horny apical hook. Labial palpi rather long, curved, ascending,
with appre.ssed scales, terminal joint moderately long, pointed.
Maxillary palpi short, loosely scaled. Forewings : 4 and 5
approximated. Hindwings : cell hardly reaching h, 4 and 5
approximated, 7 anastomosing with 8 to middle.

Includes only the single species. Imago with forewings
narrow, costa slightly arched.

1. 0. bistriga, Hw. 17-19 mm. Forewings fuscous, veins
broadly sutt'used with fuscous-reddish ; lines whitish, first at -J,
rather thick, straight, second very near termen, serrate ; discal
dots obscurely indicated ; a whitish terminal suffusion. Hind-
wings light fuscous.

England to Westmoreland, common; C. Europe; 6, 7.
Larva pale brown, darker-freckled ; dorsal line darker ; sub-
dorsal and lateral blackish-brown ; spiracular ochreous-whitish,
double; a brown black-centred lateral spot on 3 and 12; head
light brown : in folded leaves of oak and alder; 9, 10.

21. ACROBASIS, Z.

Face smooth. Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated, sometimes
with slight sinuation near base, basal joint with a horny scaled
apical tooth. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending,
loosely scaled, terminal joint moderate, pointed. Maxillary
palpi short, tolerably filiform. Forewings : 4 and 5 approxi-
mated. Hindwings : cell reaching -|, 4 and 5 approximated,
7 closely approximated to 8 to middle.

A rather considerable genus, widely distributed throughout
the Northern hemisphere, and also found in Africa. Imago
with forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly ai-ched.

1. Forewings with antemedian scale-ridge to-

wards dorsum . . 4. tumidana.

„ without scale-ridge . . .2.

2. Basal area reddish-ochreous . . 3. ZeJleri.

,, „ brown-reddish, mixed witli paler . 3.

3. Forewings mixed or suffused with dark

fuscous . . .1. consociella.

,, not mixed with dark fuscous . 2. sodalella.

1. A. consociella, Hb. 18-20 mm. Differs from A. sodalella

only as follows : forewings mixed or sometimes much suffused

with dark fuscous, basal area distinctly paler, more mixed with

ochreous-whitish, first line less distinct, browner.

Britain to the Clyde, S. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva pale grey, tinged with yellowish or greenish ; dorsal,

382 PYRALIDINA [acrobasis

subdorsal, and lateral lines dark grey ; a whitish black-ringed
lateral spot on 3 ; head and plate of 2 yellow-brownish, darker-
dotted : in a silken gallery amongst spun leaves of oak ; 5, 6.

2. A. sodalella, Z. 20-24 mm. Forewings brown-reddish,
somewhat whitish-sprinkled; first line greyish -ochreous on
lower |, thick, towards costa confluent with a straight white
transverse shade preceding it, included narrow space blackish-
mixed ; a broad fascia of white irroration fi'om costa before
second line to lower extremity of first, including two blackish
transversely placed discal dots ; second line whitish ; a terminal
fascia of whitish irroration. Hindwings light fuscous, darker
terminally.

Pembroke, perhaps overlooked elsewhere, local ; C. and SE.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva greenish-white ; dorsal, subdorsal, and
lateral lines blackish ; white black-centred latei'al spots on 3
and 12 ; head and plate of 2 yellow-brownish, black-m;irked :
amongst spun leaves of oak ; 5, 6.

3. A. Zelleri, Rag. {tumidella, Zk.) 19-23 mm. Forewings
fuscous, tinged with red and sprinkled with ochreous-whitish ;
basal area reddish-ochreous, limited by a straight white line
separated by a dark fuscous shade from obscure reddish-ochre-
ous costally obsolete first line ; a broad obscure fascia of ochre-
ous-whitish irroration from costa before second line to lower
extremity of first, including two darker obliquely placed discal
dots ; second line obscurely whitish, edged anteriorly with
darker, posteriorly with reddish ; an ochreous-whitish terminal
irroration. Hindwings fuscous.

England to York, common ; C. Eui'ope ; 7, 8. Lai'va green-
ish-yellow ; several indistinct whitish lines above ; head darker :
amongst spun leaves of oak ; 5, 6.

4. A. tumidana, Schiff. {ruhrotibieUa, F.R.) 18-22 mm.
Forewings fuscous mixed with red-brownish, somewhat sprinkled
with grey-whitish ; basal area paler, on base and costa brown-
reddish, limited by a white line bent beneath costa, followed
by a thick transverse ridge of raised reddish-tinged scales,
anteriorly mixed with dark fuscous, not reaching costa, preced-
ing the obsoletely lighter first line ; a broad obscure fascia of
grey-whitish irroration near before obscui'ely whitish second
line, including two darker obliquely placed discal dots ; a grey-
whitish terminal irroration. Hindwings fuscous.

Kent, Suffolk, local ; C. and S. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva yellow-
ish-green to lilackish - brown ; dorsal and broad latci-al lines
brown ; a whitish lateral spot on 3, edged by a black crescent ;

ACE0BA8IS] PHYCITIDAE 383

head greenish, sometimes brown-spotted : amongst spun leaves
of oak ; 9-6.

2. GALLERIADAE.

Ocelli present. Tongue usually short. Antennae in S
naked or minutely ciliated, basal joint with scale-tooth.
Maxillary palpi present, not triangular, loosely scaled. Fore-
wings : lb usually furcate, 4 and 5 closely approximated or
stalked or coincident, 8 and 9 out of 7. Hindwings with
defined pocten of hairs on lower margin of cell, 4 and 5 closely
approximated or stalked or coincident, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8.

Only a small family, but representatives of it are found
almost everywhere except in New Zealand, though they are
nowhere prominent. Imago with forewings more or less elon-
gate or suboblong, palpi differing sexually. Species nocturnal
in habit.

Larva rather elongate, with few hairs ; feeding on dry
vegetable substance. Pupa in a dense fimi cocoon above
ground.

Phylogeny of Galleriadae.

Meliphora Corcyra

l_ _^l

I
Melissoblaptes Aphomia

Galleria

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate . 5. Galleria.

„ ,, stalked . . 2.

2. Forewings with 10 absent . 1. Meliphora.

„ 10 present . . 3.

3. Forewings in (J with cell greatly enlarged,

open . . 4. Aphomia.

,, „ cell normal , . 4.

4. Forewings with 5 absent . . .2. Corcyra.

„ 5 present . 3. Mblissoblaptbs.

1. Meliphora, Gn.

Face nearly smooth. Labial palpi very short, in (? ascend-
ing, in $ porrected. Forewings : 4 and 5 stalked, 10 absent.

384

PYRALIDINA

[meliphora

Hindwings in S with long dorsal hair-pencil ; 3 and 4 stalked,
5 absent, 7 anastomosing with 8 to beyond middle.

Contains only one species, whose native countrj^ is now

uncertain, but probably Euro-
pean. Imago with forewings
elongate - oval ; in repose the
antennae are sometimes waved in
rapid alternate revolutions. The
generic name Achroia, Hb., is
preoccupied by Hiibner himself
for a genus of Pajnliomna.

1. M. grisella, F. (alvearia, F.)
15-22 mm. Head ochreous-yellow.
Forewings pale shining fuscous.

Neuration of Mdipliora grisdla. HindwingS wllitish-f USCOllS.

England to York, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. Asia,
N. America, Australia, artificially spread • 7, 8. Larva grey-
whitish ; dorsal line dark purplish ; head and plate of 2 dark
brown : on wax in beehives and dried apples ; 9-5. Often very
destructive in old hives.

2. CoRCYRA, Bag.

Face with projecting tuft of scales. Tongue rudimentary.
Labial palpi in c? short, ascending, second joint densely scaled,
terminal slender, naked, with apical hook, in 5 rather long,
porrected, with appressed scales. Forewings : 5 absent. Hind-
wings : 3 and 4 long-stalked, 5 absent, 7 anastomosing with
8 to middle.

Also restricted to a single species of doubtful nativity.
Imago with forewings elongate-oval.

1. C cephalonica, Stt. 14-20 mm. Head ochreous-whitish.
Forewings greyish -ochreous or light fuscous, along dorsum
paler or whitish-sprinkled ; veins more or less streaked suf-
fusedly with dark fuscous, disc anteriorly sometimes wholly
suffused with dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish-fuscous to
fuscous.

Kent, Middlesex, York, local; S. Europe (?) ; 7, 9, 10.
Larva on dried currants ; 8, 11-5.

3. Meijssoblaptbs, Z.

Face with strong projecting ridge of scales. Labial pal]ii
in ($ moderate, ascending, second joint densely scaled, terminal
internally naked, slender, with apical hook, in ? long, por-

MELISSOBLAPTE.S] GALLERIADAE 385

rected, with dense loosely appressed scales. Forewings in (J
with swelling at base of costa, 4 and 5 connate or stalked.
Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 7 anastomosing with 8
to middle.

Although containing but few species, the genus is almost
cosmopolitan, being only absent from New Zealand. Imago
with forewings narrow-oblong, costa moderately arched, termen
obliquely roiuidcd.

1. M. bipunctanus, Z. 22-33 mm. Forewings in $ whitish-
ochreous, sometimes ferruginous-tinged towards costa, some-
times mixed with fuscous and whitish dorsally, in 5 brownish-
ochreous or fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous and whitish ;
dark fuscous discal dots before and beyond middle, placed in
a pale longitudinal streak, posterior sometimes pale -centred ;
second line angulated, formed of more or less distinct dark
fuscous streaks on veins. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, becoming
pale fuscous posteriorly.

Kent, Norfolk, on coasts, local ; C. and S. Europe, WC.
Asia to Turkestan, N. iVfrica ; 7, 8. Larva in nests of wasps,
heads of Iimla, and probably on roots, but habits hardly
understood ; 6, 7.

[M. anellus, SchifF., a very similar South European species,
with much broader forewings, and 5 of hindwings present, has
been accounted British, but probably only through confusion
with M. hipu7icta7ius.~\

4. Aphomia, Hlh

Face with strong projecting ridge of scales. Labial palpi in
S moderate, ascending, second joint with dense rather rough
scales, terminal rather short, naked, in 5 very long, porrected,
with appressed scales. Forewings in $ with swelling at base
of costa, cell in $ very large, open posteriorly, in $ normal, 4
and 5 in $ absent, in 5 approximated or connate. Hind-
wings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 7 anastomosing shortly
with 8.

Probably rightly restricted to the single species. Imago
with forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, termen
obliquely rounded.

1. A. sociella, L. {colonella, L.) 23-35 mm. Forewings
brown-reddish, sprinkled with black, in S much suffused with
whitish, especially on basal area, more or less olive-greenish
towards costa posteriorly and termen, in $ with basal, costal,
and terminal areas suffused with olive-green j first and second

2c

386 PYRALIDINA [aphomia

lines darker, dentate ; black discal elongate dots before and
beyond middle, in S very near costa, second in 5 round,
larger. Hindwings pale fuscous, towards apex darker.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. America :
6-8. Larva ochreous-grey-whitish ; head and plate of 2 brown :
in silken galleries on fibrous material of nests of wasps, and
under decayed bark ; 8-10.

5. Galleria, F.

Face with strong projecting ridge of scales. Labial palpi in
S moderate, subascending, terminal joint curved inwards,
naked, flattened, pointed, in ? moderately long, porrected,
with appressed scales. Forewings : cell in S enlarged, open,
4 and 5 approximated. Hindwings : 4 and 5 stalked, some-
times coincident, 7 anastomosing shortly with 8.

Also includes one species only. Imago with forewings
suboblong, costa in $ strongly, in 5 moderately arched,
termen with a triangular submedian projection, stronger in $ .

1. Gr. mellonella, L. {cereana, L.) 28-38 mm. Forewings
brown, suftusedly irrorated with ashy-whitish, especially on
costal half towards base, and sprinkled with black, dorsal area
much mixed with whitish-ochreous or ferruginous ; some tufts
of raised scales on fold ; first and second lines angulated, faint,
towards dorsum mai'ked with short blackish dashes on veins
and small dorsal spots, first sometimes almost obsolete.
Hindwings in $ pale fuscous, becoming dark posteriorly, in ?
fuscous-whitish, terminally fuscous.

England to York, Ireland, local ; Europe, WC. Asia to N.
Persia, N. America, Africa, Australia, spread by artificial
means ; 7-10. Larva pale dull grey ; head and plate of 2 dark
reddish-brown : in old honeycombs in beehives ; 5-8.

3. CRAMBIDAE.

Ocelli usually developed. Labial palpi very long, straight,
porrected, loosely rough-scaled, attenuated forwards. Maxillary
palpi well developed, strongly triangular. Forewings : lb
simple or obsoletely furcate, 4 and 5 closely approximated
or stalked, 7 separate or out of 8, 8 and 9 rarely coincident.
Hindwings with defined pecten of hairs on lower margin of cell,
4 and 5 connate or stalked or coincident, 7 out of 6 near
origin or approximated only, anastomosing with 8.

A considerable family, more especially characteristic of

CRAMBIDAE 387

temperate regions. Imago with forewings elongate, often very
narrow ; the palpi are remarkably uniform in structure. The
natural flight of these insects is usually towards sunset, but
most of them are very readily disturbed by day.

Ovum oval, ribbed and reticulated, or smooth. Larva
elongate, with few hairs ; usually feeding in silken galleries
on grasses or moss. Pupa in a cocoon within the larval

galleries.

Fhylogeny of Crambidae.

Calamotropha Crambus

Platytes Euchromius

Chilo

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Forewings with 7 out of 8 . . .2.

,, ,,7 separate . . .3.

2. Ocelli concealed . . .1. Calamotropha.

„ exposed, distinct . . .2. Crambus.

3. Forewings in <? with semitransparent patch in

cell . . 4. Euchromius.

,, ,, without such patch . . 4.

4. Face with conical horny projection . 5. Chilo.

,, without projection . . .3. Platytes.

1. Calamotropha, Z.

Face with short prominence. Ocelli present, concealed with
scales. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings : 7 out of 8.
Hindwings : 4 and 5 connate, 7 out of 6.

A small widely scattered genus, closely related to Cramhus.
Imago with forewings oblong-triangular, termen hardly oblique.
Larva said to mine in leaves ; the observation is an ancient
one, and has not been confirmed.

1. C. paludella, Hb. 21-36 mm. Forewings whitish-fuscous
or light brownish, sometimes partially suffused with whitish ;
a basal blackish dot, another near it, two or three representing
first line, one in disc beyond middle, and a series representing
second line, all sometimes very obscure or almost obsolete.
Hindwings white.

Devon, Suffolk, Norfolk, in marshes, local ; C. Europe, WC.

388

PYRALIDINA

[CALAMOTROPHA

Asia to N. Persia ; 7, 8. Larva whitish ; spots grey ; head
brown : in leaves of Typha latifolia ; 5, 6.

2. Crambus, F.

Face rounded, or with conical horny projection
in <J ciliated or dentate.

Antennae
Forewings : 4 and 5 sometimes
stalked, 7 out of 8, 8 and 9
sometimes coincident, 10 rarely
out of 8, 11 rarely connected
with 12. Hind wings : 4 and 5
connate or stalked, 7 out of 6.

A very large genus, occuri'ing
plentifully all over the world
except in Australia, where there
are no indigenous species, and
the, Indo-Malayan region, where
there are comparatively few.
The different types of frontal

,, and antennal structure are com-

^ pletely connected by transi-

NeurationandheadofCram6«sc«;m«Kws. ^j^^^^j forms; the differences of

neuration occur in different specimens of the same species.
The larvae probably all feed amongst stems and roots of grass
or on moss, but are proportionately less known than those of
any other considerable genus.

1. Forewings with ground-colour whitish . . 2.

,, ,, ,, ochreous, brown, or

grey . . 3.

2. Second line distinct . . .12. falselbis.

,, ,, absent . . .19. perlellus.

3. Forewings with strong white median streak to f

or beyond . . .4.

„ without such streak, median vein some-

times whitish . . .16.

4. Cilia of forewings metallic . . .5.

,, ,, sometimes shining, not metallic 11.

5. Median streak cut by median line . . 6.

,, ,, not cut by median line . 1. hamellus.

6. Median streak reaching costa towards base . 7.

,, ,, not reaching costa . . 8.

7. Hindwings whitish . . 2. uliginosellus.

„ grey . . . .3. pascuellus.

CR ambus]

CRAMBIDAE

389

4.

14.

8. Forewings with white subcostal streak

,, without such streak

9. Upper edge of median streak straight

„ „ „ augulated

middle

10. Median streak continued to termcn

„ ,, not reaching termen

11. Median streak interrupted

„ ,, entire

12. Median streak twice interrupted

,, ,, once interrupted

13. Median streak reaching termen

„ ,, not reaching termen

14. Forewings ferruginous-brow^n

,, ochreous

15. Hindwings Hght grey . . 16

dark grey

16. Cilia of forewings strongly metallic

,, ,, not or slightly metallic

17. Median line present

„ ,, absent

18. Lines acutely angulated .

,, not acutely angulated

19. Forewings irrorated with black . IL

,, not irrorated with black

20. Second line present

,, „ absent

21. Face with w^ell-marked cone

,, without cone

22. Median line present . . 21

„ ,, absent

23. Second line white

,, „ ochreous or dark fuscous

24. Cilia of forewings regularly barred

,, ,, not regularly barred

25. Forewings with blackish submedian streak from

base . . .24. salinellus.

„ without such streak . 23. contaminellus.

1. C. hamellus, Thnh. 22-23 mm. Forewings with apex
slightly produced; brown, posteriorly whitish-sprinkled, ter-
minally suffused with white ; a broad snow - white pointed
median longitudinal streak from base, not reaching second
line, lower edge with a projection in middle ; second line

9.
. 10.

7. 2^i'<^telhis.
beyond
6. dumetellus.
5. silvellus.
ericelltis.
. 12.
, 13.
myelins.
15. pine 1 1 us.
1 8. latistrius.
. 14.
. 15.
26. selasellus.
margaritelhis.
17. furcatellus.
. 17.
. 21.
. 18.
. 20.
22. qeniculeus.

' . 19.
chri/sonuchellus.
10. craterellus.
9. hortuelhis.
8. culniellus.
. 22.
. 23.
inquinatellus.
25. tristellus.
13. verellus.
. 24.
20. fascelinellus.
. 25.

390 PYRALIDINA [crambus

angulated, silvery - white, anteriorly dark-edged ; a triangular
white subapical spot ; several terminal longitudinal black
marks ; cilia metallic. Hindwings grey.

England to Lancashire, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia, N. America ; 7.

2. C. uliginosellus, Z. 17-21 mm. Forewings with apex
slightly produced ; yellow-ochreous, posteriorly with whitish
interneural streaks edged with dark fuscous ; a suffused white
dorsal streak ; a broad white median longitudinal sti'eak, edged
with dark fuscous, reaching costa until near middle, cut by an
oblique dark brown line beyond middle, and usually by an
ochreous subcostal line ; second line angulated, silvery-white,
preceded and followed by triangular white costal spots ; some
black terminal dots ; cilia metallic. Hindwings whitish,
towards apex suffused with grey.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; Holland, Germany,
N. Italy ; 6, 7.

3. C. pascuellus, L. 21-24 mm. Forewings with apex
triangularly produced ; brownish - ochreous, posteriorly with
whitish blackish - edged interneural streaks ; a white dorsal
streak ; a broad shining white median longitudinal streak,
reaching costa towards base, narrowed posteriorly, where it is
cut by an oblique dark line, not passing second line ; second
line angulated, silvery-white, dark-edged anteriorly, preceded
by a white costal spot and followed by a V - shaped mark ;
some black terminal longitudinal marks ; cilia metallic. Hind-
wings grey, more whitish dorsally.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7.

4. C. ericellus, Rh. 19-25 mm. Forewings with apex hardly
produced ; golden-ochreous ; a narrow white dorsal streak ; a
rather narrow shining white median longitudinal streak from
base to |, obliquely cut at f of length, apex truncate ; grey
dark-edged interneural streaks in disc posteriorly ; second line
shining white, bent, preceded by a white oblique costal mark ;
a small white triangular subapical spot ; five black dots on
lower part of termen, sometimes surrounded by whitish
suffusion ; cilia metallic. Hindwings grey.

Cumberland, Perth to the Orkneys, on moors, local ; N. and
C. Europe ; 7.

5. 0. silvellus, Hh. {adippellus, Tr.) 20-24 mm. Differs
from C. pasciuilus as follows : forewings with apex little pro-
duced, dorsum less whitish, median sti-eak less broad, continued

TRAMBUs] CRAMBIDAE 391

beyond second line to termen, costal spot before second line
much more elongate.

Surrey to Dorset and Norfolk, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe; 6-S.

6. C. dumetellus, Hh. 20-23 mm. Differs from C. pratelhis
as follows : forewings with interneural streaks whiter, upper
edge of median streak angulated beyond middle, terminal white
streak reduced to an apical spot.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe, N.
America ; G, 7.

7. C. pratellus, L. 18-20 mm. Forewings with apex some-
what produced ; brown, sometimes ochreous-mixed, in $ with
grey, in 5 with whitish blackish-edged interneural streaks ; a
subcostal white streak on basal half ; a white median streak,
upper edge straight, lower edge projecting in middle, cut by
shai'ply angulated dark brown median line ; second line angu-
lated, white, edged with dark brown, preceded by white costal
mark ; a white terminal streak, with several black dots : cilia
metallic. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; N., C, and
SW. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5-8. Larva greenish-grey or brown-
ish-grey ; dots darker; head brown, darker-marked: in silken
galleries above or among roots of grasses ; 7-4.

8. C. culmellus, L. 17-19 mm. Forewings brown ; a whitish
median streak, ending in branches along veins 2-5, often
separated by dark fuscous scales ; dorsal | often wholly suffused
with whitish-ochreous ; a terminal series of black dots ; cilia
metallic. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 6-8. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous ; spots
brown ; head and plate of 2 brown, darker- marked : in silken
galleries amongst stems of grasses (Festuca, etc.) ; 9-6.

9. 0. hortuellus, Hb. 18-22 mm. Forewings brown; veins
except towards costa marked with whitish-ochreous streaks,
sometimes broadly suffused and yellowish-tinged ; leaden-grey
dax'k-edged interneural streaks ; angulated second line and a
short streak from costa near apex leaden-grey ; three black dots
on lower half of termen ; cilia metallic. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva dull purplish-
brown ; spots darker or black ; head and plate of 2 pale
yellowish-brown to dark brown : amongst stem-bases of grasses ;
9-4.

392 PYRALIDINA [ckambus

10. C. craterellus, Sc. {rorellus, L. ; cassentiniellus, Z.) 19-
22 mm. Palpi extremely long. Forewings dark brown mixed
with leaden-grey ; veins and costal edge marked with strong
ochreous-whitish partly yellow - tinged streaks ; median and
second lines curved, dark brown ; three or four blackish dots
on lower half of termen ; cilia metallic. Hindwings grey.

Kent to Devon, scarce ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan ; 6.

11. 0. chrysonuchellus, Sc 20-23 mm. Forewings ferru-
ginous-brown, clearly irrorated with black; veins and costal
edge marked with rather undefined white streaks ; median line
thick, obtusely angulated, ferruginous-brown ; second white,
anteriorly edged with ferruginous-brown, rounded -angulated ;
termen fei'ruginous- yellow, with some indistinct black dots;
cilia metallic. Hindwings grey.

S. England to Worcester and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor, NW. Asia ; 5, 6.

12. C. falsellus, Schiff. 18-20 mm. Forewings whitish,
irregularly tinged with bi'own, confusedly irrorated with black
in disc l)et\veen veins ; a rather broad shining white median
streak from base to f, lower edge angularly projecting in
middle ; second line white, anteriorly dark - edged, strongly
curved, sliarply indented near dorsum, preceded except dorsally
by a shining white fascia twice or thrice interrupted above
middle ; a white apical spot ; three black dots on lower half of
termen, preceded by a white spot ; cilia submetallic, irregularly
barred. Hindwings pale grey.

Britain to Aberdeen, rather local ; N. and C. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva grey ; spots black ; head brown : amongst moss, growing
on old walls ; 2-5.

13. C. verellus, Zl: 18-20 mm. Forewings brown, suffusedly
mixed with blackish except on veins and towards costa ; anterior
half of costa white ; an undefined white median streak from
base, becoming soon obsolete ; second line white, strongly
curved and interrupted above middle, indented near dorsum,
indentation pi'eceded by an oblique white wedge ; cilia rather
metallic grey, with tliree or four slender white bars. Hind-
wings light grey.

Kent, Cambridge, scarce and local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
amongst moss on tree-trunks ; 3-5.

14. C. myelins, lib. 19-21 mm. Face slightly prominent.
Forewings ferruginous-ochreous, brown-tinged towards costa
posteriorly ; a shining white gradually broadly dilating median

CRAMBLTs] CRAMBIDAE 393

streak from base, ending abruptly near termen, cut by thick
oblique dark brown bars in middle and close before extremity;
some dark fuscous terminal marks ; cilia brownish, with several
whitish bars. Hindwings light grey.

Perth, Aberdeen, very local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor,
N. America ; 7.

15. 0. pinellus, L. {jnnetellus, L.) 19-24 mm. Face with
short cone. Forewings ferrnginous-ochreous ; a shining white
broadly dilating median streak from base to 4, cut in middle by
a dark brown oblique bar, posterior portion edged with dark
brown; second line obscurel}' brown towards costa ; cilia shining
brownish. Hindwings light grey.

Britain to Ross, S. Ireland, not common ; N. and C. Euroi^e,
Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva dull reddish-grey ; spots black ;
bead and plate of 2 black : amongst stems of grasses (Aira,
Eriophorum, etc.); 9-6.

16. C. margaritellus, Hh. 19-21 mm. Forewings ferruginous-
brown, becoming ferruginous-yellow dorsally ; a shining white
gradually dilating median streak from base to near termen,
broadest at 4, thence pointed, upper edge straight ; cilia shining
pale fuscous. Hindwings light grey.

Devon, Norfolk and Merioneth to Inverness, Ireland, local,
commoner northwards ; N. and C. Europe ; 7, 8.

17. 0. furcatellus, Zett. 19-21 mm. Forewings rather
dark ferruginous-fuscous ; a rather narrow white median streak
from base to |-, broadest at §, thence pointed, upper edge
straight ; cilia in $ fuscous, in $ whitish except base. Hind-
wings rather dark grey.

Caernarvon to Sutherland, usually above 2000 feet, local ;
N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 7, 8.

18. 0. latistrius, Hw. 21-25 mm. Face with strong sharp
cone. Forewings light ferruginous-browti tinged with grey ; a
shining white evenly broad median streak from base to termen,
edged with dark fuscous scales ; some blackish terminal dots ;
cilia shining fuscous, opposite median streak white. Hindwings
pale ochreous-grey.

Britain to Perth, local ; NC. Europe ; 7.

19. C. perlellus, Sc. {warringtonelhis, Stt.) 20-27 mm. Face
rather prominent. Forewings very shining whitish, often
ochreous -tinged ; veins and dorsal area often more or less
broadly suffused with dark grey ; cilia shining white. Hind-
wings grey, sometimes much suffused with ochreous -whitish,
sometimes posteriorly dai-k grey.

394 PYRALIDINA [cram bus

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. America ; 7, 8. Larva light grey-
greenish or greyish-ochreous ; dorsal line darker ; spots brown ;
head pale yellow -brown, darker-marked : in silken galleries
among stems of grasses (Festiica, Aira, etc.); 9-6.

20. C. fascelinellus, Hh. (pedriolellus, Stt.) 22-28 mm.
Antennae in S dentate. Forewings pale yellow - ochreous,
towards doi'sum fuscous-tinged and mixed with whitish and
sometimes dark fuscous ; veins suffusedly whitish except near
termen ; angulated median and second lines yellow-ochreous,
irregularly mixed with dark fuscous; sometimes some black
terminal dots ; cilia fuscous, barred with white. Hindwings
pale fuscous.

Norfolk, on coast, very local ; C. and SE. Europe; 7. Larva
pale grey, segments darker anteriorly ; spots blackish -brown ;
head and plate of 2 brown : in sand -covered silken galleries
among stems of grasses (^Triticum juncewm and Aira canescens) :
9-6.

2L 0. inquinatellus, Schiff. 22-27 mm. Face with sharp
cone. Forewings light yellow-ochreous, somewhat mixed with
pale brownish, with scattered dark fuscous scales, sometimes
more or less wholly suffused with rather dark brown ; veins
suflPusedly paler or whitish-ochreous, especially median ; angul-
ated median and second lines indistinct, brownish, marked with
dark fuscous below middle ; a terminal series of black dots ;
cilia rather dark shining fuscous, in $ paler. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, common ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan; 7-9. Lai-va dull grey-greenish to purplish -brown;
spots large, darker ; head dark brown or blackish : in silken
galleries amongst stems of grasses ; 3-5.

22. C. geniculeus, Hw. 19-24 mm. Face with short cone.
P^orewings light ashy-grey irrorated with bi'own, often obscui'ely
streaked on veins or sometimes almost wholly suffused with pale
yellow-ochreous; median vein suffusedly whitish-ochreous;
acutely angulated median and second lines ferruginous-ochreous,
mixed or suffused with dark fuscous, median with a darker spot
below middle, second posteriorly pale-edged, angulated inwards
near doi'sum ; a terminal series of black dots ; cilia metallic
grey. Hindwings light grey.

Britain to Perth, L-eland, rather local ; C. and S. Europe,
Syria; 7-9. Larva pale brown -grey or reddish - grey ; dorsal
line darker ; spots dark brown ; head and plate of 2 black : in
silken galleries among stems of grasses ; 10-4.

ORAMBUs] CRAMBIDAE 395

23. 0. contaminellus, Hh. (cantielhis, Tutt.) 17-23 mm.
Differs from C. salmeUus as follows : forewings without blackish
submediaii streak from base, median line less oblique, with more
strongly marked discal indentation, nearly parallel to second.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7, 8.

24. 0. salinellus, Tutt. 18-24 mm. Forewings ochreous •
veins variably pale or whitish, interneural spaces sometimes
blackish-sprinkled ; a blackish streak beneath median vein from
base to middle ; lines obscurely darker, on lower half blackisli-
mixed, median very strongly curved, very oblique dorsally,
second curved, slightly indented below middle ; thi'ee or four
black dots on lower half of termen ; cilia ochreous, mixed with
white. Hindwings whitish-grey or very pale grey.

England to Lancashire, in salt-marshes, local ; Germany ;
6-9. Larva pale ochreous-grey ; dorsal line darker ; spots light
brownish ; head light or dark brown, darker-marked ; plate of
2 sometimes dark brown : in silken galleries along stems of Poa
maritima and P. Borreri ; 5-7.

25. C. tristellus, F. 22-29 mm. Face with short cone.
Forewings pale or deep yellow-ochreous, often mixed and some-
times wholly suffused with dark brown ; median vein and lb
pale or whitish ; second line indistinctly brownish, acutely
angulated, sometimes obsolete ; sometimes some indistinct
blackish terminal dots ; cilia shining whitish - ochreous to
fuscous. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Ross, Iz'eland, very common ; Europe, Asia Minor,
N. Asia ; 7-9. Larva pale ochreous or brownish ; spots large,
blackish-brown ; head and plate of 2 black : in silken galleries
among stems of grasses {Aira flexuosa, etc.) ; 9-6.

26. C. selasellus, Hh. 22-25 mm. Face slightly prominent.
Forewings whitish-ochreous or ochreous, mixed or sometimes
much suffused with light fuscous; a moderately thick well-defined
white median streak from base to | or |^, terminating in two or
three fine whitish streaks on veins ; sometimes some indistinct
blackish terminal dots ; cilia shining fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Cumberland, N. Ireland, in wet meadows, rather
local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva brown, paler
laterally ; spots large, dark brown ; head black ; plate of 2
black -brown : in silken galleries among stems of grasses {Poa
maritima, etc.) ; 3-5.

3. Platytes, Gn.
Face rounded. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings : 7

39G PYRALIDINA [platytes

separate, 8 and 9 sometimes coincident. Hindwings : 4 and 5
stalked or coincident, 7 out of 6.

A small genus, not yet recognised outside Europe.

Fore wings with white central streak . 1. alpinella.

„ without paler central streak . 2. cerussella.

1. P. alpinella, lib. 17-20 mm. Forewings with apex
strongly triangularly produced ; brown, mixed with dark
fuscous and whitish ; a white longitudinal central streak,
posteriorly suffused ; median and second lines sharply angulated
outwards above middle and above dorsum, median dark ochreous-
brown, blackish on lower edge of central streak, second white,
edged with dark brown, in disc posteriorly with blackish ; cilia
silvery-metallic towards middle. Hindwings grey.

Hants, Norfolk, I. of Man, on sandy coasts, very local ; C.
Eui'ope ; 7, 8.

2. P. cerussella, Schiff. 12-14 mm. Forewings with termen
slightly sinuate; in $ grey-brown or ochreous- brown, in J
whitish much sprinkled with fuscous towards costa and
termen ; median and second lines angulated outwards above
and below middle, median ferruginous-brown, second somewhat
pale, edged with ferruginous-brown ; three black terminal dots
below middle ; cilia metallic. Hindwings grey or fuscous.

England to Lancashire, in dry grassy places, local ; Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva pale pinkish -ochreous,
light fuscous, or brown-greenish ; dots darker ; head yellowish
or yellow -brown, sometimes brown -marked : amongst roots of
grass (Festuca 1) ; 4, 5.

4. EucHROMius, Gn.

Face with conical horny projection. Antennae in S^ ciliated.
Forewings : 7 separate ; in cj with a semitranspai'ent patch in
cell towards base. Hindwings : 4 and 5 stalked, 7 out of 6.

A genus of about a dozen species, characteristic of the
Mediterranean coasts, but one species has spread widely,
probably by artificial means.

1. E. ocelleus, IIw. 19-22 mm. Forewings light brownish-
ochreous, somewhat blackish-sprinkled, posteriorly whitish and
thickly black-sprinkled ; two parallel sinuate ochreous-yellow
silver-grey-margined postmedian transverse streaks, enclosing a
whitish streak ; two angulated grey subterminal lines, becoming
ochreous-yellow towards costa ; a terminal series of golden-
metallic spots, partially preceded by black marks. Hindwings
whitish, more or less suffused with grey.

EUCHROMius] CRAMBIDAE 397

Britain to Dumfries, very scarce, almost certainly accident-
ally imported ; S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan, Africa,
N. America, Australia, Hawaiian Islands; 9-3. The larval
habits are unknown ; from the available evidence, however, it
seems likely that the species is introduced in the pupa state
amongst the packing material of grocery -cases from the Medi-
terranean, where it is alone native. If this should be confirmed,
the insect ought to be excluded from British lists.

5. Child, Zk.

Face with conical horny projection. Tongue short. An-
tennae in $ ciliated. Forewings : 7 separate. Hindwings : 4 and
5 connate or stalked, 7 closely approximated or connate with 6.

A small but very generally distributed group ; there are
only two European species.

Forewings with pale darker-edged costal streak 2. cicatricellus.
,, without pale costal streak . 1. pkragmitellus.

1. 0. phragmitellus, Rb. S 23-28 mm., ? 29-37 mm.
Labial palpi longer than head and thorax. Forewings in 5
much narrower and more acute than in c? ; pale ochreous,
more or less suffused with brown, especially in ($ , tending to
form dark streaks on and between veins ; a dark fuscous discal
dot ; termen sinuate. Hindwings pale whitish-ochreous or
whitish, in (J fuscous-tinged.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ;
6, 7. Larva ochreous -whitish ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral
lines reddish -brown ; head and plate of 2 yellowish -brown : in
stems of Phragmites and Glyceria ; 9-5.

2. 0. cicatricellus, Hb. 25-32 mm. Labial palpi shorter
than head and thorax. Forewings varying from pale ochreous
to brown, darker -sprinkled ; a paler costal streak, edged
beneath with darker suffusion ; a darker pale-circled discal dot ;
a posterior transverse series of dark dots, sometimes obsolete ;
termen in $ slightly sinuate. Hindwings whitish, often
suffused with grey.

Kent, scarce and local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva whitish,
reddish-tinged ; dorsal line dark reddish ; head ochreous ; plate
of 2 ochreous, posteriorly black -spotted : in stems of Scir-pus
lacustris ; 5, 6.

4. PYRAUSTIDAE.

Ocelli and maxillary palpi almost always developed. An-
tennae in (J filiform or serrate, ciliated. Forewings : lb

398 PYRALIDINA

simple or rarely obsoletely furcate, 4 and 5 closely approximated
or rarely stalked, 7 separate. Hindwings without defined
pecten of hairs on lower margin of cell (but sometimes with
loose scattered hairs), 4 and 5 closely approximated or stalked,
7 rising out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8.

This is an exceedingly large family, common in all parts of
the globe, but much more numerous within the tropics, where
it rivals the Plusiadae and Pajnlionina. Imago with forewings
distinctly triangular, not usually very elongate or narrow ;
neuration very uniform. The species mostly fly about sunset,
and are generally easily disturbed by day.

Ovum more or less flattened -ovate, smooth or finely pitted
or reticulated. Larva rather slender, generally very shining
and translucent, with few hairs ; usually feeding in a slight web
or amongst spun leaves, occasionally in stems or roots, or
aquatic ; not unfrequently dead or decaying leaves are preferred
to fresh ones. Pupa usually in a cocoon above ground, some-
times subterranean.

The diagram explains the phylogeny of the principal genera.

Phylogeny of Pyravstidae.

Acentropus Cataclysta

I I

Sctoenobius Nymphula

Hydrocampa

Diasemia Stenia Margaxonia

[Ischnurges] Notarcha Plilyctaenia

I ^1 I

I
Pyrausta

Loxostege Scoparia

I
Evergestis

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Posterior tibiae in c^ with outer middle-spur rudi-
mentary . . 2.
„ „ „ outer middle -spur de-
veloped . . 3.

PYRAUSTIDAE 399

2. Forewings with 10 rising out of 9 14. Perinephela.

,, ,, 10 separate 15. Phlyctaenia.

3. Forewings with 10 rising out of 9 . .4.

,, ,, 10 separate . . .9.

4. Ocelli obsolete . . . .4. Cataclysta.

,, distinct . . ■ . .5.

5. Tongue obsolete . . . .3. Donacaula.

,, developed . . . .6.

6. Posterior tibiae in S ^vith outer middle-

spur ^ . 13. EURRHYPARA.

,, ,, ., with outer middle-spur |-| . 7.

7. Labial palpi ascending , . .5. Nymphula.

„ „ porrected . . . .8.

8. Antennae almost 1 . . .8. Stenia.

,, I . . . .17. PSAMMOTIS.

9. Face forming a horny prominence . .10.

,, without horny prominence . . .11.

10. Forewings with large dorsal scale-tooth . 22. Cynaeda.

,, without lai'ge scale-tooth .21. Loxostege.

11. Abdomenin S with large dense genital tuft 10. Margaronia.

,, ,, without such tuft . .12.

12. Antennae over |- . . . .9. Antigastra.

f or less . . . .13.

13. Labial palpi ascending , . . .14.

,, ,, pori'ected . . . .16.

14. Tei-minal joint of labial palpi triangularly tufted

11. Agrotera.
„ „ „ ,, not tufted . 15.

15. Terminal joint of palpi short, thick, obtuse 12. Notarcha.

,, ,, ,, moderate, slendei', some-

what pointed 6. Hydrocampa.

16. Labial palpi dilated towards apex 1. Acentropus.

,, not dilated terminally . .17.

17. Maxillary palpi triangular or with defined apical

dilation . . .18.

„ ,, filiform or with apex loosely peni-

cillate . . . .21.

18. Terminal joint of labial palpi exposed . .19.

,, ,, ,, ., concealed in scales

of second . 20.

19. Second joint of labial palpi tufted beneath 23. Scoparia.

,, „ „ ,, withscalesdiminishing

throughout 2. Schoenobius.

400 PYRALIDINA

20. Middle tibiae in S dilated . . 20. Mecyna.

,, „ „ normal . 25. Mesographe.

21. Maxillary palpi nearly equal to labial 24. Evergestis.

,, ,, much shorter than labial . . 22.

22. Terminal joint of labial palpi exposed . 7. Diasemia.

„ ,, ,, „ concealed in scales

of second . . 23.

23. Forewings in S with scaled groove near base

19. MiCROSTEGA.

,, ,, without groove . . 24.

24. Hind wings IJ-li . . . 16. Nomophila.

„ hardly over 1 . . .18. Pyrausta.

1. ACENTROPUS, Curt.

Tongue absent. Antennae ^. Labial palpi porrected, dilated
with rough scales towards apex. Maxillary palpi very short,
loosely scaled. Tibial sjDurs short, slender. Wings in 5 some-
times much abbreviated.

A very small genus, chai'acteristic of Europe ; the species
are probably much overlooked. There is no affinity whatever
in structure with the Trichoptera (caddis -flies), as was once
vaguely imagined. Larva aquatic.

1. A. niveus, 01. 12-16 mm. Forewings whitish, veins and
costa obscurely brownish. Hind wings whitish. Wings in 9
often rudimentary, but sometimes larger than in S, np to
23 mm.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ;
6-8. Larva light olive-green ; head light brown : between spun
leaves of Potamogeton ; 9-7. The development of the wings of
the ? appears to vary considerably, but under what circum-
stances is still uncertain.

2. SCHOENOBIUS, Dvjx

Face tufted. Tongue very short or obsolete. Antennae in
S -fj in $ less than ^. Labial palpi very long, porrected,
densely scaled, attenuated towards apex, terminal joint exposed.
Maxillary palpi triangularly dilated. Tibial outer spurs ^-^.
Forewings: 11 sometimes anastomosing with 12.

A small but cosmopolitan group, derived from Hydrocampa.
The resemblance in form and colour to Chilo is due to analogy ;
there is no real relationship. The superficial characters of both
are suited to their reed-frequenting habit (compare the reed-
dwelling species of Caradrinidae) ; the tendency to anastomosis

scHOENOBius] PYRAUSTIDAE iOl

of veins 11 and 12 is probably a direct effect of the narrowing
and extension of the wings.

Forewings with dark fuscous streak from apex 2. forficellus.
,, witliout apical streak . .1. gigantellus.

1. S. gigantellus, aS'cA;^". S- 23-28 mm. Forewings fuscous,
somewhat ochreous-mixed, sprinkled witli dark fuscous; two
dark fuscous discal dots transversely placed ; an obliqvie
cloudy darker streak from costa before apex to disc, darker on
veins. Hindwings whitish ; a cloudy posterior line and termen
fuscous.

5 . 38-42 mm. Forewings light ochreous-brown or yellowish-
brown ; posterior streak as in S , but very indistinct. Hind-
wings white.

Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, York, local ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to Turkestan : 7. Larva pale yellowish, greyish-tinged ;
head and plate of 2 yellowish-brown : in stems of Phragmites ;
5,6.

2. S. forficellus, Thnh. 23-27 mm. Forewings very acute
in $ ; pale ochreous-yellowish, tinged or sprinkled with brown,
more strongly brownish beneath costa ; two dark fuscous discal
dots transversely placed, upper sometimes absent ; sometimes a
dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, and two or three on
fold ; an oblique dark fuscous streak from apex to disc. Hind-
wings ochreous- whitish.

England to York, W. and S. Ireland, rather common ; C.
Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva
greyish-green ; dorsal line dark green ; head black ; 2 with
black spots : in stems of Glyceria aqitatica ; 5, 6.

3. DoNACAULA, Mei/7:

Tongue obsolete. Antennae in c? f , in $ h- Labial palpi
very long, porrected, densely scaled, attenuated towards a23ex,
terminal joint exposed. Maxillary palpi triangularly dilated.
Tibial outer spurs §. Forewings: 10 out of 9, 11 sometimes
anastomosing with 12. Hindwings : 4 and 5 sometimes stalked.

Contains only one European species, correlated with the
preceding genus.

1. D, mucronella, Sckiff. 23-27 mm. Forewings brown;
an ochreous- whitish costal streak, edged below with dark
fuscous suffusion. Hindwings fuscous-whitish.

Kent to Berks and Lancashire, Kirkcudbright, W. Ireland,
local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva in stems
of Phragmites ; 6.

2d

402 PYRALIDINA [catacltsta

4. Cataclysta, Ilh.

Ocelli obsolete. Antennae f. Labial palpi ascending,
second joint with appressed scales, terminal slender, somewhat
pointed. Maxillary palpi filiform. Tibial outer spurs |.
Forewings : 10 out of 9.

Probably Indo- Malayan in origin, but species occur in all
principal regions, though only one in Europe. In exotic forms
veins 5 and 7 of hindwings sometimes disappear by coincidence
with 4 and 8 respectively. Larva aquatic.

L C. lemnata, L. 17-21 mm. Forewings in $ whitish, with
a yellowish-fuscous discal dot, traces of lines, and a pale
brownish terminal streak ; in $ pale brownish, ochreous-mixed,
with a darker discal spot, lines very indistinct, whitish,
darker-edged, a whitish siibterminal streak. Hindwings white;
a dark fuscous discal dot ; lines outlined with fuscous, some-
times nearly obsolete, first preceded by a yellow or fuscous spot
in disc ; subterminal and terminal ochreous lines enclosing a
black fascia marked with four bluish-silvery dots.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6-8.
Larva dark green or blackish ; dorsal line black ; head pale
brown: in portable oval case of leaf-fragments, on Zewma ; 10-5.

5. Nymphula, Schrk.

Antennae f . Labial palpi ascending, second joint with pro-
jecting scales beneath, terminal slender, somewhat pointed.
Maxillary palpi with apex loosely scaled. Tibial outer spurs ^.
Forewings : 10 out of 9.

Principally Indo -Malayan, but stragglers occur in all the
main regions. Larva aquatic, sometimes breathing by bran-
chiae ; when young, mining in leaves.

First line of hindwings strongly marked . 1. star/natn.
,, ,, ,, absent . . 2. stratlotata.

1. N. stagnata, Don. 19-23 mm. Forewings white; costal
edge and sometimes a subcostal line dark fuscous ; a curved
dark fuscous subbasal line ; lines and transverse discal spots
strongly outlined with dark fuscous, sometimes partly
brownish, first curved, second indented below middle, connected
by a prolongation with discal spot and first line, lines sometimes
also connected on dorsum; a yellow-ochi'eous dark-margined
terminal streak. Hindwings as forewings, but lines narrower,
not connected, subbasal absent, discal mark oblique, narrow,
dark fuscous, usually touching first line.

ntmphula] PYRAUSTIDAE 403

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva bright yellow or brownish-yellow ; dorsal
line dark brownish ; head pale bi'own : amongst spun leaves of
Hparganium, below surface of water ; 8-5.

2. N. stratiotata, L. 20-25 mm. Forewings pale ochreous-
brownish, sometimes partly suffused with white in disc ; lines
white, first indistinct, postei'iorly partly edged with dark brown,
second sinuate, anteriorly sufFusedly edged with dark brown ; a
white discal spot, edged with dark fuscous ; a white subterminal
streak. Hindwings white; a thick dark fuscous postmedian
line ; a fine dark siibterminal line ; termen yellow-tinged.

England to York, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6-9. Larva
with eight series of groups of fleshy filaments, serving as
branchiae ; whitish-ochreous or pale greenish, slightly purplish-
freckled ; dorsal line rather dark grey ; head pale brown : in a
web amongst leaves of Potamogeton, Anacharis, CeratophyUum,
etc., below surface of water ; 7-5. The larva continually
imdulates the body rapidly for about twenty seconds, at
intervals of from one to three minutes, a movement connected
with respiration.

6. Hydrocampa, Latr.

Antennae |. Labial palpi ascending, second joint with pro-
jecting scales beneath, terminal slender, somewhat pointed.
Maxillary palpi loosely scaled, pointed. Tibial outer spurs -|.

A small European genus. Larva aquatic, at first mining
leaves.

1. H. nymphaeata, L. 23-30 mm. Forewings varying from
yellow-ochreous to rather dark fuscous ; basal area with dentate
white and dark fuscous lines ; a white subcostal spot before
first line ; lines whitish, obscure, dark-margined, first angulated
above middle, second with deep abrupt sinuation inwards below
middle ; median band almost occupied by three white dark-
edged blotches ; an irregular interrupted white dark-edged and
dark-veined subterminal streak. Hindwings as forewings, but
base white, median band white except discal spot, second line
less sinuate.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia ; 6-8. Larva light brownish ; dorsal line
darker ; head light brown ; plate of 2 black-edged : in flat oval
floating cases of leaf-fragments, on Potamogeton, Hydrocharis,
Sparganiv/m, etc. ; 7-6.

404 PYRALIDINA [diasemia.

7. DlASEMIA, Hb.

Antennae |, ciliations fasciculated (H-2). Labial palpi por-
rected, second joint with dense projecting scales, terminal
exposed, pointed. Maxillary palpi with apex loosely scaled.
Tibial outer spurs |-|.

A very small but quite cosmopolitan genus ; the species
range very widely, and must possess unusual powers of
adaptation.

Wings strewn with whitish strigulae . 2. ramhurialis.

,, not strewn with whitish strigulae . 1. litterata.

1. D. litterata, Sc. 17-20 mm. Forewings brown, irregularly
mixed with black ; lines white, first obsolete towards costa,
second with triangular median projection nearly touching
tomus, its lower side nearly obsolete ; three white spots in
disc, first touching first line, second large, triangular, dark-
veined, resting on second line below middle, third preceding
second line above middle ; subterminal line very obscurely
whitish. Hindwings as forewings, but first and subterminal
lines and second white spot absent.

SW. England to Hants and Pembroke, Suffolk, local ; C. and
S. Europe (very similar forms which range through Africa,
India, the Malayan region, N. Australia, and New Zealand are
probably identical) ; 7.

2. D. ramburialis, i)wp. 15-18 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
blackish- mixed, strewn with ochreous-whitish strigulae; lines
white, first ill-defined, obsolete towards costa, second forming a
quadrate projection below middle, its sides nearly obsolete ; a
white spot in middle of disc ; white marks preceding second
line above and below middle. Hindwings as forewings, but
first line and central spot confluent to form a straight fascia,
lower part of second line and preceding marks confluent to
form another.

Kent to Cornwall, very local, perhaps not resident ; S.
Europe, S. Asia, Africa, Australia, N. America ; 7, 8.

8. Stbnia, Gn.

Antennae almost 1. Labial palpi porrected, second joint
with dense projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards,
terminal concealed. Maxillary palpi with apex loosely scaled.
Abdomen in $ very long. Tibial outer spurs J-. Forewings ;
10 out of 9.

A small genus, attached to S. Eui'ope and C. Asia.

1

stenia] PYKAUSTIDAE 405

1. S. punctalis, Schiff. 19-23 mm. Forewings vaiying from
brown ish-ochreous to rather dark fuscous; lines darker ; first
straight, second forming a short subquadrate median projection,
indented below it, darker on costa ; a whitish subcrescentic
discal spot. Hindwings as forewings, but lighter, first line
absent, discal spot indistinct.

Sussex to Scilly Is., Norfolk, York, near sea-coast, local ;
C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor to N. Persia, N. Africa ; 7, 8.
Lai'va pale yellowish-grey, dorsally greyer ; dorsal line darker ;
spots shining, black-centred ; head reddish-brown ; plate of 2
dark brown : under silken coverings on dead leaves, grass-stems,
etc. ; 9-5.

9. Antigastra, Ld.

Antennae ^. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with
dense projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, terminal
concealed. Maxillary palpi with apex loosely scaled. Anterior
femora and tibiae in i^ roughly hairy inwards ; tibial outer
spurs ^ ; tarsi very long.

There is only one species established ; it is correlated with
the preceding genus.

1. A. catalaunalis, Dup. 18-20 mm. Forewings pale yellow,
veins and margins suffused with ferruginous, sometimes almost
obscuring ground-colour; lines ferruginous, second strongly
cui'ved outwards on upper f ; small orbicular and discal spot
fuscous ; cilia whitish, base dark fuscous. Hindwings yellow-
whitish, ferruginous-tinged, termen more ferruginous ; a cloudy
grey postmedian costal spot.

Kent, a rare immigrant only ; S. Europe, S. Asia, Malay
Archipelago, Africa ; 8, 9.

10. Margaronia, ITb.

Antennae f . Labial palpi subascending, second joint with
dense projecting scales beneath, terminal concealed. Maxillary
palpi terminally dilated, truncate. Abdomen in $ with large
dense exsertible genital tuft. Tibial outer spurs \-\. Foi-e-
wings : 7 near 9 on basal fourth.

A considerable genus in tropical regions, with stragglers
outside ; only one species reaches Europe. It is dei'ived from
Notarcha.

1. M. unionalis, Hh. 25-29 mm. Head yellow-whitish, face
ferruginous beneath. Palpi dark ferruginous, towards base
white. Thorax white, shoulders dark ferruginous. Forewings

406 PYRALIDINA [maroaronia

semitransparent, prismatic white ; a naiTow dai'k ferruginous
or ochreous-brown costal streak throughout ; three minute
black dots on anterior half of lower edge of this, and a fourth
in disc below third. Hindwings semitranspai'ent, pi'ismatic
white ; a minute black discal dot.

Kent to Scilly Is., Norfolk, an occasional immigrant only ;
S. Europe, and warmer regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, and
America ; 6, 7.

11. Agrotera, Schrk.

Antennae f. Labial palpi ascending, second joint with
dense projecting scales beneath, terminal rather long, apex
triangularly tufted in front. Maxillary palpi filiform. Tibial
outer spurs h-

Includes also only one Indian and one Australian species.
1. A. nemoralis, Sc. 19-22 mm. Thorax pale yellow,
orange -spotted. Forewings light ochreous-brown, suffused
with purplish anteriorly, more orange-tinged posteriorly ; basal
area pale yellow, orange -marked, limited by curved dark
fuscous first line ; second line indistinct, dark fuscous, curved,
twice sinuate ; a dark ferruginous transverse discal spot ;
termen rounded-pi'ominent in middle ; cilia white, with dark
fuscous blotches. Hindwings pale fuscous, base more whitish ;
two darker lines.

Kent, Sussex, Middlesex, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia ; 5-7.
Larva olive-green ; dorsal line darker ; head pale orange-brown :
between joined leaves of hornbeam ; 6-8.

12. NoTARCHA, Meyr.

Antennae f. Labial palpi ascending, second joint with
dense projecting scales beneath, terminal short, thick, obtuse.
Maxillary palpi filiform. Tibial outer spurs nearly |.

An extensive genus within the tropics, elsewhere represented
by stragglers, in Europe by one only ; derived from Pyrausta.

1. N. ruralis, Sc. (verticalis, Schiflf.) 30-34 mm. Forewings
pale whitish-ochreous, yellowish - tinged ; a grey subcostal
suffusion and connected orbicular dot ; lines rather dark grey,
first straight, second sen-ate, curved, strongly broken inwai-ds
beneath middle ; a dark grey discal mark, nearly followed by
a grey blotch ; a grey terminal band, edge parallel to second
line. Hindwings with colour, discal mark, and posterior mark-
ings as in forewings.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; C. and S. Europe,

notarcha] PYRAUSTIDAE 407

N. and C. Asia to N. India and China ; 7. Larva whitish-
gi'een, sides greener ; dorsal line darker ; head green : amongst
spun leaves of Urtica ; 5.

13. EURRIIYPARA, Hh.

Antennae f. Labial palpi subascending, second joint with
short dense projecting scales, terminal short, obtuse. Maxillary
palpi filiform. Tibial outer middle -spur in o i, end-spur \.
Forewings : 10 out of 9, in $ with dense scale -thickening
between 7 and 8 beneath.

Only the one species is known ; it is probably coiTelated
with the preceding.

1. E. urticata, L. 30-32 mm. Head and thorax deep
ochreous-yellow, black-spotted. Forewings yellowish-white,
markings blackish ; base blackish, with two ochreous-yellow
marks ; a suftused costal streak ; lines thick, first irregular,
second tending to form spots, curved, narrowest below middle ;
small orbicular and large round discal spots, touching costal
streak ; a terminal fascia tending to form spots, edge parallel
to second line. Hind wings with colour, second line, and
terminal fascia as in forewings ; a blackish discal spot.

England to York, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and C.
Asia to China ; 6, 7. Larva whitish ; dorsal line dull green,
white-edged ; head and plate of 2 black : among spun leaves
of Urtica, Mentha, Marrubium, etc. ; 9.

14. Perinephela, m.

Antennae §. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with
dense projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, temiinal
concealed. Maxillary palpi filiform. Tibial outer middle-spur
in $ almost obsolete, end-spur h. Forewings : 10 out of 9.

There is only one species.

1. P. lancealis, Schif. 28-31 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, mostly suffused with fuscous-grey ; lines dark fuscous,
fii'st irregular, second serrate, curved, indented below middle,
pi-eceded by a clear blotch in disc and edged posteriorly by
a clear line ; small dark fuscous orbicular and discal marks,
separated by a clear patch. Hindwings as forewings, but
anterior markings absent.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva
gi'een ; dorsal line darker, broadly edged with grey-whitish or
grey ; spiracular whitish ; head pale brownish, dark-speckled :
between spun leaves of Eupatorium cannahinum ; 8, 9.

■108 PYRALIDINA [phlyctaenia

15. Phlyctaenia, Ub.

Antennae |. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with
dense projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards,
terminal concealed. Maxillary palpi somewhat dilated at
apex. Tibial outer middle-spur in S obsolete, end-spur ^-|.

A rather considerable genus, characteristic of the Northern
hemisphere. Larva feeding in a slight web or among spun
leaves ; when full fed they often become rosy or flesh-coloui\

1. Cilia of fore wings white, base dark fuscous 1. cilialis.

„ „ not white . . . .2.

2. Discal spot of forewings 8-shaped or reniform . 3.

,, ,, narroAv, trans vei'se . .5.

3. Forewings reddish-ochreous . . 4. ferrugalis.

,, not reddish-ochreous . . .4.

4. Forewings fuscous-grey . . .5. prunalis.

,, pale whitisli-ochreous . . 3. lutealis.

5. Forewings yellow-ochreous . . 2. crocealis.

,, not yellow-ochreous . . .6.

6. Forewings with pale whitish - yellowish

blotches . . . .8. samhucalis.

,, without pale blotches . . .7.

7. Second line slightly sinuate below middle 6. terrealis.

,, deeply sinuate below middle . 7. fuscalis.

1. P. cilialis, Hb. 22-25 mm. Forewings ferruginous,
obscurely streaked with yellowish between veins ; costa and
termen suffused with fuscous ; second line faintly fuscous,
curved ; cilia white, base dark fuscous. Hindwings pale
whitish - yellowish, fuscous - tinged ; termen suffused with
fuscous.

Cambridge, in fens, very local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
yellow ; dorsal line olive -green, partly red -tinged ; subdorsal
reddish -purple ; lines continued on head: on Garex riparia ;
9, 10.

2. P. crocealis, Hb. 20-23 mm. Forewings yellow-ochreous ;
lines fuscous, first curved, second curved, strongly sinuate
inwards below middle ; orbicular dot and linear discal mark
fuscous ; a dark fuscous terminal line. Hindwings whitish-
grey, with faint darker second line.

England, Bute, E. and W. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 7,
8. Larva dull green ; dorsal line dark greenish-grey ; head
black : on Inula dysenterica ; 4, 5.

3. p. lutealis, lib. 21-24 nnu. Forewings pale whitish-

phlyctaenia] TYRAUSTIDAE 409

ochreous, subcostal vein suffused with ochreous ; lines fuscous,
first angulated, indistinct, second serrulate, with a deep abrupt
sinuation inwards below middle ; large orbicular and reniform
discal s])ots somewhat darker, outlined with deeper ochi'eous ;
four small fuscous marks on costa posteriorly ; a faint darker
praesubtermiual line, thickened and darker ochreous or fuscous
towards costa. Hind wings whitish ; two grey discal dots, first
faint ; grey second and subterminal lines ; a dark grey apical
blotch.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal broad, pale
yellow ; head pale yellow-brownish, darker-marked : on Ruhiis,
Centaurea, Plantago, etc. ; 5, 6.

4. P. ferrugalis, Hb. 19-22 mm. Forewings reddish-ochreous,
suffused with reddish -ochreous-brown ; lines sei'rate, blackish,
first angulated, second curved, with a deep abrupt sinuation
inwards below middle ; orbicular and 8-shaped discal spots out-
lined with blackish ; a fuscous subterminal line, thicker and
dax'ker towards costa. Hindwings grey ; two discal dots and
second line darker ; a dark grey apical suftusion.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, rather common ;
C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. India, Africa, N. America ;
6, 9, 10. Larva rather dai'k green ; dorsal line darker, edged
with ochi'eous-whitish ; subdorsal whitish ; 2 with four black
spots, first two elongate; head pale brownish -ochreous, dark-
speckled : on Stachys, Eujmtorium, Fragaria, etc. ; 7-10.

5. P. prunalis, Schiff. 21-24 mm. Forewings fuscous-grey,
base brownish ; first line indistinct, second serrate, blackish,
curved, with a nan'ow deep sinuation inwards below middle, on
dorsum whitish-edged posteriorly ; orbicular and 8-shaped discal
spots darker grey ; costa posteriorly spotted witli darker and
sometimes wdiitish. Hindwings fuscous-grey, apex darker;
two dark fuscous discal dots ; a faint second line.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva bright deep green ; subdorsal line shining white ; head
grey-whitish : on Urtica, elm, Teucrium, Stacltys, etc. ; 10-5.

6. P. terrealis, Tr. 22-26 mm. Forewings fuscous ; first
line indistinct, second dark fuscous, strongly curved outwards
from near costa to middle, slightly sinuate below this ; orbicular
dot and linear discal mark dark fuscous ; a darker terminal
band, edge parallel to second line. Hindwings light fuscous-
grey ; two darker discal dots, sometimes obsolete ; second line
and terminal band as in forewings.

410 PYRALIDINA [phlyctaenia

Devon, N. England to the Clyde, local ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva pale green ; dorsal and several
slender lateral lines darker : on Solidago virgaurea ; 8, 9.

7. P. fuscalis, Sdtif. 19-24 mm. Forewings grey, slightly
yellowish -tinged ; lines darker grey, first indistinct, hardly
curved, second serrate, strongly curved in disc, with an abrupt
sinuation inwards below middle, posteriorly obscurely whitish-
edged, more strongly on costa ; orbicular dot and transverse
discal mark indistinct, darker grey. Hindwings pale grey,
yellowish-tinged ; two very faint discal dots ; second line as in
forewings ; a darker grey terminal band.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva rather dark fuscous ; dorsal line
darker ; spiracular area pale brownish ; head and plate of 2
blackish -brown : on flowers and seeds of Melamjyyrum and
Rhinantluis ; 7, 8.

8. P. sambucalis, ^S'cAijf. 21-24 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
sprinkled with yellow-whitish ; first line indistinct, preceded
by a whitish dot ; second dark fuscous, posteriorly with a waved
whitish-yellowish edging, middle third forming a quadrangular
projection including a pale whitish-yellowish blotch, below this
with a loop inwards enclosing a whitish-yellowish spot ; orbicular
dot and transverse discal mark darker, separated by a square
whitish-yellowish spot. Hindwings as forewings, but anterior
markings obsolete, posterior pale blotches much enlarged.

England to York, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC. and N.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva whitish-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
green ; incisions yellowish ; on 3 and usually 4 a black lateral
spot : on elder (Sambucus) ; 9.

16. NOMOPHILA, lib.

Antennae §. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with dense
projecting scales attenuated to a point forwai'ds, terminal con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi filiform. Tibial outer spurs under ^.
Hindwings l-3-ll^.

There is only one species ; the forewings are extremely
elongate and narrow, a structure pi'obably caused by adaptation
to a grassy habitat.

1. N. noctuella, SdUff. {hj/hridalis, Hb.) 23-31 mm. Fore-
wings brown, sometimes whitish-sprinkled ; an indistinct dark
fuscous median streak from base to first line ; lines indistinct,
blackish -marked, second indented above middle, with a deep
sinuation inwards below middle ; two large 8-shaped darker

I

nomophila] PYRAUSTIDAE 411

blackish-edged spots between them. Hindwings light brown ;
termen suftused with dark fuscous ; a darker discal crescentic
mark.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common but irregular ;
Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia ; 6-9. Larva olive-
ochreous ; dorsal line darker, pale-edged ; spots large, black,
pale-edged ; head reddish-brown or dark brown, black-marked :
on Polygonum aviculare (?) and probably grasses; 8-10.

17. PSA^IMOTIS, Hb.

Antennae |. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with
dense projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, terminal
concealed. Maxillary palpi filiform. Tibial outer spurs §.
Forewings : 10 out of 9.

The two European species constituting this genus are hardly
a natural group, and might perhaps be merged with Pyrausta.

Forewings much sprinkled with fuscous . \. pxdveralis.
,, not sprinkled with fuscous . 2. hyalinalis.

1. P. pulveralis, Hh. 21-23 mm. Forewings pale yellow-
ochreous, much sprinkled with fuscous ; first line indistinct,
second fuscous, somewhat curved ; orbicular and discal spots
very obscure, fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with two distinct
fuscous lines. Hindwings as forewings, but ground more Avhitish,
first line and spots obsolete.

Kent, I. of Wight, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lancashire, local
and scai'ce ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor to N. Persia : 6, 7.
Larva on Mentha aquatica ; 8.

2. P. hyalinalis, Hb. 26-32 mm. Forewings pale yellowish,
costa suftusedly greyish-yellow ; lines grey, first bent, second
subserrate, curved, sinuate - indented below middle ; small
orbicular and oblong discal spot grey ; subterminal line grey,
sometimes suffused into termen. Hindwings whitish-yellowish ;
second and subterminal lines as in forewings.

S. England to Norfolk and Merioneth, local ; C. and S.
Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva whitish, hardly green-tinged ; dots
black, on shining tubercles ; head pale brown -reddish : on
Centaurea nigra ; 8-5.

18. Pyrausta, Schrk.

Antennae |-|. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with
dense projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, terminal
concealed. Maxillary palpi slightly dilated at apex. Tibial
outer spurs J-|.

412 PYRALIDINA [pyrausta

A very large and nearly cosmopolitan genus, but mainly
characteristic of northern temperate regions,

1. Forewings purple or with crimson fasciae . 2.

,, without purple or crimson markings . 4.

2. Forewings ochreous with two crimson

fasciae . . .4. sanyuinalis.

,, purple with yellowish markings . 3.

3. Hindwings with a pale discal spot . 5. 2^i''7'puralis.

,, without pale discal spot . 6. aurata.

4. Wings with a white postmedian fascia . . 5.

,, without white fascia . . .6.

5. Fascia irregular, one or two white spots . 3. nigrata.

„ even, no white spots . . 2. cingulata.

6. Wings black, with two large white spots

each . 1. octomaculata.

,, without large white s^iots 7.

7. Lines of forewings wholly absent . 8. aljiinalis.

„ ,, not wholly absent . . 8.

8. Posterior half of costa pale with dark dots . 9.

,, ,, not dotted . .10.

9. A quadrate white spot in middle of disc . 10. oJivalis.
No white spot in disc . . .9. decrepitalis.

10. Hindwings whitish . . .11. 7'epandaUs.

,, not whitish . . . .11.

11. Hindwings yellowish or with pale markings . 12.

,, ©•'6y, without pale markings . 16. asinalis.

12. Discal mark of forewings linear . . .13.

,, ,, ,, not linear . . 15.

13. Hindwings wdth broad pale postmedian

fascia . . .15. nuhilalis.

,, without broad pale fascia . .14.

14. Forewings dark fuscous . . .13. stachydalis.

,, deep ochreous-yellow . .14. verbascalis.

15. Forewings yellow . .12. Jlavalis.

„ iDrowu or grey . 7. cespitalis.

1. P. octomaculata, F. 19-21 mm. Forewings black; a
large round white subdorsal spot before middle, and a second
in disc beyond middle ; sometimes a white dot above first ;
cilia white towards tips. Hindwings as forewings, but without
the white dot.

England, Ireland, rather local ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and
N. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous-whitish ; dorsal
line deep green ; subdorsal and lateral green ; spiracular

pvrausta]

PYEAUSTIDAE

413

in a slight

blackish ; a

Neu ration and head of Pyraiisia
purpuralis.

whitish-green ; dots green ; head whitish-brown
web beneath lower leaves of Sol id ago ; 8, 9.

2. P. cingulata, L. 13-16 mm. Forewings
narrow very slightly sinuate
white fascia beyond middle ; tips
of cilia white. Hindwings as
forewings, but fascia slightly
curved.

Britain to Perth, W. Ireland,
rather local ; Europe, Asia Minor ;

5, 7, 8. Larva in a web beneath
lower leaves of Salvia pratensis ;

6, 9.

3. P. nigrata, Sc. (aiKjuinalis,
Hb.) 13-16 mm. Forewings
black, strewn with ferruginous-
bi'own scales ; a small white
subdorsal spot at J, and a second
(sometimes nearly obsolete, but
distinct on lower surface) in
middle of disc ; an irregular
sinuate white fascia beyond middle ; cilia white towards tips.
Hindwings as forewings, but without subdorsal spot, fascia
more regular, curved.

S. England to Cambridge and Hereford, Westmoreland,
Cumberland, W. Ireland, local ; Europe ; 5, 8. Larva dull
purplish ; spots black ; head and plate of 2 shining olive-green :
in a slight web beneath leaves of Thymus and Origanum ; 6, 7,
9, 10.

4. P. sanguinalis, L. 13-17 mm. Forewings browniish-
ochreous, basal and dorsal areas deep yellow, disc yellow-
mixed ; markings purple-crimson ; a streak along costa to f ;
a fascia before middle ; an oblong discal spot, connected above
with costal streak, and sometimes beneath with preceding
fascia ; a subterminal fascia. Hindwings in (J light grey,
darker terminally, in $ grey ; termen crimson in middle.

Flint to Lancashire, W. Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor to Turkestan ; 6, 8. Larva greenish-grey, reddish-
tinged ; subdorsal and spii'acular lines whitish ; head brown :
on flowers of Thynmis ; 7, 9, 10.

5. P. purpuralis, L. (ostrinalis, Hb.) 14-20 mm. Forewings
purple, more or less mixed with dark grey ; markings ochreous-
yellow, black-edged ; an oblique fascia near base, not reaching

414 PYRALIDINA [pyrausta

costa ; a spot in middle of disc ; an irregular postmedian fascia,
sometimes broken into three spots ; sometimes a subterminal
streak, not reaching apex. Hindwings black, base sometimes
suffused with whitish-ochreous ; a discal spot and curved post-
median fascia whitish-ochreous ; sometimes a whitish-ochreous
subterminal streak, sometimes purple in middle.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor ;
5-8. Larva dark grey ; dorsal and spiracular lines yellowish ;
spots black, whitish-edged : between leaves of Mentha arvensis
and Thymus ; 6, 7, 9.

6. P. aurata, Sc. (punicealis, Schiff.) 14-17 mm. Forewings
deep purple, blackish-mixed ; a basal dorsal patch mixed with
ferruginous ; sometimes a yellow dot in middle of disc ; a round
yellow spot in disc beyond middle, a costal mark above it, and
sometimes one or two beneath towards dorsum. Hindwings
black, basal hairs ochreous-whitish ; a yellow postmedian fascia,
sometimes not reaching margins ; some purple subterminal
scales.

Britain to the Clyde, W. Ireland, rather local ; Eui'ope, Asia
Minor to N. Persia ; 5, 7, 8. Larva dull green ; dorsal line
yellowish-edged; spiracular broad, yellowish; dots black,
yellowish-edged ; head and plate of 2 pale brownish, black-
freckled : in a web amongst flowers of Nepeta cataria ; 6, 9.

7. p. cespitalis, Schiff. 13-18 mm. Forewings brownish-
grey or bi'own, sometimes blackish-sprinkled ; first line obscurely
pale or obsolete ; second in <$ pale greyish-ochreous, often
obsolete except on costa, in $ whitish-ochreous, dilated on
costa ; small orbicular and oval discal spot rather darker, in $
sometimes separated by a pale spot; sometimes a pale sub-
terminal streak. Hindwings in S grey, in $ blackish ; some-
times a darker discal dot ; a curved postmedian fascia and
subterminal streak in S obscurely ochreous-whitish, in ?
whitish-ochreous.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
WC. Asia ; 5, 7, 8. Larva dull brownish-black ; dorsal line
double, grey ; spiracular dull ochreous ; spots black, grey-
circled ; head and plate of 2 brown, darker-freckled : in silken
galleries beneath leaves of Plantago ; 6, 8, 9.

8. P. alpinalis, Schiff'. (tdiginosalis, Stph.) 23-29 mm. Fore-
wings light grey-brownish ; sometimes an indistinct round
ochreous-whitish spot in disc beyond middle. Hindwings in

(J whitish-grey, a faint posterior line and terminal suffusion
grey ; in $ grey, sometimes whitish towards costa beyond middle.

pyrausta] PYRAUSTIDAE 415

Perth to Ross, common on mountains ; mountains of C.
Europe and C. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva yellowish ; spots black :
amongst spun leaves of Senecio ; 6.

9. P. decrepitalis, HS. 21-25 mm. Forewings very pale
greyish -ochreous, brownish -sprinkled, costa more brownish;
lines fuscous, first indistinct, second serrate, slightly curved ;
round orbicular and 8 -shaped discal spot brownish, darker-
edged ; posterior half of costa pale, dotted with fuscous ; a
subterminal sometimes broad brownish suffusion. Hindwings
whitish-grey ; two dark grey discal dots ; second line and sub-
terminal suffusion as in forewings.

Perth to Ross, on mountains, local ; N, and mountains of C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale yellow ; dorsal line green, whitish-
edged ; siibdorsal green ; lateral and spiracular whitish ; head
pale yellowish : in a slight web beneath fronds of Lastrea
.yjinulosa ; 7, 8.

10. P. olivalis, Schiff. 22-25 mm. Forewings greyish-
ochreous or brownish, densely sprinkled with dark fuscous ;
lines hardly darker, indistinct, second serrate, often posteriorly
whitish -edged, preceded in middle by a white spot, curved,
with abrupt deep sinuation inwards below middle ; large orbi-
cidar and renifurm discal spot darker, separated by a subquad-
rate white spot ; posterior half of costa whitish, dotted with
dark fuscous. Hindwings white, dorsal half light grey ; two
dark grey discal dots ; a fuscous terminal fascia.

England to York, Ii-eland, very common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 6, 7. Larva light green ; dorsal line dark green ; spots
large, black ; head and plate of 2 black-freckled : amongst spun
leaves of Stachys, Urtica, Mercurialis, etc. ; 9-4.

11. P. repandalis, Schiff. 22-26 mm. Forewings pale
whitish-ochreous, costa suffused with pale brownish-ochreous ;
lines brown, distinct, first somewhat irregular, second sinuate,
with a short angular indentation below middle ; orbicular dot
and narrow discal mark brown, latter touching second line ; a
subserrate brown subterminal line. Hindwings whitish ; a
strongly marked grey broken postmedian line ; a grey subter-
minal line.

Devon, local ; C. and S. Eiu-ope ; 7. Larva yellow-whitish,
with black dots ; head light yellow : amongst spun refuse or in
shoots of Verhascum ; 5, 6.

12. P. flavalis, Schiff. 23-27 mm. Forewings dull yellow,
near costa sometimes grey -mixed ; lines grey, first irregular,
second subserrate, somewhat curved, triangularly indented

416 PYRALIDINA [pyrausia

below middle ; round orbicular, oblong discal spot, and a small
round spot below orbicular outlined with grey ; a faint grey
subterminal line ; cilia often grey. Hindwings pale yellowish,
partly suffused with pale grey ; sometimes two grey discal
dots ; second and subterminal lines as in forewings.

Kent to Dorset and Norfolk, local ; C. and S, Europe, WC.
and N. Asia ; 7.

13. P. stachydalis, Zk. 21-23 mm, Forewings dai'k fus-
cous ; lines hardly darker, first indistinct, second forming a
very strong curve outwards above middle, and a deep abrupt
sinuation inwards below it, preceded by a whitish -yellowish
spot in the curve, and interruptedly edged posteriorly with
whitish-yellowish on upper half ; orbicular dot and linear discal
mark darker, separated by a whitish-yellowish spot. Hind-
wings as forewings, but pale spots in disc larger and approxi-
mated ; a pale costal spot before second line.

S. England to Suffolk and Pembroke, local ; C. Europe ; 6,
7. Larva green, incisions white ; subdorsal line white ; spira-
cular fine, whitish ; spots green, whitish-ringed ; head whitish :
in thick silken tubes on Stachys sylvatica ; 8, 9.

14. P. verbascalis, Schiff. 20-24 mm. Forewings deep
ochreous-yellow, more or less mixed with fuscous, especially on
costa and in disc ; lines dark fuscous, second forming a very
strong angular curve outwards above middle, enclosing a clear
spot ; orbicular dot and linear discal mark dark fuscous, sepa-
rated by a clear spot ; a waved fuscous subterminal line.
Hindwings as forewings, but first line and orbicular dot
absent.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia,
Japan ; 6, 7. Larva green ; subdorsal line whitish ; spiracular
yellow-whitish; spots black- centred ; head whitish -ochreous,
black-dotted : in a slight web beneath leaves of Teucrium scoro-
donia ; 8, 9.

15. P. nubilalis, Hb. {lupulinalis, Gn.) 27-34 mm. Fore-
wings pale yellowish, more or less wholly suft'used with grey,
reddish-ochreous, or rather dark fuscous ; lines dai-ker, second
forming a strong serrate curve outwards above middle, followed
by a clear serrate streak dilated doi'sally ; orbicular dot and
linear discal mark dark fuscous, often separated by a clear
spot. Hindwings rather dark grey, sometimes mixed with
whitish-yellowish ; a broad whitish-yellowish postmedian fascia.

Middlesex, L of Wight, Lancashire, probably a casual immi-
grant only; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 5, 6.

pyrausta] PYRAUSTIDAE 417

Larva yellowish-grey ; dorsal and lateral lines darker : in sterns
of Humulus and Cannabis ; 7-10.

16. P. asinalis, Hb. 25-31 mm. Forewings grey; lines
darker, first indistinct, sometimes followed by a dark fuscous
triangular subdorsal spot, second sometimes blackish -dotted,
curved, with a deep abrupt sinuation inwards below middle,
often preceded by a brownish or dark fuscous trajDezoidal sub-
dorsal spot ; very large orbicular, and reniform discal spot
somewhat paler, latter preceded and followed by faint brownish
sometimes dark-edged spots. Hind wings grey ; a darker post-
median line.

Sussex to Devon and Pembroke, W. Ireland, local ; S.
Europe ; 7. Larva yellow-bi'ownish ; dorsal line reddish-brown ;
subdorsal broader, brown ; lateral brown ; spots black : in
silken tubes beneath leaves of Ruhia 'peregrina ; 8.

19. MiCROSTEGA, Meyr.

Antennae \. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with dense
projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, terminal con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi slightly dilated at apex. Tibial outer
spurs \-\. Forewangs in $ with groove beneath cell near
base, covered with dense scales from above. Hindwings in ^
with groove above cell near base, above which is a thick ridge
of scales.

Contains only the one species, closely correlated to Pyrausta.

1. M. pandalis, Hb. 23-27 mm. Forewings whitish-yellowish,
towards costa suffused with pale grey; lines grey, first irregular,
second subserrate, sinuate ; orbicular dot and discal mark grey,
sometimes obsolete ; a serrate grey subterminal line, limiting
a greyish -tinged terminal fascia. Hindwings yellow-whitish;
sometimes a grey discal dot ; posterior markings as in fore-
wings.

England to York, AV. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia,
Japan ; 6. Larva light pinkish-ochz-eous to dark grey, tinged
with purplish- brown ; dorsal line darker, pale-edged; spots
large, black or brown ; head black-marked ; plate of 2 black :
in elongate cases made of pieces cut from a dead leaf, on Teu-
crium, Origanum, Solidago, etc. ; 7, 8.

20. Mecyna, Stph.

Antennae §. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with dense
projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, terminal con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi triangularly dilated, apical scales

2 E

418 PYRALIDINA [mecyna

projecting angularly beneath. Middle tibiae in (t much dilated,
enclosing tuft of hairs ; tibial outer spurs |-|.

A small but quite cosmopolitan genus, of which only one
species occurs in Europe ; correlated with Fyrausta.

1. M. polygonalis, llh. 27-34 mm. Forewings broAvn, some-
times reddish -tinged or jDartially suffused with dark fuscous;
lines dark fuscous, first straight, oblique, second waved, rather
strongly curved above middle ; orbicular dot and narrow trans-
verse discal spot dark fuscous, latter often followed by a large
round light space. Hindwings orange ; costa and sometimes
dorsum suffused Avith dark grey ; a blackish terminal fascia.

Kent, Suffolk, Gloucester, a casual immigrant only ; C. and
S. Europe, C. and S. Asia, Australia ; 6. Larva on Genista
and Cytisus ; 7, f^.

21. LOXOSTEGE, lib.

Face with pointed or obtuse conical horny projection. An-
tennae |. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with dense
projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, terminal con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi filiform. Tibial outer spurs |-| (in
vcrticah's middle-spur ^).

A genus of some size, ])rincipally confined to northern tem-
perate regions. Pupa subterranean.

1. Forewings fuscous . . .1. sticticalis.

,, 3^ellowish . . . .2.

2. Hindwings with two dark grey lines . 2. verticalis.

,, without lines . . ,3. palealis.

1. L. sticticalis, L. 22-27 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous, somewhat ochreous-tinged ; first line obsolete, second
darker, subserrate, angularly indented below middle, followed
on costa by an ochreous- whitish spot; oval orbicular and
irregular discal spot darker, separated by an ochreous-whitish
spot; a terminal Avhitish- ochreous streak, projecting above
middle. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; a darker postmedian
line, sometimes followed by a cloudy whitish streak becoming
obsolete beneath ; a Avhitish-ochreous subterminal streak.

England to York, E. L-eland, local ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia,
N. America ; 6-8. Larva grey ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged,
or dark, pale-edged ; subdorsal pale ; spiracular pale yellow,
enclosing a fine dark grey line ; spots pale, blackish-ringed; head
and sometimes plate of 2 black : on upjier side of leaves of
Artemisia vuhjaris and A. campestris ; 6, 7.

2. L. verticalis, L. {cinctalis, Tr.) 28-31 mm. Forewings

loxostege] PYRAUSTIDAE 419

pale orange - yellowish, costa oclireous - orange ; markings
ocln-eous- orange, sometimes grey-tinged ; first line indistinct,
second serrate, slightly curved, snbterminal serrate; orbicular
dot-like, discal spot irregular. Hindwings pale yellowish ;
discal dot and serrate costally dilated second and snbterminal
lines dark grey.

S. England to Norfolk and Hereford, rather common ; C.
Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva green; spots black;
head pale brown, darker-spotted : on Carduus arvensis, perha])s
also Ci/fi.'^u.'f, Afr/'p/ex, etc. ; 7, 8.

3. L. palealis, Schiff. 27-31 mm. Forewings pale sulphur-
yellow; small orbicular and discal spots, and upper part of
second line faintly greyish -tinged. Hindwings sulphur-whitish ;
a grey costal postmediau spot.

E. England (not W. of Hants) to York and Lancashire,
local ; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. Africa ; 6, 7.
Larva whitish ; dorsal line greyish; spots black; head ochreous-
whitish, black-dotted : amongst flowers of Daucus and Peuce-
dwimn ; 8, 9.

22. Cyxaeda, n/j.

Face with slight rounded prominence. Antennae §. Labial
pal])i porrected, second joint with loose scales attenuated for-
wards, terminal concealed. Maxillary palpi rather triangularly
dilated. Tibial outer spurs h Forewings with large dorsal
scale-tuft at ij.

Perhaps contains only one geographically varying species ;
it is derived from the rather extensive allied genus Titanio,
with horny prnjecting frontal plate, which does not reach Britain.

L C. dentalis, Sdiiff. 22-27 mm. Forewings yellow-
whitish, |)artially suffused with pale brownish ; two oblique
brown marks in disc ; second line fine, dark fuscous, very
strongly dentate, deeply sinuate inwards below middle, an-
teriorly partly white-edged, posteriorly edged l^y an irregular
dentate brown band ; cilia yellow-whitish, barred with dark
fuscous. Hindwings in $ whitish-ochreous with indistinct grey
dentate postmedian line ; in 5 dark grey.

Kent to Dorset, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7.
Larva yellow-whitish ; spots black ; head and plate of 2 black :
in stems of Ech

iium

23. SCOPARIA, IIw.
Antennae §. Labial palpi porrected, second joint with long

420 PYEALIDINA [scoparia

dense projecting scales beneath, terminal exposed. Maxillary
palpi rather long, triangularly dilated. Tibial outer spurs ^.
Hindwings from over 1 to nearly 2 ; veins 4 and 5 connate or
stalked.

A lai'ge genus, mostly inhabiting temperate regions, or the
mountains of warmer countries, most largely developed in New
Zealand. The larvae usually feed on lichens and moss, form-
ing galleries. The species are obscurely marked, and some-
times difficult to distinguish. The genus is correlated with
l^itanio.

1. Discal spot absorbed in blackish costal blotch 1. resinea.

,, ,, not absorbed in costal blotch . . 2.

2. Discal mark dot-like . . .9. ]Mllida.

,, ,, X-shaped or 8-shaped . .3.

3. Orbicular dot-like, blackish . . .4.

,, outlined with blackish . . .7.

4. Subterminal line interruj^ted in middle . 7. crataegella.

,, ,, not interrupted . . 5.

5. Hindwings with darker discal dot . 2. lineola.

„ without discal dot . . .6.

G. First line followed by dark fascia, second subsinuate

6. frequentella.
„ not followed by dark fascia, second angu-

late-sinuate . . 8. truncicoleUa.

7. Clavifonn yellowish, black-edged . .11. duhitalis.

,, black ... .8.

8. Upper half of discal mark brownish . . 9.

,, ,, whitish . 5. murana.

9. Second line sinuate . . . .10.

,, angulated . . . .11.

10. Claviform touching first line . . 3. angustea.

,, separate ... 4. alpina.

11. Subterminal line distinct " . 12. amhigualis.

,, ,, very indistinct . .10. cemhrae.

1. S. resinea, Hiv. 16-17 mm. Forewings white, irregu-
larly blackish-mixed • a black triangular mark from base of
costa ; lines white, dark-edged, first irregular, second strongly
sinuate; an irregular blackish costal blotch beyond first in-
cluding orbicular and claviform, and a quadrate blotch before
second concealing discal spot ; terminal area blackish, sub-
terminal line white, touching second in middle. Hindwings
light grey, darker terminally ; a darker discal mark.

England, S. Ireland, rather local ; WC. and SW. Europe ;

scoparia] PYRAUSTIDAE 421

7, 8. Larva greenish-yellow ; spots, head, and plate of 2 dark
bronzy -brown : on lichens and moss, growing on ash and
apple ; 5.

2. S. lineola, Curt. 17-19 mm. Forewings narrow, white
or whitish, partially irrorated with blackish ; a blackish mark
from base of costa ; lines whitish, dark-edged, first irregular,
rather oblique, second strongly sinuate ; orbicular and clavi-
forni black, dot-like, latter touching first line; a black
X-shaped discal mark ; subterminal thick, white, touching-
second in middle. Hindwings whitish-grey, terminally darker ;
a grey discal dot.

Britain to the Clyde, E. and W. Ireland, local ; France ; 8.
Larva olive -green; two whitish transverse marks on each
segment ; dorsal line fine, dark ; spiracular grey ; spots, head,
and plate of 2 black : on lichens, growing on fences and haw-
thorn ; 3-6.

3. S. angustea, Sti^h. (coarctata, Z.) 16-20 mm. Forewings
narrow, whitish, mixed with brownish and sprinkled with
black; base darker; lines whitish, dark-edged, first oblique,
second sinuate ; orbicular outlined with black ; claviform
black, touching first line; a black X-shaped discal mark,
upper half filled with light brownish ; subterminal line cloudy,
whitish, hardly touching second. Hindwings whitish-grey,
terminally obscurely darker.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, local ; S. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. Africa ; 8-5. Larva blackish-grey, slightly greenish-
tinged ; spots darker or almost black ; head pale brown ; plate
of 2 dark brown or almost black : on mosses, growing on walls ;
6-9.

4. S. alpina, tStt. {gracilalis, Stt.) 19-23 mm. Forewings
narrow, light brownish-ochreous or brownish^ mixed with whitish
and sprinkled with black ; lines obscurely whitish, edged with
indistinct blackish dots, first oblique, second sinuate ; orbicular
outlined with black ; claviform black ; a black X-shaped discal
mark, filled with ground-colour; subterminal line obscurely
whitish, sometimes touching second. Hindwings light fuscous ;
an indistinct darker discal dot.

Perth to the Shetlands, common above 3000 feet ; Norway ;
7.

5. S. murana. Curt. 16-22 mm. Forewings pale grey, much
mixed with white and irrorated with black ; some blackish
marks towards base; lines white, internally blackish-edged,
first oblique, second sinuate ; orbicular outlined with black ;

422 PYRALIDINA [scoparta

claviform blackish, oval, separate ; a black-outlined 8-shaped
discal mark ; siibterminal line cloudy, whitish, touching
second in middle. Hindwings whitish-grey, in $ somewhat
darker.

Devon, Dorset, Stafford to Sutherland, N. Ireland, local ;
N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva dull brown,
paler laterally ; spots dark fuscous ; head and plate of 2 dark
brown or black : on mosses, growing on walls ; 5, 6.

6. S. frequentella, Stt. {j)haeole%ica, Stt., nonZ.; hneixxirella,
L.) 15-18 mm. Forewings grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged,
mixed with black and partially suffused with white ; base
black-marked; lines white, dark-edged, first curved, followed
by a suffused dark fascia, second rather sinuate ; orbicular and
claviform dot-like, black, often absorbed in the dark fascia ; a
black X-shaped discal mark, upper half sometimes filled with
brownish ; subterminal line cloudy, whitish, touching second
in middle. Hindwings light grey, darker terminally. A
variety with the first line enlarged into a broad white sub-
basal band is common at Portland.

England, Kirkcudbright, Ireland, common ; C. and S.
Europe ; 7. Larva pale dull yellowish ; dorsal line faintly
Ijrownish ; spots brown ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 dai'k
brown or almost black : on mosses, growing on walls, etc. ;
3,4.

7. S. crataegella, lib. 15-17 mm. Forewings whitish, some-
times mixed with light ochreous-yellowish, sprinkled with
black ; base black-marked ; lines whitish, blackish-edged, first
irregular, second rather sinuate ; orbicular and claviform dot-
like, black ; a black X-shaped discal mark ; terminal area grey
mixed with black, subterminal line white, interrupted in middle.
Hindwings whitish-grey, darker terminally.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. and
S. Euro])e ; 7. Larva yellowish-green ; spots brownish-green ;
head and plate of 2 black-brown : on mosses ; 3, 4.

8. S. truncicolella, Stt. {mercurella, Z.) 19-21 mm. Fore-
wings ochreous-whitish, much sprinkled with black ; base
blackish - marked ; lines whitish, dark -edged, first irregular,
second angulate -sinuate, subserrate ; orbicular and claviform
dot-like or rather elongate, black; discal spot 8-shaped, out-
lined with black ; subterminal line whitish, touching second in
middle. Hindwings whitish-grey, darker terminally.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 7,
8. Larva dull dark brown ; dorsal line blackish ; spots black ;

scoPARiA] PYRAUSTIDAE 423

head dark brown ; plate of 2 almost black : on mosses, growing
on ground ; 9-C.

9. S. pallida, Stph. 16-lS mm. Forewings light brownish-
ochreous or brownish, mixed with whitish, and somewhat
sprinkled with dark brown ; lines white, first nearly obsolete,
second slightly sinuate ; orbicular, claviform, and discal spot
dotdike or somewhat elongate, dark brown or blackish ; sub-
terminal line obscurely whitish, not touching second. Hind-
wings v.'hitish, termcn greyish-tinged.

Britain to the ( >rkneys, in marshy places, local : Germany ; 7.

10. S. cembrae, IIw. {Zetleri, Knaggs, non Wk.; scotica,
White) 20-25 mm. Forewings brown-grey, mixed or suffused
with whitish, sometimes with a few black scales ; a short black
dash from base of costa ; lines whitish, dark-edged internally,
first curved, second angularly bent above middle ; orbicular
indistinctly outlined with blackish, touching first line ; clavi-
form indistinct, blackish, touching first line ; a blackish
X -shaped discal mark, upper half filled with brownish : sub-
terminal line very cloudy, whitish. Hindwings whitish-grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, rather common ; C Europe ;
6, 7. Larva whitish ; dorsal line blackish ; spots large,
ochreous-tinged ; head brown ; plate of 2 pale brownish : in a
slight web beneath ground on roots of Picris and Tussilago ;
9-5.

11. S. dubitalis, lib. {pyralella, Hb. ; ingraldla, Knaggs,
non Z.) 16-19 mm. Forewings white, more or less sprinkled
with dark fuscous; a black ochreous- mixed mark from base
of costa ; lines white, dark-edged, first rather irregular, second
slightly angulate-sinuate above middle ; round orbicular, and
narrow oval claviform yellow - ochreous, edged with dark
fnscous, resting on first line; discal spot large, 8 -shaped,
yellow -ochreous, dark -margined, touching costa above, and
second line beneath ; terminal area dark fuscous, subterminal
line white, irregular. Hindwings ochrcous-whitish, terminally
suffused with grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, connnon ; L\ Europe :
6. Larva on mosses ; 3, 4.

12. S. ambigualis, Tr. (atomalis, Dbld.; ulmella, Knaggs:
cotispicua/is, Hodgk.; hasistrigalis, Knaggs) 17-22 mm. Fore-
wings whitish, more or less sprinkled with grey and black ; a
black ochreous-mixed mark from base of costa ; lines whitish,
dark -edged, first irregular, second angulated above middle ;
orbicular elongate, brownish, more or less black-edged, resting

424 PYRALIDINA [scoparia

on first line ; claviform dot- like, black, seldom elongated to
touch first line; discal spot 8-shaped, incompletely black-
edged, upper and sometimes lower half pale greyish-ochreous
or brownish ; terminal area dark, subtei'minal line cloudy,
whitish ; a terminal series of blackish marks. Hindwings
prismatic grey-whitish, terminally suffused with grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor; 5-7. Larva on mosses growing on
trees ; 3, 4.

24. EVERGESTIS, Hb.

Antennae f. Labial palpi porrected, second joint rough-
scaled, terminal rather short, loosely scaled, somewhat pointed.
Maxillary palpi as long as second joint of labial, filiform.
Tibial outer spurs |-f .

A genus of moderate size, principall}'- inhabiting S. Europe
and C. Asia. The labial palpi are shorter and the maxillary
relatively longer than usual, so that they are more nearly equal
than in any allied genus.

Lines of forewings dark fuscous . . 1. straminalis.

,, ,, hardly darker, dotted . 2. extimalis.

\. E. straminalis, lib. (stramentaUs, Hb.) 22-27 mm. Fore-
wings pale ochreous-yellow, sprinkled with dark brown, veins
posteriorly dark brown ; lines dark fuscous, first angulated
above middle, angularly indented above angle, second unevenly
curved ; an angularly 8-shaped discal spot outlined with dark
fuscous, touching angle of first line ; a cloudy dark fuscous
subterminal line, forming above middle a strong dark suffusion
enclosing a pale terminal spot. Hindwings prismatic yellow-
whitish ; traces of a dark posterior line ; tcrmen narrowly dark
fuscous.

Kent to Hereford and Norfolk. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N.
America; 7, 8. Larva dull dark green, becoming finally purple;
subdorsal and lateral series of white dots ; spiracular line
bright yellow ; subspiracular pale yellowish or whitish ; spots
black ; head and sides of plate on 2 l)lack : on Barbarea, Sinajns,
and Cardamine ; 8, 9.

2. E. extimalis, *S'(;. {m(ir<iaritalis, Schift'.) 25-29 mm. Fore-
wings pale ochreous-yellow, darker terminally ; lines and discal
spot hardly darker, marked with a few fuscous dots ; a brown
terminal suffusion, more or less strongly dilated towards middle;
cilia fuscous. Hindwings prismatic yellow -whitish ; termen
yellower, bi'ownish-tinged.

EVERGESTis] PYRAUSTIDAE 425

Kent to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; C. and S. Europe, N.
Asia ; 7. Larva pale yellow ; dorsal line darker ; lateral pale
piu-ple ; spots on lateral line black ; bead black : on seeds of
Sinapis ; 8.

25. Mesographb, Hb.

Antennae f . Labial palpi porrccted, second joint witb dense
projecting scales attenuated to a point forwards, terminal con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi triangularly dilated with loose spread-
ing scales. Tibial outer spuvs h

With the single European species (correlated with the pre-
ceding genus) one or two African forms are doubtfully con-
generic.

I. M. forficalis, L. 25-29 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
disc and apex sometimes tinged with yellowish-brown ; lines
fine, dark brown, very obliquely curved, indented beneath costa,
first very indistinct towards costa ; two small transversely
placed discal spots outlined with dark fuscous, lower larger ; a
dark fuscous oblique apical streak ; margins of subterminal line
obscurely brownisli. Hindwings ochreous- whitish ; a grey
posterior line.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common in gardens ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 5-8. Larva yellowish-green ; dorsal
and lateral lines darker green ; head yellowish : on Brassica,
Rrqyhanus, etc. ; 6, 7, 9, 10.

5. PYRALIDIDAE.

Ocelli and maxillary palpi usually developed. Forewings :
lb usually shortly furcate, 4 and 5 closely approximated or
often stalked, 7 out of 9. Hindwings without defined pecten
of hairs on lower margin of cell, 4 and 5 closely approximated
or stalked, 7 out of 6 near origin, free or sometimes anastomosing
with 8.

A family of moderate extent, fairly numerous within the
tropics, but rather poorly represented elsewhere, absent from
New Zealand. Lnago with forewings elongate-triangular, costa
often somewhat sinuate. The natural flight is towards evening,
or sometimes in the sunshine.

Ovum more or less oval, surface granulated. Larva rather
slender, with few hairs ; feeding usually on dry or decaying
vegetable substances. Pupa iji a cocoon above ground.

The phylogeny of the few British genera is simple, the first
three being all correlative developments of Synaphe.

426 PYRALIDINA

Tabulation of Genera.

1 Hindwings with vein 8 anastomosing strongly with 7

1. Endotricha.
,, ,, vein 8 free or anastomosing extremely

shortly . . .2.

2. Antennae in S ciliated . . .2. Pykalis.

,, ,, bipectinated , . .3.

3. Tongue obsolete . . .3. Aglossa.

,, well-developed . . .4. Synapiie.

1. Endotricha, Z.

Antennae in (J fasciculate-ciliated. Labial palpi ascending,
second joint with projecting scales beneath, terminal short,
exposed. Maxillary palpi very short. Thorax in ^ with
patagia much elongated, terminating in long tuft. Forewings :
4 and 5 connate or stalked. Hindwings : 4 and 5 connate or
stalked, 7 anastomosing strongly with 8.

An Indo-Malayau genus of moderate size, extending into
Africa and Australia ; one species alone reaches Europe.

1. E. flammealis, Sddjf. 17-20 mm. Forewings ochreous-
yollow, on basal area and posteriorly suffused with reddish-purple
and sprinkled with blackish ; several whitish semiannular costal
marks^; lines obscurely whitish, first curved, second slightly
sinuate, running to tornus ; a blackish discal spot ; cilia with an
ochreous- white subapical patch. Hindwings reddish -purple,
sprinkled with blackish ; a straight median yellowish fascia,
striated with purplish.

S. England to Denbigh and Derby, W. Ireland, local ; C.
and S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva dark
purplish-brown; head dark brown; plate of 2 blackish: on
decaying fallen leaves of hazel, Salh; Lotic^, etc. ; 8-5,

2. Pyralis, L.

Ocelli often concealed. Antennae in c^ ciliated. Labial
palpi porrectcd or ascending, second joint sometimes rough -
scaled, terminal exposed. Maxillary palpi with apex somewhat
dilated. Forewings: 4 and 5 connate or stalked. Hindwings:
4 and 5 connate or stalked, 7 shortly approximated to 8.

Not a large group, but cosmopolitan ; though some species
owe their wide range to artificial^ introduction.

1 . Cilia yellow .... 2 costalis.

„ not yellow . . . . .2.

PYRALIS]

PYRALIDIDAE

427

2. Second line of forewings nearly straight . 1. glaucinalis.

„ ,, „ much curved . . 3.

3. Lines of forewings forming trianguhir costal spots

4. lienigialis.
,, „ not forming costal spots 3. farinalis.

1. P. glaucinalis, L. 21-29 mm. Forewings brownish-grey,
on costa purplisli ; median part of costa dotted with yellow ;
lines pale ochreous, nearly straight,
stronger and yellower on costa.
Hiiidwings grey ; two fine whitish
approximated lines, first twice sub-
angulated, second curved.

England to York, E. Ireland,
rather local ; C. Europe, C. Asia,
Japan ; 6, 7. Larva blackish-green,
lighter laterally ; head and plate of
2 lighter: in silken galleries amongst
decayino- leaves and twigs of birch ;
3-5.

2. P. costalis, F. (fimbrialis,
Schift*.) 17-20 mm. Forewings
purple, sometimes blackish - spriu- ^^^^Mon o( rynUh farincdh.
kled; median part of costa dotted with yellow ; lines yellow,
nearly straight, forming large spots on costa ; a terminal line
and cilia yellow. Hind wings as forewings, but lines much
nearer together, irregularly curved, not forming costal
spots.

England to York, local ; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N.
Asia, N. Africa, N. America ; 7, 8.

3. P. farinalis, L. 20-28 mm. Forewings purple -brown,
towards apex more reddish-brown ; median band more or less
wholly suftused with pale or sometimes deep ochreous, especi-
ally towards costa ; median part of costa dotted with white ;
lines whitish, first obtusely angulated, second with middle
third strongly curved outwards, thicker towards costa. Hind-
wings dark grey mixed with whitish, especially before termen ;
lines whitish, as in foi'ewings, but much more approximated,
especially on lower half.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; Europe, N.
and. C. Asia, Japan, N. Africa, N. America, Australia, New
Zealand (probably Central Asiatic in origin, elsewhere intro-
duced but now fully established) ; 6-8. Larva ochreous-whitish,
towards extremities dusky-tinged ; dorsal line darker ; head

428 PYRALIDINA [pyralis

reddish-brown ; plate of 2 yellowish-brown : in silken galleries
amongst flonr and corn-refuse ; 9-5 (said to live two years).

4. P. lienigialis, Z. 20-24 mm. Differs from P. farinalis as
follows : lines of forewings more slender, forming well-marked
triangular costal spots, first hardly curved, second with central
curve wider, hindwings darker grey, not whitish-mixed, lines
much more slender and indistinct.

Bucks (Stoney Stratford), local, perhaps sometimes over-
looked; Finland, N\y. Russia; 8, 9.

{P. pictalis, Curt., an Indo-Malayan species somewhat re-
sembling P. farinalis, but smaller, with basal area conspicuously
blackish-grey, first line straight, second little curved, is said
to have been taken once in London, but the specimen was
doubtless an accidental importation.

3. Aglossa, Latr.

Ocelli sometimes concealed. Tongue obsolete. Antennae
in S finely bipectinated. Labial palpi porrected or subascend-
ing, second joint with dense })rojecting scales beneath, terminal
exposed. Maxillary palpi with apex loosely scaled. Fore-
wings : 4 and 5 connate or stalked. Hindwings : 4 and 5
stalked, 7 shortly approximated to 8.

A genus of very few species, now so widely spread by
human agency that their origin is uncertain.

Hindwings grey . . . L pinguinalis.

„ fuscous-whitish . . 2. cujjrealis.

1. A. pinguinalis, L. 28-36 mm. Forewings greyish-
ochreous or brownish, densely sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a
blackish subbasal line ; first and second lines obscurely palei',
rather broad, waved, cloudily edged with dark fuscous on both
sides, second curved outwards in disc ; a dark fuscous discal
spot. Hindwings fuscous-grey ; a paler postmedian line very
obscurely indicated.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common in stables ; Europe, N.
and C. Asia, N. Africa, Australia (doubtless introduced) ; 6, 7.
Larva blackish or dark brown ; head blackish : in silken
galleries amongst chaff and hay-refuse ; 8-5.

2. A cuprealis, Hb. 21- 25 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous, irregularly mixed with whitish -ochreous, reddish-
tinged throughout; lines whitish - ochreous, reddish -tinged,
serrate, first oblique, second strongly curved outwards in disc.
Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; terminal line and one in cilia dark
fuscous.

i

aglossa] PYRALIDIDAE 429

England to York, Roxburgh, local ; S. Europe, C. Asia, N.
Africa, N. America, Australia (range due to accidental intro-
duction) ; 7. Larva bronzy -blackish ; head and plate of 2
deep brown -red : in silken galleries amongst chaff, maize,
etc. ; 8-5.

4. Synaphe, Ilh.

Antennae in $ finely bipectinated. Labial jmlpi vei'y long,
porrected, loosely scaled, attenuated forwards, terminal joint
long, exposed. Maxillary palpi triangularly dilated. Hind-
wings : 4 and 5 connate or stalked, 7 shortly approximated to
8 or connected at a point only.

A moderate genus, mainly characteristic of S. Europe, C.
Asia, and N. Africa.

L S. angustalis, Scliiff. 20-25 mm. Forewings ochreous-
brown or ochreous-yellowish, more or less sprinkled with dull
reddish-purple, sometimes suffused with reddish-brown ; several
white costal dots ; first line hardly paler, faint, posteriorly
darker-edged, curved ; second thick, cloudy, pale ochreous,
slightly sinuate, anteriorly darker-edged ; a darker discal dot,
often indistinct. Hindwings rather dark grey.

S. England to Norfolk and Somerset, York, local ; C. and S.
Europe ; 6-8. Lai'va dusky reddish-brown or blackish ; head
black ; plate of 2 dark reddish-brown : in slight web amongst
damp moss, growing on ground ; 5, 6.

6. PTEROPHORIDAE.

Ocelli usually concealed or obsolete, rarely distinct.
Tongue developed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Antennae in $
shortly ciliated. Forewings : lb simple or shortly furcate, Ic
present, 5 remote from 4, 8 and 9 stalked or coincident or
rarely separate [Agdistis), wing usually fissured to form two
segments. Hindwings without defined pecten of hairs on
lower margin of cell, on lower surface with a double row of
short spine-like scales on lower margin of ceil in disc ; la
usually obsolete, 5 remote from 4, 7 I'emote from 6, shortly
approximated to 8 beyond origin, wing usually fissui^ed to form
three segments.

Although this family is universally distributed and includes
altogether a very considerable niimber of species, it is nowhere
very prominent. Imago with forewings very elongate, narrow,
dilated posteriorly. Most of the species fly about sunset. The

430

PYRALIDINA

legs are very long and unusually slender ; the outer tibial spurs
are almost as long as the inner, except in Agdistis and some
species of Alucita. In the genera with cleft wings veins 5 and
6 are necessarily extremely short, but always present.

Ovum more or less oval, smooth. Larva rather short, with
more or less developed fascicles of hairs. Pupa sometimes
hairy, attached by tail or in a slight cocoon above ground.

The phylogeny is expressed in the diagram.

Phylogeny of Pterophoridae.

Triclioptilus

I
Oxyptilus Pterophorus Marasmarcha

Platyptilia Pselnopliorus

Alucita
I

Stenoptilia Agdistis

X

Tabulation of Genera.

Wings entire . . . .9. Agdistis.

,, fissured . . . . .2.

Hindwino-s with black scale-tooth in dorsal cilia . 3.

,, without black scale-tooth

3. Forewings with 7 and 9 absent .

,, ,, 7 and 9 present .

4. Forewings with 10 out of 8

, ,,10 separate

5. Forewings with all veins present .

,, ,, one or more veins absent

6. Forewings with 10 sepai'ate

,, ,, 10 out of 8 or absent

7. Forewings with 3 and 7 absent

,, ,, 3 and 7 present .

8. Forewings witli 11 out of 8

,, „ 11 separate

1. Trichoptilus.

4.
. 2. Oxyptilus.
3. Platyptilia.
8. Stenoptilia.
. 6.
7. Alucita.
7.
4. Pteuopiiorus.
8.

5. pselnophorus.

6. Marasmarcha.

1.

Wlsi

Trichoptilus,

Face not tufted. Labial ])alpi ascending, second joint with
short projecting scales beneath, tending to form a short angular
a]jical tuft, terminal filiform. Tibiae thickened with scales on
origin of spurs. Forewings cleft from before middle, Bcgments

IRICHOPTILUS] PTEROPHORIDAE 431

linear: 2 out of 4 or absent, 3 absent, 7 and 9 absent, 10 from
near 8 or absent, 11 from near 8. Hindwings trifid, segments
linear, 3rd segment with slight black scale-tooth in dorsal cilia ;
3 absent.

A small but nearly cosmopolitan genus, containing only two
European species.

1. T. paludum, Z. 12-13 mm. Forewings light brown,
sometimes tinged with yellowish or reddish ; a black subcostal
subbasal dot; sometimes a dark fuscous dorsal spot towards
base ; sometimes a whitish spot before fissure ; two slender
white bars on segments ; all cilia with patches of black scales,
costal and dorsal with white bars. Hindwings dai'k fuscous.

Surrey to Dorset, Cambi'idge, York, in swampy places, local ;
C. Europe ; 6, 8.

2. OxYrxiLUS, Z.

Face smooth or shortly tufted. Labial j^alpi ascending,
second joint with appressed or projecting scales beneath, some-
times forming a short angular apical tuft, terminal filiform.
Tibiae thickened with scales on origin of spurs. Forewings
cleft from about middle ; 2 connate with 4, 3 out of 4, 9 and
10 out of 8, 11 from near 8. Hindwings trifid, third segment
with strong black scale-tooth in dorsal cilia.

Specially characteristic of Europe, whence stragglers have
spread into other regions.

1. Forewings brownish-ochreous ; scale-tooth at f

1. distans.
,, dark reddish-fuscous ; scale-tooth near

apex . . . .2.

2. Hindwings with two posterior dorsal scale-teeth

5. teucrii.
,, with one posterior dorsal scale-tooth . 3.

3. Dorsal scale-tooth subapical . . 2. jiilosellae.

„ apical . . . .4.

4. Forewings white-sprinkled ; bars of cilia white

3. 2Mrvidacti/lus.
,, not white - sprinkled ; bars of cilia

reddish-tinged . . 4. hieracn.

1. 0. distans, Z. (laetus, Z.) 18-20 mm. Forewings light
brownish-ochreous, more or less suffused with fuscous; two
obscure whitish bars on segments ; cilia with a few black scales,
costal and dorsal with Avhitish bars. Hindwings dark grey ;
dorsal scale-tooth at f , small.

432 PYRALIDINA [oxyptilus

Kent to Devon and Norfolk, on sandhills, local ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan; 6-8. Larva jjrobably on
flowers of Ilieracimn (abroad on Andryala) ; 7, 9.

2. 0. pilosellae, Z. 16-18 mm. Forewings dark reddisli-
fuscous ; two ill-defined whitish bars on segments ; cilia mixed
with black scales, costal and dorsal with pale ochreous-reddish
bars. Hindwings dark fuscous, third segment dark reddish-
fuscous, Avith apical patch of black scales in upper cilia, dorsal
scale-tooth black, moderate, subapical.

Kent to Dorset, Cambridge, local ; N. and C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia ; 7, 8. Larva on Hieracium piloseUa ; 6.

3. 0. parvidactylus, Ihv. 14-16 mm. Forewings dark
reddish-fuscous, somewhat white-sprinkled ; two distinct white
bars on segments ; cilia with patches of black scales, costal and
dorsal barred with white. Hindwings dark fuscous, third seg-
ment dark reddish-fuscous, with apical patch of black scales in
upper cilia and whitish spot in apical cilia, dorsal scale-tooth
large, black, apical.

England, N. Ireland, local ; Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ;
6, 7. Larva on Hieracium pilosella (?) ; 9-5.

4. 0. hieracii, Z. 17-20 mm. Forewings dark reddish-fus-
cous ; two distinct white bars on segments ; cilia with patches
of black scales, costal and dorsal with reddish-whitish bars.
Hindwings dark fuscous, third segment dark reddish-fuscous,
with apical patch of purple-blackish scales in upper cilia and
reddish -whitish spot in apical cilia, dorsal scale-tooth large,
purple-blackish, apical.

England, very local and scarce ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7,
8. Larva on Hieracium umhellatum ; 6.

5. 0. teucrii. Greening {heterodactylus, Hw., non Vill.) 19-21
mm. Forewings dark reddish-fuscous, with a few white scales ;
indistinct whitish spots at |- of disc, and base of first segment ;
two well-marked white bars on segments; cilia mixed wdtli
black scales, ban-ed with whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous,
third segment with two subapical black scale -teeth in upper
cilia, suboblong subapical and small apical scale-teeth in dorsal
cilia, separated by whitish spots.

England, local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-green ;
dorsal and subdorsal lines darker green ; spots brown, hairs
numei'ous, whitish : on Teucrimm scorodoiiia ; 9-5.

3. Platyptilia, Hh.
Face tufted. Labial palpi subasceuding, second joint loosely

PLATYPTiLiAl PTEROPHORIDAE 433

scaled, terminal filiform. Tibiae simple or somewhat tufted on
centre of middle tibiae and origin of spurs. Forewings cleft
from |-f ; 8 and 9 stalked, 11 remote. Hindwings trifid, third
segment with strong black scale-tooth in dorsal cilia.

A considerable genus, quite cosmopolitan ; a development of
Stenoptilia.

1. Scale-tooth of hindwings in middle of dorsum . 2.

,, ,, much beyond middle 6.

2. Palpi and frontal tuft very long . . . .3.

„ ,, moderate . . .4.

3. Posterior tibiae below middle-spurs wholly brown

6. Bertrami.
„ ,, with white band

7. ochrodactyla.

4. Costal triangular spot sharply defined . . 5.

,, ,, very ill-defined . 5. isodactyla.

5. Apex of forewings appearing subfalcate . 3. gonodactyla.

„ „ hardly sinuate . 4. Zetterstedtii.

6. Hindwings with postmedian and small apical scale-

teeth . . . .7.

,, with lai'ge apical scale-tooth only

8. rhododactyla.

7. Forewings reddish-fuscous . 2. acanthodactyla.

,, pale greyish-ochreous marked with black

1. cosmodactyla.

1. P. cosmodactyla, lib. {2nmctidactyla, Hw.) 18-21 mm.
Forewings pale greyish-ochreous closely striated with black ; a
triangular black blotch on costa beyond middle, followed by a
small white costal spot ; a black subterminal bar on segments,
posteriorly finely whitish - edged ; apical f of terminal cilia
white. Hindwings blackish ; scale-tooth very large, much
beyond middle, edged by whitish spaces ; a small black apical
scale-tooth.

England, Argyll, S. Ireland, local : N. and C. Europe ; 7,
9-5. Larva from pale green to purplish-pink ; dorsal line dark
grey ; subdorsal white, conspicuous ; lateral and spiracular
whitish, interi-upted ; head dark reddish-fuscous, almost black :
on Stachys, Aquiler/ia, Gtranium, etc. ; 6, 8.

2. P. acanthodactyla, Rb. 18-21 mm. Forewings reddish-
fuscous, costa marked with dark fuscous, sometimes white-
dotted ; a dark fuscous triangular blotch on costa beyond
middle, usually followed by a white costal dash ; a dark fuscous
subterminal bar on segments, posteriorly white-edged ; apical |

2 F

434 PYRALIDINA [platyptii.ia

of terminal cilia white. Hindwings dark fuscous ; scale-tootli
moderate, beyond middle ; a small black apical scale-tooth.

Britain to Ross, S. Ireland, common, less frequent nortli-
wards ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. America (?) ; 7, 9-5. Larva
from pale green to deep purple ; dorsal line dark grey ; sub-
dorsal, lateral, and sometimes spiracular whitish, interrupted ;
head yellowish -grey or yellowish -brown, blackish -marked : on
Stack j/s, Ononis, Geranium, etc. ; 6, 8.

3. P. gonodactyla, Schiff. {trigonodactylus, Stt.) 20-26 mm.
Forewings with termen markedly sinuate, light brown,
suffusedly strigulated with white ; costa dark brown, white-
dotted ; a dark reddish -fuscous posteriorly whitish - edged
triangular blotch on costa beyond middle ; a whitish sub-
terminal line across both segments ; apical f of terminal cilia
white. Hindwings dark fuscous; scale -tooth moderate, in
middle.

Britain to the Oi-kneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
6, 9. Larva green, grey, or wliitish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
dark red, sometimes very faint or obsolete, sometimes suffused :
in flower-heads and on leaves of Tussilago farfara ; 4, 5, 7, 8.

4. P. Zetterstedtii, Z. {taeniadactyla, South) 19-22 mm.
Differs from P. gonodactyla as follows : forewings with termen
distinctly less sinuate, apical spot in cilia lighter and apex
a})pcaring less falcate, colour rather darker and more ochreous-
tinged, less strigulated with white, especially posteriorly.

Devon, Cornwall, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva in
stems of Senecio and Solidago ; 8, 9.

5. P. isodactyla, Z. 21-23 mm. Forewings brown; costa
anteriorly dark fuscous, whitish - sprinkled ; a very ill -defined
dark fuscous triangular blotch on costa beyond middle, apex
forming a distinct dot ; faint traces of a pale subterminal line ;
apical f of terminal cilia white. Hindwings dark fuscous ;
scale-tooth moderate, in middle.

Dorset and Devon to Pembroke, Suftblk, Norfolk, Ireland,
local ; C. Europe ; 6, 8, 9. Larva pale green ; dorsal line
darker; subdorsal darker, whitish -edged above; lateral and
spii'acular faintly whitish ; head and tubei'cles black : in stems
of Senecio ai/ii'jficus ; 5, 7, 8.

6. P. Bertrami, Bsl. 23-27 mm. Frontal tuft and palpi
very long Posterior tibiae below middle -spurs wholly light
brown. Forewings with apex subfalcate, ferruginous-ochrcous,
clouded with yellow-whitish; costal edge dark fuscous; a
darker triangular suffusion on oosta beyond middle apex

platyptilia] PTEROPHORIDAE 435

forming a darker dot, and followed by a whitish costal spot ;
an ochreous-whitish subterminal line ; apical | of terminal cilia
white. Hindwings dark ochreous-fuscous ; scale-tooth small, in
middle.

England, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, N.
America ; 7. Larva green ; dorsal line darker or somewhat
brownish-tinged ; subdorsal and lateral grey-whitisli ; subspira-
cular white; head whitish -yellowish : in shoots of Achillea;
5, 6.

7. P. ochrodactyla, Hb. {dichrodactylus, Miihl.) 23-27 mm.
Difters from P. Bert rami as follows : posterior tibiae with a
whitish band below middle -spurs ; forewings with apex more
falcate, more distinctly marked, apex of triangular sullusion
forming a distinct blackish dot ; scale-tooth of hindwings some-
what larger.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva green ; dorsal line
dark brown ; subdorsal and lateral gi-ey or whitish-grey ; sub-
spiracular grey-whitish ; head and plate of 2 pale yellowish : in
stems of Tanacetmn vuk/are ; 9-6.

8. P. rhododactyla, F. 17-23 mm. Forewings red-brown,
costa whitish -sprinkled ; two oblique white fasciae, first before
middle, sometimes interrupted, second before fissure ; a darker
suffusion towards costa between these ; cilia white towards
middle of termen of each segment. Hindwings reddish-fuscous ;
third segment with middle third whitish, apical dark reddish-
fuscous ; scale-tooth large, almost apical.

Kent, Middlesex, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8.
Larva greenish -yellow or green ; dorsal line purple, bi-oader
anteriorly ; subdorsal and spiracular faintly yellow ; head grey :
on flower-buds and shoots of rose ; 5, 6.

4. Pterophorus, Geoffr.

Face not tufted. Labial palpi subascending, second joint
sometimes loosely scaled, terminal acute. Tibiae simple. Fore-
wings cleft from about middle ; 2 sometimes out of 4 or absent,
3 absent, 7, 9, and 10 absent, 11 connate with or out of 8 or
absent. Hindwings trifid, third segment without black scales
in dorsal cilia ; 3 absent.

A genus of some extent, nearJy cosmopolitan, but no endemic
species occurs in Australia, though in New Zealand there are
several.

1. Forewings with blackish mark before fissure . 2.

,, without such mai'k . . .3.

436

PYRALIDINA

[PTEROPHORUS

2.

Forewings with black discal dot at ^
without discal dot at \

1. P. tetradactylus, L.

Neuration of Pterophorus spilodactylus.

4. galactodactyhis.

5. spilodactylus.

Costal cilia of forewings wholly white 3. pentadactylus.

„ „ not wholly white . 4.

Costal cilia of forewings wholly dark fuscous

1 . tetradactylus.
,, ,, not wholly dark fuscous

2. baliodactylus.
16-22 mm. Forewings yellow-
whitish ; costa more or less
broadly suffused with fuscous,
posteriorly becoming a very
slender dark fuscous costal
streak ; sometimes a subcostal
whitish line towards base ; costal
cilia wholly dark fuscous, rest
fuscous. Hindwings dark grey,
segments whitish towards tips.

Britain to Caledonian Canal,
W. Ireland, rather common ;
Europe, Asia Minor; 6-8. Larva green; dorsal line broad,
darker, whitish - edged ; subdorsal darker; spiracular grey-
yellowish; head yellowish-green: on Thymus; 5, 6.

2. P. baliodactylus, Z. 19-25 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous or pale yellowish-ochreous ; a dark fuscous mark in
costal cilia beyond middle, costal edge from base to this very
finely dark fuscous mixed with whitish ; a fuscous costal
suffusion from near this to near apex ; cilia towards tips of
both segments becoming yellow - whitish above, dark grey
beneath. Hindwings grey, paler and ochreous-tinged towards
tips of segments.

S. England to Gloucester and Oxford ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva dull green ; dorsal line and incisions
more yellowish ; head yellowish-green : on Origanum ; 6.

3. P. pentadactylus, L. 26-29 mm. Forewings and hind-
wings wholly white, with a few blackish scales.

England, E. and S. Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva green ; dorsal area yellow, enclosing a series
of green blotches ; spiracular whitish posteriorly ; head yellow -
brown : on Convolvulus ; 8-5.

4. P. galactodactylus, lib. 20-25 nun. Forewings yellow-
ish-white, with a few blackish scales; a blackish dot in disc at
h, two transversely placed before fissure, one on costa at f , two

PTEROi'HOBUs] PTEROPHORIDAE 437

oil dorsum posteriori}', and often one beneath apex of first
segment ; cilia with dark grey spots on costa and dorsum
lieyond middle, and at apex of segments. Hindwings grey or
whitish-grey, more whitish posteriorly.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, Lancashire, E. Ireland,
rather common ; C. Europe, WC Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva
pale green ; dorsal line double, whitish : on Ai-ctuan lappa ; 5.

5. P, spilodactylus, Cm^t. (1 migadactyla, Hw.) 20-25 mm.
Forewings ochreous-white ; a fuscous or greyish-ochreous basal
blotch, more extended along costa ; an oblique dark fuscous
sometimes interrupted fascia before fissure ; cilia with a dark
grey blotch on middle of upper margin, and two on lower
margin of both segments. Hindwings dark grey, third segment
whitish towards base ; cilia partly whitish-suffused.

T. of Wight, Dorset, Worcester, Suffolk, local ; C. and S.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva deep green, with minute black dots ;
sometimes a double dorsal series of oblique brownish marks ;
head yellowish-green : on Marruhmni vvh/are ; 5-7

5. PsELNOPHORUS, WaUgr.

Face not tufted. Labial palpi ascending, loosely scaled,
terminal joint pointed. Tibiae thickened with scales on origin
of spurs. Forewings cleft from about middle ; 2 and 3 out of
4, 7 absent, 9, 10, and 11 out of 8. Hindwings trifid, third
segment without black scales in dorsal cilia ; 3 absent.

Besides the following, there is one other Siberian species.

1. P. brachydactylus, Tr. 18-21 mm. Forewings dark
fuscous ; a dot or small spot before fissure, a small costal mark
before middle, a fascia or suffused costal spot beyond fissure,
a subapical spot in costal cilia, and two postei'ior spots in dorsal
cilia white. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia partly whitish-
suffused.

Norfolk, Cumberland, Perth, very scarce ; N. and C. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva pale green ; dorsal line
darker ; head yellow-brown : on Lactuca niuraUs ; 5, 6.

6. Maeasmarcha, Meyr.

Face somewhat tufted. Labial palpi ascending, slender,
terminal joint pointed. Tibiae simple. Forewings cleft from
before I ; 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 8 and 10 stalked, 9
absent. Hindwings trifid, third segment without black scales
in dorsal cilia ; 3 absent.

A small genus, extending into Africa and C. Asia.

438 PYRALIDINA [makasmaecha

Forewings dark ochreoiis-fuscous . 1. pl^aeodncti/ht.

,, wliitish-yellowish . . 2. inicrodactijhi.

1. M. phaeodactyla, lib. 20-22 mm. Forewings dark
ochreous- fuscous, in $ paler; often a small pale or whitish
dorsal spot before middle; an inwards - angulated wdiitish-
ochreous fascia on base of segments. Hindwings dark fuscous.

S. England to Hereford and Cambridge, York, locally
common ; C. and SE. Europe ; 7. Larva green or whitish-
green ; dorsal line darker ; tubercles black : head black-
marked : on Ononis ; 6.

2. M. microdactyla, lib. 14-16 mm. Forewings whitish-
yellowish, sprinkled with blackish ; a dot in disc at ^, a mark
at base of fissure, a distinct mark on costa beyond fissure, a
less distinct one towards apex, and some indistinct dots on
margins of segments blackish. Hindwings grey.

England, rather common ; N. and C. Eiu-ope, Asia Minor ;
5, 6, 8. Larva with numerous rough points on back ; flesh-
colour ; dorsal line slightly paler ; head pale yellowish-brown :
in stems of Eupatorium cannahinum ; 7, 9, 10.

7. Alucita, L.

Face not tufted. Labial palpi ascending, loosely scaled,
terminal joint obtuse or pointed. Tibiae sometimes thickened
on origin of spurs and centre of middle tibiae. Forewings cleft
from about f ; 3 and 4 connate, 9 absent. Hindwings trifid,
third segment without black scales in dorsal cilia ; 3 absent.

Principally European and American, with stragglers in other
regions.

1. Middle tibiae thickened with scales in middle

5. lithodactyla.
„ ,, not thickened in middle . . 2.

2. Forewings with black marginal posterior dots . 3.

,, without black marginal dots . 1. osteodactyla.

3. Forewings with two dots at base of fissure 2. tephradactyla.

,, ,, a single spot at base of fissure . 4.

4. A small in-egular spot before fissure 4. monodactyla.
A strong oljlique mark at base of fissure . 3. lienigiana.

1. A. osteodaxtyla, ^. 17-21 mm. Forewings whitish-yellow-
ish, partly ochrcous-tinged, often more or less mixed or suffused
with light fuscous ; a dark fuscous dot at base of fissure ; a
light fuscous suff"usion towards costa posteriorly ; cilia light
grey, on costa whitish-yellow. Hindwings grey.

England, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 7. Larva pale brownish:

alucita] PTEIIOPHOKIDAE 439

dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines darker brown : on flowers
and seeds of Soliddf/o virgaurca ; 9-4.

2. A. tephradactyla, lib. 20-22 mm. Forewings ochreons-
wlutish, irroratcd with pale grey and blackish ; a blackish dot
in disc at J, two transversely placed at base of fissure, and tAvo
or thi-ee on margins of each segment towards apex ; cilia grey,
on costa whitish-ochreous towards apex. Hindwings grey ; a
darker dot at apex of each segment.

Britain to Sutherland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva
green ; dorsal line double, greyish ; head pale yellowish : on
Solidago virgnurea ; 9-5.

3. A. lienigiana, Z. 18-19 mm. Forewings fuscous-whitish,
irrorated with blackish : a small blackish spot in disc at \, an
oblique spot at base of fissure, a mark on costa beyond fissure,
a smaller one towards apex, and two or three dots at apex and
on lower edge of each segment ; cilia grey, on costa white, on
costal marks blackish. Hindwings grey ; a darker dot at apex
of segments.

Kent to Devon and Norfolk, local ; C. I'^urope ; 7. Larva
pale bluish-green ; dorsal line broad, darker ; subdorsal yellow-
whitish ; head browm, blackish-marked : on Arfrmisia mdgaris ;
5, 6.

4. A. monodactyla, L. {j)terodactyla, Hb.) 21-26 mm.
Forewings from pale grcyish-ochreous to pale reddish -brown,
often whitish-mixed, sometimes with a few black scales ; a
black dot in disc before \, a small irregular spot l)efore base
of fissure, two dots on costa posteriorly, and two or three at
apex and on lower edge of segments ; cilia grey, on costa con-
colorous with wing. Hindwings gre3^

Britain to tlie Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, common ; Europe,
WC. Asia to Turkestan, N. Africa, N. America; 9-4. Larva
green, mai-ked with whitish, sometimes brownish-tinged ; dorsal
line uneven, dark green or red-brown ; head pale brown, some-
times greenish-tinged : on Convolvulus ; 6-8.

5. A. lithodactyla, Tr. 23-27 mm. Middle tibiae thickened
with scales in middle and at apex. Forewings pale brown, irre-
gularly mixed with grey -whitish and irrorated with black ; a
blackish subcrescentic posteriorly white -edged mark before
fissure ; an elongate blackish mark on costa near beyond it ;
some blackish marginal dots towards apex ; cilia dark grey,
somewhat whitish-mixed. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; a
darker dot at apex of segments.

Britain to Roxburgh, W. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ;

440

PYRALIDINA

[alucita

7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal Hue broad, rosy, purplish-edged : on
Inula and Fulicaria ; 5, 6.

8. Stenoptilia, lib.

Face with horny prominence. Ocelli sometimes distinct.

Labial palpi porrected, second
joint with loose rough or
appressed scales, terminal fili-
form. Tibiae simple. Fore-
wings cleft from about f ; 8
and 9 stalked. Hindwings
trifid, third segment without
black scales in dorsal cilia.
A nearly cosmopolitan genus

'He.Mva.t'ww ot Stenovti'ia vte-rodactyla. » 1 j,

or some extent.
L Cilia of hindwings distinctly reddish . L jjterodactyla.

not reddish . . .2.

zopliodactyla.
3. hiimnctidactyla.

2. Outer half of costal cilia white

,, ,, ,, ,, not white

L S. pterodactyla, L. [fuscus, Retz. ; f^iscodactylus, Hw.)
21-24 mm. Forcwings reddish -brown, lighter and more
reddish dorsally, especially towards base, with a few blackish
and whitish scales ; extreme edge of costal cilia whitish ; a
blackish dot at base of fissure, and sometimes traces of a
second above it ; base of terminal cilia whitish dotted with
black. Hindwings dark fuscous, reddish-tinged, third segment
often lighter ; cilia distinctly reddish.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, L'eland, common ; Europe,
Asia Minor, N. America ; 7. Larva green or yellowish-green ;
dorsal line darker or brown ; subdorsal and lateral indistinct,
grey -whitish ; head pale ochreous, reticulated with black : on
Veronica chamaedrys ; 5, 6.

2. S. zophodactyla, Du2h {Loeivii, Z. ; Hodghnsovl, Gregs.)
18-20 mm. Forcwings fuscous - grey, somewhat whitish-
sprinkled, with some black scales posteriorly ; a blackish dot
in disc at \, a second larger at base of fissure, and a third
indistinct above and before second ; outer half of costal cilia
white ; terminal cilia with an interrupted black subbasal line.
Hindwings dark fuscous.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor; 8,9. Larva yellowish-green or brownish-yellow; dorsal
line purple or reddish, sometimes darker green ; subdorsal some-

stenoptima]

PTEROrHORlDAE

441

times pale purplish or pale yellowish : on flowers of Erytliraea
centaur inn I ; 6. 7.

3. S. bipunctidactyla, I/h'. (ariJus, Z. ; serotinus, Z. ;
plagiodactylus, Stt.) 18-23 mm. Forewiiigs brown, more or
less sprinkled with black and whitish ; a distinct clear
ochreous dorsal streak, sometimes reddish-tinged ; a blackish
dot' in disc at \, and a transverse spot at base of fissure ;
l)ase of terminal cilia whitish, with several black dots. Hind-
wings dark fuscous.

Britain to lloss, Ireland, common; Europe, Asia Minor; 6,
8. Larva green or pale greenish-yellow ; dorsal line rosy,
reddish-fuscous, or brown, sometimes obsolete : on shoots and
flowers of Scahiosa ; 5, 7. The variations of the imago tend to
be localised, proljably through correlation to the character of
the food-jjlant.

9. Agdistis, lib.

Face with horny prominence. Ocelli distinct. Labial palpi
ascending, second joint with pro-
jecting scales beneath, tei-minal
shoi't. Tibiae simple. Forewings
entire ; 8 and 9 sepai'ate, 9 and
10 sometimes connate. Hind-
wings entire, dorsum with rough
scales beneath ; 5 absent.

A small European genus, ex-
tending into Africa. Whilst
agreeing with the rest of the
family in essential structure, it yet differs most strikingly from
all. It doubtless represents the ancestral type of the family,
but only in a very modified form.

1. A. Bennetii, Curt. 22-25 mm. Forewings greyish-
ochreous, towards costa and dorsum irrorated with blackish ;
a blackish dot in disc at \, two above dorsum before and
beyond middle, a fourth above and beyond third, and a fifth
below costa at f . Hindwings pale grey, darker dorsall}' ;
termcn above tornus sprinkled with blackish.

I. of Wight, Kent, Essex, York, local ; not yet identified
clsewhei'e ; 7. hnrva. on Statice limonhmi ; 5.

Neuration of Agdistis Bennetii.

7. ORNEODIDAE.

Ocelli distinct. Tongue developed. Maxillary palpi obsolete.
Forewings six-cleft, cell very short, 5 absent, 7 separate, 8 and

442

PYRALIDINA

ciliated. Labial
with projecting

9 coincident. Hindwings six-cleft, cell very short, 5 absent, 7
out of 6 near origin, 8 free.

The curious genus which alone constitutes this family stands
veiy isolated, the earlier connecting forms being apparently all
extinct. Imago with forewings triangular, cleft almost from
the base into six linear segments ; flight crepuscular.

Larva moderately elongate, with few hairs. Pupa in a
cocoon above ground.

1. Orneodbs, Latr.

Face with projection of scales. Antennae in S minutely

palpi long, obliquely ascending, second joint

scales beneath, somewhat tufted, terminal

pointed. Forewings : 5 and 6

absent, 9 and 10 absent.

A genus of about 20 known
species, pi'etty evenly distributed
throughout the world.

L 0. hexadactyla, L. {jpoly-
dactyla, Hb.) 13-16 mm. Ter-
minal joint of palpi as long as
second. Forewings ochrcous-grey;
two costal spots before and one
beyond middle, a median fascia
projecting inwardly above and
outwardly below middle, and
Neuration of Oracoto 7icxf(dac/7/Za. narrow subtermiual fascia dilated
in middle blackish edged with Avhitish ; apex of segments
blackish ; cilia grey, mixed with blackish and barred with
whitish. Hindwings grey, barred throughout with blackish and
whitish ; cilia grey, with whitish bars forming four transverse
lines.

Britain to Aberdeen, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor ;
8-4. Larva yellow ; head bi'ownish-ochrcous : amongst flower-
buds of Lonicera ; 6, 7.

6. PSYCHINA.

Eyes glabrous. Maxillary pal|)i rudimentary or obsolete
(yet sometimes well marked in pupa). Posterior tibiae with
spurs very short (except Heterogeneidae), middle- spurs often
absent. Forewings : lb furcate, Ic usually developed, 5 more
or less approximated to 4. Hindwings witl) frenulum, retina-

PSYCH INA 443

culum often very broad, Ic present, 8 connected or anastomos-
ing with cell (except Zeiizeridae).

This ancient group, which furnishes the origin of the five
preceding, is not now very prominent, though much moi'e
numerous in warm regions than would be supposed from a
knowledge of the few European forms.

Imago with forewings more or less elongate-triangular,
hindwings ovate, often rather small.

Type of markings indefinite ; often none, or a vague reticu-
lation only ; when present, they are irregular.

Larva with 10 prolegs (except Heterogeiieidae), usually witli
few hairs.

Pupa with segments 8-11 free, iisually 7 also (except
Psychidae), in cj 12 also; protruded from cocoon in emergence.

The four families can only be regarded as correlative de-
velopments from a common ancestral form, which must have
closely approached the typical Tineidae (group of E2nchno2:)teryx).

Tabulation of Families.

1. 8 of hindwings connected with cell . . 2.

„ ,, not connected with cell 2. Zeuzeridae.

2. Ic of forewings coincident with lb posteriorly

1. Psychidae.
„ ,, separate . . . .3.

3. Tongue developed . . 3. Zygaenidae.

„ obsolete . . .4. Hetbrogenbidae.

1. PSYCHIDAE.

Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli large. Tongue obsolete.
Antennae |- or less, in S strongly bipectinated to apex. Labial
palpi very short, hairy. Thorax densely hairy above and
beneath. Abdomen, femora, and tibiae densely hairy, posterior
tibiae without middle-spurs, end-spurs extremely short. Fore-
wings : la anastomosing with lb before middle, Ic (if present)
coincident with lb beyond middle, 7 absent. Hindwings : 8
connected by bar with upper margin of cell. 9 apterous,
withoixt legs or developed antennae.

A rather small family of universal distribution, but commoner
in warm countries. Male imago with thinly scaled wings, with-
out markings ; flight strong and swift, sometimes in sunshine.
The female is almost wholly helpless ; the abdomen is at first
greatly distended with eggs, and ultimately shrivels up.

444

PSYCHINA

Ovum oval, smooth. Larva inhabiting a strong portable
silken case, covered with fragments of stick or refuse. Pupa
within the larval case.

Tabulation of Genera.

7 of hind wings present
absent

2. Sterrhopterix.
1. Psyche.

1. Psyche, Schrk.

Forewings : 4 and 5 approximated at base, 8 and 9 connate
or stalked. Hindwings : 4 and 5 sometimes stalked, 7 absent.
A moderate genus, ranging tlu'oughout the Avarmcr regions
of the Northern hemisphere.

Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous . 1. villosella.
,, ,, fuscous-grey . . 2. opacella.

1. P. villosella, 0. (nigricans, Stt.) 25-2G mm. Head, thorax,
and abdomen pale brownish-ochreous.
Forewings and hindwings thinly
haired, dark brown ; veins and base
of cilia darker. 5 with rounded
frontal prominence.

Hants, Dorset, local ; S. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6. Larva dark fuscous,
sides paler; head and 2-4 whitish,
marked with blackish : case large,
covered with short longitudinally
placed pieces of twig ; on Calluna,
grass, etc. ; 7-5, sometimes living
two years.

2. P. opacella, IIS. 18-21 mm.
Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous-
grey. Forewings and hindwings very thinly haired, grey ;
veins and base of cilia darker. ^ without frontal prominence.
Surrey to Dorset, Lancashire, Perth, local ; C. Eui'ope : 6,
7. Larva pale grey ; head black : 2-4 with dark grey plates :
case covered with longitudinally placed grass-fragments, seed-
vessels, etc. ; on grass (?) ; 8-5.

2. Sterrhopterix, lib.

Forewings: 4 and 5 stalked, 9 and 10 stalked. Hindwings;
7 present, parallel to 6.

A limited group, principally inhabiting S. Europe and Asia.
1. S. hirsutella, lib. (fusca, Hw. ; cnlvella, 0.) 21-23 mm.

Neuration of Psyche opacella.

STERRHOPTERIX] PSYCHIDAE 445

Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous - grey. Forewings and
hindwings greyish, with very fine thinly scattered hairs.

Surrey, Middlesex, Lancashire, Durham, Perth, local ; C.
Eiu-ope ; 6, 7. Larva brown ; head and 2-4 whitish, much
marked with black : case narrowed towards ends, covered with
transversely placed fragments of stems, seed-vessels, etc. ; on
oak, hawthorn, Salix, etc. ; 8-5.

2. ZEUZERIDAE.

Head rough-haired. Ocelli present. Tongue rudimentary.
Antennae less than h Labial palpi very short, porrected,
terminal joint pointed. Thorax hairy beneath. Abdomen very
long, hairy. Femora hairy, posterior tibiae without middle-
spurs. Forewings : 7 and 8 stalked, 9 connate with or out of
8 near base, both parting-veins strong. Hindwings : 4 and 5
somewhat approximated, 8 free or connected with 7.

This family is also small, widely distributed but mainly
within the tropics. Imago with forewings elongate-triangular ;
flight powerful, nocturnal.

Ovum elongate-oval, smooth. Larva feeding in the stems of
trees or plants. Pupa within the lai'val gallery ; it is furnished
with abdominal whorls of spines, by means of which it can
traverse the gallery when about to emerge.

Tabulation of Genera.

8 of hindwings connected by bar with 7 . 2. Zeuzbra.
„ „ free . . L Phragmatoecia.

L Phragmatoecia, Newm.

Antennae \, in $ bipectinated throughout, on apical third
vei'y shortly. Palpi hairy. Tibiae hairy. Hindwings : 8
free.

A sniall genus, principally Asiatic ; only one species occurs
in Europe.

\. P. castaneae, Uh. (arimdmis, Hb.) 34-42 mm. Thorax
pale browaiish-ochreous. Forewings pale brownish -ochreous ;
interneural series of numerous very small indistinct fuscous
spots. Hindwings very pale brownish-ochreous.

Surrey, Norfolk, Cambridge, local ; C. Europe, C. Asia ;
6, 7. Larva ochreous - whitish ; head, 2, and 3 pale brown ;
subdorsal line pale purplish, sometimes nearly obsolete : in
stems of reed (Phragmites) ; 6-5.

446

PSYCH IN A

[ZEUZERA

2. Zeuzera, Latr.

Antennae \, in $ strongly bipectinated, apical third simple.
Palpi with appressed scales. Tibiae rough-scaled. Hindwings :
8 connected with 7 near beyond cell.

Also principally inhabiting S.
Asia, with one species reaching
Europe. Larva feeding in solid wood.

1. Z. pyrina, L. (aesculi, L.) 50-64
mm. Thorax white, with two rows
of blue - black spots. Forewings
thinly scaled, white; numerous small
scattered round or transverse -oval
deep indigo-blue spots. Hindwings
as forewings, but spots smaller and
fainter.

England to York, Ayr, rather

local and irregular ; C. and S.

Africa, N. America (perhaps intro-

Neuration of Zeuzera pyrina.

Europe, Asia Minor, N.

duced) ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-whitish or dull yellowish, spots
large, black; head and plates of 2 and 13 black-brown: in
stems of elm, apple, birch, etc. ; 6-5.

3. ZYGAENIDAE.

Ocelli present. Tongue developed. Antennae f, more or
less thickened above middle. Labial palpi moderate, ascend-
ing, rough-haired, terminal joint short, pointed. Hindwings :
8 connected by bar with middle of upper margin of cell.

Rather an extensive family, but principally developed within
the tropics, many of the species being remarkable for their
brilliant colouring. The flight is diurnal, r?<-her slow and
heavy.

Ovum elongate -oval, finely ribbed or reticulated. Larva
short, stout, feeding exposed on plants. Pupa in a strong
elongate cocoon above ground.

Tabulation of Genera.

Forewings with 8 and 9 stalked
„ 8 and 9 separate

1. Zygaena, F.
Head more or less rough-haired. Antennae gradually

1. Zygaena.
2. Pkocris.

zy.^aena]

ZYGAENIDAE

447

NeunitioH of Zygaena trifolii.

thickened from liase to ubout f or 4, tlicnce tapering to apex,
simple. Thorax densely hairy beneath. Abdomen hairy.
Femora more or less hairy beneath,
tibiae smooth- scaled, all spurs
present, short. Forewings : 8 and
9 stalked. Hindwings : 6 and 7
sometimes connate, upper margin
of cell angulated at connection.

The genus is extensive, but con-
fined to Europe, N. and C. Asia,
Japan, and N. Africa, its range
coinciding exactly with the limits
of the Palaearctic region. Imago
with forewings elongate-triangular.
The species are very similar, often
interbreed, and are particularly
liable to form local races ; so that their study is excessively
difficult. The larvae are equally similar and variable.

1. Forewings with upper basal spot reaching to be-

yondl .' . 2.

,, ,, ,, not reaching ^ 3.

2. Forewings besides witli four spots . 5. exulans.

„ „ with two elongate blotches 6. ^?7ose^^ae.

3. Smaller, rather thinly scaled . . 4. meliloti.
Larger, not thinly scaled . . .4.

4. Forewings six-spotted . . . \. filipendulae.

,, five-spotted . . . .5.

5. Termen of forewings slightly rounded, middle

spots separate . 2. lonicerae,
,, ,, moderately rounded, middle

spots usually confluent 3. trifolii.

1. Z. filipendulae, L. 28-35 mm. Abdomen deep green or
indigo-blue. Forewings very deep green ; six deep crimson
spots, first pair suljbasal, elongate, sometimes confluent, second
pair sometimes confluent, sixth sometimes small. Hindwings
deep crimson ; a slender green-blackish terminal streak ; cilia
blue-blackish.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
Asia Minor, Syria ; 6, 7. Larva dull green ; a subdorsal series
of black transverse spots, one broader and one narrower on
each segment ; a lateral series of black crescentic or divided
spots ; between these two series a row of yellow marks ; head
black : on Trlfolium, Lotus, Lathyrus ; 8-5.

448 PSYCHINA [zygaena

2. Z. lonicerae, Esp. 28-35 mm. Antemial thickening rather
slender, very gradual. Abdomen deep indigo-blue. Forewings
very deep green ; five deep crimson spots, first pair subbasal,
elongate, sometimes confluent, upper of second jjair small ; ter-
men slightly rounded. Hind wings deep crimson ; a terminal
streak and cilia blue-blackish.

England to York, N. and W. Ireland, local ; N., C, and
SW. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva resembling that
of Z. filipendidae : on Trifoliii/m, Lotus, Lathyrus ; 8-5.

3. Z. trifolii, Esp. 28-35 mm. Differs from Z. lonicerae
as follows : antennal thickening stouter, less gradually pointed,
second pair of spots larger, generally confluent, sometimes also
confluent with lower one of first pair and with fifth, termen
more rounded.

England, Ayr, N. Ireland, local ; Europe, WC. and NW.
Asia, N. Africa ; 6, 7. Larva resembling that of Z. filipen-
dulae, but pairs of black subdorsal spots often appearing
X-shaped, lateral spots somewhat smaller : on Trifolium and
Lotus ; 8-5.

4. Z, meliloti, Esp. 24-27 mm. Differs from Z. lonicerae
as follows : antennal thickening shorter, less gradual, wings
more thinly scaled, forewings greyer, upper spot of second pair
usually more elongate, a sixth spot sometimes obscurely indi-
cated, termen more rounded, hindwings dullei", terminal streak
and cilia blackish.

Hants, Dorset, Lancashire, local ; C. Europe, WC. and NW.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva resembling that of Z. Jilipendidae, but
black subdorsal and lateral spots almost wholly obsolete : on
Lotus ; 8-5. The egg of this species is said to be considerably
larger than that of the three preceding, though the insect is
much smaller.

5. Z. exulans, Hoch. 26-32 mm. Antennal thickening
rather short and stout, obtuse-pointed. Abdomen with dense
rough black hairs. Forewings thinly scaled, blackish-green or
deep green ; five deep crimson spots, first extending along basal
half of costa to above third, second subbasal, third rather small,
fourth and fifth large. Hindwings thinly scaled, crimson ; a
terminal streak and cilia blackish.

Aberdeen, above 2000 feet, local ; mountains of N. and C.
Europe ; 7. Larva very dark green ; an interrupted black
lateral stripe marked with series of yellow transverse spots ;
head black : on Silene, Alchemilla, Trifolium, etc. ; 8-6.

6. Z. pilosellae, Esp. {minos, Fucsl. ; nuhigena, Ld.) 27-31

zygaena] ZYGAENIDAE 449

nun. Anteiinul thickening stout, rather shcirt, obtuse. Ab-
domen blue-blackish. Forewings thinly scaled, blue-blackish
or green-blackish ; three elongate crimson blotches, first along
costa to beyond ^, second in disc from base to beyond middle,
third above second from before middle to |, apex much dilated.
Hindwings thinly scaled, crimson ; termen sometimes blackish
near apex ; cilia blue-blackish.

Forfar, Argyll, W. Ireland, local ; Europe, WC. and N.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva dark green or yellow-green ; dorsal line
whitish ; a subdorsal series of black spots, usually single ; a
lateral series of yellow spots; head black : on Thyrims ; 8-5.

2. Procris, F.

Head smooth. Antennae more or less thickened towards
apex, in S bipectinated. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen
smooth. Femora smooth, posterior tibiae without middle-
spurs. Forewings : 8 and 9 separate. Hindwings : 6 and 7
sometimes connate, upper margin of cell not angulated.

A genus of some extent, principally inhabiting Europe,
Asia, and Australia. Imago with forewings less elongate than
in Zygaena. The species are generally unicolorous, and their
specific discrimination is often difficult. The larvae when
young mine blotches between the surfaces of the leaf.

1. Antennae thickened apically, obtuse . . 2.

,, not thickened, pointed . 3. rjlohidariae.

2. Forewings partly speckled with dark grey, termen

straighter ... 2. statices.

,, uniform, termen more rounded 1. geryon.

1. P. geryon, llh. 20-23 mm. Antennae thickened to-
wards apex, obtuse. Head and thorax golden-green or blue-
green. Abdomen coppery - green. Forewings golden - green ;
termen rounded ; cilia dark grey. Hindwings dark grey.

England, local ; C. and SW. Europe, Asia Minor to Turke-
stan; 5, 6. Larva whitish or pale yellow, sides reddish -
brown ; dorsal line double, purplish -brown ; subdorsal dull
purple ; subspiracular pale flesh-colour ; head and plate of 2
black : on Helianthemmn ; 7-5.

2. P. statices, L. S 26-30 mm., $ 23-25 mm. Difters from
P. geryon as follows : abdomen blue-green, golden-green, or
coppery, forewings usually more or less speckled with dark grey,
termen straighter, hindwings more thinly scaled and therefore
appearing lighter.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather local (infrequent in
2 G

450 PSYOHINA [PROCRTS

Scotland) ; Europe, Asia Minor to N. Persia; 6. Larva whitish,
yellow, or greenish, sides brownish or pink ; dorsal line usually
brown or pink ; subdorsal series of spots sometimes pink ; head
black: on Rumex acetosa ; 7-5. The imago bears a remarkable
resemblance on the wing to a species of Ghry^opa (a genus of
Neuroptera) occui'ring in the same localities ; probably an
instance of protective mimicry, as the Chrysopa is uneatable.

3. P. globulariae, Hb. S 26-30 mm., $ 18-20 mm. Antennae
not thickened towards apex, pointed. Head and thorax golden-
green or blue-green. Abdomen coppeiy or golden-green. Fore-
wings golden-green ; termen rounded ; cilia grey. Hindwings
grey, in $ rather darker.

Kent to Gloucester, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.
Larva green ; a dorsal row of black spots ; subdorsal line white ;
head and plate of 2 black : on Centaurea nigra ; 7-5.

4. HETEROGENEIDAE.

Ocelli present. Tongue rudimentary or absent. Antennae
^ or more, in c^ ciliated or simple. Labial palpi moderate,
shortly rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint very short, some-
what pointed. Tibiae rough-haired. Forewings : 8 and 9
stalked, 8 to apex. Hindwings : 8 connected or anastomosing
with upper margin of cell.

Though nowhere very conspicuous, this family attains a fair
degree of development within the tropics, but is elsewhere scarce.
Imago with forewings rather short-triangular ; the species fly
by night, and are retired in habit.

Ovum oval, smooth. Larva short, stout, attenuated towards
extremities, without prolegs ; feeding exposed on surface of
leaves. Pupa with maxillary palpi w^ell marked ; in a firm
short oval cocoon above ground. Some exotic larvae of this
family have grou]is oF protnisible stinging tentacles.

Taiwlation of Genera.

Posterior tibiae with all spurs present . 2. Apoda.

,, ,, without middle-spurs 1. Heterogenea.

1. Heterogenea, Kn.

Head with appressed hairs. Antennae |, in S filifoiuii,
simple. Palpi ascending. Thorax, abdomen, and femora not
hai)-y. Posterior tibiae with middlc-spui's absent, end-spurs
lonir. Forewino-s : 10 out of 9 near base. Hindwings: 5 from

heterogenea]

HETEROGENEIDAE

451

transverse vein, tolerably parallel to 4, 6 and 7 tolerably remote
at base, 8 connected by bar with middle of cell.

Only the one species is properly ascertained.

1. H. asella, Schiff. 15-20 mm. Forewings in $ dark
piu-plish-fnscous, in $ rather dark ochreous-brownish. Hind-
wings blackish-grey.

Surrey to Devon and Essex, local ; C. Europe ; G, 7. Larva
pale green ; a broad brown yellowish - edged dorsal band,
beginning on 3, narrowed on 5, becoming very broad on 7 and
8, thence diminishing: on beech, oak, poplar; 8-10.

2. Apoda, Hw.

Head densely rough-haired. Antennae |, in $ dentate,
ciliated. Palpi porrected. Thorax, abdomen, and femora hairy.
Posterior tibiae with all spurs
present. Forewings : 10 separate.
Hindwings : 4 and 5 tolerably
approximated, 6 and 7 connate, 8
anastomosing with cell from near
base to middle.

It is doubtful how far other
species which have been placed
witli this are to be regarded as
truly congeneric.

1 . A. limacodes, Ilufn. (testudo,
SchifF.) 26-29 mm. Forewings
yellow - ochreous ; a median line
parallel to termen, not reaching
costa, a mark from dorsum before
tornus, and a line from f of costa to below middle of termen
dark brown or blackish ; cilia sometimes mixed with blackish.
Hindwings ochreous-orange mixed with blackish, dorsally clearer.

Kent to Hants and Norfolk ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ;
6. Larva green ; subdorsal line yellow, pink-edged above ;
subspiracular yellowish ; spiracles white : on beech and oak ;
8-10.

7. TORTRICINA.

Head with dense ei'ect scales. Ocelli usually present. Eyes
glabrous. Tongue usually developed. Antennae under §.
Maxillary palpi rudimentary or obsolete. Labial palpi with
second joint more or less rough-scaled, terminal rather short,
obtuse. Tibiae with all spurs present, usually long. Fore-

Neiiration of Apoda limacodes.

452 TORTRICINA

wings : lb strongly fufcate, Ic more or less developed, 3, 4, 5
more or less approximated. Hindwings with frenulum, lb with
well-developed basal furcation, Ic present (except sometimes in
Epihlemidae), 6 and 7 usually approximated or stalked, 8
approximated to anterior half of upper margin of cell, some-
times connected with it, thence diverging.

This is a very large group, everywhere present, but much
more chai-acteristic of temperate regions than of tropical.
Excepting the Trypanidae, the species are usually of small size ;
the greater number fly towards sunset.

Imago with forewings oblong- triangular, hindwings trape
zoidal or elongate-ovate.

Type of markings : Forewings with a basal patch, a central
fascia, and sometimes a costal patch before apex, or a round
metallic-edged patch (ocellus) above tornus. Hindwings with-
out markings. Ovum flattened-oval, usually smooth, sometimes
reticulated. Larva rather elongate, with few hairs, with 10
prolegs ; living concealed in rolled or joined leaves, or spun
shoots, or in stems or flower-heads or roots. Usually there are
no markings; hence the leaf-feeding forms, being often very
polyphagous, arc hardly to be discriminated. The liead is often
black when young and light-coloured later.

Pupa with segments 8-11 free, in S 12 also ; protruded from
cocoon in emergence ; usually in the situation where the
larva fed.

In the forewings of the imago there is often a longitudinal
dividing -vein cutting off" the upper posterior angle of the cell,
thus forming an auxiliary cell, but the character seems variable
and uncertain, and of no systematic value ; also sometimes a
forked vein traversing the middle of the cell, best seeii in the
Trypanulae, the upper fork being usually absent in the other
families. In the males of many forms the basal portion of the
costa of forewings is folded over above, and often includes some
expansible hairs (probably a scent-organ) ; this is termed the
costal fold.

The four families may be considered as nearly correlated
branches from a common ancestor, nearly ap])roaching the
Scardia group of the Tineidae ; though the Epiblemidae may
not improbably be derived from an early form of Tortricidae.

Tabulation of Families.

1, 9 of forewings out of 7 . . 4. Trypanipae.

„ „ separate . . . .2.

TORTRICINA 453

2. 2 of forewings from beyond f of cell 3. Phaloniadae.

„ ,, from before f of cell . . 3.

3. Lower median vein of hindwings hairy towards

base; micus not developed . 1. Epiblemidae.

Lower median vein of hindwings not hairy (except

Sparganothis) ; uncus developed 2. Tortricidae.

L EPIBLEMIDAE.

Forewings : 2 from before f of lower margin of cell, 9
separate. Hindwings : lower median vein hairy towards base.
Uncus not developed.

A very extensive family, mainly characteristic of temperate
regions of the Northern hemisphere ; elsewhere it is less
numerous than the Tortricidae. The species are all small or
rather small. Forewings with central fascia oblique, running
from about middle of costa to dorsum before tornus ; ocellus
normally well-defined ; costal patch undefined.

The genera are rather ill -defined, the more important
structural characters being very uniform ; hence it is necessary
to utilise slighter points in some instances. The phylogeny
is correspondingly difficult, for where all are so closely con-
nected, it is hard to determine which are most nearly allied.
It is indicated for the principal genera in the diagram.

Phylogeny of Epiblemidae.

Clirosis Bactra

Eucosma Evetria

I I Hemimene

I I

Enarmouia Eudemis Ancylis Notocelia Lij)optyeba Pammene

Cvilia Epibiema Laspeyresia

I I I

I
Epiuotia

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Hindwings with 6 and 7 remote at base . . 2.

„ „ ,, closely appi'oximated or

stalked . . 3.

454 TORTRICINA

2. Forewings in $ with costal fold . .18. Hemimene.

„ ,, without costal fold 19. Lipoptycha.

3. Apex of forewings falcate, acute . .12. Ancylis.

,, „ not falcate . . .4.

4. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked . . .5.

,, ,, ,, separate . . .6.

5. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked . .11. Eudemis.

„ „ „ connate . . 20. Acroclcta.

6. Forewings in S with costal fold . . .7.

„ „ without costal fold . . 9.

7. Hindwings in $ with subdorsal hair-pencil in

groove . ,15. Notocelia.

,, „ without subdorsal hair-pencil . 8.

8. Hindwings in $ with subcostal hair-pencil 16. Sphaeroeca.

„ „ without subcostal hair-pencil

17. Epiblema.

9. Antennae in S with deep notch on stalk 10. Tmetocera.

,, „ not notched . . .10.

10. Antennae in $ with very long cilia (4) . 8. Asthenia.

„ „ moderately ciliated or simple . 11.

11. Hindwings with 3, 4, 5 equidistant at origin . 12.

,, „ „ not equidistant at origin . 13.

12. Hindwings with 3, 4, 5 rather widely remote 2. CiiROSis.

„ „ „ closely approximated 3. Bactra.

13. Hindwings in $ with elongate dorsal lobe 4. Exartema.

„ „ without elongate dorsal lobe . 14.

14. Forewings with 4 and 5 connate . . 7. Evetria.

„ „ „ separate. . .15.

15. Hindwings with 5 straight, nearly parallel to 4 . 16.

,, ,, 5 bent, approximated to 4 .19.

16. Hindwings with 7 in S running into 8 . 21. Pammene.

,, ,, ,, not running into 8 .17.

17. Palpi porrected . . . .24. Epinotia.

,, ascending . . . . .18.

18. Hindwings in S with hair-pencil in groove beneath

cell . . 23. Carpocapsa.

„ „ without groove or hair-pencil

22. Laspeyresia.

19. Forewings with termen sinuate; thorax not crested 20.

,, ,, ,, straight or rounded (rarely

subsinuatc, and then with crested thorax) 21.

20. Palpi ascending . . . 13. Gypsonoma.

„ pori'ected . . . .14, Cydia.

EPIBLEMIDAE 455

21. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked . . 9. Enarmonia.

,, ,, ,, not stalked . . 22.

22. Thorax crested . . . . .23.

„ smooth . . . .6. Pamplusia.

23. Forewings with 10 rising much nearer 11 tlian 9

1. LOBESIA.

„ „ 10 not nearer 11 than 9 5. Eucosma.

1. LoBESiA, Gn.

Antennae in $ simple. Palpi moderate, porrected. Thorax
with posterior crest. Forewings with termen straight, 10
rising much nearer to 11 than to 9. Hindwings: 3 and 4
closely approximated at base, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7
closely approximated towards base.

Restricted to the single species ; the imago flies freely in
the sunshine.

1. L. permixtana, Hh. {reliquana, Wilk., non Hb.) 11-12
mm. P^'orewings ferruginous- ochreous, somewhat mixed with
black ; a triangular blackish dorsal spot before middle, con-
nected with costa by a fascia of whitish-ochreous striae ; a
blackish triangular blotch on middle of costa, and a blackish
triangular tornal spot, more or less confluent ; some pale
strigulae on costa posteriorly. Hindwings in $ white, suffused
with dark grey towards apex, in 9 blackish-grey.

England, Ayr, S. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia ; 5. Larva dark purple-crimson ; tubercular
spots small, white ; head and plate of 2 pale brown : on black-
thorn and birch ; 7, 8.

2. Chrosis, Gil.

Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings with ter-
men straight or slightly rounded. Hindwings : 3, 4, 5 rather
widely and equally remote, 6 and 7 connate or stalked.

Only a few European species ai-e known.

1. Forewings conspicuously narrow . . 2. littoralis.

,, not narrow . . . .2.

2. Forewings ochreous-whitish . .1. fiiligana.

„ pale reddish-ochreous . 3. euphorhiana.

1. C. fuligana, Hw. {abscissana., Dbld.) 10-13 mm. Fore-
wings ochreous-whitish, strigulated with dark fuscous; basal
patch, central fascia, and terminal fascia narrowed to tornus
dark brown. Hindwings grey.

456 TORTRICINA [chrosis

Kent to Norfolk and Cambridge, I. of Wight, Devon, local ;
Holland ; 5, 7. Larva blue-green ; head and plate of 2
yellowish-brown: in shoots of Carduus arvensis ; 6, 9.

2. C. littoralis. Curt. 12-15 mm. Forewings elongate,
narrow, ochreous or pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes rosy-
tinged, faintly striated ; basal patch deeper or ferruginous, edge
angulated, black-marked near dorsum ; narrow central fascia,
and terminal fascia narrowed to both extremities deeper or
ferruginous, sometimes partially black -marked. Hind wings
pale grey, terminally darker.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, locally plentiful on coasts ;
WC. and SW. Europe; 6, 7, 9, 10. Larva pale greenish-grey,
or sometimes dark brown ; head light brown ; plate of 2 black :
in shoots and flower-heads, and on leaves of Armeria ; 4, 5, 8.

3. C. euphorbiana, i'Vr. 10-12 mm. Forewings pale reddish-
ochreous, more or less strigulated or mixed with black ; basal
patch, central fascia, and terminal fascia narrowed to tornus
ferruginous, often much mixed with black ; between basal
patch and central fascia a paler or ochreous-whitish quadrate
dorsal spot; usually an irregular postmedian stria and some
terminal marks leaden-grey. Hind wings blackish-grey.

Kent, Wilts, Worcester, Hereford, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 8.
Larva dark green ; head pale brown ; plate of 2 black : in
shoots of Euphorbia amygdaloides and E. paralias ; 7, 9. The
imago flies in hot sunshine.

3. Baotra, Stph.

Antennae in S moderately ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen straight.
Hindwings : 3, 4, 5 closely approximated at base, 6 and 7
stalked.

Contains only two or three very wide-ranging species ; it
does not seem probable that they have been artificially intro-
duced ; species of Juncus are found in all countries.

Central fascia traceable throughout . . 2. ftirfurana.

,, ,, incomplete . . .1. lanceolana,

1. B. lanceolana, Hh. 14-22 mm. Forewings pale ochreous
or ochreous- brownish, costa strigulated with darker ochreous or
dark fuscous ; a spot in disc at ^, and an angular mai'k beyond
middle dark fuscous, often obsolete, sometimes forming a more
or less complete dark median streak from base to apex ; central
fascia sometimes indicated on costa. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Kui'ope, N

bactra] EPIBLEMIDAE 457

and C. Asia, N. America, N. Africa, Australia, New Zealand ;
6-9. Larva greenish or whitish-fleshcolour ; head and plate of
2 black : in stems of Juncus ; 4-6.

2. B. furfurana, Hiv. 13-16 mm. Forewings slightly narrower
than in B. lanceolana, costa straighter ; light ochreous or
ochreous-brownish, indistinctly darker-strigulated ; basal patch,
central fascia, and an apical streak darker ochreous or brown,
indistinct, sometimes nearly obsolete. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia, N. America; 6, 7. Larva shining green;
head black, with a whitish line ; plate of 2 dark brown : in stems
of Eleocharis iacustris and Junnts conglomeratus ; 5.

4. ExAiiTEMA, Clem.

Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
ascending. Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings with ter-
men slightly rounded. Hindwings in $ with elongate dorsal
loljc ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewliat approximated to 4, 6 and
7 closely approximated towards base.

A small N. American genus, of which only one species is
found in Europe.

L E. latifasciana, Hw. 10-13 mm. Face white. Forewings
yellow, strigulated with dark fuscous and striated with leaden-
grey, more strongly posteriorly ; basal patch and central fascia
dark fuscous, space between them forming a bi'oad slightly
curved pale striated fascia ; a dark fuscous stx'eak from costa at
f to middle of termen. Hindwings dark grey.

Kent to Dorset, Worcester, local and uncommon ; Holland,
Germany ; 6, 7. Larva pale yellow ; head black ; plate of 2
reddish : in galleries in moss {Hepatica) on tree-trunks ; 4, 5.

5. EucosMA, Hb.

Antennae in S shortly or moderately ciliated. Palpi mod-
erately long, porrected or subascending. Thorax with posterior
usually bifid crest. Forewings with termen straight or slightly
rounded (rarely subsinuate). Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate or
closely approximated at base, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7
closely approximated towards base or stalked ; rarely with
rudimentary dorsal lobe.

A large genus, but almost wholly confined to the temperate
regions of the Northern hemisphere ; it is derived from
Enarmonia. In using the following tabulation, it should be

458 TORTRICINA [eucosma

observed that in dark specimens of profundatia, lacunaiui, and
branderimia the markings are sometimes obsolete.

1. Forewings with apical third conspicuously paler . 2,

,, ,, apical third not conspicuously paler 13.

2. Antemedian space mostly whitish . 5. corticana.

„ „ not mostly whitish . . 3.

3. Forewings with extreme apex blackish-marked . 4.

,, „ ,, not blackish-marked 8.

4. Posterior edge of central fascia with abrupt median

indentation 16. sauciana.
„ „ „ without conspicuous

indentation . 5.

5. Posterior edge of central fascia with angular median

prominence \\. pruniana.
„ „ „ without marked pro-

minence . . 6.

6. Forewings with distinct transverse tornal mark . 7.

,, without such mark . .12. oblongana.

7. Tornal mark pale grey . , 13. gentianana.

„ „ pale ochreous . .14. sellana.

8. Two or more black dots in disc beyond central fascia 9.
At most one dark spot beyond central fascia , 12.

9. Central fascia posteriorly with triangular projection

surmounted by two dots . 9. varicgmm.
„ „ without such chai'acter . .10.

10. Central fascia posteriorly subconvex 10. ochroleucana.

„ „ „ subconcave . .11.

11. Central fascia posteriorly with abrupt median in-

dentation . 7. capreana.
„ „ „ without such indentation

8. sororculcaia.

12. Central fascia followed by dark median spot

15. diniidiana.
„ ,, not followed by dark spot 6. hetidctana.

13. Base and dorsum conspicuously paler . 1. salicella.

„ ,, not markedly paler . .14.

14. Forewings with black metallic-dotted submedian

patch . . .22. arcueUa.

without such patch . . .15.

15, Basal patch not traceable, forewings reticulated

„ „ more or less indicated

16. Head and tliorax pinkish-ochi'eous

„ ,, fuscous .

16.
19.
17.
18.

eucosma] EPIBLEMIDAE 459

17. Forewings reticulated with rosy . 25. purpurana.

„ „ with ferruginous . 24. rufana.

18. Forewings rather dark purplish-fuscous 2G. mygindana.

„ not dark fuscous . . 23. arhuteJla.

19. Central fascia with black median dash, below it

more or less obsolete . . 20.

„ ,, without black median dash . 22.

20. Head and collar blackish, thorax whitish . 2. woodiana.
Head and thorax gi'ey . . . .21.

21. Dorsum of forewings suffused with fuscous

4. hartmanniatia.
„ „ not suffused with fuscous

3. semifasciana .

22. Forewings with suti\ised pale ochreous dorsal blotch

1 9. 7ii<jricostaim.
„ without such blotch . . .23.

23. Forewings with triangular dark central blotch

41. antiquana.
,, without such blotch . . . 24.

24. Central fascia not reaching dorsum . 40. ericetatui.

„ „ entire .... 25.

25. Central fascia with abrupt narrow anterior indenta-

tion above middle . 34. lacunana.

„ „ without such indentation . . 26.

26. Forewings with dark pi-aetornal spot, sometimes

touching central fascia . .27.

,, without praetornal spot . . 35.

27. Forewings with dark subapical fascia or terminal

patch . . . .28.

,, without such markings 38. hranderiana.

28. Central fascia with two sharp posterior projections 29.

„ „ not so formed . . .30.

29. Palpi porrected, terminal joint very short 36. cespitatm.

,, ascending, terminal joint rather long

35. doubledayana.

30. Forewings partly reddish or ferruginous-tinged 31.

„ without reddish or ferruginous tinge 34.

31. Edge of basal patch angulated . . 27. schulziana.

„ ,, sinuate . . . 32.

32. Praetornal spot hardly separate from central fascia

33. tirticana.
„ „ markedly separate . . 33.

33. Subapical fascia straight . . . 29. rivulana.

460

TOUTRICINA

[eucosma

37.

38.

39.

40.

1.

Subapical fascia anteriorly angulated 28. pahistraim.

34. Markings darker greyish-ochreous . 32. irriguana.

,5 formed by a coarse black irroration

30. metalllcana.

35. Basal patch blackish-niixed . . . 36.

,, ,, not blackish-niixed . . 39. striana.

36. Central fascia enclosing pale median spot 31. micana.
,, „ without pale spot . . . 37.

Forewings with ground-colour whitish , 37. hifasciana.

„ „ ,, not whitish . 38.

Forewings with dark median subterminal blotch

20, pro/midana.
„ without such blotch . . . 39.

Forewings witli groimd-colour ferruginous-ochreous

21. 2^ostremana.
„ „ ,, not ochreous . 40.

Markings mixed with dark ferruginous-brown

17. fuligana.
,, Ijlackish . . . 18. carbonana.

E. salicella, L. 19-21 mm. Forewings rather dark
brown, spotted with black, and
irregularly marked Avith leaden-
grey ; base and dorsum broad h-
whitish, with some black strig-
ulae near dorsum towards base.
Hindwings fuscous, darker ter-
minally.

England to York, rather local ;
C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva
dull red-broAvn ; tubercular spots,
head, and plate of 2 black : on
Salix ; 5.

2. E. woodiana, Barr. 16-18
mm. Head and collar blackish,
thorax Avhitish. Forewings white,
strigulatcd and posteriorly stri-
ated with grey ; basal patch
dorsally dark grey ; a grey black-
marked central costal blotch narrowed beneath and ending in
a black median dash. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly.

Hereford, local ; not known elsewhere ; 7. Larva green ;
head and plate of 2 black : mining blotches in leaves of

Neurat.il III and head of Eucosma
lacimaiM.

mistletoe ( Viscuvi) ; 9-5.

eucosma] EPIBLEMIDAE 461

3. E. semifasciana, Hw. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax gi'ey.
Fore wings grey, closely striated with whitish ; basal patch and
a subtriangular central costal blotch fuscous, black-marked,
apex of blotch truncate, marked with a black dash ; costa
posteriorly fuscous-spotted ; a darker black-dotted subterminal
mark in middle. Hindw^ings grey, darker posteriorly.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva green ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines darker ; head and plate of 2 yellowish-green :
on Salix caprea ; 5, 6.

4. E. hartmanniana, L. {scriptana, Hb.) 17-19 mm. Head
and thorax grey. Forewings whitish, strigulated and in-
distinctly striated with fuscous, dorsum suftusedly fuscous ;
edge of basal patch forming an indistinct darker black-marked
fascia, appearing sharply angulated below middle ; central
fascia darker, black - marked, most distinct on upper half,
marked with a black median dash and obscurely interrupted
below this ; some black dots towards termeu in middle. Hind-
wings grey, darker posteriorly.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, N. America ; 7. Larva
light green ; head brown : on Salix alba and S. fragilis ; 5.

5. E. corticana, HI. (picana, Frol.) 18-21 mm. Forewings
white, margins strigulated with dark fuscous; edge of basal
patch, an irregular dorsal streak, and central fascia with
anterior edge strongly projecting in middle to touch basal
]»atch dark brown, irrorated with ashy-whitish and marked
with black, fascia with a black median dash. Hindwings grey,
darker posteriorly.

Britain to Ross, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva light green ;
head greenish : on birch ; 5.

G. E. betuletana, Hw. 17-21 mm. Forewings white,
sometimes jiartly ochreous - tinged, with some grey striae
posteriorly ; basal patch and central fascia dark brown, black-
marked, included space dark ashy-fuscous, all slightly whitish-
sprinkled, on fold sometimes more mixed with white ; posterior
edge of fascia nearly straight, followed in middle by a faint
pinkish-ochreous tinge. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly.

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
8. Larva green, incisions yellowish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
grey-green ; tubercular spots yellow ; head yellow-green ; plate
of 2 pale green : on birch ; 5, 6.

7. E. capreana, Hb. 17-21 nun. Forewings white, some-
times ochreous - tinged, with some partly faint grey striae
postei'iorly ; basal patch, central fascia, and included space

462 TORTRICINA [eucosma

brown mixed with dark ashy-fuscous and marked with black,
slightly whitish-sprinkled, space more whitish towards costa,
posterior edge of fascia slightly concave, in middle abruptly
indented ; a subapical group of several black dots. Hindwings
grey, darker posteriorly.

England, local ; N. and NC. Europe, N. America ; 6.
Larva greyish - green ; dots black ; head black : on Salix
caprea ; 5.

8. E. sororculana, Zett. {]waelo7igana., Gn.) 17-20 mm.
Forewings narrower than in E. betuletana, white, sometimes
partly ochreous- tinged, posteriorly with thick grey striae ;
basal patch, central fascia, and included space brown much
spotted with black, somewhat mixed with white, especially on
space towards costa, posterior edge of fascia slightly concave,
with two prominences on lower half ; a brown terminal streak
from apex, preceded by several black dots. Hindwings light
grey, darker terminally.

Britain to Sutherland, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ;
5, 6. Larva on birch ; 8.

9. E. variegana, Hb. {cynoshatella, Wilk.) 16-21 mm.
Forewings ochreous - white, towards termen clouded with
ochreous - grey, with faint posterior silvery - metallic striae ;
basal patch, central fascia, and included space brown mixed
with dark leaden-grey and spotted with black, slightly whitish-
sprinkled, posterior edge of fascia with a triangular projection
below middle, and followed in middle by two black dots.
Hindwings grey, darker terminally.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Eui'ope,
Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva dark olive-green ; tubercular dots,
head, and plate of 2 black : on hawthorn, blackthorn, and
cheiTy ; 5.

10. E. ochroleucana, Hb. 18-21 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, faintly pink-tinged, margins posteriorly grey-spotted ;
basal patch, central fascia, and included space brown mixed
with dark ashy-grey and black, space strigulated with whitish-
ochreous on costa and fold, posterior edge of fascia slightly
convex, indented above and below middle ; two or more black
dots and a grey spot between middle of fascia and termen.
Hindwings grey, tei'minally darker.

Britain to Boss, N. Ireland, rather common, soarcev north-
wards ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva dark green ; dorsal line
darker ; dots black, pale - ringed ; head and })late ol 2 dark
brown : on i-ose and apple ; 5.

eucosma] EPIBLEMIDAE 463

11. E. pruniana, Hh. 14-17 mm. Forewings white, some-
times })artlv ochreous-tinged, more or less strigulated posterioi'ly
with dark fuscous ; basal patch, central fascia, and included
space dark brown mixed with dark ashy-fuscous and blackish,
somewhat whitish-sprinkled, especially in space on costa and
fold, posterior edge of fascia with angular prominence in
middle, sometimes followed by one or two dark dots ; a greyish
subterminal streak ; extreme apex blackish-fuscous. Hindwings
grey, in 5 dai'ker.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; C. and S. Europe,
W(J. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Lai-va bright green ; tuber-
cular spots, head, and plate of 2 black : on blackthorn and
cherry ; 5.

12. E. oblongana, Uw. {margiiiana, Hw. ; similana, Wilk.)
11-15 mm. Forewings narrower than in E. pruniana, ochreous-
white, costa spotted with black ; basal patch, central fascia,
and included space dark ashy-grey mixed with ferruginous-
brown and black, somewhat white-s|)rinkled, space white-edged
towards dorsum and suffused with white on costa, central fascia
with a white median dot near irregular posterior edge ; a sub-
terminal group of black dots ; apex and termen marked with
dark fuscous. Hindwings in S whitish, in $ grey, termen in
both suffused w'ith dark grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, rather local ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 5-8. Larva pale ochreous ; head and
plate of 2 black : in seedheads of Stachys hetonica, Galeopsis,
and Dijisams ; 9-5.

13. E. gentianana, Hb. 13-18 mm. Differs from E.
oblongana as follows : forewings with costa more arched, more
ochreous-tinged, a pale grey cloudy tornal mark reaching half
across wing ; hindwings in both sexes fuscous, darker
terminally.

England to York, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ;
7. Larva yellows-whitish ; head and plate of 2 black : in pith
of seedheads of Dipsacus ; 9-5.

14. E. sellana, Hb. 13-15 mm. Differs from E. oblongana
as follows : forewings with costa more arched, more ochreous-
tinged, subterminal black dots merged in a subtriangular dark
terminal patch, apex more ferruginous-marked, a pale ochreous
tornal mark reaching half across wing; hindwings in $ light
grey, termen suffused with dark grey.

England, local ; C. and S. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva in heads of
Ccntaurea ; 9-5.

464 TORTRICINA [eucosma

15. E. dimidiana, Sodof. {ochromelana, Gn.) 14-15 mm.

Forewings suboblong, whitish - rosy, ochreous - tinged ; basal
patch and central fascia dark fuscous mixed with brown and
black, included space suffused with dark fuscous in middle and
dorsally, fascia followed in middle by a dark fuscous spot ;
some pale brownish striae towards apex. Hindwings grey, in
$ darker.

Sussex, Hants, York to Ross, Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe, N. America; 6. Larva blackish -grey ; tubercular
spots, head, and plate of 2 black : on Myrica ; 8-10.

16. E. sauciana, Hb. [grevillana, Curt.; staintoniana, Barr.)
13-16 mm. Forewings elongate, ochreous-white, posteriorly
striated with blackish ; basal patch, central fascia, and included
space dark ashy-grey mixed with black, sometimes whitish-
sprinkled, posterior edge of fascia subconcave, irregular, with
an abrupt curved indentation in middle ; extreme apex blackish.
Hindwings dark grey.

Kent to Hants, Cheshire to York, Perth to Sutherland, S.
Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva on Vaccinium
myrtillus ; 8, 9.

17. E. fuligana, Hb. (ustulmw, Hw.) 10-13 mm. Forewings
elongate, dark ashy -fuscous, strigulated with dark brown ;
basal patch, central fascia, and an apical reticulated patch dark
brown, ferruginous-tinged, blackish -mixed ; costa sometimes
obscurely whitish-strigulated. Hindwings dark fuscous.

England, rather local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva greenish-
whitish : in rootstocks of Ajuga rejJtans ; 9-5.

18. E. carbonana, Barr. 10-13 mm. Forewings more elon-
gate than in E. fuligana, ashy-grey, more or less whitish-
mixed, posteriorly striated with blackish ; basal partcli and
central fascia blackish. Hindwings blackish-grey.

Devon, Norfolk, Cambridge, local ; Holland ; 6, 7. Larva
pale green ; head reddish-brown ; plate of 2 green : in stems of
Stachys pahistris ; 9-5.

19. E. nigricostana, ITw. 12-14 nun. Forewings blackish-
grey, striated with brown-black ; edge of basal patch darker,
angxdated ; central fascia blackish, but partially obliterated by
a pale ochreous more or less developed suffused median dorsal
blotch, reaching more than half across wing. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

England to York, common ; Hoi land, Germany ; 6. Larva
pale yellowish ; head pale brown : in stems and rootstocks of
Stachys sylvatica ; 9-5.

RrcosMAl EPIBLEMIDAE 465

20. E. profundana, F. 14-19 mm. Forewings brownish-
ochreous or whitish -ochreous, partially suifused with deeper
ochreous, striated with leaden-grey, sometimes mostly suffused
with dark ashy-fuscous ; costa strigulated with dark fuscous ;
basal patch often pale-mixed with edge angulated in middle,
central fascia with anterior edge dorsally obsolete, and a sub-
quadrate subtermiiial blotch in middle dark ochreous-brown, more
or less blackish-marked. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

England to York, rather conunon ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
dark green ; head pale In-ownisli : on oak ; 6.

21. E. postremana, Z. 14-15 mm. Palpi whitish-ochreous.
Forewings ferruginous-ochreous, much mixed with black, with
metallic leaden - grey striae becoming whitish on costa ;
basal patch and central fascia mostly blackish ; cilia with a
paler or sometimes whitish tornal spot. Hindwings dark
fuscous, in S lighter basally.

Lancashire, Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
pale yellow ; head and plate of 2 black : in stems of Impatiens
noli-me-tange7'e ; 8-5.

22. E. arcuella, CI. 16-18 mm. Forewings deep orange;
three short longitudinal streaks from base, a straight transverse
antemedian streak, a curved oblique interrupted postmedian
streak, and two oblique anteapical streaks steelblue-metallic ; a
round median discal patch, upper half dai-k grey becoming
whitish-ochreous towards centre, lower half black marked with
orange and containing four steelblue-metallic dots. Hind-
wings blackish-grey ; in S with rudimentary dorsal lobe.

Britain to Stirling, in woods, common ; C. and S. Europe,
N. and WC. Asia, Japan ; 5, 6. The dorsal lobe of the hind-
wings is so rudimentary that it appears insufficient for generic
separation ; yet in the large Japanese form of the species it is
more distinct.

23. E. arbutella, L. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax fuscous,
crimson-tinged. Forewings reddish-ferruginous, irregularly
striated with leaden-grey. Hindwings grey.

Lancashire to Sutherland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6.
Larva blackish-grey : on Arctositapliylos ; 4, 5.

24. E. rufana, Sc. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax pinkish-
ochreous. Forewings shorter and broader than in E. pur-
pura-rm, costa more strongly arched ; pale greyish - ochreous
strigulated with fuscous, reticulated throughout with bright
ferruginous. Hindwings light grey.

Lancashire to Cumberland, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
2 H

466 TORTRICINA [kucosma

25. E. purpurana, Ilw. 16-19 mm. Head and thorax pinkish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched ; whitish-
ochreous, irrorated with darker or brownish, and reticulated
throughout with light crimson-rosy. Hindwings light grey.

S. England to Pembroke and Norfolk, E. Ireland, local ;
C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-whitish ; head reddish-brown ;
plate of 2 pale ochreous : on roots of Sonchus arvensis and
Taraxacv/m ; 5, 6.

26. E. mygindana, Schiff. {flammeana, Hb. ; fulvipuyictana,
Hw.) 16-19 mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous.
Forewings rather dark purplish-fuscous, reticulated throughout
with ferruginous or ferruginous-brown ; central fascia some-
times distinctly defined. Hindwings grey, in $ darker.

Kent, Norfolk, Lancashire to Sutherland, W. Ireland, local ;
N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva dark red ; head
black : on Yaccinimn, Myrica, and A^'ctostaphylos ; 4, 5.

27. E. schulziana, F. 18-24 mm. Forewings shining
whitish, irregularly striated with ferruginous - red, with some
leaden-grey marks before and beyond middle, costa blackish-
marked ; basal patch partly ferruginous -red, edge angulated,
indented below angle ; central fascia, a transverse dorsal spot
beyond it, and a subapical fascia ferruginous-red, black-sprinkled ;
cilia barred. Hindwings grey, in 5 darker.

Surrey, Hants, Stafford to the Shetlands, N. and E. Ireland,
common northwards on moors ; N. and C. Europe ; 7, 8.

28. E. palustrana, Z. 13-15 mm. Foi-ewings whitish,
striated or posteriorly reticulated with pale ferruginous-ochreous,
costa black -marked ; basal patch with edge obliquely sinuate,
central fascia narrowed on dorsum and with posterior projection
below middle, a triangular praetornal spot, and subapical fascia
with anterior edge angulated in middle ferruginous much
marked with black, especially in $ . Hindwings rather dark
grey.

Scotland to Ross, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7.

29. E. rivulana, Sc. (conchana, Hb.) 15-18 mm. Forewings
with termen faintly sinuate ; whitish, striated with brown and
grey ; a sinuate fascia limiting basal patch, central fascia with
posterior indented prominence in middle, subtriangular prae-
tornal spot, straight subapical fascia, and triangular apical spot
trifurcate on costa ferruginous - brown more or less sprinkled
with black. Hindwings light grey.

Bi-itain to Perth, N. and E. Ireland, locally plentiful ; N.
and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. America; 7. Larva dull

F.rcosMA] EPIP.LEMIDAE 467

yellc )\v -green ; head and plate of 2 black : on flowers of Genista
tinctoria, Orchis, etc. ; 5, 6.

30. E. metallicana, Hb. (alternana, Wilk. ; daleana, Dbld.)
15-18 mm. Forewings light greyish -ochreous ; basal patch,
central fascia with posterior edge angulated in middle, a dorsal
spot immediately beyond and often confluent with fascia, and
a subapical fascia narrowed beneath formed by a coarse black
irroration, sometimes edged with metallic-grey, often wholly or
partially concealed in a general black irroration. Hindwings
grey, in 5 darker.

Perth, local, on mountains ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7.

31. E. micana, Frol. {olivaTia, Tr.) 14-17 mm. Forewings
]iale greyish-ochreous, sometimes more or less mixed with pale
ferruginous ; costa spotted with fuscous posteriorly ; basal
patch, very broad central fascia enclosing pale median spot
near posterior edge, and subapical fascia fuscous, blackish-
mixed, partly edged with pale leaden-metallic striae. Hindwings
light grey.

Surre}' to Norfolk and Cambridge, York to Ross, local ; N.
and C. Eui'ope ; 7.

32. E. irriguana, HS. 15-18 mm. Forewings pale greyish-
ochreous, costa spotted with dark grey ; basal patch, central
fascia posteriorly broadly prominent in middle, a praetoiual
subquadrate spot, and subapical fascia darker greyish-ochreous,
more or less edged with pale leaden-metallic strigulae. Hind-
wings grey.

Westmoreland to Ross, local ; N. and mountains of C.
Europe, NW. Asia ; 7.

33. E. urticana, Hb. 14-20 mm. Forewings pale ochreoiis
or reddish-ochreous, striated with silvery-whitish, costa marked
with black ; basal patch with sinuate edge, central fascia
posteriorly prominent and indented in middle, a praetornal
spot separated from fascia by a hardly paler space, subapical
fascia hardly reaching costa, and small apical spot ochreous
or ferruginous, mixed with black. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common, more scarce
northwards ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America ; 7. Larva
dark red-brown ; head and plate of 2 black : on Vaccini^im,
Lonicera, birch, etc. ; 5, 6.

34. E. lacunana, Diqi. {herbmm, Gn.) 15-17 mm. Forewings
|)ale ochreous or greyish-ochreous, striated with silvery-metallic,
sometimes strigulated with dark fuscous, costa marked with
dark fuscous ; basal patch with edge abruptly excavated below'

468 TORTRICINA [eucosma.

middle, central fascia broadest dorsally and more or less
interrupted by a narrow anterior indentation above middle,
subapical fascia hardly reaching costa, and small apical spot
sometimes confluent with it dark fuscous mixed with pale
greyish-ochreous. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; Europe, WC.
Asia ; 6, 7. Larva very variable, dark brown, blackish, grey-
whitish, yellowish, or green ; head and plate of 2 black or light
brown : on most low plants, Salix, jRubus, etc. ; 5.

35. E. doubledayana, £arr. 12-13 mm. Palpi ascending,
second joint shortly scaled, terminal rather long. Forewings
with costa rather strongly arched, termen little oblique ;
ochreous - whitish, striated with grey, costa strigulated with
dark fuscous ; basal patch with sinuate edge, central fascia
with two sharp posterior projections, a triangular praetornal
spot, and subapical fascia much narrowed costally ochreous
or ferruginous-brown, mixed with black. Hindwings grey.

Norfolk and Cambridge, locally common in the fens ; C.
Europe ; 7.

36. E. cespitana, lib. 12-16 mm. Palpi porrected, second
joint broadly scaled, terminal very short. Forewings with
costa less arched than in £J. doubledayana, termen more
oblique ; silvery - whitish, strigulated with ochreous, greyish-
ochreous, reddish, or dark fuscous, costa black-marked; basal
patch with edge angulai'ly indented, central fascia with two
sharp posterior projections, oblique praetornal spot, and tri-
angular terminal patch ochreous or ferruginous, mixed with
black or dark fuscous. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, local • C. Europe, WC. Asia ; 6, 7.

37. E. bifasciana, Hiv. 12-13 mm. Forewings with costa
slightly ai'ched ; silvery-whitish, with pale greyish-ochreous
striae, posteriorly confluent in disc, costa marked with blackish ;
basal patch with edge nearly straight, central fascia evenly
broad and posteriorly indented below middle, and a slender
terminal streak pale greyish-ochreous mixed with pale silver-
grey and irrorated with black. Hindwings light grey.

England, local, amongst firs ; C. Europe ; 7.

38. E. branderiana, L. 21-27 mm. Forewings whitish-fuscous
or fuscous; basal patch and dorsally dilated central fascia fuscous
or rather dark fuscous, in darker specimens often obsolete ; a
dark fuscous praetornal spot touching fascia. Hindwings grey,
in $ lighter.

England to York, Aberdeen (?), local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva

KucosMA] EPIBLEMIDAE 469

(lull greenish; head black; plate of 2 black, anterior edge
white : on asjien (Popvlus trennda) ; 5.

39. E. striana, Schiff. 15-20 mm. Forewings from ochreous-
whitish to pale brownish, often red-tinged, strigulated through-
out with fuscous ; basal patch hardly darker, edge sinuate ;
central fascia dark fuscous, narrowed towards extremities, edges
irregular ; a dark fuscous subapical fascia not nearly reaching
costa, and small apical spot, sometimes connected. Hindwings
in S pale grey, in $ gvey.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6,
7. Larva yellow-whitish ; head and plate of 2 pale brown : in
roots of Taraxacum ; 2-5.

40. E. ericetana, ^yest^v. 13-19 mm. Foi-ewings light
fuscous, sometimes obscurely darker-strigulated ; base obscurely
darker or ferruginous-tinged ; an indistinct central fascia not
reaching dorsum, short transverse tornal streak, and subapical
streak not reaching costa darker fuscous or ochreous - brown,
obscui'c. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva in roots of Stachi/s
arvensis ; 2-5.

41. E. antiquana, Ilh. 17-22 mm. Forewings with termen
subsinuate, light brownish - ochreous, more or less sprinkled
with whitish and dark fuscous ; edge of basal patch fuscous,
acutely angulated, not reaching dorsum ; a triangular dark
brown central blotch, connected with costa by a brown suffusion;
a dark brown spot above tornus, and an inwards -angulated
streak from apex to termen above tornus more or less connected
at angle with central blotch. Hindwings grey, lighter towards
base.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva yellow-whitish ; head and plate of 2 light brown :
in roots of Stachys arvensis ; 2-5.

6. Pamplusia, Gn.

Antennae in $ simple. Palpi moderately long, porrected.
Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen nearly straight. Hind-
wings : 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely
approximated towards base.

A genus of very few northern temperate species, derived
from Enarmonia. Imago with forewings narrow.

Forewings white .... \. iMuperana,
„ ferruuinous . . .2. mercuriana.

470 TORTRICINA [i'amplu.sia

1. P. pauperana, Dap. 1 3-1 6 uini. Forewings white, irregularly
grey-sprinkled ; basal patch large, dai'k grey, black-marked, edge
oblique, bent, reaching on dorsum to middle ; central fascia
forming a grey costal spot and irregular black -marked tornal
blotch ; costa spotted with grey posteriorly ; a transverse sub-
apical series of black marks ; cilia blackish-grey, on tornus
white. Hindwings light grey, apex darker.

Kent, Surrey, Essex, Cheshire, Lancashire, local ; C. and
SW. Europe ; 3, 4. Said to frequent Rosa.

2. P. mercuriana, lib. {monticolana, Wilk.) 11-13 mm. Fore-
wings very narrow, ferruginous ; basal patch with edge very
oblique, central fascia, and terminal fascia furcate on costa
rather dark ferruginous - fuscous, edged with leaden - metallic
striae becoming whitish on costa. Hindwings grey.

Hereford to the Shetlands, N. Ireland, common ; N. and
mountains of C. Europe ; 7. Larva grey -green ; head pale
brown ; plate of 2 grey : on Dryas and Calluna ; 9-6.

7. EVBTRIA, lib.

Antennae in c^ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen straight ;
4 and 5 connate. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated
to 4, 6 and 7 stalked or closely approximated towards base.

A small northern temperate genus ; all the larvae feed in
shoots or bark of Pinus. The species are doubtless often trans-
ferred from place to place with young trees.

1. Ground of forewings ferruginous throughout . 2.

,, ,, not ferruginous throughout . 4.

2. Forewings ferruginous-brownish . . .3.

,, ferruginous-orange or red . 1. hnoliana.

3. Striae grey-whitish, narrow . . 2. jiinivorana.

,, leaden-metallic, broad . . G. rctiferana.

4. Apical area ferruginous . . . • ^.•

,, ,, not ferruginous . . 4. resinella.

5. Thorax ferruginous . , .3. tnrionana.

grey . . _ . . .6.

6. Forewings with four dark fasciae . . 5. diiplana.

,, ,, two dark fasciae . . 7. sylvestrana.

1. E. buoliana, Schiff. (2nnicolana, Dbld.) 17-22 mm. Fore-
wings ferruginous-orange, often partly suffused with dark red ;
several ii'regular variable anastomosing metallic grey- whitish
striae and costal strigulae. Hindwings light grey.

England, Moray, common ; Europe, WC and N. Asia ; 7, 8.

evetria] EPIBLEMIDAE 471

Larva brown-reddish ; head and plate of 2 black ; in shoots of
Pinus sylvestris ; 4, 5.

2. E. pinivorana, Z. 15-20 mm. Forewings brownish-ferrugin-
ous, sometimes sprinkled with dark fuscous, costa and dorsum
dark fuscous ; numerous irregular variable anastomosing shin-
ing grey-whitish striae. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and W. Ireland, common ;
N. and C. Europe, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva in shoots oi Pinus
sylvestris; 4, 5.

3. E. turionana, lib. 18-21 mm. Head and thorax light
ferruginous. Forewings dark fuscous, with numerous thick
striae of pale leaden-metallic irroration ; apical third suffused
with ferruginous. Hindwings in $ grey-whitish, apical third
grey, in $ greyer throughout ; apex often mixed with light
ferruginous.

England (except WC. and SW.), Scotland to Perth, local ;
C. Europe, N. America ; 6. Larva brown ; head black : in
shoots of Pinus 2ncea and P. sylvestris ; 3, 4.

4. E. resinella, L. 15-22 mm. Forewings dark fuscous, very
finely striated with whitish ; numerous thick irregular variable
leaden- metallic striae, posteriorly rising from white costal
strigulae. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

York to Caledonian Canal, local ; N., C, and SW. Europe ;
6. Larva deep yellowish ; head light brown : in bark and
resin of Pinus sylvestris ; 8-4 (sometimes living two years).

5. E. duplana, Hb. 13-16 mm. Head and thorax light grey,
face more or less ferruginous-tinged. Forewings with apex more
])ointed, termen more oblique than in E. turionana ; dark
fuscous, finely striated with whitish, forming lighter spaces
alternating with four more or less distinct darker fasciae ; apical
area suffused with bright ferruginous. Hindwings light fuscous,
darker towards apex.

Moray (other records doubtful), local ; C. and SW. Europe ;
5. Larva in shoots of Pinus sylvestris ; 6, 7.

6. E. retiferana, Wk. (inargarotana, Hein., non HS.) 15-20
mm. Head ferruginous. Forewings ferruginous-brown, with
numerous broad purplish-leaden-metallic blackish-edged striae ;
costa with whitish strigulae posteriorly. Hindwings pale fuscous,
darker posteriorly.

Scotland (locality unrecorded), probably scarce and local ;
Germany ; 5. Larva in shoots of Pinus abies ; 6, 7.

7. E. sylvestrana, Curt. 11-14 mm. Head and thorax grey,
whitish - sprinkled. Forewings narrow, dark fuscous, with

472 TORTRICINA [kvetria

iiuuierous thick obscure leaden-metallic striae ; straight edge
of basal patch and vertical postmedian fascia darker ; apical
ai'ea suffused with ferruginous. Hindwings fuscous.

Kent to Dorset and Hereford, local ; Germany, N. America ;
6, 7. Larva dull reddish-brown ; head black ; plate of 2 dark
brown : in shoots of Pimis sylvestris ; 4, 5.

8. Asthenia, Hh.

Antennae in $ biciliated with very long fascicles (4). Palpi
moderately long, porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings with
termen slightly rounded. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5
approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base.

Includes only the single species.

1. A. pygmaeana, Hb. 11-12 mm. Forewings fuscous,
whitish-sprinkled, costa spotted with dark fuscous ; basal patch
with edge sharply angulated, and central fascia darker, space
between them forming a subquadrate more whitish dorsal spot ;
ocellus large, broadly edged with leaden-metallic. Hindwings
white ; apical third fuscous, darker terminally.

Surrey, Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 4. Larva green ; spots
black ; head and plate of 2 black : on Pinus ahies ; 6, 7.

9. Enarmonia, lib.

Antennae in S moderately or shortly ciliated. Palpi mode-
rately long, porrected. Thorax smooth or with slight crest.
Forewings with termen straight. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked,
5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards
base.

A northern temperate genus of moderate extent, derived
from Cydia.

1. Edge of basal patch straight, oblique . 1. cruciana.

„ ,, more or less angulated . 2.

2. Edge of basal patch angulated below middle . 3.

,, „ in or above middle 5.

3. Forewings clear white . . .2. simplana.

,, irrorated with dark fuscous . . 4.

4. Central fascia interrupted below middle 11. op2n-essan<i.

„ entire . . .5. nanana.

5. Edge of basal patch acutely angulated . . 0.

„ „ obtusely angulated . .10.

6. Central fascia interrupted in middle 12. tvocberimm.

entire . . . .7.

I

enarmonia] EPIBLEMIDAE 473

7. Central fascia ferrugiiious-ochreous towards dorsum

9. ratzeburgiana.
„ not ferruginous -ochreous towards

dorsum . . .8.

8. Head and thorax ferruginous-ocbreous . 7. rnfimitraTia.

,, not ferruginous-ochreous . 9.

9. Central fascia obtusely angulated near dorsum 10. corticana.

„ straight . . .6. 2^^'>^'^<^olana.

10. Forewings with ferruginous apical patch 3. ruhiginosana.

„ without ferruginous apical jjatch . 11.

11. Central fascia and edge of basal patch darker dorsally

4. qtiadrana.
„ „ „ not darker dorsally

8. vacciniana.

1. E. cruciana, L. {itagustami, Hb.) 13-15 mm. Forewings
from light greyish-oclu'eous to ochreous-whitish, with a few
black scales ; basal patch slightly darker, more fuscous dorsally,
edge straight, oblique ; central fascia and broad terminal fascia
deep ferruginous, sometimes mixed with dark fuscous, confluent
on lower half, enclosing a pale triangular costal spot sometimes
edged with silverj'-metallic and on costa with white. Hind-
wings dai-k fuscous, lighter anteriorly.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. America ; 6, 7. Larva pale yellow ; head light brown ; plate
of 2 yellow or pale brownish : on Salix caprea and ;S^. repens ; 5.

2. E. simplana, F.R. 12-13 mm. Face clear white. Fore-
wings naiTow, white, partly suffused with w^hitish- ochreous,
costa and dorsum strigulated with black ; basal patch dark ashy-
fuscous, l)lack-marked, edge angulated below middle, extreme
base whitish ; a spot on middle of costa, and a smaller one on
dorsum at f dark grey, black-marked; an interrupted black
terminal line. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Cambridge, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 6. Larva
on aspen (Popnlus tremula) ; 7 (1).

3. E. ruhiginosana, IIS. {hoiichardmia, Dbld.) 13-15 mm.
Forewings elongate, costa nearly straight ; dark grey, irrorated
with whitish, costa posteriorly spotted with black and white ;
a fascia limiting basal patch with slight posterior median pi'o-
jection, and central fascia suffused with ferruginous, black-
marked, space between them Avhite towards dorsum ; a clear
ferruginous triangular apical patch, including a grey stria, and
several black dashes near anterior edge. Hindwings fuscous,
darker posterioi'ly.

474 TORTRICINA [en^armonia

Kent, Norfolk, York, Scotland to Caledonian Canal, amongst
firs, local ; Holland, Germany ; G.

4. E. (juadrana, Hh. 13-15 mm. Fore wings elongate, costa
almost straight ; whitish-grey, striated with dark fuscons, costa
posteriorly spotted with dark fuscous ; edge of basal patch
obtusely angulated in middle, slender dorsally dilated central
fascia, and irregular spot before termen in middle rather dark
fuscous, distinctly darker dorsally. Hind wings grey, beneatli
much suffused with whitish.

Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Lancashire, Westmoreland, I. of Man,
local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5.

5. E. nanana, Tr. 9-11 mm. Head pale brownish-ochreous,
face whitish. Forewings with costa gently arched, lighter or
darker fuscous, whitish-sprinkled, costa strigulated with dark
fuscous and white ; edge of basal patch obtusely angulated
below middle, central fascia with posterior median projection,
and transverse streak before apex dark fuscous. Hindwings
rather dark fuscous.

England, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva brown ; head
and plate of 2 black : on Pinus ahies ; 5.

6. E. pinicolana, Z. (occultcma, Wilk.) 17-22 mm. Fore-
wings very elongate, ochreous-grey, irz'orated with whitish, and
mixed with blackish or dark fuscous, forming indistinct dai'ker
strigulae ; basal patch with edge acutely angulated in middle,
central fascia, and indistinct subapical suffusion darker. Hind-
wings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, rather connuon ; N. and mountains of
C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva dark grey-green or grey ; head,
plate of 2, and tubercular spots black : on larch ; 5, 6.

7. E. rufimitrana, US. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax fer-
ruginous-ochreous. Forewings with costa moderately arched,
bi'own, more or less ferruginous- tinged, striated with shining
grey-whitish ; basal patch wdth edge shai'ply angulated in
middle, rather irregular central fascia, and a s})ot in disc
towards apex mixed with dark fuscous ; three small spots on
costa posteriorly, and an apical spot dark fuscous. Hindwings
fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Norfolk, Cambridge, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva whitish-
green or dull greenish-yellow; head yellow-brown or red-brown ;
plate of 2 yellowish or greenish : on Pinus cephalonica ; 5.
This species must of course have been intnxluced with its
fo()d-])lant.

8. E. vacciniana, Z. 8-10 nun. Forewings with costa

enarmonia] EPIBLEMIDAE 475

slightly arched, whitish-fuscous, darker-sprinkled, costa strigu-
latcd with dark fuscous aud posteriorly with whitish ; basal
patch partially dark fuscous, edge obtusely angulated above
middle ; obtusely angulated central fascia, and irregular trans-
verse streak before apex dark fuscous. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

England, Aberdeen, E. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, G.
Larva reddish-grey ; head brown : on Vaccinuim 'myrtillus ; 7, 8.

9. E. ratzeburgiana, lit:, {tenerana, Dup.) 12-15 mm.
Eorewings with costa moderately arched, ferruginous-ochreous,
more or less sprinkled with grey and whitish, costa spotted
with blackish; edge of basal patch blackish -mixed, sharply
angulated in middle, almost touching central fascia to enclose
a somewhat paler triangular dorsal spot ; central fascia black-
marked on upper half. Hindwings grey.

ISritain to Caledonian Canal, local ; C. Europe, N. America :
7. Larva light yellowish - green ; head yellowish-brown: on
Pinus abies ; 5.

10. E. corticana, m. 13-17 mm. Eorewings with costa
moderately arched, wiiitish, ochreous, or fuscous, sprinkled
and strigulated with dark fuscous or blackish, sometimes
wholly suffused with dark fuscous ; basal patch darker,
black - marked, often abruptly whitish on dorsum, edge
sharply angulated, touching central fascia to include a trape-
zoidal usually paler or wdiite dorsal spot : centi'al fascia and
a subapical suffusion fuscous or dark fuscous, black -marked.
Hindwings gvej.

Britain to the Hebrides, N. and E. Ireland, very common,
often excessively abundant ; Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale
brownish-ochreous ; head light brown ; tubercular spots small,
black : on oak ; 5, 6. The imago sits on the trunks, to which
its colouring is ada])ted.

11. E. oppressana, Tr. 13-15 mm. Eorewings with costa
moderately arched, wdiite, more or less densely irrorated with
dark grey, and strigulated on margins with blackish ; basal
patch with edge obtusely angulated below middle, central
fascia interrupted near dorsum, a subterminal spot in middle,
and small apical spot darker, partly suffused with brown, and
marked with black. Hindwings grey.

Kent to Hereford and Norfolk, Westmoreland, local ; C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale brown ; head and plate of 2 black :
in buds of black poplar (Populus nigra) ; 3-5. The imago sits
on the trunks.

476 TORTRICINA [enarmonia

12. E. woeberiana, Schiff. 13-17 mm. Forewings with
costa moderately arched, ferrnginous-ochreous, with leaden-
metallic striae ; costa blackish, posteriorly strigulated with
white ; basal patch with edge sharply angulated in middle
and indented near dorsum, and centi'al fascia interrupted
in middle dark fuscous, mai'ked with ferrnginous-ochreous ;
ocellus black, edged with leaden-metallic and streaked with
ferruginous, surmounted by a dark fuscous curved mark.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N.
Asia; 6, 7. Larva rosy - whitish : in bark of apple, plum,
cherry, etc.; 9-4.

10, Tmetocera, Ld.

Antennae in $ shortly ciliated, with a deep notch above
towards base. Palpi moderate, porrected. Thorax smooth.
Forewings with termen hardly sinuate. Hindwings : 3 and 4
stalked, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated
towards base.

Only contains the single species ; a development of Cyclia.
It forms one of a small group of genera with similarly notched
antennae, which attains some development in Australia.

1. T. ocellana, F. {lariciana, Z.) 12-15 mm. Forewings
whitish, sometimes partly suffused with grey, more or less
strigulated with dark fuscous ; basal patch dark grey, some-
times blackish-mixed, edge somewhat angulated ; central fascia
forming a dark grey sometimes indistinct costal suffusion, and
black-edged ti-iangular praetornal spot; ocellus edged with
leaden- metallic, enclosing several sometimes confluent black
dashes ; cilia dark grey. Hindwings rather dai'k grey.

England, common ; C. and SW. Europe, N. America ; 7, 8.
Larva pinkish-brown ; head and plate of 2 dark fuscous : on
blackthorn, larch, alder, etc.; 5. The larch -feeding form
distinguished as lariciana is usiially somewhat smaller and
darker.

11. EUDEMIS, lib.

Antennae in S minutely ciliated. Palpi moderately long,

porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings with tei'men abruptly

sinuate ; 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5

approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards
base.

Also restricted to a single species, correlated with the pre-
ceding.

EUDEMIS]

EPIBLEMIDAE

477

1. E. naevana, Hh. {geminana, Stph.) 11-14 mm. Fore-
wings grey, often obscurely striated or suffused with whitish ;
large basal patch with edge an-
gulated, and anteriorly suffused
central fascia with posterior
median projection suffusedly
dark fuscous, sometimes black-
marked ; some small dark fuscous ^^
spots on costa posteriorly, and a ^^i
suffused streak beneath them
from apex ; ocellus broadly
edged with light metallic-grey.
Hind wings grey ; in $ beneath
suffused with black towards

, Neuration of Eudemis naevana.

costa.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and
C. Europe, N. America (?) ; 7, 8. Larva light grey-green, sides
more yellowish; head black or blackish - brown ; plate of 2
black : on blackthorn, holly, Vacciniwrn, etc. ; 5, 6. The
Facci?m<»t-feeding form has been distinguished under the name
geminana, but there is no constant difference.

12. Ancylis, Rb.

Antennae in ^ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax smooth. Fore wings with apex falcate,
acute. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked or coincident, 5 approxi-
mated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base.

A genvis of moderate extent, more numerous in N. America
than in Europe, hardly found elsewhere.

1. 3 and 4 of hindwings coincident . . .2.

,, ,, stalked . . .6.

2. Forewings with dark fuscous median longitudinal

streak . . .5. siculana.

,, without such streak . . .3.

3. Central fascia distinct tlu'oughout . 4. myrtillana.

„ „ dorsally obsolete . . .4.

4. Pale band before fascia centrally grey . 1. derasana.

„ ,, ,, ,, wholly Avhitish . . 5.

5. Forewings with three black dots at base of cilia

3. pahulavAi.
,, without such dots . . 2. hmdana.

6. Forewings with sinuate whitish longitudinal line 7.

without such line . . .9.

478 TORTRICINA [ancylis

7. Longitudinal line twice arched . . .8.

„ ,, once arched, thence nearly straight

1 1 . diniinutana.

8. Head white ; subcostal dots round 10. inornatana.

,, pale pinkish-ochreous ; dots elongate 9. hiarcuana.

9. Forewings with costal half mostly white . 14. lactana.

„ „ ,, ,, not white . . 10.

10. Forewings almost wholly dark fuscous . 13. upupana.

„ not dark fuscous . . .11.

11. Forewings with ground-colour ferruginous . 12.

,, ,, „ not ferruginous . 13.

12. Forewings with whitish doi'sal blotches . 8. uncana.

,, without whitish blotches 12. mitterbacheriana.

13. Central fascia dorsally obsolete, projection long 6. comptana.

,, ,, entire, projection short 7. unguicella.

Section A. 3 and 4 of hindwings coincident.

1. A. derasana, Hb. 14-16 mm. Forewings deep ferru-
ginous, darker and browner anteriorly ; costa posteriorly
strigulated with grey and whitish ; a thick grey streak,
mixed and basally suffused with ochreous-whitish, from base
along costa to before middle, thence straight to dorsum before
tornus, where it joins the grey whitish-edged ocellus. Hind-
wings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, rather local, scarcer northwards ; C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva greyish -ochreous or olive -green ; head
light brown ; plate of 2 light brown, black-spotted : on Rhamnus
catharticus ; 9.

2. A. lundana, F. 12-17 mm. Forewings deep golden-
ochreous, costa posteriorly blackish strigulated with whitish ;
a broad ochreous-whitish streak from base along costa to before
middle, thence slightly curved to dorsum before tornus, en-
closing a dark fuscous semioval blotch ; central fascia ferrugin-
ous mixed with black, with acute posterior median projection,
not reaching dorsum, followed by a leaden-metallic stria;
tornal area often black -mixed ; some leaden anteapical dots.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia, N. America ; 5, 8. Larva light
greenish-grey ; head and plate of 2 pale ochreous, blackish-
marked : on Vteia, Lathi/rus, etc ; 6, 9.

3. A. paludana, Barr. 11-13 mm. Differs from A. lundana
as follows : forewings paler and sometimes whitish-sprinkled

ANCYLis] EPIBLEMIDAE 479

throughout, central fascia with projection strongei", following
stria wholly whitish, three minute blackish dots at base of
cilia on middle of termen ; hindwings sometimes paler.

Norfolk, Cambridge, in fens, locally plentiful ; Germany ; G,
8. Larva probably on Lathyrus.

4. A. myrtillana, Tr. 11-14 mm. Forewings ochreous or
pale brownish, sometimes striated with whitish, costa posteriorly
spotted with dark fuscous ; a rather dark fuscous irregularly
triangular dorsal blotch extending from base to beyond middle,
surrounding space sometimes wholly whitish ; central fascia
ochreous-brownish, with wedge-shaped posterior projection
upwards from below middle, marked with one or two black
dashes in middle. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Oi'kneys, N. and E. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe ; 6. Larva on Vaccinkmi myrtilhis ; 7, 8.

5. A. siculana, lib. 14-16 mm. Forewings fuscous-whitish,
sprinkled with fuscous, costa strigulatcd with dark fuscous
except towards base ; a clear whitish median longitudinal
streak from base to beyond middle, edged beneath by a suffused
rather dark fuscous streak running to apex but obliquely inter-
rupted beyond middle, sufFusedly connected with tornus before
interruption ; costal extremity of central fascia dark fuscous.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal (except WC. and SW. England),
S. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva on Myrica ;
7,8.

Section B. 3 and 4 of hindwings stalked.

6. A. comptana, Frol. 10-12 mm. Forewings rather dark
grey, sometimes whitish-mixed, beneath costa posteriorly some-
times ferruginous, costa posteriorly blackisli strigulated with
whitish ; large basal patch with edge obliquely rounded and less
marked towards costa, and central fascia with acute posterior
median projection, not reaching dorsum, dark fuscous, often
very indistinct ; sometimes one or two black marks near tornus.
Hindwings grey.

England to Cheshire, rather local, especially on chalk downs ;
C. Europe, N. America ; 5, 6, 8. Larva on Potentilla ; 7, 9.

7. A. unguicella, L. 14-17 nun. Forewings whitish,
sprinkled or sometimes suffused with light fuscous, more or
less striated with brown, costa strigulated Avith dark fuscous
and whitish ; basal patch with edge obliquely rounded and less
marked towards costa, nan-ow central fascia with short posterior

480 TORTRICINA [ancylis

median projection, and a subapical transverse streak triangu-
larly dilated towards termen ochreous-fuscous or dark fuscous
Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, N. Ireland, rather local ; N. and
C Europe ; 5, 6. Larva on Erica ; 7, 8.

8. A. uncana, Hb. 15-19 mm. Forewings deep ferruginous,
sometimes blackish-sprinkled ; costa anteriorly suffused with
light grey, strigulated throughout with black and posteriorly
with white; dorsum blackish-dotted; a triangular median
dorsal blotch, and a round tornal blotch with anterior edge
strongly indented suffusedly whitish. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Sutherland, N. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe,
N. America ; 5, 6. Larva on Erica and birch ; 7, 8.

9. A. biarcuana, St2:>h. 14-16 mm. Head pale pinkish-
ochreous. Forewings red-brownish, more or less streaked with
blackish in disc posteriorly ; costa strigulated and anteriorly
broadly suffused with whitish ; two or thi-ee elongate black
subcostal dots towards base ; dorsal area suffused with whitish,
limited by a whitish line forming a subtriangular projection in
middle and a flat arch posteriorly, ending on termen above
middle. Hindwings light grey.

Britain to Sutherland, W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N.
America ; 6, 7. Larva on Salix caprea ; 8.

10. A. inornatana, IIS. {suharcvnna, Wilk.) 13-15 mm.
Differs from A. hiarcvbana as follows : head white, forewings
slightly narrower, ground - colour ochreous or grey, subcostal
dots round, posterior arch of white line more rounded and
ending lower on termen.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva on Salix
caprea ; 7, 9.

11. A. diminutana, Hrv. 13-15 mm. Forewings deep
ferruginous, towards costa strigulated with grey and basally
suffused with light grey or whitish ; two or three black sub-
costal dots towards base ; dorsal area suffused with whitish,
limited by a whitish line forming a rounded triangular pro-
jection in middle, thence nearly straight to termen below apex.
Hindwings grey.

England, rather local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva on Salix
cajyrea ; 7.

12. A. mitterbacheriana, Schiff. 13-16 mm. Forewings
ferruginous, costa strigulated with black and posteriorly with
white; a subquadrate dark ferruginous-brown dorsal blotch
reaching from base to middle, posteriorly whitish-edged ; a thick

ANCYLis] EPIBLEMIDAE 481

very oblique deep ferruginous streak from middle of costa,
sometimes reaching termen beneath apex. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva dull green ; head and plate of 2 yellow -brownish,
blackiish-marked : on oak ; 7-9.

13. A. upupana, Tr. 14-19 mm. Forewings dark fuscous;
a ferruginous costal patch reaching from beyond middle to
apex, costa within this strigulatcd with dark fuscous and
whitish ; an angulated posterior leaden-metallic stria. Hind-
wings dark fuscous, lighter anteriorly.

Kent to Sussex and Suffolk, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva
brownish-green ; head and plate of 2 black : on birch ; 7-9.

W. A. lactana, F. {hcwpana, Hb. ; ramarm, Frol.) 13-17
mm. Forewings grey, strigulated and spotted with black ;
costal half white from base to §, with an irregular median pro-
jection ; costa strigulated with black and posteriorly with
white ; two or three black subcostal dots towards base ; a
ferruginous apical spot; ocellus mostly leaden -metallic, on
termen edged with white. Hindwings grey, apex darker, in $
whitish anteriorly, in 9 paler grey.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva yellow-whitish ; spots
black ; head black ; plate of 2 brown, black-marked : on poplar
and aspen ; 7-9.

13. Gypsonoma, n.(j.

Antennae in S shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, ascending.
Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen sinuate. Hindwings :
3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

Contains only a few northern temperate species.

1. A strong black costal mark on central fascia 2. neglectana.
No black costal mark on central fascia . .2.

2. A blackish spot before middle of termen . 3. acerimia.
No blackish spot before middle of termen 1. dealbana.

1. G. dealbana, Frol. (incariMmt, Hw.) 12-15 mm. Face
grey-whitish. Forewings whitish, sometimes much mixed or
suffused with grey, costa strigulated with blackish ; basal patch
dark grey, mixed with black, edge angulated ; central fascia
grey, undefined, near costa brownish, with a black mark in
disc; ocellus edged with leaden - metallic ; a transverse grey
subapical streak, followed by a leaden -metallic stria; apex
dark fuscous, sometimes ferruginous-tinged. Hindwings grey,
darker posteriorly.

2i

482 TORTRICINA [rypsonoma

England to York, very common ; N. and C. Europe, N.
America ; 7. Larva whitish or pale flesh-colour ; spots brown ;
head brown : on oak, poplar, Salix, etc. ; 5, 6.

2. G. neglectana, Duj^. 12-15 mm. Face clear white. Fore-
wings ocbreous-white, disc more ochreous-tinged, with a few
black scales ; costa strigulated with black ; basal patch dark
fuscous, whitish-mixed, much marked with black, edge angu-
lated ; central fascia grey, black-marked, more or less inter-
rupted uear dorsum, on costa dilated and with a strong black
mark ; some leaden-metallic and dark grey posterior striae ;
apex ferruginous. Hindwiugs rather dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; Cermany ; 7. Larva on
Salix alba and aspen ; 5.

3. Gr. aceriana, Dup. 14-15 mm. Face whitish-fuscous.
Forewings ochreous-whitish, more or less sprinkled and pos-
teriorly suffused with pale brownish, costa obscurely strigulated
with blackish ; basal patch fuscous marked with blackish, edge
obtusely or hardly angulated ; central fascia fuscous, ill-defined,
more or less interrupted near dorsum, with small blackish mark
in disc ; some dots round ocellus, an irregular spot touching
middle of termen, and small apical spot blackish. Hindwiugs
grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 7.
Larva dull brownish ; head reddish-brown ; plate of 2 black :
in shoots, leaf-stalks, and bark of poplar ; 5.

14. Cydia, m.

Antennae in c? shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen sinuate.
Hindwiugs : 3 and 4 stalked or connate or coincident, 5 approxi-
mated to 4, 6 axid 7 closely approximated towards base.

A northern temperate genus of considerable extent, derived
from Ujnnotia.

1. Forewings with ground-colour white . . 2.

„ „ not white . . 6.

2. Ocellus suffused with black . 11. nigromactdana.

,, not suffused with black . . . 3.

3. Ocellus with distinct black dots . . .4.

,, without black dots . . . .5.

4. Edge of basal patch formed by a straight fascia

14. pupillarui.
„ „ by discal and dorsal spots

13. candidulana.

cydia] EPIBLEMIDAE 483

5. Forewings with two blackish triangular dorsal

spots ... .4. ramella.

„ without such spots . 2. trimaculana (part).

6. Forewings pale yellow . . .12. citrana.

,, not yellow . . . .7.

7. Ocellus enclosing distinct black dashes . . 8.

„ without black dashes . . .13.

8. Forewings striated with red-brown . . 3. minutana.

„ not striated with red-brown . . 9.

9. Hiudwings white . . . .9. suhsequana.

,, not white . . . .10.

10. Basal patch distinctly blackish-striated . 15. aemulana.

,, not blackish-striated . . .11.

11. Forewings with disc somewhat streaked longi-

tudinally . 17. asjndiscana.

„ ,, not streaked longitudinally . 12.

12. Ocellus ochreous-whitish . . 18. co}ite7-minana.

,, not whitish . . .16. trvpoliana.

13. Edge of basal patch rounded, veiy oblique 1. ohtusana.

„ ,, more or less angulated . 14.

14. Forewings with black discal streak posteriorly

5. sigimtana.
,, without such streak . . . 15.

15. Central fascia bent . . . 10. fractifasciana.

„ „ not bent . . . .16.

16. Forewings marked with ochreous or ferruginous . 17.

,, not so marked . . ,18.

17. Central fascia obliquely cut above middle 6. achatana.

,, ,, entire . . 2. trimaculaiia (part).

18. Markings edged with leaden-metallic . 8. strobilella.

not metallic-edged . 7. ustomaculana.

1. C. obtusana, IIiv. 10-12 mm. Forewings ferruginous,
costa with dark fuscous and whitish strigidae ; basal patch
dark ferruginous-brown except towards costa, edge rounded,
very oblique, reaching beyond middle of dorsum, followed by a
grey-whitish stria broadly enlarged on costa ; central fascia
dark ferruginous-brown, with strong posterior median projec-
tion, not reaching dorsum ; costal area beyond this dark ferru-
ginous ; ocellus small, broadly edged with leaden- metallic.
Hind wings fuscous, darker tei'minally.

England, rather local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6.

2. 0. trimaculana, Don. 13-15 mm. Palpi whitish, towards
tips grey. Forewings from white to ochreous, sometimes with

484 TORTRICINA [cydia

dark fuscous strigulae ; costa with dark fuscous aud pale or
white strigulae ; basal patch with edge angulated in middle,
central fascia dilated dorsally, and an irregular spot before
termen in middle usually more or less ochreous aud much
striated or suffused with dark fuscous, in ochreous specimens
sometimes obsolete ; apical area ochreous ; margins of ocellus
and sometimes two streaks from costa posteriorly leaden -
metallic. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, very common ; (!.
and SW. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale greenish or yellowish,
more brownish above ; head and plate of 2 black : on elm ;
5, 6.

3. 0. minutana, Hh. 12-15 nun. Palpi ochreous-whitish,
above grey. Forewings whitish-ochreous, much tinged with
rosy -purplish, striated with red-brown, mixed with black ;
angulated edge of basal patch and irregular central fascia more
black-marked ; some streaks from costa posteriorly and margins
of ocellus obscurely golden-metallic ; ocellus including several
blackish dashes. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly.

Kent and Surrey to Norfolk, Lancashire, local ; C. and S.
Europe, N. Africa ; 7. Lai'va green ; head and plate of 2 dark
brown : on poplar ; 5.

4. C. ramella, L. (jjayhulliana, Wilk.) 13-16 mm. Fore-
wings ochreous-white, with some black scales towards base ;
costa greyish-tinged, strigulated with black ; a triangular black
spot mixed with grey on dorsum before middle, and another
less defined on tornus ; central fascia ill-marked, pale ochreous-
grey ; apex sutfused with dark grey ; ocellus edged with leaden-
metallic ; sometimes dorsal |- of wing wholly suflfused with
blackish-groy. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Ross, rather common • C. i^^urope ; 7, 8. Larva
ou birch ; 5, G.

5. C. signatana, Dijl. 14-10 nun. Forewings yellow-whitish
striated with fuscous, costa strigulated with dark fuscous ;
basal patch with edge angulated in middle, irregular central
fascia, and apical area fuscous irrorated with pale yellowish,
with a few blackish marks ; a slender blackish longitudinal
streak crossing middle of fascia and curved upwards above
ocellus to near termen ; ocellus pale yellowish, edged with
leaden-metallic. Hindwings grey or light grey.

England, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva on
Prumis padtis and probably /-'. cerasus ; 5.

G. C. achatana, J'\ 13-17 mm. Forewings fuscous, with

CYDiA] EPIBLEMIDAE 485

tliick subcouflueiit pale leaden-metallic striae, costa posteriorly
strigulated with whitish; basal patch dark fuscous, mixed with
leaden-metallic, edge bent ; central fascia dark fuscous, ferru-
ginous-mixed, sharply obliquely interrupted with leaden-metallic
above middle; a triangular apical ferruginous -orange patch,
sprinkled with dark fuscous and cut by a leaden-metallic stria.
Hindwings grey.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; C. and SW.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva blackish ; head and plate of 2 black :
on hawthorn and blackthorn ; 5.

7. C. ustomaculana, Curt. 11-13 mm. Forewings shining
ashy-grey, costa and dorsum strigulated with dark fuscous ;
basal patch with edge angulatcd, central fascia narrowed at
extremities and often connected in disc with basal patch, and
an irregular subapical spot connected by streaks with costa and
tornus dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous.

Merioneth, York to Iloss, rather local ; NC. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 pale brownish -ochrcous :
on Vaccinium vith-iiJaea ; 4, 5.

8. 0. strobilella, L. 10-1.3 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
irrorated with pale yellowish, costa posteriorly strigulated with
Avhitish ; basal patch with edge angulated, and narrow central
fascia darker, margined with leaden-metallic striae interrupted
in middle ; some streaks from costa posteriorly, and posterior
edge of ocellus leaden-metallic. Hindwings rather dark fuscous;
cilia whitish excejjt base.

Britain to Ayr, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5. Larva pale
yellowish ; head and plate of 2 pale lirownish : in cones of Pinus
abies ; 7-4.

9. C. subsequana, Jfu>. {idiiec/ana, Dup. ; pyc/maeana, Wilk.,
nou Hb.) 11-12 mm. Forewings fuscous, posteriorly ferruginous-
tinged, costa strigulated w4th whitish and dark fuscous ; basal
patch with edge obtusely angulated, and central fascia dilated
in disc mixed with dark fuscous : ocellus edged w'ith leaden-
metallic, including several black dashes. Hindwings white ;
base, veins, termen, and an ajiical patch grey.

Kent, Norfolk, local ; Germany, Italy ; 4. Larva yellowish-
green ; head and plate of 2 black : on Finus ahies ; 6, 7.

10. C. fractifasciana, ffw. 11-14 mm. Forewings narrow,
costa slightly arched ; whitish-grey, closely irrorated and striated
with dark brown ; costa posteriorly strigulated with white ; a
bent fascia limiting basal patch, narrow bent central fascia, and
one or two posterior streaks dark brown, sometimes ferruginous-

486 TORTRICINA [cydia

tinged ; ocellus obscurely edged with leaden-metallic. Hind-
wings grey.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva grey ; head
ochreous : in flower-heads of Scabiosa ; 7, 9.

11. 0. nigromaculana, IIw. 14-17 mm. Forewings white,
with a few scattered dark fuscous strigulae ; costa strigulated
with dark fuscous, posteriorly spotted with ferruginous ; edge
of basal patch forming a mark on costa and an erect black and
fuscous dorsal spot ; central fascia ferruginous mixed with black,
angulated, widely interrupted above middle ; ocellus suffused
with black, edged with silvery-leaden-mctallic ; apex ferruginous,
with two leaden-metallic streaks. Hindwings grey, in i$ more
or less whitish-suffused anteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
on Senech jncohqea (?), pei'haps in the root.

12.0. citrana, lib. 1 8-20 mm. Forewings pale ochreous-yellow,
with faint darker strigulae, costa anterioi'ly dotted with black-
ish, posterioi'ly spotted with brown ; an ochreous-brown dorsal
mark before middle, a streak from near costa at \ to dorsum
before tornus, and a very irregular central fascia confluent Avith
this at tornus, and connected in middle by a straight streak
with apex ; ocellus obscurely metallic-edged, including two or
three black dots. Hindwings grey, in $ paler anteriorly.

Kent and Sussex to Norfolk, Lancashire, local ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva in flowers of Artemisia
camjyestris and sometimes Achillea mUlefolium ; 9.

13. C. candidulana, Nolcl: (wimmeraoia, Wilk., non Tr.) 15-
IG mm. Forewings white, disc and dorsum tinged with greyish-
ochreous ; costa posteriorly strigulated with fuscous, with a
few black scales ; edge of basal patch represented by dark
fuscous triangular discal and smaller dorsal spots ; narrow
central fascia and a streak from its middle to apex brownish ;
ocellus edged with silvery-metallic, including two or three linear
black dots. Hindwings grey, in S paler anteriorly.

Kent, Essex, local ; NG. Europe ; 7. Larva whitish ; narrow
dorsal and broad sul)dorsal stripes dull pur])lish ; head brown ;
plate of 2 brown, anteriorly wliitish : on flowers of Artemisia
iiiaritima ; 9.

14. 0. pupillana, CI. 16-18 mm. Forewings white, base and
dorsum sprinkled with pale ochreous, costa posteriorly spotted
with ochreous ; a straight oblique fascia limiting basal patch,
and narrow central fascia connected in middle by a sinuate
streak with apex ochreous irroratcd with fuscous ; ocellus

cydia] EPIBLEMIDAE 487

inckiding three silvery-metallic marks connected by a longitu-
dinal ochreous- whitish bar marked with two rows of square
black dots. Hindwings grey..

Essex to Devon, Pembroke, York, local ; (J. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 8. Larva yellow-whitish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
pinkish : in stems of Artemisia ahsynthium ; 10-7.

15. C. aemulana, Schl. (modestana, HS.) 12-15 mm. Fore-
wings pale greyish -ochi'eous, sometimes partly siitt'used with
darker ochi'eous, costa more or less strigulated with dark
fuscous and whitish ; basal patch with blackish striae, intei'-
rupted above middle, edge angulated ; central fascia irregulai',
darker ochreous, sometimes black -sprinkled, obscurely inter-
rupted above middle ; tornal area and some streaks from costa
posteriorly darker ochreous ; ocellus edged with silvery-metallic,
including two or three black dashes. Hindwings grey.

S. England to Pembroke and Norfolk, Dumbarton, very
local : Germany ; 7. Larva pale yellowish ; dorsal, subdoi'sal,
and spiracular lines purple ; head black ; plate of 2 whitish,
black-spotted : on flowers of Solidago virgaurea ; 8, 9.

16. C. tripoliana, Barr. 13-16 mm. Difters from C. aemn-
lami as follows : foi'ewings somewhat more elongate, colour
varying sometimes to fuscous or dark brown, basal patch without
distinct sti'iae, markings sometimes nearly obsolete; hindwings
in S more whitish anteriorly.

Essex, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva pale rosy-yellowish ;
head black or dark brown ; plate of 2 bi'own : in fiowei'S of
Aster tripolium : 9, 10.

17. C. aspidiscana, lib. 15-18 mm. Forewings ochreous-
brown, somewhat mixed with paler and darker scales tending to
form longitudinal streaks in disc, dorsum partly darker fuscous,
costa posteriorly strigulated with whitish and dark fuscous ;
space between basal patch and central fascia obscurely greyish-
tinged ; three streaks from costa posteriorly and margins of
ocellus leaden-metallic, ocellus including three black dashes.
Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally.

Hereford, Lancashire, Westmoreland, local ; N. and C. Europe,
N. America ; 5, 6. Larva on flowers of Solidago virgaurea ; 8.

18. C. conterminana, HS. 16-18 mm. Forewings ochreous,
costa marked throughout with fine short darker streaks ; basal
patch suffused with brown posteriorly except towards costa,
edge sharply angulated, followed by a paler dorsal suffusion ;
central fascia and a suflfusion above ocellus brownish ; ocellus
ochreous- whitish, edged with pale golden -metallic, including

TORTRICINA [cydia

two or three incomplete lines of black scales. Hindwings
grey.

Kent to Hunts and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
reddish-grey; head yellow-brown: on flowers of lettuce
{Lactuca) ; 9.

15. NOTOCELTA, lib.

Antennae in ^ moderately or shortly ciliated. Palpi moder-
ately long, porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings in $ with
strong costal fold, termen nearly straight. Hindwings in $ with
deep subdorsal groove above, containing long blackish hair-
pencil ; 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 appi'oximated to 4, 6 and
7 closely approximated towards base.

Includes only a few northern temperate species ; a develop-
ment of Epihlema. The larvae all feed on Romceae.

1. Forewings dark fuscous . . .6. tetragonana.

„ not dark fuscous . . .2.

2. Forewings pale brownish . . 1. nddinanniana.

„ whitish . . . .3.

3. Edge of basal patch rather rounded . . 4.

,, ,, ,, nearly straight . . 5.

4. Forewings mixed with grey towards costa beyond

middle . . 3. trimaculana.

,, not mixed with grey towards costa pos-

teriorly . . .2. rosaecolana.

5. Edge of basal patch parallel to termen . 4. rohorana.

,, ,, ,, less oblique than termen

5. incarnatana.

1. N. uddmanniana, L. 15-20 mm. Forewings dilated, costa
moderately arched; whitish -brownisli, striated with fuscous,
costa posteriorly dark fuscous strigulated with whitish ; angu-
lated edge of basal patch darker ; central fascia fuscous,
anteriorly indistinct, ending in a large rounded-triangular dark
reddish-fuscous whitish-edged dorsal spot ; an oblique fuscous
fascia before apex, hardly reaching costa ; extreme apex dark
reddish-fuscous. Hindwings gre3^

England, Argyll, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva dull i-eddish-brown ; head and
plate of 2 black : on bi'amble and ras})berry (Iivbm) ; 5.

2. N. rosaecolana, DbU. 17-20 mm. Forewings dilated,
costa moderately and evenly arched, fold not reaching middle ;
white, costa strigulated with dark fuscous ; basal patch dark
fuscous, edge rather rounded, followed by some grey marks

notocelia] EPIBLEMIDAE 489

towards costa and dorsum ; lower half of central fascia fuscous
spotted with black, preceded by a grey mark ; ocellus edged
with leaden-metallic, enclosing three or four black dots ; some
lirown or ferruginous and leaden-metallic streaks towards apex.
Hindwings light grey.

Britain to the Clyde, common; (Germany, Denmark; 6, 7.
Larva purplish-brown, beneath whitish ; head brown ; plate of
2 black : on rose (especially Rosa mhu/inosa) ; 5, 6.

3. N. trimaculana, Jlir. [sufusana, Z.) 15-16 mm. DitTers
from K. Tosaecolana as follows : forewings somewhat narrower,
costa less arched, fold reaching middle, ground-colour much
mixed and marked with grey except on a quadrate dorsal s])ot
bej-ond basal patch ; hindwings grey.

Britain to tlie Clyde, N. Ireland, common ; C Europe, WC.
x\sia to N. Persia; 6. Larva redd isli-brown, sometimes tinged
with greenisli ; head light brown ; plate of 2 Ijlack : on haw-
thorn ; 4, n.

4. N. roborana, Tr. 18-21 mm. Forewings elongate, costa
at first straight, beyond middle arched, fold reaching middle;
whitish, much strigulated with grey, usually clearest towards
dorsum beyond basal patch ; costa towards middle suffused with
fuscous, posteriorly strigulated with dark fuscous ; basal patch
dark fuscous, edge straight, parallel to tcrmen ; a triangular
dark fuscous and black praetornal spot, with usually some black
scales above it in disc ; ocellus edged with leaden-metallic, en-
closing several black dots or a wavy line ; apical area streaked
with ferruginous and leaden-metallic. Hindwings whitish-grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. h-eland, common ; C. Europe ; 7.
Larva reddish-brown ; head light brown ; ])latc of 2 black : on
rose ; 5, G.

5. N. incarnatana, llh. (amoenana, Hb.) 14-18 nmi. Fore-
wings with costa slightly ai'ched, fold reaching middle; rosy-
whitish, sometimes ochreous-tinged, sometimes striated with
fuscous, costa strigulated Avith dark fuscous ; basal patch
fuscous or ferruginous-brown, black-marked, edge nearly straight;
central fascia ill-defined, grey or ferruginous, with black pos-
terior subdorsal projection ; apical area streaked with ferruginous
and leaden-metallic, marked with black. Hindwings whitish-
fuscous.

England, E. Ireland, local ; C. and 8. Europe ; 7. Larva
reddish-brown ; head light brown ; plate of 2 black : on rose ;
5, 6.

6. N. tetragonana, St ph. 13- 15 mm. Forewings with costa

490 TORTRICINA [notocelia

gently arched, rather dark fuscous, posteriorly striated with
leaden-metallic, costa towards apex strigulated with whitish ; a
subquadrate ochreous-white median dorsal spot, pointed above.
Hindwings dark fuscous.

England, E. Ireland, local ; Germany : 7. Larva on rose ; 5, 6.

16. Sphaeroeca, n.g.

Characters of Epiblema, but hindwings in $ with a long
hair-pencil from base lying along costa beneath forewings.

Only the single species is known.

1. S. obscurana, Stph. (ravulana, HS.) 12-14 mm. Fore-
wings rather dark fuscous ; some pairs of indistinct pale costal
strigulae ; a subquadrate spot on middle of dorsum formed of
three ill-defined whitish strigulae ; ocellus obscurely edged with
dull leaden-metallic. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Kent to Norfolk, York, N. Ireland, scarce and local ; N.
Europe, N. Germany ; 6.

17. EriBLEMA, lib.

Antennae in d moderately or shortly ciliated. Palpi
moderately long, porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings in S
with strong costal fold ; termen straight or sinuate. Hind-
wings : 3 and 4 stalked or coincident, 5 approximated to 4, 6
and 7 closely approximated towards base.

A large genus, but almost wholly confined to the temperate
regions of the Northern hemisphere ; derived from Bpinotia.

1. Edge of basal patch straight, parallel to termen

1. tripimctcma.
,, ,, ,, not so formed . . 2.

2. Termen of forewings markedl}^ sinuate . . 3.

,, ,, not or hardly sinuate . 15.

*3. Forewings ochreous . . . .4.

,, not ochreous . . . .8.

4. Dorsal area distinctly paler . 26. expallidana.

„ ,, not distinctly paler . . .5.

5. Ocellus metallic-edged . . . .6.

,, not metallic-edged . 25. caecimaculana.

6. Disc longitudinally whitish-streaked . 29. cana.

,, not longitudinally whitish-streaked . . 7.

7. Expanse 20 mm. or more, colouring very uniform

27. fulvana.
„ 19 mm. or less, colouring more varied

28. scopollana.

epiblema] EPIBLEMIDAE 491

8. Dorsal half of forewings conspicuously paler 5. nrnana.

,, „ „ not markedly paler . 9.

9. Central fascia metallic-edged . 10. distinctana.

„ ,, not metallic-edged . . .10.

10. Edge of basal patch acutely angulated . .11.

,, ,, ,, obtusely angulated . .12.

11. Forewings witii subquadrate whitish dorsal median

spot . . .7. immundana.

„ without such spot . . 4. 7iisella.

12. Head ochreous-white . . . .13.

„ not ochreous-white . . . .14.

13. Central fascia interrujDted, metallic-mixed 2. suLocellana.

„ ,, entire, not metallic-mixed 6. demarniana.

14. Forewings with ground-colour fei*ruginous 3. penkleriatia.

,, ,, ,, fuscous 8. tetraquetrayia.

\o. Forewings with bent pointed white median dorsal

mark . . .19. foenella.

,, without such mark . . .16.

16. Forewings with distinct subquadrate whitish

median dorsal spot . .17.

,, without such spot . . . 20.

17. Ocellus partly or Avholly whitish . . .18.

„ not whitish . . . .19.

18. Ocellus more or less metallic-edged, enclosing-

black dots . . .14. 2)/lugiana.

,, not metallic-edged, without black dots 13. similana.

19. Doi'sal spot strigulated with dark fuscous

15. tri(jeminana.
„ ,, not strigulated with dark fuscous

1 6. hrunnichiana.

20. Forewings ochreous-white . . 20. hilunana.

,, not whitish . . . .21.

21. Expanse 13 mm. or less .... 22.

,, 17 mm. or more . . . .24.

22. Hindwings grey ..... 23.

,, dark fuscous . . .9. nigricana.

23. Face and palpi whitish . . . 11. tedella.

,, ,, pale brownish . 12. nemorivaga.

24. Forewings with two small black dorsal spots

21. ophthalmicana.
„ without such spots . . .25.

25. Ocellus metallic-edged . . .17. turbidana.

,, not metallic-edo'ed . . . 26.

492 TORTRIOINA [epiblema

26. Forewings rathei' broad ; antennae in <$ fasci-

culated . . 18. grandaevana.

„ rather elongate ; antennae in (? simply

ciliated . . . .27.

27. Hindwings whitisli-fuscous . 23. semifmcana.

,, rather light fuscous . . .28.

28. Forewings commonly with whitish or red-brown

dorsal blotch, termen less oblique

2 2 . solandriana.
,, without such blotch, termen more

oblique . . . 24. sorJidana.

1. E. tripunctana, F. 14-20 mm. Palpi ochreous-yellowish.
Forewings dilated, costa slightly arched ; ochreous-white, costa
strigulated with dark grey ; basal patch large, dark fuscous,
edge straight, parallel to termen ; central fascia grey, confluent
with basal patch on costa, interrupted below middle ; ocellus
edged with leaden - metallic, enclosing three black dots ; a
triangular dark grey apical spot. Hindwings light grey, in 5
darker.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; (J. and S. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia; 5, 6. Larva reddish -brown ; head
black : on rose, bramble, etc. ; 4, 5.

2. E. subocellana, Don. (cmnpoliliana, Tr.) 11-1.3 mm.
Head ochreous-white. Forewings ochreous-white, costa and
dorsum strigulated with dark fuscous; l)asal ])atch striated
with black, interrupted near costa, edge oljtusely angulated ;
central fascia mixed with pale ferruginous, leaden-metallic, and
black, narrowly interrupted above middle ; ocellus leaden-
metallic, with centi'al series of connected black marks ; apex
with ferruginous and leaden-metallic striae; termen sinuate.
Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally,

Britain to the Orkney's, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ;
6. Larva pale green; head yellow -brown : on Snlix caprea ;
8,9.

3. E. penkleriana, 7'^.^. 13-15 mm. Forewings ferruginous
or dark ferruginous-fuscous, costa strigulated with white or
grey ; space between obtusely angulated edge of basal j)atch
and subdorsally indented central fascia often more or less
suffused with whitish ; margins of ocellus and some striae
above it obscurely leaden -metallic ; termen sinuate. Hind-
wings fuscous, darker terminally

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, very common ; N. and
C Europe ; 7. Larva pale green ; head and ])late of 2 some-

epiblema] EPIBLEMIDAE 493

what darker, brown-marked : in catkins and buds of hazel and
alder; 11-5.

4. E. nisella, CI. (cinerana, Hw.) 13-15 mm. Forewings
grey, more or less mixed with white, slightly ferruginous-tinged,
irregularly strigulated with blackish-grey ; basal patch darker,
edge more blackish, acutely angulated in middle ; often a fer-
ruginous or red-brown flattened-triangular dorsal blotch beyond
this ; central fascia slender, irregular, somewhat darker ; edges
of ocellus, and sometimes a stria above them leaden-metallic ;
sometimes whole wing suffused with fei'ruginous except basal
and terminal patches ; termen sinuate. Hiudwings light
fuscous, terminally dark fuscous.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. America ;
8. Larva pale green ; head dark l:)ro\vn : in catkins and on
leaves of poplar and Salix cciprea ; (3.

5. E. crenana, lib. 13-16 mm. Forewings narrow, dark
ashy -fuscous, sometimes more grey or reddish -tinged, costa
strigulated wuth whitish ; dorsal half varying from whitish to
ferruginous-brown, rounded -prominent in middle and pos-
teriorly, partially edged with blackish marks above ; sometimes
a triangular blackish -fuscous praetornal spot ; termen sinuate.
Hindwings fuscous, termen darker.

Norfolk, York, Westmoreland, Perth, scarce and local ; C.
Europe ; 4. Larva pale green ; head pale brown : on Salix
cajyrea ; 7, 8.

6. E. demarniana, F.li. 13-15 mm. Head and palpi ochre-
ous-whitish. Forewings whitish, costa spotted and strigulated
with dark fuscous ; basal patch suffused with dark brown,
black -marked, edge obtusely angulated ; central fascia ferru-
ginous-brown, strigulated with black ; costal half beyond this
mixed with dark grey and streaked with ferruginous ; ocellus
partly edged with leaden - metallic ; termen sinuate; a white
subapical dash in cilia. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Kent and Sussex to Norfolk, Cheshire, local; C. Europe, Asia
Minor; 6, 7. Larva in catkins of birch and Salix caprea ; 4, 5.

7. E. immundana, F.R. 12-14 mm. Differs from E. tetra-
quetrana as follows : forewings darker fuscous, hardly ferru-
ginous-mixed, basal patch more blackish, edge acutely angulated,
dorsal whitish spot more distinct, dark spot before ocellus less
marked.

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 4, 5. Larva
light greenish-grey ; head brownish-ochreous : on birch and
alder ; 7, 8.

494 TORTRICINA [epiblema

8. E. tetraquetrana, Hiv. 12-15 mm. Forewings fuscous,
darker-strigulated, often whitish-mixed, costa strigulated with
blackish and posteriorly with white ; edge of basal patch
suffused with ferruginous - brown, partly blackish - marked,
obtusely angulated ; beyond this sometimes an obscure whitish
subquadrate dorsal spot ; central fascia darkei", often ferru-
ginous-suffused ; costal half beyond this sometimes ferruginous-
suffused, with some black scales ; ocellus obscurely edged witli
leaden-metallic, usually preceded by a small black subdorsal
spot ; termen sinuate ; a white subapical dash in cilia. Hind-
wings grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 5. Larva pale yellowish-green ; head and plate of 2
dark or light brown : on birch and alder (when young, in
swellings in twigs) \ 7-10.

9. E. nigricana, IIS. 11-13 nmi. Forewings dark fuscous,
anteriorly lighter-striated, costa posteriorly obscurely strigulated
with whitish ; central fascia indistinctly darker ; ocellus edged
with leaden-metallic ; termen faintly sinuate. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

Hereford, Essex, Norfolk, Lancashire, local ; Holland, Ger-
many, Greece ; 7. Larva dull yellow ; head and plate of 2
black : in buds of Finns picea ; 9-4.

10. E. distinctana, Wilk. (j)roximana, Dbld., non HS. ; (?)
fraternana, Hw.) 11-12 mm. Face and palpi pale whitish-
ochreous. Forewings dark fuscous, costa posteriorly spotted
with whitish ; central fascia broad, narrowed on costa, limited
by light leadcn-metallic-grey fasciae, first straight, including a
dark fuscous stria, second somewhat curved ; termen sinuate ;
a white subapical dash in cilia. Hindwings fuscous, darker
terminally.

Dorset, Hereford, Norfolk, N. England from York, N.
Ireland, local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva very pale green ; head
and plate of 2 light yellowish-brown : on Pinus picea: 8-10.

11. E. tedella, 67. (hi/rciniana, Wilk.) 11-13 mm. Face
and palpi whitish. Forewings pale brownish, strigulated or
often wholly suffused with dark fuscous, costa posteriorly
strigulated with white ; sometimes a whitish fascia within basal
patch ; central fascia narrowed towards costa, limited by two
pairs of silvery-white or gi'cy sometimes ;dmost obsolete striae,
first somewhat curved, second somewhat interrupted in middle ;
disc posteriorly often whitish-mixed; termen hardly sinuate ;
a white subapical dash in cilia. Hindwings grey.

f

epiblema] EPIBLEMIDAE 495

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, abnndant ; N. and C.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva green ; subdorsal line rather broad,
reddish-grey ; head and plate of 2 black : on Pinus abies : 8-3.

12. E. nemorivaga, T</str. {finitimana, Dbld.) 10-11 mm.
Face and palpi pale brownish. Forewings silvery- whitish,
finely strigulated with fuscous, costa posteriorly strigulated
with dark fuscous and white ; some scattered dark fuscous
strigulae ; basal patch with edge somewhat bent, central fascia
with posterior median projection, and an irregular spot touching
termen in middle dark fuscous ; termen hardly sinuate ; a
white subapical dash in cilia. Hindwings grey.

Perth to Sutherland, local ; N. and mountains of C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva pale yellowish ; head dark brown : in leaves of
Arctostaplnjlos uva-ursi ; 5.

13. E. similana, Hb. {bimamlana, Don.) 17-21 mm. Fore-
wings dark purple-grey or ashy-fuscous, mixed with ferruginous
and somewhat marked with black, costa more or less strigulated
with dark fuscous and pale ferruginous ; a rounded or pointed
median dorsal blotch, and round tornal blotch whitish-ochreous
or white, former often, latter always with a central transverse
ochreous or fuscous line ; termen faintly sinuate. Hindwdngs
grey, apex sometimes ferruginous-tinged.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia, N.
America; 9. Larva grey - whitish ; spots black; head yellow-
brown ; plate of 2 grcenish-ochreous : on birch ; 6, 7.

14. E. pflugiana, Hw. {cirsiana, Z. ; scutulana, Wilk.) 13-22
mm. Forewings ferrugiuous-ochreous, sometimes (especially in

9 ) suttused with dark fuscous except towards apex, broadly
striated throughout with leaden-metallic, with four pairs of
white costal strigulae on posterior half; a large subquadrate
ochreous -whitish median dorsal spot, including two or three
small dark dorsal strigulae ; ocellus ochreous-whitish, sometimes
(especially in $ ) anteriorly obscured with leaden-metallic, con-
taining transverse series of black dots. Hindwings in S grey,
sometimes whitish-tinged anteriorly, in $ dark fuscous.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva rosy-fleshcolour ; spots brown ;
head and plate of 2 black : in stems of Carduus, Centaurea,
and Inula ; 10-5.

\_E. costipimctami, Hw., from Norfolk, existing only in one
old specimen, may be an aberration of a species of this group,
but is too doubt fid to admit of quotation.]

15. E. trigeminana, Stpli. 13-17 nun. Forewings fuscous,

496 TORTRICINA [epiblema

more or less mixed with whitish and striated with dark fuscous,
costa posteriorly dark fuscous strigulated with whitish ; basal
patch posteriorly dark fuscous, edge irregular, rather rounded,
followed by a subquadrate whitish dorsal spot strigulated with
dark fuscous, often connected with costa by one or two whitish
striae ; central fascia dark brown, irregular ; apical area beyond
this streaked with dark fuscous or ferruginous-brown and
leaden-grey. Hind wings fuscous, darker terminally, disc some-
times whitish-tinged.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, rather local ; Germany ; 6,
7. Larva pinkish-yellow, dorsal area sometimes rosy ; head and
plate of 2 pale brownish : in rootstocks oi Senecio jacohaea ; 9-12.

16. E. brunnichiana, Frol. 15-19 mm. Forewings varying
from whitish-ochreous to dark brown, posteriorly striated with
silvery- metallic or leaden- metallic ; in dark specimens costa
strigulated with dark fuscous and whitish ; an ochreous-whitish
subquadrate median dorsal blotch, anterior edge straight, some-
what oblique ; sometimes a transverse series of black dots in
and above ocellus. Hindwings dark fuscous, sometimes tinged
with whitish-ochreous.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. and SE.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva in roots and flower-stalks of Ihissilago
farfara ; 4.

17. E. turbidana, Tr. 20-22 mm. Forcv/ings light greyish-
ochreous irrorated with brown, costa posteriorly strigulated with
brown and whitish ; basal patch posteriorly ochreous- brown,
edge angulated, lower part straight; central fascia ochreous-
brown, narrow and indistinct towards costa ; several ochreous-
brown posterior striae ; ocellus obscurely edged with leaden-
metallic. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally.

Devon, York to the Clyde, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
proliably in roots of Petasites.

18. E. grandaevana, Z. 21-30 mm. Antennae in $ sluu-tly
fasciculated. Forewings posteriorly dilated, light ochreous-
brownish, strigulated with dark fuscous and grey-whitish ; basal
patch darker posteriorly, edge sharply angulated, irregular ;
central fascia irregular, darker or nearly obsolete, not nearly
reaching dorsum. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker terminally.

Durham, local; NC. and mountains of C. Europe; 7. Larva
in roots of Tussihvjo and Petasites ; 3-5.

19. E. foenella, L. 17-25 nun. Forewings with fold reaching
beyond middle; deep reddish-brown, costa greyer and posteriorly
stritiulated with iivcv or wliitish ; a white fascia-like marl\ from

epiblema] EPIBLEMIDAE 497

dorsum before middle, reaching more tliaii half across wing, its
apex emitting a strong pointed projection towards tornus ;
ocellus })ale grey, with two or three brown dots. Hindwings
rather dark fuscous.

Kent to Hants and Norfolk, local ; C. and SE. luirope, WC.
Asia to Turkestan: 7. Larva yellow - whitish ; head dark
brown ; plate of 2 brown ish-ochreous : in stems and roots of
Artemlsiii ri(/(/(iiis: 10-5.

20. E. bilunana, Ilir. 12-lG mm. Head and thorax ochreous-
white. Forewings with fold not reaching 1 ; ochreous- white,
costa indistinctly blackish -strigulated ; lower half of edge of
basal patch forming a thick black anteriorly fuscous-edged
mark ; central fascia pale greyish -ochreous, indistinct, ending
in a small subtriangidar black praetornal spot; some black
scales before termen in middle; termen rounded. Hindwings
grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, rather common; C. Europe ;
(), 7. Larva yellow-whitish ; head and })late of 2 l)lackish-
brown : in catkins of birch ; 3, 4.

21. E. ophthalmicana, J/h. 18-23 mm. Head ferruginous-
fuscous. Eorewiugs elongate, with fold reaching -| ; dark
ashy-fuscous, strigulated with black and sonietimes with deep
ferruginous ; a narrow black dorsal spot before middle ; a
small black praetornal spot, sometimes surmounted by a ferru-
ginous spot ; termen nearly straight. Hindwings light fuscous,
terminally darker.

England to York, Renfrew, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ;
7, 8. Larva dull greenish - white ; spots grey; head black;
plate of 2 brown, anterior edge white : on aspen (Pojitilus tre-
iinihi) ; 6.

22. E. solandriana, L. 18-21 mm. Forewings elongate,
costa moderately arched, fold reaching -| ; varying from whitish-
ochreous or brownish to ferruginous, more or less darker-
strigulated, sometimes whitish - mixed ; basal patch with
angulated edge, and central fascia narrowed towards extremities
sometimes darker ; a rounded triangular white or pale median
dorsal blotch, sometimes i-eplaced by a more elongate semioval
dark reddisli-brown blotch; termen rather oblique. Hindwings
light grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
7, 8. Larva grey-whitish or dull gi-eenish ; head pale brown
or partly black ; plate of 2 whitish or brown : on hazel, birch,
and Salix caprea ; 5, 6.

2 K

498 TORTRICINA [epiblema.

23. E. semifuscana, Sfph. {piceana, Wilk.) 17-20 mm. Fore-
wings elongate, fold reaching -| ; varying from whitish-fuscous
or oclireous-l)ro\vn to dark fuscous, costa posteriorly sometimes
darker-dotted ; basal patch with edge angulatcd, irregular
median fascia, and a posterior spot in disc sometimes darker;
sometimes costal half dark fuscous and dorsal whitish, latter
twice sharply indented ; sometimes a pale median longitudinal
suffusion ; termcn rather oblique. Hindwings whitish-fuscous,
terminally darker.

]^)ritain to Perth, Shetland Is., local ; C. Europe ; 7-9. Larva
whitish -green, dorsally grey; head dark brown: on Salix
caprea ; 4, 5.

24. E. sordidana, II h. (sfabilana, Stph.) 19-23 mm. Fore-
wings elongate, fold reaching ^ ; brow-n, more or less strigulated
with dark brown ; edge of basal patch darker on lower half,
angulated ; central fascia somewhat darker or obsolete, more
or less interrupted near dorsum ; termen more oblique than in
the two preceding species. Hindwings rather light fuscous.

England to York, Orkney Is., local : C. Eui-o})c ; 7, 8.
Larva on alder ; 5.

25. E caecimaculana, ///>. 17-21 nun. Forewings elongate,
fold reaching I ; ])ale greyish -ochreous, closely striated with
rather dark fuscous, costa posteriorly strigulated with whitish ;
basal patch with edge obtusely angulated above middle, and
central fascia with posterior median projection somewhat
darker ; ocellus obscurely edged on lower half with whitish-
ochreous, enclosing two or three black scales ; termcn sinuate.
Hindwings grey, termen darker.

Kent to Dorset and Surrey, Lancashire, local ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor : 7.

26. E. expallidana, Ifn'. lG-18 nun. Head more or less
whitish. Forewings elongate, fold reaching to near middle ;
light ochreous-brown, darker in disc longitudinally, dorsal area
below submedian fold distinctly paler, somewhat indented witli
darker brown before middle ; costa posteriorly strigulated with
paler and darker ; ocellus ill-defined, whitish-ochreous, obscurely
metallic -edged, including two sometimes interrupted black
dashes ; termen sinuate. Hindwings grey.

England, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. I'ersia ; 7.
Larva orange, beneath (or sometimes wholly) whitish ; head
dark brown ; plate of 2 light brown : in flower-heads of Sonchus
arvensis ; 8, 9.

27. E. fulvana, >Stpk. 20-23 mm. Forewings elongate, fold

epiblema] . EPIBLEMIDAE 499

reaching to near middle ; light ochreous or ochreous-brownish,
costa with pale whitish-ochreous streaks reaching J across wing,
anteriorly suftused ; basal patch posteriorly and central fascia
sometimes somewhat darker, space between them dorsally paler
or obscurely whitish-ochreous ; ocellus pale ochreous, metallic-
edged, including three more or less incomplete longitudinal
rows of black scales ; termen sinuate. Hindwings grey or
whitish-grey, darker terminally.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva ])ale pink ; head brown ; plate of 2 yellowish-brown : in
seedlieads of Coitaurea scaljiosa ; 8.

28. E. scopoliana, Ihv. {hohemvarthiana, Gn., Wilk. ; par-
vulana, ^\'ilk.) 15-19 mm. Forewings elongate, fold reaching
to near middle ; pale ochreous, sometimes much mixed with
grey, costal edge sometimes dark fuscous, posteriorly with
ochreous-whitish streaks reaching ^ across wing ; oblique lower
half of basal patch posteriorly, and central fascia with posterior
median projection deeper ochreous or red-brown, former some-
times dark fuscous; ocellus pale ochreous, metallic-edged, with
three very incomplete series of black scales ; termen sinuate.
Hindwings light grey, darker tei'minally.

Britain to the Clj'de, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe ;
6-8. Larva dull yellowish -pink ; dorsal and subdorsal lines
faintly redder ; head and plate of 2 brown : in flower-heads of
Centaurea -)u)/i-a ; 8, 9.

29. E. cana, J/ic {/lolietiwarthiana, Tr. ; scopoliana, Wilk.)
Forewings elongate, fold reaching to near middle ; ochreous,
somewhat blackish -sprinkled, with several suftused ochreous-
whitish longitudinal streaks confluent in middle towards base,
ceasing before very narrow central fascia of ground-colour ; an
oljlique wedge-shaped ferruginous suft'usion from dorsum near
base ; posterior half of costa with very oblique whitish strigulae,
abruptly ceasing at ^ ; ocellus metallic-edged, containing one
or two incomplete black dashes ; termen sinuate. Hindwings
in ^ pale grey, darker terminally, in $ darker.

Britain to the Clyde, rather local ; Germany (probably else-
where, but often confused with the preceding); 6-8. Larva
dull pink ; head and plate of 2 brown : in seedheads of Carduus
and Centaurea ; 8, 9.

18. Hemimene, Jib.

Antennae in o simple or shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate
or rather long, porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings in $

500 TORTRIGINA [hemimene

with costal fold ; tennen slightly sinuate. Hindwings : 3 and
4 connate, 5 parallel to 4, 6 and 7 remote at origin, tolerably
parallel.

A rather small northern temperate genus ; some of the
more obscure species require careful attention for their discri-
mination.^ All the larvae feed in roots or shoots of Compositae.
1. Fore wings with dorsal blotch yellow or oi*ange-

tinged . 2.

,, ,, ,, not yellow or orange-

tinged . 5.

'2. Dorsal blotch distinctly orange . . .3.

,, not orange . . . .4.

3. Dorsal blotch distinct, clear orange . 2. alpinana.

,, oljscure, tinged with orange 1. (djjestrana.

4. Dorsal blotch rather V)road, yellow 3. (juaestionana.

,, narrow, whitish-yellow 4. petivereUa.

5. Dors~al blotcli ochrcous-whitish . . 5. sequana.

,, not whitish . . . G.

6. Costal fold reaching 3" • • • .7.

,, reaching | . . . . 8.

7. Forewings purplish-tinged, costa straighter

8. acuminatami.
„ not purplish-tinged, costa more arched

9. tanaceti.

8. Dorsal blotch straight-edged, without darker streak

G. simpliciana.
,, sinuate-edged, enclosing darker streak 9.

9. Forewings greenish-tinged, costal white strigulae

conspicuous . 11. pdumhagana.

„ not greenish, costal strigulae incon-

spicuous . . .10.

10. Dorsal blotch moderately broad ; ex])anse 13-15 mm.

10. senectana.
,, narrow ; expanse 9-13 mm. 7. consortana.

1. H. alpestrana, IIS. 11-14 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
posteriorly irrorated with orange-ochreous, costa posteriorly
strigulated with whitish; an oblique transverse ill-defined paler
orange -tinged median dorsal blotch, including some darker
central strigulae ; some indistinct blackish marks in disc ; two

^ I am irrncli indebted to Mr. J. Hartley Durraiit for coiiniiuiiicating
to me his conclusions on the synonymy of this genus (which has been
ratber confused than elucidated by recent writers), together with a series
of named types ; I have been able to assent fully to his views.

HEM I M EN e]

EPIBLEMIDAE

501

head pale
Foi'ewings

streaks from costa posteriorly and margins of ocellus bluish-
leaden-metallic ; three or more black dots on termen towards
middle. Hindwings dark fuscoiis, lighter basally.
Essex, local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva whitish
brown : in roots of Achillea ptarmica ; 8-4.

2. H. alpinana, IV. {j^olitana, Gn.) 13-15 mm.
rather dark fuscous, much mixed or almost wholly suffused
with orange or bright ferruginous, costa posteriorly strigulated
with whitish ; a dull oi-ange very
oblique transverse median dorsal
blotch, edges nearly straight ;
two dark leaden -metallic very
oblique streaks from costa pos-
teriorly ; three black dots on
middle of termen, and a pale
subapical dash. Hindwings dark
fuscous, lighter basally.

England to York, N. Ireland,
local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva
yellow-whitish; head light brown;
plate of 2 brownish -tinged : in
rootstocks of Achillea millefoliuni
and Tanacetum ; 10-5.

3. H. quaestionana, Z. (alpinana, Stt.) 14-15 mm. Differs
from II. pjolitana as follows : forewings broader, less orange-
mixed, termen less oblique, dorsal blotch broader, paler, more
distinctly defined, less oblique, more curved.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, N. America ; 7, 8.
Larva pale yellow ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 pale yellowish-
bi-own : in rootstocks of Tanacetum vulgare ; 10-5.

4. H. petiverella, L. {flaviJorsana, Knaggs) 10-13 mm.
Forewings dark fuscous, posteriorly irrorated with pale orange-
ochreous, costa posteriorly strigulated with whitish ; a sharply
marked whitish -yellowish rather narrow curved transverse
median dorsal blotch ; two dark leaden-metallic oblique streaks
from costa posteriorly ; three or four black dots on termen
towards middle, and a whitish subapical dash. Hindwings
dark fuscous, lighter basally.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, very common ; N.
and C. Europe; 6-8. Larva pinkish-white; head yellowish-
brown ; plate of 2 brownish-tinged : in roots of Achillea mille-
folium and Tanacetum ; 9-4.

5. H. sequana, Ilh. 9-11 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,

Neuration of Hemimene phimharianu.

502 TORTRICINA [hemimene

towards base mixed with ochreous-whitish, posteriorly irrorated
with pale orange -ochi'eous, costa posteriorly sti'igulated with
wliitish ; a sharply -marked ochreous-whitish broad straight
transverse median dorsal blotch; two leaden -metallic oblique
streaks from costa posteriorly ; three or four black dots on
termen towards middle, and a whitish subapical dash. Hind-
wings fuscous.

5. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; Germany ; 6.
Larva in roots of Tanacetum vulgare ; 8-4.

6. H. simpliciana, Hiv. (caliginosana, Tr.) 13-15 mm. Fore-
wings considerably dilated posteriorly, fold reaching f ; dark
fuscous, irrorated with pale ochreous, costa posteriorly obscurely
streaked with dull purplish-metallic; a paler triangular straight-
edged median dorsal blotch, darker-margined anteriorly ; three
minute indistinct black dots on termen towards middle, and
sometimes a whitish subapical dash ; termen rounded, little
oblique, sinuation well-marked. Hindwings fuscous, darker
posteriorly.

England to Lancashire, E. Ireland, rather local ; Holland,
Germany ; 7, 8. Larva dull whitish ; head light brown ; plate
of 2 faintly brownish : in rootstocks of Artemisia vulgaris ; 10-5.

7. H. consortana, Wilk. (distinctana, Barr., non Hein.) 9-13
mm. Forewings with fold reaching ^ ; dark fuscous, sharply
irrorated with pale ochreous-yellowish, with some interrupted
black dashes, and marked throiighout with interrupted bluish-
leaden - metallic streaks, costa posteriorly strigulated with
whitish ; a narrow -triangular irregular- edged median dorsal
blotch, formed by two leaden -metallic whitish-edged streaks
enclosing a streak of ground-colour ; three or four black dots on
termen towards middle, and a whitish subapical dash. Hind-
wings fuscous.

England, E. Ireland, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva pale
yellow ; head and plate of 2 brown : in shoots of Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum ; 5, 6.

8. H. acuminatana, Z. 11-15 mm. Forewings with costa
straighter than in any other, fold reaching J ; dark fuscous,
purplish-tinged, more or less obscurely irrorated with ochreous,
costa posteriorly with obscure leaden-metallic streaks ; basal
area paler- streaked ; a paler broad triangular straight-edged
median dorsal blotch ; three black dots on termen towards
middle, sometimes nearly obsolete ; termen straight, sinuation
very slight, white line of cilia sharply marked. Hindwings
light fuscous, in $ darkc-r.

hemimene] EPIBLEMIDAE 503

Britain to the Clyde, Orkney Is., Shetland Is., local ; C.
Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva whitish ; head light brown ; plate of
2 faintly brownish : in rootstocks and shoots of Chr//santhemu)ii
and Tanacetum ; 10-4, 7.

9. H. tanaceti, Stt. (hcrbosana, Barr.) 12-13 mm. Forewings
with fold reaching ^ ; dark fuscous, sharply irrorated with pale
yellow-ochreous, towards base suft'usedly striated with whitish-
fuscous ; an oblique rather irregular-edged median dorsal blotch
formed of several subconfluent whitish-fuscous striae, narrowed
upwards, reaching more than half across wing ; costa strigulated
towards middle with fuscous-whitish, posteriorly with dull
leaden-metallic; ocellus irregularly edged with leaden-metallic;
three black terminal dots below middle. Hindwings grey.

Lancashire, York, Durham, local ; not recognised elsewhere;
5, 6. Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 light brown : in
roots of Achillea viillefolium and Tanacetum ; 10-4.

10. H. senectana, Gr. 13-15 mm. Forewings with fold
reaching f ; dark fuscous, sharply irrorated with pale ochreous,
costa posteriorly obscurely strigulated with whitish ; some
streaks from costa posteriorly and margins of ocellus purplish-
leaden-metallic; an obscure hardly paler subtriangular sinuate-
edged median dorsal blotch, enclosing a darker streak ; three
black dots on termen towards middle ; termeu somewhat
rounded, sinuation well-marked. Hindwings fuscous, darker
posteriorly.

Kent to Devon and Pembroke, local : France, Holland ; 6.
Larva perhaps in rootstocks of Chrysaiithemum.

11. H. plumbagana, Tr. 12-14 mm. Forewings with fold
reaching | ; dark fuscous, sharply irrorated with pale ochreous,
slightly greenish-tinged, costa posteriorly strigulated with
silvery-whitish ; some streaks from costa posteriorly and margins
of ocellus bi'ight silvery-leaden-metallic; an obscure leaden-
metallic dorsal blotch with darker central streak, narrowed
upwards, contracted beneath truncate apex ; three black dots
on termen towards middle ; termen oblique, sinuation distinct.
Hindwings grey, paler towards base.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, very connnon ; C.
Europe ; 6. Larva yellowish-white ; head light brown ; plate of
2 very pale brown : in rootstocks of Achillea millefolium ; 9-4.

19. LiPOPTYCHA, Ld.

Antennae in S simple. Palpi moderately long, porrected.
Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen slightly sinuate.

504 TORTRICINA [lipoptycha

Hiiidwings : 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel to 4, 6 and 7 remote
at base, tolerably parallel.

Includes only a few species, in distribution and habits similar
to the preceding ; derived from Lcupeyrena.

Ocellus distinctly margined with leaden-metallic 2. plumhana.
,, not margined with leaden-metallic . 1. saturnana.

1. L. saturnana, Gn. 13-15 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
very densely irrorated with pale ochreous, with ti'aces of trans-
verse striae ; costa obscurely strigulated with paler, posteriorly
with two or three short leaden -metallic streaks ; a median
dorsal blotch very faintly indicated ; three or four black dots
on ternien towards middle ; termen little oblique, sinuation
hardly perceptible. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

S. England to Pembroke and Cambridge, Westmoreland, E.
and W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe; 6, 7. Larva whitish; head
light brown ; plate of 2 faintly brownish : in rootstocks of
Tanacetum indfiare ; 10-4.

2. L. plumbana, Sc. (ulicana, Gn.) 11-14 mm. Forewings
dark fuscous, sharply irrorated with pale ochreous, costa
obscurely spotted with dark fuscous and whitish ; anterior half
obscurely striated or suftused with greyish, forming a slightly
paler subtriangular median dorsal blotch ; some streaks from
costa posteriorly and margins of ocellus leaden-metallic ; from
three to five black dots on termen ; termen rather oblique,
sinuation distinct. Hindwings fuscous or dark fuscous.

Britain to the Hebrides, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C.
Europe, N. America; 5, 6. Larva yellowish- white ; head
yellow -brownish ; plate of 2 ochreous : on roots of Chrysaii-
themum and Achillea ; 8-4.

20. ACKOCLITA, Ld.

Antennae in $ moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, por-
rected. Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen slightly
sinuate ; 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate, 5
somewhat approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated
towards base.

Only one species is known.

1. A. consequana, US. (haivkernna, Stt.) 11-14 mm. Fore-
wings pale ferruginous-brown, sometimes mixed with ochreous-
whitish and blackish, costa posteriorly spotted with darker ; basal
patch darker, edge angulated, well-marked ; central fascia darker
ferruginous-brown, anterior edge suftuscd ; an oblique ferruginous
brown apical mark. Hindwings gi'ey, darker terminally.

acroclita]

EPIBLEMIDAE

505

Hants, Dorset, local ; SW. Europe ; 5, 7, S. Larva light
brownish-ochi'eous, greenish -tinged ; head light brown : on
Etiphorbia paralias, especially on the seeds; 6, 9, 10.

Palpi moderate,

21. Pammene, IBj.

Antennae in 5 simple or minutely ciliated
porrected or subascending. Thorax
smooth. Forewings with termen
slightly sinuate. Hindwings : 3
and 4 connate or stalked, 5 par-
allel to 4, 6 and 7 in 9 closely
approximated towards base, in
S 7 running into 8 soon after
origin.

A rather limited genus, con-
fined to nortliern temperate
regions.

1. Forewings with yellow dorsal

blotch . 2.
,, without yellow

, 1 1 1 , 1 o Nf'uration of Pammene ar(72/ra7ia (J.

dorsal blotcii o.

2. Dorsal blotch almost reaching tornus . 13. traimicma.
not nearly reaching tornus 12. 7-egiana.

3. F<jrewings with distinct whitish dorsal blotch

,, without distinct whitish dorsal blotch

4.

4. Dorsal spot enclosing a dark dot .

,, ,, darker-strigulated

5. Dorsal sjiot erect .

,, ,, somewhat obliquely bent

6. Ground-colour irregularly black-marked

,, not mixed with black

7. Hindwings whitish

,, fuscous

8. Forewings with apical third orange

,, ,, ,, not orange

9. Basal patch enclosing a metallic fascia i

,, ,, not enclosing metallic fascia

10. Face and palpi whitish

,, dark fuscous . 4. (

5.
. 6.

10. spiniana

1 1 . pjopndana.
8. argyrana.

7.
7. jimhriana.
9. f/allicolana.
5. rhedieUa.
9.
spAendiduhuia.
. 10.
. 11.
■hsenheimeriivia.

11. Forewings with some anteapical metallic dots 3. germarana.

,, without such dots . . .12.

12. Antemedian fascia curved . . 1. flexana.

„ ,, anu'ulated . .2. nitidana.

506 TORTRICINA [pammene

1. P. flexana, Z. {weirana, Dgl.) 10-12 mm. Face and
palpi whitish. Forewings with apex rounded, termen very
oblique ; dark fuscous ; two white costal strigulae before and
four beyond middle, first pair terminating a very faint curved
hardly paler somewhat metallic fascia. Hindwings fuscous.

England to York, local ; France, Holland, Germany ; 6.
Larva dull white ; head pale brown ; plate of 2 brownish-tinged :
between joined leaves of beech ; 8, 9.

2. P. nitidana, F. {recUmitana, Gn.) 9-10 mm. Ditt'ers from
P. flexana as follows : forewings with distinct pale fuscous
double somewhat metallic fascia beyond basal patch, angulated
above middle, costal strigulae more marked, hindwings paler
anteriorly.

l<]ngland to York, local ; France ; 5, 6. Larva pale yellow ;
head and plate of 2 deeper yellow : between joined leaves of
oak; 7-9.

3. P. germarana, Hh. [puncticostana, Wilk.) 11-13 mm.
Face and palpi ochreous-whitish. Forewings dark fuscous,
costa strigulated with whitish ; two striae and some anteapical
dots bluish-leaden-metallic. Hindwings dark fuscous, in $ with
blackish spot on Ic towards termen.

Kent to Hereford and Essex, York, Westmoreland, local ; C.
Europe, N. Asia ; 6.

4. P. ochsenheimeriana, Z. ^-% mm. Face and palpi dark
fuscous, whitish-sprinkled. Forewings dark fuscous, somewhat
sprinkled finely with grey-whitish, costa posteriorly strigulated
with silvery-white ; edge of basal patch and narrow angulated
central fascia darker, edged with silvery-metallic ; some silvery-
metallic marks towards apex and termen. Hindwings fuscous.

Suftblk, Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 5, G.

5. P. rhediella, CI. 9-12 mm. Forewings dark fuscous;
central fascia darker and ferruginous-tinged ; apical area beyond
this wholly deep ferruginous-orange, with leaden-metallic spots
and striae. Hindwings fuscous, in S with blackish spot on Ic
towards termen.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, conunon ; C.
Europe; 5, 6. Larva on hawthorn and a[)ple if); 8. The
imago flics in hot sunshine over the tops of hawthorn-trees.

6. P. splendidulana, Gn. 9 11 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
very finely aid closely whitish - striated ; costa marked with
shortochreous whitish streaks becoming silvery-metallic beneath ;
a leaden- metallic fascia within basal patch; angulated edge of
basal patch followed by a leaden-metallic fascia triangularly

pammene] EPIBLEMIDAE 507

dilated on dorsum ; central fascia followed by a thick leaden-
metallic stria interrupted in middle by a black spot ; sometimes
some black scales in ocellus. Hindwings fuscous, more or less
whitish-suftused anteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, S. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5.
Larva whitish; spots black; head and plate of 2 black: between
joined leaves of oak ; 6, 7.

7. P. fimbriana, Uw. 14-15 mm. Forewings narrow,
elongate, dark fuscous, finely sprinkled with whitish-grey,
costa with darker strigulae ; edge of basal patch darker,
angulated, followed by an oblicpic quadrate obscure paler or
whitish dorsal spot strigulated with dark fuscous ; ocellus edged
with silvery- metallic, preceded by a blackish spot or suffusion,
and sometimes including some black dots. Hindwings whitish ;
a dark fuscous anteriorly suffused terminal fascia.

Britain to the Clyde, not common ; N. and NC. Europe ;
4, 5. Larva pinkish-white, with obscure whitish rings ; spots
red -brown; head brown; plate of 2 whitish or grey, posterior
edge blackish : in galls on oak ; 6-8. This and the two
following species are not gall-makers themselves, but inquilines
of galls made by species of Andricus {Dijjtera).

8. P. argjrrana, lib. {vernana, Knaggs) 9-13 mm. Forewings
fuscous, sometimes ochreous- tinged, irregularly marked with
black, costa strigulated with black and white ; three streaks
from costa and margins of ocellus leaden - metallic ; sharply
angulated edge of basal patch and central fascia darker,
separated by a somewhat pentagonal white doi'sal blotch more
or less strigulated with blackish ; a suffused blackish spot
before apex. Hindwings fuscous, in S basally whitish, with
terminal and broader dorsal blackish fascia, in $ posteriorly
darker fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, very common, sitting in crevices of
bark ; C. Europe ; 5. Larva pinkish-white, sharply ringed with
white ; spots red ; head bi'own ; plate of 2 whitish or grey,
posterior edge blackish : in galls on oak, and probably fruits of
apple ; 6-8.

9. P. gallicolana, Z. {ohscurana, Wilk.) 11-12 mm. Fore-
wings dark brown, mixed with bluish-grey, and posteriorly with
ferruginous ; costa posteriorly strigulated with whitish and
dai'k fuscous, with several bluish-leaden-metallic streaks ; an ir-
regular ochreous-white median dorsal blotch strigulated with dark
fuscous; ocellus edged with purplish-leaden-metallic, including
sevei'al black marks. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

508 TORTRICINA [pammene

S. England to Hereford and Essex, local ; C. and SW.
Europe ; 6. Larva whitish ; spots red ; head black ; plate of 2
yellowish, black-marked: in galls on oak; 9, 10.

10. P. spiniana, Dup. 10-11 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
with obscure violet - metallic striae, costa obscurely paler-
strigulated ; a triangular white median dorsal spot, usually
enclosing an obscure fuscous dorsal dot. Hindwings fuscous,
in (J w4th broad terminal and dorsal dark fuscous fascia, in $
darker throughout.

England to York, E. Ireland, rather common in hedges ; C.
Eui'ope ; 8.

11. P. populana, /^. (f^)/i?i(9^ia»a., Hb.) 10-11 mm. Forewings
dark fuscous, costa posteriorly strigulated with whitish ; a
triangular ochreous-white median dorsal blotch, apex somewhat
bent posteriorly, including a small triangular dark fuscous
dorsal spot ; three streaks from costa and margins of ocellus
leaden-metallic. Hindwings dark fuscous, base lighter.

England to York, local; C.Europe; 7. Larva whitish-green;
head black; plate of 2 black, anteriorly whitish-green: on
Salix cwprea and S. repens; 5, 6.

12. P. regiana, Z. 13-15 nun. Forewings dark fuscous,
costa posteriorly with whitish strigulae yellower beneath ; a
rather large yellow pentagonal median dorsal blotch, not nearly
reaching tornus, sometimes with a few dark fuscous scales ; a
streak from costa beyond middle and margins of ocellus bluish-
metallic. Hindwings dark fuscous, in $ with blackish suffusion
on Ic towards termen.

England to York, E. Ireland, common ; C. and SE. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva whitish ; head brown ; plate of 2
pale ochreous : beneath bark of sycamore ; 9-4.

13. P. trauniana, Schiff. 12-13 mm. Differs from P.
7-e(jiana as follows : wings narrower, costal strigulae yellow,
ending in leaden-metallic dots, metallic markings more leaden,
dorsal blotch larger, more elongate and rounded, nearly reaching
tornus.

Kent, Surrey, York, local; 0. Europe; G. Larva probably
beneath bark of ma]:)le.

22. Laspeykesia, lib.

Antennae in S simple or minutely ciliated. Palpi moderate,
curved, ascending. Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen
hardly sinuate. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5
nearly parallel to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base.

laspeyresia]

EPIBLEMIDAE

509

A genus of some considerable extent, rather gcnci'ally
distributed, but mainly inhabiting the Northern hemis))here.
A large proportion of the larvae feed on seeds of Lef/ioi/itio.'^iu'.

■i. seri'i//i!ii((.
2.
dorsal

5. scojiariana.
3.

1. Forewings ochreous-white
,, not white

2. Forewings with leaden - metallic median
mark

,, without such mark

3. Forewings with distinct white median dorsal s})Ot 4.

,, without such spot . . .13.

4. J )orsal spot without dark strigulae . . 5.

,, ,, with one or more dark marks . 6.

5. Dorsal spot rather broad, curved . . 11. orohana.

,, ,, narrow, less curved . .12. (Jorsana.

6. Dorsal s])ot with three dark lines . . 7.

,, ,, with one dark mai-k . . .8.

7. Ocellus well-detincd . . .5. teplni<t'riana.

„ re])resented by a metallic mark 10. composiU'lla.

8. Ocellus well-detincd . . . .9.

,, represented by a metallic mark . .12.

9. L)orsal spot crossing fold . . . .10.

,, ,, not crossing fold . 14. leguminana.

10. Apical area yellow-ochreous . . 7. perlepklami.

,, ,, not yellow-ochreous . . .11.

11. Dorsal spot broadei", curved outwards . 17. corpidtana.

,, ,, narrower, erect . . IS. coniferana.

12. Face and palpi white . . 9. pallifrontana.

,, ,, fuscous . . .8. internana.

13. A})ex and termen ferruginous-orange . 2. iantltinana.

,, ,, not ferruginous-orange . .14.

14. Ocellus including several black dots or dashes . 15.

,, without black dots or dashes . .21.

15. Ocellus triangular . . .6. corollana.

,, normal . . . . .16.

16. Forewings with ground-colour light grey 22. ■uUr(:t<tn<(.

„ ,, ,, fuscous or dark fuscous . 17.

17. Forewings more or less oclu'eous-tinged . .18.

,, not ochreous-tinged . .1. roseticolana.

18. Forewings with median metallic stria 16. cosmoj)hora?ia.

,, without median metallic stria . .19.

19. Forewings with ground-colour dark-striated

1 9. micrograininana.
„ „ „ not dark-striated . 20.

510 TORTRICINA [laspeybesia

20. Posterior tliird of forewings sufFusedly ochreous-

orange 20. f/emmiferaTia.
,, ,, ,, not orange 13. niffricana.

21. Forewings posteriorly irrorated with ochreons 21. caecana.

,, not irrorated with ochreous . 3. riifillana.

1. L. roseticolana, Z. (f/ermarmia, Wilk.) 11-12 mm. Palpi
whitish. Forewings dark ])urpHsh -fuscous ; costa posteriorly
with indistinct silvery-whitish strigulae ; three or four black
dots transversely placed in ocellus. Hindwings fuscous, darker
posteriorly.

England to York, S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe : 7. Larva
flesh-coloured or ])inkish-white ; head and plate of 2 brownish-
ochreous : in fruits of rose ; 9.

2. L. ianthinana, I)uj>. 9-11 nnn. Palpi wliitish. Fore-
wings dull pin];ish-ochreous, much mixed and striated with
dark brown ; costa dark brown, strigulated posteriorly with
white ; angulated edge of basal patch and central fascia darker,
between them an indistinct paler oblique quadrate streaked
dorsal blotch ; some thick streaks from costa and margins of
ocellus dai'k ashy-leaden-metallic, latter including some blackish
marks ; apex and termen ferruginous - orange. Hindwings
fuscous, darker posteriorly, cilia in S shortened towards tornus.

England to Lancashire, E. Ireland, rather common ; C and
S. Europe ; 7. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous ; head light brown :
in ])errics of hawtliorn ; 9.

3. L. rufillana, Wi/k. 10-13 mm. Palpi whitish. Fore-
wings dark brown, much striated irregidarly with leaden-
metallic ; costa sometimes strigulated with whitish posteriorly ;
angulated edge of basal patch, slender interrupted central
fascia, and curved subterminal streak darker. Hindwings
fuscous.

England to York, W. Ireland, rather common ; Holland,
(iermany ; 7, 8. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous ; head and plate
of 2 dark fuscous : on seeds of Daucus carota ; 9.

4. L. servillana, Dup. 11-14 mm. Forewings ochreous-
white, costa and dorsum strigulated with dark grey ; basal
patch grey mixed with whitish and strigulated with blackish-
grey, edge sharply angulated ; central fascia grey, widely
interrupted in disc ; ocellus edged with leaden-metallic and
suffusedly marked with black; apex and termen blackish-grey.
Hindwings in $ white, apex and termen sufi'used with dark
fuscous, in $ wholly dark fuscous.

Kent to Hereford and Cambridge, York, local ; Holland,

laspeykesia] EPIBLEMIDAE 511

Germany ; 5, 6. Larva grey-whitish ; spots large, grey ; head
and ])late of 2 bhick : in swellings in shoots of Salix cajirea ;
8, 0.

5. L. leplastriana, Curt. 12-13 mm. Forewings dark
fuscous, very finely and closely wliitish-striated ; costa blackish,
with white strigulae, some emitting leaden - metallic and
ochreous streaks ; basal patch much strigulated Avith white ;
an oblique white rather irregular-edged dorsal blotch, marked
with three dark fuscous sometimes incomplete lines, fol-
hnved by a blackish-fuscous triangular blotch ; ocellus whitish-
ochreous, eilged with leaden-metallic, including two or three
black marks. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally, in (? some-
what whitish-sufFused anteriorly.

Kent, Dorset, on coast, local ; C. and S. Europe, N. Africa ;
7. Larva grey-whitish ; head black ; plate of 2 black -brown :
in shoots of wild cabbage (Ui'assica oleracea) ; 9.

6. L. corollana, lib. {heqierana, Wilk.) 11-13 mm. Fore-
wings blackish, very finely and closely striated with ochreous-
whitish ; basal patch with edge sharply angulated and narrow
central fascia blacker ; space between them more wdiitish,
especially dorsally, crossed by one blackish and two leaden-
metallic striae ; costa posteriorly white, with alternate leaden-
metallic and blackish streaks, and a blackish s})ot towai'ds
apex ; ocellus triangular, whitish-ochreous, edged with leaden-
metallic, including several liliick dashes. Hindwings dark
fuscous, base jialer.

Hmits (\Vhittlesea Mere), once many years ago, perhaps
now extinct ; C. Europe ; 4, 5. Larva in swellings in shoots
of aspen (^Populu!> tremula) ; 7-9.

7. L. perlepidana, IIiv. 10-13 mm. Forewings fuscous,
dorsal half dark fuscous, apical third pale yellow - ochreous ;
costa strigulated with dark fuscous and white ; a long narrow-
curved whitish median dorsal blotch, with dark fuscous central
line ; three streaks from costa posteriorly and margins of
ocellus silvei'y-leaden-metallic ; several black dashes in ocellus.
Hindwings in (? white, apex and costa fuscous ; in $ fuscous.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common,
often abundant ; C. and SE. Europe ; 5. Larva in pods of
Lathyrus macrorrhizus ; 7, 8.

8. L, internana, Gn. (erectana, Barr.) 9-10 nun. Fore-
wings dark fuscous ; costa with eight rather long white
strigulae, some ending in violet-silvery -metallic marks; a
narrow curved whitish median dorsal blotch, with dark fuscous

512 TORTRICINA [laspeyrksia

central line ; ocellus represented by a violet-silvery-metallic
transverse mark. Hindwings in S white, apex narrowly dark
fuscous ; in 9 dark fuscous, paler basally.

England to York, local ; WC. and SW. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva in pods of U/cx ; 7-9.

9. L. pallifrontana, Z. 9-10 mm. Face and palpi white.
Forewings dark fuscous ; costa with eight whitish strigulae,
three ending in bluish - leaden - metallic marks ; a slightly
curved subquadrate ochreous- whitish median dorsal blotch,
with dark fuscous central line ; ocellus represented by a
purplish-leaden-metallic transverse mark. Hindwings dark
fuscous, lighter basally.

Bucks, local; C. Europe; 7. Larva dull yellowish- green ;
spots brown ; head and plate of 2 pale brown : in pods of
Astragalus glyci/plu/Uos ; 8. The larva becomes brilliant red
immediately before ]iu[)ation.

10. L. compositella, F. 9-10 mm. Face and palpi white.
Forewings dark fuscous ; costa with eight long white strigulae,
several ending in leaden-metallic marks ; a slightly curved
broad quadrate whitish median dorsal blotch, with three
parallel blackish lines, surmounted by a leaden-metallic mark ;
ocellus represented by a leaden - metallic transverse mark.
Hindwings in S white, apex broadly fuscous ; in $ dark fuscous,
lighter basally.

England to York, rather common : N. and C. Europe ; 6.
Larva in pods of Trifoliuvi ; 8.

11. L. orobana, Tr. 12-15 mm. Palpi whitish. Forewings
dark l)ro\vn, sometimes sprinkled with pale ochi'eous ; costa
with sti'ong ochreous-white strigulae, some ending in leaden-
metallic marks ; a long moderately broad curved ochreous-
white median dorsal blotch ; ocellus paler, edged with
leaden-metallic, with several black dashes. Hindwings in S
whitish with broad dark fuscous terminal border, in 5 dark
fuscous, lighter basally.

Cambridge, York, very local ; Eiiroijc ; 7. Larva deep
yellow, brownish-tinged ; head and plate of 2 almost black : in
pods of Vicid si/Ivatica ; 8, 9.

12. L. dorsana, F. 14-17 nmi. Differs from L. orohana an
follows : palpi ])artly dark fuscous ; antennae of S unusually
long and thick ; forewings with costa in S straighter, dorsal
blotch narrow and less curved, hindwings in $ witli dark
border still broader, in 5 wholly dark fuscous.

York to Caledonian Canal, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;

laspeyresia] EPIBLEMIDAE 513

■), 6. Larva deep yellow ; head somewhat darker : in pods of
Lathi/rus macrorrIiir.us (and perhaps L. pirate /isix) ; 7.

13. L. nigricana, Stph. (nebritana, Z., non Tr. ; j^'t'oximana,
Wilk. j piscina, Gn.) 12-14 mm. Palpi ochreous- whitish.
Forewiiigs dark fuscous, ochreous-tinged ; costa with ochreous-
white strigulae, some ending in leaden-metallic marks ; ocellus
edged with leaden -metallic, including several black marks.
Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter anteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, ratlier connnon ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-whitish ; head
light brown ; plate of 2 pale ochreous or brownish : in pods of
pea (Fisu)/i sativum) ; 7-9.

14. L. leguminana, Z. {interruptana, Wilk.) 12-13 mm.
Forewings dark fuscous, posteriorly somewhat ochreous -
sprinkled ; costa posteriorly with white strigulae ; a short nar-
rov/ white median dorsal spot, not crossing fold, divided by a
dark fuscous indistinct strigula ; ocellus edged by leaden-
metallic striae, including several black marks. Hindwings
fuscous.

Essex, Devon, scarce and local ; Germany, Austria, NW.
Russia ; 6.

15. L. scopariana, IIS. 11-12 mm. Forewings dark fus-
cous, posteriorly suffused with pale ochreous ; costa posteriorly
with white strigulae, several ending in leaden-metallic marks ;
an erect leaden-metallic median dorsal mark ; ocellus edged
with leaden-metallic, including several black mai-ks. Hind-
wings fuscous, apex whitish, costa before apex with two dark
fuscous marks.

Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 4, 5. Larva deep yellow ; dots
black ; head pale brownish : in flowers of Genista tinctoria ; 6, 7.

16. L. cosmophorana, Tr. 10-14 mm. Forewings dark
fuscous, posteriorly very tiiiely striated with pale ochreous; a
bent median leaden-metallic stria, white on costa ; four thick
white strigulae on costa posteriorly, a somewhat curved sti'ia
from first edging ocellus, streaks from last two, and posterior
edge of ocellus leaden-metallic ; ocellus ycllow-ochreous, crossed
by several black dashes. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Scotland to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6. Larva greenish-yellow ; head
brown : in resinous swellings in bark of Finus sylvestris : 3, 4.

17. L. cognatana, Barr. 12-14 mm. Differs from L. coni-
ferana as follows : forewings broader, dorsal spot broader, more
triangular, curved outwards, costal strigulae more oblique, first

2 L

514 TORTRICINA [laspeyresia

metallic stria dorsally more inclined towards tornus, ocellus
much mixed with yellow-ochreous.

Aberdeen, Moray, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 6.

18. L. coniferana, Rtz. 11-13 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
costa posteriorly with white strigulae, some ending in obscure
leaden-metallic marks ; an irregular erect white dorsal median
spot, including a dark fuscous strigula ; ocellus edged with
leaden-metallic, and crossed by several black dashes. Hind-
wings fuscous.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, rather common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva dull yellowish ; head pale brown : in
bark of Pinus syh)estris ; 10-4.

19. L. microgrammana, Gn. 10-12 mai. Palpi whitish.
Forewings rather dark fuscous, finely and closel}'' irrorated
with pale greyish-ochreous, forming darker and lighter striae,
costa strigulated with dark fuscous and whitish ; some leaden-
metallic streaks from costa posteriorly ; ocellus edged with pale
golden-metallic, including two or three black linear dots. Hind-
wings in $ light grey, in $ darker.

Kent and Surrey to Norfolk, E. Ireland, on coasts, local ; C.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Said to frequent Ononis
apinosa.

20. L. gemmiferana, Tr. 12-16 mm. Forewings fuscous, on
posterior third suffused with fine ochreous- orange irroration ;
posterior half of costa with leaden-metallic strigulae ; ocellus
edged with leaden- metallic, including a transverse series of
four (seldom more) black dots. Hindwings grey, in $ darker.

Hants, local ; Germany, SE. Europe ; 5, 6.

21. L. caecana, Schl. 12-16 mm. Palpi rather long. Fore-
wings elongate, ashy -fuscous, posteriorly finely and closely
irrorated with pale ochreous ; some fine dark longitudinal lines
in disc ; costa sharply strigulated with ochreous-white and
blackish ; some leaden-metallic and fine blackish streaks from
costa posteriorly; posterior edge of ocellus golden-metallic.
Hindwings in S light grey, ochreous-tinged, in 9 darker.

Kent (Deal), local ; C. and SW. Europe, WC. Asia to N.
Persia ; 7. Larva yellow ; dorsal line pale brownish ; head and
plate of 2 pale yellow-brown: in stems of Onoln-i/ck/s ; 8-10.

22. L. ulicetana, JIiv. {succedana, Frol.) 12-14 nun. Fore-
wings light grey, striated with brownish -ochreous or fuscous,
space between basal patch and central fascia often more or less
whitish, forming an angulated band ; costa posteriorly strigu-
lated with dark fuscous and whitish ; ocellus edged with pale

f-ASPEYKESiA] EPIBLEMIDAE 515

leaden-metallic, including and preceded by some black marks.
Hind wings pale grey, darker terminally,

Britain to tlie Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; C. and S.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia, N. America ; 5, 7, 8. Larva
yellow-whitish or deep yellow ; head and plate of 2 blackish
or yellow-ljrown : in pods of Ulex, Genista, Lottis, etc.; 6, 9, 10.

23. Carpocapsa, Tr.

Antennae in S simple. Palpi moderate, curved, ascending.
Thorax smooth. Forewings with termen slightly sinuate.
Hiudwings in ^ with longitudinal groove below cell, including
a hair-pencil; 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 nearly parallel to
4, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base.

A small but rather widely distributed genus, correlated with
the preceding. The larvae all feed in fruits of trees.

1. Margins of ocellus coppery-metallic . 1. pomoncUa.

,, ,, leaden-metallic . . 2.

2. Forewings with white dorsal blotch or fascia . 3.

,, without white blotch or fascia , 4.

3. Dorsal blotch not crossing middle of wing 4. nimhana.

„ „ extended to near costa . 3. J2dia7ia.

4. Spot before ocellus broad-triangular, brown 5. c/rossana.

„ „ narrow-triangular, blackish

2. sjj/enda7ia.

1. C. pomonella, L. 14-19 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
finely irro rated with whitish, with darker striae ; basal patch
sometimes darker ; a large dark coppery-brown terminal patch
hardly reaching costa, anterior edge more blackish, ocellus
within this edged with bright coppery-metallic. Hiudwings
fuscous, darker terminally.

Britain to the Clyde, S. Ireland, common ; N. and WC.
Asia, N. America, Australia, New Zealand ; 6, 7. Larva
pinkish ; head pale brown, darker- marked ; plate of 2 pale
ochreous : in fruits of apple (sometimes also in pears and
amongst spun fruits of Pi/rus aria); 8-10. The larva is often
highly injurious in orchards, but the imago is of retired habits
and less often noticed. The wide geographical distribution is
due to accidental importation, but the insect has everywhere
established its footing.

2. 0. splendana, J/b. 13-17 nun. Forewings grey, more or
less densely irrorated with whitish, indistinctly darker-striated ;
basal patch slightly darker, edge angulated ; two leaden-metallic
streaks from costa posteriorly ; ocellus brownish, edged with

516 TORTRICINA [carpooapsa

leaden -metallic, including some blackish marks, preceded
by a narrow - triangular blackish dorsal spot. Hindwings
fuscous.

England to Cheshire, not uncommon ; C. and S. Europe ;
7. Larva whitish or pinkish ; head and plate of 2 pale reddish-
brown : in acorns (sometimes also in walnuts) ; 8-10.

3. C. Juliana, Curt. 15-18 mm. Forewings grey mixed witli
ochi-eous-white, striated with dark grey, costa strigulated with
dark fuscous and white ; two or three leaden -iiietallic streaks
from costa posteriorly- a broad oclireous-wliite fascia from
middle of dorsum towards f of costa, narrower and suffused
upwards, limiting a dark fuscous terminal patch ; ocellus within
this edged with leaden -metallic, including sevei-al black and
sometimes white marks, and preceded by three black spots.
Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter basally.

England, rather local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva whitish ; spots
dark red ; head pale brown ; plate of 2 whitish, posteriorly
black-marked : in fruits of Spanish chestnut; 8-10.

4. C. nimbana, HS. 13-16 mm. Differs from C. Juliana as
follows : wings somewhat narrower, forewings with median
dorsal whitish blotch triangular, not reaching more than half
across wing, less defined, with dai'k central strigula, hindwings
rather lighter.

Bucks, local ; Germany ; 6. Larva possibly in fruits of
beech ; 8, 9.

5. 0. grossana, Hiv. 15-18 mm. Forewings fuscous irro-
rated with whitish, striated with dark fuscous; basal patch
slightly darker, edge sharply angulated ; two leaden -metallic
streaks from costa posteriorly ; a large darker coppery -tinged
terminal patch hardly reaching costa, ocellus within this edged
with leaden -metallic, enclosing some blackish marks. Hind-
wings fuscous.

Eugland, common ; C. and S. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva light
yellowish or whitish, longitudinally clouded with orange ; spots
orange ; head pale brownish ; plate of 2 pale ochreous : in fruits
of beech ; 8-10.

24. Epinotia, lib.

Antennae in S moderately ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings with termcn sinuate
or nearly straight. Hindwings : 3 and 4 separate or coiuiate
or short-stalked, 5 slightly approximated to 4, G and 7 closely
appi'oximalcd towards base or stalked.

ei'Inotia] EPIBLEMIDAE 517

A])parently includes only a few northern temperate species.

1. Forewings wholly or partly orange . . 2.

,, withovit orange markings . 3. funehrana.

2. With orange median dorsal blotch . 1. aurana.
Without such blotch . . . .3.

3. Central fascia darker ferruginous-brown . 2. albersana.

„ „ obsolete . . .4. hypei^ica7ia.

1. E. aurana, F. (mediana, F.) 9-12 mm. Forewings dark
fuscous ; a subquadrate orange median dorsal blotch, and
another in disc posteriorly. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Britain to the Cl3'de, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. The imago flies in sunshine.

2. E. albersana, lib. 13-17 mm. Forewings ferruginous-
brown, more or less mixed with ash3^-grey, towards costa
basally moi'e orange ; central fascia darker ferruginous-brown,
edged postei'iorly by a bright leaden-metallic stria ; apical area
beyond this ochreous-orange, with four streaks from costa and
posterior edge of ocellus leaden-metallic ; ocellus including two
or three black marks. Hindwings in S pale grey, in $ darker
grey.

England, S. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva greenish -grey ; head and plate of 2 yellowish, V)lack-
marked : in folded leaves of Lonicera ; 8.

3. E. funebrana, Tr. 10-15 mm. Forewings fuscous,
striated with dark fuscous, costa posteriorly obscurely strigulated
with whitish ; angulated edge of basal patch and central fascia
darker, space between them obscurely striated with whitish
irroration towards dorsum ; ocellus obscurely whitish-irrorated,
edged with leaden -metallic, including two or three blackish
marks. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, rather common ; C. Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia ; 6. Larva pale reddish ; head blackish ; plate of
2 pale ochreous : in fruits of plum and blackthorn ; 8, 9.

4. E. hypericana, Hb. 14-17 mm. Forewings elongate,
ferruginous -orange, sometimes brownish -tinged, dai'ker pos-
tei'iorly ; costa posteriorly with fine darker and leaden-metallic
streaks; ocellus edged with pale golden -metallic, including
two or three black marks. Hindwings light grey ; 3 and 4
often scjiarate.

England to York, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor; 6, 7. Larva blackish -brown or grey; head light
brown; plate of 2 black : in spun shoots of Hypericum p^^rfor-
atwn ; 4, 5,

518 TORTRICINA

2. TORTRICIDAE.

Forewings : 2 from before f of lower margin of cell, 9
separate. Hind wings : lower median vein not hairy towards
base (except Sparganothis). Uncus developed.

This large family is nearly equally plentiful everywhere.
The species are of rather small size. Forewings with central
fascia oblique, running from about middle of costa to dorsum
before tornus ; ocellus absent ; costal patch usually defined.

Two exotic genera are introduced (in brackets) into the
diagram to explain the phylogeny.

Phylogeny of Tortricidae.
Philedone

I
Khacodia Epagoge Capua

Acalla Sparganothis Cacoecia Pandemis Exapate

j I l_ [ I

[Palaeotoma] Tortrix Isotrias Cliuiinatophila

[Protlieiynma]

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked . , .2.

,, ,, ,, separate . . 5.

2. Lower margin of cell of hindwings basally hairy

6 Sparganothis
„ „ „ „ naked . 3.

3. Forewings in c^ with costal fold . . 5. Capua

,, ,, without costal fold . . 4.

4. Antennae in $ bipectinated . . 3. Phii.edone.

„ „ ciliated , . .4. Epagoge.

5. Forewings with 7 to costa . . .6.

,, ,, to termen or apex . .7.

G. Costa of forewings emarginate beyond middle

1. Rhacodia.
,, ,, not emarginate . 2. Acalla.

7. Forewings in S with costal fold . . 7. Cacoecia.

,, ,, without costal fold . . 8.

8. Antennae in c? witli deep notch near base 8 Pandemis.

„ ,, without notch . . .9.

TORTRICIDAE

519

9. Hiudwinos with 6 and 7

remote at base . 10. Isotrias.
closely approximated or
stalked . .10.

10. Hindwiugs with 4 absent,
present

12.

11.

Tongue absent
„ present

Cheimatophila.
. 11.

. 11. EXAPATE.
9. TORTRIX.

1. Rhacodia, Hb.

Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax with longitudinal posterior crest. Fore-
wings without costal fold, costa broadly eniarginate beyond
middle, surface with slight scale-tufts ; 7 to costa. Hindwings:
3 and 4 connate, 5 closely approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely
approximated towards base.

There is but one species.

1. R. caudana, /''. 17-21 mm. Forewings pale ochreous,
deep reddish-ochreous, or brown, striated and veined with dark
fuscous or ferruginous ; dorsum sometimes deep ferruginous ;
central fascia and costal patch dark fuscous, more or less con-
fluent, sometimes obsolete. Hindwings light grey, strigulated
with darker ; apex sometimes ochreous-tinged.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. America ; 8. Larva pale green ; head pale yellowish : on
Salix ; 5, 6.

2. ACALLA, lib.

Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
poiTccted. Thorax sometimes with
posterior crest. Forewings with-
out costal fold, surface usually
with scale-tufts ; 3 and 4 some-
times stalked, 7 to costa. Hind-
wings : 3 and 4 connate or short-
stalked, 5 approximated to 4, 6
and 7 closely approximated to-
wards base.

A genus of some extent, ap-
parently entirely confined to
northern temperate regions.
Imago with forewings often very
oblong, the costa being usually
strongly arched towards the base,
remarkably variable (probably A. cristana and A. haatiana are

Kciiration of Aealla vcriciifnia.

The species are often so

520 TORTRICINA [acalla

tlie most variable known Lepidoptera), that they are difficult to
understand without considerable experience ; and the specific
distinctness of certain foi'ms is still not satisfactorily ascer-
tained. Hence a tabulation of the species is more than usually
troublesome to make, and more than usual caution will be
required in its application.

L Apex of forewings appearing subfalcate 19. contaminana.
,, ,, not appearing subfalcate . 2.

2. Forewings green . . . .6. Utermia.

„ not green . . . .3.

3. Forewings with triangular white costal spot 24. holniiana.

„ without such spot . . .4.

4. Head dark, thorax pale . . . .5.
Head and thoi'ax concolorous . . .6.

5. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, forewings reddish -

ochreous . . .14. permxdana.

„ gi'ey, forewings ochreous to blackish

13. variegana.

6. Forewings with extremely large central tuft 1. cristana.

,, with central tuft not extremely large . 7.

7. Costa of forewings distinctly roughened Avith scales 8.

,, ,, not roughened with scales . 13.

8. Termen of forewings sinuate . . .9.

,, ,, not sinuate . . .12.

9. Termen of forewings moderately oblique . 10.

,, „ little oblique . 12. logiana.

10. Costa of forewings faintly concave . 2. hastiana.

,, ,, not concave . . .11,

11. Forewings witli large submcdian tuft . 3. umbrana.

„ with tufts all slight . . 5. sponsana.

12. Sjiecies larger, grey-whitish . . 7. niveana.

,, smaller, grey or white . . 8. boscana.

13. Forewings with one or more tufts well-marked . 14.

„ with tufts all slight or absent . .17.

14. Hindwings grey-whitish . . 20. sliqyherdana.

„ grey . . . _. .15.

15. Costa of forewings faintly concave ; species larger 16.

„ „ faintly convex; species smaller

17. cnmariana.

16. Forewings pale reddish-brown to dark fuscous

15. perph'j'diin.
„ ochreous-grey to ochreous-brown

16 schalleriana.

acalla] TORTRICIDAE 521

17. Teniien of forewings moderately (oblique . .18.

,, ,, little oblique . .19.

18. Forewings narrowed anteriorly . . 10. maccana.

„ obl(jng . . 22. caledoniana.

19. Forewings without tufts . . 18. lorquiniana.

with slight tufts . . .20.

20. Ternien of forewings hardly sinuate . .21.

,, ,, distinctly sinuate . . 22.

21. Forewings with variable markings, costa usually

whitish . . .4. rnfana.

„ without defined markings, costa not

whitish . . .11. lipsiana.

22. Forewings with ground-colour grey-whitisli 9. mixtmia.

,, ,, ,, not whitish . 23.

23. Species smaller ; costal blotch paler-centred

23. asjKrsana.
,, larger ; costal blotch forming three spots

21. ferrugana.

1. A. cristana, F. 18-21 mm. Thorax with strong longi-
tudinal crest. Forewings reddish -ochreoiis to dark brown,
sometimes bicoloi'ous ; a very large sometimes white scale -tuft
in middle of disc ; sometimes a white or pale ochreous dorsal
streak, or an orange central longitudinal streak • sometimes two
fascia-like whitish streaks from costa converging to middle of
disc. Hindwings grey, apex darker.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, Ireland, local ; C.
Europe ; 8-5. Larva on rose and hawtliorn ; 6, 7.

2. A. hastiana, L. 18-21 mm. Thorax with strong longi-
tudinal crest. Forewings oblong, grey, ochreous-brown, or dark
purplish-fuscous; tufts slight; veins sometimes pale, seldom
broadly whitish-ochreous ; edge of basal patch sometimes dark-
marked ; central fascia and costal patch confluent, darker or
red-brown, often obsolete ; sometimes a white subcostal streak
edged beneath with blackish, or an ochreous and ferruginous
median longitudinal streak, or dorsum broadly whitish-ochreous.
Hindwings light grey, somewhat darker-strigulated.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and C. Ireland, rather local ;
Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 9-5. Larva pale green ; head
and plate of 2 often brownish-tinged, sometimes black : on
Salix ; 7-9. Occasionally a partial early brood of larvae in 5
and imagos in 6.

3. A. umbrana, lib. 18-21 mm Thorax with strong longi-
tudinal crest. Forewings suboblong, light brown ; a large scale-

522 TORTRICINA [acalla

tuft on submediau fold before middle, and some smaller ones
posteriorly ; a darker or blackish median longitudinal streak to
apex, marked with a pale spot in middle, somewhat branched
posteriorly. Hindwings light grey.

Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Ijancashire to Northimiberland,
local ; N. and C. Europe ; 8-10. Larva on hawthorn ; 6, 7.

4. A. rufana, Schiff. {motumnana, Hb.) 18-21 mm. Thorax
with slight posterior crest. Forewings suboblong, light yellow-
ochreous to dark grey ; tufts slight ; costa usually suffused
with whitish from base to beyond middle ; sometimes a grey or
fuscous triangular blotch on costa posteriorly, and a dorsal spot
towards base ; sometimes a ferruginous central longitudinal
streak to apex. Hindwings pale grey, apex darker.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local; C. Europe; 8-10.
Larva dark grey, blackish, or blackish-green ; head black or
dark brown ; plate of 2 black ; on Myrica, Salix, and white
poplar ; 6-8.

5. A. sponsana, F. {favillaceana, Hb.) 20-22 mm. Thorax
with slight posterior crest. Forewings oblong, grey or whitish-
grey, faintly darker-striated ; tufts slight ; base and scattered
striae sometimes ferruginous ; usually a large darker or
ferruginous triangular blotch on costa posteriorly. Hindwings
light grey, apex darker.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ;
8-10. Larva green : on beech ; 6, 7.

6. A. literana, L. 18-20 mm. Thorax with strong posterior
crest. Forewings oblong, pale green, sometimes mixed or
strigulated with grey ; tufts numerous : usually some irregular
scattered black marks ; sometimes with ochreous spots or
suffusions in disc, or suffused blackish spots. Hindwings grey,
darker towards apex.

Britain to the Clyde, S. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe, N.
Asia ; 8-4. Larva on oak (?) ; 6.

7. A. niveana, F. (treveriana, Hb. ; scotana, AYilk.) 18-21
mm. Forewings oblong, grey-whitish, more or less strigulated
and spotted with grey towards margins, sometimes reddish-
tinged ; tufts numerous ; some scattered black scales ; usually
two darker sometimes black -marked spots on costa before and
beyond middle, and a third in middle of disc ; sometimes a
reddish dorsal spot towards base. Hindwings pale grey, darker
towards apex.

Perth to Ross, local ; C. Europe, N. America ; 9-4. Larva
on birch ; 6, 7.

acalla] TORTRICIDAE 523

8. A. boscana, /''. {scahraim, Stph.; ^j>arma?ia, Gn.) 15-18
mm. Forewings oblong, white, ochreous- whitish, or grey;
tufts numerous; two dark reddish-grey spots on costa before
and beyond middle, and a third in middle of disc usually con-
taining a black elongate mark, these sometimes confluent.
Hind wings light grey, darker towards apex.

Kent to Devon, Worcester, York, local ; C. and S. Europe,
N. America; 7, 9, 10. Larva green: on elm; 5, 6, 8, 9.

9. A. mixtana, i;^^. 14-17 mm. Forewings rather narrowed
anteriorly, grey-whitish, irregularly and variably mixed with
red-brown ; tufts very slight ; central fascia (often interrupted
or incomplete) and costal patch usually red-brown ; often some
small scattered blackish spots. Hind wings grey.

Britain to Ross, rather common; C. Europe; 9-4. Larva
yellow - green ; dorsal line darker; head yellowish - brown : on
Calluna; 7, 8.

10. A. maccana, Tr. 19-21 mm. Forewings narrowed
anteriorly, ochreous-brownish, mixed and sometimes suffused
with whitish; tufts slight; some scattered ferruginous strigulae;
central fascia and costal patch usually darker, anterior edge of
fascia deep ferruginous, usiially obsolete dorsally. Hindwings
pale grey.

L<ancashire to Ross, N. Ireland, local ; N. Europe, N.
America; 8-10. Larva on Vaccinium; 6.

11. A. lipsiana, Schiff. 17-20 mm. Forewings suboblong,
grey, variably mixed with light red-brown, sometimes suffused
with red-browa except costa ; tufts very slight ; usually some
transverse series of dark grey dots. Hindwings pale grey.

Lancashire, AVestmoreland, Perth, Aberdeen, local ; C.
Europe ; 8, 9. Larva on Vaccinium-, 6.

12. A. logiana, Schiff. {tristana, Hb.) 15-18 mm. Forewings
oblong, whitish, ochreous, fuscous, or reddish-brown ; tufts
small, rather numerous; usually some ochreous-brown and
black dots ; upper half of central fascia and costal patch dark
reddish -fuscous or blackish, more or less wholly confluent to
form a triangular blotch. Hindwings grey.

England to York, Argyll, E. Ireland, rather common ; C.
Europe, N. America; 9-11. Larva pale yellowish or yellow-
greenish; dorsal line darker; head pale yellowish: on ViJmrnwn
lantana; 6-9.

13. A. variegana, Schiff'. 13-16 mm. Head dark fuscous,
thorax ligliter brownish or whitish. Forewings oblong, white,
whitish-ochreous, brownish, or blackish, usually with basal half

524 TORTRICINA [acalla

before central fascia white or whitish -ochreous, rest dark ; a
large scale -tuft on submedian fold before middle, and smaller
ones posteriorly ; sometimes a suffused dark dorsal spot at ^,
or a large dark triangular costal blotch posteriorly. Hindwings
grey, faintly darker-strigulated.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, common;
Europe; 7-9. Larva pale green or yellowish; dorsal line
darker gi-ecn or red-brown ; head yellowish-brown : on hawthorn,
blackthorn, rose, etc.; 6, 7.

14. A. permutana, Diqx 14-17 mm. Head dark brown,
thorax whitish-ochreous. Eorewings oblong, reddish-ochreous ;
basal half before central fascia whitish-ochreous with a few
darker strigulae, enclosing a triangular dark reddish -fuscous
dorsal spot mixed with leaden-grey, with scale-tuft in its apex ;
central fascia brown, posteriorly undefined, with small scale-
tufts on anterior edge, one in middle larger ; costal patch
reddish -fuscous, connected beneath with termen. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous.

Surrey, Caernarvon to Lancashire, E. Ireland, local ; SE.
Europe, N. America ; 8, 9. Said to frequent Jiosa sjnnosissima.

15. A. perplexana, Barr. 15-18 mm. Eorewings oblong,
pale reddish-brown, fuscous, or dark fuscous, darker-strigulated ;
tufts slight, a larger one in middle of disc ; edge of basal patch
darker dorsally ; a large triangular red-brown or blackish-fuscous
blotch on costa, anterior edge deep red-brown, sometimes with
extension of central fascia to dorsum. Hindwings pale grey.

Norfolk, Hereford to Pembroke, Lancashire to the Clyde, N.
Ireland, local ; not recognised elsewhere ; 7, 8. Larva green-
whitish ; dorsal line green ; head and plate of 2 pale brown : on
hawthorn, blackthorn, bramble, etc. ; 6. The specific distinct-
ness of this form is as yet doubtful.

16. A. schalleriana, L. {comjmrana, Hb.) 15-18 mm. Fore-
wings oblong, ochreous-grey to ochreous-brown, sometimes
darker-strigulated ; a moderately large tuft on submedian fold
before middle, one in middle of disc, and scattered smaller
tufts, often black ; edge of basal patch sometimes darker
dorsally; a large triangular red -brown or dark fuscous blotch
on costa, sometimes whitish-edged anteriorly. Hindwings
grey.

I3ritain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
C. Europe, N. America ; 8, 9. Larva green ; head brownisli :
on Salix cajtrcd ; G.

17. A. comariana, Z. {proteana, HS. ; jiottutUlioKt, Cooke).

acalla] TORTRICIDAE 525

15-16 mm. Forewings oblong, grey, sometimes tinged with
ochreous or reddish, distinctly darker-strigulated ; tufts small,
numerous, sometimes partly black ; edge of basal patch darker
dorsally ; a large triangular red - brown, dark fuscous, or
blackish-grey blotch on costa, sometimes with indistinct exten-
sion of central fascia to dorsum. Hindwings grey or pale grey.
Dorset, Norfolk, Lancashire, York, Aberdeen, N. Ireland,
local ; C. Europe ; 7, 9. Larva pale green or whitish ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines sometimes darker ; head and plate of 2 pale
yellow-brcjwn or black : on Comarum, Fragaria, etc. ; 5, 6, 8.

18. A. lorquiniana, Diq:). (ulir/mosa7ia, Westw.) 14-17 mm.
Forewings suboblong, brownish -ochreous, with scattered black
scales ; tufts absent ; a blackish spot in disc beyond middle,
sometimes reduced to two or three dots. Hindwings whitish-
ochreous, more or less grey-tinged.

Norfolk to Hunts, local, in fens ; WC. Europe ; 6, 8, 9.
Larva yellowish-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; head
brownish -tinged : on flowers and leaves of Ly thrum salicaria;
5, 7, 8.

19. A. contaminana, lib. 14-19 mm. Forewings suboblong,
apex rather strongly prominent, whitish-ochreous to reddish-
ochreous, sometimes much mixed with fuscous, strigulated with
dark fuscous or ferruginous, veins dark fuscous ; tufts very
slight ; edge of basal patch usually dark fuscous, angulated ;
central fascia aiad costal patch often rather dai'k fuscous, some-
times united in disc ; apical half of cilia white on upper part of
termen. Hindwings grey-whitish, indistinctly strigulated with
grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C.
Europe ; 8-10. Larva pale green-yellowish ; head pale brown ;
anal plate green : on hawthorn, blackthorn, apple, etc. ; 6.

20. A. shepherdana, Sfj)h. 13-15 mm. Forewings reddish-
brown, darker-strigulated; a small ridge-like tuft of wdiitish
scales in middle of disc, and some other slight scattered tufts,
sometimes black, mainly in three transvei'se series. Hindwings
grey-whitish, fuscous-tinged posteriorly, indistinctly strigulated
with grey.

Dorset, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lancashire, local ; not
recorded elsewhere ; 7, 8. Larva green, whitish, or pale
yellowish ; head pale brownish : on Spiraea uhnaria ; 5, 6.

21. A. ferrugana, Tr. 14-18 mm. Foi-ewings suboblong,
pale ochreous to deep reddish-ochreovis, darker-strigulated, some-
times strewn with blackish dots ; tufts slight ; two costal spots

526 TORTRICINA [acalla

before and beyond middle and one in middle of disc grey,
brownish, red-brown, or blackish. Hindwings whitish -grey,
towards apex darker or grey-strigulated.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. America; 8-10. Larva pale green; dorsal line
darker ; head black or brown, plate of 2 more or less black : on
birch ; 6. There is said to be sometimes a partial early brood
of imagos in 6, perhaps from autumnal larvae.

22. A. caledoniana, /S'i^^^A. 13-15 mm. Forewings suboblong,
dark ferruginous- fuscous, obscm-ely darker- strigulated ; tufts
slight ; central fascia and costal patch sometimes faintly in-
dicated. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Dorset, Hereford to the Orkneys, common north-
wards ; not recognised elsewlicrc ; 7, 8. Larva on Alchemilla
alpina ; 6.

23. A. aspersana, lib. 11-15 mm. Forewings suboblong,
ochreous-yellowish to ferruginous, darker- strigulated ; tufts
slight ; base of costa usually ferruginous-suffused ; a spot on
dorsum at -3-, and a triangular paler -centred costal blotch
deeper ochreous, ferruginous, or mixed with dark grey. Hind-
wings pale grey, darker towards apex.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, locally
plentiful ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva green ; head light brown ;
plate of 2 brown or green, sometimes black-edged : on Spiraea,
Poteriivm, PotentiUa, etc. ; 5, 6.

24. A. holmiana, L. 12-14 mm. Forewings suboblong, deep
orange -ferruginous, yellower towards dorsum anteriorly, suf-
fusedly streaked transversely with pale violet, sometimes mixed
posteriorly with whitish and blackish scales ; tufts absent ; a
triangular white often black-edged costal blotch beyond middle ;
cilia ochreous-yellowish, on tornus dark grey. Hindwings grey,
darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 7,
8. Larva yellowish ; head pale brown : on rose, apple, etc. ;
5, 6.

3. Philbdonb, Hb.

Antennae in S bipectinated, pectinations sometimes veiy short
and terminating in fascicles of long cilia. Palpi moderately long,
porrected. Thorax smooth. Forewings witlunit costal fold ; 7
and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings : 3 and 4 approximated,
connate, stalked, or coincident, 5 somewhat approximated to
4, G and 7 approximated or stalked.

philedone] TORTRICIDAE 527

Includes only a very few northern temperate species.
Forewings oclireous-grey or whitish . 1. prodro7na)ia.

„ yellow-ochreous . . .2. gerninyana.

1. P. prodromana, Hb. {walkerana, Curt.) 13-16 mm.
Antennal pectinations very short, ending in very long tufts of
cilia. Forewings ochreous-grey, more or less whitish-suffused,
sometimes strigulated with ochreous-brown ; basal area darker,
undefined, reddish-mixed ; central fascia and costal patch grey
mixed with red-brown and blackish. Hind wings rather dark grey.

Cheshire to the Clyde, on heaths, local ; C. Europe ; 4, 5.
Larva on Potentilla ; 7, 8.

2. P. gerningana, Schiff. 13-16 mm. Antennal pectinations
moderately long. Forewings yellow-ochreous, darker-strigu-
lated ; basal area browner, undefined ; broad central fascia and
costal patch red-brown. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Kent, Pembroke, Hereford to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, on
heaths, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva dull greenish ; head
reddish-ochreous : on Potentilla, Statice, Vaccinium, etc. ; 5, 6.

4. Epagoge, lib.

Antennae in S moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, por-
rected. Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings without costal
fold ; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings : 3 and 4 con-
nate, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

A ratlier limited genus, most numerous in Australia.

Hindwings dark grey . . .2. grotiana.

,, more or less whitish . .1. gnomana.

1. E. gnomana, CI. 16-18 mm. Forewings pale ochreous,
sometimes faintly strigulated with brown ; central fascia
reddish-ochreous-brown, angulated first outwards and then
inwards, usually obsolete in disc ; costal patch brown ; termen
subsinuate. Hindwings whitish, sometimes partially greyish-
tinged.

Has occurred, but locality unknown ; C. and S. Europe ; 7.
Larva on Stachys sylvatica ; 5, 6.

2. E. grotiana, F. 13-16 mm. Forewings ochreous, strigu-
lated with fuscous or red -brown ; basal patch, central fascia,
and costal patch fuscous or red-brown, fascia sometimes inter-
rupted ; termen nearly straight. Hindwings dark grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7.

5. Capua, Stph.

Antennae in $ moderately or strongly fasciculate -ciliated.

528 TORTRICINA [capua

Palpi modei'ate, porrected or subascending. Thorax sometimes
with posterior crest. Forewiiigs in S with strong costal fold ;
7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hiudwings : 3 and 4 connate,
5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

Fairly numerous in Australia, elsewhere represented by vei'y
few species.

Forewings with ferruginous markings . 1. angustiorana.
,, without ferruginous markings 2. favillaceana.

1. C. angustiorana, //«'. 12-17 mm. Forewings ferruginous
ochreous, blackish-mixed in disc posteriorly ; base and costal
fold in $ dark brown ; a ferruginous-brown oblique mai'k from
dorsum near base ; central fascia and costal patch deep fer-
ruginous, often separated by a whitish suffusion on costa, patch
extended as a fascia to torniis. Hiudwings blackish-grey, in 5
lighter anteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, plentiful in gardens ; WC.
and S. Europe, N. Africa ; 7. Larva greenish-yellowish ; head
and plate of 2 green or light brown : on yew, apple, etc. ; 5.

2. C. favillaceana, lib. {ochracea7ia, Stph.) 13-16 mm. Fore-
wings light greyish-ochreous, obscurely strigulated with grey ;
base, central fascia, and costal patch indistinctly darker, fascia
darkest towards costa. Hiudwings pale grey.

England, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva
on Carpinus ; 7.

6. Spakganothis, lib.

Antennae in S moderately ciliated. Palpi very long, por-
rected. Thorax smooth. Forewings in ^ with very slight
costal fold ; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hiudwings with
lower mai'gin of cell hairy towards base ; 3 and 4 closely
approximated, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely ajjproxi-
mated or short-stalked.

Includes only the single species.

1. S. pilleriana, Schiff. 16-22 mm. Forewings ochreous,
often brassy -tinged, sometimes posteriorly brownish -strigu-
lated ; a brown dorsal spot at ^3- ; central fascia and costal
patch brown, latter often extended as an irregular fascia to
tornus ; sometimes a brown terminal streak. Hiudwings grey.

I. of Wight, Hants to Devon, local ; C. Europe, AVC. Asia to
N. Persia, N. America ; 7. Larva pale green or grey ; dorsal
line sometimes darker ; tubercular spots white or dark ; head
and ])late of 2 black : on Stat ice, Stacliys, Narthecium, etc.; 9-5.
Abroad the species is destructive to the vine.

cacoecia] TORTRICIDAE 529

7. Cacoecia, lib.

Antennae in S moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate or
rather long, ascending or porrected. Thoz'ax sometimes with
posterior crest. Forewings in S with costal fold; 7 to
termen. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate or closely approxi-
mated, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated or
stalked.

A large genus of nearly universal distribution.

1. Forewings with leaden-metallic lines, hindwings

blackish . . .12. lecheana.

„ without metallic lines, hindwings not

blackish . . . .2.

2. Hindwings whitish or light grey . . .3.

,, with ground-colour grey . . 5.

3. Central fascia darkest towards costa . 9. cnstana.

,, ,, not darker on costa . . 4.

4. Hindwings with costal half whitish 10. semialbana.

,, wholly light grey . . S. lafauryana.

5. Forewings with dark apical spot . . . G.

,, without dark apical spot . . 8.

6. Forewings with a dark blotch above tornus . 7.

,, with a stria or streak only . 2. iwdana.

7. Costal patch connected with central fascia 5. xylosteana.

,, ,, not connected wnth central fascia

1. piceana.

8. Anterior edge of central fascia nearly straight . 9.

,, ,, ,, ,, angulated or sinuate 11.

9. Forewings reddish-ochreous . 11. unifasciana.

,, not reddish-ochreous . . .10.

10. Edge of basal patch straight . . 7. sorhiana.

,, ,, ,, angulated . .13. intisculana.

11. Costal patch sending a narrow fascia to termen

4. crataec/ana.
,, ,, Avithout such extension . . 12.

12. Anterior edge of central fascia abruptly emarginate

3. derretaiKi.
,, ,, ,, not emarginate . 6. rosatui.

1. C. piceana, L. 20-25 mm. Forewings with termen
sinuate, vertical, costal fold short, basal ; light red -brown,
purplish -broAvn, or purplish -ochreous, in $ thinly strigulateil
with dark fuscous; basal patch dark red-brown dorsally, in S
sutt'used costally with grey, edge in 9 oblique ; central fascia,

530 TORTRICINA [cacoecia

costal patcli, an irregular blotch connected with termcn and
tornus, and an apical terminal mark dark red-brown. Hind-
wings fuscous, in $ more or less orange towards apex.

Surrey to Dorset, local and unconmion ; C. Europe, N. Asia ;
7. Larva grey-green ; head and plate of 2 brown : on Pmus ;
5, 6.

2. C. podana, Sc. {2^yrastrana, Hh. ; fulvana, Wilk.) 19-26
mm. Thorax crested. Forewings Avith termen sinuate, vertical,
costal fold short, basal ; red-brownish or ochreous, in $ strigu-
lated with dark brown ; in c? a dark red-brown dorsal spot near
base, above which is a grey and whitisli suffusion ; central
fascia in $ dark red -brown, in $ brownish or outlined only,
anterior edge nearly straight ; costal patch, an apical terminal
mark, and a stria (in $ thickened) from tornus dark red-brown.
Hindwings grey, apex broadly orange.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common ; C. Eurojie, N.
Asia ; 7. Larva green ; dorsal line sometimes darker ; head
and plate of 2 brown or black : on oak, bramble, etc. ; 5, 6.

3. C. decretana, T7\ 20-26 mm. Thorax crested. Fore-
wings with termcn sinuate, vertical, costal fold short, basal ;
ochreous or reddish-ochreous, sometimes faintly darker-strigu-
lated, in $ light brown-reddish anteriorly ; mai-kings deep
ferruginous ; m $ n. dorsal spot near base, above which are
some pale greyish-ochreous scales ; central fascia with anterior
edge emarginate in middle, almost interrupted ; costal patch
ill-defined. Hindwings grey, in $ with costal half ochreous-
Avhitish, more ochreous posteriorly, in 5 with apex broadly pale
ochreous- yellowish.

Norfolk (King's Lynn), very local ; C. Europe ; 8. Larva
yellow-brownish or green-brownisli, sides paler ; head and plate
of 2 brown : on Myrica : 6.

4. C. crataegana, llh. (rohommi, Hb.) 18-24 mm. Fore-
wings with termen sinuate, vertical, costal fold from base to f,
irregular ; light brown or ochreous-brown ; a transverse dorsal
spot near base, central fascia with anterior edge angulated
below middle, and costal patch extended as a streak to termen
above tornus dark ochreous-brown ; fascia attenuated and
sometimes obsolete towards costa. Hindwings grey, apex in $
sometimes yellowish.

England to York, S. L-eland, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
on sycamore and t'^al/x ; 5, 6.

5. C. xylosteana, L. 15-22 mm. Forewings with termen
sinuate, vertical, costal fold fi-oni base to |, irregular ; ochreous.

cacoeci.a] TORTRICIDAE 531

more or less fuscous-tiiiged, paler towards costa ; a transverse
dorsal spot near base, central fascia with anterior edge sinuate,
costal patch broadly connected with it near costa, a blotch from
above torniis sometimes connected with costal patch, and an
apical spot dark ferruginous-brown. Hindwings grey, apex
sometimes yellowish-tinged.

Britain to the Clyde, Moray, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S.
Europe ; 7. Larva whitish-grey or pale greenish ; head black ;
plate of 2 black, anterior edge white : on oak, elm, blackthorn,
etc. ; 5.

6. C. rosana, L. 15-20 mm. Fore wings with termen sinuate,
vertical, costal fold from base to beyond middle, irregular ;
light brown, sometimes reddish-tinged, in 5 darker-strigulated :
a dorsal spot near base, central fascia with anterior edge sinuate,
and suffused costal patch emitting an interru])ted stria darker
brown, in $ sometimes nearly obsolete ; some dark terminal
strigulae. Hindwings grey, apex usually more or less orange.

Britain to the Hebrides, E. Ireland, plentiful; N., C, and
SW. Eiirope, N. America ; 7. Larva dark olive-green ; dorsal
line darker ; tiibercular spots white ; he;id brown ; plate of 2
blackish, anteriorly whitish : on rose, Salix, ash, etc. ; 5, 6.

7. C. sorbiana, Hb. 22-28 mm. Forewings with termen
hardly sinuate, vertical, costal fold short, not reaching base ;
light greyish -ochreous, slightly brownish - tinged ; basal patch
with straight oblique edge, central fascia with anterior edge
straight, almost interrupted above middle, and costal patch
brown. Hindwings grey.

England to York, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva dark
grey or olive-green ; tubercular spots white ; head black ; plate
of 2 brown, blackish -marked, anterior edge white : on oak,
birch, hazel, etc. ; 5, 6.

8. 0. lafauryana, Hag. 22-25 mm. Forewings with termen
straight, vertical, costal fold short, not reaching base ; in S
light or deep yellow-ochreous, in $ from pale ochreous to light
brown-reddish, more or less strigulated with darker or brown ;
a partially marked basal patch with very oblique edge, central
fascia interrupted above middle and with anterior edge exca-
vated near dorsum, costal patch, and incomplete posterior stria
darker or red-brown. Hindwings light grey.

Norfolk (King's Lynn), very local ; France, Holland; 7, 8.
Larva green ; dorsal line darker ; head yellowish-green ; plate
of 2 darker green : on Myrica ; 6, 7.

9. C. costana, F. {latiorana, Stt.) 15-22 mm. Forewings

532 TORTRICINA [cacokcia

with termen liardly sinuate, neai-ly vertical, costal fold from
base to before middle ; iu ($ whitish-ochreous, in § oclireous and
sometimes reddish -tinged, more or less strigulated with dark
fuscous ; basal patch small, somewhat yellower ; central fascia
])ale brownish, towards costa dark brown ; costal patch dark
brown. Hindwings in c^ whitish, in 9 grey-whitish with greyer
termen.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, common in marshy places ;
C. Europe; 7. Larva dark grey-green or brownish - green ;
tubercular spots whitish ; head and jjlate of 2 black : on Uj^ilo-
bium, Comarum, Centatorea, etc. ; 5, 6.

10. C. semialbana, Gn. 18-20 mm. Forewings with termen
hardly sinuate, nearly vei'tical, costal fold from base to before
middle ; pale ochreous, somewhat brownish-strigulated ; basal
patch brownish dorsally; central fascia ochreous-brown, anterior
edge nearly straight ; costal patch ochreous-brown, emitting a
straight stria. Hindwings whitish, apex ochreous-tinged, dorsal
half light grey.

Kent to Hants, Essex, local and scarce : C. and SE. Europe ;
7. Larva grey-green ; head and plate of 2 brown : on beech
and Lonicera : 5, G.

11. 0. unifasciana, Dup. 13-18 mm. Forewings with
termen almost straight, slightly oblique, costal fold from base
to beyond middle, irregular ; reddish-ochreous, dai'ker or ferru-
ginous posteriorly ; edge of basal patch dark fuscous on dorsum ;
central fascia ferruginous, often faint, dorsal extremity dark
fuscous, anterior edge nearly straight. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, very common in
gardens ; C. and S. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva on privet {Ligus-
trum) ; 5.

12. C. lecheana, L. 15-23 nun. Forewings with termen
nearly straight, rather oblique, costal fold from base to middle,
strong ; dark fuscous, more or less densely irrorated or suffused
with ferruginous-ochreous ; edges of central fascia and apex of
costal patch more or less defined by leaden -metallic lines.
Hindwings blackish-grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, conunou ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 6, 7. Larva light green, above blackish-green ; spots
pale ; head light brown : on oak, Salix, maple, etc. ; 5.

13. C. musculana, lib. 15-20 mm. Forewings with termen
slightly rounded, rather oblique, costal fold short, not reaching
base ; brown, sufi'usedly mixed with whitish, somewhat strigu-
lated with dark fuscous ; edge of basal ])atch dark fuscous,

cacoecia] TORTRICIDAE 533

angulated ; central fascia dark brown, sometimes reddish-tinged,
anterior edge slightly irregular, blackish ; costal patch dark
fuscons, emitting an irregnlar stria. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; Europe, N.
America; 5, 6. Larva blackish-grecn ; spots pale flesh-colour;
liead and plate of 2 brown : on Ruhus, oak, etc. ; 8, 9.

8. Pandemis, lib.

Antennae in $ moderately ciliated, with deep notch above
near base. Palpi moderately long, porrected. Thorax smooth.
Forewings without costal fold ; 7 to termen. Hindwings : 3
and 4 connate or closely approximated, 5 approximated to 4, 6
and 7 closely approximated towards base.

Contains only a few northern temperate species.

1. Apex of hindwings whitish-ochreous . 1. corylana.

,, not whitish-ochreous . . 2.

2. Forewings reddish-tinged . . . .3.

,, not reddish-tinged . . 2. ribeana.

3. Face white . . .4. cinnamoineana $ .

,, not white . . . . .4.

4. Extreme apex of hindwings reddish-ochreous

4. cimiamomeawx $ .
,, „ not reddish-ochreous

3. hi'pnrana.

1. P. corylana, F. 18-24 mm. Face sometimes Avhitish.
Forewings pale yellowish-ochreous, strigulated with ochreous-
brown or dark brown, veins dark brown ; basal patch, central
fascia, and costal patch outlined with dark brown ; cilia dark
brown. Hindwings light grey, apex suftuscdly whitish-ochreous.

Britain to Boss, N. Ireland, rather conmion ; C. Europe ;
7. Larva green ; dorsal line darker ; head pale green : on
hazel, Cornus, ash, etc. ; 5, 6.

2. P. ribeana, lib. {ceramna, Hb.) 16-23 nun. Forewings
light ochreous or brownish, sometimes indistinctly darker-
strigulated ; basal patch, central fascia, and costal patch
slightly darker or fuscous, usually outlined with dark brown ;
cilia deep ochreous or brown. Hindwings ratlier dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common in gardens, scarcei'
northwards ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; G, 7. Larva light green ;
dorsal line darker; head green, sometimes brown - spotted ;
plate of 2 green : on hazel, cherry, elm, etc. ; 5.

3. P. heparana, Schiff. 16-22 mm. Face reddish-fuscous.
Forewings reddish - fuscous ; basal patch, central fascia, and

534 TORTRICINA [pandemis

costal spot darker, anterior edge of fascia somewliat bent.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C.
Europe ; 7. Larva bright green ; dorsal line darker ; head
pale green or jiale yellowish, postei'iorly sometimes black-
dotted : on ohn, Salix, blackthorn, etc. ; 5, G.

4. P. cinnamomeana, Tr. 18-24 mm. Face in c? white, in 5
reddish-ochreous. Forewings deep reddish-ochreous or reddisli-
l)rown ; basal patch, central fascia, and costal patch darker :
anterior edge of fascia straight. Hindwings rather dark grey,
extreme apex in $ tinged with reddish-ochreous.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva green ; head
pale yellowish : on larch, birch, etc. ; 5, 6.

9. TORTRIX, L.

Antennae in $ sometimes dentate, moderately or shortly
ciliated, rarely simple. Palpi moderate or rather long, por-
rected or ascending. Thorax smooth or crested. Forewings
without costal fold, surface rarely with slight scale-tufts ; 7 to
termen or apex. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate or closely
approximated, sometimes stalked, 5 more or less approxi-
mated to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base or
stalked.

A very large and universally distributed genus. The grouji
of grey species allied to virgaureana is a difficult one, and
requires careful study.

1. Forewings reticulated with orange . . 2.

,, not I'eticulated with orange . . 3.

2. Forewings with two pale purplish transverse streaks

2. hergmanniana .
,, without purplish transverse streaks

1. forli^Jcaleana.

3. Forewings with leaden-metallic markings . 4.

,, witliout leaden-metallic markings . 5.

4. Forewings suttused with orange or ferruginous

5. comvayana.
,, not orange or fcn'uginous . 3. hifasciana.

5. Forewings with large ferruginous dorsal patch

4. ministrnna.
,, without ferruginous dorsal patcli . 6.

6. Forewings green . . . .7. viridana.

,, not green . . . .7.

7. Forewings with 7 to marlcedly below apex . 8.

TORTRix] TORTRICIDAE 535

Forewings with 7 to apex or very close beneuth . Ifi.

8. Ground-colour of forewings white or whitish . i).

,, ,, not whitish . .10.

9. Hind wings white . . . .15. cinctana.

,, grey . . . .14. 2^'''^ i tana.

10. Forewings suboblong, hindwings whitish-grey

13. (hiinrtand.
,, narrowed anteriorly, hindwings grey . 11.

11. Forewings with conspicuous dark central costal

spot . . . \\. for stern na.

„ without such spot . . .12.

12. Edge of basal patch more or less marked . 13.

,, ,, ,, not marked . . .14.

13. Forewings whitish-ochreous or ochreons . 6. loeflingiana.

,, fuscous . . .12. diversana.

14. Expanse 16 mm. or less . . ,10. ruatican/t.

,, 18 mm. or more . . . .15.

15. Head and thorax pale ferruginous . 8. paleana.

,, „ brown . . .9. viJnirniana.

16. Termen of forewings sinuate . . .17.

,, ,, not sinuate . . .18.

17. Forewings white .... 28. argentana.

„ ochreous . . . 29. oaseana.

IS. Hindwings whitish . . . .19.

„ not whitish .... 20.

19. Forewings white .... 23. bellana.

„ gi'ey . . . 24. colqithounana.

20. Hindwings dark fuscous . . .20. nuhilana.

,, not dark fuscous . . .21.

21. Costa much arched anteriorly, then straight 16. shniana.

,, evenly arched .... 22.

22. Forewings whitish-ochreous or greyish-ochreous

27. longana.
,, not ochreous .... 23.

23. Ground-colour of forewings mixed with white . 24.

,, ,, not mixed with white 28.

24. Forewings more elongate, costa slightly arched 25.

,, less elongate, costa moderately arched 26.

25. Ground-colour of forewings white . 25. octomaculana.

,, ,, gi'ey . 26. consjjersanu.

26. Costal patch connected with termen bj^an irregular

streak . . 18. virgaureana.

„ ,, not connected with termen . . 27.

536 TORTRICINA [toiitrix

27. Expanse 18 mm. or more; 6 and 7 of hindwings

nsually separate . 17. clirymnthemana.
„ 16 mm. or less; 6 and 7 of hindwings

stalked . . .19. incertana.

28. Costa gently ai'clicd, forewings uniform fuscous

2 1 . ahrasana.
„ moderately arched, forewings irrorated with

whitisii-ochreous, often fasciated 22. pascuana.

1. T. forskaleana, L. 11-14 mm. Forewings suboblong, 7
to apex ; pale yellowish, sharply reticulated with ferruginous-
orange, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous
oblique stria from middle of costa, meeting a variable sometimes
obsolete fuscous dorsal blotch, containing two small black scale-
tufts ; a dark fuscous terminal streak. Hindwings whitish-
yellowish, more or less fuscous-tinged posteriorly.

England to York, common ; C. and SE. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
pale yellow ; head and plate of 2 greenish-tinged : on maple ; 6.

2. T. bergmanniana, L. 13-14 mm. Thorax crested. Fore-
wings suboblong, 7 to termen ; yellow, reticulated and partly
suflused with ferruginous -orange, basal third clearer; costa
and a subbasal stria ferruginous-brown ; two transverse streaks
before and beyond middle, and a terminal streak pale shining
grey-purplish, ferruginous- edged ; a small black scale-tuft on
fold in middle. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, very common ; N.
and C. Europe, N. America; 6, 7. Larva yellow or yellowish-
green ; head and plate of 2 black : on rose ; 5.

3. T. bifasciana, Hh. (audoidnana, Dup.) 12-13 mm. Fore-
wings suboblong, rather elongate, dark fuscous ; several thick
leaden-metallic transverse streaks; some small scale-tufts in disc ;
an irregular sometimes incomplete fascia in middle, and an apical
spot yellow-ochreous. Hindwings rather dark grey.

SE. England to Dorset and Essex, local ; WC. Europe ; 6.

4. T. ministrana, Z. 17-22 mm. Head dark fuscous. Thorax
ferruginous-ochrcous, with large crest. Forewings narrowed
anteriorly, pale ochrcous ; base of costa, a more or less developed
very large triangular often pale-centred dorsal suffusion, and
terminal streak deep feiTuginous; cilia dark ferruginous-fuscous
Hindwings grey, termen darker.

Britain to Sutherland, N. Ireland, very common ; N. and
C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; T), G. Larva light green ;
head brown : on hazel and birch ; 8, 9.

5. T. conwayana, /''. 11-15 mm. 'I'horax crested. Fore-

TunTRixl TORTRICIDAE 537

winos triangular, yellow, more or less suffused with orange or
ferruginous, faintly darker-strigulated ; basal patch often
darker, always followed by a pale yellow dorsal mark ; central
and terminal fasciae often darker or blackish-mixed, edged with
leaden - metallic dots. Hindwings blackish - grey, lighter
anteriorly.

Britain to the Clyde, Aberdeen (?), Ireland, very common ;
C. Europe; C. Larva yellow-whitish; dorsal line darker;
head yellow-brownish : on seeds of ash and Ligustrtmi ; 7-9.

G. T. loeflingiana, L. 14-18 mm. Forewings narrowed
anteriorly, whitish -ochreous or pale ochreous, more or less
darker-strigulated, sometimes partially suffused with brown ;
antemedian and central fasciae outlined with fuscous or dark
fuscous towards costa and sometimes throughoiit, sometimes
partly or wholly brown; cilia whitish -ochreous, base dark
fuscous. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ii-eland, common, sometimes abun-
dant ; C. and S. Europe ; 7. Larva pale green ; spots, head,
and plate of 2 black : on oak, hornbeam, etc. ; 5.

7. T. viridana, L. 16-24 mm. Forewings suboblong, green
or whitish-green ; costal edge yellow-whitish. Hindwings light
grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, very abundant ; C. and S.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale green ; dots black ; head black or
brown ; plate of 2 green, dotted with black or brown posteriorly,
anterior edge pale : on oak (rarely beech, maple, etc.) ; 5. This
larva sometimes abo\inds so as to completely strip the oaks of
their leaves.

8. T. paleana, lib. (icterana, Frol.) 20-24 mm. Head and
thorax pale ferruginous. Forewings narrowed anteriorly,
whitish -ochreous or pale yellow -ochreous, sometimes greyish-
tinged, base yellower. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Hebrides, N. and E. Ireland, local ; C.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva blackish ; spots large, white ; head and
plate of 2 black, anterior edge of plate white : on Centa^cir-a,
P/anta;/o, etc. ; 6.

9. T. viburniana, F. {dundana, Carpenter) 18-22 inni.
Head and thorax brown. Forewings narrowed anteriorly,
ochreous-brownish, sometimes faintly strigulated with ferru-
ginous ; central fascia and costal patch sometimes oliscurely
darker. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe; 7. Larva pale olive -green or green - blackish ; spots

538 TORTRICINA [tortrix

white; head and plate of 2 pale brown, black - marked : on
Vaccinnim, Erica, etc. ; 5, 6.

10. T. rusticana, Tr. 12-16 nun. Head and thorax fuscous,
somewhat mixed with pale ochreous. Forewings nai'rowed
anteriorly, in $ light ochreous-brownish, in 9 ochreous-yellowish,
faintly strigulated with pale ferruginous. Hindwings grey.

Britain to tlie Shetlands, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Eiu-ope,
Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva greenish-ochreous ; dorsal and lateral
lines darker; dots darker; head brown : on Myrica, Vaccimu/n,
etc. ; 7, 8.

11. T. forsterana, F. [adjimctana, Tr.) 22-26 mm. Fore-
wings narrowed anteriorly, pale brownish, darker-strigulated ;
central fascia represented by a dark fuscous costal sj^ot, and
ill-defined praetornal suffusion; costal patch dark fuscous.
Hindwings gi'ey.

Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 7, Larva pale grey -green or grey, sides sometimes
whitish ; head black ; plate of 2 yellow-brown, with two black
spots : on ivy, Lvjuatriim, etc. ; 9-5.

12. T. diversana, Ilh. {ti-ansitana, Gn.) 16-22 mm. Fore-
wings somewhat narrowed anteriorly, fuscous, sometimes darker-
strigulated ; basal patch more or less darker-marked ; central
fascia and costal patch darker. Hindwings grey.

Kent to Hants, Hereford, York, local ; 0. Europe ; 7. Larva
green ; head black or brown : on elm, birch, Salix, etc. ; 9-5.

13. T. dumetana, Tr. 18-19 mm. Forewings broad, sub-
oblong, brown, strigulated with dark fuscous ; basal patch,
central fascia, and costal patch darker, edged with dark ferru-
ginous-fuscous; a dark stria from costal patch. Hindwings
whitish-grey, apex more whitish and strigulated with grey.

Sussex, Cambridge, Hunts, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
green, with paler and darker stripes : on Lysitnachia, Centaurea,
Mentha, etc. ; 5, 6.

14. T. politana, I/w. (Jejndana, HS.) 12-15 mm. Head and
thorax dark ferruginous-fuscous; thorax crested. Forewings
narrowed anteriorly, shining whitish, striated with light grey,
margins marked with dark grey ; basal patch, central fascia,
costal patch, and a spot often connecting this with tornus red-
brown, blackish-mixed; edge of basal patch angulated. Hind-
wings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and W. Ireland, local, on
heaths ; N. and C. Europe, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green :
on Myrica, Erica, Centaurea, etc. ; 9.

TORTRixJ TORTRICIDAE 539

15. T. cinctana, Schiff. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax dark
ferruginous-fuscous ; thorax crested. Forevvings narrowed
anteriorly, clear white, posteriorly and on margins strigulated
with leaden-grey ; basal patch, central fascia, and costal spot
ferruginous, mixed with leaden-grey and black ; edge of basal
patch straight. Hindwings white, thinly strigulated with
grey.

Kent (I)over), local ; C. Europe ; 7.

16. T. sinuana, Stph. 17-21 mm. Antennal cilia of $ very
short. Thorax crested. Forewings with costa much arched
anteriorly, thence nearly straight, 7 to apex; grey, whitish-
mixed ; a curved fascia at \, pointed beneath and not reaching
dorsum, central fascia with anterior edge excavated in middle
and above dorsum, and costal patch grey, in disc distinctly
ochreous, partly edged with blackish. Hindwings light grey,
terminally darker ; 6 and 7 short-stalked.

England to Lancashire, Perth, local and uncommon ; not
recognised elsewhere ; 7. Larva on flowers of Scilla nutans ; 5.

17. T. chrysanthemana, Dup. {altemella, Wilk.) 18-21 mm.
Antennal cilia of (^ short. Thorax crested. Forewings elongate,
costa moderately arched, 7 to or close beneath apex; grey,
finely irrorated with whitish-ochreous and mixed with white ;
an angulated fascia at ^ not reaching dorsum, central fascia
Avith anterior edge excavated in middle and above dorsum,
ill-defined costal and terminal patches fuscous, edges partially
blackish-marked. Hindwings light grey, in $ darker posteriorly ;
6 and 7 approximated or seldom short-stalked.

England, Perth, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. and S. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva on Chrysanthemwni, Inula,
etc. ; 5, 6.

18. T. virgaureana, Tr. 15-17 mm. Antennal cilia of $
short. Thorax crested. Forewings elongate, costa moderately
arched, 7 to or close beneath apex ; fuscous, sometimes mixed
with white, finely irrorated with whitish-ochreous and strigu-
lated throughout with dark fuscous ; an angulatfed fascia at i,
indistinct dorsally, irregular central fascia, and costal patch
connected by an irregular streak with termen darker fuscous.
Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly ; 6 and 7 short-stalked.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, common, often
abundant ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva green-grey or
blackish ; spots sometimes black ; head light brown ; plate of
2 black, sometimes partly brown : on Plantago, Lathyrus,
Teucrmm, etc. ; 5, 6.

540 TORTRICINA [xorvTiiix

19. T. incertana, Tr. {suhjectana, Gn.) 15-16 mm. Antennal
cilia of $ longer than in T. virf/aurecma. Thorax crested.
Forewings sliglitly narrower than in T. virgaun'ana, costa less
arched, 7 to or close beneath apex ; fuscous, finely and densely
irrorated witli white ; an angulated fascia at \ not reaching
dorsum, central fascia with anterior edge excavated in middle
and above dorsum, costal patch, and sliort terminal streak
fuscous, irrorated with whitish-ochreous and dotted with dark
fuscous. Hindwings pale grey, terminally darker, 6 and 7
short-stalked.

Britain to the Clyde, Moray, Ireland, very abundant ; C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva blackish-brown or blackish ; head brown ;
plate of 2 black : on Lotus, Chrysanthemum, Ranunculus, etc. ;
5, 6.

20. T. nubilana, lib. 12-14 mm. Antennae in $ not ciliated.
Forewings relatively shorter than in T. virgaureana, costa
rather strongly arched ; 7 to or close beneath apex ; dark
fuscous, whitish -sprinkled, darker- strigulated ; central fascia
and an apical patch dai'ker, usually indistinct. Hindwings
dark fuscous, 6 and 7 approximated or short-stalked.

England to York, locally plentiful; C. and SE. Europe; 7.
Larva pale green ; head brown : on hawthorn and black-
thorn ; 5.

21. T. abrasana, Dxq^. 17-19 mm. Antennal cilia of (^ very
short. Thorax crested. Forewings elongate, costa gently
arched, 7 to apex ; fuscous, with a few scattered dark fuscous
dots. Hindwings pale fuscous, 6 and 7 approximated at base.

Dorset to Oxford, Lancashire, Cumberland, local and scai'ce ;
SE. Europe ; 7.

22. T. pascuana, Hb. {■pasivana, Hb.) 16-18 mm. Antennal
cilia of S very short. Thorax crested. Forewings elongate,
costa moderately arched, 7 to apex ; fuscous, finely irrorated
with whitish-ochreous ; an angvilated fascia at /j, central fascia,
and apical suffused patch darker, sometimes obsolete. Hind-
wings pale fuscous, darker terminally, 6 and 7 stalked.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia; 6, 7. Larva yellow ish- grey ; spots black: on
flowers of Clirt/mntJieinnin, Aster, Anthemis, etc. ; 5, 6.

23. T. bellana, Curt. (pe7iziana, Wd., non Hb.) 22-27 mm.
Antennal cilia in ^ very sliort. Thorax crested. Forewings
very elongate, costa hardly arched, 7 to apex ; wliite, indis-
tinctly strigulated with black ; an angulated fascia at ^ some-
times not reaching dorsum, irregular central fascia sometimes

TORTEix] TORTRICIDAE 541

interrupted near dorsum, small costal patch and irregular
usually connected streak from termen fuscous much marked
and suffused with black. Hindwings grey-whitish, greyer and
faintly strigidated posteriorly, 6 and 7 short-stalked.

N. Wales to the Hebrides, K. Ireland, local, frequenting
rocks ; N. and C. Europe ; 7. Larva on grass ; 5, 6.

24. T. colcLuhounana, Barr. 22-27 mm. Differs from T.
hellana as follows : forewings slightly broader anteriorly,
ground - colour grey, whitish - mixed, markings much less
defined.

I. of Man, E. Ireland, on coast rocks, local ; not recognised
elsewhere ; 7. Larva on roots of Silene maritivia (?) ; 5.

25. T. octomaculana, Hw. 18-22 mm. Autennal cilia of S
short. Thorax crested. Forewings elongate, costa slightly
arched, 7 to or close beneath apex ; white, more or less dis-
tinctly strigulated with grey ; an angulated fascia at ^ iisually
not reaching dorsum, irregular central fascia usually interrupted
near dorsum, costal and terminal patches fuscous marked with
black strigulae. Hindwings grey, darker apically, 6 and 7
approximated or short-stalked.

Cheshire to Caledonian Canal, common ; not recognised else-
where; 7, 8. Larva blackish -grey ; spots large, black; head
pale brown ; plate of 2 black : on Centaurea, Plantago,
etc. ; 6.

26. T. conspersana, Dgl. (pertei-ana, Dbld. ; ? communana,
HS.) 16-22 mm. Antennal cilia of <$ short. Thorax crested.
Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, 7 to apex; grey,
irrorated or mixed with white, more strongly in 9 J ^i^ angu-
lated fascia at J, slender and often indistinct dorsally, irregular
central fascia sometimes interrupted near dorsum, costal and
terminal patches (seldom connected) grey or fuscous, often
blackish-marked, sometimes nearly obsolete. Hindwings light
fuscous or grey, in 5 dai'ker, 6 and 7 short-stalked.

England, local, especially on coast ; Germany ; 7. Larva
pale greenish- grey ; spots small, black; head and plate of 2
yellowish-brown : on flowers of Chrysanthemum, Taraxacum,
Tenor lull t, etc. ; 6.

27. T. longana, Ihv. {ictericana, Hw.) 17-21 mm. Antennal
cilia of o short. Forewings elongate, 'costa hardly arched, 7
to or close beneath apex ; in $ whitish-ochreous, imicolorous ;
in 5 pale greyish -ochreous, an angulated fascia at \, central
fascia with anterior edge excavated in middle and above
dorsum, and costal patch suffusedly connected with it beneath

542 TORTRICINA [torteix

costa brownish. Hindwings whitish -ochreous, more or less
tinged or suffused with grey, 6 and 7 stalked.

England to York, S. Ireland, local ; Holland, S. Europe,
Canary Islands ; 7. Larva pale yellowish ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines greenish -grey ; spots black; head and plate of 2
|)ale brown : on flowers of Hypochoeris, Anthemis, Aster, etc. ;
5, 6.

28. T. argentana, CI. 20-25 mm. Forewings elongate,
narrowed anteriorly, costa hardly arched, terraen slightly
sinuate ; silvery white ; costal edge ochreous -tinged. Hind-
wings grey-whitish.

Perth, local, on mountains ; C. and SW. Europe, N. America ;
7.

29. T. osseana, Sc. {j)ratana, Hb.) 19-23 mm. Forewings
very elongate, costa almost straight, termen slightly sinuate ;
brownish-ochreous, sometimes ferruginous-tinged, seldom whit-
ish-ochreous ; an irregular spot in disc before and another
beyond middle, and a triangular apical patch fuscous, often
indistinct or sometimes obsolete. Hindwings grey.

Bi'itain to the Shetlands, Ireland, locally plentiful, on
downs, etc. ; N. and C. Europe, N. America ; 7, 8.

10. IsoTRiAS, n.g.

Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi moderately long,
subascending. Thorax with small pos-
terior crest. Forewings without costal
fold ; 7 to apex. Hindwings : 3 and 4
stalked, 5 parallel to 4, 6 and 7 remote
at origin.

Includes only the single species.
Hindwiiig of 7so<nas 1. I. hybrldana, Hb. $ 15-16 mm., $

hyhrid^vM. 11-12 mm. Forewings white or whitish,

strigulated with brown, on costa with dark fuscous ; basal patch,
somewhat angulated but hardly oblique central fascia, subapical
fascia, and small tornal spot brown strigulated with black.
Hindwings grey.

England to York, Argyll, E. Ireland, connnon ; C. Europe ;
5, 6.

11. EXAPATE, lib.

Tongue absent. Antennae in ^ moderately ciliated. Palpi
short, porrcctcd. Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings : 7
to termen or apex. Hindwings : 3 and 4 rather approximated

EX AT ate]

TORTRICIDAE

543

at base, 5 somewhat approximated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.
Forewings of $ mncli reduced, hindwings obsolete.

Also restricted to one or perhaps two species.

1. E. congelatella, CI. {gelatella, L.) S 19-21 mm. Fore-
wings slaty -fuscous, darker at base, along costa, and towards
termen ; a more or less distinct longitudinal streak of whitish
irroration in disc ; a dark fuscous spot in disc at J, and another
at § ; an indistinct darker spot above dorsum before tornus,
and another on costa towards apex. Hindwings light fuscous.
5 8-9 mm. Forewings whitish-grey, margins more or less
spotted or suffused with fuscous.

England to York, l<;cal ; N. and C. Europe ; 11, 12. Larva
dull green ; subdorsal line paler ; dots dark or pale ; head
yellow-brownish, sometimes black-marked ; j)late of 2 brown or
black : on Rhammis and Ligustrum ; 5.

12. Cheimatophila, Stph.

Tongue rudimentary. Antennae in c? moderately fascicu-
late-ciliated. Palpi moderate, por-
rected. Thorax with posterior
crest. Forewings : 7 to termen or
apex. Hindwings : 4 absent (co-
incident with 3), 5 rather approxi-
mated to 3, 6 and 7 stalked.

Only contains the one species.

1. C. tortricella, lib. {hyemana,
lib.) 19-21 mm. Forewings light
brownish-ochreous, brown, or grey,
sometimes posteriorly with dark

fuscous veins and Strigulae ; basal Neuration of Chd-rmtophila tortricella.

patch, posteriorly very ill-defined central fascia, and indications
of costal patch ochreous-brown, sometimes marked with dark
fuscous, often indistinct or almost wholly obsolete. Hindwings
in S light fuscous, darker terminally, in 5 fuscous-grey.

Britain to Perth, very common ; C. and S. Europe : 3.
Larva dull reddish-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish ;
tubercular spots black, whitish-ringed ; head and plate of 2
yellowish-brown : on oak ; 5, 6.

3. PHALONIADAE.

Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings : 2 fi-om posterior
fourth of cell, 9 separate. Hindwings : lower median vein not
hairy towards base.

544

TORTRICINA

Fairly numerous in the European I'egion, but represented by
comparatively few species elsewhere. Some exotic genera are
peculiarly narrow-winged, combining with this character greater
length of palpi, and a strong tendency to the possession of
scale-tufts in the disc of forewings. Forewings with central
fascia parallel to termen, ocellus absent. The larvae appear to
be almost always internal feeders, whereas in the two preceding
families this habit is less frequent.

Phylogeny of Pjialoniadae.

Eujjoecilia

I
Lozoijera Comniopliila

I I

Phalonia Chlidonia Auisotaenia Clysia

I \ \ ^1

Euxanthis
Hysterosia

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Hindwings with 3 and 4 remote at origin . 2,

,, ,, ,, connate or stalked . 4.

2. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked . .1. Lozopera

,, ,, ,, separate . . 3.

3. Forewings with 7 to termen . . 3. Chlidonia.

,, ,, to costa or apex . 2. Phalonia.

4. Forewings witli 7 and 8 stalked . . 7. Clysia.

,, ,, ,, separate . . .5.

5. Forewings with 7 to apex . . .6.

,, ,, ,, termen . . .7.

6. Forewings in c? with costal fold . . 4. Fupoecilia.

,, ,, without costal fold 5. Commophila.

7. Forewings in S with costal fold . 9. Hysterosia.

,, ,, without costal fold . . S.

8. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked . . 8. Euxanthis.

„ ,, „ approximated 6. Anisotaenia.

1. Lozopkra, Sfj)h.

Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings : 7 and 8 stalked, 7
to costa. Hindwings : 3 and 4 remote at origin, 6 and 7
stalked.

Restricted to a few closely allied European s})ecies. Larva

lozopei;a]

PHALONIADAE

545

feeding among seeds of Umbel liferae, afterwards hybernating
and pupating in the stems.

First fascia not reaching above middle . "2. dilucidana.

„ entire or narrowly interrupted near costa

1. francillana.

1. L. francillana, F. 14-18 mm. Forewings pale yellow;
costal edge ferruginous on anterior half ; two slender somewhat
irregular dark ferruginous fasciae parallel to termen, first
before middle, often narrowly interrupted near costa, second
subterminal. Hindwings pale grey.

England to Lancashire, E. Ireland, local ; C. and SW.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia; 7, 8. Larva yellow - whitish ;
head black; plate of 2 brownish - tinged : among seeds of
Daucus carota ; 8, 9.

2. L. dilucidana, StpJi. 13-15 mm. Differs from L. francil-
lana as follows : forewings paler, first fascia extending from
dorsum only to middle of wing.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva
yellow - whitish ; head and two posterior marks on 2 black:
among seeds of Feucedanum sativum ; 8, 9.

2. Phalonia, Hb.

Thorax sometimes with posterior crest
costa or apex. Hindwings : 3
and 4 separate at origin, 6 and 7
stalked.

A characteristically European
genus of some extent, ranging also
into the other northern temper-
ate regions ; a development of
Euxanthis. The species are in
some instances very closely allied
together, and require careful con-
sideration. Most of them are
local, and more or less retired in
habits in the perfect state. Larva
stout, usually feeding within stems or seed-heads.

1. Forewings with four darker fasciae

,, not with four fasciae .

2. Forewings deep yellow
silvery-white

Forewino-s : 7 to

Neuration of Phalonia tcsscrana.

2.
. 3.

1. rutilana.
. dipoltella.
3. Forewings with distinct subterminal parallel fascia 4.
„ without such fascia . . .6.

2 N

546

TORTRICINA

[riiALONIA

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

23.
24.

Fasciae ferniginous . . 5. smeathmanniana.

,, not ferruginous . . .5.

Cilia of forcwings fuscons-spotted 4. maritimana.

,, ,, not fuscous-spotted . 3. zephyrana.

Forewings with black-mixed terminal fascia . 7.

. 10.
30. curimtric/ana.

. ^8.

. 9.
26. atricapitana.
. 28. duhitana.
. 29. hyhridella.

. 11.

. 19.

. 12.

. 16.

,, without such fascia

Head yellow-ochrcous

., not 3'ellow-ochreous
Head white

,, blackish or greyish-ochreous
Thorax dark grey

,, ochreous-white
Median fascia almost straight

,, ,, more or less bent .

Cilia of forewings yellowish

,, ,, not yellowish .

Cilia of forewings with dark sul)apical line 20. roseana.

,, ,, without such line . .13.

Forewings rosy-tinged . . . .14.

,, without rosy tinge . . 22. cilieUa.

Cilia of forewings with blackish l)asal line 19. iinpUcitana.

,, ,, without such line . .15.

Ground-colour of forewings grey-whitish 21. i]e(jrei/ami.
,, „ ,, ochreous-whitish

23. flaviciUana.

Median fascia interrupted beneath costa . .17.

,, ,, entire . . . .18.

Head white .... 27. paUidana.

,, not white . . . .9. ajfiuitand.

Head white . . . . 25. turn a.

,, not white . . . .18. suliroseana.

Grouud-coloiu' of forcwings ferruginous 8. tet<ser((na.

,, ,, ,, not ferruginous . 20.

Median fascia interru})ted . . .21.

„ „ entire .... 23.

Fascia interrupted below middle . . .22.

,, ,, above middle . . 10. vertisaiut.

Fascia dark brown, dorsally abruptly dilated 6. badiana.
„ ferruginous-brown, dorsally liardly dilated

7. cnicaN'i.
Cilia of forewings ferruginous-yellowish 24. erujL'mna.

,, not ferruginous-yellowish . 24.

Head white above .... 25.

phaloxia] I'HALONIADAE 547

Head not white above . . . .26.

25. Ground-colour of forewings whitisli-ochreous

11. manniana.

,, ,, ,, whitish . 12. notulana.

2G. Ground-colour of forewings leaden-grey . 16. c/riseana.

not grey . . 27.

27. Hindwings grey ..... 28.

,, dark grey . . .17. rupicoht.

28. Subapical fascia distinctly reaching ternicn \i. fieijeriana.

,, ,, not reaching termen . .29.

29. Central fascia marked posteriorly in middle with

dark fuscous . 15. mussehliana.

,, ., not so marked . . 13. vdana.

1. P. rutilana, lib. 11-15 mm. Forewings elongate, costa
slightly arched ; deep yellow ; four moderately broad shining
violet-ferruginous fasciae, first basal, third dilated towards ex-
tremities, sometimes including a small yellow spot on dorsum,
fourth terminal. Hindwings grey.

Surrey, Hants, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. America ; 7
8. Larva yellow ; head light brown ; plate of 2 jjaler : on
Juniperus ; 6.

2. P. dipoltella, lib. 12-16 mm. Forewings elongate, costa
hardly arched ; silvery-white ; base, four variable slender fasciae,
and a costal spot before fourth deep ochreous, first fascia some-
what angulated, second sometimes costally furcate, third some-
times dorsally furcate, fourth nearly temiinal. Hindwings light
grey.

Kent to Hants, local ; C. Euro])e, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva
in flower-heads of Achill&x millefolium ; 9.

3. P. zephyrana, Tr. {duhrisana, Curt.) 10-16 mm. Fore-
wings with costa gently arched ; pale ochreous-yellowish, more
or less sprinkled with blackish, costa strigulated with blackish ;
several transverse series of silvery-metallic spots ; two narrow
often very obscure more blackish fasciae parallel to termen,
first median, usually interrupted near costa, second subter-
minal, somewhat interrupted above middle ; cilia yellow-whitish.
Hindwings in $ grey-whitish, in $ grey.

S. England to Worcester and Cambridge, Cumberland, rather
local ; C. and S. Em-ope, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6. Larva
yellow ; head pale brownish ; plate of 2 pale yellow : in stems
of Daucus cnrota ; 8-4.

4. P. maritimana, Gn. 15-19 nnn. Differs from P. zephyrana
as follows : forewings somewhat broader, yellower, first fascia

548 TORTKIOINA [pualonia

augulated in disc, cilia spotted with fuscous ; hindwings grey,
towards base white strigulated with grey.

Kent, Essex, local ; France ; 7. Larva in stems and roots
of Eryngium marithnum ; 9-4.

5. P. smeathmanniana, /'. 14-18 mm. Forewings elongate,
costa slightly arched ; light ochreous-yellow, with several obscure
23ale submetallic striae ; slender antemedian and subterminal
ferruginous fasciae, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous, jjarallel
to tcrmen, widely intei-rupted beneath costa. Hindwings pale
grey, darker in 5 .

Britain to Perth, local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N.
America ; 6, 7. Larva brown-grey ; head blackish-bi'own : in
flower-heads of Anthemu, Achillea, and Centam'ea ; 9, 10.

6. P. badiana, lib. 16-20 mm. Forewings with costa
moderately arched ; pale ochreous, with several obscure
shining whitish striae ; a dark brown spot along base of
costa ; a narrow dark brown antemedian fascia, angulated
above middle, interrupted below angle, abruptly dilated on
dorsum ; subterminal fascia represented by dark brown spots
on costa and dorsum, and a very indistinct spot between them.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, rather common ; C.
Europe ; 7. Larva in stems and roots of Arctium lajipa ;
9-4.

7. P. cnicana, Dhld. 14-16 mm. Differs from P. badiana as
follows : forewings with markings bright ferruginous-brown,
antemedian fascia less angulated, less distinctly interrupted,
not dilated on dorsum.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, conuiion ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva in stems and roots of Carduus ; 9-4.

8. P. tesserana, Tr. 10-15 mm. Forewings with costa
slightly arched ; bright ferruginous ; two quadrate ochreous-
yellowish spots on costa before and beyond middle ; some-
times two larger similar spots on dorsum alternating with
these; sometimes several leaden -metallic striae edging the
spots. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Argyll, common ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to
N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva in roots of Picris (and probably Hiera-
cium) ; 9-4.

9. P. affinitana, Dyl. {cancellana, Z.) 12-15 mm. Fore-
wings elongate, costa gently arched ; light brownish-ochreous,
submetallic, strigulated with fuscous ; a slender straight
brownish antemedian fascia parallel to termen, interrupted

phalonia] PHALONIADAE 549

beneath costa ; a dark fuscous dorsal dot or small spot before
tornus. Hiudwings grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; Germany, France, Sicily ; 7.
Larva whitish, dorsally greyish - tinged ; spiracular line faint,
grey ; head brown ; plate of 2 black : in flower-heads of Aster
tripolium ; 8-10.

10. P. vectisana, Westw. 9-11 mm. Forcwings elongate,
costa gently arched; brownish -ochreous, sprinkled with dark
fuscous, towards termen and on dorsum strigulated with dark
fuscous ; a narrow obscure rather dark fuscous median fascia,
somewhat angulated and interrupted near costa, connected in
middle with tornus by an oblique dark suffusion ; a fuscous
spot on costa towards apex. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England to Lancashire, on coasts, local ; Holland, Germany ;
5, 7, 8. Larva in flower-heads of I'kmtago maritima ; 6, 9.

11. P. manniana, F.R. (luridana, Gregs.) 11-13 mm. Head
white, sides ochreous-brown. Forewings with costa moderately
arched; whitish -ochreous, margins strigulated with brown; a
suft'usion along base of costa, an oblique streak from dorsum
near base, a median fascia angulated above middle, a fascia-like
spot from costa posteriorly not reaching termen, and indistinct
suffusions before and above tornus deep ochreous, sometimes
brown-sprinkled. Hindwings pale grey.

Surrey to Dorset, Wilts, Norfolk, Westmoreland, on dry
grassy banks, local ; C. and SE. Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan ; 6, 7.

12. P. notulana, Z. 10-11 unn. Head white, sides ochreous.
Forewings with costa moderately arched ; whitish, more or less
strigulated with dark fuscous ; base suffused with fuscous ; an
irregular median fascia angulated above middle, a suff"usion
above tornus, and a narrow fascia from costa posteriorly to
termen above tornus dark fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Lancashire, rather common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva pale yellowish-green ; head and plate of 2 black : in
stems of Mentha htrsuta and Lycojnis ; 9, 10.

13. P. udana, Gn. {griseana, Wilk.) 11-13 mm. Head pale
ochreous. Forewings with costa gently arched ; pale ochreous,
submetallic, margins more or less strigulated with dark fuscous ;
an ochreous-brownisli basal patch, often represented by angu-
lated edge only ; a slightly curved ochreous-brown median
fascia, suffused with blackish below^ middle ; some ochreous-
brownish clouds towards tornus; an ochreous-brown fascia from
costa posteriorly, obsolete before termen. Hindwings grey.

550 TORTRICINA [phalonia

S. England to Pembroke and Norfolk, local ; France, Holland ;
6-8. Larva dull yellowish -pink or pinkish-brown ; head and
plate of 2 black-brown : in stems of Alisma ; 9, 10.

14. P. geyeriana, IIS. 11-13 mm. Differs from P. udana
as follows : forewings with median fascia distinctly angulated
above middle, emitting a brown streak from angle to tornus, a
triangular brown spot on dorsum before tornus, posterior fascia
well-defined and continued to termen above tornus, sometimes
connected with tornal streak.

Dorset, Suttblk, Norfolk, local ; Germany ; 5, 6, 8. Larva
pale fuscous; head and plate of 2 blackish -fuscous : in seed-
capsules of Pedicularis 2->cdustris ; 7, 9.

15. P. mussehliana, Tr. 10-13 mm. Differs from P. ^ulana
as follows : forewings with markings broader, more indistinct
and suffused, median fascia marked with dark fuscous on
posterior edge in middle.

Devon, scarce and local, not taken for many years ; C.
Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva in seed-vessels of Butoimis ; 7, 9.

16. p. griseana, Stph. 9-10 mm. Forewings with costa
gently arched ; shining leaden -grey, strigulated with dark
fuscous, irregularly tinged with ferruginous-ochreous suffusion;
an angulated median fascia and small anteapical costal spot
dark ochrcous-fuscous. Hindwings dark grey.

Locality unknown (eight specimens in Stephens's collection,
British Museum) ; not recognised elsewhere. Probably a marsh-
frequenting species.

17. P. rupicola, C^ort. 12-14 mm. Forewings with costa
moderately arched ; pale yellow -ochreous or ochreous- grey-
whitish, more or less blackish-sprinkled, costa strigulated with
blackish ; a suffusion along base of costa, a moderately broad
rather ill-defined median fascia somewhat angulated near cost;i,
and a broad posterior sufl'usiou ferruginous-ochreous or dark
grey, more or less blackish-sprinkled. Hindwings dark grey.

England, rather local ; C. Europe, Sardinia ; 6, 7. Larva
yellowish-pink : in stems of Eupatoriuni ; 9-4.

18. P. subroseana, IIw. 11-13 mm. Forewings with costa
gently arched ; whitish-ochreous, costa suffused with deeper
ochreous towards base ; a straiglit ferruginous-ochreous median
fascia, anteriorly blackish-edged towards dorsum ; beyond this
a genei'al brownish -rosy suffusion except on dorsum beyond
fascia, including an obscure ferruginous-ochreous posterior
fasciii, marked with blackish on costa ; a blackish dot on
dorsum before tornus. Hindwings grev.

phalonia] PHALONIADAE 551

Kent, Siirrev, local ; Gcnnaiiy ; 6, 7. Larva in seed-heads
oi Solida;io; 9," 10.

19. P. implicitana, Wk. (anthemidana, Wilk. ; heydeniana,
Wlsm., non HS.) 10-13 mm. Forewings with costa slightly
arched ; whitish-ochreous, rosy-tinged, indistinctly strigulated
with fuscous ; costa somewhat suiiused basally with ochreous-
brownish ; a nearly straight ferruginous-ochreous median fascia,
costal end faint and brownish ; a ferruginous-ochreous suffusion
towards tornus ; cilia ochreous-yellowish, basal line blackish.
Hindwings pale grey.

Kent, Sussex, SuiTcy, local ; Germany ; 5, 7, 9. Larva pale
yellow ; head light brown ; plate of 2 yellowish, with two black
posterior dots : in seedheads and stems of Jlfatricaria, Anthcmii',
Solidago, etc. ; 6, 8, 10.

20. P. roseana, Hiv. 10-14 mm. Fore wings with costa
neai'ly straight ; light yellow-ochreous, towards costa and
posteriorly suffused with rose-pink ; a ferruginous-ochreous
median fascia, becoming obsolete towards costa, dorsally
sprinkled with dark fuscous; cilia yellow-ochreous, with a dark
fuscous subapical line. Hindwings light grey.

England to Lancashire, common ; C Europe ; 6-8. Larva
pale green ; head and plate of 2 black : in seedheads of Dqi-
sacus sylvcstris ; 8-5.

21. P. degreyana, McL. 11-13 mm. Head white. Fore-
wings narrower than in F. ciliella, with costa nearly straight ;
silvery-grey-whitish, posteriorly sufFusedly irrorated with rose-
pink, on base of costa and along termen with ferruginous ; a
straight ferruginous median fascia mixed with dark fuscous,
costal end faint and greyish; cilia ferruginous -yellowish.
Hindwings pale grey.

Norfolk, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 5, 7. Larva pale
yellow ; head brown ; plate of 2 pale yellow, with two black
posterior dots : in flowers and seeds of Plantago and Linaria ;
6, 8, 9.

22. P. ciliella, lib. {I'uficlliana, Hw. ; suhroseana, \Vilk.)
11-14 mm. Head whitish. Forewings with costa nearly
straight ; whitish - grey or ochreous - whitish, more or less
sprinkled or strigulated with ferruginous-ochreous, especially
towards base of costa and posteriorly ; a straight ferruginous
median fascia more or less mixed with dark grey, obsolete on
costa ; often a grey suffusion along termen : cilia ferruginous-
yellow. Hindwings light grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, N. Ireland, common; N. and ('.

552 TORTRICINA [phalonia

Europe ; 5, 6. Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 black : in
seed-vessels of cowslip {Primula veris) ; 7, 8.

23. P. flaviciliana, Wilk. 12-14 mm. Differs from P.
roseana as follows : forewings with ground - colour ochreous-
whitish, cilia ferruginous-yellow, without dark fuscous line.

Kent and I. of Wight to Oxford, local ; not recorded else-
where ; 7. Larva varying from dull green to reddish-brown ;
head and plate of 2 brown: in flower-heads of Knautia ;
8-10.

24. P. erigerana, Wtsm. 10-12 mm. Forewings with costa
slightly arched ; ochreous- whitish, with fuscous striae and
strigulae suftused with ochreous ; an ochreous-brown median
fascia angulated near costa, partly blackish-edged, indistinctly
interrupted below angle, above interruption becoming grey ; a
more or less distinct sufl'used dark grey posterior striga ; a
blackish dorsal dot before tornus ; cilia ferruginous-yellowish,
basal line and some bars of irroration blackish. Hindwings
light grey.

Kent and Sussex to Norfolk, local ; not recorded elsewhere ;
6, 8. Larva white ; head brownish : in flowers of Erigeron
acre; 6, 7, 9.

25. P. nana, H^i\ 9-12 mm. Head white. Forewings with
costa gently arched ; white, basal area and costa strigulated
with blackish ; a broad direct median fascia of blackish irrora-
tion and strigulae, dilated dorsally, posterior edge sinuate \
apical area clouded with pale ochreous, with a suftused spot of
blackish irroration on costa before apex, sometimes indistinctly
connected with tornus ; cilia pale ochreous, with indistinct bars
of blackish irroration. Hindwings pale grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia, N. America ; 6. Larva in catkins of birch ;
3, 4. The imago is found resting on the tnuiks.

26. P. atricapitana, Stph. 12-15 mm. Head in ^ blackish,
in 5 greyish-ochreous. Forewings with costa gently arched ;
rosy -ochreous -whitish, costa and dorsum strigulated with
blackish; a small dai'k ashy-fuscous basal patch; a spot on
costa touching it, a very irregular median fascia, a narrow
terminal fascia dilated or furcate on costa, and cilia brown
much marked with black ; a pale grej^ish-ochreous cloud above
tornus. Hindwings in i^ whitish -grey strigulated with grey,
in ? grey.

England, Roxburgh, E. Ireland, local ; Holland, Germany :
5, 6, 8. Larva pale yellow, faintly reddish-tinged above; head

phalonia] PHALONIADAE 553

light brown ; plate of 2 faintly brownisli : in stems of Senecio
Jacohaea ; 7, 9-4-.

27. P. pallidana, Z. {alhkrvpitana, Cooke) 11-13 mm. Head
white. Thorax dark fuscous mixed with whitish. Forewings
with costa slightly arched ; ochreous-whitish, with faint greyish-
ochreous strigulae, costa strigulated with blackish ; base and
costa towai'ds base sufiusedly dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous
blackish -marked median fascia, narrowed on costa, broadly
interrupted with pale ochreous above middle ; a dark grey
posterior transverse streak, sometimes extending to termen.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
rose-pink, greenish-tinged ; head and plate of 2 brown or black-
brown : in seedheads of Jasione viontana ; 7, 8.

28. P. duMtana, Hb. 12-14 mm. Head white. Thorax
dark grey. Forewings with costa gently arched ; ochreous-
whitish or rosy -whitish, costa strigulated with blackish ; a
small basal patch and spot on costa touching it dark grey ; an
irregular brownish median fascia, dark grey on costa and
dorsum, obliquely interrupted above middle ; a pale greyish-
ochreous cloud above tornus ; a narrow terminal fascia, dilated
on costa, and cilia dark grey, blackish-mixed. Hindwings in

$ whitish-grey, in $ grey.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; N., C, and SW. Europe, N.
America ; 6, 8. Larva whitish ; head light red-brown ; plate
of 2 yellow, black-edged posteriori}^ : in seedheads of Senecio,
Crepis, Solidago, etc. ; 7, 9.

29. P. hybridella, Hh. {carduana, Z.) 11-14 mm. Head
ochreous- white. Thorax ochreous- white, somewhat fuscous-
marked. Forewings with costa hardly arched ; ochreous-white,
sometimes faintly rosy-tinged, costa and dorsum strigulated
with blackish ; a fuscous stria at \, forming a small costal
spot ; a very irregular median fascia, narrow on costa and
widely interrupted beneath it, and irregular terminal fascia
mixed with feiTuginous, dark fuscous, and black. Hindwings
in S whitish-grey, in 5 grey.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; C. and SE. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 7. Larva pale pink ; head light brown ; plate of
2 yellowish, with four black dots : in seedheads of Picris
hieracioides ; 8, 9.

30. P. curvistrigana, WiJk. 13-14 mm. Head yellow-
ochreous. Forewings with costa more arched posteriorly ;
yellow -ochreous, with several ochreous-whitish submetallic

554 TORTRICINA [phalonta

striae, costa strigiilatcd with black ; an irregular dark grey
black-mixed antemediau fascia, much dilated on costa, anterior
edge concave ; some blackish strigulae in disc beyond this ; a
broad dark grey terminal fascia, mixed with black and ochreous,
narrowed to a point beneath, anterior edge curved. Hindwings
dark grey.

Kent to Devon and Hereford, local ; ({ermany ; 5, 6. Larva
pale yellowish-pink ; head light br(~»\vn ; plate of 2 ochreous : in
seedheads of Solidago ; 8, 9.

3. ClJLIDUNIA, lib.

Tliorax with posterior crest. Fore wings : 7 to termen.
Hindwings : 3 and 4 remote at origin, 6 and 7 stalked.

Contains only the two following species, which are so similar
that they have often been regarded as doubtfully distinct ; an
offshoot of Euxantliis.

Fascia right-angled, dark fuscous . 1. baumanniana.

„ obtuse-angled, ferruginous . 2. suhbauvianniana.

1. 0. baumanniana, Schiff. lS-23 mm. Forewings pale
ochreous, somewhat ferruginous-sprinkled ; basal area suffused
with dark fuscous, near costii white-edged and sharply marked ;
a narrow dark reddish-fuscous partly white-edged fascia before
middle, right-angled and narrowly interrupted in disc ; a dark
fuscous postei'ior blotch on costa, edged with white spots ; a
dark reddish -fuscous band from middle of fascia to tornus,
edged and interrupted with white spots ; a reddish -fuscous
suffusion below this, and some white and reddish-fuscous spots
above it ; a dark fuscous terminal streak. Hindwings light
grey.

]>ritaiu to the Orkneys, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ;
5, G. Larva in rootstock of Scabiosa ; 8-3.

2. C. subbaumanniana, Wilk. 13-16 mm. Differs from C.
baumanniana as follows : forewings with all dark markings
ferruginous, fascia obtusely angulated and with lower portion
less oblique inwardly, white markings more largely developed
and forming nearly continuous striae instead of spots ; hind-
wings usually rather darker.

Britain to Sutherland, rather common ; (iermany (?) ; G, 7.

4. EuPoECiiJA, Stjih.

Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings in c^ with small
costal fold ; 7 to apex. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7
closely appi-oximated towards base.

evpokcima] PHALONIADAE 555

Besides the following there is one other European species.
The imago flies freely in woods amongst its foodplant.

1. E. maculosana, Hiv. 11-14 mm. Forewings white, more
or less strigulated with grey ; basal area and broad cloudy
direct antemediau fascia dark grey, spotted in disc with black
and sometimes ferruginous ; a curved stria from torn us not
reaching costa, and a subapical fascia dark grey ; apex and
termen streaked with ferruginous. Hindwings in $ white,
costa, termen, and some anteapical spots dark fuscous, in $
wholly dark grey.

England, Kirkcudbright, E. Ireland, common ; Germany ; 5,
6. Larva white ; dorsal, spiracular, and subs{)iracular lines
pale ferruginous ; spots pale ferruginous ; head pale brown ;
plate of 2 black : in seed-vessels of Scilla nutans ; 7.

5. COMMOI'IIILA, lib.

Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings with more or less
developed scale-tufts on surface ; 3 and 4 sometimes stalked, 7
to apex. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 6 and 7
closely approximated towards base.

Includes a few European species only ; all are local, and the
perfect insects of very sluggish habit.

1. Head white . . . . .2.

,, yellowish ... 3. schreihtrsiana.

2. Tufts of forewings strong, numerous . 1. ruc/osana.

„ slight . . .2. amandana.

1. C. rugosana, lib. 1(3-20 nun. Head white. Forewings
with tufts numerous and conspicuous ; light brown, partly
rosy-tinged, mixed and partly striated with white and black ;
some irregular black marks in disc ; a triangular antemediau
costal blotch much marked with black in disc, enclosing a
white costal spot and edged by similar spots ; some grey spots
beneath this. Hindwings light fuscous, darker-strigulated.

England to York, local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 6. Larva
pale green ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 green : in berries of
Bryonia ; 7, 8.

2. C. amandana, HS. {sodaliana, Wilk.) 13-15 mm. Head
white. Forewings with tufts slight ; white, with scattered
dark fuscous scales, costa posteriorly spotted with dark fuscous ;
a black costal mark near base ; a quadrate median dorsal blotch
mixed with fuscous, dark fuscous, and gre}^, surmounted by
some flesh-coloui'ed marks and a black spot ; a broad fuscous
terminal fascia hardly reaching costa, in middle blotched with

556 TORTRICINA [commophila

black and mixed with silvery -white, with a ferrugiuous-red
apical spot. Hindwings pale grey, darker-strigulated.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva purplish, incisions
light green ; head yellow-brown ; plate of 2 black : in berries
of Rham7ius catharticus ; 7, 8.

3. C. schreibersiana, Frol. 12-15 mm. Head yellow-ochreous.
Forewings witii tufts slight ; dark fuscous, black-mixed, with
leaden-metallic striae ; basal blotch with edge sharply angulated
near costa, and a costal spot beyond middle bright yellow-
ochreous, striated with silvery-whitish, and marked on costa
with black. Hindwings dai'k fuscous.

Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunts, local ; C Europe, WC. Asia to
N. Persia ; 5, 6. Larva in bark of elm ; 8, 9.

6. Anisotaenia, Stph.

Thorax with posterior crest. Forewings : 7 to termen.
Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7 closely approximated
towards base.

The single species constituting this genus is a singular insect
of undefined type and rather uncertain affinities, but may prob-
ably be regarded as an early form of this family.

1. A. ulmana, Hb. 12-16 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
more or less strigulated or mixed with blackish, with some
obscure leaden-metallic spots ; an irregular white rather oblique
antemedian fascia, in $ slender, often interrupted or reduced to
one or two variable spots, in 5 rather broad, entire ; sometimes
two or three small white spots on costa posteriorly. Hind-
wings dark fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and ^V. Ireland, rather common ;
C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva in folded leaves of Jianuncidics
ficaria ; 4.

7. Clysia, Hh.

Thorax smooth. Forewings : 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen.
Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.

Also contains only a single species, which has seldom been
noticed in this country. The peculiar variability of the larval
habit seems to call for further investigation.

1. C. ambiguella, Hb. 12-15 nmi. Head whitish. Forewings
whitish-ochreous, clouded and sti'igulated with darker ochreous;
costal edge dark fuscous antcrioi-ly ; a bi'oad dai'k grey ante-
median fascia, mixed with blackish and iu disc with ferruginous,
much narrowed dorsally ; dorsum dotted with blackish ; some

clysia]

PHALONIADAE

557

blackish apical or subapical marks. Hindwings light grey, in
^ whitish-suffused anteriorl}'.

Sussex to Dorset and Essex, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
jialc brownish-yellow ; head and plate of 2 black : in berries of
Ehamnns frangula ; 1, 8. The larva cuts out a case from a
dead leaf to pupate in. On the Continent the larva feeds in
the flower buds of the vine, and is xevy injurious ; the variation
in habit is very remarkable.

8. EUXANTHIS, lib.

Thorax with posterior crest or smooth. Forewings : 7 to
termen. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.

A rather small genus, ranging throughout northern tem-
perate regions. The imagos occur more freely on the wing
than in most other genera of the family.

1. Costa of forewings nearly straight

„ „ moderately arched

2. Forewings oi'ange

,, pale ochreous .

3. Antemedian fascia entire .

,, ,, not reaching costa

4. Forewings with distinct darker basal and subter-

minal suffusions . .3. alternana.

,, without such suffusions . 2. straminea.

5. Termen ferruginous-fuscous . . 5. zoegana.

,, yellow . . . .6. hamana.

1. E. angustana, Tr. 11-15 mm. Forewings with costa
hardly arched ; ochreous-whitisli,
strigulated and blotched with
ochreous ; costal edge dark fus-
cous anteriorly ; a moderate
slightly curved antemedian fascia
and narrow terminal fascia leaden-
grey mixed with deep ochreous
and black. Hindwings whitish
or light fuscous, strigulated with
darker.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland,
common; C.Europe; 6, 8. Larva
pinkish ; head and plate of 2 dark

2.

5.

4. neneana.

3.

1. anr/Witana.

". 4.

Neuration of EuxantMs angustana.

brown : in flower-heads of Achillea, Plantago, Origanum, etc. ;
7, 9, 10.

2. E. straminea, Hiv. 15-18 mm. Forewings with costa

558 TORTKICINA [euxanthis

almost straiglit, wliitish-ochreous, clouded and strigulated with
darker ; a few dark fuscous scales on costa ; an ochreous-bi'own
streak from dorsum before middle parallel to termen, reaching
rather more than half across wing ; a fuscous dorsal dot before
tornus ; a brownish terminal line. Hind wings rather light
grey.

Britain to Argyll, N. and E. Ireland, ratlier local ; C. and
S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 5, G, 8. Larva whitish-
yellowish ; head black ; plate of 2 brown : in flower-heads of
Centaurea nigra ; 7, 9.

3. E. alternana, Stph. {jiUjantana, Gn.) 19-25 mm. Differs
from E. stramiyiea as follows : fore wings with costa and dorsum
distinctly spotted with fuscous, antemedian streak usually more
or less mixed with dark fuscous, preceded and followed by paler
suffusions, a curved transverse deeper ochreous subterminal
suffusion ; hindwings in c^ more whitish-grey.

Kent, Essex, York, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale
yellow ; spots small, black ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 black-
brown : in flower-heads of Centaurea scahiosa ; 6, 7.

4. E. aeneana, lib. 12-16 mm. Eorewings with costa
hardly arched ; deep orange ; costa and dorsum partly strigu-
lated with black ; rather broad very irregular central and
terminal fasciae black mixed with bright leaden -metallic.
Hindwings dark fuscous.

Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, P]ssex, local ; Germany ; 6. Larva
in roots of Seneeio jacohaea ; 9-4.

5. E. zoegana, L. 17-21 mm. Eorewings with costa moder-
ately arched; bright yellow or yellowish-ferruginous ; costal edge,
a small subdorsal spot before middle, and a large terminal
blotch with angulated edge including a spot of ground-colour
ferruginous-fuscous. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Stirling, N. Ireland, rather common ; C. Euro])e ;
6-8. Larva in roots of Scahiosa cohmibaria ; 9-4.

6. E. hamana, L. 17-23 mm. Eorewings with costa moder-
ately arched ; pale yellow ; base of costa, and a streak from
disc beyond middle to tornus ferruginous-fuscous ; sometimes
several irregular variable ferruginous marks towards margins.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; G. and SW. Europe,
WG. Asia to N. Persia; G-8. Larva jirobably in roots of
Cai'duus.

hystekosia] rHALONIADAK 559

9. HY8rEi;o.siA, Stjih.

Tliorrtx smoutli. Forewings in ^ with strong C(_)stal fold ;
7 to ternien. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate, G and 7 closely
approximated towards base.

0\\\y the one species is known. There can be little doubt
that it is an early unspecialised form, correctly indicating the
line of ancestral connection with the typical I'ortricidae.

1. H. inopiana, Hw. 19-22 mm. Forewings light ochreous,
more or less sprinkled or strigulated with brownish, sometimes
reddish -tinged ; sometimes two darker dots in disc beyond
middle. Hindwings pale fuscous.

England to York, W. Ireland, local ; ('. Euro})e, N. America;
7. Larva ochreous-whitish ; head and plate of 2 brown : in
roots of Artemisia campestris ; 9-4.

4. TRYPANIDAE.

Ocelli absent. Forewings : 2 from ])Osterior third of cell, 9
out of 7. Hindwings : lower median vein without defined basal
pecten of hairs.

A family of inconsiderable extent ; probably Indo-Malayan
in origin, but generally distributed except in New Zealand. It
represents an early unspecialised type of the Tortricina, though
the larva exhibits vei-y strongly the peculiar tendency of
internal-feeding larvae of this group towards a pink colouring;
the internal -feeding larvae of other groups being usually
whitish. The large size of the single British species (not how-
ever always maintained in exotic forms) is doubtless dvie to the
wood-feeding habit, which removes the ordinary restrictions of
season and food-supply. Imago with type of markings as in the
Tortricidae, but ill-defined.

1. Trypanu.s, Rnmh.

Tongue obsolete. Antennae -g--§, lamellate throughout, in J
more strongly. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, with
dense loosely appressed scales, terminal joint very short.
Posterior tibiae rough- scaled. Forewings : forked parting-vein
well-marked, 8 and 9 out of 7, 8 to below apex, 11 from before
middle. Hindwings ovate, densely hairy beneath cell towards
base, cilia short; forked parting-vein well-marked, 6 and 7
connate or approximated.

A small genus, yet occurring in all main regions, except New

560

TORTRICINA

[trypanus

Zealand. Imago with forewings elongate-triangular, dorsum
rounded-prominent towards base, body stout and heavy. Larva
stout, eating galleries in solid wood. Pvipa subterranean.
1. T. cossus, L. {ligniperda, F.) 70-94 mm. Collar edged
with pale ochreous. Thorax with
blackish posterior irregular bar.
Foi'ewings pale brown, mixed with
whitish, with numerous irregular
partly anastomosing more or less
alternating brown and blackish
striae ; a stronger blackisli line
from I of costa to near tornus, pre-
ceded towards costa by a fuscous
band, and another from costa near
apex. Hindwings pale fuscous
reticulated with darker.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather
common ; Europe, WC. Asia to
Larva brown-red above, on sides
yellowish-fleshcolour ; head black ; plate of 2 dark brown : in
trunks of elm, ash, poplar, etc. ; 7-6, usually living two or

Neuration of Trypanus cossus.

N. Persia, N. Africa; 6-8

more years,
rank odour.

This larva gives out a strong and unpleasant

8. TINEINA.

Head with appressed scales or rough -haired (Tineidae).
xintennae usually | or more. Maxillary palpi often developed.
Labial palpi with terminal joint more or less pointed. Tibiae
with all spurs present, long. Forewings : lb normally furcate,
Ic more or less developed, 5 noi-mally not more approximated
to 4 than to 6, neuration sometimes much degraded. Hindwings
with frenulum, Ic present (sometimes doubtful in forms with
degraded neui'ation), 8 sometimes connected with middle of
uppermarginof cell, thence diverging, iie\domiibiient{Ae(jcfiadae),
neui'ation sometimes much degraded.

Probably far more numerous than any of the other groups,
though the small size of the species has led to their being often
neglected. In certain families (especially the Tineidae) there
is a remarkable tendency to degradation of the wing-structure,
the wings becoming very narrow (compensation being aftbrded
by a great increase in the length of the cilia), and many of the
veins disappearing by coincidence. Notwithstanding the great

TINEINA 561

difference of structure between exti'eme forms, the whole are so
closely connected by intermediate gradations that the clear
definition of families is by no means easy.

Imago with forewings more or less elongate, varying from
oblong to linear ; hindwings varying from ovate to linear.

Type of markings : forewings with three small dark spots or
dots {stigmata), two being in disc before and beyond middle
respectively {first and second discal), and one on fold before
middle {jylical) ; hindwings without markings.

Ovum usually roundish or oval, smooth, but comparatively
little known.

Larva more or less elongate, with few hairs, usually living
concealed, but very various in habit.

Pupa with free segments variable ; in earlier forms protruded
from cocoon in emergence, not in higher forms.

In the diagram illustrating the phylogeny the Microptery-
gidae are introduced in brackets to explain the common
ancestry ; the PluteUidae and Tineidae must not however be
conceived as originating independently from that family, but
from an unknown common progenitor possessing hindwings of
the normal Tiueid type.

Phylogeny of Tineina.

Aegeriadae Gelechiadae Oecojilioridae Elacliistidae

PluteUidae Tineidae

[Micropterygidae]

Tabulation of Families.

1. Hindwings with 8 absent . . 1. Aegeriadae.

,, ,, 8 present . . . .2.

2. Head at least partly rough-haired 6. Tineidae (part).

„ smooth or with loosely appressed hairs . 3.

3. Antennae with basal eyecap . 6. Tineidae (part).

,, without eyecap . . .4.

4. Maxillary palpi developed . . .5.

,, ,, rudimentary . . .6.

5. Forewings with 7 to termen 5. Plutellidae (part).

,, „ 7 to costa . 6. Tineidae (part).

2o

562 TINEINA

6. Hindwiiigs with 8 more or less distinctly connected

with cell, termen usually sinuate

2. Gelechiadae.
,, 8 not connected with cell, tcnnen not

sinuate . . . .7.

7. Hindwings with 6 and 7 neai'ly parallel . . 8.

,, approximated, stalked, or coincident . 9.

8. Posterior tibiae hairy . . 3. Oecopiioridae.

,, ,, smooth . . 5. Plutellidae (part).

9. Hindwings elongate-ovate, over 1 5. Plutellidae (part).

„ lanceolate or linear, under 1 4. Elachistidab.

1. AEGERIADAE.

Head with appressed or rather rough hairs. Ocelli present.
Antennae ^-^, gradually dilated from about middle to near
apex, thence rather pointed, terminating in a small hair-pencil.
Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, terminal joint
short, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae
more or less rough-haired. Forewings : lb obsoletely furcate,
7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings 1 or over 1, elongate -ovate ; 5
absent, 6 and 7 tolerably parallel, 8 absent (probably absorbed
in costa).

A rather considerable family, principally inhabiting the
Northern hemisphere. Imago with wings partially hyaline,
forewings elongate, narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, apex
obtuse ; hindwings elongate-ovate. The species are diui'ual in
habit, flying in hot sunshine ; their flight is usually rapid.
The supposed resemblance to Ilymenoptera is probably in most
instances imaginary ; but Aegeria apiformis seems to be a true
mimic of the hornet ( Vespa crabro), and some exotic species
are faithful copies of hairy bees.

Larva elongate, with 10 prologs; feeding in wood of trees
or rootstocks of plants. I'upa with abdoininal whorls of spines,
segiuents 8-11 free, in cJ 12 also; situated within the larval
gallery.

The first two genera may be taken as developments of the
third. The family is derived from forms of PluteUidae (allied
to Ileliostihes) transitional between the Simaethis group and the
Gelechiadae.

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Hindwings with ."i and 4 se])arate . 3. Sclvptehon.

„ ,, '■) and 4 stalked . . .2.

AEGERIADAE

563

2. Tongue rudimentary ; 7 of forewings to termou

1. Aegeria.
„ developed ; 7 of forewings to apex

2. Trochilium.
1. Aegeria, F.

Head shortly rough -liaired above. Tongue rudimentary.
Antennae i, in ^ lamellate. Labial palpi with second joint
rough-scaled beneath, terminal loosely scaled. Abdomen "stout.
Forewings : 7 to termen. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked.

A small genus, characteristic of the European region. The
imagos are seldom observed, though the larvae are common.

Collar yellow ... 2. crahroniformis.

,, dark fuscous . . . .1. apiforiuis.

1. A. apiformis, CI. 33-44 mm. Head yellow. Thorax
blackish, with a yellow patch on
each side anteriorly. Abdomen
black, with yellow bands except
on segment 3. Posterior legs
internally orange. Forewings
hyaline ; costal and dorsal streaks
and margins of cell ferruginous-
brown ; veins 2 - 8 dark fuscous ;
cilia fuscous or dark fuscous.
Hindwings hyaline; veins and cilia
dark fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia,
N. America; 6, 7. Larva ochreous - whitish ; head reddish-
brown; plate of 2 yellow - brownish : in trunk and roots of
poplar ; 8-4, but sometimes living two years.

2. A. crabroniformis, Letv. (bembedformis, Hb.) 31-44 mm.
Head and thorax dark fuscous, collar yellow. Abdomen with
four or more yellow bands. Forewings hyaline ; costa, base of
dorsum, and veins to end of cell ferruginous -orange, veins
posteriorly black ; cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings hyaline ;
veins and cilia dark fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, local ; Holland, Germany ;
6, 7. Larva ochreous-whitish ; head reddish-brown ; plate of 2
yellow-brownish : in stems of S'alix ; 8-6

NeuKit ion iif Aegeria apifoi-mis.

2. Trochilium, Sc.

Head with appressed hairs. Tongue developed. Antennae
•4, in (^ sometimes subdentate, ciliated. Labial palpi with

564 TINEIlSrA [trochilium

second joint thickened with rough scales beneath, terminal
loosely scaled. Abdomen with large flattened expansible anal
tuft. Forewings : 7 to apex. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked.

A considerable genus, but mainly confined to tlie European
region, with a few species in other parts of the Northern hemi-
sphere, and two or three stragglers further south. The species
are on the whole so difficult of observation tliat they are prob-
ably much overlooked ; the imagos require a knowledge of their
special habits, and are even then hard to see, sometimes almost
invisible on the wing ; and those larvae wliich feed in solid
wood are troublesome to obtain.

1. Face wholly black . . . .2

,, white at least on sides . . .3

2. Antennae with white subapical baud . 2. spheciforme.

,, without white band . 3. amlreniforme.

3. Forewings with subdorsal hyaline area reaching trans-

verse vein . 4.
„ „ „ ,, absent or not reaching

transverse vein 9.

4. Transverse bar posteriorly orange . 5. asilifornie.

,, ,, not orange . . .5.

5. Terminal fascia red . . 8. farmiciforme.

,, ,, not red . . . .6.

6. Terminal fascia suffused with yellow . 4. tipuiiforme.

„ „ not suffused with yellow . . 7.

7. Abdomen with two yellow rings . .1. scoliiforvw.

,, ,, one red (seldom white) band . 8.

8. Palpi beneath reddish-orange . .7. culiciforme.

,, ,, not orange . . 6. myopiforme.

9. Forewings marked with orange-red . . 10.

,, without red scales . 10. musciforme.

10. x\ual tuft reddish-orange . 11. chrysidiforme.

„ „ not orange . . 9. ichneiunoniforrne.

1. T. scoliiforme, Bkh. 25-34 mm. Head with white vertical
oar before each eye and yellow ring at back. Antennae broadly
ochreous-white towards apex. Abdomen with yellow rings on
2 and 4 ; anal tuft orange. Forewings hyaline ; costal and
dorsal streaks black sprinkled with yellow ; veins, a broad
bar on transverse vein projecting angularly towards base, and
broad terminal fascia narrowed to tornus violet-black. Hind-
wings hyaline ; veins, a triangular bar on transverse vein, and
termen black.

Denbigh, Perth and Argyll to Sutherland, local and un-

trochilium] AEGERIADAE 565

common; N. and C. Europe; 6, 7. Larva whitish -ochrcoiis,
pinkish-tinu'c'd ; licad Ijrown : in hark of hircli ; 8-4.

2. T. spheciforme, Gem. 27-30 mm. Head wliolly black.
Antennae with broad ochreous-white subapical band. Abdomen
with yellow ring on 2 ; anal tuft black. Forewings hyaline ;
costal and dorsal streaks, veins, a thick bar on transverse vein,
and broad terminal fascia narrowed to tornus violet-black.
Hindwings hyaline ; veins, a triangular mark on transverse
vein, and termen violet-black.

England to York, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; G.
Larva whitish-ochreous, ])inkish-tinged ; head red-brown ; plate
of 2 outlined with brownish : in stems of alder ; 9-5.

3. T. andreniforme, Lasp. {aJlantiformis, Wd.) 20-22 mm.
Head wholly black. Abdomen with yellow rings on 2 and 4;
anal tuft pai'tly yellow. P"'orewings hyaline ; costal and dorsal
streaks, veins, a thick bar on transverse vein, and terminal
fascia narrowed to tornus violet -black, fascia mixed with
yellow between veins. Hindwings hyaline ; veins, a triangular
mark on transverse vein, and termen violet-black.

Kent, Gloucester and Hereford to Leicester, local and scai'ce ;
Austria, Hungary, S. llussia ; 6. Possibly the larva may feed
in stems of Corniis.

4. T. tipuliforme, CI. 18-20 mm. Head with white vertical
bar before each eye and yellow ring at back. Abdomen with
yellow rings on 2, 4, 6, and 7, one of two last sometimes absent,
anal tuft black. Forewings hyaline ; costal and dorsal streaks,
and broad terminal fascia narrowed to torniis violet-black mixed
with yellow ; veins, and a thick bar on transverse vein violet-
black. Hindwings hyaline ; veins, a triangular spot on upper
part of transverse vein, and termen violet-black.

Britain to Argyll, conniion ; N., C, and SE. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. America, Australia, New Zealand, but in the two
latter regions (perhaps also elsewhere) artificially introduced ;
6, 7. Larva ochreous-whitish, sometimes pinkish-tinged ; head
red-brown ; plate of 2 pale brownish : in branches of currant
(especially JiiOes nigmim) ; 8-5.

5. T. asiliforme, Eott. {cynijnformis, Esp.) 17-25 mm. Head
with white vertical bar before each eye and yellow ring at back.
Abdomen with yellow rings on 2, 4, 6, 7, one of the two last
sometimes absent ; anal tuft usually partly yellow. Legs yellow,
tibiae with black bands. Forewings hyaline ; costal and dorsal
sti'eaks and bar on transverse vein purple -black mixed with
orange ; veins and terminal fascia narrowed to tornus purple-

566 TINEINA Ttrochiuum

black. Hindwings hyaline ; costa yellow ; veins, triangular
spot on upper part of transverse vein, and termen black.

5. England to Stafford, Westmoreland, local ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minoi", N. America ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous-
whitisb, pinkiisb - tinged ; head red - brown ; plate on 2
brownish -tinged : in bark of oak ; 8-5, but sometimes living
two years.

6. T. myopiforme, Bkh. 17-21 mm. Head with white
vertical bar Ijcfore each eye. Abdomen with red band on
4 ; anal tuft black. Forewings hyaline ; costal and dorsal
streaks, veins, a thick bar on transverse vein, and terminal
fascia narrowed to tornus purple-black. Hindwings hyaline ;
veins, a triangular spot on upper part of transverse vein, and
termen black.

England to York, local ; C. and SE. Europe ; 6-8. Larva
ochreous-whitish, pinkish-tinged ; head red-brown ; plate of 2
brown-tinged : in bark of ajiplc, peai", and Pi/rus aucvparia ;
8-6.

7. T. culiciforme, L. 2.3-2S mm. Differs from T. myopiforme
as follows : ])alpi beneath red dish -orange ; forewings towards
base mixed with orange.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous-whitish ;
head red-brown ; plate of 2 vellow-brownish : in stems of birch ;
8-5.

8. T. formiciforme, Esp. 20-23 mm. Head with white vertical
bar before each eye. Palpi beneath reddish-orange. Abdomen
with 2 and 3 yellow-sprinkled, 4 red. Forewings hyaline;
costal and dorsal streaks violet-black mixed with orange-red ;
veins and a bar on transverse vein black ; terminal fascia
narrowed to tornus red. Hindwings hyaline ; veins, a spot on
upper part of transverse vein, and termen black.

England to York, local ; N., C, and SE. Europe ; 6. Larva
whitish ; head brown ; plate of 2 yellow-brownish : in stems of
Salix viminalis and S. alba ; 8-5.

9. T. ichneumoniforme, F. 17-20 mm. Face yellow-whitish
on sides or wholly. Abdomen with more or less developed
yellow rings on all segments. Forewings hyaline ; costal and
dorsal streaks, veins, a bar on transverse vein, and termen dark
fuscous; dorsal streak anteriorly red-mixed, broader on posterior
half; bar red -margined posteriorly; terminal fascia dull red.
Hindwings hyaline ; veins, a spot on upper part of transverse
vein, and termen dark fuscous.

I

trociiilium] AEGERIADAE 567

England to York, Argyll, rather common ; Europe, Asia
Minor to Syria, N. Asia, N. Africa ; 7. Larva ocbreous-
whitish, pinkish - tinged ; head brown, j)ale-marked; plate of
2 more ochreous : in stems and roots of Lotus corniculatus :
8-6.

10. T. musciforme. View, {philanthifortnis, Lasp.) 16-18
mm. P^acc wiiite on sides. Abdomen with fine white rings
on 2, 4, and 6. Forewings hyaline ; costal and dorsal streaks,
veins, a thick bar on transverse vein, and terminal fascia dark
fuscous ; dorsal streak reaching margin of cell nearly through-
out; fascia mixed with fuscous-whitish. Hindwings hyaline;
veins, a triangular spot on transverse vein, and termen dark
fuscous.

Cornwall to I. of Man, Scotland to Caledonian Canal, PI
Ireland, on coasts, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva ochrcous-
whitish ; head light reddish-brown ; plate of 2 pale brownish :
in stocks of Staiice armeria ; 8-5.

11. T. chrysidiforme, Esp. 17-20 mm. Face white. Abdo-
men with pale yellowish riiigs on 4 and 6 ; anal tuft reddish-
orange, sides black. Forewings orange-red, with small hyaline
discal and posterior patches ; costal streak and a square spot
on transverse vein touching it indigo-black ; a dark purplish-
fuscous terminal suffusion. Hindwings hyaline ; veins, a spot
on upper part of transverse vein, and termen black.

Kent, Sussex, on coasts, local ; WC. and SW. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva brownish-whitish ; head and ])lato of 2 reddish-brown:
in roots of Rumex ; 8-5.

3. SciAPTERON, St;lf

Head with appressed hairs. Tongue developed. Antennae
|, in $ with strongly ciliated lamellae. Labial palpi with
second joint clothed with dense projecting hairs beneath,
terminal loosely haired. Abdomen with expansible anal tuft.
Foi'ewings : 7 to apex. Hindwings : 3 and 4 separate.

A moderate genus, almost confined to the more southern
parts of Asia, -with one European species only.

1. S. tabaniforme, Rott. \ves2nf0rme, Westw., non L.) 28-31
nmi. Head with white yertical bar before each eye, and
yellow posterior ring. Abdomen with yellow rings on 2, 4, 6,
and sometimes 7. Middle and posterior tibiae orange, black-
banded. Forewings rather dark fuscous, with elongate obscure
h^-aline patch towards base; costal streak violet -blackish.
Hindwings hyaline ; veins and termen dark fuscous.

568 TINEINA [sciapteron

Essex, scarce or a casual immigrant only ; Europe, Syria ;
6, 7. Larva in stems and roots of poplar ; 9-5

2. GELECHIADAE.

Head smooth. Tongue developed. Antennae -l-l-, in S
simple or shortly ciliated, basal joint usually without pecten.
Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, terminal joint pointed,
usually slender and very acute. Maxillary palpi very short,
appressed. Posterior tibiae usually more or less rough-haired.
Foi'e wings : lb furcate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa or rarely
to apex. Hindwings sometimes over 1, more or less trapezoidal,
termen usually siniiate or emarginate ; all veins present, 6 and
7 usually stalked or approximated at base, 8 more or less
distinctly connected with cell in middle.

An extremely large famil}^, dominant almost throughout the
gk)be, but not numerous in New Zealand. It is almost always
recognisable by the peculiar form of the hindwings, which in
their more characteristic developments are different from those
of any other Lejndoptera, or indeed any other insects. The
earliest genera, which have simply elongate -ovate hindwings,
approximate to the Oeayphoridae, but can be separated from
them by 6 and 7 not being parallel.

Larva with 10 pi'olegs, rarely almost apodal ; usually feeding
amongst spun leaves or shoots, sometimes in seed-heads or roots,
seldom mining or case-bearing. Pupa with segments 9-1 1 free ;
not protruded from cocoon in emergence.

The phylogeny of the leading genera is given in the
diagram.

Fhylogeny of Gelechiadae

Parasia Paltodora Ptocheiiusa

Aristotelia Stenolecliia Apliananla Auacampsis Acaiitliopliila

I \ \ \ I

I
Gelechia Psoricoptera J^racliiuia

I I

I
Recxirvaria

I
Ypsolophus Anarsia

I I

I
Svmmoca

!

GELECHIADAE 569

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Terminal joint of palpi with scale-projection above 2.

,, ,, ,, without projection above . 3.

2. Forewings with 7 and 8 out of 6 . . 20. Chelaiua.

,, ., G separate . 14. Psoricoptera.

3. Second joint of palpi with tuft or long hairs beneath 4.

., ., ,, at most rough-scaled . 6.

4. Hindwings with 5 rising nearer 6 . 3. Paltodora.

,, ,, ,, nearer 4 . .5

5. Terminal joint of palpi in ^ very short, concealed

19. Anarsia.
,, „ ,, ,, long, exposed 18. Ypsolophus.

6. Forewings with 8 out of 6 . . .7.

,, ,, out of 7 or absent . .12.

7. Forewings with 4 absent . . G. Ptucheuusa.

„ „ 4 present . . .8.

8. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate . . .9.

,, ,, ,, remote, parallel . 10.

9. Hindwings with G and 7 stalked . . S. Fpitiiectis.

,, ,, ,, somewhat approximated

7. Aphanaula.

10. Hindwings with G and 7 stalked . . 2. Sitotroga.

,, ,, ,, somewhat approximated 11.

11. Palpi loosely scaled . . .1. Parasia.

,, smooth-scaled . 4. Aristotelia {hifractella).

12. Forewings with 9 out of 7 . . .13.

,, 5) 9 separate . . .14.

13. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked . . IG. Brachmia.

„ ,, ,, separate . 10. Acanthophila.

14. Forewings with 3 absent . . 5. Stenolechia.

,, ,, all veins present . . .15.

15. Hindwings with 3 and 4 remote . . . IG.

,, ,, ,, connate . . .17.

16. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked . 11. Xenolechia.

,, ,, ,, separate 4. Aristotelia.

17. Second joint of palpi smooth-scaled . .18

,, ,, ,, more or less rough beneath . 21.

18. Terminal joint of palpi distinctly longer than second 1 9.

,, ,, ,, not longer than second . 20.

1 9. Termen of hindwings sinuate beneath apex 9. Anacampsis.

,, ,, not sinuate . 13. Tachyptilia.

20. Hindwings over 1, termen sinuate 17. Recurvarja.

570

TINEINA

Hindwings 1 or less, termcn not sinuate 21. Symmoca.

21. Abdomen flattened . . 15. Platyedra.

„ not flattened . . .12. Gelechia.

1. Parasia, Diip.

Labial palpi very long, more or less thickened with some-
what loose scales, terminal johit much shorter than second.
Forewings : 7 and 8 out of 6. Hindwings under 1, elongate-
trapezoidal, apex acute, produced, termen sinuate, cilia 2 ; 3
and 4 remote, parallel, 5 approximated to 6, 6 and 7 somewhat
approximated.

A small northeni temperate genus, derived from Aristotelia.
Imago with forewings elongate, narrow, pointed. Larva feeding
in seedheads of Compositne and allies.

1. Terminal joint of palpi slender . . 3. cnrlmeUa.

„ thick . . .2.

2. Stigmata marked . . . .3.

,, not marked . . 1. neuroj)ttrella.

3. Forewings pale dull ochreous . . 4. lajipella.

,, yellowish and reddish-ochreous 2. 'nietzneriella.

1. P. neuropterella, Z. 15-19 mm. Terminal joint of palpi

thick, less than half second.
Forewings whitish - ochreous,
along costa and towards apex
reddish-ochreous; veins marked
with dark brown lines, termin-
ally suffused ; suffused spots on
costa at base, beyond middle,
and apex, and an oblique some-
times interrupted bar from
costa before middle dark bi'own.
Hindwings grey.

Kent, Surrey, Westmore-
land, local ; C. and SE. Europe ;
7, 8. Larva in seedheads of Di2)sacus and Carlma; 10-5.

2. P. nietzneriella, Stt. 15-19 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
thick, half second. Forewings pale yellow -ochreous, towards
costa reddish-ochreous ; margins and veins more or less suffused
Avith grey, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; stigmata black, first
discal much beyond plical. Hindwings grey.

Kent to Hants and Norfolk, Cheshire to Durham, local ; C.
Europe ; 6-8. Larva yellow-whitish ; head and plate of 2 dark
fuscous : in seedheads of Centaurea nigra; 10-4.

NouratioTi and head of Parasia neuropterella.

rA kasia] GELECHIADAE 571

3. P. carlinella, Sft. 13-lG mm. Terminal joint of palpi
slender, ^ of second. Forcwings pale oclireous, more or less
wholly suffused with reddish-ochreous ; margins and veins
partly marked with fuscous lines. Hindwings grey.

England, local ; C. Europe ; G, 7. Larva whitish ; head
and plate of 2 blackish : in seedheads of Carlina tndgaris;
10-4.

4. P. lappella, L. 17-20 mm. Terminal joint of palpi thick,
half second. Foi'ewings pale dull ochreous, more or less
streaked or suffused with brown ; stigmata blackish, sometimes
indistinct, fii'st discal much beyond plical. Hindwings grey.

England, local ; Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 6, 7.
Larva whitish ; head dark fuscous : in seedheads of Arctium
lappa; 9-4.

2. SiTOTROGA, Hein.

Basal joint of antennae long, with pecten. Labial pialpi
with second joint rough beneath, terminal longer than second.
Forewings : 7 and 8 out of C. Hindwings luider 1, elongate-
trapezoidal, apex pointed, produced, termen emarginate, cilia
2 ; 3, 4, 5 remote and parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.

Includes only the single species ; a development of Aristofelia.
Imago with forewings elongate, narrow, |)ointcd.

1. S. cerealella, 01. 11-16 mm. Head ochreous -whitish.
Forewings pale ochreous, more or less sprinkled with brownish;
])lical and second discal stigmata blackish ; often a blackish
tornal dot ; some black scales at apex and on an apical bar in
cilia. Hindwings grey.

Dorset, Norfolk, Lancashire, Lanark, very local, doubtless
introduced; C. and S. Europe, N. America, Australia; 5, 6.
Larva in grains of wheat, maize, etc.; 10-3. Probably not a
true native of Europe, but its origin is luicertain. The imago
much resembles a fragment of cliaff.

3. Paltodora, Meijr.

Second joint of labial palpi with long rough spreading haiib
beneath, terminal as long as second. Forewings : 7 and 8 out
of 6. Hindwings under 1, elongate -trapezoidal, apex pointed,
produced, termen emarginate, cilia 3 ; 3 and 4 remote, parallel,
5 nearer 6, 6 and 7 approximated.

A small genus, but very widely distributed. Imago with
forewings elongate, narrow, pointed.

572

TINEINA

[l'AI,TODORA

Second discal stigma black . . .1. striatella.

„ ,, ,, absent . .2. cytisella.

1. P. striatella, lib. 11-13 mm. Head ochreons- whitish.
Forewings dark brown; an indistinct ochreous-whitish longi-
tudinal line in disc and another along fold, interrupted on
anterior stigmata ; second discal stigma black ; a fine white line
from -I of costa to termen ; some whitish dashes in cilia.
Hindwings dark grey.

Kent to Hants and Cambridge, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia, N. America; 7, 8. Larva in stems of Tanacet^im;
10-5.

2. P. cytisella, Curt. 10-11 mm. Head ochreous-whitish.
Forewings ochreous - yellowish, towards costa si:)rinkled or
suffused with f uspous ; a yellowish-white streak from f of costa
towards termen, not reaching it ; usually an indistinct out-
wardly oblique whitish tornal mark. Hindwings grey.

England, S. Ireland, rather local ; C. and SE. Europe ; 7.

^

^.

4. Aristotblia, lib.

Second joint of labial palpi thickened with appressed scales
or sometimes rough beneath, terminal nearly as long or longer.

Forewings : 6 sometimes out
of 7, rarely 7 and 8 out of 6.
Hindwings 1 or somewhat less,
elongate-trapezoidal, apex
pointed, produced, termen sinu-
ate or emarginate, cilia l^-S;
3, 4, 5 remote, nearly parallel,
6 and 7 remote or somewhat
approximated.

A genus of some extent, but
principally characteristic of the
Northern hemisphere. Imago
with forewings elongate, narrow,
pointed.
Forewings with pale transverse markings before

middle . . . .2.

,, without such markings . . 7.

Forewings bright orange . . .1. herninnneUa.

,, not orange . . . .3.

Forewings whitish-ochreous . . 7. hrizella.

., not whitish-ochreous . . .4.

Neiiration and head of Aristotdia ericineUa.

1.

2.

3.

aristotelia] GELECHIADAE 573

4. Forewings with dorsum reddish-ochreous . 5.

,, ,, ,, not reddish-ochreous . 6.

5. Fasciae rosy-silvery, well-defined . . 6. ericinella.

,, whitish, ill-defined . 5. subdecurtella.

6. Forewings with silvery fascia at f . 3. pictella.

,, without such fascia . . 4. tarquiniella.

7. Forewings with yellow median subdorsal spot 2. stipella.

„ without such spot . . .8.

8. Head and palpi orange . . .8. lifracteUa.

„ „ „ not orange . . .9.

9. Veins of forewings marked with pale streaks 20. paltistrella.

„ ,, not streaked . . .10

10. Head whitish . . . . .11

,, not whitish . . . .13.

11. Forewings with black costal dot at f .19. stiffusella.

,, without black costal dot . .12.

1 2. Costa broadly suffused with ochreous-whitish 2 1 . divisella.

,, not paler . . . 18. tetragonella.

13. Abdomen at least partly yellowish . .14.

,, not yellowish . . . .15.

14. Forewings with wdiitish posterior costal spot 17. elongella.

,, without whitish costal spot 12. lutulentella.

15. Forewings with pale oblong patch in disc 16. luciddla.

,, without such patch . . .16

16. Forewings with distinct whitish -ochreous tornal

spot . . . 9. atrella.

,, without such spot . . .17.

17. Posterior tibiae ochreous-yellowish . .18.

,, ,, not ochreous-yellowish . .19.

1 8. Forewings purplish-tinged, without pale costal mark

13. morosa.
„ not purjjlish- tinged, usually with pale

costal mark . 14. quaestionella.

19. Forewings with pale costal spot . 15. arundinetella.

,, without pale costal spot . . 20.

20. Forewings dark shining bronzy . ,10. tenehrella.

„ brownish, irrorated with pale \\. 23ulveratella.

1. A. hermannella, F. 8-9 mm. Head and thorax metallic
brassy -grey. Forewings bright orange ; a fascia before
middle and about eight irregular spots leaden -metallic, mostly
margined irregularly with black ; apes black. Hindwings grey.

Kent to Cheshire and York, local ; N. and C. Europe, WC.
Asia to N. Persia, N. America ; 5, 6, 8. Larva yellow-whitish.

574 TINEINA [aristotelta

more or less spotted with crimson; head pale bi-own : in greenish
blotches in leaves of Chenopodium and Atriplex; 7, 9.

2. A. stipella, Hh. (naevifereUa, Dup.) 8-10 mm. Head
metallic brassy-grey. Forewings dark purplish-grey, mixed with
black, with some whitish scales ; a yellow subdorsal spot in
middle, and a smaller one in disc posteriorly; an ill-defined
ochreous- white tornal spot, and another on costa at f. Hmd-
wings grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 5, 6, 8. Larva yellow-whitish ; dorsal line brownish ;
lateral line of orange -reddish spots; head pale brown; plate
of 2 blackish : in whitish blotches in leaves of Chenopodium and
Atriplex; 6, 9, 10. Only the variety naevifereUa, which is the
form described above, occurs in Britain ; the typical stipella,
which has the yellow markings much more largely developed,
is South European.

3. A. pictella, Z. S 9-10 mm., ? 8 mm. Head white.
Antennae with apical third white. Forewings blackish ; two
bars from costa, at \ and \, a sti-aight sometimes interrupted
oblique fascia at f , and an apical spot silvery-metallic ; white
spots in cilia on costal extremity of fascia and at apex. Hind-
wings pale grey.

Kent to Dorset and York, Lancashire, local, in sandy places;
C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 8. Larva light rosy ; head pale
brown ; 2 brownish : in silken galleries on Cerastimii triviule ;
5,7.

4. A. tarquiniella, Stt. Differs from A. pictella in the
absence of the posterior silvery fascia of forewings.

E. Ireland (Dublin), on sandhills, local ; not recorded else-
where ; 6. Possibly a geographical form of A. pictella.

5. A. subdecurtella, >itt. 12-14 mm. Forewings dark
fuscous, with a broad light reddish-ochreous dorsal streak ending
in a bar at tornus ; three very ill-defined fasciae of white
irro ration more distinct dorsally, first almost basal, second
about \, oblique, third beyond middle, broad ; silvery-white
opposite costal and tornal spots at f , sometimes connected ; an
indistinct fine blackish line along fold ; stigmata blackish, ill-
defined. Hindwings grey.

Norfolk, Cambridge, local, in fens ; N. Cermany ; 7. Larva
in spun shoots of Lythriuni salicaria ; 6.

6. A. ericinella, Dup. 12-13 mm. Forewings dark fuscous;
a dorsal streak to beyond middle, and sometimes a posterior
spot in disc reddish ocliroous ; a spot on dorsum at base, an

aristotelia] GELECHIADAE 575

oblique fascia at \, a costally furcate fascia in middle, a tornal
spot, a costal spot beyond it, and some terminal dots rosy-
silvery; stigmata sometimes obscurely blackish. Hindwings
grey.

England to A\ estmoreland, common; C. Europe; 7, 8.
Larva ochreous-brown, rosy-tinged ; subdorsal line dark brown,
partly edged with pale yellowish ; spiracular juile yellowish,
slender ; head and front of 2 pale brown : in silken galleries on
Calliina ; 6, 7.

7. A. brizella, Tr. 10-12 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
along costa ochreous-brownish ; four slender silvery fasciae,
first three angulated in middle, often interrupted or indistinct
on lower half, fourth straight, inwardly oblique ; plical and
second discal stigmata small, black ; often a black tornal dot ;
some whitish terminal dots. Hindwings light grey.

Sussex to Devon and Durham, on coasts, local ; Germany,
Finland ; 5, 6, 8. Larva yellowish-brown ; spots whitish ; head
brown ; plate of 2 black : in flower-heads of Statice armeria ;
6, 7, 9, 10.

8. A. bifractella, Dyl. 9-12 mm. Head and palpi orange,
face sometimes whitish. Forewings dark fuscous, sprinkled with
grey-whitish, dorsally more or less mixed with ferruginous-
orange ; usually a more distinct small tornal orange mark ; an
ill-defined ochreous-whitish or pale orange costal spot beyond
it, sometimes finely connected ; veins 7 and 8 out of G. Hind-
wings grey.

S. England to Hereford and Cambridge, rather common ;
C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva almost apodal,
stout, whitish ; head yellow-brown : in seedheads of Inula and
Conyza ; 10-4.

9. A. atrella, //»'. 11-13 mm. Palpi pale yellowish. Fore-
wings dark purplish - fuscous ; a triangular whitish-ochreous
tornal spot, and another on costa beyond it. Hindwings
grey.

England, rather common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva pale
whitish-green ; head very pale brown ; 2 with a grey plate and
two black spots : in stems of Hypericum ; 5. Pupa in a flat
case formed of a portion of the mined stem.

10. A. tenebrella, Uh. {tenehroseUa, Z.) 10-12 nmi.
Antennae with apical third in $ white. Forewings unicolorous
dark shining bronzy ; base of costa purplish-tinged. Hindwings
grey.

England, Hebrides, common ; C. and SE. Europe ; 6, 7.

576 TINEINA [aristotelia

Larva reddish ; spots brown ; head and plate of 2 black-brown :
in rootstocks of Rumex acetosella ; 9-4.

11. A. pulveratella, HS. {intaminatella, Stt.) 10-13 mm.
Forewings light brownish, densely irrorated with pale greyish-
ochi'eous. Hindwings grey.

York, Durham, local ; Germany, Dalmatia ; 5, 6. Larva
yellow-green, faintly reddish-tinged ; dots small, black ; head
and 2 yellow : between joined leaves of Lotus, Coronilla, and
Medicago ; 8, 9.

12. A. lutulentella, Z. 14-16 mm. Abdomen ochreous-
yellowish towards base. Forewings varying from light ochreous-
brownish to dark fuscous, glossy ; second discal stigma in-
distinctly darker. Hindwings very pale grey.

Kent to Essex and Gloucester, very local, in dry fields ; C.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 7.

13. A. morosa, Miihl. 11-12 mm. Posterior tibiae ochreous-
yellowish. Forewings dark fuscous, sprinkled Avith grey,
slightly purplish - tinged ; stigmata very indistinctly darker,
first discal much beyond plical. Hindwings grey.

Cambridge (Wicken Fen), local; Holland, Germany ; 7. Larva
in shoots of Lysimachia vulgaris ; 5.

14. A. quaestionella, HS. 11-12 mm. Posterior tibiae
ochreous-yellowish. Forewings dark fuscous, jjaler-sprinkled ;
stigmata very indistinctly darker, first discal much beyond
plical ; usually a pale outwardly oblicpie mark on costa at |.
Hindwings light grey.

Cambridge (Wicken Fen), local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 7,
8. Larva on Lotus cornicnhifus ; 5.

15. A. arundinetella, *S'^^. 9-lOmm. Forewings very pointed,
fuscous ; darker marks on costa near base, and on told ; an
oblique whitish costal mark at f, beneath which is a short
blackish dash ; sometimes some whitish scales on tornus
opposite this, preceded by a darker suffusion. Hindwings light
grey.

Kent to Norfolk and Cambridge, local ; N. CJermany ; 6, 7.
Larva slender, whitish ; head blackish ; 2 with black lateral
spots : in long galleries in leaves of Carex paludosa ; 3-5.

16. A. lucidella, Stph. 12-14 mm. Forewings very pointed,
fuscous, mievenly sprinkled with ochreous-whitish, sometimes
forming indistinct darker and lighter fasciae ; an oblong
ochreous-whitish suffusion in disc at f followed by a dark
fuscous dot; a very indistinct ochreous-whitish tornal spot
beneath this, and costal spot beyond it. Hindwings grey.

aristotelia] GELECHIADAE 577

Surrey to Dorset and Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.

17. A. elongella, Hein. 12-13 mm. Abdomen pale ochreous-
yellowisli. Forewings fuscous ; stigmata darker, indistinct,
first two elongate, first discal much beyond plical ; indistinct
darker elongate marks in disc towards base, beneath costa
before middle, and below first discal stigma ; some whitish
scales on tornus, and a whitish spot on costa opposite. Hind-
wings grey.

Peml)ruke, very local ; Germany ; 6.

18. A. tetragonella, Stt. 9-11 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-
whitish, tip of palpi dark fuscous. Forewings light fuscous,
more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a dot in disc towards
base, another below costa at f, and stigmata dark fuscous, first
discal much beyond plical. Hindwings pale grey.

Dorset, Norfolk, York, in salt-marshes, local ; not recorded
elsewhere ; 7.

19. A. suffusella, Dgl. {ohlitella, Dbld.) 10-13 mm. Head
whitish. Forewings whitish -ochreous, posteriorly irrorated
with brown, costal edge whitish ; second discal stigma dark
fuscous ; a black costal dot above it. Hindwings pale grey.

Dorset, Norfolk, Cambridge, Cheshire, local ; Holland,
Germany ; 6, 7.

20. A. palustrella, D<jl. 17-19 mm. Forewings pale brown,
veins more or less mai-ked with whitish streaks, interneural
spaces mixed with blackish ; stigmata blackish, whitish-edged,
plical and first discal elongate, second discal roundish. Hind-
wings light grey.

Kent, Norfolk, Cambridge, in marshes, very local ; Holland ; 7.

21. A. divisella, Dgl. 15-16 mm. Head ochreous-whitish.
Forewings brownish, sprinkled with ochreous-whitish, costa
broadly suffused with ochreous-whitish, lower edge of suft\ision
running straight from middle of base to apex ; plical and
second discal stigmata black, former elongate. Hindwings
light grey.

Norfolk, Cambridge, in fens, very local ; not recorded
elsewhere ; 6, 7.

5. Stenolechia, Meyr.

Second joint of labial palpi somewhat rough beneath, ter-
minal shorter than second. Forewings : 3 absent, 4 sometimes
absent. Hindwings lander 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex acute,
produced, termen emarginate, cilia 3 ; 3, 4, 5 remote, tolerably
parallel, 6 and 7 stalked or separate.

2p

578

TINEINA

[sTENOLECiHIA

Nenvation of Stcnolechia gemmella

Only the two following species are known ; the genus is
derived from Gelechia. Imago with forewings elongate,
narrow, pointed.

Forewings with inwardly oblique black fascia 1. gemmella.
,, without such fascia . . 2. alhicejJS.

1. S. gemmella, L. {nivea, Hw.) 9-11 mm. Head white.
Forewings whitish, somewhat sprinkled with brownish ; a spot

on eosta near base and another
at i, an inwardly oblique fascia
beyond middle, somewhat inter-
ra})ted near costa, a spot on base
of dorsum, and another at toruus
black ; some black scales towards
apex ; vein 4 absent. Hindwings
light grey.

England to Westmoreland, in
woods, not uncommon ; C. Eiirope ;
8, 9. Larva whitish ; spots pale

grey ; head and plate of 2 yellow-brown, latter grey-speckled :

in l)uds and shoots of oak ; 6.

2. S. albiceps, Z. 9-12 mm. Head white. Forewings
fuscous, sprinkled with white, and much mixed with black ; a
very irregular oblique fascia about \, a spot on costa aboiit
middle and another towards apex, and a dorsal spot before
tornus white, two latter connected by a bent line ; these mark-
ings are variable and sometimes partly confluent ; vein 4
present. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled basally.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8.

6. Ptocheuusa, Hein.

Second joint of labial palpi smooth-scaled, terminal as long
as second. Forewings": 4 absent, 7 and 8 out of 6. Hind-
wings under 1, elongate -trapezoidal, apex pointed, produced,
tcrmen emarginate, cilia 3 ; 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7 connate
or stalked.

A small genus, not identified beyond the European region.
Imago with forewings elongate, narrow, pointed.

1. Forewings with black discal dots or marks . 2.

,, without black dots . . .3.

2. Forewings with two yellow streaks . 3. littorella.

,, without yellow streaks . 4. suboceUea.

3. Forewings yellowish with white markings 2. inopcUa.

,, without marking's . . 1. osscella.

!

rxocHEUUSA] GELECHIADAE 579

1. P. osseella, Stt. 10-12 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
finely ii'rorated with brownish. Hindwings light grey.

Kent, Norfolk, Hereford, York, Lancashire, very local ;
Germany, N. Africa ; 6, 7.

2. P. inopella, Z. (paupella, Z.) 10-12 mm. Forewings
light ochreous-yellow, Avith some black scales mostly arranged
in longitudinal rows ; margins, a median longitudinal streak
from base to middle, an indistinct inwardly oblique slender
fascia before middle and another at f , and sometimes two or
three faint longitudinal lines in disc posteriorly white. Hind-
wings pale grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. and CS. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 6, 8, 9. Larva pale yellowish ; head and two spots on
2 dark fuscous : in seedheads of Inula dyseriterica ; 7, 9, 10.

3. P. littorella, Dgl. 11-12 mm. Forewings grey -whitish,
fuscous-sprinkled ; a blackish subcostal dot at -3- ; stigmata
black, plical before first discal, preceded by a black dot, both
[)laced in a longitudinal ochreous-yellow streak, two discal
placed in a similar streak ; terminal black dots. Hindwings
grey-whitish.

L of Wight, Cheshire, on coasts, scarce and local ; CS. and
SE. Euro])e ; 5.^

4. P. subocellea, Stph. 10-11 mm. Forewings whitish, apex
and usually margins more or less sprinkled with fuscous ; an
indistinct f uscons dorsal streak to beyond middle ; a dark
fuscous elongate mark above tornus ; a black elongate mark in
disc beyond it; a black apical dot; three dark lines in apical
cilia. Hindwings grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva whitish-
ochreous: dots dark brown ; head and plate of 2 brown: in seed-
heads of Origanum, forming a portable case of the husks; 8-11.

7. Aphanaula, n.g.

Second joint of labial palpi rough beneath, terminal shorter
than second. Forewings : 7 and 8 out of 6. Hindwings under
1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex acute, termen sinuate, cilia 1|; 3
and 4 connate, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 somewhat approxi-
mated.

Only the two species are yet known ; the genus is a
development of Gelechia. Imago with forewings elongate,
narrow, pointed.

^ I have not been able to examine the neuration of this species.

580 TINEINA [aphanaui.a

Forewings with broad white fascia . . 2. leucatella.

,, without such fascia . . 1. nanella.

1. A. nanella, Hh. 11-12 mm. Forewings dark grey,
whitish-sprinkled, especially beyond dark markings ;. an oblique
narrow fascia rather near base, a spot on costa before and
another beyond middle, stigmata, a spot below second discal
and sepai-ated from it by a white inark, a spot on tornus,
another in disc beyond it, and one at apex black, variable in
development ; an indistinct fine whitish sharply angulated
ti'ansverse posterior line. Hind wings grey.

Kent to Gloucester and Essex, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
brown-reddish ; head and plate of 2 black : variously said to
feed on flowers and in shoots of pear, or on lichens growing on
the trunks ; 5.

2. A. leucatella, L. 12-13 mm. Head ochreous- white.
Forewings dark fuscous ; a broad white or ochreous-white fascia
at J ; stigmata and a dot below second discal indistinctly
blackish, somewhat raised ; a white spot on tornus, and another
on costa opposite ; some white terminal scales. Hindwiugs
grey.

England to York, not uncommon ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 7,
Larva light brown to whitish-green, more or less rosy-tinged ;
head and plate of 2 black : between joined leaves of hawthorn
and apple ; 5, 6.

8. Epithectis, n.g.

Second joint of labial palpi thickened with rough scales
beneath, terminal nearly as long as second, somewhat roughened
anteriorly. Forewings : 7 and 8 out of 6. Hindwiugs 1,
trapezoidal, apex pointed, termen somewhat sinuate, cilia 1 ; 3
and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.

A small northern temperate genus, correlated with the pre-
ceding. Imago with fox'ewings elongate, pointed.

Forewings yellow . . . .1. hithi/ri.

„ light brownish . . .2. moiiffttella.

1. E. lathyri, Stt. [nigricostella, Dgl., non Dup.) 9-12 mm.
Forewings pale oclu'eous-yellowish, suffused with deeper yellow
in disc ; a thick dark grey costal streak from base to |, includ-
ing a yellow sti'cak near base ; an irregular sDuietimes inter-
rupted dorsal streak and an apical patch dark grey ; a black
discal dot near base ; first discal stigma and a small round spot
above tornus black. Hindwiugs light grey.

Norfolk, Cambi'idge, Cheshire, Perth, local ; not rccoi'ded

EMTHECTis] (lELECHIADAE 581

elsewhei'e ; 6, 7. Larva dull green ; head and plate of 2 black :
in a slight web on LatJit/nis 2><du^tris ; 8, 9.

2. E. mouffetella, ScJdff. 14-17 mm. Forewings light ashy-
brown, irrorated with paler, faintly rosy-tinged ; some minute
black dots near base and on termen ; stigmata and a dot
ol)liquely beneath and before second discal black, first discal
beyond plica). Hindwings grey.

England, S. Ireland, rather local ; f'. Eiu'ope ; 7. Larva
blackish-grey ; dorsal line whitish on incisions between 2 and
4; spiracular indistinct, whitish, clearer anteriorly; head and
plate of 2 black : between spun leaves of Lonkera ; 5, 6.

9. Anacampsis, Curt.

Labial palpi very long, second joint smooth-scaled, terminal
longer than second. Foi'ewings : 6 sometimes out of 7 near
base. Hindwings mider 1, elongate -trapezoidal, apex acute,
produced, termen sinuate, cilia lA-2; 3 and 4 connate, 5
approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.

A small genus, mainly inhabiting the European region ;
derived fi'om GelecJda. Imago with forewings elongate, narrow,
pointed. Larva feeding amongst spun leaves of Leguminosae.

1. Forewings with a narrow white fascia . . 2.

,, with two op])osite pale spots . . 3.

2. Fascia on under-surface distinct throughout 1. taenioleUd.

,, ,, forming a costal spot only

2. vorticeUa.

3. Forewings with vein 6 out of 7 . . .4.

,, „ separate . . .5.

4. Costal spot whitish-ochreous ; a pale dot on fold

6. anthyllidelhi .
„ white ; no dot on fold . 5. aHjijjalpeUa.

5. -Forewings broader, spots pale ochi-eous . 3. coronillella.

„ narrower, spots ochreous-whitish 4. samjiella.

1. A. taeniolella, Z. {sircomella, Stt.) 10-12 mm. Fore-
wings bronzy -black, somewhat lighter basally; a nearly straight
naiTOw white fascia beyond middle. Hindwings fuscous, darker
posteriorly. Under-surface with white fascia distinct across
forewings and forming a costal spot on hindwings.

England, E. and S. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor; 7. Larva pale ochreous-yellowish ; 3-12 with broad
dull red transverse bands, on 3 and 4 somewhat interrupted ;
head yellow - brown ; plate of 2 yellow - brown, posteriorly

582 TINEINA [anacampsis

blackish -marked : between spun leaves of Lotus, Trifolium,
Mediccu/o, etc. ; 5, G. The aberration sircornella has no fascia.

2. A. vorticella, Sc. {lifiulella, Z. ; cincticulella, HS.) 10-12
mm. Forewings bronzy-black ; a nearly straight narrow white
fascia beyond middle. Hindwings fuscons, darker posteriorly.
Under-snrface with white fascia appearing only as a costal spot
on forewings.

England to Westmoreland, rather local ; Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva pale green, suffused with reddish ;
head pale yellow-brown ; 2 with four black semilunules filled
with yellow-brown : between joined leaves of Lotus and Genista ;
5,6.

3. A. coronillella, Tr. 12-13 mm. Forewings somewhat
broad, dark fuscous ; stigmata indistinctly darker, first discal
much beyond plical; a small pale ochreous wedge-shaped spot,
slightly outwardly oblique, on tornus, and another on costa
opposite ; vein 6 separate. Hindwings fuscous, darker pos-
teriorly.

Surrey (Mickleham), local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
greenish ; subdorsal and lateral rows of dull reddish spots ;
head pale brownish ; 2 black- marked posteriorly : between
spun leaves of Coro?iilla and perhaps 0)iobrychis ; 5.

4. A. sangiella, Stt. 10-14 mm. Forewings dark slaty-
fuscous, slightly purple -tinged ; stigmata indistinctly darker,
each sometimes followed by two or three ochreous-whitisli
scales, first discal much beyond plical ; a small ochreous-whitish
triangular spot, slightly outwardly oblique, on tornus, and
another on costa opposite : vein 6 separate. Hindwings grey.

Durham, local, perhaps overlooked ; Germany, Switzerland ;
6, 7. Larva reddish -brown, anterior incisions whitish-green ;
dorsal line whitish on 2-4; head yellow -brown ; plate of 2
black : between joined leaves of Lotus ; 5, 6.

5. A. albipalpella, HS. 10-11 mm. Forewings dark slaty-
fuscous ; a siiiall white erect triangular spot on toi'nus, and
another on costa opposite ; vein 6 rising out of 7. Hindwings
grey.

Surrey, Devon, Essex, York, local ; Belgium, Germany ; 7.
Larva dull reddish, segmental incisions whitish-green ; dorsal
line green; head yellow-brown; 2 blackish- spotted : between
spun leaves of Genista anglica ; 9-6.

6. A. anthyllidella, Hh. {nifiritella, Dgl., non Z. ; sparsi-
ciliella, I'arr. ; ? iiniiufcidniella, Dgl.) 10-12 mm. Forewings
dark slaty-fuscous, often paler-sprinkled ; stigmata iiardly pi-r-

\

ANACAMPSis] GELECHIADAE 583

cei)tible, plical followed by a whitish -ochreous dot; a small
whitish-ochreous triangular s[)ot, usually somewhat outwardly
oblique, on costa at §, occasionally obsolete ; often a very small
whitish-ochreous spot on tornus opposite ; vein 6 rising out of
7. Hiudwings rather light grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 5, 6, 8. Larva blackish-grey ; on 2-4 dorsal line and
segmental incisions obscurely whitish ; spiracular series of
whitish sj)ots ; head and plate of 2 black : in folded leaves of
Anthyllis, Onobrijcliis, TrifoKum, etc. ; -I, 5, 7.

10. ACANTHOPIIILA, Ileill.

Second joint of labial palpi thickened with appressed scales,
with slight projection of scales above near apex, terminal
shorter than second. Forewings : 7 and 9 stalked, 8 absent.
Hindwings 1, elongate-trapezoidal, apex pointed, termen sinuate,
cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7
stalked.

Includes only the single species; a derivative of Gehcliia.
Imago with forewings elongate, pointed.

1. A. alacella, Dup. 13-14 mm. Palpi dark fuscous, tip
whitish. Forewings dark fuscous; a black spot in disc towards
base; stigmata rather large, black, each followed by some
ochreous-whitish scales, first discal hardly beyond plical; an
ochreous- whitish costal spot at f ; some black terminal dots,
followed by ochreous-whitish spots in cilia. Hindwings fuscous,
darker posteriorly.

Surrey, Hants, Norfolk, Hereford, local and uncommon ; C.
and SE. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva grey-whitish ; head and plate
of 2 black : on lichens on tree-trunks ; 6.

1 1 . Xenolechia, n.g.

Second joint of labial palpi thickened with rough scales be-
neath, terminal as long as second. Forewings : 6 often out of
7 near base. Hindwings 1 or over 1, trapezoidal, apex pointed,
termen sinuate, cilia over 1 ; 3, 4, 5 remote, 6 and 7 stalked.

A small genus, inhabiting northern temperate regions.
Imago with foi-ewings elongate, pointed.

1. Forewings clear white . . .3. sccdella.

,, not clear white . . .2.

2. Forewings with black mark on base of costa 2. humeralis.

,, without such mark . . 1. aefhiops.

1. X. aethiops, Westw. 15-17 xnn\. Forewings dark fuscous ;

TINEINA

[XENOLICCHIA

stigmata black, raised, first discal much beyond ])lical ; a
similar spot in disc obliquely before plical, another on fold
rather beyond first discal, and a third close beneath second
discal. Hindwings considerably over 1, grey.

Cheshire to Northumberland, common ; Holland, Germany ;
5, 6. Larva dull reddish, segmental incisions greenish ; dots
black ; head brown ; plate of 2 black, crescentic, bisected : in
silken gallery amongst shoots of Erica cinerra ; 6, 7.

2. X. humeralis, Z. (JyeUella, Dbld.) 13-14 mm. Forewings
ochrcous- whitish, often more or less mixed or wholly suffused
with fuscous, sometimes ochreous-mixed ; a black mark along
costa at base ; stigmata large, black, very irregi;lar, plical
sometimes connected with costal mark, first discal much beyond
plical. Hindwings somewhat over 1, light grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local and not common ; C. and
S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7-4.

3. X. scalella, >S'c. (aleclla, F.) 13-14 nnn. Forewings
white ; a transverse basal mark, a narrow oblique fascia at ^, a
triangular spot on middle of costa, a dot on fold below it, a
spot on tornus, another on costa opposite, a dot between them,
and an apical spot black. Hindwings 1, light grey.

Kent and Hants to Hereford and Cambridge, local ; Europe ;
5, 6. Larva said to feed on moss ; 8.

12. Gblechia, Hb.

Labial palpi very long, second joint thickened with more or

less rough scales beneath, some-
times furrowed, terminal almost
or quite as long as or longer
than second. Forewings : 6
seldom out of 7 near base.
Hindwings 1 or over 1, seldom
under 1, trapezoidal, apex more
or less pointed, termen more or
less sinuate, cilia f-li; 3 and 4
/ connate, 5 somewhat approxi-
„ /^ mated, 6 and 7 closely approxi-
V^i mated or connate or stalked.
'~~^ A veiy large genus, uni-
versally distributed ; it may be
regarded as a development of Recurvaria. Imago with fore-
wings elongate, more or less pointed. Larva usually in spun
shoots or leaves.

Neiiration and liead of Gehchia terrella.

(jelechia] GELECHIADAE 585

1. Hindwings 1 or less . . . .2.

,, over 1 . . . .44.

2. Forewings beneath with discul patch of erect

scales . . . 42. dodtct'Ila.

„ without such patch . . . 3.

3. Forewings with ground-colour whitish . . 4.

,, ,, ,, not whitish . 11.

4. Plical stigma confluent with black costal bar . 5.

,, not confluent . . .7.

5. Head bronzy -grey . . . 32. junrtclla.

,, white . . . . .6.

6. First discal stigma absorbed in costal bar 24. marulea.

„ „ almost separate 25. hlandulella.

7. A black dot below second discal stigma 39. proxhneUa.
No such dot . . . . .8.

8. Forewings with distinct white antemedian fascia

44. sequax.
„ without such fascia . . .9.

9. Foi-ewings with black costal postmedian spot 37. scriptrlla.

„ without such spot . . .10.

10. Posterior white fascia indistinct, acutely angu-

lated . 22. Iluehneri.

„ „ distinct, obtusely angu-

lated 23. knaggsiella.

11. Forewings with dark triangular median costal

blotch . . . .12.

,, without such blotch . . .13.

12. Forewings with white fascia at \ . 28. trkolordla.

,, without such fascia . . 29. costella.

13. Two anterior stigmata confluent with dark costal bar 14.

,, ,, not confluent . .16.

14. Second discal stigma connected with blackish

tornal spot 26. fniterneUa.
„ ,, not connected . .15.

15. Pale posterior fascia obtusely angulated 30. maculifereUa.

,, ,, not angulated, forming two

spots . 31. seritidecandrella.

16. First discal stigma above plical . . .17.

,, ,, beyond plical . . . 20.

17. Forewings with raised blackish tornal bar 43. vuhjella.

,, without such bar . . .18.

18. With a black dot below second discal stigma 41. triparclla.
Without such dot . . . .19.

586 TINEINA [GELEniiA

19. Forewings fuscous, paler-mixed in disc . 1. hasaltinclla,

,, whitish-ochreous, fuscous-sprinkled

2. domestica.

20. Forewings with seinianiiular wliite costal blotch

3G. IncuhUa.
,, without such blotch . . . 21.

21. Forewings with whitish fascia towards base . 22.

,, witliout such fascia . . . 23.

22. Subbasal fascia white, distinct, not reaching costa

35. hucomelanella.
,, ,, indistinct, whitish, reaching costa

34. vicinella.

23. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second . 24.

,, ,, not shorter than second . 27.

24. Dorsum of forewings broadly paler . 33. marmorea.

,, ,, not paler . . . 25.

25. Forewings with four dark costal patches . 21. ocellatdla.

,, without such patches . . . 26.

2G. Forewings sprinkled with pale yellowish . 59. galhanella.
,, not yellowish-sprinkled . 27. viscariella.

27. Forewings grey ..... 28.

,, ochreous-tinged, fuscous, or brown . 29.

28. A blackish sometimes interrupted streak along

fold ..... 38. fwiitivdla.
No such streak .... 40. notatdla.

29. Posterior fascia distinct, white . . . 30.

„ ,, indistinct, not white . .31.

30. Forewings with yellow-whitish basal dot . 4. affinu.

,, without whitish basal dot . 3. umhrosella

31. Terminal joint of palpi markedly longer than

second . .32.

,, ,, ,, about as long as second 38.

32. Forewings with slender basal black fascia 6. mundella.

,, without basal black fascia . . 33.

33. Forewings with dark discal dot towards base . 34.

,, without subbasal dot . . . 36.

34. Forewings with posterior pale angulated fascia

8. senectella.
,, without such fascia . . . 35.

35. Forewings light brownish-ochreous . 9. desertdla.

„ rather dark fuscous . . 7. ohscurdla.

36. Forewings with pale posterior angulated fascia . 37.
Forewings witliout such fascia . . 10. polUdla.

\

gelechia]

GELECHIADAE

387

37. Forewings fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged 11. fi(juIf'Ua.

,, dark fuscous . . . h. sinulis.

38. Veins suffused with grey-whitisli, dark-irrorated . 39.

,, not whitish .... 40.

39. Plical and second discal stigmata followed by

black spots .... 20. suaedella.
Plical and second discal stigmata not followed by

black spots . . . 17. x^l'intagindla.

40. Dorsal area of forewings lighter . . .41.

„ ,, not lighter

41. Forewings ferruginous-streaked .

„■ not ferruginous-streaked

42. (Josta with two dark spots near base

,, without such spots

43. Stigmata black

,, dark brown

44. Second joint of palpi almost tufted

,, ,, normal

45. Abdomen with 3 basal seoments yellowish

. 42.
1 4. artemiuella.
1-5. atriplicella.

. 43.
16. ohsoletella.

18. instahilella.

19. salicorniae.
47. cuneatella.

. 45.
. 46.

,, ,, ,, not yellowish . 47.

46. First discal stigma white-ringed . . 46. mnscosdla.

„ „ followed by whitish-ochreoiis

spot

48. pinguinella.
64. lomjicornis.

. 48.

. 49.

. 50.
63. ericetella.
62. muUnella.

. 51.

. 5.5.

. 52.

. 53.

47. Forewings with five pale fasciae .

,, not so marked

48. Pale fascia at f obsolete .

,, ,, more or less indicated

49. Stigmata partly white-margined .

,, not white-margined

50. Forewings whitish-sprinkled

,, not whitish-sprinkled .

51. Stigmata partly white-edged

,, not white-edged

52. First discal stigma wholly white-ringed 49. sororculella.

,, ,, not wholly white-ringed 57. peliella.

53. Forewings with ol)lique fascia of black raised

marks at ^ . . 55. diffinis.

„ without such fascia . . . 54.

54. With a blackish mark between discal stigmata

45. nif/ra.
Without such mark . . . 53. soluidla.

55. Discal stigmata connected liy a pale mark . 56.

„ ,, not so connected . . 57.

588 TINEINA [gelechia

56. Plical stigma partly whitish-edged . 58. boredla.

,, ,, not whitish-edged . . 50. scotmeila.

57. Forewiiigs with black mark along base of costa 58.

,, without such mark . . . 59.

58. Forewings with black costal spot at f 52. rhomheUa.

„ without such spot . 51. liippophaella.

59. Terminal joint of palj)i longer than second 12. terreUa.

,, „ „ not loi>ger than second . 60.

60. Forewings pale brownish . . . 60. malvella.

,, rather dark Ijrowu . . . 61.

61. Forewings paler-sprinkled, more pointed 13. acuminatel/a.

„ not paler-sprinkled . . " . 62.

62. Pale posterior fascia whitish . . 56. velocella.

„ ,, ochreous . . . 63.

63. Costa dark-spotted, stigmata usually whitish-

edged . . 54. dlstinctella.

„ not dark-spotted, stigmata edged with pale

ochreous . . 61. Irntic/inosella.

1. G. basaltinella, Z. 11-12 mm. Head fuscous. Terminal
joint of palpi longer than second. Forewings fuscous, mixed
with pale greyish -ochreous in disc; small black spots on base
of costa and dorsum, and one in disc near base ; stigmata
black, first discal above plical ; a nearly straight pale fascia at
|, often interrupted. Hindwings 1, grey.

S. England to Cambridge and Warwick, very local ; C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva on moss ; 3, 4. This and the next
species frequent old thatches. Possibly this is only a form of
the following species.

2. G. domestica, Hto. 12-13 mm. Head pale whitish-
ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous. Terminal joint of palpi
longer than second. Forewings whitish-oclu'eous, irrorated with
fuscous ; small black spots on base of costa and dorsum, and
one in disc near base ; stigmata black, first discal above plical ;
a somewhat angulated pale fascia at |, preceded by a blackish
costal spot. Hindwings 1, pale grey.

England, E. Ii-eland, common ; Germany, Syi*ia ; 7, 8.
Larva i-eddish- brown, paler on each side of dorsal line, sides
marbled with paler ; spots black, conspicuous ; head and plate
of 2 blackish : on moss on walls ; 2-4.

3. G. umbrosella, Z. 9-11 mm. Terminal joint of palpi as
long as second, or somewhat longer. Forewings dark fuscous,
slightly purplish - tinged ; stigmata black, each sometimes
followed by whitish scales, first discal beyond plical ; a small

i

gelechia] GELECHIADAE 589

white spot on tornus, and another on costa opposite. Hindwings
1, light grey.

England to York, on sandhills, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.

4. G. aflB.nis, Dgl. {confinis, Stt.) 11-12 mm. Terminal joint
of palpi longer than second. Forewings dark fuscous, sprinkled
with whitish ; a yellow-whitish basal dot ; usually a small black
spot in disc towards base ; stigmata black, plical followed and
two discal connected by yellow-whitish scales; a fine obtiisely
angulated sometimes interrupted yellowish-white fascia at |.
Hindwings 1, light grey.

Britain to Perth, common ; 0. Eui'ope ; 6, 7. Larva })inkish,
paler on each side of dorsal line, darker-marbled on sides ; dots
black, very inconspicuous ; head and plate of 2 black : on moss
on walls ; 1-4. Stainton's confinis seems to be a dai-k northern
form.

5. G. similis, Stt. 12-1.3 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
longer than second. Eorewings dark fuscous, somewhat paler-
sprinkled ; stigmata indistinctly blackish, first discal beyond
plical ; a faint slender obtusely angulated pale fascia at f,
forming an indistinct ochreous- whitish spot on costa. Hind-
wings 1, grey, paler anteriorly.

England to Westmoreland, local and unconnnon ; Hol-
land ; 7.

G. G. mundella, Dyl. {jwrtlandkcUn, Ricli.) 10-11 mm.
Terminal joint of palpi longer than second. Forewings pale
greyish-ochreous, sometimes mixed with dark fuscous, especially
towards dorsum and termen ; a slender basal sometimes
interrupted black fascia ; a black discal spot beyond this ;
stigmata black, first discal beyond plical ; in dark specimens a
pale sometimes interrupted fascia at |, otherwise imperceptible.
Hindwings 1, light grey.

Dorset, Devon, Norfolk, N. England, E. Ireland, on coast
sandhills, local ; Germany ; 5, 6.

7. G. obscurella, Hein. 11-12 mm. Terminal joint of ])alpi
longer than second. F'orewings rather dark fuscous ; a black
discal spot towards base ; stigmata black, first discal beyond
plical. Hindwings 1, grey.

Kent, Suffolk, Westmoreland, Durham, very local; Germany;
6, 7.

8. G. senectella, Z. 10-11 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
longer than second. Forewings light ochreous, mixed with
fuscous, or wholly fuscous ; a dark fuscous spot in disc near
base ; stigmata dark fuscous, first discal beyond plical ; an

590 TINEINA [gelechia

indistinct angiilated pale fascia at f, preceded by a dark costal
spot. Hind wings 1, light grey.

England to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe ; 7.

9. G. desertella, DgJ. 12-1.3 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
longer than second. Forewings light brownish-ochreous, often
brownish - sprinkled ; a blackish discal dot towards base ;
stigmata black, first discal be^'ond plical ; sometimes some
terminal blackish dots. Hind wings 1, pale grey.

England, E. Ireland, on sandhills, common; Germany;
6, 7. '^

10. G. politella, Stt. {expolitclla, Dbld.) 13-15 mm. Terminal
joint of palpi longer than second. Forewings light brownish-
ochreous or brownish ; stigmata in S dark fuscous, indistinct,
in 5 black, distinct, first discal beyond plical ; sometimes some
terminal black dots. Hind wings 1, pale grey.

Suffolk and Wilts to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, in dry
places, local ; not recoi'ded elsewhere ; 6.

11. G. figulella, Styr. 13-14 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
tonger than second. Forewings relatively broader than in G.
terrella, fuscous, slightly reddish - tinged, dai'ker - sprinkled
lowai'ds fold ; stigmata blackish, rather indistinct, first discal
beyond plical ; an indistinct paler angulated fascia at f ; some
black scales towards apex. Hind wings 1, pale grey.

Suffolk, on coast, local ; S. France, Spain ; 7. Larva
whitish-ochreous ; dorsal line reddish-ochreous ; subdorsal dark
brown ; head pale brown ; 2 with dark brown lateral mark :
food-plant unknown, probably a grass ; 5 %

12. G. terrella, Hh. 14-16 mm. Terminal joint of paljDi
longer than second. Forewings brownish-ochreous to dark
brown; stigmata blackish, first discal beyond plical; an indistinct
pale angulated fascia at \ ; sometimes some dark terminal dots.
Hindwdngs slightly over 1, light grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, very common ; Europe,
Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva greenish-grey ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines indistinctly darker ; dots black ; head black ; 2 yellowish,
with two black spots : on grass-stems, in silken gallery at their
base ; 3, 4.

13. G. acuminatella, *SVrc-. {hp-arUeJIa, Stt.) 12-14 mm.
Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second. Forewings
pointed, especially in 9 ? rather dark fuscous, ])aler-sprinkled,
often ochreous- mixed in disc, sometimes with a few blackish
scales posteriorly ; stigmata darker, indistinct, first discal

gelechia] GELECHIADAE 591

beyond plical ; traces of pale fascia at f faintly perce])tible.
Hindwings over 1, light grey, sometimes darker posteriorly.

England, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva grey-greenish ; dots black ; head bi'own ; 2 pale brown,
with two blackish spots : in brownish blotches in leaves of
Carduus and Centaiirea ; 7, 9.

14. G. artemisiella, Tr. 10-11 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
as long as second or hardly longer. Forewings dark brown,
whitish -sprinkled, more or less streaked longitudinally with
ferruginous, dorsal area iisually lighter; stigmata somewhat
elongate, black, first discal rather beyond plical ; usually a
black mark on fold l)eyond plical ; some black dots before apex
and on termen. Hindwings 1, light grey, darker terminally.

England to York, E. Ireland, rather conmion ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva greenish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; head
pale brown; 2 brown-marked : in spun shoots of Thymus; 5, 6.

15. Gr. atriplicella, F.R. 13-15 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
as long as second. Forewings dark fuscous, whitish-sprinkled,
mixed or somewhat streaked longitudinally with pale ochreov;s,
dorsal area lighter; a dark spot on costa at \; stigmata
blackish, ill-defined, first discal rather beyond plical ; indistinct
blackish spots on fold before and bej'ond plical, and in angle of
a faint pale fascia at f. Hindwings 1, liglit grey, darker
terminally.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva greenish-
yellow or green; dorsal line rosy -suffused ; head yellowish:
amongst spim leaves, flowers, and seeds of Atriphx and
Chenopodium ; 5, 6.

16. G. obsoletella, F.R. 12-13 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
as long as second. Forewings pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled
with dark fuscous and ochreous-whitish ; stigmata dark fuscous,
first discal rather beyond plical ; a dark fuscous spot close
beyond and slightly beneath second discal, sometimes confluent
with it ; an indistinct fine pale angulated fascia at f , sometimes
obsolete. Hindwings 1, whitish-gi-ey, terminally darker.

England to York, especially on coasts, local ; C. Europe, N.
Africa ; 5-9. Larva pale yellowish-green ; dorsal line reddish ;
sides sometimes rosy-tinged ; dots blackish-grey ; head pale
brownish - ochreous ; plate of 2 blackish -brown : in stems of
Atriplex and Chenopodium ; 6-10.

17. G. plantaginella, Stf. 13-15 mm. Head grey, face
whitish. Terminal joint of ]ialpi as long as second. Forewings
brown ; veins and costa grey-whitish, sufFusedly irrorated with

592 TINEINA [gelechia

dark fuscous ; dorsum sometimes lighter ; stigmata blackish,
indistinct, first discal beyond plical ; sometimes dark costal
spots near base, or a dark central longitudinal suffusion ; faint
costal and tornal whitisli spots at f , sometimes obsolete ;
blackish terminal spots between veins. Hind wings 1, pale
grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, on coasts, common ;
not recorded elsewhere ; 6,7,9. Larva dull yellowish ; dorsal,
subdorsal, and spiracular lines sometimes faintly pinkish ; dots
black ; head brown ; plate of 2 black : in roots and in blotches
in leaves of Plantago coronojms and F. maritima; 4, 5, 7, 8.

18. G. instabilella, Z>///. 12-14 mm. Head ochreous-grey,
face whitish. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Fore-
wings brown, irrorated with darker and paler, partly ochreous-
tinged ; towards base two indistinct blackish spots on costa and
two on fold ; stigmata black, first discal beyond plical, second
followed by a black spot, and another on fold beyond plical ;
sometimes a blackish longitudinal discal suffusion ; a pale
greyish -ochreous angulated fascia at |. Hindwings 1, light
grey.

England, in salt-marshes, local : not confirmed as occurring
elsewhere; 6,7. Larva pale yellowish-green; dorsal, subdorsal,
and faint spiracular lines bi'own -reddish ; dots blackish; head
and plate of 2 somewhat darker : in blotches in leaves of
Atriplex 2>ortulacoides; S-f).

19. G. salicorniae, Herin(j. 12-15 mm. Head pale greyish-
ochreous. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Fore-
wings pale greyish-ochreous to fuscous, paler-marbled, sometimes
partly ferruginous -tinged ; two bars or spots on costa and one
on fold towards base, and large stigmata ferruginous -brown to
dark fuscous, first discal beyond plical ; a tolerably defined pale
angulated fascia at f ; visually a dark apical spot. Hindwings
1, grey.

England to Durham, on coasts, local; (Termany ; 6-9.
Larva dull greenish ; dorsal line red ; subdorsal area often
reddish ; head and plate of 2 pale brown to blackish : in or
among leaves of Salicornia, Aster, Suaeda, Spergularia ; 5-8.

20. G. suaedella, Bich. 12-15 mm. Head ochreous-whitish,
crown sometimes grey. Terminal joint of palpi as long as
second. Forewings ochreous, veins suffusedly whitish-grey
irrorated with dark grey ; dorsal area distinctly })ale ; towards
base two black spots on costa and two on fold ; stigmata black,
first discal beyond plical ; a black spot beyond second discal,

gelechia] GELECHIADAE 593

and another on fold beyond plical; black terminal spots
between veins. Hindwings 1, whitish - grey, darker ter-
minally.

Sussex to Dorset and Norfolk, in salt-marshes, local ; not
recorded elsewhere ; 7. Larva pale dull green ; dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and spiracular lines red - brown ; dots dark red -brown ;
head and plate of 2 black : in silken gallery amongst leaves of
Suaeda f) m t Icosa ; 5 .

21. Gr. ocellatella, Boyd. 10-12 mm. Head rosy -whitish,
crown sometimes greyish. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than
second. Forewings ochreous, sometimes greyish-tinged or rosy-
sutFused, suftusedly irrorated with blackish -grey on disc, four
costal patches, and an apical patch ; stigmata black, sometimes
ringed with pale, first discal beyond plical ; an ill-defined nearly
straight pale fascia at f ; black terminal dots. Hindwings 1,
whitish-grey.

Kent to Cornwall, Pembroke, on coasts, local ; Germany,
Madeira; 6, 8. Larva pale yellowish - green ; each segment
with a transverse series of irregular crimson blotches ; dots
blackish ; head pale brown ; plate of 2 pale brown, with some
black marks : amongst buds or in leaves or stems of Beta
maritima; 5, 7.

22. G. Huebneri, //«'. 12-13 mm. Head white, mixed with
grey. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Forewings
white, sprinkled with fuscous and irregularly mixed with
ochreous-brownish ; a black costal spot beyond ^, and a dot
beneath it below fold ; stigmata black, plical elongate, first
discal minute, second forming an angulated mark ; a fine
indistinct acutely angulated fascia at f ; sometimes apex and
termen black-mixed. Hindwings 1, grey.

Derby to Caledonian Canal, local and uncommon ; Holland,
Germany ; 7, 8. Larva pale green ; head and plate of 2 black:
in spim shoots of SteUaria holostea and *S'. tdiginosa ; 5.

23. G. knaggsiella, *S'^^. 10-11 mm. Differs from 6?./? «<e6?ieri
as follows : forewings irrorated with dark fuscous, white fascia
distinct, obtusely angulated, first discal stigma larger.

Surrey, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva in spun shoots and
seed-capsules of *S'^e/'/a'r;'a. Ao/os^eo. ; 5, 6.

24. G-. maculea, Uio. 11-13 mm. Head white. Terminal
joint of palpi shorter than second. Forewings white, more or
less sprinkled with ochreous; some black scales towards base
and apex ; stigmata black, two anterior confluent with a broad
oblique black bar from costa to fold, second discal forming an

2 Q

594 TINEINA [gelechia

anguliited mark ; a clear white obtusely angulated fascia at |,
preceded by an ochreous suffusion. Hindwings 1, grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
pale yellow-green ; dots black ; head and plate of 2 black : in
spun shoots and seed-capsules of Stellaria holostea ; 4-6.

25. G. blandulella, Tutt. 8-10 mm. Differs from G.maculea
as follows : forewings clearer white, black bar narrower, less
oblique, hence tending not to coalesce with first discal stigma,
posterior discal angulated mark often separated into two spots,
suffusion before fascia more fuscous; hindwings light grey.

Kent, on sandhills, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 7, 8.

26. G. fraternella, D(/l. 10-11 mm. Head reddish-fuscous,
whitish-mixed. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second.
Forewings reddish-brown, somewhat whitish-sprinkled, edges
blackish -mixed ; black basal and subbasal sj^ots in middle ;
stigmata black, two anterior confluent with a dark black-mixed
oblique bar from costa, second discal connected with a blackish
tornal spot ; a white tornal spot following this, and another on
costa slightly beyond it. Hindwings 1, grey.

England, E. Ireland, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 6, 7.
Larva dull greenish-brown, segmental incisions paler ; dots
black ; head and plate of 2 black : in shoots of Stellaria
uli(/inosa and Cerastiuni triviale ; 4, 5.

27. G. viscariella, Stt. 11-12 mm. Head dark fuscous,
mixed with whitish-fuscous. Terminal joint of palpi shorter
than second. Forewings deep ochi'eous-brown, much mixed
with dark fuscous ; a dark spot on fold near base ; stigmata
black, indistinct, plical separating two obscure paler triangular
dorsal blotches ; a slightly angulated sometimes interrupted
whitish-ochi-eous fascia at f . Hindwings 1, grey.

York to the Clyde, local; Hungary (?) ; 6, 7. Lai'va dull
green ; dorsal line dai'ker ; head black ; 2 I'cddish-grey, plate
black, bisected : in spun shoots of Lychnis viscaria and L.
dioica ; 4, 5.

28. G. tricolorella, Ihv. 12-13 mm. Head dark fuscous,
face whitish-suffused. Terminal joint of palpi almost as long
as second. Forewings ferruginous-brown, costa and termcn
suff^used with blackish ; a white rather oblique fascia at ^,
followed by a triangidar black costal blotch ; a white irroration
in middle of disc ; second discal stigma black ; an angulated
white fascia at |, sometimes interrupted to form two spots,
costal larger and rather posterior. Hindwings 1, light grey.

England, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; G-8.

gelf.ciiia] GELECHIADAE 595

Larva wliitish ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines dull pink ;
head and plate of 2 black : in spun shoots of Stellaria holostea;
12-4.

29. Gr. costella, Westtv. 13-14 mm. Head ochreous, some-
times grey-sprinkled. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than
second. Forewings reddish -ochreous, sometimes sufFusedly
irrorated with dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous triangular costal
blotch extending from ^ to § and reaching fold, including the
black stigmata, first discal followed by another black dot
obliquely beneath it ; an indistinct pale angulated fascia at
•| ; often a dark fuscous terminal suffusion. Hindwings 1,
grey.

England to 1 ork, local ; Holland ; 9-6. Larva greyish-
green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines sometimes darker ; 2 and 3
dark pux'plish-brown ; head and plate of 2 black : in blotches in
leaves, or between spun leaves, or in berries or stem of Solanwn
dulcamara ; 8, 9.

30. G. maculiferella, D<jl. 10-11 mm. Head dark fuscous,
face ochreous-whitish. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than
second. Forewings ochreous-brownish, slightly reddish-tinged,
more or less irrorated with dark fuscous, especially towards
margins ; three or four indistinct darker spots towards base ;
stigmata black, two anterior confluent with a broad black
oblique bar from costa, second discal forming an angulated
mark ; an obtusely angulated more or less interrupted whitish
fascia at |. Hindwings 1, grey.

England to York, local; C. and S. Europe; 7.

31. G. semidecandrella, Stt. 10-11 mm. Diflfers from G.
maculiferella as follows : forewings somewhat narrower, a
distinctly marked black dot in disc before costal bar, posterior
fascia not angulated, forming two direct opposite spots.

Britain to the Clyde, on coasts, local ; Germany ; 6, 7.
Larva pale yellowish ; head black ; 2 red-brown, plate black : on
flowers and seeds of Cerastium triviale, var. semidecandrum ; 5.

32. G. junctella, Dgl. 10-11 mm. Head bronzy-grey, face
pale. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second. Forewings
whitish, much irrorated with pale rosy-brownish and dark
fuscous, especially towards margins ; a blackish discal spot near
base ; two anterior stigmata confluent with a black obliqvie bar
from costa, nai-rowed upwards ; second discal black, forming a
bent mark, followed by a pale reddish-brown blotch ; a clear
nearly straight whitish fascia at |, sometimes interrupted.
Hindwings 1, light grey.

596 TINEINA [gelechia

Essex, Hereford, York to Caledonian Canal, local ; Germany;
8-4.

33. G. marmorea, Hw. 10-11 mm. Head light grey, face
whitish. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second. Fore-
wings ochreous- brown, costa mixed with dark fuscous and
sometimes whitish, dorsum broadly paler and sometimes whitish-
mixed, connected with two pale or sometimes whitish spots
before and beyond anterior stigmata, tornus and termen
blackish-mixed ; a blackish discal spot towards base ; stigmata
blackish, usually suffused and indistinct ; a straight whitish
interrupted fascia at |-. Hindwings 1, pale grey, darker ter-
minally.

England to York, Ireland, on sandy coasts, common ; C.
Europe; 6-8. Larva yellowish-grey - green ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines dull reddish ; head and plate of 2 black : in a tube
Ijeneatli sand, on trailing leaves of Cerastimn triviale ; 3-4.

34. Gr. vicinella, Dgl. 11-13 mm. Head grey, face whitish.
Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second. Forewings fuscous,
darker-sprinkled ; a whitish suffusion along dorsum, near base
extending indistinctly to costa, and prominent upwards in
middle of disc, where it is also sometimes connected with costa ;
stigmata black, second discal often large ; a nearly straight
rather broad white interrupted fascia at f . Hiudwings 1, grey.

Sussex, Suffolk, Hunts, I. of Man, N. Ii'eland, on coasts,
local ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva in spun shoots of Silene
maritima ; 5.

35. Gr. leucomelanella, Z. 11-13 mm. Head dark fuscous,
face whitish. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second.
Forewings dark fuscous, with a few whitish scales ; a white
oblique fascia towards base, not reaching costa, connected with a
pale or whitish streak along dorsum ; sometimes a whitish
suffusion in middle of disc ; stigmata black, indistinct; a straight
interrupted white fascia at f. Hindwings 1, light grey.

SW. England to Dorset and Pembroke, I. of Man, E. Ireland,
on coasts, local ; NC. Europe ; 7. Larva green ; head black ;
2 red-brown, plate black, bisected : in spun shoots of iSi/tne
maritima; 5.

36. Gr. luculella, I/h. 10-12 mm. Head white, mixed with
black. Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second. Fore-
wings dark grey, mixed with black ; some indistinct whitish
spots towards base ; a semicircular white costal blotch before
middle, enclosing a blackish costal mark, and posteriorly
suffused with yellow-ochrcous in disc ; a small whitish tornal

gelechia] GELECHIADAE 597

spot, and a larger one on costa opposite. Hind wings nnder 1,
grey.

England to York, common ; C. Europe; 5, 6. Larva whitish-
green ; dots black ; head yellow-brown ; plate of 2 yellow-
brown, black-marked : between joined or beneath spun leaves
of oak ; 9.

37. G. scriptella, Hh. 12-13 mm. Head white. Terminal
joint of palpi as long as second. Forewings whitish, irregularly
mixed with ochi-eous or light brownish ; black costal marks at
base and before middle, and a larger spot beyond middle ;
dorsal f much clouded with fuscous from near base to tornus ;
stigmata black, raised, plical placed in a streak on fold, first
discal forming an oblique mark, second a transverse mark.
Hind wings 1, grey.

Britain to Perth, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.
Larva dull whitish -green ; dots black ; head yellowish ; 2
yellowish, black-margined and with two black spots : in folded
leaves of maple ; 8, 9.

38. G. fugitivella, Z. 12-13 mm. Head whitish, grey-
sprinkled. Terminal joint of palpi longer than second. Fore-
wings grey, irrorated with blackish ; suffused blackish spots on
costa near base and before and beyond middle ; a blackish
streak along fold, sometimes interrupted into two or three
spots ; two black dots transversely placed in disc at § ; a pale
angulated fascia at f sometimes indicated by darker anterior
suffusion. Hindwings 1, grey.

England, common ; C. and SW. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva light
gi'een, above reddish-tinged ; dots black ; head and plate of 2
light brown : on elm ; 5.

39. G. proximella, //6. 13-16 mm. Head whitish. Terminal
joint of palpi shorter than second. Forewings whitish, irrorated
with grey, with a few black scales ; fine black marks on costa
near base and before and beyond middle ; two or three black
dots or dashes towards base, and one beneath costa at J ;
stigmata black, first discal beyond plical, preceded by a some-
times confluent black dot, another black dot beneath second
discal, and a discal dash beyond it ; fuscous costal and tornal
spots at f. Hindwings 1, grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. and W. Ireland, common ; C.
Eui'ope ; 5, 6. Larva pale green ; dots black ; head yellowish :
in rolled or spim leaves of birch ; 8, 9.

40. G. notatella, Hh. 12-15 mm. Head whitish, grey-
sprinkled. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Fore-

598 TINEINA [gelechia

wings whitish-grey, brcjwnish-tinged in disc, suftusedly irrorated
with dark grey, with a few black scales ; darker spots on costa
near base and before and beyond middle, and on tornns ; a
black dot at base of dorsum, and two in disc rather near base ;
stigmata black, first discal beyond plical, preceded by a black
dot, another black dot beneath second discal. Hindwings 1,
grey.

Britain to Perth, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva
pale grey-greenish ; head black ; plate of 2 black posteriorly :
between spun leaves of Salix ; 8, 9.

41. G. triparella, Z. 11-13 mm. Head whitish-ochreous.
■Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, partly suffused with pale brownish-ochreous ; usually
some black scales on a basal dot, two or three costal marks,
and round termen in cilia ; two black dots transversely placed
in disc at \ ; stigmata black, first discal above plical, another
black dot below second discal. Hindwings 1, light grey.

England to York, S. Ireland, rather common ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 5,6. Larva yellowish-green ; dots black;
head pale brown : between joined leaves of oak ; 8, 9.

42. G. dodecella, L. 11-13 mm. Head grey, face whitish.
Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Forewings whitish,
densely irrorated with dark fuscous, appearing grey ; indistinct
broad darker fasciae at -3- and f ; a black basal dot, and a dash
beneath costa at \ ; two black dots transversely placed in disc
at \ ; stigmata black, first discal above plical, another black
dot below second discal ; a fine indistinct whitish interrupted
fascia at f : on undersurface a longitudinal patch of thinly
set erect scales in disc. Hindwings 1, grey.

England to Durham, connnon ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
brownish-fleshcolour ; dots black ; head black-brown : in shoots
•and between needles of Pinus sylvestris ; 5.

43. G. vulgella, Hh. 11-13 mm. Head grey, face whitish.
Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Forewings grey,
irrorated with darker and some black scales ; indistinct blackish
spots on costa near base and before and beyond middle ; some-
times two black dots transversely placed in disc at \ ; stigmata
black, first discal above plical, second confluent with a blackish
bar of raised scales from tornus. Hindwings 1, rather dark grey.

England to York, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva greenish-grey ; dots black ; head ochreous-brown ; plate
of 2 black, bisected : between spun leaves of hawthorn and
blackthorn ; 4, 5.

gklechia] GELECHIADAE 599

44. Gt. sequax, J/iv. 12-14 mm. Head ■white, crown grey-
sprinkled. Terminal joint of palpi almost as long as second.
Foi'ewings whitish, densely irrorated with fuscous and dark
fuscous; an oblique white fascia beyond -|-, anterior edge
indented and blackish-margined ; stigmata blackish, first discal
above plical ; a cloudy whitish fascia at |- ; a blackish discal
dash beyond this, and a blackish apical dash, sometimes con-
fluent. Hind wings 1, light grey.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, rather conunon ; C. Europe,
N. America ; 7. Lai'va whitish, tinged with dull gi'eenish ;
dots grey ; head and plate of 2 brown : in spun shoots of Ileli-
anthemum ; 5, 6.

45. Gr. nigra, Ihv. (cautella, Z.) 15-17 mm. Terminal joint
of palpi shorter than second. Forewings dark fuscous, irrorated
with white and black ; an indistinct darker oblique streak
from costa near base, and costal spots before and beyond
middle ; stigmata blackish, first discal above plical, a blackish
longitudinal mark between first and second discal ; an in-
distinct whitish angulated fascia ;it f. Hind wings over 1,

grey-
Kent to Norfolk, Hereford, Northumberland, local ; C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva green ; head brown : between joined
leaves of Fojni/us aiha and P. tremula ; 5, 6.

46. G. muscosella, Z. 14-16 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
longer than second. Abdomen with three basal segments
ochreous-yellowish. Forewings fuscous, sprinkled with whitish
and black ; indistinct oblique dark fuscous marks from costa
near base, at \, and beyond middle ; stigmata black, first and
sometimes second discal white -ringed, connected by a black
streak, plical included in a black streak on fold interrupted by
a whitish dot ; an indistinct pale angulated fascia at |. Hind-
wings over 1, light fuscous.

Norfolk, Cambridge, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva in
rolled leaves of poplar and Salix ; 5.

47. Or. cuneatella, Dyl. 15-17 mm. Second joint of palpi
almost tufted beneath, terminal longer. Abdomen with tlu-ee
basal segments ochreous-yellowish. Forewings narrow, ochre-
ous-grey, irrorated with white and black ; a blackish mark on
base of costa and blackish spots before and beyond middle ;
blackish spots in disc near base, beyond \, and about middle ;
two or three black dashes on fold ; a slender angulated whitish
fascia at f ; some blackish intcrneural streaks posteriorly.
Hindwings over 1, light grey, darker terminally.

600 TINEITSTA IriELEcnrA

Middlesex, York, local; Germany; 9. Larva on Salix ; 7.

48. Of. pinguinella, Tr. 19-22 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
shorter than second. Abdomen with three basal segments
ochi'eous-yellowish. Forewings rather dark fuscous, irx'orated
with pale whitish-ochreous; darker spots on costa near base
and before and beyond middle ; stigmata dark fuscous, first
discal elongate, before plical, between first antl second discal an
elongate dark fuscous mark connected with each by whitish-
ochreous spots; a whitish-ochreous angulated fascia at |-.
Hind wings slightly over 1, fuscous-grey.

Middlesex to Cambridge, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
pale green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler ; head black ;
2 with two black marks : between joined leaves of Populus
nigra; 5.

49. Qt. sororculella, JIh. 15-16 mm. Tei-minal joint of palpi
almost as long as second. Forewings rather dark fuscous, more
or less whitish-sprinkled, paler dorsally, between veins blackish-
mixed ; a white dot in disc at \ ; stigmata black, first discal
conspicuously white-ringed, other two partly white-edged, first
and second discal connected by a blackish streak ; a blackish
interrupted streak along fold ; a fine whitish angulated fascia
at I ; terminal blackish dots, partly whitish-edged. Hind wings
over 1, grey.

England to York, common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva whitish-
green ; dorsal and lateral lines broad, brown ; head brown : in
spun shoots of Salix ; 5, 6.

50. G. scotinella, HS. 12-15 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
shorter than second. Forewings greyish-ochreous, violet-tinged,
coarsely irrorated with dark fuscous ; an oblique sometimes
nearly obsolete dark fuscous mark from base of costa ; stig
mata blackish, first discal large, beyond plical, second forming
a transverse sometimes bent mark, connected with first by a
pale mark, plical sometimes obsolete ; a pale often faint some-
what bent fascia at f , preceded by darker suflfusion. Hindwings
somewhat over 1, light grey.

England to Lancashire, local and uncommon ; Germany,
Switzerland ; 6, 7. Larva in spun shoots of blackthorn ; 4.

51. G-. hippophaella, Schrk. 17-18 mm. Terminal joint of
palpi almost as long as second. Forewings pale greyish-
ochi-eous, brownish - sprinkled ; a black mark along base of
costa ; stigmata blackish, often indistinct ; a faint paler angu-
lated fascia at f ; iisually blackish terminal dots. Hindwings
over 1, light grey.

gelechia] GELECHIADAE 601

Kent, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 8, 9. Larva pale
greenish or yellowish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines indistinctly
pale ; spots black ; head pale greenish-brown : in spun shoots of
Hippo])/iae rhamnoides ; 7.

52. G. rhombella, Schif. 13-14 mm. Terminal joint of
palpi as long as second. Forewings pale ochreous to light
fuscous, sprinkled with black ; a black spot along costa at
base, and another at f ; stigmata black, plical minute, second
discal usually forming a bent mark ; a dark tornal spot ;
sometimes a faint pale angulated fascia at | ; usnally blackish
terminal spots. Hind wings somewhat over 1, pale grey, darker
terminally.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
dai'k green, sides reddish-tinged ; subdorsal and spiracular lines
whitish ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 black, bisected : between
joined leaves of apple ; 5, 6.

53. G. solutella, Z. 16-19 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
somewhat longer than second. Forewings dark fuscous, more
or less sprinkled with grey-whitish ; a blackish oblique mark
in disc towards base ; stigmata rather large, blackish, first
discal rather beyond plical ; a pale angulated fascia at f, some-
times interrupted, often very indistinct. Hindwings over 1,
light grey.

Cornwall, York, Durham, Perth, local ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor; 5. Larva in galleries amongst Genista ; 7.

54. G. distinctella, Z. {celerella, Stt.; fumatella, Dgl.) 12-17
mm. Terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Forewings
brown, usually mixed with dark fuscous ; usually indistinct
dark fuscous spots on costa near base, at ^, and beyond middle,
and in disc near base and at ^ ; stigmata black, often partly
edged with whitish, first discal beyond plical ; an indistinct
pale ferruginous-tinged angulated fascia at |, sometimes almost
obsolete. Hindwings over 1, light grey.

England to York, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7,
8. Stainton's celerella was described from small distinctly
marked specimens. The supposed British record of G.
strelitziella, HS., was founded on an example of this species.

55. G. diflB.nis, Hiv. 14-16 mm. Terminal joint of palpi as
long as second. Forewings ochreous-brownish, violet- tinged,
more or less densely irrorated with blackish and whitish ; an
angulated oblique fascia of three violet-black raised marks
about \ ; stigmata blackish, first discal slightly beyond plical,
second forming a transverse mark or pair of dots ; an indistinct

602 TINEINA [gelechia.

pale angulated fascia at |, preceded by dark costal and dorsal
spots. Hindwings over 1, grey.

Britain to I'erth, E. Ireland, rather common ; Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva bi'ownish-green, reddish-marbled ; head and plate of 2
yellow-brown : in gallery along stems, amongst seeds, or in
rootstock of Eamex acetosella ; 8-4.

56. G. velocella, Duj^. 12-15 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
as long as second. Forewings dark brown, sometimes partly
ferruginous-streaked, in disc and posteriorly between veins
streaked with blackish ; stigmata blackish, first discal beyond
plical ; a very faint whitish angulated fascia at f , sometimes
obsolete except a more distinct white costal spot. Hindwings
over 1, grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 5, 8. Larva at base of stems of Rumex acetosella ;
9-4, 6.

57. G. peliella, Tr. 13-15 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
somewhat longer than second. Forewings dark fuscous,
whitish-sprinkled ; a blackish spot in disc near base ; stigmata
rather large, black, posteriorly white-edged, first discal above
plical ; a white tornal triangular spot, and another on costa
opposite. Hindwings slightly over 1, grey.

Kent, Lancashire, local ; C. and S. Eui'ope ; 7. Larva pale
whitish-green ; head and plate of 2 black : on Rumex acetosella,
concealing itself in a gallery towards base of stem ; 5.

58. G. boreella, Dgl. 13-15 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
shorter than second. Forewings rather dark fuscous ; stigmata
blackish, first discal beyond plical, connected with second by
a yellow -whitish streak, plical partly edged with yellow-
whitish; an indistinct yellow- whitish angulated fascia at |- ;
vein 6 out of 7. Hindwings slightly over 1, light grey.

Argyll to Sutherland, local ; Germany, Finland ; 6, 7.

59. G. galbanella, Z. 14-15 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
shorter than second. Forewings fuscous, sprinkled with pale
yellowish ; stigmata black, first discal beyond plical ; an in-
distinct pale yellowish angulated fascia at |. Hindwings 1,
grey.

Perth, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 7.

60. G. malvella, lib. 17-19 mm. Head and palpi whitish-
ochreous ; terminal joint of palpi as long as second. Forewings
pale brownish, becoming fuscous posteriorly, with traces of
darker strigulae, more distinct and blackish on costa ; stigmata
rather dark fuscous, first discal beyond ])lical, second sometimes

gelechia] GELECHIADAE 603

obsolete ; a very indistinct suffused pale fascia at f . Hindwings
over 1, light grey.

England to York, local ; C. and S. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
whitish - ochreous ; spots reddish; head blackish: in seeds of
Althea rosea and A. ofUcinalis ; 9, 10.

61. G. lentiginosella, Z. 13-16 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
shorter than second. Forewings dark purplish-coppery-fuscous ;
stigmata darker, partly edged with light ochreous, first discal
rather beyond plical ; a pale coppery-ochreous costal spot at f ,
and sometimes a faint tornal spot opposite. Hindwings some-
what over 1, light grey.

England to Lancashire, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;

7, 8. Larva yellowish-green ; head and plate of 2 black : in
spun shoots of Genista tinctoria ; 5, 6.

62. Gr. mulinella, Z. 12-14 mm. Terminal joint of palpi as
long as second. Forewings pale ochreous, more or less irro-
rated with dark fuscous, more strongly on margins, and some-
times with whitish; usually a broad cloudy blackish -fuscous
streak along fold to before middle, connected with another in
disc from \ to apex ; above these a pale subcostal streak ;
stigmata blackish, usually concealed in the dark streaks.
Hindwings over 1, very pale grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; WC. and SW. Europe ; 7,

8. Larva dull green ; dots black ; head black ; plate of 2
black, with central white line : in flowers of Ulex and Cytisus ;
4,5.

6.3. G. ericetella, lib. 15-17 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
shorter than second. Forewings from pale fuscous- grey to
dark fuscous, sometimes whitish-sprinkled ; a blackish spot in
disc at \ ; stigmata blackish, often elongate, partly white-
margined, first discal beyond plical ; distinct black terminal
dots ; a more or less marked dark tornal spot. Hindwings
over 1, light grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ii'eland, very common ; Europe,
Asia j\Iinor ; 5, 6. Larva dull greenish ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines pale dull reddish ; 3 and 4 with dark red subdorsal spots;
head pale brown; 2 whitish-green, grey-speckled : amongst spim
shoots of Erica and Calluna ; 9-3.

64. G. longicornis. Curt. 14-15 mm. Terminal joint of
palpi as long as second. Forewings dark reddish -brown, suf-
fused with dark fuscous towards base and termen in disc; five
fasciae of white irroration, first basal, produced along dorsum,
second at j, curved, third central, fourth somewhat inwards-

604 TINEINA [gelechia

curved, fifth slender, terminal ; stigmata dark fuscous, first
discal above plical. Hindwings slightly over 1, fuscous.

Hereford to Sutherland, common ; N. and C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 5, 6. Larva probably on Empetrum nigrum ; 7 1

13. TACHYrTiLiA, ffein.

Labial palpi very long, second joint thickened with appressed
scales, sometimes roughened above in middle, terminal longer
than second. Abdomen somewhat flattened. Hindwings 1 or
over 1, trapezoidal, termen not sinuate, cilia f-f ; 3 and 4
connate, 5 pai'allel, 6 and 7 connate.

A small northern temperate genus, correlated with the pre-
ceding. Imago with forewings elongate, apex round -pointed,
termen very oblique.

Forewings wholly blackish . . . L temerella.

„ not wholly blackish . . 2. pojndeUa.

\. T. temerella, Z. 10-12 mm. Forewings blackish, slightly
violet-tinged ; stigmata deep black, very indistinct, first discal
beyond plical ; a broad suffused black fascia at f . Hindwings
1, rather dark grey.

Cheshire to Westmoreland, local ; N. Europe, Holland, N.
Germany ; 7. Larva whitish ; dots black ; head and plate of
2 black : in spun shoots of Salix repens ; 6.

2. T. populella, CI. 14-17 mm. Abdomen with segments
2-4 often ochreous-yellow. Forewings whitish, more or less
irrorated with black or dark grey, iisually palest towards base
ofcosta; costal edge sometimes yellowish-tinged; sometimes a
large black patch occupying dorsal § from base to near tornus ;
stigmata blackish, often concealed ; a whitish obtusely angu-
lated fascia at |, indented above angle, sometimes indistinct ;
terminal black dots. Hindwings over 1, rather dark grey.

England to York, S. Ireland, common; Europe, N. Asia.;
7-9. Larva pale grey-greenish or yellowish ; dots black ; head
and plate of 2 black : in rolled leaves of poplar, Salix, and
birch ; 5, 6.

14. PSORICOPTERA, Stt.

Labial palpi very long, second joint beneath with rougli
projecting scales, furrowed, terminal longer than second, above
with rough projecting scales except towards apex. Abdomen
flattened. Forewings with slight scale-tufts in disc. Hind-
wings over 1, trapezoidal, termen subsinuate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4
connate, 5 parallel, G and 7 closely approximated.

psoricoptera] GELECHIADAE 605

Contains only one species, correlated with the preceding.
Imago witli forcwings elongate, pointed.

1. P. gibbosella, Z. 15-17 nun. Forewings brown, irregu-
larly mixed with whitish and blackish ; base of dorsum whitish,
edged with a black streak ; three transverse marks of raised
blackish scales iu disc, placed longitudinally, second connected
with costa by an ill-defined oblique blackish bar; blackish
costal spots before and beyond middle ; a sharply angulated
indistinct whitish fascia at \. Hindwings light grey, darker
posteriorly.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva grey ;
dorsal line slightly darker ; subdorsal darker ; dots black ; head
and plate of 2 black : in rolled leaves of oak ; 5, 6.

15. Platyedra, n.g.

Labial palpi very long, second joint thickened beneath with
rough scales towards apex, terminal longer than second.
Abdomen flattened. Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal, termen
subsinuate, cilia | ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7
connate.

Founded on the single species ; also correlated with the
preceding. Imago with forewings elongate, termen oblique.

1. P. vilella, Z. 14-18 mm. Forewings greyish -ochreous,
sprinkled with fuscous ; a blackish dot near base of dorsum ;
traces of a dark fuscous median longitudinal streak ; first and
second discal stigmata dark fuscous, usually faint or obsolete,
sometimes indistinctly pale-ringed. Hindwangs very pale grey.

Kent to Devon and Cambridge, local ; W. Germany, S.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia, N. Africa; 8-5. Larva
pinkish ; spots large, brownish ; head and plate of 2 black : in
flowers and seeds of Malva sylvestris ; 6, 7. The imago is fond
of hiding in thatch.

16. Brachmia, lib.

Second joint of labial palpi thickened with appressed scales,
terminal shoi'ter than second. Forewings : 2 and 3 stalked,
8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to apex. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, apex
pointed, termen subsinuate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate or stalked,
5 approximated, transverse vein sometimes absent between 5
and 6, 6 and 7 stalked.

A small genus, mainly European and Asiatic. Imago with
forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, termen
oblique.

606

TINEINA

[brachmia

1. Termen of forewings subconcave, stigmata black . 2.

„ „ straight, stigmata not black

2. rufescens.

2. Forewings with dark fasciae . .1. gerronella.

,, without transverse markings . 3. inomatella.

1. B. gerronella, Z. 11-12 mm. Forewings with termen

subconcave ; ochreous, irrorated with brown ; an indistinct

darker angulated fascia at ^ ;
a more distinct oblique dark
fuscous fascia beyond middle ;
stigmata black, first discal be-
yond plical ; an indistinct dark
spot on costa at § ; a dark
fuscous subterminal suffusion,
preceded by an indistinct pale
fascia. Hindwings light grey.

S. England to Norfolk and
Pembroke, local ; C. Europe,
Syria; 7.

2. B. rufescens, Hv). 15-17
mm. Forewings with termen
straight; light reddish-ochreous,
sometimes darker between veins posteriorly ; second, discal
stigma sometimes fuscous. Hindwings whitish-grey, tinged
with reddish-ochreous.

England to York, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 7.
Larva white ; subdorsal line and lateral series of oblique marks
dark grey; dots black; 3-6 black, 3 and 4 white -edged
anteriorly, 6 with brown dorsal blotch ; head and plate of 2
black : in rolled leaves of grasses {Foa, Arrhenatherum, etc.) ;
8-5.

3. B. inomatella, Dgl. 11-14 mm. Forewings with termen
subconcave; light greyish -ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous;
stigmata black, first discal beyond plical ; a pale fascia at ^
sometimes indicated. Hindwings grey.

Cambridge, in fens, local ; Holland, N. Germany ; 6.

17. Recukvaria, Ihv.

Labial palpi very long, second joint thickened with appressed
scales, terminal as long as second. Hindwings over 1, trape-
zoidal, apex rounded, termen sinuate, cilia -I ; 3 and 4 connate,
5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked.

includes only a very few species, inhabiting the European

Neuration and head of Brachmia rufescens.

rkcurvaria]

GELECHIADAE

607

region. Imago with forewings elongate, somewhat dilated
posteriorly, ternioii rather oblique.

1. R. cinerella, CI. 17-19 mm. Forewings rather light
greyish-l)ro\vn ; stigmata sometimes faintly darker. Hindwings
grey.

England, N. and E. Ireland, amongst grass in woods,
common ; Europe ; G, 7.

18. Ypsolophus, F.

Labial palpi very long, second joint with dense projecting
tuft beneath, sometimes with rough scales above, terminal as
long as or longer than second. Forewings : 2 and .3 sometimes
stalked. Hindwings 1 or somewhat over 1, trapezoidal, termen
hardly sinuate, cilia g-f; 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5

Neuration and liead of YpsoTophxis marginellus.

somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 closely approximated or
stalked.

A genus of moderate size but very general distribution,
though absent from New Zealand. Imago with forewings
elongate, usually more or less dilated posteriorly, termen
oblique. Larva in a slight web or amongst spun leaves.

1. Forewings with white costal streak . . 2.

,, without white costal streak . . 4.

2. Forewings with white dorsal streak . 3. 7iiargm€Jlus.

,, without white dorsal streak . . 3.

3. Forewings with oblique white opposite streaks

1. humereUus.
„ without such streaks . 2. semicostellus.

4. Forewings grey . . . .4. junqjereUus.

„ not grey . . . .5.

608 TINEINA [ypsolophus

5. Forewings ochreous . . . ,6.

,, ferruginous-brown . . .7.

6. Forewings with blackish terminal dots . 5. vei'bascellus.

,, ,, blackish terminal line . 6. schmidiellus.

7. Forewings with dark stigmata and fascia 7. fasciellus.

,, without dark markings . 8. ustulellus.

1. Y. humerellus, Schiff. 10-11 mm. Head white, crown
grey-tinged. Forewings with apex produced ; yellowish-brown,
mixed with dark fuscous ; a white costal streak from base to
near middle, thence to disc beyond middle ; two oblique white
opposite streaks at ■§ ; between these a blackish dash ; two
short white inwardly oblique costal marks before apex ; a white
irroration towards termen ; a blackish apical mark. Hindwings
light grey.

Two specimens recorded many years ago, probably authentic,
but locality imknown ; G. Europe ; 7. Larva green ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines darker ; head brown ; 2 blackish-mai'ked :
between spun leaves of Artemisia cam23estris ; 5.

2. Y. semicostellus, Hb. {par enthe sella, Hw.) 16-19 mm.
Forewings ochreous-brownish, irrorated with dark grey, veins
postei'ioi'ly whitish - mixed ; a white costal streak from near
base to beyond middle ; plical and second discal stigmata
elongate, blackish, beneath latter a round blackish spot ; a
black apical dot. Hindwings grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.

3. Y. marginellus, F. 14-16 mm. Head white. Forewings
golden-ochreous-brown ; a white costal streak from base to near
apex ; a white dorsal streak from base to middle of termen ; a
dark terminal line. Hindwings whitish-grey.

Surrey, Wilts, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lancashire to North-
umberland, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva grey, sides
ochreous; dorsal and subdorsal lines reddish - brown ; head
reddish-brown ; plate of 2 brown-black : in a web on Jwiiperus ;
5, 6.

4. Y. juniperellus, L. 16-21 mm. Forewings light grey,
somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous, especially before pale
fascia ; stigmata blackish, first discal beyond plical ; an indis-
tinct pale somewhat indented fascia befoi'e f ; black terminal
dots. Hindwings light grey.

Perth, Moray, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7. Larva in
a web on Junipcriis ; 4, 5.

5. Y. verbascellus, lib. 16-21 mm. Forewings light ochre-
ous, more or less black-sprinkled ; a black dot on base of costa ;

YPSOLOPHUs] GELECHIADAE 609

stigmata black, first discal often absent, plical small ; terminal
blackish dots. Hindwings grey.

Norfolk, very local; C. and SW. Europe, Asia Minor; 7.
Larva brown ; head and plate of 2 black : in a web on Verhas-
cum ; 9-5.

6. Y. schmidiellus, HeyJ. (durdhamellus, Stt.) 13-15 mm.
Forewings light reddish-ochreous ; stigmata black, discal some-
times obsolete ; au indistinct brownish subterminal fascia ; a
terminal blackish line. Hindwings light bluish-grc}^, slightly
reddish-tinged.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; Germany ; 7, 8.
Larva yellow-whitish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines deep purple-
brown ; head black ; plate of 2 brown or blackish ; 3 and 4
swollen, wholly dark purple-br(jwn or V>lackish : in rolled leaves
of Ori(/<tnum ; 6.

7. Y. fasciellus, I/b. 17-21 nun. Forewings ferruginous-
brown, sutt'usedly darker-sprinkled ; stigmata dark fuscous,
indistinct ; an angulated darker fascia about f . Hindwings
grey.

Kent to Worcester and Cambridge, local ; C. and SE. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 5. Larva pale yellowish-grey ; dorsal line greenish-
grey ; subdorsal faint ; dots black ; head reddish-ochreous ; 2
pale ochreous, with four black spots: in rnllcMl leaves of black-
thorn ; 9.

8. Y. ustulellus, F. 17-20 mm. Forewings dark ferruginous-
in-own, towards costa beyond middle broadly irrorated with
pale yellow-ochreous. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Worcester, very local ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5,
6. Larva dull yellowish -green ; dorsal line darker; spots
black ; head dark brown ; 2 brown, posterior halves of 2-4
blackish : between joined leaves of hazel, hornbeam, birch,
Salix; 9, 10.

19. Anarsia, Z.

Second joint of hibial palpi with dense projecting tuft
beneath, terminal in c^ very short, concealed, in ^ longer than
second. Forewings : 6 usually out of 7 near base. Hindwings
1, trapezoidal, termen hardly sinuate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate
or approximated, 5 rather approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.

Although including only a few closely allied species, this
genus is distributed through all the principal regions except
New Zealand. Imago with forewings elongate, pointed.

1. A. spartiella, Schrk. {genistae, Stt.) 12-15 mm. Fore-
'2 R

610 TINEINA [anarsia

wings grey-whitish, finely irrorated with fuscous, often with
some black scales, occasionally much suffused with dark
fuscous ; several short oblique dark fuscous costal marks, one
in middle largest ; stigmata sometimes indicated by black
dashes ; often a black terminal spot below apex. Hindwings
light grey. ,

England to York, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 7. Larva dark brown ; head and ])late of 2 black :
in spun shoots of Ulex, Cytisus, and Geyiista ; 5, 6. Stainton's
genistas seems to be only a dark foiin of this species.

20. ClIELARIA, Hiv.

Labial palpi very long, second joint with rough projecting
tuft beneath, terminal longer than second, with subapical pro-
jection of scales above. Forewings : 7 and 8 out of 6. Hind-
wings 1, elongate -trapezoidal, apex round -pointed, termen
scarcely sinuate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 approximated, 5 rather
approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.

Includes only the single species ; correlated to the preceding.
Imago with forewings elongate, nari'ow, pointed.

1. 0. huebnerella, Don. (conscriptella, Hb.) 15-17 mm.
Forewings whitish-grey, sometimes sprinkled witli dark grey,
margins sometimes ochreous-tinged ; usually a dark fuscous
suffusion near dorsum towards base ; costa marked with small
blackish spots except towards base ; a triangular blackish partly
brown-edged costal blotch liefore middle ; a dark grey tornal
spot ; a black dash on termen below apex. Hindwings light
grey.

England, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva
pinkish-brown ; head and plate of 2 black : in rolled leaves of
birch ; 6.

21. Symmoca, Nb.

Second joint of labial palpi with appressed scales, terminal
as long as second. Hindwings 1 or under 1, elongate -ovate,
cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7
stalked.

A rather small genus, mainly European ; it is an early
unspecialised form of the family. Imago with forewings
elongate, termen oblique.

Forewings dark fuscous . . 2. qtiadrijiwicta.

,, ])ale greyish . . .1. signatdla.

1. S. signatella, 7/^S'. 13-15 umi. Forewings whitish, thinly

symmoca] GELECHIADAE 611

sprinkled with fuscous and black ; a dark fuscous mark at base
of costa ; indistinct dark fuscous spots on costa before and
beyond middle ; stigmata blackish, first discal before plical,
nearly connected with it, second confluent with a dark fuscous
tcfrnal spot ; dark fuscous terminal
dots. Hindwings 1, rather dark
grey.

Has occurred lately in London
near the Docks, not uncommonly,
doubtless introduced, but perhaps
establishing itself ; S. Europe, but
lately established in France
(Paris); 7-9. Larva has been
stated to feed on lichens.

2. S. quadripuncta, liw. {Jdn- Neuration of S^/mmoca aK«<?np«7^cto.

dei'mannvUii, H8.) 12-16 nmi. Forewings narrower, blackish-
fuscous ; extreme base, a spot or cloudy fascia near base, a
moderately broad central fascia, and an irregular sometimes
interrupted fascia at f pale ochreous- yellowish. Hindwings
pale grey.

S. England to Suffolk and Gloucester, E. Ireland, local ; C.
and S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7, 8.

3. OECOPHORIDAE.

Head with appressed or sometimes loose scales, side-tufts
often spreading. Basal joint of antennae usually with pecten.
Labial palpi more or less long, curved, ascending, terminal joint
acute. Maxillary palpi very short, appressed. Posterior tibiae
rough-haired. Forewings : lb furcate or rarely simple, 7 and
8 stalked, or rarely coincident. Hindwings 1 or less, ovate to
lanceolate ; all veins present, 3 and 4 connate or approximated,
5 parallel or sometimes approximated to 4, 6 and 7 remote,
nearly parallel, 8 free.

This family is moderately numei'ous in all regions, but in
Australia it is abnormally predominant, the number of known
species from that region already exceeding 900, although the
fauna is very incompletely explored. The structure is very
constant throughout the family.

Larva more or less elongate, with 10 prolegs ; feeding
amongst spun leaves or seeds or in decayed wood, rarely mining
in leaves. Pupa with segments 9-11 free; not protruded from
cocoon in emergence.

612 TINEINA

Phylogeny of Oecophoridje.

Cheimopliila

I
Carcina Hypercallia Pleurota Cluraabaclie Exaeretia »

Apiota Semioscopis Depressaria Harpella

Enicostoma Psecadia Oecophora

Acompsia Amphisbatis

X

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Forewings with 7 and 8 coincident 15. Amphisbatis.

,, ,, ,, stalked . . .2.

2. Forewings with 7 to termen . . .3.

,, ,, 7 to costa or apex . .7.

3. Antennae over 1 . . . .1. Carcina.

,, under 1 . . . .4.

4. Tongue obsolete ... 5. Chbimophila.

,, developed . . . .5.

5. Second joint of palpi with rough projecting hairs

above . 3. Pleurota.

„ „ „ not rough above . . 6.

6. Antennal ciliations of $ moderate (1) . 4. Aplota.

,, ,, ,, long (3) . 2. Hypercallia.

7. Tongue rudimentary ; wings of $ incomplete

6. Chimabache.
,, developed ; wings of 9 fidly developed . 8.

8. Abdomen strongly flattened . 10. Depressaria.

,, not flattened . . . .9.

9. Antennae thickened with scales towards base

13. Oecophora.
,, not thickened with scales . .10.

10. Antennal ciliations of S very long (4) . 12. Harpella.

,, ,, ,, not long (2 or less) . 11.

11. Thorax crested . . . .9. Exaeretia.

,, not crested . . . .12.

12. Forewings with scalc-tufts on surface 8. Enicostoma.

OECOPHORIDAE 613

Forewings without scale-tufts . . .13.

13. Basal joiut of antennae with pecten . 14. Acompsia.

,, ,, ,, without pecten . .14.

14. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate. . 11. Psecadia.

,, ,, ,, ap})roximated 7. Semioscopis.

1. Carcina, Ilh.

Tongue developed. Antennae over 1, in $ thick, simple,
basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, second
joint with appressed scales, thickened towards apex, terminal
rather short. Forewings : 2 widely remote, 3 and 4 stalked, 7
to termen. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia § ; 3 and 4
connate.

Only the single species is known. Imago with forewings
suboblong, termen little oblique.

1. C. quercana, F. 15-19 mm. Forewings light ochreous,
more or less purple-tinged, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; costal
edge purple ; a yellow blotch along costa near base, and another
beyond middle ; a fuscous transverse line at \, followed by a
yellowish suffusion towards dorsum ; stigmata dark grey, plical
usually faint ; a terminal purple line ; cilia bright yellow except
on tornus. Hindwings ^^ellow-whitish, apex rosy-tinged.

England, Ireland, very common ; C. and S. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva pale green; dorsal line dai'ker, paler -edged; head
yellowish-green : in a flat web beneath leaves of oak, beech,
apple, etc. ; 5, 6.

2. HyPERCALLIA, Stph.

Tongue developed. Antennae 4, in $ with long fine cilia
(3), basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi very long, second
joint thickened with dense scales, rough beneath, terminal
moderately long. Forewings : 7 to termen. Hindwings 1,
ovate, cilia \ ; 3 and 4 connate.

Rather numerous in Australia ; the single European species
is a straggler. Imago with forewings suboblong, termen rather
oblique.

1. H. christiernana, L. (!}. dtrinaUs, Sc.) 16-20 mm. Fore-
wings bright yellow ; a streak along basal third of costa with
two oblique projections, a slender fascia from middle of costa to
\ of dorsum, connected by two downward-oblique bars with an
irregular interrupted subterminal fascia, second discal stigma,
and a narrow terminal fascia bright crimson. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Durham, local and scarce; C. and 8. Europe; 6, 7.

614

TINEINA

[hypercallia

Larva greenish-gTey ; dorsal line whitish ; dots black, whitish-
ringed ; head and 2 black - speckled : in spun shoots of Poly-
gala ; 5.

3. PijEUROTa, Hh.

Tongue developed. Antennae |, in ^ moderately ciliated,
basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi extremely long, second
joint very long, straight, porrected, with rough projecting scales
above and beneath throughout, terminal rather short. Fore-
wings : 7 to termen. Hind wings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia § ; 3
and 4 connate or closely approximated.

A rather considerable genus;
most of the known species in-
habit S. Europe and Australia.
Imago with forewings elongate,
termen vcr}^ oblique.

1. P. bicostella, CI. 19-23
mm. Forewings fuscous, irro-
rated with whitish; a white costal
streak from base to near apex,
edged beneath by a brown streak;
stigmata black. Hindwings grey.
Britain to Sutherland, N. Ire-
land, common ; N., C, and SE.
Europe, N. Africa ; 6, 7. Larva
pinkish-grey, marbled with brown
on sides ; dorsal and subdorsal lines brownish ; dots blackish ;
head and plate of 2 yellowish -brown, latter darker-marked :
in a Aveb amongst shoots of Erica ; 9-5.

4. Aplota, StjyJi.

Tongue developed. Antennae f, in $ moderately ciliated,
basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, slightly
curved, thickened with loose rough scales, terminal joint short.
Forewings : 7 to termen. Hindwings 1, elongate -ovate, cilia
f ; 3 and 4 connate.

Probably to be regarded as consisting only of the one
species, though nearly approached by some Australian forms.
Imago with forewings elongate, termen very oblique.

1. A. palpella, Ihv. 11-13 mm. Head yellowish-ochreous.
Forewings dark fuscous, sprinkled with light ochreous-yellowish;
stigmata blackish, discal sometimes connected by a pale
yellowish streak. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Neuration and head of Phurota hicostella.

aplota] OECOPHORIDAE 615

S. England to Essex and Hereford, local ; Germany ; 7, 8.
Larva yellow-whitish ; subdorsal and spiracular lines irregular,
purplish ; head and plate of 2 black : in silken galleries,
gregariously, on moss; 10-6. The images are very retired in
habit.

5. ChkimophiijA, Hh.

Tongue rudimentary. Antennae §, in $ moderately ciliated,
basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long,
second joint with long rough spreading hairs, terminal short,
concealed. Forewings : 7 to termen. Hindwings 1, elongate-
ovate, cilia |- ; 3 and 4 approximated or connate or seldom
coincident. Wings in $ abbreviated, lanceolate, incapable of
flight.

Contains only one species. Imago with forewings elongate,
apex rounded, termen oblique. Larva with third pair of legs
placed on a stem.

L C. salicella, Hh. S 17-20 mm. Forewings fuscous, some-
what whitish-sprinkled ; costal edge whitish-rosy ; an irregular
ill-defined dark fuscous transverse rather oblique fascia before
middle, not reaching dorsum, and transverse mark in disc at |,
each preceded by a whitish suffusion. Hindwings fuscous.

5- 7-8 mm. Forewings grey, whitish -sprinkled ; blackish
oblique median and posterior fasciae. Hindwings light grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 4.
Larva dull whitish-green ; spots grey ; head blackish ; 2 with a
blackish -gi'een crescentic plate : in rolled leaves of Potentilla
anserina, perhaps also other plants ; 6-9.

6. Chimabache, HI).

Tongue rudimentary. Antennae -|, in $ moderately ciliated
or with long fascicles, basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi
moderate or long, second joint with dense loose scales somewhat
projecting terminally, terminal short. Forewings somewhat
rough-scaled; 7 to apex. Hindwings about 1, oblong-ovate,
cilia \ ; 3 and 4 approximated or connate. Wings in 5
abbreviated, lanceolate, incapable of flight.

Restricted to the two following species. Imago with fore-
wings elongate, apex round-pointed, termen oblique.

Antennae with long fascicles of cilia . 1 . phryrianella.

„ shortly and evenly ciliated . 2. fagella.

Q f Palpi moderate (somewhat over 2) . \. phryganella.

^ \ „ very long (over 4) . . .2. fagella.

616 TINEINA [chimabache

1. C. phryganella, ///>. c^ 21-25 mm. Antennae with long-
fasciculate ciliations. Forewings light ochreous-brown ; some-
times a whitisli sprinkling towards middle of costa and in disc
beyond middle ; stigmata very obscurely darker, second discal
lying on an indistinct oblique darker shade from f of costa to
tornus. Hindwings grey.

$. 17-19 mm. Forewings grey-whitish, irroratcd with dark
grey ; stigmata and oblique marks before middle and above
tornus blackish, sometimes partly connected.

England to Westmoreland, common; C. Europe; 10, 11.
Larva yellow - whitish ; liead dark brown; plate of 2 brown-
freckled ; 3rd pair of legs placed on a shining tubercle (in S
only ?) : between joined leaves of oak ; 6, 7.

2. C. fagella, F. S 24-27 mm., $ 18-20 mm. Antennae of
S shortly and evenly ciliated. Forewings whitish or oclu'cous-
whitish, sprinkled or sometimes densely irroratcd with fuscous
and dark fuscous ; an indistinct blackish angulated transverse
line about ^-, not reaching dorsum ; stigmata black, first discal
double, followed by another black dot, plical confluent with
transverse line, second discal forming a transverse mark or
pair of dots ; often an angulated and indented blackish sub-
terminal line. Hindwings light grey.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, abundant ; C.
Europe; 4. Larva grey - green ; head j^ellowish-grey ; 3rd
pair of legs placed on tubercle : between joined leaves of oak,
beech, birch, etc.; 8-10.

7. Semioscopis, lib.

Tongue rather short. Antennae |, in $ shortly ciliated,
basal joint without pccten. Labial palpi moderately long,
second joint with appressed scales, terminal moderate or short.
Forewings : 2 and 3 approximated or stalked, 7 to costa or
apex. Hindwings 1, ovate, cilia §; 3 and 4 closely approximated.

A very small northern temperate genus. Imago with fore-
wings elongate, apex round-j)ointed, termen very oblique.
Forewings with dark streak from base . 1. nvellanelht.

,, witliout dark streak from base 2. steinkeUneriana.

1. S. avellanella, Hb. 21-23 mm. Forewings rosy-grey-
whitish, sprinkled with pale fuscous ; a dark fuscous streak
from base along fold to \, thence bent upwards to disc before
middle ; second discal stigma forming a dark fuscous angulated
mark ; some dark fuscous scales tending to form dots on costa
and termen ; 2 and 3 separate. Hindwings pale greyish.

SEMioscopis] OECOPHORIDAE 617

Britain to Pertli, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva
whitish-green ; dorsal line darker ; head and plate of 2 green :
in a web beneath leaves of Tilia parvifoJla (and probabl}' other
trees); 7-0.

2. S. steinkellneriana, Sdiiff. 18-21 mm. Forewings light
brown, sometimes rosj-tinged, with a iii\Y dark fuscous scales ;
a small black subcostal dot near base ; a bent blackish longi-
tudinal mark in disc before middle ; second discal stigma
forming an angulated blackish transverse mark, connected with
a fuscous spot on costa; 2 and 3 stalked. Hindwings light
grey.

Britain to Sutherland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ;
4. Larva whitish-green ; dorsal line darker ; head and plate of
2 black-marked : in a web beneath leaves of hawthorn and
Pyrus aiicujiaria; 7-9.

8. Knicostoma, StplL.

Tongue developed. Antennae I, in S shortly ciliated, basal
joint without jjecten. Labial palpi very long, second joint
somewhat rough beneath, terminal short. Forewings with
scale-tufts on surface; 7 to costa. Hindwings 1, oblong-ovate,
cilia ^ ; 3 and 4 approximated or connate.

Only includes the one species. Luago with forewings
elongate, termen oblique.

1. E. lobelia, ;S'c/w^'. 16-19 mm. Forewings fuscous; stigmata
raised, blackish, fir'st discal somewhat before plical, an addi-
tional blackish dot obliquely before and above it, and another
below second discal. Hindwings grey.

Kent to Dorset and Norfolk, rather local ; C. Europe ; 6.
Larva whitish -green, incisions whitish; dorsal line darker,
edged with whitish lines ; head whitish ; 2 with a whitish
central line and two l)lack dots : in a web beneath leaves of
blackthorn ; 8, 9.

9. EXABIIETIA, Sit.

Tongue developed, xintennae f , in S pubescent, basal joint
with pecten. Labial palpi very long, second joint thickened
with dense scales, somewhat rough and furrowed beneath,
terminal rather shoi't, in 9 thickened with scales towai'ds base.
Thorax crested. Forewings : 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to apex.
Hindwings 1, oblong-ovate, cilia f ; 3 and 4 connate.

Also fovmded on a single species. Imago with forewings
elongate-oblong, termen little oblique.

618

TINEINA

[exaeretia

1. E. allisella, Stt. 20-21 nmi. Forewings reddish -grey,
irregularly and sufFusedly irrorated with whitish ; a cloudy
ferruginous fascia from middle of costa to tornus, marked with
a dark fuscous spot in middle, and edged anteriorly with
whitish suffusion. Hindwings pale yellowish-grey.

Kent, Surrey, Norfolk, Cheshire to Cumberland, local ;
Germany, Finland ; 7. Larva greyish-green, dorsally reddish-
tinged ; spots dark grey; head yellow-brown: in stems and
roots of Artemisia vulgaris; 10-5.

10. Dbpebssabia, Hiv.

Tongue developed. Antennae f, in $ simple, basal joint
with pecten. Labial palpi very long, second joint with dense

roughly projecting scales and
furrowed beneath, terminal
shorter. Thorax sometimes
crested. Abdomen flattened.
Forewings : 2 and 3 sometimes
stalked, 7 to costa or apex.
Hindwings 1, oblong-ovate, cilia
about h ', 3 and 4 connate or
short-stalked.

A very large genus, yet al-
most wholly confined to temper-
ate regions of the Northern
hemisphere, and mainly char-
acteristic of Europe. Imago
with forewings elongate-oblong
or elongate, apex usually obtuse
or rounded, termcn little oblique.
Larva usually feeding in rolled
or spun leaves, especially on UmheUiferae and Comj^ositae.
Many of the species hibernate in the imago state, and these
are particularly fond of concealing themselves in thatch.

1. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked . . .2.

,, ,, 2 and 3 remote . . . 26.

2. Forewings with blackish dot near base of dorsum

25. rotundella.
,, without such dot . . .3.

3. First discal stigma obliquely preceded by a black

dot, sometimes confluent to form a curved mark 4.
First discal stigma single, dot-like . . 20.

4. Head and thorax white . . 18. alstrocmeriana

Neuration and head of Depressaria
arenella.

depuessaria] OECOPHORIDAE 619

Head and thorax not white . . .5.

5. Second discal stigma red-circled . .14. ocellana.

,, ,, ,, not red-circled . . 6.

6. Forewings with white suffusion on basal half of

costa . . .16. ciniflonella.

„ without white costal suffusion . 7.

7. First discal stigma forming a curved dash . 8.

,, ,, ,, not forming a curved dash . 9.

8. Patagia dark fuscous . . .13. hypericella.

„ brownish . . 15. conterminella.

9. Second discal stigma whitish . . .10.

,, ,, ,, dark fuscous . .15.

10. First discal stigma partly white-edged . .11.

,, ,, ,, not white-edged . .13.

11. Forewings with dark fuscous blotch reaching

middle of costa . . 20. 'purpurea.

,, without such blotch . . .12.

12. Cilia of hindwings reddish-tinged . 22. ciliella.

,, „ not reddish-tinged . 23. aj^plana.

13. Forewings light yellow-ochreous, brownish-suffused

4. atomella.
,, light greyish-ochreous or fuscous . 14.

14. A dark fuscous spot between and above discal

stigmata . . . .17. yeatiana.

No dark central spot . . .21. capreolella.

15. Forewings rosy-ochreous . . . .16.

,, pale ochreous or brownish-ochreous . 17.

1 6. Second discal stigma placed in dark fuscous suffusion

19. angeliceUa.
„ „ „ not so placed . 11. carduella.

17. Costa distinctly spotted with dark fuscous . 18.

,, not so spotted . .10. suhpropinquella.

18. Forewings with apex evenly rounded . 24. zepjhyrella.

,, ,, apex obtuse . . .19.

19. Forewings irregularly clouded with fuscous 8. arenella.

,, evenly tinged with brownish-ochreous

9. 2)ro2nnqueIla.

20. Forewings red-brown . . .12. cnicella.

,, whitish-ochreous . . .21.

21. Terminal cilia of forewings dark rosy -grey 1. costosa.

„ „ not dark rosy-grey . 22.

22. Veins marked with dark fuscous lines . 2. timbellana.

,, not marked with dark lines . 23.

620 TINEINA [depressaria

23. Hindwings ochreoi;s-grey-whitish . . . 24.

,, gi'6y • • • .7. nanatella.

24. Forewings with dark siilxlorsal streak . 6. pallorella.

,, without such streak . . . 25.

25. Forewings with dark spot beneath second discal

stigma . . .5. liturella.

„ without such spot . . 3. assimilella.

26. Forewings with broad hghter reddish costal streak 27.

„ without such streak . . .29.

27. Costal streak extending to \ only 31. chaerojjhylli.

„ „ „ throughout . . 28.

28. Head and thorax pale yellowish . . 34. dejiressella.

„ „ ,, not yellowish . 33. pimpi7iellae.

29. Head and thorax markedly paler tluiu forewings . 30.

,, ,, „ not paler than forewings . 32.

30. Head and thorax yellowisli . .28. emeritella.

,, ,, ,, not yellowish . . . 31.

31. Head and thorax whitish ; forewings broader

27. douglasella.
,, „ ,, rosy - grey - whitish ; forewings

narrower . 36. 2^ulcherrimeUa.

32. All stigmata dot-like, dark fuscous 39. discipunctella.
Stigmata not all dot-like .... 33.

33. Terminal joint of palpi black except apex . 34.

,, ,, ,, withoneortwo black bands 35.

34. Pale fascia acutely angulated . . 29. olerelhi.

,, ,, somewhat obtuselyangulated 50. albipimctella.

35. Terminal joint of palpi with one black band 35. tveirella.

,, „ ,, with two black bands . 36.

36. Forewings rather dark fuscous, uniform . 26. hadiella.

,, light brownish, with dark dashes . 37.

37. Forewings with distinct blackish terminal dots

37. heracliana.
,, without separate terminal dots . 38.

38. Hindwings with 5 connate with stalk of 3 and 4

38. nervosa.
,, ,, 5 separate . . 32. ultimclla.

Section A. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked ;
base pale, edged by a dark erect mark from dorsum.

1. D. costosa, Hiv. 16-21 mm. Forewings ])ale yellow-
ochreous, more or less tinged especially dorsally with light
brown-reddish and sprinkled with dots of blackish scales; first

.IL

depeessaria] OECOPHORIDAE 621

discal stigma blackish, second whitisli, often preceded by a red
dot or dash, above which is sometimes a fuscous sutt'usion ;
terminal cilia dark rosy-grey except towards tornus. Hindwings
ochreous-grey-whitish.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; C.
Eiiropc ; 7, 8. Larva grey, dorsal and subdorsal lines in-
distinctly darker ; dots black ; head and plate of 2 black :
amongst spun shoots of Ulex, Cytisus, and Genista ; 5, 6. A
peculiar variety of the larva occurs on Genista tifictoria ; gi'een,
lines brown-reddish ; the imagos tend to be somewhat darker.

2. D. umbellana, Stph. 19-21 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous ; veins and dorsum marked with dark fuscous lines ;
first and sometimes second discal stigmata black ; terminal
black dots. Hindwings pale whitish-grey, round a])ex some-
times interruptedly dark-edged.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, rather local ;
Holland, France, Spain ; 8-4. Larva dull green ; dots black ;
head and plate of 2 black : amongst sjnui shoots of Ulex ; 6, 7.

3. D. assimilella, Tr. 18-20 nmi. Forewings whitish -
ochreous, often mixed with deeper ochreous or brownish, strewn
with dots of blackish scales; first discal stigma blackish,
second whitish, but usually obsolete, sometimes preceded by a
reddish mark, across which lies often an oblicpic darlc fuscous
suffusion. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish.

Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common ; V. and SE. Europe ;
6-8. Larva brown ; dots black ; head and plate of 2 black :
between spun twigs of Cytisus sco'parius ; 11-4.

4. D. atomella, lib. (scojxiriella, Hein.) 19-21 mm. Fore-
wings pale jX'Uow-ochrcous, more or less sprinkled or sometimes
wholly suffused with light rosy-brownish, with some scattered
blackish scales ; first discal stigma black, preceded by a similar
dot obliquely above it ; second whitish, often obsolete, some-
times preceded by a similar dot ; sometimes a suffused dark
spot above these ; dark fuscous terminal dots. Hindwings
whitish-grey, darker posteriorly.

England to Lancashire, E. Ireland, local; C. and S. Euro]3e,
Asia Minor; 7, 8. Larva dull green, sides more yellowish;
dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; dots black ; head pale
brown ; 2 jjale green, with two black crescentic marks : amongst
spun leaves of Cytisus and Genista ; 4, 5.

5. D. liturella, Schif. {Jiavella, Hb. ; hipimctosa, Stt.) 19-
21 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, sometimes more or less
mixed with pale ferruginous -ochreous, usually with a few

622 TINEINA [depressaria

blackish scales ; first and second discal stigmata black, beneath
second a dark grey spot, sometimes faint. Hindwings ochreous-
grey-whitish, greyer posteriorly.

England, E. and S. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 7, 8. Larva blackish ; dots black ; head and plate of
2 shining black : in rolled leaves of Centaiirea ; 5, 6.

6. D. pallorella, Z. 19-21 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
veins strewn with dots of dark fuscous scales ; an indistinct
dark fuscous longitudinal streak near dorsum from near base to
before toi^nus ; first and second discal stigmata black ; terminal
black dots. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish, greyer pos-
teriorly.

England to Westmoreland, local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 8-4.
Larva dull greenish, darker posteriorly ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines greenish -black ; dots black ; head red-brown ; 2 pale
reddish -bi'own, with two black crescentic marks : in rolled
leaves of Centaurea ; 6, 7.

7. D. nanatella, Stt. 14-15 mm. Forewings pale whitish-
ochreous, brownish-tinged and strewn with brown strigulae ;
costa marked with spots of darker strigulae ; fii'st and some-
times second discal stigmata dark fuscous ; sometimes a suffused
fuscous spot between and above these. Hindwings grey, darker
posteriorly.

England to York, E. L'eland, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva
yellow-green ; dots grey ; dorsal line darker ; head and plate of
2 black : in rolled leaves of Carlina ; 4-6.

S. D. arenella, Schiff. 18-22 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, more or less suffused with fuscous and sprinkled with
dark fuscous ; costa spotted with dark fuscous ; first discal
stigma and a dot obliquely befoi'c and above it black ; second
indistinct, dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous spot between and
above these ; dark fuscous terminal dots. Hindwings pale
whitish-fuscous.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, very common ; C.
and SE. Europe ; 9-5. Larva green, paler laterally ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines dark green ; dots blackish ; head light
brownish-ochreous ; 2 with two blackish spots : in folded leaves
of Centaurea, Carduus, and Arctium ; 6-8.

9. D. propinquella, Tr. 15-17 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, more or less wholly suffused with brownish-oclu-eous,
with a few dark fuscous scales ; costa sj)otted with dark fuscous;
first discal stigma black, preceded by a less distinct dot
obliquely above it, second indistinct, dark fuscous ; a blackish,

depressaria] OECOPHORIDAE 623

dark fuscous, or ochreous-fuscous spot between and above
these ; terminal blackish dots, sometimes obsolete. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous or pale fuscous.

England to Westmoreland, common ; C. and SW. Euro])e ;
9-4:. Larva pale green ; doi'sal line darker ; dots black ; head
and plate of 2 black : in a web beneath leaves of Carduus ; 6-8.

10. D. subpropinquella, Stt. {rhodochrella, HS.) 18-21 mm.
Thorax sometimes dark fuscous. Forewings light ochreous to
brownish -ochreous, sometimes slightly reddish -tinged, with a
few blackish scales ; first discal stigma black, preceded by a
similar dot obliquely above it, second Ijlackish, often obsolete ;
a dark fuscous often suffused spot between and above these.
Hindwings pale fuscous.

Ijritain to Perth, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 8-4. Larva green ; dorsal line somewhat darker;
dots grey ; head and plate of 2 black : in a web beneath leaves
of Carduus and Centaurea ; 6, 7.

11. D. carduella, llh. 14-16 mm. Forewings light rosy-
ochreous, more or less sprinkled with fuscous ; costa indis-
tinctly spotted with fuscous ; first discal stigma black, preceded
by a similar dot obliquely above it, second blackish ; a fuscous
suft'used spot between and above these ; terminal dark fuscous
dots. Hindwings ochreous-whitish.

England to Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
pale grey, sides greenish ; spots black, whitish -ringed ; head
and plate of 2 black : in elongate whitish blotches in leaves of
Carduus ; 5, 6.

12. D. cnicella, Tr. 19-21 mm. Forewings dull red-brown,
with a few grey scales; base whitish-grey, enclosing a dark
grey mark on dorsum ; first discal stigma whitish, often
obsolete, second distinct, whitish, sometimes preceded by a
similar dot ; a faint fuscous spot between and above these.
Hindwings grey, paler basally.

Kent to Hants and Suffolk, on coasts, local ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva dull green ; dorsal line darker ; dots
blackish ; head and plate of 2 black : gregarious, amongst spun
shoots of Eryngium inaritimimi ; 5.

13. D. hypericella, Tr. {liturella, Wo.) 17-19 mm. Head
and thorax light ochreous-yellowish, patagia dark fuscous.
Forewings crimson-fuscous, towards base and costa sufFusedly
mixed with blackish, with a few yellow-whitish scales ; usually
a yellow subbasal dot; an ill -defined yellowish costal spot
before middle, and sometimes one at | ; first discal stigma

624 TINEINA [depressakia

represented by an oblique curved black mark. Hiudwings
fuscous, lighter basally.

England, rather common ; N., C, and SW. Europe ; 7.
Larva dull green ; head and plate of 2 yellow-brown : in spun
shoots of Hypericwm ; 5, 6.

14. D. ocellana, F. 19-22 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous,
slightly fuscous- tinged, more or less sprinkled with black;
first discal stigma black mixed with red, preceded by a similar
dot obliquely above and sometimes connected with it, second
white edged with red ; between and above these a dark fuscous
spot edged beneath with red ; blackish terminal dots. Hind-
wings fuscous-whitish.

England, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 8-4.
Larva pale green ; dots black ; head yellow-brownish : between
spun leaves of Salir. ; 6, 7.

15. D. conterminella, Z. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax pale
ochreous-yellowish, patagia brownish. Forewings crimson-
fuscous, disc suftused with fuscous, more or less mixed with
dark fuscous, with some yellow-whitish scales, sometimes form-
ing spots on costa ; base yellow-whitish, enclosing a dark dorsal
mark ; first discal stigma forming an oblique curved black
mark, sometimes followed by yellow-whitish scales, second
yellow-whitisli. Hindwings whitish-fuscous.

England to Durham, N. and E. Ireland, common ; Holland,
Germany, W. Russia ; 7-9. Larva light green ; dots black ;
head yellow-brownish : in spun shoots of Salix ; 5, 6.

16. D. ciniflonella, Z. 19-22 mm. Forewings ashy -fuscous,
slightly reddish-tinged, sprinkled with dark fuscous and much
mixed with whitish ; a white suffusion along basal half of
costa ; first discal stigma elongate, black, often connected with
a black dot obliquely before and above it, second wliitish,
edged with dark fuscous; blackish terminal dots. Hindwings
light grey.

Perth, Inverness, local ; N. Germany, W. Russia, N.
America ; 6-3. Larva purple-brown ; spots black ; head pale
reddish ; plate of 2 blackish : in folded leaves of birch ; 4, 5.

17. D. yeatiana, F. 18-21 mm. Forewings pale greyish-
ochreous, with a few black scales ; veins sometimes marked with
cloudy dark fuscous streaks ; first discal stigma black, precedetl
by a similar dot obliquely above it, second white edged with dark
fuscous ; a dark fuscous spot between and above these ; black
terminal dots. Hindwings pale whitish-fuscous.

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. and SW. Kurope ; 9-4.

depressakia] OECOPHOEIDAE 625

Larva yellowish-green ; head black : amongst spun shoots of
Daucus carota ; G, 7.

18. D. alstroemeriana, CI. 17-19 inm. Head and thorax
white. Fore wings white, more or less suftused with pale brownish-
ochreous, with a few black scales ; costa marked with blackish ;
first discal stigma black, preceded by a similar dot obliquely
above it ; a suffused blackish -grey spot touching middle of
costa, edged beneath with a thick red mark ; some black ter-
minal dots. Hindwings whitish-grey, darker terminally.

Britain to Roxbiu-gh, E. Ireland, common ; C. and SW.
Europe, N. Asia ; 8-4. Larva pale green ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines darker; head yellowish-grccu : in rolled leaflets of
Conium inacuIatiDii ; G, 7.

19. D. angelicella, lib. 15-17 mm. Head light ochreous-
yellow. Forewings rosy-ochreous, costa more rosy, somewhat
sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first discal stigma black, often
minute or obsolete, preceded by a larger similar dot obliquely
above it, second black, placed in a dark fuscous suft'usion some-
times tending to form an indistinct fascia, plical sometimes
distinct, black ; blackish terminal dots. Hindwings whitish-
grey.

Britain to Argyll, N. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 7-9.
Larva greenisli-grey; dots black; head reddish-ochreous ; 2
ochreous-tingcd : in spun shootis of Angelica .si/lvestris ; 5, 6.

20. D. purpurea, Ihv. {vaceineUa, Hb.) 11-14 mm. Head
grey, face white. Forewings crimson-fuscous, mixed with dark
fuscous and whitish, especially towards costa ; base more
whitish ; fii'st discal stigma black, posteriorly whitish-edged,
preceded by a similar dot obliquely above it, second white,
edged with dark fuscous; between and above these a dark
fuscous blotch reaching costa. Hindwings light grey, darker
posteriorly.

England to Lancashire, E. and S. Ireland, rather local ; C.
and S. Europe, AVC'. Asia to N. Persia ; 8-4. Larva yellowish ;
head and plate of 2 black : in spun leaves of AntJtriscAis and
Daucus ; 6, 7.

21. D. capreolella, Z. 14-lG mm. Forewings light fuscous;
base pale ; first discal stigma black, preceded by a similar dot
obliquely above it, second white, obscurely dark-edged, pre-
ceded by a similar dot ; dark fuscous terminal dots. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous, darker terminally.

England to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, local : C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 8-4. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines

2 s

626 TINEINA [nEPEESSARiA

dai'kei" ; head and plate of 2 black : in spun radical leaves of
FimpineUa : G.

22. D. ciliella, Stt. 22-24 mm. Forewings red-brown, some-
times sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first discal stigma V)lackish,
posteriorly edged with a white dot, and preceded by a blackish
dot obliquely above it, second white, sometimes obscurely dai'k-
edged, usually preceded by a similar dot. Hindwings pale
whitish-fuscous, cilia reddish-tinged.

England, N. Ireland, rather common ; N. Europe, Holland,
N. Germany, N. America ; 8-4. Larva resembling that of D.
ap2)lana, but head ochreous-yellowish : in spun leaves of
Angelica, Daiicus, Selinum, etc. ; 6, 7.

23. D. applana, F. 18-21 mm. Foi-ewings light fuscous,
I'eddish-tinged, more or less mixed with whitish-ochreoiis and
dark fuscous ; base pale ; first discal stigma black, partly
whitish -edged, preceded by a similar dot obliquely above it,
second white, dark -edged, preceded by a similar dot, above
which is usually a suffused dark spot, plical often black ; dark
fuscous terminal dots. Hindwings whitish-grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, abundant ; N. and C.
Europe, N. America ; 8-4. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal
lines darker ; dots black ; head grey-green ; 2 with two blackish-
green crescentic marks : in I'oUed leaves of Anthriscus, llera-
cleum, A^ujelicn, etc.; 5-7.

24. D. zephyrella, II l>. {(punuIoseNa, Stt.) lG-17 mm. Fore-
wings pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with light fuscous, some-
times tinged with yellowish or reddish ; costa s] totted with
darker fuscous ; base pale ; first discal stigma black, preceded
by a similar dot obliquely above it, second dark fuscous, some-
times accompanied l)y a faint pale dot ; between and above
these a cloudy fuscous spot ; dark fuscous terminal dots.
Hindwings whitish-grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; (TCi-many ; 8-4. Larva in
rolled leaves of Aiill/riscus, ChacrojJu/lhim, etc.; 6, 7.

25. D. rotundella, Dgl. 14-16 mm. Forewings rather
narrow, pale greyish -ochreoiis, sometimes somewhat fuscous-
sprinkled posteriorly ; subbasal mark of dorsum reduced to a
dark fuscous dot ; first discal stigma absent, a black dot
obliquely before and above its usual position, second black ;
dark fuscous terminal dots, sometimes indistinct. Hindwings
whitish-grey, darker terminally.

Kent to Dorset, Pembroke, ('heshire, E. Ireland, local : S.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 9-4. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal

i

depressakia] OECOPHORIDAE 627

lines darker ; head and plate of 2 black : in rolled leaves of
Bmicus carota ; 6-8.

Section B. Forewings with 2 and 3 remote ;
an ochreous-whitish dash on base of dorsum, edged above with
dark fuscous.

26. D. badiella, Hh. {HbanotideUa, Stt., non Schl.) 22-23
mm. Terminal joint of palpi with two black bands. Fore-
wings rather dark fuscous, somewhat whitish-sprinkled ; a dark
suffusion above dorsal dash ; first discal stigma sometimes
represented by an obscure dark fuscous dash, second cloudy,
dark fuscous. Hindwings whitisli- fuscous, becoming fuscous
terminally.

England to York, rather local ; C. and SE. Europe ; 8, 9.
Larva dull olive-green, often suffused with dark red ; head dark
red-brown ; plate of 2 black, bisected, edged with pale yellowish
anteriorly : between leaves or boring into heart of J/^pochoeris,
Sonchics, Tai'axacum, etc.; 5-7. D. lihanotidella, Schl., is a
good species, but appears to have been en-oneously recorded as
I3ritish from a variety of D. hadiella.

27. D. douglasella, Stt. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax
whitish, })atagia fuscous. Terminal joint of palpi with two
black bands. Forewings brown, more or less mixed with
dark fuscous and whitish, costal edge rosy -tinged ; some in-
conspicuous darker dashes ; first and second discal stigmata
whitish, connected by a dark dash, first preceded by an oblique
dark fuscous dash ; an obscure paler angulated fascia about |.
Hindwings whitish-grey, darker posteriorly.

Kent to Dorset, York to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, local ;
France, Holland, Germany ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines darker ; head yellowish-green : in spun leaves
of Daucu^ carota ; 5, 6.

28. D. emeritella, Stt. 21-23 mm. Head and thorax light
yellowish-ochreous, patagia dark red-browu. Forewings reddish-
fuscous, darker towards base, somewhat sprinkled with grey-
whitish ; some indistinct darker dashes ; first and second discal
stigmata whitish, first indistinct, elongate ; an obscui'c pale
angulated fascia about f . Hindwings whitish-grey.

Locality luiknown but probably authentic, once only ;
Germany, N. America ; 8, 9. Larva green ; dorsal and sub-
doi'sal lines darker ; head yellowish-green ; 2 black-dotted : in
rolled leaves of Tanacetum ; 6, 7.

29. D. olerella, ^. 17-19 mm. Head brownish, face whitish.

628 TINEINA [depeessaeia

Terminal joint of palpi blackish, tip whitish. Forewings
ochreous- brown, sprinkled with whitish, sometimes slightly
redd ish- tinged ; some dark fuscous dashes, one more distinct
and oblique in disc before middle ; second discal stigma white,
dark-edged ; an obscure pale acutely angulated fascia about f .
Hind wings whitish-grej".

Surrey, Hants, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 8-4. Larva green ;
dorsal line darker ; subdorsal sometimes reddish-tinged ; head
dark brown ; 2 with two black crescentic spots : amongst spun
leaves of Achillea •rnUhfoliuiii ; G, 7.

30. D. albipunctella, lib. 17-19 mm. Head reddish-fuscous.
Terminal joint of palpi blackish, tip whitish. Forewings
broader than in D. olerella, brown, reddish - tinged, paler-
sprinkled ; some dark fuscous dashes, one more distinct and
obliqiie in disc before middle ; second discal stigma wiiite,
dark-edged ; a pale somewhat obtusely angidated fascia before
■|; dark fuscous terminal dots. Hindwings whitisli-gi-ey.

Britain to the Clyde, rather local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 8-4.
Larva pale green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal hardly darker ;
dots grey; head yellowish -green, with two black marks; 2
black-speckled : in rolled leaves of Chaeroj^hyllum and A71-
fhriscus ; 5-7.

3L D. chaerophylli, Z. 19-20 nun. Terminal joint of palpi
blackish, tip whitish. Forewings pale rcddisli - grey, much
sprinkled with dai-k grey and whitish ; a light more reddish-
tinged blotch along basal -J- of costa ; inimerous blackish
dashes ; an obscure pale acutely angulated fascia at f ;
blackish terminal dots. Hindwings whitish-grey.

England, rather local ; (1 Europe, Asia Minor ; 8-4. Larva
yellow-green; dorsal and sul)dorsal lines broad, darker or
blackish - green ; dots black; head and 2 edged and spotted
Avith l)lack : amongst flowers of Cliaeroplii/lliint tcmulum :
G, 7.

32. D. ultimella, iStt. lG-19 nun. Terminal joint of palpi
with two blackish bands. Forewings light reddish-fuscous,
more or less sprinkled with ochreous-whitish ; numerous dark
fuscous dashes ; two indicating discal stigmata, connected by a
line of whitish scales ; an obscure pale acutely angulated fascia
about -|. Hindwings fuscous-whitisli, more fuscous posteriorly;
5 separate.

England to York, connnon ; Holland, (ilermany ; 9-4. Larva
pale green ; dots dark brown ; head pale brownish : in stems of
Oenanthe pliellandrium ; G, 7.

depressaria] OECOPHORIDAE 629

33. D. pimpinellae, Z. 17-19 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
with two blackish bands. Forewings light reddish -brown,
sprinkled with dark fuscous and whitish except on a broad
costal streak from base to f ; numerous obscure dark fuscous
dashes, except on costal streak ; second discal stigma blackish ;
a faint pale angulated fascia at \. Hindwings whitish-fuscous,
becoming fuscous terminally.

England, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 9-4. Larva grey, sides
yellow-whitish ; dots black, whitish-circled ; head black ; 2 with
two black crescentic marks : amongst flowers of Pimpinella saxi-
fraga ; 7, 8.

34. D. depressella, Hh. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax pale
ochreous-yellowish. Terminal joint of palpi with one blackish
band. Forewings rather dark crimson -fuscous, lighter on a
broad costal streak; scattered ochreous-grey-whitish scales,
some forming an obscure dorsal spot beyond middle, and an
angulated fascia at |, less marked towards costa. Hindwings
whitisli-fuscous, becoming fuscous terminally.

Kent, Essex, local; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor; 9-4.
Larva pale or deep green to ochreous-brownish, sometimes
reddish -tinged ; spots white ; head and plate of 2 black :
amongst flowers of Daucus, Peucedammn, and Pimpinella ; 7, 8.

35. D. weirella, Stt. 17-19 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
with one blackish band. Forewings light reddish -fuscous,
somewhat sprinkled with darker fuscous and whitish ; first
and second discal stigmata obscure, whitish, more or less sui*-
rounded witli darker ; a faint pale angulated fascia at |.
Hindwings whitish-fuscous.

England to Westmoreland, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva
green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; head greenish : in
spun leaves of Anthriscus and Conium ; 5, G.

36. D. pulcherrimella, Stt. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax
rosy-grej'-wliitisii. Terminal joint of palpi with two blackish
bands. Forewings rather narrow, light reddish - fuscous,
sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous; some indistinct
dark fuscous dashes ; one more conspicuous in disc before
middle, followed by whitish scales ; second discal stigma
whitish ; a faint pale angulated fascia at f . Hindwings
fuscous-whitish, more fuscous posteriorly.

Britain to Perth, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva in rcjUed
leaves of Pirnpinella and Conopodiiim ; 6, 7.

37. D. heracliana, Be Geer. 24-27 mm. Terminal joint of
palpi witli two blackish bands. Forewings light grevish-

630 TINEINA [depressaria

ochreous suffused with pale brownish ; some dark fuscous
dashes, most distinct before fascia ; more conspicuous cloudy
dashes in place of stigmata, second discal stigma sometimes
including a whitish dot ; a distinct pale acutely angulated
fascia at -| ; terminal blackish dots. Hindwings whitish-
fuscous.

Britain to Argyll, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
N. America; 9-4. Larva grey, on sides dull yellow; spots
black ; head and plate of 2 black : amongst flowers and seeds
of Heradeum and Peucedanum ; 6, 7. Pupa in stem of food-
plant.

38. D. nervosa, Hiv. 21-23 mm. Terminal joint of palpi
with two blackish bands. Forewings light brown, somewhat
whitish-sprinkled, sometimes slightly reddish-tinged ; numerous
dark fuscous dashes ; two indicating discal stigmata, between
which is sometimes a line of pale scales ; an obscure pale
very acutely angulated fascia at |. Hindwings fuscous-whitish,
more fuscous posteriorly ; 5 connate with stalk of 3 and 4.

Britain to Argyll, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N,
America; 9-4. Larva dark bluish -grey; lateral line orange-
yellow; spots black, white-circled; head black; plate of 2
black, bisected, anterior edge whitish : amongst spun flowers of
Oenanthe crocata ; 6, 7. I'upa in stem of food-plant.

39. D. discipunctella, IIS. {pastinacella, Stt., non Dup.)
22-24 mm. Terminal joint of palpi with two blackish bands.
Forewings narrower than in D. nervosa, pale fuscous ; stigmata
dark fuscous, first discal somewhat beyond plical, preceded by
a similar dot obliquely above it ; between first and second
discal a dark fuscous sometimes elongate dot ; a faint paler
angulated fascia at f ; traces of dark dashes beyond it. Hind-
wings whitish-fuscous.

England to Westmoreland, local : France, Holland, Spain ;
9-4.

11. PSECADIA, /lb.

Tongue developed. Antennae |, in S shortly ciliated, basal
joint without pecten. Labial palpi moderate or long, second
joint with appresscd scales, terminal shorter. Forewings : 7 to
costa or apex. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia about -J; 3
and 4 connate.

A rather small genus, widely distributed, but j)rincipally
within the Northern hemisphere. Imago with forewings
elongate, apex obtuse, termen rather oblique. Larva rather

psecadia] OECOPHORIDAE 631

bright -coloured, in a slight web on leaves, usually on Bora-

gineae ; often occurring rather numerously together. The
images are retired in habit and less frequently noticed.

1. Abdomen partly or wholly yellow . . 2.

,, not yellow . . . .3.

2. Forewings wholly blackish . .1. pyrausta.

,, not wliolly blackish , . 4. hijyuncteUa.

3. Forewings with black terminal blotch . 3. funerella.

„ without black terminal blotch . 4.

4. Forewings with black longitudinal streak 5. pusiella.

,, witliout black longitudinal streak

2. decemgtittella.

1. P. pyrausta, Pa//. 15-20 mm. Palpi moderate. Abdomen
black, terminal half orange. Forewings blackish-grey ; a black
spot on fold near base ; plical and second discal stigmata rather
large, black. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Sutherland, once only, but would probably be found if looked
for ; N\V. Russia, N. Asia ; 5. Larva grey, with rows of orange-
yellow spots : on Tlialictrum aquiU'iji folium ; 7, 8.

2. P. decemguttella, //6. 16-21 mm. Palpi long. Forewings
grey-whitish; eleven irregularly placed small Itlack spots, one
towards tornus largest. Hindwings gi'cy.

S. England to Cambridge and Somerset, local ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva yellow; dorsal area on 5-12 light grey-blue,
dorsal line slendei', blackish ; subdorsal series of lai'ge black
spots ; head black : in a sligiit web on leaves of Litliospermwn
officinale ; 8-10.

3. P. funerella, F. 15-17 mm. Palpi long. Forewings
white ; two spots on costa towards base, two towards dorsum
anteriorly, an irregular median blotch resting on costa, and a
terminal blotch black. Hindwings dark fuscous ; in c? a suf-
fused white tornal blotch.

Kent to Berks and Norfolk, York to Cumberland, local ; C.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva pale yellow ; dorsal series of
bright yellow spots ; subdorsal line dark purple-grey ; head pale
greyish-ochreous, with black lateral spots : in slight webs be-
neath leaves of Symphytum ; 8-10.

4. P. bipunctella, F. 21-25 mm. Palpi long. Abdomen
(jclireous-yellow, deeper terminally. Forewings ochreous-grey-
whitish ; costal half blackish except at apex, lower edge with
three irregular projections and an indentation before third ; a
terminal row of blackish dots. Hindwings grey-whitish, to-
wards apex greyer, towards tornus pale yellowish.

632 TINEINA [psecapia

Kent, Bucks, very scarce, perhaps a douljtful resident ; C.
and S. Eui'ope, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 5, 8. Larva whitish ;
dorsal series of orange spots and black dots ; subdorsal series
of subconfiuent blackish spots ; spiracular line orange ; sub-
spiracular dark grey ; head black : in a slight web amongst
leaves and flowers of Echiuvi ; 6, 7, 9. Said to frequent poor
sandy soil.

5. P. pusiella, Roem. 25-31 mm. Palpi long. Forewings
white ; a thick irregular median black streak from base of
costa to near termen, with three quadrate projections on each
edge ; two spots towards costa anteriorly, one on middle of
costa, two dots towards dorsum anteriorly, three together be-
neath costa at f, and a series along posterior half of costa
and termen black. Hindwings grey-whitish, becoming greyer
towards apex, white towards tornus.

Kent, recorded many years ago, perhaps now extinct ; C.
and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 6, 7. Larva on
Lithospermum and Fulmonaria ; 5.

12. Hakpei.la, Schrk.

Tongue developed. Antennae -|, in c^ ciliated with long
fascicles (4), basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi extremely
long, second joint rough-scaled beneath and sometimes above,
terminal shorter. Forewings: 7 to apex. Hindwings 1,
elongate-ovate, cilia f ; 3 and 4 connate.

A verj' small genus, inhabiting the European region. Imago
with forewings elongate, apex rounded, termen veiy obliqiie.
The species fly in bright sunshine.

Forewings with bluish-silvery streaks from base 1. f/eoffrella.
,, without such streaks . . 2. hractella.

1. H. geoflfrella, L. 17-21 mm. Head and thorax yellow,
with a central dark fuscous stripe. Forewings yellow,
posteriorly becoming deeper and suffused with dark fuscous,
especially on veins ; a bluish-silvery blackish-edged sti'eak from
base al)ove middle to -|, thence bent down to join a similai'
straight subdorsal streak from base above middle of dorsum ; a
bluish-silvery blackish-edged transverse strcalv from costa befori'
middle to disc; a large whitish -yellow dark -edged triangular
spot on costa at |, and another before tornus. Hindwings dai-k
fuscous.

England to Yoi-k, S. Ireland, connnon ; ('. Europe; 5, i\.

2. H. bractella, L. 14-17 mm. Ilcid and thorax yellow.
Forewings dark fuscnns ; basal 'r and a lai-ge costal sjjot beyond

harpklla] OECOPHORIDAE 633

1^ bright yellow ; a streak along basal |- of costa, a straight
transverse streak bounding the yellow basal area, and a trans-
verse mark in disc at f deep purple. Hindwings dark fuscous.
Monmouth, Durham, very local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor; 6,
7. Larva grey ; head pale brown ; plate of 2 blackish, bisected :
in decayed wood ; 2-4.

13. Oecophora, Latr.

Tongue developed. Antennae |, thickened above with rough
scales on basal half, in $ fasciculate-ciliated (li), basal joint
without pecten. Labial palpi long, second joint with appressed
scales, terminal shorter. Forewings : 7 to costa. Hindwings
1, elongate-ovate, cilia f ; 3 and 4 connate or stalked.

Includes only a few species, attached to the European
region. Imago with forewings elongate, apex rounded, termen
very oblique. Larva in decayed wood. The species fly actively
in the sunshine ; in repose the anteiniae are usually porrected.

Hindwings yellow . . . .2. suJphureUa.

,, not yellow . . .1. oliviella.

1. 0. oliviella, F. 14-17 mm. Forewings purple-blackish,
posterior half thinly strewn with yellow-whitish scales ; a large
triangular spot touching base, and a fascia before middle pale
yellow ; a streak above basal spot, a slender transverse fascia
beyond it, and a curved transverse streak beyond middle not
reaching dorsum purplish-lcaden-metallic. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

Kent to Hants and P]ssex, local ; C. and 8. Europe, Asia
Minor; G, 7. Larva in decayed wood of oaks ; 12-4.

2. 0. sulphnrella, F. 12-16 mm. Forewings bronzy-brown,
thickly strewn with ochreous-yellow scales ; veins from base to
beyond middle marked with bright iridescent-metallic lines; a
yellow subcostal streak from base to middle ; a triangular
yellow spot befoi'c torn us, and a smaller whitish -yellow costal
spot beyond this; a pale golden -metallic spot between these.
Hindwings ochreous-yellow, irregularly margined with dark
fuscous except on lower half of termen.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; C and S. Europe,
Asia Minor; 5, 6. Larva grey- whitish ; dots blackish; head
and plate of 2 reddish-brown : in decayed wood : 1 2-3.

14. ACOMFSIA, lib.
Tongue developed. Antennae f, in <$ ciliated (1-2), basal

634

TINEINA

[acompsia

joint with pecten. Labial palpi long or rather long, second
joint somewhat rough beneath, terminal as long or shorter.
Forewings : 7 to costa. Hindwings 1 or under 1, elongate-ovate

or ovate -lanceolate, cilia f-2;
3 and 4 connate or closely ap-
proximated.

A considerable genus, very
widely distributed throughout all
regions, but principally in tem-
perate climates. Imago with
forewings elongate, more or less
pointed. Larva feeding on diy
vegetable matter (seeds, dead
leaves, decayed wood).

1. Forewings wholly without

Neuration and head of Acompsia
pseudospretella.

markmgs
Forewings more or less
marked

2. Palpi rather short

„ very long ....

3. Thorax ochreous-yellow .

,, golden-brown

4. Forewings orange or deep yellow

,, not orange or deep yellow

5. Forewings with longitudinal silvery streaks

,, without silvery streaks

6. Forewings with white-edged dorsal spot .

,, without white-edged dorsal spot

7. Forewings with dark fuscous apical spot .

,, without dark fuscous apical spot

8. Hindwings almost 1, elongate-ovate

,, f, ovatc-lanccolate

9. Forewings with pale yellowish fascia

,, without pale fascia

10. Forewings with pale costal spot at |

,, without such spot

IL Forewings with a whitish costal spot befor

2.

4.
13. 2:)a?i3ere//a.
. 3.

1 1 . tinctella.

12. unitella.
. 5.
. 9.

1. grandis.
. 6.
2. formosella.

. 7.
3. ivoocUella.

12.

13.

,, without such spot

Forewings with pale yellowish subbasal

,, without such spot

Head yellowish
brownish

4. lamhdella.
5. lunaris.
6. augustella.
. 10.
. 11.
. 13.
e middle

9. tripuncta.
. 12.
pot 7. simileUa.
8. minutella.
. 14.
. 15.

i

acompsia] OECOPHORIDAE 635

14. Second discal stigma transversely doiible 10. suhaquUea.

,, ,, single, indistinct 14. Jiavifrontella.

15. Forewings with dark fuscous terminal spots

15. pseudospretella.
„ without terminal spots . 16. fuscescens.

1. A. grandis, Desu. 10-13 mm. Antennae with apex white.
Forewings orange, margined with dark fuscous except at base
of dorsum, moi'e broadly on termen, forming a spot at base of
costa ; a transverse streak near base, and three longitudinal
streaks in disc bluish -silvery, blackish-edged; a pale yellow
spot on costa before middle, and a longer inwardly oblique one
at § ; a triangular yellow spot before tornus. Hindwings
ovate-lanceolate, dark grey.

Worcester, Staftbrd, North Wales, local ; Germany, Switzer-
land; 5, G. Larva in decayed wood ; 12-3.

2. A. formosella, F. 10-13 mm. Forewings orange; a
subquadrate ferruginous spot on dorsum before middle, laterally
edged with white streaks, posterior produced obliquely to
middle of disc ; an oblique trapezoidal ferruginous blotch about
middle of costa, preceded in disc by an oblique white dash, and
edged posteriorly with white ; a suffused ferruginous spot on
costa towards apex ; some black scales above tornus and on
edges of dorsal spot. Hindwings ovate-lanceolate, dark grey.

Essex, local ; C. Europe ; 7.

3. A. woodiella. Curt. 11-13 mm. Forewings bright
orange ; five dark fuscous spots, including some iridescent-
metallic scales, first at base beneath costa, second on base of
dorsum, third oblong, on middle of dorsum, fourth posteriorly
attenuated on costa beyond middle, fifth large, irregular,
occupying termen and apex. Hindwings ovate-lanceolate, dark
fuscous.

Lancashire (near Manchester), once taken in plenty, not
since 1829; not recorded elsewhere; 6. The species maybe
very local, and there is no necessity to suppose it extinct ; the
larva would probably feed in decayed wood.

4. A. lambdella, Bon. 15-17 mm. Head whitish, mixed
with dark fuscous. Forewings orange, towai'ds margins more
ferruginous ; a narrow dark fuscous costal streak from base to
I ; a large triangular blackish spot before tornus, its apex
irregularly produced towards apex of wing. Hindwings almost
1, elongate-ovate, dark grey.

5. England to Pembroke and Norfolk, S. Ireland, local ; C.
Europe; 6, 7. Larva very elongate, grey - whitish ; head dark

636 TINEINA [acompsia

brown; plate of 2 pale yellow -brown, with sharp angle in
middle of anterior margin : in dead twigs of Ulex ; 9-5.

5. A. lunaris, Hw. 10-11 mm. Head whitish, mixed with
dark fuscous. Forewings yellow, towards dorsum orange, costa
from base to § and termen broadly ferruginous ; a narrow
fuscous costal streak from base to f ; a large ti'iangular black-
ish spot before tornus, its apex ii-regularly produced towards
apex of wing. Hindwings |, ovate-lanceolate, rather dark grey.

5. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 7, 8.

6. A. augustella, lib. {albimaculea, Hw.) 10-12 mm. Fore-
wings blackish, obscurely fuscous-mixed ; a fascia at \ dilated
towards dorsum, a variable central fascia, a small tornal spot,
and larger costal spot at | yellow or whitish -yellow. Hind-
wings ovate-lanceolate, grey.

Middlesex, Gloucester, York, local ; C. and S. Europe, Syria ;
6. Larva under bark of elm, apple, etc. ; 9-4.

7. A. similella, lib. {stipella, Dbkl., non. L.) 11-14 mm.
Head ochreous-yellowish, with fuscous central stripe. Fore-
wings dark fuscous ; a spot near base, connected with base by
a streak, a spot about middle on or near dorsum, a small spot
beyond and above this, often connected with it, a spot on costa
at f, and sometimes a tornal dot pale yellow. Hindwings
under 1, grey.

Stafford to Perth, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva under dead
bark of sycamore and Finus ; 9-4.

8. A. minutella, L. 11-13 mm. Forewings dark fuscous;
a transverse ochreous-yellow tornal spot, and a smaller one on
costa beyond it. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Ross, E. and W. Ireland, rather local ; N. and C.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva whitish ; head pale brown ;
plate of 2 ])alc yellow-brown : on dry seeds; 9-3.

9. A. tripuncta, Hw. {trisupwlla, Z.) 11-13 mm. Forewings
dark fuscous ; a whitish spot on costa before middle, another
at |, and a third above tornus. Hindwings grey.

England to York, rather local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, ().

10. A. subaquilea, Stt. 12-14 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish.
Forewings fuscous, more or less mixed with pale greyish-ochre-
ous ; a dark fuscous dot near dorsum before middle, an oblique
mark in disc beyond it, two dots transversely placed in disc at
|, a small spot on doi'sum near tornus, and another on tornus.
Hindwings grey.

Cheshire to Suthoi'land, on heaths, local : Spain: ;"), (i.

acomi'sia] OECOPHORIDAE 637

11. A. tinctella, Ilh. 13-lG mm. Head, palpi, and thorax
ochreous-yellow. Forewings golden -oclireous, more or less
fuscous-sprinkled, especially posteriorly. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

England to Lancashire, rather common in woods ; C.
Europe ; 5, 6. Larva in dead wood ; 9-3.

12. A. unitella, Hb. {fuscoatirella, Hw.) 12-16 mm. Head
orange. Palpi ochreous-yellow, terminal joint suffused with
dark fuscous. Thorax golden-brown. F'orewings golden-brown.
Hindwings dark fuscous.

S. England to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 7,
S. Larva dull dark brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish;
head red - brown ; plate of 2 pale brown : in dead wood ;
10-5.

13. A. panzerella, St pit. (mbochreella, Dljld.) 14-17 mm.
Head light greyish-yellowish. Palpi much shorter tlian in the
two preceding species, light yellowish. Forewings light yellow-
ochreous, more or less fuscous -sprinkled. Hindwings light
fuscous.

Kent to Cambrido-e and Sussex, in woods, local ; C. Europe ;
G, 7.

14. A. flavifrontella, J/h. 19-21 mm. Head ochreous-
yellow. Forewdngs fuscous ; stigmata indistinctly darker,
sometimes very faint, first discal slightly bej'ond plical. Hind-
wings grey.

Britain to Perth, rather local ; Europe, WC. Asia to N.
Persia ; 6. Larva in a cylindrical case of fragments of lichen :
on lichens and dead leaves; 9, 10.

15. A. pseudospretella, >Stt. 19-23 mm. Head light brown-
ish. Forewings pale brownish, coarsely and irregularly
irrorated with dark fuscous ; stigmata large, dark fuscous, first
discal slightly before plical ; a series of ill-defined dark fuscous
spots close below apical third of costa and along termen.
Hindwings whitish-grey, darker posteriorly.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common in houses ;
N. and NO. Europe, N. America, Australia, New Zealand ; 5-9.
Larva yellow-whitish ; head red-brown ; plate of 2 pale ochre-
ous : on seeds, dried plants, skins, etc. ; G-4. Not a native of
Europe; it seems to have been first introduced about 1840,
possibly from America ; it has a marked constitutional prefer-
ence for cool climates.

IG. A. fuscescens, IIw. 9-12 mm. Head rather dark fus-
cous, face whitish-fuscous. Forewings light fuscous, coarsely

638 TINEINA [acompsia

irrorated with dark fuscous ; stigmata large, dark fuscous, first
discal before plical. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, E. Ireland, common ; N. and NC. Europe ;
7,8. Larva on dead leaves ; 10-4.

15. Amphisbatis, Z.

Tongue developed. Antennae |, in $ ciliated (1), basal
joint with pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, second joint
thickened with rough scales beneath, terminal shorter. Eore-
wings : 7 absent (coincident with 8). Hindwings under 1,
ovate-lanceolate, cilia 2 ; 3 and 4 connate.

Founded on the single species. Imago with forewings
elongate, rather narrow, pointed. Larva case-bearing.

1. A. incongruella, Stt. 10-11 mm. Forewings rather
shining fuscous. Hindwings fuscous.

England to Cumberland, local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 4.
Larva on Calluna ; G.

4. ELACHISTIDAE.

Head smooth. Tongue developed. Antennae §-1. Labial
palpi smootli or rarely loosely scaled, nearly always acute,
recurved when long. Maxillary palpi rudimentar3^ Forewings :
lb furcate or simple, 7 iisuallj^ to costa, one or more veins
often absent. Hindwings imder 1, lanceolate or linear; 3
usually rising before angle, nearly parallel to 4, rarely connate,
6 and 7 approximated, stalked, or coincident, one or more veins
often absent, cell often open posteriorly.

This is an extremely extensive hmiily, fairly uniformly
distributed throughout all regions. The wings of the imago
are always narrow, often very narrow, and the neuration in
consequence frequently degraded, several of the veins dis-
appearing by coincidence.

Larva more or less elongate, with 10 prolegs, seldom almost
apodal ; usually mining in leaves or amongst seeds or in stems,
sometimes case -bearing, rarely amongst spun leaves. Pupa
with segments 9-11 free; not protruded from cocoon in
emergence.

The phylogeny of tlie principal genera is expressed in the
diau'ram.

ELACHISTIDAE

639

Phylogeny of Elachistidae.

Coleophora Cosmopteryx Antispila Augasma Perittia

Batrachedra Stathmopoda Elachista

Scytliris Endrosis

Limnoecia Heliodiues Clirysoclista Cataplectica

! \ I I

I I

Mompha Pliauleruis Sclireckensteiiiia

Epermeuia

Tabulation of Genera.

1.

Forewiugs with 7 to termen, all veins

present . 2.

,, „ 7 to costa, one or

more veins often

absent

5.

2.

Forcwings with dorsal scale-tooth

. 3.

,, without dorsal scale-tooth

4.

3.

Laliial palpi long, recurved

25. Epermenia.

,, ,, short, drooping

23. Phaulernis.

4.

Forcwings with 7 and 8 stalked .

22. Cataplectica.

,, )> 7 and 8 separate

24.

SCHRECKENSTEINIA.

5.

ralj)i sliort, porrected or drooping

. 6.

,, long, ascending

. 12.

6.

l^'orewings with 8 absent .

. 7.

,, ), 8 present

18. DOUGLASIA,

7.

Forcwings with 5 |)resent

. 8.

„ ,, 5 absent .

. 9.

8.

Forcwings Avith 5 out of 7

. 8. Stephensia.

,, ,,5 separate

11. Heliodines.

9.

Forcwings Avith 3 absent .

. 10.

,, ), 3 present

. 11.

10.

Forcwings with lb furcate

. 17. Augasma.

,, ,, lb simple

. 16. Antispila,

11.

Forcwings with lb furcate

. 19. Perittia.

,, ,, lb simple

. 15. Heliozela.

12.

Forcwings with scale-tufts on surf;

ace

. 13.

,, without scalc-tufts

. 15.

13.

Forcwings Avith 5 absent .

13. Ciirysoclista.

„ with all veins present .

. 14.

640 TINEINA

14. Hindwings with 6 absent . . .12. Pancalia.

,, ,, 6 present . .14. Mompha.

15. Forewings with 6 separate, all veins present . 16.

,, with 6 ont of 7, or one or more veins

absent . . . .19.

16. Hindwings with 6 absent . . .21. Endrosis.

,, with all veins present . . .17.

17. Antennae in c? with very long cilia 6. Stathmopoda.

,, „ without long cilia. . .18.

18. Terminal joint of palpi longer than second 9. Limnoecia.

,, „ ,, not longer than second

10. Anviua.

19. Second joint of palpi with scales projecting beneath

at apex . . .20.

,, ,, „ without scale-projection . 22.

20. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled . .1. Goniodoma.

„ „ hairy . . . .21.

21. Hindwings with 6 and 7 approximated or stalked

2. COLEOPHORA.

,, ,, 5 and 6 stalked or coincident

4. Batrachedra.

22. Antennae |-| . . . . .23.

,, almost 1 . . 5. Cosiiopteryx.

23. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked . . 7. Elachista.

,, ,, 6 and 7 not stalked . . 24.

24. Forewings with 4 absent . . .3. Asychna.

,, )) 4 present . . 20. Scythris.

1. UONIODOMA, Z.

Antennae 4^, basal joint thickened witli ruugli tuft of scales.
Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint with short angular
projection of scales at apex beneath, terminal shorter, acute.
Posterior tibiae smooth. Forewings : lb furcate, 4 absent, 5
absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings f,
linear-lanceolate, cilia 6 ; transverse vein ])artly absent, 3
absent, 4 absent, 6 and 7 approximated or stalked.

A genus of three closely allied European species. Imago
with forewings elongate, narrow ; antennae in repose not
directly pori-ccted as in Coleophora, but enclosing an angle

of 45^

1. G. limoniella, Stt. {auroi/nttel/a, Stt., non F.R.) 10-11
mm. Head fuscous. Antennae white with dark fuscous rings,
basal joint with loose fuscous hairs. Foi'ewings ochreous-

goniodoma]

ELACHISTIDAE

641

orange; a slender costal streak from base to middle, a discal
streak from J to a spot at f, a streak along fold throughout, a
dorsal streak from base to near tornus, three inwardly oblique
marks on costa posteriorly, a streak along termen, and an
apical dash golden-metallic, edged with dark fuscous scales.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

Kent, I. of Wight, local ; other records doubtful ; 7, 8. Larva
pale yellow ; head, two spots on 2, and four on 3 brown : in a
case made of a dead flower, on flowers of Statice limonhim; 9. It
bores into a stem for pupation, leaving the case attached outside.

2. COLEOPHORA, Rh.

Antennae |, porrected in repose, often thickened with scales
towards base, in S simple, basal
joint long, usually with rough
scales or projecting tuft. Labial
palpi rather long, recurved,
second joint more or less rough-
scaled or tufted towards apex
beneath, terminal shorter, acute.
Posterior tibiae rough - haired.
Forewings with costa often long-
haired beneath ; lb furcate, 4
sometimes absent, 5 absent, 6
and 7 connate or stalked, 7 to
costa, 8 absent. Hindwings
f , linear-lanceolate, cilia 3-4 ; transvei'se veins sometimes partly
absent, 4 usually absent, 6 and 7 closely approximated or stalked.

A very large genus, but apparently confined to the Northern
hemisphere, with the exception of two or three stragglers ; it
seems to reach its greatest development in Southern Europe,
but is numerously represented throughout Europe, N. and C.
Asia, and N. Ameinca. The species are often extremely similar
and hard to distinguish accurately unless the habits of the
larvae are known. Many are unicolorous ; hardly any show a
trace of the stigmata, and none have any transverse markings,
but longitudinal lines on the veins are frequent. Imago with
forewings very elongate-lanceolate. Larva mining when very
young, afterwards inhabiting a portable case ; attaching this to
the leaf or seed-vessel on which it feeds, it bores into the interior;
in leaves a pale blotch is usually produced, with a round hole
in one membrane, which distinguishes the mines of this genus
from all others. Pupa normally within the larval case. In

2 T

Neuration and head of Coleoplwra
onosmella.

642

TINEINA

[COLEOPHORA

repose the antennae are porrected straiglit forwai'd, instead of
being thrown back as nsnal. The genus is closely allied to
Bati'achedra, and pi'obably a development of it. The internal
evolution of the genus is obscure, but probably the Juncxis-
feeding species are the most ancestral (several exotic species of
Batracliedva also feed on seeds of Juncus), giving rise to two
main lines of development, represented by the unicoloroiis and
vein-marked groups respectively.

1. Second discal stigma distinct . . .2.
All stigmata absent . . . .3.

2. Antennae thickened with scales towards base

28. salicorniae.
,, not thickened . . 25. hemerohiella.

3. Forewings wholly miicoloroiis, not white . . 4.

,, white or with one or more pale streaks 25.

4. Forewings shining brassy-bronze .

,, greyish-bronze, or not bronz}^ .

5. Antennae dark grey, apex white .

,, white ringed with dark fuscous

6. Fxpanse 12-13 mm.

,, 17-18 mm.

7. Forewings violet-blackish .

,, not violet-blackish

8. Basal half of antennae wholly dark fuscous

5.

. 7.
. 6.
1. fahriciella.
2. deauratella.
3. frischella.
4. alhitarsella.
. 8.
9.
not wholly dark fuscous . 11.
9. Ajjical half of antennae white with dark rings

9. fuscocupreUa.
,, ,, ,, not ringed . .10.

10. Forewings greyish-bronze . 5. ahyonipenneUa .

,, dark fuscous, sometimes bronzy-tinged

8. lyaripenndla.

11. Head yellowish . . . . .12.

,, pale grcyish-ochreous to fuscous . .14.

12. Forewings fuscous-ochi'eous . . 22. oUvacella.

,, ochrcous-yellowish . . .13.

13. Cilia towards tornus dark grey . .21. solitariella.

,, ,, ,, not dark grey 18. lutipennella.

14. Forewings greyish-ochrcous to deep ochreous . 15.

,, fuscous, bronzy, or grey . .18.

15. Forewings deep ochreous, coppery-tinged 15. bicoloirlla.

,, lighter, not coppery-tinged . .16.

IG. Antennae indistinctly ringed with fuscous 16. viminefella.
„ sharply ringed with dark fuscous . 17.

COLEOniORA]

ELACHISTIDAE

643

17.

18.
19.
20.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

31.
32.
33.

34.
35.

14. viti sella.

(p't/phipcnnella.

. 19.

. 21.

7. potent i I lae.

. 20.

6. ahenella.

Forewings darker, more brownish-tinged
,, lio-hter, more ochrcous-tinged

"" 12.
Forewings bronzy or fuscous
,, dark or light grey

Forewings bronzy ; exjjanse 8-9 mm.

,, fuscous; expanse 10-12 mm.

Forewings shining fuscous

,, rather dark fuscous, oclireous-tinged

17. fuscedinella.
Expanse 10 mm. or less . . . .22.

,, 11 mm. or more . . . . 23.

Antennae ringed with dark grey . 24. jimcicolella.

„ very indistinctly ringed with grey 23. laricella.
Apical third of antennae wholly white 13. orhitella.

,, ,, ,, dark-ringed . . 24.

11. siccifolia.

10. nup'icella.

is base .' 26.

. 29.

. 27.

. 28.

30. lixeJla.

31. ochrea.
27. wockeella.
leucapemiella.

Forewings brownish-grey .

,, dark fuscous-grey

Antennae clothed with dense scales towar

„ not clothed with dense scales

Basal joint of antennae with long tuft

,, ,, „ not tufted

Forewings with subcostal white streak

,, without subcostal white streak

Antennae ringed with dark fuscous

,, not ringed with dark fuscous 26

Forewings with silver-metallic streaks 29. chalcogrammella.

,, without metallic streaks . . 30.

Basal joint of antennae tufted . . .31.

„ „ „ sometimes rough-haired,

not tufted . .41.

Forewings white ..... 32.

,, yellow or ochreous . • . 34.

Costal cilia with distinct dark line . . 33.

,, ,, without dark line . 32. anatipennella.

Antennae ringed with dark fuscous, tuft longer

34. palliatella.
,, ringed with pale brownish, tuft shorter

33. ihipennella.
Forewings with white costal streak . . 35.

,, without white costal streak . . 39.

Antennae dark-ringed .... 36.
,, not dark-ringed . 38. vibicigerella.

644 TINEINA [coLEornoRA

36. Head light grey, whitish-mixed . 39. pyrrhulipennella.

„ white, crown sometimes ochreous-tinged . 37.

37. Costal sti'eak reaching apex . . 42. genistae.

„ „ not reaching apex . . . 38.

38. Forewings light yellowish . 40. vulnerariae.

,, dark brown, dorsally yelloAvish 41. saturatel/a.

39. Antennae fuscous-ringed . . 35. currucipennella.

,, not fuscous-ringed . . . 40.

40. Subcostal streak reaching costa posteriorly 37. conspiciielhi.

„ ,, not reaching costa . 36. vibiccUa.

41. Antennae unmarked or at most spotted beneath . 42.

,, darker-ringed .... 50.

42. Forewings with pale costal streak only . . 43.

„ with several pale streaks . . 44.

43. Forewings ochreous, costal streak white 44. niveicostella.

,, greyish-ochreous, costal streak paler or

whitish . . 66. sylvaticella.

44. Forewings with scattered dark fuscous scales . 45.

,, without dark fuscous scales . . 47.

45. Forewings white, with pale yellowish streaks

47. nutantella.
,, ochreous, with fine white streaks . 46.

46. Forewings yellow-ochreous . 54. graminicolella.

,, more brownish-tinged . 64. artemisicolella.

47. Forewings yellow, with white streaks . 51. inulae.

,, white, with yellow or brown streaks . 48.

48. Streaks yellowish ..... 49.

,, brownish .... 50. conyzae.

49. Costal cilia whitish . . . 46. onosmeLla.

,, „ yellow-ochreous . . 49. lineolea.

50. Foi'ewings with only costal streak whitish . 51.

,, „ other white streaks or series of

scales .... 58.

51. Costal streak reaching base . . . 52.

,, ,, not reaching base . . . 57.

52. Forewings ochreous-ltrown . . . 53.

,, pale greyish-ochreous to fuscous . 54.

53. Antennae ringed with dark fuscous throughout

20. had iipennella.
,, with fuscous, towards apex indistinctly

19. limosipenneJla.

54. Forewings rather dark grey-brown .71. adjunctella.

„ ochreous-grey or pale greyish-ochreous 55.

coleophora] ELACHISTIDAE 645

55. Antennae witli apex wholly whitish . . 56.

„ „ ringed with dark fuscous

72. agravimella.

56. Forewings paler, more ochreous-tinged ; ovipositor

weak . . 68. glaiicicolella.

,, gi'eyer; ovipositor strong 69. caespititiella.

57. Antennae whitish, with dark fuscous rings Q\. flavaginella.

,, pale ochreous, with fine whitish rings

62. salineUa.

58. Forewings with white streaks or scales towards

costa posteriorly . . .59.

,, without white scales towards costa

posteriorly . . . .71.

59. Forewings white, with indistinct whitish-ochreous

streaks . . .48. apiceUa.

,, ochreous or brownish, with white lines

or scales .... 60.

60. Veins marked with scattered white scales . 61.

,, ,, defined white lines . . 63.

61. Anterior half of costa whitish . . . 62.

,, ,, ,, not whitish 60. nmehJigieUa.

62. Forewings with black scales on veins 59. laripennella.

„ without black scales . 58. squamosella.

63. Forewings with scattered dark fuscous scales . 64.

,, without dark fuscous scales . . 67.

64. Forewings deep yellow-ochreous . . 57. virgcmreae.

„ not deep yellow-ochreous . . 65.

65. Forewings ochreous .... 66.

,, brown-grey . . 63. artemisiella.

66. Forewings pale ochreous . . . 56. argentula.

„ dull brownish-ochrcous . 55. tripoliella.

67. Whitish lines indistinct except on costa . 70. ohtusella.

„ „ distinct . . . .68.

68. Forewings ochreous .... 69.

,, ochreous-grey . . 65. imirini'jyennella.

69. Forewings yellow-ochreous . . . 70.

,, brownish-ochreous . . 53. therineUa.

70. Forewings narrower, expanse 10-11 mm. 67. alticolella.

„ broader, expanse 12-14 mm. 52. troglodyteUa.

71. Forewings sprinkled with light fuscous 45. alhicosta.

,, not fuscous-sprinkled . . 43. discorddla.

1. C. fabriciella, Vill. 11-12 mm. Head metallic bronze.

Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous, basal half thickened

646 TINEINA [coleophora

with dense rough dark coppery -bronzy scales. Forewings
shining brassy-bronze, becoming coppery towards apex. Hind-
wings rather dark grey.

England to Durham, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor; 6, 7. Larva probably in seed-heads of one of the
Legwninosae.

2. C. deauratella, Z. 12-13 nmi. Head metallic bronze.
Antennae dark grey, apex white, towards base thickened with
dense dark coppeiy-bronzy scales. Forewings shining brassy-
bronze, towards apex coppery-tinged. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Westmoreland, N. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe, Asia Minor, Palestine ; 6, 7. Larva brownish-yellow ;
plate of 2, two spots on 3, and two on 4 dark brown : in a case
made of part of a floret, on flower-heads of Trifolium ; 8, 9.

3. 0. frischella, L. {melUoteUa, Scott) 17-18 mm. Head
pale metallic bnjnze. Antennae dark grey, apex white, towards
base thickened with coppery-bronzy scales. Forewings briglit
shining brassy-bronze, sometimes coppery-tinged. Hindwings
rather dark grey.

Hants, Dorset, Herts, Cambridge, York, Durham, local ;
Sweden, France, Germany ; 6, 7. Larva in a cylindrical case
of seed-husks, on seeds of Melilotus officinalis ; 8-10.

4. C. albitarsella, Z. 10-12 mm. Head shining blue-blackisii
or dark grey. Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous
except tow^ards apex, towards base clothed with blackish scales.
Tarsi white except towards base. Forewings shining violet-
blackish. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Durham, rather common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva in a slender cylindrical slightly curved blackish brown
case, on Nepeta, Oru/anum, Calatnlntha, etc. ; 11-4.

5. C. alcyonipennella, Xoll. 11-13 mm. Head metallic
bronze. Antennae dark grey, apex whitish, base blackish,
hardly thickened. Forewings shining greyish-bronze, sometimes
coppery-tinged towards apex. Hindwings dark grey.

England, E. Ireland, common; C. P^urope, Asia Minor, WC
Asia to Turkestan ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-whitish ; head, plate of
2, four spots on 3, and two on 4 black : in a straight cylindrical
blackish silken case, with whitish lateral streak, on Centaurea ;
9-6.

G. 0. ahenella, Ilein. 10-11 mm. Head shining fuscous.
Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous, basal joint rather
dark fuscous. Foi'ewings fuscous, somewhat shining. Hind-
wings dark grey.

i

coleophora] ELACHISTIDAE 647

Hants, Dorset, local ; (iermany ; G. Larva in a brownish
cylindrical recumbent case, on Rliamnus, Vihurnum, Cornus,
etc.; 8, 9.

7. C. potentillae, Stt. 8-9 mm. Head shining bronze.
Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous, basal joint darJc
fuscous. Forcwings rather shining bronze or grejish-bronze.
Hindwings dark grey.

Sussex to Dorset and Essex, local ; not recognised elsewhere;
6. Larva in case resembling that of G. jiaripennella^ on
FotentiUa, Jiulnis, I^osd, Spiraea, etc. ; 8, 9.

8. C. paripennella, Z. 10-11 mm. Head shining greyish-
bronze. Antennae dark fuscous, apex white. Forcwings rather
dark fuscous, moi'e or less bronzy -shining. Hindwings dark
grey.

England to Durham, local ; C. and SE. Europe ; 5, G.
Larva dull ochreous-yellowish ; head, plate of 2, and two spots
on 3 black : in a subcylindrical recumbent case of leaf -fragments,
with some dorsal anterior projections, on hazel, apple, rose,
blackthorn, etc. ; 7-10.

9. C. fuscocuprella, 118. {fuscocUieUa, Stt.) 9-10 nun. Head
shining dark bronzy -fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous, ai)ical
half white with dark fuscous rings, indistinct towards apex.
Forewings dark bronzy-fuscous. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; Germany ; 5, 6. Larva in
a brown nearly globular case, on hazel ; 8, 9.

10. C. nigricella, Stjjh. 11-12 mm. Head shining grey,
ochreous-tinged. Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous,
basal joiut ochreous-grey. Forewings dark fuscous-grey, some-
what shining. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Perth, E. Ireland, common ; C. and SE. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva in a nearly straight cylindrical light
or dark fuscous case, on hawthorn, apple, and blackthorn ; 5.

11. C. siccifolia, Stt. 12-13 mm. Head light greyish-
ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous, basal joint
pale greyish-ochreous. Posterior tarsi grey-whitish. Forewings
brownish-grey, somewhat shining. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England, local ; Germany ; 6. Larva ochreous ; head, plate
of 2, and two spots on 3 black : in an irregular case formed
from a large leaf-fragment, on hawthorn, apple, and birch ; 7, 8.

12. C. gryphipennella, Bch. 11-13 mm. Head whitish-
ochreous or greyish-ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with
dark fuscous, basal joint whitish-ochreous. Forewings greyish-
ochreous, in $ more ochreous. Hindwings rather dark grey.

648 TINEINA [coleophora

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, very common ; C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-brownish ; head, plate of 2, and
two spots on 3 black : in a cylindrical serrate -edged case
formed of a leaf-fragment, on rose ; 9-5.

13. C. orbitella, Z. {Wilkinsoni, Scott) 12-14 mm. Head
shining fuscous. Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous
except on apical \, basal joint fuscous. Forewings shining
brown-grey. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; Holland, Germany ; 5, 6.
Larva in a dark brown subcylindrical case of leaf-fragments, on
birch and alder ; 8, 9.

14. 0. vitisella, Gregs. 10-12 mm. Head greyish-ochreous.
Antennae white, sharply ringed with dark fuscous, basal joint
greyish-ochreous. Forewings in $ ochreous - fuscous, in $
greyish-ochreous. Hindwings dark grey.

Cheshire, Lancashire, local ; N. and NC. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva brownish-ochreous ; head pale brown ; plate of 2, and
two spots on 3 black : in a dark brown wrinkled somewhat
pistol-sliaped case, on Vaccinium vitis-idaea ; 9-4.

15. C. 'bicolorella, Stt. 10-12 mm. Head deep shining
ochreous. Antennae white, indistinctly ringed with fuscous,
basal joint ochreous. Forewings deep shining ochreous, coppery-
tinged. Hindwings blackish.

Hants, Middlesex, Lancashire, local ; Holland ; 6, 7. Larva
in a brown pistol-shaped case, on alder ; 9-5.

16. C. viminetella, Z. 10-12 mm. Head greyish-ochreous.
Antennae white, indistinctly ringed with fuscous, basal joint
greyish-ochreous, long. Forewings shining greyish-ochreous.
Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, common; C. Europe;
6, 7. Larva ochreous-brownish ; head, plate of 2, and two
spots on 3 black : in a bicolorous case of leaf-fragments,
anteriorly pale, posteriorly dark, on Salix and Myrica; 9-5.

17. 0. fuscedinella, Z. 10-12 mm. Head light ochreous-
fuscous. Antennae whitish, ringed with fuscous, more faintly
or obsoletely towards apex, basal joint fuscous. Forewings
rather dark fuscous, ochreous - tinged. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

England, N. and E. Ireland, abundant ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva in a brownish cylindrical case, on elm, alder, hazel, etc. ;
9-5.

18. C. lutipennella, Z. 11-12 nun. Head pale ycllow-
ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous (jr dark fuscous.

coleophora] ELACHISTIDAE 649

basal joint whitish-ochreous. Forewings light yellow-ochreous.
Hindwiiigs grey.

England, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva in
an ociireous cylindrical case, on oak and birch ; 9-5.

19. C. limosipennella, Dup. 10-12 mm. Head pale ochreous,
sides whitish. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous, basal
joint whitish-ochreous. Forewings ochreous-fuscous, in $ more
ochreous ; a suftused white costal streak from base to beyond
middle. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, local ; G. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6.
Larva })ale brownish ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 and two
spots on 3 black ; two greyish spots on 4 : in a long cylindrical
sometimes serrate-edged brown case, on elm, alder, and birch;
6-9.

20. C. badiipennella, Diq:). 9-10 mm. Head light ochreous,
on sides whitish. Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous,
basal joint whitish-ochi-eous. Forewings brown, becoming deep
yellow-ochreous towards costa ; a white costal streak from base
to f. Hindwings grey.

England to York, local ; Germany, Italy, Gorsica ; 6, 7.
Larva in a short cylindrical dark brown case, on elm, ash, and
blackthorn ; 5.

21. C. solitariella, Z. 10-12 mm. Head pale ochreous-
yellowish. Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous, basal
joint ochreous. Forewings ochreous - yellow ; cilia towards
tornus dark grey. Hindwings dark grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva dull ochreous;
head light brown ; plate of 2, four spots on 3, and two on 4
blackish : in a cylindrical whitish case, formed of a leaf -fragment,
on Stellaria holostea; 9-5.

22. C. olivacella, Stt. 11-13 mm. Head yellow-ochreous.
Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous, tow^ards apex
indistinctly, basal joint ochreous. Ftjrewings fuscous-ochreous.
Hindwings dark grey.

Kent, Derby, Lancashire, York, E. L-eland, local ; Belgium,
France, Germany ; 6. Larva in a cylindrical ochreous-brownish
darker- striped case, formed of a leaf- fragment, on Stellaria
holostea; 9-5.

23. C. laricella, Hh. 9-10 mm. Head grey. Antennae
grey-whitish, very indistinctly ringed with grey. Forewings
shining grey. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Glyde, N. Lxdand, abundant ; G. Europe, N.
America ; 6, 7. Larva brown ; head, plate of 2, and two spots

650 TINEINA [cor.Eornoit.v

on 3 lilack : in a grey-whitisli cylindrical case of leaf-fracments,
on larch ; 9-5. As the larch is not indigenous in Britain, the
species must have been introduced with it.

24. C. juncicolella, Stt. 7-8 mm. Head ochreoas-grey.
Antennae grey- whitish, ringed with dark grey. Forewings
shining grey, ochi-eous-tinged. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; Holland, Germany,
Switzerland ; 6, 7. Larva pale brown ; head, plate of 2, and a
spot on 3 black : in a case constructed of several heath -leaves,
on Calluna and Erica ; 9-4.

25. C. hemerobiella, *S'c-. 12-13 mm. Head grey-whitish.
Antennae white, indistinctly ochreous- ringed, basal joint grey-
whitish. Forewings grey-whitish, coarsely irrorated with dark
grey ; second discal stigma dark grey. Hindwings rather dark
grey.

Dorset, Surrey, Essex, local; C.Europe; 7. Larva brownish-
yellowish ; head, plate of 2, and four small spots on 3 black ; in
a long straight cylindrical dark brown case, on pear, apple,
cherry, and liawthorn ; 9-5.

26. 0. leucapennella, lib. 16-18 mm. Head light brownish.
Antennae white, thickened with rather rough light brownish
scales to near middle. Forewings dark brown ; a strong shining-
white costal streak from base almost to apex. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

Norfolk, once only ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.
Larva in a case formed of a seed -capsule, on seeds of Lyclmis
viscaria, Silene nutans, and *S'. infiata; 7-9.

27. C. wockeella, Z. 18-22 mm. Head light shining ochreous.
Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous except towards apex,
basal § thickened with dense rough brownish scales. Forewings
ochreous-brown ; veins posteriorly obscurely marked with rather
dark fuscous streaks; a fine yellowish-white costal streak to
near apex; a fine whitish line along fold. Hindwings dark
grey.

Kent to Devon and Hereford, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;
6, 7. Larva brown, dorsal line darker ; head light brown ;
plate of 2, two spots on 3, and two on 4 black : in an elongate
case of leaf - fragments, somewhat curved and attenuated
posteriorly, on ,Stachi/s hetonica; 9-5.

28. 0. salicorniae, Wk. {binota2')emisUa, Stt., nou Dup.) 12-14
nun. Head ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with dark
fuscous, basally thickened with ochreous scales in $ to ,1, in 9

coleophoka] ELACHISTIDAE 651

plical and second discal stigmata grey or fuscous. Hindwings
pale grey.

Sussex, on coast, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Larva in a case
formed of a piece of hollowed stem, on stems of Salicornia ; 10-5.
Pupa subterranean, without the case.

29. C. chalcogrammella, Z. 8-10 nmi. Head shining bronzy-
grey. Antennae rather stout, black, apex white. Forewings
deep yellow, apex blackish ; a subcostal streak from near base,
a submedian streak from base to tornus, and a dorsal streak
from base to middle silver- metallic, edged with some black
scales. Hindwings dark grey.

Suffolk to York, local ; Holland, Germany, Austria ; G, 7.
Larva grey -yellowish ; head, plate of 2, and two spots on 3
black-brown : in a cylindrical keeled brown case of fragments of
leaves, on Cerastium arvense; 10-5.

30. C. lixella, Z. 16-21 mm. Head white, crown yellow-
tinged. Antennae whitish, basal 4 clothed with hairs, basal
joint with strong tuft. Forewings with apex falcate ; yellow ;
a subcostal streak to before middle, a discal streak from before
middle to §, a streak along fold, and several short streaks
between veins towards costa posteriorly and termen silvery-white,
blackish-edged. Hindwings dark grey.

f^ngland to Durham, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva dull
brown ; head, plate of 2, bisected plate of 3, and two spots on
4 black : first in case made of a seed-capsule, on Thymus, after-
wards in ochreous cylindrical case of fragments of leaves, on
Briza, Holcus, Poa, and other grasses ; 3-5.

31. C. ochrea, ILw. lG-19 mm. Head ochreous. Antennae
whitish, basal f clothed with ochreous hairs, basal joint with
strong tuft. Forewings yellow, suffused ly mixed with ferru-
ginous, darker between veins towards costa ; a streak along
fold, another along dorsum to tornus, and a short streak before
termen above tornus silvery-white. Hindwings grey.

England to Cheshire, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7.
Larva brown, 2-6 whitish ; head pale brown ; six spots above
on 2, two on 3, and two on 4 black : in a long cylindrical pale
greyish-ochreous case, on Helianthemum; 10-5.

32. C. anatipennella, //6. 14-16 nmi. Head white. Antennae
white, ringed with pale brownish, basal joint with rather long
tuft. Forewings white, posteriorly sprinkled with brownish,
costal cilia without dark line. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, E. Ireland, rather common ; N. and
C. Europe; 7. Larva dull yellowish, anteriorly brownish-

652 TINEIXA [coleophora

tinged ; head and plate of 2 black ; 3 with four triangular
black-brown spots above : in a black pistol-shaped nearly erect
silken case, on blackthorn, oak, Salix, etc.; 9-5.

33. C. ibipennella, Z. 10-14 mm. Head white. Antennae
white, ringed with pale brownish, basal joint with rather short
tuft. Forewings white; veins faintly yellowish-tinged, near
apex more fuscous ; costal edge anteriorly finely dark fuscous,
near apex more strongly ; costal cilia fuscous or dark fuscous
except at base and tips. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England to York, local ; Holland, Germany ; 7. Larva pale
yellowish, anteriorly pinkish-tinged ; head, plate of 2, and four
triangular spots on 3 black : in a black pistol-shaped obliquely
recumbent silken case, on bii'ch ; 9-5.

34. 0. palliatella, Zk. {ardeaepennella, Scott) 11-16 mm.
Differs from C. ihipemiella as follows : antennae ringed with
rather dark fuscous, basal tuft longer ; forewings with veins
less yellowish-tinged, more fuscous posteriorly.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva in a black
pistol-shaped suberect silken case with two very large lateral
scaly flaps, on oak, Salix, etc.; 9-5.

35. C. currucipennella, Z. 14-15 mm. Head white, crown
yellowish-tinged. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous, basal
joint with very long whitish-ochreous tuft. Forewings ochre-
ous-yellow, posteriorly browner-tinged ; a subcostal streak, one
in disc from \, one along fold, one dorsal, and several short
streaks between veins posteriorly shining white ; some dark
fuscous scales in apex. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America ;
7. Larva pale grey-yellowish ; head dark brown ; plate of 2
and four triangular spots of 3 black : in a black pistol-shaped
suberect silken case with two lateral flaps and two dorsal series
of oblique ])rojections, on oak, Salix, hornbeam, etc.; 9-5.

36. 0. vibicella, lib. 17-21 mm. Head pale ochreous, sides
whitish. Antennae white, basal joint with long ochreous tuft.
Forewings yellow-ochreous ; a subcostal streak from ^^ to §, a
bent discal streak from ^ to f, and a streak along fold not
reaching tornus shining white, space between two former
browner, continued to apex. Hindwings dark grey.

Sussex to Dorset and Hereford, local ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 7. Larva brown ; head, plate of 2, and four spots on
3 black : in a black elongate pistol- shaped silken case, on
Genixta, tinctoria ; 5, 6.

37. C. conspicuella, Z. 13-15 mm. Head white, crown

coleophora] ELACHISTIDAE 653

yellowish -tinged. Antennae white, basal joint with long
ochreous - whitish tuft. Forewings pale yellow; a strong
streak from beneath costa at ^ to costa at f , a short streak
in disc beyond middle, a streak along fold and another along
dorsum shining white ; space between subcostal and discal
streaks brown, extending to apex. Hindwings rather dark
grey.

Sui'rey, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva brown ; head, plate of

2, four spots on 3, and two on 4 black : in a rather flat
slightly curved blackish -brown case of fragments of leaves,
on Centaurea ; 8-5.

38. 0. vibicigerella, ^. 12-14 mm. Head white. Antennae
white, basal joint with very long ochreous-greyish tuft. Fore-
wings pale ochreous -yellow ; a strong costal streak, a discal
streak from \, a streak along fold and another along dorsum
shining white ; space between costal and discal streaks brown,
extending to apex. Hindwings grey.

Essex, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 6, 7. Larva
in a long curved somewhat flattened black silken case, on Arte-
misia maritima and A. ca7n2yestris ; 9-5.

39. C. pyrrhulipennella, Z. 11-12 mm. Head light bronzy-
grey, whitish-mixed. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous,
basal joint with light ochreous-greyish tuft. Forewings
brownish-ochreous, lighter dorsally ; a costal streak, one in
disc from middle, one along fold, and one along dorsum shining
white. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;
7. Larva yellowish ; head, plate of 2, four triangular spots on

3, and two on 4 black : in a long slender somewhat curved black
silken case, on Calluna and Erica ; 9-5.

40. 0. vulnerariae, Z. 12-14 mm. Head white, crown
ochreous -tinged. Antennae white, ringed with fuscoiis, basal
joint with short yellowish tuft. Forewings light yellowish ; a
costal streak to near apex, one in disc posteriorly, one along
fold, and one along dorsum white, edged with scattered fuscous
scales. Hindwings grey.

Kent, local ; C. Europe, Sicily, Asia Minor ; 6. Larva on
Arhthyllis vulneraria ; 5.

41. 0. saturatella, Stt. {tinctoriella, Coverdale) 12-14 mm.
Head white, sometimes light brownish on crown. Antennae
white, ringed with darli fuscous, basal joint with short tuft.
Forewings dark brown, becoming yellow -ochreous towards
dorsum anteriorly and base ; a strong white costal streak

654 TINEINA [coleoi-hora

from base almost to apex ; a short fine line in disc, one along
fold not reaching tornus, and another along dorsnm white,
sometimes very indistinct. Hindwings grey.

Sussex to Norfolk, Denbigh, local ; not recorded elsewhere ;
7. Larva grey-yellowish, antei'iorly greenish-tinged ; head,
]ilate of 2, and two spots on 3 black : in a broad irregular case
formed of fragments of mined leaves, on Cytisus and Genista
tinctoria ; 5, 6.

42. 0. genistae, Stt. 11-13 mm. Head white, crown some-
times ochreous-tinged. Antennae white, ringed with dark
fuscous, basal joint with very short rough tuft. Forewings
ochreous-brown, becoming lighter ochreous towards base and
dorsum ; a strong white costal streak from base to apex ; a
short fine line in disc, one along fold, and another along
dorsum white. Hindwings grey.

E. England to Hants and Northumberland, local ; Holland,
Germany ; 7. Larva grey-yellowish ; head, plate of 2, and two
spots on 3 black : in a case formed of fragments of mined leaves,
on Genista ani/lica ; 9-5.

43. 0. discordella, Z. 10-12 mm. Head white, crown some-
times ochreous-tinged. Antennae white, ringed with dark
fuscous, basal joint with rather spreading hairs. Foi'ewings
shining yellow -ochreous, slightly brownish-tinged ; a white
costal streak from base to near apex ; a short fine line in
disc, one along fold, and one along dorsum white, often almost
obsolete. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
C. Europe; 7. Larva yellow - whitish ; head, plate of 2, four
triangular spots on 3, and two spots on 4 brown : in a case
formed of fragments of mined leaves, on Lotus corniculatns ; 9-5.

44. 0. niveicostella, Z. 11-13 mm. Head pale ochreous,
sides whitish. Antennae white, basal joint ochreous. Fore-
wings ochreous, soniewhat darker towards costa ; a white costal
streak fi'om base to near apex. Hindwings grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva in an
elongate dark brown case, on Thymus ; 9-5.

45. C. albicosta, Hvj. 12-14 mm. Head pale ochreous, sides
whitish. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous, basal joint
ochreous-tinged, with rough spreading scales. Forewings light
ochreous-yellowish, sprinkled with light fuscous, especially
towards costa ; a white costal streak from base to near apex ;
a white line in disc from before middle to termen, one along
fold, and one along dorsmu to apex. Hindwings grey.

I

coleophoka] ELACHISTIDAE 655

Brituiu to Ross, E. and W. Ireland, common ; France,
Holland; G, 7. Larva yellow -whitish, yellower posteriorly;
liead pale brownish ; ])late of 2, and four spots on 3 black :
at first within pod, afterwards in a case formed of a pod, on
seeds of Ulex, ; 8-4.

46. C. onosmella, Brh. 15-21 mm. Head ochreous-white.
Antennae white, beneath spotted with fuscous, basal joint
with rather rough hairs. Forewings white ; veins (except 12)
marked by cloudy pale yellowish-ochrcous streaks. Hindwings
grey.

Kent to Dorset, Suffolk to Cheshire, local ; Europe ; 6, 7.
Larva greenish-grey ; head, plate of 2, two spots on 3, and
two on 4 black : in a thick jDointed grey-whitish hairy case of
leaf-fragments, on Eclimm and Anclius^a ; 9-5.

47. C. nutantella, Miihl. {inflatae, Stt.) 15-19 mm. Head
ochreous-white. Antennae white, beneath spotted with fuscous,
basal joint with rather rough hairs. Forewings white ; all veins
marked by pale ochreous-yellowish streaks, with a few scattered
dark fuscous scales. Hindwings grey.

Sussex to Norfolk, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 6. Larva
pale yellowish ; head brown , plate of 2 and four spots on 3
blackish ; two faint dark spots on 4 : in a cylindrical white
silken case mixed with seed-fragments, on seeds of Silene injiata
and *S'. nutans ; 8, 9.

48. 0. apicella, Stt. (cacwninatella, Dbld.) 11-13 mm. Head
ochi'eous-white. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous, basal
joint loosely haired. Forewings white ; all veins marked by
indistinct whitish -ochreous streaks, towards costa posteriorly
and in apex mixed with fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; Holland ; 7, 8. Larva on
seeds of Stellaria graminea ; 1 0.

49. C. lineolea, Hiv. 11-14 mm. Head whitish-ochreous.
Antennae white, basal joint with rather rough scales. Fore-
wings white; veins marked b}^ ochreous-yellow streaks, more
or less confluent, especially towards costa posteriorly, leaving
costa anteriorly rather broadly white ; cilia round apex yellow-
ochreous. Hindwings light grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, local ; France, Germany; 7. Larva
green-whitish ; head pale brown ; plate of 2, two spots on 3, and
two on 4 black : in a broad hairy case of leaf-fragments, on
Ballota nigra and Stachys ; 9-5.

50. C. conyzae, Z. 13-16 mm. Head white. Antennae
white, basal joint with somewhat rough scales. Forewings

656 TINEINA [coleophora

white ; veins marked by fine brownish streaks ; a very fine
line in cell posteriorly, and another along fold brownish. Hind-
wings grey.

Kent to Dorset, local ; France, Germany ; 7. Larva in a
bi'ownish hairy snbcylindrical case of leaf-fragments, on Inula ;
9-5.

51. C. inulae, ir^-. 13-15 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, sides
whitish. Antennae white, basal joint with somewhat rough
scales. Forewings ochreous-yellow ; a white costal streak,
indistinct towards apex; 12, veins rising from cell, and lower
margin of cell except anteriorly marked by white streaks ; a
white streak along fold, and another along dorsum to apex.
Hindwings grey.

Surrey, local ; Germany ; 7. Larva in a long brownish
streaked cylindrical case, more ochreous posteriorly, on Inula;
9-5.

52. C. troglodytella, Dup. 12-14 mm. Head whitish-
ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with ochreous, basal joint
loosely haired. Forewings yellow -ochreous ; a white costal
streak, indistinct towards apex; 12, veins rising from cell,
upper margin of cell from \ to 11, and lower margin except
anteriorly marked with white streaks ; a white streak along
fold, and another along dorsum to apex. Hindwings gi'ey.

England to York, common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva in a
brownish-ochreous cylindrical case, on Inula, Carduus, Eupa-
torium, etc. ; 9-5.

53. 0. therinella, Tgst. 13-15 mm. Head whitish-ochreous,
sides whitish. Antennae white, linged with fuscous, basal
joint loosely haired. Forewings narrower than in C. troglodytella,
brownish-ochreous; white sti'eaks as in C. troglodytella, but
more indistinct. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, local ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ;
6, 7. Larva in a long whitish cylindrical case, on Carduus ;
9-5.

54. C. graminicolella, Wk. 13-15 mm. Head whitish-
ochreous. Antennae white, spotted with brown beneath, basal
joint loosely haired. Forewings yellow -ochreous, with a few
scattered blackish scales ; a white costal streak to near apex ;
12, veins rising from cell, and lower margin of cell except
anteriorly marked by white streaks ; a white streak along fold,
and another along doi'sum to apex. Hindwings grey.

Surrey, Norfolk, local ; Holland, Germany ; 7.

55. C. tripoliella, Hodgk. 10-13 mm. Head greyish, sides

coleophora] ELACHISTIDAE 657

whitish. Antennae wliite, ringed with fuscous, basal joint
loosely haired. Forewings narrow, dull brownish-ochreous ;
costa to near apex, veins, fold, and dorsum marked with white
lines, edged with scattered dark fuscous scales. Hindwings
rather dark grey.

Lancashire, in salt-marshes, local ; not recorded elsewhere ;

7, 8. Larva in a dark brownish rather long subcylindrical case,
on seeds of Aste?' tripoliiwi; 9, 10.

56. C. argentula, Z. 11-13 mm. Head whitish-ochreous,
sides whitish. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous, basal joint
loosely haired. Foi'ewings pale ochreous, with scattered dark
fuscous scales ; a white costal streak to near apex ; veins, fold,
and dorsum marked by white streaks ; costal cilia traversed by
a cloudy dark grey line. Hindwings grey.

England to Cheshii-e, rather common ; Holland, Germany,
Austria; 7, 8. Larva whitish; head, plate of 2, four spots on
3, and four on 4 pale brown : in a short whitish cylindrical case,
on seeds of Achillea millefolium; 9-11.

57. C. virgaureae, Stt. 11-13 mm. Head light ochreous,
sides whitish. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous, basal joint
loosely haired. Forewings deep yellow-ochreous, with scattered
black scales ; a white costal sti'eak to near apex ; veins, fold
and dorsum marked by white streaks ; costal cilia without grey
line. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 7,

8. Larva whitish ; head, four spots on 2, four on 3, and two
on 4 pale brown : in a brownish subcylindrical case, with some
down attached, on seeds of Solidago: 9, 10.

58. 0. squamosella, aS'^!!. 11-13 mm. Head grey. Antennae
white, ringed with dark fuscous, basal joint loosely haired.
Forewings greyish -fuscous; costa narrowly white to middle;
along fold and towards termen numerous irregularly scattered
white scales. Hindwhigs gi'ey.

Surrey (Mickleham), two specimens many years ago ; not
recognised elsewhere ; 8.

59. C. laripennella, Zett. {anmdatella, Tgst. ; tengstromella,
Dbld.) 12-15 mm. Head light greyish - ochreous. Terminal
joint of palpi more than half second. Antennae white, ringed
with dark fuscous, basal joint greyish-ochreous, loosely haired.
Forewings brownish-ochreous ; costa suftusedly white to about
f ; veins and fold more or less marked with scattered black and
white scales. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
2u

658 TINEINA [coleophora

Europe ; 7, 8. Larva at first in a case of seed-fragments, after-
wards in a cylindrical brownish case set with sand-grains, on
seeds of ChenojMdium and Atri2)lex ; 9-5.

60. 0. muehligiella, Stt. 13-14 mm. Head brownish.
Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous, basal joint brownish,
loosely haired. Forewings ochreous - brownish ; costa hardly
whitish beyond middle ; veins and fold marked with rows of
dark fuscous and whitish scales. Hindwings rather dark
grey.

Sussex, on coasts, local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva in a
cylindrical case, on seeds of Atriplex portulacoides ; 8, 9.

61. C. flavaginella, Z. 13-14 mm. Head greyish -ochreous.
Antennae whitish, ringed with dark fuscous, basal joint greyish-
ochreous, loosely haired. Forewings broader than in C
muehligiella, grey - brownish ; costa narrowly whitish towards
middle ; sometimes a few dark fuscous scales on veins. Hind-
wings rather dark grey.

Kent to Dorset, local ; NC. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale
yellowish ; head, plate of 2, and four spots on 3 brown : in an
ochreous-whitish darker-striped silken recumbent case, on leaves
and seeds of Stiaeda maritima; 7, 8.

62. 0. salinella, *S'^^. 11-13 mm. Head whitish-ochreous.
Terminal joint of palpi less than half second. Antennae light
ochreous, with fine whitish rings. Forewings pale brownish-
ochreous, with scattered blackish scales on veins and fold ; costa
more whitish-tinged towards middle. Hindwings grey.

England to Lancashire, on coasts, local ; not recorded
elsewhere; 8. Larva in a cylindrical case, on seeds of Atriplex
porUdacoides ; 9-5.

63. 0. artemisiella, <S'co^^. 11-13 mm. Head grey. Antennae
white, ringed with fuscous. Forewings pale brownish -grey,
with numerous scattered black scales ; costa white from base to
near apex ; veins marked with indistinct whitish lines. Hind-
wings pale grey.

Essex, Norfolk, Roxburgh, E. Ireland, local ; not recorded
elsewhere ; 7, 8. Larva in an ochreous-greyish cylindrical case,
on seeds of Artemisia maritima; 8, 9,

64. 0. artemisicolella, J5ro?. (a^6^can.s, HS.) 10-13 mm. Head
whitish. Antennae whitish. Forewings ochreous; costa, veins,
and dorsum marked with fine clear white lines, with scattered
black scales on them. Hindwings pale grey.

Kent, Cheshire, local ; France, Germany ; 7. Larva green-
whitish ; head yellow-brown; plate of 2 and four spots on 3

coleophora] ELACHISTIDAE 659

pale brown : in an oval case formed of a dead flower, on seeds of
Artemisia vulgaris; 8, 9.

65. 0. murinipennella, Dup. 11-12 mm. Head pale greyish-
ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous. Forewings
narrow, ochreous-grey ; costa whitish from base to near apex ;
veins marked by whitish lines ; costal cilia posteriorly greyish,
tips white. Hindwings grey.

England to York, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva pale pinkish -ochreous, more whitish anteriorly; head
blackish-brown ; plate of 2, four spots on 3, and two on 4 black :
in an elongate brownish-ochreous silken case, on seeds of Luzula
ca7npestris and L. multiflora ; 7-9.

66. C. sylvaticella, IFooc?. 11-13 mm. Head greyish-ochreous.
Antennae white. Forewings greyisli-ochreous ; costa somewhat
paler or whitish -tinged ; costal cilia posteriorly pale ochreous.
Hindwings grey.

Hereford, local ; not yet recorded elsewhere ; 5, 6. Larva
dull whitish ; head, plate of 2, four spots on 3, and two on 4
brown : in a silken case partly enclosed in fragments of seed-
capsules, on flowers and seeds oi Luzula si/lvatica; living nearly
two years in the larval state, from July in the first year to
April in the third.

67. 0. alticolella, Z. 10-11 mm. Head pale ochreous.
Antennae white, ringed with light fuscous anteriorly except at
apex. Forewings light yellow - ochreous ; costa white to near
apex ; veins marked with fine whitish lines ; costal cilia
posteriorly pale yellow-ochreous, tips white. Hindwings grey.

S. England to Hereford and Cambridge, local ; Germany ;
7. Larva ochreous -reddish, paler anteriorly ; head brown ;
plate of 2, and four spots on 3 dark grey or blackish : in a
silken case partly enclosed in fragments of seed -capsules, on
seeds of Juncus articulatiis ; 8-11.

68. 0. glaucicolella, Wood. 10-12 mm. Differs from C.
caesjntitiella only as follows : forewings paler and more
yellowish or ochreous - tinged, usually with darker greyish
streaks between veins towards costa ; ovipositor of $ weak,
slender, flexible.

S. England to Hereford and Cambridge, common ; not yet
recognised elsewhere ; 7, 8. Larva in a cylindrical whitish
silken case, on seeds of Juncus glaucus, etc. ; 9-5.

69. C. caespititiella, Z. 10-12 mm. Head light greyish-
ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous anteriorly
except towards apex. Forewings greyish-ochreous, sometimes

660 TINEINA [coleophora

whitish -sprinkled, rather shining ; costa distinctly white from
base to f , shading into cilia posteriorly ; rarely somewhat
darker streaks between veins towards costa. Hindwings grey.
Ovipositor of ? strong, stiff.

Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, very common ; C. and S.
Europe, N. Africa, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-brownish ;
head, plate of 2, and four spots on 3 black : in a cylindrical
whitish silken case, on seeds of Juncus communis, J. squarrosus,
etc.; 8-10.

70. C. obtusella, Stt. 10-11 mm. Head whitish -brown.
Antennae white, ringed with fuscous. Forewings light brownish,
with a few darker scales ; costa whitish from base to § ; veins
indistinctly marked with whitish lines. Hindwings grey.

SE. England to Dorset and Lincoln, in salt-marshes, local ;
not recognised elsewhere ; 7. Larva in a silken case partly
enclosed and terminating with fragments of seed capsules, on
seeds of Juncus maritimus; 9-5.

71. C. adjunctella, i/of/r/^. (/m^^<c?^co^a, Stt.) 8-9 mm. Head
brownish. Antennae dark fuscous, faintly ringed anteriorly
with whitish. Forewings rather dark shining greyish-brown ;
costa narrowly Avhite to beyond middle. Hindwings grey.

England to Lancashire, in salt-marshes, local ; not yet
recognised elsewhere ; 6, 7. Larva yellow-whitish ; head light
reddish; plate of 2, and four spots of 3 pale, brown - marked :
in a silken case partly enclosed with fragments of seed-capsules,
on seeds of Juncus com2Jressus; 8, 9.

72. 0. agrammella, Wood. 8-9 mm. Head ochreous-grey.
Antennae white, ringed with dark fuscous. Forewings ochreous-
grey ; costa narrowly white to beyond middle. Hindwings
grey.

Hereford, local ; not yet recorded elsewhere ; 6. Larva
yellowish-white ; head brown ; plate on 2, four spots on 3, and
two on 4 grey : in a grey or blackish silken cylindrical case with
alternate smooth and granulated stripes, on seeds of Juncus
communis, J. articulatus, etc.; 8-10.

3. ASYCHNA, Stt.

Antennae f , in S simple. Labial palpi moderately long,
ascending, second joint smooth, terminal shorter, acute.
Posterior tibiae rough-haired. Forewings: lb furcate, 4 absent,
5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings |,
lanceolate, cilia 3 ; 4 absent.

Now restricted to the following species, which has close

asychna] ELACHISTIDAE 661

collateral relationship with Coleophora, though the antennae
are not porrected in repose. Imago with forewings elongate-
lanceolate.

1. A. modestella, Dup. 9-11 mm. Head shining bronzy.
Posterior tibiae ochreous - whitish. Forewings light shining
greyish-bronzy. Hindwings bronzy-grey.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 5. Larva
yellow-whitish ; head and plate of 2 marked with dark brown :
in seed-capsules of Stellaria holosfea, later in a portable case
made of a capsule ; 6, 7. The imago is fond of sitting in the
flowers of its food- plant.

4. Batrachedra, Stt.

Antennae ^, in S simple. Labial palpi long, recurved, second
joint with scales somewhat angularly projecting beneath at
apex, terminal as long or shorter, somewhat rough anteriorly,
acute. Posterior tibiae loosely haired. Forewings: Ibobsoletely
furcate, 5 absent, 6 and 7 sometimes stalked, 7 to costa, 8
absent. Hindwings |, linear, cilia 6-8 ; transverse vein absent,
3 and 4 sometimes absent, 5 and 6 stalked or coincident.

A small but cosmopolitan genus, more numerous in the
Australian region than elsewhere. Imago with forewings very
elongate, narrow, long-pointed. The species sit with the fore-
part somewhat raised, but the anterior legs rather withdrawn
beneath the body.

Forewings very densely irrorated with blackish

1. praeangiista.
„ at most thinly irrorated . . 2. p)in{coleUa.

1. B. praeangusta, Ihu. 13-15 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous or ochreous-whitish, more ochreous along fold, very
densely irrorated with blackish, more thinly towards costa
anteriorly ; plical and second discal stigmata large, elongate,
black, pale - ringed, each often preceded by a short blackish
dash. Hindwings grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. America ; 7.
Larva pale greenish -yellow : subdorsal lines broad, brown-
reddish ; head brown, posteriorly black ; plate of 2 black : in
catkins of poplar and Salix (seldom between joined leaves) ;
4-6.

2. B. pinicolella, Dup. 11-13 mm. Head whitish. Fore-
wings light yellow -ochreous, sometimes thinly sprinkled with
dark fuscous ; costa and sometimes dorsum slenderly suffused
with dark fuscous ; plical and second discal stigmata black.

662

TINEINA

[batrachedra

Neuration of Cosmopteryx druryella.

former rather elongate, sometimes nearly obsolete. Hindwings
rather dark grey.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 7.
Larva reddish -brown ; head black; plate of 2 black, anterior
edge white : in a silken gallery amongst needles of Finns
sylvestris and P. excelsa ; 9-5.

5. Cosmopteryx, Hh.

Antennae nearly 1, in $ simple, basal joint very long.
Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint smooth, terminal

longer, acute. Posterior tibiae
rough -haired. Fore wings: lb
furcate, 5 sometimes absent or
out of 7, 6 out of 7, 7 to costa,
8 out of 7. Hindwings ^,
linear, cilia 5 - 7 ; transverse
vein absent, 3 sometimes ab-
sent, 4 absent, 5 absent.
A genus of few species but very general distribution,
occurring in Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America, and Australia.
Larva mining in leaves. Pupa in a silken cocoon, usually
without the mine. Imago with forewings very narrow, long-
pointed or caudate. When sitting in the sunshine, the species
have a habit of twirling the long antennae with a graceful
motion.

L Forewings brownish-ochreous . . \. lienigielJa.

„ black . . . . .2.

2. Foi'ewings with large basal brassy patch 2. druryella.

„ with brassy fascia near base . . 3.

3. Apical line entire . . . .3. schmidiella.

„ broken into two dashes . . 4. exiniia.

1. C. lienigiella, Z. 9-14 mm. Forewings light brownish-
ochreous ; costal and dorsal edges white ; a fine white longi-
tudinal subcostal line from costa near base to \, another along
fold from base to middle, and a short one beneath posterior
extremity of this ; a somewhat brighter fascia beyond middle,
narrowed dorsally, edged with pale golden -metallic streaks,
posterior interrupted, anterior followed by a variable black spot
above middle ; a white longitudinal streak from near beyond
this to apex. Hindwings grey.

Norfolk, Cambridge, in fens, local ; N. Germany, NW.
Russia ; 6, 7. Larva rosy-whitish, sometimes with rosy trans-
verse bands; dorsal line darker; head black; 2 broad, with a

cosMOPTERYx] ELACHISTIDAE 663

black mark : in pale blotches in leaves of Fhragmites communis;
9. Pupa within the mine.

2. 0. druryella, Z. {orichalcea, Stt.) 8-10 mm. Antennae with
apex and two subapical rings white. Forewings black ; a large
brassy-metallic basal patch, edge very oblique ; a broad orange
fascia beyond middle, narrowed dorsally, edged with black
scales and then with narrow violet-golden-metallic fasciae ; a
bluish-silvery-metallic sometimes interrupted streak along upper
part of termen to apex. Hindwings dark grey.

Hants, Wilts, Hereford, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, local ;
Germany ; 6. Larva pale yellow ; dorsal line greenish ; head
black ; plate of 2 black, bisected : in clear white galleries in
leaves of Milium, Hierochloe, and doubtless some other
Gramineae ; 8, 9.

3. C. schmidiella, Fr. 8-10 mm. Antennae with apex and a
broad subapical band white. Abdomen more or less suffused
with ochreous. Forewings black ; an oblique brassy-metallic
fascia towards base ; a broad orange fascia beyond middle,
narrowed dorsally, edged with black scales and then with
narrow violet-golden-metallic fasciae ; a bluish-silvery-metallic
line along upper part of termen to apex. Hindwings dark
grey. A variety occurs in which the orange fascia becomes
black.

Sussex, Dorset, local; Germany, Switzerland, N. Persia;
6, 7. Larva pale yellow ; dorsal and subdorsal lines and two
lateral series of dots crimson; head pale yellow -brown ; 2
with two black spots : in whitish blotches in leaves of Vicia
sepium ; 8, 9.

4. C. eximia, Hiv. {drurella, Stt., non F.) 8-10 mm. Diifers
from C. schmidiella only as follows : antennae with subapical
band much narrower ; abdomen dark brassy-fuscous ; forewings
with apical line reduced to a violet-metallic mark in middle of
tei'men and a white dash in apical cilia.

Middlesex, Essex, local; C. Europe, Asia Minor; 7. Larva
whitish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines crimson ; head and plate of
2 brown : in blotches in leaves of Humtdns ; 8, 9.

6. Stathmopoda, Stt.

Antennae |, in S with very long fine ciliations, basal joint
elongate. Labial palpi very long, i-ecurved, second joint
smooth, terminal as long, acute. Posterior tibiae rough-haired.
Forewings : lb furcate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings

664

TINEINA

[stathmopoda

^, linear-lanceolate, cilia 6 ; transverse vein partly absent, 6
and 7 connate.

A rather extensive genus, occurring especially in Australia,
New Zealand, the ludo-Malayan and African regions ; only two
species have been found in Eui'ope. Larva feeding in fruits or
galls. Pupa in a silken cocoon. Imago with forevvings narrow,
broadest near base, long- pointed. All the species in repose
often cany the posterior legs semierect, projecting between the
anterior and middle pairs.

1. S. pedella, L. 10-14 mm. Forewings ochreous-yellow ;
costal edge fuscous ; three irregular fuscous fasciae at base, |-,
and f , first and second connected by a dorsal streak, second
and third not quite reaching costa, connected in disc by a fine
longitudinal line ; a small fuscous apical spot ; cilia fuscous.
Hind wings dark grey.

Kent to Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ;
reddish-brown ; head brown ; plate of 2
of alder ; 9.

7. Larva stout, pale
dai'k brown : in fruits

7. Elachista, Tr.

Antennae f, in ($ simple. Labial palpi long, recurved,
second joint smooth, terminal shorter, acute. Posterior tibiae

rough - haired. Forewings: lb
simple, 4 sometimes absent, 5
absent, 6 out of 7, 7 to costa, 8
out of 7 or absent, 9 sometimes
out of 7. Hindwings |--§, narrow-
lanceolate, cilia 3-5; 4 sometimes
^^;:::::~~C~ZZII~^^]^^=* absent, 5 absent, transverse vein

sometimes partly absent, 6 and 7
stalked.

A large cosmopolitan genus,
apparently most characteristic of
Europe. The species are often
very similar and difficult to dis-
tinguish. Imago with forewings lanceolate. Larva mining
in leaves of Gramineae or Cyperaceae. Pupa usually ex-
posed, fastened by tail and median belt, but sometimes in
cocoon.

1. Markings of forewings pale golden-metallic . 2.

,, ,, not golden-metallic . 3.

2. i'^orewings with thick fascia near base 3. magnijicella.

,, without subbasal fascia 4. gleichenella.

Neuration and liead of Elachista

riifociiierea.

elachista]

ELACHISTIDAE

665

3. Furewings ochreous-yellow . 40. subalbiddla.

,, not yellow . . . .4.

4. Groiind-coloui' of forewiiigs gvey or blackish . 5.

,, ,, whitish . . 30.

5. Forewings with jiale central fascia only . . 6.

„ not so marked . . .10.

6. Head whitish .... 25. megerlella.

„ dark grey . . . . .7.

7. Forewings with tips of apical cilia whitish . 8.

,, ,, ,, grey .21. taeniatella.

8. Fascia whitish .... 24. cingillella.

,, partly or wholly yellowish . . 9.

9. Fascia whitish, posteriorly yellow . 23. zonarieUa.

,, wholly pale yellowish . . 22. gangabella.

10. Forewings witli white apical spot . 1. trapeziella.

,, witho\it white apical sj^ot . .11.

11. riical stigma distinct, black . . .12.

,, ,, absent . . . .15.

12. Plical stigma followed by a white mark . .13.

,, ,, not followed by a white mark

20. consortcJla.

13. Tornal pale spot somewhat beyond costal 26. serricornis.

,, ,, not beyond costal . .14.

14. Costal pale spot broad, triangular . 27. 2^(^l'^dum.

,, ,, narrow, oblique . 29. eleochariella.

15. Anterior fascia central, not reaching dorsum

2. cinereopunctella.
,, ,, before middle . . .16.

16. Head yellow . . . .8. luiicomella.

„ not yellow . . . . .17.

17. Forewings with subapical round white dot

5. a2ncipunctella.
,, without subapical white dot . .18.

18. Head wholly white . . . .19.

,, not wholl}' Avhite . . . .20.

19. Costal spot opposite tornal . .15. stahileUa.

„ „ beyond tornal . 6. albijrontella.

20. Costal and toinial spots forming distinct fascia . 21.

,, ,, ,, more or less separate . 22.

21. Posterior fascia irregular, oblique . 11. kilnninella.

,, ,, vertical . . . 17. heddlella.

22. Costal spot opposite tornal . . . 23.

,, ,, more or less beyond tornal . . 25.

666 TINEINA [elachista

23. Anterior fascia twice shortly angulated . 12. 2^(^'^^-

,, not so formed . . . .24.

24. Costal spot larger than tornal . .13. perplexella.

„ „ not larger than tornal . 16. nigrella.

25. Costal spot rounded or truncate beneath . 7. holdenella.

„ „ triangular .... 26.

26. Costal spot markedly larger than tornal . . 27.

,, ,, not markedly larger than tornal . 28.

27. Anterior fascia almost obsolete . . 18. humilis.

„ „ distinct . . .9. atricomella.

28. Fascia somewhat curved, in $ costally obsolete

10. alpinella.
„ straight, in (J not more obsolete costally 29.

29. Head dark grey, face lighter . .14 suhnigrella.

„ grey on crown, face whitish . 19. ohscurella.

30. Forew.ings with two or three pale ochreous fasciae 31.

,, without pale ochreous fasciae . .33.

31. Costa fuscous towards base . . . 32.

,, not fuscous towards base . . 35. suhocellea.

32. Dark line of cilia truncate at apex . 34. collitella.

„ ,, ,, rounded . . 33. disertella.

33. Plical stigma absent .... 34.

,, ,, black, distinct . . . 35.

34. Forewings irrorated with brown or ochreous

38. rufocinerea.
,, wholly white . . 39. cygnipennella.

35. Forewings with two dark fuscous fasciae . 32. cerusella.

„ without dark fuscous fasciae . . 36.

36. Forewings with gi'ey or fuscous markings . 37.

,, without such markings . . 39.

37. Forewings with angulated fuscous fascia . . 38.

,, without such fascia . . 28. hiatomella.

38. Forewings with apical black dot . . 31. scirpi.

,, without apical black dot 30. rhynchosporella.

39. Stigmata dark fuscous, hindwings grey-wdiitish

36. dispunctella.
„ black, hindwings in S grey . 37. triatomea.
1. E. trapeziella, Stt. 8-10 mm. Head grey, face white.
Forewings blackish ; a spot on fold towards base, one on middle
of costa and another beneath it on fold, in $ larger and some-
tiines confluent, a fourth on tornus, and a fifth at apex shining
white. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Kent, Gloucester, York, Lancashire, Durham, local ;

elachista] ELACHISTIDAE 667

Germany, Switzerland ; 6. Larvagreeuish-grey, faintly reddish-
tinged : in leaves of Luzula pilosa ; 4, 5.

2. E. cinereopunctella, Hiv. 7-9 mm. Head grey, face white.
Forewings grey, irrorated with dark fuscous ; a central fascia
not reaching dorsum, a spot on tornus, and another on costa
close before apex whitish ; a black apical dot. Hindwings dark
grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; Germany, Switzerland ;
5, 6. Larva whitish, sides more yellowish ; subdorsal series of
red spots ; head dark brown ; 2 with two brown spots : in
leaves of Carex glaiica ; 10-4.

3. E. magnificella, Tgst. 8-9 mm. Head coppery-fuscous.
Antennae with apex in 5 white. Forewings dark bronzy-
fuscous ; a thick fascia near base, a central fascia not reaching
costa, a transverse tornal spot, and another beyond it on costa
pale golden-metallic. Hindwings dark grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva yellowish ;
dorsal line green ; head pale brown : in leaves of Luzula
pilosa ; 4, 5.

4. E. gleichenella, F. 7-8 mm. Head bronzy -metallic.
Forewings dark bronzy -fuscous ; a small basal spot, a fascia
before middle, and an outwards -angulated fascia towards apex
pale golden-metallic. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Stirling, rather common; C. Europe; 6, 7.
Larva whitish, faintly purple-tinged ; head dark brown ; 2 with
two purple-blackish marks : in leaves of Carex stellulata, etc. ;
10-4.

5. E. apicipunctella, Stt. 8-10 mm. Head silvery -white.
Forewings dark fuscous, bronzy-tinged; base silvery; a some-
what oblique fascia before middle, a tornal spot, a larger
triangular spot beyond it on costa, and a subapical dot silvery-
white. Hindwings grey.

Middlesex, Norfolk, Cambridge, York to Stirling, local ; C.
Europe ; 6. Larva pale yellow ; head brown : in leaves of
Holcus, Festuca, Dactylis, etc. ; 10-4.

6. E. albifrontella, Hh. 8-10 mm. Head white. Forewings
blackish ; a somewhat oblique fascia before middle, sometimes
interrupted, a tornal spot, and a rather larger triangular costal
spot beyond it white. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor; 6. Larva yellow-whitish; head pale brown; 2 with
three rows of brown dots : in leaves of Holcus, Dactylis, Aira,
etc. ; 10-5.

TINEIlSrA [elachista

7. E. holdenella, Stt. 8-10 mm. Head grey, face whitish.
Forewings blackish, basal area iu 5 grey ; a narrow somewhat
oblique fascia before middle, a tornal spot, and a larger trans-
verse costal spot beyond it, rounded or truncate beneath, white,
more conspicuous in $ . Hindwings dai'k grey.

Middlesex (?), Dorset, very local ; NW. Germany ; 5, 6.
Larva in leaves of Aira caes^ntosa ; 4.

8. E. luticomella, Z. (Jlavicomella, Stt.) 9-11 mm. Head
light ochreous-yellow, seldom with a fuscous spot. Forewings
dark fuscous ; a somewhat oblique fascia before middle, a small
tornal spot, and another on costa beyond it ochreous-whitish,
in 5 enlai'ged and more conspicuous. Hindwings blackish-
grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva pale yellow ; head pale brown : in leaves and
stems of Dactylis glomerata ; 4, 5. Stain ton's flavicomella was
founded on an abnormal variety, occurring amongst the
common form.

9. E. atricomella, Stt., 9-11 mm. Head blackish, whitish-
sprinkled, face in $ whitish. Forewings blackish, pale-
sprinkled ; a somewhat oblique fascia before middle, in $
interrupted, a tornal spot, and a larger triangular spot beyond
it on costa white. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, common ; Holland, Germany ; 6.
Larva pale yellowish ; head pale brown ; 2 with two yellow-
brown marks : in leaves and stems of Dactylis glomerata ; 4, 5.

10. E. alpinella, Stt. (monticola, Wk.) 9-11 mm. Head
fuscous, whitish-sprinkled. Forewings dai'k fuscous, basal area
in $ sometimes pale ; a somewhat curved fascia before middle,
in ($ obsolete towai'ds costa, an erect triangular tornal spot,
and a similar spot on costa beyond it white, in 5 larger.
Hindwings dark grey.

Dorset, Suffolk, Lancashire, Banff, on moors, local; Germany,
Switzerland ; 8. Larva in leaves and stems of Carex palvdosa ;
4-6.

11. E. kilmunella, aS'^^. 9-11 mm. Head grey, whitish-
sprinkled. Forewings dark grey, basal area in $ whitish ; a
nearly straight fascia before middle, a tornal spot and costal
spot beyond it united into a rather irregular fascia whitish, in
9 clearer ; cilia round apex more whitish. Hindwings I'ather
dark grey.

Surrey to Norfolk, Cheshire to Caledonian Canal, on moors,
local, commoner northwards; (icrnianv, NW. Russia; 6, 7.

elachista] ELACHISTIDAE 669

12. E. poae, Stt. 9-11 mm. Head blackish. Forewings
blackish, somewhat pale-sprinkled, basal area somewhat lighter ;
an obscure fascia before middle, angulated outwards in middle
and inwards on fold, a small ill -defined tornal spot, a more
distinct one on costa opposite, and traces of an angular mark
in disc beyond and connecting these whitish, in $ more
distinct. Hindwings dark grey.

Kent to Dorset and Norfolk, local ; Holland, N. Germany,
Finland ; 5, 8. Larva whitish -yellowish ; head and two spots
on 2 pale brown : in leaves of Poa aquatica ; 4, 7.

13. E. perplexella, Stt. (airae, Stt.) 8-9 mm. Head grey,
face in S lighter and submetallic, in $ whitish. Forewings
Ijlackish, somewhat pale-sprinkled ; a somewhat curved fascia
before middle, in ($ sometimes obsolete or interrupted, a small
indistinct tornal spot, and a larger opposite costal spot whitish,
in $ more distinct. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Kent, Hereford, York to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local ; C.
Europe ; 5, 7. Larva dull yellowish ; dorsal line whitish ;
head ochreous-brown : in leaves of Aira caespitosa ; 4, 6.

14. E. subnigrella, Dgl. 7-8 mm. Head dark grey, face
lighter. Forewings blackish-gi-ey, light-sprinkled, in $ darker
except on basal area ; a slender indistinct fascia before middle,
somewhat indented or interrupted on fold, in $ sometimes
almost obsolete, a small indistinct tornal spot, and costal spot
somewhat beyond it whitish, in $ whiter and more distinct.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

England to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, local ; Holland,
Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 6, 8. Larva pale yellow ; head pale
brown : in leaves of Bromus erectus ; 4, 7.

15. E. stabilella, Fr. 7-8 mm. Head white. Forewings
blackish ; an oblique fascia before middle, a tornal spot, and a
rather outwardly oblique costal spot opposite white. Hindwings
rather dark grey.

Surrey to Dorset and Cambridge, York, local ; Germany,
Switzerland ; 5-7. Larva yellowish ; head and plate of 2 pale
brownish : in leaves of Ai7'a caespitosa ; 2-5.

16. E. nigrella, Htv. (aridella, Hein. ; pulleUa, HS. ; Greg-
soni, Stt.) 7-8 mm. Head dark grey, whitish-sprinkled, face
paler or whitish. Forewings blackish, somewhat paler-sprinkled ;
an oblique fascia before middle, in $ indistinct and sometimes
interrupted, a tornal spot, and an opposite costal spot (appear-
ing together to form a perpendicular interrupted fascia) whitish,
in $ whiter and more distinct. Hindwings grey.

670 TINEINA [elachista

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva pale yellowish-grey ; head black or pale brown ; 2 with
two black spots : in leaves of Poa trivialis, P. annua, etc. ; 3, 4, 7.

17. E. bedellella, Sire. 7-8 mm. Head grey, whitish-mixed,
face whitish. Fore wings grey, darker- sprinkled, in $ paler,
more whitish towards base ; a hardly oblique whitish fascia
before middle, and a vertical one about \ ; dark line of cilia
almost straight, vertical, causing a truncate appearance. Hind-
wings rather dark grey.

England to Durham, on downs, common ; Germany, Switzei*-
land ; 5, 8. Larva greyish -green, sometimes reddish-tinged;
head pale brown ; 2 with two brown spots : in leaves of Avena
pratensis ; 4, 7.

18. E. humilis, Z. {occultella, Dgl.) 8-9 mm. Head grey,
face whitish. Forewings light grey irrorated with dark fuscous ;
a very indistinct oblique whitish fascia before middle, usually
partly or wholly obsolete ; a small tornal spot and larger
triangular spot on costa somewhat beyond it ochreous-white.
Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5.

19. E. obscurella, aS'^^. {pulchella, Hw. ; subobscurella, Dbld.)
7-9 mm. Head grey, face whitish. Forewings in S pale grey
irrorated with black, in $ blackish except on basal area; a
somewhat oblique fascia before middle, a tornal spot, and
triangular costal spot somewhat beyond it in (J very indistinct,
whitish, almost obsolete, in $ broader, white, conspicuous.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, very common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva pale yellowish -grey ; head pale brown : in leaves of
Holcus, etc. ; 3, 4, 7.

20. E. consortella, Stt. 6-7 mm. Head grey, face whitish.
Forewings blackish -grey, somewhat paler- sprinkled ; a some-
what oblique fascia before middle, in $ reduced to a spot on
fold, a tornal spot, another on costa opposite, and a more or
less developed angular mark beyond and connecting these
whitish, in ? more distinct; plical stigma elongate, black.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

Westmoreland to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local ; not recognised
elsewhere ; 3, 4.

21. E. taeniatella, Stt. 9-10 mm. Head dark grey. Fore-
wings blackish ; a straight perpendicular central light yellowish
fascia, in $ narrowed towards costa; cilia wholly grey. Hind-
wings dark grey.

elaciiista] ELACHISTIDAE 671

England to Durham, E. Ii'eland, local ; Germany, Switzer-
land ; 5, 6. Larva rather dark grey, speckled with darker ;
head and 2 light reddish-ochreous : in leaves of Brachypodmm
sylvaticum ; 9-11.

22. E. gangabella, Z. 8-10 mm. Head blackish -grey.
Forewings blackish ; a straight somewhat inwardly oblique
central whitish-yellowish fascia, in $ narrowed towards costa ;
tips of apical cilia whitish. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Durham, rather common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva grey-green, yellowish-tinged ; head yellow-brown ; 2 with
two pale brown spots : in leaves of Dactylis glomerata and
Holcus; 10-4.

23. E. zonariella, Tf/st. 7-9 mm. Head dark grey, face
whitish. Forewings dai'k fuscous, blackish-sprinkled ; a hardly
curved whitish central fascia, edged with yellow posteriorly,
broader towards dorsum ; tips of apical cilia whitish. Hind-
wings dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, rather common ; C.
Europe, Asia Minor; 5, 7, 8. Larva grey-green; head pale
brown ; 2 with two brown spots : in leaves of Aira caespitosa ;
4,6.

24. E. cingillella, IIS. 7-8 mm. Head dark grey, face
lighter. Forewings blackish - grey ; a nearly straight slender
central whitish fascia ; tips of apical cilia whitish. Hindwings
dark grey.

Kent, Derby, local ; SC. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.

25. E. megerlella, Stt. (cinctella, Z. ; adscitella, Stt. ; obli-
quella, Stt.) 8-11 mm. Head ochreous- whitish. Antennae
whitish-ringed. Forewings light grey, irrorated with blackish ;
a nearly straight central whitish fascia, sometimes ochreous-
tinged, in ^ slenderer and sometimes interrupted ; tips of
apical cilia whitish. Hindwings grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva grey -greenish ; head pale brown; 2 with two brown
spots : in leaves of Brachypodium, Bromus, Aira, Sesleria, etc. ;
11-4, 7.

26. E. serricomis, Stt. 7-8 mm. Head grey, face whitish.
Forewings in $ gi'ey, in ? blackish-grey ; plical stigma black,
elongate, followed by a white dot ; an oblique white triangular
costal spot at f ; a small indistinct whitish tornal spot some-
what beyond it. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Dorset, Lancashire to the Clyde, local ; Germany,
Switzerland ; 6, 7.

672 TINEINA [elachista

27. E. paludum, Fr. 8-9 mm. Head in $ grey, in $ whitish.
Forewings rather dark fuscous or ochreous-grey, pale-sprinkled,
lighter in $ ; plical stigma elongate, black, preceded and
followed by whitish marks ; a small tornal spot, and lai-ger
triangular anteriorly dark-edged opposite costal spot white.
Hindwings dark grey.

Dorset, Berks, Suffolk, Norfolk, Durham, local ; Holland,
Germany ; 5, 6. Larva grey ; head brown ; 2 pale yellowish,
with two brown spots : in leaves of Carex paludosa and C.
paniculata ; 4, 5.

28. E. biatomella, -iS'^^. 7-8 mm. Head pale grey, face whitish.
Forewings ochreous - whitish, irrorated with grey ; plical and
second discal stigmata elongate, black, plical preceded and
followed by whitish marks ; in darker specimens an oblique
triangular white spot is visible on costa at |, in paler specimens
it is obsolete. Hindwings grey.

England, leather common ; Holland, Switzerland ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva yellowish ; head brown ; 2 with two pale brown spots :
in leaves of Carex f/lauca ; 4, 7.

29. E. eleochariella, Stt. 7-8 mm. Head grey. Forewings
grey ; plical stigma black, preceded and followed by whitish
marks ; a small tornal spot, and an oblique wedge-shaped mark
on costa opposite whitish. Hindwings dark grey.

Cambridge, York to the Clyde, local ; Germany (?) ; 6, 7.
Larva in leaves of Eriophormn and Carex ; 5.

30. E. rhynchosporella, Stt. 9-10 mm. Head white. Fore-
wings white, costa and sometimes doi-sum suffused with fuscous;
plical stigma large, elongate, black ; an angulated fuscous fascia
beyond middle, angle acutely produced towai'ds apex ; small
fuscous costal and dorsal spots near apex. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva greenish-grey, more
yellowish anteriorly; head dark brown: in leaves of Eriophorwn
and Carex; 5.

3L E. scirpi, /S'^^. 9-12 mm. Head grey-whitish. Forewings
as in E. rhynchosporella, but fuscous markings more undefined,
apex of fascia not distinctly prodviccd, a distinct minute black
apical dot. Hindwings rather dark grey.

S. England to Noi'folk and Pembroke, in salt-marshes, local ;
not recognised elsewhere; 6, 7. Larva pale greenish -yellow ;
dorsal line indistinct ; head pale yellow : in short broad galleries
in leaves of Scirpus maritimus and J uncus compressus ; 4, 5.

32. E. cerusella, Hh. 9-10 mm. Head whitish. Forewings

elachista] ELACHISTIDAE 673

ochreous- whitish ; sometimes two or three dark fuscous spots
near base ; cloudy dark fuscous fasciae in middle and at |,
sometimes obsolete towards costa, anterior including black plical
stigma. Hiudwings grey.

England, rather local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 8. Larva
pale yellow ; head brown ; 2 with two faint brown spots : in
blotclies in leaves of Phragmites communis ; 4, 7.

33. E. disertella, 118. {poUinariella, Stt., non Z.) 8-10 mm.
Head ochreous - whitish. Forewings whitish ; three broad
whitish -ochi-eous fasciae near base, in middle, and at f, with
some irregularly scattered black scales, first two fasciae more or
less fuscous on costa ; dark line of cilia rounded. Hindwings
grey.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 6, 7. Larva whitish -grey ;
head brown ; 2 with two blackish marks : in leaves of Brachy-
podium sylvafirum; 5.

34. E. collitella, Dup. 8-9 mm. Head whitish. Forewings
whitish ; costa towards base fuscous, with traces of a basal
fascia; two broad partially ill-defined light yellow-ochreous
fasciae in middle and at |, more or less fuscous on costa, with
some scattered black scales ; dark line of cilia appearing truncate
at apex. Hindwings grey.

Pembroke, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7.

35. E. subocellea, Stpjh. {collitella, Stt., non Dup.) 8-9 mm.
Differs from E. collitella as follows : forewings whiter, costa not
distinctly fuscous towards base, plical and second discal stigmata
sometimes distinct, black.

England to York, E. L-eland, local ; Germany ; 6, 7.

36. E. dispunctella, Dup. {triseriatella, Stt.) 7-9 mm. Head
white. Forewings white, faintly ochreous-tinged, with scattered
black scales ; plical and second discal stigmata dark fuscous,
sometimes indistinct. Hindwings grey-whitish.

England to Westmoreland, E. L-eland, local ; C. Europe ; 6,
7. Larva greyish-ochreous : in leaves of Festuca ovina and F.
duriuscida ; 9-5.

37. E. triatomea, IIw. 8-10 mm. Head white. Forewings
white, with some scattered fuscous scales, especially posteriorly ;
plical and second discal stigmata black, distinct. Hindwings in

S gi'ey, in ^ grey-whitish.

Britain to the Clyde, rather conniion ; Germany ; 6, 7.

38. E. rufocinerea, Hiv. 9-11 nun. Head whitish. Fore-
wings white, in $ densely irrorated witli brown, in 9 more

2x

674 TINEINA [elachista

thinly with ochveous. Hindwings in ^ dark grey, in $
grey.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, abundant ; Holland,
SO. Europe, Asia Minor ; 4, 5. Larva pale yellowish ; dorsal
vessel dark grey ; head and two spots on 2 brown : in leaves of
Holcits mollis ; 12-3.

39. E. cygnipennella, lib. (^. argentdhi, CI.) 10-13 mm.
Head white. Forewings white, sometimes ochreous- tinged.
Hindwings in $ gre}^ in $ grey-whitish.

Britain to Argyll, Ireland, very common ; C. and S. Europe,
N. Africa; 5, 6. Larva greenish -grey ; dorsal line whitish;
head pale brown : in leaves of Dactylis, Bromus, etc.; 4.

40. E. subalbidella, Scld. {pchreella, Stt. ; suhochreella, Dbld.)
8-12 mm. Head ochreous - yellowish. Forewings ochreous-
yellow, towards costa sometimes fuscous-tinged. Hindwings
dark grey.

Kent to Dorset, Cheshire and York to Westmoi'eland, local ;
C. Europe ; 6.

8. Stephensia, Stt.

Antennae f, in $ simple. Labial palpi short, drooping,
filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae loosely haired. Forewings :
lb simple, 5 and 6 out of 7, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings
|, lanceolate, cilia over 2 ; 5 absent, 6 and 7 approximated.

Includes only the one species ; correlated with the preceding
genus. Imago with forewings lanceolate.

1. S. 'brunnichiella, L. 7-8 mm. Head dark bronzy.
Antennae with white subapical band. Forewings dai'k bronzy-
fuscous ; a subbasal fascia, another before middle, an erect
tornal sjjot, and a costal spot before apex pale golden-metallic.
Hindwings dark grey.

England to Durham, rather local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor; 5, 8. Larva green - whitish ; dorsal line dark green;
head and })late of 2 blackish : in blotches in leaves of
CalainintlLa clinopodium ; 4, 7.

9. LiMNOECIA, Stt.

Antennae |, in $ shortly ciliated, basal joint very long.
Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint thickened with
smooth scales, terminal longer, acute. Posterior tibiae rough-
haired. Forewings : lb fui'cate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa.
Hindwings §, elongate-lanceolate, cilia 2 ; all veins separate.

The single species has been mucli overlodkcd, being very

LiMNOECiAj ELACHISTIDAE 675

retired in the perfect state, but probably occurs throughout the
Old World. Imago with forewings very elongate, long-pointed.
Its coloiu'ing, like that of so ixiany swamp -frequenting species,
is assimilated to the dead reeds.

1. L. phragmitella, Stt. 17-21 mm. Forewings pale brownish-
ochreous, veins posteriorly more or less whitish, with some
fuscous scales between them ; discal stigmata dark fuscous,
partly whitish-edged and connected by a whitish streak; a
streak from second to apex often more infuscated ; dark fuscous
marginal dots towards apex. Hindwings light grey, ochreous-
tinged.

England to York, common ; C. and S. Europe, N. Africa,
Australia, New Zealand ; 7. Larva yellow-whitish ; dorsal line
brownish ; subdorsal and lateral light fuscous ; head brown : in
heads of Typha, causing the down to hang out in large con-
spicuous masses ; 9-5. The wide distribution of this species is
apparently natural, and probably due to transportation of the
Ti/2yha-down by the wind.

10. Anybia, Stf.

Antennae -i, in S simple, basal joint elongate. Labial palpi
long, recurved, second joint somewhat rough beneath, terminal
as long, acute. Posterior tibiae rough-haired. Forewings:
lb furcate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings ^, lanceolate,
cilia 4 ; all veins separate.

Only one species is known ; a development of Mompha.
Imago with forewings lanceolate.

1. A. epilobiella, Boem. {langiella, Hb.) 9-10 mm. Head
dark fuscous, face silvery. Palpi white, terminal joint black.
Forewings dark purplish-bi"onzy-fuscous ; a transverse white
spot in disc beyond middle ; some whitish scales towards dorsum
before this, and sometimes in disc towards apex. Hindwings
dark grey.

SW. England to Dorset and Worcester, Herts, Westmoreland,
Cumberland, local ; C. Europe ; 8-4. Larva pale yellow ;
dorsal vessel dark green ; head black-brown ; plate of 2 black :
in fiat blotches in leaves of Epilobiwn hirsutum and Circaea
lutetiana; 7.

11. Hbliodines, Stt.

Antennae 4, in c? thick, simple. Labial palpi rather short,
slightly curved, porrected, filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae
smooth -scaled. Forewings : lb simple, G and 7 stalked, 7 to

676 TINEINA [heliodines

costa, 8 absent. Hindwings h, lanceolate, cilia 3 ; transverse
vein partly absent, 4 absent, 6 and 7 approximated.

There is only one known species. Imago with forewings
lanceolate.

1. H. roesella, L. 10-11 mu^. Head and thorax metallic
dark bronzy-fuscons. Forewings deep orange, margins narrowly
blackish ; an oblique mark from base of costa, a narrow fascia
at J, three posterior costal spots, a triangular tornal spot, and
small subapical spot leaden-metallic, black-edged. Hindwings
dark fuscous.

Said to have been formerly taken near London, record prob-
ably authentic ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7, 8.
Larva pale green ; dorsal line darker ; head black ; 2 with two
black spots : amongst spun leaves of Atriplex and ChenojMdium;
6.

12. Pancalia, Cicrt.

Antennae -5, in S rather thick, very shortly ciliated, basal
joint rather long. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second
joint somewhat loosely scaled beneath, terminal shorter, acute.
Posterior tibiae rough -haired. Forewings with scale-tufts on
surface : lb furcate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings
almost 1, lanceolate, cilia 2 ; 6 absent.

It is probable that the three supposed different forms of
this geiuis constitiite only one species. Imago with forewings
elongate-lanceolate.

1. P. leuwenhoekella, L. {latreillella, Curt.) 9-13 nun.
Head and thorax dark bronzy-metallic. Antennae usually with
white subapical band. Forewings deep orange, margins more or
less blackish; a narrow interrupted fascia at \, a costal spot before
middle and another inwardly oblique at |, a dorsal median spot,
and an erect tornal mark pale golden-metallic, blackish-edged ;
a whitish spot in cilia on posterior costal spot. Hindwings
rather dark bronzy-fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, somewhat local ; Euroi)e, Asia Minor ;
5, 6. Larva dull purple - reddish, segmental incisions and
wrinkles pale brownish-ochreous ; head pale yellowish-brown,
darker-marked ; plate of 2 transparent : in leaf-stalks, after-
wards in silken galleries amongst rootstock of Viola hirta; C-8,
The imago flies in afternoon sunshine.

13. Chrysoolista, Stt.
Antennae i to almost 1, in S simple. Labial palpi long,
recurved, second joint loosely scaled beneath towards apex,

rHUYSOCLiSTA] ELACHISTIDAE G77

terminal shorter, acute. Posterior tibiae rough-haired. Fore-
wings Avith scale-tufts on surface; lit furcate, 5 absent, 7 and 8
stalked or coincident, 7 to costa. Hindwings |, lanceolate,
cilia 3-4 ; 5 and 6 or G and 7 sometimes stalked, transverse vein
sometimes partl}^ absent.

A small genus, at present not satisfactorily identified outside
the European region. Imago with forewings elongate-lanceolate.
Larva feeding in bark, fruit, or shoots of trees or shrubs.

1. Forewings partly orange . . . .2.

,, not orange . . . . -3.

2. Costa broadly black to about middle . 1. Itimacidella.

„ only black at base . . .2. linneella.

3. Head orange-j^ellow . . 3. aurlfrontella.

,, not yellow . . . . .4.

4. Head white .... 5. nira.

,, not white . . . . ').

5. Forewings with four large scale-tufts . 6. o-hdinnidla.

,, ,, two scale-tufts . . 4. vinolentella.

1. C. bimaculella, Hw. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax metallic
brassy-black. Antennae with apex white. Forewings bronzj'-
blackish ; an elongate orange blotch towards base below middle;
a large orange blotch occupying apical half of wing except
margins, extending to costa at f ; silvery-metallic scale-tufts
above dorsum before middle, below middle of costa, and beyond
tornus. Hindwings dark bronzy-fuscous.

England to Westmoreland, scarce and local ; (jcnnany,
Austria ; 6, 7.

2. C. linneella, CI. 10-13 mm. Head and thorax metallic
brassy-black. Antennae with apex white. Forewings bright
oi'ange ; base black, emitting a fine silveiy-metallic costal streak
to -g-, and a shorter projection in disc ; dorsum slenderly, termen
and apical \ of costa more broadly bronzy-blackish; a silvery-
metalhc scale-tuft above dorsum before middle, another below
middle of costa, and a third bej^ond tornus ; a silvery-metallic
costal dash about |. Hindwings dark bronzy-fuscous.

Kent, Middlesex, Gloucester, N. Ireland, very local but
common where it occurs ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva
yellow - whitish ; head pale brown: in hark oi Tilia, especially
in towns ; 10-5. The imago rests on the trunks.

3. C. aurlfrontella, Hb. {flavkaput, Hw.) 11-14 mm. Head
orange-yellow. Palpi yellow, basal half blackish, terminal joint
very short. Forewings purplish-black ; plical and second discal
stigmata black, raised. Hindwings dark fuscous.

678 TINEINA [chrysoclista

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
slender, whitish : in twigs of hawthorn; 8-10.

4. C. vinolentella, HS. 9-11 mm. Head blackish. Fore-
wings narrow, blackish; plical and second discal scale -tnfts
black, latter anteriorly finely whitish- margined ; some white
scales towards costa posteriorly and apex. Hindwings dark
grey.

England to Lancashire, local and uncommon ; Germany ;
7. Larva in shoots of apple ; 4.

5. C. atra, Hw. {hellerella, Dup.) 11-1.3 mm. Head white.
Forewings narrow, dark fuscous ; a broad white dorsal streak,
sprinkled with dark fuscous, from base to tornus, with broad
triangular indentation at f , including a black scale-tuft ; from
apex of this streak a slender whitish fascia to costa before
apex, emitting a branch posteriorly in middle and sometimes
one anteriorly below it ; a black scale-tuft in disc before this.
Hindwings grey.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; Holland, (Termany, Italy :
6, 7. Larva in berries of hawthorn ; 9, 10.

6. C. rhamniella, Z. 9-11 mm. Head fuscous, whitish-
sprinkled. Forewings fuscous, sometimes somewhat ochreous-
mixed ; large blackish scale-tufts on fold at \, on dorsum before
tornus, below middle of costa, and in disc at f ; some raised
black strigulae towards apex. Hindwings grey.

E. England to Sussex and Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva greenish ; head and plate of 2 black : in shoots
and afterwards in rolled leaves of Rhamnus ; 5, 6.

14. MoMPHA, Hb.

Antennae |, in $ often thick, simple or shortly ciliated,
basal joint rather long. Labial palpi long, recurved, second
joint loosely scaled beneath towai'ds apex, terminal shorter
or longer, sometimes loosely scaled, acute. Posterior tibiae
rough-haired. Forewings with scale-tufts on surface : lb fur-
cate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings ^-f, lanceolate,-
cilia 2^-4; 5 and 6 sometimes stalked, 7 approximated, trans-
verse vein sometimes partly absent.

There are but few additional European species besides those
found in Britain, and the further geographical extension of
the geniis is doubtful. A closely allied and very similar
genus attains some development in Australia. Imago with
forewings elongate-lanceolate. The larvae all feed on low plants,
almost all on species of Onagraceae {Epilohium and Circaea).

mompha]

ELAOHISTIDAE

679

3. raschhiella.
5.
. 6.
9. fulvescens.
10. ochraceella.
1 2. Stephensi.
. 7.
8.
9.
5. propinquella.

1. Head metallic . . . . .2.

,, not metallic . . . .4.

2. Stigmata distinct, silver-metallic . .1. terminelia.

„ not distinct . . . .3.

3. Forewings with metallic dorsal mark before tornus

2. schrankella.
„ without such mark

4. Forewings ochreous or yellow

,, not ochreous or yellow

5. Hindwings dark grey

,, whitish-yellowish

G. Forewings white .

,, dark fuscous or grey .

7. Head whitish-ochreous or ochreous-white

,, grey or dark fuscous on crown

8. Tliorax and basal blotch ochreous-white

„ ,, ,, pale ferruginous-ochreous

6. lacteeUa.

9. Forewings with whitish fascia liefore middle

8. suhhistrigella.
,, without whitish fascia before middle . 10.

10. Forewings with broad white dorsal streak 7. decorella.

,, without such streak . . .11.

11. Forewings witli white tornal spot 4. amturhatella.

,, without white tornal spot . 11. miscella.

1. M. terminelia, Westw.S-Q mm. Head dark leaden-metallic,
face silvery. Antennae with
apex white. Forewings orange,
sometimes sufiused with purple-
brown ; a black blotch on base
of costa, margined with silver-
metallic spots ; stigmata and a
spot above tornus silver-metallic,
black -edged, first discal whiter ;
apex black, preceded on costa by
a white spot and on ternien by a
silver-metallic mark. Hindwings
dark fuscous.

England to York, local; Ger-
many ; 6. Larva whitish ; dorsal line green ; head yellowish-
brown : in irregular (at first spiral) blotches in leaves of
Circaea lutetiana ; 8, 9. The imago is seldom observed at
large.

Xeuration and head of Mompha
fulvescens.

680 TINEINA [mompha

2. M. schrankella, II h. 11-12 mm. Head dark leaden-metallic.
Antennae witli apex in 5 white. Forewings orange, sometimes
suffused with purple-brown ; a black basal blotch, extended on
costa, where it is preceded and followed by leaden -metallic
spots, jDosterior often connected with a leaden-metallic black-
edged spot beyond it on dorsum ; a wedge-shaped mark along-
middle of costa, and an oblique mark from dorsum before tornus
leaden -metal lie, black-edged ; a blackish apical patch, pre-
ceded by a whitish costal spot. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Dorset, York to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, local ; C.
Europe; 6, 8. Larva greyish - green ; head and plate of 2
black : in blotches in leaves of EpUohimn alsinifolmm : 5, 7.

3. M. raschkiella, X. 8-10 mm. Head leaden-metallic, face
silvery. Forewings dark fuscous ; an orange-yellow dorsal spot
towards base, followed by an oblique leaden-metallic fascia, be-
yond which is a black scale-tuft on fold ; a leaden-metallic spot
on middle of costa ; a double orange spot in disc posteriorly,
divided by a leaden-metallic spot beneath, and connected above
with a white costal spot. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Surrey, Gloucester, Hereford, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 8.
Larva deep yellow, sides more orange ; dorsal line green ;
head dark brown : in blotches in leaves of Epilobium anr/usti-
folium ; 5, 7.

4. M. conturbatella, III). 15-lG mm. Head dark fuscous,
face whitish. Forewings dark fuscous, with several small
scattered dull orange-ferruginous spots; an obscure whitish
spot on base of dorsum ; an oblique fascia before middle, a
sometimes incomplete fascia in middle, a spot in disc posteriorly,
another beyond tornus, and apical dot bluish-leaden-metallic;
three black scale-tufts towards dorsum, and three less marked
above them ; a small white tornal spot, and large white costal
spot beyond it. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Surrey, Hereford, York, Lancashire, local ; N. and C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva l)lackish : in spun shoots of Epilohium mir/usti-
foli'inn ; 5, 6.

5. M. propinquella, Stt. {jvihidicolella, Dbld.) 10-12 mm.
Head and thorax ochreous-white. Forewings dark leaden-
fuscous, with several small scattered orange-ferruginous spots
on dorsal half; an oclu-eous- white triangular blotch on base
of dorsuiB, almost touching costa at base ; one or two white
dots beyond this ; three black scale-tufts towards dorsum, and
three others above them ; a white and ferruginous line from
costa before middle running romid central tuft ; a small white

momi'ha] ELACHISTIDAE 681

tovnal s[)ot and larger costal spot beyond it, disc near them
suft'used with ferruginous. Hindwings darlv fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; Finland, Alps of Switzerland :
6, 7. Larva brown, marbled with pale ; head and plate of 2
Ijlack : in blotches in leaves of Epilohitim /n'rsiitum : 2-4.
Cocoon within the mine.

6. M. lacteella, Sfj>h. 'J-ll mm. Head whitish -ochreous.
Thorax pale ferruginous-oclu-eous, anteriorly sprinkled with dark
fuscous. Forewings as in M. jii'ojnnqxu'Ua, but blotch at base
of dorsum pale ferruginous-ochreons. Hindwings dark fuscous.

England, not uncommon; C. Europe, Asia Minf)r ; 6, 7.
Larva in blotches in leaves of Ejnlohiwn hirsutwn ; 8.

7. M. decorella, Stj^h. 10-11 mm. Head grey, face whitish.
Forewings dark fuscous, in disc posteriorly mixed with light
ferruginous-ochreous ; a broad white dorsal streak from base to
near tornus, xipper edge indented about its middle by a black
scale-tuft; an inwardly oV)]i(juc white fascia towards a])ex, some-
times narrowly interrupted. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, ratlier common ; C. Europe,
WC. Asia to Turkestan; 8-5. Larva whitish-green; head
blackish; plate of 2 black -brown : in swellings in stems of
EpUohium vinnfaniaiK E. jxdustre, etc. ; G, 7.

8. M. subbistrigella, IIu;. 10-11 mm. Head grey, face
whitish. Forewings dark fuscous, in disc posteriori}^ mixed
with light ferruginous-ochreous; an ochreous-whitish blotch
on base of dorsum, almost reaching costa at base ; a whitisli
fascia before middle, narrow on costa and broadly dilated
downwards; two blackish scale -tufts on fold before and be-
yond this ; an inwardly oblique white fascia towards apex,
sometimes narrowly inteiTujited. Hindwings grey.

S. England to Norfolk and Hereford, rather common ; C.
and SE. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America; 9-5. Larva deep
red, incisions paler or yellow-whitish ; head pale yellow-brown :
in seeil[)ods of Epilohium viontanum ; 7, 8.

9. M. fulvescens, IIw. {ejnlohiella, Schrk.) 11-12 mm. Head
whitish-ochreous. Forewings light brownish-ochreous ; obscure
fuscous spots on costa and dorsum before and beyond middle
and towards apex, sometimes separated by more or less distinct
pale spots; two fuscous scale-tufts on fold. Hindwings dark grey.

England, E. L'eland, abundant; C. Europe; 8-5. Larva
jjale yellowish ; head and plate of 2 black : in spun shoots of
Ejyilohium Mrsuhim ; 7.

10. M. ochraceella. Curt. 15-16 mm. Head whitish-yellow-

682

TINEINA

[mompha

ochreous. Forewings yellow, suffiisedly and irregularly irrorated
with pale ferruginous ; three darker scale-tufts above dorsum.
Hindwings whitish-yellowish.

Doi'set, Norfolk and Cambridge to Dui-ham, local ; Holland,
Switzerland, Austria; 6, 7. Larva pale yellowish; head pale
brown : in stems and roots of Epilohium hirsutum ; 3-5.

11. M. miscella, Schif. {Staintoni, Sire.) 7-9 mm. Head
dark grey, face whitish. Forewings dark grey, partly ferru-
ginous-tinged ; a black scale-tuft in disc towards base, followed
by a white dot ; two oblique blackish fasciae before and beyond
middle, forming large scale-tufts near dorsum, on costa separated
by a whitish spot, second interrupted ; a white costal spot at 4 ;
some black scales towards apex. Hindwings grey.

England, common ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6, 8.
Lai'va reddish, whitish-marbled ; head and plate of 2 black ; in
blotches in leaves of Helianthemum ; 3, 4, 7.

12. M. Stephens!, Stt. 8-10 mm. Head white. Foi-ewings
white ; three thick oblique dark fuscous streaks fi'om costa,
first from base to middle of disc, second from beyond middle,
third apical, first and second terminating in large blackish
scale-tufts above dorsum, second and third united in disc by
a ferruginous streak. Hindwings grey.

Essex, York, in woods, local ; Germany ; 8.

15. Heliozela, IIS.

Antennae §, in $ thick, simple. Labial palpi very short,

drooping, filiform, pointed. Pos-
terior tibiae loosely haired. Fore-
wings : lb simple, 5 absent, 6
and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8
absent, 9 absent, 10 sometimes
out of 7 near base. Hindwings
I, lanceolate, cilia 2 ; 2 absent,
ti'ansverse vein absent between
3 and 4, 6 absent.

A small but probably nearly
cosmopolitan genus, nearly cor-
related to Antispila. Imago
with forewings broad-lanceolate.
Larva almost apodal, mining in petioles, leaves, or twigs of
trees, often hard to detect. Pupa in an oval case cut out from
the leaf. The imagos fly in the svuishine. The species are
very similar and perhaps not all truly distinct.

Neuration and liead of Heliozela
stanneella.

HELiozELA] ELACHISTIDAE 683

1. Forewings grey, spots whitish . . .2.

,, dark grey, spots white . . 3.

2. Hindwings not reddish-tinged . .1. sericiella.

,, distinctly tinged with purple-reddisli

2. sfanneella.

3. Forewings with termen less oblique . 4. hetulae.

,, ,, more oblique . 3. resplendella.

1. H. sericiella, TIiv. 6-8 mm. Head dai'k bronzy. Fore-
wings bronzy-grey ; a small indistinct whitish spot on dorsum
towards base, and a larger distinct one beyond middle. Hind-
wings grey.

England, common; C. P^urope, Sicily; 5. T^arva in petioles
of oak ; G, 7.

2. H. stanneella, F.R. G-7 mm. Head dark bronzy. Fore-
wings bronzy -grey; a whitish dorsal spot somewhat beyond
middle ; sometimes also a smaller indistinct one towards base.
Hindwings grey, tinged with purple-reddish.

England to Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe ; 5. Larva
whitish -yellow ; head brown; 2 with two black spots: in
petioles of oak ; G, 7.

3. H. resplendella, Stt. 5-7 mm. Head dai-k bronzy. Fore-
wings dark greyish-ltronze ; a white dorsal spot towards base,
and another beyond middle. Hindwings rather dark brassy-
grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; C. Europe ; G. Larva
yellowish-gTeen ; head brown ; 2 purplish-brown : in midrib of
leaves of alder ; 7-9.

4. H. betulae. Sit. (I hammojiitUa, Sorhagen). Differs from
//. resplendella as follows : forewings less bronzy-tinged, termen
less oblique.

Dorset, Hereford, Norfolk, local ; Germany ; 5, G. Larva
whitish ; head pale brown ; 2 grey on sides : in twigs and ulti-
mately petioles of birch ; 7.

16. Antispila, Hlj.

Antennae §, in S thick, simple. Labial palpi short, droop-
ing, filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae smooth. Forewings :
lb simple, 3 absent, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8
absent, 9 sometimes out of 7 near base. Hindwings f , lance-
olate, cilia 2 ; 2 sometimes absent, transverse vein absent
between 3 and 4, 5 and 7 stalked, 6 absent or out of 7 near
apex.

A small genus of three European and several North American

684 TINEINA [antjspila

species. Imago with forowings lanceolate. Larv^a almost apodal,
mining in leaves. Pu])a in an oval case cut out from the leaf.
The imagos fly in sunshine.

Posterior costal spot triangular . .1. xifeifftrella.

,, ,, transverse-oblong . 2. treitschkiella.

1. A. pfeifferella, Jib. 8-9 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous.
Foi-ewings dark coppery-bronzy -fuscous ; a slender fascia before
middle, a triangular tornal spot, and a triangular costal spot
beyond it pale golden-metallic. Hindwings dark grey.

England to York, common ; C Europe, Asia Minor ; 5.
Larva very pale greyish -green ; head and plate of 2 pale
brown: in blotches in leaves of Cornus ; 7, 8. Pupal change
in autunni ; case subterranean.

2. A. treitschkiella, F.R. G mm. Differs from A. jifeijferella
as follows : forewings with markings yellower-tinged, costal spot
more transverse-oblong, not triangular.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva grey-whitish ;
head and ])late of 2 black; 3-12 beneath each with a black
dot: in blotches in leaves of Cornus; 8, 9. Pupal change in
spring; case on surface of ground.

17. AUGASMA, 7/^'.

Antennae f , in S thick, simple. Labial palpi short, drooping,
filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae rough-haired. Forewings :
lb furcate, 3 absent, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8
absent. Hindwings |, lanceolate, cilia 3 ; transverse vein partly
absent, 4 absent, 6 absent.

Only the one species is known ; its exact affinities are
obscure. The larva is remarkable as being a true gall-pro-
ducer. Imago with forewings elongate-lanceolate, costa notably
subconcave.

1. A. aeratellum, Z. 9-10 mm. Forewings dark bronzy,
with coj)])ery reflections. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Kent, Surrey, Essex, local ; Germany, Austria, Ital}', Asia
Minor ; 6, 7. Larva pale yellowish ; head and two spots of 2
pale brown : in small podlike galls amongst flowers of Polygonum
avicidare ; 9-4. The galls are produced by the action of the
larvae themselves, and are not the work of other insects.

18. DOUGLASIA, »S'^^

Antennae |^, in S simple. Labial palpi short, porrected,
tolerabl}' filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae rough -haired.
Forewings : lb furcate, 5 absent, G and 7 stalked, 7 to costa.

douglasia]

ELACHISTIDAE

685

Hindwings h, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 4 ; transverse vein partly
absent, 3 absent, 5 and 6 stalked.

. There is only one known species. Imago with forewings
elongate-lanceolate.

1. D. ocnerostomella, Stt. 8-10 mm. Forewings rather darl<
grey, irrorated with pale; sometimes a faint pale dorsal spot
before tornus ; cilia with lines of blackish points. Hindwings
grey. ':

Kent and Sussex to Norfolk, E. Ireland, local ; Holland,
Germany, Asia Minor; 7. Larva in stems of Echium ; 9, 10.
Pupa within the stem.

19. Perittia, Stt.

Antennae |-, in S simple. Labial palpi rather short, droop-
ing, filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae rough-haired. Fore-
wings : lb furcate, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8
absent. Hindwings f, lanceolate, cilia 3 ; 5 absent, 6 and 7
stalked.

There is but one species. Imago with forewings elongate-
lanceolate.

1. P. obscuripunctella, Stt. 8-10 mm. Forewings light
shining grey, somewhat darker-sprinkled ; plical stigma dark
fuscous, elongate, followed by some whitish scales, second discal
fuscous, indistinct. Hindwings grey.

England, common ; Holland, Germany ; 5. Larva greenish-
grey; dorsal line darker ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 blackish :
in blotches in leaves of Lonicera ; 7. The imago flies along
hedges on sunny afternoons.

20. SCYTHRIS, lib.

Antennae 4, in S shortly ciliated. Labial pulpi long, curved,
ascending, second joint smooth-
scaled, terminal shorter, acute.
Posterior tibiae rough - haired.
Forewings : lb shortly furcate or
simple, 5 seldom absent, 6 and 7
stalked, 7 to costa, 8 absent.
Hindwings |- to almost 1, lanceo-
late, cilia 14-3; transverse vein
sometimes absent, 4 and 5 some-
times stalked or coincident.

A rather large and practically cosmopolitan genus, though
seemingly much more numerous in the warmer parts of Europe

Neuration of Scythris fuscocuprea.

0.

. 3.

4.

7. variella.

6. siccella.

9. cicadella.

686 TINEINA [scythris

than ill other I'egions. The unicolorous species require careful
discrimination. Imago with forewings elongate -lanceolate,
sometimes caudate.

1. Forewings with whitish spots . . .2.

,, without whitish spots .

2. Hindwings with 5 absent .

,, )) 5 present

3. Forewings with whitish tornal spot .

,, without whitish tornal spot

4. Forewings with two whitish dorsal spots .

,, ,, three whitish dorsal spots

8. clienopodiella.

5. Forewings with some whitish scales . . 6.

,, without whitish scales . . 7.

6. Fxpanse 14 mm. or more; 5 of hindwings present

1. grandipennis.
,, 12 mm. or less; 5 of hindwings absent

3. senescens.

7. Hindwings §, 5 absent . . .4. laminella.

„ nearly 1, 5 present . . .8.

8. Expanse 12 mm. or more . . .2. fuscoaenea.

„ 11 mm. or less . . .5. fuscocuprea.

1. S. grandipennis, Hiv. 14-18 mm. Abdomen in $ rough-
haired towards apex, in 9 beneath pale whitish-ochreous except
towards base. Forewings long-pointed, bi'onzy ; usually a few
whitish scales in disc, in 5 sometimes more numerous and
forming a longitudinal suffusion. Hindwings almost 1, cilia
less than 2 ; dark grey ; 4 and 5 connate or stallced.

England to Lancashire, E. Ireland, rather local ; France, S.
Germany ; 6. Larva dark grey-green ; dorsal line paler ; sub-
dorsal darker ; dots black ; head brownish : in a web amongst
shoots of Ulex ; 2-4.

2. S. fuscoaenea, Ilw. 12-14 mm. Abdomen in $ beneath
broadly sutt'used with ochreous-whitisli. Forewings I'elatively
narrower than in aS*. grandipennis, dark shining greenish-bronzy,
towards apex coppery-tinged. Hindwings almost 1, cilia less
than 2 ; dark fuscous ; 4 and 5 connate or stalked.

Engliind to Cumberland, S. Ireland, local ; C. and SE.
Europe; 6. IjiwwA on Hell anthemtim ; 5.

3. S. senescens, Stt. 10-12 mm. Abdomen in $ beneath
witii ochreous- whitish blotch extending over two or more ante-
apical segments. Forewings moderately long -pointed, dark
bronzy-fuscous, with scattered whitish hair -scales, especially

scYTHRis] ELACHISTIDAE 687

towards apex. Hindwings nearly 1, cilia less than 2; dark
pui'plish-fuscous ; 5 absent.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva dull grev-green, with
several whitish lines ; dots blackish ; head brown-black : in a
slight web amongst shoots of Thymus ; 5.

4. S. laminella, HS. 9-11 mm. Abdomen in 9 beneath
with pale ochreous-yellowish anteapical blotch. Forewings rather
short -pointed, dark purplish -bronzy-fuscous. Hindwings f,
cilia over 2 ; dark fuscous ; 5 absent.

Sussex, Dorset, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva dull brown,
greenish-tinged ; subspiracular line whitish-yellowish ; head and
plate of 2 dull yellowish, laterally blackish-marked : in a loose
web among stems of Helianthemimi ; 5, 6.

5. S. fuscocuprea, Hio. 9-11 mm. Abdomen in $ beneath
with an ochreous- whitish suffusion on anteapical segment.
Forewings rather short-pointed, shining dark bronzy. Hind-
wings nearly 1, cilia less than 2 ; dark purplish -fuscous ; 4
and 5 connate or stalked.

England, E. Ireland, local ; France, Germany ; 6, 7. Larva
in a slight web amongst shoots of Lotus cornictdatus ; 5.

6. S. siccella, Z. 8-9 mm. Abdomen in $ beneath becoming
grey-whitish posteriorly. Forewings rather short-pointed, dark
fuscous, more or less sprinkled with whitish hair-scales ; fold
blackish, with a white streak or dash, variable in development,
before middle, sometimes nearly reaching base, and a white dot
slightly beyond middle. Hindwings |, cilia 3; dark fuscous;
5 absent.

Dorset, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva slender, dull purple ;
incisions paler, between 2-6 whitish ; spots sometimes white ;
head and plate of 2 black-brown : in long silken galleries along
stems of Thymus, Lotus, Vlantago, Cerastium, etc., mining into
leaves ; 5.

7. S. variella, Stph. 9-10 mm. Abdomen more or less
wholly suft'used with whitish. Forewings moderately pointed,
grey to dark fuscous, strewn with whitish scales ; an indistinct
whitish spot on fold before middle, a larger one beyond middle,
and another on tornus. Hindwings f , cilia 3 ; light grey ; 5
absent.

Hants, Dorset, local ; N. and XC. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
slender, dull purple - brown ; head black ; plate of 2 dark
brown : in long silken galleries along stems of Erica and
Call una ; 5.

8. S. chenopodiella, Ub. 14-l.o mm. Abdomen suffused

TINEINA [SCYTHRIS

with fuscous-whitish beneath. Forewings rather long-pointed,
dark purpHsh-grey; three ochreous-whitish spots towards dorsum
before and about middle and at tornus, variably connected above
or on dorsum, first connected with base by a streak along fold.
Hiudwings f, cilia 2 ; dark fuscous, partly semihyaline towards
base ; 4 and 5 stalked.

Middlesex, Essex, Gloucester, Yoi-k, local ; Europe, WC. Asia
to N. Persia ; G-9. Larva greenish-grey, with several darker
lines ; head grey, black-speckled ; 2 with two large black spots:
amongst spun flowers and shoots of Chenojjodium and Atriplex ;
4-8.

9. S. cicadella, Z. 11-12 mm. Abdomen more or less
whitish beneath posteriorly. Forewings short-pointed, dark
grey, bronzy- tinged, sprinkled with whitish: a whitish line
along fold from base to beyond middle ; cloudy whitish dorsal
spots towards base and before tornus, separated by a quadrate
dark spot ; an ill-defined whitish spot in disc at f , and an apical
dash. Hiudwings I, cilia over 2 ; rather dark fuscous ; 4 and
5 separate.

Surrey to Suffolk, local ; Holland, Germany ; 7. Larva
fuscous ; dorsal line broad, yellow-brown, on 2-4 narrower and
white ; lateral whitish ; head dark brown, black-marked ; 2
brown, with two black crescentic marks : in sand-tubes amongst
roots and stems of Scleranthus perenuis ; 5, 6.

21. Endrosi.s, Hb.

Antennae |, in ,^ fasciculate-ciliated. Labial palpi long,
recurved, second joint smooth, terminal as long, acute. Posterior
tibiae rough-haired. Forewings : lb imperfectly furcate, 7
and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hiudwings under 1, ovate-lanceoiate,
with transparent subbasal patch, cilia 2 ; 3 and 4 connate or
short-stalked, 6 absent.

The genus contains only a single species, now domesticated
in houses in many parts of the world ; its real origin and
affinities are alike uncertain. Imago with forewings elongate,
pointed.

1. E. lacteella, Srhijf. {femstrdla, Stt., non Sc.) 14-20 una.
Head white. Thorax white, anterior edge dark fuscous. Fore-
wings greyish -ochreous, coarsely irrorated with black, with
some white scales ; a white basal dot ; stigmata black, first
discal much beyond plical ; an indistinct whitish costal spot at
f. Hiudwings pale grey, more whitish towards base; cilia
ochreous-tino;ed.

ENDROSis] ELAOHISTIDAE (589

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common in houses ;
Europe, Asia Minor, N. America, S. Africa, Australia, New
Zealand; 3-10. Larva whitisli ; head reddish-brown; 2 pale
hrown posteriorly : on seeds, dry refuse, etc. : 1-12.

22. CATAPLBCTrCA, Whm.

Antennae |, in c^ evenly ciliated. Labial palpi moderate or
rather short, slightly curved, porrected, filiform, pointed.
Posterior tibiae rough-haired. Forewings : lb furcate, 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings under 1, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, cilia 1-3 ; veins all separate.

A small European genus, not yet identified elsewhere.
Imago with forewings elongate-lanceolate. Larva feeding on
seeds of Umhelliferae.

1. Forewings with pale subapical fascia . 2. Farreni.

,, without subapical fascia . . 2.

2. Forewings with pale yellowish s])ots . . 3.

,, without pale spots . .1. profiuiella.

3. Forewings with subcostal sjiot before middle

3. auromaculata.
,, without subcostal spot befoix' middle

4. fidvi(jutteUa.

1. C. profugella, Stf. 8-9 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous, slightly bronzy-tinged. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Kent, I. of Wight, Lancashii'e to Durham, local ; Germany,
Finland ; 7, 8. Larva pale grey ; spots fuscous : amongst
seeds of PimpineUa, Angelica, Aecjopodiiim, etc. ; 9, 10.

2. C. Farreni, Whm. 9-10 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
with a few wliitish-ochreous scales; an ill -defined costal spot
before middle, one on dorsum before middle, a third before
tornus, and an irregular subapical fascia whitish -ochreous.
Hindwings dark grey.

Cambridge, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 6, 7. Larva
probably on seeds of PriwedamLni t^ativuiu : 8, 9.

3. C. auromaculata, Fr. 11-13 mm. Forewings rather dark
fuscous ; an indistinct spot beneath costa before middle, a spot
on dorsum beyond it, and a larger spot in disc posteriorly pale
ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Shetlands, local ; Alps of Switzerland ; 8,9. Larva whitisli :
subdorsal line pale brownish; spots grey; head black: in
seed-vessels of J »//f^//crf ; 9, 10.

4. 0. fulviguttella, Z. {Mvimacidella, Stt.) 10-11 nun.
Forewings dark fuscous ; a spot on dorsum towards tornus, and

2 Y

690 TIXEINA [oataplectica

anothei' in disc postei'iorly pale ochreous-yellow. Hindwings
dark fuscous.

Britain to Aberdeen, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe;
7, 8. Larva whitish ; head brownish : amongst seeds of
Angelica and Heracleum ; 9, 10.

2.3. Phaulernis, n.g.

Antennae n, in c? evenly ciliated. Labial jDalpi short, droop-
ing, filiform, pointed. Posterior tibiae rough-haired. Fore-
wings with small dorsal scale -tooth; lb furcate, 7 to termen.
Hindwings §, ovate-lanceolate, cilia nearly 2 ; veins all separate.

Restricted to the single species; a development of Epermenia.
Imago with forewings broad-lanceolate. This genus is Aechmia
of Stainton but not of Zcller.

1. P. dentella, Z. 9-10 mm. Forewings dark fuscous,
sometimes obscurely irrorated with whitish ; an obscure whitish
spot on dorsum at \. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Surrey to Dorset and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
yellowish, witli darker lines ; head dark brown : amongst seeds
of Chnin-ojihylluia, PimpineUa, Aegojxxlium, etc. ; 7, 8.

24. SCIIRECKENSTEINIA, I/b.

Antennae |, in ^ thick, shortly ciliated. Labial palpi
long, recurved, second joint smooth, terminal shorter, tolerably
pointed. Posterior tibiae bristly above. Forewings : 1 b
simple, 7 to termen. Hindwings §, lanceolate, cilia over 2;
veins all separate.

A curious genus, composed of two or three northern tem-
perate species. Imago with forewings narrow -elongate, costa
anterioi'ly straight, posteriorly strongly arched ; in repose the
posterior legs are sometimes erected obliquely above the body.
Larva clothed with stiff' transparent b)'istles. Pupa in an open
network cocoon.

1. S. festaliella, Jib. 10-12 mm. Head pale metallic
bronzy - ochreous. Forewings pale shining ochreous ; base
and costa suffused with fuscous ; a dark fuscous streak from
base along fold to tornus, thence along termen nearly to
apex ; a dark fuscous median longitudinal streak from before
^ of disc to costa close before apex, at § enlarged into a spot,
which tends to form a fascia with dai'k costal and tornal suf-
fusion. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N.

schrkckensteinia]

ELACHISTIDAE

691

America ; 5, 6, 8. Larva pale green ; dorsal line darker ;
head and plate of 2 green : beneath leaves of Jinhns ; 7, 9.

25. Epermenia, 7/6.

Antennae |, in (? evenly ciliated. Labial palpi long
curved, thickened with loose
scales, terminal joint about half
second, rather obtuse, l^osterior
tibiae rough -haired. Fore wings
with one or more dorsal scale-
teeth : lb furcate, 7 and 8 some-
times stalked, 7 to termen.
Hindwings -j, elongate-lanceolate,
cilia 2-4; 6 and 7 a})proximated
or stalked.

Though not numerous in
species, this genus is nearly cosmopolitan. Im

NeuraHon and lipad of Ejiermen'a
cliaeTophyllellu.

with fore-
wings more or less narrowly elongate, pointed. Pupa in an
oj)cn network cocoun.

1. Forewings witli four dorsal scale-teetli . . 2.

,, ,, two dorsal scale-teeth . . 3.

2. Dark line of cilia subfalcate at apex 2. charrophyllelhi.

,, ,, ,, not subfalcate . . 3. daucella.

3. Forewings pale ochrcous . . .1. illigerella.

,, gi'ey ■ . • .4. insecurella.

1. E. illigerella, Hb. 12-14 mm. Forewings pale ochreous ;
costa fuscous on anterior half ; an indistinct fuscous streak
from base of dorsum to beneath ^ of costa ; a rather dark
ochreous-fuscous fascia from middle of costa obliquely inwards,
dilated on costa, emitting from dilation a streak to tornus ; an in-
wardly oblique dark ochreous-fuscous spot on costa before apex :
second discal stigma dark fuscous ; two black dorsal scale-teeth ;
dark line of cilia subfalcate at apex. Hindwings dark grey.

S. England to Worcester and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ;
6, 7, 8, 9. Larva yellow -green ; dorsal line darker; head
yellowish-brown : amongst spun leaflets or umbels of Angelica
and Aegopodiuvi ; 5, 6, 8. The threads spun by the larva of
this and the following species are covered with minute drops of a
sticky secretion.

2. E. chaerophyllella, Gz. 12-13 mm. Forewings brown,
mixed with whitish and more or less sprinkled with black, on
costa strigulated with black ; a black inwardly oblique fascia
from costa before middle, followed by a darker brown suffusion ;

692 TINEINA [epermenia

beyond this two white dots placed longitudinally in disc, some-
times connected by a black spot ; an irregulai' l^lack spot on
costa towards apex ; four dorsal scale-teeth, first two ochreous-
brown, others black; dark line of cilia subfalcate at apex.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian ("anal, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor; 7, 8, 10-4. Larva yellow-
wliitisli or green-whitish ; dorsal line whiter ; spots brownish ;
head pale brown : in slight web beneath leaves of Heracleiim,
Peucedmitim, Anthriscus, etc. ; 6, 9.

3. E, daucella. Fey. 9-12 mm. Forewings narrow, light
brownisii-ochreous, brighter posterioi'ly ; costa and dorsum
sprinkled with rather dark fuscous, tending to form spots ;
a slender fuscous inwardly oblique fascia from costa befoi'e
middle ; a cloudy rather dark fuscous s])ot on tornus ; four
black dorsal scale-teeth ; dark lines of cilia forming a blackish
spot at apex. Hindwings grey.

Sussex to Dorset, local ; France ; 6, 7, 9, 10. Larva yellow-
green ; dorsal line somewhat darker ; spots black ; head and
bisected plate of 2 black : mining blotches in leaflets, finally
feeding externally on Daucus carota ; 5, 6, 8, 9.

4. E, insecurella, ^S*^^. 9-11 mm. Forewings grey, more or
less mixed with pale ochreous-yellowish, suffused with whitish-
ochreous towards base ; a darker grey rather inwardly oblique
fascia from costa before middle, followed by a pale dorsal spot ;
two or three blackish dots in disc anteriorly, and two placed
longitudinally in disc posteriorly ; two black dorsal scale-teeth.
Hindwings grey.

Sussex and Surrey to Dorset and Wilts, on chalk downs,
local ; German 3^ ; 5, 6, 7, 8. Larva yellowish ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines brownish ; head black : mining leaves, after-
wards feeding externally, on Thesium linophylluvi ; 4, 5, 7

5. TLUTELLIDAE.

Head with appressed or sometimes loose scales. Tongue
developed. Antennae |^-|. Labial palpi usually long, curved,
ascending, terminal joint pointed. Maxillary palpi some-
times developed, filiform, porrected. Posterior tibiae smooth-
scaled. Forewings : lb furcate, 7 and 8 usually sepai'ate,
7 to termen. Hindwings 1 or somewhat over 1, ovate to
ovate - lanceolate ; 3 and 4 often remote, 6 and 7 usually
parallel.

PLUTELLIDAE

693

This family is now of only moderate extent, and contains no
dominant genera ; it would seem to have been in great measure
su})planted by its derivatives. Its characters, as usual in
very early groups except when isolated, are somewhat un-
defined and fluctuating. Although nowhere very prominent,
it is relatively more numerous in Australia, New Zealand, and
oceanic islands than elsewhere.

Larva more or less elongate, with 10 prologs ; usually
feeding in a slight web on leaves or seeds, seldom mining.
Pupa with segments 9-11 free, sometimes also 8 and in c? 12 :
usually not protruded from cocoon in emergence.

An exotic genus is introduced (in brackets) into the
diagram, to explain the phylogcny ; but the British genera
in any case give only an inadecjuate notion of the family.

PnvLOGENV OF Pluteijadae.

Atemelia

Prays
Yiionoineiita Orthotaelia Cerostoma

riutella Eidopbasia Cllypliipteryx

[.Saptha]

Clioreutis

Simaethls

Tabulation of (/eneea.

1. Hind wings with 4 absent . . .2.

,, ,, all veins present . . 4.

2. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked . . . .3.

„ ,,7 and 8 separate 3. Yponomeuta.

3. Labial palpi moderately long, subascending 2. Prays.

,, short, drooping . . .1. Atemelia.

4. Antennae thickened with scales towards base

7. ElDOPHASIA.

,, not thickened with scales . . 5.

5. Hiudwings with 6 and 7 stalked . . 5. Cerostoma.

,, ,, separate . .6.

G. Antennae in S ciliated with long fascicles . 7.

„ shortly ciliated . . .8.

694 TINEINA

7. Labial palpi with second joint tufted, terminal acute

9. Choreutis.
,, ,, second joint not tufted, terminal

not acute . .10. Simabthis.

8. Labial palpi with second joint more or less tufted

6. I'lutella.
,, ,, second joint not tufted . 9.

9. Hindwings with 3 and 4 remote . 4. Orthotaelia.

,, 3 and 4 connate or stalked

8. (iLYPIirPTERYX.

1. Atemelia, IIS.

Head above loosely haired. Antennae |, in $ simple, basal
joint rather short, with pecten. Labial palpi short, drooping,
filiform. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Forewings : 7 and 8
stalked. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 1 ; 4 absent, 6 and
7 parallel.

Licludes only a single species, nearly related to the following
genus. Lnago with forewings elongate, rather narrow, termcn
oblique.

1. A. torquatella, Z. 10-11 mm. Forewings dark fuscous;
a cloudy ochreous-whitish subdorsal spot at ^, and another about
tornus, sometimes partially obsolete ; sometimes a dot on costa
towards apex, and an indistinct terminal spot below middle.
Hindwings dark fuscous.

Durham to Perth, local ; Holland, Germany, Russia, Asia
Minor; 6, 7. Larva dull dark red, whitish - marbled ; head
pale brown ; 2 with two large black spots : in blotches in leaves
of birch and elm; 8-10.

2. Prays, lib.

Head with apprcssed scales. Antennae |, in S serrulate,
pubescent, basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi moderate,
curved, subascending, second joint somewhat rough beneath,
terminal longer than second. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Fore-
wings : 7 and 8 stalked. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, thinly
scaled near base, cilia ■§ ; 4 absent, 6 and 7 parallel.

A very small genus, found in Europe, Asia, and Austi'alia.
Imago with forewings elongate, rather naiTow, termen oblique.

L P. curtisellus, Don. 15-17 mm. Head white or greyish-
ochreous. Forewings white or greyish-ochreous ; some blackisli
dorsal strigulae ; a triangular blackish blotch, lighter or mixed
with whitish on costa, extending along costa from near base to

prays]

PLUTELLIDAE

695

J ; some irregular blackish marks towards termen ; sometimes
the whole wing is luiicolorous dark fuscous. Hind wings rather
dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
Asia jNlinor ; 6, 7. Larva greenish, marbled with red -brown
above; dorsal line deep green; head pale brown, dark-spotted ;
2 with two black spots : when young mining in leaves, after-
wards in bark of slioots, ultimately in spun shoots of ash :
10-5.

3. YpuNd.MEUTA, Lafr.

Head smooth. Antennae |, in c? Hlit'orin, minutely ciliated,
basal joint without pectcn. Labial
palpi moderate, curved, ascending,
second joint with appressed scales,
terminal as long as or longer than
second, somewhat roughened in
front, acute. Maxillary palpi rudi-
mentary. Forewings : 7 and 8
separate. Hindwings 1, elongate-
ovate, with transparent subbasal
patch, cilia § ; 4 absent, 6 and 7

nearly parallel. Neuratiou of V^wnonuiita j)himhelhis.

A rather small but nearly cosmopolitan genus, absent from
New Zealand. Imago with forewings elongate, rather narrow,
termen oblique. Larva gregarious, in a dense common web.

1. Head grey . . .6. v if/in tipimcf at u>i.

„ white . . . . .2.

2. Forewings with blackish spot on fold . . 3.

,, without such spot . . .4.

3. Forewings with blackish suffusion in apical cilia

5. phuahcUus.
„ without blackish apical suffusion

4. irrorcUus.
4. Lowest series including 9-11 dots . 1. evonymdlm.

., " 4-7 dots . . .' 5.

5. Cilia of forewings white . . .2. cognateUm.

,, ,, more or less grey . 3. padellm.

1. Y. evonymellus, L. {padi, Z.) 20-23 mm. Head white.

Forewings whitish ; five or six longitudinal series of numerous

black dots, first not reaching middle, lowest including 9-11

dots; some additional black dots before termen; cilia white.

Hindwings dark grey.

696 TINEINA [yponomeuta

England, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ;
7, 8. Larva greenish-grey ; lateral series of black spots ; dots
black ; head black : on Primus 2^(idus ; 6.

2. Y. cognatellus, Hb. (evonymella, Sc.) 20-25 mm. Head
wliite. Fovewings white; four longitudinal series of few black
dots, first not reaching middle, second beginning near before
middle, lowest including 4-7 dots ; some additional black dots
before termen ; cilia white. Hindwings dark grey.

England, Ii-cland, common ; Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale
greyish-yellowish ; spots black ; liead black : on Euoni/mus :
5, 6.

3. Y. padellus, L. lG-20 mm. Head white. Forevvings
light grey, sometimes more or less suffused with white,
especially towards dorsum ; four longitudinal series of few
black dots, first not reaching middle, second beginning be-
yond extremity of first, lowest including 4-6 dots; some
additional black dots before termen ; cilia light grey. Hind-
wings rather dark grey.

England, L'cland, common ; Europe, \VC. Asia to Turkestan ;
7, 8. Larva greenish-grey ; spots black ; head V)lack : on haw-
thorn, aj)|»le, and blackthorn ; 5, 6.

4. Y. irrorellus, II/>. 22-25 mm. Head white. Forcwings
whitisli-grey or whitish, termen greyer; four longitudinal
series of few black dots, first not I'caching middle, second
beginning near before middle, lowest including G-7 dots;
a dark grey elongate spot on fold before middle ; a rather
dark grey elongate suffusion in disc beyond middle ; a subter-
minal series of black dots ; cilia grey. Hindwings dark grey.

Surrey, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7. Larva on
Euomjmus ; 5, G.

5. Y. plumbellus, Svhif. 17-19 nmi. Head wliite. Fore-
wings grej^-whitish ; five longitudinal scries of few black dots,
first not reaching middle, lowest including 6-8 dots ; a blackish
spot on fold before middle; some additional black dots towards
termen ; an apical spot connected with a sutt'usion in apical
cilia blackish-grey. Hindwings rather dark givy.

England to Westmoreland, common ; ('. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva yellowisli-gi-cy ; s])ots black : on Euonipnus ; 5, 6.

6. Y. vigintipunctatus, lietz. 15-17 mm. Head grey.
Forevvings grey ; three longitudinal series of few black dots ; a
small blackish spot at base of npical cilia. Hindwings rather
dark gi'ey.

Kent to Dorset and Norfolk, local; (,'. Europe; 4, 5, 8.

YrONOMEUTA]

PLUTELLIDAE

697

Larva vellowish-grey ; spots l)lack : on Sedum telepliium ,■ G, 7,
9, 10. "

4. Oktiiutaelia, Htph.

Head with apjiressed hairs. Antennae ^, in $, serrate,
shortly ciliated, basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi long,
recurved, second joint with appressed scales, terminal longer
than second, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform.
Abdomen elongate. Forewings : 7 and 8 separate, 8 to apex.
Hind wings over 1, oblong -ovate, ciha \ ; 3 and 4 connate, 6
and 7 nearly parallel.

Includes only the single species. Imago with forewings
elongate, rather narrow, termen straight, little olilique.

1. 0. sparganella, Thnh. 21-28 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous to rcddish-ochreous, usually moi'e or less sutt'used with
dark ]nu-plish-fuscous, especially on a longitudinal discal streak
dilated posteriorly, veins often marked with pale streaks ; often
several dark fuscous dots on fold, and a suffused dark spot in
disc at f. Hindwings oclu'eous-wliitish to whitish-grey, lower
half of termen suffused with grey.

England to York, rather local ; N. and C. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva grey or whitish ; head reddish-brown ; 13 much flattened :
in stems and leaves of Hparganixim, Iris, Poa (i<iuatica, etc. ; 5, 6.

5. ('erostoma, Latr.

Head with a})pressed or loose hairs. Antennae -|, sometimes
I'ough -scaled above towards base, in $ simple, basal joint
usually with flap of dense scales.
Labial palpi long, recurved,
second joint with projecting tuft
of scales beneath, terminal longer
or shorter than second, some-
times roughened in front, acute.
Maxillary palpi moderate or
short, filiform, ])orrected. Fore-
wings : 2 and 3 sometimes
stalked, 7 and 8 sometimes
stalked. Hindwings over 1,
elongate -ovate, cilia |-1 ; 3 and
4 sometimes approximated, 6 and
7 stalked.

A northern temperate genus of some extent. Imago with
forewings elongate, more or less narrow, apex often produced or
falcate, termen very oblique : antennae porrected in repose.

Neuration ami head of Ccrostoma
riidiatclla.

TINEINA [CEROSTOMA

Larva attenuated towards extremities ; feeding in a slight web
on leaves of trees and shrubs. The structure of veins 7 and 8
of the forewings varies within the limits of the same species.

1. Forewings with apex strongly falcate . . 2.

,, ,, not falcate . . . 3.

2. Forewings deep ochreous-brown . . 2. xylostella.

,, whitish-ochreous . . 3. nemorella.

3. Forewings with apex very strongly produced 1. cavdella.

,, ,, not strongly produced . 4.

4. Forewings with scale-tufts on surface . . 5.

,, without scale-tufts . . .7.

5. Forewings wholly dark ferruginous-fuscous 6. horrideUa.

,, at least partly whitish . . 6.

6. Forewings with dorsal half mostly dark fuscous

5. scahrella.
,, ,, „ not dark fuscous 4. as2nrell(.i.

7. Head whitish . . . . .8.

,, not whitish . . . .10.

8. Forewings ochreous-white . .12. sequella.

„ pale or deep ochreous . . .9.

9. Forewings with blackish dot above tornus 10. costella.

,, without such dot . . 7. luceUa.

10. Forewings with two transverse streaks . .11.

,, without transverse streaks . .12.

11. Streaks not reaching above middle . 8. aljiella.

,, nearly reaching costa . . 9. sylvella.

12. Forewings with dorsum blackish . . 13. vittella.

,, ,, ,, not blackish . 11. radiateUa.

1. 0. caudella, L. ('? viucronella, Sc.) 2G-32 mm. Forewings
narrow, apex very strongly and acutely produced ; light brown-
ish-ochreous, with scattered black scales, veins obscurely
wdiitish ; a dark fuscous streak along fold from base to beyond
middle ; sometimes other dark streaks between veins ; a raised
dark fuscous dot bencatli fold before middle. Hindwings pale
whitish-fuscous.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, not unconnnon ; C and
S. Europe, Asia Minor; 8-4. Larva greenish-grey, marbled
with rosy-ochreous ; dorsal line whitish ; 3 and 4 with pairs of
black spots : on Enoni/mus ; 6-8.

2. C. xylostella, L. {hmyella, Schirt'.) 17-21 nun. Head and
thorax white, patagia deep brown. Forewings with apex very
strongly falcate; deep ochreous-brown, lighter towards costa
anterioi-ly ; a light yellmv dorsal streak from base to tornus,

cerostoma] PLUTELLIDAE 699

edged above by a fine white line which is posteriorly bent
obliquely upwards to disc at §. Hiudwings rather dark grey.

Britain to Roxburgh, N. Ireland, common ; C. and SE.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva pale yellowish-green ; dorsal
stripe broad, brown-reddish : on Lonkera ; 5, 6.

3. 0. nemorella, L. 21-23 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-
whitish, patagia light ochreous. Eorewings with apex falcate ;
whitish -ochreous, more or less brownish -tinged between veins,
with scattered black scales ; a darker brownish streak along
fold; a black dot below fold before middle. Hindwings pale
grey, darker terminally.

England, N. Ireland, rather local ; (J. Eui'ope ; 7, S. Larva
rosy-ochreous ; dorsal line whitish; 7 and 9 with obli([ue black
lateral marks: on Lonicera ; 5, fi.

4. 0. asperella, L. 20-21 mm. Head and thorax white.
Eorewings with apex subfalcate ; ochreous-grey-whitish, with a
few black scales ; a triangular greyish dorsal blotch before
middle, dorsal extremities marked with blackish spots, "with
several raised tufts ; a bent greyish sometimes interrupted
streak from middle of costa to tornus ; a greyish costal mark at
f ; a black dot on middle of termen. Hindwings light grey,
darker posteriorly.

Dorset, Herefoi'd, local and scarce; C. Europe, Asia Minor,
N. Asia ; <S-4. Larva on apple ; G.

5. C. scabrella, L. 19-22 mm. Head and thorax whitish,
streaked with dark fuscous. Eorewings with apex acutely
produced ; whitish, more or less sprinkled with light purplish-
fuscous and black, veins ferruginous-brown ; dorsal half more
or less wholly suft'used with dark purplish-fuscous, with one or
two black streaks, a dorsal streak darker ; three blackish scale-
tufts below fold and one above tornus. Hindwings light grey,
darker posteriorly.

England, local ; C. Europe ; 7, cS. Larva green : dorsal line
broad, white; dots lilack ; In 'ad green: on apple and haw-
thorn ; 5, 6.

6. 0. horridella, Tr. 18-20 nun. Head and thorax dark
fuscous. Eorewings with apex acutely produced ; dark fuscous,
tinged with ferruginous or purplish ; a darker dorsal streak, on
upper edge of which are three black scale- tufts. Hindwings
rather dark fuscous.

Hants, Dorset, Wilts, local and uncommon ; C Europe ; 7,
8. Larva green ; dorsal and lateral lines narrow, yellowish-
white ; head grey-green : on blackthorn and a])plo ; 5, 6.

700 TINEINA [cerostoma

7. C. lucella, F. 16-18 mm. Head and thorax whitish,
patagia ochreous. Forewings with termen subsinuate ; pale
ochreous, finely and indistinctly reticulated with darker ;
dorsum sometimes indistinctly whitish to middle, indistinct
darker suffusions towards dorsum before and beyond middle.
Hindwings light grey.

England to Durham, local ; C and S. Europe ; 7, 8.
Larva green ; subdorsal line yellowish ; dots black : on oak ; 5, 6.

8. C. alpella, Schiff. 13-16 mm. Head and thorax whitish-
ochreous. Forewings whitish-ochreous, indistinctly reticulated
with deeper ochreous or light fuscous ; two oblique fuscous
streaks from dorsum before and beyond middle, not reaching
more than half across wing. Hindwings pale grey, darker
posteriorly.

England to York, local; C. Europe; 8. Larva on oak ; 6.

9. C. sylvella, L. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax pale
ochreous. Forewings pale golden -ochreous, with some light
fuscous strigulae ; two slender })arallel oblique ochreous-fuscous
or dark fuscous fasciae, usually somewhat interrupted near
costa. Hindwings light grey, darker posteriorly.

England, rather common ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva yellow-
ish-green ; dorsal line narrow, yellow ; dots darker : on oak ; 6.

10. C. costella, /'. {^Mircnthesella, L.) 1.6-18 mm. Head
white or ochreous -whitish. Forewings pale or rather deep
golden -ochreous, with scattered blackish strigulae, sometimes
much suffused with dark bronzy -fuscous ; usually a white
longitudinal blotch extending along or beneath basal half of
costa ; a blackish dot ai)Ove tornus, and anijther at apex.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 8, 9. Larva yellowish-green ; subdorsal line slender,
yellowish ; dots black ; head Itrownish : on oak, birch, horn-
beam, etc. ; 5, 6.

11. C. radiatella, Do)i. 17-19 mm. Head ferruginous-
ochreous or grey. Forewings narrower than in C. costella, pale
grey or pale greyish -ochreous to deep ferruginous-ochreons or
dark bronzy ; sometimes several small darker spots, or indistinct
longitudinal streaks of whitish irroration, or a dark fuscous
median longitudinal streak from base to apex ; a dark fuscous
dot above tornus ; a costal patch of thickened membrane
between 11 and 12. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, very counuon ; 8-4.
Larva green ; spots darker : on oak ; 5, 6.

cerostoma] PLUTELLIDAE 701

12. C. sequella, CI. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax white.
Forewings ochreous-white, with a few black strigulae, especially
on basal lialf of costa ; a spot beneath costa near base, two
inwardly oblique irregular sometimes interrupted marks from
costa al)Out middle and |, and three rather elongate nearly con-
fluent dorsal spots black. Hindwings grey.

England, rather local ; C. Euroj^e, Asia Minor ; 8, 9. Larva
on Salix ; 5, 6.

13. 0. vittella, L. 17-19 nun. H ead light grey. Forewings
pale grey or whitish-grey, sometimes brownish-mixed, sprinkled
or strigulated with dark grey, sometimes more or less wholly
suffused with blackish ; a blackish or dark fuscous streak along
dorsum, forming triangular projections upwards before and
beyond middle. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Cl^'de, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8.
Larva l)rown- blackish ; dorsal stripe broadly whitish : on elm
and beech ; 5, 6.

(3. Plutella, Schrk.

Head with appressed or loose scales. Antennae |, somewhat
thick basally, in $ simple, basal joint with dense anterior flap
of scales. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint beneath
with more or less developed dense projecting tuft, terminal as
long as second, acute. Maxillary palpi moderate or short,
filiform, porrected. Forewings : 7 and 8 separate. Hindwings
1, elongate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cilia |- l-y ; 3 and 4 some-
what approximated or connate, 5 and 6 sometimes stalked, 7
parallel.

A small cosmojjolitan genus, of which the species are some-
times artificially spread. Imago with forewings elongate,
narrow, termen very oblique ; antennae porrected in repose.
Larva attenuated towards extremities ; feeding in a slight web
on leaves of Cruciferae. Pupa in an open network cocoon.

1. Tuft of palpi long . . . .2.

,, ,, very short . . . .3.

2. Forewings fuscous . . 2. crucifh-arum.

,, ochreous suffused with whitish 1. porrectella.

3. Dorsum with an ochreous-whitish streak 3. anmilateUa.

,, with three whitish spots . 4. dalella.

1. P. porrectella, L. 15-16 mm. Head ochreous-whitish,

with central fuscous line. Tuft of palpi long. Forewings pale

ochreous, suftusedly streaked with whitish ; costa and dorsum

blackish - dotted ; a whitish subdorsal longitudinal line, thrice

702 TINEINA Lpltjtella

sinuate upwards, margined above with an ocbreous-brownisli
suftusion and some blackish scales, darkest in the depressions ;
discal stigmata usually indicated by dark fuscous dashes ;
termen ochreous -brown, spotted witli black. Hindwings light
grey.

England, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia
Minor, N. America ; 5, 7, 8. Larva light green ; dorsal line
darker ; dots black ; head brownisli - marked : on Hesperis
viatronalis ; 4, G.

2. P. cruciferarum, Z. {xt/lostella, Hb., non L.) 11 -IG nnn.
Head ochreous - whitish. Tuft of palpi long. Forewings
narrow, fuscous, more or less ochreous-tinged, often witli darker
strignlae, towards costa jmler and sometimes partly whitish-
sprinkled ; a paler or whitish-ochreous dorsal streak from base
to tornus, upper edge whitish and thrice sinuate upwards,
edged with darker suffusion. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Slietlands, Ireland, connnon, often abundant ;
Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, New Zealand ; 5, 8, 9.
Larva green : on Brassica and other Cruciferae ; G, 7, 9, 10.
Tlie wide range of this species is no doubt in part artificial, but
it soon establishes itself, and seems to flourisli e;pially in all
climates.

3. P. annulatella, Cnrt. lG-18 mm. Head whitish, with
some dark fuscous hairs. Tuft of palpi very short. Forewings
light fuscous, much suffused with whitish - ochreous, with
scattered dark fuscous strigulae ; au ochreous-whitish dorsal
streak from base to tornus, upper edge with triangular projec-
tions before and beyond middle, towards base lilackish-edged.
Hindwings light grey.

Devon, Dorset, Denbigh and York to the Orkneys, N.
and E. Ireland, local ; N. Europe, N. Germany ; 7-4. Larva
green ; spots black, conspicuous ; head and 2 black-speckled :
amongst s|)un flowers, leaves, etc., of Coch/earia opicina/is:
5, 6.

4. P. dalella, Stt. 19-21 mm. Head fuscous mixed with
whitish. Tuft of palpi very short. Forewings fuscous, some-
what whitish-marbled, more strong!}' posteriorly, with scattered
blackish strigulae, especially on costa : a small whitish spot on
dorsum towards base, a large triangular one about middle, and
another before tornus, blackish -dotted on dorsal edge, dorsum
between these dark fuscous. Hindwings grey.

Caernarvon and York to the Shetlands, connnon ; N. and
mountains of C. Europe; 8-4. Larva on ^irabis; G, 7.

eibophasia] I'LUTELLIDAE 703

7. KiDoniASiA, Stpli.

Head with appressed scales. Antennae |, tliickened above
■with scales towards base, in S serrate, shortly ciliated, Ijasal
joint with dense anterior flap of scales. Labial palpi long,
curved, ascending, second joint with apical projection of scales
beneath, terminal as long as second, acute. Forewings : 7 and
8 separate. Hind wings 1, elongate -ovate, cilia f ; 3 and 4
approximated or connate or stalked, G and 7 parallel.

Only two or three northern temperate species are yet known.
Imago with forewings elongate, apex rounded, termen oblique ;
antennae porrected in repose. Larva attenuated towards
extremities. Pupa in an open network cocoon.

1. E. messingiella, F.E. 13- 14 mm. Head ferruginous on
crown. Forewings dark fuscous ; a rather narrow straight
yellow-whitish fascia before middle, narrowed towards costa ; a
whitish costal dot beyond middle. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; Germany, Greece, Asia
Minor ; 6, 7. Larva green : between spun leaves of Cardamine
amara; 4, 5.

8. GLYrHH'TERYX, lib.

Head smootli. Antennae |, in S filiform, ciliated, basal
joint without pecten. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending,
second joint rough-scaled beneath, terminal shorter than second,
somewhat roughened in front, acute. Maxillary palpi rudi-
mentary. Forewings : 7 and 8 sometimes stalked. Hindwings
1, elongate-ovate or narrow-oblong, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate or
stalked, G and 7 somewhat approximated or j^arallel.

A considerable genus, universally distril)uted, but relatively
more numerous in Australia and New Zealand than elsewhere.
'I'he species fly in sunshine and frequent flowers, often raising
and depressing the wings when at rest, as though famiing them-
selves. Imago with forewings elongate, termen oblique. Larva
I'ather stout, sluggish, feeding on seeds or in shoots.

1. Forewings with dark line of cilia indented . 2.

,, ,, ,, not indented

1. fuscoviridella.

2. Fcjrewings with blackish tornal mark . 2. thrasoneUa.

,, without blackish tornal mark . . 3.

3. Black apical spot enclosing a silvery dot . 4. oculatdla.

„ ,, without silvery dot . . 4.

704 TINEINA [ULYPHIPTERYX

4. Hindwiiigs suboblong . . .3. hairorthana.

,, not suboblong . . . ").

5. First costal streak markedly broadest . 5. equitella.

„ ,, not broader than others 6. fischeriella.

1. Gr. fuscoviridella, IIvj. 12-13 mm. Forewings shining
bronzy ; costal edge obscureh' whitish from before middle to
near apex ; dai'k line of cilia not indented. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

England, in dry grassy places, very common ; France, Spain,
Italy ; 5, 6.

2. G. thrasonella, Sc. {cladidla, Stt.) 12-15 mm. Forewings
shining bronzy, sometimes coppery-tinged ; six obscure golden-
metallic transverse streaks from costa between J and apex, and
one or two from dorsum posteriorly, all sometimes obsolete ; a
violet -black mark on tornus, enclosing two or three golden-
metallic dots, and a similar dot above it ; sometimes two or
three fine black dashes above this ; a blackish apical spot ; dark
line of cilia indented below apex. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, amongst Jiincus in swampy
places, very common ; C. Europe ; G, 7. There can be little
doubt that the larva feeds on Jkhcus.

3. Gr. haworthana, >S'fjih. 11-13 mm. Forewings rather
broad, dark golden-bronzy ; five shining white strignlae on
posterior half of costa, three anterior terminating in leaden-
metallic marks ; a thick oblique curved pointed white streak
from middle of dorsum, reaching more than half across wing ;
a leaden-metallic tornal mark, wiiite on margin ; tliree leaden-
metallic dots on termen ; an nndefined dark apical spot ; dark
line of cilia indented below apex ; a dark hook above apex.
Hindwings suboblong, grey ; cilia in S whitish.

England, E. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5. Larva
pale ochreous ; head dark brown : plate of 2 brownish-ochreous:
in seed-heads of Eriophoriim; 7-4.

4. G. oculatella, Z. (Iforsfn-ella, F.) 9-10 mm. Forewings
rather broad, dark bronzy - fuscous ; five white streaks from
posterior half of costa, second becoming silvery-metallic and
reaching beyond middle ; a broader slightly curved oblique
white mai'k from middle of dorsum, reaching half across wing ;
a short white mark before tornus ; two or three silvery-metallic
dots about tornus; a black apical spot enclosing a silvery -
metallic dot ; dark line of cilia indented below apex ; a dark
hook above apex. Hindwings grey.

5. England to Woi'cestcr and Cambridge, local ; C. and CS.

GLYi'HiPTEKYx] PLUTELLIDAE 705

Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva on seeds of Carex vulpina
and other species ; 8-4.

4. Gr. equitella, Sc. 9-10 mm. Forewings dark bronzy-
fuscous ; from five to seven white streaks fi'om posterior half of
costa, first markedly broadest and most oblique, others some-
times bright leaden -metallic in disc ; a curved very oblique
white streak from middle of dorsum, reaching half across wing ;
an erect silvery-metallic mark before tornus ; a silvery-metallic
mark along tornal margin ; a blackish apical spot ; dark line
of cilia indented below apex ; a dark hook above apex. Hind-
wings grey.

England, N. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor; 6, 7. Larva pale yellow; head and plate of 2 black:
in shoots of Sedum acre; 5.

6. G. fischeriella, Z. {scJioenicoJeUa, Stt.) 7-9 mm. Fore-
wings narrower than in G. equitella, dark bronzy -fuscous ; five
equally narrow white streaks from posterior half of costa ; a
slightly curved slender very obliqvie white streak from middle
of dorsum, sometimes partially or wholly obsolete ; an erect
silvery -metallic mark before tornus, meeting second costal
streak ; a silvery-metallic mark along tornal margin ; a blackish
apical spot ; dark line of cilia indented below apex ; a dark
hook above apex. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, E. Ii-eland, common : C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa; 5, 6. Larva whitish - green ;
dorsal vessel dark grey ; head and plate of 2 blackish : on seeds
of Dactylis glomerata and probably Schoenus ; 7.

9. Choreutis, lib.

Head smooth. Antennae |, in ^ ciliated with long fascicles,
basal joint sometimes with horny apical projection, without
pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, subascending, second
joint with rough projecting tuft beneath, terminal as long as or
shorter than second, acute. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Fore-
wings : 7 and 8 separate. Hindwings 1, ovate, cilia ij ; 3 and 4
connate or stalked, 6 and 7 parallel.

A very small northern temperate genus, of which one species
ranges also throughout most of the world. Imago with forewings
elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen oblique.

1. C. myllerana, F. (scintibilana, Hb.) 10-12 mm. Fore-
wings blackish-brown, whitish-sprinkled in middle, especially
towards dorsum ; about eight scattered dots or marks, an erect
streak from tornus, and a streak almost on termen violet-silvery-

2z

706

TINEINA

[CHOREUTIf-

metallic ; three white dots on costa, and two or three others in
disc. Hindwings dark fuscous ; a white median subterminal
mark.

Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe,
WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva whitish-green ; spots black :
in a slight web on Scutellaria galericulata ; 6.

2. C. bjerkandrella, Thnh. (vibrana, Hb.) 9-11 mm. Fore-
wings br(jwn, somewhat whitish-sprinkled ; two short suftused
yellow -ferruginous streaks from base ; curved cloudy whitish
fasciae before middle and at f ; about ten scattered irregular
violet-silvery-metallic spots or marks, one in disc beyond middle
and one on termcn above tornus larger and surrounded with
))lackish. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly ; a white
median subterminal mark.

Kent to Dorset and Cambridge, local ; C. Europe, WC.
Asia to Turkestan, Africa, America, Australia, New Zealand ;
8,9. Larva green, yellower laterally ; spots black; head brown:
on Carduus, Inula, Brynr/iwm, etc. ; 6, 7. The wide range of
the species is remarkable, and it is in fact much more plentiful
in other regions than in Europe.

10. SiMAETHIS, Lch.

Head smooth. Antennae i-|, in <$ ciliated with long fascicles,
basal joint without pecten. Labial
palpi moderately long, curved,
ascending, second joint rough
beneath, terminal shorter than
second, thickened with scales,
blunt-pointed. Maxillary palpi
obsolete. Fore wings: -7 and 8
separate. Hindwings 1 or over 1,
ovate, cilia ^ ; 3 and 4 connate
or stalked, 6 and 7 parallel.

A genus of moderate extent

and univci'sal distribution, but

more numerous within the tro])ics,

vmrntion of shnacthisfahrickuia. where the larvac are especially

attached to species of Ficus. Imago with forewings elongate-

triangulai', termcn little oblique.

Forewings with cilia broadly whitish . 2. fahriciana.

,, ,, not whitish . . \. pariana.

1. S. pariana, CI. 11-13 mm. Forewings brown, sometimes

with a paler-sprinkled postmedian band, sometimes purplish-

siMAETHis] PLUTELLIDAE 707

tinged ; an indistinct dark fuscous dentate line at ?„ and another
o])tuse]y angiilated at |-, both sometimes ahnost wholly obsolete,
or towards costa blackish and edged with whitish costal dots ;
cilia more pvirple-tinged. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan; 7, 9-3. Larva pale greyish-green; doi'sal line
broad, yellowish ; spots large, black : in a slight web on apple
and hawthorn ; 5, 6, 8. The imago is sometimes found abun-
dantly in old thatch in autumn.

2. S. fabriciana, L. 11-13 nnu. Forewings dark fuscous,
sprinklcdwith whitish; an indistinct irregular whitish transverse
line at J and another at -f, preceded by a darker suffusion, both
(especially the anterioi") sometimes only appearing as Avhitish
costal dots ; cilia broadly whitish aVjove and below middle of
termen. Hindwings dark fuscous ; a whitish subterminal line
on dorsal half.

Britain to the Shctlands, Ireland, plentiful ; Europe ; 5, 6,
8, 9. Larva ochreous- whitish ; spots pale fuscous ; head and
plate of 2 pale fuscous : in a slight web on Urtica and
Parietaria ; 4, 5, 7, 8.

6. TINEIDAE.

Head usually rough-haired, at least on crown, seldom smooth.
Tongue usually developed. Antennae -1-3, sometimes with cjq-
cap. Labial palpi usually porrected or drooping, more or less
pointed but hardly acute. Maxillary palpi commonly developed,
often several -jointed, folded. Forewings : lb furcate or simple,
7 and 8 usually separate, one or more veins often absent.
Hindwings 1 or under 1, ovate to linear ; 3 and 4 usually
remote, cell often open, one or more veins often absent.

Tliis family is of large size, and includes forms varying
considerably in structure, yet so closely united by transitional
gradations that they cannot be satisfactorily se|)arated.
Although simple porrected maxillary palpi ai'e foimd in otiier
families, folded maxillary palpi with five or six joints only occur
in this family and the Micropterygidae ; they are however by
no means present in all the genera, and of two closely allied
genera ai-e often present in one and obsolete in the other.
Their occurrence is in fact so irregular that they seem to offer
an exception to the rule that rudimentary organs are not
redeveloped ; this is probably accounted for by their being
persistent in the pupa. Some of the species are extremely

708 TINEINA

small, and in these the neuration is often remarkably degraded.
The family is plentifully represented in all regions alike.

Larva more or less elongate, sometimes without prolegs on
10, sometimes with rudimentary processes, seldom apodal, very
often mining or case-bearing. Pupa with segments 7-1 1 and in
(^12 free, or some or all of these fixed in the higher genera ;
usually protruded from cocoon in emergence.

The phylogeny presents considerable difficulties, owing to
the degeneration and isolation of some of the genera ; only the
principal genera are included in the diagram.

Phylogeny of Tineidae.

Lithocolletis Leucoptera Bedellia

Gracilaria

Ocnerostoma

Fumea

Nepticula Argyresthia Swammerdamia Taleporia Ocliseulieimeria

I I I I I

Scoliaula Bucculatrix Acrolepia

Diplodoma Scardia

Tinea Nemotois
I ^1

Tabulation of Genera.

1. Antennae (at least in (?) 3

,, at most somewhat over 1

2. Maxillary palpi long

,, „ rudimentary

3. Eyes in ($ enlarged, approximated above

,, ,, normal

4. Face smooth

„ rough

5. Maxillary palpi moderate, porrected

,, drooping or absent

6. Head rough above

,, smooth

7. Labial palpi with second joint tufted

. 2.

4.

42. Nemophora.
. 3.
44. Nemotois.
43. Adela.
. 5.
. 24.
. 6.
8.
8. Ornix.
. 7.

9. CORISCIUM.

not tufted 10. Gracilaria.

TINEIDAE

709

Forewings with all veins present . . .9.

,, ,, one or more veins absent . . 14.

Head with appressed scales above . 29. Teichobia.

,, more or leas rough above . . .10.

Forewings with 7 to costa . . .11.

,, ,, 7 to termen . . .12.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate or stalked

2 1 . llOESLERSTAMMIA.

9.

10.

11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

„ „ „ separate

Hindwings with 4 absent .

,, ,, all veins present

Hindwings 1, cilia 1

„ under 1, cilia 2 or moi'e

Labial palpi rudimentary ,

,, ,, distinctly developed .

Crown densely tufted

,, smooth or thinly rough-haired
Antennae over 1, basal joint with eyecap

,, not over 1
Posterior tibiae with stiff bristles

,, ,, smooth or hairy .

Head wholly smooth

„ partly rough
Antennae in S with long fine cilia

,, ,, not ciliated

Tongue obsolete .

,, present
Forewings with 1-3 veins absent .

„ ,, 4 or 5 veins absent

Forewings with 6 and 7 stalked .

,, ,, 6 and 7 separate .

Maxillary palpi moderate .

,, ,, rudimentary

Maxillary palpi long, folded

,, ,, very short, simple, or obsolete

Forewings with all veins present .

34. Lampronia.
. 19. Zelleria.

. 13.
. 22. acrolepia.
18. Argyresthia.
. 15.
. 16.
5. bucculatrix.
11. Leucoptera.
12. Lyonetia.
. 17.
. 18.
. 19.
Phyllocnistis.
4. Opostega.

15. TiSCHERIA.

. 20.

OCNEROSTOMA.

. 21.

. 17. Cedestis.

22.
. 14. Bedellia.
. 23.

. 6. OlNOPIIILA.
7. LiTIIOCOLLETIS.

. 25.
33.

26.

13

16

two or more veins absent . 29.

Forewings with 3 and 4 stalked . . 39. Moxopis.

,, ,, 3 and 4 separate . . . 27.

Forewings with 10, 11, 12 concurrent 40. Tuichophaga.

,, ,, ,, normal . .28.

Antennae in <$ unipectinated . 33. Incurvaria.

,, ,, simple . . 41. Tinea.

710 TINEINA

29. Basal joint of antennae enlarged to form eyecap 30.

,, ,, ,, not enlarged . .32.

30. Forewings with 3 veins absent . . 3. Scoliaula.

„ „ 4 or 5 veins absent . . 31.

31. Cell of forewings open between 6 and 10 2. Trifurcula.

,, ,, not open between 6 and 10

1. Nepticula.

32. Antennae 1 ... 37. Ischnoscia.

„ f . . .38. Phylloporia.

33. Antennae in S bipectinated ( $ apterous) . 34.

,, „ simple .... 35.

34. Forewings with flat scales . . 24. Fumea.

,, ,, hair-scales . 23. Epichnopteryx.

35. Forewings with all veins present . . . 36.

,, with one or more veins absent . 41.

36. Forewings with 7 to termen . . . 37.

„ „ 7 to costa . . .39.

37. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked ( $ apterous)

26. Taleporia.
„ „ 7 and 8 separate . . . 38.

38. Tongue obsolete ... 28. Diplodoma.

„ developed . , 32. Scythropia.

39. Second joint of labial palpi tufted . 31. Scardia.

„ „ „ not tufted . . 40.

40. Labial palpi with long bristles . . 36. Tineola.

„ ,, without long bristles 35. Myrmecozela.

41. Scales of head with flattened tips 30. Ochsenheimeria.

„ ,, hairlikc . . . .42.

42. Hindwings with all veins present . . . 43.

„ with vein 4 absent . 20. Swammerdamia.

43. ? apterous .... 25. Soi.enobia.
„ winged . . . .27. Narycia.

1. Nepticula, Z.

Head rough. Tongue rudimentary. Antennae h-^, in c?
simple, basal joint miicli enlarged and concave beneath to form
eyecap. Labial palpi short, filiform, drooping. Maxillary palpi
long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibiae with bristles above,
middle-spurs in or above middle. Forewings : lb simple, cell
usually open between 2 and 6, 3-5 absent, 7 to costa, 8 out of
7 or absent, 9 absent. Hindwings |-|, lanceolate, cilia 3-4;
cell open between 2 and 6, 3-5 absent, in ^ sometimes an
expansible tuft of hairs from base of costa.

nepticula] TINEIDAE 711

A very large genus, quite cosmopolitan, but probably attaining
its greatest development in Europe. Owing to their small size
and similarity of appearance the species present considerable
difficulty, and have been so
much neglected that their dis- ^.^=;==^!!!^^--^^^|^^^^
tribution is hardly known ex- ,^:$:^^^^^^^^^~<I^l_^---^=^— ^
cept in England and German}', ^-ISZ^^^^^^.,-—-^::::^^^^'''^^

and even there very imperfectly. '^~^- — -""""^

Most of the species can seldom /'

be obtained except by rearing ^^_II_— ^^JJ^— =^;^

the larvae, but some fly freely "^^^^lir^^^^-^^^""""'''^ ^^A/.

in the sunshine. Imago with M^'yp

forewings lanceolate. Larva '^^j

without developed legs or pro- ^'

legs, bat with pairs of rudi- .r „.. , ,, , , ,r ,. , .-, ,•

o ' 1- r\euratioii and head of Afphatto hi?/rei o.

mentary ventral processes on

3, 4, and G-11, or rarely wholly apodal. Pupa in a firm cocoon,

usually outside the mine.

1. Forewings with one or more pale spots or fasciae . 2.

,, without pale markings . . 54.

2. Forewings with small pale basal spot . . 3.

,, without such spot . . . 6.

3. Forewings with whitish fascia before middle

58. sericope-.a.
,, without such fascia . . .4.

4. Forewings with whitish discal spot before middle

61. assimilella.
,, without such spot . . .5.

5. Forewings with white costal and dorsal spots

62. suhbimaculella.
„ without such spots . . 4. hadguttella .

6. Forewings with pale dorsal spot only . . 7.

,, not with ])ale dorsal spot only . 9.

7. Dorsal spot hardly beyond middle . 56. intimdln.

,, „ on tornus . . . .8.

8. Posterior tarsi dark-spotted . 55. catharticella.

,, ,, not dark-spotted . 54. septemhrella.

9. Forewings with silvery-grey basal blotch 65. headleyella.

,, without such blotch . . .10.

10. Forewings with pale costal spot before middle . 11.

„ without pale costal spot before middle 13.

11. Forewings with white discal spot at -| . 59. qxdnrjtiella.

„ without white discal spot . .12.

712 TINEINA [nepticula

12. Dorsal pale spot before tornus . . 63. argyropeza.

„ „ on tornus . . 57. Weaveri.

13. Forewings with pale anterior longitudinal patch

GO. trimaculella.
,, without such patch . . . 14.

14. Forewings with outer half of cilia whitish . 15.

,, ,, ,, not whitish . 26.

15. Pale fascia in or hardly beyond middle . .16.

,, ,, markedly beyond middle . . 21.

16. Fascia entire or slightly interrupted, shining white 17.

,, reduced to two ill-defined whitish spots

64. apicella.

17. Forewings blackish . . . .18.

„ grey densely irrorated with blackish

43. agrimoniella.

18. Outer half of cilia greyish-tinged . . 47. arctuitella.

„ „ not greyish-tinged . .19.

19. Head pale ochreous . . 45. anguUfasciella.

„ ferruginous-orange to black . . 20.

20. Head ferruginous-orange . . . 44. at7^icollis.

,, black or ferruginous-brown . . 46. ruhivora.

21. Fascia metallic .... 48. fulgens.

„ not metallic .... 22.

22. Forewings much suffused with pale yellowish

51. Jloslactella.
„ not much suffused with yellowish . 23.

23. Forewings sprinkled with pale yellowish . 50. salicis.

„ not sprinkled with pale yellowish . 24.

24. Head yellowish . . . . .25.

,, ferruginous-orange to black . 52. lapponica.

25. Fascia rather oblique . . . 49. inyrtillella.

„ hardly oblique . . . 53. confusella.

26. Forewings with metallic apical fascia 19. auromarginella.

„ without apical fascia . . . 27.

27. Fascia hardly beyond middle . 40. argentipedeUa.

„ markedly beyond middle . . . 28.

28. Forewings with defined purple basal fascia

16. aeneofascieUa,
„ without such fascia . . . 29.

29. Apical area more or less purple-tinged . . 30.

,, ,, not purple-tinged . . . 52.

30. Fascia more or less shining whitish, not metallic . 31.

„ metallic silvery, golden, or brassy . 38.

xepticula]

TINEIDAE

713

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.

Collar dark bronzy-fuscous

,, pale yellowish or whitish .
Forewiiigs anteriorly purple-tinged

not purple-tinged

. 32.
. 33.

34. plagicolella.
35. ignohildla.
30.

32.

36.

Head ferruginous-orange

,, lighter yellowish to fuscous
Forewings purplish-fuscous

„ bronzy-fuscous

Fascia yellow-tinged

,, not yellow-tinged .
Forewings somewhat shining

„ not shining

Fascia broad

,, narrow
Fascia brassy or pale golden

„ silvery
Head black

,, orange to dark brown
Forewings with brassy basal patch

,, without such patch

Fascia anteriorly ill-defined

,, „ well-defined

Fascia preceded by distinct pui-plish fascia
„ not preceded by a purplish fascia .
Expanse 4-5 mm. ; head often brown

„ 6-7 mm. ; head not brown
Fascia at f

„ about f .
Fascia slightly oblique inwards dorsally

„ not oblique inwards
Head orange

„ ferruginous to dark fuscous
Costa of forewings deep purple
„ „ not purple

Collar pale yellowish

,, fuscous to black
Apical area deep purple .

„ „ dark purplish-fuscous

Fascia preceded by a fuscous suffusion

,, „ by a purplish suffusion .

Dorsum anteriorly paler ; head in $ black

27. ■marginicolella.
„ not paler ; head in $ orange 28. alnetella

centifoliella.
. 34.
microtherieUa.
. 35.
38. luteella.
. 36.
distinguenda.
. 37.
39. sorhi.
. 37. glutinosae.
. 39.
. 47.
. 40.
. 42.
1 8. splendid issimella.
. 41.
. 14. torminalis.
3 1 . Hodgkinsoni.
. 43.
. 44.
,17. fragariella.
20. aurella.
. 33. hetidicola.
. 45.
22. poterii.

. 46.
15. regiella.
21. jilipendulac .
25. ulmivora.
. 48.
. 29. continuella.
. 49.
24. gratiosella.
. 50.
23. acetosae.
. 51.

714

TINEINA

[nepticui.j*

52. Head black

,, yellowish

53. Forewings shining bronzy-brown .

„ dark fuscous .

54. Forewings pale, coarsely ixTorated

fuscous
„ not coarsely irrorated

55. Outer part of apical cilia whitish .

„ „ „ „ whitish-grey

56. Forewings wholly purple-tinged .

,, not or partly purple-tinged

57. Forewings purplish-grey .

„ deep fuscous-purple

58. Base of costa purplish

,, „ not purplish

59. Forewings grey .

,, mor« or less bronzy

60. Apex faintly purplish-tinged

,, not purplish-tinged

61. Apex strongly purple-tinged

,, not or hardly purple-tinged

62. Forewings lighter beyond middle

,, not lighter beyond middle

63. Tips of apical cilia grey-whitish

,, „ ,, not whitish

64. Head black

„ yellowish

65. Head black

,, yellowish

66. Collar dark bronzy-fuscous

,, pale yellowish
1. N. pomella, Vaughan. 5-6 nmi.

26. prunetorum.
. 53.
41. tityrella.
42. inalella.
with dark

55.
56.
66. 2^'^^verosella.
67. cryptella.
. 57.
. 58.
1. pomella.
1 1 . oxyacanthella .
10. pyri.
. 59.
. 60.
. 61.
2. pygmaeella.
13. nylatuh'iella-
. 62.
. 65.
6. anomalella.
. 63.
. 64.
3. atricapitella.
5. tiliae.
8. aucupariae.
9. minicsculella.

. 66.
12. desperatella.
7. viscerrlla.
Head ochrcous-yellow.

Antcnnal eyecaps yellow-whitish. Forewings rather shining
purplish-grey. Hindwings light grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva ochrcous-
yellow : in small blotches in leaves of apple; 7, 10.

2. N. pygmaeella, I/w. 4-6 mm. Head ochrcous-yellow,
collar yellow-whitish. Antennal eyecaps yellow-whitish. Fore-
wings light grey, towards apex faintly purplish-tinged. Hind-
wings light grey.

England, rather local ; Holland, Germany ; 5, 8. Larva
yellowish : in small blotches in leaves of hawthorn ; 7, 9, 10.

3. N. atricapitella, Ifw. (rujicapitella, Hw.) 5-7 unn. Head

nei-ticula] TINEIDAE 715

black, ferruginous -orange, or sometimes mixed, collar often
whitish. Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings rather shining
bronzy, apex suffused with ^Jurple. Hind wings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
yellowish : in irregular galleries in leaves of oak ; 7, 9, 10.

4. N. basiguttella, llein. 5-6 mm. Head black, collar white.
Antennal eyecaps white. Thorax anteriorly blackish. Fore-
wings light bronzy -fuscous, becoming dark fuscous towards
base, rather dark purplish -fuscous towards apex ; an obscure
dull whitish basal spot ; often an obscure undefined whitish
median suffusion. Hindwings light grey.

Suffolk, Cambridge, local ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva green :
in irregular galleries, quite filled with excrement, in leaves of
oak ; 7, 9, 10.

5. N. tiliae, Fi: 5-6 mm. Head black, collar white.
Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings shining bronzy, somewhat
darker towards base, apical fourth fuscous-pui-ple ; tips of apical
cilia wliitish. Hindwings light grey.

Gloucester, Lancashire, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 8.
Larva pale yellowish : in irregular galleries in leaves of Tilia ;
7, 9, 10.

6. N. anomalella, Gz. 5-6 mm. Head ferruginous-orange to
black, collar yellow-whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Fore-
wings shining greenish-bronzy, lighter posteriorly, apical fourth
purple. Hindwings grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
yellowish : in long irregular galleries in leaves of rose ; 7, 9, 10.

7. N. viscerella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-yellowish
mixed with fuscous, collar pale yellowish. Antennal eyecaps
yellow-whitish. Forewings somewhat shining bronzy-brownish,
towards apex darker. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, rather local ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva
green : in strongly contorted galleries in leaves of elm ; 7, 9, 10.

8. N. aucupariae, Fr-. 4-5 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, some-
times fuscous-mixed, collar pale yellowish. Antennal eyecaps
whitish. Forewings shining bronzy, apical fourth purplish-
fuscous ; tips of apical cilia grey -whitish. Hindwings light
grey.

Lancashire, Sutherland, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
green : in strongly contorted galleries in leaves of Fyrus
aucuparia ; 7, 9.

9. N. minusculella, IIS. 4-5 mm. Head black, collar white.
Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings shining pale bronzy.

716 TINEINA [nepticula

towards apex more brownish, hardly purple-tinged. Hindwings
grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 7. Larva
green : in irregular galleries in leaves of pear ; 6, 8.

10. N. pyri. Glitz. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous, collar pale
yellowish. Antennal eyecaps yellow - whitish. Forewings
shining gi-eenish-bronzy ; base of costa purplish ; apical fourth
bright purple, apex with deep blue reflections. Hindwings grey.

Hereford, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 8. Larva green :
in strongly contorted galleries in leaves of pear; 7, 10.

11. N. oxyacanthella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-
orange, collar ochreous- whitish. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-
whitish. Forewings rather shining deep fuscous - purple.
Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva green ; head dark grey or blackish : in long irregular
galleries in leaves of hawthorn; 7, 9, 10.

12. N. desperatella, Fr. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-orange,
collar dark bronzy-fuscous. Antennal eyecaps whitish-ochreous.
Forewings deep shining fuscous-bronzy, coppery-tinged. Hind-
wings light grey.

Hereford, Lancashire, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 8.
Larva green : in strongly contorted galleries in leaves of apple ;
7, 9, 10.

13. N. nylandriella, Tgstr. 3-5 mm. Head ferruginous-
yellowish to brown, collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish.
Foi'ewings light shining ochreous-grey, apex somewhat darker.
Hindwings pale grey.

Cambridge, Lancashire, Sutherland, local ; N. Europe,
Germany ; 5, 7. Larva green : in irregular galleries in leaves
of Pyrus aucuparia ; 6, 8, 9.

14. N. torminalis. Wood. 4-5 mm. Head black, collar whitish.
Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings pale golden-brown ; apical
fourth pur])le, preceded by a broad straiglit anteriorly ill-defined
brassy fascia. Hindwings dark grey.

Hereford, very local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 6. Larva
pale yellowish ; head blackish : in a broad contorted gallery in
leaves of Pyrus torminalis ; 7.

15. N, regiella, IIS. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous -orange,
collar dark fuscous. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish.
Forewings shining brownish -golden, suffused with purplish,
apex more purple ; a broad straight shining brassy fascia
beyond middle. Hindwings dark fuscous.

nepticula] TINEIDAE 717

Kent, Hereford, Lancashire, York, local ; Germany, Switzer-
land ; 5, 6, 8. Larva yellowish ; head pale brown, with dark
brown spots : in blotches in leaves of hawthorn; 7, 9, 10.

16. N. aeneofasciella, HS. 5-6 mm. Head black. An-
tennal eyecaps wliite. Forewings shining brassy ; a deep
purple basal fascia ; a shining silvery fascia beyond middle,
preceded by a purple fascia, apical area beyond this deep
pui'ple. Hindwings grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 8.
Larva vellow : in blotches in leaves of Agrimonia ewpatorium ;
7, 9, 10.

17. N. fragariella, Heyd. {gei, Wk.) 4-5 nnn. Head brown
to ferruginous-orange, collar darker. Antennal eyecaps whitish.
Forewings shining golden-bronzy ; a shining pale golden fascia
beyond middle, preceded by a purple fascia, apical area beyond
this deep pui'ple. Hindwings grey.

Dorset, Lancashire, local ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva brownish-
yellow ; head darker, with tw'o deeper lines : in long slender
contorted galleries in leaves of Fraijaria, Geiun, and Agrimonia ;
7, 10. British records of i\". dulceUa, Hein., seem to have been
founded erroneously on specimens of this species.

18. N. splendidissimella, HS. 4-5 mm. Head black.
Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings dark cojDpery -purple-brown ;
a suffused brassy basal patch ; a straight shining pale golden
fascia beyond middle. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Lancashire, Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva deep yellow : in long irregular galleries in leaves of
Rnhus fruticosus ; 7, 9, 10.

19. N. auromarginella. Rich. 5-6 mm. Head ferruginous-
orange. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish. Forewings deep
shining golden-bronze ; a shining golden -silvery fascia beyond
middle, edged anteriorly with purple suffusion, apical area
beyond this deep pui'ple ; an apical shining golden -silvery
fascia, partly in cilia. Hindwings grey.

Dorset, local ; not recorded elsew^here ; 5, 8, 9. Larva
yellowish : in irregular galleries in leaves of Ruhiis /ruticosus ;
7, 10.

20. N. aurella, Stt. 6-7 mm. Head ferruginous -orange.
Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish. Forewings shining coppery-
golden ; a shining pale golden fascia beyond middle, preceded
by a purj^lish or dark purple-fuscous fascia, apical area beyond
this dark purple-fuscous. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England, Ii'eland, very common ; C. Europe, N. Africa ; 5,

718 TINEINA [nepticula

6, 8. Larva light yellowish : in long irregular galleries in
leaves of Ruhus fruticosiis; 7, 9-3. Supposed British specimens
of JV. Tengstroemi, Nolck., would seem to have been dwarfed
examples of this species.

21. N. filipendulae, Wk. {serella, Stt.) 4-5 mm. Head
ferruginous to dark fuscous. Antennal eyecaps yellow-whitish.
Forewings shining golden-brown, sometimes purplish-tinged ; a
pale golden-metallic vertical fascia beyond middle ; apical area
beyond this dark purjjle-fuscous. Hindwings grey.

Sussex, York to Perth, on downs and moors, local ; Germany ;
5, 8. Larva deep yellow ; head shining brown : in galleries
along margin of leaflets of Spiraea filij^endida and Potentilla
tormentiUa, in small leaflets becoming a spiral blotch filling the
Avhole ; 7, 9, 10.

22. N. poterii, Stt. 3-5 mm. Head ferruginous. Antennal
eyecaps wliitish. Forewings golden -bronzy ; a pale golden-
metallic slightly inwards-oblique fascia beyond middle : apical
area beyond this dark purple-fuscous. Hindwings grey.

Surrey, Dorset, Lancashire, local ; not recorded elsewhere ;
5, 7. Larva yellow : in galleries becoming spiral blotches in
leaves of Potermm sanr/uisorha ; 6, 8, 9.

23. N. acetosae, Stt. 3-5 mm. Head fuscous to blackish.
Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings shining bronzy ; a broad
shining silvery fascia at -|, preceded by a fuscous suffusion ;
apical area beyond this rather dark purplish-fuscous. Hind-
wings grey.

I. of Wight, E. L-eland, local ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva
yellow : in galleries becoming spiral blotches in leaves of Rmnex
acetosella ; 7, 9.

24. N. gratiosella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head bkck. Antennal
eyecaps white. Forewings shining brownisli-golden ; a shining-
silvery fascia at f , sometimes preceded by a pui'ple suff'usion ;
apical area beyond this deep purple. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common ; Germany,
Switzerland ; 5, 6. Larva green ; head whitish-brown : in
irregular galleries in leaves of hawthorn ; 7, 8.

25. N. ulmivora, Ilein. 4-5 mm. Head black. Anteinial
eyecaps white. Forewings shining dark coppery -golden, costa
deep purple ; a shining silvery fascia beyond middle ; a]iical
area beyond this deep purple-fuscous. Hindwings rather dark

grey.

Suri'ey, Hereford, Jjancashire, local ; I>clgium, (Jeruiany ; .), b.
Larva green : in irregular galleries in leaves of elm ; 7, 9, 10.

nepticula] TINEIDAE 719

2G. N. prunetorum, Stf. 4 - 5 mm. Head black, collar
whitish. Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings shining light
greenish -brassy -bronze, base pni-plisli-tinged ; a rather broad
shining silvery fascia beyond middle, preceded by a dark fuscous
fascia, apical area beyond this blackish. Hindwings grey.

Bucks, Cambridge, Hereford, Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ;
5, 8. Larva grey-green : in galleries at first spirally coiled,
afterwards extending round leaves of blackthorn and sometimes
cherry ; 7, 9, 10.

27. N. marginicolella, Stt. 5-6 mm. Head in ^ black, in
9 orange, collar blackish. Antennal e3'ecaps whitish. Fore-
wings shining brownish -golden ; a somewhat oblique shining
silvery fascia beyond middle, preceded by a brownish -purple
suffusion, apical area beyond this dai'k purple -fuscous. Hind-
wings dark fuscous.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva light yellowish : in long ii-regular galleries in leaves of
elm; 7, 9, 10.

28. N. alnetella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head orange, collar deep
bronzy-fuscous. Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings golden-
lirown, becoming lighter golden towards dorsum anteriorly ; a
bright shining silvery fascia beyond middle, preceded by a dark
purplish-fuscous suffusion, apical area beyond this dark purplish-
fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva
yellow : in long irregular galleries in leaves of alder ; 7, 9, 10.

29. N. continuella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-orange,
collar light yellowish. Antennal eyecaps whitish-ochreous.
Foi'ewings fuscous - bronzy ; a shining silvery fascia beyond
middle, preceded by a rather dark purplish-fuscous fascia, apical
area beyond this dark fuscous-purple. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Cximbi'idge, Hereford, Lancashire, local ; Holland,
(ilermany ; 5, 6, 8. Larva yellow (appearing green in the
mine) ; head pale : in long irregular galleries, filled with
greenish excrement, in leaves of birch ; 7, 9, 10.

30. N. centifoliella, Z. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-orange,
collar light yellowish. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish.
Forewings rather dark fuscous, slightly tinged with bronzy or
purplish ; a shining whitish fascia beyond middle ; apical area
beyond this more purple-tinged. Hindwings grey.

Dorset, Herts, Lancashire, local ; Gei'many ; 5, 8. Larva
yellow : in long irregular galleries in leaves of rose ; 7, 10.

31. N. Hodgkinsoni, Stt. 5-6 mm. Head black. Antennal

720 TINEINA [nepticula

eyecaps white. Forewings shining golden-brown or bi'onzy-
golden ; a shining pale golden or golden -silveiy fascia beyond
middle ; apical area beyond this deep purple. Hindwings
grey.

Cheshire, Lancashire, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 5, 8.
Larva in irregiilar galleries in leaves of rose ; 7, 9, 10.

32. N. microtheriella, Stt. 3-4 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish,
collar ochreous-whitish. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish.
Forewings purplish-fuscous ; a rather oblique shining whitish
fascia beyond middle ; apical area beyond this darker and more
purple. Hindwings grey.

England, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva pale greenish-
yellow : in very long narrow iri-egular galleries in leaves of hazel
and hornbeam ; 7, 9, 10.

33. N. l)etulicola, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head in S ochreous-
yellowish, in $ more orange, collar light yellowish. Antennal
eyecaps yellow -whitish. Forewings shining deep purplish-
bronzy; a shining golden -silvery fascia about f ; apical area
beyond this deep fuscous-purple. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; Germany, Switzer-
land ; 5, 8. Larva yellow, with a series of brownish linear
marks ; head brown : in irregular galleries, usually half filled
with excrement, in leaves of birch (especially near the ground) ;
7, 9, 10.

34. N. plagicolella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head orange, collar dark
bronz3^-fuscous. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings shining
deep purplish-bronzy ; a shining whitish fascia beyond middle ;
apical area beyond this dark purple-fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva pale yellow : in whitish blotches terminating short fine
galleries in leaves of blackthorn; 7, 9, 10.

35. N. ignobilella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head orange^ collar dark
bronzy-fuscous. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings shining
brownish-golden; a somewhat shining yellow -whitish fascia
beyond middle ; apical area beyond this purplish - bronzy.
Hindwings light grey.

Britain to Stirling, E. Ireland, local ; Holland ; 5, 8.
Larva yellowish ; head blackish : in blotches in leaves of haw-
thorn ; 7, 9, 10.

36. N. distinguenda, Jlcin. 3-5 mm. Head ochreous-
yellowish, collar light yellowish. Antennal eyecaps yellow-
whitish. Forewings somewhat shining bronzy -fuscous ; a some-
what oblique shining whitish fascia beyond middle ; apical area

nepticitla] TINEIDAE 721

beyond this darker, faintly purplish -tinged. Hindwings light
grey.

Sussex, local ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva yellow, with a series
of black linear marks ; head black : in small irregular galleries,
tilled with brown excrement, in leaves of birch ; 7, 9, 10.

37. N. glutinosae, ^S*^^. 4-5 mm. Head ochreous -yellowish
or orange, collar yellow -whitish. Antennal eyecaps yellow-
whitish. Forewings bronzy-fuscous, sometimes purplish-tinged ;
a narrow whitish fascia beyond middle ; apical area beyond this
dark purplish-fuscous. Hindwings light grey.

Suftulk to Lancashire and Durham, local; Holland, Germany;
5, 8. Larva yellow : in irregular galleries in leaves of alder ;
7, 10.

38. N. luteella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head pale yellowish to fuscous,
collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings bronzy-
fuscous ; a somewhat shining yellow - whitish fascia beyond
nnddle, narrowed or sometimes obsolete on costa ; apical area
beyond this purple-fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, conmion ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva
yellow ; head pale brownish : in small irregular galleries, usually
nearly filled with irregular excrement, in leaves of birch ;
7, 9, 10.

39. N. sorbi, Stt. 6-8 mm. Head ochreous - yellowish to
fuscous. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings bronzy -fuscous ;
a broad somewhat shining whitish fascia beyond middle ; apical
area beyond this rather dark purplish -fuscous. Hindwings
light grey.

Lancashire to Stirling, common ; N. and mountains of C.
Europe ; 6. Larva green-whitish : in blotches terminating short
galleries in leaves of Pi/rus aucuparia; 7-9.

40. N. argentipedella, Z. (ivoolhopiella, Stt.) 5-7 mm. Head
in $ blackish or dark fuscous, in $ ferruginous - yellowish.
Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings blackish, purplish-tinged ;
a somewhat shining rather oblique anteriorly subconcave whitish
fascia hardly beyond middle, sometimes interrupted. Hind-
wings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ;
5, 6. Larva pale greenish : in blotches in leaves of birch ; 7-10.

41. N. tityrella, Stt. 5-7 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish.
Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings shining bronzy-bi'own ; a
rather oblique shining golden -silvery fascia beyond middle ;
apical area beyond this dark bronzy-brown. Hindwings grey ;
in $ with an expansible pencil <:)f l)lackish hairs at base of costa.

3 a

722 TINEINA [nepticula

England, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva pale greenish-
yellow ; head black : in irregular galleries in leaves of beech ;
7, 9, 10.

[iV. castanella, Edleston, only described as "something allied
to tityreUa, but with fascia straighter and placed nearer hind-
margin ; two specimens taken in Lancashire among Spanish
chestnut (Castanea)," cannot be regarded as a recognisable
species.]

42. N. malella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous -ochreous,
collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings dark
fuscous ; a shining white fascia beyond middle. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva yellow :
in long irregular galleries in leaves of apple ; 7, 9, 10.

43. N. agrimoniella, HS. 5-7 mm. Head ferruginous-
ochreous to brown, collar dark brown. Antennal eyecaps
yellow - whitish. Forewings grey densely irrorated with
blackish ; a narrow curved sometimes interrupted shining
white fascia in middle ; outer half of cilia beyond a black line
white. Hindwings light grey.

Sussex, local ; Germany ; 5, 6. Larva yellow : in long
irregular galleries in leaves of Agrimonia eupatoriuvh ; 9-11.
Pupa within the mine.

44. N. atricoUis, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-orange,
collar dark brown. Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings black ;
a shining silvery sometimes interrupted fascia slightly beyond
middle ; outer half of cilia beyond a black line white. Hind-
wings grey.

Kent to Lancashire and York, local ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva
pale greenish ; head and plate of 2 blackish : in blotches in
leaves of apple and hawthorn ; 7, 9, 10.

45. N. angulifasciella, Stt. 5-6 mm. Head pale ochreous.
Antennal eyecaps ochreous-wdiite. Forewings black ; a some-
what bent sometimes interrupted shining silvery fascia in
middle ; outer half of cilia beyond a black line white. Hind-
wings grey.

England to Durham, common ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva
green-whitish : in galleries becoming spiral blotches in leaves of
rose ; 9-11.

46. N. rubivora, Wk. 4-5 mm. Head black or sometimes
ferruginous -brownish. Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings
black ; a somewhat bent shining silvery fascia hardly beyond
middle ; outer half of cilia beyond a black line whitish. Hind-
wings grey.

nepticula] TINEIDAE 723

Essex to Lincoln, local ; Germany ; 6. Lai'va green-whitish :
in blotches in leaves of Ruhus friUicosus ; 10.

47. N. arcuatella, HS. (arcuosella, Dbld.) 4-5 mm. Head
ochreoiis-yellowish to fnscous. Antennal eyecaps white. Fore-
wings blackish ; an oblique somewhat curved shining silvery
fascia in middle ; outer half of cilia be3'ond a blackish line grey-
whitish. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5,

8. Larva pale greenish : in long in-egular galleries in leaves of
Fotenti.n a fraf/ariastruni and P. to7'mentilla ; 7, 9, 10.

48. N. fulgens, Stt. 5-6 mm. Head light ochreous-yellowish.
Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings deep shining bronzy ; a
golden-tinged silvery-metallic hardly oblique fascia at § ; apical
area beyond this dark purple-fuscous ; cilia round apex beyond
a blackish median line white. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Lancashire, Westmoi'cland, local ; not recorded elsewhere ;
5, 8. Larva pale greenish -3'ellow ; head pale brown : in long-
irregular galleries in leaves of beech ; 7, 9, 10.

49. N. mjrrtillella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-yellowish,
collar paler. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings dark
fuscous, faintly purplish -tinged ; a rather oblique somewhat
shining whitish fascia beyond middle; outer half of cilia ochreous-
white. Hindwings light grey.

Hereford to Perth, common ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva yellow :
in irregular galleries in leaves of Vaccin/iun myrtilhis; 7,

9, 10.

50. N. salicis, Stt. {diversa, Glitz.) 5-6 mm. Head ferrugin-
ous-orange, collar paler. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings
fuscous or dark fuscous, faintly purplish -tinged, somewhat
sprinkled with pale yellowish ; an ochreous - whitish rather
oblique fascia beyond middle ; apical area beyond this some-
times more blackish ; outer half of cilia ochreous-white. Hind-
wings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, common ; C Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
yellowish : in narrow irregular blotches in leaves of Salix,
especially ^S*. caprea; 7, 9, 10. Supposed British examples of
JV. vimineticola, Fr., would seem to have been pale specimens
of this species.

51. N. floslactella, Hiv. 5-7 mm. Head ferruginous-^^ellowish,
collar paler. Antennal eyecaps yellow - whitish. Forewings
dark fuscous, mixed or almost wholly suftused with pale ochreous-
yellowish ; a pale ochreous-yellowish oblique fascia beyond
middle ; apical area beyond this dark fuscous, faintly purplish-

724 TINEINA [nepticula

tinged ; apical cilia ochreous-white except at base. Hindwings
light grey.

Britain to the Clyde, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
pale yellowish : in rather broad irregular galleries in leaves of
hazel and hornbeam ; 7, 9, 10.

52. N. lapponica, Wk. 6-7 mm. Head ferruginous-orange to
blackish. Antonnal eyecaps whitish. Forewings light fuscous ;
a somewhat oblique shining whitish-ochreous fascia at f ; apical
area beyond this darker purple-fuscous; cilia round apexochreous-
whitish except at base. Hindwings light grey.

Sussex, Hereford, York to Westmoreland, local ; N. Europe ;
5, 7. Larva yellow ; head blackish : in long angular galleries
in leaves of birch ; 6, 9.

53. N. confusella, Wlsm. 5-6 mm. Head ochreous-yellow.
Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings fuscous, faintly purplish-
tinged, especially posteriorly ; a hardly oblique whitish fascia
at f ; outer half of cilia whitish. Hindwings light grey.

Sussex, Norfolk, Hereford, local ; ^ not recognised elsewhere ;
5. Larva green-whitish ; head pale yellowish : in long angular
galleries in leaves of birch ; 7.

54. N. septembrella, Stt. 5-6 mm. Head ferruginous-
ochreous, collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Posterior
tarsi whitish. Forewings dark fuscous, somewhat pale-spi'inkled;
a subtriangular whitish tornal spot ; tips of apical cilia whitish.
Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, common; C. Europe; 5, 8.
Larva pale yellowish : in galleries becoming convoluted blotches
in leaves of HypericAim ; 7, 9, 10. Pvipa within the mine.

55. N. catharticella, Stt. 5-6 mm. Head ferruginous-orange,
collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Posterior tarsi
whitish, spotted with dark fuscous. Forewings dark fuscous,
faintly purplish -tinged ; a roundish white tornal spot; outer
half of cilia white. Hindwings grey.

England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva green :
in rather broad irregular galleries in leaves of Rhamnais
catharticus; 7, 9, 10.

56. N. intimella, Z. 5-6 mm. Head ferruginous -orange,
collar whitish. Antennae wholly ochreous-whitish. Forewings
blackish or dark fuscovis, faintly purplish-tinged ; an ochreous-
whitish dorsal spot hardly beyond middle ; tips of apical cilia
white. Hindwings grey.

^ Quite recently published ; I have not seen specimens.

nepticula] TINEIDAE 725

England to Westmoreland, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 6.
Larva in blotches in leaves of Salix caprea and ;S'. fragilis; 10.

57. N. Weaveri, Stt. 6-8 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous,
collar whitish-ochreous. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Foi'ewings
black, bases of scales grey ; an oblique spot on costa before
middle, and a tornal spot shining -whitish ; outer half of apical
cilia wliitish. Hindwings grey.

Pembroke, York to Perth, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
yellow: in blotches in leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea ; 4, 5.
Pupa within the mine.

58. N. sericopeza, Z. 5-8 mm. Head ferruginous-orange,
collar ochreous-whitish. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish.
Forevvings blackish ; a basal spot, a bent fascia before middle,
a tornal spot, and opposite costal spot yellow -whitish. Hind-
wings grey.

Kent, Cambridge, Gloucester, local ; Germany, Italy ; 5, 7,
9. Larva in seed vessels of maple ; 6, 8, 10.

59. N. quinquella. Bed. 5-6 mm. Head dark fuscous.
Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings dark bronzy-fuscous;
a transvei'se spot on costa before middle, a triangular spot on
dorsum before tornus, and a discal spot at | shining silvery-
white. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Kent to Cambridge, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 6, 7.
Larva greenish, with a series of dark spots : in slender exces-
sively contorted galleries in leaves of oak ; 11. Over 120 larvae
have been counted in a single leaf.

60. N. trimaculella, Hw. 5-6 mm. Head ochreous-yellow-
ish, collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Abdomen of

S yellowish, crimson-tinged. Forewings dark fuscous ; a broad
median longitudinal patch extending from base to near middle,
and large opposite sometimes confluent triangular costal and
dorsal spots beyond middle whitish-yellowish. Hindwings gre}^.
England to Durham, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva pale
greenish -yellow : in irregular gallei'ies in leaves of poplar ;
7, 9, 10.

61. N. assimilella, Z. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous, collar
whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings dark fuscous; a
small basal spot, a large roundish discal spot at J, a dorsal spot
before tornus, and a small spot somewhat befoi'e it on costa
whitish ; outer half of cilia ochreous-white. Hindwings grey.

Sussex, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 8. Larva pale greenish : in
irregular galleries in leaves of Populus tremula ; 7, 9.

62. N. subbimaculella, Ilw. 5-6 mm. Head orange. An-

726 TINEINA [nepticula

tennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings dark fuscous ; a small
basal spot, another on middle of costa, and a larger tri-
angular spot on dorsum before tornus ochreous-whitish ; tips
of apical cilia whitish. Hindwings grey.

England, common; C. Europe; 6. Larva whitish -green :
in blotches in leaves of oak ; 9, 10.

63. N. argyropeza, Z. 5-6 mm. Head ochreous-yellow,
collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings dark
fuscous ; a small costal spot before middle, and a larger dorsal
spot before tornus whitish ; outer half of cilia whitish. Hind-
wings grey.

England to York, local ; Germany ; 5.

64. N. apicella. Hit. 6-7 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish,
collar whitish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings blackish,
bases of scales grey-whitisli, towards base sometimes suffused
with whitish ; an ill-defined triangular spot on middle of costa,
and another on dorsum opposite whitish ; outer half of cilia
whitish. Hindwings light gre3^

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva pale
yellowish: in leaf- stalks, afterwards in blotches in leaves of
Populus tremula ; 7-11.

65. N. headleyella, Stt. 4-6 mm. Head reddish-fuscous to
dark fuscous, sometimes mixed with yellowish. Antennal eye-
caps whitish. Forewings blackish-fuscous ; a silvery-grey basal
blotch extending to J ; a triangular spot on costa beyond middle
and another on doi'sum opposite silvery-metallic ; tips of cilia
gre^'^-whitish. Hindwings grey.

Surrey, Sussex, Wilts, York, local ; not recorded elsewhere ;
6, 8. Larva ^^ellow ; head pale brown : in galleries becoming
blotches in leaves of Prunella vulgaris ; 7, 9, 10.

66. N. pulverosella, Stt. 6-7 mm. Head ferruginous-yel-
lowish. Antennal eyecaps whitish. Forewings shining pale
ochreous-greyish, coarsely irrorated with dark fuscous ; outer
part of apical cilia whitish. Hindwings light grey.

England to York, rather local ; Germany ; 5, 6. Larva
yellowish : in blotches in leaves of apple ; 6, 7.

67. N. cryptella, Stt. 4-5 mm. Head ferruginous-yellowish,
sometimes mixed with fuscous. Antennal eyecaps whitish.
Forewings pale greyish, coarsely irrorated with dark fuscous ;
outer part of cilia whitish-grey. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; Germany, Switzerland : 6, 8.
Larva pale yellow - greenish : in blotches in leaves of Lotus
corniculatus ; 7, 9.

trifurculaI TINEIDAE 727

2. Trifurcula, Z.

Head rough. Tongue rudimentary. Antennae |, in $
simple, basal joint enlarged and concave beneath to form eye-
cap. Labial pal})! short, filiform, droo})ing. Maxillary palpi
long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibiae with bristles above ;
middle-spurs below middle. Forewings : lb simple, 4 absent,
5 absent, cell open between 6 and 10, 7-9 absent. Hindwings
f, lanceolate, cilia 2i-3 ; cell open between 2 and 5, 3 absent,
4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked.

A genus of few species, apparently restricted to Europe ;
correlated with Nepticula. Imago with forewings lanceolate.
Larva hardly known.

1. Head black . . . 1. atrifronteUa.

„ more or less yellowish . . .2.

2. Forewings irrorated with fuscous . 2. immundella.

,, ,, with pale ochreous . 3. pallideUa.

1. T. atrifronteUa, Stt. 7-9 mm. Head blackish. Antennal
eyecaps whitish. Forewings pale greyish -ochreous, coarsely
irrorated with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Surrey, Dorset, local ; Germany ; 7, 8. Has been
recorded as bred from hawthorn, but unconfirmed.

2. T. immundella, Z. {squamatella, Stt.) 7-8 mm. Head
ochreous-yellowish, mixed with fuscous. Antennal eyecaps
whitish. Forewings ochreous-grey-whitish, coarsely irrorated
with fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, amongst Cytisus sco2oarius, common ;
C. Europe, N. Africa ; 7, 8. ''

3. T. pallidella, Z. 7-9 mm. Head pale yellowish. An-
tennae wholly whitish -yellowish. Forewings shining whitish-
yellowish, coarsely irrorated with pale ochreous. Hindwings
whitish-grey.

Dorset, Herts, Lancashire, Westmoreland, amongst Genista
tinctoria, local ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 8, 9.

3. ScoLiAULA, n.g.

Head rough. Tongue rudimentary. Antennae §, in S
simple, basal joint enlarged and concave beneath to form eye-
cap. Labial palpi short, filiform, rather drooping. Maxillary
palpi long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibiae with bristles above ;
middle -spurs slightly above middle. Forewings : lb simple,
lower margin of cell obsolete, upper margin curved downwards
below middle of disc, 2 absent, 3 absent, 4-7 appearing to rise

TINEINA

[SCOLIAULA

Neuration of ScoUaula quadn-
maculdla.

out of 8, 9 absent. Hindwings ovef ^, lanceolate, cilia 2^ ; cell
open between 2 and 6, 3-5 absent.

Only the one species is known ;
it must closely approach the
common ancestral form of the two
preceding genera. Its own oi'igin
is obscure, but may probably be
referred to a very early form of
the family, allied to Tinea and
preserving much of the ancestral
structure. Imago with forewings
lanceolate.

1. S. quadrimaculella. Boh. 7-9 mm. Head orange, collar
ochreous-whitish. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings bright shining purplish - coppery ; yellow -whitish costal
and dorsal opposite spots beyond middle. Hindwings dark
fuscous.

England to York, amongst alder, local ; Holland, Sweden ; 7.

4. Opostega, Z.

Head rough, back of crown smooth. Tongue short or absent.
Antennae ~, in $ simple, basal joint very greatly enlarged,
dilated and concave beneath to form a large eyecap. Labial
palpi short, filiform, drooping. Maxillary palpi long, filiform,
folded. Abdomen more or less flattened. Posterior tibiae and
first joint of tarsi with long bristles. Forewings: lb simple,
cell open between 2 and 11, 3-10 all absent; lower surface
with large basal denuded patch below costa
narrow -lanceolate, beneath with
median pecten of stiff scales
towards base, cilia 3-5; transverse
vein absent between 2 and 5, 3
absent, 4 absent.

A remarkable genus, repre-
senting the extreme of neural
degenei'ation ; its origin is ex-
ceedingly doubtful ; though not
large, it is probably nearly cos-
mopolitan, more species being at present known from Australia
than elsewhere. Imago with forewings lanceolate. Larva
almost unknown.

1. Forewings white . . . . .2.

„ pale ochreous . . .4. sjHitulcUa

Hindwings | - 1,

Neuration of Opostega crepusnddla.

orosTEGA] TINEIDAE 729

2. Forewings with dark fuscous median dorsal mark 3.

,, without such mark . .1. saJaciella.

3. Forewings with dark fuscous sti'eak from middle of

costa . . 3. crejniscideJIa.

„ without median costal streak 2. auritcUa.

1. 0. salaciella, Tr. {reliquella, Z.) 9-12 mm. Forewings
white ; sometimes an indistinct yellowish fascia towards apex,
often entirely ahsent. Hindwings whitish-grey.

England to Westmoreland, rather common ; C. Europe ; 6,
7. Has been bred from Rumex acetosella ; larva perhaps in the
flower-stems, 5. The imago flies boldly towards dusk, and
comes freely to lamps.

2. 0. auritella, lib. 9-10 mm. Forewings white; a dark
fuscous oblique spot on middle of dorsum ; three costal and
two dorsal fuscous strigulae before apex ; a black apical dot.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

Norfolk, Cambridge, in fens, scarce and local ; Germany,
Asia Minor ; 6. Said to have been bred from flower-stem of
Caltha.

3. 0. crepusculella, .^.7-10 mm. Forewings white; an
oblique rather dark fuscous streak from middle of costa, and
another from middle of dorsum; a fuscous ill-defined sub-
apical fascia, followed by two darker costal strigulae ; a minute
black apical dot. Hindwings fuscous.

England to Durham, N. Ireland, amongst Mentha 2^cdustris,
local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, Palestine ; 6, 7.

4. 0. spatulella, HS. 9-11 mm. Forewings pale shining
ochrcous, more or less gz'ey- sprinkled ; an indistinct oblique
fuscous streak from middle of costa, and a spot on middle of
dorsum, each followed by somewhat pale spots. Hindwings
grey.

Essex, Somerset, local ; France ; 8-6.

5. BUCCULATRIX, Z.

Head roughly tufted above, face smooth. Tongue short.
Antennae nearly 1, in S simj)le, basal joint enlarged and
dilated with scales and concave beneath to form eyecap ; in S
with deep notch and sinuation in stalk above basal joint.
Labial and maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae
hairy. Forewings : lb simple, 3 absent, 4 absent, 5 some-
times absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8 sometimes absent.
Hindwings §, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 3 ; transverse vein absent
between 2 and 5, 3 absent, 4 absent.

730

TINEINA

[bucculatrix

A rather limited genus, but occurring throughout the
Northern hemisphere and in Austi'alia. With the following
genus, it represents in Europe a group of genera {Erechthias

and its allies) which is especially

developed in Australia and New

Zealand. The peculiar antennal

structure recurs in Comodica,

a genus of this gi'oup. Imago

with forewings lanceolate. Larva

mining in leaves when young,

"iy^j-^ afterwards rather rough-skinned,

a. feeding externally on surface of

Neuration of BwccMta^rfe mfifricomcZZa ; leaves. Pupa in au elongate

ribbed cocoon.

a, basal portion of antenna of $.

1.

6.

7.

Forewings unicolorous

„ not unicolorous

Forewings yellow .

,, not yellow

Forewings dark with two pairs of pale markings

,, light with dark markings

Head dark fuscous

,, at most mixed with dark fuscous
Forewings dark fuscous .

,, not dark fuscous

Plical and second discal stigmata black

1. cristatella.

2.
8. thoraceJla.
3.
4.
7.
2. nigricomdla.
5.
7. cidardla.

. 6.
3. inaritirna.
obsolete 11. demarydla.
9. ulmella.
8.
4. artemisiae.
. 9.
10. crataecfi.

. 10.^
6. hoyerella.
5. frangulella.

Head more or less ferruginous
,, not ferruginous-tinged

8. Forewings with two dark costal spots

,, ,, three dark costal spots

9. Head pale fuscous

,, white
10. Forewings with blackish apical dasli

,, without blackish apical dash

1. B. cristatella, Z. 6-7 mm. Head ochreous- yellowish to
light yellowish -fuscous. Forewings shining ochreous-grey.
Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, rather local; (!. Europe; G, 8.
Larva pale greenish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; dots
whitish ; head pale lu'own ; plate of 2 yellowish, brown-dotted :
on Achillea millefolium ; 4, 5, 7.

2. B. nigricomella, Z. {aurimaculella, Stt.) 7-8 nnn. Head
dark fuscous. Antennal eyecaps whitish, l^'orewings shining

BUCcuLATRix] TINEIDAE 731

greyisli-bronzy ; pairs of costal and dorsal undefined ochreous-
whitish spots before middle and at f . Hindwings rather dark
grey.

England to Cumberland, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;
5, 6, 8. Larva greenish or yellowisli ; head pale brown ; 2
black-speckled : on Chrysanthemuvi leucanthemum ; 3, 4, 7. On
the Continent the usual form of the imago is almost unicolorous,
the spots being hearly or quite obsolete, but this form does not
seem to have occurred in England.

3. B. maritima, Stt. 8-9 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous,
centre sometimes fuscous. Forewings light greyish-ochreous,
more or less irrorated with fuscous ; a short median streak from
base, pairs of costal and dorsal undefined spots before middle
and at | whitish, often very indistinct ; plical and second discal
stigmata minute, black. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England, E. Ireland, in salt-marshes, common ; Germany,
Finland ; 6, 8. Larva pale greyish-green ; dorsal line darker ;
iiead yellowish; 2 yellowish -grey, blackish - dotted : on Aster
tripolium, mining long galleries until nearlv full-grown;
4, 5, 7.

4. B. artemisiae, HS. 7-9 mm. Head fuscous, sides usually
wliitish. Forewings whitish or ochreous-grey-whitish, often
much irrorated with fuscous ; a streak along fold from base to
before middle, a short longitudinal streak in disc before middle,
an oblique streak from dorsum beyond middle, two oblique
streaks from costa posteriorly, and a tornal suffusion brownish-
ochreous or fuscous; second discal stigma small, blackish.
Hindwings grey.

Kent (Folkestone), once bred ; Germany, Finland ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva greenish-grey ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; head
brown ; 2 black - dotted : on Artemisia campestris (but the
English example was bred from Achillea millefoliuvi) ; 4, 5, 7.

5. B. frangulella, Gz. 7-8 mm. Head white, sometimes
fuscous-mixed in middle. Forewings white, sometimes more or
less sprinkled with fuscous ; oblique costal spots before and
beyond middle, a third at apex, and one on middle of
dorsum brownish-ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous ; plical
and second discal stigmata black. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, rather common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale yellowish-green, anteriorly pinkish-
tinged ; dorsal line darker; head pale brown ; 2 brown-marked
above: on Rhamnus fi-angula ; 8, 9.

6. B. boyerella, Dup. 8-9 mm. Head white, sometimes

732 TINEINA [bucculatkix

fuscous-mixed in middle. Forewings white, sprinkled with dai'k
ochreous-fuscous ; an oblique spot on costa before middle, an
oblique fascia beyond middle including a blackish mark beneath,
an oblique costal spot before apex terminating in a black apical
dash, and an oblique aiiteriorly blackish -margined spot on
middle of dorsum brownish-ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous.
Hindwings grey.

England to York, local ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.
Larva pale yellowish ; subdorsal line dark green ; dots grey ;
head pale brown : on elm ; 8, 9.

7. B. cidarelia, Z. 8-9 mm. Head dull ferruginous, mixed
with fuscous in middle. Antenna! eyecaps white. Forewings
dark fuscous ; two whitish costal spots before middle and at
|, and two on dorsum somewhat anterior to these ; cilia
ochreous-tinged. Hindwings grey.

England to Cumberland, rather common ; C. Europe ; 5, G.
Larva yellowish -green, anteriorly reddish-tinged; dorsal line
darker ; dots whitish ; head pale brown : on alder ; 8, 9.

8. B. thoracella, Thnh. (hip2wcastanella, Dup.) 6-8 mm.
Head ochreous-yellowish. Forewings light ochreous-yellow ; a
thick fascia near base, and large costal and dorsal median spots
dark fuscous ; a fine dark fuscous longitudinal line from middle of
disc to apex, extending into cilia. Hindwings grey or dark grey.

Gloucester to Derby and Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 7.
Larva whitish -yellow, anteriorly reddish -tinged ; head pale
whitish-yellow : on Tilia ; 6, 8.

9. B. ulmella, Z. (vetustella, Stt.) 7-8 mm. Head ferruginous,
sometimes mixed with dark fuscous in middle. Antennal
eyecaps ochreous-whitish. Forewings ochreous-whitish, irrorated
with brown ; four oblique costal spots, first and third large, and
a large median dorsal spot dark fuscous ; cilia more ochreous-
tinged. Hindwings grey.

England to York, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6, 8.
Larva pale grey-greenish ; lateral line darker ; dots whitish ;
head pale brown; 2 brownish -grey, black - dotted : on oak
(abroad also on elm) ; 7, 9, 10.

10. B. crataegi, Z. {crataegifoliella, Dup.) 7-9 mm. Head
pale fuscous, mixed in middle with blackish. Forewings
brownish-whitish, irrorated Avith dark fuscous ; a more or less
distinct dark streak along fold from base to near middle, often
incomplete ; three oblique costal spots between ^ and apex, and
a median dorsal spot suffusedly dark fuscous : second discal
stigma forming a short blackish dash. Hindwings grey.

BUCCULATRix] TINEIDAE 733

England to Durham, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. and SE.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva dull green, more
yellowish above ; dorsal line darker ; dots yellowish ; head pale
brown ; 2 marked with dark grey : on hawthorn ; 7, 8.

11. B. demaryella, Stt. 8-9 mm. Head whitish, mixed
in middle with dark fuscous. Forewings brownish-whitish,
irrorated with dark fuscous ; two pairs of oblique whitish costal
and dorsal streaks before middle and at f , intermediate space
dark fuscous towards costa. Hindwings gi'ey.

Britain to Sutherland, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 5, 6.
Larva dull green, more whitish laterally ; spots white ; head
brown : on birch ; 8.

6. OiNOPHILA, St2)h.

Head roughly tufted on forehead, face and back of crown
smooth. Tongue short. Antennae 1, in S simple, basal joint
rather thick, without pecten. Labial palpi rather short,
filiform, drooping, second joint with some apical bristles
beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, somewhat pointed.
Maxillary palpi moderate, filifoi'm, drooping. Posterior tibiae
hairy. Forewings : lb simple, 3-5 absent, 7 to costa, 8 absent,
1 1 absent. Hindwings ^, narrow-lanceolate, cilia .3 : transverse
vein absent between 3 and 5, 4 absent, 6 absent.

Contains only the one species ; apparently related to the
preceding genus. Imago with forewings narrow - lanceolate,
apex somewhat produced. Larva very elongate, feeding on
fungus.

1. 0. v-flavum, Hw. 8-12 mm. Forewings ochreous-fuscous;
a slender light yellowish angulated fascia before middle, angle
emitting a short longitudinal line, sometimes extended to apex ;
a light yellowish spot on costa before apex, and another on
dorsinn somewhat anterior and sometimes connected. Hind-
wings fuscous.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; Holland, Germany ; 7,
8. Larva ochreous-whitish ; head and plate of 2 pale brown :
in silken galleries amongst fungus growing on walls in cellars,
also said to feed on corks ; 5, 6.

7. LiTHOCOLLETIS, lib.

Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth. Antennae
almost 1, in c? simple, basal joint thick, with pecten. Labial
palpi moderate, porrected or drooping, filiform, pointed. Max-
illary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae with appressed hairs.

734 TINEINA [lithocolletis

Forewings : lb simple, 3-5 absent, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 10
absent. Hindwings h, linear-lanceolate, cilia 4-5 ; transverse
vein absent between 2 and 5, 3 absent, 4 absent, 6 absent.

A large genus, principally European, represented less freely
in other parts of the Northern hemisphere, and in Australia by
a single species. The species are often very closely related

^ _^ together and hard to discrimin-

— — ^^^~^^^^^^ ^te, and it is possible that closer
"TTTTTZS-^'^ study may modify our views on

^^- — the limits of some of them ; ex-

/^ periments should be made to

^^^^^^^^=-____^__ test the direct influence of food-

^ o^^v plants. Imago with forewings

ym;i lanceolate ; in repose sitting with

^C^' forepart somewhat raised. Larva

'^^vo stout anteriorly, usually with a

Neuration and head of Lt</iocoWe<is vellow Or orano'e spot OU 9

faginella. -^ ^ i rT ■ ■ • '

Without prolegs on lU, minmg ui
leaves, seldom in bark of shoots ; the mine is a small blotch, of
which one surface is silk-lined and caused to contract, thus
producing a hollow chamber ; the contracting siirface may be
either on the upper or under side of the leaf, but is always
constant in the same species. Pupa within the mine, wath or
without a cocoon.

1. Ground-colour of forewings clear shining white . 2.

„ „ not clear white . 7.

2. Forewings with two or more angulated fasciae . 3.

,, without two fasciae . . .4.

3. Last fascia straight . . .4. syheUa.

,, ,, angulated . . .3. hortella.

4. Forewings with an oblique fascia from base of costa

1. roboris.
,, without such fascia . . .5.

5. Forewings with fuscous median line from base 7. heegerieUa.

„ without basal line . . .6.

6. Forewings with four costal and thi'ee dorsal strigulae

6. tenella.
„ ,, three costal and two dorsal strigulae

5. cramerella.

7. Foi'ewings white, irrorated with fuscous, with dark

bars . . . 45. comparella.

„ more or less ochreous, with pale

markings . . . .8

LiTHOCOLLETis] TINEIDAE 735

8. Forewings with two or more entire fasciae . 9.

„ with at most one entire fascia . .17.

9. Head and base of forewings black 40. schreherella.

„ „ ,, not bhxck . .10.

10. Forewings with short pale median basal dash . 11.

,, without such dash . . .14.

11. Forewings with three posterior dorsal spots

41. emherizipenndla.
„ with not more than two such spots . 12.

12. A white streak from angle of third fascia to costa

42. tristri(jdla.
No such connecting streak . . .13.

13. Three posterior costal and two dorsal sjDots 38. stettinensis.
Two posterior costal and one dorsal spot 43. scahiosella.

14. Forewings pale reddish-ochreous . . 44. trifasciella.

„ shining golden-ochreous . .15.

15. Three costal spots beyond second fascia . .16.
Two costal spots beyond second fascia 39. kleemannella.

16. Fasciae and spots whitish . . 36. Nicellii.

„ „ ochreous-tinged 37. froelichiella.

17. Forewings with a pale median basal streak . 18.

„ without basal streak . . 2. amyotella.

18. Forewings reddish-ochreous . 35. corylifoliella.

,, not reddish-ochreous . . .19.

19. Face leaden-metallic .... 20.

„ not metallic . , . . .22.

20. Head black on crown . . .9. lautella.

„ fuscous . . . . .21.

21. Cilia sharply barred above tornus; expanse 5-7 mm.

1 1 . insignitella.
„ not sharply barred ; expanse 8-9 mm.

10. nigrescentella.

22. Basal streak reaching to beyond middle 32. quercifoliella.

„ „ not reaching beyond middle . . 23.

23. Pale markings ill-defined and indistinct . 34. viminiella.

„ „ sharply defined . . .24.

24. First dorsal streak reaching opposite apex of second

costal . - 33. messcmiella.

»> )j not reaching apex of second

costal . . . 25.

25. A white costal streak from near base to f

29. quinqueguttella.
No such costal streak , , . .'26.

736 TINEINA [lithocolletis

26. Dorsal spot at ^ reaching basal streak 16. viminetorxim.

„ „ not reaching basal streak . 27.

27. First pair of spots almost or quite confluent, to

form a fascia . . 28.

„ ,, not tending to form a fascia 32.

28. Fascia more or less angulated . . . 29.

„ slightly bent only . . .14. s^miolella.

29. Basal streak dark-margined above . . 30.

„ „ not dark-margined . . .31.

30. A short white dorsal streak from base . 12. anderidae.
A white dorsal spot at ^- . 13. ulmifoliella.

31. A short white dorsal streak from base . 15. cavella.
A white dorsal spot at -3- . . 17. salicicolella.

32. First costal spot produced along costa towards base 33.

,, „ not produced . . .34.

33. First costal spot dark-margined posteriorly 26. coryli.

„ „ not dark-margined posteriorly

25. car2nn,icolella.

34. First costal spot reaching beyond first dorsal 8. alnifoliella.

„ „ not reaching beyond first dorsal 35.

35. Dorsum narrowly white towards base, with whitish

spot at g- . . . . 36.

„ not whitish-marked towards base . 42.

36. First pair of spots little oblique . .18. lantanella.

„ „ „ strongly oblique , . 37.

37. Posterior tarsi with dark fuscous spots , . 38.

,, „ without dark fuscous spots . 39.

38. Forewings more orange, first spots posteriorly dark-

margined . . . 20. torminella.

„ more brown, first spots not posteriorly

dark-margined . 19. pomifolieUa.

39. A wliitish dorsal spot at \ . . 24. fagineUa.
Dorsum narrowly white towards base . . 40.

40. Basal streak dark -margined above . .41.

,, ,, not dark-margined . 22. cerasicolella.

41. Dorsal spots dark-margined posteriorly . 21. sorhi.

„ ,, not dark-margined posteriorly 23. sjmiicolella.

42. A dark apical liook in cilia . . 27. distentella.
No dark hook in cilia .... 43.

43. Basal streak dark-margined above . 28. junonidla.

„ „ not dark-margined . . . 44.

44. Forewings with black line in cilia . 30. ulicicolella.

„ with only faint line in cilia .31. scopariella.

i.TTHocoLT.ETis] TINEIDAE 737

1. L. roboris, Z. 7-9 mm. Forewings shining white ; a very
oblique golden-brown fascia from base of costa, broad above,
posteriorly fuscous-edged ; four dark fuscous costal strigulae
towards apex, anteriorly edged with an ochreous tinge, first
obli(|ue and nearly meeting a similar dorsal strigula ; a golden-
brown apical spot containing a black dot ; a dark apical hook
in cilia. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Roxburgh, local; C. and SE. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
in leaves of oak (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

2. L. amyotella, Dup. 7-9 mm. Forewings golden-ochreous,
posteriorly mixed with dark fuscous ; a dorsal spot at \, and
opposite oblique costal and dorsal spots at \ and | white,
edged with dark fuscous ; a dark apical hook in cilia. Hind-
wings grey.

Gloucester, Worcester, Lancashire to Durham, local ; C
Europe; 5, 8. Larva in leaves of oak (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

3. L. hortella, F. 7-9 mm. Forewings shining white ; three
brownish -ochreous blackish -edged fasciae, second and third
acutely angulated, often interrupted below angle, angle of
third emitting a streak to apex ; two brownish - ochreous
posteriorly blackish-edged costal strigulae towards apex, reach-
ing apical streak ; a dark apical hook in cilia. Hindwings
light grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; (J. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 8.
Larva in leaves of oak (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

4. L. sylvella, Ihv. {acerifoliella; Z.) 7-9 mm. Forewings
shining white ; a fascia near base indicated by black margins
only ; two brown or brown -whitish blackish -edged angulated
fasciae beiVjre and beyond middle, sometimes connected by a
dash in disc, second followed by a straight similar fascia
touching its angle; two brown posteriorly black -edged costal
spots before apex ; a dark fuscous apical strigula, ending in a
black spot. Hindwings light grey.

England to York, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 8.
Larva yellowish; head pale yellow -brown : in leaves of maple
(underside) ; 7, 10.

5. L. cramerella, F. 7-10 mm. Forewings shining white;
three posterior costal and two dorsal dark fuscous strigulae,
anteriorly more or less margined sufFusedly with brownish-
ochreous ; apex brownish - ochreous, enclosing a round black
apical dot ; an ill-defined dark hook in apical cilia. Hindwings
light grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, very abundant ; N. and C.
3 B

738 TINEINA [lithocolletis

Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 8. Larva in leaves of oak (underside) ;
7, 9, 10.

6. L. tenella, Z. 7-8 mm. Forewings shining white; four
costal and three dorsal dark fuscous strigulae, anteriorly more
or less margined suifusedly with pale yellow -ochreous ; apex
pale yellow -ochreous, enclosing a black usually elongate apical
dot ; an ill-defined dark hook in apical cilia. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Roxburgh, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva in
leaves of hornbeam (underside); 7, 9, 10.

7. L. heegeriella, Z. 7-8 mm. Forewings shining white ; a
fuscous median line from Imse to middle ; four costal and three
dorsal dark fuscous strigulae, anteriorly more or less broadly
margined with pale yellow-ochreous ; apex pale yellow-ochreous,
enclosing an elongate black apical dot ; an ill-defined dark hook
in apical cilia. Hindwings pale grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva in leaves of oak (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

8. L. alnifoliella, Buj^ (alnieUa, Z.) 7-9 mm. Forewings
fuscous or ochreous, in $ more whitish towards base ; a pointed
white median streak from base to middle, edged with dark
fuscous above ; four costal and three dorsal posterior shining
white wedge-shaped spots, edged anteriorly and first costal
posteriorly with dark fuscous, first dorsal broad, before first
costal ; a round black apical dot ; an ill-defined dark hook in
apical cilia. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ;
N. and C. Europe; 5, 8. Larva greenish - w hite ; dorsal line
green ; head pale brown : in leaves of alder (underside) ;
7, 9, 10.

9. L. lautella, Z. (i7-radiella, Stt.) 6-8 mm. Head black,
face leaden -metallic. Antennae with apex white. Forewings
ochreous -orange or golden -brown ; a silvery- white black-edged
median streak from base to f , and central sometimes interrupted
fascia ; two costal and two dorsal posterior triangular silvery-
white spots, edged with black anteriorly and dorsal posteriorly ;
an elongate blackish apical spot. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, h^cal ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva in leaves of o^dv (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

10. L. nigrescentella, Lo;/<m (bremie/la, Fr.) 8-9 mm. Head
fuscous, face leaden-metallic. Forewings golden-ochreous, some-
times more or less suft'used with fuscous or dark fuscous ; a
silvery-white dark-edged median streak from base to 3- ; a curved
fascia before middle, three posterior costal and two dorsal

LiTiiocoLLETis] TINEIDAE 739

triangular spots silvery-white, dark-margined ; a blackish apical
spot. Hindwings rather dark grey.

England, E. Ireland, local ; S. Germany, Switzerland ; 4, 8.
Larva yellowish ; dorsal line dark green ; head very pale
brownish : in leaves of Vicia sepium (underside), and occasionally
Trifolmm, Jledicaqo, etc. ; 7, 9, 10.

11. L. insignitella, Z. 5-7 mm. Differs from L. nigrescenteUa
as follows : forewings more orange -tinged, margins of silvery-
white markings blacker, basal streak somewhat longer, first
costal and dorsal spots more opposite, cilia more sharply barred
with white on second dorsal spot.

Durham, local; Germany; 5,8. Larva in leaves of 2V;/o^t«7?i
and Ononis (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

12. L. anderidae, Fletcher. 5-7 mm. Differs from L.
ulmifoUeUa as follows : forewings more orange, basal median
streak dark -margined beneath towards apes, sometimes reach-
ing fascia, a very slender white dorsal streak to J, dark -edged
above, dark edging continued along dorsum to join fascia,
median fascia partially dark -margined posteriorly, hindwings
})aler.

Sussex, Dorset, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 5, 8. Larva
yellowish - green ; head black, towards centre light grey : in
leaves of birch (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

13. L. ulmifoliella, Hh. 7-8 mm. Head golden -brownish,
face white. Antennae with apex white. Forewings golden-
brownish ; a shining white median streak from base to -f, dark-
margined above ; an ill - defined white dorsal spot at ^ ; a
somewhat angulated median fascia, three posterior costal and
two dorsal triangular spots shining white, anteriorly dark-
margined ; a black apical dot. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N,
and C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva yellow - green ; dorsal line
<>reenish-urey ; head pale brown : in leaves of birch (underside) ;
7, 9, 10. ^

14. L. spinolella, Du2). 8-10 mm. Head whitish, mixed
with fuscous, face white. Antennae with apex white. Fore-
wings golden-ochreous ; a white median streak from base to | ;
an ill-defined white dorsal spot at \ ; a slightly bent median
fascia, three posterior costal and two dorsal spots wdiite,
anteriorly dark -margined ; a black apical dot ; dark line of cilia
nearly obsolete. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the CIjUq, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 8,
Larva in leaves of Salix caprea (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

740 TINEINA [lithocolletis

15. L. cavella, Z. 8-10 mm. Head white, forehead ochreous-
tinged. Antennae whitish. Forewings clear golden-ochreous ;
a wliite median streak from base to near middle ; basal third of
dorsum slenderly white ; four triangular costal and three
longer wedge-shaped dorsal spots shining white, anteriorly more
or less dark-margined, first costal and dorsal sometimes confluent
to form an angulated fascia ; a black apical strigula, surmounted
by a white spot. Hindwings light grey.

Kent, Essex, Herefoi'd, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva in
leaves of birch (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

16. L. viminetorum, titt. 7-9 mm. Antennae with apex
whitish. Forewings golden-brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous;
a slender white median streak from base to near middle ; a
triangular white dorsal spot at \ reaching basal streak ; an
angulated sometimes interrup;ted median fascia, three ill-defined
posterior costal and two dorsal spots white, anteriorly dark-
margined ; an elongate blackish apical dot. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Ross, local ; Germany; 5,8. Larva pale yellowish;
dorsal line greenish ; head pale brown : in leaves of Salix
viminalis (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

17. L. salicicolella, Sire. 7-9 mm. Differs from L.
viminetorum as follows : forewings more golden-ochreous, dorsal
antemedian s})ot not reaching basal streak, hindwings rather
lighter.

England, N. and E. Ireland, common ; Germany, Switzer-
land ; 5, 8. Larva whitish - green ; dorsal line green ; head
brown : in leaves of Salix caprea (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

18. L. lantanella, Schrk. 8-9 mm. Forewings light golden-
ochreous ; a white dark-margined median streak from base to
near middle ; dorsum slenderly white towards base ; four costal
and three dorsal shining white wedge-shaped spots, anteriorly
dark-margined, first costal small, shorter than second ; a blackish
apical dot, white-edged anteriorly. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Forfar, local; C. Europe; 5, 8. Larva pale
yellowish ; dorsal line dark green ; head pale brown : in leaves
of Vihurnum lantuna (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

19. L. pomifoliella, Z. {oxyacanthae, Fr.) 7-9 mm. Posterior
tarsi with dark fuscous spots. Forewings golden-brown to dark
brown ; a white median streak from base to near middle, dark-
margined above ; dorsum narrowly white towards base ; four
costal and three dorsal white wedge-shaped spots, anteriorly
blackish-margined, first costal small, first dorsal long, sometimes
interrupted ; a blackish apical spot. Hindwings dark grey.

LITHOCOLLETIS] TINEIDAE 741

]>ritain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, plentiful ; N. and C.
Europe, N. America ; 5, 8. Larva pale yellowisli ; dorsal line
urccn ; head pale brown : in leaves of hawthorn and a])j)lc
(underside) : 7, 9, 10.

20. L. torminella, Fr. 6-8 mm. Differs from L. 'pomitolldhf
as follows: forewings brownish -orange, markings more shining
white, first costal and dorsal spots posteriorly black-margined.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
whitish ; dorsal line dark gi-een ; head pale brown : in leaves of
Pl/rns torminalis (underside) ; 7, 10.

21. L. sorbi, Fr. 7-9 mm. Posterior tarsi whitish. Fore-
wings light golden-ochreous ; a white median streak from base
to near middle, dark -margined above ; dorsum narrowly white
towards base ; four costal and three dorsal shining white wedge-
shaped spots, dark-margined anteriorly and dorsal posteriorly,
first dorsal long ; a blackish apical s])ot. Hindwings grey.

York, Westmoreland, Durham, local ; N. and C. Europe ;
5, 8. Larva in leaves of Pyrus aucuparia and Pmmis ^Jrtf/?/.5
(underside) : 7, 9, 10.

22. L. cerasicolella, IIS. 7-8 nun. Posterior tarsi whitish.
Forewings golden-orange ; a white median streak from l)ase to
near middle ; dorsum narrowly white towards base ; four costal
and three dorsal shining white anteriorly blackish -margined
wedge-shaped spots ; a l^lack apical strigula, edged above with
white. Hindwings grey.

York, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva pale yellow ; head
dark brown or black ; plate of 2 orange-yellow : in leaves of
Prunus avium (iinderside) ; 7, 9, 10.

23. L. spinicolella, Stt. 6-8 mm. Posterior tarsi whitish.
Forewings golden-ochreous; a white median streak from base
to near middle, dark -margined above; dorsum narrowly white
towards base ; four costal and three dorsal shining white
anteriorly dark-margined wedge-shaped spots, first dorsal some-
times connected with basal streak ; a blackish elongate apical
dot. Hindwings light grey.

Britain to Perth, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva green - whitish ; dorsal line dark green ; head ])ale
greenish : in leaves of l)lackthorn and plum (underside) ;
7, 9, 10.

24. L. faginella, Z. {trlguttella, Stt.) 7-9 mm. Posterior
tarsi whitish. Forewings pale golden-ochreous, sometimes
fuscous-tinged ; a white median streak from base to near middle,
sometimes dark -margined above; an indistinct whitish dorsal

742 TINEINA [lithocolletis

spot at f^ ; four costal and three dorsal shining white anteriorly
dark-margined wedge-shaped spots ; a black elongate apical dot.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, abundant ; C. Europe,
N. America; 5, 8. Larva pale greenish-yellow; dorsal line
darker; head pale greenish -yellow : in leaves of beech (under-
side) ; 7, 9, 10.

25. L. carpinicolella, Stt. 7-9 mm. Posterior tarsi with dark
fuscous spots. Forewings light golden - ochreous ; a white
median streak from base to about middle ; a whitish dorsal
spot at -| ; four costal and three dorsal shining white anteriorly
dai'k- margined wedge-shaped spots, first costal finely produced
along costa towards base ; a black elongate apical dot. Hind-
wings grey.

SE. England to Berks and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva green-whitish ; dorsal line dark green ; head pale greenish-
brown : in leaves of hornbeam (upperside) ; 7, 9, 10.

26. L. coryli, JVic. 7-8 mm. Differs from L. carpinicolella
as follows: forewings golden -ochreous, often fuscous-tinged,
first costal spot dark-margined posteriorly.

Britain to Berwick, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva pale yellowish ; dorsal line dark green ; head pale brown :
in leaves of hazel (upperside) ; 7, 9, 10.

27. L. distentella, Z. 8-9 mm. Head white. Posterior
tarsi whitish. Forewings pale shining golden-ochreous; a strong
white median streak from base to near middle ; four costal and
two dorsal large shining white anteriorly dark -edged wedge-
shaped spots ; a small black apical dot preceded by an indistinct
fuscous suffusion ; a fuscous projecting apical hook in cilia.
Hindwings pale grey.

Hereford, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva in leaves of oak
(underside) ; 7, 9, 10. Pupa without a cocoon.

28. L. junoniella, Z. {vacciniella, Stt.) 7-8 mm. Forewings
shining golden-ochreous ; a white median streak from base to
near middle, dark-margined above ; four costal and three dorsal
shining white wedge-shaped spots, dark -margined anteriorly
and first pair posteriorly, first costal short ; a black elongate
apical dot. Hindwings grey.

Cheshire to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6,
8. Larva in leaves of Vacciniaim vitis-idaea (underside) ; 4, 5, 7.

29. L. quinqueguttella, Stt. 5-7 mm. Forewings golden-
ochreous ; a white median streak from base to near middle,
dark -margined above ; a white posteriorly dilated dark-edged

LiTHOcoLLETis] TINEIDAE 743

streak along costa from near base to I ; four costal and three
dorsal shining white anteriorly dark-margined triangular spots,
first dorsal short ; a blackish apical dot. Hindwings grey.

England to York, local ; Germany ; 5, 8. Larva in leaves
of Salix repcns (iniderside) ; 7, 9, 10.

30. L. ulicicolella, Stt. G-(S mm. Forewings shining golden-
ochveons ; a ^vhite median streak fi"om base to near middle ;
four short costal and three dorsal shining white wedge-shaped
spots, first dorsal long, second broad ; a black apical strigula ;
a black line in cilia. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 6, 7.
Larva probably on Ulex.

31. L. scopariella, ^. 7-8 mm. Difi^'ers from Z. «^/c/co/e/^a as
follows : forewings duller, basal streak often connected with
apex of first dorsal spot, cilia with only a faint line.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; G, 7. Larva in
bark of stems of Ci/tisus scopariifs : n.

32. L. quercifoliella, Z. 7-9 mm. Forewings shining pale
golden-ochreous ; a whitish dark-margined median streak from
base to beyond middle ; four costal and three dorsal shining
white wedge-shaped spots, dai'k- margined anteriorly and first
costal posteriorly; a black apical dot ; an indistinct dark hook
in apical cilia. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, plentiful ; xs. and C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 5, 8. Larva ochreous-whitish ; head brown : in
leaves of oak (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

33. L. messaniella, Z. 8-10 mm. Forewings light golden-
ochreous ; a whitish dark-margined median streak from base
almost to middle ; four costal and three dorsal shining white
wedge-shaped spots, dark- margined anteriorly and first pair
except towards origin posteriorly, first dorsal very long, reaching
opposite apex of second costal ; a black apical dot. Hindwings
grey.

Britain to the Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. and
SE. Europe, Asia Minor; 5, 8, 11. Larva yellow, paler an-
teriorly ; dorsal line dark green ; head brownish : in leaves of
Quercus ilex (occasionally also on oak and hornbeam) (under-
side) ; 3, 4, 7, 10.

34. L. vimlniella, Stt. 7-9 mm. Forewings shining ochreous,
sometimes fuscous-tinged ; a median streak from base to near
middle, four costal and three dorsal wedge-shaped spots obscure
whitish-ochreous, ill-defined and sometimes very indistinct, first
dorsal long ; a blackish apical strigula. Hindwings grey.

744 TINEINA [lithucolletis

Britain to Caledonian Canal, comin(jn ; Germany ; 5, 8.
Larva pale yello\vi«h ; dorsal line dark grey ; head pale brown :
in leaves of Salix caprea (underside) ; 6, 7, 9, 10.

35. L. corylifoliella, IIw. {Utulae, Z. ; ca/edom'ella, Stt.)
8-9 mm. Forewings reddish-ocbreous, posteriorly or sometimes
almost wholly suffused with blackisb-grcy l)lotcbes ; a slender
white median streak from base to near middle, with a mai;ked
sinuation downwards ; a slender oblique white streak from
middle of costa, and another from middle of dorsum ; sometimes
a whitish tornal dot and antcapical strigula. Hind wings gre}'
or dark grey.

Britain to Sutherland, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe; 5, 8.
Larva pale yellowish ; dorsal line green ; head pale brownish : in
leaves of hawtliorn, apple, birch, etc. (upperside) ; 7, 9, 10.

36. L. Nicellii, iS'tt. (<Iu)minr/ieUa, Stt.) 7-9 mm. Forewings
shining golden-ochreous, sometimes suffused with brown ; base
pale ; a fascia at -}, another in middle, three posterior costal
and two dorsal wedge-shaped spots shining whitish, anteriorly
blackish-margined, first pair of spots often connected ; an oval
blackish apical spot. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, common ; C.
Europe ; 5, 8. Larva in leaves of hazel (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

37. L. froelichiella, Z. 9-10 mm. Differs from L. Nicellii
as follows : forewings somewhat broader, more orange-tinged,
markings more ochreous-tinged.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
in leaves of alder (underside) : 7, 9, 10.

38. L. stettinensis, Nic 6-7 mm. Forewings shining golden-
orange or ])rownish-ochreous, sometimes suffused with fuscous;
a short shining whitish median streak from base ; a fascia at \,
another in middle, three posterior costal and two dorsal wedge-
shaped spots shining ochreous- whitish, anteriorly blackish-
margined ; a round bkickish apical spot. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva
pale yellowish -green ; dorsal line darker green; head pale
brown : in leaves of alder (upperside) ; 7, 10.

39. L. kleemannella, F. 7-9 nun. Forewings shining
ochreous-orange, sometimes much mixed with dark fuscous ; a
fascia at \, another at ^, two posterior costal and two dorsal
wedge-shaped spots silvery-whitish, anteriorly blackish-margined ;
a small round black apical spot. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, local; C. Europe, Asia Minor;
5, 8. Larva in leaves of alder (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

LITHOCOLLETIS] TINEIDAE 74G

40. L. schreberella, /'. 0-S mm. Head black, face Icadcn-
metallic. Antennae black, apex wliite. Forewings shining-
orange ; base blackish ; a fascia at |, anotlicr at ^, a wedge-
shaped costal spot at |, and a curved streak running from
torniis to apex silvery-white, anteriorl}' blackish-margined, tornal
streak more leaden-metallic towards apex. Hindwings grey.

England to York, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 5, 8. Larva pale yellowish ; dorsal line dark
green ; head pale bi'own : in leaves of elm (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

41. L. emberizipennella, />'•//. 8-10 mm. Forewings shining
golden-ochreous ; a short whitish median streak from base; a
fascia at ^, another at i, two posterior costal and three dorsal
wedge-shaped spots shining whitish, anteriorly blackish-mar-
gined; some blackish scales in disc between spots and towards
apex. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, rather common ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor; 5, 8. Larva green - whitish ; dorsal line darker
green ; head pale greenish : in leaves of Lonicera (underside) ;
7, 9, 10.

42. L. tristrigella, lliv. 7-9 nnn. Forewings shining golden-
lirownish-orange ; a short wliitish median l)asal dash ; a fascia
at T, another at i, and a third somewhat angulated and some-
times interrupted at f white, anteriorly blackish-margined ; a
whitish streak from angle of third fascia to costa before apex,
edged l^eneath with black scales. Hindwings grey.

England, rather local ; C. EurojDC : 5, 8. Larva in leaves of
elm (underside) ; 7, 9, 10.

43. L. scabiosella, D(jl. G-8 mm. Forewings shining golden-
brownish-ochreous ; a short white median basal dash ; a fascia
at :j, another at 5, two posterior costal and one dorsal wedge-
shaped spots shining white, anteriorly strongly black-margined,
first costal and dorsal spots connected by a patch of black scales
extending to tornus ; a black apical spot. Hindwings grey.

Surrey, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 8, 9. Larva pale
yellow ; dorsal line greenish ; head pale In'own : in leaves of
Scahiosa coJionhnria (underside) ; 8, 10-4.

44. L. trifasciella, Hw. 7-9 mm. Forewings jDale reddish -
ochreous ; three slender whitish more or less angulated fasciae,
mai'gined anteriorly with broad blackish suffusions, broadest
towards costa, third sometimes interrupted by a patch of
blackish scales extending to tornus ; a round blackish apical
sjjot preceded by a whitish wedge-shaped costal spot. Plind-
wings grey.

746 TINEINA [lithocolletis

Britain to the Clyde, E. IreluncI, common ; C. Eunjpe, Asia
Minor, N. America; 5, 8, 11. Larva pale yellow; dorsal line
gi'eenish; head pale brownish: in leaves of Lonicera (underside);
3, 4, 7, 10.

45. L. comparella, Z. 7-8 mm. Forewings white, irrorated
with fuscous ; three thick oblique costal and two shorter alter-
nating dorsal bars fuscous, darker-edged posteriorly ; a fuscous
costal spot before apex ; a Ijlack apical strigula. Hindwings grey.

Kent, Surrey, Berks, Hereford, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia
to Turkestan ; 5, 8. Larva in leaves of Pnpului^ alha ; 7, 9, 10.

8. Ornix, Tr.

Head rough, face smooth. Antennae about 1, in S simple,
basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi modei'ately long,
slightly curved, porrected or subascending, second joint smooth-
scaled, terminal shorter, pointed. Maxillary palpi moderately
long, filiform, porrected. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore-
wings : lb simple, 3 absent, 6 and 7 usually stalked, 7 to
costa. Hindwings §, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 2-3 ; 3 sometimes
absent, transverse vein absent between 4 and 5, 5 and 6 some-
times stalked.

A genus of some twenty species, almost restricted to Europe;
a development of Gracilaria. Imago with forewings elongate-
lanceolate. Larva without pi'olegs on 10, at first mining in
leaves, afterwards within a folded (seldom conically rolled) corner
of a leaf. The imago sits with the forepart much raised, the
anterior and middle legs prominently displayed.

1. Forewings with four costal spots . . 1. f/uttea.

,, with numerous costal strigulae . 2.

2. Cilia round apex with tips white . . .3.

,, ,, with tips dark fuscous . . 4.

3. Head and forewings white-mixed . . 3. hetulae.

,, ,, not white-mixed . 2. loganella.

4. Markings of forewings ochreous-tinged . 8. fagivora.

,, ,, not ochreous-tinged . 5.

5. Palpi wholly white . . . .6.

„ with two dark bands . - .7.

6. Head ochreous-tinged . . .5. torquiUella.

,, not ochreous-tinged . . 4. scoticella.

7. Forewings with ground-colour grey, blackish spots

distinct . 7. avellanella.
„ „ „ dark fuscous, blackish

spots suffused G. anglicella.

OKNix] TINEIDAE 747

1. 0. giittea, Hir. 10-12 mm. Head brownish -oclireoiis.
Forewings dark fuscous; four costal and two dorsal su])triungular
spots ochreous-white. Hindwings dark fuscous.

England to Durham, rather common ; C. Europe ; 5, G.
Larva yellowish ; dorsal line rather dark green or reddish ;
head l)lackdirown : within folded leaves of apple ; 7, 8.

2. 0. loganella, Stt. 9-11 mm. Head grey mixed with dark
brown. Palpi white. Forewings l)lackish-fuscous ; numerous
costal strigulae, a spot in disc posteriorly, and two dorsal spots
white ; a black apical dot ; cilia fuscous, terminal half white
except on tornus, with a black sidjapical line. Hindwings dark
grey.

Hereford, York to Sutherland, local ; not recorded else-
where ; 5. Larva pale green ; dorsal line darker ; head
brown ; 2 with four black spots : within folded leaves of
birch ; 8.

3. 0. betulae, Stt. {scutulatdla, Stt.) 9-10 mm. Head
fuscous, more or less mixed with white. Palpi white, some-
times wdth dark fuscous subaj)ical ring. Forewings grey,
irrorated with dark fuscous and white ; numerous costal
strigulae, a spot in middle of disc and another posteriorly,
and two dorsal spots white ; a blackish apical spot ; cilia with
two dark fuscous lines, tips round apex white, beneath ajjex
with a third dark fuscous line. Hindwings grey.

England, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva whitish-
green ; dorsal line dark green ; head brownish ; 2 with four
black spots: within folded leaves of birch; 7, 9, 10.

4. 0. scoticella, Stt. 9-10 mm. Head whitish, mixed wdth
fuscous. Palpi white. Forewings dark fuscous, towards base
irrorated with white : numerous costal strigulae, a spot in disc
posteriorly, and two dorsal spots preceded by blackish spots
white ; a black apical spot, anteriorly white -margined ; cilia
with three entire dark fusco\is lines. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Sutherland, N. Ireland, local, commoner north-
wards ; Germany, Switzerland ; 5, 6. Larva pale yellow-green ;
dorsal line dark green or red-brown ; head pale brown ; 2 with
four black spots : within folded leaves of Pyrus aucuparia and
P. aria; 8, 9.

5. 0. torcLuillella, Z. 9-10 mm. Head pale ochreous mixed
with fuscous. Palpi white. Forewings rather dark fuscous,
purplish -tinged, towards dorsiun and costa more blackish ;
numerous costal streaks, a spot in disc posteriorly, and two or
three dorsal spots white ; a black apical dot, strongly white-

748 TINEINA [ornix

edged anteriorly ; cilia witli three entire dark fuscous lines.
Hind wings grey.

England to Durham, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 8.
Larva |)ale yellow -green ; dorsal line dark green or reddish ;
head pale yellow ; 2 with four black spots : within folded
leaves of l)lacktliorn ; 7, 9.

6. 0. anglicella, Stt. {frmiarlac, Stt.) 9-11 nnn. Head
ochreous-whitish mixed with fuscous. Palpi white, apex of
second joint and median band of terminal dark fuscous.
Forewings dark fuscous, irrorated with whitish ; numerous
costal strigulae, a spot in middle of disc and another
posteriorly, and suffused dorsal strigidae interrupted by two
blackish spots white ; a black apical dot ; cilia with three entire
dark fuscous lines. Hindwings grey.

England, N. and E. Ireland, very common ; (J. Europe, N.
America ; 5, 8. Larva pale greenish-grey ; dor.sal line darker ;
spots pale ; head pale greenish-brown ; 2 with four black spots :
within conically folded leaves of hawthorn, and exceptionally on
Fraffaria ; 7, 9.

7. 0. avellanella, <S7^. {devoniella, Stt.) 9-10 mm. Head
whitish mixed with fuscons. Palpi white, apex of second joint
and median band of terminal dark fuscous. Forewings grey
irrorated with dark fuscous and whitish ; numerous costal
strigulae, an indistinct posterior spot in disc preceded by a
blackish elongate spot, and suffused dorsal strigulae interrupted
by two elongate blackish spots whitish ; a black apical dot ;
cilia with three entii-e dark fuscous lines. Hindwings grey.

England, N. Ireland, very common ; C. Europe ; 5, 8.
Larva whitish-green ; dorsal line dark green ; head brown ; 2
with four l)lack spots: within folded leaves of hazel; 7, 9, 10.

8. 0. fagivora, Stt. 9-11 mm. Head ochreous-whitish
mixed with fuscous. Palpi white, terminal joint with grey
median band. Forewings dark fuscous irrorated with ochre-
ous-whitish ; numerous indistinct costal and dorsal streaks and
a spot in disc posteriorly ochreous-whitish ; cilia with three
entire dark fuscous lines. Hindwings gre}'.

Cambridge, Gloucester, Sutherland, local and uncommon ;
Germany, Switzerland; 5, (?) 8. Larva whitish -green ; dorsal
line dark green ; head pale brown ; 2 with four black spots :
within folded leaves of beecli ; 7, (?) 9.

9. CornsGiUM, Z.
Charactei'S of Gracilaria, but second joint of lal)ial ]ialpi

coriscium] TINEIDAE 749

with rough tuft of scales towards apex beneath ; posterior
tibiae sometimes bristly above.

A very small but nearly cosmopolitan genus ; it agrees in
all its habits with Gracilaria, of wliich it is pi-obably an early
specialised ott'shoot.

1. Posterior tibiae bristly above . 3. hrongniardeUutn.

,, „ smooth above . . .2.

2. Forewings pale yellowish . . 1. sul^y/nirellwn.

,, not yellowish . . 2. cumdipenndluni.

1. C. sulphurellum, I/ir. {citrinellum, Z.) 12-14 mm.
Posterior tibiae smooth above. Forewings pale whitish-
yellow, with some scattered minute black dots, variable in
development ; sometimes spots of grey strigulae, especially in
disc ; sometimes a ferruginous black -spotted median longi-
tudinal streak from base of costa to apex. Hindwings dark
grey.

Bi'itain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, amongst oaks, local ;
C. and S. Europe ; 9-4.

2. C. cuculipennellum, llh. 11-12 mm. Posterior tibiae
smooth above. Forewings whitish, with numerous ochreous
or brown strigulae finely irrorated with black ; an oblique
fascia near base hardly reaching costa, a second before middle
hardly reaching dorsum, a third beyond middle interrupted
in disc, and a costal spot at f ochreous or brownish, finely
irrorated with black. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Cumberland, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 9-4.
Larva green -whitish ; head and plate of 2 l)rown : within
conically rolled leaves of Li</ustrutn ; 7, 8.

3. 0. brongniardellum, F. 8-10 mm. Posterior tibiae bristly
above. Forewings fuscous, sprinkled with yellow-whitish;
four slender oblique white fasciae, edged with black, more
strongly anteriorly, last three interrupted near dorsum; a
black projecting hook in apical cilia. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Cumberland, E. Ireland, not uncommon ; C. and
S. Europe, N. Africa ; 7-9. Larva pale whitish-green ; dorsal
line darker; head pale brown: in blotches in leaves of oak;
6,7.

10. Gracilaria, IIu'.

Head smooth. Antennae 1 or over 1, in c^ simple, basal
joint without pecten. Labial palpi long, curved, ascending,
second joint smooth or loosely scaled beneath towards apex,
terminal almost as long, pointed. Maxillary palpi moderately

750 TINEINA [gracilaria

long, filiform, porrected. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore-
wings : lb simple, 3 sometimes absent, 7 to costa. Hind wings
about ^, linear-lanceolate, cilia 4-5 ; 3 sometimes absent, trans-

verse vein absent between 4
^^^^,^-^5?^^^]^]^^^^^^^^^^^^ and 5, 5 and 6 stalked.

^;?i=*'^^;^^^--^^^2H_^'-''^^^^^^^''^ ^ genus of considerable es-

'\ll^-r:rrrrT^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ tent and universal distribution.

^^ZIi:==^°^^'^ Its immediate ancestry is ob-

^ scure, but it is probably an ofF-

^ ^'''""'----^^r-^^^^^^^^ shoot from a form approaching

"^^^^^T --T-^^:^=— ^""""^ \^-~) -Zelleria. Imago with fore-

\. -OJ '^^ings narrow-elongate, pointed,

^^^^ff) or elongate -lanceolate. Larva

Neuratiun and head of Craci/aria without prolegS OU 10, mining

aichimieiia. blotches Or forming rolled

conical chambers in leaves. The imago sits with the fore-
part much raised, the anterior and middle legs prominently
displayed.

1. Forewings with several pale marginal spots or fasciae 2.

,, with not more than two pale spots . 8.

2. Forewings with apical white spot . . .3.

,, without apical white spot . . 5.

3. Forewings with two anterior subdorsal spots 13. ononidis.

„ without subdorsal spots . . 4.

4. Crown white except at back . 15. hofmanniella.

„ wholly dark fuscous . 14. imperialella.

5. Forewings with pale entire fasciae . 9. syringeUa.

,, without entire fasciae . . .6.

6. Forewings with oblicpie streaks from costa 12. omissdla.

„ Avith spots only . . ^ 7.

7. Forewings with three costal spots 10. jj/uisianipennella.

,, ,, one subcostal and one costal spot

11. auroguttcUa.

8. Forewings with white costal streak 8. tringipennella.

,, without white costal streak . . 9.

9. Forewings with white streak from costa before y^

5. semifascia.
,, without such streak . . .10.

10. Forewings with small l)lack median costal spot

6. 'populetorum.
,, without such spot . . .11.

11. Costal blotch whitish . . . .12.

„ ,, yellowish or obsolete . . 13.

gracilauia] TINEIDAE 751

12. Apex of costal blotch emitting an oblique streak

2. stigmatella.
„ ,, „ not emitting a streak

4. falconipe^mella.

13. Costal blotch margined anteriorly by a dark fascia

3. hemidactyleUa.
„ „ without dark fascia . .14.

14. Costal blotch sharply defined . .1. alchimiella.

„ ,, indistinct or obsolete . 7. elongella.

1. G. alchimiella, Sc. (swederella, Thnb.) 10-13 mm. Fore-
wings purplish - ferruginous ; dorsum suffused with yellow to-
wards base ; a large triangular yellow median costal blotch,
apex often rounded. Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. America ;
5, 8. Larva whitish; dorsal line dai'k greenish - grey ; head
yellowisli, brown-marked : within conically rolled leaves of
oak ; 7, 9.

2. G. stigmatella, F. 12-14 mm. Forewings red -brown,
darkest towards costal blotch ; a triangular white median
costal blotch, usually mixed with brown -reddish, on costa
marked with several blackish dots, apex emitting a slender
outwardly oblique streak towards dorsum. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, N. Ireland, common ; Europe, WC.
Asia to Turkestan ; 9-5. Larva green-whitish ; head yellowish,
brown-marked : within conically rolled leaves of Salix and
popjlar ; 8, 9.

3. G. hemidactyleUa, /'. 12-14 nmi. Forewings light
ochreous-yellowish, mixed and strigulated with red-brown ;
a large triangular paler median costal blotch, on costa
marked witli several blackish dots, anteriorly margined by
a suffused dark reddish-fuscous fascia. Hindwings grey.

SE. England to Dorset and Norfolk, Cheshire, Westmore-
land, S. Ireland, local; C. Europe; 9-5. Larva pale yellow-
greenish ; dorsal line dark green ; head paler : within conically
rolled leaves of sycamore ; 7, 8.

4. G. falconipennella, Hh. 12-14 mm. Forewings dark
reddish-fuscous irrorated with whitish ; margins and fold
dotted with black ; an indistinct whitish triangular costal
blotch before middle. Hindwings dark grey.

Kent, Surrey, Hereford, scarce and local ; C. Europe, N.
America : 9-4. Larva within folded leaves of alder ; 7, 8.

5. G. semifascia, Ihr. 10-12 nun. Forewings reddish-fuscous,
often mixed with pale yellowish ; an oblique ochreoiis- white

752 TINEINA [guacilai;ia

dark-edged streak from costa before ^ to fold, apex bent out-
wards; some dark fuscous dots on costa. Hindwings dark
grey.

England to York, Sutherland C?), local; C. Europe; 9-5.
Larva pale greenish ; dorsal line dark green ; head pale bi'ownish :
witliin conically rolled leaves of maple ; 7.

6. G. populetorum, Z. 11-14 mm. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, irregularly tinged and clouded with fuscous ; margins
dotted with black ; a small black spot on middle of costa ;
blackish dots on fold at \ and §. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe ; 9-4. Larva
green-whitish ; head very pale brownish : within longitudinally
rolled leaves of birch ; 7, 8.

7. G. elongella, L. {strammeella, Stt.) 14-16 nmi. Fore-
wings deep reddish-ochreous, sometimes mixed or suftused with
pale yellowish ; margins sometimes with darker dots ; often an
indistinct pale yellowish triangular costal blotch before middle.
Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; Euro])e, N. America;

6, 9-4. Larva whitish or pale greenish ; dorsal line dark grey;
head pale brownish or greenish : within conically rolled leaves
of alder and birch ; 5, 7.

8. Of. tringipennella, Z. 10-13 mm. Forewings pale greyish-
ochreous to light ochreous-yellow ; an ill-defined white costal
streak from base to near apex ; subcostal and median longi-
tudinal rows of V)lack dots, and sometimes two or three on fold.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; C. and SE.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 8. Larva whitish-green ; head black ;
2 with two brown marks : in blotches in leaves of Flantacio
lanceolata (upperside) ; 6, 7, 10-4.

9. G. syringella, F. 10-13 mm. Forewings light yellow-
brownish, towards base with whitish and dark fuscous strigulae ;
an oblique interrupted fascia about |, a somewhat angulated
median fascia (sometimes followed by a small costal sjjot), a
tornal spot, a spot on costa beyond, and costal and terminal
dots near apex white, black -margined ; a blackish discal suf-
fusion beyond middle. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe ; 5,

7. Larva whitish, sometimes greenish-tinged ; dorsal line darker
green ; head brownish-tinged : within conically rolled leaves of
ash, Syringa, and Lhjustruiii ; 6, 8, 9.

10. G. phasianipennella, llh. {(HuxdruplcUn, 'A.) 10-11 nmi.

gkaoilakia] TINEIDAE 753

Forewings dark fuscous ; three costal spots at i, |, and before
apex, and two dorsal spots at | and h ochreous-wliitish, more
or less dark -margined, often very indistinct. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

Britain to Perth, K. Ireland, local : C Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan; 9-5. Larva greenish -grey ; dorsal line darker;
head yellowish, black-spotted ; 2 with yellowish plate and four
black spots : within conically rolled strips of leaves of Pol//-
<j(»mm }u/(lropiper, P. prrnicaria, and Rumex ; 8, 9.

11. G. auroguttella, l^iph. 9-10 mm. Antennae with apex
white. Forewings dark fuscous, pu rplish- tinged ; a roundish
spot below costa at \, another on costa at §, and two on dorsum
near base and before tornus bright yellow. Hindwings grey.

England, E. Ireland, common ; N. and (J. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 5, 8. Larva whitish-green ; dorsal line greener ; head
pale j^ellow-brown : within conically rolled leaves of Hypericum
pcrforatuhi -Aw^X 1 [ . pmlchrum ; 6, 9, 10.

12. G. omissella, *S'^^. 7-8 mm. Eorewings whitish-fuscous,
irrorated with dark fuscous ; four oblique streaks from costa
and two spots on dorsum white, edged with dark fuscous.
Hindwings dark grey.

SE. England to Berks and Norfolk, local ; Germany ; 5, 8.
Larva pale whitish-green; dorsal line darker; head yellow-
brown : in inflated blotches in leaves of Artemisia vulgaris
(underside) ; 7, 9.

13. G. ononidis, Z. 7-9 mm. Forewings dark brown ; four
streaks from costa (first three oblique), two anterior subdorsal
and two posterior dorsal spots, and an apical spot silvery-white,
blackish-margined, first costal and second subdorsal spot some-
times connected. Hindwings dark fuscous.

S. England to Worcester and Cambridge, local ; C. Europe ;
6-8. Larva yellow -greenish ; dorsal line dark green; head
ochreous-brownish : in blotches in leaves of Ononis and
'Trifolium ; 4, 5.

14. G. imperialella, Mn. 7-8 mm. Head dark fuscous, face
silvery-whitish. Forewings dark yellowish -fuscous ; base of
dorsum, an oblique fascia at ^ not reaching dorsum, three costal
streaks or spots, three dorsal spots, and an ajiical spot shining-
white, l)lackish- edged, third costal and dorsal spots sometimes
connected. Hindwings dark grey.

Cambridge, in fens, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva pale
greenish ; dorsal line darker ; head brownish : in blotches in
leaves of SymphyUim ; 8, 9.

3 c

754

TINEINA

[gracilaria

15. Gr. hofmanniella, Schleich. 7-9 mm. Head shining white,
back of crown dark fuscous. Forewings brownish-golden ; four
shining white black-edged rather oblique fasciae, first not reach-
ing dorsum, second and third usually interrupted below middle;
a white black-edged apical spot; black lines in apical cilia
straight, vertical. Hindwings dark grey.

Dorset, Worcester, local ; Germany, Asia Minor ; 5, 6.
Larva pale orange - yellowish ; dorsal line dark green; head
paler : in inflated blotches in leaves of Lathyrus niger (probably
also L. macrorrhizus) ; 7, 8.

\G. kollariella, Z., a Central European species with white
head, and dark brown forewings with white dorsum, five white
streaks from costa, and black projecting hook in apical cilia,
has been included in the British fauna on the strength of an
old specimen without locality in the British Museum, but
further confirmation is needed ; the larva mines leaves of
Ct/tisus and Genista ; 6, 9, 10.]

11. Lbucoptera, lib.

Head smooth, or with crown more or less rough posteriorly.

Tongue short. Antennae almost
1, in S simple, basal joint
dilated with scales and concave
beneath to form large eyecap.
Labial and maxillar}^ palpi rudi-
mentary. Posterior tibiae hairy.
Forewings : lb simple, trans-
verse vein sometimes absent
between 2 and 5, 3 absent, 4
absent, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 9
or absent. Hindwinas 1, narrow-

Neuration of Leucoptdu lahuracUa

10 out of 11

absent, 10 out of 11 or absent. Hindwings ^,
lanceolate, cilia 4 ; transverse vein absent between 2 and 5,
3 absent, 4 absent.

A small genus, occuriing throughout the Northern hemi-
sphere and in Australia. The species are closely related and
very similar. Imago with forewings lanceolate, ape.x produced.
Larva mining blotches in leaves or in bark of twigs. Pupa in
a white cocoon outside the mine.

1. Forewings white . . . . .2.

greyish . . . .6.

2. Hindwings whitish . . . .3.

„ rather dark o-ix'v . . .5,

leucoptera] TINEIDAE 755

3. Postmedian costal bar nearly touching anteapical

spot . . 5. waileseUa.

„ ,, remote . . .4.

4. Sides of anteapical spot parallel . .1. lahurndla.

„ ,, M slightly converging

2. sjmrtifoliella.

5. Last two bars in cilia forming an angle of 15° 3. 07'ohi.

,, ,, ,, an angle of 30°

4. latliyrifoliella.

6. A})ex of forewings black ... 6. lotella.

., ,, orange . . 7. scifella.

/Section A. Head wholly smooth ; 10 of forewings absent.

1. L. lalturnella, Stt. 7-9 mm. Forewings white ; an oblique
ochreous-yellow bar from costa beyond middle, edged with dark
fuscous ; a nearly vertical ochreous-yellow costal spot before
apex, edged with dark fuscous jJiT-i'^-Hel lines ; beneath this
a pale violet -golden -metallic post-tornal spot, edged on sides
with black and above with yellowish ; aitex yellowish ; three
diverging dark fuscous bars in apical cilia. Hindwings whitish.

England to York, abundant ; C. Europe : 5, 8. Larva
green-whitish : in sjiiral blotches in leaves of Cytisiis laburnum;
6, 7, 9.

2. L. spartifoliella, lib. 7-9 mm. L)ifters from L. lahurneUa
as follows : forewings with anteapical spot of costa more oblique,
its margins rather converging downwards, metallic post-tornal
spot more broadly black-edged, usually preceded by a yellowish
mark.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
greenish : within the bark of stems of Cytisus scojjarius ; 4, 5.

3. L. orobi, Stt. 6-7 mm. Difters from L. lathyrifolidla as
follows : forewings with last two dark bars in apical cilia much
less divergent, forming an angle of about 15°.

York, local; not recorded elsewhere; 5. Larva in blotches
in leaves of Lathyrus macrorrhiziis ; 8.

4. L. lathyrifoliella, Stt. 6-7 mm. Difters from L. laburnella
as follows : forewings with postmedian costal bar longer, touch-
ing yellow u])per margin of post-tornal spot, dark edgings
sharper-marked, apex of wing dark fuscous ; hindwings rather
dark grey.

Devon, local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 5. Larva in blotches
in leaves of Lathyrus sylvestrls ; 8.

5. L. wailesella, Stt. 6-7 mm. Difters from L. laburnella as

756 TINEINA [leucopteha

follows : forewings bluish-tinged, postmedian costal Ixir longer,
nearly touching auteapical spot beneath, apex of wing suffused
with dark fuscous.

England, local ; France, Germany ; 5, 7. Larva pale
greenish : in galleries terminating iu blotches in leaves of
Genista tinctoria ; 6, 8.

Section B. Crown rough posteriorly ; 10 of forewings
present.

6. L. lotella, Stt. 5-6 mm. Forewings light shining metallic
grey ; apical half beyond an oblique line orange, enclosing two
white dark -edged costal spots, and a post-tornal pale golden
spot partly black-edged anteriorly and followed by a coppery-
black apical spot ; a black vertical bar in cilia at apex, a bar
before and two diverging bars beyond it, penultimate directed
upwards. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Dorset, Suffolk, Norfolk, York, local ; not recorded else-
where ; 5, 6. Larva yellow-whitish ; head and plate of 2 pale
brown : in l)lotches in leaves of Lotus corniculatus ; 7, 8.

7. L. scitella, Z. 7-8 mm. Differs from L. lotella us follows:
forewings broader, post-tornal spot pale violet-golden, strongly
black-margined on both sides, apex of wing orange, penultimate
bar in cilia horizontal.

England, local ; G. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva green-
whitish; head and plate of 2 blackish : in blotches in leaves of
hawthorn, apple, and Pi/riis aucu2')aria ; 8, 9.

12. Lyonetia, Bh.

Head rough above, face smooth. Tongue short. Antennae
over 1, in $ simple, basal joint dilated and concave beneath to
form eyecap. Labial palpi short, filiform, drooping, pointed.
jNIaxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae shortly hairy.
Forewings : lb furcate, 3 absent, 4 absent, 6 sometimes absent,
7 to costa, 8 absent, 10 absent. Hindwings under \, linear,
cilia 7-9 ; transverse vein absent between 2 and 5, 3 absent, 4
absent, 6 absent.

A genus of very few species, but occurring throughout the
Northern hemisphere and Australia ; correlated with the
preceding. Imago with forewings very narrowly lanceolate.
Larva mining in leaves of trees or shrubs. Pupa in an elongate
white cocoon suspended by threads from its ends.

Forewings with dark discal posterior blotch . 2. derkella.
5, ■ without such blotch . 1. prunifoliella.

lyonetia] TINEIDAE ^ 757

1. L. prunifoliella, Hb. (pculifoliella, Hb.) 9-10 mm. Fore-
wings shining white ; sometimes a broad fuscous costal suftusion
with two darker sinuations beneath ; an oblique streak from
middle of dorsum, a short tornal streak, and about six streaks
from posterior half of costa rather dark fuscous ; apex of wing
ochreous ; a round black apical dot ; a projecting blackish hook
in apical cilia. Hindwings dark grey.

Northampton (Whittlebury Forest), local; C Europe, Asia
Minor; 9, 10. Larva pale green: in blotches in leaves of
l)lackthorn and birch ; 7, H.

2. L. clerkella, L. 8-9 nmi. Forewings shining white,
sometimes partly or wholly suffused with fuscous ; a brown or
darker fuscous blotch in disc posteriorly ; a bent transverse line
beyond this, and three costal streaks connected with an apical
spot brown or darker fuscous ; a round black apical dot ; a
projecting blackish hook in apical cilia. Hindwings dark grey.

England, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 8,
10-4. Larva pale green : in long irregular galleries in leaves
of apple, hawthorn, birch, etc. ; 5, 7, 9, 10.

13. rilYLLOCNISTIS, Z.

Head smooth. Tongue short. Antennae almost 1, in <$
simple, basal joint rather dilated and concave beneath to form
a small eyecap. Labial palpi moderate, filiform, drooping,
pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae with
long bristles above, tarsi with bristly hairs above towards base.
Forewings : lb simple, 3 absent, 4 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7
to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings under ^, linear-lanceolate, cilia
5 ; transverse vein absent between 2 and 5, 3 absent, 4 absent,
5 and 6 stalked.

Though at present very limited in numbers, the genus
extends through the Northern hemisphere and Australia ; it is
correlated with the two preceding ; two species only are known
in Europe, both of which are fond of frequenting old thatch,
from which they may be beaten in abundance. Imago with
forewings lanceolate, apex produced. Larva apodal, mining in
leaves. Pupa in a cocoon within the mine.

Forewings with two longitudinal lines from base 1. saligna.
,, without longitudinal lines . 2. snffusella.

1. P. saligna, Z. 6-7 nnn. Forewings shining white, apical
area suft'usedly whitish-ochreous ; two parallel median longi-
tudinal dark fuscous lines from base to middle, enclosed space
sometimes ochreous-tinged ; a transverse dark fuscous line at |,

758 TINEINA [piiyllocnistis

•_

preceded by one and followed by two dark fuscous streaks from
costa ; a round black apical dot ; three dark fuscous diverging
bars in apical cilia. Hindwings grey.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, very common ; C.
Europe ; 7, 9-4. Larva pale green : in galleries in bark of
twigs and ultimately in leaves of Salioe fragilis and other
smooth-leaved species ; 6, 8.

2. P. suflfusella, Z. 7-8 mm. Forewings shining white,
posteri(jrly more or less ochreous-tinged ; often a suffused spot
on dorsum near base and a larger one in middle of disc dark
fuscous ; a transverse dark fuscous line at §, preceded by one
and followed by two dark fuscous streaks from costa ; a round
black apical dot ; three dark fuscous diverging bars in apical
cilia. Hindwings light grey.

S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, very common ; C.
Europe; 7, 9-4. Larva pale green: in blotches in leaves of
poplar ; 6, 8.

14. Bedellia, Stt.

Head rough above, face smooth. Tongue short. Antennae
1, in $ simple, basal joint rather stout, with large dense pecten.
Labial palpi short, porrccted, slender, pointed. Maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Posterior tibiae hairy. Forewings : lb simple,
3-5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings
\, linear-lanceolate, cilia 6 ; transverse vein absent between 2
and 5, 3 absent, 4 absent.

The single European species is now nearly cosmopolitan, and
its original home uncertain ; there is a second species in New
Zealand. Imago with forewings narrow-lanceolate; it i-ests
with the forepart slightly raised, the anterior legs retracted.
Larva mining blotches in leaves. Pupa exposed, angular,
attached by posterior or both extremities.

1 . B. somnulentella, Z. 8-1 0 nmi. Forewings greyish-ochreous,
sprinkled with fuscous except along dorsum. Hindwings grey.

England, local ; C. and S. Europe, N. America, Australia,
New Zealand, probably artificially introduced over part of its
range, though by no means confined to the neighbourhood
of gardens; 8, 10-5. Larva pale green, purplish-tinged; sub-
dorsal series of purple spots ; head ])ale brown : in blotches in
leaves of Convolvulus^ and Ipomoea ; 7, 8, 9.

15. TlSCHEKlA, Z.

Head rough above, face smooth. Tongue developed.
Antennae almost 1, in c^ witli long fine cilia (3), basal joint

tischekia] TINEIDAE 759

broad, with a projection of scales. Labial palpi short, filiform,
drooping, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior
tibiae hairy. Forewings : lb simple, 3 absent, 6 absent, 7 to
costa. Hindwings h, linear-lanceolate, cilia 4 ; transverse vein
absent between 2 and 5, 3 absent, 4 absent, 6 absent.

A small characteristically European genus, apparently corre-
lated with the preceding. Imago with forewings lanceolate ; it
rests with the forepart somewhat raised, the anterior legs
retracted. Larva broad anteriorly, with legs hardly developed,
head small, mining blotches in leaves, ejecting all excrement
through a hole in the leaf-cuticle. Pupa within the mine, with
or without a cocoon.

1. Forewings bronz;y-fuscous . . .2.

,, yellow . . . .3.

2. Costa anteriorly purp]i«li . . ^. <mgusticollella.

„ not purplish . . .4. gaunacella.

3. Forewings with dark fuscous tornal dot . 3. 7nar<jinea.

,, without such dot . . .4.

4. Expanse 6-7 nun. ; apical area less fuscous 2. dodonaea,

,, 8-11 nun. ; apical area more fuscous 1 . comphinella.

1. T. complanella, lib. 8-11 mm. Forewings deep ochreous-
yellow, sutt'u^edly irroratcd with fuscous towards costa pos-
teriorly and apex. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to Ross, Ireland, plentiful ; Europe, Asia Minor, N.
Africa; 6. Larva pale yellow; head pale brown; 13 brown:
in whitish blotches in leaves of oak ; 9, 10.

2. T. dodonaea, Heyd. 6-7 mm. Differs from T. cor)t2)lan-
dla only as follows: forewings yellower, less fuscous- tinged
towards apex ; hindwings dark grey.

England to Lancashire, local ; Holland, Germany ; 6.
Larva yellow ; head reddish-brown : in brown blotches in leaves
of oak; 9, 10.

3. T. marginea, IIw. {('myella, Dup.) 7-S mm. Forewings
ochreous-ycllow ; costa anteriorly narrowly, p(jsteriorly broadly
suffused with dark purplish-fuscous ; termen suffused with
dark purplish-fuscous ; a dark fuscous tornal dot. Hindwings
rather dark grey.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; C. and 8.
Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia, N. Africa ; 5, 6, 8. Larva
greenish ; head and two marks on 2 lilaek ; 13 greyish : in pale
brownish blotches in leaves of braml)le {Ruhus) ; 7, 9-3.

4. T. gaunacella, Dup. 6-8 mm. Forewings lironzy-fuscous.
Hindwings fuscous.

760 TUSTEINA [tischeria

Essex, local; C. Europe, Asia Minor; 5, 6. Larva in
blotches in leaves of blackthorn and Frimus cerasus ; 9, 10.

5. T. angusticollella, Z. 8-9 mm. Forewings shining rather
dark bronzy-fuscous ; costa anteriorly purple-tinged. Hind-
wings fuscous.

Hereford, Worcester, York, Lancashire, local ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva light greenish ; head and
plate of 2 black; 13 with a black spot: in whitish-brown
blotches in leaves of rose ; 9, 10.

16. OCNEROSTOMA, Z.

Head rough aliove, face smooth. Tongue obsolete. An-
tennae f, in S simple, basal joint moderate, with pecten.
Labial palpi very short, drooping, filiform, pointed. Maxillary
palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings :
lb simple, 5 absent, 6 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 10
absent. Hind wings under 1, lanceolate, cilia 2i ; 4 absent, 6
and 7 parallel.

Only the one species is known. Imago with forewings
lanceolate. Larva mining in leaves. I'upa in a cocoon amongst
spun leaves of fir.

1. 0. piniariella, Z. 10-11 mm. Forewings shining light
grey. Hindwings grey.

England to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ;
4-8. Larva shining brown ; head and plate of 2 black : in
leaves of Pinus sylvestris ; 3-7.

17. Cbdestis, Z.

Head rough above, face smooth. Tongue developed. An-
tennae |, in $ filiform, sim])le, basal joint moderate, with
pecten. Lal)ial palpi moderate, drooping, somewhat rough
beneath, terminal joint longer tlian second, tolerably pointed.
Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae smooth - scaled.
Forewings : lb simple or furcate, 5 sometimes absent, 6 absent,
7 and 8 sometimes stalked, 7 to termen, 10 sometimes absent.
Hindwings under 1, lanceolate, cilia li-2| ; 4 absent, 6 and 7
parallel.

Includes only the two following species, which dift'er from
one another in some particulars of structure. Imngo with
forewings lanceolate.

Forewings with golden-brown suhbasal fascia 2. (/t/sse/oiicl/d..
,, without such fascia . .1. farinatella.

1. C. farinatella, Diqx 10 1 i mm. Forewings brown,

CEDESTIS]

TINEIDAE

761

slightly reddish-tinged, towards base and apex whitish-sprinkled;
a somewhat curved white fascia before middle, preceded by a
darker fascia ; indistinct whitish tornal and opposite costal
spots; 5 and 10 absent. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Aberdeen, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
pale brown, greener dorsally ; head and plate of '1 l)lack : in
leaves of Pinus s///vestris : 3, 4.

2. C. gysseleniella, I) up. 11-13 mm. Forewings white,
irrorated with minute curved dark fuscous marks on scale-tips ;
a pale golden -brown fascia near base, and another before
middle ; indistinct tornal and opposite costal white spots ; 5
and 10 present. Hindwings pale grey.

Kent, Norfolk, Westmoreland to Perth, local ; C. Europe ;
G, 7. Larva light brown ; head and plate of 2 l)lack : in a
loose web amongst leaves of Pinus sylvestris ; 3, 4.

18. Argyresthia, Hh.

Head rougli above, face smooth. Tongue developed. An-
tennae |, in c? serrulate, pubescent, basal joint moderate, with
pecten. Labial palpi moderately
long, somewhat curved, por-
rected, somewhat rough beneath,
terminal joint longer than
second, pointed. Maxillary
palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae
smooth -scaled. Forewings : lb
furcate or simple, 7 and 8
sometimes stalked, 7 to termen.
Hindwings under 1, lanceolate,
cilia 2-3 ; 3 and 4 connate or
stalked or separate, 5 and G
stalked, 7 parallel.

A characteristically European
extendino- also into North America.

Xeuratioii and head of ArgyrestMa
iiltidcUa.

genus of moderate size,
Li repose all the species
sit with the hinder part obliquely raised from the surface, so
that they appear to stand on their head ; the purpose of this
curious attitude does not seem to be known. Imago with
forewings lanceolate. Larva feeding within shoots, leaf -buds,
fruits, or bark. Pupa in a dense white cocoon.

1. Forewings unicolorous (and cf. conjugella) . 2.

,, not unicolorous . . .4.

2. Head ochreous-yellowish . . 1. iUuminatella.

white or whitish ... 3.

762

TINEINA

[augyresthia

Head white, forewings bright bronzy . 2. arceuthina.
„ ochreous-whitish, forewings light ochreoiis

3. praecoceJIa.
Hindwiiigs grey-whitish . . . .5.

grey . . . . . 6.

Forewings gokleu-ochreous with whitish dorsum

11. aurulentella.
„ whitish witli goldeii-ochreons markings

12. abdominal is.
Forewings with whitish interrupted dorsal streak 7.

4.
5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
21.

without such streak . . .15.

Forewings partly ferruginous-brown . . 8.

,, without ferruginous colour . .11.

Median fascia reaching costa . . .9.

,, reduced to dorsal spot , .10.

Fascia reaching costa at f . .19. ej^hippella.

,, ,, ,, at 4 . . 20. nitidella.

Dorsal spot quadrate . . .21. albistria.

,, triangular . . 22. s^emitestacella.

Head yellowish- wdiite . . . .12.

,, white . . . . .13.

Median fascia entire . . 14. (jIaucineUa.

,, ,, interrupted . .17. conjugella.

Median fascia reduced to a doi'sal spot . .14.

„ ,, distinct on costa . .15. mendica.

Costa posteriorly with two whitish spots . 18. spiniella.
three or four white strigulae

16. semifusca.
Ground-colour strigulated with dark fuscous . 16.

,, not strigulated with dark fuscous 17.

Forewings with dark median fascia . 10. comella.

,, without median fascia . 13. retinella.

Ground-colour irrorated with bi"ownish-golden 4. dilecteUa.

., not irrorated

Patagia pale golden

,, white
Forewings with three golden lasciae
,, with markings not forming

Forewings witii transverse fasciae

,, without transverse fasciae

Costa towards base white

coppery-golden

fasciae

8

18.
19.

20.

7. (jocdartdla.

pijijniaeella.

'. 21.
9. sorbiella.
5. andereggiella.
6. brockeella.

argyresthia] TINEIDAE 763

Section A. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked.

1. A. illuminatella, Z. 9-11 mm. Head ochreous-ycllowisli.
Forewings shining light greyish-ochreous-yellowisli. Hindwings
light grey.

Norfolk (1), Moray, local, perhaps overlooked ; C. Europe ;

5, 6. Larva reddish - grey ; head and plate of 2 black: in
shoots of Finus. The specimens obtained in Norfolk were
beaten from larch.

2. A. arceuthina, Z. 8-9 mm. Head and thorax white,
patagia bronzy. Forewings bright shining golden-bronzy.
Hindwings pale grey.

Britain to Roxburgh, common ; (A and SW. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva in shoots of Junijwrus ; 4, 5.

3. A. praecocella, Z. 9-10 mm. Head ochreous- whitish.
Forewings sliining light ochreous, faintly rosy-tinged. Hind-
wings grey.

Norfolk, Cambridge, Westmoreland, amongst Jioiiperus,
local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 5.

4. A, dilectella, Z. 8-10 nun. Head white. Forewings
violet-whitish, suffusedly mixed and irrorated with brownish -
golden ; a transvei-se oblique mark from middle of dorsum, a
small spot on middle of costa and another beyond it usually
darker golden-brown ; some small darker spots towards apex.
Hindwings pale grey.

England, common; Switzerland, Germany, Finland; 7.
Larva in shoots of Juniperus ; 5.

Section B. Forewings with 7 and 8 separate.

5. A. andereggiella, Z)i//j. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax white.
Forewings shining white ; two golden-brown fasciae, first before
middle, often obsolete on costa, connected by a bar from middle
with apex of second, second oblique, emitting a branch to apex
of wing. Hindwings grey.

England, local; C. Europe, N. America (perhaps introduced) :
7, 8. Larva in sh(jots of apple and hazel ; 5.

G. A. brockeella, Hb. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax white.
Forewings deep coppery-golden; a spot on base of dorsum,
a fascia at 1, three posterior semioval costal spots and a larger
tornal spot shining wdiito ; sometimes the fascia is connected
with adjacent costal and dorsal spots. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ;

6, 7. Larva pinkish-brcjwn ; head brown ; plate of 2 partly

764 TINEHSTA [argyrerthta

blackish -edged : in shoots and catkins of birch and alder ;
10-4.

7. A. goedartella, L. {literella, H\v.) 11-12 mm. Head
ochreous-whitish, thorax pale golden. Forewings shining
yellowish -white, sometimes suffused with pale golden ; three
shining coppery -golden fasciae, seldom not reaching margins,
first near base, oblique, second widely furcate towards costa,
third terminal, enclosing two whitish terminal spots. Hind-
wings rather dark grey.

Britain to Sutherland, N. and E. Ireland, very common ; N.
and C. Europe, N. America ; 6-8. Larva pinkish-ochreous ;
dots whitish ; head brownish ; plate of 2 brownish-edged pos-
teriorly : in catkins and shoots of birch and alder; 11-4.

8. A. pygmaeella, lib. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax
ochrcous-whitisli, patagia golden. Forewings shining golden-
whitish ; a dorsal spot at \ connected with base by a streak
along fold, an outwardly oblique streak from middle of dorsum,
and a tornal spot shining golden. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe, N. America; 6-8. Larva in shoots of Salix caprea ;
4, 5.

9. A. sorbiella, Tr. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax whitish.
Forewings shining whitish, on costal half strigulated with
light golden-brown ; a transverse dorsal mark at |, an out-
wardly oblique streak from middle of dorsum, and an in-
distinct tornal mark golden-brown. Hindwings grey.

Dorset, Berks, Gloucester, Cheshire to Perth, local ; N. and
C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva in shoots of Pyriis aiicuparia ; 5, 6.

10. A. Cornelia, F. {curveUa, Stt.) 11-12 mm. Head and
thorax white. Forewings shining white, strigulated with dark
fuscous ; a small transverse dorsal mark at y, a narrow fascia
from beyond middle of costa to middle of dorsum, and an
irregular blotch towards apex dark fuscous. Hindwings
grey.

Britain to Argyll, common ; C". l^^urope ; 6, 7. Larva in
shoots of apple ; 5.

11. A. aurulentella, Stt. 8-9 mm. Head and tliorax wiiite,
patagia golden. Forewings shining golden-ochreous, with pale
purple reflections ; dorsum slenderly whitish from base to
tornus. Hindwings grey-whitish.

Kent, Surrey, Lancashii'e, Westmoreland, h)cal ; N. and C.
Europe ; 7, 8. Larva green, posteriorly reddish-tinged ; head
black : in leaves of Jiuiiperxis ; 4.

ARGYRESTHlAl TINEIDAE 765

\_A. decimeUa, Stt., a North European species, is said to have
occurred once near London ; the specimen may probably have
]»een introduced -with plants.]

12. A. abdominalis, Z. 7-9 mm. Head white. Forewings
shining whitish : subcostal and subdorsal longitudinal streaks
from base to about middle, and several scattered spots or
strigulae on terminal half shining golden-ochreous ; some dark
fuscous scales at apex. Hindwings grey-Avhitish.

Surrey, Cambridge, local ; N. and C. Euro])e, Asia Minor, N.
America : 7. Larva in shoots of Jiiniperus ; 4.

13. A. retinella, Z. 9-10 mm. Head white. Forewings
shining white, irregularly strigulated with dark fuscous ; an
indistinct fuscous subcostal suftusion anteriorly; a suffused
dark fuscous spot in middle of disc, and a larger one towards
apex ; a black apical dot. Hindv.'ings grey.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
in shoots of birch ; 5.

14. A, glaucinella, Z. 8-9 mm. Head yellowish -white.
Forewings brassy-fuscous ; a whitish dorsal streak, strigulated
with dark fuscous ; a thick median fascia and apical patch
darker fuscous, with bluish reflections, separated by whitish
irroration. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, local ; Holland, Germany ; 6, 7. Larva in
bark of oak and horse-chestnut ; 3, 4.

15. A. mendica, Ihv. 10-11 mm. Head white. Forewings
fuscous, with purple reflections, base ochreous ; a thick white
dorsal streak to tomus ; a darker fuscous median fascia, inter-
rupted in disc, edged with whitish on costa ; some whitish
costal strigulae posteriorly. Hindwings grey.

England, common; C. and S.Europe, Asia Minor, N. America;
G. Larva whitish-green ; head and plate of 2 black : in flower-
ing shoots of blackthorn ; 4.

16. A. semifusca, JIiv. 11-12 mm. Head white. Forewings
dark purplish-bronzy-fuscous; a thick white dorsal streak to
tornus, interrupted by a median spot of ground-colour ; costa
marked with minute white dashes, posteriorly with three or
four white strigulae. Hindwings grey.

England to Cumberland, common; not recorded elsewhere; 8.

17. A. conjugella, Z. (1 aerariella, Stt.) 11-12 mm. Head
yellowish-white. Forewings rather dark purplish - fuscous ;
costa strigulated with whitish ; a thick white dorsal streak
to tornus ; an interrupted dark fuscous median fascia ; one or
two white costal spots before apex. Hindwings grey.

766 TINEINA [argyresthia

Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, common, more local
southwards; N. and C. Europe; G, 7. Larva dull whitish-
yellow ; head and plate of 2 pale brown : in -berries of Fi/rus
aucuparia ; 8.

Aerariella, Stt., is an almost unicolorous dark bronzy-fuscous
form, locally common (with the type) from Cheshire to York ;
the larva feeds in the same way ; it is probably only a local
form, but tending to Ijccome distinct.

18. A. spinieila, Z. 10-13 mm. Head white. Forewings
rather dark purplish - fuscous ; costa strigulated with white; a
thick white dorsal streak to tornus, interrupted by a median
spot of ground-colour; two whitish costal spots before apex.
Hindwings grey.

Britain to Stirling, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 8.
Larva greenish -grey ; dorsal line faintly rosy; head dark
brown ; 2 with two brown spots : in flowering shoots of Pyrus
aucuparia ; 5, 6.

19. A. ephippella, F. 10-12 mm. Head wdiite. Forcwings
ferruginous-brown, towai'ds costa anteriorly suffused with light
ochreous-yellowish, costa strigulated with dark brown ; a tiiick
whitish dorsal streak to tornus ; a dark ferruginous -brown
fascia from -f of costa to middle of dorsum ; three whitish
costal strigulae beyond it. Hindwings grey.

England to Cumberland, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 7. Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 jiale
brown : in shoots of Pi^unus cerasus ; 4, 5.

20. A. nitidella, F. [p)urpurascentella, Stt.) 10-11 nun.
Head white. Forewings shining ochreous-whitish, usually
strigulated and sometimes discally suffused with ferruginous-
brown ; a suffused ferruginous -brown median longitudinal
streak from base to before middle ; a curved dark ferrugin-
ous-brown fascia from middle of dorsum to -| of costa, some-
times obsolete except on dorsum. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, very common ; C. Europe ; 7.
Larva yellow-green ; head and plate of 2 brown : in shoots of
liawthorn ; 5.

21. A. albistria, Hw. 9-10 mm. Head white. Forewings
ferruginous-brown, purplish -tinged ; a white dorsal streak to
tornus, interrupted by a dark ferruginous -brown quadrate
median spot. Hindwings grey.

England, N. Ireland, very common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
pale green ; a red band on each segment ; head and })late of 2
black : in shoots of blackthorn ; 5.

ARGYIIESTHIA] TINEIDAE 767

22. A. semitestacella, Curt. 12-13 mm. Head yellowish-
white. Forewings light ferruginous -brown, faintly purplish-
tinged ; a thick whitish dorsal streak to tornus, interrupted
by a dark ferruginous-brown triangular median spot. Hind-
wings grey.

Britain to the Clyde, common ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva in
shoots of beech ; 5, 6.

19. Zelleria, Stt.

Head rough, tufted between antennae, face smooth. Tongue
developed. Antennae f -4, in S simple, basal joint moderate,
with pecten. Labial j)alpi moderately long, somewhat curved,
drooping, somewhat loosely scaled beneath, terminal joint
usually longer than second, sometimes more rough -scaled,
tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae
smooth -scaled. Forewings: lb simple or furcate, 4 and 5
sometimes stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings -|-1, lanceolate,
cilia li-2i ; 4 absent, 5 and 6 rather approximated.

A small but nearly cosmopolitan genus, correlated with the
preceding ; more species are at present known from Australia
than from any other region. The attitude of the imago in
repose resembles that of Argyresthia, but is less pronounced.
Imago with forewings elongate, narrow, pointed. Larva
slender, active, in a web amongst leaves. Pupa in a dense
white cocoon.

1. Forewings reddish-brown . .1. hepariella.

,, more or less whitish . . .2.

2. Forewings with distinct dark costal antemedian spot

2. fasciapennella.
., without such spot . . 3. saxifragae.

1. Z. hepariella, Stt. {insigni'penndla, Stt. ; fusca, Stt.) 10-13
mm. Head varying from reddish-brown to ochreous-whitish.
Forewings red-brown, sometimes suffusedly irrorated with dark
fuscous, towards dorsum sometimes obscurely paler ; second
discal stigma sometimes obscurely dark fuscous. Hindwings
dark grey, lighter anteriorly.

Britain to Perth, local and not common ; C. and 8E.
Europe; 8-4. Larva light green; dorsal line dark green;
head yellowish-brown : in shoots or amongst spun leaf-tips of
ash ; 6.

2. Z. fasciapennella, Stt. 15-18 mm. Head light fuscous,
mixed with whitish. Forewings light grey, irrorated Avith
whitish ; four longitudinal series of black dots, uppermost only

768 TINEINA [zeli.eria

on anterior half ; a dark fuscous costal si^ot before middle,
meeting a curved oblique fuscous streak extending from ^ of
dorsum to middle of disc, thence indistinctly continued to apex,
often interrupted ; an indistinct dark costal anteapical spot,
edged with whitish suffusion ; a black subbasal line in cilia
only distinct round apex. Hindwings grey, paler anteriorly.

Edinburgh (Pentland Hills), local ; Finland, Bavarian Alps ;
9, 10.

3. Z. saxifragae, Stf. 12-15 mm. Head white, sometimes
mixed with light fuscous. Forewings white, sprinkled with
pale brownish ; four longitudinal series of black dots, upper-
most only on anterior half ; a curved oblique dark brown
streak extending from h of dorsum to middle of disc ; an
indistinct often interru})ted longitudinal brownish suffusion
from extremity of this to apex of wing ; a black subbasal
line in cilia round apex, reaching tornus. Hindwings grey,
paler anteriorly.

Perth, local ; Swiss Alps ; 6, 7. Larva greenish ; dorsal line
reddish ; subdorsal dark reddish, interrupted ; head yellow-
brown : in hearts of Saxifraga aizoides ; 5, 6.

20. SWAMMERDAMIA, lib.

Head rough. Tongue short. Antennae |, in $ minutely
ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi
moderate, porrected, second joint somewhat rough -scaled be-
neath, terminal as long as second, pointed. Maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 1 b
simple or furcate, 6 absent, 7 to termen. Hindwings 1, elon-
gate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with transpai'ent subbasal patch,
cilia l-l^^; 4 absent, 6 and 7 parallel.

A small genus confined to Europe. The position assumed
in repose by the imago is that of ZeUeria, and in this instance
there can be little doubt that it assists (in con j miction with
the colouring) in producing a protective resemblance to the
droppings of birds. Imago with forewings elongate. Larva
certainly often very variable and assuming different forms
locally, beneath a slight web on upper surface of leaves. Pupa
in dense white cocoon.

1. Forewings with golden-ochreous apical spot

1 . comhinella.
,, without such spot . . .2.

2. Fascia forming two spots . . .4. caesiella.

„ not forming two spots . . .3.

swammeudamia] TINEIDAE 769

3. Cilia of forewings distinctly coppery-tinged 5. pyreUa.

^„ „ not coppery . . .4.

4. Fascia reaching costa ; thorax fuscous . 3. hitarea.

,, not reaching costa ; thorax whitish 2. herolddla.

1. S. combinella, Hb. (comptella, Hb. ; apiceUa, Don.) 15-lG
ami. Head white, sometimes fuscous-mixed. Forewings light
greyish -ochreous more or less irrorated with white; base of
dorsum fuscous ; several longitudinal series of dark fuscous
marks; a roundish golden-oclireous apical spot, partly edged
anteriorly with dark fuscous ; apical cilia fuscous, with two
black lines.

Bi'itain to Roxburgh, Ireland (except N.), common ; C.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, G. Larva dull green ; dorsal line
darker; subdorsal series of dull red dots; head yellowish-brown:
several together in a common web on blackthorn ; 7-9.

2. S. heroldella, Hb. {griseoccvpitella, Stt.; nanivora, Stt.)
11-12 mm. Head white, sometimes siiffused with fuscous.
Thorax white, usually sprinkled or suffused with fuscous.
Forewings white, closely irrorated with fuscous, dorsum usually
I)aler ; some longitudinal series of indistinct dark fuscous dots ;
a dark fuscous fascia before middle, not reaching costa; a white
costal spot towards apex ; cilia darker, with two dark fuscous
lines. Hindwings grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, local; N. and C. Europe;
5, 6, 8. Larva pale green ; dorsal and subdorsal darker ; head
yellow-brown; 2 grey- speckled : on birch; 7, 9. The larva
appears to have also a brown form, and sometimes a Ijlack
head.

3. S. lutarea, I/iv. {oxyacantlitlla, Dup.) 11-13 mm. Head
white, sometimes ochreous-tinged. Thorax fuscous, sometimes
whitish-sprinkled. Forewings fuscous-whitish, closely irrorated
with dark fuscous ; some longitudinal series of indistinct dark
fuscous dots ; a dark fuscous entire fascia before middle ; a
white costal spot before apex ; cilia fuscous, with two darker
lines. Hindwings fuscous.

England, common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva deep brown ;
subdorsal line white, orange-spotted ; spiracular white, on 5-1 2
orange-spotted above ; head ochreous-brown, blackish-marked :
when young several together in a common web, afterwards
singly on hawthorn and Pyrus aucuparia; 9-5. The larva
hibernates in a cocoon when half-grown ; it is sometimes partly
greenish, or is without the subdorsal lines.

4. S. caesiella, Hh. (sniniella, Hb.) 10-12 inm. Head white.

3d

770 TINEINA [swammkhdamia

Thorax Avhite, sometimes anteriorly fuscous-sprinl\lcd. Fore-
wings white, irregularly irrorated with fuscous; some longitudinal
series of blackish dots ; antemedian dark fuscous fascia reduced
to two spots, discal and dorsal ; two white spots on costa pos-
teriorly, separated by a dark fuscous spot ; cilia coppery-tinged,
with two dark purplish-fuscons lines. Hindwings pale fuscous.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, very common ; C. Europe ;
7, 8. Larva reddish-brown ; dorsal line broad, paler, becoming-
indistinct j)Osteriorly ; spiracular broad, yellowish -white ; head
pale yellow-ochreous : often two or three together in a common
web, on blackthorn ; 6.

5. S. pyrella, 17//. 10-11 nnn. Head white or whitish-
ochreous. Thorax dark fuscous, whitish-sprinkled. Forewings
fuscous, faintlv purplish-tinged, closely irrorated with dark
fuscous, and irregularly sprinkled with whitish ; a dark purplish-
fuscous entire fascia before middle ; a whitish anteapical costal
spot; cilia dark co])pery - fuscous. Hindwings grey; in S
anterior half, in 5 hanG whitish.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, S.
Larva pale 3'ellow ; subdorsal line dark red -brown ; 4-12 with
pale brown anterior bands ; head brown, sides blackish : on
hawthorn, apple, and cherry ; 7, 9.

21. ROESLERSTAJI.MIA, Z.

Head rough above, face smooth. Tongue develo])cd.
Antennae |^-1, in <$ ciliated, basal joint moderate, without
pectcn. Labial palpi moderate, curved, {)orrected, second joint
somewhat rough beneath, terminal joint longer than second,
pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae hairy.
Forewings : lb furcate, 7 aud 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings
1, elongate-ovate, cilia h ; 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5-7
parallel.

Only the two following species are known. Imago with
forewings elongate, moderate. Larva when young mining in
leaves, afterwards feeding externally.

Hindwings partly yellow . .1. jvonubcUa.

,, wholly dark fuscous . . 2. crxlehdla.

1. R. pronubella, Schif. 11-13 mm. Hoatl oclircous-yellow,
centre of crown brownish. Antennae 1, with whitish sul)a])ical
band. Forewings shining light golden -bronze. Hindwings
light ochreous-j'ellow ; dorsum and tcrmen usually very narrowly,
apex more broadly snfrased with dark fuscous.

Devonshire, .Sutherland, local and very rare ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.

jioe.sleustammiaJ TINEIDAE - 771

2. R. erxlebella, F. 13-14 mm. Head orange. Antennae
i, with wiiitisli subapical band. Forewings bright sliining
golden-bronze. Hindwings dark fuscous.

]')ritain to Sutlierland, local ; C. Euroj)e ; 5, C, 8, 9. Larva
on Tilia ; 7, 9, lU.

22. AcEOLEPiA, Curt.

Head rough above, face smooth. Tongue developed.
Antennae |, in $ simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi rather long, curved, ascending, second joint some-
what rough beneath, terminal joint longer than second, pointed.
Maxillary })alpi short, filiform. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled.
Forewings : lb furcate, 7 to termen. Hindwings 1, elongate-
ovate or ovate -lanceolate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate or stalked,
5 and 6 stalked, 7 parallel.

A small European genus, which seems to be most at home
on the shores of the Mediterranean. Imago with forewings
elongate, rather narrow. Larva mining blotches in leaves.

1. Forewings mai'ked M'ith ferruginous-orange 4. p'^rlepijclla.

,, not orange-mai'ked . . .2.

2. Forewings with black sinuate streak towards a])ex

3. pyymacana.
,, without such streak . . .3.

3. Forewings with dark fuscous dorsal spot at 3- 1. <iranitdln.

,, without such spot . . 2. heUdeUa.

1. A. granitella, Tr. 12-14 mm. Forewings more elongate,
grey or fuscous, becoming ochreous-brown towards dorsum,
more or less strigulated with blackish ; several darker spots on
costa ])osteriorly ; a dark fuscous dorsal spot at i, preceded and
followed by whitish spots; one or two whitish dorsal dots
towards tornus. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe, N.
Africa; 8. Larva pale 3'ellow - green ; dorsal line darker: in
leaves of Inula di/senterica ; 6, 7. Pupa in an open network
cocoon.

2. A. betulella. Curt. 11-13 mm. Forewings more elongate,
fuscous: three irregular costal spots, a suffused streak along
dorsum, and a tornal spot dark fuscous, sometimes Avholly
absorbed in a general dark fuscous suffusion ; a small white or
whitish dorsal spot before middle, usually marked with one or
two dark strigulae ; a small black spot before apex, sometimes
indistinct. Hindwings grey, darker towards apex.

York, Durham, local; not recorded elsewhere; 8-10.

772 TINEINA [acrolepia

(The name marcidella, Curt., has been apjjhed to two or
three specimens of this genus in bad or doubtful condition,
supposed to constitute a distinct species, but no proper descrip-
tion appears to have been pubhshed, nor is there sufficient
material on which to found one.)

3. A. pygmaeana, Hw. {autumnitella, Curt.) 10-11 uwn.
Forewings less elongate, ochreous- brown to dark fuscous,
irregularly strigulated with black and whitish ; two blackish
costal spots near middle ; a triangular dorsal spot of whitish
strigulae before middle ; a black sinuate streak in disc towards
apex ; a whitish bar in middle of terminal cilia. Hindwings
dark grey, lighter anteriorly.

England to Durham, local ; Holland, Germany ; 8-4. Larva
whitish-green ; head brownish : in leaves of Solamim dulcamara;
7-10. V\\\rA in an open network cocoon.

4. A. perlepidella, >SVi. 10-11 mm. Forewings less elongate,
dark purplish - fuscous, with four broad irregular partially
incomplete ferruginous-orange fasciae; three ochreous-whitish
costal spots alternating with these, third double ; two light
yellowish dorsal spots before and beyond middle, former some-
times meeting first costal spot. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Kent, Gloucester, local ; Germany, Switzerland ; 6. Larva
pale yellowish or greenish ; dorsal line darker green ; head jiale
brown : in leaves of Inula cony za ; 4, 5. Papain a dense cocoon
within the mine.

23. EncnNOPTEUYx, lib.

Head rough. Tongue obsolete. Antennae in S 2, bipectinated
to aj^ex. Labial palpi short, porrected, densely haii-y. Maxillary
palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae loosely scaled. Forewings
with hair-scales ; lb furcate, 6 sometimes absent, 7 to apex, 8
absent, 10 sometimes absent. Hindwings under 1, ovate, cilia
\ ; 4 absent. $ apterous, without legs or antennae.

Restricted to a few species, principally inhabiting C. and S.
Europe. Imago with wings clothed with hairs, forewings rather
elongate -triangular, costa moderately arched, apex rounded.
Larva in a portable case.

Wings unicolorous .... 2. puUa.

,, with darker markings . . 1. reticella.

1. E. reticella, Neivm. 9-10 mm. Forewings and hindwings
semihyaline, whitish ; scattered transverse spots of thinly strewn
dark fuscous hair- scales, tending to form irregular transverse
lines ; 6 and 10 of forewinos absent.

EPICHNOPTERYX]

TINEIDAE

773

Kent to Hants and Essex, in salt-marshes, local ; Holland ; 6.
liavva pinkish-white ; head black ; 2-4 with dark brown plates :
case covered with frao-ments of grass and Conferva; on grass (?) ;
94.

2. E. pulla, Esp. {radiella, Curt.) 11-14 mm. Forewings
and hindwings I'ather thinly clothed with dark fuscous hair-
scales ; 6 and usually 10 of forewings present.

Kent to Hants and Essex, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia
Minor ; 5, 6. Larva Avhitish, purplish-tinged ; head black ; 2-4
blackish-marked : case covered witli longitudinally placed frag-
ments of grass ; on grass ; 7-4.

24. FuMEA, HI).

Head rough. Tongue obsolete. Antennae in S |, bipectinatcd
to apex. liabial palpi short, porrected, densely hairy. Maxillary
palpi rudimentary. Posterior
tibiae smooth - scaled above.
Forewings scaled ; lb furcate,
7 to apex, 7 and 8 sometimes
short-stalked, 9 absent. Hind-
wings under 1, ovate, cilia \; 4
absent. ? apterous.

A small European genus, of
which the species, from their
obscurity and similarity, are
still imperfectly xmderstood.
Imago with forewings elongate
or rather broad, costa moderately
arched, termen oblique. Larva
in a portable case covered with
refuse.

1. Forewings with apex obtuse or rounded

,, ,, distinctly pointed

2. Forewings purplish-tinged, apex obtuse

,, bi'onzy-tinged, apex rounded

3. Forewings uniformly dark

,, paler-mixed

1. F. crassiorella, Brd. 6 14-15 mm.

Neuration o[ Fumea intermcdiello

. 1. crassiorella.
2. inter mediella.
3. hetulina.
4. sepitim.
Forewings rather
broad, apex tolerably obtuse ; dark fuscous, purplish -tinged.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous. $ with anal tuft grey-whitish,
brownish-mixed.

Surrey, Middlesex, local ; SC. Eiu-ope ; 7. Larva light
purplish-brown ; subdorsal and spiracular lines on 2-4 reddish ;

774 TINEINA [fltmea

liead liu'ht brown, blackish-marked : case covered with longi-
tudinally placed fragments of grass; on grass, etc.; 5. 'i'lie
9 of this and the two following species rests with the body
strongly bent under, so that the ovipositor is directed forwards.

2. F. intermediella, Brd. (rohoricolella, Brd. ; nitideUa, Hof.)
$ 12-14 mm. Forewings rather broad, apex rounded: dark

fuscous, bronzy - tinged. Hindwings dark fuscous. $ with
anal tuft whitish or grey-whitish, sometimes fuscous-mixed.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; Europe ; 7. Larva
dark purplish-brown ; head and plates of 2-4 blackish : case
covered usually with longitudinally placed fragments of grass ;
on grass, lichens, etc. ; 5.

3. F. "betulina, Z. {aniccmella, Brd.; 1: saUcoUIht, Brd.) ^
12-14 mm. Forewings rather elongate, apes distinctly pointed ;
dark fuscous, bronzy-tinged. Hindwings dark fuscous. ? Avith
anal tuft white.

SE. England to Hants and Essex, local ; C. Europe ; 7.
Larva purplish-brown ; head, plate of 2, and slender plates of 3
and 4 black : case somewhat pointed, covered with fragments of
lichen, bai-k, etc. (not grass) ; on lichens groAving on Inishes ; 5.

4. F. sepium, Spr. (tnhulella, Brd.) $ 13-15 mm. Forewings
elongate, apex distinctly pointed ; rather dai"k fuscous, more or
less mottled with lighter greyish-ochreous. Hindwings fuscous.

$ with anal tuft brownish.

Worcester, other records doubtful ; C'. Europe ; 7. Larva
brownish; head and ])late of 2 black: case rather thick, nearly
perpendicular, covered with fragments of moss and lichen ; on
lichens growing on trees ; 5. The $ rests with the ovipositor
directed backwards.

2-J. SOLBNOBTA, Z.

Head rough. Tongue obsolete. Antennae \, in $ ciliated,
basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi short, drooping, hairy.
Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae hairy. Forewings :
lb furcate, 7 and 8 or 8 and 9 sometimes short -stalked, 7 to
apex, 10 absent. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia o-l ; 4 and
5, or 6 and 7 sometimes short-stalked. $ apterous.

A small genus, apparently confined to Europe ; the species
are largely parthenogenetic, that is, fertile eggs may be laid by
unimpregnated females for several generations in succession ;
the number of females produced is also commonly very mucli
in excess of the males. Imago (male) with forewings elongate,
apex rounded. Larva feeding in a portable case on lichens.

solkxobia]

TINEIDAE

775

Forewings witli darker terminal spots 1. inronxpicuella.

,, without darker terminal spots 2. Douglasii.

1. S. inconspicuella, Stt. 11-13 mm. Forewings pale grey,
with numerous irregular undefined sjjots and strigulae of darker
grey scales, sometimes connected to form reticulation ; a
terminal series of luidefined darker spots. Hindwings light
grey. 5 brown, head dark fuscous, anal tuft wdiitc.

England, local; Germany; 4, 5. Larva yellowish -grey ;
head blackish ; plate of 2 and pairs of spots on 3 and 4 black :
in a greyish-green somewhat three-sided case, on lichens grow-
ing on fences and tree-trunks ; 6-3.

2. S. Douglasii, Stt. (trkiuetrella, Dbld., non Tr. ; Wocl-ii,
Hein.) 13-17 mm. Forewings fuscous- whitish, strigulated
throughout with rather dark fuscous. Hindwings light grey.

9 brown, head dark fuscous, anal tuft white.

Dorset, Kent, Worcester to Westmoreland, E. Ireland, local ;
C. Europe ; 4. Larva pale yellowish ; head and plate of 2 dark
brown : in a greyish-green somewdiat three-sided case, on
lichens growing on fences, rocks, etc. ; 6-3.

26. Taleporia, ////.

Head i-ough. Tongue obsolete or rudimentary
§, in $ ciliated, basal joint without pccten

Antennae
Laljial palpi
moderate, porrected, loosely haired, terminal joint somewhat
pointed. Maxillary palpi ob-
solete. Posterior tibiae loosely
haired. Forewings : lb furcate,
7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen.
Hindwings 1, elongate -ovate,
cilia J ; all veins separate. 5
apterous.

Restricted to a few European
species. Imago with forewings
elongate, moderate, apex
rounded. Larva feeding in a
portable case on lichens.
Head light fuscous .

,, ]iale greyish-ochreous . 2. pseuJohornhi/ccJla.

1. T. conspurcatella, Z. 10-13 mm. Head light fuscous.
Antennal ciliations 3. Forewings whitisli -yellowish, with
numerous small fuscous spots and strigulae ; veins fuscous ;
indistinct darker dorsal spots towards base and before middle ; a
darker fuscous discal spot beyond middle. Hindwings light grey.

Nenration of Tnh poria -pseudohovihticeVa.

1. consinircatella.

776 TINEII^A [talkporia

Hants (Soutliaini)ton), local; Belgium, Italy; 3. Larva on
lichens on tree-tvunks ; 5-9.

2. T. pseudobombycella, Hh. 15-18 mm. Head pale greyish-
ochreous. Antennal ciliations almost 2. Forewings fuscous,
with numei'ous indistinct pale spots between veins, appearing
reticulated ; usually indistinct whitish-ochreous dorsal spots
before and beyond middle ; an indistinct darker discal spot
beyond middle. Hindwings grey. $ brown, anal tuft whitish-
grey.

England, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6. Larva
whitish ; head and plate of 2 black : in a long cylindrical case
on lichens on fences aiid tree-trunks ; 9-4.

27. Narycia, 8tj)li.

Head rough. Tongue obsolete. Antennae \^ in $ ciliated
with fascicles, basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi moderate,
porrected, loosely scaled, pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete.
Posterior tibiae hairy. Forewings: lb furcate, 7 absent, 8 and
9 sometimes short-stalked. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia
1 ; veins all separate.

Only two European species are known, but the genus is very
numerously represented in Australia, some species attaining a
considerable size. Imago with forewings elongate, moderate,
apex tolerably pointed. Larva feeding in a portable case on
lichens.

1. N. melanella, IIw. 9-11 mm. Head blackish. Forewings
dark fuscous, with some scattered whitish dots ; an ill-defined
irregular fascia of partly confluent whitish dots before middle;
small whitish costal and dorsal spots before middle. Hind-
wings dark grey.

England to York, common ; C. Europe; 6. Larva dull
yellowish ; head, plate of 2, and four spots each on 3 and 4
black : in a short cylindrical greyish -green case on lichens
growing on fences and tree-trunks ; 4, 5.

28. DlPLODOMA, Z.

Head rough. Tongue obsolete. Antennae |, in $ ciliated,
basal joint without pecten. Labial paljji moderate, drooping,
loosely scaled, tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete
Posterior tibiae smootli -scaled. Forewings: lb furcate, 7 to
termen. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia | ; 6 and 7 some-
times short-stalked.

Contains only two European species. Imago with forewings

uin.ODOMA] TINEIDAE 777

elongate, moderate, apex obtuse. Larva feeding in a portable
case on dry refuse.

1. D. marginepunctella, Stph. 11-13 mm. Head light
}X'llowi«h - ochreous. Forewings dark fuscous, with some
scattered whitish-yellowish dots and strigulae ; a subquadrate
whitish-yellowish dorsal spot before middle. Hindwings dark
grey.

Kent, Stafford to Cumberland, E. Ireland, local ; C Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva dull whitish ; head pale brown ;
plate of 2 darker brown ; 3 and 4 laterally brownish-tinged : in
a three-sided case, enclosed in an outer shorter case, covered
vrith fragments of refuse, on dead insects, fungus, etc. ; 9-5.

29. Teichobia, IIS.

Head with appressed scales, side-tufts spreading. Tongue
obsolete. Antennae ^, in $ pubescent, basal joint without
pecten. Labial palpi moderate, curved, porrected, second joint
loosely scaled, terminal shorter than second, acute. Maxillary
palpi short, drooping, two- jointed. Posterior tibiae smooth -
scaled. Forewings : lb simple, all veins separate, 7 to costa.
Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 1 ; all veins separate.

The single known species departs somewhat from the usual
type of its allies, but cannot be removed from them ; correlated
with tlie preceding. Imago with forewings elongate, moderate,
apex tolerably pointed. Larva feeding amongst the fructifica-
tion of ferns.

1. T. verhuellella, Stt. 9-10 mm. Forewings dark purplish-
fuscous. Hindwings rather dark bi'onzy-fuscous.

England to Cumberland, S. Ii'eland, local ; C. Europe ; G, 7.
Larva whitish-ochreous ; dorsal line brownish ; head and plate
of 2 black : burrowing amongst fructification of Asplenmm,
Scolopendriuni, and Ceterach, forming a small case of fragments
at entrance ; 3-5.

30. OCHSENHEIMERIA, Ilh.

Head with long rough hair-scales, their tips dilated and
furcate. Tongue developed. Antennae over ^, more or less
thickened with rough scales towards base, in S ciliated,
basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi moderate, subascend-
ing, second joint with rough projecting tuft of scales beneath,
terminal joint moderate, pointed. Maxillary palpi very short.
Posterior tibiae loosely haired. Forewings: lb furcate, 5
absent, 6 sometimes absent, 7 and 8 stalked or coincident.

778 TINEINA [oniSENHEiMEniA

Hindwings 1, elougatc-ovate, cilia |-1 ; 3 sometimes absent, 6
and 7 stalked or coincident.

A genus of few species, apparently confined to Europe.
They frequent grass-fields, and fly freely in the middle of the
day (12 to 2 p.m.), but are seldom met with at other times.
Imago with forewings elongate, apex pointed. Larva feeding
in stems of grasses.

1. Antennae more or less thickened with scales . 2.

,, not thickened . . .3. vdccuhlht.

2. Hind wings with transparent basal patch . 1. hlrdella.

,, only thinly scaled towards base 2. hisontella.

1. 0. birdella. Curt. 11-12 mm. Antennae thickened with
roua'h scales to above middle. Forewings fuscous or ochreous-
fuscous, mixed with lighter and darker, and with loosely raised
scales. Hindwings rather dark purplish-fuscous, becoming-
transparent on a patcli towards base.

England, N. and E. Ireland, local ; Germany ; 7, S. Larva
slender, whitish-yellowish ; head pale yellow-brownish : in stems
of grasses (Dacti/Iis, Bromus, Poa, etc.) ; 5.

2. 0. bisontella, Z. 9-12 mm. Antennae in $ hardly, in $
rather strongly thickened with rough scales to above middle.
Forewings narrower than in 0. hirdella, in S rather dark
fuscous, in 9 greyish-ochreous more or less mixed with fuscous.
Hindwings brassy-purplish-fuscous, thinly scaled towai-ds base.

Britain to Stirling, local ; C. Europe ; 7.

3. 0. vacculella, F.R. 11-12 mm. Antennae not thickened.
Forewings fuscous or greyish-ochreous, mixed or almost wholly
suffused with dark fuscous. Hindwings rather dark fusc(nis,
basal third transparent.

England to Durham, under dead bark of trees and in houses,
local and uncommon ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva descriljcd as
pale oclireous, with brown head, feeding in stems of rye, but it
seems doubtful whether the species was rightly identified.

31. ScAUDiA, Tr.

Head rough. Tongue short. Antennae f, in $ shortly
ciliated, basal joint with pccten. Labial palpi rather long,
curved, ascendmg, second j(nnt with projecting tuft of scales
beneath, terminal joint as long as second, rather pointed.
Maxillary palpi short, porrected. Posterior tibiae liairy. l'\irc-
wings : lb furcate, 7 to costa, 8 and 9 sometimes stalked.
Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia ^ ; 5 and G somewliat
approximated.

scardia] TINEIDAE 779

A small but nearly cosmopolitan genus, of which only three
species occur in Europe. Imago with forewings elongate, apex
obtuse. Larva feeding in fungi and rotten wood.

1. S. boleti, F. {choragellus, 7i.) 22-28 mm. Forewings
bi'owii, strigulated with whitish -oclu'cous and dark fuscous;
some darker spots towards base of costa; an irregular median
fascia obscurely indicated, darker and narrower on costa and
doi'sum ; indistinct subterminal and terminal scries of darker
spots ; terminal cilia with four light bars. Hindwings rather
dark fuscous.

Hants, Essex, N. Ireland, local and scarce ; C. Europe, Asia
Elinor; 7, 8. Larva ochreous-wliitish ; head brown: in
fungi ; 9-5.

32. SoYTHRoriA, lib.

Head rough. Tongue short. Antennae -|, in ^ pubescent,
basal joint witliout pectcn. Labial jjalpi moderate, filiform,
drooping, terminal joint longer than second, pointed. Maxillary
palpi short, filiform. Posterior tibiae loosely haired. Fore-
wings: lb furcate, 7 to termen. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate,
cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 parallel.

Besides the following there is said to be a second European
species ; the genus is apparently derived from Tinea. Imago
with forewings elongate, apex tolerably pointed. Larva slender,
gregarious, in a common web.

1. S. crataegella, L. 11-14 mm. Head white, fuscous-mixed.
Forewings white, sprinkled with light fuscous, margins strigu-
lated or spotted with dark fuscous; a rather dark fuscous
fascia before middle, and anothei" from § of costa to tornus.
Hindwings grey, darker towards apex.

England to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva dull
reddish-brown or ochreous-brown ; head Ijrown : on hawthorn ;
5, 6.

33. Incurvahia, Ihv.

Head rough. Tongue short. Antennae jf, in c^unipectinated
throughout, basal johit without pecten. Labial palpi moderate,
porrected, second joint witli apical l)ristles, terminal joint
pointed. Maxillary pal[(i long, filiform, folded. Posterior
tibiae hairy. Forewings : lb furcate, 7 to costa. Hindwings
1, elongate-ovate, cilia f ; all veins separate.

As here restricted, the genus includes only the two following-
species ; it is correlated with Lampronia. Tlic species fly in
the sunshine. Imago with forewings elongate, moderate, apex

780 TINEINA [incurvaria

rather obtuse ; hindwings with hair-scales. Larva stout, Avhen
very young mining in leaves, thereafter cutting out a flat
portable case and feeding on dead leaves on the ground.

Head pale greyish-ochreous ; spots indistinct 1. ^'fc^wm.

,, yellowish-ochreous ; spots sharply marked 2. muscalella.

1. I. pectinea, ffu: 12-14 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous.
Forewings shining prismatic fuscous ; a yelloAv-whitish dorsal
spot before middle, and an indistinct dot before tornus. Hind-
wings brassy-grey.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, N.
Asia ; 5. Larva whitish ; head yellow-brownish ; plates of 2-4
fuscous : on birch and hazel ; 6-9.

2. I. muscalella, F. (masculella, Hb.) 12-14 mm. Head pale
ochreous, ferruginous-tinged. Forewings rather dark purplish-
bronzy-fuscous ; a whitish triangular dorsal spot before middle,
and a smaller one before toriuis. Hindwings rather dark grey.

Britain to tlic Clyde, N. and E. Ireland, common ; Europe ;
.5. Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 pale brown ; 3 and 4
with pairs of dark spots : on hawthorn, Ribes, etc.; 6-10.

34. Lampronia, Stph.

Head rough, face with appressed hairs. Tongue short.
Antennae §, in $ simple, basal joint without pecten. Labial
palpi moderate, porrected, second joint with apical bristles,
terminal joint moderate, somewhat pointed. Maxillary palpi
long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibiae hairy. Foi'ewings : lb
furcate, 7 to costa. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia § ; all
veins sej^arate.

A genus of few species, characteristic of Europe ; derived
from Tinea. Most of the species fly in the sunshine. Imago
with forewings elongate, moderate, apex rather obtuse. Larva
feeding in shoots, or in a portable flat case on leaves of Bosaceae,
especially dead ones.

1. Forewings unicolorous . . . .2.

,, with pale markings . . .3.

2. Tornus of forewings distinctly prominent 2. 2^ubicornis.

,, ,, hardly marked . 1. tcnuicornis.

3. Forewings with numerous pale dots . 6. ruhieUa.

,, without such dots . . .4.

4. Head fuscous . . . . . ">.

,, light yellow-ochreous . . 5. ^/v(f(7«Y(-//'/.

f). Forewings with j^ale antemedian fascia . 4. luzella.

„ without antemedian markings 3. iiuadrijnmctcUa.

lampronia] TINEIDAE 781

1. L. teniiicornis, Stf. 14-16 mm. Head whitiish-vellowish.
Fui'cwings rather dark shining jjrismatic fuscous. Hindwings
with liair-scales, grey.

Kent, Suri'ey, York to Westmoreland, local ; Holland,
Germany ; 6.

2. L. pubicornis, Jliv. {flavifronteUa, Hein. ; canarul/a, Stt.)
12-13 mm. Head pale yellowish. Forewings relatively broader
and with termcn less oblique than in L. temucornis, shining-
fuscous. Hindwings with hair-scales, grey.

Lancashire to the Clyde, E. Ireland, amongst Rosa npino-
sissima, local ; dfermany ; G.

3. L. quadripunctella, Stph. (inorusa, 7i.) 12-13 mm. Head
fuscous. Forewings rather dark fuscous ; a triangular dorsal
spot before tornus, a discal dot above it, and sometimes a
posterior dot on costa ochi'eous- whitish. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, E. H'eland, common; Holland, Ceraiany,
Hungary; 6. Larva dull reddish-bi'own ; head blackish: in
shoots of rose ; 4, 5.

4. L. luzella, Hh. 11-12 mm. Head fuscous. Forewings
dark piu'ple-fuscous ; a sometimes interrupted fascia about \, a
subquadrate costal spot beyond middle, and a larger triangular
dorsal sjDot before tornus yellow ; tips of apical cilia whitish.
Hindwings dark fuscous.

England to Cumberland, N. and E. L-eland, common ; NC.
Europe ; 6.

5. L, praelatella, Srhif. 11-13 mm. Head light yellow-
ochreous. Forewings dark fuscous, purplish-tinged; a basal
dot, a sometimes interrupted fascia at ^, a triangular dorsal
spot before tornus, and a lai'ger costal spot be^^ond it pale
ochreous -yellowish ; tips of apical cilia white. Hindwings
I'ather dark bronzy-gre}'.

Britain to Sutherland, 8. Ireland, common : N. and C.
Europe ; 6. Larva wdiitish ; head brown ; plate of 2 blackish :
in a flat case of leaf-frao-ments, beneath leaves of Fragaria ;
9-5.

6. L. rubiella, Bjerl-. 9-12 mm. Head light yellow-ochreous
mixed with fuscous. Forewings dark fuscous, with scattered
pale yellowish dots ; four small costal and two larger dorsal
pale ochreous-yellowish spots; tips of apical cilia whitish.
Hindwings dark grey.

Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia !Minor ; 6. Larva rose-pink ; head black ; plate of 2 dark

782 TINEINA [lampronia

grey : \\hon young in fruit-recc2)taclcs, afterwards in shoots of
raspberry ; 7-5.

35. Myhmecozela, Z.

Head rough. Tongue sliort. Antennae |, in $ pubesecnt,
basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi moderate, porreeted,
second joint loosely scaled, terminal short, pointed. Maxillary
palpi obsolete. Anal tuft large. Posterior tibiae hairy. Fore-
wings : lb furcate, 7 to costa. Hind wings 1, elongate-ovate,
cilia ^ ; all veins separate.

Founded on the following species only. Imago with fore-
wings elongate, rather narrow, tolerably pointed. The habits
of the larva, which is a resident in ants' nests, are apparently
unique amongst known Lepidoptera, thougli shared by many
Coleoptrra. Pupa in a cocoon within the larval tubes.

1. M. ochraceella, Tgst. 15-18 mm. Head ferruginous-
ochreous. Forewings rather deep ochreous. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

Hants, Perth, local, perhaps overlooked ; Switzerland, Fin-
land ; 6, 7. Larva whitish -yellowish ; head reddisli -brown :
in silken ualleries amonust refuse in nests of Formicih rufa ;
8-10.

36. TiNEOLA, IIS.

Head rough. Tongue short. Antennae |^, in $ pubescent,
basal joint with pecten. Labial palpi moderate, pon-ected,
second joint with long bristles towards apex, terminal joint
tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi very short. Posterior
tibiae loosely haired. Forewings : lb furcate, 7 to costa.
Hindwings 1, elongate - ovate, cilia nearly 1; all veins
separate.

A genus of few species, very widely distri))uted but partly
perhaps through artificial means ; a development of Tinea,
wliich it closel}^ resembles. Imago with forewings elongate,
rather narrow, apex tolerably pointed. Larva feeding in wool,
hair, cloth, etc.

1. T. biselliella, Iliuu. 9-1 G nun. Head light ferruginous-
ochreous, sometimes brownish -tinged. Forewings pale yel-
lowish-ochreous ; base of costa fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-
grey-whitish.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Irehuid, local; Eui'ope, N. Africa,
N. America, Australia, New Zealand, artificially spread ; G-!).
Lai'va whitish; head brown : on hair, wool, etc.; 10-6.

i.schnosciaJ TINEIDAE 783

37. LsuHxosciA, n.g.

Head rough. Tongue developed. Antennae 1, in S simple,
basal joint witliout pecten. Labial palpi rather long, jwr-
rected, second joint with apical bristles above and beneath,
terminal joint pointed. Maxillary palpi long, filiform, folded.
Posterior tibiae smooth -scaled. Forewings : lb furcate, 5
absent, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 10 absent. Hindwings -|,
lanceolate, cilia .3 ; cell open between 4 and 5, 5 and 6
approximated.

Only the following species is at present known ; it is a
develo])ment of Tinea. Imago with forewings elongate, narrow,
pointed.

1. I. subtilella, Fnchs. 6-8 nnn. Head whitish -ochreous.
Forewings pale whitish-ochreous ; a grey apical dot. Hind-
wings ochreous-grey-whitish.

Dorset (Portland), amongst rocks, local ; Germany ; 7, 8.

38. PlIYLLOrORIA, Ilet'ti.

Head rongli. Tongue rudimentary. Antennae ^, in S
shortly ciliated, basal joint without jjecten. Labial paljii
moderate, porrected, second joint with apical bristles, ter-
minal joint ])ointed. Maxillary palpi long, filiform, folded.
Posterior tibiae hairy. Forewings ." lb furcate, 5 absent, 7 to
costa, 9 absent. Hindwings under 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 1.^,-;
all veins separate.

Contains at present only the following species ; derived from
Tinea. Imago with forewings elongate, tolerably pointed.
Larva tapering posteriorly, segments incised, legs hardly de-
veloped, mining in leaves. Pupa in an oval case cut out fi'om
the leaf, on the ground.

1. P. bistrigella, llir. {mhammaneUa, Stt.) 7-8 nnn. Head
ochreous -fuscous. Forewings fuscous; a straight shining
whitish fascia at i, and another sometimes interrupted beyond
middle ; sometimes a whitish elongate discal spot beyond tliis.
Hindwings grey.

Pritain to the Clyde, local; N. Europe, Cermany; 6. Larva
pale yellowish ; head pale brown : in a gallery terminating in a
blotch in leaves of lurch ; 7, 8.

39. Moxopis, Hh.

Head rough. Tongue developed. Antennae f-f, in $
simple or ciliated, basal joint with small pecten. Labial

784 TINEINA [monopis

palpi moderate, porrected, second joint with long bristles at
apex above and beneath, tei'minal joint somewhat pointed.
Maxillary palpi long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibiae hairy.
Forewings with naked depression in disc ; lb furcate, 3 and 4
stalked, 7 to costa, sometimes 6 and 7 or 7 and 8 stalked.
Hindwings 1, elongate -ovate, cilia f-1 ; 5 and 6 sometimes
stalked.

A small but quite cosmopolitan genus, derived from Tinea ;
endemic species occur in each region, but there are others
whose range has been artificially extended over a large part of
the world. The genus shows more structural variation than
Tinea, especially in neuration, but the stalking of veins 3 and
4 of the forewings is a constant character for distinction. Imago
with forewings elongate, rather narrow, tolerably pointed. Larva
feeding on dry vegetable substance and various refuse, especially
of an excrementitious nature.

1. Head and thorax white . . .5. monachella.

,, ,, not white . . .2.

2. Forewings with yellowish dorsal streak 2. ferruginella.

,, without dorsal streak . . 3.

3. Head yellowish . . . . .4.

,, fuscous mixed witli [nile ochreous 3. fenestratella.

4. Costa slenderly yellowish beyond middle 1. imella.

,, without yellowish streak . . 4. rusticclla.

1. M. imella, lib. 11-13 mm. Head ferruginous-yellowish.
Forewings purplish -fuscous, with some pale ochreous scales ;
costa slenderly pale ochreous-yellowish from before middle to
4; a small ochreous -whitish subhyaline median discal spot.
Hindwdngs bronzy-grey.

Kent, Suffolk to Cambridge, Lancashire, local ; C. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva in fur-refuse, felt, etc.;
10-4.

2. M. ferruginella, Ifb. 10-12 mm. Head ferruginous-
yellowish. Forewings dark fuscous, purplish-tinged, towards
costa sprinkled with whitish-ochreous ; an ochreous-yellowish
dorsal streak from near base to tornus, broadest before middle ;
a whitish subhyaline median discal spot. Hindwings purplish-
fuscous.

Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe,
Asia Minor, N. Africa, N. America, Australia, New Zealand,
spread by artificial means ; 6, 7, 10. Larva in a case on seeds
of xirtemisia and doulttless other plants ; 8-4.

3. M. fenestratella, Heyd. 11-14 nun. Head fuscous,

MON-opisJ TINEIDAE 785

mixed with pale ochrcous. Forewing's dark fuscous, purplish-
tinged, somewhat mixed with brownish- ochreous ; an obscure
rather large triangular brownish-ochreous or ochreous-yellowish
dorsal spot befoi'e tornus, and another on costa nearly opposite ;
an ochreous- whitish median discal spot. Hiiidwings bronzy-
grey.

Surrey, Cambridge, local ; Germany ; 6, 7. Larva in
decayed wood ; 1 0-4.

4. M. rusticella, lib. 14-20 mm. Head light yellow-ochre-
ous. Fore wings purplish -grey, densely strigulated with dark
fuscous and more or less irrorated with whitish-ochreous ; a
small whitish hyaline discal spot before middle ; sometimes a
small whitish-ochreous tornal spot. Hind wings brassy -grey,
posteriorly purplish-tinged.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ii'eland, common ; N. and C.
Eui'ope, Asia Minor, N. America ; 5, 6, 8, 9. Larva whitish ;
head pale brown ; plate of 2 yellowish-brown : on wool,
probably also on various refuse ; 7, 8, 10-3.

5. M. monachella, Hh. 11-17 mm. Head and thorax white.
Forewings less narrow, dark ferruginous-fuscous, with numei'ous
small dark ashy-fuscous spots ; an ochreous-white trapezoidal
blotch extending along costa from before middle to near apex
and reaching half across wing, lower side sinuate ; a subhyaline
spot in lower anterior angle of this. Hindwings brassy-grey,
darker posteriorly.

Cambridge, in fens, local ; NC. Europe, India, Hawaiian
Isles, doubtless artificially distributed ; 5, 6, 8.

40. Triciiopiiaga, Ray.

Characters of Tinea, but forewings with 10 running into 0
before costa, 11 running into 10,
12 running into 11, these three ...,---:r=^^^^==^^^^='*'~'-^

veins not reaching the costa. /::;<!r^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'''''^^^E£^IlO

The single European species is CIZ ^TvT^P^

now of world-wide distribution ^ ^^^--^^^--^""^

and doubtful origin ; two other

, s A ™ . Forewmg of Trichophaga (apetiella.

species are known from Atrica.

Imago with forewings elongate, rather narrow, apex round-
pointed. Larva feeding especially on furs, skins, etc.

1. T. tapetiella, L. 15-22 mm. Head white. Forewings
ochreous-white, thinly strigulated with grey; basal |- dark
purplish-fuscous; a roundish grey posterior discal spot; some
small black spots about apex. Hindwings light brassy-gi'ey.

3 B

786

TINEIFA

[trichophaga

Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; Europe,
Asia, Africa, N. America, Australia, New Zealand ; 6, 7. Larva
ochreous-wliitish ; head brown : in silken galleries amongst fur
and woollen stuffs ; 9-4.

41. Tinea, L.

Head rough. Tongue short. Antennae |-|, in $ simple
or ciliated, basal joint sometimes
with small pecten. Labial palpi
moderate, porrected, second joint
sometimes rough beneath, with
long apical bristles above and
beneath, terminal joint somewhat
])ointed. Maxillary palpi long,
hliform, folded. Posterior tibiae
loosely haired. Forewings : lb
furcate, 7 to costa, seldom 5 and
G or 6 and 7 or 7 and 8 stalked.
Hindwing-s |-1, elongate -ovate,
5 and 6 sometimes

Neuration ami liead of Tinea lapella.

cilia f-1 ;

stalked.

An extensive genus of universal distribution ; all regions
possess numerous endemic forms, though a few of the house-
frequenting species have been widely spread by human agency.
Imago with forewings elongate, rather narrow, tolerably pointed.
Larva of various habits, sometimes living in a portable case ;
most of the European species feed on dry refuse, lichens, fungi,
dead wood, cloth, etc., but in other regions many live in spun
shoots or mine blotches in leaves.

I.

Forewings with discal scale-tufts at |

Ifx

(ni(/uxfi/>enn'/s.

2.

3.
. 12.

4.
2. iiiiiijilicclla.

,, without scale-tufts

2. l^'orewings dark fuscous .

not dark fuscous

3. I'orewings Avith pale spots

,, without pale spots

4. iiead yellow . . . . .5.

,, not yellow . . . .9.

5. Forewings with whitish costal spot before middle

3. Jnh'iinitrclla
,, without such spot . . . G.

6. Forewings with whitish spot on base of dorsum

12. cajiruiiulijiUn,
„ without sucli spot , . .7.

13. Head yellow

,, not yellow .

14. Fore wings with dark brown costal spots

,, without dark costal spots

15. Forewings white or whitish-mixed

,, not mixed with whitisli

16. Forewings with basal fourth of costa dark

tinea] TIXEIDAE 787

7. Forewings with antemedian fascia . . 8.

,, without fascia . . 2. oehlmanniella.

8. Forewings with two posterior costal spots 23. vinculella.

,, ,, one costal spot . .1. capitella.

9. Forewings with one or more fasciae . .10.

,, without fascia . . . .11.

10. Forewings with postmedian fascia . 13. confusella.

,, without postmedian fascia 24. argentimactdella.

11. Head whitish . . . 11. albipunctella.

,, ferriTginous-brown . . . 16. mi sell d.

12. Head deep ferruginous . . 21. Remifulvella.
,, not ferruginous . . . .13.

. 14.
. IT).
6. parnsiteJId.
20. Myv//a.
. 16.
22
fuscous

4. arreUa.
,, without such mark . . .17.

17. Forewings with black streak from base to apex

8. pmiTdla.
,, without such streak . . .18.

18. Forewings with blackish streak from disc to costa

before apex . . 7. arcuatella,

,, without such streak . . .19.

19. Forewings with inverted-triangular median dorsal

spot . . .5. corticella.

,, without such spot . . . 20.

20. Forewings with dark median entii'c fascia

14. nigripunctella.
,, without such fascia . . .21.

21. Head whitish . . . .9. granella.

,, whitish-ochreous . . .10. cloacella.

22. Forewings with dark basal subdorsal dash

19. paUescentella.
,, without such dasli . . . 23.

23. Costal cilia barred . 17. fiisciptmcteUa.

,, ,, not barred . . .18. pellionella.

1. T. capitella, CI. 14-16 mm. Head deep ochreous-yellow.

Forewings rather broad, dark purplish-bronzy-fuscous ; a fascia

at \, attenuated upwards and sometimes not reaching costa, a

788 TINEINA [tinea

rounded dorsal spot Ijefore torniis, and another on costa slightly
beyond it light yellowish; tips of apical eilia yellow-whitish.
Hindwings rather dark purplish-grey.

England to York, N. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva dull greenish ; a reddish spot on 9 ; head and plate of 2
black : in shoots of cux-rant {Rihes) ; 4.

2. T. oehlmanniella, Tr. 12-14 mm. Head deep ochreous-
yellow. Forewings dark bronzy-fuscous, mixed witli purplish ;
a subtriangular dorsal spot before middle, a smaller one before
tornus, and a third sometimes nearly obsolete on costa at f
pale yellowish. Hindwings rather dark purplish-grey.

Britain to the Orkneys, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ;
6. Larva when young mining in leaves, afterwards in a flat
case of leaf-fi'agments on various fallen leaves ; 8-3.

3. T. fulvimitrella, Sodof. 17-20 mm. Head ochreous-
yellow. Forewings blackish, faintly purplish-tinged ; oclu'eous-
whitish subtriangular spots on costa before middle and at f ,
and on dorsum before middle and before tornus, sometimes
containing one or two dark strigulae ; cilia with tlu-ee or four
whitish spots. Hindwings rather dark purplish-grey.

Britain to Perth, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva
yellow-whitish ; head dark brown, blackish above ; 2 with two
brown spots : in decayed wood and fungi ; 5.

4. T. arcella, F. 12-14 mm. Head white. Forewings
whitish, partially ochreous-tinged ; a thick mark along basal \
of costa, a median fascia angulated above middle and sometimes
nearly interrupted below angle, and two or three posterior
costal marks dark fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England to Durham, N. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6-8. Larva in decayed wood ; 5.

5. T. corticella. Curt, (emortuella, Z.) 13-16 mm. Head
ochreous-white. Forewings whitish, suflfusedly strigulated with
yellowish-brown ; several small dark fuscous spots on costa, and
some smaller on dorsum and termen ; a triangular yellowish-
brown median dorsal spot standing on one angle ; a yellowish-
brown transverse subterminal streak. Hindwings fuscous.

England, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva
yellow-whitish ; head and plate of 2 brown : in fungi growing
on trees ; 7, 9, 10.

6. T. parasitella, Hb. {carpinetella, Stt.) 17-20 mm. Head
ochreous- yellow. Forewings whitish, mixed with brownish-
ochreous, with small scattered dark fuscous strigulae, veins
marked with brownish-ochreous streaks ; several dark bi-own

tinea] TINEIDAE 789

costal sijots, one before and one beyond middle connected by
indistinct converging brownish fasciae with a median dorsal
spot ; some dark brown spots towards apex ; cilia barred with
whitish and dark brown. Hindwings purplish-fnscous.

England, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva
yellow-whitish ; head and plate of 2 brown : in fungi growing
on trees ; 10-4.

7. T. arcuatella, Stf. 15-19 mm. Head brownish, on sides
whitish. Eorewings whitish, irrorated with brown ; several
small costal spots, a short longitudinal streak from base of
costa, a sinuate streak along fold from base to middle, and an
irregular sinuate streak from middle of disc to costa before
apex blackish, partly suffused with brown. Hindwings rather
dark grey.

Perth, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 8. Larva in fungi
growing on trees ; 7, 9.

8. T. picarella, 67. 1.3-17 mm. Head white. P'orewings
white ; a sinuate longitudinal streak from base of costa through
disc to apex, oblique costal spots at \ and ^ connected with it,
a longitudinal mark from base of dorsum, an oblique discal
mark before middle, a dot on dorsum towards base, and some
small posterior costal and terminal spots black. Hindwings
rather dark grey, paler anteriorly.

Cheshire to Perth, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 7.

9. T. granella, L. 9-14 mm. Head whitish. Eorewings
whitish, irregularly irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous ;
an oblique mark from base of costa to fold, a smaller mark
beyond it, an oblique mark from costa to middle of disc, a spot
on fold before middle, and some small costal and dorsal spots
dark fuscous. Hindwings grey.

England, N. and E. Ireland, common, in established granaries
sometimes very abundant ; Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia, N.
Africa, N. America, Australia, spread by artificial means ; 6-9.
Larva yellowish - white ; head pale brown; plate of 2 paler
brownish: on corn-grains ; 7-10.

10. T. cloacella, Hw. (mricolella, Stt.) 10-17 mm. Head
whitish-ochreous. Eorewings ochreous-brown, more or less
mixed with whitish and strigulated with dark fuscous ; a spot
on base of costa, another beyond it, a thick oblique spot from
costa reaching middle of disc, an elongate spot on fold before
middle, and some small posterior costal and dorsal spots dark
fuscous; a small round whitish posterior spot in disc. Hind-
wino's fuscous.

790 TINEINA [tinea

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan, N. America; 6-8. Larva yellowish -white ; head
pale brown : in fungi and decayed wood ; 7, 9-4.

(T. cochylidella, Stt., founded on a specimen taken 40 years
ago and still unique, seems hardly entitled to rank as a British
species ; it is not known in Europe, and if really a distinct
species, may have been accidentally imported.)

11. T. albipunctella, 7/»'. 10-12 mm. Head whitish. Fore-
wings dark fuscous ; about five small costal and three dorsal
spots, two above dorsum before middle and before tornus, and
one in disc posteriorly whitish. Hindwings dark grey.

England to Westmoreland, local ; Sweden ; 6, 7. Larva in
decayed sticks ; 4, 5.

12. T. caprimulgella, HS. 9-11 mm. Head ochreous-yellow-
ish. Forewings dark bronzy-fuscous ; a spot on base of dorsum,
an indistinct fascia before middle, two or three posterior costal
spots, and one on tornus yellow-whitish. Hindwings purplish-
fuscous.

Middlesex, local ; France, Germany ; 7. Larva in decayed
wood ; 5.

13. T. confusella, HS. 7-8 mm. Head whitish, at back of
crown dark fuscous. Forewings dark fuscous ; a basal spot,
two fasciae before and beyond middle, and a costal spot before
apex formed of whitish irroration. Hindwings grey.

Lancashire, E. Ireland, on rocks, local ; Austria, Dalmatia ;
7, 8. Larva probably on lichens.

14. T. nigripunctella, Hw. 9-10 mm. Head ochreous-whit-
ish. Forewings ochreous- whitish, with a few dark fuscous
scales ; an oblique spot on base of costa reaching fold, a thick
median fascia, a less defined fascia at f, and some undefined
terminal marks fuscous irrorated with blackish. Hindwings
grey.

England to York, in outbuildings, local ; C. Europe, N.
Africa ; 7, 8.

15. T. angustipennis, //*S'. 13-14 mm. Head ochi-eous-
yellow. Forewings narrow, ochreous-brown, mixed and strigu-
lated with darker; several whitish costal and dorsal dots;
obscure somewhat darker fasciae before and beyond middle ;
two darker scale-tufts transversely placed at f, surrounded by
some whitish scales. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous.

Middlesex, rare and local ; Holland, Germany ; 5, 8. Larva
said to feed in decayed wood.

16. T. misella, Z. 12-16 mm. Head ferruc-inous-brown.

tinea] TINEIDAE 791

Forewings dark browu, with iiumeruus small yellow- whitish
spots or strigiilae ; stigmata indistinct, dark fuscous. Hind-
wings purplish-fuscous.

England to York, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N. America ;

6, 8, 11. Larva in a case, on preserved skins, dried plant-
stems, fungi, etc. ; 7, 9, 10, 12-4.

17. T. fuscipunctella, Ihv. 11 -IG mm. Head ochreou.s-
Ijrownish. Forewings greyish-ochreous or pale fuscous, irregu-
larly mixed with darker fuscous ; indistinct darker doi'sal spots
before middle and at tornus ; stigmata dark fuscous, second
discal large ; costal cilia with paler bars. Hindwings bi'onzy-
grey.

England, E. Ireland, conmion ; Europe, WC. Asia to
Turkestan, N. Africa, N. America, Australia, New Zealand ; 6,

7, 9. Larva in a case on dry refuse; 7, 8, 10.

18. T. pellionella, L. {flavescentella, Hw. ; merdella, Z. ;
duhiella, Stt.) 10-13 mm. Head light ochreous. Forewings
pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes tinged with yellowish or
fuscous ; stigmata fuscous, two anterior sometimes elongate or
seldom obsolete, second discal large, round ; cilia whitisli-
Qchreous. Hindwings rather light bronzy-grey.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, conmion ; Europe, Asia i\linor, N.
America; 6, 7, 9, 10. Larva whitish; head brown; plate of 2
dark brown : in a case on cloth, feathers, hair, etc., 3-5, 7, 8.

19. T. pallescentella, Stt. 14-lG mm. Head light greyish
ochreous, fuscous-mixed. Forewings light greyish-ochreous
mixed with fuscous ; base of costa and a short basal subdorsal
dash dark fuscous ; stigmata dark fuscous, elongate, plical
forming a more or less extended dash along fold ; two indistinct
whitish dots beyond second discal ; some cloudy dark fuscous
terminal spots. Hindwings very pale grey.

England to Durham, E. Ireland, local ; not recorded else-
where, but probably originally introduced from abroad and
now established ; 7, 8, 10. Larva on grain, dry refuse, etc. ;
5, 6, 9.

20. T. lapella, Hb. {ganomella, Tr.) 13-16 mm. Head
ochreous-yellow. Forewings pale yellowish-ochreous, more or
less sprinkled with fuscous ; a blackish costal streak from base
to \ or beyond ; stigmata black, plical large, first discal often
absent. Hindwings grey, faintly purplish or brassy -tinged,
darker posteriorly.

England to Lancashire, E. Ireland, rather common ; C.
Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 8. Larva in nests of birds ; 7, 10-5.

792 TINEIFA [tinka

21. T. semifulvella, llv). 15-19 mm. Head deep ferruginous.
Forewings whitish-grey, irregularly suft'used with pale ferrugin-
ous, posteriorly suffused with ferruginous-orange ; a dark fuscous
costal streak from base to \ ; a small elongate-triangular blackish
dorsal spot before tornus. Hindwings grey.

Britain to Perth, rather common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva
yellowish-white ; head pale brown : on wool, etc., in nests of
birds: 10-5.

22. T. simplicella, IIS. 11-13 mm. Head ferruginous-
ochreous. Forewings rather dark fuscous, purplish -tinged,
sometimes obscurely yellowish-sprinkled ; stigmata sometimes
faintly indicated ; costal edge posteriorly pale yellowish. Hind-
wings pi;rplish-fuscous.

Kent, Surrey, local ; C. Europe ; 7.

23. T. vinculella, IIS. 8-9 mm. Head pale ochreous-yellowish.
Forewings blackish - fuscous ; a narrow somewhat curved fascia
before \, an oblique triangular spot on middle of costa, another
before tornus seldom connected with this, and a crescentic costal
spot towards apex white ; tips of cilia whitish. Hindwings
rather dark fuscoiis, faintly brassy-tinged.

Dorset (Portland), local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva pale
yellowish ; head and plate of 2 rather dark brown : in a rather
flat case covered with sand and lichen-fragments, on lichens on
rocks ; 8-10, sometimes living two years.

24. T. argentimaculella, Stt. 8-9 mm. Head light fuscous,
face whitish. Forewings blackish - fuscous ; a narrow fascia at
J, sometimes interrupted on fold, an oblique mark from middle
of costa, a small dorsal spot before tornus, a dot above tornus,
a small posterior costal spot, and some dots round apex and
termen shining silvery-white ; tips of cilia silvery-whitish.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous.

Surrey, Dorset to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
green-whitish ; head and plate of 2 black ; 3 and 4 with darker
lateral spots : in galleries amongst lichens on rocks ; 4-6.

42. Nemophora, Hh.

Head rough, face with appresscd hairs. Tongue developed.
Antennae 2-3, in S filiform, basal joint without pecten. Labial
palpi short, porrected, loosely scaled. Maxillary palpi long,
filiform, folded. Posterior tibiae hairy. Forewings : lb furcate,
7 to termen, 8 and 9 'stalked. Hindwings 1, elongate -ovate,
cilia f ; 5 and 6 approximated or stalked.

Includes only a few European s])ecies, very closely allied

NEMOPiior.A] TINEIDAE 793

togetlier; the genus is correlated with JVe/noiois. Imago with
forcwiugs elongate, moderate, apex roniid - pointed, tei'uion
obliquely rounded ; hiudwiugs with hair-scales. Larva at first
mining in leaves, afterwai'ds feeding in a ])ortable case.

1. Second discal stigma marked . . .2.

„ ,, not marked . . .3.

2. Forewings long, rather narrow . 2. sdtimr:,iclla.

„ rather short and broad . 4. metaxeUa.

3. Cilia of hindwings whitish-ochreous 1. swammerdaiiimella.

,, ,, grey . . . 3. jiilella.

1. N. swammerdammella, L. 16-21 mm. Head orange, face
whitish. Forewings long, pale shining ochreous, faintly darker-
strigulated. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

Britain to Sutherland, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC
Asia to N. Persia ; 5, 6. Larva v.hitish ; head and plate of 2
black ; 3 and 4 with narrow purplish-brown plates : in a flat
case of leaf -fragments, on various low plants and fallen leaves ;
8-4.

2. N. schwarziella, ^. 15-17 mm. Head orange. Forewings
long, light shining greyish-ochreous, indistinctly strigulated
with grey ; a grey discal mark beyond middle. Hindwings light
grey ; cilia whitish-grey.

Britain to Sutherland, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C.
Europe ; 5, 6.

3. N. pilella, F. 15-17 mm. Head orange, face whitish.
Forewings less elongate, shining greyish-ochreous or light
fuscous, faintly darker-strigulated. Hindwings grey ; cilia grey.

York to Sutherland, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6.

4. N. metaxella, Hb. 15-17 mm. Head ochreous -orange,
face whitish. Forewings shorter and broadei", shining ochreous,
indistinctly brownish - strigulated ; a brownish discal mark
beyond middle. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia light grey, suffused
basally with ochreous.

England to Westmoreland, N. Ireland, local ; N. and C.
Europe ; 6.

43. Adela, Latr.

Head rough, face usually smooth. Tongiie developed.
Antennae 1^-3, in (? filiform, sometimes thickened with scales
towards base, basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi moderate
or short, porrected, more or less hairy. Maxillary palpi
rudimentar}^ Posterior tibiae hairy. Forewings : lb furcate,
7 to costa, 8 and 9 sometimes stalked. Hindwings 1, elongate-

794

TINEINA

[adela

ovate, cilia ^-f ; 5 and 6 approximated or stalked, G and 7
sometimes stalked.

A rather considei'able genus, almost confined to northern
temperate regions. Imago with forewings elongate, moderate,

apex round -pointed ; the species
fly in hot sunshine. Larva usually
at first in flowers, afterwards in
a flat case on leaves, especially
\<::::;v^^_" \ >^ when fallen.

1. Forewings with entire
yellow fascia 2.

Forewings withoiit entire
fascia . . 3.

2. Forewings with cS and 9
stalked 4. defieerella.

Neuration of .4dcia mrtfieHrt. Forewiugs with 8 and 9

separate 3. croesella.

3. Antennae of $ almost wholly white ; expanse

14-16 mm. . . 4.

,, ,, white towards apex only ; expanse

8-12 mm. . ^ . .5.

4. Forewings brassy-bronzy; antennae of ? thickened

5. viridella.
,, coppery - bronzy ; antennae of 9 iiot

thickened . . .6. cnprella.

5. Head black ; forewings with pale spot . \. jibuhila.

,, ferruginous - mixed ; forewings usually uni-

colorous . . .2. rufiinitreUn.

1. A. fibulella, Schiff. 8-10 nun. Head black. Antennae
1^, black, apical fourth white. Forewings shining coppery-
bronzy, costa posteriorly purple ; sometimes a pale yellowish
spot near base ; a pale shining yellowish transverse dorsal spot
beyond middle, sometimes nearly reaching costa. Hindwings
dark pur})lish-fuscous.

Britain to Ross, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ;
G. Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 dark brown ; plate of 3
and two spots on 4 greyish : in seed -capsules, afterwards in
flat elongate -oval cases granulated with earth on leaves of
Veronica chamaedrys ; 7-9. The colouring of the imago practi-
cally accords well with the Veronica flowers, the pale spot
imitating tlie white eye of the blossom.

2. A. rufimitrella, Sc. 9-12 mm. Head black, more or less
ferruginous-mixed above. Antennae in $ 2, in 9 H, black, tip

adela] TINEIDAE 795

whitish. Forewiiigs shining brassy-bronzj-, sometimes partly vv
wholly coppery. Hindwings dark purplisli-fuscous.

England to York, N. Ireland, local ; C Europe ; 5. Larva
whitish-yellowish ; head and plate of 2 blackish ; 3 and 4 fnscons
above : in seed-vessels, afterwards in flat ronndcd- elongate
brown cases on leaves of Cardamine pt'oUnsis and Sisymhrmvi
alliaria ; 7-10. In Continental specimens the forewings have
sometimes a pale yellowish dorsal spot beyond middle.

3. A. croesella, Sc. (sulseUa, Schiflf.) 11-13 mm. Head
ferrnginous mixed with black. Antennae in S 2|^, black, tip
white ; in $ hardly 1;^, thickened with violet-black scales to
above middle, remainder white. Forewings shining dark violet-
fuscous, more or less streaked suflusedly between veins with
golden - ochreous ; a straight deep yellow fascia close beyond
middle, narrower costally, edged first with dark fuscous and
then with narrow violet fasciae. Hindwings dark pui'plish-
fuscous.

England to York, local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, ; 6.
Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 brown : when young prob-
ably in the blossoms, afterwards in a flat case granulated with
earth on fallen leaves of Li<iustrum; 8-3.

4. A. degeerella, L. 15-19 mm. Head ferruginous-yellowish.
Antennae in $ over 3, white, becoming dark fuscous towards
base ; in 5 IJj thickened with black scales on lower half,
towards apex white. Forewings light shining yellow-ochreous,
veins streaked with dark fuscous, in $ posteriorly sometimes
wholly dark fuscous ; a yellow fascia at f , slightly inwardly
oblique, edged with narrow violet-leaden blackish-edged fasciae ;
8 and 9 stalked. Hindwings dark purj)lish -fuscous ; 6 and 7
stalked.

England to Cumberland, S. Ireland, common ; p]urope, Asia
Minor ; 6. Larva yellowish-white ; head and plate of 2 black ;
3 and 4 with grey spots : in broad flat case of leaf-fragments on
various low plants and fallen leaves ; 9-3.

5. A. viridella, Sc. 14-16 mm. Head black, in $ sometimes
ochreous-mixed, face in $ smooth. Antennae in $ nearly 3,
white above; in $ 1^, black, thickened towards base, towards
apex white. Forewings bright shining brassy - bronzy, costa
coppery-tinged. Hindwings dai-k purplish-fuscous.

England, very common ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva
in broad flat case of leaf-fragments on fallen leaves ; 9-3. Egg
laid in midrib of leaf.

6. A. cuprella, Tlinh. 14-15 mm. Head in $ black, in

796 TINEINA [adkla

$ ferruginous, face in 5 hairy. Antennae in (^ 2h, white,
towards base blackish - ringed ; in 5 I55 black, not thickened,
towards apex white. ForcAvings cop j)ery -bronzy, towards costa
purple-tinged. Hindwings dark purj)lish-fuscous.

Britain to Sutherland, E. Ireland, very local; N. and C
Europe ; 4. The imago frequents flowers of SaJix caprea.

44. Nbmotois, lib.

Head rough; face smooth. Eyes in S enlarged, approximated
on crown. Tongue developed. Antennae in c? about 3, in 9
1|- or more, in <$ simple, basal joint without pecten. Labial
palpi moderate, curved, ascending, shorter in 9 > with long-
rough projecting hairs in front, terminal joint pointed.
Maxillary palpi obsolete. Abdomen in 9 much narrowed
posteriorly. Posterior tibiae hairy. Forewings : lb furcate, 7
to costa. Hindwings 1, elongate - ovate, cilia §; 6 and 7
approximated or stalked.

A rather small genus but distributed throughout all the
principal regions except New Zealand. Imago with forewings
elongate, moderate, apex rounded ; the species fly in hot sun-
shine. Larva at first in seedheads, afterwards in a flat case on
lower leaves.

1. Forewings with well-marked dark fascia . 4. fasciellus.

,, without distinct fascia . . 2.

2. Forewings with blackish subcostal basal dash 3. minimellus.

,, without such dash . . .3.

3. Forewings long, rather shining . .1. scahiosellus.

,, rather short, brightly shining 2. cupriacellus.

1. N. scabiosellus, Sc. {UnctalUcus, Pod.) 15-20 mm. Head
ferruginous. Antennae in S roughened with scales above
towards base. Abdomen of 9 very much attenuated posteriorly.
Forewings long, rather shining golden-bronzy, somewhat coppery-
tinged. Hindwings dark purplish-fuscous.

S. England to Norfolk and Denbigh, local ; N. and C. Europe ;
6, 7. Larva whitish ; head and plates of 2-4 black : in seed-
heads of Scahiosa arvensis and S. columbaria, afterwards in flat
cases of leaf-fragments on leaves : 8-10.

2. N. cupriacellus, lib. 14-15 nnn. Head ferruginous, fore-
head in S black. Antennae in ^ with basal -il clothed with
rough scales above, in 9 gradually thickened towards base.
Forewings shining golden - bronze, visually moi'c coj^pery
posteriorly ; sometimes a faintly indicated dai'ker postmcdian
fascia. Hindwings dark purplish-fuscous.

NEMOTOis] TINEIDAE 797

England to Cumberland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva
variou.sly stated to feed on Scahiosa or jSeduni.

3. N. minimellus, X. 11-14 mm. Head in ^ black, in 5
ferruginous. Forewings golden - bronzy, becoming coppery
posteriorly, base more bi'assy ; a blackish basal dash beneath
costa ; a very obscurely marked violet -brownish postmedian
shade. Hindwings dark purplish - fuscous, in c? sometimes
whitish except apex.

Britain to the Clyde, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva whitish ;
head and plate of 2 black ; 3 and 4 grey above : in seed-heads,
afterwards in flat cases of leaf -fragments on leaves of Scahiosa
succisa and *S'. columbaria; 9-4.

4. N. fasciellus, F. {schiffermillerella, Schifl'.) 13-14 mm.
Head in $ black, in $ ferruginous. Forewings shining purplish-
coppery, base brassy-bronzy ; a short black subcostal dash near
base; a blackish -violet fascia beyond middle, dilated towards
costa. Hindwings dark fuscous.

Kent, SutToik, Cambridge, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva
whitish ; head and plate of 2 black ; 3 and 4 with pairs of dark
grey spots : on seeds, afterwards in flat cases of leaf- fragments
on leaves of Bnllota nigra; 9-4.

9. MICROPTERYGINA.

Forewings with an oblique membranous dorsal process
(juguni) near base, forming with the dorsal margin a notch or
sinus which receives the costa of the hindwings. Hindwings
without frenulum, Ic present, with 11 or more veins, neuration
essentially almost or quite identical with that of forewings.
Forewings and hindwings more than usually remote at origin.

In the two families which constitute this highly interesting
group is fortunately preserved a type of Lejndoptera, whose
existence could never have been inferred from a study of other
forms. Without a knowledge of these two families the true
origin of the Order could never have been more than a matter
of more or less probable conjecture. The Micropterygiclae are
the primeval ancestors of all the Lepidoptera, indicating their
origin from the Trichoptera so nearly that one or two more
discoveries might make it hard to draw any line of demarcation.
The Hepjialidae are an offshoot from the Micropterygidae (with
considerable extinction of intermediate forms), constituting a
sejDarate line of development quite unconnected with any other
Lepidoptera ; if, as is possible, this separate stem may have

798 MICROPTERYGINA

ever given rise to other branches forming distinct families, all
trace of their existence seems to have been lost.

Imago with forewings and hindwings more or less semioval,
termen and dorsum forming a nearly uniform curve.

Type of markings : forewings with an irregular marbling or
reticulation, tending to form transverse fasciae ; hindwings
without marking.

Larva with few hairs, with 10- IG prolegs, or apodal, living-
concealed.

Pupa in Hepialidae with segments 7-11 and in ^ 12, in
Micropterygidae with all segments free.

Tabulation of Families.

Maxillary palpi well-developed ; tibial spurs present

2. Micropterygidae.
„ 5, obsolete; no tibial spurs 1. Hbpialidae.

1. HEPIALIDAE.

Head rough. Ocelli absent. Tongue obsolete. Maxillary
palpi obsolete. Tibiae without sjDurs. Forewings : all main
veins and costa connected by bars near base, lb furcate, forked
parting-vein strong.

By no means an extensive family, yet of universal distribu-
tion. It stands more conspicuously isolated than any other
group of LepidojMra, for although it is without doubt a
terminal development from the Micropterygidae {that is, one
from which no existing family has originated), the gap between
them is considerable ; exotic genera, whilst diftering in various
details, are remarkably uniform in the more important
peculiarities of structure, and do not at all tend to bridge the
gap. The relatively large size of the Hepialidae (of which some
exotic s]Decies exceed six inches in expanse of wing) may be
attributed to the larval habits, which render these insects
independent of the seasons or fluctuations of food-suppl}^, thus
removing the check which ordinarily limits growth. 'J'he
modified type of neuration may have resulted directly from the
increase of size, involving a great strengthening of the main
veins beneath the costa to support the weight. As a con-
sequence of this strengthening, the flight of the larger species
is very powerful ; and to this, combined with a choice of larval
food which is often rather indiscriminate, may perhaps be
ascribed the wide range of the group, rather than to its antiipiity.

HEPIALIDAE

799

It is probably of Indo-Malajan origin, and niust have existed
in that region long enough to acquire fixity of type before its
dispersal, which, geologically speaking, may not have been
exceedino-lv remote.

1. Hepialus, F.

Antennae i-j, in S lamellate or simple,
ing, hairy. Posterior tibiae
usually densely rough-haired,
in $ sometimes with long pro-
jecting tuft above. Fore-
wings : 7 from angle, 8
remote, 9 and 10 stalked.
Hindwings as forewings, 8
seldom connate or stalked
with 7.

A genus of universal dis-
tribution, but not very
numerous in species. Ovum
S2:)heroidal, smooth. Larva
elongate, active, subter-
ranean, feeding on roots,
often living two years. Pui)a

Palpi short, droop-

Neuration of Hepialus hiirmili .
leg of S-

a, posterior

sul)terranean, with segmental whorls of spines, enabling it to
move actively and rise to the surface l)efore emergence.

1. Forewings with two series of yellowish-silvery spots

1 . hectus S ■
,, without such spots . . .2.

2. ( 'ilia conspicuously barred . . 3. velleda.

,, not barred . . . . .3.

3. Hindwings towards apex reddish-tinged . 4. sylvimis.

,, not reddish-tinged . . .4.

4. Forewings pale yellow-ochreous or white . 5. huinuli.

,, brownish-ochreous or fuscous . . H.

5. Fasciae of forewings pale fuscous . . 1. hectus $ .

,, ,, whitish or obsolete . 2. lupulinus.

1. H. hectus, Z. 2G-30 mm. Antennae in (^ simple. Posterior
tibiae in $ short, much swollen, with dense tuft of hairs,
posterior tarsi in $ absent. Forewings in $ deep reddish-
golden -ochreous, with a basal spot, antemedian series of four
adjacent spots not reaching costa, postmediau irregular inter-
rupted series of about ten spots, and sometimes some small
terminal spots yellowish-silvery ; in ^ fuscous, with pale fuse-

800 MICROPTERYGINA [hepialur

ous antemedian and irregular postmedian bands, former not
reaching costa. Hindwings in (J dark fuscous, in $ fuscous.

Britain to Sutherland, E. Ireland, rather local ; N. and C.
Europe, N. Asia; 6. Larva slender, pale greyish- ochreous ;
head, plate of 2, and several small plates on 3 and 4 shining
blackish-brown : in root-stocks and eventually shoots of Pteris
aquilma ; 7-6, living two years. The $ emits a strong perfume
(compared to pine-apple) from the tibial tuft ; this serves to
attract the ? , which seeks for and flies against the S •

2. H. lupulinus, L. 24-38 mm. Antennae in S simple.
Forewings light fuscous or ochreovis- fuscous ; an irregular
whitish dark-edged streak from middle of base to near dorsum
before middle, and a similar streak from costa before apex to
above middle of dorsiim, sometimes incomplete ; a whitish
longitudinal discal mark ; all markings more indistinct in $ ,
variable and sometimes wholly obsolete. Hindwings fuscous.

Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6.
Larva slender, ochreous-whitish ; head and plate of 2 brown :
on roots of Lamium, Plaiitago, Narcissus, etc. ; 7-4, living two
years. In this and the two following species the S is attracted
by the $ in the usual way.

3. H. velleda, Hh. 30-48 mm. Antennae in $ simple.
Forewings light brown-reddish, mixed with fuscous and dark
fuscous ; various irregular mai-kings on anterior half, and an
irregular postmedian band furcate towards costa and not
reaching dorsum paler, dark-edged, enclosing central whitish
dark-edged inner markings ; an irregular subterminal streak
or spots whitish; cilia barred. Hindwings fuscous or dark
fuscous ; cilia barred.

Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, more local south-
wards ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva slender, grey-
whitish or ochreous-whitish ; head in $ red- brown, in $
darker purple-brown; plate of 2 in S red-brown, in $ pale
brownisli - orange ; 3 and 4 with some pale brownish -orange
plates: in rootstock of Pteris aquilina ; 7-5, living two years.

4. H. sylvinus, L. 31-45 mm. Antennae in $ lamellate.
Forewings deep ochreous, more t)r less crimson -tinged, in $
more siiffused with fuscous, especially in disc ; a whitish
anteriorly fuscous-edged irregular streak from disc at \ to
middle of dorsum, and a straight postmedian streak not reach-
ing margins ; an indistinct fuscous discal spot and subterminal
shade. Hindwings dark fuscous, towards apex more or less
reddish-tino-cd.

UEPiALUs] HEPIALIDAE 801

Britain to Ross, Ireland, i-ather common ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia ]\liuor ; 6-9. Larva shining whitish ; head orange-brown ;
plate of 2, and some marks on 3 and 4 brownish-orange : on
roots of Hiiintx, Taraxacum, etc. ; 9-7.

5. H. humuli, L. 44-64 mm. Antennae in ^ simple. Posterior
tibiae in S with dense tuft of hairs. Forewings in S with ter-
men sinuate, silvery-white, costal edge reddish-fuscous ; in $
pale yellow-ochreous, with some ill-defined anterior spots and
two posterior irregular lines from costa not reaching dorsum
brown-reddish. Hindwings in S as forewings, in 9 light
ochreous-grey, faintly reddish-tinged. In a variable local form
occurring in the Shetland Isles and occasionally southwards to
Lanark, the S varies into the colour and markings of the $
and is sometimes much suffused with brown, the hindwings
sometimes dark fuscous, the ? varies in colour from whitish
to orange-brown.

Britain to Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe,
Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva whitish ; head and plate of 2 red-brown :
on roots of grasses, Rumex, Lamiuvi, Urtica, etc. ; 8-5. The $
attracts the 9 > as in U. hecUts ; its white colour doubtless
assists this process in the twilight.

2. MICR(»rTERYGIDAE.

Head rough. Ocelli present. Maxillary palpi long, several-
jointed, folded. Forewings : lb furcate, sometimes connected
by bar with dorsum, Ic connected with cell by bar near base,
forked parting-vein strong, rising from lower cell-margin near
base, secondary cell well-marked, 12 connected with cell liy bar
near base.

This family has not been satisfactorily identified elsewhere
than in the European region, N. and S. America, and New
Zealand ; but the inconspicuous character of the imagos, which
are in some instances almost invisible on the wing, renders them
peculiarly liable to be overlooked. The species are all small,
and fly in the sunshine ; the forewings are ovate-lanceolate with
bronzy -golden and purple colouring, often with a pale dorsal
praetornal spot or transverse fasciae.

The New Zealand genus Palaeomicra is the most ancient
known. It differs from Eriocephala in still retaining the follow-
ing ancestral characters, viz. the trifurcation of lb (in one
species), the subbasal bar between the parting-vein and upper
cell-margin, the additional vein rising out of 11, and (in one

3 V

802

MICROPTERYGINA

species) a second additional vein rising' ont of 1:^ near base.
The possession of these structnres causes tlie neuration of
Palaeomicra to be practically identical with that of Rhyacoj^hila,
a genus of Trichoptera (caddis-flies) ; the only important
difference is that in Bhyacophila there is an additional vein rising
out of 4 in the forewings, but it is interesting to observe that
this very vein has disappeared in the hind wings. Nothing at
all approaching this form of neuration is known in any other
Order of insects, and it is highly improbable that so complex a
type could have originated twice independently ; there need be
no hesitation, therefore, in concluding that the relationship
(which is equally indicated in the mouth -parts and otlicr
structures) is real.

Tabulation of Genera.

Forewings with 7 and 8 separate . 2. Eriocephala.

,, with 7 and 8 stalked . 1. Micropteryx.

1. Micropteryx, lib.

No mandibles. Tongue short. Labial i)alpi moderate,
porrected, hairy beneath. Posterior tibiae thinly hair^^ above.
Forewings: 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 9 sometimes absent, 11
and 12 sometimes with additional branches (subpurpvre/la).

Hindwings as forewings, but 9
and additional branches of 12
always absent.

As now restricted, the genus
is confined to N. and C Europe,
and includes only one or two
other species besides those here
described ; but probably more
remain to be discovered, as few-
workers have given attention

^eimiUon of Micropteryx subpurpurella. to the grOUp. The Species are

mostly very similar in appearance and habit, and require care
in discrimination. The abdomen in $ is furnished with a
sen'ated lancet-like implement for egg-deposition. Ovum
rounded-cylindrical, placed in a pocket cut witliin the substance
of the leaf. Larva apodal, head small, 2-4 broad, with minute
protrusible subdorsal and supravcntral papillae, 5 with lateral
projections, thence tapering posteriorly ; mining blotches
(originating as a gallery) in leaves of Ament {ferae, excrement
foi'ming small filiform sections. Pupa subterranean.

MU'iiOPTEiiTx] i\lICROPTERVGll)AE 803

1. Antennae 'j . . . . .2.

,, ^ 01" less . . . .3.

2. IJindw ings with liair scales . 5. scinijrnrjnurl/a

,, with flat scales . S. >^iifij>urjmrell((..

3. Dorsal s])ot of forewings white . 7. unimaculella.

,, ,, ,, ])ale golden . . 4.

4. Forewings rather short and broad . . 5.

,, elongate . . . .6.

5. Forewings very sharply strigulated 1. .yxirmannella.

„ rather sutl'usedl}' strigulated and veined

2. salojiiella.

6. Antennae h ■ ■ • • .7.

,, less than ^ • • • 3. jmi-jmrella.

7. Dorsal s[)Ot distinct, reaching half across wing 6. Sangii.

,, ,, i-ather indistinct, not reaching half

across wing . . 4. Kalfoi^xichii

1. M. sparmannella, Bosc. 9-11 mm. Head ])ale grey, some-
wliat mixed with dark fuscous. Antennae hardly h- Fore-
wings ratlier short and broad, pale shining golden, strongly and
sharply strigulated with purple ; a narrow erect dorsal spot of
ground-colour before tornus, reaching half across wing ; cilia
grey, sometimes obscurely barred with ochrcous-wdiitish ; 9
absent. Ilindwings rather dark grey, towards apex purplish-
tinged.

JSritain to Sutherland, N. Ireland, local; N. and C. Europe;
5. Larva whitish ; head brown, sides blackish ; two marks on
2 outlined with brown : in bhjtch (rectangular when young) in
leaves of birch ; G, 7.

2. M. salopiella. Sft. 9-11 mm. Head ochreous-gre^'-whitish,
somewhat mixed with dark fuscous. Antennae about i. Fore-
wings rather short and broad, pale shining golden, strigulated
and sometimes partly suffused with purple, veins posteriorly
purple ; a well-marked subtriangular dorsal spot of ground-
colour before tornus, reaching half across wing ; an indistinct
pale costal spot beyond this ; cilia purplish-grey, on dorsal spot
ochreous-wdiitish ; 9 aljsent. ' Hindwings grey, posteriorly
})urplish-tinged.

England to Westmoreland, local ; not recognised elsewhere ;
4. Larva whitish ; head j)ale brown ; anterior edge of 2
brownish : in Ijlotch (elongate-ovate when young) in leaves of
birch ; 5.

3. M. purpurella, J/w. (caledoniella, Griffith) 9-11 mm.
Head fuscous, somewhat mixed with grev-whitish. Antennae

804 MICROPTERYGINA [micropteryx

less than |. Forcwings ratlier elongate, })ale shining golden,
strigulated and spotted with pnrple, veins posteriorly jjurple ; a
rather indistinct transverse dorsal spot of ground-colour befoi-e
tornus, not reaching half across wing; cilia light grey; 9
absent. Hindwings grey, towards apex purplish-tinged.

Britain to Sutherland, common ; NC. Europe ; 4. Larva
whitish; head whitish, naouth pale brown; 6-11 with small
projections : in blotch in leaves of birch ; 5.

4. M. Kaltenbachii, Stt. 9-11 mm. Head fuscous, some-
what mixed with grey-whitish. Antennae ^. Forewings elon-
gate, pale shining bronzy -golden, more or less suffusedly
strigulated or sometimes almost wholly suft'used with reddish-
purple ; a rather indistinct subtriangular dorsal spot of ground-
colour before tornus, not reaching half across wing ; cilia
bronzy -grey ; 9 absent. Hindwings grey, towai'ds apex purplish-
tinged.

5. England to Essex and Hereford, local ; Belgium, Germany;
4. Larva whitish ; head pale brown, mouth darker ; two
greyish-tinged marks on 2; G-11 with minute pixijections : in
blotch in leaA'es of hazel : 5.

5. M. semipurpurella, Siph. {inronspicmJld, Wood) 10-15
nun. Head grey. ^Vutennac §. Forewings elongate, bronzy-
purple, more or less sprinkled with pale shining golden ; an
indistinct usually small transverse pale golden dorsal spot
before tornus, sometimes almost obsolete ; cilia bronzy -grey, on
dorsal spot ochreous-whitish ; 9 absent. Hindwings with hair-
scales except towards margins posteriorly, bronzy-grey, pos-
teriorly purplish-tinged.

Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, common ; N. and C.
Europe ; 4. Larva whitish ; head pale ochreous-brown, mouth
darker : in l)lotch in leaves of birch ; 5.

6. M. Sangii, Wood. W -11 mm. Head whitish-grey-ochreous,
more or less mixed with dark fuscous. Antennae j. Forewings
elongate, bronzy -purple, with more or less numerous pale
shining golden irregular spots : a subtriangular pale golden
dorsal spot before tornus, reaching half across wing ; cilia
bronzy-grey, on dorsal spot ochreous-whitish ; 9 absent. Hind-
wings bronzy-grey, towai'ds apex purplish-tinged.

S. England to Herts and Hereford, Durham (/), local ; not
recognised elsewhere ; 4. Larva grey ; head black, centre and
mouth brown ; 2 with two groups of black spots : in brownish
blotch in leaves of birch ; 5.

7. M. unimaculella, Zett. 9-1 1 mm. Head fuscous, mixed

MirnopTKRYx] MICROFTERYGIDAE 805

with ochreous-whitish. Antennae h- Forewings elongate,
bronzy-purple, more or less sprinkled with pale shining golden;
a narrow slightly curved transverse white dorsal spot before
tornus, reaching about half across wing ; cilia grey ; 9 present.
Hindwings grey, posteriorly purplish-tinged.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; N. and
•C. Europe ; 4. Larva whitish ; head brown, mouth darker,
posterior lobes showing through 2 as blackish spots ; 6 with
small projections : in blotch in leaves of birch ; 5.

8. M. subpurpurella, Hw. (fastuosella, Z.) 11-14 mm. Head
ochreous-grey-whitish mixed with dark fuscous. Antennae i.
Forewings elongate, pale shining golden-bronzy, usually with a
few (sometimes more numerous) scattered purple strigulae ; an
indistinct obscurely paler dorsal spot before tornus ; cilia grey;
9 present. Hindwings brassy-grey, posteriorly purplish-tinged.

Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, very common ; (J.
and SE. Europe, Asia Minor; 5. Larva whitish; head pale
brown : in blotch in leaves of oak ; 6.

2. Eriocephala, Curt.

Mandibles developed. No tongue. Labial palpi obsolete.
Posterior tibiae with spurs placed in groups of bristles. Fore-
wings : 7 to costa, 1 1 connected
by bar with 12, 12 giving rise
to an additional vein (13) about
middle. Hindwings as forewings,
but 13 usually absent.

Includes about a score of
species, inhabiting especially S.
Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, and
N. Africa. The imagos frequent
blossoms {Carex, etc.), feeding

on pollen. Ovum spherical, -SGm&iwn of Eriocephala aathella.

studded with minute erect rods. Larva stout, with legs on 2-4)
hooked prolegs on .5-12; antennae well-developed, 4-jointed ; 8
rows of subglobose tubercular processes, paired on 4 longitudinal
ridges; a trilobed anal sucker beneath: feeding in wet moss.
Pupa in cocoon of silk and refuse.

1. Head black . . . .3. ntanmetclld.

,, fexTuginous . . . .2.

2. Forewings with transverse fasciae . . 3.

,, not fasciated . . . .5.

806 MICROPTERYCxINA [eriocephala

3. Markings of forewings white . 4. aruncella o •

„ ,, not white . . .4.

4. Forewings with termen bronzy-purple . 2. aureatella.

„ ,, p;ile golden . 1. thimhergeUa.

5. Forewings with base purple . . 5. calthella.

,, ,, base of costa only purple 4. aruncella $ .

1. E. thunbergella, F. 8-9 mm. Head light ferruginous.
Forewings pale shining bronzy-golden ; a spot on costa near
base, a fascia before middle not reaching dorsum, another
beyond middle furcate towards costa, and a costal spot before
apex sometimes connected with this beneatli purplisli-coppery.
Hindwings rather dark bronzy-grey, posteriorly purplish-tinged.

England, in woods, common ; C. Europe ; 5.

2. E. aureatella, Sc. {allionella, F.) 8-9 mm. Head light
ferruginous. Forewings sliining bronzy-purple ; a straight
fascia towards base, a rather oblique somewhat bent median
fascia, and a spot towards costa posteriorly pale shining golden.
Hindwings bronzy-grey, posteriorly pinplish-tinged.

Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, in woods, local ; N. and C.
Europe ; 5, 6.

3. E. mansuetella, Z. 8-9 mm. Head black. Forewings
pale shining bronzy- golden ; a costal spot near base, a fascia
before middle not reaching dorsum, and posterior half of wing-
deeper golden, often more or less purple-tinged. Hindwings
rather dark bronzy-grey, posteriorly purplish-tinged.

England, local ; Germany ; 5, 6.

4. E. aruncella, Sc. (seppella, F.) 7-8 mm. Head ferruginous.
Forewings shining bronz^^-golden ; base of costa pui-ple ; in S a
transverse mark at ^ sometimes reaching costa, a sti'aight slender
median fascia, and sometimes a costal mark at | shining white.
Hindwings dark grey, posteriorly purplish-tinged.

Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; G. Larva
on wet moss (Ifi/pnum) ; 7-10. The variety of the c^ with a
posterior costal mark has long been regarded as a distinct
species, under the name of sejypella ; but the two forms are
connected Ijy gradual ti'ansitions.

5. E. calthella, L. 7-9 mm. Head deep ferruginous-yellow.
Forewings [)ale shining bronzy-golden ; base purple. Hind-
wings rather dark bronzy-grey.

Britain to Sutherland, N. and M IrcLuid, very common ;
Enrfipe (except SW.) ; 5, G. Larva on wet moss (////ji/iinii) ;
7-10.

CENSUS OF SPECIES

CAEADRININA.

Arctiailac

40'

Caradriiiidae .

273

Plnsiadae

54 "

Ocneriadae .

11^

N0T0D0^^T1XA.

Hydi-ioiaeiiidac

146\

Sterrhidao

3G J

Geometridae .

81

Monocteuiadae

sf

Selidoseniidae

. 79'

Polyidocidae

9

Spliingidae .

17

Notodontidae

Satui'iiiadae .

1''

LASIOCAMPIXA.

Drepanidae .

nj

Eudromididae

Lasiocampidae

PAPILIONINA.

Nymphalidai'

19a

Satyridac

11

Eryeinidae

1

Lycaeuidai' .

18 .

Pieridae

10

Papilioiiidiie .

1

Hespeiiadae .

8J

378

32G

18

08

TOKTRICINA.
Epilileniidae .
Tortiicidae .
Phaloniadae .
Trypanidae .

TINEINA.

Aegeriadae .
Gelecliiadae .
Oecophoridac
Elacdiistidac .
Phitellidae .
TiiR'idae

MICROPTERYGINA.

Hopialidae
Microptciy^idac

Total

PYRALIDINA.

Phycitidae

. 45a

Galleriadae .

5

Crambidae

. 32

Pyraustidae .

. G5

Pyralididae .

8

Pteiophoridae

. 31

Onieodidae .

i;

PSYCH I NA.

Psycliidae

3'

Zeuzeridae

2

Zygaenidae .

• ^1

Ileterogeueidae

• 2j

187

10

2on

,- -330
4/

14^

132

70
172

38

288

■720

13/

18

2061

APPENDIX

Classified List of the h.ttcr-l

Carr/aiu iiic prufrvsis
Uriissicti
Iteseda

Heliantliriini III
Viola .
I'olygala

Silenc ami Liic/niis
Cerastiiiiii
Stellariii ninlin
S. liolostva
Hypericviii
Limim
Malva .
A fthaea
Tllia .
Impatinis
Euonijmus
Rham u us
Ulcx .

Genista liiu'loria
Cytisus scojKiri IIS
Onanis .
TrifoJium
Lotus .
Anthyllis
OnobrycJiis
Viriu .

Lathy r us niacrorrhizus
Prunus cerusiis, ariiiiu
liuhus idueus .
R. cacsius, fruticosus
Fragaria

noii'ii Fond -pi I tuts, i/'if/i EiKjIlsh

(IVlfS

Cuckoo-flower.

Cabbage, Turnip, etc.

Wild ]\liguonette.

Roek-eistus.

Violet.

Milkwort.

Campion.

Mouse-ear Chickweed.

duckweed.

.Stitcliwort.

St. John's-wort.

Flax.

Mallow.

Hollyhock.

Liuie.

lial.saiii.

Spindie-tree.

Buckthorn.

Furze, Gor.se.

Dyer's Green weed.

Ihooni.

Kestharrow.

Clover.

hirdstbot Trefoil.

Kidney Vetch.

Sainfoin.

A'etch.

Tuberous Pea.

Wild Cherry.

Rasi)berry,

Bramble.

Strawberry.

810

APPENDIX

Potentilla tornunitilJii

Alchemilla

Poterivm

Rosa

Pyrus aria

P. tormliialif! .

P. aucuparia .

EiiiJohium

Circaea

Lythrirm salicaria

Bryonia

S'edum acre

Ribes grossvlaria

R. niyrvm, rnbrina

S'axifra(/a

Eryngium

Aryopudium

Pi7iipinella

Peuccdanura aafiruut

PTeradnnn

Daucus

Hedcra .

Cornus .

Savilmcus

Viburnum lanlana

Lonicera

Galium

Valeriana

Dipsacus

Scabiosa

Eupatorimn

Aster tripolium

Solid ago

GHaphalium

Inula dyscnterica

Chrysanthemum leiican

Anthemis cotula

Achillea millefoliwm

Tanacctum

Artemisia vuhjKris

A. ((bsint Ilium .

Tussilayii far/a ra

Pctasiles

Scnccio vulgaris

S. jarobaca

thvmuiii

Tormentil.

Lady's-niantle.

Salad Bunict.

Rose.

White Beam-tree.

Wild Service-tiee.

Mouiitaiii-asli.

Willow-herb.

Enchanter's Nightshade.

Purple Loosestrife.

White Bryonw

Stoneeroi>.

Gooseberry.

Currant.

Saxifrage.

Sea Holly.

Goutweed.

Burnet Saxifrage.

Wild Parsnip.

Cow Parsnip.

Wild Carrot.

Ivy.

Dogwood.

Elder.

Wayfaring-tree.

Honeysuckle.

Bedstraw.

Valerian.

Teazel.

Scabious.

Hemp Agrinionj'.

Sea Aster.

Goldenro<l.

Cudweed.

Fleabane.

Oxeye Daisy.

Stinking Mayweed.

Yarrow.

Tansy.

Mugwort.

Wormwood.

Coltsfoot.

butterbur.

Groundsel.

Pii^wort.

APPENDIX

811

Arrtiuin

Cardaus

Carlina

CcnUairm

Tarax(u-um

Laduca

Sonchus

llieracivm

Campanula tracJwliu i

C. rotundifoUa

Kiiccinium my rt ill us

V. vitis-idaca .

Ardostaphijlos .

Erica .

Calluna

Primula vuhjaris

P. veris

Lif/usinirn

Enjthraca

Convolvulus

Echium vulga,rc

Lithospcrmn in .

Sijmphylum

Solaimm iliilaniiant

Verhascuiii

Liiiaria vuhjaris

Si:rophvli(ria

Digitalis

PJiinautltus

Mdainpijruni .

Mentha

Thijinus

(Jri'juHUiii

Calamiiitlai

Kepeta ylcdiuina

Prunella

Stachys bdonica

S. sylvatica

Ballota

Laniium

Teucrium scurodon ia

Ajuga .

Staticc liinmiiii m

Plantagu

Chaiopodiuin .

Burdock.

Thistle.

Carliiie Thistle.

Knapweed.

Dandelion.

Lettuce.

Sow-thistle.

Hawkweed.

Xettledeaved Campanula

Hairbell.

Bilberry.

Red Whortleberry.

Bearberry.

Heath.

Ling.

Primrose.

Cowslip.

Privet.

Centaury.

Bindweed.

Viper's Bugloss.

Cromwell.

Comfrey.

Bittersweet.

Mullein.

Toadflax.

Figwort.

Foxglove.

Yellow Rattle.

Cow-wheat.

.Mint.

Thyme.

Marjoranj.

Calamint.

Groun.d-ivy.

Self-heal.

Betony.

Hedge Woundwort

Black Horehound

Dead-nettle.

Wood-sage.

Bugle.

Sea Lavender.

Plantain.

Goose foot.

812

APPENDIX

Ati'iplex

Rumex .

It. acetosa, Mctosella

Polygonn m a vimJa i r

Euplwrhia

Mcrcurialis

Einpetrmn

Urtica .

Parietariri

HumuJus

Mijrica

Halix caprea, aurifii

S. fragUis, alba, etc.

>S'. vimiiiaUs

S. repcns

Fo2ndus ajha

P. tremula

P. nigra

Piinis Kiihrstrh

P. ahies

Typtha, .

Sparganium

Lemna .

Potamogdon

Alism(( '[ihinfago

Juncnfi

Luzula

Eriophcrum

Carex .

Dactylis

Phraguiites

Orache.

Dock.

Sorrel.

Knotgrass.

Spurge.

Dog's Merciny.

Crowberry.

Nettle.

Pellitory.

Hop.

Sweet-gale.

Sallow.

Willow.

Osier.

Dwarf iSallow.

White Poplar.

Aspen.

Black Poplar.

Scotch Fir.

Spruce Fir.

Reed-mace.

Bur-reed.

Duckweed.

Pondweed.

Water Plantain.

Rush.

Wood-rush.

Cotton-grass.

Sedge.

Cocksfoot -grass.

Reed.

INDEX OF NAMES

jYames italicised are synonyms, or refer to s^jecies not included
as British.

alibreviata, Stph., 194
abiloiiiinalis, Z. , 765
ahiegana, Diqh, 485
aliietaria, Hb.. 261
abietella, F., 370
abjecta, Hb., 133
abiasaiia, Dup., 540
Abraxas, 267
abruptaria, Thnb., 267
ahscissaiM, Dbld., 455
absintliiata, CI., 187
absinthii, L., 47
Acalla, 519

acantliodactyla, Hli. , 433
Acanthophila, 583
Acentropiis, 400
aceriaiia, Dup., 482
accrifoliclla, Z., 737
aceris, L., 142
acetosae, Stt. , 718
achataiia, F. , 484
achatinella, Hb. , 378
Acherontia, 299
acts, Schiff., 345
Acompsia, 633
Acosmetia, 114
Acrobasis, 381
Acroc'lita, 504'
Acrolepia, 771
Acronycta, 139
aetaeon, Esp., 359
Actinotia, 125
acuminatana, Z., 502
afuminatella, Sire, 590
adaequata, Bkh., 218
Adela, 793
addpliella, F.R., 366

adippe, L. , 329
adippellns. Tr., 390
adjunctana , Tr., 538
adjunctella, Hodgk., 600
adonis, Hb., 348
adornatdla, Tr., 364
adscitella, Stt., 671
adusta, Esp., 130
adustata, Schiff., 268
advena, F., 85
advenaria, Hb. , 284
advenella, Zk., 380
Aegeria, 563
aegeria, L. , 337
Aeokriadae, 562
aegoii, Scliitt'., 348
aemulana, Scbl., 487
aenea, Hb., 166
aeneana, Hb., 558
aeneofasciella, HS., 717
acrarieUa, Stt., 765
aeratellmn, Z. , 684
ae.scularia. Soli iff., 252
acsculi, L., 446
Aethia, 147
aethiops, Esp., 340
aethiops, Westw., 583
affinis, Dgl., 589
artiiiis, L., 117
aliiuitana, Dgl., 548
affinitata, Stph., 219
agathina, Dup., 95
Agdistis, 441
ageslis, Rb., 346
aglaia, L., 329
Aglossa, 428
agrammella. Wood, 660

814

INDEX

Hgrimoiiiella, HS., 722
Agrotera, 406
Agrotis, 88
ahenella, Hb., 369
ahenella, Hein., 646
airae, ^It., 669
alacella, Dup., 583
albersaiia, Hb., 517
albicans, IIS., 658
albicapitana, Cooke, 553
albiceps, Z. , 678
albicillata, L., 217
albicoUis, F., 165
albicolon, Hb., 87
albieosta, H\v. , 654
albifrontella, Hb. , 667
albimacula, Bkh., 77
cdbimaculea, Hiv., 636
albipalpella, HS., 582
albipuncta, F., 68
albi[mnctata, Hw., 188
albi[)uncte]la, Hb., 628
albipimctella, Hw., 790
albistria, Hw., 766
albi.strigalis, Hw., 150
albitardella, Z., 646
nlboveiiosa, Gz., 144
albula, Hb., 34

albulata, Schill., 220
alchemillata, L., 219

alcliiuiiella, Sc. , 751

alcliymista, SchiH. , 160

alcyonipennella, KoU., 640

alcclla, F., 584

alcxis, Hb., 349

algae, F., 138

Alispa, 367

allantiformis, Wd., 565

allionella, F., 806

allisella, Stt., 618

alnetella, Stt., 719

alni, L., 140

alniaria, Esp., 286

alniaria, L. , 286

aJnidla, Z., 738

alnitbliclla, Duj)., 7-38

alpella, Schitl., 700

aljiestraiia, HS., 500

alpina, Stt, 421

alpiaa, Stt., 107

alpinalis, SchitF. , 414

alpinana, Sit., 501

al}>iiiana, Tr. , 501

alpiiit'Ua, lib., 396

alpiuella, Stt., 668

alsiues, Brh., 122

alstroenieriana, 01., 62 '•

alsu.% F., 345

alternana, Stph., 558

ulternana, Wilk., 467

aUoniaria, Hb. , 257

alternella, AVilk., 539

alticolella, Z. , 659

Alucita, 438

alvearla, F., 384

alveolus, Fib., 356

iilvcus, Hb., 356

ainandana, HS., 555

ainata, L., 246

II malaria, L., 246

ainbigua, F., 123

ambigualis, Tr. , 423

ambiguella, Hb., 556

amocnana, Hb.. 489

Aiiijihipyra, 114

Amjiliisbatis, 638

aiiiyotella, Dup., 737

Aiiacampsis, 581

anaclioieta, Hb., 302

Aiiarsia, 609

anatipeniiella, Hb., 651

anceps, Hb., 133

aiicilla, L., 23
Ancylis, 477

aiidereggiella, Dup., 763
aiideridae, Flctclier, 730

aiulreniforme, Lasp., 565
aiiellus, Scltiff., 385
Auerastia, 363
augolicella, Hb. , 625
angUcella, Stt., 748
(iiiijiilnnJis, Hb., 413
angularia, Bkh., 286
angularia, Tlnib., 264
angulifasciulla, Stt., 722
angustalis, SchiH'., 429
angustana, Tr. , 557
angustea, Stiili., 421
aiigustella, 111)., 367
angusticollella, Z., 760
angustioraiia, Hw., 528
angustipcnnis, HS., 790
anicanella, Brd., 774
Anisotaeiiia, 556
annulata, Scliulze, 246
annulalclla, Curt., 702

INDEX

815

aiinulatella, Tysf., 657
anoniala, Hw. , 125
aiiomalella, Gz., 715
Anosia, 327

anthemidana, JrUk., 551
anthyllidella, Hb., 582
Autigastra, 405
antiopa, L., 333
antiqua, L., 172
antiquana, Hb., 469
Aiitispila, 683
Auybia, 675
Apatui'a, 335
Aphanaula, 579
Aplioniia, 385
cqnccUa, Don., 769
apicella, Stt., 655, 726
apiciaria, Schift'., 282
apicijjunetella, Stt., 667
ai)ifoi'mis, CL. 563
Aplasia, 251
Aplota, 614
Apocheinia, 276
Apoda, 451
a polio, L., 355
Aporia, 354
Ajioropliyli), 57
applana, F., 626
Mjirilina, L. , 53
(iquilina, Hh., 96
arbutella, L., 465
arhuti, F., 167
airella, F., 788
I'lrcuthata, Frr., 196
arceuthina. Z. , 763
iii-chip2Jus,'F., 328
Arctia, 41

AnCTIADAE, 23

arcuatella, HS. , 723
arcuatella, Stt., 789
arciiella, CI., 465
iiiuuosa, Hw., 121
arcuoseUa, Dbld., 723
a rdeacpciindla, Scott, 652
aieiiella, Schiff., 622
areola, Esp., 52
argeutana, CL, 542
argentclla, CL, 674
argcntimaculella, Stt., 792
argentipe^lclla, Z., 721
argentula, Hb., 166
argentula, Z., 657
argiades, Pall., 345

argiolu.s, L., 347
Ai-gyiiiii.s, 328
argyraiia, Hb., 507
Aigyresthia, 761
argyropeza, Z., 726
aridA'Ua, Hciii., 669
aridus, Z., 441
avion, L., 349
Aristotclia, 572
armigera, Hb., 108
Arsiloiiclie, 144
artaxerxcs, F., 346
artcmis, Hb., 331
aiteinisiao, HS. , 731
artcmislac, Uufn., 47
artciiiisicolella, Bid., 658
artemisiella, Scott, 658
artcmisiella, Stt., 375
artemisiella, Tr., 591
aruiicella, Sc, 806
arundincta , ScJim., 110
arundinetella, Stt., 576
anuidinis, F., Ill
arundinis, Hb., 445
asella, Scliiff., 451
Ashworthii, Dbld., 97
asiliforme, Rott. , 565
asinali.s, Hb., 417
asperella, L., 699
aspersaiia, Hb., 526
aspidiscana, Hb., 487
assimilata, Gu., 187
a.ssiniilella, Tr., 621
assimilella, Z., 725
assimilis, Dbld., 123
a.ssociata, Bkli., 204
asteris, Scliiff., 48
Asteroscopus, 56
Astheiia, 224
A.sthenia, 472
astrarclie, Bg.str., 346
Asycliiia, 660
atalanta, L., 334
Ateiiielia, 694
atlialia, Rott., 331
atomalis, Dbld., 423
atomarius, L. , 265
atomella, Hb., 621
atra, Hw., 678
atrata, L. , 251
atrella, Hw. , 575
atricapitaiia, Sti)li., 552
atricapitella, Hw., 714

816

INDEX

atricollis, Stt., 722
atricomella, Stt., 668
atrifrontella, Stt., 727
atriplicella, F.R., 591
atriplicis, L., 128
atiopos, L. , 299
aucupariae, Fi'., 715
cmdoidnana, Dup., 536
Aiigasma, 684
augur, F., 96
augustana, Hh., 473
augustella, Hb. , 636
auvago, F,, 61
aiirana, F., 517
aurantiaria, Esp., 275
aurata, Sc, 414
aureatella, So., 806
aurella, Stt., 717
aureola, Hb., 28
auricoma, F., 143
auriflv.a, F., 174
aurifrontella, Hb., 677
aur!inaculclla, Stt., 730
auriiiia, Rott. , 331
auritella, HVi., 729
auroguttella, Stph. , 753
aAiToguttella, Stt., 640
auromaculata, Fr. 689
auromargincUa, Rich., 71 i
auroraria, Bkh., 235
aurulentella, Stt., 764
australis, B., 58
autumnana, Hb., 522
auticmnaria, Gn., 224
autumuaria, Wernb., 286
autumnitella. Curt., "u'l
avellanella, Hb., 616
avellanella, Stt., 748
Aventia, 152
aversata, L. , 238

Baetra, 456
badiana, Hli., 548
badiata, Hb., 215
badiella, Hb., 627
badiipennella, Dup., 649
baetica, L., 347
baja, F., 106
bajiilaria, Schiff., 248
baliodactylu.s, Z., 436
bankesiella, Rich., 368
bankiana, F., 166
Baptria, 251

bai-balis, CI., 149
Barrettii, Dbld., 78
basaltinella, Z., 588
basiguttella, Hein., 715
basilinea, F., 133
basistrigalis, Knaggs, 423
batis, Li., 289
Batrachedra, 661
liaumaiiniana, Schiff., 554
bedellella, Sire, 670
Bedellia, 758
belgaria, Hb., 272
bdki; Bkh., 102
bellaim. Curt., 540
bellargus, Rott., 348
bembeciformis, Hb., 563
Beiinetii, Curt., 441
berberata, Schiff., 216
bergmaiiniana, L. , 536
Bertrami, RsL, 434
betulae, Gz., 366
betulae, L., 343
betulae, Stt., 683, 747
betulae, Z., 744
betuletana, H\v. , 461
betularius, L. , 278
betulella, Curt., 771
betulicola, Stt., 720
betulina, Z., 774
biarcuaua, Stph., 480
biatomella, Stt.. 672
bicoloraua, Fuesh, 36
bicolorata, Hufu., 205
bicolorella, Stt., 648
biculoria, Schiff., 310
bicoloria, VilL, 136
bicostella. CI., 614
bicuspis, Bkh., 312
bidentata, CI., 287
bifasciaiia, Hb., 536
bifasciana, Hw., 468
bifida, Hb., 311
bifractella, Dgl., 575
biliueata, L. , 220
l)ihiuaiia, Hw. , 497
biUinaria, Esp., 282
InniacuUuia, Don., 495
biraacuhita, F. , 270
bimaculata, Stph., 158
bimaculella, Hw., 677
l)iraaculosa, L. , 56
l)iuaevella, Hb., 377
binaria, Hufn. , 317

INDEX

817

hiiwtapenncUa, Stt., 650
bipunctaniis, Z., 385
biiiuiictaria, Schiff., 228
bipiuietella, F., 631
liipunctidactyla, H\v., 441
hqiundosa, Stt., 621
l.)irdella, Curt., 778
birlciuta, Stt., 206
bisclliella, Hiiiii., 782
bisetata, Hiifu., 240
bison tella, Z., 778
Bistoii, 277
bistriga, H\v., 381
bistrigella, H\v., 7S3
biuiidulaiia, Bkli., 260
bjerkaiidiella, Tliub., 706
hianda, Tr., 123
hlandiala, Hb., 218
Uiinillna, F., 340
blaudulcUa, Tutt, 594
Bloineri, Curt., 223
boi.sduvaliella, Gu. . 368
boleti, F., 779
Boletobia, 146
bonibylifonuis, Esji., 293
Boinoloelia, 150
JJoiulii, Knaqijs, 121
boreata, Hb.', 222
boreella, Dgl., 602
boscaiia, F., 523
Jmichardana, IHdd.. 473
boyerella, Dup., 731
Bracliniia, 605
brauliydactylus, Tr. , 437
bractea, F., 157
bractella, L., 632
brauderiana, L. , 468
brassicae, L. , 86, 354
hi-emiella, Fr., 738
Brcphos, 253
brevilinea, Fenn., 120
brizella, Tr., 575
brockeella, Hb., 763
broiigniardelluin, F., 749
brumata, L. , 222
brunnea, F. , 101
bruiineata, Tlmb., 258
brunniuliiana, Fml. , 496
brunniuliiella, L. ; 674
Bueculatrix, 729
bucephala, L., 312
l)uoliaiia, Scliitf., 470
Bu[ialu.s, 265

Cacoecia, 529
cacuminatella, Lhhl., 655
caecana, Scld., 514
caeciniaculana, Hb. , 498
caeruleocephala, L., 56
caesia, Bkh., 78
caesiata, Lang., 215
caesiella, Hb., 769
caespititiella, Z., 659
cahiritella, Z., 373
caja, L. , 42
Calamotropha, 387
c-albuni, L. , 332
ealedouiana, Stph., 526
cu/cdonldkc, Griffith, 803
atlaloniclla, Stt., 744
ealidcdla, Gn., 373
ealigincsa, Hb., 114
rulif/inosana, Tr., 502
Caliiniorpha, 42
mlhinac. Palmer, 320
Calocalpe, 201
Calotbysauls, 246
ealthella, L., 806
calvdla, (J.. 444
cambrica. Curt., 225
camelina, L., 309
campanulata, HS., 187
campoliliana, Tr., 492
cana, H\v., 499
canariella, Stt., 781
canceUana, Z., 548
candelarum, Sti/r., 97
caudidata, Scliiti'. , 224
candidulaua, Xolck., 486
eanella, Hb., 364
eaniola, Hb., 28
eannae, 0., Ill
cantiellus, Tutt, 395
eapitella, CI., 787
capreana, Hb., 461
capreolella, Z., 625
caprimulgella, HS., 790
capsiucola, Hb. , 79
capsophila, Dup., 78
captiuncula, Tr., 136
Capua, 527
Caradrina, 115
Cauakiuxidae, 43
( 'araibiiu(b-'.s. 88
CAHADKIXIKA, 22
carbonana, Barr., 464
carbonarius, CL, 266

3g

818

INDEX

cai-bonariella, F.IL, 36G
Carcina, 613
cardamines, L., 352
carduana, Z., 553
carduella, Hb., 623
cardui, L., 334
carlinella, Stt., 571
cannolita, Esp. , 310
carndla, L., 366
carnica, Hering, 107
carpinata, Bkli., 180
carpinetella, Stt., 788
carpini, ScMff., 313
carpinicolella, Stt., 742
Carpocapsa, 515
carpopliaga, Bkh., 78
Carsia, 200

cassentinicll'us, Z., 392
cassiiiea, Hb., 57
cassiope, F., 340
castanea, Esp., 102
castaneae, Hb., 445
casta iiella, Edlcston, T22
castigata, Hb., 190
castreiisis, L., 322
Cataclysnie, 207
Cataclysta, 402
catalaimalis, Dup. , 405
Cataplectica, 689
Catephia, 160
Cateremna, 375
catharticella, Stt., 724
Catocala, 161
cauchyata, Dup., 191
caudana, F., 519
caudella, L. , 698
cautcUa, Z., 599
cavella, Z. , 740
Cedestis, 760
celerella, Stt., 601
celerio, L., 296
ceuibrae, Hw. , 423
rcntaurcata, F., 189
eentifoliella, Z., 719
ceiitonalis, Hb. , 32
eephalonica, Stt., 384
Cepphis, 284
cerago, i^. , 61
cerasnna. Jib., 533
cerasicolella, HS., 741
ceratoniae, Z., 379
ceiealella, 01., 571
cereana, L., 386

Cerostoma, 697
certata, Hb., 201
Ceriira, 310
cerusella, Hb., 672
cerussella, SchiH'., 396
cei'viiiata, Schitl'., 227
cespitalis, Scliitt. , 414
cespitana, Hb., 468
cespitis, F., 81
chaerophyllata, L., 251
chaerophyllella, Gz., 691
chaerophylli, Z., 628
chalcites, Esp., 158
chalcograuimella, Z., 651
eliamoinillae, SchiH'., 48
chaoiiia, Hb., 306
Oharaeas, 75
Cheimatophila, 543
Oheimophila, 615
Chelaria, 610
chenopodiella, Hb., 687
clienopodii, F., 82
chi, L., 54
Chilo, 397
Chimabache, 615
Chlidoiiia, 554
Chloroclystis, 182
choragellus, Z., 779
Choreutis, 705
christieniana, L., 613
(Jhrosis, 455

chrysanthemana, Dup., 539
chryseis, Bkh., 344
chrysidiforme, Esp., 567
chrysitis, L. , 156
Chrysoclista, 676
rhryson, Esp., 157
chrysouuchellus, Sc, 392^
Chrysopliauus, 344
clirysoirlioea, L., 174
chrysozona, Bkh., 81
cicadella, Z. , 688
cicatricelhus, Hb., 397
cidarella, Z., 732
uilialis, Hb., 408
ciliella, Hb., 551
oiliella, Stt., 626
Oilix, 315
cinctalls, Tr., 418
eiuctana, SchiiY., 539
ciuctaria, Schili'., 264
cinctella, Z., 671
cincticulella, HS., 582

INDEX

819

cincrana, Hir., 49-j
cineraria, Hb., 266
cinerea, Hb., 94
cinerella, CI., 607
ciuereopunctella, H\v., 667
cinerosella, Z., 375
cingillella, HS., 671
ciugulata, L., 413
ciniflonella, Z., 624
eiuuamomeana, Tr., 534
cin.xia, L., 331
eircellaris, Hufii. , 62
rircellata, Gn., 236
cirrigerella, Zk., 379
cir.siana, Z., 495
citrago, L., 60
fitraua, Hb., 486
cilrariu, Hb., 273
citrinalis, Sc, 613
citrinellum, Z., 749
dadiella, Sit., 704
clathrata, L., 257
Cleora, 262
clerkella, L., 757
Clisiocanipa, 322
cloacella, Hw., 789
uloraiia, L. , 35
Clysia, 556
(•iiicana, Dbld., 54S
fiiicella, Tr., 6-.::3
c-nigium, L., 99
coardata, Z., 421
cochijlidcUa, Stt. , 790
Ooenobia, 112
Coenonynipha, 340
coenosa, Hb., 171
cognataiia, Ban-., 513
cognatellus, Hb. , G96
Coleophora, 641
Colias, 350
coUitella, Du[i. . 673
coUitdIa, Sff., 673
Collix, 199
rVl^bochyla, 152
('olocasia', 173
culuiidla, L., 385
Colotois, 284
colquhounana, Bair. . 541
coinariaiia, Z., 524
combiuella, Hb., 769
comes, Hb., 100
comitata, L., 221
comma, L., 69, 359

Commopliila, 555
coiiimuiMiiu, HS., 541
comparana, Hb., 524
eomparella, Z. , 746
complana, L. , 27
complanella, Hb. , 759
coinplanula, B., 27
compositella, F., 512
compta, F., 77
comptaiia, FrcJl., 479
coinp'dlu, Hb., 769
conduina, Hb., 466
concolor, Gn., 121
confinis, Stt., 589
conflua, Tr., 103
con for mis, F., 52
cont'usalis, HS. , 33
coiifu.sella, HS., 790
confusella, Wlsiu., 724
coiigelatella, CI., 543
coniferana, Rtz., 514
conifer ata, Stt., 210
conigera, F., 69
Conistra, 65
conjiigella, Z., 765
conjunctaria, Ld., 221
connexa, JBkh., 134
co7iscri2)tclla, Hb., 610
consequaiia, HS., 504
consir/nata, Bkh., 195
consociella, Hb., 381
con.sonaria, Hb., 261
consortaiia, Wilk., 502
consortavia, F., 259
consortella, Stt., 670
conspersa, Esp., 77
consiiersaiia, Dgl., 541
coiispirillaiis, L. , 83
conspicualis, Hodgk., 423
ccmspicuata, Sclvff., 266
conspieuella, Z., 652
conspurcatella, Z., 775
coiistrictata, Gn., 193
coiitaminaiia, HI)., 525
contaminellus, Hb., 395
conterminaiia, HS., 487
conterminella, Z., 624
contigua, Vill., 83
coiitiguaria, Hb., 235
coiitiiiuella, Stt., 719
eonturbatella, Hb., 680
con vol villi, L., 298
eonwayana, F., 536

820

INDEX

coiiyzae, Z., 655
coracina, Esp., 274
Corcyra, 384
cordigera, Thiib., 87
Corisciuni, 748
Cornelia, F., 764
corollana, Hb., 511
coroiiata, Hb., 182
coronillella, Tr., 582
corticana, Hb. , 461, 475
corticea, Hb., 91
corticclla, Ciirt., 788
corydon, Pod., 348
corylana, F., 533
corylata, Thnb., 214
coryli, L., 173
coryli, Nic, 742
corylifoliella, Hw., 744
Co.scinia, 38
cosniodactyla, Hb., 433
cosmophoiaiia, Tr. , 513
Cosmopteryx, 662
C0SS11.S, L., 560
costalis, F., 427
costaiia, F., 531
costella, F., 700
costella, Westw., 595
costipunetana, Hw., 495
costistrigalis, Stph., 150
costosa, Hw. , 620
crabronifbimi.s. Lew., 563
craeeae, F., 154
Crambidae, 386
Crambus, 388
cramerella, F., 737
crassalis, F., 151
crassicornis, Hiv., 119
crassiorella, Brd., 773
crataegana, Hb., 530
crataci/afa, L., 258
crataegella, Hb., 422
crataegella, L. , 779
crataegi, L., 322, 354
crataegi, Z., 732
crataajifoliella, I) up., 732
craterellus, Sc, 392
creuana, Hb., 493
creiiata, Esp., 307
crepuscitlaria, Hb., 260
crepusculella, Z., 729
cretacella, R.sl., 377
ovibralis, Hb., 148
eribndla, Hb., 379

eribnini, L., 38
cristana, F., 521
cristatella, Z., 730
cristululis, Dup., 33
croceago, F., 60
crocealis, Hb., 408
Crocota, 272
croesella, Sc. , 795
cruciana, L., 473
eruciferarum, Z., 702
cruda, Tr., 74
eryptella, Stt., 726
Cryptoblabes, 380
cuhiculafls, Bkh., 122
ciicnbali, Fuesl., 79
cuculata, Hufii., 217
ciu-ulipeuiK'Huin, Hb., 749
cuculla, Esp., 309
cucuUatella, L., 33
Ciicullia, 46
cuc'ullina, Hb., 309
culiciforme, L., 566
culmelliis, L., 391
cultraiia, F., 318
cimeatella, Dgl., 599
cuprealis, Hb., 428
cuprella, Thnb., 795
cupriacellus, Hb., 796
cuiTucipennella, Z., 652
ciirsoiia, Hui'n., 94
cartisellus, Don., 694
curtula, L., 303
curvclla, Stt., 764
curvistrigana, Wilk., 553
Curzani,, Greys., 189
Cybosia, 29
Cyclopaedes, 357
Cydia, 482

cygnipennella, FRi. , 674
Cynaeda, 419
cynipiforynis, Esp., 565
cynoshatdla, Wilk., 462
cytherea, F., 124
cytisaria, Schiff., 250
cytisella. Curt., 572

dahlii, Hb., 103
dalmna, Dhld., 467
dalella, Stt., 702
daididice, L., 353
Dasycliira, 172
Dasypolia, 54
dauc(dla, Pcy., 692

INDEX

821

davi.sd/vx, yiiriit., 371
davus, F., 341
dealbana, Friil., 481
dcalbafa, L., 272
deauratella, Z., 646
(lebiliata, Hb., 183
dcceniguttella, Hb.. 631
dccimcUa, Sit., 765
decolorata. Hb. . 219
decorella, Stpli., 681
dccrepitalis, HS., 415
decretana, Tr., 530
decuriella, Hb., 370
defoliaria, CI., 275
degeercUa, L., 705
degeneravia. Hb. , 238
dcgreyana. JMcL. , 551
Deilephila, 2<t4
Deileptenia, 261
Deilinia, 278
deli'us, Esp., 355
demarniana, F.R. , 493
deinaryella, Stt., 733
drnoUita, G/i.y 188
dentalis, Sdiitl'.. 419
dentella, Z., 690
dentina, Esp., 82
deplana, Esp., 27
Depressaria, 618
dopressella, Hb., G29
dejnincta, L. , 104
derasa, L., 289
derasana, Hb. , 478
derivali.s, Hb., 148
derivata, Blh., 216
desevtella, Dgl., 590
dc'signata. liott.. 229
d,Kj',rrl,,, Tr., 112
di's^ieratella, Fr. , 716
drsudc/la, IFalk., 373
drroindla, Stt., 748
dia, L., 330
Diacrisia, 39
Diasemia, 404
Diastictis, 258
dicJiTodadi/Iux, Miihl., 435
didaea, Esp., 305
dictaeoides, Esp., 305
didyma, Esp., 135
didymata, L., 228
diffinis, Hw., 601
difJinis, L., 117
dilectella, Z., 763

Diliiia, 300
Diloba, 56

dilucidaiia. vSt]ih., 545
diluta, F., 291
dilutaria, HI)., 237
diliitata, J',kli., 224
dilutella, Hb., 364
diniidiana, Sodof., 464
dimidiata, Hufn., 239
diinimitana, Hw., 480
Dioryctria, 369
Diplodoma. 776
dipoltella, Hb., 547
dipsacea, L. , 109
discipmictella, HS., 630
discordella. Z,, 654
disertella, HS., 673
disjiar, Hw. , 346
disi)ar, L. . 175
dispnuictfUa, Diip. , 673
dissimilis, Kn., 84
dissoluta, Tr., 110
distans, Z., 431
distentella, Z., 742
distlndana, Barr., 502
distinctaiia, AVilk., 494
distinctella, Z.. 601
distinguenda, Heiii., 720
ditrapezinm, Bkli., 99
diversa, Glitz, 723
diversaiia, Hb. , 538
divisella, Dgl., 577
dodecella, L., 598
dodonaca, Hb., 306
dodonaea, Heyd., 759
dodoneata, (!ii., 194
dolabraria, L., 281
domestica, Hw. , 588
dominula, L. , 43
Donacaula, 401
donclana, Carpenter, 537
dor-sana, F., 512
dotata, Chi.., 204
dotata, L., 211
doubledayana, Barr., 46S
douglasella, Stt., 627
Donglasia, 684
Douglasii, Stt., 775
Drepana, 317

DllEPANIDAK, 314

dromedarius, L., 304
drnrella, Stt., 663
druryclla, Z. , 663

822

INDEX

Drynionia, 305
dahiella, Stt., 791
(lubitalis, HI)., 423
dubitana, Hb., 553
dubitata, L., 215
diihrisana, Curt., 517
dvlcella, Hein., 717
Dumerilii, I)up., 113
(biraetaiia, Tr., 538
(luinctpnus, Hb., 391
iliiivriiKjidla, Sft., 744
du|ilaiia, Hb., 471
dui)laiis, L., 290
durdhamdhis, Sit., 609
dysodea, Hb., 81

Earias, 35
cchii, Bkh., 78
Ectropis, 259
edusa, F., 351
cgcnaria, IIS., 196
Eidophasia, 703
Elachista, 664
Elachistidae, 638
electa, Bkh., 163
eleochariella, Stt., 672
elinguaria, L., 287
elongella, Heiii., 577
elongella, L. , 752
clpcnor, L., 295
chitata, 110., 212
clutella, Hb., 373
eluvidla, Dhld., 377
elymi, Tr., 120
emarginata, L., 239
cmberizipennella, l-Soli. 745
emeritella, Stt., 627
Enimelia, 167
emortualis, SchiH'., 147
emortitella, Z., 788
cmpyrea, lib., 128
enuitaria, Hb., 242
cmyclla, Dup., 759
Eiiarmonia, 472
Eudotricha, 426
Endromididak, 318
Endromis, 319
Eiidrosis, 688
Eiii(!Ostoma, 617
Ennonio.s, 285
Eois, 234
Epagoge, 527
cpdydcUa, Z., 380

Epermenia, 691
E])liestia, 372
rp/iippana, Hb., 508
ephippella, F., 766
P4_)iblema, 490
Epiblkmidae, 453
Epichnopteryx, 772
epilobiella, Rom., 675
rpilobidla, Sdtrk., 681
Epiuephele, 338
Epiuotia, 516
epi[)hron, Kn., 340
Episcbnia, 368
Epithectis, 580
etpiitella, Sc, 705
Erannis, 252
Erastria, 164
Erebia, 339
ercdana, Ban:, 511
ericellu.s, Hb., 390
ericetana, Westw. ,469
ericetaria, Vill., 263
ericdata, Stph., 218
ericetella, Hb., 603
ericinella, Dup., 574
erigeraiia, Wlsm., 552
Eriocephala, 805
Eiiogaster, 321
eriosoma, Dbld., 158
ei'ippus, Cr., 328
crosavia, Bkh., 285
prxlebella, F., 771
EllYCINIDAE, 341
erythi'Dcejihala, F., 65
!''ublemina, 168
Eucestia, 199
l<]uchlaena, 281
Eucliloe, 351
Euchloris, 248
Euchoeca, 223
Euchromhis, 396
Euclidia, 163
Eucosma, 457
Eucymatoge, 197
Eudemis, 476
('U])horbiae, F., 143
('U])liorbiac, L., 297
(nii)lioi'biana, Fr., 456
cnphorbiata, F., 224
puphrosyne, L., 330
l^jiipoeoilia, 554
Eiiproctis, 174
luirhodopc, 379

INDEX

823

Eurrliyiiaia, 407
Eiistroiiia, 203
Eiistrotia, IGfi
Euxautliis, f);")?
Euzophera, 374
Evergestis, 424
Evetria. 470
cvoiujmclla, Sc, 69(3
evonynielhis, L., 695
Exaeretia, 617
exanthemata, Sc, 279
Exapate, 542
Exartema, 457
exclainatioiiis, L., 92
exigua, Hb., 113
exiguata, Hb., 194
cximia H\v., 663
exoleta, L. , 50
cxpallidana, H\v., 498
expallidata, On., 186
expoUta, StL, 136
e.xpolitdla, Dbld., 590
extensaria, Frr. , 197
cxkrsaria, Hh., 260
oxtimalis, Sc, 424
extra7iea, Gn., 70
extrema, Hb., 121
exulans, Hoch., 448
exulis, Lef. , 123

fabriciana, L., 707
fabriciella, Yill., 645
fagella, F., 616
fagi, L., 307
faginella, Z. , 741
I'agivora, Stt., 748
Falcaria, 316
falcataiia, L. , 316
falconipennella, Hb. , 751
falmla, Schif., 316
falsellus, Seliiff., 392
farinalis, L. , 427
fariiiatella, Dup., 760
farrclla, Curt., 368
Farreiii, Wlsm. , 689
fascelina, L., 172
fascelinelliis, Hb., 394
fasciaiia, L. . 164
fasciapeunella, Stt., 767
/osri,tria, Schiff., 280
Yasciellus, F., 797
fasciellus, Hb., 609
faschincula, Hw. , 137

fastuoselhi, Z., S05
i'avillaceana, Hb. , 528
fanillaceana, Hb., 522
fenestratella, Heyd. , 784
fencstrella, Stt., 688
fennica, Taiisch., 99
femigalis, Hb., 409
ferrugana, Tr. , 525
ferrngavLa, Hw., 229
terrugata, L. , 229
ferruginca, Esp., 62
ferruginella, Hb., 784
festaliella, Hb., 690
festiva, Hb., 103
festucae, L., 157
fibrosa, Hb., 134
fibulella, SchiiK, 794
ficcUfi, DgL, 373
ticiilella. Ban-., 373
tigulella, Stgr., 590
fligrmnmaria, HS., 224
lilipendulae, L. , 447
filipendulae, Wk., 718
limbria, L., 105
fimbrialis, Schiff'., 427
timbriana, Hw. , 507
finitimana, Dbld., 495
"lirmata, Hb., 230
tiselieriella, Z. , 705
fissipanda. Hid., 64
flammatra, F., 99
flammea, Curt., 66
flammea, Esp., 128
flammeali.?, Scliiti'., 426
Hammeana, Hb., 466
flavaginella, Z., 658
flavago, Esp., 110
flavago, F., 61
flavalis, Schiff., 415
flavella, Hh., 621
flavcscentclla, Hw.. 791
ftavicaput, Hw., 677
flaviciliana, Wilk., 552
flavicincta, F., 54
ilavicinctata, Hb., 215
flavicomcUa, Stt., 668
flaviconiis, L., 291
fiavidorsana, Knaggs, 501
flavifrontella, Hb., 637
favifrontcUa, Hcin., 781
Jlavimaculdla, Stt., 689
fiexana, Z. , 506
flexula, Scliiir., 153

824

INDEX

floslactella, Hw., 723
fliictuata, L., 231
Huetnosa, HI)., 290
fluviata, Hb., 220
foenella, L., 496
fontis, Thnb., 151
forficalis, L., 425
forficellus, Tlinb., 401
formiciforme, P^sji. , 566
tVinnnsa, Hw., 366
foDuosella, F. , 635
forskaleana, L., 536
forsterana, F., 538
forstcrella, F., 704
fractifasciana, Hw. , 485
fragnriac, Stf., 748
fVa^ariella, Heyd., 717
IVaiicillaiia, F., 545
frangulella, Gz., 731
fratcrnana, Hw., 494
■fraternella, Dgl., 594
fraxinata, Crewe, 195
fraxini, L. , 162
tVcquentella, Stt., 422
friscliella, L., 646
froelichiella, Z., 744
fuciformis, L., 295
fiigitivella, Z., 597
fulgens, Stt. , 723
fuligana, Hb., 464
fuligana, Hw. , 455
fuliginaiia, L., 147
fuliginosa, L., 39
fulva, Hb., 120
fulvago, Hb., 118
fulvago, L., 61
fulvana, Stph., 498
fulrnna, Wilk., 530
■fulvata, Foi-.st., 211
fulvesceiis, Hw., 681
fulviguttella, Z., 689
fiilvimitrella, Sodot'., 788
fulvipunctana, Hw., 466
fumata, Stj)!!., 244
famatella, Dgl., 601
Fiunea, 773
fiincbrana, Tr., 517
funerella, F., 631
furcatellu.s, Zett., 393
fuicifera, Hufn., 52
furcu'.a, L., 312
furfurana, Hw., 457
furimcula, Hb., 136

furva, Hb., 132
fusca, Hw. , 366
fusca, Hw., 444
fusca,, Stt., 767
■fuscalis, Schiff., 410
fuscantaria, Hw., 286
fuscedinella, Z., 648
fusce.scens, Hw. , 637
fusoipunctella, Hw. , 791
f'uscoaeiica, Hw. , 686
fuscoaurdla, Hic, 637
fuscocilicUa, Stt., 647
fuscocuprea, Hw., 687
fuscocuprella, HS., 647
fiismdactylvs, Hw., 440
fuscoviridella, Hw., 704
I'uscula, r.kh., 164
fuscus, Rdz., 440

galactodactyhis, Hb., 436
galathea, L., 337
galbanella, Z., 602
galiata, Hb., 206
galii, Rott., 297
Ualleria, 386
(tAlleriadae, 383
gallicolana, Z., 507
gamma, L., 158
gangabella, Z., 671
ganomcUa, Tr., 791
(!astropaelia, 324
gaunacella, Dup.. 759
gci, Wk., 717
gclatcUa, L., 543
Gelechia, 584
Gklechiadak, 568
gemiiia, Hb., 130
gfininana, Stph., Al^i
geminipiincta, Hatcli., Ill
gemmaria, Bill., 261
gemmatit, Hb., 220
gemmella, L., 578
genimifcrana, Tr., 514
geniciileus, Hw. , 394
genistae, Bkli. , 83
geiiistae, Stt., 654
gniidar, Stt., 609
gi'iiistella, Dup., 371
geiitiaiiana, Hb., 463
geoffrella, L., 632
Geometra, 249
Geometkidak, 246
gci'marana, Hb. , 506

INDEX

825

ijcrmarana. Will-.. 'ilO
geniingaiia, Scliilf'., 527
gerroiiella, Z., (iOCJ
geiTon, Hb. , 449
geyeriana, HS., 550
gibbosella, Z.. 605
r/igantaiia, Gn., 558
gigantelliis, Scbill' , 401
gilvago, Esp.. 62
gilvaria, F., 273
glabraria, Hb. , 263
(jlandifera, Hb., 138
glareosa, Esp., 104
glaiuva, Hb., 82
glaucata, Sc. , 315
glaucieolella, AVood, 659
glaucinalis, L., 427
glaucinella, Z., 765
gleichenella, F., 667
globiilariae, Hb. , 450
(iluiilii.sia, 307
glutinosae, Stt., 721
glyphica, L. , 164
Giypliipteryx, 703
gnapbalii, Hb. , 47
gnoniana, CL, 527
Giioplivia, 29
goedartdla, L., 764
(Toiie]iteryx, 351
Goiiiodoma, 640
gonodactyla, Sehill'. , 434
Goiiodontis, 287
gonostigma, F., 171
gotbica, L., 75
[iraciht/is, Stt.., 421
Gracilaria, 749
gracileUa, Stt., 550
gracilis, F., 73
graminicolella, AVk., 056
graminis, L. , 75
grammica, L., 38
graiidaevaua, Z., 490
grandipennis, H\v., 686
gi-andis, Desv., 635
grail ella, L., 789
gi'aiiitella, Tr., 771
gramdoscUa, Stt., 626
gratiosella, Stt., 718
Grcgsoni, Stt., 669
grcvillana. Curt., 464
griscalis, Hb., 148
giiseaiia, Stjili., 550
griseana, JVilk., 549

griseata, Se-liill'., 200
grisella, F. , 384
griseocajntcUa, Sit., 769
gri.seola, Hb., 28
giossana, H\v., 516
grossulariata, L., 267
grotiaiia, F. , 527
grvpliipemiella, Bcli., 647
Gucnci, Dbld., 112
giittea, Hw. , 747
Gymiiancyla, 364
Gymnoscelis, 183
Gypsoiionia, 481
gysseleniella, Dup., 761

Habrosyne, 288
Hadeiia, 125
Halias, 36

halterata, Hufii., 182
bamana, L. , 558
liamellus, Thiib., 389
hammoniclla, Sorhagen, 683
hanmla, Es})., 317
Harmodia, 76
harpagiila, Esp., 317
harpana, Hb., 481
Harpella, 632
hnrpdla, Srliif.. 698
liartraanniaiia, L. , 461
liastata, L. , 205
liastiaiia, L. 521
Junvkcrana, Sit., 504
haworthaiia, St])h., 704
hriivorthiata, Stt., 192
Haworthii, Curt., 135
beadleyella, Stt., 726
licet us!i L. , 799
hrrgcrana, JI'i7l\. 511
hcegcriella, Z. , 738
Heliodines, 675
Heliopbobus, 59
Heliothis, lOS
Heliozela, 682
hdlerdla, Dup., 678
Hellmaniii, Ev., 121
helveticaria, B., 196
halvetina, B., 96
hdvola, Hb., 27
helvola, L., 62
Hemaris, 293
bemerobiella, Sc, 650
liemidactylella, F., 751
Heinimene, 499

826

INDEX

lieparaiia, Srliiti'. , 533
heparala, II u\, 223
hepariella, Stt., 767
liejjatica, Hb., 132
Hepiai.idae, 798
Hei)iahis, 799
hera, L., 42

lieracliaiia, De Geer, 629
herbcma, Gn., 467
Iwrbariala, F., 235
hrrblda, Hb., 108
lierbosana, Ban:, 503
hermamiella, F. , 573
Herminia, 148
heroldella, Hb., 769
Hesperia, 356

IIlvSl'EKIADAE, 355

hftcrodactylus, Hic, 432
Heterogenea, 450
Heterogeneidae, 450
Heterograpliis, 374
hexadactyla, L., 442
hr.mpterala, Schiff., 182
lifildeniana, IVlsni.. 551
liieiaeii, Z., 432
Hieroplianta, 310
liippocastanaria, Hb., 271
Jui'iiiiriistiiDi-Ua, Dup., 732
hii.piiiili.i.'lla, Schrk., 600
hippollwr, L., 344
/lip/iofhor, Lnc, 346
liirsutella, Hb., 444
hirtarius, CI., 277
hispidaria, F., 277
liisi.idus, H.-G., 59
Hiidiikinsoni, Gregs., 440
Hodgkin.soni, Stt., 719
hofmanniella, Schleich, 754
hohenivarfhiana, Gn., 499
Jiohenwarthiana, Tr., 499
holdenella, Stt., 668
liolmiana, L., 526
holosericata, Dup., 237
Homoeosoma, 376
horridella, Tr., 699
hortella, F., 737
hortuelhis, Hb., 391
hostili.s, Stph., 371
huebnerella, Don., 610
Huebneri, Hw. , 593
liumeralis, Z., 584
liumerellus, Scliiff. , 608
liuniiliata, Hufn., 237

liumili.s, Z. , 670
liumuli, L., 801
hyale, L., 350
hyalinalis, Hb., 411
Hybeniia, 274
hybridalis, Hh., 410
hybridana, Hb., 542
hybvidella, Hb., 553
Hydriomeiia, 207
Hydriomenidae, 178
Hydrocampa, 403
hycmana, Hb., 543
Hygrochroa, 283
Hylopliila, 35
Hypena, 151
Hypeiiide.s, 146
Hypenodes, 150
hyperanthus, L., 339
hyperborea, Zett. , 107
Hypercallia, 613
hypericana, Hb., 517
hypericella, Tr., 623
Hypoclialcia, 368
hyrciniana, Wilk., 494
Hysterosia, 559

iantliiua, Esp., 105
ianthinana, Dup., 510
ibipemiella, Z. , 652
icarus, Rott., 349
ichneumonif'orme, F., 566
iderana, Frol., 537
ictericana, Hw., 541
ignobilella, Stt., 720
ilicifolia, L., 325
illigcrella, Hb., 691
illumiuatella, Z., 763
illamt/i-ia, Hb., 282
Mustraria, Hb., 283
illustris, F., 156
ivibutata, Hb., 201
imella, Hb., 784
imitaria, Hb., 242
immaculatella, Bgl., 582
immanata, Hu:, 213
inimorata, L., 243
ininnindana, F. R., 493
inimuudella, Z., 727
imniutata, Ij. , 241
impar, Warren, 138
inipcrialclla,, l\lu., 753
iuiplicitaiKi, \Vk., 551

INDEX

827

itnpluviafa, Hb., 213
irapudens, Hb., 71
impiira, Hb., 71
incanaria, Hb., 2-5G
incanata, Hw., 241
inca.rnana, Ifw., 481
incarnatana, Hb., 489
incei'ta, Hiifii.. 72
iiicertaiia, Tr., 540
incongruella, Stt., 638
iuconspicuella, Stt., 775
inconspicueUa, Wood, 804
Inciirvaria, 779
indigata, Hb., 193
ivjlatae, Stt., 655
ingratella, Knaggs, 423
imiotata, Hufn., 195
innotata, Stt., 195
inopella, Z., 579
inopiana, Hw. , 559
inornata, Hw., 238
inornataua, HS., 480
inornatella, Dgl., 606
inquinatelhis, Schilf., 391
iusecurella, Stt., 692
insigniata, Hb. , 195
hisignijienneUa, Stt., 707
insignitella, Z., 739
iiistabilella, Dgl., 592
instahilis, Esp., 72
intaminatella , Stt., 576
interjecta, Hb., 106
interjedaria, B., 237
intermediella, Brd.. 774
internana, Gu., 511
iuterpunctella, Hb. . 372
interrogationis. L.. 159
interrnptana, Wilk., 513
intimella, Z., 724
iuulae, Wk. , 656
io, L., 333
iota, L., 157
iris, L., 335
irradklla, Stt., 738
irregularis, Hufn., 78
irriguana, HS., 467
irriguata, Hb., 194
irrorella, L., 30
irrorellus, Hb., 696
Lscliiioscia, 783
isodactyla, Z., 434
isogramniaria, HS., 192
Isotrias, 542

jacobaeae, L., 07
janira, L., 339
jasioneata, Crewe, 190
Juliana, Cart., 516
juncicolella, Stt., 650
junctella, Dgl., 595
junipcrata, L. , 210
juniperellus. L.. 608
junoniella, Z. , 742

Kaltenliachii, Stt., 804
kilmunella, Stt., 668
Jdnderwavniclla, HS., 611
kleemannella, F. , 7^4
knaggsiella, Stt., 593
IvllariclJn. Z., 754
kueliniella, Z., 374

laburnella, Stt., 755
lacertinaria, L., 316
IriccrtvJa, Schiff., 316
lactana. F., 481
lactearia, L., 249
lacteella, Schiff., 688
lacteella, Stph., 681
lacunana. iHip. , 467
Laelia. 1 7 1
lactus, Z., 431
lafauryana. Rag., 531
lalbum, L., 69
lambda. F., 51
lambdella. Don.. 635
laminella, HS., 687
Lampronifi, 780
lancealis, Sehiff. , 407
lanceolana, Hb.. 456
lanestri.s, L., 321
Invgiclla, Hh.. 675
lantanella, Sclirk., 740
lapella, Hb., 791
lapidata, Hb., 221
lappcUa, L., 571
tirpponaria, B., 276
lapponica, Wk., 724
laricaria, Dbld., 260
laricella, Hb., 649
lariciana, Z., 476
lariciata, Frr. , 191
laripennella, Zett. , 657
Lasiocampa, 320
Lasiocampidae, 319
LASIOCAMPINA, 314
Laspeyresia, 508

828

INDEX

lathonia, L., 330
lathyri, Stt., 580
lathyrifoliella, Stt., 755
latifasciana, Hw., 457
latiorana, Stt., 531
latistrius, Hw., 393
jHlrciUeUa, Curt., 676
lautflla, Z., 738
leclieana, L. , 532
legiiminaiia, Z., 513
leninata, L. , 402
lentiginosella, Z., 603
Icpidana, HS., 538
Icplastriaiia, Curt., 511
le]ioriiia, L. , 140
Leptomeris, 240
Leucania, 67
leucapennella, Hb., 650
leiicatella, L., 580
leucograplia, Hb., 107
leiicomelanella, Z., 596
leucophaea. View., 85
leucopliaearia, Schilf., 275
Leucophasia, 352
Leucophtbalmia, 244
Leucoptera, 754
leucostigma, Hb. , 134
leuwenhoekella, L., 676
libanotideUa, Stt., 627
libatrix, L., 154
licbenaria, Iliifn., 262
licheiiea, Hb., 53
lienigialis, Z., 428
lienigiana, Z., 439
lienigicUa, Z., 662
liqea, L., 340
lignnta, Hh., 226
Ugriipcrda, F., 560
ligula, Esp., 65
ligulcUa, Z., 582
ligustri, F., 142
ligustri, L., 298
liraacodes, Hufii., 451
limbarius, F., 266
Limenitis, 335
limitata, Sc, 227
Limnoecia, 674
limoniella, Stt., 640
liniosipennella, Du}). , 649
linariata, F., 190
linca, F., 358
lincaria, lib., 245
liiieata, F., 296

lineata, Sc., 272
liueola. Curt., 421
lineola, 0., 358
lineolata, Hb., 207
lineolea, Hw. , 655
liniieolla, CL, 677
Lipoptycha, 503
lijisiaiia, Schitf. , 523
literana, L., 522
litcrata, Don., 213
literclla, Hw., 764
literosa, Hw., 136
lithargyrea, Esp., f8
Lithocolletis, 733
litbodactyla, Tr., 439
lllhnrhrM, Bkh., 52
Litliosia, 26
lithoxylea, F., 131
litterata, Sc, 404
littoralis, Curt., 69, 456
littorella, Dgl., 579
litura, L., 63
liturata, CI., 257
UturcUa, Hb., 623
litm-ella, Scliiff., 621
livoi'iiica, Esp., 296
lixella, Z., 651
l-niqrum, MvIL, 170
lobelia, SchifiF., 617
Lobesia, 455
Lobopbora, 181
lohulata, Hb., 180
loeflingiana, L., 537
Locxvii. Z., 440
logaiiella, Stt., 747
logiana, Scliitf. , 523
longana, Hw., 541
lougiconiis, Curt., 603
louieerae, E.sp., 448
Loreyi, Dup., 68
lorquiniaua, Dup., 525
lota. CI, 63
lotclla, Hb., 363
lotella, Stt., 756
Loxostege, 418
Lozopcra, 544
lubricipcda, L. , 40
lucclla, F., 700
iucernea, L. , 97
incida, Hufn. 165
hicidella, St)ib. 576
liicina, L., 342
iuuipara, L., 128

INDEX

829

lucttiosa, Esp., 16G
luciilella, Hb., 59(5
liinaria, Scliitl". , 283
lunaris, H\v., G36
luiiaris, Seliitt'. , 161
luiidaiia, F. , 478
lunigera, Stph., 91
lunosa, H\v., 58
Luperiua, 112
InpiiUiialis, Gn., 41G
lupuliuus, L., 800
hirlilaaa, Gre<js., 519
lurMata, Bkh.. 260
lurideola, Zk. , 27
lutarea, H\v. , 769
lutarella, L., 26
luti-ago, HI)., 78
lutealis, Hb., 408
luteata, Soliitf., 223
luteella, Stt., 721
luteolata, L., 258
luticoinella, Z., 668
lutipennella, Z., 648
lutosa, Hb., 119
lutulenta, Bkh., 58
lutiilentella, Z. , 576
luzella, Hb., 781
Lyeaena, 347
Lycaenidae, 342
lychnitis. Rami)., 49
lyclklla, IMcL, 584
Lyonetia, 756
Lythria, 232

maccana, Tr., 523
machaon, L. , 355
macilenta, Hb. , 63
Macroglossa, 294
macularia, L., 270
maculea, Hw. , 593
maculiferella, Dgl., 595
maculosana, Hw., 555
magnifieella, Tgst., 667
malella, Stt., 722
malvae, L. , 356
malvella, Hb., 602
maiiL'unuda, Kiuigijs., 237
manniana, F.R., 549
mausuetella, Z., 806
Marasmai'cha, 437
marcidella, Curt., 772
riiarfjaritalis, Schijf'., 424
rnargaritaria, L., 280

niargaritelliLs, Hb., 393
Margaroiiia, 405
maryarotana, Heiii., 471
■iiiarginana, Uiv., 463
marginaria, Bkh., 275
laarginata, F., 119
marginata, L., 263
marginea, Hw., 759
marginellus, F. , 608
marginepuiictata, Gz., 241
margincpuHcUitu, Stph., 236
margiuepuiictena, Stph., 777
marginicolella, Stt., 719
maiitima, Stt., 731
inaritinia, Tausch., 124
inaritimana, Gn., 547
marmorea, Hw., 380, 596
masculrlla, Hb., 780
matura, Hufn., 124
maura, L. , 129
Mecyna, 417
mcdea, Hb., 340
Dudiana, F., 517
medmi, Esp., 346
raegacephala, F. , 142
niegaera, L. , 337
niegerlella, Stt., 671
Melanaigia, 337
Melanchra, 79
Melanchrides, 66
melanella, Hw., 776
melanopa, Thnb., 87
Meliana, 66
iiifJlJotdla, Scott, 646
iiieliloti, Esp., 448
Meliphora, 383
Melissoblaptes, 384
Melitaea, 330
iiiellonella, L., 386
niendica, 01., 40
iiiondica, Hw., 765
iii'Msuraria, Schiff., 227
nienthasti'i, Es]>. , 40
laenyauthidis. View., 144
■niercurdla, L., 422
'inercurella, Z., 422
mercuiiana, Hb., 470
mcnlella, Z., 791
Mcsogi-aphe, 425
iiiesomella, L., 29
messaniella, Z. , 743
niessingiella, F.R., 703
Metachrostis, 137

830

INDEX

raetallicana, Hb., 467
metallicus, Pod., 796
metaxella, Hb., 793
meticiilosa, L., 127
Metrocampa, 280
metzneriella, Stt., 570
mi, CI., 163
miaria, Bkh., 232
niiata, L., 212
micacea, Esp., 119
micana, FioL, 467
microdactyla, Hb. , 438
miciogrammana, Gn. , .514

MiCUm'TERYGIDAK, 801

MICROPTERYGINA, 797
Micropteryx, 802
JMiurostega, 417
microtheriella, Stt., 720
luliiiidiii! ijla, Hu\, 437
.Miltorliiista, 30
luiiiiata, Eorst., 30
minimus, FuesL, 345
miuimeUus, Z., 797
miniosa, F., 74
miiiistraiia, L., 536
minorata, Tr., 218
minos, FuesL, 448
minusculella, HS., 71 5
minutana, Hb., 484
miiiutata, Gn., 187
minutella, L., 636
miscella, Schiff., 682
Miselia, 55
misella, Z., 790
mitterbacheriana, Schifi'., 480
mixtana, Hb., 523
modestana, IIS., 487
modestella, Dap., 661
nioeniata, Sc, 228
molyhdeola, Gn., 27
Moma, 139
Mompha, 678
monacha, L. , 175
monachella, Hb., 785
moneta, F., 156
Monima, 72

MONOCTKNIADAE, 250

nionodactyla, L., 439
mrino(j7ypha, ITufn., 130
Aloiiopis, 7S3
niontaiiata, Bkb., 230
monticola, Wk., 668
munticolana, WilJc., 470

morosa, Miihl., 576
morosa, Z., 781
moi'pheus, Hufn., 122
Monisii, Dale, 121
moutfetella, Scliiff., 581
mucroneUa, Sc, 698
mucronella, Scliiti'., 401
muehligiella, Stt., 658
niulinella, Z., 603
multistrigaria, Hw., 228
miinda, Esp., 74
mundana, L., 31
luiiudella, Dgl, 589
munitata, Hb., 230
niuralis, Forst., 138
niuraua. Curt., 421
niuricata, Hufn., 235
murinata, Sc, 224
muiinippnnella, Dup., 659
muscalella, F. , 780
muscerda, Hufn., 28
muscifonne. View., 567
muscosella, Z., 599
musculana, Hb., 532
musculosa, Hb., 120
mussehliana, Tr. , 550
myelins, Hb., 392
Myelois, 378
mygindana, Schiff., 460
niyllerana, F., 705
myopiforme, Bkh., 506
myricae, Gn.., 143
Myrmecozela, 782
myrtillana, Tr. , 479
myrtillella, Stt., 723
mj'rtilli, L., 87
Mystieoptera, 181

Nndia, 23
naevana, Hb., 477
naevifcrella, Dup., 574
nana, Hvv., 552
nana, Rott., 77
nanana, Tr., 474
nanata, Hb., 196
nanatella, Stt., 622
nanella, Hb., 580
nanivora, Stt., 769
napi, L., 353
Narycia, 776
nrliritaini, Z., 513
nebulella, Hb., 377
nebulosa, Hufn., 86

INDEX

831

neglcda, HI., 102
neglectana, Dup., 482
Neiiieobius, 3')2
Nemophora, 792
uemoralis, F., 11 8
uemoralis, Sc, 406
nemorella, L., 699
Nemoria, 247
neinorivaga, Tgst., 495
Nemotois, 796
Xephopteryx, 370
Xepticula, 710
nerii, L., 296
nervosa, H\v., 630
neurica, Dup., 110
Neiu'ouia, 75
nenropterella, Z., 570
iieustria, L., 323
ni, Hb., 159
NicelUi, Stt., 744
Nickerlii, Frr., 112
nictitaiis, Bkli., 135
nigra, Hw., 58, 599
nigi'ata, Sc, 413
nigrella, Hw., 669
nigrescentella, Logan, 738
nigricana, HS., 494
nigricaiia, Stph., 513
nigricans, L., 92
nigricans, Stt., 444
nigricella. >St])ii., 647
iiigrieiiinella, Z., 730
nigricostana, Hw., 464
vigricostdla, I)gl., 580
nigripunctella, Hw., 790
nigritcUa, Dgl., 582
nigrocinda, Tr., 54
nigvofasciaria, Gz., 216
uigroiiiamilana. Hw., 486
uiinbana, HS., 516
nimbella, Z., 377
niobe, L., 329
nisella, CI., 493
nititlana, F., 506
nitiflella, F., 766
nitidella, Hof., 774
nivca, Hic, 578
niveana, F., 522
niveieostella, Z., 654
niveus, 01., 400
noctuella, Schitf., 410
Nola, 33
Nomophila, 410

Nouagria, 110
Notarcha, 406
notata, L., 257
notatella, Hb., 597
notlia, Hb., 253
Notocelia, 488
Notodouta, 303

N0TOD0NTID.\E, 300

NOTODONTINA, 176
notulana, Z., 549
nubeculosus, Esp., 57
nnhigena, Ld.. 448
nubilalis, Hb., 416
uubilana, Hli. , 540
Nudaria, 31
nupta, L., 162
nutantella, ]\Iiihl., 655
Xyctegretis, 378
iiylandriella, Tgst., 716
nymphaeata, L., 403
Ny,mphai,idae, 327
Nymphiila, 402

obductella, F.R., 367
obelisca, Hb., 92
obeliscata, Hb., 210
obfusearia, Hb., 271
obliquaria, Bkh., 200
obliquclla, Stt., 671
oUitdla, Dbld., 577
oblitella, Z., 374
obliterata, Hufn., 223
oblongana, Hw., 463
oblongata, Thnb., 189
obscura, Brh., 98
obscnrana, Stph., 490
obscurana, Wilk., 507
obscm-aria, Hb., 270
obscurella, Hein., 589
obsciirella, Stt., 670
obscuripunetella, Stt., 68f
obsi talis, Hb., 152
obsoleta, Hb., 70
obsoletella, F.R., 591
obtiisana, Hw., 483
obtusella, Stt., 660
occulta, L., 96
occuUana, Wilk., 474
occnltclla, Dgl., 670
ocellana, F., 476, 624
ocellaris, Bkh., 62
ocellata, L., 209
ocellatella, Boyd, 593

832

INDEX

ocellatus, L., 300
ocelleus, Hw., 39G
ochracea, Hb., 110
ochraceana, Stph., 528
ofhraceella, Curt., 681
ochraceella, Tgst. , 782
oelirata, Sc, 240
oclirea, Hw., 651
ochreaiia, Ross., 273
ochrcclla, Stt., 674
Ochria, 109

ochrodactyla, Hb., 434
ochi-oleuca, Esp., 134
ochroleucana, Hb., 462
uchronulana, Gn., 464
Ochsenheinieria, 777
ochsenheinieriana, Z., 506
Ocneria, 175

OONEUIADAE, 169

Ocnerostoiiia, 760
ocnerostomella, Stt., 685
oetogesima, Hb., 291
octoinaculana, Hw., 541
octoraaculata, F., 412
ocularis, Gn., 291
oculatella, Z., 704
ocnlea, Gn., 135
Odonestis, 323
Odoiitosia, 309
Oecophora, 633
Oecophouidae, 611
oehlnianniella, Tr., 788
Oeoiiistis, 25
Oiiiopliila, 733
oleagina, F., 55
oleracea, L., 84
olerella, Z., 627
olivacella, Stt., 649
olivalis, Schiff., 415
olivana, Tr., 467
olivata, Bkh., 231
oliviella, F., 633
omicrunaria, Hb., 246
omissella, Stt., 753
ononaria, Fuesl., 252
ononidis, Z., 753
onosmella, Brli., 655
00, L., 118
oi.acella, HS., 444
Operopbtera, 222
opliiogramma, Esp., 134
Opbiusa, 153
ophtbalmu^aiia, Hb., 497

opinia, Hb., 73
Opistbograptis, 256
Opostega, 728
oiipies.saiia, Tr., 475
or, F., 290
orbicularia, Hb., 244
orbitella, Z., 648
urhona, F., 100
orbona, Hufn., 101
Orgyia, 171
oricbaleea, F., 157
orichalcca, Stt., 663
orion, Esp., 139
oriiata, Sc, 242
oniatella, Scliill'., 365
Orneodes, 442

OUNEODIDAE, 441

ornithopus, Rott., 52
Ornix, 746
orobana, Tr., 512
orobi, Stt., 755
Ortliosia, 59
Ortbotaelia, 697
osseana, Sc, 542
osseata, F., 237
osseata, Stt., 237
osseella, Stt., 579
osteodactyla, Z. , 438
ostrina, Hb., 168
ostrinalis, Hh., 413
Ourapteryx, 279
oxyacanthac, Fr., 740
oxyacanthae, L., 56
oxtjacanthclla, Dup., 769
oxyacantbella, Stt., 716
Oxyptilus, 431

pabulatricula, Brb., 134
padellus, L., 696
211 tdi, Z., 695
piidifuHelhi, Hb., 757
palaeinon. Pall., 357
paleacea, Esp., 118
palealis, Scbift'., 419
paleaua, Hb., 537
ralinipsestis, 290
palleiis, L., 71
pallascentella, Stt., 791
palliatella, Zk., 652
pallida, Stph., 423
pallidaiia, Z., 553
pallidella, Z., 727
pallirroutaiia, Z., 512

INDEX

833

pallorella, Z., 622
[lalpella, Hw., 614
palpina, L., 308
Paltodora, 571
paludana, liarr. , 478
paliKlata,'Tluib., 201
pahidella, Hb., 387
imludicuVa, Stt., 660
pfiJ iidkolcUu, Mid., 680
pahuluin, Fr. , 672
palmluni, Z., 431
jxdaiiibaria, Bkh., 227
pa-luniliella, F., 367
palustiana, Z., 466
palustrella, Dgl., 577
palustris, Hb., 121
PaniiiH'uc, 505
Paiiiphila, 358
paiuphilus, L., 341
Pamjilusia, 469
Pancalia, 676
pandalis, Hb., 417
Pandemis, 533
Panenieria, 167
panixus, F., 357
Panolis, 76
pantaria, L., 268
panzerella, Stph., 637
paphia, L., 329
Papilio, 355
papilionaria, L., 250
P.ai'IMONID.m:, 354
PAPILIONINA, 325
pa PU rat la, Marsh, 40
]]ar, Eb., 138
parallelaria, Schiif'., 282
Pararge, 337
Parasia, 570
l.arasitplla, Hb., 788
■lHir.,ithr><.Ha, Hw., 608
pnrndhv^ella, L., 700
pariaua, CI., 706
paripennella, Z., 647
parisiana, G-ii., 523
parthenias, L., 253
parva, Hb., 168
parvidactylus, Hw., 432
parindana, Wilk., 499
pascuaiia, Hb., 540
pascuellus, L., 390
jwsivana, Hb., 540
pitssiijr//a, Barr., 373
padinacella, Stt., 630

pastiiiuiii, Tr., 153
paula, Hb., 169
paupdla, Z., 579
pauperana, Dup., 470
})avoiiia, L., 313
paijl'ulliana, Wilk., 484
2Kctinataria, Kit., 232
pectinea, Hw., 780
pedaria, F., 277
pedella, L., 664
pedriolellus, Stt., 394
peliella, Tr., 602
pellionella, L., 791
peltigera, Schiff., 108
Peluiga, 221
Pempelia, 364
pendularia, 01., 245
pt^nkleriana, F.R., 492
pcimaria, L., 285
pentadactylus, L. , 436
penziana, Wd., 540
per/umaria, JVeu-m., 264
Perinephela, 407
Perittia, 685
perla, F., 138
perlellus, Sc, 393
perlepidana, Hw., 511
l^erlepidella, Stt., 772
permixtana, Hb., 455
permutana, Dup., 524
p)ernotata, Gn., 191
perochraiia, F.R., 236
perplexana, Barr., 524
perplexella, Stt., 669
persicariae, L., 86
p)erspicillaris, L., 125
perterana, Dbld., 541
petasitis, Dbld., 119
petiverella, L., 501
petraria, Hb., 271
petrificata, i^., 51
pfeitterella, Hb., 684
pflugiana, Hw., 495
phaeodactyla, Hb., 438
phaeoleuca, Stt., 422
Phalera, 312
Phalonia, 545
Phalokiadae, 543
phasianipennella, Hb., 752
Phaulernis, 690
phcgca, L., 23
jjhilanthiformis, Lasp., 567
Philedone, 526

3 H

834

INDEX

Philereme, 202
phlaeas, L., 346
Phlyctaenia, 408
Phoberia, 161
Phragmatobia, 39
Pliragmatoecia, 445
pliragmitella, Stt. , 675
phragraitellns, Hb., 397
pbragmitidis, Hb. , 120
])hrygauc'lla, Hb., GIG
Phycita, 370
Phycitidae, 361
Phyllocnistis, 757
Pliylloporia, 783
picana, Frol., 461
picarella, CI., 789
pieata, Plb., 212
piceana, L. , 529
piceana, Wilk., 498
jiidalis, Curt., 428
pietaria, Curt., 270
pietella, Z., 574
PlERIDAE, 349
Pieris, 352
pigra, Hul'u., 302
pilella, F., 793
pilleriana, Schitf. , 528
pilosaria, Hb., 277
pilcsellae, Esp., 448
pilosellae, Z., 432
pirapinellae, Z., 629
pimpinellata, G-n., 191
pimpinellata, Hb. , 188
pinastri, L., 298
pinastri, L., 129
pinellus, L., 393
pinetttria, Hb., 258
pinetellus, L., 393
pingHcdinclla, Dbld., 37 J
pinguinalis, L., 428
piiiguinc'lla, Tr. , GOO
piuguis, Hw., 375
piniariella, Z., 760
piuiarius, L., 265
pinicolana, JJbld., 470
jiinicolana, Z., 474
piiiieolella, Dup. , 661
piniperda, Panz., 76
pinivorana, Z., 471
pisana, Gn., 513
pi.si, L., 85
pistacina, F. , 63
plagiata, L. , 200

plagicolella, Stt., 720
plagiodadylus, Stt., 441
pkiitaginella, Stt., 591
])lantagiuis, L. , 41
Platyedra, 605
Platyptilia, 432
Platyte.s, 395
plecta, L. , 95
Plemyria, 204
Pleurota, 614
picxippus, L., 328
Plodia, 371
pluinaria, Hb., 263
plumbagana, Tr., 503
pluiubana, Sc, 504
plumbaria, F. , 227
plumbellus, Schift'. , 696
plumbeolata, Hw. , 191
plumigera, Esp., 308
Pliisia, 155
Plitsiadae, 144
Plusiades, 153
Plutella, 701
Plutellidae, 692
poae, Stt., 669
podalirius, L., 355
podana, Sc, 530
Polia, 49
Poliades, 46
p)olHana, On., 501
politana, Hw., 538
politella, Stt., 590
■pollinaricUa, Stt., 673
polychloros, L. , 333
jjolycommata, Hb., 181
pol[idactyla, Hb., 442
polygoiialis, Hb., 418
polygramraata, Bkh., 221
polyodon, CI., 125
])olyodon, L. , 130
Polyploca, 291
Polyplocidae, 288
poraella, Vaiighaii, 714
pomifoliella. Z.. 740
ponionella, L. , 515
jiopulana, F., 508
popnlaris, F. , 76
populata, L., 204
populella, CL, 604
popiileti, Tr., 73
[)()pxiletoruni, Z., 752
populi, L., 299, 321
porata, F., 245

INDEX

835

porcellus, L. , 295
porphyrea, Esp., 132
poiyhyrea, Hb., 95
porrectella, L., 701
Porthesia, 174
•portlmulicella, Rich., 589
postremana, Z. , 4G5
potatoria, L. , 323
potentillae, Stt., 647
2)otentillana, Cooke, 28
poterii, Stt., 718
jiraeangusta, H\v., 661
praecocella, Z., 763
praecox, L., 93
praelatella, Scliitf'. , 781
■praclongana, G-n., 462
prasina, F., 108
prasinana, L., 36
2)rasinaria, HI)., 280
2iratana, Hh., 542
'prataria, B., 243
pratcUus, L., 391
Pi'ays, 694

proboscidalis, L. , 151
procellata, ¥., 220
Procris, 449
prodromana, Hb., 527
'[irodromaria, Schijf'., 278
profugella, Stt., 689
profundana, F., 465
■progemmaria, Hh., 275
promissa, Esp., 162
promutata, Gn. , 241
pronuba, L., 100
pronubella, Sehilf., 770
propinquella, Stt., 680
propinqiiella, Tr., 622
propiignata, F., 229
prosapiaria, L. , 280
l^rotea, Bkh., 53
proteanu, IIS., 524
proximnna, Dhld., 494
jjivximana, Will'., 513
proxiinella, Hb., 597
pruinata, Hufu. , 250
prinialis, Scliiti"., 409
priinaria, L., 281
primata, L. , 203
prunetovum, Stt., 719
primi, L. , 343
pruniana, HI)., 463
pnmitbliella, Hb., 757
pryerella, Vaughan, 379

Psammotis, 411
Psecadia, 630
Pselnoplioriis, 437
pseudobombycella, PIb., 776
Pseudojjauthera, 269
pseudospretella, Stt., 637
Pseudoterpiia, 2o0
psi, L., 141
puitlacata, Schiff., 212
Psodos, 274
Psoricoptera, 604
Psyche, 444

PSYCHID.^E, 443

PSYCHINA, 442
pteroctactyla, Hb., 439
jiterodactyla, L., 440

I'TEROPHORinAE, 429

Pterophonis, 435
Pterostoma, 308
Ptilophora, 308
Ptocheuusa, 578
pubicornis, Hw., 781
pudibinida, L., 173
pudorina, Hb., 71
pidchella, Hw., 670
piilehella, L. , 37
pnlchellata, Sti^i., 190
pulcherrimella, Stt., 629
pulcliraria, Ev., 223
pulcliriiia, Hw., 158
piilla, Esp., 773
pullata, Stt., 270
jmlleUa, HS., 669
pulveralis, Hb., 411
pulveraria, L., 281
pulveratella, HS., 576
pulverosella, Stt., 726
piilveruleuta, Esji., 74
pumilata, Hb., 183
punctalis, SchitF., 405
l>unctaria, L., 245
punctata, F., 269
'pundicosfmia, IV ilk., 506
pinictidactyla, Hw., 433
[junetularia, HI)., 260
/nijiiccrdis, Schiff., 414
puiiillana, CI., 486
pui-puralis, L. , 413
l)urpurana, Hw., 466
purpuraria, L., 232
purpurasccntdla, Stt., 766
pui'j)iirea, Hw., 625
piirpurella, Hw., 803

836

INDEX

pusaria, L., 279
pusiella, Rom., 632
pusillata, F., 193
pustulata, Hufn. , 248
puta, Hb. , 94
putresceus, Hb., 70
putris, L., 98
Pygaera, 302
pygmaeaua, Hb., 472
pygmaeana, Hw., 772
pygmaeana, IVilk., 485
l^ygmaeata, Hb., 192
pygmaeella, Hb., 764
pygmaeella, Hw., 714
pygmacola, Dhld., 26
Pylarge, 244
pyralella, Hb., 423
piyraliata, F., 211
Pyralididae, 425
PYRALIDINA, 360
pyraliiia, View., 116
Pyralis, 426
pyramidea, L., 114
pyrastrana, Hb., 530
Pyrausta, 411
pyrausta, Pall., 631
Pyratjstidae, 397
pjTella, Vill., 770
pyri. Glitz., 716
pyrina, L., 446
■pyrophila, F., 98
pyrrlmlipemiella, Z., 653

quadra, L., 25
quadrana, Hb., 474
quadrifasciaria, CI., 230
(piailriiiuiculella, Boli., 728
qiuidii]iunota, Hw., 611
<|u.-idri]niiictata, F., 122
(jiiailri|imictella, Stph., 781
qnnjlnijjdla, Z., 752
quaestionaiia, Z., 501
quaestioiiella, HS., 576
qiiercana, F. , 613
quercana, Schiff., 36
qiiercifolia, L., 324
quercifoliella, Z., 743
qiiereinaria, Hufn., 286
quercus, L., 320, 344
quiuqueguttella, Stt. , 742
quinquolla. Bed., 725

radiatella, Don., 700

radiella, Cturt., 773
ramana, Fr'61., 481
ramburialis, Dup., 404
ramella, L., 484
rapae, L. , 353
rasohkiella, Z., 680
latzeburgiana, Rtz., 475
ravida, Hb., 98
ravulana, HS., 490
reclusa, F, 302
rectangulata, L., 182
rectilinea, Esp., 129
Recur varia, 606
redimitaiia, Gn., 506
regiana, Z., 508
regiella, HS., 716
rcliquaTia, Wilk., 455
rcliquclla, Z., 729
remutaria, Hb., 241
repandalis, Schiff., 415
repandata, L., 263
resinea, Hw. , 420
resinella, L., 471
resplendella, Stt., 683
reticella, Newm., 772
reticulata, F., 203
reticulata, Vill., 81
retiferana, "Wk., 471
retinella, Z., 765
retusa, L., 118
revayana, Tr., 35
Rhacodia, 519
rhamnata, Schiff., 202
rhaiuni, L., 351
rhamniella, Z., 678
rhediella, CI., 506
rhi-:uUni'i, F., 52
r],n,l„rln;'Ua, HS., 623 "^
rhodudactyla, F., 435
Rhodometra, 232
rhombella, Schiff., 601
rhomboidaria, Hb., 264
7-Jiomboidea, Tr., 103
rhynchosporella, Stt., 672
ribeana, Hb., 533
ribesiaria, B., 203
ridens, F., 292
ripae, Hb., 94
rivata, Hb., 206
Rivula, 169
rivulana, Sc, 466
roborann, Hb., 530
roborana, 'I'r., 489

INDEX

S37

roboraria, Schiff., 259
rohorclla, Zk., 370
rohoricolcUa, Brd., 774
roboris, Schrk., 320
roboris, Z., 737
Roesclia, 32
roesella, L., 676
Roeslerstaiuniia, 770
rordlus, L., 392
rosaecolana, Dbld., 488
rosaoa, L., 531
roseana, Hw. , 551
roseticolana, Z., 510
rostralis, L., 151
rotuiidaria, Hw., 279
rotimdella, Dgl„ 626
lioxhm-ghii, Gregs., 373
ruhcrata, Fit., 213
mbi, L., 322, 343
rubi, View., 102
rubidata, F., 216
rubiella, Bjerk., 781
rHhiijiiiafn, F., 205
rubigiiiata, Hufn., 243
r.uliiginea, F., 65
nibiginosaua, HS., 473
lubivora, Wk., 722
ruhricata, F., 243
rubricollis, L., 29
rubricosa, F., 107
ruhrotihidla, F.B., 382
rufa, Hw., 112
rufaua, Sc. 465
nifana, Schiff., 522
rufata, F., 200
rufesceus, Hw., 606
ruficapitdla, Hic, 714
rujicihana, Hio., 551
rvpcindata, Gn., 215
rutillana, Wilk., 510
ruliinitra.iia, HS., 474
ruliuiitrella, Sc, 794
rufina, L., 62
nifocinerea, Hw., 673
rufumiila, Rw., 136
rugosaiia, Hb., 555
nimieis, L., 143
rumina, L., 355
rupiuapraria, Hb., 273
nipicola. Curt., 550
ruralis, Sc, 406
lurea, F., 131
mrlcoldla, Uli., 789

Kusiiia, 113
russata, l!kh., 213
russula, L., 41
rusticana, Tr., 538
rusticata, F., 235
msticella, Hb.. 785
rutilana, Hb., 547

sacraria, L., 232
sagittata, F., 211
.salaciella, Ti-., 729
Salebria, 365
salicalis, Schill'., 152
salicata, Hb., 231
salicella, Hb., 615
salicella, L., 460
salicieolella. Sire, 740
salicis, CurL, 144
salicis, L., 175
salicis, Stt., 723
salicoldla, Brd., 774
salicorniao, Heriiig, 592
salicorniae, Wk., 650
saligna, Z., 757
saliuella, Stt., 658
salinellus. Tuff, 395
salopiella, Stt., 803
sambiicalis, Scliill'., 410
sambiicaria, L., 279
.sangiella, Stt., 582
Sangii, Wood, 804
sanguinalis, L., 413
saponariac, Bkh., 81
Sarrothriims, 34
satellitia, L., 64
satura, Hb., 132
saturatella, Stt., 653
saturnana, Gn., 504
Saturnia, 313
Saturniadae, 313
satyrata, Hb., 189
Satyeidae, 336
Satyrus, 338
saucia, Hb., 93
sauciana, Hb., 464
saxicola, Vauglian, 377
saxifragae, Stt., 768
scabiosata, Bkh., 197
scabiosella, Dgl., 745
scabiosellus, Sc, 796
scabrana, StpJ/., 523
scabrella, L., 699
scabriuscula, L., 129

838

INDEX

scalella, Sc, 584
Scardia, 778
schalleriana, L., 524
schiffcrmillcrclla, Scltiff., 797
schmidiella, Fr., 663
sclimidiellus, Heyd., 609
schoenicolella, Stt., 705
Schoenobius, 400
sclirankella, Hh., 680
Schraiikia, 149
schreberella, F., 745
Schreckensteiuia, 690
schreibersiana, FriJl., 556
scbulziana, F. , 466
schwarziella, Z., 793
Sciapteron, 567
scintilulana, Hb., 705
scirpi, Stt., 672
scitella, Z., 756
Scoliaula, 727
scoliiforme, Bkb., 564
Scoliopteryx, 154
scolopacina, Esp., 132
Scoparia, 419
scopariaiia, HS., 513
scajmriella, Hein., 621
scopariella, Z., 743
scopoliana, Hw., 499
scopoliana, Wilk., 499
scotmia, Wilk., 522
scotica, White, 423
scoticella, Stt., 747
scothiella, HS., 600
scriptana, Hb., 461
scriptella, Hb., 597
scrophulariae, Cap., 48
scutosa, Schiff., 109
scut'ulana, Wilk., 495
scutulata, Bkh., 239
scufulatella, Stt., 747
Scytbris, 685
Scytbropia, 779
segetiim, Scbitf. , 91
selasellus, Hb., 395
selene, Scbilf., 330
Selenia, 282
Selidosema, 262

S KUDOS EM I DAK, 254

sellana, Hb., 463
semele, L., 338
seniialbana, Gn., 532
semiargu.s, Rott., 345
scmibniiUR'a, Hw., 51

seinicostellus, Hb., 608
seniidecandrella, Stt., 595
semifascia, Hw., 751
semifasciana, Hw., 461
semifulvella, Hw. , 792
semifusca, Hw., 765
semifuscana, Stph., 498
Seinioscopis, 616
semipurpurella, Stph., 804
semirubella, Sc, 366
scmirufa, Hw., 373
.seiiiitestacella. Curt., 767
scnecionds, VatigJiaii, 377
senectana. On., 503
senectella, Z., 589
senescens, Stt., 686
senex, Hb., 31
Seuta, 124
sepiaria, Hut'n., 266
sepinm, Spr. , 774
sep^iella, F., 806
septembrella, Stt., 724
.sequana, Hb., 501
sequax, Hw., 599
seqiiella, CL, 701
Serena, F., 81
serella, Stt., 718
sericea, Gregs., 27
sericealis, Sc, 169
sericiella, Hw., 683
.sericopeza, Z., 725
serotinus, Z., 441
serricornis, Stt., 671
servillana, Du[i. , 510
Setina, 30
sexalisata, Hb., 181
sheplierdaiia, Stph., 525
sibilla, L. , 335
siccclla, Z. , 687
siccifolia, Stt., 647
sicula, Hb., 317
siculana, Hb., 479
signatana, Dgl., 484
siguatella, HS., 610
silaceata, lib., 214
silago, Hb., 61
silvellus, Hb., 390
Simaethis, 706
sitiiilana, Hb., 495
similana, JFilk., 463
siniilella, Hb., 636
siniilis, Fiie.sl., 174
similis, Stt., 589

INDEX

839

sim[ilaiia, F. R., 473
.siuiiilicella, HS., 792
simpliciaua, H\v., 5(2
simulaiis, Hufii., 98
simulata, Hb., 210
sinapis, L., 352
.sinuana, Stpli., 531)
sinuata, Hb., 217
sinuella, F., 376
.lircomclla, Stt., 581
siterata, Hufn., 212
Sitotroga, 571
smaragdaiia, F., 249
smeatlimaniiiana, F., 548
Smerinthus, 299
sobrina, Gn. , lOii
sobrinata, Hb., 196
socia, Rott., 51
sociata, Bkh., 206
sociella, L., 385
sodalella, Z., 382
sodaliana, JVilk., 555
solandriana, L. , 497
Solaris, Esp., 165
Solenobia, 774
solidaginis, Hb., 51
solitariella, Z., 649
solutella, Z., 601
somnuleutella, Z., 758
sorbi, Fr., 741
sorbi, Stt., 721
sorbiana, Hb. , 531
borbiella, Tr., 764
sordida, Bkli., 133
sordidana, Hb. , 498
sordidata, F. , 212
.sororcula, Hufn., 28
.sororculana, Zett., 462
sororculella, Hb. , 600
spaclicea, Hw., 65
.spadicearia, Bkb., 229
sparganella, Thnb., 697
.sparganii, Esp., Ill
Sparganothis, 528
.sparmannella, Bosc, 803
sparsaria, Hb., 199
sparsicilidla, Barr., b>^2.
.spartiata, FuesL, 199
spartiella, Schrk., 609
.spartifoliella, Hb., 755
spatulella, HS., 729
Sphaeroeca, 490
spbeciforme, Geiii., 565

Sphingidae, 292
Sphinx, 297
sphinx, Hufii. , 57
spilodactyUis, Cuit., 437
spiniana, Dnp., 508
.spinic'olella, Stt., 741
spiniella, Hb., 769
spiniella, Z., 766
spinolella, Dup., 739
spintda, Schiff., 315
spissicella, F., 370
s[>lendana, Hb., 515
splendidella, HS., 309
splcndidi-ssimella, HS., 717
splendidiilana, Gn., 506
Spodoptera, 113
sponsa, L., 162
.sponsana, F., 522
squamatdla, Stt., 727
squamosella, Stt., 657
stabilana, Stph., 498
stabilella, Fr., 669
stabilis, View., 73
stachydalis, Zk., 416
stagnata, Don., 402
Staintoni, Sire, 682
staintoniana, Barr., 464
stanneella, F.R., 683
Stathniopoda, 663
statices, L. , 449
Stauropus, 307
steinkelluoriana, Srliill'., 617
stellatarum, L., 294
Stenia, 404
Stenoleehia, 577
Stenoptilia, 440
Stephensi, Stt., 682
Stephcnsia, 674
Sten-ha, 240

STERRHID.A.E, 233

Stcrrhopterix, 444
stettinen.si.s, Kic, 744
sticticalis, L. , 418
stigmatella, F., 751
stigmatica, Hb., I(i3
Stilbia, 124
Stilpnotia, 174
stipella, Dbld., 636
stipella, Hb., 574
stramenfalis, Hb., 424
straminalis, Hb., 424
sti'aminata, Tr. , 236
straniinea, Hw., 557

840

INDEX

straininea, Tr., 71
dramincella, SU., 752
stramineola, Dhlcl., 28
stratariiis, Hufn. , 278
stratiotata, L., 403
strelilzicUa., i/*S'., 601
striana, Schift'., 469
striata, L., 38
striatella, Hb., 572
strigaria, Hb. , 243
strigata, Miill., 247
strigilaria, Hb., 243
strigilis, CI., 137
strigillaria, Hb., 272
.strigosa, F., 141
strigula, Schiff., 34
strigula, Tlinb.. 95
strobilella, L., 485
suaedella, Rich., 592
suasa, Bkh., 84
.suavella, Zk., 380
subalbidella, ScliL, 6^4
auhammanella, StL, 783
snbaquilea, Stt., 636
subarcuana, Wilk., 480
snbbaimianniaiia, Wilk., 554
subbiiiiaculella, Hw., 725
subbistrigella, Hw., 681
subciliata, Gn., 193
subdecurtella, Stt., 574
subfulvata, Hw., 189
suhjedana, Gn., 540
•siiblnstris, Esp., 131
siibnigrcUa, Dgl., 669
.subiiotata, Hb., 197
suhohscurclla, DWd., 670
subocellana, Don., 492
.subocellea, Stpli., 579, 673
suhochrcclla, Dhld., 637, 674
subornatclla, Dup., 364
.subpropinquella, Stt., 623
subpiirpurella, Hw. , 805
subrosea, Stpli., 97
subroseana, Hw., 550
subroseana, Wilk., 551
subsequa, Hb., 101
subsequana, Hw., 485
subsericeata, Hw., 237
subtilella, Fuchs, 783
suUristata, Hw., 206
subtu.sa, F., 118
suhunibrnta., On., 197
succedana, FroL, 514

succeiituriata, L., 190
.suftumata, Hb., 214
sufTusa, Hb., 91
su/fusuna, Z., 489
sutfusella, Dgl., 577
sufl'usella, Z. 758
snlphuraUs, L., 167
sulplmrella, F., 633
.sul{)lmrellum, Hw. , 749
sulzdla, Schiff., 795
suspecta, Hb., 64
Swammerdainia, 768
swammprdamraella, L., 793
sicedcrcNa, Thnb., 751
sylvainis, Esp., 359
sylvata, Hb., 223
.sylvata, Sc, 268
sylvaticella, Wood, 659
sylvella, Hw., 737
.sylvella, L., 700
sylvestrana. Curt., 471
sijlvcstrclla, Rag., 369
sylvinus, L., 800
Sjanmoca, 610
Synaphe, 429
Syiidpsia. 266
Siiiil'niilili'Iae, 23
Sjjiduiiiis, 23
syringaria, L., 284
syringclla, F., 752

tabaiiiforme, Rott., 567
tdbulcUa, Brd.., 774
Tacbyptilia, 604
tncniitdacUila, Soutli, 434
tai'iiiata, Stpli., 218
taeiiiatella, Stt., 670
taeniolella, Z., 581 —

tages, L.-, 357
Talcjioria, 775
tuhiindta, Hb., 270
taiiaceti, Stt., 503
tapetiella, L., 785
taraxaci, Hb., 123
tarquiniella, Stt., 574
tarsipennalis, Tr., 147
tedella, CL, 494
Teicliobia, 777
te^nerafu, Hb., 269
temerella, Z., 604
temjili, Tlnib., 55
teiiebrata, Su., 167
teiicbrclla, Hb., 575

INDEX

841

tenebrosa, Hb., 11-3
tcnebrosclla, Z., 57 o
tenella, Z., 738
tcncrana, I)uj)., 475
'Lini^troniu^ Nolcl:, 718
t,-,i,istr<n,,.il,i, Bhld., 657
tL-iuiiata, Hb., 192
tenuieornis, !Stt., 781
tepliradactyla, Hb., 439
Tephroclystis, 184
Teplironia, 266
terebrella, Zk., 376
termiuella, Westw.. 679
tcn-ealis, Tr., 409
tenella, Hb., 590
tersata, Hb., 198
tesseraua, Tr., 548
testacea, Hb., 112
testaccata, Don., 223
testata, L., 204
trsfudo, Schiff., 451
tetradactylus, L., 436
tetragonana, St])li., 489
tetragonella, Stt., 577
tetralunaria, Hufii., 2S3
tetraquetrana, Hw.. 494
teucrii, Greening, 432
tlialassina, Rott., 84
tlianmas, Hufn., 358
Thccla, 342
Thcria, 273
therinella, Tgst., 656
tlioracella, Thiib., 732
thrasonella, Sc, 704
tlnmbergella, F., 806
Thyatira, 289
tlitiialaria, Gn., 247
tiiiae, Fr., 715
tiliae, L., 300
tiliaria, Bklu, 286
tincta, Brli., 85
tiuctella, Hb., 637
tinctoriella, Cuverdalc, 653
Tinea, 786
TiNKIDAE, 707
TINEINA, 560
Tineola, 782
tij)lion, Rott., 341
tipuliforme, 01., 565
'J'iselieria, 758
titlionus, L.. 339
tityrella, Stt., 721
Tnietocera, 47G

togata, Hb., 198
tonninalis. Wood, 716
torniinella, Fr., 741
torquatella, Z., 694
torquillella, Z. , 747
tortricella, Hb., 543

ToUTUKUIME, 518

TORTRICINA, 451
Tortrix, 534
torva, Hb., 305
trabealis, Sc, 167
tragopogonis, L., 114
transituna, Gn., 538
trapeziella, Stt., 666
tiapczina, L., 117
trauniana, Sehitl'., 508
treitschkiella, F.R., 684
tremula, CL, 305
trepida, Esp., 306
trcpidaria, Tr., 274
tfcrcriana, lib., 522
triangulum, Hufn., 100
triatoniea, Hw., 673
Trichophaga, 785
Trichopteryx, 180
Trichoptilus, 430
tricolorella, Hw., 594
tridens, Schiff., 141
trifasciata, Bkli., 213
trifasciella, Hw., 745
trifolii, E.sp., 320, 448
trifolii, Rott., 82
Trifurcula, 727
trigeminana, Stpli., 495
trigeminata, Hw. , 239
triijonodadijJun, Stt., 434
trigrammica, Hulh., 123
triquUdla, Stt., 741
trilmca, Bkh., 123
trilinearia, Bkli., 245
trimacula, Esp., 306
triniaciilana, Don., 483
trimacnlana, Hw., 489
triinaculella, Hw. , 725
tringipennella, Z., 752
triparella, Z., 598
tripartita, Hufn., 159
Triphaena, 105
triplasia, L., 160
tripoliana, l^arr., 487
tripoliella, Hodgk., 656
tripuneta, Hw., 636
tripunctana, F., 492

842

INDEX

tripunetaria, HS., 188
triquetrella, DbkL, 775
triseriateUa, StL, 673
trisiguaria, HS. , 19j!
trisignella, Z., 636
tiistana, Hb., 523
tiistata, L., 205
tristellus, F. , 395
tristrigella, Hw., 745
tritici, L., 96
tritoplius, Esp , 304
Trochiliura, 563
troglodytella, Dw]) , 656
truncata, Hufn., 213
truncicolella, Stt., 422
TllYPANIDAE, 559
Tryjjanus, 559
tumidana, Schiff. , 382
tumidella, Zk., 382
turbid an a, Tr., 496
tiirca, L., 68
turfosalis, Wk., 149
turionaiia, Hb. , 471
fijphnc, Esp., Ill
typica, L., 101
Tyria, 37

udaua, Gn. , 549
uddmanniana, L. , 488
vlicana, Gn., 504
iilicetana, Hw., 514
ulicicolella, Stt., 743
uliginosalis, Stph., 414
uUginosana, Westw., 525
uliginosellus, Z. , 390
ulmana, Hb. , 556
v/ma/a, F., 268
■uhneUa, Knaggs, 423
ulmella, Z., 732
ulmitbliella, Hb., 739
ulraivora, Hein., 718
v/limaria, B., 191
ultimella, Stt., 628
2ilvae, Hb., 124
umbellana, Sti)h., 621
umbra, Hufn., 119
uinbrana, Hb., 521
umbratica, L., 48
unibrosa, Hb., 102
umbrosella, Z., 588
unangiilata, Hw. , 217
unanimis, Tr., 135
uncana, Hb., 480

imctuui, L., Iii6
micula, CL, 166
undulana, Hb. , 35
undulata, L., 201
nnguicella, L., 479
ir/iffiu'cala, Hb., 318
>ni iiJrnfaria, Hw., 229
uiiil'asciaua, Dup. , 532
unilh.sciatti, Hw. , 218
unimaculella, Zett. , 804
unionalis, Hb., 405
unipuncta, Hw., 70
unitella, Hb., 637
npupana, Tr. , 481
Uraba, 33
urticae, Esp. , 40
■urticae, Hi., 159
urticae, L., 333
urticana, Hb., 467
iirticata, L., 407
ustomaculana. Curt., 485
iisliiJana, Hid., 464
u-stulellus, F., 609
Utetheisa, 37

vaccinella, Hb., 625
vacciniana, Z., 474
nnrhiieUa, Stt., 742
v.iri-iuii, L., 66
vacculella, F. R., 778
Valeria, 55
valeriaiiata, Hb., 188
viilrsina, Esp., 329
niJUgera, Hb., 90
\'aiiessa, 332
variata, Schiff., 210
varicgana, Hb., 462
variegana, Schiff., 523
variella, St]ih., 687
v-aurewn, Gn., 158
vectisana, Wcstw., 549
velleda, Hb., 800
velocella, Dup., 602
venosa, Bkh., 144
venosata, F., 186
Venu.sia, 225
veuustula, Hb., 165
verbascali.s, Schiff, 416
verbascenu.s, Hb., 608
verbasci, L., 49
vcrelhis, Zk., 392
verhuellella, Stt., 777
vernana, Knaggs, 507

INDEX

843

vcMiaria, HI)., 249
versicolora, L. , 319
verticalis, L., 418
verticalis, Miiff., 406
verticiUiita, Gn., 158
vespertaria, Stph., 282
rcspi/ormc, JVcslw., 507
vewtigialis, Rott. , 90
vetiilata, SchifF., 202
vetusta, Hb., 50
rctnsldia, Stt., 732
v-ilavuiii, Hw., 733
vibicella, Hb., 652
vibieigerella, Z., 653 •
vibrana, HIj., 706
vibiirniaiia, F., 537
vicinclla, Dgl., 596
vichcaria, BJch., 264
vigintipunctatus, Retz. , 696
vilella, Z., 605
villica, L., 42
villosella, 0., 444
viminalis, F., 52
viminetella, Z., 648
rimineticola, Fr., 723
viminetorum, Stt., 740
viminiella, Stt., 743
viiiculella, HS., 792
vinolentella, HS., 678
vinula, L. , 311
viretata, Hb., 180
virgata, Rott., 207
virgnureac, L., 344
virgaureae, Stt., 657
virgaureana, Tr. , 539
virgaureata, Dbld., 191
virgnlaria, Hli., 236
viridana, L. , 537
viriilaria, 01., 166
viridaria, F., 232
viridata, L., 248
viridella, Sc, 795
viscariella, Stt., 594
visccrella, Stt., 715
vitalbata, Hb., 198
vitellina, Hb., 69
vitisella, Gregs, 648
vittata, Bkh., 226
vittella, L., 701
v-nigrwm, F., 170
vorticella, Sc. , 582
vulgata, H\v., 188
vulgella, Hb., 598

vuliiaraiiae, Z., 653

wailesella, Stt., 755
w-album, Kn., 343
walkerana, Curt., 52/
warringtonellus, Stt., 393
wauaria, L., 259
ivavaria, F., 259
Wcaveri, Stt., 725
iri'ifana, Dgl., 506
weirella, Stt., 629

WilJcinsoni, Scott, 648
■loiinmerana, Wilk., 486
v-latinv.m, Bkh., 8i3
wockeella, Z., 650

Wockii, Hein., 775
■woeberiana, SchifF., 476
woodiana, Barr., 460
woodiella. Curt., 635
■woolhopiella, Stt., 721

xanthographa, F., 101
xanthomista, Hb., 54
Xanthorhoe, 225
xanthotricha, Stgr., 373
Xeiiolecbia, 583
xerampelina, Hb., 60
xylosteana, L. , 530
xylostella, HI}., 702
xylostella, L., 698

yeatiana, F., 624
Yponomeuta, 695
ypsilon, Bkh., 64
ypsilon, Rott., 91
Ypsolophus, 607

Zcllcri, Knaggs, 423
Zelleri, Rag., 382
Zelleria, 767
zephyrana, Tr., 547
zephyrella, Hb. , 626
Zetterstedtii, Z., 434
Zeuzera, 446
Zeuzeridak, 445
ziczac, L., 304
Zinckenii, Tr., 51
zoegana, L., 558
zonariella, Tgst. , 671
zonaria, Schiff., 276
zophodactyla, I)up., 440
Zygacna, 446
Zyuaenidae, 446

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