UC-NRLF
557
!
! ill
llli.1 i
J» Henry Senger
A HANDBOOK OF
GERMAN GRAMMAR
BY
FRANK ADOLPH BERNSTORFF, PH.D.
INSTRUCTOR IN GERMAN IN NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
GINN AND COMPANY
BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON
IN MEMORIAM
COPYRIGHT, 1912
BY FRANK A. BERNSTORFF
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
912.10
gftc fltftenaeum Bre«
GINN AND COMPANY • PRO-
PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. ,
PREFACE
This handbook, as the name implies, contains only the essentials
of German grammar. It is a drill book and is intended primarily
for review work in second-year classes. It may, however, be used
very successfully as a first-year book.
The subject matter has been arranged topically, and not in the
form of lessons. For reviews and for convenience of reference this
plan should prove most serviceable. Abundant examples are given
in the text to illustrate the various points of grammar, and, in addi-
tion, English exercises to be translated into German are given in
the back part of the book. The list of nouns given under sections
322-339, will, it is hoped, help to simplify vowel mutation and the
declension of nouns.
The Appendix contains a new treatment of the declension of
nouns, which may appeal to many teachers as a simple and practical
way of presenting this rather difficult subject.
The author is under especial obligation to the publishers for
many valuable criticisms, to his wife Lilian Bergold Bernstorff for
helpful suggestions, to Professor Chester Nathan Gould of The
University of Chicago for a careful reading of the manuscript, and
to Professor George O. Curme of Northwestern University for
scholarly suggestions and advice.
F. A. B.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PRONUNCIATION i
DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES 6
CAPITALS . 7
THE ARTICLES 8
THE NOUN 10
Strong declension and vowel mutation 10
Weak declension . . 15
Mixed declension 16
Peculiarities of nouns 17
Differentiation of certain nouns 19
Proper nouns 21
Gender of nouns 22
THE ADJECTIVE : DECLENSION AND COMPARISON 24
THE ADVERB 33
THE NUMERALS 35
THE PRONOUN 36
Personal 36
Reflexive 38
Possessive 39
Interrogative 41
Relative 42
Demonstrative 44
Indefinite 46
THE PREPOSITION 47
THE CONJUNCTION . 51
THE INTERJECTION 54
V
vi HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
PAGE
THE VERB 55
Auxiliary verbs of tense 55
Weak verbs 55
Irregular weak verbs 67
Strong verbs 67
Separable and inseparable verbs 70
Reflexive verbs . 72
Passive voice 74
Modal auxiliary verbs 77
Impersonal verbs 80
Subjunctive mood 81
THE ORDER OF WORDS 87
VOWEL GRADATION 93
LIST OF STRONG VERBS 95
DIFFERENTIATION OF CERTAIN VERBS 101
LISTS OF STRONG NOUNS 103
APPENDIX in
EXERCISES 119
VOCABULARIES 133
INDEX . ... 153
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN
GRAMMAR
PRONUNCIATION
1. The alphabet.
GERMAN GERMAN ROMAN GERMAN ROMAN
FORM NAME FORM SCRIPT SCRIPT
9(
a
a (ah)
A
a
9
b
be (bay)
B
b
e
c
ce (tsay)
C
c
&
b
de (day)
D
d
@
e
e(ay)
E
e
g
f
ef (eff)
F
f
©
9
ge (gay)
G
g
£
f)
ha (hah)
H
h
3
i
i(ee)
I
i
3
i
jot (yot)
J
J
/
J8 I ka (kah) K k
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
GERMAN
FORM
GERMAN
NAME
ROMAN GERMAN ROMAN
FORM SCRIPT SCRIPT
S I
el (el)- |
LI ^ S £? •*
>J?m/
em (em)
M m ^ _ C^/C t
9? n
en (en)
N n ^ _ £$ *
D o
o (oh)
Oo # , ^ ^
SP P
pe (pay)
P p <&f & /
Q q
ku (koo)
Qq f 7 @ }
9J r
r (err as in error)
R r ^ » C^ ^
ewa
es (ess)
s s ^y> ^ ^
6
es-zet (ess-tset')
SZ 6 x^ *
s t
te (tay)
T t i/ 4<r (^x ^
U u
u (oo)
U u <W J^ $$ i
»»
vau (fow)
Vv ^^^ ^ ,
28 n>
w (vay)
Ww ^? ^ @f. *
s s.
ix(ix)
x* e&g @$ *
8 *)
ypsilon (ipsilon)
Yy #2 ^ $M n
, *f ^ ^ ^
3 s
zet (tset)
z z <2 @ *
^ z ^ ? ^ t
PRONUNCIATION 3
2. Mutated vowels. 31, a ; £), o ; U, it ; $tu, du ; aa and oo be-
come d and o.
3. Diphthongs. 2tt, at ; @t, ei ; 3lu, au ; 6u, eu ; 2Iu, du.
4. Consonant combinations. gfy, d) ; dt ; $E), pf) ; £f), tf) ; £ ;
©*,W; fc<
5. The use of ff, jj, f , and 3, To express ss in German use jj
only between two short vowels, otherwise always use fy. When one
s occurs in a word it is expressed by the round s (g) only at the
end of a word or syllable ; in all other positions long s (f) is used.
6. Pronunciation of vowels. A vowel is short when followed by
two or more consonants other than inflectional endings : lafjen,
fprecfyen, fyoffen.
7. A vowel is long — (i) when doubled: ba§ ^3aar; (2) when
followed by a consonant, or by I) plus a consonant, in an accented
syllable : lefert, 33re§el, fefylen ; (3) when followed by more than
one consonant, provided the consonant (or consonants) after the
first is an inflectional ending : lobft, lobt, Xag3 ; and (4) sometimes
when followed by rf) or ft : fucfyen, Sud), Dftern.
NOTE. The vowel t is long when followed by c : fcteten, Sieb.
8. Simple vowel sounds (11, note).
LONG ENGLISH GERMAN SHORT ENGLISH GERMAN
a = a in father-. SSater a (see note) : al3
C — a in late : fefyr C = e mpen : benn
.. film e = ^ mso/a: lobe
=t in machine'. •( ' (finan
Ipe i = /in//«: ift
0 = <? in &?///: Tt)0^l P (see note) : fyoffen
U = ^ in boot : gut It = u in /«// : butrf)
ft has no equivalent : 33 diet ft = * in w<?/ : ()(itte
iJ has no equivalent: fybren ii has no equivalent: offnen
ii has no equivalent: iiber jyj^ ii has no equivalent: mujjen
NOTE. In German short a has the same sound as long a, but is pro-
nounced more quickly. Short o is between the English o of note and the
o Qinot\ examples: nodj, foften, fyoffen.
4 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
9. Diphthongs.
rti = ai in aisle : 5Rai ftU = ou in house :
ei = « in height : fei lit = we: pf ui
flu = ^ in ^7 : Stiume
eu = tfy in boy : treu
10. Pronunciation of consonants.
ft initial = English b : Slid), bitten.
6 final or followed by a consonant =/ : 2ob, lobt.
C before a, o, u, or a consonant = k : Gonto, Grebit.
c before e, i, t), d, b = ts : Gent, Gtfterne, Gcifar.
d) after e or i : (i) Prolong the pronunciation of English long e\
(2) let the e-sound disappear abruptly ; (3) continue the stream
of breath forcibly : id), mid), ed)t.
d) after a, o, u, has a rough guttural sound : ad), bod), fud^en.
d) in words of French origin = sh : Gfyef, Gfyarabe.
(Jj in most words of Greek origin = k : Gfyloroform.
d)$ when 3 belongs to the stem = ks : J>ad)3, roadmen.
b initial = d\ ber ®ieb.
b final = /: unb.
b before another consonant = /: rebltd).
f =/: fiir, ttef .
g initial =g hard : ©eneral, geben.
r. , f ch in North German V' «* cm ^ •
q final = -{ >: Xag, 2Beg, ^rteg.
L k in South German J
g before e in French derivatives = z in azure : ^5age, ©ente.
gtt in French derivatives = ny : G^ampagner.
^ at the beginning of a syllable = h : §anb, 2Bet§^ett (13).
| = y : ja, jetjt. Capital ^5 before a vowel is a consonant ; before a
consonant it is a vowel : IJalob, $faaf .
t in French derivatives = z in azure \ ®te \
I = /, but German I has a clearer sound than English /: loben.
ttt, n, )J = m> n,p : mein, nun,
PRONUNCIATION 5
ttg = ng in singer-. (Stinger, finger.
qil = kv nearly : Quefle.
t in stage pronunciation = r lingual.
t in conversation = r guttural.
f when final = ss; in all other positions \ = z\ nwS, bag, but lefen,
fef)en. (See ft below.)
frfjtt) = shv nearly : fdfjroarg, fcfyroetgen.
fp initial = shp : fptit, fpredfjen.
ft initial = sht \ ftefyen, ©tufyl.
ft final = English st\ fjaft, ift, ^Haft.
t = /, but before i plus another vowel, in terminations, it = ts :
Nation, patient.
t(j — t : X^eater.
to =f: SSater. In foreign words to initial or medial = v\ 3Senu§.
j — x : §er.e, Senien.
^ = u long or short : 35lt)t^ologie, SD^prte.
8 = #: gu, Sett.
11. Efercise in pronunciation.
S3ud) §anb ^nabe patient
ab lobt rebltd^ al§ Sweater je^t
6onto ©eneral S^9er ©oetfye rufen
Sent 2ag 2Beg DueHe 2lt^let 3Keer
(Stifar ^onig nw§ 3Sater raad^fen
id^ mid^ Courage fe^en 3Senu§ fie
ad^ bodjj S^ampagner lefen raenn fei
6fyef ^o^cinn fpred^en SKpt^ologte ^offen
Gfyrift Sfaa^ ftc^cn gu je^n SKonwnent
journal Nation Sett raerben
NOTE. The sound of but very few German letters may be said to have
an exact equivalent in English. Paragraphs 8, 9, and 10, therefore, are only
approximately correct. Good pronunciation can be learned only by hearing
each sound pronounced correctly.
6 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
12. Accent. German words as a rule are accented on the first
syllable.
EXCEPTIONS, i . The inseparable prefixes (250) : nerfteljen.
2. Many words of foreign origin: lafteten, Iurio3, relatin, Nation,
etubent, Snbianer, $bee, flartoffel, glaneil, papier, aftufil, ©goift, 3?atur.
3. Many words with foreign suffixes: fto^ieren, lantonal, £)rutferei.
4. Many compound adverbs : tyercwf, baoon, roomit, metteidjt, t>orbei.
5. A few special words: lebenbig, Spohmber, gorelle, usually luttyerifdjj.
13. There are no silent letters in German except I) and e. The
former is silent only in a medial or final position : f efyen, fafy ; the
latter in most words of native German origin : bieten, Siebe.
DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES
14. In pronunciation. A single consonant is pronounced with
the following vowel : lo-ben, ru=fen, SBeisjen ; also the digraph cf)
after a long vowel : fu=rf)en»
15. Double consonants and the digraphs dj (after a short vowel)
and ng are divided equally between the two vowels : lafjen, fyoffen,
foUen, fennen, lad^en, fangen, badten (dt = kk).
16. If two or more consonants, except the digraphs d) and ng
(14, 15), stand between two vowels, the last one goes with the
following vowel. After a consonant or a long vowel ft goes with
the following vowel. Examples : fyel=fen, $arp=fen, txwd)=fen, fedHen,
raf=ten, but fu^en, ber=ften, fyu-ften, tauten (from tafen). Similarly
2, ^ (= ks, ts) : §eje, §i^e, pronounced §ef -fe, §it-fe.
17. Compound words are divided according to their component
parts: wn=arbetten, blut=arm, ent=el)ren, 2)onner3'tag. Exceptions
are bar, war, fyer, ^in before a vowel : ba-riiber, tt)a=rum, ^
18. At the end of a line. A single consonant is written with the
following vowel: Io=ben, ru=fen, tre^ten, 6e=gel, 2)ie=ner. The con-
sonant combinations fi, <$, f$, p§, ft, and tl) are never separated and
follow the above rule : fii-d)ett, lau-fd)en, $fyi=Io=fO'pfyie, la=tt)0'lifd^.
CAPITALS 7
19. Of two or more consonants, except the above-mentioned
consonant combinations (18), the last one goes with the following
vowel : fyel-fen, top-fen, Irat^en.
20. The combination tf becomes ff and the last f goes with the
following vowel: §acfe becomes §al=fe.
21. In foreign words combinations of b, p, b, t, g, and I with
I or t generally go with the following vowel : ^U'b
22. Compound words are separated according to their com-
ponent parts, but each part of a compound is separated into
syllables the same as if standing alone : ent=ef)ren, fyerniber.
CAPITALS
23. With an initial capital are written :
1. All nouns : 33ud), $<xrl.
2. All words used as nouns : ber ©ute, bet ©efcmbte, bag Soben.
3. The pronoun (5ie, you.
4. The possessive pronoun ^fyrer, ^fyt, %§*£%, yours.
5. The possessive adjective $f)r, 3$te» ^t, your.
6. In letters the pronouns bu and ifyr, and their possessives betn
and euet, when they refer to the person or persons to whom the
letter is* addressed.
7. Proper adjectives in er formed from names of cities or coun-
tries : ber Joiner SDom, nadfj @d^tt)ei§er 2lrt.
8. Proper adjectives referring to persons : bd£ Sufffdje §au3.
24. With a small initial are written :
1. The pronoun /: id).
2. The reflexive fid) even in polite address : freuen <5te fid).
3. Proper adjectives not referring to persons : ba£ beutfdje
NOTE. There is a slight tendency at present not to adhere strictly to
the rule of beginning every German noun with a capital. This is especially
true of scientific works.
8 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
THE ARTICLES
25. The definite article is declined as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. F. N. M. F. N.
NOM. bet bte bag, the bte, the
GEN. beg bet beg, of the bet, of the
DAT. bent ber bem, to or for the ben, to or for the
Ace. ben bte bag, the bte, the
NOTE. For the declension of biefer see 91.
26. The definite article, as a rule, is not omitted before nouns
in German.
27. The definite article is used before a noun when it denotes
all or a definite part of its class. If only an indefinite part is
referred to, the article is omitted.
3>ie 9JMW& tft billiger alg ber 2Betn.
Milk is cheaper than -wine.
S)ie 3Kild) in btefem ©lag tft fauer.
The milk in this glass is sour.
%$ trinlc lieber 3JWd& ate flaffee.
/ like milk better than coffee.
28. The definite article is used instead of the possessive ad-
jective when the possessive relation is so evident that it cannot
be mistaken.
§aft bu ben SSater gefefyen ?
Have you seen my father'}
6r ftecfte bte §anb in bie'3fofd)e.
He put his hand into his pocket.
29. The definite article is used before abstract nouns, names of
the seasons, months, days of the week, streets, proper names when
preceded by an adjective, feminine names of countries, and the
neuters bag (SIfajs and bag
THE ARTICLES 9
2)ie Unfcfyulb fyat einen $reunb im §immel, innocence has a friend
in heaven.
2)er $rul)ling ift bie jcfyonfte $eit be§ Qa^reS, spring is the most
beautiful time of the year.
®er 6onntag ift em Sftufyetag, Sunday is a day of rest.
3d) roofyne in bet SBefyrenftra^e, I live in Behren Street.
5Der !leine ©eorg ift gefaflen, little George has fallen.
NOTE. The article is omitted before names of months and days of the
week when used adverbially, except after the prepositions an and in : feit
Suni E)at e3 nitf)t geregnet, it hasn't rained since June ; er ift feit 3JUmtag
franf, he has been sick since Monday ; but am ©onntag, on Sunday, im
3itni, in June.
30. The indefinite article tin, a, an, and feitt, not a, no (adj.), are
declined as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. F. N. M. F. N. M. F. N.
NOM. ein eine ein fein teine fein !eine
GEN. eineS einer eine§ feineS leiner feine§ fetner
DAT. einem einer einem feinem leiner leinem feinen
Ace. einen eine ein feinen leine fein feine
NOTE. The word fein is a negative article.
31. The indefinite article is generally omitted before a predicate
noun used in a general sense, designating a whole class of objects
or beings. It is always omitted after al3.
@r ift 2lr§t.
He is a physician.
@r ift al8 ©elefyrter fefyr beru^mt.
He is very famous as a scholar.
32. The possessive adjectives mein, my, bein, thy, your; fein,
his; ifyr, her; jein, its; unfer, our; euer, your; ifyr, their; gfyr,
your, are declined like fein. When used without a noun they are
possessive pronouns (136).
10 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
THE NOUN
33. Declension of nouns. There are three noun declensions : the
strong, the weak, and the mixed.
34. The declension, vowel mutation, and gender of nouns can
best be learned by constant drill in giving their principal parts.
These are the nominative and genitive singular and the nominative
plural. In learning these forms the definite article must always
accompany the noun. Examples : nom. sing, ber Xag, gen. sing.
beg Xageg, nom. pi. bie Sage ; nom. sing, bag §aug, gen. sing, beg
§aufeg, nom. pi. bie §aufer.
35. Table of endings.
DECLENSION N. SING. G. SING. N. PLURAL VOWEL MUTATION
Strong (41)
Class I -g Sometimes
T Masc. monosyllables often
Class II — -g or -eg -e J Fem- monosyllables always
Class III -g or -eg -er Always
Weak -n or -en -n or -en Never
Mixed -g or -eg -n or -en Never
36. All nouns end in n in the dative plural.
37. Feminine nouns do not change their form in the singular.
38. All feminine nouns except SJlutter and Sodjter belong either
to the second class strong or to the weak declension.
39. Only strong nouns have vowel mutation.
40. The last member of a compound noun determines its gender
and declension : bag §aug, ber ©cfyliifjel, ber §aitgfrf)luffel.
41. The strong declension. The strong declension has three
classes. They are distinguished from each other by the nominative
plural. The first class does not take an inflectional ending in the
nominative plural ; the second class adds e, and the third et *
THE NOUN II
EXAMPLES : NOMINATIVE GENITIVE PLURAL
First Class ber ©paten beg ©patens bie ©paten
Second Class ber Sag beg £ageg bie Sage
Third Class bag £aug beg fraufeg bie £>aufer
42. The ending eg of the genitive singular is usually confined
to monosyllables ; and even there it is used only when § is difficult
to pronounce, or to avoid a clash of accents when an accented
syllable follows in the next word.
EXAMPLES : beg gufceg, beg Sifdjeg, beg §aufeg, beg £>orfeg or 2)orfg,
beg Xageg or Sagg ; but beg -Jftanneg 2Jhit, not beg -Jtfanng 3Jhit.
43. Usage varies in regard to adding e in the dative singular.
It is generally confined to monosyllables, and is often omitted even
there. It is always omitted in nouns of the first class.
EXAMPLES : bem Sage or Sag ; bent §aufe or £aug ; bem $onige or
$omg ; but always bem £efyrer, bem SSogel, bem ©paten.
44. The strong declension, class I. Examples : ber ©paten,
spade \ ber Sefyrer, teacher-, ber 93ruber, brother-, bag ©ebaube,
building.
SINGULAR
ber ©paten ber Sefyrer ber Sruber bag ©eba'ube
beg ©patent beg Sefyrerg beg Sruberg beg ©ebdubeg
bem ©paten bem Se^rer bem Sruber bem ©ebaube
ben ©paten ben Sefyrer ben Sruber bag ©ebaube
PLURAL
bie ©paten
bie Sefyrer
bie Sruber
bie ©ebaube
ber ©paten
ber Sefyrer
ber Sriiber
ber ©eba'ube
ben ©paten
ben Sefyrern
ben 33riibern
ben ©eba'uben
bie ©paten
bie Sefyrer
bie Srttber
bie ©ebaube
45. Membership.
1. Masculines in el, en, er.
2. Neuters in el, en, er, d)en, lein, and those beginning with the
prefix ge and ending in e.
12
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
3. Two feminines : 9Jtutter and Softer.
NOTE i. Here belong infinitives used as nouns ; also ber $tife.
NOTE 2. No monosyllabic nouns belong to this declension, except
occasionally bd3 $nie.
NOTE 3. Nouns in cfjen and lein are neuter and usually have the stem-
vowel mutated.
46. Vowel mutation in class I.
1. 21 masculines in el, en, er (327).
2. 3)a3 Softer.
3. Two feminines : Sautter and Sod)ter.
47. The following nouns of this class generally omit n in the
nominative singular: ber $riebe, ber $unle, ber ©eban!e, ber
©laube, ber §aufe, ber 9Jame, ber Same, ber Scfyabe, and ber 3Bide.
48. 2)er $elfen often drops en in the nominative and accusative
singular.
49. The strong declension, class II. Examples: ber Sag, day;
bie Stabt, city, bag
youth, young man.
year; ber Sontg, king; ber Bungling,
SINGULAR
ber Sag
bem Sage
ben Sag
bie Sage
ber Sage
bie ©tabt
ber ©tabt
ber ©tabt
bie ©tabt
bie ©tabte
ber ©tabte
ber Sbnig ber Bungling
bem
ba§
bie
ber
bem $bnig
ben
PLURAL
bie Sbnige
ber $bmge
bem ^tingling
ben Bungling
bie Sunglinge
ber ^iingltnge
ben ^agen ben^tdbten ben Qa^ren ben 5lonigen
bie Sage bie ©tcibte bie ^afyre bie ^bntge bie Qiingltnge
50. Membership.
1. Most masculine monosyllabic and many polysyllabic nouns.
2. Feminines:
(a) Mutating : about 33 monosyllables, mostly in t, b, or § (324);
and compounds in tunft and flud)t, as bie 2lu§!unft, bie
(//) Those ending in ni§ and fal, as bie Seforgm3, bie
THE NOUN 13
3. Neuters:
(a) All neuters in nig and fal, as bag §tnberntg, bag Sdjicffal.
(fr) All mutatable nonmutating neuter monosyllabic nouns, as .
bag $al)r, bag $aar (335).
(c) Two mutating neuters : bag $lo£ and bag Gfyor (51, A 3).
NOTE. No practical rule can be given for this class. All masculine and
neuter nouns not included in one of the other declensions belong to the
second class strong declension.
51. Vowel mutation in class II.
A. Monosyllables :
1. About 200 masculines (322).
2. All feminines (324).
3. Two neuters: bag fjlofc, pi. bte $loj$e, and bag (Sfyor, pi. bte
Gfybre or gfyore (66, 326).
B. Polysyllables:
1. Nine foreign masculines, as ber 2Utar (329).
2. Feminines:
(a) Compounds in funft and f(ud)t.
(f) ®ie 2lrmbruft and bte (Sefd&nwlft.
52. The strong declension, class III. Examples: ber 3Utann,
man\ bag $tnb, child-, bag §aug, house; bag 2lltertum, antiquity.
SINGULAR
ber 5Ulann bag ^tnb bag §aug bag 2Utertum
beg 5!Jlanneg beg $inbeg beg §aufeg beg Slltertumg
bem 5Ranne bem Sinbe bem §auje bem 3lltertitm
ben 9JJann bag Ktnb bag §aug bag 3lltertum
PLURAL
bte 5Ranner bte $tnber bte §aufer bte 3l(tertumer
ber SRanner ber ^tnber ber §aufer ber Slltertitmer
ben 3Kcinnern ben ^tnbern ben §aufern ben 2Htertumern
bie banner bte ^tnber bte §aufer bte 2lltcrtumcr
NOTE. Nouns in turn mutate the vowel of this suffix and take er in the
plural. See also 74, 5.
14 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
53. Membership.
1. Eight masculine monosyllables (323).
2. About 50 neuter monosyllables (325, 333).
3. Eight neuter polysyllables (331).
4. All nouns ending in turn (74, 5).
54. Vowel mutation in class III. All mutatable nouns of this
class have vowel mutation.
55. Recapitulation of vowel mutation. Most monosyllabic and
polysyllabic nouns do not mutate ; but a large number of nouns,
especially monosyllables, do mutate. The mutating nouns fall into
the following groups :
A. Monosyllables :
1. About 200 masculines (322, 323). Six of these take er in the
plural and the rest take e.
2. All feminines (324).
3. About 35 neuters:
(a) 33 with plural in er (325).
(£) Two with plural in e: bag $Iof$, pi. bie $lbj$e, an^ bag @fyor,
pi. bie Sfjbre or 6f>ore (66, 326).
NOTE. The group of nonmutating monosyllables is very large. It in-
cludes about 265 masculines and all neuters except about 35. For a list of
the more common nonmutating monosyllables see 333-336.
B. Polysyllables with vowel mutation.
Only a very small number of polysyllabic strong nouns have
vowel mutation. To this group belong :
1. 21 masculines in el, en, er (327).
2. Two masculines in turn : ber 3Reirf)tum and ber $rrtum (74,5).
3. Nine foreign masculines (329).
4. The feminines Gutter, £od)ter, 5lrmbruft, and ©efcfyrrjulft, and
the feminine compounds in funft and fludjt, as bie 2(ugfunft, pi. bie
aUtgtiinfte.
5. All neuters in turn (74, 5), bag Softer, and bag ©emarf), bag
©efyalt, bag ©ettmnb, bag £ofyital (331-332).
THE NOUN 15
56. The weak declension. The weak declension contains only
masculine and feminine nouns. Masculines add n or en in all cases
except the nominative singular. Feminines add n or en only in
the plural.
57. Examples : bet Snabe, boy ; bie $rau, lady ; ber ©tubent,
student ; bie Sefyrerin, lady teacher • bet §err, gentleman, Mr.
SINGULAR
bet $nabe bie grau ber ©tubent bie Sefyrerin ber §err
be3 $naben ber grau be3 ©tubenten ber Sefyrerin be§ §errn
bem $naben ber grau bem ©tubenten ber Sefyrerin bem §errn
ben $naben bie $rau ben ©tubenten bie Sefyrerin ben §errn
PLURAL
bie Snaben bie grauen bie ©tubenten bie Sefyrerinnen bie §erren
ber ^naben ber grauen ber ©tubenten ber 2efyrerinnen ber §erren
ben ^naben ben ^rauen ben ©tubenten benSefyrerinnen ben§erren
bie $naben bie ^rauen bie ©tubenten bie Sefyrerinnen bie §erren
NOTE i. Weak nouns do not have vowel mutation.
NOTE 2. No neuter nouns belong to the weak declension.
NOTE 3. Feminines formed from masculines by adding in double the n
before adding the plural ending en.
NOTE 4. The noun §err omits the inflectional e in the singular.
58. Membership.
1. All feminine nouns except those contained in the second
class strong declension (50, 2), and Gutter and Xodjter (45, 3).
2. Masculine nouns in e representing living beings, as ber Snabe,
ber Soroe, ber 2lffe ; and two representing things : ber 23urf)ftabe
and ber Sefyttte. //
NOTE. Here also belong a number of masculines which do not end in e
in the nominative singular, as ber ©raf (337).
3. Foreign words :
(a) Masculines accented on the last syllable and representing
living beings, as ber 2egat.
l6 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
EXCEPTIONS. Nouns ending in accented al, an, tin, ar, tir, eur, ier, or,
belong to the second class strong declension whether they represent
living beings or lifeless things, as ber ©eneral, ber $umpan, ber <5out)eran,
ber $omtnentar, ber <Se!retar, ber (Eljafjeur, ber Officer, ber
(£) Masculines in accented anb, enb, ant, ent, and grapfy, repre-
senting persons or things, and also ber Cornet and ber planet.
Examples: ber sIRulttpltlanb, ber SRinuenb, ber ga&rtfant, ber
©tubent, ber ^aragrapfy.
59. The mixed declension. The mixed declension uses strong
endings in the singular and weak in the plural. Nouns taken
from French, English, and other modern languages add g in the
plural. (For examples see 61,^3.) The noun §erg is irregular m
declension.
60. Examples: bag 2luge, 'eye\ ber SDoltor, doctor-, bag @iu=
btum, study.
SINGULAR
bag 2luge ber ®o!tor bag ©tubium bag §erg
beg 2lugeg beg SDoftorg beg 6tubiumg beg §er§eng
bem Singe bem 2)o!tor bem ©tubium bem
bag 3luge ben SDoftor bag ©tubium bag §erg
PLURAL
bie 2lugen bte 2)oftoren bie (Stubten bie
ber 2lugen ber ®oltoren ber Stubien ber
ben 3lugen ben ®o!toren ben 6tubten ben
bte 3lugen bie ®oltoren bie ©tubien bie §ergen
61. Membership.
A. Native German words :
1. About 50 masculines, a few of which are monosyllabic (338).
2. About 15 neuters, mostly monosyllabic (339).
B. Many foreign words :
i. Masculine nouns in on, or, ug, and tug from Latin and Greek.
(See notes i and 2 below.)
THE NOUN I/
NOTE i. Both on and or are short and unaccented in the singular but
long and accented in the plural, as ber 2)o!tor, pi. bie 2)oftoren ; ber 2) a*
tnon, pi. bie 2)amonen. Words in accented on, or, belong to the second
class strong declension, as ber 9)2ajor, pi. bie •JTCajor'e.
NOTE 2. Foreign masculines in u3 and iug usually remain unchanged in
the singular, as ber -ftunttug, beg 9?Utttiug, bie -ftuntten. Those in ug are
going over to the second class strong declension, as ber ©Iobti3, beg ©lo=
buffeg, bie ©lobuffe or ©loben.
2. Neuter nouns from Latin and Greek :
(a) Those ending in a, as bag 2)rama.
(£) Those ending in eum, turn, uum, on (unaccented), which in
the plural become een, ten, uen, en, as bag SJtufeum, pi. bie -JKufeen ;
bag ©tubiutn, pi. bie ©tubien ; bag ®ifiirf)on, pi. bie ®iftid)en.
(c) Those ending in il, al, with plural in ten. These nouns are
going over to the second class strong declension. Examples : bag
gofftl, pi. bie $offile or goffilten ; bag -JKineral, pi. bie 5RineraIe
or 3JJineralien.
(d) bag Snfcft and bag ^ntereffe.
3. Masculine and neuter nouns and a f ew • f eminines from
French, English, and other modern languages. These words add g
in the plural. Notice the following examples :
' bag SReftaurant beg Seftaurantg bie SReftaurantg
bie SSitta ber SSilla , bie SSiEag or ffitUen
ber Sorb beg Sorbs bie Sorbg
bie Sabp ber Sabt) bie Sabng or Sabteg
ber ®on beg ®ong bie $)ong
ber $af^a beg ^afc^ag bie
NOTE. Foreign words of the mixed declension are not usually accented
on the last syllable. Exceptions are nouns ending in il, al, bag 3nfelt, and
a few others.
62. Peculiarities of nouns. The singular form of masculine and
neuter nouns of weight, measure, or quantity is used after numerals.
Two feminines, bie §anb and bie 3Kar!, also belong here.
Karl tranf groei ©lag 2Baffer.
Carl drank two glasses of water.
1 8 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
ift funfjefyn
The horse is fifteen hands high.
£)ag 3^mmer foftet groei 9Jtarf.
The price of the room is two marks.
63. The noun denoting the material weighed or measured is in
apposition to the noun of weight, measure, or quantity; but if ac-
companied by an article or a demonstrative adjective, it is in the
genitive, or in the dative with t)on ; if accompanied by an adjective
without the article it may be in apposition or in the genitive.
Sroei ©lag 2Baffer, mit groei ©lag SBafjer, two glasses of water, with
two glasses of water.
©ib mir groei ©lag beg fallen SBafferg or t)on bem fatten SBaffer, give
me two glasses of the cold water.
3tt)ei ©Ia§ falte§ 2Bafjer or fallen 2Bafjerg, two glasses of cold water.
•JJtit §roei ©lag faltem 28afjer or jeneg 2Bafjerg, with two glasses of
cold water or of that water.
64. Some nouns have no plural, as bte 2lfcf)e, ber §afer, bie
5Mat^ematif, ber Sn^alt; others no singular, as bie ©Item, bie Dftern,
and bie $erien.
65. Nouns with borrowed plurals.
ber Sau be§ Saueg bie 33auten building
•! ber Seruf beg Serufg bie Serufgarten calling
v bag Seftreben beg SSeftrebeng bie 33eflrebungen effort
ber Setrug beg Setrugg bie Setriigereien fraud
ber Sunb beg S3unbeg bie Sunbnifje league
bag @rbe beg 6rbeg bie ©rbfd^aften inheritance
bag $euer beg ^euerg bie ^euer3britnfte conflagration
bie gurdjt ber gurd^t bie Sefurdjtungen fear
c violence, violent
bte ©eroalt ber ©eroalt bte ©eroalttattgfetten 4
bag ©liicf beg ©litcfeg bie ©titcfgfdae I fortune> fortu~
L nate experiences
THE NOUN
bie ©imft
ber ©unft
bie ©imftbegeigungen
favor
ber Summer
beg $ummerg
bie ^iimmerniffe
sorrow
bag Seben
beg 2ebeng
bie 9JJenfd)enleben
life, lives
bag Seib
beg Seibeg
bie Seiben
suffering
ber Sofyn
beg Sofyneg
bie Selo^nungen
reward
ber 9Korb
beg TOorbeg
bie -JKorbtaten
murder
ber Sat
beg Sateg
bie Satfd^Idge
counsel
ber 5Raub
beg Saubeg
bie Sdubereien
robbery
^er ©dfjmuc!
beg ©d^mudteg
bie ©d^mudtfad^en
ornament
] ber ©egen
beg ©egeng
bie ©egnungen
blessing
^ ber ©treit
beg ©treiteg
bie ©treitigfeiten
dispute
' ber Sob
beg Sobeg
bie Sobegfatte
death
bag Ungliic?
beg Ungliidtg
bie Ungludfgfdtle
misfortune
f /7W/CY777 twnrh-
ber SSerrat
beg SSerratg
bie SSerrdtereien •<
.
L
erous acts
s ber 3<mf
beg 3<*n!eg
bie 3imfereien
quarrel
66. Differentiation of certain nouns.
^ ber Sanb
beg Sanbeg
bie S9dnbe
volume
bag Sanb
beg Sanbeg
bte Sdnber
ribbon
ybag S5anb
beg Sanbeg
bie Sanbe
bond, fetter
bie Sanbe
ber S3anbe
bie Sanben
band, troop
ber Saiier
beg <3auerg
bie 33auern
peasant
| ber 93auer
beg x3auerg
bie 93auer
bird cage
ber Sunb
beg <3iinbeg
bieSunbnifje(Sunbe)
alliance
bag Sunb
beg "Ounbeg
bie 93imbe
bundle
ber @hor
beg v^-borg
bie 6bbre
choir
bag
beg
bie
< choir (part of a
ber ®ienfttnann
bie ®ien[imdnner
{servant ( i?i
\
I. a home)
bet Sienfimann beg ®ienftmanne3 bie ®ienftmannen
20
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
bag 2)ing
beg Singeg
bie ®inge
( thing (a general
\ term)
bag ®ing
beg ®ingeg
bie Singer
f thing (a specific
i. term)
ber ®orn
beg S)orneg
bie®ornen(2)orner) thorn
bie Some
varieties of thorns
ber (gffeft
beg gffclts
bie (gffcfte
effect
bie ©ffeften
movable goods
ber @rbe
beg @rben
bie @rben
heir
bag @rbe
beg grbeg
bie @rbfrf)aften
inheritance
\ ber gaben
beg gabeng
bie gtiben
thread
M ber $aben
beg gabeng
bie ^aben
fathom
ber glur
beg ^lurg
bie $lure
entrance hall
I
bie $lur
ber ^lur
bie gluren
(field or entrance
{ hall
|bag ©efjalt
beg ©e^alteg
bie ©e^dlter
salary
^ber ©efyalt
beg ©e^alteg
bie ©exalte
intrinsic value
/bag ©ejtcfyt
beg ©eficfytg
bie ©efid)ter
face
: bag ©efid)t
beg ©efid)tg
bie ©efidjte
vision
ber §eibe
,beg §eiben
bie §eiben
heathen
bie §eibe
ber §eibe
bie §eiben
heath
bag §orn
beg §orneg
bie Corner
horn
bie §orne
kinds of horn
1 ber §ut
beg £uteg
bie §iite
hat
-bie §ut
ber §ut
bie §uten
guard
J ber $unbe
beg ^unben
bie ^unben
customer
bie $unbe
ber $unbe
bie Sunben
news
A ber Saben
beg Sabeng
bie Saben (Saben)
shutter
ber Saben
beg Sabeng
bie Saben
store
bag Sanb
beg Sanbeg
bie Sdnber
land
bie Sanbe
states, districts {parts
of a political whole)
NOTE. The
old plural form
Sanbe sometimes occurs in poetry in place
of Sanber, and
remains also in
proper names, as bie
sj£ieberlcmbe.
THE NOUN
21
bag £td)t
beg Sidjteg
bte Stater
light
bag Sid&t
beg Sidjteg
bte Std^te
candle
ber Sat
beg Sateg
bte Satfcfyltige
advice
ber Sat
beg Sateg
bie Sate
councilor
ber ©d)ilb
beg ©cfyilbeg
bie ©djilbe
shield
bag ©rf)iib
beg ©^tlbeg
bte ©d^tlber
shop sign
ber ©rfjur^
beg ©djjurgeg
bie ©c^itrge
apron for men
bte ©rf)ttr§e
ber ©dt)ur§e
bte ©dtjitrgen
apron for women
ber ©ee
beg ©eeg
bie ©een
lake
bte ©ee
ber ©ee
bie ©een
sea
) ber ©tod
beg ©todeg
bie ©tbde
cane
ber ©tod
beg ©todeg
bie ©tode -
story (of a house)
r^ber ©trauft
beg ©traufteg
bte ©trau^e
ostrich
ber ©traufc
beg ©trau^eg
bie ©trau^e
combat, bouquet
ber £etl
beg Setlg
bie Xeile
part
bag Scil
beg ^etlg
bie Xeile
share
bag S£or
beg Sorg
bie Xore
gate
ber STor
beg ^oren
bie Soren
fool
bag !£udf)
beg 2itd)eg
bie Sitdjer
piece of cloth
bag Zud)
beg Sud^eg
bie Xudje
kind cf cloth
bag SBort
beg SBorteg
bie Sffiorter
word
bie 2Borte
f words in connected
, j •
L speech
67. Proper nouns. Proper nouns add g in the genitive singular.
Those ending in a sibilant (f, £, fd), £, 5) take the apostrophe only
or add eng in the genitive, but names of places take t)on, as bte
©tra^en Don $artg. Feminines in e may take either g or ng. But
proper nouns, except neuter names of countries, take no ending
when preceded by the definite article.
68. When a proper noun is preceded by a title (except §err,
which is always declined) the name only is declined. But if the
definite article is used before the title, the title and not the name
is declined.
22 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
69. Examples :
Sari griij
SarlS gri$'
or
Sari
Sari
Suife
Serta
ber fleine Sari
SuifenS
SertaS
beS lleinen Sari
or SuifeS
Suife
Serta
bem lleinen Sari
Suife
Serta
ben lleinen Sari
bag t>ereinigte SDeutfd^Ianb Saifer SBil^elm ber Saifer
beg oereinigten ®eutfd^lanb§ Saifer 2Btl^elmg be§ Saifer^ 3BilE)elm
bem t)ereinigten 2)eutfd^lanb Saifer 2Bil^elm bem Saifer 2Bil^elm
ba§ t)ereinigte SDeutfd^lanb Saifer 2Bil^elm ben Saifer SBilfyelm
§err ^rofeffor <Sd^mibt ber §err ^Jrofeffor ©d^mibt
§errn ^rofeffor <5dE)mibt3 be§ §errn $rofeffor§ ©d^mibt
§errn ^rofeffor ©djmibt bem §errn ^rofeffor ©d^mibt
§errn ^5rofeffor ©d^mibt ben §errn $rofeffor ©d^mibt
NOTE. 2)a3 Dereinigte 3)eutfd^lanb means .united Germany, §err ^5ro=
feffot ©C^tntbt, simply Professor Schmidt, and not Mr. Professor Schmidt.
70. Gender. Very few rules in respect to the gender of German
nouns are practical (34). A careful application of the following
statements, however, may prove helpful.
71. Nouns denoting living beings usually follow natural gender.
72. Masculine are :
1. The names of the seasons, months, days, and points of the
compass :
(a) grilling, ©ommer, §erbft, SBinter.
(V) Sanuar, gebruar, 3Kar§, 2lprtl, 3Kai, $uni, $uli, Slugufi,
September, Dftober, 3tot)ember, 3)e§ember.
(c) ©onntag, SJlontag, ®ien§tag, SRittroocI), SDonner^tag, ^reitag,
©onnabenb or (SamStag.
(d) ber 9Jorben, ber ©uben, ber Dften, ber 2Befien.
2. Nouns in m, ling, id^, ig, as ber Saum, ber 3tin9lhtg> ber
Seppid^, ber Sonig.
EXCEPTIONS : ba3 §eim, bag Samm, bie
0&
THE NOUN 23
3. Nouns in er denoting agency : ber ©dfjneiber.
4. Nouns in en, unless they are infinitives used as nouns (74, 3) :
ber ©arten, ber Dfen, but bag Seben, bag Semen.
5. Most monosyllables formed from the roots of verbs, as frf)lie=
f;en, ber (2>$lu£; binben, ber Sanb.
73. Feminine are:
1. The names of German rivers. Exceptions: ber Sftfyetn, ber
•Jfedfar, ber 9Katn, ber Sober, ber Sorfjer, ber Serf), and a few others.
Most foreign rivers are masculine : ber $orban, ber SJliffiffippt.
2. The names of trees, plants, flowers, and fruits : bte (Std)e, bie
2;raube, bie 9^ofe, bte Strne.
EXCEPTIONS : ber Slpfel, ber $ftrfid), ber Sorbeer, ber •
3. All nouns ending in ei, fyett, lett, fdfjaft, ung, and in : bte
33raueret, bie SBetgfyeit, bte Sletntgfeit, bte $reunbfrf)aft, bie 33ebin=
gung, bie greunbtn.
4. All nouns in e derived from adjectives and the roots of verbs,
as fait, bie Salte ; Iteben, bie Stebe.
74. Neuter are :
1. The names of cities, countries, and islands: Serltn, 2)eutfrf)=
lanb, ^ranfreid^, ©tgtlten.
EXCEPTIONS : bie (Sd^roeij, bie £iir!et, bie ^Sfalj, and a few others.
2. The names of minerals, except ber ©tafyl. Examples: bag
©olb, bag 6tfen, bag ©tlber.
3. All parts of speech other than nouns, used substantively and
not referring to persons : bag ©efyen, bag $iir unb SBtber, bag 2lrf)
unb 2Bel), but ber 2Ute, bte ©ute.
4. The letters of the alphabet: bag 31, bag 51.
5. All nouns in turn and tel, except ber $rrtum and ber 3ftetrf)=
turn. Examples: bag $urftentum, bag SDrttteL
6. All nouns in d)en and letn. These endings are diminutive
suffixes and usually cause mutation, as bte $rau, bag gtauletn ;.
bte 5Kagb, bag
24 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
THE ADJECTIVE
75. Adjectives are of two kinds :
' (a) The definite article (25).
) The demonstrative and interrogative adjectives
1. Limiting^ (91, 97).
(<:) The indefinite article and the possessive and
indefinite adjectives (30, 89, 90).
2. Qualifying, as gut, alt.
76. Most adjectives in German are declined, but qualifying
adjectives used in the predicate or appositively are declined only
when accompanied by an article.
77. There are two adjective declensions, the strong and the
weak. An adjective is declined strong when no determining word
precedes it, and weak if it is preceded by a determining word. See
note, and 78-80.
NOTE*. When eitrig-, mefyrer-, roenig, mel, and fold) precede the quali-
fying adjective it is weak in the singular and strong (or sometimes weak)
in the plural (90).
78. The determining words are :
1. ber, biefer, jener, jeber, ad, einig-, mefyrer- (90, note 5 ; 91).
NOTE. The masculine of mefyrer- is not used in the singular.
2. etn, lein, rnein, betn, fein, unfer, euer, tfyr, 5fyr (32)-
3. mcmd)(er), fol$(er), tnel(er), n)eldj(er) (80; 90, note i; and 96).
79. The words ein, !etn, mein, etc. (78, 2) have no ending in the
nominative singular masculine and neuter and in the accusative
singular neuter. The adjective following them, therefore, takes
the strong endings (masculine er and neuter e3) in these three
cases. Thus we have what is sometimes called the mixed declen-
sion of adjectives.
80. The words given under 78, 3, sometimes omit their inflec-
tional endings, and the adjective following them then has strong
endings, as man$ guter 3Utcmn, triel gute3 23rot.
c(cr)
WEAK
e(i
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
e
CO
/'ln~
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
THE ADJECTIVE 25
81. Table of endings of the adjective declensions.
STRONG
er e e3
en er en
em er em
A en e e$
e e e
er er er
en en en
-• e e e
82. The strong endings are like those of the definite article, ex-
cept that the genitive singular masculine and neuter of qualifying
adjectives is always weak, that is, ends in en. Present usage does
not admit the old genitive ending e3, but it is still retained in a
few fixed expressions, as reined §ergen£, gute£ SRutg. Limiting ad-
jectives (75), however, end in e3 in the genitive singular masculine
and neuter.
i. Notice the vowels in bie, ba3, and e, e3.
83. Two or more qualifying adjectives used with a noun follow
the same declension : nom. guter alter 5Rann, gen. guten alten
3Jlanne3; nom. ber gute alte SRann, gen. be3 guten alten -IJJanneS.
84. The strong declension (adjective + noun).
SINGULAR
guter 3Dtann gute $rau gute§
guten -JftanneS guter $rau guten
gutem 9Jlanne guter $rau gutem Stnbe
guten 3Kann gute grau gute^ Sinb
PLURAL
gute Scanner gute ^rauen gute $inber
guter banner guter ^rauen guter $tnber
guten TOannern guten ^rauen guten ^tnbern
gute SRcinner gute ^rauen gute
26
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
85. The weak declension (determining word -+- adjective -f noun).
bet gute 3Jlann
beg guten -Kanneg
bem guten 5Jtanne
ben guten SJJann
bie guten Scanner
ber guten 9Jtdnner
ben guten DJlannern
bte guten -JRanner
fein guter SWann (79)
feineg guten 9Jtanneg
feinem guten 9Jtanne
feinen guten 5Rann
leine guten -JRanner
leiner guten 9JZanner
feinen guten sJRannern
feine guten Scanner
SINGULAR
bte gute $rau
ber guten $rau
ber guten grau
bte gute grau
PLURAL
bie guten $rauen
ber guten grauen
ben guten gtauen
bte guten grauen
SINGULAR
feine gute grew
feiner guten $rau
feiner guten grau
feine gute $ratt
PLURAL
feine guten $rauen
feiner guten grauen
feinen guten grauen
feine guten grauen
bag gute
be§ guten
bem guten Sinbe
ba§ gute ^inb
bie guten Sinber
ber guten Sinber
ben guten ^inbern
bie guten ^inber
fein gute§ Sinb
feineS guten SinbeS
feinem guten Sinbe
fein gute3 Kinb
feine guten Sinber
feiner guten Sinber
feinen guten Sinbern
feine guten ^inber
86. Adjectives used as nouns retain the adjective declension.
SINGULAR
©uter ©ute ber ©ute bag ©ute fein ©uter
©uten ©uter beg ©uten beg ©uten feineg ©uten
©utem ©uter bem ©uten bem ©uten feinem ©uten
©uten ©ute ben ©uten bag ©ute feinen ©uten
PLURAL
©ute
©uter
©uten
©ute
bie ©uten
ber ©uten
ben ©uten
bie ©uten
feine ©uten
feiner ©uten
feinen ©uten
feine ©uten
einigeg ©ute
einigeg ©uten
einigem ©uten
einigeg ©ute
einige ©uten
einiger ©uten
einigen ©uten
einige ©uten
NOTE, ©itttgeg ©ute in the singular means some good (an abstract noun) ;
in the plural, some good things or some good people.
THE ADJECTIVE 2/
87. Participles used as adjectives or nouns are declined like
adjectives.
SINGULAR
gelefyrter SJlann
gelefyrten 3JZanne3
gelefyrtem -JRanne
gelefyrten SRann
bet ©elefyrte
be3 ©elefyrten
bem ©elefyrten
ben ©elefyrten
!ein ©elefyrter
feineS ©elefyrten
feinem ©elefyrten
feinen ©elefyrten
PLURAL
gelefyrte banner bie ©elefyrten feme ©elefyrten
gelefyrter Scanner bet ©elefyrten feiner ©elefyrten
gelefyrten DJJannern ben ©elefyrten feinen ©ele^rten
ge!eE)tte banner bie ©elefyrten feine ©ele^rten
88. An adjective may be formed from the name of a city by
adding er. It is indeclinable and written with a capital (23, 7) :
nom. bet Sblner ®om, gen. be3 Joiner 2)om3, dat. bem fiblner 2)om,
ace. ben Joiner ®om.
89. The possessive adjectives are mein, bein, jein, i^r, fein, unfer,
euer, i^r, and ^^t. They are possessive adjectives when used before
a noun, as mein §ut, feine $eber, unfer 33ud). For their declension
see 30 ; for their use as possessive pronouns see 136-140.
90. The indefinite numeral adjectives may be grouped as
follows :
1. Those containing the idea of number.
(a) Uninflected : allerfyanb, allerlei, all kinds qf-, ein paar, a few.
(b) Inflected: ember-, other \ beib-, both ; manrf), many a\
tne^rer-, several ' \ jeber, each (never weak, but mixed (79) if pre-
ceded by the indefinite article).
(c) The indefinite article : ein, # , an (30).
2. Those expressing quantity.
(a) Uninflected : ein roenig, a little ; etnwS, some ; bi^en, little
(bit}.
(b) Inflected : gan§, all, whole ; ^alb, half.
28 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
3. Those expressing quantity before a noun in the singular, and
number before a noun in the plural.
(a) Uninflected : genug, enough ; mefyr, more ; lauter, eitel, noth-
ing but.
(&) Inflected (strong): all, all\ roeld), some.
(c) Inflected : eintg-, some, a few, harmonious-, gefamt, all, entire-,
famtlid), all, entire ; iibttg, the rest ; triel, much, pi. many ; roenig,
little, pi few.
(d) The negative article : feitt, not a, no (adj.).
NOTE i. When manrf) precedes the indefinite article it is not declined.
It is also sometimes not declined when it precedes another adjective.
Examples : mand) ein 3Jtann, mancfj eines 2ftanne3 ; mancf) guter .2JJann,
mantf) guten 2ftanne3,
NOTE 2. The form mefyrer- is a double comparative, being composed of
the comparative mefyr and the comparative suffix er.
NOTE 3. An article, or a demonstrative or a possessive adjective, pre-
ceding bi|tf)en, is in the neuter gender regardless of the gender of the noun
which follows bifjdjen.
NOTE 4. ©ang and fjalb are not declined when used alone before neuter
names of places, as nom. ganj 3)eutfrf)lanb, gen. gang 2)eutfdjlanb3, but
nom. ba3 ganje SDeutfdjlanb, gen. be3 garden 25eutfd)lanb3.
NOTE 5. 2111 before the definite article or a possessive adjective gener-
ally remains undeclined in the singular and sometimes also in the plural :
all bag SBaffer, all or alle meine Spfel.
91. The demonstrative adjectives are biefer, jener, bet (92), bet*
jelbe, berjenige (92), bet ntimlidje (85), and fold) (96). When they
do not limit a noun they are demonstrative pronouns (152). The
declension of biejer and berfelbe is as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
^
biefer biefc biefeS biefe berfelbe biefelbe ba^felbe biefelben
biefe3 biefer biefe§ biefer be^felben berfelben be^felben berfelben
biefem biefer biefem btefen bemfelben berfelben bemf elben benfelben
btefen biefe biefe^ biefe benfelben biefelbe ba^felbe btefelben
NOTE. Limiting adjectives do not take en in the genitive singular mas-
culine and neuter (75, 82).
THE ADJECTIVE 29
92. ®er as a demonstrative adjective is declined like the definite
article. SDerjenige is declined like berfelbe.
93. The forms be3gleid)en (sing.) and bergleidjen (pi., but used
also of the sing.) are indeclinable.
94. 2)iefe3, neuter nominative and accusative singular, often
drops its ending e3 and becomes bie3.
95. ®tefer and jener call attention to nearness and remoteness,
while bet merely emphasizes. To indicate its stress bet is often
printed with spaced type.
SDtefer 3Jtann ift reid), jener ift arm.
This man is rich, that one is poor.
2)er 9Jtann ift reid).
That man is rich.
3in ber §infid)t fyaben @te redjt.
In that respect you are right.
96. ©oldj is never declined when it precedes the indefinite article,
and is often not declined before another adjective. Examples :
nom. fold) ein 3Jlann, gen. fold) eine3 -Dtanne^ ; nom. fold) gute3
33rot, gen. fold) guten 33rote3.
97. The interrogative adjectives are roeldjer, which, what, and
fiir etn, what kind of. They are declined as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL
roeldjer 9Jfarm roelcfye -JRtinner
roeldjeS 3Ulanne3 tpeld^er Scanner
tueld^em 9Jtanne roeldjen 3JJannern
tuelc^en 5Rann t^eld^e banner
fiir ein 9Kann tt>a3 fiir banner
fiir etne3 9Jlanne§ n)a§ fiir 3Mdnner
fiir etnem 3Wanne raa§ fiir 9Jidnnern
fiir einen SUtann raag fiir SJldnner
NOTE. 2Beldj)er as an interrogative adjective is declined like biefer.
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
98. Comparison of adjectives. Adjectives are compared in Ger-
man by adding to the positive er to form the comparative and ft
to form the superlative. If the positive ends in a dental (b, t)
or a sibilant (f, j$, fd), $), the superlative adds eft. Participles in
enb or et add ft. Adjectives in el, en, er, suppress an e if another
syllable is added which begins with e, as ebel, eblet, bet eble, ben
eblen or ben ebeln -JRcmn. Examples :
deep
tief
tiefer
tiefft
am tiefften
diligent
fletfeig
fleifetger
fletfetgft
am fleifcigften
wild
rotlb
ttnlber
nrilbeft
am roilbeften
old
alt
alter
alteft
am alteften
sweet
w
fiifeer
ffljjep
am fii^eften
charming retjenb reigenber reigenbft am reigenbften
cultured gebilbet gebilbeter gebtlbetft am gebilbetften
99. A number of adjectives are irregular in comparison.
good
much
little
large
near
high
NOTE, -iftaf) adds c in the superlative,
bfoer, ber foofie SBaum, etn
gut
beffer
beft
am beften
tnel
me^r
meift
am meiften
r n>emger
roemgft
am roenigften
toenig
L minber
minbeft
am mtnbeften
grofe
grower
grb^t
am grofcten
nal)
na^er
nad^ft
am ndd)ften
^0^
^o^er
fyocfyft
am l)5d)ften
drops c when e follows, as
100. A number of adjectives, used only in the comparative and
superlative, are derived from adverbs.
ADVERB COMPARATIVE
au^en ber bie ba3 tiu^ere
erft ber bie ba§ etftere
fytnten ber bie ba3 fytntere
tnnen ber bie ba§ tnnere
le^t ber bie ba§ le^tere
SUPERLATIVE
ber bie bag du^erfte
ber bie bag erfte
ber bie bag fytnterfte
ber bie bag tnnerfte
ber bie bag le£te
am aufjerften
am erften
am fymterften
am innerften
am le^ten
THE ADJECTIVE 31
101. The comparison of equality is expressed by fo . . . al£,
fo , . . nrie; ebenfo . . . ate, ebenfo . . . rate.
@ie ift jo (ebenfo) reidj ate (rote) er.
She is as rich as he is.
<5ie ift ebenfo fjiibfd) ate (rote) ifyre Scfyroefter.
She is just as pretty as her sister.
102. 9JJefyr and roeniger are used in comparing two qualities of the
same object.
@r ift mefyr fleifeig ate begabt.
He is more industrious than talented.
@r ift roeniger begabt ate fleifctg.
He is less talented than industrious.
103. The English than is expressed in German by ate, and
the ... the by je . . . je or je . . . befto.
Carl is larger than his brother.
Sari ift grower ate fein SBruber.
The sooner the better.
3e e^er je (befto) beffer.
104. The superlative of adjectives may be classified as follows :
the relative, as ber, bic, ba3 tieffte; the am form (used only in the pred-
icate), as am tiefften ; and the absolute, as liebft, or fjodjft intereffant.
105. The relative superlative of an adjective expresses the high-
est degree with reference to two or more persons or things.
grit* ift ber flei^igfte Snabe in ber 6d§ule, Fred is the most studious
boy in school.
Sari fyat einen gro^en 2lpfel, aber gri$ l)at ben gtb^ten, Carl has a
large apple, but Fred has the largest one.
griis ift ber fletfjigfte t>on alien, Fred is the most studious of all.
Unfer §au§ ift bag neuefte in biefer <5traf$e, our house is the newest
in this street.
NOTE. In the third and fourth sentences ber fleifctgfte and ba3 neuefte
are predicate superlatives (106).
32 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
106. The superlative degree of a predicate adjective is expressed :
1. By the relative superlative.
$arl ift grofc.
Carl is tall.
Sari ift bet grojste t)on ben bret Snaben.
Carl is the tallest of the three boys.
NOTE. See also 105, third and fourth sentences.
NOTE. A predicate adjective is one that is used as complement to a copu-
lative verb.
2. By the am form, which is a phrase in the dative case, and
is used :
(a) When a person or thing is compared with itself at different
times or places or under different circumstances.
(£) When objects are. compared which do not belong to the
same class.
§iet tft bet @ee lief, here the lake is deep.
§ier ift bet @ee am lief [ten, here the lake is deepest.
6r fiifylt fid) fdjroad), he feels weak.
6r fill) It fid) fyeute am fd)ttwd)ften, he feels weakest to-day.
®ie ^Pflaume ift grofc, bie 33irne nod) grower, abet bet Slpfel ift am
grbjsten, the plum is large, the pear larger, but the apple is the
largest :; but notice
2>er 2lpfel ift gro^, bicfcr nod) grower, abet jener ift ber grofste, that
apple is large, this one is larger, but that one is the largest.
107. The absolute superlative is used to express a very high, or
the highest, degree without making a comparison, as liebfter SSater !
dearest father-, befte 2Bare §u billtgften ^reifen ! best goods at the lowest
prices. It may be expressed by the superlative alone or by the
superlative strengthened by after, as afterliebfte3 Stnb, dearest child,
but more frequently it is expressed by using in connection with the
positive form of the adjective a word which has the general mean-
ing of very, as fefyr, fyod)ft, du^etft, riefig; for example, fybd)ft tnter=
effant, very interesting-, aujjerft angenefym, extremely agreeable.
THE ADVERB 33
108. Declension. Comparatives and superlatives follow the reg-
ular adjective declension.
SINGULAR
dlterer 3Kann ber altere 3ftann mein alteftcS Sinb
dlteren 5Ranne§ be3 dlteren 9Jtanne3 metneS dlteften $inbe3
dlterem SRanne bem dlteren SRanne meinem dlteften $inbe
dlteren SRann ben dlteren 5Rann mein altefteS Sinb
PLURAL
altere banner bie dlteren Planner meine dlteften Sinber
dlterer banner ber dlteren Scanner meiner dlteften Sinber
dlteren -JJZdrinern ben dlteren SDtdnnern meinen dlteften ffinbern
altere SUfdnner bie dlteren banner meine dlteften Sinber
109. Vowel mutation. A few very common monosyllabic adjec-
tives mutate the root vowel in the comparative and superlative.
alt grob fyod) Hug lang fdjroarg sometimes also bang,
arg groft jung franl nafy ftar! bumm, rot, and a
arm fyart fait furg fd^arf roarm few others
j
THE ADVERB
110. Comparison of adverbs. Adverbs are compared as follows :
beautifully frfjon fcpner am fd^onften aufs fd^onfte
easily leid^t leister am leicfyteften auf§ leid^tefte
near nal) naljer am ndd^ften auf^ nddjfte
often oft ofter am bfteften auf§ bftefte
111. Adverbs form their comparative like adjectives. The super-
lative is generally expressed by a dative or an accusative phrase
which may be called respectively the relative and the absolute
superlative of adverbs (105, 107). The relative superlative of an
adverb, however, must not be confused with the am form of the
adjective (106, 2). Decide in each case whether the corresponding
positive form is an adjective or an adverb. The adverbial superla-
tive without a preposition occurs in only a few cases (116).
34 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
112. The relative superlative of an adverb expresses the rela-
tively highest degree attained by a person or thing when compared
with another person or thing, or with itself at different times
or places or under different circumstances.
Sari frf)reibt am fd)bnften t)on aft ben Snaben.
Of all the boys Carl writes the most beautifully.
Sutfe fingt immer frfjbn, aber fyeute fang fie am fcpnften.
Louise always sings beautifully, but to-day she sang more beautifully
than ever.
113. The absolute superlative of an adverb expresses a very high
degree without making a comparison.
6r empfing mid) auf§ freunblicfyfte.
He received me most cordially.
2)er SKenfd) ift auf§ nad)fte mit ben Sieren uerroanbt. (®oet$e.)
Man is very closely related to the animals.
114. A number of adverbs are irregular in comparison.
gut beffer am beften balb efyer am efyeften
»ffer am beften r roeniger am roentgften
. roofyler am roofylften L minber am minbeften
gern lieber am liebften mel mefyr am meiften
115. Notice the meaning of mel, fefyr, gern, lieber, and am Iteb-
ften in the following sentences :
@r fprirf)t mel, he talks much.
@r Itebt fie fe^r, he loves her very much.
6r trinlt gern SRildj, he likes milk.
@r trinft lieber See al£ Saffee, he prefers tea to coffee.
6r trinlt am liebften 5ftildj, he likes milk best of all.
116. Several absolute superlatives are formed irregularly, as
dufjerft, balbigft, ergebenft, freunblid)ft, gefdEigft, giitigft, fyer§li<i)ft,
^bd^ft, jiingft, Idngft, meift, minbeft, mbglid)ft, beftenS, erften^, britten^,
fruf)eften£, ^od^)ften§, meiftenS, minbeften^, roenigften^, nadjftenS.
NUMERALS 35
NUMERALS
117. Cardinals. The cardinals are :
1 ein§, 2 groei, 3 brei, 4 met, 5 fiinf, 6 fed£)3, 7 fieben, 8 adfjt,
9 neun, 10 gefyn, 11 elf, 12 groblf, 13 breigefyn, 14 wergefyn, 15 fiinf-
gefyn, 16fe<i)geE)n, 17 fiebgefyn, 18 acfytgefyn, 19 neungefyn, 20 groangig,
21 einunbgrtmngig, 22 groeiunbgroangig, 30 breiftig, 40 tnergig, 50
fiinfgig, 60 fedjgig, 70 fiebgig, 80 arf)tgig, 90 neungig, 100 fyunbert,
1000 taufenb, 1,000,000 eine SKiHion.
118. The cardinals except etn are not declined. $wei and brei
sometimes form a genitive graeier, breier, and a dative groeien,
breien.
119. @in when used with a noun is either a numeral adjective
or the indefinite article. As a numeral adjective it is sometimes
printed with spaced letters or with a capital. It is declined like
the indefinite article, or when preceded by the definite article it is
declined like a weak adjective.
NOTE. For the use of etn as an indefinite pronoun see 162.
120. Ordinals. The ordinals from one to twenty are formed by
adding t to the cardinals and from twenty upwards by adding ft, as
bet tnerte, bet tnergefynte, ber gttwngigfte, bet brei^igfte, ber fiebgtgfte,
bet fyunbertfte.
EXCEPTIONS. @rft, britt, fed^ft, ftebt (beside fie&ent), and ud)t.
121. The ordinals are declined like adjectives.
122. Words derived from numerals.
1. Nouns. They are formed by adding tel (derived from Xeil) to
the ordinals, as ein Srittel, ba§ SDritteL
2. Adjectives. These are formed from the cardinals by adding
facf), fdltig, erlei, and malig, as einfarf), tnerftiltig, breierlei, einmalig.
3. Adverbs. Ordinal adverbs are formed by adding mal to the
cardinals and en£ to the ordinals, as eintnal, erftenS ; groeimal,
groeitenS.
36 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
PRONOUNS
123. Personal pronouns.
SINGULAR PLURAL
First Second Third First Second Third
Person Person Person Person Person Person
M. F. N. M. F. N.
NOM. id) bu er fie eg trnr ifyr fie
GEN. meiner beiner feiner ifyrer feiner unfer euer ifyrer Sfyrer
DAT. tnir bir ifym ifyr ifym ung eud) ifynen 3$nen
Ace. mid) bid) ifyn fie eg ung eud) fie ©ie
124. In poetry the genitives meiner, beiner, feiner are frequently
replaced by the older forms mein, bein, fein.
125. A personal pronoun referring to a preceding noun agrees
with it in gender and number.
2Bo ift mein §ut ? §aben @ie ifyn gefefyen ?
Where is my hat ? Have you seen it ?
126. Personal pronouns referring to neuter nouns which denote
persons, as bag grdulein, bag -IRabdjen, bag SBeib, generally follow
the natural gender.
2Bie Ijeifet bag 3Kabd)en ? @ie (or @s) ^ei^t SKarie.
What is the girPs name ? Her name is Marie.
127. The genitive singular of eg was formerly eg, and this form
still occurs in certain phrases, as :
@r ift eg roert.
He is worthy of it.
£$d) bin eg miibe.
I am tired of it.
128. When things are referred to, the dative and the accusative
of the personal pronouns after a preposition are represented by the
adverb ba (bar before vowels). ®a (bar) is prefixed to the prep-
osition, and the resulting compound is an adverb.
PRONOUNS 37
@r rouble mdf)t3 batxm.
He knew nothing of it or of them.
3$) bin bafiir.
I am in favor of it or of them.
§ier ifi ein £ifd). Segen 6ie ^fai 33urf) barauf.
/> a table. Lay your book upon it.
129. The genitive forms are compounded with roegen, tmflett,
and fyalben, and the r of the pronoun changes to t, as meinetroegen
from meiner 4- roegen ; likewise meinettmlien, euretfyalben, etc.
130. For the sake of emphasis the personal pronouns of the third
person are often replaced by the demonstrative ber, bie, ba§ (152).
3)en Sdcfer fenne id^ fefyr gut, abet ber E)ei^t ©cfymtbt unb nid^t 2Berner,
The baker 1 'know quite well, but his name is Schmidt and not Werner.
131. The pronouns of address — bit, ifyr, and
1. <5ie is used where no great intimacy exists. It is plural in form
and takes its verb in the third person plural, but is used in address-
ing one person or more than one. It is always written with a
capital letter.
@te ftnb fletjstg.
You are industrious.
3$ fyabe Ste nid)t gefefyen.
I didn't see you.
6r roirb 3$nen gleirf) fyelfen.
He will help you immediately.
2. The singular bu and the plural tfyr are used in speaking to
near relatives, intimate friends, children, animals, and inanimate
objects. 2)u is also used in addressing God.
9Jiein ©ofyn, bu bift fefyr fletftig, my son, you are very industrious.
$<i) fyabe bid) nidfjt gefefyen, I did not see you.
^inber, i^rmu^t je^tnad^ §aufe §tty\\, children, you must go home now.
Unfer SSater, ber bu bift in bem ^tmmel, our Father which art in heaven.
38 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
132. Reflexive pronouns. There is but one distinctively reflexive
form, which is fid), self, and it occurs only in the third person. The
other forms are supplied by the personal pronouns. The declension
is as follows :
NOM. —
GEN. metner beiner feiner ifyrer tmfer euer ifyrer 3$re*
DAT. mir bit fid) fid) un3 eud) fid) fid)
Ace. mtdj bid) fid) fid) un3 eud^ fidf) fid)
NOTE i. Reflexive pronouns have no nominative (254).
NOTE 2. Illustrative sentences :
3d) fcfyone metner, I spare myself.
3d) fd)meid)le mir, I flatter myself.
3d) freue midj, I am glad.
@r freut ficl), he is glad.
greuen ©te ftcty ? Are you glad?
133. The indeclinable forms felbft and felber, self, are intensive
pronouns.
2Bir felbft (or feiber) finb ^ier.
We ourselves are here.
2)er ^rdfibent felbft (or felber) formte nid^t fommen.
The president himself could not come.
134. To avoid ambiguity in the plural, the reciprocal pronoun
eincmber is sometimes used instead of the reflexive. 3Bir lieben un3
may mean we love each other or we love ourselves ; whereas roir
lieben eirtanber can mean only we love each other.
135. The dative of the reflexive pronoun, in connection with the
definite article, is often used in German for the English possessive
adjective when the sense is clear, especially when referring to parts
of the body.
3$ fyabe mir ben 3lrm gebrodfjen.
I broke my arm.
@r fyat fid) in ben finger gejdjnitten.
He cut his finger.
PRONOUNS
39
136. Possessive pronouns. The masculine nominative of the
possessive pronouns (except unf(e)rer,eu (e) ret) is like the genitive of
the corresponding personal pronouns (123). The personal pronouns
with their corresponding possessives in all' genders are as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL
tdj
bu
er
fie
meiner
beiner
feiner
ifyrer
feiner
meine
beine
feine
ifyre
feine
tt)ir
fie
<5ie
unf(e)rer unf(e)re unf(e)re§
eu(e)rer eu(e)re eu(e)re§
ifyrer ifyre
meine§
beineg
feineg
ifyreS
feineS
137. The possessive pronouns may be preceded by the definite
article, and meiner, meine, meineS then become ber meine, bie meine,
ba3 meine. There is also a form in ig which is never used without
the definite article : ber meinige, bie meinige, ba3 meinige. Notice
the possessive pronouns in the following sentences : 2Bo ifi $E)r (89)
§ut ? meiner (ber meine, ber meinige) ift fyier, where is your hat ?
mine is here ; ©eben Sne mir 3$ren (89) SaH bitte, id) fyabe meinen
(ben meinen, ben meinigen) t)erloren,^'^ me your ball, please, I have
lost mine. Without the definite article the possessive pronouns are
declined like limiting adjectives (82) ; with the definite article they
are declined like qualifying adjectives.
SINGULAR
M.
ber meine
be3 meinen
M. F. N.
meiner meine meineS
meineS meiner meineS
meinem meiner meinem
meinen meine meineS
PLURAL
M.F. N.
meine
meiner
meinen
meine
N.
ba§ meine
SINGULAR
F.
bie meine
ber meinen be§ meinen
bem meinen ber meinen bem meinen
ben meinen bie meine hen meinen
PLURAL
M. F.N.
, bie meinen
ber meinen
ben meinen
bie meinen
40 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
138. In the predicate the possessive pronoun expresses either
mere ownership or identity of ownership. In the first case the pro-
noun is uninflected and emphasizes the idea of possession, whereas
in the second it is inflected and emphasizes the idea of identity.
Notice the following examples :
1. Of ownership.
2)er £ut I r the hat i
®ie $eber \ ift mein, \ the pen \ is mine.
SDag SBudf) J [the book J
2Bag metn ift, ift aucf) bein, what is mine is also thine.
3)ag ift aHeg metn, that is all mine.
®enn bein ift bte $raft, for thine is the power.
SBag euer ift, foE euer bleiben, what is yours shall remain yours.
NOTE. The forms tfyr, her, tfyr, their, and 3^r, your, are always inflected
when used in the predicate.
2)a3 Slid) ift if)re3 (bag tljre, bag i^rige). .
The book is hers or theirs.
2)a3 Sud) ift3E)reg (bag 3^re, bag S^rige).
The book is yours.
2. Of identity.
2)ein 28iHe ift aud^ bet meine (ber meinige, meiner).
Your will is also mine.
©ein Sog rourbe aud^ bag unfere (bag unfrige, unfereg).
His fate became ours too.
139. The personal pronouns er, fie, and eg, used as subject, are
followed in the predicate by the uninflected possessive, and the in-
definite pronoun eg (157) by the inflected possessive.
28em (141) gefybrt biefer §ut? 6r ift metn.
•JBem ge^ort biefe geber? @ie ift mein.
2Bem ge^ort bief^g 33ud^ ? @g ift mein.
(this hat 1
this pen \ belong ? It is mine,
this book ]
PRONOUNS 41
2Bem gefybrt biefer §ut? @3 ift meiner (ber meine, ber meinige).
2Bem gefybrt biefe $eber ? @3 ift meine (bie meine, bie meinige).
•JBem gefybrt biefe^ Sud^ ? @3 ift rneine^ (ba§ meine, ba§ meinige).
r Mw /^^/ i
To whom does •< this pen \ belong ? It is mine.
\ .,* ,__v|
140. The possessive pronouns with the definite article are often
used as nouns, the plural referring to one's relatives or party asso-
ciates, the neuter singular to one's property or duty.
3d) liebe bie SReinen, Hove my people.
2)ie uerbunbeten g-elbfyerren fafyen roie bie $f)tigen furs SSaterlanb
fdmpften, the allied generals saw how their soldiers were fighting
for their country.
Gr Derlor ba3 (Seine, he lost his property.
Gr ^at ba§ ©einige geian, he has done his duty.
141. Interrogative pronouns. The interrogative pronouns are
toer, who ; nm3, what ; raeld^er (97), which one ; and n)a§ fiir einer,
what kind. They are declined as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL MASCULINE
roer roa§ roelcfyer rceldje n>elc^e§ roeld^e roag fiir einer
roeffen roeffen n>eld^e§ roelcfyer raeld^e^ raeld^er roa§ fiir eine3
went — roeld^em raeld^er roeldfjem raeld^en n)a§ fiir einem
wen roa§ raeld^en raeld^e raeldje^ raeld^e roa§ fiir einen
142. 28er is both masculine and feminine, singular and plural,
and refers to persons. 2Ba£ is neuter and refers to things. 28er
and Ttw3 can never be used as interrogative adjectives.
28 er roar e3 ? Who was it ?
2Beld)er raar bag ? Which one was that ?
28c$ roollen @ie ? £F"/to do you wish ?
3$ l)abe einen fd^raarjen §ut. 2Ba§ fiir einen {)aben ©te ? / /^z'<?
^ tor^ hat. What kind have you ?
§ier finb groei JHofen. -JBeldje raoHen ©ie? Z^r^ ^r^ two roses.
Which one do you wish ?
42 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
143. The dative of tofl3 is often supplied by the adverb tt)0 (root
before vowels) plus a preposition, as tx)orau3, roobei, tDOtnit, tt)0t)on,
n)0§u, roonad). The accusative admits of the same substitution, as
rooburd), roofur, roogegen. The tendency at present is to use roaS
in all cases, as roegen ttw3, mit txw3, um trm3, etc.
NOTE. For the use'of :
1. 3Bet, Tt)a3, and roelcfyer as relative pronouns see 145-148.
2. 2Ber and roelcf) as indefinite pronouns see 163.
3. SBelcfyer and wa% fur ein as inf • Adjectives see 97.
144. Relative pronouns. The r^ i ^ronouns are ber, bie, ba§ ;
roeldjer, roeldje, roeldje^ ; and sometimes roer and wa%. The former
are definite relatives and the latter indefinite.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
bet bie bag bie roeldjer roeldje raeld^eS trjeldje
befjen beren befjen beren befjen beren befjen beren
bent ber bem benen njeld^em raeld^er roeldjem tDeld^eti
ben bie ba§ bie roelcfyen n)eld>e raeld^e^ raeld^e
145. SBelrfjer as a relative pronoun uses the genitive of bet. Its
own genitive, singular n)eld)e3, roelrf)er, roeldjeS, plural roeld^er, occurs
very rarely and never stands before the noun upon which it depends.
2)ie ©tabt, beren 3Kauer (never roeldfjer 5Rauer) nod) ftefyt, l)ei^t
SRotljenburg.
The city whose walls are still standing is called Rothenburg.
®ie Waiter, innerfyalb beren (or raeld^er) bie 2Utftabt liegt, rourbe
»or 3>af)rfyunberten erbaut.
The wall which surrounds the old part of the city was built centuries ago.
146. When the relative pronoun refers to things its dative and
accusative after a preposition are often replaced by the adverb roo
(roor) plus a preposition.
®a§ Sudf), rootton (t)on bem, won roeldjem) id) fpredje, ift fefyr alt.
The book of which I am speaking is very old.
2)a3 ifi ber s$unft roorum (um ben, um roeld^en) e3 fid^
That is the point in question.
PRONOUNS 43
147. 293cr as a relative pronoun means he who, whoever. It
always includes its antecedent, which, however, is sometimes em-
phasized by the demonstrative pronoun bet.
2Cer nirfjt fyoren null, muf; fiifylen.
He who will not hear must feel.
SSer fdjltift, bet fimbigt nid)t.
He who sleeps sins not.
2)er -JJtann, ben < ~\) id) faf), war beuifdj.
The man whom j,s a German.
148. 2Bd$ as a relative pronoun means that which, whatever.
It is an indefinite neuter relative, and is used more extensively
than roer. 28a3 may include its antecedent, or its antecedent may
be a neuter personal, demonstrative, or indefinite pronoun, — as
e§, ba§, aHe§, etroaS, nid)t3, — a neuter noun of indefinite meaning
(especially a superlative used as a noun), or a whole clause.
5Ba§ fid) liebt, necft fid).
Lovers tease each other.
2Ba3 mid) auf btefer SBelt betrubt, bag nmfyret furge 3^t,
2Ba§ abet meine 6eele liebt, ba§ bleibt in (Sroigfeit.
The trials of this world are of short duration,
But that which satisfies my soul is eternal.
@r bat mid) §u fdjreiben, roa§ id^ aud) tat.
He asked me to write, which I did.
NOTE i. If the antecedent is in a different case from roer or roa3, it must
be expressed by a demonstrative.
SBer liigt, bem glcwbt man nidjt.
One does not believe him who lies.
2Ba3 roaljr^aft tft, bem benfet nad^.
Think on those things which are true.
NOTE 2. The words and), immer, aud) immer, nur, autf) nur are frequently
used with roer and raa^ as relatives and thus make their meaning more
general- 3Ber er auc^ fei.
Whoever he may be.
44 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
149. In a relative clause the inflected verb comes last.
®ag 33urf), bag auf bem Xifrfje Itegt, ift eine ©rammatif.
The book which lies on the table is a grammar.
3$ fyabe bag Surf) gefunben, bag @te aerloren fatten.
I found the book which you had lost.
150. A personal pronoun of the first or second person, used as
antecedent of the relative bet, bie, bag, is often repeated after the
relative. If it is not repeated, the verb is in the third person.
2Btr, bie nrir bie ©emfen jagen, nrifjen bag, we who hunt the chamois
know that.
3$), bet trf) 3fyr greunb bin, traue Sfynen, I who am your friend
trust you.
2)u, ber bu metn greunb btft, txrirft mtr fyelfen, you who are my
friend will help me.
33eracfyteft bu fo beinen $atfer, Sell, unb mid^, ber fyier an fetner
©tatt gebtetet ? Do you thus despise your emperor, Tell, and
me who rules here in his stead?
151. In German a relative clause is always set off by commas.
See sentences above.
152. Demonstrative pronouns. The demonstrative pronouns are
bet, biefer, jener, berfelbe, berjemge, folder, folrf) etner, etn folder,
and fo etner (91).
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ber bte bag bie fold) etner etn foldjer foldje
beflen beren befjen beren, berer fold) etneg etneg folrfjen folder
bem ber bem benen fold) etnem etnemfold^en folrfjen
ben bte bag bte folrf) etnen etnen fol^en jold^e
NOTE.' For the declension of biefer, berfelbe, berjenige, and folder, see 91.
153. The demonstrative pronoun ber is declined like the relative
ber, except that it has two forms in the genitive plural, beren and
berer. The form berer usually refers to persons.
PRONOUNS 45
@r gebadjte berer, bie in 3Rot roaren.
He was mindful of those who were in distress.
@ie erinnert fid) gern ifyrer greunbinnen, befonberS berer au§ ifyrer
©djuljeit.
She enjoys recalling her friends, especially those of her school days.
<5ie erinnert fid) gern ijrer_@rlebniffe, befonberS beren au3 tfyrer
She enjoys recalling her experiences, especially those of her school days.
154. The genitive of the demonstrative pronoun refers to an
oblique case in a sentence, while the possessive adjective refers to
the subject.
2)er ©raf fyat biefem 9Jtanne unb beffen ©ofyne afleS anwertraut.
The count has intrusted everything to this man and to his (the man's)
2)er ©raf fyat biefem 3Kanne unb fetnetn ©o^ne atte§ ant)ertraut.
The count has intrusted everything to this man and his (the count's) son.
155. The neuter nominative and accusative form biefeg often
omits its ending e3 and becomes bte§.
156. ©old) may precede the indefinite article and is then not
declined (see 96) : nom. fold) etner ; gen. fold) etne3.
157. The demonstrative pronouns ba§ and bte3, the indefinite
e3, and the interrogative roeld)e3 are used with the verb fetn and a
predicate noun of any gender and number to express identity of the
subject and predicate. The predicate noun governs the verb.
ftnb Sitter, those are books.
tft eine Sofe, this is a rose.
finb Spfel, they are apples.
finb bie fcpnften Slutnen ? Which are the most beautiful
flowers ?
NOTE. For the demonstrative ber, bie, ba3 used for the personal pro-
nouns see 130.
46 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
158. The former is expressed by jener and the latter by btefer.
£err ©dfjmibt unb £err 33run§ finb 3?acf)barn; biefer i[t reidfj, jener
arm.
Mr. Schmidt and Mr. Bruns are neighbors ; the former {Mr. S.) is
poor, the latter (Mr. B^) rich.
159. The dative and the accusative of bte£ and ba$ after a prepo-
sition are often replaced by tyier or ba plus a preposition (cf. 128).
SDdDon roeifc idf) nidf)t3.
Of that I know nothing.
®agu bin tdj nod) nidfjt berett.
I am not ready for that yet.
§ierin ftimmten fie nid^t iiberein.
In this they did not agree.
160. The idea of nearness or remoteness is emphasized by using
the adverbs fyier, ba, or bort in connection with the demonstratives.
SDtefer 9Kann fyier ift reidfjer ate jener bort.
This man here is richer than that one yonder.
161. Indefinite pronouns. The indefinite pronouns are man, one ;
jemanb, somebody ; niemanb, nobody ; jebermann, everybody ; etroa§,
some, something \ and nid^t§, nothing. They are declined as follows :
man jemanb jeberman
eine§ jemanb^ jebermanng
einem jemanb(em) jebermann
einen jemanb(en) jebermann
NOTE. Niemanb is declined like jemanb. @ttt)a3, sometimes contracted
to ttm3, and md)t^ are indeclinable. Notice also that the oblique cases of
man are replaced by eitt-.
162. The following indefinite adjectives are used also as indef-
inite pronouns. In the singular : einer, irgenb einer ; in both sin-
gular and plural : jeber, jebroeber, jeglicfyer, and f einer ; in the plural
PREPOSITIONS 47
only : atte, cmbere, beibe, einige, etlidje, manege, mefyre, tnefyrere, t)iele,
and roenige. Of these the following may be preceded :
1. By the definite article: bet anbere, bie beiben, ber eine, ber
jebe, ber jebroebe, ber jeglidje.
2. By the indefinite article : ein anberer, ein jeber, ein jeglidfjer,
ein manner, and ein mefyrereS.
NOTE. The words given in the preceding paragraph are declined like
adjectives.
163. The interrogatives roer and roeldj may be used as indefinite
pronouns. They are then frequently accompanied by irgenb :
@r roifl un3 roelrfje geben.
He wants to give us some.
%tf) fyabe letn ©elb. §aben @te
I have no money. Have you some?
63 muf$ mir irgenb n>er etraa^ leifyen.
Somebody must loan me some.
PREPOSITIONS
NOTE. Only those prepositions which are of frequent occurrence are
given in the following lists.
164. Prepositions which govern the genitive are :
rodfyrenb, during bieSfeit, this side of um . . . roiEen,/^
roegen, on account of jenfeit, the other side of the sake of
ftutt, 'i . - innerhalb, within
V instead of
anftatt, J aufterfyalb, outside of
iro^, in spite of unterfyalb, below
oberfyalb, above
NOTE i. SBegett sometimes follows the word which it governs. For
meinetroegen etc. see 129.
NOTE 2. Slnftatt and ftatt govern also an infinitive, as anftatt JU gefjor-
djen, instead of obeying.
48 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
165. Prepositions which govern the dative are :
au3, out of nad), towards, to, after, gegenitber, opposite
auj$er, outside of, according to nad)ft, next to
except feit, since, for nebft, besides
bei, by, with, at the non, of, from, by famt, together with
house of §u, to guttnbet, contrary to
nut, with entgegen, against
166 When nadfj means according to, it follows its noun : -JReiner
URetnung nad) irren @ie fidfj, according to my opinion you are mis-
taken. Observe also the difference between nad) bem §aufe, nadf)
£>aufe, and gu §aufe : $d) gefye n'ad) bem §aufe, I am going to the
house ; ,^d) gefye nad^ £mufe, / am going home ; 3>d() bin §u §aufe,
7^7^ at home. Also note the difference between icfy gefye nad) ifym,
I am going after him (that is, to get him), and id) gel)e gu il)m, /<^w
going to see him, I am going to his house. The present tense of a
verb accompanied by the dative after feit is used to express an
action or a state which began in the past and still continues in the
present : (St tft fd)on feit etner 2Bod)e franf, he has been sick for a
week ;. 2Btr n>ofynen feit bem erften 9Jtai in unferem neuen §aufe, we
have been living in our new house since the first of May.
167. Prepositions which govern the accusative are :
bt§, up to gegen, against tmber, against
burd), through ofyne, without entlang, along
\\\\ffor um, about, around
NOTE. Dfyne and um are followed also by an infinitive, as ofyne tfjn
, without seeing him ; lim IlltJ JU jetn, to be brief.
168. Prepositions which govern both the dative and the accu-
sative are :
an, at, to, by in, in, into, to unter, under
auf, on, upon, for neben, beside »or, before, ago
fyinter, behind iiber, above, across §nnfd)en, between, among
PREPOSITIONS 49
169. The prepositions of the preceding paragraph govern the
dative in expressions :
1. Of place where, in which.
2. Of time when.
3)ie ^inber finb auf bem ®ad), the children are on the roof.
2)ie ^inber laufen in bem ©arten, the children are running in the
garden.
$ri£ gefyt am ©onnabenb immer nadj §aufe, Fred always goes home
on Saturday.
SSor einer 2Bod)e roar idj §u §aufe, a week ago I was at home.
3jm 3>uni fd)lief$t bie <5d)ule, ^^/ closes in June.
170. The prepositions given under paragraph 168 govern the
accusative in expressions :
1. Of place where to, towards, or into which.
2. Of time how long, until when.
®te Sinber laufen in ben ©arten.
The children are running into the garden.
gri£ cjefyt nur auf einen Xag nadfj §aufe.
Fred is going home only for a day.
§eute iiber einen SRonat roerben tx)ir in 33erlin fein.
A month from to-day we shall be in Berlin.
171. In abstract expressions where the idea of motion or of
place does not appear an, in, unter, and t)or take the dative, auf
and iiber the accusative.
Sin ifyren $riirf)ten foHt ifyr fie erfennen.
By their fruits ye shall know them.
3jn bet §infidjt fyaben 6ie red^t.
In that respect you are right.
3$ freue mid) iiber meine Hlaffe.
I am delighted with my class.
50 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
172. The following examples may serve to illustrate more fully
the use of the prepositions which govern both the dative and the
accusative.
ACCUSATIVE DATIVE
3$ lege bag 33ud() auf ben Sifdj. SDag 33ud() Kegt auf bem 23fd&.
I lay the book on the table. The book lies on the table.
3d) gel)e in bag ftimrtm. 3$ gefye in bem 3tmmer auf unb ab.
/ # #2 going into the room . 1 am walking to and fro in the room.
3d) gelje fyinter bag §aug. 3$ 9«^ fyinter bem §aufe.
I am going behind the house. I am walking behind the house.
3d) gefje an bie Stir. 3$ &in cin ber £ur.
./#;« ^ztfflg1 ^ ^ d&w. /^w ^/ M^ door.
3d) fd^reibe ben ©a^ an bie Safcl. ®er ©a| ftc^t an ber Safcl.
/^zw writing the sentence on the The sentence is on the board.
board.
35a3 Jltnb fefcte fid^ neben fie. 2)a§ Sinb fa^ neben tyr.
7%^ r^/7(/ J^/ down beside her. The child sat beside her.
SDie 6i^ung bauerte bi§ fpat in 2Bir famen fpat in ber 9Jad)t nadlj
bie S^ad^t. §aufe.
The sessionlasted far into the night. We came home late at night.
liber ben ^hinft fagte er nidjt§. 5Jtid) graut t)or ber ^riiftmg.
He didn't say anything concern- I dread the examination.
ing that point.
173. The definite article often contracts with a preposition.
an bem = am gegen ba§ = gegenS iiber bag
an ba§ = an§ ^inter bem = Ijinterm urn bag
auf bag = aufg fyinter bag = fyinterg unter bem = unterm
au^er bem = au^erm in bem = im unter bag = unterg
bei bem = beim in bag = ing t)on bem — t)om
burd^ bag = burd^g iiber bem = iiberm §u bem = gum
fiir bag = furg iiber ben = iibern gu ber = gur
CONJUNCTIONS 51
CONJUNCTIONS
174. Conjunctions are of two kinds, coordinate and subordinate.
Coordinate conjunctions connect elements of the same kind or
rank. Subordinate conjunctions connect elements of unequal rank.
175. Coordinate conjunctions. Some of the most common pure
coordinate conjunctions are :
i. Simple 2. Correlative
unb, and ebenfo . . . rote, both . . . and
abet, but nicfet nur . . . fonbern aud), ")
, \not only . . . but also
alletn, but, yet md)t auem . . . fonbern aud), J
fonbern, but foroof)! . . . al$ (or aud)), as well . . . as, both . . . and
benn,y^ entroeber . . . ober, either . . . or
ober, or roeber . . . nod), neither . . . nor
176. The above conjunctions do not affect the position of the
verb, ©ntroeber . . . ober, however, may take either the natural
or the inverted order : Gntroeber er ift nidjt flei^ig ober er ift butnm,
or gntroeber tft er nid)t fleifcig ober er ift (or tft er) bumm, he is
either lazy or stupid.
177. 9l6ct is used after negative as well as affirmative statements.
It qualifies the preceding statement, but does not contradict it.
Gr tft begabt, aber faul.
He is talented, but lazy.
<5te tft nid)t fyiibfd), aber fie ift gut.
She is not pretty, but she is good.
6r lam nidjt, aber er blieb nid)t ofyne ©tunb §u §aufe.
He didrft come, but he had reason for remaining at home.
178. Sonbent contradicts, and is used only after a negative.
@r ift nidjt reid), fonbern arm.
He is not rich, but poor.
6r fyat ba§ §au3 nidjt gemietet, fonbern er fyat e3 gelauft.
He did not rent the house, but he bought it.
52 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
179. Stttctn is used very little. It admits the preceding state-
ment, but introduces some limitation.
£)te S3lume ift fdjon, allein fie buftet nicfyt.
The flower is beautiful, but it is not fragrant.
2)a3 gfeft t)erltef prddjtig, aHetn e3 bauerte gu lange.
The festivity was a great success, but it lasted too long.
180. Adverbial coordinate conjunctions generally cause inversion
(293). Some of the most common are :
1. Additive.
audf), also \&vfo\& , furthermore
auf$erbem, besides bergletdjen, likewise
bagu, besides wmt\\i\\§ , particularly
§ubem, moreover befonberS, especially
2. Partitive.
tetl3 . . . teil£, partly . . . partly
eineStetlfo . . . anbernteil^, 1 on the one hand . . . on the
einerfett3 . . . anberfettg, ] other hand
3. Adversative or restrictive.
fytngegen, 1 ilbrigen^, moreover
bafjingegen, \-on the contrary tro^bem, in spite of that
bagegen, J inbeffen, meanwhile
glei<i)tt)0l)l, ^ beffenungead^tet, notwith-
standing
groat,
bod),
however, never-
,, , fogar, even
theless
fonft,
anbernfaU^,
otherwise
md)t3beftott)emger, nevertheless tneltnefyr, but rather
4. Ordinal.
"?'. \fint Jann,/^ 8«Ie|t, |
erftenS, J ferner, further
gtt)eiten§, second barauf, thereupon balb . . . balb, now
S, third, etc. . . . now
CONJUNCTIONS 53
5. Illative.
alfo, so bann, then folqlicfo, 1
, ' , ' 8 • ^consequently
barum, 7 - raeut(D>&fe.ttm fomtt, j
I therefore, on
- -
,
beshalb, J- 7 nun, «^w, conse- bemnadb,^ .. .
\thataccount P , \accordingly
be^roegen, j quently jonadl), )
bafyer, hence fo, so
NOTE. An illative conjunction joins an inference or a conclusion to a
preceding clause.
181. Subordinate conjunctions. Subordinate conjunctions con-
nect dependent with principal clauses. The verb in a dependent
clause stands at the end. For exceptions see 295-297.
182. The following list contains only the most important sub-
ordinate conjunctions :
al3, as, when nacfybem, after ' ttwtttt, when
al3 ob, ^asif, jenadjbem, according as roeil, because
al3tt)enn,J as though ob, whether roenri, if, when
bet)or, before obgleid),! roenn audj, "1
big, until obfdbon, \although raenn aleid), \
* I «/^« */
ba, «j, ««^. V»KCO obtool)!, j ruenn fd^on, j
ii, in order that \t\i, since (of time) rcarum
^
* j , r r, r= > .
ecje, ^w« fobalb al§, J rt)te,
bafe, M^/ fobalb, ^ roeSbalb
' '
, "1
b/j y
falls, ^ ^^ M^/ fooft, l n)o,
I ' ' >as often as
tnbem, i ,., fooytal§,j roofer, whence
tnbefjen, / roci^renb, while wo^in, whither
' i . 2Bcmn in direct or indirect questions.
2 . 3lfe in referring to one occasion in past time.
TTru f^n re^errmg to the present -and the
wnen = ^
future.
. - .
in referring to repeated or customary
action in the past.
54 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
*
184. UBatttt is used only in direct or indirect questions
2Bann ttrirb ber Slr^t lommen ?
When will the doctor come ?
$>d() tt)etf$ ntd)t, nwnn er lommt.
/ do not know when he will come.
185. 211$ as a temporal conjunction refers to one occasion in
3$ roadjte auf, a(3 bie Ufyr fed)§ fdjlug.
I awoke when the clock struck six.
@r roar fdjon fyier, al§ icf) fam.
Z^ was here when I came.
2113 id) i^n fat), bad^te id) an 6te.
When I saw him I thought of you.
186. SBetttt as a temporal conjunction refers to the present or
the future in all circumstances, but to the past only in case of
customary or repeated action. It cannot be used in a question.
S)ic Slumen bliifyen, roenn e3 grufyjafyr rairb.
The flowers bloom when spring comes.
@r roirb lommen, raenn e§ gu fpat ift.
He will come when it is too late.
$ri£ lam tmmet, n>enn bie ©tunbe j($on angefangen ^atte.
Fred always came when the lesson had begun.
2Benn idf) ifyn faf), bad)te id^ an ©ie.
Whenever I saw him I thought of you.
INTERJECTIONS
187. Interjections are used to express sudden emotion, a feeling
of surprise, or a command.
188. When an interjection is used in connection with the names
of the Deity the expression must not be translated literally. This
would be misinterpreting the meaning of the German phrase.
A. Form -{
VERBS 55
VERBS
189. The verb in German bears a strong resemblance to the verb
in English. It has two voices, the active and the passive ; four
moods, the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and conditional ; six
tenses, the present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future, and
future perfect ; three persons, first, second, and third ; two numbers,
singular and plural ; and two kinds of verbal substantives, the in-
finitives and participles.
190. Notice the following outline of the verb as to form and
meaning :
' i. weak : loben (224).
2. strong: frf)lagen (231).
3. irregular weak: brennen (230).
f (a) of tense : fyaben, fetn, roerben (221-
I 223).
1 (b) of mood : biirfen, Ibnnen, mogen,
miiffen, foflen, rooHen (267).
r i. transitive: loben, fdjlaqen (196).
B. Meaning <(
I 2. intransitive: fallen, leben.
191. No verb can be conjugated without the aid of the auxiliary
verbs of tense, but the auxiliaries themselves may be used independ-
ently of other verbs.
192. A verb may be conjugated with the auxiliary verbs of mood
to express ability, necessity, and the like.
193. Weak verbs in German correspond to regular verbs in
English. The imperfect ends in te or ete, the tense sign of weak
verbs, and the past participle in t or et. The stem vowel never
changes
loben, lobte, gelobt, to praise
reben, rebete, gerebet, to speak
rubern, ruberte, gerubert, to row
fycmbeln, fycmbelte, gefyanbelt, to act
56 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
194. Strong verbs in German correspond to irregular verbs in
English. In the imperfect the stem vowel changes and there is no
ending to indicate tense. The past participle ends in en.
fatten, ftel, gef alien, to fall
frf)lagen, frf)lug, gefdjlagen, to strike
195. Irregular weak verbs have the characteristics of both strong
and weak verbs. They have vowel change and add the tense sign
ie in the imperfect, as brennen, brannte, gebrannt, to burn.
196. Only transitive verbs have voice — the active and the
passive (260). In the active voice the subject is acting, in the passive
voice the subject is acted upon.
3<$ lobe ben 3Utonn.
I am praising the man.
3$ roerbe gelobt.
I am being praised.
197. The principal parts of a verb are the present infinitive, the
first person of the imperfect indicative, and the past participle. It
is of the greatest importance to learn the .principal parts of every
verb and how they are applied in the conjugation. Examples :
loben, lobte, gelobt ; fcfylagen, fd)lug, gefcfylagen.
198. The present infinitive of most German verbs ends in en.
Exceptions : fein, iun, and verbs in eln and ern, as fycmbeln, to act,
and rubern, to row.
199. The perfect infinitive is composed of the past participle of
the verb to be conjugated and the present infinitive of its auxiliary—
haben or fein. . ,
gelobt fyaben, to have praised
gelommen fein, to have come
200. The stem of a verb.
1. The present stem is found by dropping the ending en (n after
el and er) of the infinitive.
2. The imperfect stem is the second member of the principal parts.
VERBS 57
201. The present participle is formed by adding b to the present
infinitive, as lobenb, jefyenb. Exceptions : feienb and tuenb, whose
infinitives are respectively feitt and tun.
202. The gerundive, or future passive participle, in German is
formed by using §u with the present participle.
3)er gu nerefyrenbe 9Kann.
The man to be honored.
®ie nie gu t>ergeffenben Xaten.
The deeds never to be forgotten.
203. The past participle has the prefix ge. Exceptions : insepa-
rable verbs, verbs in teren and eien, and the strong participle of
the modal auxiliaries (248, 275).
serftefyen, t)erftanb, t>erftanben, to understand
roiberftefyen, tmberftanb, twberftanben, to withstand, resist
regteren (12, 3)", regterte, regiert, to rule
burfen, burfte, geburft or burfen, to be allowed
204. The first and third persons plural, present indicative and sub-
junctive, are always like the present infinitive. Exceptions : \ ein (221)
and tun, which has tuen in the subjunctive.
205. The stem vowel of the present subjunctive in all German
verbs is always like that of the present infinitive.
206. The use of (jadcu as an auxiliary. All transitive verbs and
most intransitive verbs are conjugated with fyaben.
207. Verbs conjugated with Ija&etU
1. All transitive verbs.
2. All reflexive verbs.
3. The modal auxiliaries.
4. Most impersonal verbs.
5. Durative intransitive verbs.
NOTE. Durative intransitive verbs express duration without calling atten-
tion to the beginning or the end of an act. They refer to the whole dura-
tion of an action even though it take but a second.
58 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
®er Setter fyat ben ©driller gelobt, the teacher praised the pupil.
Set Secret fyat fid) gelobt, the teacher praised himself.
2Ber fyat bag 33ud^ getoollt ? Who wanted the book ?
@3 fyat geregnet, it rained.
3$ fyabe gut gefdjlafen, I slept well.
Sinb fyat geweint, the child has been crying.
33lume fyat gebliifyt, the flower has bloomed.
fyat ben gangen Xag gerttten, he rode the whole day.
$tnb ^at gefd^rten, the child screamed.
®ie 2olomotit)e ^at gepftffen, the engine whistled.
208. The use of fettt as an auxiliary. Only intransitive verbs are
conjugated with fein. If, however, they call attention to the duration
of an act, they are conjugated with fyaben (207, note).
209. Verbs conjugated with fetru
1. Verbs which express a change of condition.
2. Verbs which denote motion to or from a place.
3. Verbs which denote motion pure and simple without calling
attention to duration.
4. Verbs which call attention to the beginning, the end, or the
result of an action.
5. The following impersonal verbs: gefdfjefyen, gelingen, gliidten,
geraten, mifjltngen, mi^gludten, mtftraten,
6. (5ein, roerben, bleiben.
3)er -JRann tft geftorben, the man died.
tft in bag 2)o,rf geritten, Carl rode into the village.
$tnb tft gef alien, the child fell.
ift etngefdfjlafen, he went to sleep.
ift aufgeroadjt, he has waked up.
ie Slume tft erbliiljt, the flower has blossomed out.
@d)iff ift gefunfen, the ship has sunk.
ift gefc^eljen, it has happened.
ift tnir gelungen, I succeeded.
bin ba geblieben, I stayed there.
VERBS 59
210. Classification of tenses. The tenses may be classified as
follows :
1 . Simple : present and imperfect.
2. Compound : perfect, pluperfect, future, future perfect, present
conditional, and perfect conditional.
NOTE. Compound tenses take an auxiliary, simple tenses do not, as id)
fyabe gelobt, id) roerbe loben; but id) lobe, id) lobte.
211. Formation of tenses. The perfect indicative is formed by
adding the past participle to the present indicative of either jew or
fyaben.
212. The perfect subjunctive is formed by adding the past par-
ticiple to the present subjunctive of either fein or fyaben.
J 213. The pluperfect indicative is formed by adding the past par-
ticiple to the imperfect indicative of either fein or fyaben.
214. The pluperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the past
participle to the imperfect subjunctive of either fein or fyaben.
215. The future indicative is formed by adding the present in-
finitive to the present indicative of roerben.
216. The future subjunctive is formed by adding the present
infinitive to the present subjunctive of roerben.
217. The future perfect indicative is formed by adding the per-
fect infinitive (199) to the present indicative of roerben.
218. The future perfect subjunctive is formed by adding the
perfect infinitive to the present subjunctive of roerben.
219. The present conditional is formed by adding the present
infinitive to the imperfect subjunctive of roerben.
220. The perfect conditional is formed by adding the perfect
infinitive to the imperfect subjunctive of roerben.-
NOTE. Apply the above remarks to the conjugations which follow.
(Spricfjroorter. Ubung macfyt ben ^OZetfter.
28a3 §an3d)en nid^t lernt, lernt §an3 nimmermefyr.
6o
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
221. Conjugation of feitt, to be.
fetn roar
feienb (201)
fet feib
geroefen (197)
geroefen fetn (199)
feien 6ie (240)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
id) bin
bu btft
erift
roir finb
ifyr feib
fie finb
fet
feieft
fet
feien
feiet
feien
Imperfect
id) roar
bu roarft
er roar
rotr roaren
il)r roart '
fie roaren
rodre
rodreft
ware
n>dren
nwret
roaren
INDICATIVE
icfy roerbe fein
bu toirft fetn
er n)irb fein
Ttnr roerben fein
il)r roerbet fein
fie toerben fein
INDICATIVE
Perfect
id) bin geraefen
bu btft geroefen
er ift geroefen
twr finb geraefen
i^r feib geraefen
fie finb geroefen
Pluperfect
idj roar geroefen
bu roarft geroefen
er roar geroefen
roir roaren geroefen
t^r roart geroefen-
fie roaren geroefen
SUBJUNCTIVE
fet geroefen
feieft geroefen
fei geroefen
feien geroefen
fetet geroefen
feien geroefen
rodre geroefen
rodreft geroefen
rodre geroefen
roaren geroefen
rodret geroefen
roaren geroefen
Future
Future Perfect
id) roerbe geroefen fein
bu roirft geroefen fein
er roirb geroefen fein
rotr roerben geroefen fein
ifyr roerbet geroefen fetn
fie roerben geroefen fein
SUBJUNCTIVE
roerbe fein
roerbeft fein
roerbe fetn
roerben fein
roerbet fein
roerben fein
roerbe geroefen fein
roerbeft geroefen fein
roerbe geroefen fein
roerben geroefen fetn
roerbet geroefen fein
roerben geroefen fetn
VERBS
61
Present
id) rxwrbe fein
bu nwrbeft fein
er tmirbe fein
twr nwrben fein
ifyr ttwrbet fein
fie roiirben fein
CONDITIONALS
Perfect
roiirbe geroefen fein
ttmrbeft geroefen fein
ttwrbe geroefen fein
nwrben geroefen fein
nnirbet geroefen fein
nwrben geroefen fein
222. Conjugation of (jabcn, to have.
^aben
^abenb (201)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
id) fyabe
bu |aft
er fyat
tyr Ijabt
fie fyaben
fyabe
Ijabeft
^abe
Ijaben
l)abet
fyaben
Imperfect
id^ ^citte
l)dtte
bu fjatteft
fytitteft
er ^atte
^dtte
rt)ir fatten
fatten
ifyr ^attet
^dttet
fie fatten
fatten
INDICATIVE
id) roerbe i)aben
bu twrft ^aben
er rairb l)aben
nnr raerben ^aben
i^r raerbet fyaben
fie raerben {)aben
geljabt (197)
gefyabt ^aben (199)
^aben @ic (240)
INDICATIVE
Perfect
id) ^abe gefyabt
bu ^aft ge^abt
er fyat geEjabt
n)ir ^aben ge^abt
ifyr J)abt ge^abt
fie ^aben gefyabt
Pluperfect
id) ^atte ge^abt
bu fyatteft ge^abt
er ^aite gefyabt
roir fatten geljabt
i^r fyattet ge^abt
fie fatten getjabt
SUBJUNCTIVE
fyabe ge^abi
^abefi ge^abt
fyabe ge^abt
^aben ge^abt
^abet gefyabt
tjaben ge^abt
f)dtte ge^abt
fyatteft ge^abt
^dtte ge^abt
fatten gefyabt
^cittet geljabt
fatten ge^abt
Future
SUBJUNCTIVE
roerbe ^aben
raerbeft l)aben
roerbe ^aben
raerben Ejaben
raerbet fyaben
raerben E)aben
62 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Future Perfect
id) roerbe gefyabt fyaben rnerbe gefyabt fyaben
bu nrirft gefyabt fyaben roerbeft gefyabt fyaben
er n)irb gefyabt fyaben roerbe gefyabt fyaben
ttrir roerben gefyabt fyaben roerben gefyabt ^aben
t^r roerbet ge^abt fyaben raerbet geE)abt l)aben
fie roerben ge^abt ^aben roerben getjabt fyaben
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
\§ tDurbe ^aben raiirbe gel)abt ^aben
bu nwrbeft ^aben rourbeft ge^abt fyaben
er Toiitbe ^aben roiirbe gefyabt ^aben
rait raiirben ^aben ^ wiitben geljabt ^aben
iE)t nwrbet ^aben njurbet geE)abt l)aben
fie roiirben E)aben n>urben ge^abt fyaben
NOTE. The conditionals are periphrastic forms of the subjunctive, and
may be used instead of the subjunctive in conditional clauses.
223. Conjugation of toerben, to become, grow.
roerben nwrbe (rtwrb) geroorben (197)
rt)erbenb (201) geroorben fein (199)
n>erbet roerben @ie (240)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present Perfect
id) roerbe rcerbe id) bin geraorben fei geraorben
bu rairft raerbeft bu bifi geroorben feiefi gen)orben
er roirb raerbe er ift geroorben fei geraorben
wir rt)erben roerben n)ir finb geraorben feten geroorben
iFjr rcerbet noerbet iljr feib geroorben feiet geraorben
fie roerben werben fie finb geworben feien geraorben
VERBS
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE INDICATIVE
Imperfect
id) raurbe (raarb) raiirbe
bu raurbeft(raarbft) raiirbeft
er raurbe (raarb) raurbe
rair raurben raiirben
ifyr raurbet raiirbet
fie raurben raurben
63
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pluperfect
idj raar geraorben ware geraorben
bu raarft geraorben raareft geraorben
er raar geraorben raare geraorben
rair raaren geraorben raaren geraorben
ifyr raart geraorben raaret geraorben
fie rcaren geroorben tt)dren geraorben
INDICATIVE
id^ roerbe rt)erben
bu rairft raerben
cr ttnrb raerben
tuir raerben roerben
i^r tt)erbet roerben
fie roerben raerben
Future
SUBJUNCTIVE
tuerbe roerben
werbeft roerben
njerbe raerben
roerben roerben
raerbet tDerben
toerben roerben
Future Perfect
id^ roerbe geroorben fein
bu roirft geroorben fein
er nrirb geraorben fein
roir raerben geraorben fein
i^r roerbet geraorben fein
fie roerben geroorben fein
roerbe geraorben fein
raerbeft geraorben fein
raerbe geraorben fein
raerben geraorben fein
raerbet geraorben fein
raerben geraorben fein
CONDITIONALS
Present
id) raiirbe raerben
bu raiirbeft raerben
er raiirbe raerben
rair raiirben raerben
i^r raiirbet raerben
fie raiirben raerben
Perfect
raiirbe geraorben fein
raiirbeft geraorben fein
raiirbe geraorben fein
raiirben geraorben fein
raiirbet geraorben fein
raiirben geraorben fein
64
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
224. Weak verbs. Conjugation of lobcn, to praise.
loben lobte gelobt (197)
lobenb (201)
lobe
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
lobt
gelobt fyaben (199)
loben @ie (240)
id) lobe
bu lobft
er lobt
lobe
lobeft
lobe
tt)ir loben
loben
tyr lobt
fie loben
lobet
loben
Imperfect
id) lobte
bu lobteft
er lobte
lobte
lobteft
lobte
tmr lobten
lobten
tyr lobtet
fie lobten
lobtet
lobten
INDICATIVE
id) roerbe loben
bu tmrft loben
er txnrb loben
n>ir werben loben
ifyr roerbet loben .
fie roerben loben
INDICATIVE
Perfect
id) fyabe gelobt
bu fyaft gelobt
er fyat gelobt
n)ir l)aben gelobt
ifyr ^abt gelobt
fie fyaben gelobt
Pluperfect
id) l)atte gelobt
bu fyatteft gelobt
er fyatte gelobt
n)ir fatten gelobt
iljr Ijattet gelobt
fie fatten gelobt
SUBJUNCTIVE
fyabe gelobt
^abeft gelobt
fyabe gelobt
Ijaben gelobt
l)abet gelobt
^aben gelobt
t
fyatte gelobt
Ijdtteft gelobt
l)dtte gelobt
fatten gelobt
pttet gelobt
fatten gelobt
Future
Future Perfect
id) n>erbe gelobt ^aben
bu roirft gelobt ^aben
er wirb gelobt fyaben
roir raetben gelobt fyaben
il)r n>erbet gelobt ^aben
fie roerben gelobt l)aben
SUBJUNCTIVE
roerbe loben
roerbeft loben
werbe loben
roerben loben
roerbet loben
roerben loben
rx)erbe gelobt Ijaben
roerbeft gelobt ^aben
n)erbe gelobt Ijaben
werben gelobt ^aben
raerbet gelobt l)aben
n>erben gelobt l)aben
VERBS 65
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
idj ttwrbe loben nwrbe gelobt fyaben
bu nwrbeft loben ttmrbeft gelobt fyaben
er nwrbe loben ttwrbe gelobt fyaben
tt)ir roiirben loben nwrben gelobt fyaben
ifyr nwrbet loben nwrbet gelobt fyaben
fie nwrben loben roiirben gelobt fyaben
225. Table of endings for both weak and strong verbs.
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present Imperfect
1. I.
2. ft 2. ft
3- 3-
1. tt i. it
2. i 2. t
3- H 3- tt
226. Weak verbs in eltt or em drop e before I and r when an
ending is added which begins with e. Notice the following forms
of fycmbeln, to act, and rubern, to row :
fycmbeln ^anbelte gefyanbelt rubern ruberte gerubert
fyanbelnb gefyanbelt fyaben rubernb gerubert Ijaben
fyanble Ejanbelt ^anbeln @ie rubre rubert rubern <Sie
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present Present
id) fyanble Ejanble id^ rubre rubre
bu fyanbelft ^anbleft bu ruberft rubreft
er Ejanbelt ^anble er rubert rubre
tmr l)anbeln ^anblen nrir rubern rubren
il)r ^anbelt fyanblet il)r rubert rubret
fie fyanbeln l)anblen fie rubern rubren
I.
e
i.
e
2.
ft
2.
eft
3-
t
3-
e
i.
en
i.
en
2.
t
2.
et
3-
en
3-
en
66 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
227. Connective C in weak verbs. Weak verbs which have the
connecting vowel e before the regular endings ft, t, and te are those
whose stem ends :
1. In a dental b or t, as reben and beten.
2. In a single m or n (except lernen and roarnen), as atmen and
tegnen ; but llemmfl, fount, etc., with double m or n.
228. Weak verbs with sibilant stems. Weak verbs whose stems
end in the sibilants f, fp, fj, f;, fd), £, and 3 generally add t instead
of eft in the present indicative second singular, and they always
omit the connecting vowel before t and te.
229. Examples of verbs having connective e and of verbs with
sibilant stems : reben, to speak ; atmen, to breathe ; rafen, to rave ;
griiften, to greet-, ttwnfdfyen, to wish ; reigen, to excite, charm.
reben rebete gerebet rafen rafte geraft
atmen atmete geatmet grii^en gruftte gegrufst
txwnfdfyen nwnfd)te gettmnfd)t
rei^en rei§te gereigt
PRESENT INDICATIVE
id) rebe atme rafe grille nwnfcfye rei^e
bu rebeft atmeft raf(ef)t gtu^(ef)t n)Unfd)(e)ft rcij(cf)t
er rebet atmet raft grii^t raunjc^t reijt
n)ir reben atmen rafen grii^en n>unfc^en rei^en
ifyr rebet atmet raft grii^t roiinfdjt rei^t
fie reben atmen rafen gruften n)iinfd^en ret^en
2lKer Slnfang ift fd^roer.
SBer 21 fagt, muf$ aud^ S3 fagen.
^etne 5Kofen ol)ne 2)ornen.
(Snbe gut, aEe§ gut.
9Benn bie 9Jot am gro^ten, ift ©otte§ §tlfe am nad^ften.
SRorgenftunbe fyat ©olb im SKunbe.
Gin gute§ ©eroiflen ift ein fanfte§ SRufyefifjen.
SKu^iggang ift aEer Safter 3lnfang.
2Ber ben pfennig nid^t efyrt, ift be§ Balers nid^t roert.
VERBS
67
230. Irregular weak verbs. Irregular weak verbs have in the
imperfect stem and the perfect participle the characteristics of both
strong and weak verbs. They are :
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
brennen brannte gebrannt brennte
brtngen bracfyte gebrad)t bradfjte
benlen bad)te gebadfyt bad)te
biinlen beudfjte gebeud)t beucfyte
lennen lannte gefannt fennte
nennen nannte genannt nennte
rennen rannte gerannt rennte
fenben fanbte gefanbt fenbete
roenben roanbte geroanbt roenbete
NOTE. 2)iinfett, fenben, and roenben are often regularly weak*
231. Strong verbs. Conjugation of fdjlagctt, to strike, hit.
frf)lagen
201)
(197)
gefcfylagen l)aben (199)
fd)Iagen <Ste (240)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
Perfect
i<*
bu fd)ldgft fdjlageft
er fd)lagt fdjlage
nut fcfylagen fd)lagen
tfyr fdjlagt fdjlaget
fie fd)lagen fdjlagen
Imperfect
td^ l)abe gefd^lagen
bu fyaft gefd)lagen
er l)at gefcfylagen
n>ir l)aben gefd^lagen
t^r fyabt gefd^lagen
fie l)aben gefd^lagen
fyabe gefd^lagen
^abeft gefd^lagen
l)abe gefdjlagen
l)aben gefd^lagen
^abet gefdjlagen
l)aben gefdjlagen
Pluperfect
bu fd^lugft fd^liigeft
er fd)lug fd)liige
tt)ir fd^lugen fdf)liigen
tE)t fd^lugt fd^liiget
fie fd^lugen fd)liigen
td^ Ijatte gefdjlagen
bu l)atteft gefdjlagen
er ^atte gefdjlagen
nnr fatten gefdjlagen
il)t fyattet gefdjlagen .
fie fatten gefdjlagen
^atte gefdjlagen
fyatte gef^Iagen
fatten gefdjlagen
fyattet gefdjlagen
fatten gefdjlagen
68 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Future
idj roerbe fdjlagen n>erbe fdjlagen
bu roirft fd)lagen roerbeft fd)lagen
er rwrb fcfylagen roerbe fdjlagen
twr roerben fdjlagen roerben fdjlagen
ifyr tuerbet fcfylagen roerbet fdjlagen
fie roerben jd)lagen raerben fc^lagen
Future Perfect
id) tDerbe gefd)Iagen ^aben n>erbe gefdfylagen
bu rairft gefd^lagen fyaben raerbeft gefc^Iagen
er twrb gefdt)lagen ^aben tuerbe gefd^Iagen fyaben
tt)ir raerben gefd)Iagen ^aben roerben gefd^lagen ^aben
t^r raerbet gefcfylagen fjaben n>erbet gef($lagen ^aben
fie roerben gefd^lagen ^aben raerben gefd)lagen ^aben
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
. idj roiirbe fd^lagen i($ raiirbe gefd^lagen ^aben
bu iDiirbeft fd)lagen bu wurbeft gefd^Iagen ^abe
er ttwrbe fd)Iagen er tourbe gefcfylagen ^aben
tt)ir tDiirben fd)lagen txrir wiirben gefd^lagen
il)r txwrbet fd^lagen il)r n>urbet gefd^lagen fyaben
fie raiirben fd^lagen fie ttwrben gefdjlagen l)aben
232. The present indicative of strong verbs. Examples of the
present indicative of strong verbs : fcfylagen, to strike, hit ; fpred)en,
to speak ; fefyen, to see ; gefyett, to go.
id) fdjlage
id) fpred^e
i($ fefye
id^ ge^e
bu fd)lagft
bu fpridjft
bu flc^p
bu geljft
er fd)lagt
er fprid^t
er fieE)t
er gefyt
roir fd^lagen
wir fpred^en
rair fe^en
wir gel)en
i^r fc^Iagt
ifyr fpred^t
i^r fe^t
fy gefjt
fie fdjlagen
fie fpred^en
fie fefyen
fie ge^en
VERBS 69
233. Strong verbs whose stem vowel is a have vowel mutation
in the second and third persons singular present indicative. Also
Icwfen, faufen, and ftojjen. Exceptions : fd)affen and flatten.
234. Strong verbs whose stem vowel is short e have short i in
the second and third persons singular present indicative and in the
bu form of the imperative. Three verbs whose stem vowel is long
e also belong to this class. They are : geben, nefymen, and treten.
NOTE. The stem vowel e of strong verbs is short when it is followed by
two consonants, provided the first of the two is not fy; see also 6 and 7, 2.
Examples: effen, fyelfen, treffen.
235. Seven strong verbs whose stem vowel is long e have ie in
the second and third persons singular present indicative and in the
bu form of the imperative. They are: befefylen, empfefylen, gefcfyefyen,
lefen, fcfyeren, fefyen, and ftefylen.
236. Seven strong verbs whose stem vowel is long e have no
vowel change. They are : beroegen, gefjen, genefen, fyeben, pflegen,
ftefyen, and roeben.
237. Strong verbs whose stems end in b or t take the connecting
vowel e before the endings ft and t. They are : binben, finben, lei=
ben, meiben, frfjeiben, fd^inben, fcfynetben, fcfytDtnben, fteben, ttrinben,
biekn, bitten, gleiten, reiten, fcfyreiten, and ftretten. The follo\ving
use e before t only in the second plural of the present and imperfect
and in the second plural imperative ; they omit it before ft in the
present, but may have it in the imperfect :
1. laben, braten, fyalten, raten.
2. treten.
3. berften, fed)ten, fledjten, gelten, fd^elten.
NOTE. The verbs under 3, and all but laben under i, omit the tense
sign t in the third person present indicative, as e3 gilt, er fycilt.
238. Strong verbs with stems ending in a sibilant, §, ff, fj, fdj, £,
and g, often omit the connecting vowel e, and the endings eft and et
then become t. The third singular present indicative never takes
the connecting vowel. Notice the following examples :
70 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
PRESENT INDICATIVE
tdj effe id) fyetfte id) ft^e
bu ifet (iffcft) bu l)eifct (l)eifjeft) bu fifct (ftfceft)
er tftt er fyeijst er fi|t
tt)ir effen nut fyeiften rair fi^en
iljr efjt (effet) tyr Ijeifct O&etfeet) tyr ftfct (ftfcet)
fie efjen fie fyeiften fie fi^en
239. List of strong verbs whose stem ends in a sibilant :
1. genefen, fiefen, lefen, preifen.
2. efjen, frefjen, mefjen.
3. fid) befleif$en, bei^en, flie^en, geniefcen, gie^en, glei^en, ^ei^en,
rei^en, fd^ie^en, fd)Iei^en, fdjmei^en, fprie^en, fto^en, Derbrieften.
4. brefd^en, lreifd)en, lofd^en.
5. ft^en, fd^melgen.
240. The imperative of strong verbs. Examples :
fd)lag(e) fd)lagt fd^Iagen @ie
fprid) fpred)t fprec^en ©ie
Iie§ left lefen @ie
gc^(c) ge^t gefjen @ie
241. The bu form of the imperative of strong verbs often omits
the ending e. It is always omitted in those verbs which change e
to t or ie, except in fefyen, which has both fiefy and fiefye.
242. The pronoun @tc, in imperative forms, is always expressed,
but bu and tfyr are expressed only in case of emphasis.
243. The ifyr form is always like the second plural present in-
dicative. For the vowel in the bu form see 234-236.
244. Vowel mutation in the imperative of strong verbs occurs
only in those verbs whose stem vowel is mutated in the infinitive.
245. The imperfect subjunctive of strong verbs is formed on the
imperfect stem by mutating the stem vowel (a, o, u) and adding e.
246. Separable verbs. A separable verb is composed of a verb
and a separable prefix. The prefix of a separable verb always bears
the accent. For the order see 304.
VERBS 71
247. Conjugation of nnfftcfjcu, to stand up.
aufftefyen fianb . . . auf aufgeftanben
aufftefyenb aufgeftanben fein
ftefye auf ftefyt auf ftefyen @te auf
INDICATIVE
Present Imperfect
id) ftefye auf id) ftanb auf
bu ftefyft auf bu ftanbeft auf
er ftefyt auf er ftanb auf
roir ftefjen auf roir fianben auf
tfyr fte^t auf il)r ftanbet auf
fie ftefyen auf fie ftanben auf
Perfect Future
id^ bin aufgeftanben id^ n>erbe auffte^en
Pluperfect Future Perfect
idl) war aufgeftanben i($ raerbe aufgeftanben fein
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
id) raiirbe aufftefyen id^ roiirbe aufgeftanben fein
248. Inseparable verbs. An inseparable verb is composed of a
verb and an inseparable prefix (203, 250).
249. Conjugation of fcetfteljett, to understand.
flerftefyen Derfianb t)erftanben
t)erftefyenb uerftanben !>aben
en @ic
INDICATIVE
Present Imperfect Perfect
idf) uerftelje id^ t>erftanb id^ l)abe t)erftanben
bu t>erftel)ft bu t)erftanbeft Pluperfect
er t)crfte^t er uerftanb id^ ^atte t)erftanben
rait Dcrflc^en rair t)erftanben Future
ifyr t)erfie^t i^r werftanbet id) raerbe
fie t)erftel)en fie t)erftanben etc.
72 HANDBOOK OF ^GERMAN GRAMMAR
250. Prefixes. The inseparable prefixes are be, ge, ent (etnp be-
fore f), er, t)er, ger, and nriber.
251. The separable prefixes are generally prepositions, adverbs,
adjectives, or nouns. They usually retain their regular meaning.
Examples: aufftefyen, fortgefjen, loglaffen, fyauSfyalten.
252. The prefixes which may be either separable or inseparable
are the prepositions burd), iiber, urn, imter, and the adverb ttneber.
When separable the prefix bears the accent, when it is inseparable
the verb is accented.
253. Reflexive verbs. A reflexive verb is one whose subject is
both the doer and the recipient of an action.
254. The reflexive pronoun is the accusative of the correspond-
ing subject form, except in the third person, where it is [id). A few
reflexive verbs govern the dative and a still smaller number the
genitive, as : id) fd)metd)le mir, bu fd)meid)elft bit, er fdf)meid)elt fid),
and idj fpotte meiner, bu fpotteft beiner, er fpottet feiner.
255. In the simple tenses the reflexive pronoun follows the verb,
in the compound tenses it follows the auxiliary.
256. Any German verb may.be reflexive if the sense permits.
257. Reflexive verbs do not have a passive voice.
258. Conjugation of fid) fdjlngen, to strike one's self.
fid) fd)lagen fd)lug fid) (fid)) gejd)lagen
fidj fd)lagenb fidj gefd)lagen fyaben
fdjlage bid) f#)tagt eud) fd)lagen ©ie fid)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
id) fd)lage mid) id) fdjlage midj
bu fdjltigft bid) bu fd)lageft bid)
er fd)ldgi fid) er fd)lage fid)
nrir fd^Iagen un§ tt)ir f($Iagen unS
i^r fdjlagt eud^ i^r fdjlaget eud^
fie fcfylagen fid^ fie fdjlagen fid()
VERBS 73
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Imperfect
id() fcfylug mid) . id) fd)luge mid(j
bu fd)lugft bidl) bu fdljlugeft bid)
er fdjjlug fief) er fdjliige fidf)
tDtr fcfylugen un3 nrir fd)liigen un3
ifyr fdjlugt eudfj tf)t fd^Iiiget eudfj
fie fd^Iugen ftd^ fie fcfyliigen fic^
Perfect
id^ ^abe midf) gefd^lagen id^ Ijabe mid^ gefdfjlagen
bu l)aft bid^ gefcf)lagen bu fyabeft bid^) gefd^lagen
er fyat fid^ gefd^Iagen er l)abe fidf) gefd^Iagen
tt)ir ^aben un§ gefdfylagen roir ^aben ung gefd)Iagen
ifjr Ijabt eud^ gefdjlagen t^r fyabet eud^ gefd^Iagen
fie l)aben fidf) gefc^lagen fie E)aben fid^ gefcfylagen
Pluperfect
id^ l)atte mid^ gefcfylagen id^ ^dtte mid^ gefc^Iagen
Future
id) raerbe mid^ fd^Iagen id) raerbe mi($ fd)Iagen
Future Perfect
itf) roerbe mid^ gefd)Iagen fyaben id^ raerbe mid^ gefd^lagen fyaben
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
id^ nwrbe mid^ fd)Iagen id^ tt)Urbe mid) gefd^Iagen ^aben
259. Separable reflexive verbs. Reflexive verbs may take a sep-
arable or an inseparable prefix (250, 251). The conjugation of fidf)
umfefyen, to look around, is as follows:
fid) umfefyen fafy fid) um (fid)) umgefefyen
fid) umfefyenb fid) umgefefjen fyaben
fiel) bid§ um fefyt eud^ um fe{)en 6ie fid^ um
74 ' HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
itf) fefye mid) urn id) fefye mid) um
bu fiefyft bid() um bu fefyeft bid() um
er fiefyt fid) um er fefye fid) um
nrir. fefyen un3 um tt)ir fefyen un3 um
ifyr fefyt eudjj um tfyr fefyet eudfj um
fie fefyen fid^ um fie feEjen fid) um
Imperfect
idj fal) mid) um id) fd^e mid^ um
Perfect
idl) ^abe midf) umgefefyen id^ ^abe mid) umgefe^en
Pluperfect
id() E)atte mi($ umgefe^en id(j E)dtte midf) umgefe^en
Future
id() werbe mid^ umfeE)en i($ roerbe mid^ umfe^en
Futtire Perfect
id(j roerbe mid^ umgeje^en ^aben idjj roerbe mid^ umgefe^en E)aben
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
idi) roiirbe mid) umfefyen idf)rDurbemid^umgefe^en^aben
260. The passive voice. The German verb forms its passive
voice either with fein or with roerben (196). The passive with roerbett
may be called the actional passive, and the passive with fein the
perfective passive.
261. The actional passive denotes action in progress. It is
formed by combining the past participle of a transitive verb with
the conjugation of the auxiliary verb roerben. Notice the position
of this participle in the conjugation (264).
262. The past participle geroorben drops the prefix ge when pre-
ceded by a past participle. Notice the compound tenses in the
conjugation (264).
VERBS 75
263. The perfective passive denotes completed action. It is
formed by combining the past participle of a transitive verb with
the conjugation of the auxiliary verb fein. Observe carefully the
following illustrative sentences showing the difference between the
actional and the perfective passive :
au3 rotrb gebaut, the house is being built.
§au3 ift gebaut, the house is built.
SDte £ur rotrb gefcfyloffen, the door is being dosed.
2)te £iir ift gefdfjloffen, the door is dosed.
264. Conjugation of the actional passive. Example: lobw, to praise.
gelobt roerben ttwrbe gelobt gelobt roorben
gelobt roerbenb gelobt tuorben fein
fei gelobt feib gelobt feien ©ie gelobt
NOTE. The passive imperative is formed with jein instead of roerbett.
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
id) roerbe gelobt idj roerbe gelobt
bu n)it[t gelobt bu roerbeft gelobt
er tDtrb gelobt er roerbe gelobt
tt)ir roerben gelobt tt)ir roerben gelobt
ifyr roerbet gelobt t^r raerbet gelobt
fie roerben gelobt fie roerben gelobt
NOTE. 3^ tt)erbe gelobt means I am being praised (263, sentences).
Imperfect
idj ttwrbe gelobt idj raiirbe gelobt
Perfect
id^ bin gelobt roorben id^ jet gelobt roorben
Pluperfect
i<^ roar gelobt raorben id^ radre gelobt roorben
Future
id^ tt)erbe gelobt trjerben id^ rcerbe gelobt roerben
Future Perfect
tdfj roerbe gelobt roorben jein td^ roerbe gelobt roorben fein
76 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
id) roiirbe gelobt roerben id) roiirbe gelobt roorben fein
265. Conjugation of the perfective passive. Example: tetten,
to save.
gerettet fein roar gerettet gerettet geroefen
gerettet feienb gerettet geroefen fein
fei gerettet feib gerettet feten @ie gerettet
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
id) bin gerettet id) fei gerettet
bu bift gerettet bu feieft gerettet
er ift gerettet er fei gerettet
roir finb gerettet roir feten gerettet
ifyr feib gerettet ifyr feiet gerettet
fie finb gerettet fie feien gerettet
NOTE. 3d) bin gerettet means I am saved (263, sentences).
Imperfect
id) roar gerettet id) roare gerettet
Perfect
id? bin gerettet geroefen id) fei gerettet geroefen
Pluperfect
id) roar gerettet geroefen id^ roare gerettet geroefen
Future
id^ roerbe gerettet fein id^ roerbe gerettet fein
Future Perfect
i$ roerbe gerettet geroefen fein id) roerbe gerettet geroefen fein
CONDITIONALS
Present Perfect
id) roiirbe gerettet fein id) roiirbe gerettet geroefen fein
VERBS 77
266. Substitutes for the passive. The passive voice occurs less
frequently in German than in English. Some of the most common
substitutes are :
1. 9Kan, as subject of an active verb.
9Kcm fagt, ba£ er lugt.
It is said that he lies.
3Jtan baut §aufer au3 §ol§ unb (Stein.
People build houses of wood and stone, or
Houses are built of wood and stone.
2. A reflexive verb (especially when the agent is not important),
whose subject may be the agent of the action or the agent may be
implied in the whole sentence.
3)er <5d)liiffel txnrb fid) finben.
The key will be found.
5Da£ 3j)t bffnete fid) bent Sieger.
The gate was opened to the victor.
3. Saffen with a reflexive verb.
£)a3 iaf$t fid) Ieid)t fagen.
That is easily said.
@r f)at fid) nidjt iiberreben laffen.
He did not allow himself to be persuaded.
267. The modal auxiliaries. The modal auxiliaries are :
IMPERFECT SUBJ.
biirfen burfte geburft to be permitted biirfte
Ibnnen lonnte gelonnt to be able (can) lonnte
ntogen ntod^te gemoc^t to like (may) mbdjte
muffen ntu^te gentu^t to be compelled (must} mii^te
foEen foHte gefoHt to be obliged (shall) f cute
rooEen raollte geraoEt to be willing (will) rooftte
NOTE. These six verbs and the verb ttriffen are often called preterit-
present verbs, since their present tense has the form of the imperfect of
strong verbs (273).
78 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
268. 280 Hen is the only modal auxiliary which has imperative
forms : rooUe, roodt, rrjoHen 6te.
269. Sonnen sometimes means to know. $onnen @ie 2)eutfcf)?
Do you know German ?
270. ©often sometimes means to be said: @r foft reidj fein, he is
said to be rich.
271. The present indicative of the modal auxiliaries and roiffen.
id) barf farm mag mu£ foil roift trjeif;
bit barffi fannft magft muftf foftft rrjiftft roeifct
er barf farm mag muj$ foft roill roeift
rmr burfen fonnen mogen miiffen foHen rrjoHen rrjiffen
i^r biirft fonnt mogt miifet foflt rooUt roiffet (rrji^t)
fie biirfen fonnen mogen miiffen foHen rooCien nriffen
NOTE. The principal parts of rotflen are rotffen, WU^te, geroufjt, and the
imperfect subjunctive is roiijjte.
272. The vowel in the singular of the present indicative, except
in foUen, is different from that of the plural, and the tense sign 1
is omitted in the third person singular (267, note). The remaining
tenses are formed regularly.
273. The modal auxiliaries were originally strong verbs, whose
imperfect assumed a present meaning, and in its place a new weak
imperfect was formed.
274. Infinitives depending on the modal auxiliaries omit the
preposition §u. Infinitives depending on fufylen, fybren, lafjen, and
fefyen always, and on bleiben, fyet^en, fyelfen, lefyren, and lernen often
take the same construction. The verb fpagieren also omits gu when
it depends on gefyen, fasten, and tetten.
@r ttritt fommen, he wants to come.
28ir fonnen Sfynen fyelfen, we can help you.
$d) fybre jemanb tufen, I hear some one calling.
$cf) gefje fpagieren, I am taking a walk.
VERBS 79
275. The past participle of the modal auxiliaries occurs in its
old form, that is, without the prefix ge and with the ending en, if it
is preceded by an infinitive (203). §eif$en, fyelfen, laffen, fefyen, and
sometimes fyoren, lefyren and lernen, take the same form of participle
when an infinitive precedes.
(Sr fyatte bag 33udj gerooflt, he had wanted the book.
Gr fyatte bag 33ud) fefyen rooKen, he had wanted to see the book.
3$ roerbe eg gerooEt fyaben, I shall have wanted to do it.
$dj roerbe eg fyaben tun rooHen (277), I shall have wanted to do it.
Qdj fyabe i^n tufen fyoren, I heard him calling.
$<$) ^abe fie tangen fel)en, I saw her dance.
®u ^atteft ba bleiben follen, you should have remained there.
276. Saffen and fetn, and sometimes bleiben, fyeifcett, ^oren, fe^en,
and fiefjen, are followed by an active infinitive with passive meaning.
@r Itifct ein §aug bauen:
He is having a house built.
@3 ift nid)tg gu fefyen.
There is nothing to be seen.
2Ba§ ift gu tun ?
What is to be done ?
277. A modal auxiliary may take an infinitive as complement.
Such an infinitive immediately precedes the modal auxiliary in the
compound tenses. In the future perfect fyaben is removed from its
position at the end and is placed before the complementary infini-
tive: id) roerbe gefonnt fjctben. but id) roerbe fyaben fdjlagen fonnen.
Notice the following synopsis in the indicative :
id) lann fdjlagen
id) lonnte fdjlagen
id^ E)abe fd)lagen fonnen
id) Ejatte fd^lagen fbnnen
id^ roerbe fd^Iagen lonnen
id^ raerbe fyaben fd)(agen lonnen
80 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
278. The forms id) farm gefdjlagen fyaben (/ may have struck)
and id) lonnte gefdjlagen fyaben (I might have struck) date from an
earlier period of the language, when the modal auxiliaries did not
yet have a past participle, and, instead of using the perfect and
pluperfect tenses of the modal auxiliary with a dependent present
infinitive (277), it was necessary to add a perfect infinitive to the
present and imperfect of the modal auxiliary. Compare the Eng-
lish translation of these expressions.
279. Impersonal verbs. The impersonal form of verbs occurs :
1 . In expressions denoting the phenomena of nature.
@§ fd&neit. @3 blifct. @3 ift warm.
@§ regnet. @3 fyagelt. @3 ift fdjnwl.
@S borinert. @3 friert. @3 ift fityl.
2. In expressions denoting states of body or of mind.
@3 friert mid).
@3 fdjnrinbelt mir.
3. In expressions of time.
@§ ift jroolf U^r.
4. In certain idioms.
@3 tut mir leib.
@3 gel)t mir gut.
@3 fe^lt mir etnwS.
5. In phrases with geben and fetn, as e§ gibt, e§ ift.
6^ gibt bie3 3a^ ™l Dbft, there is much fruit this year.
@3 ift Dbft in bem Sorbe, there is fruit in the basket.
@3 gibt aHerlei Seute in ber 2BeIt, there are all kinds of people in the
world.
63 finb gnwngig <5tubenten in biefem 3t8*ttt$*/ there are twenty
students in this room.
NOTE. The impersonal form of geben is used in broad general state-
ments, while that of'fein is used in speaking of specific persons and things.
VERBS 8 I
280. The subjunctive. The indicative in general may be regarded
as the mood of the actual, the subjunctive as the mood of the ideal
and unreal. The indicative deals with facts, .the subjunctive with
what is desirable, possible, probable, or represented as a matter of
hearsay. The use of the subjunctive, therefore, depends upon the
question of reality or unreality. It occurs in direct and indirect
discourse, and in both principal and dependent clauses, but its use
in dependent clauses is rare except in indirect discourse.
NOTE. The subjunctive may occur in noun, adjective, and adverbial
clauses.
281. The present and imperfect subjunctive are alike in tem-
poral meaning, both denoting present or future time, except in
indirect discourse, where they are used in place of the present only
(never the future) of direct discourse (288). A statement in the
present subjunctive, however, is felt as more probable than one in
the imperfect. The pluperfect always denotes past time.
The rule, therefore, for tense in the subjunctive, except in in-
direct discourse, is :
1 . Present or future time is expressed by either the present or
the imperfect.
2. Past time by the pluperfect.
282. The hortatory subjunctive supplies missing imperative
forms.
©efye er nad) §aufe.
Let him go home.
©ingen tmr ein Sieb.
Let us sing a song.
@bel fei bet 9ftenfrf).
Let man be noble.
283. The optative subjunctive is used in wishes. The words
bod) and nut are frequently used with the verb. Periphrastic forms
with mogen, lonnen, and rootten are usually possible. Notice the
following subdivisions :
82 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
1. The more probable optative (present).
®ein 3Retrf) lomme !
May thy kingdom come !
Sang lebe bet $onig !
Long live the king !
SKoge er balb lomtnen !
May he soon come !
2. The less probable optative (imperfect).
Same er bod) fyeute, morgen, narfjfte 2Bod(je, etc.!
Would that he would come to-day, to-morrow, next week, etc. !
©turbe er borf) !
O that he would die !
A wish may be impossible of realization.
Sebte er borf) norf) !
Would that he were still alive !
3. The optative subjunctive in past time (pluperfect).
•ZBtire er nur geftern gefommen !
O that he had come yesterday !
284. The concessive subjunctive occurs in principal and depend-
ent clauses. The concession made in the dependent clause in no
way affects the assertion of the principal clause. Periphrastic forms
with mogen or lonnen are often used.
i. The more probable concessive subjunctive (present).
@3 fet fo, rote bu gefagt fyaft.
Let it be as you have said.
©ei ber Serg aurf) norf) fo fyorf),, id) befteige tfyn (297).
•IRbge ber Serg aud^ norf) fo l)od^ fein, td^ befteige ifyn.
Let the mountain be ever so high, I shall ascend it.
NOTE. Even the indicative is possible here : 3ft ber 23erg CMCf) nod) fo
tyorf), ic^ befteige i^n, or 3Jtag ber Serj auc^ nodi) fo fjorf) fein, id^ befteige ifjn.
VERBS 83
2. The less probable concessive subjunctive (imperfect).
SBdre ber 33erg and) nod) fo fyod), id) beftetge tfyn.
2Jtbd()te ber 33erg audi) nodi) fo fyodf) fetn, id) befteige ifyn.
Were the mountain ever so high, I shall ascend it.
285. The potential subjunctive denotes possibility, and is closely
related to the subjunctive of unreality. Periphrastic forms with
mbgen, fbnnen, foflen, and bitrfen are often used.
1 . In doubting inquiries and exclamations.
2Bare eg n)of)l mbglidf) ? Would it perhaps be possible?
$bnnte eg roofyl tnbglid) fetn ? Could it be possible?
2Ber txwj$te bag nid)t ! Who wouldn't know that !
2. In modest assertions.
rotire raohl moqlidb,^ J
. .. c r , P . }• ^^ miM/ be possible.
burfte roofyl fetn, J
©te biirften fid) getrrt fyaben, ^« w^y ^^^ tow mistaken.
@3 Ite^e ftd^ nod^ tneleS bariiber fagen, w^r// w/^/ still be said in
regard to that.
$d) bad)te, bag nwfjte bod^ ein jeber, I should think everybody would
know that.
3. In unreal conditions.
The potential subjunctive in unreal conditions has two tenses —
the imperfect, which denotes present time, and the pluperfect,
which denotes past time. In the principal clause (the conclusion)
the present and perfect conditionals may be used instead of the
imperfect and pluperfect. This is also possible in the subordinate
clause (the condition), but it occurs much less frequently.
SBenn id) 3ett ptte, fo fdjrtebe td^ ttytn etnen 33rtef, or fo nwrbe tdj
i^m etnen 93rtef fd^retben,
If I had time, I should write him a letter.
2Benn id& 3«tt ge^abt l)dtte, fo ^atte i^ t^m einen Srtef gefc^rteben,
or fo roiitbe tdfj i{)m etnen 93rtef gefd^rteben fyaben.
If I had had time, I should have written him a letter.
84 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
Occasionally the imperfect indicative occurs in either clause of
unreal conditions, thus making the statement more real.
•JRit biefem groeiten $feil burd()fd)of$ idj @ud), roenn id) mein liebeg
$inb getroffen fettle.
With this second arrow I should have pierced your body if I had hit
my child.
4. In clauses after al3 ob and al3 roenn. If ob or roenn is
omitted, the clause has inverted order.
6r fiefyt au3, al3 ob (al£ roenn) er Iranf rodre.
@r fiefyt au3, al3 nwre er fran!.
He looks as if he were sick.
5. In clauses after a question or a negative.
The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause after a question, a
comparative, the adverb gu plus an adjective or adverb, a negative,
a negative conjunction (bafc nicfyt, ofyne ba£, al£ bajs), or a negative
relative (bet ntd^t, roelcfyer ni($t). If, however, the statements are
regarded as facts, the indicative must be used.
(a) More probable (present).
2B.O tft bet Sefyerjte, bet taud^e in biefe Siefe nieber ? Where is the
courageous man who wotild dare to dive down into these depths ?
9Jid)t3 ift, bag bte ©eraaltigen l)emme, there is nothing that would
deter the mighty.
$3) nwnfdje mdjt3 33effere3, al§ ba^ e§ Q^nen rootyl ge^e, I wish noth-
ing better than that you may fare well.
Reiner ifi, ber no$ aufred^t ftefye, a(g id^ gang aEein, there is no one
still standing erect save me alone.
(fr) Less probable (imperfect and pluperfect).
2Bo ift ein Serg im gangen Sanb, ben er nicfyt beftiege ? Where is there
a mountain in the whole country which he would not ascend ?
3$re 33erfbf)nung ift §u plo^lid^, al^ ba^ fie bauerfyaft fein fonnte,
your reconciliation is too sudden to be able to last.
VERBS -85
2Bo tfi ein 33erg im gan§en Sanb, ben er nidjt beftiegen fycitte ? Where
is there a mountain in the whole country which he has not climbed?
3$re SSerfbfynung roar 511 plotjlici), al3 baj$ fie fyatte bauerfyaft fein
f i)ttnen (296), your reconciliation was too sudden to be-able to last.
286. Indirect discourse. In indirect discourse the speaker or
writer reproduces in his own words what has previously been said,
thought, or felt. If he wishes definitely to represent as uncertain
the statements which he is reporting, or if he does not wish to
assume any responsibility in regard to them, he always uses the
subjunctive. If he positively wishes to indorse what he is report-
ing, or to lend greater vividness and directness to it, he uses the in-
dicative. Accordingly the question of mood in indirect discourse
depends on the speaker's or writer's attitude toward that which he
is reporting.
287. In changing from direct to indirect discourse the -present
and future may remain, and the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect
are put into the perfect. When the present, the perfect, the future,
and the future perfect subjunctive are like the corresponding forms
of the indicative the imperfect is substituted for the present, the
pluperfect for the perfect, the present conditional for the future, and
the perfect conditional for the future perfect. The present with future
meaning is generally changed to the future in indirect discourse.
288. The following table of tenses may serve to illustrate the
rules given above (287) :
DIRECT DISCOURSE INDIRECT DISCOURSE
Present Present or Imperfect
Imperfect "1
, f Perfect or
Perfect \
, I Pluperfect
Pluperfect J
f Future or
Future \ _
I Present Conditional
f Future Perfect or
Future Perfect \ ^ .
I Perfect Conditional
86
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
289. The more common changes from direct to indirect
course may be illustrated by the following sentences :
DIRECT
3d) bin Irani.
/ am sick.
$d) roar Irani. "
3>d) bin Irani geroefen.
%tf) roar Irani geroefen.
/ was sick.
SDer Sefyrer roirb nid)t
men.
The teacher will not come.
@ie roe^ben lommen.
They will come.
3ft e3 roa^r?
Is it true ?
fyaben @ie getan ?
What did you do ?
6r roar frufyer Sefyrer.
INDIRECT
@r fagt (fagte), bafc er Irani feu
He says (said) that he is (was) sick.
Gr fagt (fagte), baf; er Irani geroefen fei.
He says (said) that he has (had) been sick.
®er ©filler fjofft (fyoffte), ba£ ber Sefyrer
nidjt lommen roerbe.
The pupil hopes (hoped] that the teacher
will (would) not come.
6r meint (meinte), bafe fie lommen roiir-
ben (not roerben).
He thinks (thought) that they will (would)
come.
@r fragt (fragte), ob e3 roa^r fei.
He asks (asked) whether it is (was) true.
(Sr fragt (fragte), roa§ id) getan ^atte.
He asks (asked) what I have (had) done.
9Jf an fagt (fagte), baft erfrii^er2el)rer roar.
He was formerly a teacher. They say (said) he used to be a teacher.
2Bir lommen au3 Sfyuringen. @ie fagten, ba^ fie au£ X^itringen lamen.
We come from Thuringia. They said that they came from Thuringia.
NOTE. Statements .of certainty may be followed by either the subjunc-
tive or the indicative.
®r rouf$te, ba£ id) Irani roar, he knew that I was sick.
6r rou^te, baf$ fie nic^t lommen roerbe, he knew that she would not come.
$d) roar geroi^, bafs er unrest ^atte, I was certain that he was wrong.
Gr beroie3, ba^ er unfd^ulbig fei, he proved that he was innocent.
ORDER OF WORDS 8/
ORDER OF WORDS
290. The position of words in a German sentence is largely
determined by emphasis. The most important position is the be-
ginning of the sentence, the next important the end, and the least
important the middle of the sentence. Euphony and logical im-
portance are also taken into consideration. A general impression
as to the arrangement of words may be gained from the following
scheme :
1. Subject 7. Predicate adjective or noun
2. Inflected part of verb 8. Negative
3. Pronoun object 9. Separable prefix
4. Adverb of time 10. Past participle
5. Noun object n. Infinitive
6. Other adverbs
291. The position of the inflected part of the verb is not deter-
mined by emphasis or logical importance. According as it stands
after the subject, before the subject, or at the end of a clause, three
fixed types of order — the normal, the inverted, and the transposed
— are distinguished.
292. The normal order, in which the inflected part of the verb
follows the subject, occurs :
1. In independent declarative clauses, unless some element other
than the subject begins the clause.
2. In independent interrogative sentences whose subject is an
interrogative pronoun or a noun modified by an interrogative
adjective.
$inb fyat eine 9tofe, the child has a rose.
$inb fyat mir je£t feine 9Rofe gegeben, the child has now given
me its rose.
2Ber fyat bie 3Rofe gdjabt ? Who had the rose ?
SBeldjer 3lpfel ift bet grbfcte ? Which apple is the largest!
2Btr tDerben ifyn begleiten, we shall accompany him.
88 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
293. The inverted order, in which the inflected part of the verb
precedes the subject, occurs:
1. In independent declarative clauses beginning with some ele-
ment other than the subject.
2. In independent interrogative sentences beginning with some
element other than the subject.
3. In imperative sentences.
4. In principal clauses, for emphasis, in connection with bod).
5. In sentences in which a participle or an infinitive is put first
for the sake of emphasis.
©eftern lam $ri| §u fpat, yesterday Fred was tardy.
•JRorgen roerben roir nadl) §aufe gefyen, to-morrow we shall go home.
2Bem gefyort biefe $eber ? To whom does this pen belong •?
2Beld)en 2lpfe( rooflen @ie? Which apple do you wish ?
$m 3U™ fwfc bit Xage am langften, in June the days are the longest.
§aben 6ie fid) gefiird)tet? Were you afraid?
Sen 9ftann fenne id) nidjt, that man I do not know.
ruir an f am en, roar e3 fdf)on ^ag, when we arrived it was day.
3, bente id), ift meine $flidf)t, that, I think, is my duty.
,,golge mir", fagte er, "follow me" said he.
3ft bet Snabe fleij$ig ? Is the boy industrious ?
©eben @ie mir bag S3ud), bitte, give me the book, please.
©efyen rair nad) §aufe, let us go home.
§ab id) ben SJJarlt unb bie ©tra^en bod^ nie fo einfam gefefyen ! Why,
I never saw the market and the streets so deserted !
©eflofyen roar allcS, all had fled.
©rmorben lafjen fann er mic^, nid^t rid^ten, he may have me murdered,
but he cannot judge me.
294. In the transposed order the inflected part of the verb stands
at the end of the clause. This is also called the dependent order,
since it occurs only in dependent clauses :
ift ber 3Jknn, ber geftern fyier roar, that is the man who was
here yesterday.
ORDER OF WORDS 89
3$ fyabe ba3 $ud(), ba3 idfj Berloren fyatte, I have the book which I
had lost.
3>d) roetjs, baf$ er nidf)t lontmen roirb, I know that he will not come.
2)er Sebtente fagte, baj$ fein §err je£t nidf)t gu §aufe fei, M<? servant
said that his master was not at home now.
9Zad)bem id) ben Srief gefdfjrieben fyatte, bin idf) fpajteren gegangen,
after I had written the letter I took a walk.
SSer roeifj, nw3 bie 3u^unf^ un^ bringen rairb ^ Who knows what
the future has in store for us ?
©r^tifyle mir, raa§ gefcfyefyen ift, tell me what has happened.
295. The conjunctions baj$ and roenn are sometimes omitted. If
baj$ is dropped, the order is normal, or, if some word other than
the subject introduces the subordinate clause, inverted. If roenn
is omitted, the order is inverted.
$d) tt>eij$, er rturb nirf)t fommen.
I know he will not come.
3)er Sebtente fagte, je£t fei fein §err nid^t ju §aufe.
The servant said his master was not at home now.
2Bdren €>ie gefiern gefommen, fo fatten @te un§ §u §aufe getroffen.
If you had come yesterday, you would have found us at home.
NOTE. See 294, third and fourth sentences, and 181.
296. A dependent clause containing an infinitive followed by
another infinitive or by the old form of the past participle (275) has
the normal order. In the future perfect not only the inflected form
of roerben is removed from the end of the clause but also the
infinitive fyaben.
3d) roetft, ba£ tdf) e3 nid^t roerbe tun lonnen^
I know that I shall not be able to do it.
(£r tnetnte, ba£ tdf) e3 ntd^t fyabe tun tonnen.
He thought that I could not have done it.
%tf) glaube, ba£ er bt§ jetjt bie (Sd^ulb rairb l)aben be^afylen muffen.
I believe that by this time he will have been obliged to pay the debt.
90 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
297. In concessive clauses the order may be either inverteu or
normal ; but if a conjunction, relative pronoun, or conjunctive
adverb is expressed, the transposed order occurs. The principal
clause may take either the normal or the inverted order.
6ei ber 93erg aud() nod) fo fyodfj, "i
®er 33erg fei audf) nod) fo fyod), Ud)beftetgetl)n,orbeftetgetd)t£)n.
SBenn ber 33erg aud) nod) f o fyod) fet, J
Though the mountain be ever so high, I shall ascend it.
SBo ber 33erg audf) liege, i$ befteige ifyn, or befteige id) ifyn.
Wherever the mountain may be situated, I shall ascend it.
2Beid)e 3Sorurtei(e man audfj gegen tfyn Ijege, rairb er bodj fein 3^^
erreid^en.
Whatever prejudices people may foster against him, nevertheless he
will accomplish his purpose.
298. The conjunctions unb, aber, allein, fonbern, benn, and ober
do not affect the order.
299. A relative pronoun is generally not separated from its
antecedent.
300. The indirect object usually precedes the direct object if
both are nouns, unless the former is modified by a relative clause
or it is desired to emphasize the latter.
3d) gab bem Sefyrer ba£ 33ud(j.
I gave the teacher the book.
3>dj gab bag Sudf) bem Setter, ber in biefem Banter roar.
I gave the book to the teacher who was in this room.
301. If both objects are personal pronouns, the direct object
generally precedes the indirect. The datives mir and bir are often
followed by e§ : mir'3, bir'3.
@ic fyat eine 5tofe. $<$ fyabe fie tfyr gegeben.
She has a rose. I gave it to her,
Sie twrb fie ^fynen geben.
She will give it to you.
ORDER OF WORDS 91
302. An indirect pronoun object precedes a direct noun object.
3d) fyabe ifyr bie ^Rofe gegeben.
I gave her the rose.
303. Adverbs do not stand between the subject and the personal
verb in principal clauses. Exceptions : alfo, inbefjen, namlid:), groat.
@r fpricfyt oft t)on $fynen.
He often speaks of you.
(Sie fingt nie.
She never sings.
£)er 33rief alfo ift nidjt angefommen.
So the letter was not received.
304. Separable prefixes stand at the end of the clause.
@r ftefyt jeben 5Korgen urn fiinf UE)r auf.
He gets up every morning at five o'clock.
305. If there are several adverbs in a sentence, the order usually
is time, place, manner, cause, purpose.
(£r ift fyeute fjter.
He is here to-day.
@r ift geftern fd)nell nadj §aufe gelommen.
He hurried home yesterday.
306. Adverbial phrases follow simple adverbs.
Ste fyatte ftdj t>orn in ben Safyn gefe^t.
She had seated herself in the front of the boat.
307. Adverbs of time precede the direct object when it is a noun,
and follow it when it is a pronoun.
•JBir fyaben fyeute eine lange 3lufgabe.
We have a long lesson to-day.
©r fyat mid) fyeute befud^t.
He called on me to-day.
92 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
308. The negative nid)t stands after a direct object. It precedes
predicate adjectives, participles, and infinitives. Other positions are
determined by meaning.
$d) fenne ben SUlann nidljt.
/ do not know the man.
(£r ift nicfyt Irani.
He is not sick.
@ie ift nicfyt gefommen.
She did not come.
309. Present and perfect infinitives, perfect participles, and sep-
arable prefixes (251) stand at the end of the clause.
@ie roirb ein beutfdfjeS Sieb fingen, she will sing a German song.
<5ie Ttnrb ein beutfcfyeg 2ieb gefungen fyaben, she will have sung a
German song.
©ie fyat ein beutfcfyeS Sieb gefungen, she has sung a German song.
§aite.fie ein beittfdjeS Sieb gefungen ? Had she sung a German song?
(§r marf)t bie Xiir auf , he is opening the door.
NOTE. In a dependent clause the separable prefix and the present or
imperfect of the verb meet and are joined.
3<i) bacfjte, bafj er bie Xiir aufmatf)te.
I thought he was opening the door.
310. The infinitive with gu is preceded by all of its modifiers.
If unmodified, it may be included within the clause of which it
forms an adjunct, but usually it follows. When modified it regu-
larly stands outside of the clause.
Siefe Slufgabe lernen ju miiffen, mad)t mir leine $reube, to be obliged
to learn this lesson does not make me feel happy.
@ie fjat fid) entfdjloffen, ein beutfcfyeS Sieb §u fingen, she has decided
to sing a German song.
<5ie fing an gu fingen, or @ie fing 511 fingen an, she began to sing.
@r l)at mir etroa^ §u iun gegeben, he gave me something to do.
(Sr ift an mir t)orbeigegangen, o^ne mid^ gefefyen §u Fjaben, he passed
by me without having seen me.
VOWEL GRADATION 93
VOWEL GRADATION
311. Strong verbs have vowel change in their principal parts.
The vowel of the imperfect stem is never like that of the infinitive.
The vowel of the past participle may be like that of the infinitive
or of the imperfect stem, or it may be different from either. This
change of vowel in the principal parts is called vowel gradation.
312. CLASS I. i. Gradation ei — i — i.
beifsen, bifc, gebifjen
reiten, ritt, geritten
Membership : All strong verbs with ei plus d), f, £, and t, and
leiben and fcfyneiben. Exception : fyeif$en.
2. Gradation ei — ie — ie.
bleiben, blieb, geblieben
Membership : All strong verbs with ei except those belonging to
Class I, i and fyeiften.
313. CLASS II. Gradation ie — o — o.
fliegen, flog, geflogen
fltefcen, flojj, geflo|en
Membership : All strong verbs with ie (except liegen), besides a
few that do not have ie in the infinitive and which are given in
the following list. The o is short in the imperfect and past parti-
ciple when it is followed by two or more consonants (6), otherwise
it is long.
beroegen
brefdjen
fd)mel§en
fdjaKen
gciren
liiren
fyeben
fedjten
fd)tx>eflett
jaufen
fd(jtt)tiren
liigen
pflegen
flecfyten
glimmen
faugen
tt)dgen
iriigen
fd^eren
ntelten
flimmen
fd^nauben
Iofd)en
roeben
quetten
fd^rauben
f(|n)oren
SLugenb befteljt.
3eber ift feine^ ©liicfeS ©d^mieb.
94 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
314. CLASS III. i. Gradation i — a — u.
binben, banb, gebunben
Membership : All strong verbs with i plus nb, ng, and nl.
2 . Gradation i — a — o .
begtnnen, begann, begonnen
Membership: The following verbs with i plus nn, and fdfyrotmnten :
begtnnen, getmnnen, rinnen, finnen, fptnnen.
3. Gradation e — a — o.
fyelfen, fyalf, gefyolfen
Membership: bergen, berften, gelten, fyelfen, fdjelten, fterben, t)er*
berben, roerben, roerfen.
315. CLASS IV. Gradation e — a — o.
fpredfjen, fpracfy, gefprocfyen
Membership: befefylen, bredfjen, empfetylen, nefymen, fd^redten, jpre-
d^en, fted^en, ftefylen, treffen, treten.
316. CLASS V. Gradation e — a — e.
fel)en, faf), gefe^en
Membership : All strong verbs with e except those belonging to
Class III, 3 and to Class IV. The verbs bitten, bat, gebeten ; Itegen,
lag, gelegen ; and fi|en, faj$, gefeffen, also belong here.
317. CLASS VI. Gradation a — u — a.
fasten, fufyr, gefafyren
Membership : badten, fasten, graben, laben, fd^aff en, frf)Iagen, tragen,
wad^fen, raafd^en, and ftefyen, ftanb, geftanben.
318. CLASS VII. Gradation a — te — a.
fyalten, Ijielt, ge^alten
Membership: blafen, braten, fatten, Ejalten, lafjen, raten, fd)lafen,
and l)auen, ^ieb, gefyauen; laufen, lief, gelaufen; rufen, tief, gerufen;
^ei^en, ^ie^, ge^ei^en ; ftofcen, ftie^, gefio^en ; fangen, fing, gefangen ;
^angen, tying, getyangen ; and getyen, ging, gegangen.
LIST OF STRONG VERBS
LIST OF STRONG VERBS
95
319. The following list of strong verbs is meant to contain those
which are regularly strong, and also such as have weak forms. The
imperfect subjunctive, when irregular, is given below the imperfect
indicative. A number of strong verbs are omitted in this list, but
they may be found under 320.
NOTE. For the vowel of the present indicative see 232-236.
befefylen
befall
befo^Ien
command
before
fidj befleifjen
beflifc fu$
ftdj beflifjen
apply one's self
beginnen
begann
begonnen
begin
begimne
beifsen
bife
gebiffen
bite
bergen
barg
geborgen
hide
biirge or barge
berften x
barft
geborften
burst
betriigen
betrog
betrogen
cheat
biegen
bog
gebogen
bend
bieten
bot
geboten
offer
btnben
banb
gebunben
bind
bitten
bat
gebeten
ask
blafen
blie§
geblafen
blow
bletben
blieb
geblieben
remain
braten 2
bratete (briet)
gebraten
roast
bred)en
brad)
gebrod^en
break
bingen 8
(bang)
gebungen
hire
brefdjen
brof^ (brafd^)
gebrofdjen
thresh
brtngen
brang
gebrungen
press
empfefylen
empfafyl
empfo^Ien
recommend
empfbt)le
erlbfcfyen
etlofd^
erlofdjen
go out (of a light
1 Sometimes weak. 2 Present sometimes weak. 8 Generally weak.
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
erfdjreden
erfd^raf
erjd^rodten
be afraid
efjen
^
gegefjen
eat
fasten
fu^r
gefa^ren
go, drive
fallen
fiel
gefallen
fall
fangen
ffo§
gefangen
catch
f ed)ten l
fod|t
gefod^ten
fight
finben
fanb
gefunben
find
fled&ten *
Pod|t
geflodfjten
braid
*- _ — ik
fliegen
flog
geflogen
fly
flieljen
fto|
geflo^en
flee
fliefsen
W
geflofjen
fiow
freffen
fra^
gefrefjen
devour
frieren
fror
gefroren
freeze
gebaren 2
gebar
geboren
bear
geben
gab
gegeben
give
gebetfyen
gebieJ)
gebieE)en
thrive
gefjen
9^9
gegangen
go
gelmgen
gelang
gelungen
succeed
geiten
gait
gegolten
be worth
golte
genefen
genaS
genefen
recover
genie^en
geno^
genoffen
enjoy
gefcfyefjen
gefd^a^
gefdje^en
happen
getDtnnen
geroann
geroonnen
win
gerobnne
giefeen
90^
gegoflen
pour
gleid^en
glid^
gegli($en
be like
gleiten l
glitt
geglitten
glide
glimmen l
glomm
geglommen
glimmer
graben
grub
gegraben
dig
gteifen
8«ff
gegriffen
seize
Ijalten
E)ielt
geJ)aIten
hold
1 Sometimes weak.
2 3$ gefctire, bu geMerft (gebcirft), fie gebiert (gebcirt).
LIST OF STRONG VERBS
97
^hauen
l)ieb
ge^auen
hew
VT^eben
^ob
gefyoben
raise
Ijeiften
l)ie^
gel)ei^en
be called
fjelfen
^alf
ge^olfen
help
Jiefen * |
^liiren J
lor
geloren
choose
f limtnen l
llomm
gellommen
climb
Ilingen l
Hang
gellungen
sound
Ineifen
Iniff
gelniffen
pinch
lommen
lam
gelommen
come
Ireifd^en l
(Irifrf))
gelrifd^en
scream
v'friecljen
Irod^
gelrod^en
creep
laben 2
lub
gelaben
load, invite
lafjen
lie^
gelaffen
let
laufen 8
lief
gelaufen
run
leiben
litt
gelitten
suffer
leifyen
lid)
geliefjen
lend
lefen
Ia§
gelefen
read
liegen
lag
gelegen
lie
Ibfdjen1'4
loft
gelofd^en
(go out, put out,
\ quench (thirst)
liigen
log
gelogen
lie
. mafylen 5
ma^lte
gema^len
grind
meiben
ntieb
gemieben
shun
mellen l
moll
gemollen
milk
meffen
ma£
gemefjen
measure
mij^lingen
mi^lang
mi^lungen
fail
nefymen
na^m
genommen
take
pfeifen
Pfiff
gepfiffen
whistle
preifen l
prie§
gepriefen
praise
raten
riet
geraten
advise
teiben
rieb
gerieben
rub
1 Sometimes
weak. 2
Sometimes weak in present,
3 See 233.
4 bu lifd^eft, er lifd&t. 6
Now always weak except in
participle.
98
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
reifcen
ti^
gerifjen
tear
tetien
ritt
gerttten
ride
tied^en
rod^
gerod^en
smell
ringen
tang
gerungen
wrestle
tinnen
tann
geronnen
run
tufen
rtef
gerufen
call
jalgen l
fatye
gefalgen
salt
faufen2'5
foff
gefoffen
drink
faugen
fog
gefogen
suck
jdjallen8
(f^oB)
(gefd^oUen)
sound
fdfyeiben
j^ieb
gefc^ieben
part
jcfyetnen
fd&ten
gefd^ienen
shine
fcfyelten
Walt
gefd^olten
scold
polite ornate
fcfyieben
fd)ob
gefd^oben
shove
fcfyiefcen
fd^o|
gefdjofjen
shoot
fdfjinben
fdfjanb
gefd^unben
flay
fdfylafen
fd^Iief
gefd)lafen
sleep
fdf)lagen
Wlug
gefd^lagen
strike
^letd^en
f Cult CD
gefd^Iid)en
creep
fcpefcen
fdnlo B
gef^Iofjen
shut
jd^lingen
Wang
gefd^Iungen
sling
fd^mei^en
frf)mtj$
gefd^miffen
dash
fdfjnauben 4
fd^nob
gefdjnoben
snort
jdfjneiben
fd^nitt
gefd^nttten
cut
jd^tauben 4
fd^rob
gefcfyroben
screw
fd^reiben
fcfyrieb
gefd^rieben
write
fd^reien
jd^rie
gefd)tten
cry
fcfyretten
f^rttt
gefd^ritten
stride
fdjroten l
fd^rotete
gefd^roten
grind
fd)tt)dren
fd^roor (fcfyrtwr)
gefdfyrooren
fester
1 Now always weak except in participle. 2 Sometimes weak in present.
8 Present now always weak, and other forms generally weak. 4 Usually
weak. & See 233.
fdjtDetgen
fdfjnnmmen
fcfyttnnben
fcfyromgen
fdfjrooren
fe&en
fein
fieben 1
fingen
finlen
finnen
fi^en
fpalten2
fpeien 8
fpinnen
fpredjen
fprtefjen
jpringen
ftedjen
ftecf en l
ftefyen
[tel)Ien
fteigen
fterben
ftteben
fttnfen
fio^en4
ftreid)en
ftteiten
tragen
treffen
fd^roamm
fdjroomme
fd)tDanb
LIST OF STRONG VERBS 99
gefd)ttnegen be silent
gefd)tt>ommen swim
gefd^rounben vanish
gejd^tDungen swing
gefd^rt)oren swear
gefefyen see
geroefen be
gefotten boil
gefungen sing
gefunlen sink
gefonnen think
gefefjen sit
gefp alien split
gefpien spit
gefponnen spin
gefprocfyen speak
gefprofjen sprout
gefprungen ' spring
gefiodjen prick
(geftodten) stick
gefianben stand
gefio^len steal
gefttegen climb
gefiorben die
geftoben scatter
geftunfen stink
geftoben push
geftrtdjen stroke
geftritten contejid
getragen carry
getroffen hit
Some-
fd^raur
fa|
roar
(fott)
fang
fanl
fann
fa*
fpaltete
jpie
fpann
fprofe
fprang
[tad)
ftaf
ftanb
ftteg
ftarb
ftob
ftan!
ftrtc^
ftritt
trug
traf
1 Usually weak. 2 Now always weak except in participle,
times weak. 4 See 233.
IOO
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
tretben
trieb
getrieben
drive
treten
ttat
getreten
tread
triefen l
(troff)
getroffen
drip
trinlen
tranf
getrunlen
drink
trugen
trog
getrogen
deceive
tun
tat
getan
do
nerberben
Derbarb
t)erborben
spoil
t>erburbe
nerbrtejsen
t>erbro^
t>erbrofjen
vex
nergeffen
Derga^
t)ergefjen
forget
t>erlieren
Derlor
t)erloren
lose
raad)fen
rauc^S
geraad^fen
grow
raagen2
n>og
geraogen
f weigh (with
\ the mind}
raafd)en
raufd^
geraafd^en
wash
raeben1
raob
geraoben
weave
raeidjen
nridf)
geraidfjen
yield
raeifen
rates
geraiefen
show
raerben
raarb
geraorben
sue
raerben
raurbe (raarb)
geraorben
become
raerfen
raarf
geraorfen
throw
nriegen3
raog
geraogen
weigh
nrinben
raanb
geraunben
wind
gei^en
gie^
ge^te^en
accuse
gieljen
gog
ge^ogen
draw
graingen
graang
ge§tpungen
force
(Exprtcfyrobrter. §unget ift ber befte
SReben ift ©ilber, ©d^raeigen ift ©olb.
S3er anbern eine ©rube grabt, fatlt felbft
2^ue 5ted()t unb fd)eue ntemanb.
2Ber ©ott t)ertraut, ^at tt)ol)l gebaut.
1 Usually weak. 2 SBagen is transitive and is used figuratively ; nriegett
is both transitive and intransitive, and has a literal meaning. 3 "See
LIST OF STRONG VERBS
DIFFERENTIATION OF CERTAIN VERBS
320. List I.
101
badfen
barfte (buf)
gebadten
bake
bacfen
badtie
gebadtt
stick\ take.
erbletdfjen
erbltd^
erbltd^en
die' ' ;
erbletdfjen
erbletd^te
erblei($t
tur,i pale
erfrfjrecfen
erfd^raf
erfdjrorfen
be terrified
erfdjjredEen
erfdjredfte
erfd^rerft
terrify
gdren
gor
gegoren (lit.)
ferment
gdren
gdrte
gegdrt (fig.)
ferment
fyangen "1
pngen /
^ing
gefjangen (intr.)1
hang
fjdngen
^dngte (E)ing)
gef)dngt (geljangen) hang
(trans.)
pflegen
pfbg (pflag)
gepflogen
carry on, manage
pflegen
pflegie
gepflegt
nurse, be accustomed
f($affen2
fd^uf
gefd^affen
create, produce
fdjaffen
Wafftc
gefcfjafft
remove, work, procure
fdfjeren
fc^or
gefd^oren
shear
fcfjeren 3
fd>erte
gefdjert
r concern, bother (impv.
i ^ off}
fdfyletfen
»Bff
gef^liffen
grind
fdjleifen
f^Ieifte
gef^Ieift
drag
fdfjtnel^en 3
Wmolj4
gefdfjmolgen (intr.)
melt
fd^mel§en
fd^melgte
gefd^mel^t (trans.)
melt
fd)tt)eEen
fd^n)oQ
gefd^raoEen (intr.)
swell
fdf)tt)eEen
fd^rueEte
gejrf)tt)eEt (trans.)
swell
t)ern)irren
t)errairrte
Derraorren
be confused
flerroirren
Dertwrrte
t)ern)irrt (trans.)
confuse
radgen 5
raog
geroogen
weigh (with the mind]
rategen5
raog
geraogen
weigh
raiegen
raiegte
gerategt
rock
1 Sometimes also transitive
. 2 See 233. 3 Present both strong and weak.
4 Sometimes
transitive. 5 See p. 100, note 2.
102 HAN]
DBOOK (
321. List II.
beten
betete
bieten
bot
bitten
\ bat
bredjen
brad)
brings
. btad^te
banfen
banfte
benlen
bad^te
fliegen
flog
fliefyen
w
genefen
genag
geniejjen
aenoR
fyauen
nieb
fyeben
l)ob
fennen
fannte
fonnen
lonnte
ieiben
litt
leiten
leitete
legen
legte
liegen
lag
lugen
log
madden
madfjte
mogen
ntodfjte
fe^en
fc^tc
gebetet
geboten
gebeten
gebrod^en
gebrad^t
gebanlt
geflogen
gcflo^cn
genefen
genofjen
ge^auen
ge^oben
gelannt
gefonnt
gelitten
geleitet
gelegt
gelegen
gelogen
gemad^t
gemod^t
gefe^t
gefefjen
genwdfjfen
geraafd^en
pray
offer
ask
break
bring
thank
think
fly
flee
recover
enjoy
hew
raise
know
be able
suffer
lead
lay
lie
lie
make
like, may
place, set
sit
grow
wash
SRedjjt unb Siebe
fagt: ,,3ebem ba3 ©eine!
SDie Siebe: ,,3ebem ba§ 5Deine!"
STRONG NOUNS — WITH VOWEL MUTATION 103
in ber 2Belt Itifct fid) ertragen,
nicf)t eine Seifye t>on fd)5rten £agen.
STRONG NOUNS — WITH VOWEL MUTATION1
MONOSYLLABLES
322. Masculines with plural in C+
ber Slbt
ber 3lrgt
ber 21ft
ber Sad)
ber Satt
ber Sart
ber Saum tree
abbot
physician
ball
ber 33otf he-goat
ber Sraud) custom
ber 33rud) fracture
ber Sunb alliance
ber Sufd)
ber SDamm <
ber
ber ®uft
ber ®unft
ber gall
ber glofy
ber glud)
ber glug
ber glujs
ber grofd)
ber
ber
fragrance
rver
ber ©ang walk
ber ©aft guest
ber ©aul horse
ber ©runb mww
ber ©rujj greeting
bet ©U^ casting
ber
ber
ber,
ber
ber
ber Samm comb
ber Sampf combat
ber Sauf purchase
ber Sau§ brown owl
ber Slang sound
ber SI of; dumpling
ber Slo$
ber Snauf
ber Snopf button
ber Snuft
ber Sod)
ber Sopf
ber Sorb basket
ber Srampf <mzw/
ber Sran
ber Sran§
ber Sropf
ber Srug
ber Su£
ber £a£
ber Sauf
ber So^n
ber Sfarft
ber 9J?arfd^
ber 9ftop3
ber 3Japf
ber ^5apft
ber $af$
ber $fa^l
ber ^flocf
ber Spflug
ber ^fropf
ber
ber
ber
ber $uff
ber 9Rang
ber Sat
ber 3Raud)
wreath
pitcher
kiss
corset, bib
course
reward
market
pope
cork
place
thump
rank
councilor
smoke
1 Nouns of infrequent occurrence have been omitted in these lists.
104 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
bet 3Raum space bet ©d()0f$ lap foi&imm^ stocking
(intoxi- bet ©d)tant case bet ©ttunl stump
bet $iau|db \ . ~~ . , - , ~. r/ .
L <r<2/z0/2 bet ©dtjtunb deft bet ©tufyi flfe«r
bet Sodf #?#/ bet ©dfyitb /^^ bet ©tutrtpf stump
(trunk bet ©d)UJ3 shot bet ©tutm ^rw
bet SRumpf J (<?///^
bet©d^n)amm sponge
bet ©turg /«//
Uttfy)
bet ©rf)ttmnt prank
bet ©umpf swamp
bet ©aal room
bet ©d^raang to'/
bet Sanj dance
bet ©act sack
bet ©dfjrcwtm swarm
bet S£on /^^^
bet ©aft /#/<#
bet ©d)TX)u(ft swelling
bet Sopf /<?/
bet ©atg coffin
bet ©d^tDung swing
bet Sotf /^^/"
bet ©a£ sentence
bet ©d^rout ^M
bet S£tanf drink
bet ©aum ^<?/ra
bet ©of)n jtf«
bet Xtaum dream
bet ©cfyaft shaft
bet ©pan shaving
bet ^tog trough
bet ©dj)a£ treasure
bet ©pa^ y'<?^
bet Ztopf simpleton
bet ©djaimt /^w
bet ©ptud^ saying
bet Xutm /^w<fr
r /^w//^
bet ©ptung y>/w/
bet 33ogt governor
bet ©d)Iaf \ (of the
bet ©punb bung
bet 2BaH rampart
[head}
bet ©tab j/^
bet SBanft paunch
ber ©djlag blow
bet ©tall stable
bet SBoIf w^
tf (leather
bet©dblaudb-l .
L ^^
bet ©tamm /r/^«^
bet ©tanb rank
bet 2Bud^§ growth
bet ©d)Iunb chasm
bet ©totf stick, cane
bet SButf throw
bet ©d^Iutf ^-^
bet ©totdf) ^r>§
bet 3a^n ^^
bet ©d)iuj$ close
bet ©td£ push, pile
bet 3^m M'^
bet ©d^mau§ y^^^/
bet ©ttang r^
bet Sftun y^^r^
bet ©djnapio whisky
bet ©ttaudj bush
bet ,3°^ /^//
bet ©d^opf tuft
bet ©ttom stream
bet S°pf cue
bet 3^Q train
323. Masculines with plural in et.
bet ©ott ^-^
"bet Dtt //^r^v?
bet2Balb forest
bet SRann man
bet Stanb ^^
bet 2Butm worm
NOTE. Only two nonmutatable masculine monosyllables, bet ©eift, spirit,
and bet Seifc, body, take et in the plural.
STRONG NOUNS — WITH VOWEL MUTATION 105
324. Feminines with plural in e.
bie 3lngft
bie Slri
bie 33anf
bie 33runft
bie SBruft
bie gauft
anxiety
ax
bench
fire, lust
fist
bie Sluft deft
bie $taft strength
bie $ufy cow
bie Sunft art
bie Saug louse
bie Suft air
bie 3Jal)t
bie 3lot
bie 5tu^
bie @au
bie Scfylucljt
bie ©d^nur
nut
sow
cleft
bie grud)t
fruit
bie Suft pleasure
bie ©tabt
city
bie ©ang
goose
bie 3Jlad^t might
bie ©ud^t
malady
bie ©tuft
vault
bie 3Jlagb servant girl
bie 2Banb
wall
bie §anb
hand
bie 3ftaug mouse
bie 2Burft
sausage
bie §aut
skin
bie5Ra$t «*#/
bie 3«^ft
guild
325. Neuters with
plural in Cf *
bag 3lag
carcass
bag ©rag ^T^JJ
bag Sod)
hole
bag 2lmt
office
bag ©ut property
bag 3Waul
mouth
bag Sab
bath
bag §aupt head
bag ^Pfanb
pledge
bag Slatt
leaf
bag §aug /^w^
bag 5Rab
wheel
bag 33ud)
book
bag §olj a/^//
bag ©d^lo^
castle
bag 3)ad)
roof
bag §orn ^<?^^
bag Sal
valley
bag SDorf
village
bag £llE)tt chicken
bag Sud)
cloth
bag $&$)
compartment bag Salb calf
bag Soil
people
bag $a$
barrel
bag ®orn grain
bag 2Bamg
waistcoa
bag ©lag
glass
bag $raitt ^^
bag ©tab
grave
bag Samm /0aw£
326. Neuters with plural in C.
bag 6^ or <r^<?/r {part of a church)
bag
raft
gern nod^ Idnger beg Setters Siirben,
SBenn ©driller nur nid)t gleic^ Secret raurben.
©oetlje
106 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
POLYSYLLABLES
327. Masculines in el, Ctt, er, with no additional ending in the
plural.
bet 3ldt er field ber §afen harbor bet Dfen stove
bet 2lpfel apple ber §ammer hammer ber ©attel saddle
ber 33oben ^/7 ber ^anbel quarrel ber ©djaben damage
ber 33ruber brother ber Saben j/0r<? ber ©djjnabel fo0£
ber gaben thread ber SKangel w^^/ ber ©d^raager brother-in-law
ber ©arten garden ber SRantel ^?«^ ber SSater father
ber ©raben /#&/* ber ^Jtagel ««// ber 3SogeI
328. The two masculines in tum with plural in Ct (74, 5).
ber Srrtum error ber Steid^tum wealth
329. Nine foreign masculines with plural in C*
ber 3lltar altar ber ©eneral general ber ^arbtnal cardinal
ber 33ifd^of to/^^/ ber $anal canal ber ^Ulorafi morass
ber (Sfyoral ^w« ber Saplan chaplain ber ^alafi /a/«^
330. Two feminines with no additional ending in the plural.
bte -JRutter mother bie 5tod^ter daughter
331. Neuters with plural in er (52, 53).
ba§ ©efyalt salary bag ©erocmb garment
ba§ ©emad^ room (of a house) bag §ofpital hospital
NOTE. Without vowel mutation : bag ®eftt)lett)t, race, sex ; bag
ghost ; bag SfJegiment, regiment ; and bag ©emitt (pi. ©emitter), w/'»<
sition.
332. One neuter with no additional ending in the plural.
bag Softer monastery
STRONG NOUNS— WITHOUT VOWEL MUTATION io/
2)er redjte Sefyrmeifter
g' alg ^unger nidjjt bem Secret, befjen ©aal ift immer t>oH,
SBeil im <5piel er aHe 6rf)iiler §u Soltoren madden foH ;
SDer mit 9JUil)' bem 2)oltor lefyret, bafc er nut ein <5$uler ift,
SDefjen fleine ^Pforte jud^e, e^ §u gro^ bu worben bifl»
STRONG NOUNS — WITHOUT VOWEL MUTATION
MONOSYLLABLES
333. Nonmutatable neuters with plural in er*
ba§ 33ilb picture
ba§ 33rett board
bag 6i ^*
bag $elb field
bag ©elb money
bag ©Ueb
bag $tnb child
bag 3Reig shoot
bag $leib dress
bag 9Rinb £<?£/"
bag £trf)t light
bag 2ib eyelid
bag Sieb song
bag ©dfyroert sword
bag <5ttft institution
bag -JBeib woman
bag 9Zeft nest
334. Nonmutatable neuters with plural in
bag Seet -
{bfgarfen}
bag §eer
bag §cft
army
notebook
bag 6$iff
bag ©dfyroeii
ship
fthog
bag Scil
ax
bag Snie
knee
bag ©eil
rope
bag Sein
leg
bag Sreug
cross
bag ©ieb
sieve
bag Sier
beer
bag SJleer
sea
bag 6piel
play
bag ®edt
deck
bag 9te^
net
bag ©ttidf
piece
bag @r§
ore
bag fifyr
(eye of a
\ needle
bag Scil
bag ^ier
share
animal
bag gefl
hide
bag DI
oil
bag 2Ber!
work
bag geft
festival
bag $ferb
horse
bag 3^H
tent
bag ©ift
poison
bag SRe^
doe
bag 3iel
goal
bag ©leig
track
bag Seid^
empire
io8
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
335. Mutatable neuters without vowel mutation with plural in
bag S3oot boat bag $al)r year bag ^funb pound
bag 33rot bread bag $od£) yoke bag ^Sult desk
bag 33unb bundle bag Sog /#/ bag Quart quart
bag ©arn j0ra bag Sot plumb bag ©cfyaf sheep
bag ©rag #ra.$vr bag -JJlal #V«* bag ©rfjrtmb ja/«M
bag ©ramm #ra*8 bag 9JJug stewed fruit bag Sau heavy rope
bag §aar //0*V bag ^$aar /0/r bag Sor ^a/*
336. Mutatable masculines without vowel mutation with plural
in e»
ber
aai
eel
ber
ra J
t grain (a
ber
$unft
point
ber
aar
eagle
L weight)
ber
Qualm
vapor
ber
ait
act
ber
©urt
girth
ber
Quarg
quartz
ber
arm
arm
ber
©aft
clasp
ber
9tuf
call
ber
Sannj
proscrip-
tion
ber
ber
§uf
hoof
ber
ber
©d>alf
shaft
rogue
ber
SSorn
fount
ber
§unb
dog
ber
©d)uft
scamp
ber
Sorft
crack
ber
Ro^l
cabbage
ber
©cfyul)
shoe
ber
<3udng
box tree
ber
Sulm
peak
ber
©tar
starling
ber
^Dacbg
badger
ber
Siirg
course
ber
©toff
stuff
ber
Sod)t
wick
ber
Sa^g
salmon
ber
©trold^
vagabond
ber
®old)
dagger
ber
2aut
sound
ber
©unb
strait, sound
ber
®om
cathedral
ber
Sud^g
lynx
ber
Sag
day
ber
3*k
groove
ber 9JZof)r
nightmare
ber
Salt -1
\time (in
ber
garn
fern
V^PV
^T?nTrh-
(sold-
t music)
ber
gaun
faun
v\,\
JLUUIUJ
\ mander
ber
Sfyron
throne
ber
gl(Kl)g
flax
ber
gjlunb
mouth
ber
Soaft
toast
ber
gunb
find
ber
$aft
agreement
ber
Sro^
crowd
ber
©olf
gulf
ber
$fab
path
ber
Suf*|
flourish
of
ber
©rab
degree
ber
$ulg
pulse
\ trumpets
©prid)tt)brter. ®ie 2iebe ift blinb.
2Bte ber SS.ogel, fo bag (Si.
WEAK NOUNS
109
WEAK NOUNS
337. Masculine nouns denoting living beings which do not end
in C in the nominative singular.
ber
33dr
bear
ber
fierr
f gentle-
ber $fau
peacock
ber
33aper
Bavarian
C
\rnan
ber $ritt5
prince
berS«rWe){-75
' I fellow
ber
e. rt%>(
§irt
rtY)/iv»f^
shepherd
(human
ber ©dfjenf
( cup-
-bearer
ber
G&rift
Christian
t>er
yJiettiu)
\ being
ber@d^ultl)e^
R ma vor
ber
ginl
finch
ber
9Jio^r
Moor
ber ©tetnttiet
(stone-
ber
gran!
franc
ber
5Rarr
fool
- -cutter
ber
Siirft
prince
ber
Dberft
colonel
ber Zoic
fool
ber
©raf
count
ber
Dcfyg
ox
ber SSorfafyr
ancestor
ber
©reif
griffin
ber
s^arb
panther
ber 3<u
Czar
ber
§elb
hero
ber
^Pfaff
priest
MIXED NOUNS
338. Some of the more common masculines.
ber Sauer peasant
ber 2)orn thorn
ber ©et)atter godfather
ber Sorbeer laurel
ber 3JJa[t w^^/
ber 9Jlugfel muscle
ber
ber
ber
ber SHeif
ber
ber
pain
ber 9iacpar neighbor ber
sparrow
339. Some of the more common neuters.
bag 2luge eye
bag S3ett ^<?^/
bag (Snbe ^^/
bag
bag ^letnob jewel
bag 3Kbbel furniture
ber ©taat
ber ©tacfyel
ber ©tra^l ^7
ber Setter cousin
ber Sing interest
bag Dfyr
APPENDIX
THE NOUN1
1. Declension of nouns. There are three noun declensions, the
strong, the weak, and the mixed.
2. Strong nouns, except feminines, take § or e3 in the genitive
singular and usually e in the plural. Feminines take no endings in
the singular, but are inflected regularly in the plural.
3. Weak nouns, if masculine, take n or en in all cases singular
and plural, except in the nominative singular. Weak feminines take
n or en in the plural.
4. Mixed nouns add 3 or e§ in the genitive singular and n or en
in the plural.
5. The declension, vowel mutation, and gender of nouns can best
be learned by constant drill in giving their principal parts. These
are the nominative and genitive singular and the nominative plural.
In learning these forms the definite article must always accompany
the noun. Examples:
NOM. bet Stag GEN. beg £ageg NOM. PL. bie £age
bag §aug beg §aufeg bie §aufer
6. The last member of a compound noun determines its gender
and declension, as bag §aug, bet 6cfylufjel, ber ^augfdjlufjeL
7. Feminine nouns do not change their form in the singular.
8. All nouns end in n in the dative plural.
1 The treatment of nouns as given in the Appendix was suggested by
Professor George O. Curme of Northwestern University. It is a departure
from the customary way in which the noun in German has been treated,
but its simplicity and compactness will, no doubt, appeal to many teachers.
in
112 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
9. The inflectional ending e is never used after el, en, er, d^en,
and iein.
10. The strong declension. To the strong declension belong the
great body of German masculine and neuter nouns, a few fem-
inines, and the great majority of foreign words accented on the last
syllable if they represent lifeless things.
. 11. This declension takes g or eg in the genitive singular and
usually e in the plural forms, sometimes with, but more commonly
without, vowel mutation.
12. The ending eg of the genitive singular is usually confined to
monosyllables ; and even there it is used only when g is difficult to
pronounce, or to avoid a clash of accents when an accented syllable
follows in the next word, as beg $uf;eg, be% Stfdjeg, beg §aufeg, beg
SDorfeg or SDorfg ; but beg 9Jtanneg SJhit, not beg SKanng 3Kut.
13. Usage varies in regard to adding e in the dative singular.
It is in general confined to monosyllables, and is often omitted even
there, as bem Sage or Sag; bem §aufe or §aug; bem ^bnige or
$bnig; but always bem Sefyrer, bem Sogel, bem ©paten.
14. The strong declension. Examples: ber Sag, day, bag $afyr,
year-, ber 9JJonat, month-, bag Monument, monument.
SINGULAR
ber Sag bag $afyr ber 3Konat bag Monument
beg Sageg beg ^afyreg beg SJlonatg beg SJIonumentg
bem Sage bem ^afyw bem 9Konat bem SRonument
ben Sag bag $af)r ben -Jftonat bag Monument
PLURAL
bie Sage bie 3a^^ bit donate bie SJtonumente
ber Sage ber 3al)re ber DJJonate ber 3Utonumente
ben Sagen ben S^m* ben SJlonaten ben SRonumenten
bie Sage bie 3>al)re bie SRonate bie -Jftonumente
©prid^tDort. @g fytlft nid)tg, fid) iiber gefd^e^ene SDtnge gu argern.
APPENDIX 113
15. Exceptions to the strong declension. The following classes
of strong nouns form their plural irregularly. The first class omits
the plural ending e, and the second takes er instead of e in the plural.
16. Class I. To this class belong all masculine and neuter nouns
in e, el, en, er, cf)en, and lein. Nouns in rf)en and lein are neuter and
usually have the stem vowel mutated.
17. Examples of class I : bet ©paten, spade; ber Secret, teacher ••
ba3 ©ebaube, building •• bag $raulein, young lady, Miss.
SINGULAR
ber ©paten ber Sefyrer bag ©ebaube bag graulein
beg Spateng beg Sefyrerg beg ©ebaubeg beg grauleing
bem ©paten bem Sefyrer bem ©ebaube bem graulein
ben ©paten ben Sefyrer bag ©ebaube bag graulein
PLURAL
bte ©paten bie Sefyrer bie ©ebaube bie ^rauletn
ber ©paten ber Sefyrer ber ©ebaube ber gtauletn
ben ©paten ben Severn ben ©ebduben ben graulein
bie ©paten bie Sefyrer bte ©ebaube bie $rauletn
18. The following nouns of class I often omit n in the nomina-
tive singular : ber grtebe, ber gunle, ber ©ebanfe, ber ©laube, ber
£aufe, ber 9lame, ber ©ante, ber ©dfjabe, and ber 2Bttte. 3)er $elfen
often drops en in the nominative and accusative singular.
19. Class II. To this class belong the following groups :
1. Eight masculine monosyllables, as ber ©eift (323).
2. About 50 neuter monosyllables, as bag $inb (325, 333).
3. Eight neuter polysyllables, as bag ©efd)led)t (331).
4. All nouns ending in turn, as bag SUtertum (74, 5).
©pridjroorter. §eute rot — morgen tot.
Sg i[t nicfytg jo fetn gefponnen,
@g fomtnt bod^ enblid) an bie ©onnen.
114 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
20. Examples of class II: ber ©eift, spirit-, bag $inb, child \
bag ©efd)lerf)t, race, sex.
SINGULAR
bet ©eift bag $inb bag ©efdjlecf)t
beg ©eifteg beg $inbeg beg ©efrf)led)tg
bem ©eifte betn $inbe bem ©efd)led()t
ben ©eift bag $inb bag ©efcf)led)t
PLURAL
bie ©eifter bie Sinber bie ©efdfjledfjter
ber ©eifter ber ^tnber ber ©efdjlerfjter
ben ©eiftern ben $inbern ben ©efd)led)tern
bie ©eifter bie $inber bie ©efdf)le$ter
21. 2)er ©eift and ber Seib are the only nonmutatable masculine
monosyllables which take er in the plural.
22. ®ag ©efd)Ied^t, bag ©efpenft, and bag 9te<riment are the only
nonmutatable neuter polysyllables which take er in the plural. ®ag
©emilt, which has the vowel mutated both in the singular and the
plural, also belongs in this,, class.
23. Vowel mutation in strong nouns. The majority of strong
nouns do not have vowel mutation. The group which mutates,
however, is composed of many monosyllables and a small number
of polysyllables of frequent occurrence.
24. Monosyllables with vowel mutation. This group contains :
1. About 200 masculines. Six of these take er in the plural
and the rest take e (322, 323).
2. 33 feminines (324).
3. About 35 neuters;
(a) 33 with plural in er (325).
(b\ Two with plural in «e : bag glofc, //. bie glofte ; bag Sfyor,
//. bie @f)ore or (Sfyore (326).
©pridjroort. SBer bie Seiter fyinauf roill, ntujs bei ber unterften
(Sproffe anfangen.
APPENDIX
25. Examples of monosyllables with vowel mutation : ber
tree; bte ©tabt, city; bag Slid), book; bet 2lr§t, physician ; bet
SINGULAR
ber 33aum
bte ©tabt
bag Surf)
ber 2lr§t
ber ^Iu^
beg Saumeg
ber ©tabt
beg 33urfjeg
beg airgleg
beg ^lufjeg
bem Saume
ber ©tab!
bem Surfje
bem 3lr5te
bem glufic
ben Saum
bte ©tabt
bag 33ud^
ben 2lrgt
ben glu^
PLURAL
bte 33aume
bte ©table
bte Siirfjer
bte Sir^te
bte gliiffe
ber Saume
ber ©table
ber 33itd(jer
ber 3tr§te
ber gluffe
ben Saumen
ben ©labten
ben Sud^ern
ben Srglen
ben glitfjen
bie Saume
bte ©table
bte S3itrf)er
bte Srjtc
bte glilffc
26. The group of nonmutating monosyllables is very large, and
includes about 265 masculines and all neuters except about 35. For
a list of the more common nonmutating monosyllables see 333-336.
27. Polysyllables with vowel mutation. Only a very small num-
ber of polysyllabic strong nouns have vowel mutation. To this
group belong :
i . The following masculines :
(a) 2 1 in el, en, er (327).
(b) Two in turn : ber SHetdfjtum and ber 3frrtum (74> 5)-
(V) Nine foreign nouns, as ber Slltar (329).
2. The following feminines :
(a) ®te gjJutier, bte 2ocf)ter, bte 2lrmbruft, and bte ©efd)nwlft.
(£) Compounds in funft and flud)t.
3. The following neuters :
(a) ®ag filofter.
(fr) All neuters in turn.
(c) 2)a3 ©emac^, bag ©e^alt, bag ©eroanb, and bag §ofptta(, which
take er in the plural.
28. All mutatable nouns which take er in the plural mutate the
vowel (a, o, u) in the plural.
n6
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
29. Nouns in turn mutate the vowel of this suffix and take er in
the plural. For the gender of nouns in turn see 74, 5.
30. Examples of polysyllables with vowel mutation : bet Slpfel,
apple \ ber ©arten, garden ; bie 9Jtutter, mother-, bag 2lltertum, an-
SINGULAR
ber 2lpfel
ber ©arten
bie Gutter
bag 2lltertum
beg 2lpfelg
beg ©arteng
ber Gutter
beg 2lltertumg
bem 2lpfel
bem ©arten
ber Gutter
bem 2lltertum
ben 2lpfel
ben ©arten
bie Gutter
bag 2Utertum
PLURAL
bie Spfel
bie ©arten
bie Gutter
bie 3lltertiimer
ber tpfel
ber ©arten
ber flitter
ber 2lltertiimer
ben 2(pfeln
ben ©arten
ben 5UZuttern
ben 2lltertumern
bie tpfel
bie ©arten
bie Gutter
bie 2tltertiimer
31. The weak declension. Nouns of the weak declension end
in n or en except in the nominative singular masculine. Feminine
nouns are not inflected in the singular. There are no neuters.
32. Weak nouns do not have vowel mutation.
33. Examples of the weak declension : ber Snabe, boy, bie $rau,
lady; ber ©tubent, student-, bie Sefyrerin, lady teacher; ber §err,
gentleman, Mr.
SINGULAR
ber ©tubent bie Sefyrerin ber §err
beg Stubenten ber Sefyrerin beg §errn
bemStubenten ber 2efyrerin bem §errn
ben Stubenten bie 2efyrerin ben §errn
PLURAL
bie ^naben bie gtauen bie Stubenten bie Se^rerinnen bie §erren
ber ^naben ber grauen ber ©tubenten ber Se^rerinnen ber §erren
ben ^naben ben $rauen ben Stubenten ben Se^rerinnen ben §erren
bie Snaben bie grauen bie Stubenten bie Se^rerinnen bie §erren
NOTE. The noun <Qerr omits the inflectional e in the singular.
ber Snabe bie $rau
beg ^naben ber $rau
bem^naben ber^rau
ben ^naben bie $rau
APPENDIX II/
34. Feminines formed from masculines by adding in double the
n before adding the plural ending en.
35. Membership.
1 . All feminine nouns except the following, which are strong :
(a) The mutating feminines 5Rutter and 2orf)ter.
(b) About 33 mutating monosyllables (324).
(V) Those ending in nig and fal.
(d) Mutating compounds in lunft and flud)t.
2. Masculines in e representing living beings, as ber Snabe, bet
Sbroe, bet 2lffe ; and two representing things : bet 33ud)ftabe and
ber gefynte.
3. Foreign words :
(a) Masculines accented on the last syllable and representing
living beings, as ber Segat. Exceptions : nouns ending in accented
al, an, tin, ar, at, eitr, ier, or, belong to the strong declension whether
they represent living beings or lifeless things, as ber ©eneral, ber
$umpan, ber ©ouueran, ber ^ommentar, ber ©efretar, ber Gfyaffeur,
ber Officer, ber -JRajor.
(li) Masculines in accented anb, enb, ant, ent, and grapfy, repre-
senting persons or things, and also ber Cornet and ber planet.
Examples : ber SJtuliipIifanb, ber SJlinuenb, ber gabrifant, ber <5tu=
bent, ber ^aragrapfy.
36. The mixed declension. The mixed declension uses strong
endings in the singular and weak in the plural. The genitive sin-
gular adds g or eg and the plural n or en. Nouns taken from
French, English, and other modern languages add g in the plural.
37. Examples of the mixed declension : bag 2Iuge, eye; ber 5Dof-
lor, doctor; bag ©tubium, study; ba§ %Q\\\\, fossil*.
SINGULAR
bag 2luge ber Softor bag 6tubium bag $offtl bag £erj
beg 2lugeg beg Sottorg beg 6tubiumg beg gofftlg beg §er$eng
bem 2luge bem SDoftor bem ©tubium bem ^\\\\ bem
bag 3lugc ben SDoftor bag ©tubium bag goffil bag
Il8 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
PLURAL
bie Slugen bie Softoren bie ©tubien bie $ojfilien bie Bergen
ber 2lugen bet SDoftoren bet 6tubien ber gofftlien bet
ben 2lugen ben SDoItoren ben ©tubien ben goffilien ben
bie 2lugen bte SDoftoren bie ©tubien bie $offilien bie §er§en
NOTE. The noun Jperj is irregular in declension.
38. Membership.
A. Native German words :
1. About 50 masculines, a few of which are monosyllabic (338).
2. About 15 neuters, mostly monosyllabic (339).
B. Many foreign words :
i. Masculine nouns in on, or, ug, and tug from Latin and Greek.
NOTE i. Both on and or are short and unaccented in the singular but
long and accented in the plural, as ber 2)ottor, pi. bie 2)o!toren ; ber 2)timon,
pi. bie 2)timonen. Words in accented on, or, belong to the strong declen-
sion, as ber Sftajor, pi. bie 3ftajore ; ber £)ia!on, pi. bie 2)ia!one.
NOTE 2. Foreign masculines in u£ and iu£ usually remain unchanged in
the singular, as ber hunting, beg -ftuntiuS, pi. bie -ftuntien. Those in u3 are
inclined to become strong, as ber $rotilg, beg $roflt3, bie
2. Neuter nouns from Latin and Greek :
(a) Those ending in a, as bag SDrama.
(fr) Those ending in eum, ium, uum, on (unaccented), which be-
come in the plural een, ten, uen, en, as bag -JJtufeum, pi. bie 3Jhtfeen ;
bag ©tubium, pi. bie ©tubien ; bag 3)iftirf)on, pi. bie SDiftidjen.
(c) Those ending in il, al, with plural in ten. These nouns, how-
ever, are inclined to become strong, as bag $offil, pi. bie $0ffile or
$ojftlien; bag Mineral, pi. bie 3Kinerale or SKineralien.
(d) ®ag gnfctt and bag ^ntereffe.
3. Masculine and neuter nouns and a few feminines from French,
English, and other modern languages. These words add g in the
plural. Examples : bag 3Re[taurant, beg Seftaurantg, bie SHeftaurantg ;
ber Sorb, beg Sorbg, bie Sorbg ; bie Sabt), ber Sabp, bie Sabpg or
Sabieg ; bie SSitta, ber SSiHa, bte SSiUag or SStHen ; ber 5Don, beS
S>ong, bie ®ong ; ber $afdf)a, beg ^Jafc^ag, bie $afdjag.
EXERCISES
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
i. Poverty is no disgrace. 2. Work strengthens the body.
3. February is the shortest month. 4. The peasants have horses
and cows. 5. We (9Kan, 161) see soldiers everywhere in Germany.
6. Do you drink tea or coffee ? 7. I prefer pears to apples.
8. Wolves are enemies of sheep. 9. Switzerland is a republic.
10. In autumn the leaves fall from the trees, n. Where is little
Anna? 12. In (SBeim) writing we use our arm and our fingers.
13. Winter brings snow and ice. 14. Birds have beaks. 15. Meat
is dearer than bread. 16. When pride rises fortune sinks. 17. It
was in the month (of) June. 18. We go to church on Sunday.
19. Love hopeth all things. 20. Death knocks at the door of huts
and palaces. 21. Dogs like to eat meat. 22. Water is colorless.
23. Sorrow (//.) has killed him. 24. I haven't seen him since
Monday. 25. Hawks are birds. 26. Our hotel is in Ring Street.
27. The mother had her child in her arms. 28. The student has
a book in his hand. 29. The students were singing songs.
30. Since the year 1871 the kings of Prussia have also been the
emperors of Germany.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE, THE POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES, AND letn
i. My friend is very successful as a lawyer. 2. A king lives in
a castle. 3. He is expecting his father at the station. 4. The
yard before our house is very small. 5. My son is a tailor. 6. Her
nephew lives in a village in the Black Forest. 7. The spade belongs
to our gardener. 8. Birds are distinguished from other animals
119
120 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
by (burdf)) their feathers. 9. Your letter was lying on my table.
10. His brother wishes to become a physician, n. Have your
friends gone to (auf) the country? 12. Their teacher likes music.
13. We do not like him as a neighbor. 14. His father will be
ninety years old in January. 15. They have our table and your
chair. 16. The eye is a mirror. 17. Edward, write your letter
now. 1 8. I can't understand a word of French. 19. The man
has a book and a cane ; he is a professor. 20. We always write
our exercises with pen and ink.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
i. The basket is in the garden. 2. She has her pen and your
book. 3. The apples of this tree will soon be ripe. 4. My teeth
are good, but my eyes have always been weak. 5. The maid is
making the beds. 6. Our neighbors have two horses and a cow.
7^ His head is large, but his feet are small. 8. The farmers of
(in) this state are rich. 9. My cousin has two sons, but they do
not live in this city. 10. The faith of the heart is strong, n. A
year has twelve months, a month four weeks, a week seven days,
and a day twenty-four hours. 12. The churches in this city are
beautiful. 13. She took your comb and my brush. 14. In the
box we found plates, cups, knives, forks, and glasses. 15. I laid
the key on the table beside the watch. 16. This forest belongs to
the king. 17. Joseph had written a letter to (an) his uncle.
18. There (@3) are seven boys and ten girls in this class. 19. The
teacher did not know the names of all his pupils. 20. The count
and the countess rewarded the shepherd. 21. The sons of kings
are princes. 22. We can see five villages in the valley below.
23. The rooms of this cloister are very small and gloomy. 24. Mother
put my shoes under the bed. 25. The king's castle stood among
the trees near the lake. 26. Have you seen this picture of my
nephew ? 27. His coat is hanging behind the door. 28. The lion
is the king of beasts. 29. In olden times (antiquity) people
EXERCISES 121
believed in (an) many gods. 30. In the banks there are generally
neither chairs nor benches. 31. The cook (fern.) is cooking soup
and vegetables on the stove. 32. This afternoon she will bake
bread and cake. 33. The fish are lying in the bucket behind the
stove. 34. You will find the tub, the broom, and the brush in the
kitchen. 35. The old woman with the gray horse sells peas, beans,
turnips, and potatoes. 36. My daughter brought me a glass of
water. 37. Here is a bottle of vinegar. Do you also want a
pound of butter? 38. This ticket costs six marks. 39. At ($u)
Easter we have a week's vacation. 40. These ashes are still
warm. 41. Our horse is fourteen hands high and weighs eleven
hundred pounds. 42. Father drank two cups of hot coffee for
(§um) breakfast. 43. My parents were both born in Germany.
44. In this region the peasants raise oats.
PROPER NOUNS
i . The people called Emperor Frederick, the father of Emperor
William II, ,,Unfern $ri£". 2« Frieda's mother's name was Mar-
garet. 3. The houses of (t)0n) Paris are very beautiful. 4. Fred's
parents have moved to New York. 5. Professor Meyer's oldest
daughter will be married next month. 6. I am committing some
of Schiller's and Heine's poems to memory. 7. We did not see
Herman and Agnes. 8. Mother gave Marie a new dress and Max
a pair of skates. 9. This flower is for little Bertha. 10. Have
you ever read Voss's ,,£uije" ? n. The universities of Germany
are very famous.
THE ADJECTIVE
i. Good children obey their parents. 2. Old friends are like
(rate) old wine; their worth increases with their age. 3. The
young man with a basket in his right hand brings us a dozen
fresh eggs every week. 4. Her little brothers are very obedient
and lovable boys. 5. The pretty girl on the brown horse was the
122 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
sister of my friend Christopher. 6. My son wrote me a long letter
yesterday. 7. The fresh green of the leaves is changing into a
reddish brown. 8. Many poor people live in small, dark rooms.
9. One day a little yellow bird came to (urn) drink out of the large
bucket which hung over the deep well. 10. My daughter has a
large head, a well-formed nose, and large blue eyes. n. We
never had such a good president. 12. The noble knight was a
very good and brave man, always ready to help the poor and the
weak. 13. Our German teacher has a new house and a beautiful
flower-garden. 14. I read several good books this summer. 15. My
little brother will be eight years old next month. 16. Our faithful
old servant died last night. 17. A sleeping fox catches no chickens.
18. Children who-have-been-burned fear the fire. 19. No one
greeted the stranger. 20. This coming week we intend to depart.
21. The gain which-is-to-be-hoped-for will not be large. 22. All
the bread in this box was baked yesterday. 23. The lesson to be-
learned is too long. 24. All my relatives live in Germany.
THE INDEFINITE NUMERAL ADJECTIVES
i . Our neighbors have all kinds of flowers. 2 . We picked a
few red roses. 3. There was only a little oil in the bottle. 4. All
Germany helped the count. 5. We have enough butter but not
enough potatoes. 6. These presents cost little money but much
work. 7. That happened several years later. 8. You have n't any
meat. Oh yes, I have some. 9. The English duke remained only
a few days in Berlin. 10. That is sheer nonsense, n. He has
bought Goethe's entire works. 12. This young man has too much
money and too many friends.
DEMONSTRATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
i. This picture belongs in that room. 2. What kind of watch
have you ? 3. Have we the same lesson to-day that we had yester-
day ? 4. It was that man whose house burned down. 5. To
EXERCISES 123
which child do you wish to give this doll ? 6. Such a man is wel-
come everywhere. 7. In what kind of factory are you working ?
8. I do not know which sentence you mean. 9. Which horse do
you wish to sell, this one or that one ? 10. For what kind of
room do you want this carpet ?
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
i . Did you ever see a larger apple ? 2 . Have you still younger
sons ? 3. John is the biggest of the boys. 4. A diamond is harder
than the hardest metal. 5. I have never read a more interesting
book. 6. Paul has always been one of my most faithful friends.
7. That was an exceedingly agreeable surprise. 8. Here the ice
is strongest. 9. My grandmother is the oldest woman in this
village. 10. These cherries are riper than those, n. My uncle
is older than my father. 12. This plum is the largest. 13. This
pupil is less talented than industrious. 14. The tree is higher than
our house. 15. The coldest water is in the deepest well. 16. Marie
is just as clever as her sister. 17. Anna has a large apple, Eliza-
beth a larger one, but George has the largest. 18. Carl is most
diligent when he goes to school. 19. This is the shortest day of
the year. 20. That is very disagreeable to me.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
i . John ran the fastest. 2 . (The) Jupiter is comparatively near
the earth, (the) Mars is still nearer, and the moon is the nearest.
3. We were in Leipzig longer than in Dresden, but we remained
longest in Berlin. 4. The older my father gets, the less he reads.
5. It will be twelve o'clock at least before I shall have finished these
sentences. 6. Bertha told her story the best. 7. That occurs very
rarely. 8. The airship is traveling (fasten) faster than the train.
9. The fire in this stove burns better when the wind is in (comes
from) the north.
124 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
NUMERALS
i. I have three brothers; the first is twenty-five years old, the
second twenty-two, and the third is in his fifteenth year. 2. Give
me half of your apple. 3. He has been here three times. 4. There
are all kinds of people in the world. 5. To-day is the twenty-second
of February. 6. Here are two kinds of pears. 7. Write the first
sentence and the sixth. 8. Three is a fifth of fifteen. 9. We have
read the first twenty pages. 10. A fourfold cord will hold all the
(befto) better.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
i . I thank you very much for the stamps which you sent me for
my collection. 2. He will help me. 3. You learn quickly, but you
also forget quickly. 4. Here is a brush; lay it on the table.
5. That girl is very industrious. Do you know what her name is ?
6. Henry, stop beating your dog. 7. The birds are singing in the
trees. 8. This hat is too small for me ; I can't wear it. 9. What
do we do with our eyes ? We see with them. 10. I sat behind you
in church last Sunday, n. Mother said to me, " Helen, what are
you doing?" 12. Here is a gold watch; what will you give me
for it ? 13. Did you ever read this story ? 14. Give us this day
our daily bread. 15. Child, you must not take off your mittens.
16. I saw you, but I know you didn't see me. 17. She will not
disturb you, father. 18. Mr. Schmidt, have you seen our new
house ? 19. My sister's children never obey her, although she
punishes them quite often. 20. We hope to see you and your
husband in Prague next year.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
i. He is rejoicing at his success. 2. She is washing her hands.
3. Are you afraid to stay here alone ? 4. They always flatter each
other. 5. My parents will be surprised at my progress. 6. Fred
looked around at me. 7. They had lost their way in the forest.
EXERCISES 125
8. I sat down in order to rest myself. 9. We both hurt ourselves
on that nail. 10. The poor child is not feeling well to-day, n. You
contradict yourself in everything that you say. 12. He imagines
that he is especially talented.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
i. The fault is ours. 2. Whose book is this? It is mine.
3. He was thinking of my brother and yours. 4. I have lost all
my possessions. 5. Is this your umbrella ? No, it is his ; that one
is mine. 6. Do not forget to distinguish between what-is-mine and
what-is-yours. 7. Our table is larger than theirs. 8. Their piano
cost more than ours. 9. I have not seen my people for five years.
10. This room is hers ; but, as you see, it is not as pretty as yours.
n. I have his pen and he has mine. 12. My father was a physi-
cian and hers was a merchant.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
i. Who loaned me this lead pencil ? 2. What have you in your
hand ? 3. He showed me two umbrellas and asked me which one
I wanted. 4. For whom are you making this beautiful present ?
5. What were you laughing about? 6. Whose picture is that?
7. What were you standing on ? 8. Whom do you mean ? Which
one did he mean ? 9. Fred has a gold watch. What kind of one
have you ? 10. What did the child hurt itself with ? n. I do not
know whose dog bit my little niece. 12. What did his mother say?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
i. There were many people there whom I did n't know. 2. Have
you a key with which I can open this door ? 3. The donkey which
had been carrying the sacks to the mill became old and lame.
4. Whatever is beautiful is not always good. 5. This is the moun-
tain at the top of which is a hotel. 6. The man whom we met is
126 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
my English teacher. 7. The lady whose watch I found yesterday
on the stairway is one of my students. 8. He does not understand
all the teacher says. 9. This is the plant of which I was speaking.
10. Do you know the famous doctor whose daughter is going to
marry the count ? n. I have found the knife which you had lost.
12. Whoever says that doesn't know anything about (t)0tt) music.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
i. These pears are larger than those. 2. Is that enough bread
for you ? 3. Those who help us in misfortune are our true friends.
4. This is my brother and those are my sisters. 5. This is her
watch ; it was lying on that book. 6. I do not believe that. 7. He
has my book and also my sister's. 8. Those are plums, but these
are cherries. 9. What do you think of that? 10. Herman gave
Walter and his brother a new sled. n. He says that that is
impossible. 12. I know there are such. 13. The elephant and
the whale are the largest animals ; the former lives on land, the
latter in the water. 14. He is one of those whom you (man) can-
not trust.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
I. Offend no one, but help every one. 2. Somebody has stolen
my overcoat. 3. He knows something about it. 4. Some people
have much money and spend very little. 5. No one knew how the
fire had started. 6. Many were invited, but only a few came.
7. Both of your children are very talented. 8. Everybody's
business is nobody's business. 9. Many of the best students are
poor. 10. I do not know any of your friends in Berlin.
PREPOSITIONS
i. The glasses are standing on the table. 2. We are going
without him. 3. According to my opinion he should not have
done it. 4. The earth revolves about the sun with great rapidity.
EXERCISES 127
5. He could not come on account of the illness of his mother. 6. I
shall go to church with my father. 7. The painting (picture)
hangs above the altar. 8. She laid the cloak on the bed. 9. Her
hat was lying on the chair beside the bed. 10. We sat around the
fire on the beach and told stories, n. My parents will not return
from their trip to Germany before next week. 12. When both
objects are nouns the dative stands before the accusative. 13. The
book had been lying under the bench. 14. We generally get up
at six o'clock. 15. He came to my house this morning. 16. She
sat opposite me at the table. 17. We were swimming against the
stream. 18. When are you going home ? 19. We have been
good friends for many years. 20. I saw him a week ago when he
was at home. 21. The enemy's camp is above the city. 22. The
roofs of the houses were covered with snow. 23. The parson
laughed at (iibet) the peasant's stupidity. 24. Both armies fought
bravely until sundown. 25. Carl came instead of his brother.
26. The students wrote the sentences on the board, and the teacher
corrected them. 27. He made the trip at (auf) my expense.
28. The sun stood high above the village. 29. The general praised
the colonel on account of his bravery. 30. Last year I lived at
(bet) my grandmother's. 31. A month ago to-day we were in Paris.
32. No one came to see us on New Year's day except my aunt.
33. It has n't rained here for a month. 34. She had to stay in the
house last week on account of the cold. 35. Do you know the
difference between strong and weak verbs ?
CONJUNCTIONS
i . The children ran into the house and asked their mother for
some bread. 2. We are going home, for it will soon be dark.
3. Here is a bird's nest, but there are no eggs in it. 4. He is
very poor, otherwise he would dress better. 5. I don't drink wine,
but I like to eat grapes. 6. Either you must make up your mind
now or I must set out alone. 7. Man is often abandoned by his
128 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
best friends, yet God never abandons us. 8. She is small but
pretty. 9. Nature has peculiar beauties both in autumn and in
spring. 10. Our servant is not only very diligent but he is also
very faithful and honest, n. Even that did not satisfy him.
12. He is poor because he is lazy. 13. If I were in your place, I
would do it. 14. He asked me whether I knew him. 15. It was
not his sister but his niece who sang before the emperor. 16. Every
mother knows that a good book is an acceptable present for a
diligent boy. 17. I shall come as often as I can. 18. He does
not know where his teacher lives. 19. We shall remain here until
they return. 20. If you see him, ask him when the concert begins.
21. We shall depart as soon as the train arrives. 22. When the
wind is in the north it is always too cold in this room. 23. The
child slept while I was writing a letter. 24. I have no time, other-
wise I would help you. 25. Carl will receive his inheritance when
he is (will be) twenty-one years old. 26. We don't know when they
will come. 27. The struggle was hard, but the victory was glorious.
VERBS
i . Do you always speak German at home ? 2 . The teamster is
beating the horse. 3. My mother often combs and braids my hair.
4. The fire had gone out. It will have gone out. 5. Frederick
the Great offered the miller a large sum for his mill, but he
didn't wish to sell it. 6. The workman fell from the roof of
the church-tower. 7. Both armies fought bravely until sundown.
8. The snow is melting on the roofs. 9. In the fall the swallows
fly to the south. 10. We wanted to put the matter off. n. The
mother has rocked her child to (in) sleep. 12. The child has gone
to sleep. The child is sleeping. 13. The thief hid in the forest.
He had hidden the money in a dry tree. 14. Mr. Black died from
(cm) the effects of the operation. 15. It is getting late, we must
hasten. 16. The king's carriage was drawn by six white horses.
17. Bad company corrupts good morals. 18. This dog does not
EXERCISES 129
chase the sheep. He follows me wherever I go. 19. Eat, drink,
and be merry. 20. The old man sat down in his armchair.
21. Shakespeare's dramas have been translated into many lan-
guages. 22. They will move into their new house next month.
23. He rode at full speed through the village. 24. Diligence
overcomes many difficulties. 25. When I get up in the morning
I drink a glass of cold water. 26. The storm frightened the
people. The people are frightened. 27. My friend induced me
to go hunting with him. 28. A mother prays for her children.
29. It has been raining for several hours. 30. Mother, are you bak-
ing bread ? This cake was not baked enough. 31. Whoever does
not know (fbnnen) a foreign language knows nothing of his own.
32. This river flows through a beautiful valley. 33. In the begin-
ning God created heaven and earth. 34. Do you like (eat gladly)
fried potatoes ? 35. I do not think that the teacher will come to-
day. 36. During the summer four new houses were built on (in)
this street. 37. The coat was not hanging in the closet. 38. I
often have to loan my brother some money. 39. We expect to
remain here until the first of June. 40. Henry did not act accord-
ing to the advice of his friends. 41. The rain has laid the dust.
42. Are you the lady who lost her watch? 43. They blasted all
the rocks in the harbor. 44. The enemy has fled and the victory
is ours. 45. We got up early in order to see the sun rise. 46. The
coachman was watering his horses. 47. Carl fell on the ice and
broke (re/I.) his arm. 48. I must stay at home to-day and help
my mother. 49. He had grown much older since I last saw him.
50. Are you acquainted with the president of the bank ? 51. The
clerk is measuring the cloth. 52. The poor widow and her little
children seemed to v have suffered very much during the winter.
53. Not more than a quarter of an hour before the storm not a
leaf was stirring. 54. My aunt, who lives in Denver, has invited
me to visit her next summer during my vacation. 55. Last week
we had to water the plants every day on account of the heat.
56. More railroad accidents occur in America than in Europe.
130 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
57. If the patient can partake of (enjoy) food he will surely re-
cover soon. 58. My wife is taking a drive in the park this after-
noon. 59. Cats catch rats and mice. Our cat doesn't catch birds.
60. That arrangement does not suit me at all. 61. I hope that
you will succeed. He will never succeed. 62. How many pounds
can you lift? He lifted the child out of the carriage. 63. That
region will be laid waste by the enemy. 64. This plant flourishes
only in the south. 65. Many people are called Smith. 66. My
cousin was bitten by his little black dog. 67. The child will soon
be bathed by its aunt. 68. A good workman is usually well paid.
69. The doors opened at seven o'clock. 70. These apple trees
were planted two years ago. 71. Not many soldiers were killed,
but a large number were wounded. 72. The English were de-
feated by the French. 73. I have been told that your son wishes
to become a physician. 74. Those apples are ripe and must be
picked. 75. Harry is throwing the ball against the house. 76. The
little boy was very much ashamed because he was blamed by his
mother. 77. A friend brought that picture along for me from Eng-
land. 78. By that time the debt will have been paid. 79. This bell
is rung only when fire breaks out. 80. Goethe's " Faust " is read
not only in Germany but also in many other countries. 81. Thou
shalt not steal. 82. The door should remain closed. 83. You
must not exert yourself too much (fefjr). 84. People ought to love
their enemies but they generally do not. 85. In our town children
are not allowed to be outside after nine o'clock. 86. He had to
go home early because he had some letters to write. 87. May I
pick one of these flowers ? 88. My friend cannot speak German.
89. I do not know him, but I know where he lives. 90. She was
obliged to stay at home last week. 91. He does not know the
multiplication table. 92. That may be true, but I cannot believe
it. 93. The little girl said, " My papa does not like me in blue."
94. We are to write these sentences and bring them to class to-
morrow. 95. Every one ought to tell the truth. 96. That family
wouldn't need to endure want if it had not been extravagant.
EXERCISES 131
97. Carl can't go to school to-day, he will have to stay at home.
98. I think he will be able to go to-morrow. 99. The lecture is
to begin at eight o'clock. 100. I should think we could read ten
pages a day. 101. He is said to be an excellent teacher. 102. We
wish to go to (in) the concert this evening. 103. Do you know
this book ? No, I have never read it. 104. That must be done
immediately. 105. He is having a new suit made. 106. I shall
not be at home next week. 107. He had to learn German, for
he lived in Berlin several years. 108. If you wish to write a let-
ter, I will bring you a pen and some paper. 109. 'Will you please
lend me your pencil ? I would do so gladly, but I wish to use it
myself, no. Mr. Freund is said to have gone to Florida with his
uncle, in. The soldiers will be permitted to go home to visit
their parents. 112. Mother, may I stay at home to-day? No,
my son, you must go to school. 113. It is better to lose one's
life than one's honor. 114. Two regiments marched through our
village this morning. 115. Do you recognize the goodness and
wisdom of God in nature? 116. I generally wake up at five
o'clock. 117. The fox called the wolf a stupid animal. 118. The
teacher did not have me recite to-day. 119. I think you are mis-
taken.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE
i. Long live the king! 2. May God grant you a long and use-
ful life. 3. She said that she did not know it. 4. If that were
only true! 5. I do not believe that all he says is true. 6. They
asked me if you knew him. 7. He said he no longer lived in
Dresden. 8. That might easily be the case. 9. The teacher asked
the boy how old he was. 10. He looks as if he were sick. n. If
I had only done that yesterday ! 12. Even if the physician should
come, he would not be able to help. 13. Even if the physician
had come, he would not have been able to help. 14. I wish I were
at home with my mother! 15. She dresses as if she were rich.
16. If I had enough money, I should travel a great deal. 17. If I
132 HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
had had enough money, I should have paid you sooner. 18. My
mother would be glad to see you. 19. I have just heard that he
died this morning. 20. He knew of a certainty that I would not
disappoint him. 21. He admitted that he had not yet read the
book. 22. I do not know whether he is at home. 23. When I
asked him what time it was he replied he did not know, since he
did not have his watch. 24. The students would like to have two
weeks' vacation during the holidays, but the teachers think one
week is enough. 25. He spoke loud enough so that every one
could hear what he said. 26. Let him be silent if he cannot
explain what he wants. 27. I should have been allowed to go if I
had not been obliged to help mother. 28. He says that he should
have been permitted to go to New York if he had been well. 29. I
should like to stay longer but I must not for it is already getting
dark. 30. I hope she will soon be well again. 31. It vexes me to
think that much could have been saved if the firemen had done
their duty. 32. Dr. Bauer thinks that one can work best in the
morning. 33. The teacher asked me whether I had my book.
34. Daniel must be sick, for he has been absent all the week. 35. A
German proverb says that idleness is the beginning of all vice.
36. Anna says she is going to study Latin next year. 37. He
asked me whether I saw the palace near the cloister. 38. Let us
not think of (an) ourselves alone. 39. The laborer asked himself
what would become of his wife and children if he should die. 40. I
have told him nothing which could influence him. 41. These
pears look as if they were ripe. 42 . Had I only known that the
train was late! 43. We could have read another book if we had
wanted to. 44. If I were a European count, I should marry an
American heiress. 45. I had to tell him that Germany's flag is
red, white, and black.
GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
r, but, however
bie 2(Btet, abbey
adj, ah, alas
ber 5(ffe, ape,, monkey
ber 2HJ0W, maple tree
aU, all
al§f when, than
art, old
anber, other
ber 9lnfang, beginning
anfangen, to begin
ber 9tyfef, apple
arg, bad
ftcf) argent, to be angry
arm, poor
bie SlrmBrnft, crossbow \/'
bie 5lrt, kind
bte 9lfrf)e, ashes y
ber SWffet, athlete
atmen (weak), to breathe
and), also
anfftefjen, to stand up
bte 9ln3lnnft, information
nujklt, outside
(atfen, to bake
fcalb, soon
ber SBattb, volume
ba3 ^Banb, ribbon
Bang, afraid
Batten, to build
133
ber S3anm, tree
bie 23ebingnng, condition
Betbe, both
Berften, to burst
bie SBeforgmS, care j/
Befte^ett, to endure
Betett (weak), to pray
Bteten, to offer
Btnben, to bind
bie S3trtte, pear
Bitten, to beg, ask (um with ace., for)
BfetBett, to remain
Bftnb, blind
Bltttarm, as poor as a church mouse
bie Sraneret, brewery
Brennen, to burn
bie SBre^eJ, cracknel
Brtngen, to bring
t, bread
ty, book
ber S3ndjftaBe, letter
bie SBnrbe, burden
ber dljaffettr, light infantry soldier
ber <£fjef, head, chief
ber (£I)or, choir
bag Gfjor, choir (part of a church)
ber <£f)rtft, Christian
bag (£0ntO, account
ba, there
bag $adj, roof
134
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
ber $arf)3, badger
ber $>am0tt, demon \J
bimt&er, over it, over that, about it,
about that
battmt, about it, about that
bettt, thy, your
bCttfeit, to think
betttt, for (conj.)
bergleirfjen, of that sort
bcrjemtJC, that one, he (who)
betfd&e, the same
be^gleirfjeu, of that sort
beiltfd), German
ber $>te&, thief
ber Wiener, servant
btefer, this, this one
bag $>utg, thing
bag $)ifttd)0tt, distich
bod), yet, however
ber ^Oltt/ cathedral
bag $>0rf, village
ber $)ortt, thorn
bort, there, yonder
bretetlet, three kinds of
brefrfjen, to thresh
bag irtttd, third part
bltmm, stupid
bitltfcu, to seem
bure^, through
bitfter, dark
Ct^t, genuine
Cbel, noble
bag (£i, egg
bte (Sit^C, oak
CUtfarf), simple
Ctltmal/ once
ba^ (Jifctt, iron
bag (Slfag, Alsace
bte ©(tent, parents
eittj)fei)fett, to recommend
bag (Sttbe, end
cnbltd), finally
Cttteljrett, to dishonor
crgcbcttft, respectfully
erft, first
crften^, first
ertragen, to endure
Cffett, to eat
some
^, some
eiier, your
curctttJiKcu, on your account
ber gfabrifattt, manufacturer
fasten, to drive
fatten, to fall
fangen, to catch
ferfjten, to fight
bie gfeber, pen
fe^lCtt (weak), to fail, lack
fein, fine
bie g-erieit (//.), vacation
ftnben, to find
ber finger, finger
flerfjteit, to braid
ftiegeit, to flow
bag $foff, raft V
fortgeljen, to leave
bag fjfofftt, fossil
bie JJtait, lady, woman, Mrs.
bag ^rauletlt, young lady, Miss
freffett, to eat
firf) freuett, to rejoice
bie gfreuttbttt, lady friend
frcuubltrf), friendly
bie ^reUttbftf)aft, friendship
GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
135
ber Sfriebe, peace
friilj, early
ber gfrityUttg, spring
fitl)(eu (weak), to feel
ber gunfe, spark
fitr, for
bag gurftCtttttttt, principality
ber gfuft, foot
^ whole, entire
ber (Garten, garden
geben, to give
ber (SJebanfe, thought
gefalltg, agreeable
bag ®ef|alt, salary }/
gef)cn, to go
gelefjrt, learned
ber ®def>rte, scholar
gcfingcn, to succeed
bag Qkmarf), room (of a house)
bag ©Cttte, genius
geiuefcen, to enjoy
gent, willingly
ber QkfaubtC, ambassador
gefrfjefjen, to happen /
bie ^efrf|Wttift, swelling J
bag QkttWttb, garment
bag ^CWiffcn, conscience
glaferu, of glass
ber ®toit&e, faith
g(cttl). immediately
bag ®Hirf, fortune
graben/ to dig
ber ®raf, count
b, coarse
n, to have
e, hoe
ber ^afer, oats '
5a(b, half
Ijafteit, to hold
bie Ajanb, hand
l^art, hard
ber ^aufe, heap, crowd
bag ^Ott^, house
^attSijaftett, to keep house
ber $au3frf)luffei, door key
bag jpeim/ home
^Clfcit, to help
Ijcrauf , up
ber $)crbft, autumn
r, across
ft, large
bie @rubc, pit
gut, good
giitig, kind
Itd)/ hearty, cordial
Ijettte, to-day
bie ^pcjc, witch
tyter, here
bie $i(fc, help
tytttab, down
^inauf, up
bag ^tttbcrni^, hindrance
t)tttCtn, inside
^ittten, behind
l)tttttber, across
bie ^>i^c, heat
l)0dj, high
^offCtt (weak), to hope
IjbtCU (weak), to hear
bag ^of^ital, hospital
ber £wtger, hunger
^ttftcn, to cough
ber £ut, hat
n, him
136
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
tljr, her
immer, always
ber $ttf)alt, contents
tttttett, within
bag ^Itfelt, insect
bag ^tttereffe, interest
ber 3rrtltm, mistake
commentary
ber
ber ^iittig, king
foftcn (weak), to cost
frattf, ill, sick
Ira^en, to scratch
ber ^rteg, war
ber ftumpait, companion
Ittrj, short
i*/ yes
jeber,
jebtuebet, r every one
leglike*,
jcittrtltb, somebody, anybody
jetter, that one
jeijt, now
ber 3'0uriut(ift, journalist
Jung, young
ber Bungling, young man
lalt, cold
bie ®alte, cold
ber ®arpfen, carp
ber $afe, cheese
fatfjoltfrf), catholic
few, not a, no (adj.)
lettttett, to know
bag SHttb, child
bag Stiffen, pillow
Keitt, little
bie SHetttigfett, trifle
bag ^loftcr, monastery
Hug, clever
ber ^italic, boy
bag ^nic, knee
ber $orf), cook
^ij(n, Cologne
ber ftomct, comet
(ad)Cn (weak), to laugh
bag £amm/ lamb
(ang, long
laffeit, to leave
bag Saftcr, vice
laufen, to run
laufdjCU (weak), to listen
lebett (weak), to live
(efccnbtg, alive
(c^ren, to teach
ber Sefjrer, teacher
bie Setter, ladder
lenfen, to guide
lernen, to learn
lefett, to read
le#, last
bie fitefce, love
lieBen, to love
bag Steb, song
loden (weak), to praise
bag Solicit, praise
ber fior&eer, laurel
lo^laffen, to let loose
ber Sotoe, lion
m
bag $labrf)ett, girl
bie 9Jlagb, maid
ber SPiat, May
ber $lajor, major
GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
137
for my sake
matt, one, they, people
mattd), many a
ber Sftamt, man
bcifo WlttVf sea
mefyr, more
mcfjrere, several
meibett, to avoid
mettt, my
metuctiucflcit,
mciiiettutUcH,
ber 3fteifter, master
meffen, to measure
ba3 SJlettum, meter
mtt^, me
ttttfiglitrfett (weak), to turn out a
failure
mtgHitgen, ;
.J ' y to turn out a failure
mtgratett, J
tltogltcf), possible
motgett, to-morrow
ber ^Otgett, morning
ber 9Jhutb, mouth
miiffett, to be obliged to, must
ber 3)^it^tggattg, idleness
ber 9JJltt, courage
bie Butter, mother
C, myrtle
)r to, after
ttdef)ften3, next
Italj, near
ber Stfame, name
ber utimltdje, the same
neftmcu, to take
ttCntten, to name
nit^t, not
tttrfjtg, nothing
tttemnub, nobody
itimmer, never
ttO(^, yet, still
ber -Worben, north
bie $lot, need, distress
tttttt, now
ber 9httttitt3, nuncio
nur, only
o
ubcr/ or
ber Dfcn, stove
ber Offset, officer
liffncn (weak), to open
Uljtte, without
ber Often, east
bie Dftent (//.), Easter
pair
, page
, the Palatinate
ftrf), peach
(weak), to care for
(weak), to praise
, public
, desk
ber
ber
o
bie Cucflc, spring
tafctt (weak), to rave
bie Ofaft, rest
raftcn, to rest
ratett, to advise
retf|t, right
rebctt (weak), to speak
rebltrf), honest
regttett (weak), to rain
ber fftetdjtitm, riches
138
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
bie deifje, row
rein, clean
reigen, to tear
reiten, to ride
reisen, to excite
rennen, to run
bie 9lofe, rose
tot, red
tttfctt, to call
bie $nf)e, rest
ber (Same, seed
fanft, gentle, soft
ber Sanger, singer
faufcit, to drink
ber Sdjabe, loss, harm
frfjaffen, to create, produce
flatten, to sound
bie 3rf)am, shame, modesty
frfjarf, sharp
frfjenen, to fear
bag ©djicffaf, fate
frfjlngen, to strike
fdjliefeen, to close
ber 9rf)(uf;, conclusion
ber (Scfyliiffef, key
fdjmctcfjdn (weak), to flatter
ber 3rf)micb, smith, forger
ber Scfjneiber, tailor
ftf)UH, beautiful
bie (Scfjonfyeit, beauty
ber Settler, pupil
frfjttwrs, black
fdjlDCtgen, to be silent
bie 8rf)U)Ct5, Switzerland
fattier, heavy
bag (Begcl, sail
fe^en, to see
feljr, very
fcitt, to be
fcin, his
ber 6efrctat, secretary
fcttbeu, to send
ftC, she
bag SU&er, silver
fold), such
fatten, shall
ber (Summer, summer
f unbent/ but
bie Sonne, sun
ber 3uuuertitt, sovereign
tyfit, late
ber Spatcn, spade
fJW-$ieren (weak), to take a walk
fptnncn, to spin
f gotten (weak), to deride
f^rec^en, to speak
bie S^Jroffe, round of (a ladder)
ber Staljl, steel
ftarf, strong
fteljCtt, to stand
ber (Stein, stone
ftoften, to push
ftnbieren (weak), to study
ber Stttljl, chair
fnd^en (weak), seek
ber Siiben, south
X
, day
, carpet
ber
ber
ttef, deep
ber Xift^i, table
bie Sorfjter, daughter
tot, dead
bie XtanBe, bunch of grapes
treten, to tread
tren, faithful
bie Xfii&fal, affliction ^
GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
139
bie £ugenb, virtue
tun, to do
bie Xiirfei, Turkey
U
iiber, over
bie Ubnng, practice
Ultt, about, around
urn ar bet ten (weak), to remodel
1Mb, and
ber Unban!/ ingratitude
nnfer, our
ttnter, under
ber $ater, father
toeretnigt, united
to pass away
, to understand
toertranen, to trust
Did, much
trierfdltig, fourfold
ber 2$0ge(, bird
ttJCnbett, to turn
ttenig, little
njcnn, if
mer, who
tticrbcn, to become
merfen, to throw
ttlCrt, worth
ber 28eften, west
ttltber, against
iweber, again
ber SSiUc, will
toinben, to wind
ber Winter, winter
ttliffCtt, to know
tt)0, where
UJO&Ct, at which, at what place
, by which, by what
r, for which, for what
tt)0l)f, well
ttWtnit, with which, with what
lumtad), according to which, accord-
ing to what
nioranSf out of which, out of what
ttJODOit, about which, about what
n, for which, for what
nwrfjfcn, to grow
uiarm, warm
to aw en (weak), to warn
war urn, why
toa3, what
bag SBaffer, water
toebett, to weave
ber 2Beg, way
toe!), woe
bag SBctb, woman
bie 233et3l)eit, wisdom
ber SSctsen, wheat
bie %8tlt, world
$ent0n, epigram
3
$e!jn, ten
ber 3e!jnte, tenth
bie geit, time
bie 3nflttrf|tr refuge
t, last
f, twice
5tt>etten3, secondly
L/
ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY
The principal parts of nouns are given except in -weak polysyllabic feminine nouns
and in proper names
abandon, serlafjen
able, to be, fonnen
above, oberfyalb
absent, to be, abroefenb fein
acceptable, angenefym
according to, nac§
accusative, ber 2lf!ufatit> -g -e
acquainted, to be,tennen,be!anntfein
across, iiber
act, tun, fyanbeln
admit, geftefyen
Adolph, Slbolf
advice, ber 3tat -eg *e
afraid, to be, fidj) fiirrf)ten
after, nad)
afternoon, ber -ftacfymittag -g -e
again, roieber
against, gegen
age, bag filter -g -
ago, t)or
agreeable, angene^tn
all, all, (entire) ganj; all things, al=
leg; all kinds of, allerlet; not at
all, gar nic^t
allowed, to be, biirfen
alone, allein
already, fd^on
also, aud)
altar, ber 2lltar -3 *e (-e)
although, obgteic^
always, immer
America, Slmerifa
American, amerifanifdj
among, unter
and, unb
animal, bag £ier -eg -e
Anna, 2lnna
another, ein anberer
answer, bie Slntraort
antiquity, bag Slltertum -g ^er
any, etroag ; not any, fein
anything, etroag; not anything, nirf)tg
apple, ber 2lpfel -g *
apple tree, ber 2(pfelbattm -g -e
rarm, ber 2(rm -eg -e
armchair, ber £ef)nfeffel -g -
army, bie Slrmee
arrangement, bie ©inridjtung
arrive, anfommen
as, a(g ; as if, alg ob
ashamed, to be, ftdj fc^a'men
ashes, bie Slfc^e •
ask, fragen; ask for, bitten urn
at, an, bet
aunt, bie Xante
autumn, ber §erbft -eg -e
bad, bofe, fcf)letf)t
bake, bacfen
ball, ber Sail -eg *e
140
ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY
141
bank, bie 23cm! -en
barrel, bag ftafi -ffeg *ffer
basket, ber £orb, -eg *e
bathe, baben
be, fein
beach, ber ©tranb -eg -e
beak, ber ©djnctbel -g JL
bean, bie 33ol)ne
beast, bag Xier -eg -e
beat, fdjlagen
beautiful, frf)bn
beauty, bie ©cfyontyeit
because, roeil
become, roerben
bed, bag S3ett -eg -en
before, prep. t)or ; conj. ef)e
begin, anfangen
beginning, ber Slnfancj -g *e
behind, fyinter
believe, glauben
bell, bie ©locfe
belong, gefyoren
below, unten
bench, bie 33an! ^e
Berlin, Berlin
Bertha, Serta
beside, neben
between, -jurifcfjen
big, gro§
bird, ber SBogel -g *\ bird's nest,
bag SSogelneft -g -er
bite, beifjen
black, fd^raarg
Black Forest, ber
blame, tabeln
blast, jprengen
blue, blau
board, bie Xafel
body, ber ^orper -g -
book, bag SBiirf) -eg ^er
born, to be, geboren fein
both, beibe
bottle, bie giafdje
box, ber $aften -g -
boy, ber $nabe -n -n
braid, fled)ten
brave, tapfer
bravely, tapfer
bravery bie Xapferfeit
bread, bag 23rot -eg -e (*e)
break, brec^en ; break out, augbred^en
breakfast, bag gru^ftutf -g -e
bridge, bie SBrurfe
bring, bringen; bring along, mit-
bringen
broom, ber 33efen -g -
brother, ber Sruber -g *
brown, braun ; bag 33raun -g
brush, bie Surftc
bucket, ber ©inter -g - ,
build, bauen
bump, ftofien
burn, brennen; burn down, nieber=
brennen
bury, begraben
business, bag^efd^aft-g-e, bie <Sad;e
but, aber, fonbern
butter, bie Sutter
buy, faufen
by, big, uon
cake, ber ^ucfyen -g -
call, rufen, (name) nennen; to be
called, fyeijjen
camp, bag Sager -g -
can, fonnen
cane, ber ©totf -eg ^e
carpet, ber Xeppid) -g -e
carriage, ber SBagen -g -
142
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
carry, tragen
case, ber gall -eg *e
castle, bag ©d&Iofj -ffeg *jfer
cat, bie $a£e
catch, fangen
certainty, of a, genrif;
chair, ber @tul)l -3 *e
change, fid) ctnbern
chase, Derfolgen
cheat, betriigen
cherry, bie $irfd(je
chicken, bag £ul)n -g ^er
child, bag $inb -eg -er
Christopher, Gljriftopf)
church, bie $ird)e
church tower, ber $ircf)turm -g *e
city, bie ©tabt *e
class, bie Piaffe
clean, rein
clerk, ber Sabenbiener -g -, ber
company, bie ©ejellfc^aft
comparatively,
concert, bag ^onjert -g -e
contradict one's self, fidj nriber=
clever, Hug
climb, flettern
cloak, ber Mantel -s *
cloister, bag Softer -S *
close, fc^lie^en
closet, ber ©cfyranf -eg ^e
cloth, bag 3eu9 ~e^ ~e
coachman, ber $utfcf)er -g -
coat, ber SHorf -eg "e
coffee, ber $affee -g
cold, fait ; bie ^dlte
collection, bie (Sammlung
colonel, ber Dberft -en -en
colorless, farblog
comb, ftimtnen ; ber ^amm -eg ^e
come, lommen; come in, l)erein=
!ommen
commit to memory, augraenbig
lernen
convince, iiberreben
cook, focfyen ; bie ^6cl)in
cord, bie ©cfynur -en (^e)
correct, uerbeffern
corrupt, cerberben
cost, foften
count, ber ©raf -en -en
countess, bie ©rtifin
country, bag Sanb -eg ^er ; to go to
the country, aufg Sanb ge^en
cousin, ber better -g -n
covered, bebecft
cow, bie $uf) ^e
crawl, friectyen
create, jrfjaffen
cry, fc^reien
cup, bie Xafle
daily, tdglid^
danger, bie ©efatyr
dark, finfter
dative, ber 2)atit) -g -e
daughter, bie Xocfjter JL
day, ber £ag -eg -e ; this day, tyeute
dead, tot
dear, teuer
death, ber 5tob -eg
debt, bie @tf)ulb -en
decide, fid) entftf)liej$en
deed, bie Xat -en
deep, tief
defeat, befiegen
depart, abreifen
diamond, ber £)iamant -en -en
ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY
143
die, fterben
difference, ber Unterfd^ieb -eg -e
difficulty, bag ^inbernig -ffeg -ffe
diligence, ber gleif; -eg
diligent, fleijjig
disagreeable, unangeneljm
disappear, Derfdjtwnben
disappoint, taufd^en
disgrace, bie ©djanbe
distinctly, beutlicf)
distinguish, unterfdjeiben
disturb, ftoren
do, tun
doctor, ber Slrjt -eg *e
dog, ber §unb -eg -e
doll, bie $uppe
donkey, ber (Sfel -g -
door, bie £ur -en
dozen, bag 2)ufcenb -g -e
drama, bag Xrama -g -en
draw, jiefjen
dress, fid) an§ie(jen ; bag $leib -eg -er
drink, trinfen
drive, treiben ; to take a drive, fpa=
jieren fa^ren
dry, trodfen
duke, ber £ersog -g ^e
during, rca^renb
dust, ber (Staub -g
duty, bie ^fltd)t -en
E
each, jeber
early, frii^
earth, bie @rbe
easily, (eid^t
Easter, bie Dftertt
eat, effen, (devour) freffen
Edward, ©buarb
effects, bie golgen
egg, bag @i -g -er
eight, ad^t
either ... or, entraeber . . . ober
elephant, ber ©lefant -en -en
eleven hundred, elffyunbert
Elizabeth, (glifabct^
emperor, ber $aifer -g -
endure, leiben
enemy, ber getnb -eg -e
England, ©nglanb
English, englifrf)
enough, genug
entire, fa'mmtlid^
especially, befonberg-
Europe, (Suropa
European, ber ©uropaer -g -
even, aurf) ; even if, roenn aucf)
evening, ber 2lbenb -g -e; this eve-
ning, fjeute abenb
ever, je
every, jeber ; every one, ein jeber
everybody, jebermann
everything, atteg
everywhere, iiberall
exceedingly, a'ufjerft
excellent, rortrefflid^
exercise, bie Slufgabe
exert one's self, fic§ anftrengen
expect, erraarten
expense, bie ^ed^nung
experience, bie (Srfa^rung
explain, erJIaren
extravagant, t)erjc^raenberifc§
eye, bag Sluge -g -n
factory, bie gabrif
faith, ber ©laube -ng -n
faithful, treu
fall, fallen; ber £erbft -eg -e
144
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
family, bie gamilie
famous, beriifytnt
far, twit
farmer, ber SBauer -g (-n) -n
fast, fdjneil
father, ber SSater -g *•
fault, bie <5d)ulb -en
fear, fid) fiird)ten (t)or) ; bie gurcljt
feather, bie geber
February, ber gebruar
feel, fid) fiifylen
few, toenige ; a few, einige, roenige
field, bag gelb -eg -er
fight, fed)ten,'!ampfen
find, finben
finger, ber ginger -g -
finish, t)ollenben
fire, bag geuer -g -
fireman, ber geuerroetyrmcmn -g
-leute
first, erft
fish, ber gifd) -eg -e
five, fiinf
flag, bie gaf)ne
flatter, fid) fc^meid^eln
flee, flie^en
flourish, gebeiljen
flow, flie^en
flower, bie SBlume; flower garden,
ber Slumengarten -g *
fly, fliegen
follow, folgen (with dat.)
food, bie $oft
foot, ber gu^ -eg ^e
for, prep, fiir, feit ; conj. benn
foreign, fremb
forest, ber SBalb -eg ^er
forget, aergeffen
fork, bie ©abel
former, jener
fortune, bag ©liicl -g
four, t)ier
fourfold, Dierfaltig
fourteen, trierjetyn
fox, ber gud^g -eg *e
Fred, gri|
Frederick the Great, griebritf) ber
French, franjofiftf)
Frenchman, ber grangofe -n -n
fresh, frifd)
friend, ber greunb -eg -e
frighten, erfcfyrec!en (weak trans.,
strong intr.)
from, t)on
fry, braten
gain, ber ©enrinn -g -e
garden, ber ©arten -g "-
gardener, ber ©tirtner -g -
general, ber gelb^err -n -en
generally, geroofjnlirf)
gentleman, ber §err -n -en
George, ©eorg
German, beutfd^
Germany, 2)eutfd)lanb
get (become), rcerben ; get up, auf=
fte^en
girl, bag 2fta'bdl)en -g -
give, geben
glad, to be, fid) freuen
gladly, gern
glass, bag ©lag -eg *er
gloomy, triib
glorious, glorreid^
go, ge^en ; go along, mitgefyen ; go
out, auggefyen, E)inaug ge^en
God, ber ©ott -eg ^er
gold, golben; bag ©olb -eg
ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY
- good, gut
goodness, bie ©iite
grandmother, bie ©roftmutter JL
grant, geben
grape, bie Xraube
gray, grau
great, grofc
green, grtin ; bag ©rim -eg
greet, grujjen, begriifjen
grow, raadjfen ; grow old, alt raerben
hair, bag £aar -eg -e
half, fjalb ; bie fcalfte
hand, bie §anb -eg "e
hang, fyangen
happen, gefrf)ef)en
naPP7> glurflirf)
harbor, ber £afen -g -
hard, I) art
Harry, ^einj
hasten, eilen, firf) beeilen
hat, ber §ut -eg *e
have, ^aben ; have to, miifjen
hawk, ber £abicf)t -g -e
head, ber £opf -eg ^e
hear, E)5ren
heart, bag ^erg -eng -en
heat, bie £rifce
heaven, ber Spimmel -g -
heavy, fc^raer
heiress, bie ©rbin
Helen, §elene
help, (jelfen
Henry, §einrid^
here, E)ier
Herman, §ermann
hide, jic^ oerftetfen
high, ^od^
hold,
holiday, ber geiertag -eg -e ; the
holidays, bie gerie-n
home, nad) §aufe ; at home, 511 §auf e
honest, etyrlitf)
honor, bie (Sfjre
hope, §offen, (expect) erroarten
horse, bag ^Pferb -eg -e
hot, §ei£
hotel, bag §otel -g -g
hour, bie (Stunbe ; a quarter of an
hour, eine SSiertelftunbe
house, bag §aug -eg ^er
how, rate
hunting, to go, auf bie 3a9^ QC^en
hurt one's self, fid) roel) tun
husband, ber ©atte -u -n, ber 3ft ann
-eg *er
hut, bie Spiitte
ice, bag @ig -eg
idleness, ber aftiifctg
if, raetm
illness, bie
imagine, fid) einbilben
immediately, fofort, jogleid)
impossible, unmoglic^
in, in ; in order to, um
increase, gunefytnen
induce, beraegen
industrious, fleifjig
influence, beeinfluffen
inheritance, bie @rbfd)aft
ink, bie Xinte
intend, beabfttf)tigen
interesting, interefjant
into, in
invite, einlaben
146
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
January, ber
John, ^o^ann, §ang
Joseph,
June, ber
Jupiter, ber
just, eben, gerabe; just as, ebenfo
K
keep, befjalten
key, ber <5tf)luffel -g -
kill, toten
kinds of, two, groeierlei
king, ber $omg -g -e
kitchen, bie $itrf)e
knife, bag Sfteffer -g -
knight, ber fitter -8 -
knock, flopfen
know, roiffen, fennen
laborer, ber Slrbeiter -g -
lady, bie 2)ame
lake, ber (See -g -n
lame, lafym
land, bag Sanb -eg -^er
language, bie ©prad^e
large, grof;
last, le^t ; last time, gum le^ten 3JJal
late, jpa't
Latin, bag Satetn -3
latter, biefer
laugh, lad^en (ilber)
lawyer, ber 2lbuo!at -en -en
lay, legen ; lay waste, uernwften
lazy, faul
lead pencil, ber SBleiftift -^ -e
leaf, bag Slatt -eg ^er
learn, (ernen
least, raenigft; at least, roenigfteng
lecture, ber SSortrag -g ^c, bie 3Sor=
lefung
leg, bag 23ein -eg -e
lend, leiljen
less, toeniger
lesson, bie 2lufgabe
letter, ber Srief -eg -e
lie, Uegen
life, bag Seben -g
lift, ^eben
like, gern (with a verb, as gern fyaben,
gern efjen)
lion, ber Soroe -n -n
little, (of size) Hetn, (of quantity)
roentg ; a little, ein tpenig
live, leben, roo^nen
loan, leifyen
long, long ; no longer, nidjt me^r
look, augfeE)en; look around, fid)
umfefyen (nad^)
lose, t)erlieren ; lose one's way, fidj
Dertrren
loud, Unit
Louise, Suife
lovable, liebengrourbig
love, Iteben ; ' bie Siebe
M
maid, bie Sftagb ^e
make, madden
man, ber 2J?ann -eg -^er, ber 30?enfd^
-en -en
many, mel
march, marjd^ieren
Margaret, SOtogarete
mark, bie 3D^ar!
marry, fjeiraten ; to get married, fidl)
cer^eiraten
ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY
147
Mars, ber 3J?arg
Mary, 2ftarte
matter, bie ©adje
may, biirfen, mogen
meal, bag 3M)l -g
mean, meinen
measure, ntefjen
meat, bag gletfd) -eg
meet, begegneu (with dat.), treffen
meeting, bie 23erfantmlung
melt, frfjme^en
members, (of the body] bie ©Iteber
merchant, ber $aufmann -g -leute
merry, guteg -UJutg
metal, bag detail -g -e
Meyer, 3J2ener
milk, bie
mill, bie
miller, ber 2ftiiller -g -
mind, ber ©inn -eg -e; make up
one's mind, fid) entfd^Ite^en
mirror, ber (Spiegel -g -
misfortune, bag Ungliic! -g
mistaken, to be, ftd^ irren
mitten, ber §anbftf)uE) -g -e
modest, beftfjeiben
Monday, ber aftontag
money, bag ©elb -eg -er
month, ber aftonat -g -e
moon, ber -JRonb -eg -e
morals, bie ©itten
more, tnefyr
morning, ber 3)2orgen -g - ; this
morning, Ijeute morgett
mother, bie Gutter *
mountain, ber 33erg -eg -e
mouse, bie 2ftaug ^c
move, giefyen (intr.}, fid^ beroegen
(trans.)
Mr., §err
much, mel
multiplication table, bag @inma(=
eing -
music, bie aftufif
must, tniiffen
myself, jelbft
N
nail, ber 3?agel -g *•
name, ber 9? ante -ng -n; to name,
nennen ; to be called, f>eif;en
nature, bie -ftatur
near, na^, bet, neben
need, braud^en
neighbor, ber 5^ad^bar -g -n
neither . . . nor, roeber . . . ttod)
nephew, ber 9teffe -n -n
never, nte
new, neu
New Year's Day, ber ^euja^rgtag
-eg -e
New York, 9?eut)or? (^ero 5)orf)
news, bie ^ac^rtd^t
next, nad^ft
niece, bie -fttcfyte
night, bie S^ad^t ^e
ninety, neunjtg
no, adj. fetn; adv. netn; no one,
ntemanb
noble, ebel
nobleman, ber ©belmann -g -leute
nonsense, ber llnftnn -g
north, ber -ftorben -g
nose, bie -ftafe
not, ntd^t ; not a, fetn ; not only,
ntrf)t nur; not yet, nodj ntrf)t
nothing, nid^tg
noun, bag Spaiiptroort -g ^er
now, je£t
number, bie
148
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
oats, ber §afer -g
obedient, gefyorjam
obey, gef:)ortf)en
object, bag Dbje!t -g -e
obliged to, to be, miiffen
occur, t)orlommen
o' clock, one, ein Ufyr
of, Don
offend, beleibigen
offer, bieten
often, oft
oil, bag Dt -eg -e
old, alt
on, auf f an ; on account of, roegen
once, einmal ; at once, jofort
one, man, einer
only, nur
open, offnen, fidj offnen
operation, bie Operation
opinion, bie 9JJeinung
opposite, gegenuber
or, ober
other, anber
otherwise, fonft
ought, follen
out of, aug
outside, brauften
over, iiber
overcoat, ber llberrocf -3 "e
overcome, uberttrinben
own, eigen
page, bie ©ette
painting, bag ©emtilbe -g -
pair, bag ^aar -eg -e
palace, ber ^alaft -g ^e
paper, bag papier -g -e
parents, bie ©Item
Paris, ^arig
park, ber $ar! -g -e (-g)
parson, ber ^Pfarrer -g -
partake, genie^en
patient, ber patient -en -en
Paul, ^aul
pay, bejaljlen
pea, bie @rbfe
peace, ber griebe -ng
pear, bie SBirne
peasant, ber Sauer -g (-n) -n
peculiar, bejonber
pen, bie geber
pencil, ber Sleiftift -g -e
people, bie Seute
permitted, to be, burfen
physician, ber Slrjt -eg tte
piano, bag Glacier -g -e
pick, pflitcfen
picture, bag 33ilb -eg -er
place, ftellen ; bie ©tette .
plant, pflanjen ; bie ^flange
plate, ber teller -g -
please, bitte
plum, bie ^pflaume
poem, bag @ebid;t -g -e
poet, ber 2)ict)ter -g -
poor, arm
potato, bie £artoffel
pound, bag ^pfunb -eg -e
poverty, bie 5lrmut
powder, bag ^Suluer -g
Prague, ^rag
praise, loben
pray, beten
prefer, lieber (with a verb, as lieber
effen)
present, bag ©efcfyen! -g -e
president, ber ^rafibent -en -en
ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY
149
pretty,
pride, bie §orf)mut
prince, ber ^rinj -en -en
professor, ber ^Srofeflor -g -en
progress, ber gortfdjrttt -g -e
proverb, bag ©prirfjroort -g *er
Prussia, ^reufcen
punish, beftrafen
pupil, ber <Srf)iUec -g -
put, ftellen ; put off, auffrf)ieben
quarter of an hour, eine SSiertel=
ftunbe
quickly, jtfjnell
quite, fefyr
R
railroad accident, bag @tfenbaljn=
unglitcf -g -gfa'Ue
rain, regnen ; ber ^egen -g -
raise, bauen
rapidity, bie ©c^nelligfeit
rarely, felten
rat, bie ^atte
read, lefen
ready, bereit
receive, befommen
recite, ^erfagen
recognize, erfennen
recover, genejen
red, rot
reddish, rotlic^
regiment, bag Regiment -3 -er
region, bag ®ebiet -S -e
rejoice, jtrf) freuen (iiber)
relative, ber SSernwnbte -n -n
remain, bleiben
reply, antroorten
republic, bie
rest one's self, ftc^ augru^en
return, guriitffommen
revolve, ftc^ bretyen
reward, belo^nen
rich, reid^
ride at full speed, fprengen
rider, ber better -g -
right, rerf)t
ring, tauten
Ring Street, bie 9ttngftrafje
ripe, reif
rise, ftetgen, (of the sun} aitfge^en
river, ber glufl -fleg 'fjc
rock, rciegen ; ber ©tein -eg -e
roof, bag 2)arf) -eg -"er
room, bag Qimmev -g -
rose, bie 9?ofe
run, laufen
sack, ber ©atf -eg *e
same, berfelbe
satisfy, befriebigen
save, retten
say, fagen
school, bie <Srf)iile
see, f efjen ; go to see, befitcfyen
seem, fc^einen
self, felbft
sell, uerfaufen
send, fdjiden, fenben
sentence, ber <3a£ -eg ^e
servant, ber Wiener -g -
set out, abretfen
seven, fieben
several, meljrere, eintge
shall, follen, (of futurity) roerben
sheep, bag ©d^af -eg -e
sheer, lauter
ISO
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
shepherd, ber §irt -en -en
shoe, ber ©d)ufy -eg -e
short, lurj
show, geigen
sick, Iran!
silent, to be, fdjroeigen
since, prep, feit; conj. ba
sing, ftngen
sink, untergefyen
sister, bie ©cfyroefter
sit,*fi|en; sit down, ficfy fyinfe^en
six, fecfyg
skate, ©d)littfd)uf) laufen
sled, ber ©djlitten -g -
sleep, fdjlafen; go to sleep, ein=
fd)lafen
small, flein
Smith, ©djtnibt
snow, ber ©djnee -g
so, fo
soldier, ber ©olbat -en -en
some, etroag, einige, roelcfye; some
people, manege Seute
somebody, jemanb
something, etroaS
son, ber (SoEjn -eS *e
song, ber ©efang -S -"c
soon, balb
sorrow, bie (Sorge
soup, bie (Suppe
sour, fauer
south, ber ©iiben -§
spade, ber ©paten -3 -
spark, ber gunfe -n3 -n
sparkle, funfeln
speak, jprec^en
spend, au^geben
spring, ber grueling -S -e
stairway, bie £reppe
stamp, bie SBriefmarfe
stand, fte^en
start, anfangen
state, ber ©taat -e§ -en
stately, ftattlid)
station, ber Sa^n^of -g ^e
stay, bleiben
steal, ftefjlen
step, treten
still, noc^
stir, jic^ bercegen
stop, cmfOoren
storm, ber ©turm -eg *c
story, bie ©efd^tc^ie
stove, ber Dfen -g ^
stranger, ber grembe (declined as adj.)
stream, ber ©trom -eg **
street, bie ©trafje
strengthen, ftdrfen
string, ber gab en -g *•
strong, ftar!
struggle, ber.5!ampf -eg ^t
student, ber ©tubent -en -en
study, ftubteren
stupid, bumm
stupidity, bie SDummtyett
succeed, gelingen (impers. with dat.
of the person)
success, ber (Srfolg -g -e
successful, erfolgreic^
such, fold); such a, fold), (or fo) etn
suffer, letben
suit, gefaHen ; ber Slngug -g -"e
sum, bie ©umme
summer, ber ©ommer -g -
sun, bie ©onne
Sunday, ber ©omttag
sundown, ber ©onnenuntergang -g
surely, genrif;
surprise, bie liberrafd^ung
surprised, to be, fief) nwnbern
ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY
swallow, bie
sweet, fiif;
swim, fdjnrimmen
Switzerland, bie <Sdjroei§
table, ber Xifdj -eg -e
tailor, ber (Scfyneiber -g -
take, netymen ; take a drive,
ren fafyren ; take off, au^te^en
talented, begabt
talk, fprecfjen
tall, grof;
tea, ber Xee -g
teacher, ber Sefjrer -g -
teamster, ber gufyrmann -g -leute
tear, bie £rane
tell, fagen, (relate) er^aljlen
ten, gefjn
than, alg, rate
thank, banfen (with ctat.)
the, (</<?/". 0r*.) ber, bie, bag ; (correL
adv.) the . . . the, je . . . befto
there, ba, e^
thief, ber 2)ieb -eg -e
think, benten, glauben, nteinen
this, biefer
three times, breimal
through, burc§
throw, raerfen
ticket, bie ga^r!arte, ba3
-e (-S)
time, bie 3^t
to-day, ^eute
to-morrow, morgen
too, aud^, gu
tooth, ber Qa^n -eg *c
top, ber ©tpfel -§ -
torn, jerriflen
town, bie ©labt -e
train,
translate, iiberfe^en
travel, reifen
tree, ber Saum -eg K
trip, bie Dieije
trouble, bie
true, raa^r
trust, trauen (with dat)
truth, bie SSa^r^eit
tub, ber 3uber -g -
turnip, bie ^iifce
twelve, jraolf
twenty-four, trierimbatDanjig
two, jraei ; two kinds of, groeterlei
U
umbrella, ber ^egenfcfyirm -g -e
uncle, ber Dnfel -g -
under, unter
understand, Derfte^en
undertake, unternetymen
university, bie llnit)erfitat
until, big
use, gebraucfyen
useful, nii^Iid^
usually, geroofynltdj
vacation, bie gerien (//.)
valley, bag Xal -eg *er
vegetables, bag ©emiife -g
verb, bag Qeitroort -g "er
very, fefyr ; very much, fetyr
vex, argern
vice, bag Safter -g -
victory, ber @ieg -eg -e
village, bag £>orf -eg *er
vinegar, ber @ffig -g
violently, f)eftig
visit, befud^en
152
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
W
wagon, ber SBagen -g -
wake up, cwfroadjen
wall, bie SBanb *e
want, rooUen; bie -ftot
warm, roarm
wash, nwjdjen
waste, Derfdjroenben ; lay waste, t)er=
roitften
watch, bie llfjr -en
water, (horses) trdnfen, (plants) be=
giefeen; bag Staffer -g -
weak, frf)tt)adj
wear, tragen
week, bie 2Bod)e
weigh, ttriegen
welcome, tt)ill?ommen
well, gefunb, gut, roofyl; bev 33run=
n en -3 -
well-formed, roofylgebilbet
whale, ber SBalfijrf) -cS -e
what, roa3, raeld^er ; what kind of,
ttmS fiir ein
when, raann, raenn, al^
where, n)0
wherever, TOO immer
whether, ob
which, roeldjer
while, rad^renb
white, raeif;
whoever, n)er
why, raarum
widow, bie SBitroe
wife, bie grau -en
will, rcollen, (of futurity) toerben
William II, SBt^elm II.
wind, ber SBinb -e§ -e
window, bag genfter -S -
wine, ber SBein -eg -e
winter, ber SBtnter -g -
wisdom, bie
wise, flug
wish, roollen,
with, mit
without, ofjne
wolf, ber 23BoIf -eg *e
woman, bie ^$\,&\\, -en
word bag SBort -eg ^er
work, arbetten; bie 2lrbett, bag
2Berf -eg -e
workman, ber Slrbeiter -g -
world, bie 9Bett -en
worth, ber SBert -g
wound, bie SBunbe
write, fdjretben
yard, ber §of -eg *e
year, bag Sa^r -eg -e
yellow, gelb
yes, ja
yesterday, geftern
yet, bocf), nod)
young, jung
INDEX
The references are to sections of the text.
aber, 177
accent, 12
adjectives, 75-109:
comparison of, 98-109 ; declen-
sion of, 84-86, 108 ; demonstrative,
91-96; indefinite numeral, 90; in-
terrogative, 97; limiting, 75; par-
ticipial, 87; possessive, 32, 89;
proper, 88 ; qualifying, 75 ; table
of endings, 81 ; used as nouns, 86 ;
vowel mutation in, 109
adverbs, 110-116
all, 90, note 5
alphabet, 1
al3, 31, 103, 183, 185
ate ob, 285, 4
am form of the superlative, 106, 2 ;
111
article, 25-32, 173 :
definite, 25~29, 173; indefinite,
30-32
aufftefyen, 247
bringen, 230
capitals, 23
conjunctions, 174-186:
coordinate, 174-180; subordinate,
181-186
consonant combinations, 4
ba + preposition, 128
biefer, 91
diphthongs, 3, 9
bu, 131
bun!en, 230
burfen, 271
etn paar, 90, i a
ein roenig, 90, 2 a
eitel, 90, 3 a
eg gibt, 279, 5
former, 158
ganj, 90, note 4
gefjen, 236
gender, 70~74
genug, 90, 3 a
gerundive, 202
griifjen, 229
Ejaben, 206, 207, 222
b, 90, note 4
226
rjorf), 99
tf)r, 89, 123, 131, 136, 138, note
imperative, 234-237, 240-244
impersonal verbs, 279
indefinite pronouns, 161-163
indicative, present, of strong verbs,
232-238
indirect discourse, 286-289
infinitive, 198, 199, 274
'53
154
HANDBOOK OF GERMAN GRAMMAR
interjections, 187
interrogative pronouns, 141-143
jeber, 162
jemcmb, 161
feitt, 30, 162
fennen, 230
fonnen, 271
lafjen -f- infinitive, 276
latter, 158
Icwter, 90, 3 a
ioben, 224
man, 161, 266, i
manrf), 90, note i
mefyr, 90, 3 a
mefyrer-, 90, note 2
mein, 89
metner, 136, 137
modal auxiliaries, 267-278
mood, 280
mutated vowels, 2
mutation, in adjectives, 109 ; in
nouns, 35, 39, 46, 51, 54, 55 ; in
verbs, 233, 244
naf), 99
md)t, 308
nid)t3, 161
nouns, 33-74 :
declension of, 33-61 ; class I,
strong, 44-48; class II, strong,
49-51; class III, strong, 52-54;
mixed, 59~61 ; weak, 56~58 ; with
borrowed plurals, 65 ; differentia-
tion of, 66 ; list of, 322-339 ; mono-
syllabic, 322-326, 333-336 ; poly-
syllabic, 327-332 ; with mutation,
322-332 ; without mutation, 333-
339 ; of weight, 62, 63 ; proper,
67-69
numerals, 117-122
order of words, 290-310 :
inverted, 293 ; normal, 292 ; trans-
posed, 294
participles, 87, 201, 203, 275
passive voice, 260-266
prefixes, 250-252
prepositions, 164-173
principal parts of nouns, 34 ; of
verbs, 197
pronouns, 123-163 :
demonstrative, 152-160 ; indef-
inite, 161-163 ; interrogative, 141-
143; personal, 123-131; posses-
sive, 136-140; reflexive, 132-135,
254, 255 ; relative, 144-151
pronunciation, 6~13
reben, 229
rubern, 226
fdjlagen, 231
fefjen, 235, 241
jein, 208, 209, 221, 276
felber, felbft, 133
fid) fcfylagen, 258
fi$ umfeljen, 259
fie, 123
@te, 123, 131
fold), 96, 156
fonbern, 178
jtefjen, 236
subjunctive, 280-289; vowel of
present, 205; vowel of imper-
fect, 245
INDEX
I5S
superlative, 104-108, 111-116
syllables, division into, 14-22
tenses, formation of, 211-220
unreal conditions, 285, 3
verbs, 189-298 :
auxiliary, 190 ; conjugation of,
221-265 ; differentiation of, 320,
321 ; endings of, 225 ; impersonal,
279; in eln, ern, 226; in ieren,
eien, 203 ; inseparable, 248, 249 ;
irregular weak, 230 ; list of strong,
319; modal auxiliary, 267-278;
present indicative of, 232-238;
present subjunctive of, 204, 205 ;
reflexive, 253-259 ; separable,
246, 259 ; stem of, 200 ; strong,
231-245; strong verbs with a,
232, 233; strong verbs with e,
232, 234-236 ; weak, 224-230
n, 249
triel, 90, 3 c
voice, 196 ; passive, 260-266
vowels, 6-9, 39, 205, 232-238, 311 :
gradation of, 311-318 ; in present
indicative, 232-238; in present
subjunctive, 205 ; in imperfect
subjunctive, 245 ; mutation of,
39, 46, 51, 54, 55 ; pronunciation
of, 6-9
rocmn, 183, 184
nmS, 141-144, 148, 161, note
wa% fur ein, 97, 141
weight, nouns of, 62, 63
roenig, 90, 3 c
roenn, 183, 186
roer, 141, 142, 144, 147, 163
roerben, 223
roifjen, 271
WO + preposition, 143, 146
14 DAY USE
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IN STACKS
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•UM 0 I'JM
LD 21A-50w-4,'60
(A9562slO)476B
General Library
University of California
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YB 01339
926647
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